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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
BARKER
Oe
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE [BNA]
BY
LEWELLYS F. BARKER, M.D.
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE ; (FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO).
With Wocabularies in Latin and English and Tlustrations
Spe
PHILADELPHIA:
Po’ -BLAKISTON’S SON & CO. 1012 WALNUT STREET. 1907
=e . ; CH ne N « 4 » * ‘ i= - ‘ay F ol . 3 | { i Sh id bs ; g # be + ae , + + om i Ft eae > ' ‘ “9 5) t i = / ee ee sien ? Corvaicu, 1907, BY P, BLakisTon’s Son, * Co, , = wes
WM. F. FELL COMPANY 's 4 fag
ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS we
1220-24 SANSOM STREET im. PHILADELPHIA, PA. a.
CONTENTS
PAGE
NN SE DLE pao 3 e's » os > 5 2 Suis t ous h odes canedasedentenasesudsesseiadas I SEINE TPES Isy Sted gc! als oe a ola oe Sela ae Sale Ute wie eld ween eb ak cs cs ontece 2 Way THIS REVIEW OF ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY WAS UNDERTAKEN,.........------- 2 THE SCOPE OF THE WORK AND THE WORKERS,....--.--..0-ccceceenceeeeeeee eae 4 EMME SAMMI ERC WAS DIONE oe 5 Soc ca's hence nceubudaldey oe baba da sels deseecct 5 ‘THE PRINCIPLES ARRIVED AT AS THE WORK PROCEEDED,........-------------------- 6 THE ADOPTION OF THE BNA IN AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN,....-....-----------0- 8 poe ParruRe, OF ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY, .....c.0sc-csccecescsecsscteeesssees I EMCEE ee EERE Rt > 010 a oS aie aw Sic ok Melo oe Unido bale tiemte bw Sd pe ee aed bows Oe 14 Terms Indicating the Position and Direction of Parts of the Body, giv tmobee te ews 14 MCE aE OAR Fo PS oy re hae 3 ioelae gee he win oiu.e Os a tee wleenll Shee Seabee ves 14
Ae Oseas teCeMe Ute aes LHS MXITOMIES, oo... ne BS ae ae Shes ess Secs clevesece 14 SE EAN OMA AR cP MEMS ES Seo obs away < oie Foch nionsemens pede sascike dbecunes es 15 SUE AISI, BS UMASS PICS and Shoe ages ow Sore re cme sae See ae See ws tw alale by tashdyes 17 RENE so Meee piars Sei deirs Wot a eek dean oe ania oe bin BO ny ag eke wkd SOEUR cone 17 SSR ae aus aah a oe Shes ws bois spss ones cdaceandan o¢23 oe pete daees ote 17
CREE ET see sng Spo a Ue oe ia ni Sia wai D Shee avare even die Mic oulttaee alt aac aawdn atten 17
UME 5 Rus ates OS Ste a ale BS A ibis ee see oie wie i Oe eaters Liste eae ae 17
PUREEE OS = opis 2 Sata sl aocagels ode seinscs ee ake aetiesia pala we arenes 17
DORIC s Ke 2 4 catetcia tie oat exe eas, 3 Sine Has )as se cite eect aie ae 5 eee 17
CM Gta Fn akg Se aban 2 nik Gia sw iain sis-a ate-n sips Swlavia sje ch trek ween ceree pares 17 RIN ater gree Sm a ne Tineke 5 wine mnie’ inn Sopa na. as © Bret Mw eras tes eae See eae 17 MONE Ryeredt ss at hic as sie’ sig tin mb vn woman's ss exes meomeeaeeie seen sae vage es 17
SCM ee ee I ine wo, clan's ad oosdina sib ea Se we sine eb role Sy oe ee letaloed s 17
PSone Seis os so sicn a c-cc cena sesh Geta see ee oeoea ews e 18
ROR 1S 5 Sere ts Os aioe ws sn dS Sie nin swim gee Se oteee ee eee ook eae 18
Rpieer (XTICUNE Ss BOSS Sore an oon apse ao 2a dow am pee se Swe eee eee ase = 18 MeO MUTEMEMESIIOS ec at coc. c's ae ne ovo Se ees ee eae Tae ae 18 RNR N GPEr a he SS SOM ys ow cao a5 BSc eas soe cd 6 ote SOS PRO e eee we me 19 DetCmEALMPMIENT (QC ODINC 5.02 << 2 sac <5oe se nits ss tne dee nedas Comegsessséeaens 19 CRE fel Soe eso Lee Sok wale bis Byes Land ou Beas paertes eee 19
PP MEINUCUS ON Lu ASIS) 50 2 oo.s's oi Se oic.sn ssc, da Meee creiem o adiv oss Sewn assie 20
SGOT eho =e rn ee se Medd Lyre ts ey. ete eee 1 Samet 20
OSES CRBS. or: an yn at, SEY Or A, eS 20
TOE ee OSE, go ofa aia a aide Us SAIS ASE OA Oe ole Sn carey as 20 WAR SOMO ck eS Mads Sas soe ds ae ee ADEE Se eS ee ean 6s asus Sates 20
ER RM EM MIE TEN Sy os vc dip wn cals oa dinidi gd CEST DAE TOMS ae Bae Neko dam cea 20
HON GCI AME a ARE Bia 2-10 so ona s aia MOSER TOROS Ot Aewetet< tees s 20
pee OOO Nee ee oa Foe. as sw a's wamten aloe eA eae i hak oes encase es 20 Basilar Bone, INN seca cide stint aro Che I Dee aE SO Ss Se basis cinels me's 20 DS gS, ie o>, Ah oe ee ee ae ee 20 EME EIA Ss a ae Sehr « cd ae RAR Awe Sehe Me wand econ ese eeans 21 PRM UMA ete oes cos SAS asa = cree aaneialy see teketre Fee Heine am a eee 22
eeiee aren, sat on. | eso sae so aracelcita eau e vas ards ee dale 23
EON tME OUCIeL.c Jac Sec anee Ne tenor weet tuKee tae «Beam os a8 ease cused 23 PREMETONE: Nh ohs se cilae said se theca cae se sce Saat wes = nk alec cane anes 23
Petign nutpinated: DONG. usta vek 1 cece caw asa oes SaeDa scat} sha grew tw cele cs 24 RMN ALA TOHe Nien ASC en sc cican Sos San asia sata te Come ev wane Ss ose e 24
UD ECAG Bt) ee Sete a a ZEAE ee es Oe ekas Seema gale ae 2 24
ARSE OFF IOIGNEDONE, SHOC, oo cnn sn.n ono owing e ceciine ae ose edness ewemns ieee 24
ESOL LG ACES oat ee hae RS oa mies win oo ates x ciatolereteaid's oi tale ef owe Siae'e ate leo s'a 24 Manilla (O:.T. Superior Maxillary Bone),... 0.52. 2 eee ese es sceces ceasenese 24
PADS DONE we Owes TOCA ob cans ceaWees escent saw eos s tecie oid vant Som ~'s < 24
iv CONTENTS
OstEoLocy (Continued) PAGE Ligaments of the Girdle of Lower Extremity (O. T. Pelvic Girdle),...............-. 34 Sacro-lliaeg Oy. cles seu ecenswecses gene ss cable aus canes cee sale nan 35 Symphysis of Putic Bones, = sais cons «sous ee eeaeeewks fhe tin ns cae ae 35 Hip Joint,.. 2... <nicle 49a - = waste umaneges se nals Soe me es aaa se ee 35 Knte JOint;. oso atte sens Rew py Mage eas eN sdk WSs assem exis vines <> «52-9 P ae eee Sle 35 Tibiofibular Joint (O. T. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation),..............--....- 35 Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (O. T. Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation),................ 35 Joints of the Footy... 5. pets as ge ctacwe awa pay CRRA G «> clea svt pin vah esteem am 35 Ankle Jointysuri. sins eaicn sp olhe tay dip ee otiele win'= 5 (o/c iis iain Reine et oe 35 [ntertarsal [outs <5 occ eile fen osteo tere ced chorale co!» sinter ssaeepeceia ie ot SeNanaees 36.55 Talocalcanconavicular Joint, .. 1 <i. Ssuinis's's'a a a Qay n's sa eeeerr eres oe pea 36 Talocalcanean-Jointre 5 -c2: con tosriree emer s'> 5 lehine eee ee 36 Chopart’s Transverse Articulation of the Tarsus,..........---+-------+-220eeee0- 36 ‘Talonavicular Joint; 92's... <'sise's ces pee avriennis ite tents teat tice alleen 36 Calcaneocuhoid) Joint, sic.ciee 5, xsciemmio tiers eee tot © sto oi ew ileccd ata ee Oe as 36 Cuneonavicular Jointjyio2 so ak Secctemaqnin ch tants set Saree tier ial e = Saree ee 36 Interosseous Ligaments of Tarsus, <5 d'ns'os 603% 209 pass. 005 Coes Waebes omens ee 36 Dorsal Ligaments of Lateus, 23.2: .<pc0s = es ease cases ec py ous eaten abn caeeee < 36 Plantar Ligaments Ol Parsus, aicig ake ates wise ae, 5 sracmenes ie erary Tepes xo hee ae 36 Tarsometatarsal Jointa ccc aseigt sien te soe bode ise ts cov yaw ieee alka poate 36 Intermetatarsal ‘Joints... 2 el aiisie.a-5.-.n.c. susp S2,alt o Sok se se a ae RE ea eee 36 Metatarsophalangeal Joints, . sais ca nsiig sc teduey 8500 eth be aewee ahaa 36 Joints of the Tore; cccscindic os Sniem ane = savers ales sa aie ihete 2 niage heer eee 37 MYOLOGY OR MUSCULATURE) Diese vine an ge einen teins > - sep ned tp tease enee Seems 37 Muscles of ‘the Back, 22-2. se eae erseie e cere tr. > sin osigckia leas Soa eae eee tare eee 37 Muscles of the: Piean, . cis css sale kale oe stem ovules ss + RN Shek Okke eee eee 38 Muscles of the Hyoid Bone, < onc. icenin cnn acs nner tine sds Ogee wep ee cea en 38 Muscles ofthe / Necks i dcsvitnaain='s'eainalnctia cali aip sO eiei aeieine tee bi een eet oe 38 Muscles: of the, TRoraxy ssc <)y sidiwateledle aie + os rvs lx RSfeneed miele toate neleta eres eens eta rae 39 Muscles of the ABdGMENS nis. s= ciphti= v= 'c itd n= wale 4. nretalape earl soot eecree te ee 39 Coccygeal Muscles, =. aon cents sees Dib sense 5 dialed ia laia''a b/hesel adeheset cen se sl <I rae ee 40 Muscles: of the. Upper, Extremity, ..scc.< 5-55. 5 2s 00 etehu rams Subse ny ae eee ene 40 Muscles of the Lower Sxtremity,: Po2y.< ox0 0.5 st apes ran siee eacaismion s Bemiearr neat 41 BuRSz AND MUCOUS SHEATHS ya ~ picapatie soc) <taecerare. asin wi aati re ea te aa 43° SPLANCHNOLOGN 22:5 aa oie nines = eon ereeininic 3G guisisineres vite Shits on) Sins, <a arate 45 Digestive Apparatus,......-- anicsiaitie sicae.alcrctles Suis sis stem belle dle eines Rute ne ane 45 Mouth Cavity). sici- 52 xis'e. 0 wiebelaimain aie 9 3 steisleip = weil eteratd = bg al arene 45 Mucous Membrane of the Mouth) 22.0525 2.0.5)is oka osc one Meee ee eee eee 45 Glands ‘of ‘the: Mouth; 25 Sooo Ss Nawisinice seo on nek cee eee 45 Teeth;2 5) tis.eoit sons s nobis een cae he nas ay eee ioe aeTasicbiee bipe bleh oe 46 "TORQUE, « \s'ccle crite a Sig 'eld ae eine a nara pale chaise Re eye os ee tr hye 46 FAUCES 3s ccs cae as Kise SREB Se caniet Awatameeiete tots 6 rel ee eee ee 46 Muscles of the Palate and Fatrees,q..5..~ -iblesic.cb ox1o< Suiniine er > oo ee aaah eee 47 Pharynx; asc cco pie a os tap sini Aa Termeni Sire a ois a eS ig orotate maas aR te 47 Digestive Mubess< nines earns Slaps alee Bike stwidcaisiss ats alg ocd laeal alts ee 47 Ocsophagus, -s-/.iccinie stlangcale pet qsse vse c\clalesa eel. oie Sk ee 47 Stomach, wo sce Oa kalp ob ye wniecwic o.< ew su larn eo lcle abe ale: often ee 47 Small or Thin Intestine,. .eigcsi «cae: sie anes cients 6:10 e's OR ar 48 Large or Thick Intestin€, tae n.cs cine bom + ernie pisces lane ae ae ieee eee 48 Rectum. or Straight Gut... I. scence ese uees ce eens es seikete aan 49 Pancreas, .. +. si so pene Siete eels Lae ware ues ew eee @ Acie ae eee 49 Esler, - ..0.2 0 ajseu ens eae alee Rie are aie ieee en einraeres ETI Bee a os 49 RESPIRATORY APPARATUS, .52\< 4 e's.cjoeieie isis neyo mittee ee ae aly ptee sk a Meet ne 50 Nasal Cavity, .... . 2.2 sis:s disis neg eine Se pistes ee ole ele a arate te ee 50 External Nose, ....... +2 <.. &<<tic.cls one'p a mee mien op la sa aaa 51 TAT YDK, aca = o.oo ols e wid Side ~ set glu neta eet mere PaT eee eae ta te ea 51 Muscles of Larynx,: . .25 55 suceelaaceseneee sc meter aie ain nr Emenee at 52 Cavity of Larynx, ... 5.2. «aeWksaes res oes > Sane eee ee ee ee cee 52 Trachea: and Bronchi,. ........:<.a¢aaeeewwatdces sc «Som ent oa ae eee ee fone 52 DAING, «oc ooo nese nse ecee cobb es he able mie akie Bisse eats ait eee iam ESS ates 52 ‘Thoracic. Cavity,.........s<>3ssPee see eee ee oboe Seen PETS eee este 53 ‘Fhyreoid Gland... ...... ..... <2: i> vice ena Rie a bd en a eo 53
Carotid Skein (O. T. Intercarotid Gland)ys<<<ssasnnccnassesencehube shee cwe'ees 53
CONTENTS Vv
RESPIRATORY APPARATUS (Continued) PAGE 1 eer eee Oe ee ery toe reer Pad oe ee eee aoe a 53 EE TOPROAL OD, 05g Sp Edy < oe on od reee eee send oa eens veuae 53 MN RININEME Le Sie oiace was vay = SR Sunipae waka REE St Hae ROk ease eee 53 DEN fad a on fa ac on ekg ok os Dh Sdn woman Ba eee oe Sie SREM EAE Sela as Wee 53 EL PORTE, 3 SSA ashe 2a a og Me GO Se SESE he bol eee Daa 54 mee cod DE ets e aioe SOc Sie, ace cla ae oes Magi catia ne 54
(EE PES rere eee ee a asiMpned cia wee eis baie cl ses Bias Mats oe See mete 54 CEM MNENE SES lelang cs Ss cau cee Rea Goes x hen Dae son as tadeaws ees 54 MMM cca ya's ta wigm semana car eeb votes oe Sacy ud che oo sega weed 54 EN PEERING ra aot ko 5 5 cys Sodan tala Foy ce tlce whan ols sie assed des tWen ass 55 A OS Red vig vee atr aig eet aes Pras Crisis taaieeace nos 55 MMR cts micrrclaiein ala ct id nak wee see ee esa vs KM eae Rs Ske caede 55 Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord,..................--.--- 55 MMBC RS es dots = soe id = ow na a Uaddphe dni Jacues an cebase buds 2 6b e css ae awees 55 Bulbo-urethral Gland (O. T. Cowper’s Gland),...........----.-.2---------- 56 Se MERCEMETIAE CREDILRIO, C5. wo a. cae Sina cecwade Soe tneds cdsicd bese a esclon 56 RI Og a nrk es owe ao wn no gel bene Spb pein = Goh ea Bibav sd ened thas oe bam 56 ES: Ss Saris aa aie e oping Phe ae Seas oaalee ae coe 56 EMRE ian Vn ieiie asa ons dig As wip eb AMES kas 5 arom 2 Peis le merns 45,<586 56 OOM Sn win iro as wa ve sci eatn 6 ¢6caneneduat Pemeehelthass's is 56 SONU Ranson agle dave ss o's Sh Pern sa 6c sao sch aee ten Ue sn 83 CA es seen Fae 56 Retna ee (es.0 2 Ballopian Tube), <2 52a sven dec se cb dodscuacnneses 56 RCN, SINTER EE Rew ain So os 6 ab sssacnganny oheahe ifr dre PeseGuce nes ctad 57 MNDUAPUN go ae on 52 ances cant Sve eaaar den odnpoaieiaee caer 57 Epo-ophoron (O. T. Parovarium or Organ of Rosenmueller),...........------ 57 Pa RON 80 0 doco Sanna contsieanmth aces Wine week paacanee sane 57 MAZEL ODORS Toe 5 D'S ane alread en Santen IP ew ot CSR ue closers ee 57
Barge Vestibular Gland of Bartholin, . 0.6200 0154. 08st eatadedeccvcsdan SF
MIN, <0 niin op 5 whe a oP UOEEs = Shorcaxsendes sedan de eeks Oe wes se ree 57
Periaes ULCtnTa gett aude paw vinta 0.02820 eese Sa ee ces dees a5 access eee 58 RICO ttn lar aa) Sst ie 3 pega ns Dek Soe ea Seo ae See eles Seas See 58 MERE RCHNG DC Sore se ois 62 sais ke as akan ee de speemg hateee sae i tape ees 58 INNS gh gar Siig Sis a's'sng = vie aisle blots nese socqi une ia sdb.c is escape Rada siee 60 UL Wier EER ig OS ES pe and claicingarssuiages Se aie ee ee eee » ‘Go Right Hommes. sight auricle); . << .2 2.42. a 5 esmese case seaeeenkee se 61 Weient Weptrietodes oho Uso os acinesecics> erica sede ste eee edo aacnaas 61 Left Atrium (O. OO NEE FTICIC), o cciee ns >< euFe ee uuk<es poh waaees ca geueks as 61 PDO ANE Ts ote Eat SE EA eee eg ee ae Cet Sea HR Ar ae Se ae pr 61 MINCE CREAN ee gc mete a a nS SN cna dip mrearen Malo POG Mem ad aed oe wit er 61 PUP E PRT LOU. a's Scielote cs ccs e aa'se Ss 5 pS b ogte aaa bo ee ape lae ees is oe ees 61 EN a ee cen ate ORR ey ls Sieg be PORE CERES Ib eax ee eeke 61 me SEE IN OEG A fa. eS cS - wep ss sab a ie Fh FARRER ae ees et eats 62 StnmiiD CAPE Artery, os... 2.2. pte tee Maas betes son bae de des see 62 ORECESIAY CATEIAETCLY 5 scan ina 5 ea on 9.0 eo ob See ELS is RarwnP EBay Orie 310 ovale 62 SHUPELION PO YTEOIGATIONY,, << oti =m ona 25 wan on Saee giv oe een ge oi ss 62 Ascending: Pharyngeal Artery;..-. <:sanacs- seeeet ves bass see esses 62
PIO UBUATTOLY 5 <5 un ahaa s ss wn vee Rae ASPET At P-Ritaes ose’ 50s 62
External Maxillary Artery (O. T. Facial Artery),..2..-------.---------6- 62 SEEAOCIMIGOMASIGLE ALLEL: a: apo saa ser ac aeas sae ose Othe a ae cae mews en 62 BACMNNTIRTOER LS. ss oti Sie ea ee eee ates SERS ba ne Teele sas selon Se 62 Posremarvovieniar Artery. 7 <2 2. Areck eon es dace opens Sean <isesbsee 62 PRI IDOSRL ATICIY « «> «nance Sons saab ae sda sash SAE eos siawe 62
RAC ERTURES ATIOU GS oe oon s Sonia wai gins Reta a Vatwe Ghee ease sss ee 62 SRIGILRCR DEL, ATIROC., Cos ee Le eda ee pause mer Graces ba PameN passe 63
PID MERRIC ATES ates ov kneel vance ies 3. 6hora ase eset wsieS a sae = 63 WoremenArtenics.\ 30 6 eo aes ions say kx Oe som Pelee Geese alte cece ses. 63 ee TN 5 Bee ee ee ES Pee PE Ont) Pee eee 63 RUieEFCIE SINK LOR Ye etn. Ne nc ces anerap irae bents cas atu gras ss <== a's 63
RE RTO en ns 5s ocean eae DD ad aR eReP ree oats a 63
Divermal Mammary ATTY. pos = o> «= sc sa aaiseh s 52 cur ocaivnr'de sc ceeeces 63 Thyreocervical Trunk (0. yin "TRyrtold Axis) ye sons odes « ane ss tees nds owe 63
Inferior Thyreoid Artery, . . . . 2. -< 22-2622 sce cewe nae sence rece ec ec wees 63
Ascending Cervical Artery,..-.-.--------------- eee eee e cece eee eeeee 64
vi CONTENTS
AncroLoGy, Subclavian Artery (Continued) PAGE Superficial Cervical (Artery jis w<s cicincsno tare ono oe oe anes Soke e eee 64 Transverse Artery of Scapula (O. T. Suprascapular),.................-.- 64 Costocervical Trunk (O. T. Superior Intercostal),......2..5......--..--- 64 Transverse Artery of Neck (O. T. Transversalis Coli),.................-- 64
Axillary Artery. 9 Sadcis asec dig e's 6 civ Siete Ws pO aie e's os a ope «cae ee 64 Highest Thoracic Artery (O. T. Superior Thoracic Artery),.............. 64 Thoraco-Acromial Artery (O. T. Thoracic Axis),...........2-+--+--00- 64 Lateral Thoracic Artery (O. T. Long Thoracic),.....225..5..0.0.-00200 64 Subscapular Avteryys)osicue ss ha pip sway es 5's = ont clelp Seen 64 Anterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, . 3 Ss5 5... «ctw ecebaeeaen een 64 Posterior. Circumflex Artery-of- Humerusy.. 2225 ss. asaee So ew aes Soe ae 64
Brachial Artery. 2225 Sc6os stew sie Bee cn ves pak epteene win rete e CaN ele phat ote 64 Deep Artery of Upper arm (O. T. Superior Profunda),...............-.-- 64 Superior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Inferior Profunda),.......-...... 64 Inferior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Anastomotica Magna),.........-..- 64 RadialiArteryys'5 5 2 </om's Sta sss 5 oppose ws ac bly, 8 Ro nats kee oe NE Ulnar Artery; c/o cic sige efetetcionia oe ave le'x's Oa canety ose letra rs emer ote aa ene 65
Thoracic Aorta) 34 as cata sas cue irio ee eee: rohge erate SRS ES ee ee 65
Intercostel Arteries co\s wise cnr sagt aus SeemaeanSeiawe ae et 65
Abdominal Aortay ./\< 2") sels os a 'saietr ats eieelaes siaia'a se <a epee a Rea ieee Se eee 65 Inferior Phrenic Artery, co 9x J sincw sda says viet se sone pie ee ae 65 Lumbar Artetieg; f2/4 ccc idan dt eeu eaetciste ae ss Lom Ok cee Eur 65 Middle'Sacral ‘Attety,<s2 cu vores oso. n ne ont sito Stas wiaeieten ee ee eh ene 65 Coeliac Artery ae ciean!- seisee ecaleore soe sls ee ait. 2 6 sk Ra ee ee 65 Superior MesentericiArtery,oJ2 7. Se cc os ee sn oe cg ee ree 66 Inferior Mesenteric Artery, jo<-.1. 0+ 0100. s - ideds Sle eaakioneseseSeas 66 Middle Suprarenal Artery (O. T. Middle Capsular Artery),............... 66 Renal. iArtery;:./5. 23. cea eis POSE Ao eh aa eee eee aoe 66 Internals Spermatic Artery. « sr. )+5.0)eic cre o's oiniia alan eee eae a ee ee 66 TPestictlar Artery, fecssaclsncke caus ++ tention Wan Sots sa 66 Ovarian Atterya gnc ve ct aes uacaceneeeee (swe abe(aoke oe een eee eae 66
Common Tliae Artery sic oo sic. Ses :socwe wee teioulo nau eee es apa eae Gaara 66
Hypogastric Artery (O.'T. Internal Tiac),<- ..- 2c ceca ee een see eenen 66 Tliolumibar SArtéryyvcice.cie awe = Samoa cys ais hee ole We dre ce aisle demeueee eae at RO Lateral Sacral Artery jeasccos sv eie site owes cue Meds dace, Wee a keen 66 Obturator Artery, 25% S2icae sraies won Sratulc a wate Ere eee alee eee a een ene 66 Superior Gluteal Artery ssa soci ca oalsis’s aed ee digs oe nem eee ects 66 Inferior Glutedl Artery joven oi «5 cic ccncic (web ccm sae reese Tvigtem ale 66 Umbilical Artery; -....d-cuwes'desjlenev cess os seb ace Sok ree aE nee eeee 66 Inferior: Vesical“Artery,s. 122 siciwtacss 3:00 sso 5 wo: gee ee ee eae 66 Deferential Artery,..-.-. Ro otararataie igterttw biel aU eb /ek ea ara an we ae ee ne PS) Uterine ALtetyjaoy cis Sas doce ns sew cao zee nw ae el eee ee <ee% 66 Middle Hemorrhoidal ‘Artéry,..... -.20.050. Soci om. Sea cca ees 66 Internal Pudendal Artety;.ce, <i.<y ce occ ost te eee pe eee 66
External Iliac: Artety, 3205.2 ties was wins bettie mlatbreiae Gree oie te See rle eea 66 Inferior Epigastric Artery (O. T. Deep Epigastric),..:..............---- 66 Deep Circumflex iat Artery yc oa.0's cidivwcicwes aes ss Ja eee eee Ss Sete 67 Femoral Artery, uct svn Cassia cis nines y wah aces Ss bes se ee one le 67 Popliteal Artery yos5 c's 0 Geel cas = nce bate ae spas atte manele renee ene reap) NOP: Anterior Tibial Artery,i< <5 3 <a5 = bs siemiereb eee artes Ostet eee ere ee eee 67 Posterior Tibial Artery,............-..-- Wola dine he SUE acaveee 67
Veins, . .. 2... 50.0 2 ences ecw is'e't mis wate bate Ran niet are aa 68 Pulmonary Veinsy. 22... «soins 5s ae owe cates wa iieate tales es Ree 68 Veins of the Heart, .,2s0:csaeues eee selvape'etd te Seay eae ia, Superior Vena Cava,...<..«‘sssus0eer see ce ORR Ie eee tae Sees 68 Right and Left Innominate Veins). £-Gcc. 2. fae te eS eee need teeee eas acne 68 Internal Jugular Vein, ... .iswaesecezsoe ee cue bs Uae ah ene anaes bree 68 Sinuses of the Dura Mater, : cise swe cies Sea cans Cea ee ae ieee ats oo 68 Cerebral Veins, . ... <<. «cil ens ee ora ee ee ee aeiorese dito 69 Superior Ophthalmic Veittyc.e< ces cate sae oa ate paeena acess Common Facial Vein}.....SS aac ee ae eee eines aiekar ele ate ois we 69 Anterior Facial Vein,. =. /..2 saepiceieroe tee eee ees esa bas 69
Posterior Facial Vein; . <<... Saw eeene eee coe eee a ails RE Ia eos ovine 69
CONTENTS Vii
ANGIOLOGY, Veins (Continued) PAGE
SM MeNtIIL TORWIBE VOM oa wo os Sic WSsn vo ov Soe ee ors ded anatase de 69 IMEAVARIY VE oe radi 0's tie vivo nas < oS deo dae Wo tae dea tase ee thas oes 70 MO, transla spo cata tone we peme ceeds meek yo deba Sauces idee 70 Azygos Vein (O. TL, Venus Azygos Majors 2750) St on hs vSaSime ie cece ak 70 MIEN PERRIS hoe o ede ose s oh chon ee SES Sepa Ste ene ae bolewe nek 70 MEAN RPMLUV CAs ceases rx cies x o1c vw iera ed eee Oe te ee ee A ee 70 MRUEMECN DATES SUSUR CS. y Winn Satankin ann tae Ck CkGT we acted dL Sse stove o 3 71 Hypogastric Vein (O. T. Internal Iliac Vein),..........2......2.....--- 71 ISIN UID, 5 5c sot San deed hoes bo cess oii Sea ees oh dese a's 71 METERED ia'e'k o's o Wa po SSM Rb Ransie wa em aoseseesw asta suswe voade’ Se ENERO noo 0's arate BU NEW asaee eu sea wi oe Coed eee W wl Scaes 71 SRNR Tio oth 5:4 3 ote cn aae yw dws San oo oe AE ids oe oe cee Bes Dales ask 72 eR ES ory trtane SPR ph Sry Oe ee ae 72 RCE ORI aie «iain wig icra interes «dda es soe ashe dass 5 s's 3 Sa 72 7 i eae ie $s 50 Meet sae seein Sete esd sere edes ee se cipas 73 UNUM EME OMEN Ns 3 Ricle owns Si 5 SSG awake Viwlas wale bi Ul dis b Uda Dam isin ae ae ¥ 73 UNE IRE Fed xcs pitas pv 8 «3a! oa So acanle wees nash swe so eabde ts ceaaes's 73 Sections of the Spinal CAN 5 wedte ee wt By ee Sara a Ae See oad sie hte 73 A Ruins <oS Avb sx eendoiw erie of se au sweeten spt tut ides ed eewn 74 POMRMEE Se IRONED TAIN 5 wg oa nos, Scere wenis so aidawelc ed eau eu'e a sees 74 I DEINE he cic Sow alia nde este sé asad sgbeates Odes Seesavca ve 74 pechions of Meduila Oblongata, « . <<... T@gen. Sensei ess ete w eee en 74 MC MUMS G ae hoes oi Shida 42s casos ds daviahavcn tes oe ans edess 75 IE ere Ee EE CET CELT COU. eee eee ey 75 ein tihicger IV ALG. ooo os Sale ah ooo eee Saas so aos pleeee 75 Sections of the Pons,.......-...- pivec SQaea see cee ees Soe 75 Cereueiint OF; anal ‘DIAM (ac .\. <j s soos s- Uae eaters Iaaee cass enee 75 PCIE UF. CUPNERONR, 5.50 han pk Solon earaneh dete ds «tus oes takes ne Eetemius.of Rhombentéphalonys <2... faa sda os cles Sees cche sae a dapetaaee 76 Bectonstor IStnmMiUs tn thes coals Fhe 2a ae Shae Ne oamases = Lee eee 76 COMPO MUIMA FIsAT Oe DIANE Ae sons wih nn cis bien Caco sails cctetewot esis as Sones 76 INR ERID ee eae a ho as SAD tlacis a das SoeRsaalne soe tcp ok Meagan see 76 PIM ANIOS SUTTACE: 5 ao 5's le aa Ske Saas a eee Sues cee see eens 76 Peduncle'of Cerebrum (O. T. Crus Cerebri), 2; . 222.2. ss22- 22s: 77 wechunmor Cerebral Pedunicle, -\< <2 ...<.5% Sic os los's sates ans donee 77 Quadrigeminal Bodies (O. T. Optic Lobes),......-....-...-..---- 77 Sections of Quadrigeminal Bodies, . ......-.../..----------.2524-- 77 MORERAND Fhe GEN Chek A.u os re Seas oe aa Seesaw seni aseegh Ne ods Tins 77 PRCA Oa Nott con a Dias iieie Ta SO SSG ow SER sob san ta eee bows ooo 6 17 Hypothalamus (QO. T.-Subthalamic Region); Js o2'so24 tet asa ons eens 77 mecuiOns Of the + ypotnalamus, <7. <\5s.oscten ssc ewela wine sens ae wos 77 PUDIATONG SERIE 228 tie ucla s onlsicw oan o 5 Ss Soa see g Sata sce casiay 78 Tasamus (O. T. Optic Thalamus).0 0. ovis 55 ece do ok 78 Toy SOLS NET Me ee es es ee hs diy, Se Ey 2 ee 78 API AIRS 0 hea ons ota ww anise esos Sate Wee mee lewis Ama w ac 78 Sections of the Thalamic Brain,...........----------++-++e0-- 78 STRPCRCAI oe ass 2 \. pe G CCR oun 5 Seem Se Os cir cia Malan s misleads Oat ne 78 Hemisphere, Lest oo oe Oe ee eee hee ee 5 ne 78 TAINUMONUC es. 5 Ne eee e sf acetate tented igwosce seses 78 Medial Surface of Hemisphere, 525. .5.6.-0.2 5500. essai es ween 79 CR ito Ete Pn ee Gia sw KER BW babe alse ee ete ake cle a eee 79 MMPMSUALOME OCDLUDT, > 26 avis a's 5 « kat sense oaieg. oot cesses tee 503s 80 WOPEEERMMCHISICIE of 2 aStaldracin Oa SieeGk aac tee ee ee soles eas esas ce 80 COROT Bin «oo eons Saw Get Mele das esdase ee balsyses.c 80 Seetions: of Mn BPaiiigg 057 Asta ctcaane i sist ota Selnctet eect ccs s 80 SED: C8 AIR Tbe, iris dae Sain Gui lowlpegeswsiu ad ldon Gis vaste ss 81 EE ONORE SUBLEN, «Zc Seige trig asia 4a ~'aeaW awe eriastss ae demnieeeesesie ene 81 PORE TOR UGSE fs ea fo Ss co Satin wa 2 a else wat ep ele hots Se de scl 81 CE NORT NOR VUR Se aon is mia wie isn e egw ek wed oe dea deve woes cease ss 8t NNR sare eg ees os vin wb o's Cock cow e evn wees Ueetenelvscess 81 Ocnlamotor-Nerve (OCLC. hind Nerve) jo. Soo efi a alee aie oa seams e ee 81 Trochlear Nerve (O. T. Patheticus or Fourth Net: Be ete iad wa oe sae 81
Trigeminal Nerve (O. T. Fifth Nerve),..........- .2----e2-eeeeee-eee- 82
viii CONTENTS NeEvro.ocy, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Nerves (Continued) PAGE Ophthalmic Nerve; s6sa 0645 tinesonsassinte sewn t buss ett ivale unig ee 82 Maxillary Nerve (O. T. Superior Maxillary),............... ere ee 82 Mandibular Nerve (O. T. Inferior Maxillary),................-..-- 82 Abducent Nerve (O.'P. Sixth: Netve), 2.0 iiss. 62. ukcanedecpwasese tense 83 Facial NGG) ce ws's sie Jud cen desenesisad <seem sya de uN at ts oo aky Lammas 83 Acoustic (O."T, Auditory, Nerve) joo. cis. dane Ue 53 c <5 demen eei 83 Gilossopharynpeal Nerves. i cass. ssatccccks....cbice ss teehee sehen 83 Vagus Nerve (O. T. Pneumogastric Nerve);....-..--s0.s<s0-0 0 cgmee 84 Accessory Nerve (O. LT. Spinal ‘Accessory),= 4.2 -.0. sGitehaaecee come ee 84 Hy poploscal INGrvess on secs «cnpoe se wayme ee aelp aks o, «'s aSala sme plete ee 84 Spinal Netves;. 5 io. Tedd aodie a's dan dneneeh see rsg hula ds en Bemetee thee ocak ee 84 Cervicn PING verge cain inan ie bidtn oR aiate a Suan eae alae oe a ern tara Se a tate 85 Brachial Plexus A. Jeu eh ee ie ay aa ettoins hie ll nae eee eee 85 Median Nerve, 55.035 i iscws sess ccaspidcsaescclkueh Wap cuenenaey 85 Ulnar Netve;s fecic tae ea aw ees = eieisie Oe mad Sea futeebios 85 Radial Nerve (Oo: T, Misculaipical). Sos e 5+ cps eety antes eek s Sees Spe!) "Thoracic Nerves)... cw 2.cn cote ent sison a cAine ome cee mete Op urate 86 Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygéal Nerves, sais-!b oes owas. ot acces ste pee 86 Lumbosacral"Plésus, snc sack satan. pawlepe vs Cts oe weap aa eee ee 86 Soumibar Plexus, 3 ay Shee soe bis.= be as we de Celera s ee aE ore eee cee 86 Tliohypogastric NNErve fernd ee win cars asaivinle «bis,» =| SA ts a heh serene oie ete 86 Tie-inguinal Nerves. Soo5 nc... << ole Spaces baa wilee a a see ee alee eae 86 Genitofemoral Nerve (O. T. Genitocrural Nerve),...............-------- 86 Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (O. T. External Cutaneous),..........- 86 Obturator-INGFvess 2 Petite pinta <i ceniows wintsS sis widia la yale Spee nee eee eee 86 Femoral Nerve,(O.PoAnterior Crural),. cesc- dss. te ocumien sexi ne eee 87 Sactal Plexus, ys..c siewias. cee cum ciste hie mit S eis Ua died a Bere ae ele et 87 Sciatic: Nerve. (©. T., Great, Sciatic), 25.8 <tejct Sateen bese Remon eae 87 Pudendal Plexviss: 1a /escpo piataie wie:<te.5. 0 Stn vin stk Daal lo taiwlely ot ieee Saas ee eee 87 GoceypealINGrve) a: <2 sie piadinae ocean cn sm seeleg ts Sasa hes =e eee 87 Sympathetic System of Nerves, s . 6c coe soos .sie's eacus sameiane heed ob yaihe aes aie 88 Cephalic and Cervical Portions of the Sympathetic System,..............--.- 88 ‘Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System, ...: =..giesai- sw oe eine seu ce eee 88 Abdominal and Pelvic Portions of the Sympathetic System, ak Seale Soe meee ee 88 SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT,...- 222-500 c cece eee eee cece eee ene eeee 89 Organ. of Vision, 2.221 2s cw sisle wma bbe e «= oieicin he ricbiontee eee att Asie ee 89 os lelSie win 1a 6 Rn oe hae a aemeeN aie be Kle pinie ask io 5 Ste Wieedis < by: Sates a Ree a 89 Optic Nerves, scanck dee guace s+ ens pe 0 ttislees rst ss palate eee eee 89 Hy eball ss a<icius wide ne See ata h a oe sine Mixes ei bless Pa PP AS A ae NO Fibrous Tunic of Bye Sl sears soni oto salon gc eee oe eee ree 89 Sclera,(O. Ps Sclerqti¢ Coat), wad act 'ss 3's apa 's cw kw isle erecta oe ee Comeayss 2 araic's sista eag seis ee eld vine se bin Adee Sia sts ee ae nae 89 Vascular. Coat of Bye, Sy shebied ot Ese ne sen elenbinur nein eisie eee 89 Chorioidy, 552. oiuisigpe eres ss sis aislejale ales $/ahtta)S Blt ore tata Se a 89 Ciliary Body)... op -:sis spisiets ost, ose oakd aah kis als bie sito ae en go Iris or Diaphragm of thé Byes. totais fos ne ceccnd ict i eenepe ee nee 90 Layer of Pigment, o24 sje ee a> 5 sn asic Sle tale, = sie, = ee ee go Retina, . 2. 5.200 Sess oe teh oo can eae eo sla eek sik oleh eee go Anterior Chamber of the Baye) -< <2... Gin =a soa eel sials om biaww ele a nee ee go Posterior Chamber of the Eye,..2nsicc sc aws cic s am aaiee ee cee oe eles eee go Vitreous Body; 23/0 os Se letes « « w's eesete aie eile a elas oie mae go Crystalline Lens, <.<\..7.ce~ soca sates ee lala Sn aoe a lala eee go Ciliary Zonule :(O..‘T. Zonule of Zinn), .....- sewed a oes ee be eee (oe Accessory Organs of the Bye, ovs%s2/s ais «in'si> sunlsie bie Sees es om eer or Eye Muscles, Orbital Rasciac, s2 <4 fac .c ste tae ves ee ee Ces or Eyebrow, «0:0 0's icin ai wee be Se eae ens cee a Sebel: ene ea ee er ele tobe Eyelids, . 5 0ci0's 5 s/an'eie nis otohagseeale nie 6 ol aa T= 55 Sian ee ec ee see 91 Conjunctiva, «oi. .0oo0 casei ec iain o scots oop Sees teers oI Lacrimal Apparatus, .... sone eexece reac ac eyo eee ene aie ere ae gI ~ Organ of Hearing, .. ....<..0.000b baehe ee eens als Lee eT 92 Internal Har, 21. .sc.05ces oe ge Cees tee alle hotel niet aE ae ees elele clalsye 92 Membraneous Labyrinth, : ..:.t -ncweeepGe ele 2a apple iera eetaeneeyn <a crane 92
Osseous Labyrinth, .. J. ..:s .c. ss cess eee ew ade sss SSRs bam bee Sie wials sins ckiele 92
CONTENTS ; ix
SENSE ORGANS AND CoMMON INTEGUMENT, Organ of Hearing (Continued) PAGE \ESTGT US Ae Pe ie SSO Cea year Bee tape arrays ime te. PEP eM se 92 Retard sais oo <=, 0.5 wie sin dc ore, ot ae es. wise, cin cae le ne we vA Ee 92 SepPmErETtaONES: NASBIUE. oo. a n'a x Sule tv sh ena baew esate as Co cae the Hue oe wens 93 MR ORL VIMDONUIN 5 5 Aiys we vie'a,< suo onre san an soda ae sess kvasgpi dans anes 93
_ Membrane of the Tympanum (O. T. Drumhead),...............-.--.------ 93 NEE MMM ES. 5S: oS a Sad ovine s Suma das aswel edie to ew eta ee dw san wee sass 93 EE EMS CPEUCHICORY CPNMICIOS 05 oo is ka wcda ua peees ee ugnsadcapeeese 94 paguments or tne Auditory Ossicles, on na osies os occa ines ove saceees cus 94
Piacie en tae Auditory Ossicles,. oi. Gece ke cb waeee ng ets cceccsulaetsees 94 SMI ISTENTUS EOC ain. 6 ss dais w Secon Se saan e Adaee oc = 45's 5/540 So aun es 94 Sree rustacniarr. -E UDE, 25. poms sans e's Somes tos ness ene sess heee ane 94 REE METUCSCL TEL CALUS. 5-5 1c a aie matte ow beac S ce Doe bR's Soe clewiseceracds 94 ER Rs oie okie asus sans abwaka sede «+ Set us Jaceindtond snvest cess dere 94 SS I Oo ee EE St ee eee ee 95 Ee a> SP ea dds a ase we a cies saws aang. ee Sy eins ew « seein 0 95 ap EROR MORES Dre orale. = ain a 4\s° atsi= Reena tattle vin ofeid sinonnabinianiela saad ain be ale 95 iS) 6 ees 95 NEMO RMCLS SUL, 5 6 2 =:5sis dee ea tinkapngvetns toa eae oh vane chow see 95 SIUM eA LURE SIGs oc Wisterens to saint na wun ce Bie nena eins w cco mnlea slow eia 95
RAST EERE EISSN AGSUC. eros ole om sinicte ohio e ae oa cine times Aegis tha niniam slowness 95 Lermupaecorpuscies OF the Nerves, <= < s<5.<:6.<03 see ects s odie esinacne se oot 95
RAO oe Nr oa oso s. 0° = wale ain o'Sis's oie SEs aos Sw dae no w'e\ walla Sc ethels oe. 95 LADIES ae DAE 9 a A eet Ae at ae eat ee ae 96 ATS EE IRA eet aati d ai eS eo as iawn e cae Stee cialis eine ai sian 96
COMM RDO RISE eat nae oi oe a aloe wc ward side ais ees Aaa ae wie <n eimai 96 SREeeeeS Cr lANGR Ee ected Das B52 50s eis Solo etn Wolo cies ease ee wee 96
POPES Tine. con «eR Re Pe RP a A eG ea ee eee et Oren er eee ea 96 PREICNS OF THEA VEMAN BODY, csaiche oys.<'c 212 ons anidie sian owiwe awe eiere™ = slelnieielsie sole Zire o an OT SUT ORTS E20 Su AR De eigen et SE oot eee Se et APE ee IS Ie 98 ne ECO fn 2. tig ted Seta te cis jein Peisitaa Sea Saisame ce pase Is eee 98 PCS NECK etre c.Sara/2 SA as wis eens loess ce epis eee Ne win we Base Suse. sea se 08 OVINE Big oc a LOS, SEU epee gS eS ee Rt ee ae are 99 MEMEEIEN TN DO OMEN aetee she arcid as aca in wis ain a aetn 5) 5iai SiRlain nie oie a Cia eiRe mie Wie Siinig 0 8 Rysieia arate 99 ECB ACR Nera p pose ds Seccta sna cltewasdeesmceene's ance saisss . 99 Grthe Upper Fxtremity,... 2... 2.20. e wee cece cece secon case cece sessemsscence 99 EMNGE SASWOY PC TIKOMMIEN, Diss oo men eSe oo Soe oo Sa is pa bed SASS s Eu siceneewes teresa - 100 Dre AtATORY NOTES £O,GEBTAIN GieRMS, <2. lis cocc.occssbescciee sacs te dececusecssece IOI
REET ATES OR. REGIONG, «2 3s cco - oS bee ow od bes he vncincenneventesvecsens= 105-107
oa
, es on: |
THE BASLE ANATOMICAL NOMEN- CLATURE [BNAI.
Introduction.
Now that the BNA is being followed in medical and scientific schools throughout the world, and has been adopted as the language used in several of the _newer English and American anatomical text-books and atlases, it has occurred
to the publishers of secitigs Szatomy that a concise statement concerning the origin and exact nature of this [i8t of anatomical terms would be interesting and helpful to anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists, and clinicians. They have asked me to prepare this statement, and I doso gladly, in the hope that it may bring the terminology to the attention of many who do not yet know of it, and make clear, perhaps, certain misunderstandings that have existed in the minds of some who have heard of it, but are not yet really familiar with it. To know its origin, nature, and aims is, I feel sure, in the majority of instances at least, to decide to use it. That the sooner a general decision to adopt it is reached the better it will be for anatomical instruction and research, and the easier it will be for teacher and taught, it is the aim of the following paragraphs to show. They have not been difficult to write, for, aside from the experience I have gained by personally using the BNA in anatomical labora- tories during the past ten years, the material for the account lay ready at hand in the articles of Krause* and His} and it has been necessary only to adapt it to the needs of readers in America and Great Britain. The article by Professor His has been followed especially closely, and parts of my account are no other than a free translation of his lucid paragraphs. The actual list of Latin names of the BNA is to be published at once by Messrs. P. Blakiston’s “Son & Co. and Messrs. J. & A. Churchill. It will be accompanied by a list of literal English equivalents which Dr. Benson A. Cohoe, Assistant Resident - Physician in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has been kind enough to help me to prepare. The English vocabulary is simply explanatory; in many instances it would be unwise to use the English synonyms given, and in many more instances anatomists would differ as to the most suitable English equivalent to be chosen. Each anatomist is of course at liberty to use whatever English equivalent he desires for the official Latin terms. Students are strongly advised, however, . to use the original Latin terms as English words. The Latin terms are the only authorized ones.
* Krause, W.: Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Internat. Monatsschr. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1893, X, 313.
+ His, W.: “Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel aufgenommenen Namen Eingeleitet und im Einverstindniss mit dem Redactionsausschuss erliutert. Mit dreissig Abbildungen in Text und zwei Tafeln”: Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1895. (Reprinted from the Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. anat. Abth. Leipzig, 1895, Supplement-Band.)
2 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
What the ‘‘ BNA” is.
The expression BNA is a shorthand title for a list of some 4500 anatomical terms (nomina anatomica) accepted at Basle in 1895 by the Anatomical Society as the most suitable designations for the various parts of the human anatomy which are visible to the naked eye. The terms are all in correct Latin and have been selected by a group of the most distinguished anatomists in the world, working six years at their task, as the shortest and simplest available names for the different structures; the majority of the terms were already in use in the various text-books, but some of them were selected from anatomical monographs not considered in the text-books, and a few of them are brand-new, introduced into the list, where an examination of the literature and of anatomical prep- arations showed that none of the terms hitherto coined was satisfactory.
One name only is given to each structure, and the mass of synonyms which encumbered the text-books can thus be swept away. If one of the larger text- books of gross anatomy be examined, as many as 10,000 terms will be found employed, the-half of which are synonyms; and if the anatomical terms used in the various standard text-books be collected into one list, the total number amounts to more than 30,000. It is no small achievement to have reduced the necessary number of terms in gross anatomy, as it is known to-day, to less than 5000,—an achievement for which both students and teachers of the subject must be thankful.
Even more important is the exclusion from the list of all obscure or ambig- uous terms, each name employed having a definite and easily ascertainable meaning. The construction of the list has led, too, to the establishment of cer- tain general principles regarding the formation and use of anatomical térms, and these principles promise to be of great service in simplifying terminology and keeping it uniform as anatomical science continues to develop.
Why this revision of anatomical terminology was undertaken.
Previous to undertaking this revision of the names used in gross anatomy, the burden of terms which had to be carried by text-book, teacher, and pupil had been growing progressively heavier. Anatomical structures had been chris- tened in a most haphazard way. From the beginning of the science each inves- tigator gave names as he would to the parts he studied, and as one investigator was often ignorant of the work done by others the same parts were frequently differently dubbed. The authors of anatomical text-books, especially those who read widely, gradually collected these terms, though each author selected and jerected names from the lists used by his predecessors as he thought fit.
It has thus come about that we have inherited from previous centuries an excess of anatomical terms, many single structures carrying double or even mul- tiple designations. Examples come at once to mind: The pneumogastric nerve is also the vagus nerve as well as the tenth cerebral nerve; the trapezius muscle is known to some as the musculus cucullaris; the laryngeal prominence is also Adam’s apple; the aqueduct of the cerebrum is also, in many books, the iter e tertio ad quartum ventriculum; m. levator palati is synonymous with m, petro- salpingostaphylinus. These double and multiple terms were passed on from lecture to lecture and from text-book to text-book, and as a result of this anarchy in the creation and use of terms the weight became terribly grievous. Teachers and pupils writhed under it. Anatomical research was, to some extent at least, retarded by it. When the valvula coli was known also variously as the valvula ileocecalis, the valvula Bauhini, the valvula Tulpii, and the valvula Falloppii, a certain historical sense may have been aroused and opportunity
Wuy THE REVISION WAS UNDERTAKEN 3
given, as His suggests, for the discussion of fossil questions of priority, but the inconveniences of such ballast were sufficiently obvious.
As this naming went on by the authors of individual text-books or mono- graphs, a great many terms were proposed which never became current; others
were gradually employed in a sense other than that originally intended; some
attained to general anatomical parlance. It was the success that a name met with which justified its adoption in the science, although often, as examination has shown, it was fashion which in her imperious way decided, sometimes sud- denly replacing an entirely suitable anatomical term by another, no better. The names arising, as it were, by chance and at totally different periods in the various anatomical systems, it was scarcely possible that anatomical terminol- ogy as a whole could manifest any general plan or have much uniformity of character; it was necessarily chaotic and incoherent,—full of inequalities, con- tradictions, and obscurities.
The distinguished German anatomist, J. Henle, when writing his well- known treatise, felt keenly the faults of the inherited terminology and made a great effort at improvement. In his text-book of anatomy he gave only one
_name to each structure, banishing all synonyms to the footnotes; he waged war against personal names, and replaced them by objective terms, urging that his- torical injustice was frequently done by their retention. It is to Henle, also, that we owe the introduction and consistent use of those excellent terms of orientation,—the words sagittal, frontal, medial, lateral, etc. But even as great an anatomist as Henle could not simplify anatomical terminology satisfac- torily without the sympathetic codperation of other anatomists. Each great medical school had to a certain extent its own anatomical language, and the physician who tried to read articles in which the terms of schools other than that in which he had been brought up were used met with irritating difficulties. A student going from one university to another often found that the anatomical’ expressions acquired with great difficulty in the one had to be supplanted by another set of terms, equally hard to learn, in the other.
This harmful and humiliating state of affairs stirred up in anatomists in various countries a strong feeling for the necessity of remedy. Anatomical so- cieties in America, in Germany, and in Great Britain interested themselves much in the problem. In America it was Professor Burt G. Wilder, of Ithaca, who felt — most keenly the need of reform in terminology. He deserves great credit for his efforts to stimulate other American anatomists to a realization of this need, as well as for the time and labor he has given to attempt to improve and simplify anatomical terms.* He writes me that the matter of terminology was definitely brought before the American Association for the Advancement of Science as long ago as 1880, and states that in connection with the revision of terminology in America the names of Messrs. Gage, Gerrish, Gould, Huntington, Leidy, and the Spitzkas, father and son, should be mentioned. :
The movement for revision of terminology which originated in Germany in the enlarged Anatomical Society at its first meeting in Leipsic, in 1887, is the
* Cf}. Wilder, B. G.: “The Fundamental Principles of Anatomical Nomenclature” (Med. News, Phila., 1891, December 19); “ Macroscopical Vocabulary of the Brain,” presented to the Association of American Anatomists at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1890; “ American Reports upon Anatomical Nomenclature,” 1889-1890, with notes by B. G. Wilder, Cor- nell University, February 5, 1892; “Anatomical Terminology,”’ by B. G. Wilder and S. H. Gage, in the first edition of Wood’s Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; oN eural Terms, International and National,” 1896; “Some Misapprehensions as to the Simplification of the Nomenclature of Anatomy,’”’ 1898. The Reports of the Committee of the Associ- ation of American Anatomists may also be consulted.
4 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
one which resulted finally in the production of the BNA. The Society in that year voted that its officers undertake at once a revision of anatomical terms, with the hope of remedying the obvious evils existing. No sooner did these officers begin their work, however, than unforeseen difficulties began to appear, and these did not lessen in number or significance as the work progressed. Anatomists may rejoice that the difficulties were not insuperable. How they were overcome and what the results achieved were, I shall try to explain in the paragraphs which succeed.
The Scope of the Work and the Workers.
It soon became clear that a permanent commission on terminology could deal more effectively with the problem than the officers of the Society. Again, an editor-in-chief, who should devote himself almost entirely to the work for a number of years, must of necessity be appointed. These suggestions, emanating from Professor His, were adopted by the Society in 1889. The Commission on Nomenclature was at once appointed, with Professor von Kélliker as Chairman and Professors O. Hertwig, His, Kollmann, Merkel, Schwalbe, Toldt, Waldeyer, and v. Bardeleben as members,—a list of names as likely, surely, as any that could have been chosen to insure success from the start.
This Commission began its work most happily by securing the services of Professor W. Krause, of Berlin, as editor-in-chief. Krause’s literary ability made the choice especially suitable. During the six years’ work which fol- lowed his appointment he set an example, his collaborators tell us, of indefati- gable diligence and inexhaustible patience. The necessary correspondence of such an editor was almost interminable; letters often passed to and fro for weeks in order to set a single term right or to get it into its proper place in the list.
The cost of the undertaking was a matter for early consideration. ‘The work, while largely a labor of love, entailed unavoidably certain expenses. The original estimate of the Commission ‘of 10,000 marks ($2500) was exceeded ~ only a little. It seems almost incredible that the work could have been accom- plished with so small an outlay. A large proportion of the cost (some 8090 marks) was defrayed by the scientific academies of Munich, Berlin, Vienna, Leipsic, and Hungary; the rest of the amount (3800 marks) was contributed by the Anatomical Society itself.
The exact scope of the work had, of course, to be clearly before the minds of the members of the Commission from the outset. It was decided, therefore, to consider descriptive anatomy solely, and this only in as far as the structures are visible to the naked eye or through a simple hand lens. No attempts were to be made to settle the terminology in domains of lively contemporary investi- gation, nor were the terms of microscopic anatomy to be included. ‘The list was to be constructed in one language—viz.: Latin; those who use the termi- nology were left, therefore, to translate, at will, the terms more or less freely, into their own tongues.
The question in how far the terminology should attempt to be international in character was a delicate one for the Commission to determine. The Anatomi- cal Society, while organized in Germany and meeting usually only in cities in which the German language is spoken, has never been exclusively German in membership or character. Indeed, the list of members includes names from America, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. The majority of members are German, it is true; in 1895 there were 145 German members to 129 members belonging to other- countries. A society with such a membership might, perhaps, without criticism,
THe Way THE Work Was DONE 5
undertake the establishment of a terminology intended for international use. It was decided, however, not to make the undertaking too wide at the beginning, to try rather to form a list of terms which should, in the first place, be acceptable to German-speaking anatomists and, later on, to attempt to gain the codperation of anatomists who speak other languages. Though the names of the Commis- sion originally appointed are all those of German or Austrian anatomists, the lists of anatomical terms considered were, from the beginning, taken from French and English as well as from German books. In 1890 several anatomists from Great Britain and other European countries were invited to join the Com- mission, and, later, Professor Thane of London was included. It was partly owing, doubtless, to the relatively undeveloped state of anatomy at the time in American universities, partly to the fact that few, if any, of our anatomists then attended the meetings of the Anatomical Society, that no one from this country was invited to join the Commission. Were another revision to be made by the Society to-day, American anatomists would undoubtedly be requested to act. The terminology which the Commission prepared and which was ac- cepted by the Society in Basle, in 1905, was, in origin and in execution, there- | fore, the affair of the Anatomical Society and is to be regarded as international only in as far as that Society and its affiliations may be so regarded.
The Way the Work was done.
It is interesting to learn the methods followed by the Commission in the accomplishment of its task. The plan adopted at the beginning was greatly modified as the work proceeded. Myology, as it promised to be much the easiest, was the first subject undertaken. The editor took as a basis the names used in the latest large text-book of gross anatomy.* These terms were written down in a vertical column and the synonyms from a number of other much-used text- books placed in parallel columns. ‘The lists were manifolded and a copy sent to each commissioner with the request that he mark the term of his choice, or if he found none suitable to propose a new one for the structure concerned. Each commissioner was to return his list with comments to Professor Krause.
When the first vote on myological terms was counted it was found that the names of 85 per cent. of the structures had received a majority vote,—more'than 40 per cent. receiving practically unanimous approval. This surprising result was most encouraging. A second list was then made out indicating the accepted’ names, the terms still not decided‘ upon, and the list of new terms‘ proposed, and it, together with the comments made by the various commissioners, was again distributed. After the second vote any terms left undetermined were discussed and settled in personal sittings of the Commission. By June, 1891, the myo- logical terminology was complete with a list of some 300 terms.
As a result of its early experience the Commission found that a second and third vote made by correspondence gave results but little better than the first vote. Further, it was soon learned that the new terms proposed and the com- - ments made by the members, often as a result of hard work and special knowl- edge, were insufficiently considered unless each new term and comment were verbally discussed in personal meetings 6f the commissioners. On attempting such verbal discussion, however, in 1892, it was found that progress was made too slowly in the full Commission and it became necessary to parcel out the work to special committees. Thus the list of terms in Angiology was assigned to Professors Merkel, Thane, and Toldt; that in Regional Anatomy to Pro-
* This happened to be C. Gegenbaur’s “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.”
6 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
_ fessors Merkel, Riidinger, and Toldt, while Professor Toldt was made a com- mittee of one to consider the terminology of joints.
Another important step consisted in the appointment of a special editing committee consisting of Professors His, Krause, and Waldeyer. To this com- mittee was delegated the task of giving a uniform character to the terminology as a whole, a matter of no little difficulty. Since the single systems had been voted upon at long intervals, the different terms accepted had received variable majorities. There was a considerable residue of terms still undetermined in the parts already considered and the whole list contained inequalities and even .contradictions which had to be corrected. Indeed, this editing committee found itself deeply immersed in the hardest kind of work for no less than three years after it was appointed. The terminology of the nervous system and of the viscera proved to be the most difficult of all. In these chapters the com- pleted list is deeply indebted especially to Professor His and to the support and advice he received from Professors von Kélliker, Toldt, and Waldeyer.
During the last three of the six years’ work it was found that results were most quickly and satisfactorily reached by adopting the following program: First, the members of the Commission were asked to send in their special sugges- tions and comments for the unfinished lists even before the first vote was taken, so that they could be considered on the primary ballot. The editor-in-chief, after this vote had been made, rearranged the lists and turned them over to the editing committee, the members of which reconsidered each term separately and decided doubtful questions. This committee often found it necessary to refer to the bibliography and even to dissections to help it in its decisions. The lists thus edited were returned to the Commission for final comments. These, when received, were thoroughly studied by the editing committee, and in 1895 the definitive list was presented by the Commission to the Anatomical Society as a whole at its meeting in Basle. The Society voted its adoption.
The Principles arrived at as the Work proceeded.
As the six years’ work of the Commission proceeded certain principles of terminology crystallized out and simplified the further revision. It was found, however, that while these principles were of value as general rules, none of them could be employed absolutely without exception. The more important decisions arrived at were the following:
(1) Each part shall have only one name.
(2) Each term shall be in Latin and be philologically correct.
(3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible.
(4) The terms shall be merely memory signs and need lay no claim to description or to speculative interpretation.
(5) Related terms shall, as far as possible, be similar—e. g., Femur, Arteria femoralis, Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis.
(6) Adjectives, in general, shall be arranged as opposites—e. g., dexter and sinister, major and minor, anterior and posterior, superficialis and profundus.
The Commission was occasionally forced to deviate from these rules. Thus, the first one was violated with the mitral valve, which is named valvula bicus- pidalis and valvula mitralis, neither term being omitted (a concession to clini- cians). The third rule, while usually easily followed (few would care to retain the terms crotaphitico-buccinatorius or petrosalpingostaphylinus), could not always be obeyed; for instance, it did not seem wise to abolish that popular term, sternocleidomastoideus. The fifth rule was ignored in making the arteria meningea media go through a foramen spinosum (instead of through a
PRINCIPLES ARRIVED AT AS WORK PROCEEDED 7
foramen meningeum medium), and other examples might be given. But only when compromise appeared to be unavoidable did the Commission consent to depart from the principles mentioned.
There was much difference of opinion regarding the retention of personal names. Some desired to continue their use; others wished to abolish them al- together. Much can be said on each side. The arguments pro and con have been marshalled by His. On the one hand (1) historical injustice is frequently done, the name borne by a part being not that of its real discoverer but of some later worker; (2) the personal names employed may vary in different countries, Lieberkiihn’s glands in Germany being Galeati’s in Italy, Vater’s corpuscles in the one country being those of Pacini in the other; (3) in the literature of the specialties personal names are often used in great excess, names of no importance figuring in the bibliography; and (4) no systematic plan seems to have been followed in adopting personal names; thus, even from among the immortals, the names of Eustachius and Malpighi have in more than one instance been chosen for anatomical structures, while the names of Vesalius and Harvey do not appear at all. On the other hand it is argued that (1) the per- sonal names are usually good mnemotechnic material, a student easily retaining the names of Poupart’s, Gimbernat’s and Colles’s ligaments and having the impulse to find out what each signifies; whereas, his interest is much less for a ligamentum inguinale, a ligamentum lacunare, or a ligamentum inguinale reflexum; (2) a certain feeling’ of piety should restrain us from sacrificing, to a principle arbitrarily established, terms which for cen- turies have been found good and useful; and (3) it is to the student’s advantgae in his first session in the medical school to become familiar with the names of Falloppia, Eustachius, Malpighi, etc., for through them his historical sense may be awakened; and it is, perhaps, matter of secondary importance whether or not the names are always rightly used, this being a function of the history of anatomy rather than of anatomical terminology. The Commission compromised by giving each part an objective name and putting widely used personal names in brackets. Though this makes the terms less simple, it has the advantage of leaving to time the final decision. The personal names are all put in the genitive case, following the precedent set by the Zodlogical Commission on terminology. Thus Poupart’s ligament becomes Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]. In time it will be known whether it is to be called ultimately the inguinal ligament or by Pou- part’s name.
Another matter which the Commission had to decide concerned the anatom- _ ical terms used in the medical specialties,—e. g., in neurology, ophthalmology, otology, and laryngology. In recent years clinicians have been reworking the anatomy of their special domains quite independently of the anatomical labora- tories. An examination of the literature of the specialties reveals an anatom- ical terminology and description which varies markedly from the language and presentation of the ordinary anatomical text-books. ‘The Commission soon convinced itself that the creation of this special language was due to the insuffi- ciency of the anatomies of the schools; it was its duty, therefore, to accept the terms introduced by the specialists or to supply better ones. While the average medi- cal student cannot, in his course in anatomy, be expected to master completely the anatomical terms of all the medical specialties, still, as far as his training goes in that direction, he has the right to demand that it shall be correct and modern. For completeness’ sake, therefore, the Commission has included a full list of the names of macroscopic structures in the special organs, being led to do so by the repeated assurance of distinguished specialists that they were ready to accept the nomenclature of the anatomists as soon as it covered their needs.
8 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
It is surprising to find how few really new terms were coined by the Com- mission. Indeed, the first plan was so conservative that it expected to make no new terms at all but only to choose the most suitable terms then in use in the text-books. Fortunately this plan was not adhered to. The only terms avail- able in the text-books for some structures were antiquated and unworthy of re- tention; but, worse and oftener, among the terms used in the text-books are some that are employed by one author in one sense and by another in another, owing, in certain cases at least, to obscure or inexact views. The Commission was therefore sometimes compelled to search the bibliography, to study dis- sections, and even to make original investigations in connection with a given term. For the sake of clarity and accuracy a certain number of new terms had to be introduced, and in the explanatory notes which accompanied the publication of the BNA Professor His has indicated the exact meaning of these new terms. Now that the new anatomical text-books and atlases are being written in the language of the BNA the student and physician will have no difficulty in understanding the few terms which otherwise might have seemed unfamiliar to him. The fact, however, remains that the list consists chiefly of carefully selected old names; it gives quite a wrong impression, therefore, to speak of the BNA as the “new terminology” or ‘‘new nomenclature.” *
The adoption of the BNA in America and in Great Britain.
Having reviewed the history of the origin and construction of the BNA let us now turn fora moment to the matter of its adoption in this and in other English-speaking countries. It was thought by some, at first, that there would be great difficulties in the way.
(1) Thus, though granting the desirability of an anatomical terminology which shall be the same in all civilized countries, some think that the time is not yet ripe for it; the needs of the anatomists of different countries as regards anatomical terms are, they argue, not yet fully identical. When it is remembered, however, that the terms of the BNA deal only with well-established gross anatom- ical structures and do not relate to microscopic parts or to parts concerning _ which views are still unsettled, it is not difficult to conceive of international codperation in the use of them for the sake of uniformity. The work of all anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists and clinicians would be made much easier thereby. The speed of progress in these days has compelled every scientific medical man to read articles on his subject appearing in several languages; unless he does so he falls hopelessly behind his colleagues. Even medical students, in the schools with the higher requirements, are now asked to read one or two modern languages other than their own before admission. How obviously the reading of medical articles in the international bibliography would be facilitated if all writers would make it a point to use the same ana- tomical terms in texts and at the sides of illustrative plates and figures! Certainly the vast majority of the terms of the BNA would be understandable of all and agreeable to all. Evenif a small residue of names might be found objectionable and remain unused in each country, it would matter but little, though most of us, surely, would be willing temporarily, for the sake of uni- formity, to use a few terms not wholly to our liking.
(2) There are, it is said, a few anatomists in America and in England who are prejudiced against the BNA because it was prepared by the German Anatomical Society and is largely the result of the work of German anatomists.
* Through an oversight in proof-reading, I have myself fallen into this error in my **Laboratory Manual.”
THE ADOPTION OF THE BNA 9
Aside from the facts referred to above—that the Anatomical Society had almost as many non-German as German members and that the Commission on Ter- minology contained English, Belgian and Italian anatomists as well as German, Austrian and Swiss—it would not, it seems to me, have mattered much, or hin- dered its acceptance by us, if the BNA had been wholly German in origin. If anatomists of worthily world-wide fame like His, Toldt, Waldeyer, Krause, and their colleagues are willing and able to give a ‘large part of their time and energies for six years to such a task, to secure the money to defray the expense thereof, and then to present it freely to the rest of us,—if what they have done is really excellent,—are we to be sulky and reject it simply because it was “ made in Germany”? I cannot believe that any one who reflects for a moment can be other than extremely grateful for the very valuable gift these men have made us; such a Chauvinistic attitude as I have described can surely not be assumed by more than a minute minority. On the contrary, it is characteristic of the people of this country that they seek out and adopt as their own the “best”? wherever it is to be found, even if it chance to be “‘ made in Thibet” or in Timbuctoo.
(3) The ‘fact that the list of terms is written entirely in the Latin language has been the ground of objection on the part of a few. But this, I feel sure, is due to a misunderstanding of the intention of the Commission. Its members had no idea that, in actual use, the Latin form would always be employed; it is matter of indifference whether one says “biceps muscle” or “musculus biceps,” “ fem- oral nerve” or “nervus femoralis,” ‘temporal bone” or “os temporale,” “ yellow spot” or “macula lutea.” As a matter of fact, a student learning an anatomical term for the first time will usually find that the Latin term goes as trippingly on the tongue, often more so, than its English equivalent. There are marked individual preferences, however, in this regard and I have known some teachers and students who would fly from a Latinized form as though from Satan. Cer- tainly in this country fewer teachers than in Germany use the Latin consistently, though, as the feeling for precision and uniformity grows, it is possible that the custom may increase, in which event all the Latin names would actually become English words, as has already happened with conjunctiva, retina, plexus, fornix, thalamus, ganglion, ependyma, cranium, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and of the like many more. The Commission at first had the idea of placing translations for the various languages in parallel columns with the Latin names, but wisely, I think, refrained therefrom, thus leaving everyone free to supply the equiv- alent in his own tongue as he will. In the German dissecting-rooms, even, the Latin forms are not strictly adhered to; one hears “ Riickenmark” rather than “Medulla spinalis,” ‘ Kopfnicker” (not “ Brustschliisselzitzenfortsatzmuskel’’) rather than “M. sternocleidomastoideus.” It is in books, and more particu- larly in atlases, that it is especially desirable that the BNA be used in its Latin form. Where there is, too, any likelihood of international use of book or altas, or of translation from one tongue into another, it would be helpful if this rule were followed.
(4) It has been objected, further, that since English and American text- - books have been written without regard to the BNA, students and teachers will only add the burden of a lot of additional names to their already overcrowded memories,—that we shall have a “confusion worse confounded” than before. It has been asserted, tooo, that students passing from anatomical laboratories in which the BNA is employed into the clinics which are manned by professors who learned their anatomy years ago will taken with them a tongue unintelligible to their instructors and will find in use there a form of anatomical language un- known to themselves.
Io ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
There is a minimum of truth in these objections, but the difficulties to be encountered are far less real than would at first sight appear. For, in the first place, experience has taught that the use of the BNA along with the older text-books is not an impracticable task. The older books contain a majority of the BNA terms and a great many others besides, so that the use of the BNA resolves itself, in these circumstances, largely into an emphasizing of the names of choice and the omission of the unnecessary synonyms; the addition of the few new terms required meets with no difficulty if the instructors be well versed in them. Since Professor Mall called my attention to the BNA in 1895 and recommended it to me I have used it more or less consistently and with satis- faction ever since in my anatomical and clinical teaching in Baltimore and in Chicago. Other American teachers who have done the same tell me that they have found its employment easy and rewarding, and students, often unsolicited, express marked approval of the BNA terms where they differ from those for- merly in use. The BNA is now used regularly.in several of the American anatomical laboratories and, in large part though not exclusively, in others.
That the student’s text-books and atlases should be written in the BNA is, nevertheless, obviously desirable. In 1899, in writing a book on the nervous system, I found it satisfactory to employ it (with minor exceptions), exclusively, for the domains which it covered. Soon after, in the dissecting-room teaching in Chicago, I was impressed with the idea that the student’s task could be greatly simplified if a guide to dissection were written in terms of the BNA, each term being brought in at the moment the pupil meets with the structure named in his practical work. ‘To meet this need, I prepared and had published, with the help of Drs. D. D. Lewis and D. G. Revell, in 1904, “ A Laboratory Manual of Human Anatomy.” Meanwhile, three excellent anatomical atlases,—those of Spalteholz, Sobotta and Toldt,—had appeared in Germany, each with the BNA terms printed at the sides of the figures. In order to make the task of students and teachers still lighter, and again encouraged by Professor Mall, I undertook during the years 1900-1904 the translation into English of the text of Professor Spalteholz’s work, and since then its beautiful illustrations and brief, precise, anatomical descriptions have been available to American and English readers. The kind way in which these books have been received by American anatomists and clinicians makes it evident that there exists in this country a warm sympathy with the movement to render anatomical terminology more simple, less cumbersome, and more precise.
In 1902, Dr. Hardesty used the BNA exclusively in his useful “ Neurological Technique,” and in the small text of Dr. Whitehead (1900) and the monograph of Dr. Sabin (1901), both on the brain, it had also been adopted. Indications, indeed, now point to its general acceptance by American and British writers. Besides Spalteholz’s Atlas that of Sobotta and that of Toldt are now available in English translation. The new edition of that popular text-book, Morris’s Anatomy, edited by Mr. Henry Morris, of London, and Professor McMur- rich, of Ann Arbor, just now being published, is couched in the BNA terms It would take too long to cite all the books and important articles in which these names figure. A monograph recently published by Dr. Potter, of St. Louis, entitled “'Topographical Anatomy of the Viscera of the Thorax and Abdomen,” should not, however, be omitted, as it is most valuable as a companion to any one studying, for the first time, a series of cross-sections through the trunk of a human being; the BNA names are used throughout in its plates and descrip- tions. That biologists find the BNA satisfactory is indicated by its use in Professor J. B. Johnston’s book, “The Anatomy of the Nervous System of
THE FuTuRE oF ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY II
Vertebrates.” And, now that the newest edition of Gould’s Medical Dictionary is also to consider the BNA, there would seem to be no longer reason for delay in general recognition and employment.
The assumption that students who have been taught the BNA and their clinical teachers will be reciprocally embarrassed in one another’s presence— that a sort of anatomical Babel will prevail—gives scarcely due credit to either student or clinician. For, on the one hand, the student is sure during this tran- sition period to become acquainted quickly with the old synonyms of the few new anatomical terms foreign to the ordinary clinical vocabulary; he can scarcely escape, for instance, learning that clinicians almost invariably speak of the ‘“‘atria” of the heart as its “auricles,” or of the ‘‘omental bursa” as the “lesser peritoneum.” And, on the other hand, we may be certain that the modern sci- entific clinician, worthy of a clinical chair in a medical school, will not be un- familiar with those more recent studies in the anatomy of his field which are of sufficient permanent importance to have been reflected in the BNA. The internist who has not brought his anatomy of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the spleen, the kidneys and the peritoneum at least up to the level of precision indicated by the BNA list, handicaps himself in his work. So with the surgeon with regard to the bones, the articulations, the blood-vessels and nerves, the neck, the abdomen and the pelvis. There need be little fear, we may feel toler- ably sure, of delinquency here. Should the nobler motives prove ineffective— they will not—the fierceness of competition among clinicians, the rivalry for prestige among the occupants of clinical chairs, would from now on, if it has not always so done in the past, compel the teachers of the practical branches to keep pace with progress in the fundamentals. We have seen above, as a mat- ter of fact, how clinicians in the medical specialties have not only kept pace with the anatomists but, in part, have outstripped them in the race. Investi- gating the anatomy of their own special domains anew and independently, their inquiries have expanded knowledge and necessitated an enrichment of anatomical vocabulary. This process has begun in America. That it will go on and be- come an engine of great power in furthering the development of our knowl- edge of the human form in regions yet obscure, who can doubt?
The Future of Anatomical Terminology.
No matter how many revisions of terminology are made, and entirely independently of those who make them, we can be sure that, in the long run, only those names will survive which are wisely selected, which are precise in expression, and which are organically connected with whatever great general plan our ana- tomical nomenclature ultimately assumes. Anatomical terms, to live, must satisfy the needs of, and be adopted by, a majority of anatomists and clinicians. It would be folly to attempt to force the use of the BNA or any other list of anatomical terms upon any man or group of men. A terminology must rely upon its intrinsic merits, not upon the influence of authority. The better it satis- fies the needs of teaching and investigation, the greater its chances of general acceptance and permanence. Those of us who are convinced of the value of the BNA should set an example by using it and may recommend its use to others. More than this we ought not to do.
The fact should be emphasized that the BNA makes no attempt to limit the language of research, but only to supply a list of simple terms, free from ambiguity, for common use in the medical schools. Research must, of course, retain absolute freedom of expression. Investigators, to make themselves understood, are compelled to use temporarily many expressions consciously
12 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
wholly provisional in character. Only when time has brought a certain repose to scientific activity in a given region do more permanent terms crystallize out.
It should be easy ina country like America, for anatomists to agree with their colleagues in the rest of the world upon the adoption of a common set of terms for school use. It is fair to assume that the tendency to codperation, so charac- teristic of the energies of this country, notably manifest in industrial combinations no less than in the team-work of athletes, will not be found lacking among anatomists.
Even when compromises have to be made, there is a certain special honor and satisfaction to be derived from the sacrifices involved when they contribute to.the common weal. ‘That some concessions must necessarily be made in using the BNA cannot be denied; almost every codperative measure demands some self-denial among participants. ‘This need not, however, be great. Where the list does not supply in full the requirements of the individual teacher, there is no reason why he should not extend it at will. On the other hand, where the list contains terms in excess of the needs of a given instructor or school, it is an easy matter to omit those which seem superfluous. It may seem a little hard for one who has spoken of the ‘“‘M. complexus” all his life to get used to call- ing it the “‘M. semispinalis capitis,” or for another who has been brought up with an “anterior crural” to abandon it for the “femoral” nerve. But when the good reasons for the change are known and appreciated, good-will will carry one far. It is only when a term is found to be incompatible with one’s scien- tific convictions that reasonable difficulty arises. ‘The BNA has, however, been constructed with such great care and has so sedulously avoided affixing labels to structures still in dispute that we need have little fear on that score. Even should there be a few terms, or even a few hundred, which we find hard at this time to digest, the general acceptance of the other 4000 will be a great gain, cutting the labors of students, as it will, in two.
That conditions will arise, perhaps soon, when another revision will be desirable and demanded there can be no doubt. Investigation is ever extending; our criteria of values are constantly changing; scientific needs in terminology vary, in spite of us, with the years; at intervals revision becomes unavoidable. But with foundations so well laid as in the BNA, a subsequent review should be facilitated. ‘The development of the BNA has taught us the necessity of observing certain rules in the coining of new anatomical terms. If these rules be good ones, the work of extension will be easy. It would not be difficult, for instance, to merge the names of this list into a nomenclature which considers, more satisfactorily than the BNA does, the needs to which a fusion of Human Anatomy with Comparative Anatomy gives rise. And I, for one, hope that such a “merger” may be promoted in our time. I trust too that, at another revision, the terms in Professor Wilder’s lists which differ from those of the BNA maybe carefully considered, and that his terms, where they are better than those of the present BNA, may be adopted.
Of one thing I am convinced,—co6peration is, from now on, essential for the welfare of a satisfactory anatomical language. Simplicity, accuracy, and serial connection will be favored if anatomists agree to use terms, in common, for the structures studied in the schools. The teacher’s work will be simplified and the pupil’s task will be lightened; instruction will be unhampered, research will flourish and anatomical science will gain in dignity and in precision.
Nomina anatomica’
Termini, situm et directionem partium corporis
indicantes
Termini generales Verticalis - Anterior Longitudinalis Horizontalis Medius Transversus Medianus Posterior Cranialis an Sagittalis Ventralis Rostralis A Frontalis Dorsalis Caudalis 7 Transversalis Internus Superior Medialis Externus Inferior Intermedius Dexter Superficialis [sublimis] Lateralis Sinister Profundus
Termini ad extremitates spectantes
VJ Tal Proximalis Ulnaris 4 Votan Distalis Tibialis Radialis Fibularis
1 In the lists the following explanations are necessary:
1. Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (Varietates anatomic).
2. Angular brackets [ ] contain explanatory additions, among which are included double names and personal names.
3. Italics are used for ontogenetic expressions (e.g., M. decidua, A. umbilicalis, etc.)
14
Anatomical names’
_ Terms indicating the position and direction of | parts of the body
General terms
Vertical Anterior Longitudinal Horizontal Middle Transverse Median Posterior Cranial Sagittal Ventral Rostral Frontal Dorsal Caudal Transversal Inner Superior Medial Outer Inferior Intermediate Right Superficial Lateral Left Deep
Terms relating to the extremities
Proximal Ulnar Distal Tibial Radial Fibular
1 The letters O. T. following a name indicate that it belongs to the older terminology.
14
Accessorius Acinus Aditus
Ala
Alveolus Ampulla Angulus Ansa Antrum Apertura Apex Appendix Arcus Area
_ Basis Brachium Canaliculus Canalis Capsula Caput Capitulum Cartilago Caruncula Cauda Caverna Cavum Cellula Circulus Cisterna Collum Columna Commissura
Cornu
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Termini generales
Corona Corpus Corpusculum Crista Crus Decussatio Dorsum Ductulus Ductus Eminentia Endothelium Epithelium Extremitas Facies Fascia Fasciculus Fibra Fibrocartilago Filum Fissura Flexura Folium Folliculus Foramen Formatio Fornix Fossa Fossula Fovea Foveola Frenulum Fundus Funiculus Geniculum Genu
Glandula Glomerulus Glomus Hilus Humor Junctura Impressio Incisura Infundibulum Intestinum Isthmus
-Labium
Lacuna Lamina Latus Ligamentum Limbus Limen Linea Liquor Lobulus Lobus Macula Margo Massa Meatus Medulla Membrana Membrum Mucus Musculus Nervus Nodulus Nucleus Organon
GENERAL ANATOMICAL ‘TERMS
15
General Anatomical Terms
Accessory
Berry
_ Entrance
Wing (contraction of axilla)
Little hollow
Flask
Angle
Handle or loop
Cave
Opening
Tip
Appendage
Arch
Space
Base
Arm
Small channel
Canal
Capsule
Head
Little head
Cartilage
Small piece of flesh
Tail
Cavern
Hole or cavity
Little chamber or cell
Circle
Cistern
Neck
Column or pillar
Connection or commis-
sure Horn 2
Wreath, garland, or crown Body
Little body or corpuscle Crest
Leg or limb - Decussation or crossing Back
Little duct
Duct
Eminence or protuberance Endothelium
Epithelium
Extremity
Face or surface
Bandage or band
A little bundle or packet Fibre or filament Fibrocartilage
Thread
Fissure or cleft
Bending
Leaf
Little sac or bag
Hole, aperture, or opening Formation
Arch or vault
Ditch or trench
Little fossa
Pit
Little pit
Cord or rein
Bottom
Thin rope, cord, or string Little knee or knot
Knee
Gland
Little skein Skein
Hilus
Liquid or fluid Joint
Impression Incision or notch Funnel
Intestine or inward Isthmus
Lip
Gap, defect Plate or layer Broad; flank Ligament Border or fringe Threshold, boundary Line
Fluid or liquid
A little lobe Lobe
Spot
Margin
Mass
Way or passage Marrow Membrane
Limb or member Mucus
Muscle
Nerve
Nodule
Nucleus or kernel
Organ
16
Orificium
Os [oris]
Os [ossis] Ostium Papilla Parenchyma Paries a
Perichondrium ' Periosteum Plexus
Plica
Polus Processus Prominentia Punctum Radix Ramulus Ramus Raphe Recessus Regio
Rete
Rima Rudimentum Septulum
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Septum Sinus Spatium Spina Stratum Stria
Stroma Substantia Succus Sulcus Taenia Tegmen Tela
Tela conjunctiva Tela elastica Torus
Trabecula Tractus Trigonum Trochlea Truncus Tuber Tuberculum Tubulus
Tunica
Tunica propria Umbo
Uvula
Vagina Vallecula Vallum Valvula Vas Velum
Vertex Vesica Vesicula
Vestibulum
Villus Viscus [viscera]
Vortex Zona
GENERAL ANATOMICAL TERMS
Orifice
Mouth
Bone
Entrance : Papilla or nipple Parenchyma Wall Perichrondrium Periosteum Plexus
Fold
Pole
Process
Partition
Sinus
Space
Spine or thorn Layer or covering Furrow, stripe, or ridge Stroma, or bed Substance
Juice
Sulcus or furrow Ribbon; tape-worm A cover
Web
Prominence or projection Connecting web Point or small puncture Elastic web
Root
Little branch or twig Branch
Raphe or seam Recess
Region or territory Net or network
Slit or fissure Rudiment
Little septum
Round swelling or protuber-
ance
Little beam
Tract
Trigone or triangle Pulley
Trunk
Swelling or hump Tubercle
Tubule or little tube
16
Coat or covering
Proper coat
Boss or prominence
Little cluster or bunch
Sheath
Crevice
Wall or fortification
Valve
Vessel
Sail, covering or cur- tain
Crown of head
Bladder
Vesicle or little blad- der
Vestibule or ante- chamber
Shaggy hair
Organ, internal organ
Whirlpool
Girdle or zone
/~* ae
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Partes corporis humani
Caput Collum
. Vertex Sinciput Frons Occiput
Oculus
Palpebra superior | Palpebra inferior Rima palpébrarum Bulbus oculi Supercilium
Sulcus infrapalpebralis
Nasus
Dorsum nasi Apex nasi Ala nasi
Cervix Larynx Prominentia laryngea
Thorax Cavum thoracis Pectus Mamma Papilla mammae
Caput Cranium
Facies
Collum
Truncus
Truncus Extremitates
Tempora Auris Auricula
Os
Sulcus nasolabialis
Philtrum
Labium superius
Labium inferius
Rima oris
Cavum oris Lingua Fauces
Bucca [Mala]
Sulcus mentolabialis
Mentum
Pharynx Trachea Oesophagus
Dorsum Columna vertebralis Canalis spinalis
ParTs OF THE Human Bopy 17
Parts of the human body
Head Neck
Head Skull
Crown of the head
Sinciput; bregma Forehead
Occiput
Face
Eye Upper eyelid Lower eyelid Lid-slit Eyeball Eyebrow Infrapalpebral furrow
Nose
Back of the nose Tip of the nose Wing of the nose
Neck
Neck (posterior part) Larynx Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam’s apple)
Trunk
Thorax Thoracic cavity Breast Mammary gland
Mammary nipple
Trunk Extremities
Temples Ear External ear, or pinna
Mouth
Nasolabial furrow
Infranasal depression
Upper lip
Lower lip
Mouth slit
Mouth cavity Tongue Throat
Cheek
Mentolabial furrow
Chin
Pharynx Trachea Oesophagus
Back Vertebral column Spinal canal
18 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Abdomen Cavum abdominis Latus Scrobiculus cordis Lumbus Umbilicus Inguen
Pelvis
Cavum pelvis Anus Mons pubis Crena ani Coxa Perineum
Nates [Clunes]
Extremitas superior
Axilla Manus Plica axillaris anterior Carpus Plica axillaris posterior Metacarpus Acromion Dorsum manus Brachium Vola manus [Palma] Facies anterior Thenar Facies posterior Hypothenar Facies lateralis Digiti manus Facies medialis : Pollex [Digitus T] Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis. Index[{, “ IT] Sulcus bicipitalis medialis Digitus medius [Digitus ITT] Cubitus Digitus annularis[ ‘“ IV] Antibrachium Digitus minimus [ - “ Vj Facies dorsalis ‘Facies dorsales Facies volaris Facies volares Margo radialis Margines radiales Margo ulnaris Margines ulnares
Extremitas inferior
Femur ’ Crus Facies anterior Facies anterior Facies posterior Facies posterior Facies lateralis Sura Facies medialis Malleolus lateralis Sulcus glutaeus ; Malleolus medialis Genu Pes Poples ; Tarsus
Patella Metatarsus
PARTS OF THE HuMAN Bopy
Abdominal cavity
“Heart fossa”; pit of stomach
Navel
Pelvic cavity Pubic eminence Hip
Buttock
Axilla; prominence of shoulder
Anterior axillary fold
Posterior axillary fold Acromion; tip of shoulder Arm
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Lateral surface
Medial surface © Lateral bicipital groove Medial bicipital groove Elbow Forearm
Dorsal surface
Volar surface
Radial margin
Ulnar margin
\
Thigh Anterior surface Posterior surface Lateral surface Medial surface
Gluteal furrow
Knee
_ Posterior surface of knee
Knee-cap
Upper extremity
Flank Loin Groin Anus Anal cleft Perineum Hand Wrist Metacarpus Back of the hand Palm of the hand
Thenar or radial palm Hypothenar or ulnar palm Fingers
Thumb
Index finger
Middle finger
-Ring finger
Little finger Dorsal surfaces Volar surfaces Radial margins Ulnar margins
Lower extremities
Leg
Anterior surface Posterior surface Calf
Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus
Foot
Root of foot Metatarsus
18
19
Dorsum pedis
Planta
Margo pedis lateralis Margo pedis medialis Calx
Digiti pedis
Hallux [Digitus T]
Os longum
Os breve
Os planum
Os pneumaticum Epiphysis Diaphysis
Vertebrae cervicales Vertebrae thoracales Vertebrae lumbales Vertebrae sacrales Vertebrae coccygeae Corpus vertebrae Fovea costalis superior
Fovea costalis inferior
Canalis vertebralis Foramen vertebrale Arcus vertebrae Radix arcus vertebrae
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Digiti II-IV
Digitus minimus [Digitus V] Facies dorsales Facies plantares Margines laterales Margines mediales
Osteologia
Synchondrosis epiphyseos Cavum medullare
Apophysis
Facies articularis
Substantia compacta Substantia corticalis Substantia spongiosa
Medulla ossium Medulla ossium flava Medulla ossium rubra Foramen nutricium Canalis nutricius
Columna vertebralis.
Incisura vertebralis superior Incisura vertebralis inferior
Foramen intervertebrale _ Sulcus n. spinalis Processus spinosus Vertebra prominens Processus transversus
Fovea costalis transversalis
Tuberculum anterius [vertebrarum cervicalium]
Tuberculum caroticum _ [vertebrae cervicalis VI]
Foramen transversarium
Tuberculum posterius [vertebrarum
cervicalium] ; Processus articulares superiores Facies articulares superiores Processus articulares inferiores Facies articulares inferiores Processus costarius Processus accessorius
lumbalium] Processus mammillaris
[vertebrarum
. Atlas
Massa lateralis
Arcus anterior
Tuberculum anterius Foveae articulares superiores Facies articulares inferiores
. Fovea dentis -
OSTEOLOGY 19
Back of the foot
Sole
Lateral margin of the foot Medial margin of the foot
IT-IV toes
Little toe Dorsal surfaces Plantar surfaces Lateral margins Medial margins
Osteology
Heel
Toes
Great toe Long bone Epiphyseal synchondrosis Short bone Apophysis (“excrescence’’) Flat bone Articular surface -
Hollow bone
Compact substance Epiphysis (“ accretion’’) Cortical substance
Medullary cavity Bone marrow Yellow bone marrow Red bone marrow Nutrient foramen
Shaft Spongy substance Nutrient canal Vertebral column or spine
Cervical vertebrae Anterior tubercle [of cervical verte-
Thoracic vertebrae brae]
Lumbar vertebrae Carotid tubercle [of sixth cervical ver-
Sacral vertebrae tebra]
Coccygeal vertebrae Foramen of transverse process
Body of vertebrae Posterior tubercle [of cervical vertebrae]
Superior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for head of rib)
Inferior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for head of rib)
Vertebral canal
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral arch
Root of vertebral arch (O. T. pedicle)
Superior vertebral notch
Inferior vertebral notch
Intervertebral foramen
Groove for spinal nerve
Spinous process
Prominent vertebra (seventh cervical)
Transverse process
Costal pit of transverse process (O. T. facet for tubercle of rib)
Superior articular processes
Superior articular surfaces
Inferior articular processes
Inferior articular surfaces
Costal process
Accessory process of lumbar vertebrae
Mammillary process
Atlas
Lateral mass
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle Superior articular pits Inferior articular surfaces Pit of the tooth
20 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
. Arcus posterior Sulcus arteriae vertebralis Tuberculum posterius
Epistropheus
Dens Facies articularis anterior Facies articularis posterior
Os sacrum
Facies dorsalis Facies pelvina Basis oss. sacri Processus articularis superior Promontorium
Pars lateralis
Facies auricularis
_ Tuberositas sacralis Foramina intervertebralia Foramina sacralia anteriora Lineae transversae Foramina sacralia posteriora Crista sacralis media Cristae sacrales laterales Cristae sacrales articulares © Cornua sacralia
Canalis sacralis
Hiatus sacralis
Apex oss. sacri
Os coccygis Cornua coccygea
Thorax
Costae Costae verae Costae spuriae Os costale Cartilago costalis Capitulum costae Facies articularis capituli costae Crista capituli
Corpus costae Tuberculum costae Facies articularis tuberculi costae
Collum costae
Crista colli costae
Angulus costae
Tuberculum scaleni [Lisfranci] Sulcus subclaviae
Tuberositas costae II
Sulcus costae
] | Sternum
Manubrium sternj
Angulus sterni Synchondrosis sternalis Corpus sterni
Planum sternale Processus xiphoideus
Incisura clavicularis Incisura jugularis
Incisurae costales (Ossa suprasternalia)
Thotas
Cavum thoracis
Apertura thoracis superior Apertura thoracis inferior Arcus costarum
Spatia intercostalia Angulus infrasternalis Sulcus pulmonalis
Ossa cranii Os basilare
Os occipitale
Foramen occipitale magnum Pars basilaris
Sulcus petrosus inferior Pars lateralis
OSTEOLOGY 20
Posterior arch Groove for vertebral artery Posterior tubercle
Epistropheus (‘‘a turning”) (0. T. axis)
Tooth
Anterior articular surface
Posterior articular surface
Sacrum
Dorsal surface
Pelvic surface
Base of sacrum
Superior articular process
Promontory (O. T._ sacrovertebral angle)
Lateral part ©
Auricular surface
Sacral tuberosity
Intervertebral foramina
Anterior sacral foramina
Transverse lines
Posterior sacral foramina
Middle sacral crest
Lateral sacral crests
Articular sacral crests
Sacral horns
Sacral canal
Sacral hiatus
Apex of sacrum
Coccyx Coccygeal horns
Thorax Ribs
True ribs False ribs Rib bone Rib cartilage Head of the rib Articular surface of the head of the rib Crest of the head
Body of the rib
Tubercle of the rib
Articular surface of the tubercle of the rib
Neck of the rib
Crest of neck of rib
Angle of rib -
Scalene tubercle of Lisfranc
Subclavian groove
-Tuberosity of the second rib Costal groove
Breast Bone Handle of sternum Angle of sternum Sternal synchondrosis Body of sternum (O. T. gladiolus) Sternal plain, or anterior surface Xiphoid process (O. T. ensiform process) Clavicular notch Jugular notch (O. T._ presternal notch) Notches for the ribs Suprasternal bones
Thorax
Thoracic cavity
Upper thoracic opening Lower thoracic opening Arch of the ribs Intercostal spaces Infrasternal angle Pulmonary sulcus
Bones of the skull Basilar bone Occipital bone
Large occipital foramen Basilar part Inferior petrosal groove Lateral part
2I ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Squama occipitalis Margo mastoideus Margo lambdoideus
(Os interparietale) Clivus
Tuberculum pharyngeum Condylus occipitalis Canalis condyloideus
Canalis hypoglossi
Tuberculum jugulare
Incisura jugularis
Processus jugularis
Fossa condyloidea
Processus intrajugularis Planum occipitale
Planum nuchale
Protuberantia occipitalis externa (Torus occipitalis)
Crista occipitalis externa
Linea nuchae suprema
Linea nuchae superior
Linea nuchae inferior Eminentia cruciata Protuberantia occipitalis interna Sulcus sagittalis
Sulcus transversus (Processus paramastoideus)
Os sphenoidale Corpus Sella turcica Fossa hypophyseos
Dorsum sellae
Tuberculum sellae
Processus clinoideus medius Processus clinoideus posterior Sulcus caroticus
Lingula sphenoidalis
Crista sphenoidalis
Rostrum sphenoidale
Sinus sphenoidalis
Septum sinuum sphenoidalium Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Conchae sphenoidales
Clivus
Ala parva Sulcus chiasmatis
Foramen opticum Processus clinoideus anterior Fissura orbitalis superior
Ala magna
Facies cerebralis Facies temporalis Facies sphenomaxillaris Facies orbitalis
Margo zygomaticus Margo frontalis Angulus parietalis Margo squamosus Crista infratemporalis |
Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Spina angularis
Processus pterygoideus Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Fissura pterygoidea
Fossa scaphoidea
Processus vaginalis
Hamulus pterygoideus
Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei Fossa pterygoidea
‘Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii]
OSTEOLOGY 2I
Occipital squama (“scale’’)
Mastoid margin
Lambdoid margin
Interparietal bone
Clivus (“slope’’)
Pharyngeal tubercle
Occipital condyle
Condyloid canal (O. T. posterior con- dyloid foramen)
Hypoglossal canal (O. T. anterior condyloid foramen)
Jugular tubercle
Jugular notch
Jugular process
Condyloid fossa
Intrajugular process
Occipital plain
Nuchal plain
External occipital protuberance
Occipital torus (“swelling’’)
External occipital crest
Supreme nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
Cruciate eminence
Internal occipital protuberance
Sagittal sulcus (O. T. superior longi- tudinal sulcus)
Transverse sulcus
Paramastoid process
Sphenoid bone
Body Turkish saddle Hypophyseal fossa (O. T. pituitary
fossa) Back of sella Tubercle of sella or pommel Middle clinoid process Posterior clinoid process . Carotid sulcus (O. T.
groove) Sphenoidal tongue
cavernous
Sphenoidal crest (O. T. ethmoidal crest)
Sphenoidal rostrum
Sphenoidal sinus
Septum of sphenoidal sinuses
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoidal conchae (“shell”) (O. T. sphenoidal turbinated bones)
Clivus (“slope’’)
Small wing
Sulcus of the chiasma (O. T. optic groove)
Optic foramen
Anterior clinoid process
Superior orbital fissure
Large wing
Cerebral surface
Temporal surface
Sphenomaxillary surface
Orbital surface
Zygomatic margin
Frontal margin
Parietal angle
Squamosal margin
Infratemporal crest (O. T. pterygoid ridge)
Round foramen
Oval foramen
Spinous foramen
Angular spine (O. T. spinous process)
Pterygoid process
Lateral layer of pterygoid process
Medial layer of pterygoid process
Pterygoid fissure
Scaphoid fossa
Vaginal process
Pterygoid hamulus (“hook”) (O. T. hamular process)
Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus
Pterygoid fossa
Pterygoid canal (O. T. Vidian canal)
22 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Canalis pharyngeus
Canalis basipharyngeus Sulcus tubae auditivae Sulcus pterygopalatinus (Processus pterygospinosus [Civinini])
Os temporale
Pars mastoidea Margo occipitalis Processus mastoideus Incisura mastoidea Sulcus sigmoideus
Sulcus a. occipitalis Foramen mastoideum Pars petrosa [Pyramis] Facies anterior pyramidis Facies posterior pyramidis Facies inferior pyramidis Apex pyramidis
Angulus superior pyramidis Angulus anterior pyramidis Angulus posterior pyramidis Sulcus petrosus superior Tegmen tympani
Eminentia arcuata
Canalis facialis [Falloppii] Hiatus canalis facialis
Geniculum canalis facialis Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis majoris
Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris Impressio trigemini
Porus acusticus internus
Meatus acusticus internus
Fossa subarcuata Aquaeductus vestibuli
Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli
Sulcus petrosus inferior Incisura jugularis Processus intrajugularis Fossa jugularis Canaliculus mastoideus Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei Processus styloideus Vagina processus styloidei
Foramen stylomastoideum
Fossula petrosa
Canaliculus tympanicus
Sulcus tympanicus
Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanici
Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici
Canaliculus cochleae : Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae
Canalis caroticus
Canaliculi caroticotympanici Canalis musculotubarius Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani
Semicanalis tubae auditivae
Septum canalis musculotubarii Cavum tympani (v. Organon auditus)
Canaliculus chordae tympani Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri]
Fissura petrosquamosa Pars tympanica Annulus tympanicus Meatus acusticus externus (Spina supra meatum)
’ Fissura tympanomastoidea
OSTEOLOGY 22
Pharyngeal canal palatine canal) Basipharyngeal canal Sulcus of auditory tube Pterygopalatine sulcus Pterygospinous process
(O. T. pterygo-
Temporal bone
Mastoid part
Occipital margin
Mastoid process
Mastoid notch (O. T. digastric fossa)
Sigmoid sulcus (O. T. fossa sig- moidea)
Groove for the occipital artery
Mastoid foramen
Petrous part (pyramid)
Anterior surface of pyramid
Posterior surface of pyramid
Inferior surface of pyramid
Apex of pyramid
Superior angle of pyramid
Anterior angle of pyramid
Posterior angle of pyramid
Superior petrosal groove
Roof of tympanum
Arcuate eminence (O. T. eminence for superior semicircular canal)
Facial canal (O. T. aqueduct of Fal- lopius)
Hiatus of facial canal (O. T. hiatus Fallopii)
Little knee of facial canal
Groove for the greater superficial petrosal nerve
Groove’ for the lesser petrosal nerve
Trigeminal impression (O. T. depres- sion for Gasserian ganglion)
Internal acoustic pore
Internal acoustic meatus
Subarcuate fossa
Aqueduct of vestibule
superficial
External opening of aqueduct of vesti- bule
Inferior petrosal groove
Jugular notch
Intrajugular process
Jugular fossa
Mastoid canaliculus —
Sulcus of mastoid canaliculus
Styloid process
Sheath of styloid process vaginal process)
Stylomastoid foramen
Petrosal fossula
Tympanic canaliculus
Tympanic sulcus
(O..T:
‘Inferior opening of tympanic canal-
iculus
Superior opening of tympanic canal- iculus (O. T. opening for smaller petrosal nerve)
Canaliculus of the cochlea
External opening of the canaliculus of the cochlea
Carotid canal
Caroticotympanic canaliculus
Musculotubal canal -
Semicanal of the tensor muscle of tym- panum (O. T. canal for tensor tympani muscle)
Semicanal of auditory tube (O. T. canal for the Eustachian tube)
Septum of the musculotubal canal
Cavity of the tympanum (see Organ of Hearing)
Canaliculus of cord of tympanum
Petrotympanic fissure (O. T. Glaserian fissure)
Petrosquamosal fissure
Tympanic part
T ympanic ring
External acoustic meatus
Spine above meatus
Tympanomastoid fissure
23 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Spina tympanica major Spina tympanica minor Porus acusticus externus
Squama temporalis
Margo parietalis Incisura parietalis Margo sphenoidalis Facies temporalis Processus zygomaticus Fossa mandibularis
Facies articularis Tuberculum articulare Facies cerebralis
Sulcus a, temporalis mediae
Os parietale
Facies cerebralis Facies parietalis Margo occipitalis Margo squamosus Margo frontalis Margo sagittalis Angulus frontalis Angulus occipitalis Angulus sphenoidalis Angulus mastoideus Foramen parietale Tuber parietale
Linea temporalis inferior
Linea temporalis superior Sulcus sagittalis Sulcus transversus
Os frontale
Squama frontalis Facies frontalis Margo supraorbitalis Pars orbitalis Incisura ethmoidalis
Pars nasalis
Spina frontalis
Margo nasalis
Margo parietalis Processus zygomaticus Facies temporalis Linea temporalis Tuber frontale
Arcus superciliaris
Glabella 4
Foramen sive Incisura supraorbitalis Incisura sive Foramen frontale
Facies orbitalis
(Spina trochlearis)
Fovea trochlearis
Foramen ethmoidale anterius Foramen ethmoidale posterius
Fossa glandulae lacrimalis
Facies cerebralis
Crista frontalis
Sulcus sagittalis
Foramen caecum
Sinus frontalis
Septum sinuum frontalium
Os ethmoidale
Lamina cribrosa
Crista galli
Processus alaris Lamina perpendicularis Labyrinthus ethmoidalis
Cellulae ethmoidales Infundibulum ethmoidale Hiatus semilunaris Bulla ethmoidalis Lamina papyracea
Foramina ethmoidalia (Concha nasalis suprema)
OsTEOLOGY 23
Larger tympanic spine Smaller tympanic spine External acoustic pore Temporal squama (“scale”) Parietal margin Parietal notch Sphenoidal margin . Temporal surface Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa cavity) Articular surface Articular tubercle Cerebral surface Groove for middle temporal artery
(O. Ty glenoid
Parietal bone
Cerebral surface Parietal surface Occipital margin Squamosal margin Frontal margin Sagittal margin Frontal angle Occipital angle Sphenoidal angle Mastoid angle Parietal foramen Parietal tuber (O. T. parietal emi- nence)
Inferior temporal line (O. T. temporal
ridge)
Superior temporal line
Sagittal sulcus
Transverse sulcus (O. T. groove for lateral sinus)
Frontal bone
Frontal squama (“scale’’) Frontal surface Supraorbital margin ‘Orbital part Ethmoidal notch
3
Nasal part
Frontal spine (O. T. nasal spine)
Nasal margin
Parietal margin
Zygomatic process
Temporal surface
Temporal line
Frontal tuber (O. T. frontal emi- nence)
Superciliary arch (O. T. superciliary ridge) -
Glabella (“smooth”)
Supraorbital foramen or notch
Frontal notch or foramen
Orbital surface
Trochlear spine
Trochlear pit
Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Posterior ethmoidal foramen
Fossa of lacrimal gland
Cerebral surface (O. T. internal sur- face) -
Frontal crest
Sagittal sulcus
Blind foramen
Frontal sinus
Septum of frontal sinuses
Ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate
Cock’s comb
Alar process
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoidal labyrinth (O. T. lateral mass of ethmoid)
Ethmoidal cells
Ethmoidal funnel Semilunar hiatus
Ethmoidal bulla (‘bubble’)
Papyrus or paper plate (O. T. os planum)
Ethmoidal foramina
Supreme turbinated bone
24 | ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Concha nasalis superior Concha nasalis media Processus uncinatus
Concha nasalis inferior Processus lacrimalis Processus maxillaris Processus ethmoidalis
Os lacrimale
Crista lacrimalis posterior
Sulcus lacrimalis Hamulus lacrimalis
Fossa sacci lacrimalis
Os nasale Foramina nasalia Sulcus ethmoidalis
Vomer Ala vomeris
Ossa faciei Maxilla
Corpus maxillae Facies anterior
Facies nasalis Facies orbitalis Facies infratemporalis
Sinus maxillaris
Margo infraorbitalis Canalis infraorbitalis Sulcus infraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale Sutura infraorbitalis Fossa canina
(Fossa praenasalis) Incisura nasalis Tuber maxillare Foramina alveolaria Canales alveolares
Planum orbitale Margo lacrimalis Sulcus lacrimalis Canalis nasolacrimalis
Crista conchalis Processus frontalis Crista lacrimalis anterior Incisura lacrimalis Crista ethmoidalis Processus zygomaticus
Processus palatinus Crista nasalis
Spina nasalis anterior Os incisivum Canalis incisivus Sutura, incisiva Spinae palatinae Sulci palatini Processus alveolaris - Limbus alveolaris Alveoli dentales Septa interalveolaria Juga alveolaria Hiatus maxillaris Foramen incisivum
Os palatinum Pars perpendicularis
Facies nasalis
Facies maxillaris
Incisura sphenopalatina Sulcus pterygopalatinus Processus pyramidalis Foramen palatinum majus
OsSTEOLOGY 24
Superior turbinated bone
Middle turbinated bone
Uncinate process (O. T. unciform process)
Inferior turbinated bone
Lacrimal process , Maxillary process Ethmoidal process
Lacrimal bone
Posterior lacrimal crest (O. T. lacri- mal crest)
Lacrimal sulcus
Lacrimal hamulus (“hooklet’”’) (O. T. hamular process)
Fossa of lacrimal sac
Nasal bone Nasal foramina
Ethmoidal sulcus (O. T. groove for ,
nasal nerve)
Vomer, or ploughshare bone Wing of vomer
Bones of the face
Maxilla, or upper jawbone (0. T. superior maxillary bone)
Body of maxilla
Anterior surface (O. T. external or facial surface)
Nasal surface
Orbital surface Infratemporal surface (O. T. zygo-
- matic surface) :
Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of Highm
Infraorbital margin
Infraorbital canal
Infraorbital groove
Infraorbital foramen
Infraorbital suture
Canine fossa
Prenasal fossa
Nasal notch
Maxillary tuber
Alveolar foramina
Alveolar canals (O. T. posterior dental canals)
Orbital plain
_ Lacrimal margin
Lacrimal sulcus
Nasolacrimal canal (O. T. lacrimal groove)
Turbinated crest
Frontal process (O. T. nasal process)
Anterior lacrimal crest
Lacrimal notch
Ethmoidal crest
Zygomatic process (O. T. malar proc- ess)
Palatine process
Nasal crest
Anterior nasal spine
Incisive bone
Incisive canal
Incisive suture
Palatine spines
Palatine grooves
Alveolar process
Alveolar margin
Tooth cavities
Interalveolar septa
Alveolar yokes
Maxillary hiatus
Incisive foramen
Palate bone
Perpendicular part (O. T. vertical plate)
Nasal surface
Maxillary surface
Sphenopalatine notch
Pterygopalatine sulcus
Pyramidal process
Larger palatine foramen
25 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Foramina palatina minora Canales palatini Crista conchalis
Crista ethmoidalis
Processus orbitalis Processus sphenoidalis Pars horizontalis
Facies nasalis
Facies palatina
Spina nasalis posterior Crista nasalis
Os zygomaticum
Facies malaris Facies temporalis Facies orbitalis Processus temporalis
Processus frontosphenoidalis
(Processus marginalis) Foramen zygomaticoorbitale
Foramen zygomaticofaciale
Foramen zygomaticotemporale
Mandibula
Corpus mandibulae Basis mandibulae Protuberantia mentalis
Tuberculum mentale Spina mentalis Foramen mentale Linea obliqua
Fossa digastrica
Linea mylohyoidea
Sulcus mylohyoideus Juga alveolaria
_ Ramus mandibulae
Angulus mandibulae (Tuberositas masseterica) (Tuberositas pterygoidea) (Crista buccinatoria) Incisura mandibulae
Processus condyloideus Capitulum [proc. condyl.] mandibulae Collum [proc. condyloidei] mandibulae Fovea pterygoidea proc. condyloidei Processus coronoideus . Foramen mandibulare
_ Lingula mandibulae
Canalis mandibulae
Fovea sublingualis (Fovea ‘submaxillaris)
Pars alveolaris Limbus alveolaris Alveoli dentales Septa interalveolaria
Os hyoideum Corpus oss. hyoidei Cornu minus Cornu majus
Cranium Calvaria Pericranium ( Lamina externa Diploé Canales diploici [Brescheti]
Lamina interna Facies [ossea]
OsTEOLOGY 25
Smaller palatine foramen
Palatine canals
Turbinated crest (O. T. inferior tur- binated crest)
Ethmoidal crest (O. T. superior turbi nated crest) :
Orbital process
Sphenoidal process
Horizontal part (O. T. hori- zontal plate)
Nasal surface
Palatine surface
Posterior nasal spine
Nasal crest
Zygoma, or yoke bone (O. T. malar bone)
Malar surface
Temporal surface
Orbital surface
Temporal process (O. T. zygomatic process)
Frontosphenoidal frontal process
Marginal process
Zygomatico-orbital foramen (O. T. temporo-malar canal)
Zygomaticofacial foramen malar foramen)
Zygomaticotemporal foramen
process: -(O.. T.
ai.
Mandible, or lower jaw bone (0. T. inferior maxillary bone)
Body of lower jaw bone Base of lower jaw
Mental protuberance (O. T. mental process)
' Meyyal tubercle
Mental spine (O. T. genial tubercle)
Mental foramen
Oblique line (O. T. external oblique line)
Digastric fossa
Mylohyoid line (O. T. internal oblique line)
Mylohoid groove
Alveolar yokes
Ramus of lower jaw (O. T. perpen- dicular portion)
Angle of lower jaw
Masseteric tuberosity
Pterygoid tuberosity
Buccinator crest
Mandibular notch (O. T. sigmoid notch)
Condyloid process
Head of condyloid process of lower jaw
Neck of condyloid process of lower jaw
Pterygoid pit of condyloid process
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen (O. T. inferior dental foramen)
Mandibular tongue
Mandibular canal (O. T. dental canal)
Sublingual pit (O. T. sublingual fossa)
Submaxillary pit (O. T. submaxillary fossa)
Alveolar part
Alveolar margin
Tooth cavities
Interalveolar septa
inferior
Hyoid bone Body of-hyoid bone Lesser horn Greater horn
Skull Skull cap Periosteum of skull Outer plate
‘Cancellous bone
Diploic canals or canals of Breschet Inner table Bony portion of face
26 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Cranium cerebrale Cranium viscerale Vertex
Frons
Occiput
Basis cranii interna Basis cranii externa Fossa cranii anterior Fossa cranii media Fossa cranii posterior Juga cerebralia Impressiones digitatae Sulci venosi .
Sulci arteriosi (Foveolae granulares [Pacchioni])
(Ossa suturarum) Planum temporale Fossa temporalis Arcus zygomaticus Fossa infratemporalis Fossa pterygopalatina
Canalis pterygopalatinus
Foramen sphenopalatinum Apertura piriformis Cavum nasi
Septum nasi osseum Meatus nasi communis Meatus nasi superior Meatus nasi medius Meatus nasi inferior Meatus nasopharyngeus Choanae
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis Foramen jugulare
Fissura sphenopetrosa Fissura petrooccipitalis Fissura sphenooccipitalis Foramen lacerum
Fibrocartilago basaiis Palatum durum (Torus palatinus) Orbita
Aditus orbitae Margo supraorbitalis Margo infraorbitalis Paries superior Paries inferior
Paries lateralis Paries medialis Fissura orbitalis superior
Fissura orbitalis inferior
Suturae cranii
Sutura coronalis
Sutura sagittalis
Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura occipitomastoidea Sutura sphenofrontalis Sutura sphenoorbitalis Sutura sphenoethmoidalis Sutura sphenosquamosa Sutura sphenoparietalis Sutura squamosa
(Sutura frontalis)
Sutura parietomastoidea (Sutura squamosomastoidea) Sutura nasofrontalis Sutura frontoethmoidalis Sutura frontomaxillaris Sutura frontolacrimalis Sutura zygomaticofrontalis
_ Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris Sutura sphenozygomatica (Sutura sphenomaxillaris) Sutura zygomaticotemporalis Sutura internasalis
Sutura nasomaxillaris
OSTEOLOGY 26
Cerebral cranium or calvaria
Visceral cranium or face
Vertex or crown of head
Forehead
Back of head
Internal base of skull
External base of skull
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Cerebral projections (‘“‘yokes’’)
Digitate impressions
Grooves of the veins
Grooves of the arteries
Granular foveolae (O. T. Pacchionian depressions)
Sutural bones (O. T. Wormian bones)
Temporal plain
Temporal fossa
Zygomatic arch
Infratemporal fossa
Pterygopalatine fossa (O. T. spheno- maxillary fossa)
Pterygopalatine canal (O. T. posterior palatine canal)
Sphenopalatine foramen
Piriform opening (O. T. anterior nares)
Nasal cavity
Bony nasal septum
Common meatus of nose
Superior meatus of nose
Middle meatus of nose
Inferior meatus of nose
Nasopharyngeal meatus
Choanae (“funnels”) (O. T. posterior nares)
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
_Jugular foramen
Sphenopetrosal fissure
Petro-occipital fissure
Spheno-occipital fissure
Lacerated foramen (O. T. foramen lacerum medium)
Basal fibrocartilage
Hard palate
Palatine torus or protuberance
Orbital cavity
Orbital opening
Supraorbital margin
Infraorbital margin
Superior wall
Inferior wall
Lateral wall
Medial wall
Superior orbital fissure (O. T. sphe- noidal fissure or foramen lacerum anterius)
Inferior orbital fissure (O. T. spheno- maxillary fissure)
Sutures of the skull
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture Lambdoidal suture Occipitomastoid suture Sphenofrontal suture Spheno-orbital suture Spheno-ethmoidal suture Sphenosquamosal suture Sphenoparietal suture Squamosal suture
Frontal suture Parietomastoid suture Squamosomastoid suture Nasofrontal suture Fronto-ethmoidal suture Frontomaxillary suture Frontolacrimal suture Zygomaticofrontal suture Zygomaticomaxillary suture Ethmoideomaxillary suture Sphenozygomatic suture Sphenomaxillary suture Zygomaticotemporal suture Internasal suture Nasomaxillary suture
27 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Sutura lacrimomaxillaris Sutura lacrimoconchalis Sutura intermaxillaris Sutura palatomaxillaris Sutura palatoethmoidalis Sutura palatina mediana Sutura palatina transversa
Synchondroses cranii
Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis posterior Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis Fonticulus frontalis [major]
Fonticulus occipitalis [minor] Fonticulus mastoideus
Fonticulus sphenoidalis
Ossa extremitatis superioris
Cingulum extremitatis su- perioris \""
Scapula Facies costalis Lineae musculares Fossa subscapularis Facies dorsalis Spina scapule Fossa supraspinata Fossa infraspinata Acromion Facies articularis acromii Margo vertebralis Margo axillaris Margo superior Angulus inferior . Angulus lateralis Angulus medialis Cavitas glenoidalis Collum scapulae Tuberositas infraglenoidalis
Tuberositas supraglenoidalis Incisura scapulae
Processus coracoideus
Clavicula Extremitas sternalis Facies articularis sternalis Tuberositas costalis
Extremitas acromialis Facies articularis acromialis Tuberositas coracoidea
Skeleton extremitatis perioris liberae
Humerus
Caput humeri Collum anatomicum Collum chirurgicum Tuberculum majus
PTalbercubaes minus Sulcus intertubercularis Crista tuberculi majoris _ Crista tuberculi niteaile
Corpus humeri Facies anterior medialis
Facies anterior lateralis
Facies posterior Margo medialis Margo lateralis Tuberositas deltoidea Sulcus n. radialis
su-
+ OSTEOLOGY 27
Lacrimomaxillary suture Lacrimoconchal suture Intermaxillary suture Palatomaxillary suture Palato-ethmoidal suture Median palatine suture Transverse palatine suture
Synchondroses of the skull
Spheno-occipital synchondrosis Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis Petro-occipital synchondrosis Posterior intraocci pital synchondrosis Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis Intersphenoidal synchondrosis Larger frontal fontanelle
Smaller occipital fontanelle
Mastoid fontanelle
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Bones of upper extremity Shoulder girdle
Shoulder-blade
Costal surface
Muscular lines
Subscapular fossa
Dorsal surface
Spine of the scapula
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Acromion, or acromial process Articular surface of acromion Vertebral margin
Axillary margin
Superior margin
Inferior angle
Lateral angle (O. T. anterior angle) Medial angle (O. T. superior angle) Glenoid cavity
Neck of the scapula
Infraglenoidal tuberosity
Supraglenoidal tuberosity (O. T. su- praglenoid tubercle)
Scapular notch (O. T. suprascapular notch)
Coracoid (“crow’s beak’’) process
Collar bone or clavicle
Sternal extremity
Sternal articular surface
Costal tuberosity (O. T. impression for rhomboid ligament)
Acromial extremity
Acromial articular surface
Coracoid tuberosity (O. T. impression for conoid ligament)
Skeleton of free upper extremity
Humerus, or upper arm bone
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Larger tubercle (O. T. greater tuber- osity)
Smaller tubercle (O. T. lesser tuber- osity)
Intertubercular sulcus (O. T. bicipital groove)
Crest of larger tubercle (O. T. posterior bicipital ridge)
Crest of smaller tubercle (O. T. an- terior bicipital ridge)
Body of humerus, or shaft
Medial anterior surface (O. T. internal surface)
Lateral anterior surface (O. T. external surface)
Posterior surface
Medial margin (O. T. internal border)
Lateral margin (O. T. external border)
Deltoid tuberosity
Groove for radial nerve (O. T. muscu- lospiral groove)
28 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 6
Sulcus n. ulnaris Capitulum humeri
Trochlea humeri -Epicondylus medialis
Epicondylus lateralis Fossa olecrani
Fossa coronoidea Fossa radialis
(Processus supracondyloideus)
Radius
Corpus radii
Capitulum radii
Fovea capituli radii Collum radii Circumferentia articularis Tuberositas radii
Crista interossea
Facies dorsalis
Facies volaris
Facies lateralis
Margo dorsalis
Margo volaris Processus styloideus Incisura ulnaris
Facies articularis carpea
Ulna Corpus ulnae Olecranon Processus coronoideus Tuberositas ulnae Incisura semilunaris
Incisura radialis
Crista interossea
Facies dorsalis
Facies volaris
Facies medialis
Margo dorsalis
Margo volaris
Crista m. supinatoris
Capitulum ulnae Circumferentia articularis
Processus styloideus
Carpus Ossa carpi (Os centrale) Os naviculare manus
Tuberculum oss. navicularis Os lunatum
Os triquetrum
Os pisiforme Os multangulum majus
Tuberculum oss. multang. majoris _ Os multangulum minus
~ Os capitatum
Os hamatum
Hamulus oss. hamati Eminentia carpi radialis Eminentia carpi ulnaris Sulcus carpi
Metacarpus Ossa metacarpalia I—V Basis Corpus Capitulum
Os metacarpale IIT Processus styloideus
Phalanges digitorum manus Phalanx prima Phalanx secunda
OSTEOLOGY 28
Groove for ulnar nerve
Capitulum or little head of humerus (O. T. capitellum or radial head)
Trochlea (“pulley”) of humerus
Medial epicondyle (O. T. internal con- dyle) Lateral epicondyle (O. T. external
condyle)
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Supracondyloid process
Radius (‘‘spoke’’) Body of radius, or shaft Head of radius Pit of head of radius Neck of radius Articular circumference Tuberosity of radius (O. T. bicipital tuberosity) Interosseous crest. (O. T. internal or interosseous border) Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior surface) Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) Lateral surface (O. T. external surface) Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) Styloid process Ulnar notch (O. T. sigmoid cavity) Carpal articular surface
Uina, or elbow bone
Body of ulna, or shaft
Olecranon, or point of the elbow
Coronoid process
Tuberosity of the ulna
Semilunar notch (O. T. greater sig- moid cavity)
Radial notch (O. T. lesser sigmoid cavity)
Interosseous crest (O. T. external or interosseous border)
Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior sur- face) Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) Medial surface (O. T. internal surface) Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) Ridge of supinator muscle Head of ulna Articular circumference Styloid process
Wrist Bones of the wrist Central bone Navicular bone of the hand (O. T. scaphoid) Tubercle of navicular bone Lunate bone (O. T. semilunar) Three-cornered bone (O. T. cuneiform bone) Pisiform bone Large multangular bone (O. T. tra- pezium) Tubercle of large multangular bone Small multangular bone (O. T. trape- zoid) Capitate bone (O. T. os magnum) Hooked bone (O. T. unciform) Hook of os hamatum Radial eminence of wrist Ulnar eminence of wrist Carpal sulcus
Metacarpus Metacarpal bones I—V Base Body, or shaft Head
Third metacarpal bone Styloid process
Phalanges of the fingers First phalanx Second phalanx
29
Phalanx tertia
Basis phalangis
Corpus phalangis Trochlea phalangis Tuberositas unguicularis Ossa sesamoidea
Ossa extremitatis inferioris
Cingulum extremitatis ferioris
Os coxae
Foramen obturatum Acetabulum
Fossa acetabuli Incisura acetabuli Facies lunata
Sulci paraglenoidales
Os ilium
Corpus oss. ilium Ala oss. ilium Linea arcuata Crista iliaca
Labium externum
Linea intermedia
Labium internum Spina iliaca anterior superior Spina iliaca anterior inferior Spina iliaca posterior superior Spina iliaca posterior inferior Linea glutaea anterior
Linea glutaea posterior Linea glutaea inferior
Facies auricularis Tuberositas iliaca Fossa iliaca
Os ischii Corpus oss. ischii Ramus superior oss. ischii
in-
\o Oy
ANATOMICAL. NOMENCLATURE
Ramus inferior oss. ischii Tuber ischiadicum
Spina ischiadica
Incisura ischiadica major
Incisura ischiadica minor
Os pubis Corpus oss. pubis Pecten oss. pubis Eminentia iliopectinea Tuberculum pubicum Crista obturatoria Sulcus obturatorius Tuberculum obturatorium anterius
(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius)
Ramus inferior oss. pubis Ramus superior oss. pubis
Facies symphyseos
Pelvis
Symphysis ossium pubis Arcus pubis Angulus pubis Pelvis major Pelvis minor Linea terminalis
Pars sacralis
Pars iliaca
Pars pubica Apertura pelvis [minoris] superior
Apertura pelvis [minoris] inferior
Axis pelvis Conjugata
OsTEOLOGY 29
Third phalanx
Base of phalanx
Body of phalanx, or shaft Pulley of phalanx Ungual tuberosity Sesamoid bones
Bones of the lower extremity Pelvic girdle
Hip bone (0. T. os innominatum) Obturator (“closed”) foramen Acetabulum (“cup’’)
Fossa of the acetabulum
Acetabular notch
Lunate surface
Paraglenoid grooves
Ilium, or flank bone
Body of ilium
Wing of ilium
Curved lines
Iliac crest External lip Intermediate line Internal lip
Superior anterior iliac spine
Inferior anterior iliac spine
Superior posterior iliac spine
Inferior posterior iliac spine
Anterior gluteal line (O. T. middle curved line)
Posterior gluteai line (O. T. superior curved line)
Inferior gluteal line (O. T. inferior curved line)
Auricular surface
Iliac tuberosity
Tliac fossa
Ischium, or bone of the hip
Body of ischium Superior ramus of ischium
Inferior ramus of ischium (O. T. ascending ramus)
Sciatic tuber (O. T. tuberosity of the ischium)
Sciatic spine (O. T. spine of the is- chium)
Greater sciatic notch (O. T. great sacro-sciatic notch)
Lesser sciatic notch (O, T. sacro-sciatic notch)
lesser
Pubic bone Body of pubic bone
Pecten (“comb”) of pubic bone
Iliopectineal eminence
Pubic tubercle (O. T. spine of os pubis)
Obturator crest
Obturator sulcus
Anterior obturator tubercle
Posterior obturator tubercle
Inferior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. descending ramus) |
Superior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. ascending ramus) |
Symphyseal surface (O. T. symphysis pubis)
Pelvis (‘‘basin’’)
Symphysis of pubic bones
‘Pubic arch
Angle of pubis Large pelvis (O. T. false pelvis) Small pelvis (O. T. true pelvis) Terminal line Sacral part Iliac part Pubic part Upper opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. pelvic inlet) Lower opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. pelvic outlet) Axis of pelvis Conjugate diameter
30 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE : :
Diameter transversa Eminentia intercondyloidea
Diameter obliqua
Inclinatio pelvis _ Tuberculum intercondyloideum me-
‘ Fp ioKe diale Skeleto ane re nny fatis IM- Tyberculum intercondyloideum _late- ferioris liberae rale Femur Margo infraglenoidalis
Tuberositas tibiae: Facies medialis Facies posterior Facies lateralis Margo medialis Crista anterior Crista interossea Linea poplitea Malleolus medialis
Caput femoris
Fovea capitis femoris Collum femoris
Corpus femoris Trochanter major Fossa trochanterica Trochanter minor (Trochanter tertius) Linea intertrochanterica
Crista intertrochanterica ; , Incisura fibularis
Sulcus malleolaris Facies articularis inferior Facies articularis malleolaris
Linea aspera Labium laterale Labium mediale
Linea pectinea
Tuberositas glutaea Fibula Fossa intercondyloidea Corpus ‘fibulae Linea intercondyloidea Crista interossea Planum popliteum Crista anterior Condylus medialis Crista lateralis Condylus lateralis Crista medialis Facies patellaris Facies medialis Epicondylus lateralis Facies lateralis Facies posterior Epicondylus medialis _Capitulum fibulae Facies articularis capituli Tibia Apex capituli fibulae
Facies articularis superior Malleolus lateralis
Corpus tibiae
Condylus medialis Facies articularis malleoli
Condylus lateralis scope
Basis patellae Fossa intercondyloidea anterior Apex patellae Fossa intercondyloidea posterior Facies articularis
OSTEOLOGY 30
Transverse diameter Oblique diameter Pelvic incline
Skeleton of free lower
extremity
Thigh bone
Head of femur Pit of the head of femur Neck of femur Body, or shaft, of femur Great trochanter Trochanteric fossa (O. T. digital fossa) Lesser trochanter Third trochanter Intertrochanteric line (O. T. spiral line) Intertrochanteric crest (O. T. inter- trochanteric line) Rough line Lateral lip Medial lip Pectineal line Gluteal tuberosity Intercondyloid fossa Intercondyloid line Popliteal plain (O. T. popliteal space) Medial condyle (O. T. inner condyle) Lateral condyle (O. T. outer condyle) Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle (O. T. outer tube- osity) Medial epicondyle (O. T. inner tuber- osity)
Shin bone
Superior articular surface
Body or shaft of tibia
Medial condyle (O. T. internal tuber- osity)
Lateral condyle (O. T. external tuber- osity)
Anterior intercondyloid fossa
Posterior intercondyloid fossa
Intercondyloid eminence (O. T. spinous process) Medial intercondyloid tubercle
Lateral intercondyloid tubercle
Infraglenoidal margin
Tuberosity of the tibia (O. T. tubercle)
Medial surface
Posterior surface
Lateral surface
Medial margin
Anterior crest
Interosseous crest
Popliteal line
Medial malleolus (O. T. internal mal- leolus)
Fibular notch
Malleolar sulcus
Inferior articular surface
Malleolar articular surface
Calf bone
Body or shaft of fibula
Interosseous crest
Anterior crest
Lateral crest
Medial crest
Medial surface
Lateral surface
Posterior surface
Head of fibula
Articular surface of head
Apex of head of fibula
Lateral malleolus (O. T. external mal- leolus)
Articular surface of malleolus
Knee-cap
Base of patella Apex of patella Articular surface
31 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Tarsus Ossa tarsi
Talus
Caput tali Corpus tali Collum tali Trochlea tali
Facies superior
Facies malleolaris medialis
Facies malleolaris lateralis Sulcus tali Processus lateralis tali Facies articularis calcanea posterior Facies articularis calcanea media Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi
Facies articularis navicularis Facies articularis calcanea anterior Processus posterior tali
(Os trigonum)
Calcaneus
Corpus calcanei Tuber calcanei
Processus medialis tuberis . cal-
canei
Processus lateralis tuberis cal-
canei Sustentaculum tali Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi
Sulcus calcanei Sinus tarsi Facies articularis anterior
Facies articularis media Facies articularis posterior Sulcus m. peronaei (Processus trochlearis) Facies articularis cuboidea
Os naviculare pedis
‘“Tuberositas oss. navicularis
Os cuneiforme primum Os cuneiforme secundum Os cuneiforme tertium
Os cuboideum
Sulcus m. peronaei Tuberositas oss. cuboidei
Metatarsus Ossa metatarsalia I—V Basis Corpus Capitulum
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V
Phalanges digitorum pedis
Phalanx prima
Phalanx secunda
Phalanx tertia Tuberositas unguicularis
Basis phalangis
Corpus phalangis
Trochlea phalangis
Ossa sesamoidea
OSTEOLOGY 31
Root of the foot Tarsal bones
Ankle bone (0. T. serecalue) Head of ankle bone Body of ankle bone Neck of ankle bone Trochlea (“pulley”) of ankle bone Superior surface Medial malleolar surface Lateral malleolar surface Sulcus of ankle bone Lateral process of ankle bone Posterior calcanean articular surface Middle calcanean articular surface Groove for the long flexor muscle of the great toe Navicular articular surface Anterior calcanean articular surface Posterior process of ankle bone Triangular bone
Heel bone (0. T. os calcis)
_ Body of heel bone Calcanean tuber Medial process of calcanean tuber
Lateral process of calcanean tuber
Support of ankle bone .
Groove for the long flexor muscle of great toe
Calcanean sulcus
Tarsal sinus
Anterior articular surface
Middle articular surface Posterior articular surface Groove for peroneal muscle Trochlear process
Cuboid articular surface
Scaphoid bone of foot Tuberosity of scaphoid bone
First Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone
Second Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone
Third Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone Cuboid bone
Groove for peroneal muscle Tuberosity of cuboid bone
Metatarsus, or ‘‘after-root’’ of foot
Metatarsal bones I—V
Base
Body
Head Tuberosity of first metatarsal bone Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone
Phalanges of toes
First phalanx
Second phalanx
Third phalanx Ungual tuberosity
Base of phalanx
Body of phalanx
Trochlea (“pulley or block”) of pha- lanx
Sesamoid bones
32 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Junctura ossium Synarthrosis Sutura ‘Sutura serrata Sutura squamosa Harmonia Gomphosis Synchondrosis Symphysis Diarthrosis Articulatio Articulatio simplex Articulatio composita Arthrodia Articulatio sphaeroidea Enarthrosis Ginglymus Articulatio cochlearis Articulatio ellipsoidea Articulatio trochoidea Articulatio sellaris Amphiarthrosis Syndesmosis Cartilago articularis Cavum articulare Discus articularis
Labrum glenoidale Meniscus articularis Capsula articularis
Stratum fibrosum
Stratum synoviale Plica synovialis Villi synoviales Synovia
Syndesmologia
Ligamenta columnae vertebralis et cranii
Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Ligg. flava
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. intertransversaria Ligg. interspinalia
Lig. supraspinale
Lig. nuchae
Lig. longitudinale anterius
Lig. longitudinale posterius
Symphysis sacrococcygea
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius super- ficiale ey
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius pro- fundum inne ae
Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius
Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale
Lig. pterygospinosum
Lig. stylohyoideum
Articulatio atlantooccipitalis
Capsulae articulares Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior
Articulatio atlantoepistrophica
Capsulae articulares
_ SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 32
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
Joining of bones ' Immovable articulation Suture or seam Serrated suture ' Scaly suture Apposition suture Socket articulation Cartilaginous articulation Bony coalescence or junction Movable articulation Joint Simple joint Compound joint Gliding joint Spherical joint Ball-and-socket joint Hinge-joint Spiral joint Elliptical joint Trochoid or pivot joint Saddle joint Mixed articulation Ligamentous union Articular cartilage Joint cavity Articular disk (O. T. interarticular fibrocartilage) Glenoid lip Articular crescent Joint-capsule Fibrous layer Synovial layer Synovial fold Synovial tufts Joint-oil
Ligaments of the spine and skull
Intervertebral fibrocartilages
Fibrous ring
Pulp-like nucleus
Yellow ligaments (O. T. ligg. sub- flava)
Joint-capsules
Intertransverse ligaments
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Ligament of the nape
Anterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. anterior common ligament)
Posterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. posterior common ligament)
Symphysis of sacrum and coccyx
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal liga- ment
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
Pterygospinous ligament
Stylohyoid ligament
Joint between atlas and occipital bone
Joint-capsules
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Joint between atlas and epis= tropheus or axis
Joint-capsules
4)
33 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ligg. alaria Lig. apicis dentis
Lig. transversum atlantis Lig. cruciatum atlantis Membrana tectoria
Articulationes costovertebrales
Articulationes capitulorum
Capsulae articulares Lig. capituli costae radiatum
Lig. capituli costae interarticulare
; costotransversa- riae Capsulae articulares Lig. tuberculi costae Lig. colli costae Lig. costotransversarium anterius Lig. costotransversarium posterius Lig. lumbocostale Foramen costotransversarium
Articulationes
Articulationes sternocostales
Capsulae articulares Lig. sternocostale interarticulare
Ligg. sternocostalia radiata
Membrana sterni Ligg. costoxiphoidea
Ligg. intercostalia Ligg. intercostalia externa Ligg. intercostalia interna Articulationes interchondrales
Articulatio mandibularis. Capsula articularis
Discus articularis Lig. temporomandibulare Lig. sphenomandibulare
Lig. stylomandibulare
cinguli extremitatis su= perioris
Ligg.
Lig. coracoacromiale Lig. transversum scapulae superius Lig. transversum scapulae inferius
Articulatio acromioclavicularis: Capsula articularis Lig. acromioclaviculare (Discus articularis) Lig. coracoclaviculare Lig.“trapezoideum Lig. conoideum
Articulatio sternoclavicularis. Capsula articularis Discus articularis Lig. sternoclaviculare
‘Lig. costoclaviculare
Lig. interclaviculare
Articulatio humeri
Capsula articularis Labrum glenoidale Lig. coracohumerale
Articulatio cubiti
Articulatio humeroulnaris Articulatio humeroradialis
SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 33
Alar ligaments (O. T. odontoid or check ligaments)
Ligament of apex of tooth (O. T. sus- pensory ligament) .
‘Transverse ligament of atlas
Cruciform ligament of atlas
‘Tectorial (“roof”) membrane (O. T. posterior occipito-axial ligament)
Joints between ribs and vertebrae
Capitular joints, or articulations between the heads of the ribs and the vertebrae
Joint-capsules
Radiate ligament of head of rib (O. T.
anterior costovertebral or stellate ligament)
Interarticular ligament of head of rib
Costotransverse joints
Joint-capsules
Ligament of tubercle of rib Ligament of neck of rib
Anterior costotransverse ligament Posterior costotransverse ligament Lumbocostal ligament Costotransverse foramen
Sternocostal joints
Joint-capsules
Interarticular sternocostal ligament (O. T. interarticular chondrosternal liga- ment)
Radiate sternocostal ligaments (O. T. anterior and posterior chondrosternal ligaments)
Membrane of sternum
Costoxiphoid ligaments (O. T. chon- droxiphoid ligaments)
Intercostal ligaments External intercostal ligaments Internal intercostal ligaments
Interchondral joints
Jaw-joint Joint-capsule (O. T. capsular liga- ment) Joint-disk (O. T. interarticular fibro- cartilage) Temporomandibular ligament (O. T. external lateral ligament) Sphenomandibular ligament (O. T. in- ternal lateral ligament) Stylomandibular ligament (O. T. stylo- maxillary ligament)
Ligaments of the girdle of upper extremity
Coraco-acromial ligament
Superior transverse ligament of scapula
Inferior transverse ligament of scapula
Acromioclavicular joint. Joint-capsule Acromioclavicular ligament Intercalated disk of fibrocartilage Coracoclavicular ligament Trapezoid ligament Conoid ligament
Sternoclavicular joint Joint-capsule Articular disk Sternoclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament (O. T. rhom- boid ligament) Interclavicular ligament
Shoulder=joint Joint-capsule Glenoid lip (O. T. glenoid ligament) Coracohumeral ligament (O. T. acces- sory ligament)
Elbow-joint Humero-ulnar articulation Humeroradial articulation
34 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis
Capsula articularis Lig. collaterale ulnare
Lig. collaterale radiale
Lig. annulare radii
Recessus sacciformis
Membrana interossea antibrachii Chorda obliqua
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis
Capsula articularis Discus articularis
Recessus sacciformis
Articulatio manus Articulatio radiocarpea
Articulatio intercarpea
Capsula articularis Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale
Lig. radiocarpeum volare
Lig. carpi radiatum Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare
Lig. collaterale carpi radiale
Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia Ligg. intercarpea volaria
Ligg. intercarpea interossea
Articulatio ossis pisiformis
Capsula articularis
Lig. pisohamatum Lig. pisometacarpeum
Canalis carpi
Articulationes carpometacarpeae
Capsulae articulares Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria
Articulatio carpometacarpea pol= licis
Capsula articularis
Articulationes intermetacarpeae
Capsulae articulares Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] dorsalia
Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] volaria Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] interossea
Spatia interossea metacarpi
Articulationes metacarpopha= langeae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. collateralia
Ligg. accessoria volaria
Ligg. capitulorum [oss. metacarpalium] transversa
Articulationes digitorum manus ©
Capsulae articulares Ligg. collateralia
Ligg. cinguli extremitatis infe= rioris
Membrana obturatoria
Canalis obturatorius
Lig. iliolumbale
SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 34
Proximal radio-ulnar articulation (O. T. superior radio-ulnar)
Joint-capsule
Ulnar collateral ligament (O. T. in- ternal lateral ligament)
‘Radial collateral ligament (O. T. ex- ternal lateral ligament)
Annular ligament of radius (O. T. orbicular)
Sacciform recess
Interosseous membrane of forearm
Oblique cord (O. T. oblique, or round ligament)
Distal radio-ulnar articulation (O. T. inferior radio-ulnar)
Joint-capsule
Articular disk (O. T. triangular fibro- cartilage)
Sacciform recess
Joint of the hand
Radiocarpal articulation (O. T. wrist- joint)
Intercarpal articulation (O. T. carpal joints)
Joint-capsule
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (O. T. posterior ligament)
Volar radiocarpal ligament (O. T. an- terior ligament)
Radiate ligament of carpus
Ulnar collateral ligament of carpus (O. T. internal lateral ligament)
Radial collateral ligament of carpus (O. T. external lateral ligament)
Dorsal intercarpal ligaments
Volar intercarpal ligaments (O. T. palmar intercarpal)
Interosseous intercarpal ligaments
‘Joint of the pisiform bone Joint-capsule
Ligament between pisiform and hook- shaped bone
Ligament between pisiform and meta- carpal bones
Carpal canal
Carpometacarpal joints Joint-capsules Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments Volar carpometacarpal ligaments
Carpometacarpal joint of the
thumb Joint-capsule
Intermetacarpal joints Joint-capsules Dorsal ligaments of basal extremities of metacarpal bones Volar ligament of basal extremities of metacarpal bones Interosseous ligament of basal ex- tremities of metacarpal bones Interosseous space of metacarpus .
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Joint-capsules
Collateral ligaments
Volar accessory ligaments (O. T. palmar ligaments)
Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metacarpal bones
_ Joints of the fingers Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments (O. T. ligaments)
lateral
Ligaments of the girdle of lower extremity (O. T. pelvic girdle)
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal
Tliolumbar ligament
35 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Lig. sacrotuberosum Processus falciformis Lig. sacrospinosum
Foramen ischiadicum majus Foramen ischiadicum minus
Articulatio sacroiliaca
Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora
Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea Lig. sacroiliacum posterius breve Lig. sacroiliacum posterius longum
Symphysis ossium pubis Lig. pubicum superius Lig. arcuatum pubis Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica
Articulatio coxae
Capsula articularis Labrum glenoidale
Lig. transversum acetabuli Lig. teres femoris
Zona orbicularis
Lig. iliofemorale Lig. ischiocapsulare
Lig. pubocapsulare
Articulatio genu
Capsula articularis Meniscus lateralis
Meniscus medialis
Lig. transversum genu Ligg. cruciata genu
Lig. cruciatum anterius Lig. cruciatum posterius Plica synovialis patellaris
Plicae alares Lig. collaterale fibulare
Lig. collaterale tibiale Lig. popliteum obliquum
Lig. popliteum arcuatum Retinaculum lig. arcuati
Lig. patellae
Retinaculum patellae mediale Retinaculum patellae laterale
Articulatio tibiofibularis
Capsula articularis Ligg. capituli fibulae
Membrana interossea cruris
Syndesmosis tibiofibularis
Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius
Articulationes pedis Articulatio talocruralis Capsula articularis Lig. deltoideum
Lig. tibionaviculare Lig. calcaneotibiale Lig. talotibiale anterius Lig. talotibiale posterius Lig. talofibulare anterius
SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 35
Sacrotuberous ligament (O. T. poste- rior or great sacrosciatic ligament) Falciform process (O. T. falciform
ligament) Sacrospinous ligament (O. T. anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament) Greater sciatic foramen Lesser sciatic foramen
Sacro=iliac joint Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament
Symphysis of pubic bones Superior pubic ligament Arcuate ligament of pubis Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina
Hip-joint Joint-capsule Glenoid lip (O. T. cotyloid ligament) Transverse ligament of acetabulum Round ligament of the femur Orbicular zone (O. T. zonular band or . ring ligament) Iliofemoral ligament (O. T. Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow) Ischiocapsular ligament (O. T. ischio- capsular band) Pubocapsular ligament (O. T. pubo- capsular band, or pubofemoral liga- ment)
Knee=joint Joint-capsule Lateral meniscus (O. T. semilunar fibrocartilage) Medial meniscus (O. T. internal semi- lunar fibrocartilage) Transverse ligament of the knee Crucial ligaments of the knee
external
Anterior crucial ligament Posterior crucial ligament Patellar synovial fold (O. T. ligamen- tum mucosum) Alar folds (O. T. ligamentum alaria) Fibular collateral ligament (O. T. long external lateral ligament) Tibial collateral ligament (O. T. in- ternal lateral ligament) Oblique popliteal ligament (O. T. posterior ligament) Arcuate popliteal ligament Retaining band of arcuate ligament Ligament of the patella Medial retaining band of patella Lateral retaining band of patella
Tibiofibular joint (O. T. superior tibiofibular articulation)
Joint-capsule
Ligaments of the head of the fibula (O. T. anterior and posterior supe- rior tibiofibular ligaments)
Interosseous membrane of leg (O. T. middle tibiofibular ligament)
Tibiofibular syndesmosis (O. T. inferior tibiofibular articulation) Anterior ligament of lateral malleolus
Posterior ligament of lateral malleolus
Joints of the foot ' Ankle=joint Joint-capsule Deltoid ligament (O. T. internal lat- eral ligament and anterior and posterior tibiotarsal ligaments) Tibionavicular ligament Calcaneotibial ligament Anterior talotibial ligament Posterior talotibial ligament Anterior talofibular ligament (O. T. anterior fasciculus of external lateral ligament)
36 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Lig. talofibulare posterius Pars calcaneonavicularis
Lig. calcaneofibulare ; Pars calcaneocuboidea
Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale
y , : Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia Articulationes intertarseae
Articulatio talocalcaneonavicu-= Ligg. tarsi plantaria
laris Lig. plantare longum Articulatio talocalcanea Capsula articularis Ligg. tarsi profunda Lig. talocalcaneum laterale Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare~
Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare
Lig. talocalcaneum. mediale Fibrocartilago navicularis
Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plan-
Lig. talocalcaneum anterius taria
Lig. talocalcaneum posterius Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria
Articulatio tarsi transversa — Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare [Choparti] F ; Articulationes tarsometatarseae Articulatio talonavicularis Capsulae articulares Capsula articularis Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia
Ligg. tarsometatarsea ‘plantaria
Articulatio calcaneocuboidea Ligg. cuneometatarsea interossea
Capsula articularis
Articulatio cuneonavicularis Articulationes intermetatarseae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. tarsi interossea ‘ 4 ; id Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] interossea
Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum
tes ; eek Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] dorsalia Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea
Ligg. tarsi dorsalia Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] plantaria
Ee: onic ae Spatia interossea metatarsi
Articulationes metatarsophalan= Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale geae
Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale Capsulae articulares Lig. bifurcatum Ligg. collateralia
SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 36
Posterior talofibular ligament (O. T. posterior fasciculus of external lat- eral ligament) .
Calcaneofibular ligament (O. T. mid- dle fasciculus of external lateral ligament)
Intertarsal joints Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Talocalcanean joint
Joint-capsule
Lateral talocalcanean ligament (O. T. external calcaneo-astragaloid liga-
- ment)
Medial talocalcanean ligament (O. T. internal calcaneo-astragaloid _liga- ment)
Anterior talocalcanean ligament
Posterior talocalcanean ligament
Chopart’s transverse articulation of the tarsus
Talonavicular joint
Joint-capsule
Calcaneocuboid joint Jcint-capsule
Cuneonavicular joint
Interosseous ligaments of tarsus
Interosseous talocalcanean ligament Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments
Dorsal ligaments of tarsus
Dorsal talonavicular ligament (O. T. superior astragalonavicular liga- ment)
Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament
Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament
Bifurcate ligament
Calcaneonavicular part (O. T. su perior or external calcaneonavicu- lar ligament)
Calcaneocuboidal part (O. T. in- ternal calcaneocuboid ligament)
Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments
Plantar ligaments of tarsus Long plantar ligament (O. Ty. long calcaneocuboid ligament) Deep ligaments of tarsus Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (O. T. inferior calcaneonavicular ligament) Navicular fibrocartilage Plantar navicular cuneiform liga- ments . Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament Plantar intercuneiform ligaments Plantar cuneocuboid ligament
Tarsometatarsal joints Joint-capsules Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments Interosseous cuneometatarsal ments
liga-
Intermetatarsal joints
Joint-capsules
Interosseous ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones
Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones
Plantar ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones
Interosseous spaces of metatarsus
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments
37 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ligg. accessoria plantaria Articulationes digitorum pedis Ligg. capitulorum f[oss. metatars.] Capsulae articulares transversa ; Ligg. collateralia
Myologia
Musculus < Aponeurosis
Caput A Perimysium —
Venter Fascia =
; he, Musculus fusiformis ee Musculus unipennatus ~ Fascia superficialis Musculus bipennatus =f Inscriptio tendinea — Musculus sphincter = Arcus tendineus — Musculus orbicularis <~ Ligamentum vaginale — Musculus articularis ’ Vagina fibrosa tendinis ~~ Musculus skeleti Vagina mucosa tendinis Musculus cutaneus Trochlea muscularis ~ Tendo Bursa mucosa * Musculi dorsi M. iliocostalis cervicis M. trapezius — i (M. transversus nuchae) — M. longissimus M. latissimus dorsi — M. longissimus dorsi M. rhomboideus major _ M. longissimus cervicis M. rhomboideus minor M. levator scapulae M. longissimus capitis M. serratus posterior inferior ~ M. spinalis M. serratus posterior superior M. spinalis dorsi M. splenius cervicis — M. spinalis cervicis M. splenius capitis ~ M. spinalis capitis M. sacrospinalis =~ ce M. semispinalis M. semispinalis dorsi
M. iliocostalis - M. semispinalis cervicis
M. iliocostalis lumborum : M. semispinalis capitis M. iliocostalis dorsi
2 Myotocy, oR MuscuLaTuRE
Plantar accessory ligaments Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metatarsal bones
Myology, or
Muscle
Head
Belly Fusiform muscle Unipennate muscle Bipennate muscle Sphincter muscle Orbicular muscle Joint muscle Skeletal muscle Skin muscle Tendon
Muscles of the back
Trapezius muscle Transverse muscle of nape Broadest muscle of back Greater rhomboid muscle Lesser rhomboid muscle Levator muscle of scapula (O. T. levator anguli scapulae) Inferior posterior serratus muscle Superior posterior serratus muscle Splenius (“bandage”) muscle of neck (O. T. splenius colli) Splenius muscle of head Sacrospinal muscle (O. T. erector spinae) Tliocostal muscle Tliocostal muscle of loins (O. T. sacrolumbalis) Iliocostal muscle of back (O. T. musculus accessorius)
37
Joints of the toes Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments
Musculature
Tendinous expansion Perimysium, or muscle sheath Fascia (“band or swathe’’), or fibrous covering
Superficial fascia Tendinous inscription Tendinous arch Sheath ligament Fibrous sheath of tendon Mucous sheath of tendon Muscle pulley Mucous bursa or sac
Iliocostal muscle of neck (O. T. cer- vicalis ascendens) Longest muscle Longest muscle of back Longest muscle of neck (O. T. trans- versalis cervicis) Longest muscle of head (O. T. trachelomastoid) Spinal muscle Spinal muscle of back Spinal muscle of neck (O. T. spinalis colli) Spinal muscle of head Semispinal muscle Semispinal muscle of back Semispinal muscle of neck (O. T. semispinalis colli) Semispinal muscle of head (O. T. complexus)
38 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
M. multifidus a
Mm. rotatores M. rotatores longi M. rotatores breves /
M. interspinales eg,
Mm. intertransversarii " Mm. intertransversarii laterales Mm. intertransversarii mediales Mm. intertransversarii anteriores Mm. intertransversarii posteriores
M. rectus capitis posterior major
M. rectus capitis posterior minor
|
M. rectus capitis lateralis M. obliquus capitis superior M. obliquus capitis inferior Fascia lumbodorsalis
Fascia nuchae i
Musculi capitis
M. epicranius
M. frontalis M. occipitalis M. procerus
M. nasalis Pars transversa Pars alaris M. depressor septi M. orbicularis oculi
Pars palpebralis Pars orbitalis Pars lacrimalis [Horneri]
M. auricularis anterior
M. auricularis superior
M. auricularis posterior
M. orbicularis oris M. triangularis
(M. transversus menti)
M. risorius
M. zygomaticus
M. quadratus labii superioris Caput zygomaticum
Caput infraorbitale
Caput angulare M. quadratus labii inferioris M. caninus
M. buccinator
Mm. incisivi labii superioris Mm. incisivi labii inferioris M. mentalis
M. masseter
M. temporalis
M. pterygoideus externus M. pterygoideus internus Galea aponeurotica
Fascia buccopharyngea Fascia parotideomasseterica Fascia temporalis
Musculi oss. hyoidei M. digastricus Venter anterior Venter posterior M. stylohyoideus M. mylohyoideus- M. geniohyoideus
Musculi colli Platysma
Myo.Locy, OR MUSCULATURE 38
Multifidus (“much divided”) muscle (O. T. multifidus spinae) Rotator muscles Long rotator muscles Short rotator muscles Interspinal muscles Intertransverse muscles Lateral intertransverse muscles Medial intertransverse miuscles Anterior intertransverse muscles Posterior intertransverse muscles Larger posterior straight muscle of the head Lesser posterior straight muscle of the head Lateral straight muscle of the head Superior oblique muscle of. the head Inferior oblique muscle of the head Lumbodorsal fascia Fascia of the nape
Muscles of the head
Epicranius muscle (O. T. occipito- frontalis) Frontal muscle Occipital muscle Procerus (“prolonged’’) muscle (O. T. pyramidalis nasi) Muscle of the nose Transverse part Alar part Depressor muscle of the septum Orbicular muscle of the eye (O. T. orbicularis palpebrarum) Palpebral part Orbital part Lacrimal part (O. T. tensor tarsi or Horner’s muscle) Anterior auricular muscle (O. T. attrahens auriculam) Superior auricular muscle (O. T. atto- lens auriculam)
Posterior auricular muscle (O. T. retrahens auriculam)
Orbicular muscle of the mouth
Triangular muscle (O. T. depressor anguli oris)
Transverse muscle of the chin
Muscle of laughing
Zygomatic muscle
Quadrate muscle of upper lip Zygomatic head (O. T. zygomaticus
minor) Infraorbital head (O. T. levator labii superioris) Angular head (O. T. levator labii ‘ superioris alaeque nasi)
Quadrate muscle of lower lip (O. T. depressor labii inferioris)
Canine muscle (O. T. levator anguli oris)
Cheek muscle
Incisive muscles of upper lip
Incisive muscles of lower lip
Chin muscle
Masseter muscle
Temporal muscle
External pterygoid muscle
Internal pterygoid muscle
Aponeurotic helmet (O. T. epicranial aponeurosis)
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Parotideomasseteric fascia
Temporal fascia
Muscles of the hyoid bone Digastric muscle Anterior belly Posterior belly Stylohyoid muscle Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle
Muscles of the neck Platysma, or flat muscle (O. T. pla- tysma myoides)
39 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
M. sternocleidomastoideus ‘M. sternohyoideus M. omohyoideus Venter superior Venter inferior M. sternothyreoideus M. thyreohyoideus (M. levator glandulae thyreoideae)
M. longus colli . longus capitis
. rectus capitis anterior
M
M
M. scalenus anterior M. scalenus medius M. scalenus posterior (M., scalenus minimus) Fascia colli
Fascia praevertebralis
Musculi Thoracis
(M. sternalis)
M. pectoralis major Pars clavicularis Pars sternocostalis Pars abdominalis
M. pectoralis minor
M. subclavius
M. serratus anterior
Mm. levatores costarum Mm. levatores costarum longi Mm. levatores costarum breves Mm. intercostales externi Mm. intercostales interni Mm. subcostales M. transversus thoracis
Diaphragma Pars lumbalis Crus mediale Crus intermedium
Crus laterale
Pars costalis
Pars sternalis Hiatus aorticus Hiatus oesophageus Centrum tendineum Foramen venae cavae Arcus lumbocostalis medialis [Halleri]
Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [Halleri]
Fascia pectoralis Y Fascia coracoclavicularis ls On
Musculi abdominis
M. rectus abdominis Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis
. pyramidalis . obliquus externus abdominis . obliquus internus abdominis . cremaster . transversus abdominis . quadratus lumborum Annulus umbilicalis Linea alba
Adminiculum lineaé albae Inscriptiones tendineae Lig. suspensorium penis s. clitoridis
SSSSESE
Lig. fundiforme penis
Vagina m. recti abdominis Linea semicircularis [Douglasi] Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]
Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati]
Lig. inguinale reflexum [Collesi]
Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus Crus superius
Crus inferius Fibrae intercrurales
Myo.ocy, oR MUSCULATURE 39
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle Superior belly Inferior belly
Sternothyreoid muscle
Thyreohyoid muscle
Elevating muscle of the thyreoid gland
Long muscle of the neck
Long muscle of the head (O. T. rectus capitis anticus major)
Anterior straight muscle of the head (O. T. rectus capitis anticus minor)
Anterior scalene muscle
Middle scalene muscle
- Posterior scalene muscle
Smallest scalene muscle
Cervical fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Muscles of the chest
Sternal muscle Greater pectoral muscle Clavicular part Sternocostal part Abdominal part Smaller pectoral muscle Subclavius muscle Anterior serratus muscle (O. T. ser- - ratus magnus) Elevators of the ribs Long elevators of the ribs Short elevators of the ribs External intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles Subcostal muscles Transverse muscle of thorax (O. T. triangularis sterni) Diaphragm Lumbar part Medial crus Intermediate crus . 5
Lateral crus Costal part Sternal part i Aortic opening Oesophageal opening Central tendon Opening of the vena cava Medial lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- mentum arcuatum internum) Lateral lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- mentum arcuatum externum) Pectoral fascia
_Coracoclavicular fascia
Muscles of the abdomen
Straight muscle of the abdomen Inguinal aponeurotic falx (O. T. con- joined tendon) Pyramidal muscle External: oblique muscle of éeaohe Internal oblique muscle of abdomen Cremasteric muscle Transverse muscle of abdomen Quadrate muscle of the loins Umbilical ring White line Stay of the white line Tendinous inscriptions Suspensory ligament of the penis or clitoris Sling-like ligament of penis Sheath of the rectus muscle Semicircular fold of Douglas Inguinal ligament of Poupart Lacunar ligament of Gimbernat Reflex ligament of Colles (O. T. tri- angular fascia of the abdomen) Subcutaneous inguinal ring (O. T. ex- ternal abdominal ring) Superior pillar Inferior pillar Intercrural fibres (O. T. intercolumnar
fibres)
4o ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Trigonum lumbale [Petiti] Linea semilunaris [Spigelii] Fascia ‘transversalis
Canalis inguinalis Annulus inguinalis abdominalis
Lig. interfoveolare [Hesselbachi]
Plica epigastrica
Fovea inguinalis lateralis Fovea inguinalis medialis Fovea supravesicalis
Musculi coccygei
M. coccygeus M. sacrococcygeus anterior M. sacrococcygeus posterior
Musculi extremitatis superioris
. deltoideus supraspinatus
. infraspinatus
. teres minor
. teres major
. subscapularis
. biceps brachii Caput longum Vagina mucosa intertubercularis Caput breve Lacertus fibrosus
SSSSSS8S
M. coracobrachialis M. brachialis
M. triceps brachii Caput longum Caput laterale Caput mediale M. anconaeus (M. epitrochleoanconaeus) M. pronator teres
Se ad A
Caput humerale Caput ulnare M. flexor carpi radialis M. palmaris longus M. flexor carpi ulnaris Caput humerale Caput ulnare M. flexor digitorum sublimis Caput humerale Caput radiale . flexor digitorum profundus . flexor pollicis longus . pronator quadratus . brachioradialis
. extensor carpi radialis longus . extensor carpi radialis brevis . extensor digitorum communis Juncturae tendinum
SSS SSS&S
. extensor digiti quinti proprius
. extensor carpi ulnaris . supinator
Ss
. abductor pollicis longus
. extensor pollicis brevis
Oh 5° ini a
. extensor pollicis longus
we “
{. extensor indicis proprius
*
a
. palmaris brevis . abductor pollicis brevis
a
. flexor pollicis brevis
. opponens pollicis
. adductor pollicis
. abductor digiti quinti
. flexor digiti quinti brevis . opponens digiti quinti Mm. lumbricales
Myoxocy, oR MUSCULATURE 40
Lumbar triangle of Petit
Semilunar line of Spigelius
Transversal fascia (O. T. transverse fascia)
Inguinal canal
Abdominal inguinal ring (O. T. in- ternal abdominal ring)
Interfoveolar ligament (O. T. Hessel- bach’s ligament)
Epigastric fold
Lateral inguinal fovea
Medial inguinal fovea
Supravesical fovea
Coccygeal muscles
Coccygeal muscle Anterior sacrococcygeal muscle Posterior sacrococcygeal muscle
Muscles of the upper extremity
Deltoid muscle Supraspinous muscle Infraspinous muscle Smaller round muscle Larger round muscle Subscapular muscle Biceps muscle of upper arm Long head Intertubercular mucous sheath Short head Fibrous lacertus (“muscle”) (O. T. bicipital fascia) Coracobrachial muscle Brachial muscle (O. T. brachialis an- ticus) Triceps muscle of upper arm Long head Lateral head Medial head Elbow muscle Epitrochlear elbow muscle Round pronator muscle (O. T. pro- nator radii teres)
Humeral head Ulnar head (O. T. coronoid head) Radial flexor muscle of wrist Long palmar muscle Ulnar flexor muscle of wrist Humeral head Ulnar head Superficial flexor muscle of fingers Humeral head Radial head Deep flexor muscles of fingers Long flexor muscle of thumb Quadrate pronator muscle Brachioradial muscle (O. T. supinator longus) Long radial extensor muscle of carpus Short radial extensor muscle of carpus Common extensor muscle of fingers Junctions of the tendons; aponeu- rotic bridges Proper extensor muscle of fifth finger (O. T. extensor minimi digiti) Ulnar extensor muscle of wrist Supinator muscle (O. T. supinator brevis)
Long abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis) Short extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. extensor primi internodii pollicis) Long extensor muscle of thumb (O. T.
extensor secundi internodii pollicis) Proper extensor muscle of index-finger (O. T. extensor indicis) Short palmar muscle Short abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. abductor pollicis) Short flexor muscle of thumb Opposing muscle of thumb Adductor muscle of thumb Abductor muscle of fifth finger Short flexor muscle of fifth finger Opposing muscle of fifth finger Lumbrical muscles
4I ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
- Mm. interossei dorsales Mm. interossei volares Fascia axillaris
Fascia subscapularis Fascia supraspinata Fascia infraspinata Fascia brachii
Septum intermusculare [humeri] mediale
Septum — intermusculare [humeri] laterale
Sulcus bicipitalis medialis Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis Fascia antibrachii
Fascia dorsalis manus Lig. carpi dorsale
Aponeurosis palmaris Fasciculi transversi
Lig. carpi transversum
Lig. carpi volare
Chiasma tendinum
Vinculum tendinum
Vaginae mucosae
Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus Ligg. annularia digitorum manus Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus
Musculi extremitatis inferioris . lliopsoas
. iliacus
. psoas major
psoas minor
. glutaeus maximus . glutaeus medius
. glutaeus minimus
. tensor fasciae latae . piriformis
. obturator internus
SSSSSS5 58565
M. gemellus superior M. gemellus inferior M. quadratus femoris
M. sartorius de M. quadriceps femoris
M. rectus femoris
M. vastus lateralis
M. vastus intermedius M. vastus medialis . articularis genu
. pectineus
. adductor longus gracilis
adductor brevis
. adductor magnus . adductor minimus
obturator externus : biceps femoris Caput longum Caput breve semitendinosus
. semimembranosus . tibialis anterior
. extensor digitorum longus . peronaeus tertius . extensor hallucis longus . peronaeus longus . peronaeus brevis . triceps surae M. gastrocnemius Caput laterale Caput mediale M. soleus Arcus tendineus m. solei Tendo calcaneus [Achillis]
SSSSS858 SES
Myo.Locy, OR MUSCULATURE 41
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Palmar interosseous muscles
Axillary fascia
Subscapular fascia.
Supraspinous fascia
Infraspinous fascia
Brachial fascia
Medial intermuscular septum of arm (O. T. internal intermuscular sep- tum)
Lateral intermuscular septum of arm
-(O. T. external intermuscular sep-
tum)
Medial bicipital furrow
Lateral bicipital furrow
Antibrachial fascia
Fascia of back of hand
Dorsal ligament of wrist (C. T. pos- terior annular ligament)
Palmar aponeurosis Transverse fibres (O. T. transverse
superficial ligament)
Transverse carpal ligament (O. T. anterior annular ligament)
Palmar carpal ligament
Crossing of the tendons
Bands of union of the tendons
Mucous sheaths
Ligaments of the sheaths of the fingers
Annular ligaments of the fingers
Cruciate ligaments of the fingers
Muscles of the lower extremity
Tliopsoas muscle
Iliac muscle
Greater psoas muscle
Lesser psoas muscle
Greatest gluteal muscle Middle gluteal muscle
Least gluteal muscle
Tensor muscle of broad fascia Piriform muscle
Internal obturator muscle
Superior twin muscle Inferior twin muscle Quadrate muscle of thigh Sartorius (“tailor”) muscle Quadriceps (“four-headed’’) muscle of thigh Straight muscle of thigh Lateral great muscle (O. T. vastus externus) Intermediate great muscle (O. T. crureus) Medial great muscle (O. T. vastus internus) Articular muscle of knee (C. T. sub- crureus) Pectineus muscle Long adductor muscle Slender muscle Short adductor muscle Great adductor muscle Smallest adductor muscle (O. T. upper portion of adductor magnus) External obturator muscle Biceps (‘‘two-headed’’) muscle of thigh Long head Short head Semitendinosus muscle Semimembranosus muscle Anterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis anticus) Long extensor of digits Third peroneal muscle Long extensor of great toe Long peroneal muscle Short peroneal muscle Triceps muscle of calf Gastrocnemius muscle Lateral head Medial head Soleus muscle Tendinous arch of soleus muscle Tendon of the heel (of Achilles) (O. T. tendo Achillis)
as LS)
. plantaris . popliteus . tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus.
. extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis
Caput obliquum
Caput transversum
. abductor digiti quinti
. flexor digiti quinti brevis . opponens digiti quinti
. flexor digitorum brevis
. quadratus plantae
Mm. lumbricales
Mm. interossei dorsales Mm. interossei plantares Fascia lata
Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati]
SSSS8S8
Septum intermusculare [femoris] laterale
Septum intermusculare [femoris] mediale ;
Canalis adductorius [Hunteri]
Hiatus tendineus [adductorius]
Fascia iliaca
Fascia iliopectinea
Lacuna musculorum
Lacuna vasorum
Trigonum femorale [Fossa Scarpae major]
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Fossa iliopectinea Fascia pectinea
Canalis femoralis Annulus femoralis Septum femorale [Cloqueti] Fossa ovalis Margo falciformis Cornu superius Cornu inferius Fascia cribrosa Fascia cruris
Septum intermusculare anterius [fibulare]
Septum intermusculare _ posterius [fibulare]
Lig. transversum cruris
Lig. laciniatum
Lig. cruciatum cruris
Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum sup.
Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum in- ferius
Fascia dorsalis pedis
Aponeurosis plantaris Fasciculi _transversi
plantaris
Vaginae mucosae
Ligg. annularia
Ligg. vaginalia
Ligg. cruciata
aponeurosis
Myo.ocy, OR MUSCULATURE 42
Plantaris muscle Iliopectineal fossa Popliteus muscle Pectineal fascia (O. T. pubic portion Posterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis of fascia lata)
posticus) Femoral canal (O. T. crural canal) Long flexor of the digits Femoral ring (O. T. crural ring) Long flexor of the great toe Femoral septum of Cloquet Short extensor of the great toe Oval fossa Short extensor of the digits Falciform margin Abductor of the great toe Superior horn Short flexor of the great toe Inferior horn Adductor of the great toe :; Cribriform fascia
Oblique head Fascia of the leg
Transverse head Anterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- Abductor of the fifth toe tum (O. T. anterior peroneal sep- Short flexgr muscle of fifth toe tum) Opposing pl of fifth toe Posterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- Short flexot muscle of the toes ‘, tum (O. T. posterior peroneal sep- Quadrajé muscle of the sole \ tum) Lumbrital muscles Transverse ligament of the leg (0. T,. Dorsal Niterosseous muscles upper or broad part of anterior an- Plantar interosseous muscles ' nular ligament) Broad fasc Wringed ligament (O. T. internal annu-
Tliotibial bai
Ve ligament) Lateral intefMmuscular septum of thigh Cruciate ligament of the leg (O. T.
‘
(O. T.,external intermuscular sep- lower part of anterior annular liga- tum) c | nt of leg) Medial irfermuscular septum of thigh Uppd@r retaining band of peroneal (G65: fgternal intermuscular sep- mufcles tum) : Lowef retaining band of peroneal Adductor i of Hunter (O. T. Hun- scles ter’s canal) Dorsal fascia of the foot Tendinous agductor gap ~ Plantar aponeurosis Tliac fascia, Transverse bundles of plantar apo- Tliopectinepl fascia neurosis Muscle ga Mucous sheaths Vessel gap Annular ligaments Femoral tridgngle (greater fossa of Sheath ligaments
Scarpa) (O. T. Scarpa’s triangle) Cruciate ligaments
oars
43 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Bursae et Vaginae mucosae
Bursa mucosa subcutanea Bursa mucosa submuscularis Bursa mucosa subfascialis
. musculi trochlearis
. m. tensoris veli palatini
. subcutanea praementalis
. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae
Dow w
. m, sternohyoidei
. m, thyreohyoidei
. subcutanea sacralis
. coccygea
subcutanea acromialis
. subacromialis
subdeltoidea
. coracobrachialis
. infraspinati
. subscapularis
. teretis majoris
. latissimi dorsi
. subcutanea olecrani
. intratendinea olecrani
. subtendinea olecrani subcutanea _ epicondyli
lateralis
B. subcutanea_ epicondyli medialis
B. bicipitoradialis
B. cubitalis interossea
Vagina tendinum mm. _ abductoris
longi et extensoris brevis pollicis
DH DDH DD ld oD BBB BB
[humeri]
[humeri]
Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum carpi radialium
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis longi
Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digi- torum communis et extensoris indicis
Bursa mucosa subtendinea Vagina mucosa tendinis
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti minimi
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi ulnaris
B. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis
Bursae subcutaneae metacarpophalan- - geae dorsales
Bursae subcutaneae digitorum dorsales
B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris
B. m. flexoris carpi radialis
Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum com- munium
Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi
Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae
Vaginae tendinum digitales
B. trochanterica subcutanea
B. trochanterica m. glutaei maximi
B. troch. m. glutaei medii anterior
B. troch. m. glutaei medii posterior
B. troch. m. glutaei minimi
B. m. piriformis
B. m. obturatorii interni Bursae glutaeofemorales
Myo.ocy, OR MUSCULATURE 43
Bursae and mucous sheaths
Subcutaneous mucous bursa Submuscular mucous bursa Subfascial mucous bursa
Bursa of the trochlear muscle
Bursa of tensor muscle of soft palate
Subcutaneous premental bursa
Subcutaneous bursa of the prominence of the larynx
Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle
Bursa of the thyreohyoid muscle
Subcutaneous sacral bursa
Coccygeal bursa
Subcutaneous acromial bursa
Subacromial bursa ’
Subdeltoid bursa
Bursa of the coracobrachial muscle
Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle
’ Bursa of the subscapular muscle
Bursa of the greater round muscle
Bursa of the broadest muscle of back
Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon
Intratendinous bursa of the olecranon
Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral epi- condyle of humerus
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial epi- condyle of humerus
Bicipitoradial bursa
Interosseous bursa of the elbow
Sheath of the tendons of the long ab- ductor and short extensor muscles of the thumb
Sheath of the tendons of the radial extensor muscles of the wrist
Sheath of the tendon of the long ex- tensor muscle of the thumb
Sheath of the tendons of the common extensor muscle of the digits and
Subtendinous mucous bursa Mucous sheath of tendon
of the extensor muscle of the index finger *
Sheath of the tendon of the extensor muscle of the little finger
Sheath of the tendon of the ulnar ex- tensor muscle of the wrist
Bursa of the short radial extensor muscle of the wrist
Dorsal subcutaneous langeal bursa
Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the digits
Bursa of the ulnar flexor muscle of the wrist
Bursa of the radial flexor muscle of the wrist
Sheath of the tendons of the common flexor muscles
Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor muscle of the thumb
Intermetacarpophalangeal bursae
Digital sheaths of the tendons
Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa
Trochanteric bursa of the great glu- teal muscle
Anterior trochanteric bursa of the mid- dle gluteal muscle
Posterior trochanteric bursa of the middle gluteal muscle
Trochanteric bursa of the smallest glu- — teal muscle
Bursa of the piriform muscle
Bursa of the internal obturator muscle
Glutaeofemoral bursae
metacarpopha-
BDHnonwnns BDaOwene ies)
BDwWwh
HwWwh
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
. ischiadica m. glutaei maximi
. m. recti femoris . iliopectinea . iliaca subtendinea
m. pectinei
. m. bicipitis femoris superior
. praepatellaris subcutanea
. praepatellaris subfascialis
. praepatellaris subtendinea
. suprapatellaris
. infrapatellaris subcutanea
. infrapatellaris profunda
. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae
. m. sartorii propria
. anserina
. m. bicipitis femoris inferior . m. poplitei
. bicipitogastrocnemialis
. m. gastrocnemii lateralis
. m. gastrocnemii medialis
. m. semimembranosi . subcutanea malleoli lateralis
. subcutanea malleoli medialis
Vag. tendinis m. tibialis anterioris
Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis longi
Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris digi- torum pedis longi
Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris digi- torum pedis longi
Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris
Vag..tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi
Vag. tendinum mm. _ peronaeorum communis
Bursa sinus tarsi
B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris
B. subtendinea m. tibialis posterioris
B. subcutanea calcanea B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis]
Vag. tendinis m. peronaei longi plan- taris
Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae
Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis
Vaginae tendinum digitales pedis
Myorocy, oR MuscuLATURE 44
Sciatic bursa of the greatest gluteal muscle
Bursa of the straight thigh muscle
Iliopectineal bursa -
Subtendinous iliac bursa
Bursa of the pectineus muscle
Superior bursa of the biceps muscle of the thigh
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Subfascial prepatellar bursa
Subtendinous prepatellar bursa
Suprapatellar bursa
Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Subcutaneous bursa of the tuberosity of the tibia
Proper bursa of the sartorius muscle
Anserine bursa
Inferior bursa of the biceps muscle of the thigh
Bursa of the popliteus muscle
Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa
Lateral bursa of the gastrocnemius muscle
Medial bursa of the gastrocnemius muscle
Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral mal- leolus
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial malleolus
Sheath of the tendon of the anterior tibial muscle
Sheath of the tendon of the long exten- sor muscle of the great toe
Sheaths of the tendons of the long extensor muscle of the digits of the foot
Sheaths of the tendons of the long flexor muscle of the digits of the foot
Sheath of the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle
Sheath of the tendon of the long
flexor muscle of the great toe
Common sheath of the tendons of the peroneal muscles
Bursa of the hollow of the ankle
Subtendinous bursa of the anterior tibial muscle
Subtendinous bursa of the posterior tibial muscle
Subcutaneous calcanean bursa
Bursa of the calcanean tendon of Achilles |
Sheath of the plantar tendon of the long peroneal muscle
Intermetatarsophalangeal bursae
Bursae of the lumbrical muscles of the foot
Digital sheaths of the tendons of the foot
45 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Splanchnologia
Tunica albuginea . Tunica fibrosa Tunica adventitia Tunica mucosa Lamina propria mucosae Lamina muscularis mucosae Tela submucosa Plica mucosa Mucus Tunica muscularis Tunica serosa Tela subserosa Plica serosa
Ligamentum serosum Serum Epithelium Endothelium Organon parenchymatosum Parenchyma Stroma Glandula Lobus Lobulus Glandula mucosa Musculus viscerum
Apparatus digestorius
Cavum oris Bucca Corpus adiposum buccae Vestibulum oris Cavum oris proprium Rima oris Labia oris Labium superius Labium inferius Commissura labiorum Angulus oris Palatum Palatum durum Palatum molle Raphe palati
Tunica mucosa oris Frenulum labii superioris
Frenulum labii inferioris Gingiva . Caruncula sublingualis Plica sublingualis
Plicae palatinae transversae Papilla incisiva
Glandulae oris
Gl. labiales Gl. buccales Gl. molares Gl. palatinae Gl. linguales
Gl. lingualis anterior [Blandini, Nuhni]
Gl. sublingualis Ductus sublingualis major Ductus sublinguales minores
SPLANCHNOLOGY 45
Splanchnology
Albugineous coat Fibrous coat Adventitious (external) coat Mucous coat Proper layer of the mucosa Muscular layer of the mucosa Submucous web Mucous fold Mucus Muscular coat Serous coat Subserous web Serous fold
Serous ligament Serum
Epithelium
Endothelium
Parenchymatous organ Parenchyma Stroma
Gland
Lobe
Little lobe
Mucous gland
Muscle of the viscera
Digestive apparatus
Mouth cavity Cheek Fat body of cheek Entrance to mouth Mouth cavity proper Mouth-slit Lips of mouth
Upper lip
Lower lip Junction of lips Angle of mouth Palate
Hard palate
Soft palate Middle ridge of palate
Mucous membrane of mouth Check-cord of upper lip
Check-cord of lower lip Gum
Sublingual caruncle Sublingual fold Transverse palatine folds Incisor papilla
Glands of mouth
Labial glands
Buccal glands
Molar glands
Palatine glands
Lingual glands
Anterior lingual gland (O. T. gland of Nuhn)
Sublingual gland
Larger sublingual duct
Smaller sublingual ducts
46 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Gl. submaxillaris ‘ Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni]
Gl. parotis Processus retromandibularis Gl. parotis accessoria
Ductus parotideus [Stenonis] Saliva
Dentes
Corona dentis Tubercula [coronae] dentis
Collum dentis
Radix [Radices] dentis
Apex radicis dentis
Facies masticatoria
Facies labialis [buccalis]
Facies lingualis
Facies contactus Facies medialis) dentium incisivo- Facies spa Se et caninorum Facies anterior ) dentium praemola Facies ners, rium et molarium
Cavum dentis
Pulpa dentis
Papilla dentis
Canalis radicis dentis
Foramen apicis dentis
Substantia eburnea
Substantia adamantina
Substantia ossea
Canaliculi dentales
Spatia interglobularia
Prismata adamantina
‘Cuticula dentis
Periosteum alveolare
Arcus dentalis superior
Arcus dentalis inferior
Dentes incisivi
Dentes canini
Dentes praemolares
Dentes molares
Dens serotinus Dentes permanentes Dentes decidui
Lingua Dorsum linguae Radix linguae Corpus linguae Facies inferior [linguae]
Plica fimbriata Margo lateralis [linguae] Apex linguae Tunica mucosa linguae Frenulum linguae Papillae linguales Papillae filiformes Papillae conicae Papillae fungiformes Papillae lenticulares Papillae vallatae
Papillae foliatae Sulcus medianus linguae Sulcus terminalis Foramen caecum linguae (Morgagnii) (Ductus lingualis) Ductus thyreoglossus Tonsilla lingualis
Folliculi linguales Septum linguae Musculi linguae . genioglossus . hyoglossus . chondroglossus . styloglossus . longitudinalis superior
. longitudinalis inferior
. transversus linguae . verticalis linguae
SS S§& SEEES
Fauces Isthmus faucium
— F
SPLANCHNOLOGY 46 ~
Submazxillary gland
Submaxillary duct (O. T. Wharton’s duct)
Parotid gland Retromandibular process
Accessory parotid (O. T. socia paro- tidis)
Parotid duct (O. T. Steno’s duct)
Mixed mouth secretions
Teeth
Crown of tooth Tubercles of crown of tooth
Neck of tooth
Root of tooth
Apex of root of tooth
Chewing-surface
Labial surface
Lingual surface
Contact surface Medial surface of incisor Lateral surface } and canine teeth Anterior surface ) of premolars Posterior surface k and molars
Tooth cavity
Tooth pulp
Papilla of tooth
Root canal of tooth
Foramen of apex of tooth
Dentine
Enamel
Cement
Smaller dental canals
Granular layer
Enamel prisms
Cuticle of tooth
Alveolar periosteum
Superior dental arch
Inferior dental arch
Incisor teeth
Canine teeth
Premolar teeth (O. T. bicuspids)
Molar teeth
Late tooth (O. T. wisdom tooth) Permanent teeth Deciduous teeth
Tongue Dorsum of tongue Root of tongue Body of tongue Inferior surface Fimbriated fold Lateral margin Tip of the tongue Mucous membrane of tongue Frenulum (check-rein) of tongue Lingual papillae Filiform papillae Conical papillae Fungiform papillae Lenticular papillae Vallate papillae (O. T. circumvallate papillae) Foliate papillae Median sulcus of tongue Terminal sulcus Blind foramen of tongue Lingual duct Thyreoglossal duct Lingual tonsil Lingual folliculi Septum of tongue Muscles of tongue Genioglossus muscle Hyoglossus muscle Chrondroglossus muscle “Styologlossus muscle Superior longitudinal muscle (O. T. superficial lingual) Inferior longitudinal muscle (O. T. inferior lingual) Transverse muscle of tongue Vertical muscle of tongue
Fauces, or throat Isthmus of fauces
47 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Velum palatinum Uvula [palatina] Arcus palatini
Arcus glossopalatinus
Arcus pharyngopalatinus
Plica salpingopalatina
Tonsilla palatina Fossulae tonsillares
Sinus tonsillaris
Plica triangularis
Fossa supratonsillaris
Musculi palati et faucium M. levator veli palatini
M. tensor veli palatini
M. uvulae M. glossopalatinus
M. pharyngopalatinus
Pharynx
Cayum pharyngis
Fornix pharyngis
Pars nasalis
Pars oralis
Pars laryngea
Ostium pharyngeum tubae Labium anterius Labium posterius Torus tubarius
Plica salpingopharyngea
Recessus pharyngeus [Rosenmuelleri]
(Bursa pharyngea) Recessus piriformis
M. stylopharyngeus Fascia pharyngobasilaris Tunica mucosa
Gl. pharyngeae
Tonsilla pharyngea
Fossulae tonsillares Tela submucosa
Tunica muscularis pharyngis Raphe pharyngis Raphe pterygomandibularis M. constrictor pharyngis superior M. pterygopharyngeus M. buccopharyngeus M. mylopharyngeus M. glossopharyngeus M. salpingopharyngeus M. constrictor pharyngis medius M. chondropharyngeus M. ceratopharyngeus M. constrictor pharyngis inferior M, thyreopharyngeus M. cricopharyngeus
Tubus digestorius
Oesophagus
Pars cervicalis Pars thoracalis Pars abdominalis Tunica adventitia Tunica muscularis M. bronchooesophageus M. pleurooesophageus Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa
Lam. muscularis mucosae Gl. oesophageae
Ventriculus [Gaster] Paries anterior Paries posterior Curvatura ventriculi major Curvatura ventriculi minor Cardia
_ Fundus ventriculi
SPLANCHNOLOGY 47
Palatine curtain Uvula Palatine arches Glossopalatine arch (O. T. anterior pillar of fauces) Pharyngopalatine arch (O. T. pos- terior pillar of fauces) Tubopalatine fold Palatine tonsil Tonsillar crypts Tonsillar sinus Triangular fold Supratonsillar fossa
Muscles of palate and fauces
Levator muscle of palatine curtain (O. T. levator palati)
Tensor muscle of palatine curtain (O. T. tensor palati)
Muscle of uvula (O. T. azygos uvulae)
Glossopalatine muscle (O. T. palato- glossus)
Pharyngopalatine muscle (O. T. pal- -atopharyngeus)
Pharynx
Cavity of pharynx Vault of pharynx Nasal part (O. T. nasopharynx) Oral part (O. T. oral pharynx) Laryngeal part (O. T. laryngopharynx) Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube
Anterior lip
Posterior lip
Tubal projection Salpingopharyngeal fold Pharyngeal recess of Rosenmueller (O
T. recessus infundibuliformis) Pharyngeal bursa Piriform recess (O. T. sinus piriformis) Stylopharyngeus muscle Pharyngobasilar fascia Mucous membrane
6
Pharyngeal glands Pharyngeal tonsil Tonsillar crypts
Submucous web (O. T. pharyngeal aponeurosis)
Muscular coat of pharynx
Raphe of pharynx
Pterygomandibular raphe
Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx Pterygopharyngeal muscle Buccopharyngeal muscle Mylopharyngeal muscle Glossopharyngeal muscle
Salpingopharyngeal muscle
Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx Chrondropharyngeal muscle Ceratopharyngeal muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx Thyreopharyngeal muscle Cricopharyngeal muscle
Digestive tube Oesophagus
Cervical part Thoracic part Abdominal part Adventitious coat Muscular coat Broncho-oesophageal muscle Pleuro-oesophageal muscle Submucous layer Mucous membrane
Muscular layer of mucosa Oesophageal glands
Stomach
Anterior wall
Posterior wall
Greater curvature of stomach Lesser curvature of stomach Cardia .
Fundus of stomach
48 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Corpus ventriculi Pylorus Pars cardiaca Pars pylorica (Antrum cardiacum) Antrum, pyloricum Tunica serosa Tunica muscularis Stratum longitudinale Ligg. pylori Stratum circulare M. sphincter pylori Fibrae obliquae Valvula pylori Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. muscularis mucosae Areae gastricae Plicae villosae Foveolae gastricae Glandulae gastricae [propriae] Glandulae pyloricae Noduli lymphatici gastrici Succus gastricus
Intestinum tenue
Tunica serosa Tunica muscularis Stratum longitudinale Stratum circulare Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. muscularis mucosae Plicae circulares [Kerkringi]
Villi intestinales Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni]
Noduli lymphatici solitarii Noduli lymphatici aggregati [Peyeri]
Chymus Chylus
Succus entericus Duodenum Pars superior Pars descendens Pars inferior Pars horizontalis [inferior] Pars ascendens Flexura duodeni superior Flexura duodeni inferior Flexura duodenojejunalis M. suspensorius duodeni
Plica longitudinalis duodeni
Papilla duodeni [Santorini]
G]. duodenales [Brunneri]
Intestinum tenue mesen- teriale
Intestinum jejunum
Intestinum ileum
Intestinum crassum
Intestinum caecum Valvula coli
Labium superius
Labium inferius
Frenula valvulae coli Processus vermiformis-~™
(Valvula processus vermiformis)
Noduli aggregati processus vermifor- mis
Colon
Colon ascendens
Flexura coli dextra
Colon transversum
Flexura coli sinistra
Colon descendens
Colon sigmoideum
Plicae semilunares coli
Haustra coli
Tunica serosa
Appendices epiploicae
SPLANCHNOLOGY 48
Body of stomach
Pylorus
Cardiac part
Pyloric part
Cardiac antrum
Pyloric antrum
Serous coat
Muscular coat Longitudinal layer Pyloric ligaments Circular layer Sphincter muscle of pylorus Oblique fibres
Pyloric valve
Submucous layer
Mucous membrane Muscular layer of mucosa
Gastric areas
Folds of villi
Gastric pits
Gastric glands proper
Pyloric glands
Gastric lymph-nodules
Gastric juice
Small or thin intestine
Serous coat
Muscular coat Longitudinal layer Circular layer
Submucous coat
Mucous coat Muscular layer of mucosa
Circular folds (O. T. valvulae con- niventes)
Intestinal villi
Intestinal glands (O. T. crypts of Lieberkuehn)
Solitary lymph-nodules
Aggregated lymph-nodules of Peyer (O. T. Peyer’s patches)
Chyme
Chyle
Intestinal juice Duodenum Superior part Descending part Inferior part Horizontal part Ascending part Superior duodenal flexure Inferior duodenal flexure Duodenojejunal flexure Suspensory muscle of duodenum (O. T. muscle of Treitz) - Longitudinal fold of duodenum Duodenal papilla Duodenal glands of Brunner Mesenterial small intestine
Empty intestine (O. T. jejunum) Twisted intestine (O. T. ileum).
Large or thick intestine
Blind intestine Valve of the colon (O. T. ileocaecal valve) .
Superior lip Inferior lip Frenula of valve of colon
Vermiform process, or ap- pendix
Valve of the vermiform process
Aggregated nodules of the vermiform process
Colon, or great gut
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure
Transverse colon
Left colic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Semilunar folds of colon
Sacculations of colon
Serous coat
Epiploic (fatty) appendages
49 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Tunica muscularis Taeniae coli
Taenia mesocolica
Taenia omentalis
Taenia libera Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa
Lam. ‘muscularis mucosae GI. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] Noduli lymphatici solitarii
Intestinum rectum
Flexura sacralis Flexura perinealis Ampulla recti Tunica muscularis M. sphincter ani internus M. rectococcygeus Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. m. mucosae GI. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] Noduli lymphatici Plicae transversales recti
Parscanatiie recti Columnae rectales [Morgagnii] Sinus rectales
Annulus haemorrhoidalis
Pancreas
Caput pancreatis Processus uncinatus [Pancreas Wins- lowi]
Incisura pancreatis Corpus pancreatis Facies anterior Facies posterior Facies inferior Margo superior Margo anterior
Margo posterior Tuber omentale
Cauda pancreatis
Ductus pancreaticus [Wirsungi]
Ductus pancreaticus accessorius [Santorini]
(Pancreas accessorium)
Succus pancreaticus
Hepar
Facies superior
Facies posterior
Facies inferior
Margo anterior
Incisura umbilicalis
Fossae sagittales dextrae Fossa vesicae felleae Fossa venae cavae
Fossa sagittalis sinistra Fossa venae umbilicalis Fossa ductus venosi
Tunica serosa
Lig. teres hepatis
Lig. venosum [Arantii]
Porta hepatis
Lobus ‘hepatis dexter
Lobus quadratus
Lobus caudatus [Spigelii] Processus papillaris Processus caudatus
Lobus hepatis sinister
(Appendix fibrosus hepatis)
Impressio cardiaca
Tuber omentale
Impressio oesophagea
Impressio gastrica
Impressio duodenalis
Impressio colica Impressio renalis Impressio suprarenalis Lobuli hepatis
‘Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni]
Rami arteriosi interlobulares Venae interlobulares Venae centrales
SPLANCHNOLOGY 49
Muscular coat Bands of the colon
Mesocolic band
Omental band
Free band Submucous coat Mucous coat
Muscular layer of mucosa Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn Solitary lymph-nodules
Rectum, or straight gut Sacral flexure Perineal flexure Ampulla of rectum Muscular layer Internal sphincter muscle of anus Rectococcygeus muscle Submucous coat Mucous membrane Muscular layer of mucosa Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn Lymphatic nodules Transverse folds of rectum (O. T. valves of Houston) Anal part of rectum Rectal columns of Morgagni Rectal sinuses Hemorrhoidal ring
Pancreas
Head of pancreas Uncinate process
Notch of pancreas
Body of pancreas Anterior surface Posterior surface Inferior surface Superior margin Anterior margin Posterior margin
Omental tuber
Tail of pancreas Pancreatic duct of Wirsung Accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini
Accessory pancreas Pancreatic juice
Liver Superior surface Posterior surface Inferior surface Anterior margin Umbilical notch Right sagittal fossae Fossa for gall-bladder Fossa for vena cava Left sagittal fossa Fossa for umbilical vein Fossa for venous duct Serous coat Round ligament of liver Venous ligament of Arantius Porta, or door of liver Right lobe of liver Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe of Spigelius Papillary process Caudate process Left lobe of liver Fibrous appendix of liver Cardiac impression Omental tuber Oesophageal impression Gastric impression Duodenal impression Colic impression Renal impression Suprarenal impression Lobules of liver Fibrous capsule of Glisson Interlobular arteries Interlobular veins Central veins
50 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ductus biliferi
Ductus interlobulares
Ductus hepaticus
Vasa aberrantia hepatis
Fel [Bilis]
Vesica fellea
Fundus vesicae felleae
Corpus vesicae felleae
Collum vesicae felleae
Ductus cysticus
Tunica serosa vesicae felleae
Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae
Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae
Valvula spiralis [Heisteri]
Ductus choledochus
Gl. mucosae biliosae
Lien Facies diaphragmatica Facies renalis Facies gastrica Extremitas superior Extremitas inferior Margo posterior Margo anterior Hilus lienis Tunica serosa Tunica albuginea Trabeculae lienis Pulpa lienis Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis] Penicilli Noduli lymphatici lienales [Malpighii]
(Lien accessorius)
Apparatus respiratorius
Cavum nasi
Nares Choanae Septum nasi
Septum cartilagineum
Septum membranaceum Vestibulum nasi Limen nasi Sulcus olfactorius (Concha nasalis suprema [Santorini])
Concha nasalis superior Concha nasalis media Concha nasalis inferior Membrana mucosa nasi Plexus cavernosi concharum
Agger nasi Recessus sphenoethmoidalis
Meatus nasi Meatus’ nasi superior Meatus nasi medius
Atrium meatus medii
Meatus nasi inferior Meatus nasi communis Meatus nasopharyngeus
Regio respiratoria
Regio olfactoria
Gl. olfactoriae
Sinus paranasales Sinus maxillaris [Highmori]
Sinus sphenoidalis Sinus frontalis Cellulae ethmoidales Bulla ethmoidalis Infundibulum ethmoidale Hiatus semilunaris Gl. nasales
SPLANCHNOLOGY 50
Bile-ducts (O. T. bile canaliculi)
Interlobular ducts
Hepatic duct
Aberrant vessels of liver
Bile
Gall bladder
Fundus of gall bladder
Body of gall bladder
Neck of gall bladder
Cystic duct
Serous coat of gall bladder
Muscular coat of gall bladder
Mucous coat of gall bladder Folds of mucous coat of gall bladder
Spiral valve of Heister
Common bile duct
Glands of biliary mucosa
Spleen Diaphragmatic surface Renal surface Gastric surface Superior extremity Inferior extremity Posterior margin Anterior margin Hilus of the spleen Serous coat Albugineous coat Trabeculae (“cords’’) of spleen Spleen pulp Splenic rami of splenic artery Arterial tufts Splenic lymph-nodules (O. T. Mal- pighian corpuscles) Accessory spleen
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Anterior apertures
Posterior apertures
Nasal septum Cartilaginous septum Membranous septum
Vestibule of nose
Threshold of nose
Olfactory sulcus
Highest nasal concha (O. T. upper- most turbinated bone)
Superior nasal concha (O. T. superior
_ turbinated bone)
Middle nasal concha (O. T. middle
turbinated bone)
Inferior nasal concha (O. T. inferior turbinated bone)
Mucous membrane of nose
Cavernous layer of conchae
Agger (“elevation”) of nose
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Meatuses of the nose Superior meatus Middle meatus “Entrance-hall” of middle meatus Inferior meatus Common meatus Nasopharyngeal meatus Respiratory region Olfactory region Olfactory glands Sinuses near nose Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of Highmore) Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal cells Ethmoidal bulla (“ bubble’’) Ethmoidal infundibulum (“funnel’’) Semilunar opening
Nasal glands
51 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Nasus externus
Basis nasi
Radix nasi
Dorsum nasi
Margo nasi
Apex nasi
Ala nasi
Septum mobile nasi Cartilagines nasi Cartilago septi nasi
Processus sphenoidalis septi car-
tilaginei
Cartilago nasi lateralis Cartilago alaris major
Crus mediale
Crus laterale Cartilagines alares minores Cartilagines sesamoideae nasi _Organon vomeronasale [Jacobsoni] Cartilago vomeronasalis [Jacobsoni] (Ductus incisivus)
Larynx
Prominentia laryngea
Cartilagines laryngis Cartilago thyreoidea -Lamina [dextra et sinistra] Incisura thyreoidea superior Incisura thyreoidea inferior Tuberculum thyreoideum superius Tuberculum thyreoideum inferius (Linea obliqua) Cornu superius Cornu inferius (Foramen thyreoideum) Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale Cartilago triticea Lig. hyothyreoideum medium Membrana hyothyreoidea
Cartilago cricoidea Arcus [cartilaginis cricoideae]
Lamina [cartilaginis cricoideae]
Facies articularis arytaenoidea
Facies articularis thyreoidea Articulatio cricothyreoidea Capsula articularis cricothyreoidea Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium]
Lig. cricotracheale Cartilago arytaenoidea Facies articularis Basis [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] Crista arcuata Colliculus Fovea oblonga Fovea triangularis Apex [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] Processus vocalis Processus muscularis Cartilago corniculata [Santorini]
Synchondrosis arycorniculata Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea Lig. cricopharyngeum
Lig. corniculopharyngeum
Lig. ventriculare Lig. vocale
(Cartilago sesamoidea) Capsula articularis cricoarytaenoidea Lig. cricoarytaenoideum posterius Epiglottis
Petiolus epiglottidis
Tuberculum epiglotticum
Cartilago epiglottica Lig. thyreoepiglotticum
SPLANCHNOLOGY 5I
External nose
Base of nose Root of nose Dorsum of nose Margin of nose
Tip of nose
Wing of nose Movable septum of nose Nasal-cartilages Cartilage of nasal septum Sphenoidal process of cartilaginous septum Lateral nasal cartilage Greater alar cartilage Medial crus Lateral crus Lesser alar cartilages Sesamoid cartilages of nose Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson Vomeronasal cartilage of Jacobson Incisor canaliculus
Larynx Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam’s apple, or pomum Adami) Laryngeal cartilages Thyreoid cartilage Right and left plates Superior thyreoid notch Inferior thyreoid notch‘ Superior thyreoid tubercle _ Inferior thyreoid tubercle Oblique line ; Superior horn Inferior horn Thyreoid foramen Lateral hyothyreoid ligament Triticeous (‘“‘wheat-like’’) cartilage Middle hyothyreoid ligament Hyothyreoid membrane (O. T. thyro- hyoid membrane) Cricoid cartilage Arch of cricoid cartilage
Lamina of cricoid cartilage Arytaenoid articular surface Thyreoid articular surface Cricothyreoid articulation _ Capsule of cricothyreoid joint Lateral ceratocricoid ligaments Anterior ceratocricoid ligaments Posterior ceratocricoid ligaments Middle cricothyreoid ligament (O. T. middle portion of cricothyroid mem- brane) Cricotracheal ligament _ Arytaenoid cartilage Articular surface Base of arytaenoid cartilage Arched ridge Nodule or hillock Oblong depression Triangular depression m Tip or apex of arytaenoid cartilage Vocal process Muscular process Corniculate cartilage (O. T. cartilage of Santorini) , Arycorniculate synchondrosis Cricoarytaenoid joint Cricopharyngeal ligament Corniculopharyngeal ligament (O. T. Lig. jugale) Ventricular ligament (O. T. superior thyro-arytenoid ligament) Vocal ligament (O. T. inferior thyro- arytenoid ligament) Sesamoid cartilage Capsule of crico-arytaenoid joint Posterior crico-arytaenoid ligament Epiglottis Stem of epiglottis Epiglottic tubercle (O. T. cushion of
epiglottis) Epiglottic cartilage Thyreo-epiglottic ligament (O. T.
thyro-epiglottidean ligament)
52 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Lig. hyoepiglotticum
Cartilago. cuneiformis [Wrisbergi] Tuberculum cuneiforme [Wrisbergi] Tuberculum corniculatum [Santorini]
Musculi laryngis M. aryepiglotticus
M. cricothyreoideus Pars recta
Pars obliqua
M. cricoarytaenoideus posterior (M. ceratocricoideus)
. cricoarytaenoideus lateralis . ventricularis
. vocalis
. thyreoepiglotticus . thyreoarytaenoideus [externus]
. arytaenoideus obliquus . arytaenoideus transversus
Sees. Bess
Cavum laryngis
Vallecula epiglottica
Aditus laryngis
Vestibulum laryngis
Rima vestibuli
Labium vocale
Glottis
Rima glottidis
Pars intermembranacea
Pars intercartilaginea Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii] Appendix ventriculi laryngis
Tunica mucosa laryngis
Membrana elastica laryngis Conus elasticus
Plica glossoepiglottica mediana
Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis
Plica aryepiglottica Plica nervi laryngei Plica ventricularis
Plica vocalis Macula flava Aditus glottidis inferior Aditus glottidis superior Incisura interarytaenoidea Gl. laryngeae Gl. laryngeae anteriores Gl. laryngeae mediae Gl. laryngeae posteriores Noduli lymphatici laryngei
Trachea et bronchi
Cartilagines tracheales Ligg. annularia [trachealia] Paries membranacea Gl. tracheales Bifurcatio tracheae Bronchus [dexter et sinister] Rami bronchiales Ramus bronchialis eparterialis Rami bronchiales hyparteriales Tunica muscularis Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Gl. tracheales Gl. bronchiales
Pulmo Basis pulmonis Apex pulmonis Sulcus subclavius
SPLANCHNOLOGY 52
Hyo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. hyo- epiglottidean ligament)
Cuneiform cartilage
Cuneiform tubercle:
Corniculate tubercle of Santorini
Muscles of larynx
Aryepiglottic muscle (O. T. aryteno- epiglottidean muscle) Cricothyreoid muscle Straight part (O.T. oblique part) Oblique part (O. T. posterior or horizontal part) Posterior crico-arytaenoid muscle Ceratocricoid muscle Lateral crico-arytaenoid muscle Ventricular muscle Vocal muscle (O. T. internal thyro- arytenoid muscle) . Thyreo-epiglottic muscle (O. T. thyro- epiglottidean muscle) Thyreo-arytaenoid muscle (external) Oblique arytaenoid muscle Transverse arytaenoid muscle
anterior or
Cavity of larynx Epiglottic vallecula Laryngeal aperture - Vestibule of larynx Slit of vestibule (O. T. false glottis) Vocal lip Glottis (O. T. glottis vera) Slit of glottis Intermembranous part (O. T. glot- tis vocalis) Intercartilaginous part (O. T. glottis respiratoria) Ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal sinus) Appendage of ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal pouch or sac) Mucous coat of larynx
Elastic membrane of larynx Elastic cone (O. T. cricothyroid
membrane)
Median glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. middle glosso-epiglottidean fold, or fraenum of the epiglottis)
Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. lateral glosso-epiglottidean folds)
Ary-epiglottic fold
Fold of laryngeal nerve
Ventricular fold (O. T. false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (O. T. true vocal cord) Yellow spot
Inferior entrance to glottis
Superior entrance to glottis
Interarytaenoid notch
Laryngeal glands Anterior laryngeal glands Middle laryngeal glands Posterior laryngeal glands
Lymph-nodules of larynx
Trachea and bronchi
Tracheal cartilages Annular ligaments Membranous wall Tracheal glands Bifurcation of trachea Right and left bronchus Bronchial rami Eparterial bronchial ramus Hyparterial bronchial ramus Muscular coat Submucous layer Mucous coat Tracheal glands Bronchial glands
Lung Base of lung Apex of lung Subclavian sulcus
53 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Facies costalis
Facies mediastinalis
Facies diaphragmatica Margo anterior
Margo inferior
Hilus pulmonis
Radix pulmonis
Incisura cardiaca
Lingula pulmonis
Lobus superior
Lobus medius
Lobus inferior
Incisura interlobaris
Lobuli pulmonum
Rami bronchiales
Bronchioli
Bronchioli respiratorii Ductuli alveolares
Alveoli pulmonum Lymphoglandulae bronchiales Noduli lymphatici bronchiales Lymphoglandulae pulmonales
Cavum thoracis
Fascia endothoracica Cavum pleurae Pleura Cupula pleurae Pleura pulmonalis Pleura parietalis
Pleura mediastinalis Laminae mediastinales Pleura pericardiaca
Pleura costalis
Pleura diaphragmatica
Sinus pleurae Sinus phrenicocostalis Sinus costomediastinalis Lig. pulmonale Plicae adiposae Villi pleurales Septum mediastinale Cavum mediastinale anterius Cavum mediastinale posterius
Gl. thyreoidea,
Isthmus gl. thyreoideae (Lobus pyramidalis) Lobus [dexter et sinister] Lobuli gl. thyreoideae Stroma gl. thyreoideae (Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae) (Gl. thyreoidea accessoria supra- hyoidea) Glomus caroticum
Thymus
Lobus [dexter et sinister]
Tractus centralis Lobuli thymi
Apparatus urogenitalis
Organa uropoetica Ren
Margo lateralis Margo medialis
Hilus renalis
Sinus renalis Facies anterior Facies posterior Extremitas superior
Extremitas inferior
(Impressio muscularis)
(Impressio hepatica)
(Impressio gastrica)
Capsula adiposa
Tunica fibrosa
Tunica muscularis
Tubuli renales Tubuli renales contorti
SPLANCHNOLOGY 53
Costal surface Mediastinal surface Diaphragmatic surface Anterior margin
Inferior margin
Hilus of lung
Root of lung
Cardiac notch
Lingula, or little tongue, of lung Upper lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
. Interlobar incisure Pulmonary lobules Bronchial rami Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ductules Pulmonary alveoli Bronchial lymph glands Bronchial lymph-nodules Pulmonary lymph glands
Thoracic cavity
Endothoracic fascia
Pleural cavity
Pleura Dome or cupola of pleura Pulmonary pleura Parietal pleura
Mediastinal pleura Mediastinal layers Pericardiac pleura
Costal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Sinuses of the pleura Phrenicocostal sinus Costomediastinal sinus
Pulmonary ligament
Adipose folds
Pleural villi
Mediastinal septum Anterior mediastinal cavity Posterior mediastinal cavity
Thyreoid gland
Isthmus of thyreoid Pyramidal lobe Right and left lobes Lobules of gland Stroma of gland Accessory thyreoid glands
Suprahyoid accessory thyreoid gland
Carotid skein (O. T. intercarotid gland) Thymus
Right and left lobe
Central tract
Lobules of thymus
Urogenital system
Uropoietic organs Kidney
Lateral margin Medial margin
Renal hilus
Renal sinus Anterior surface Posterior surface Superior extremity
Inferior extremity Muscular impression Hepatic impression Gastric impression Adipose capsule Fibrous coat Muscular coat Renal tubules
Convoluted renal tubules
54 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Tubuli renales recti Substantia corticalis Substantia medullaris Lobi renales Pyramides renales [Malpighii] Basis pyramidis Papillae renales Area cribrosa Foramina papillaria Columnae renales [Bertini] Lobuli corticales
Pars radiata [Processus Ferreini]
Pars convoluta Corpuscula renis [Malpighii]
Glomeruli Capsula glomeruli
Pelvis renalis Calyces renales Calyces renales majores Calyces renales minores Gl. pelvis renalis
Arteriae renis
Aa. interlobares renis Arteriae arciformes Arteriae interlobulares
Vas afferens Vas efferens
Rami capsulares
Arteriolae rectae
Aa. nutriciae pelvis renalis
Venae renis
Vy. interlobares Venae arciformes Venae interlobulares Venulae rectae Venae stellatae
Ureter
Pars abdominalis
Pars pelvina
Tunica adventitia
Tunica muscularis Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum
Tunica mucosa
Gl. mucosaé ureteris
Vesica urinaria
Vertex vesicae Corpus vesicae Fundus vesicae Lig. umbilicale medium Urachus Tunica serosa Tunica muscularis Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum M. pubovesicalis M. rectovesicalis Tela submucosa Tunica.mucosa Gl. vesicales Noduli lymphatici vesicales Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi] Uvula vesicae Plica ureterica Orificium ureteris Orificium urethrae internum Annulus urethralis
Glandula suprarenalis
Substantia corticalis Substantia medullaris
Hilus gl. suprarenalis
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Basis gl. suprarenalis
Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae] Margo superior
Margo medialis
SPLANCHNOLOGY 54
Straight renal tubules Cortical substance Medullary substance Renal lobes (O. T. reniculi) Renal pyramids Base of pyramid Renal papillae Cribriform area Papillary foramina Renal columns Cortical lobules Radiate part (O. T. pyramid of Ferrein) Convoluted part (O. T. labyrinth) Renal corpuscles (O. T. Malpighian corpuscles) Glomeruli Capsule of glomerulus Renal pelvis Renal calyces Greater renal calyces Smaller renal calyces Glands of renal pelvis
Renal arteries
Interlobar arteries of kidney Arciform arteries or renal arches Interlobular arteries
Afferent vessel Efferent vessel Capsular branches Straight arterioles Nutrient arteries of renal pelvis
Renal veins Interlobar veins Arciform veins Interlobular veins Straight venules Stellate veins
Ureter Abdominal part
Pelvic part Adventitious coat Muscular coat
External layer
Middle layer
Internal layer Mucous coat Mucous glands of ureter
Urinary bladder
Apex of bladder Body of bladder Fundus of bladder Middle umbilical ligament Urachus Serous coat Muscular coat External layer Middle layer Internal layer Pubovesical muscle Rectovesical muscle Submucous layer Mucous coat Vesical glands Vesical lymph-nodules Lieutaud’s trigone of the bladder Vesical uvula Ureteral fold Orifice of ureter Internal orifice of ureter Urethral ring
Suprarenal gland
Cortical substance Medullary substance Hilus of suprarenal gland Anterior surface Posterior surface
Base of suprarenal gland Apex of right suprarenal Superior margin
Medial margin
55 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Vena centralis Tunica muscularis (Gl. suprarenales accessoriae) Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum Organa genitalia virilia Tunica mucosa Ductus ejaculatorius
Organa genitalia
Testis
Extremitas superior Vesicula seminalis Extremitas inferior ; Facies lateralis
Facies medialis
Margo anterior
Margo posterior
Tunica albuginea
Mediastinum testis [Corpus Highmori] Septula testis
Lobuli testis
Corpus vesiculae seminalis Tunica adventitia
Tunica muscularis
Tunica mucosa
Ductus excretorius
Funiculus spermaticus et tunicae testis et funiculi spermatici
Parenchyma testis (Rudimentum processus vaginalis) Tubuli seminiferi contorti Tunica vaginalis propria testis Tubuli seminiferi recti Lamina parietalis Tunica propria Lamina visceralis Rete testis [Halleri] Lig. epididymidis superius Ductuli efferentes testis Lig. epididymidis inferius Sperma [Semen] Sinus epididymidis Epididymis Tunica vaginalis communis [testis et Caput epididymidis funiculi spermatici] Corpus epididymidis M. cremaster Cauda epididymidis Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi] Lobuli epididymidis Descensus testis Ductus epididymidis Gubernaculum testis [Hunteri] Ductuli aberrantes (Ductulus aberrans superior) Prostata Appendices testis Basis prostatae Appendix testis [Morgagnii] Apex prostatae é Facies anterior (Appendix epididymis) Facies posterior Paradidymis Lobus [dexter et sinister] Isthmus prostatae Ductus deferens (Lobus medius) Corpus glandulare Ampulla ductus deferentis : Ductus prostatici Diverticula ampullae Succus prostaticus
Tunica adventitia M. prostaticus
SPLANCHNOLOGY 55
Central vein Accessory suprarenal glands
Genital organs Male genital organs
Testicle
Superior extremity
Inferior extremity
Lateral surface
Medial surface
Anterior margin
Posterior margin
Albugineous coat
Mediastinum of testicle
Septules of testicle
Lobules of testicle
Parenchyma
Convoluted seminiferous tubules
Straight seminiferous tubules Proper coat .
Network
Efferent ductules
Sperm or semen
Epididymis
Head of epididymis
Body of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Lobules of epididymis
Ducts of epididymis
Aberrant ductules
Superior aberrant ductule
Appendages of the testicle Morgagni’s appendage of testicle (O.
T. hydatid of Morgagni)
Appendage of epididymis
Paradidymis (O. T. organ of Giraldes)
Deferent duct (O. T. vas def- erens)
Ampulla of deferent duct
Diverticula of ampulla
Adventitious coat
7
Muscular coat External layer Middle layer Internal layer
Mucous coat
Ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles
Body of seminal vesicles Adventitious coat Muscular coat
Mucous coat
Excretory duct
Spermatic cord and coats of the testicle and cord
Rudiment of vaginal process Proper sheath of testicle Parietal layer Visceral layer Superior ligament of epididymis Inferior ligament of epididymis Sinus of epididymis Common sheath of testicle and sper- matic cord Cremasteric muscle Cremasteric fascia Descent of the testicle Gubernaculum (“pilot”) of testicle
Prostate
Base of prostate Apex of prostate Anterior surface Posterior surface Right and left lobe Isthmus of prostate Middle lobe Glandular body Prostatic ducts Prostatic fluid Prostatic muscle
56 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Glandula bulbourethralis [Cowperi] Fossa navicularis urethrae [Morgagnii] (Valvula fossae navicularis)
Corpus gl. bulbourethralis Orificium urethrae externum
Ductus excretorius Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii]
Gl. urethrales [Littrei] Partes genitales externae
: Scrotum Penis
Raphe scroti ¢, Septum scroti Tunica dartos
Radix penis Corpus penis Crus penis Dorsum penis
Pee ene ite Organa genitalia muliebria
Glans penis: Ovarium Corona glandis Hilus ovarii Septum glandis Facies medialis Collum glandis Facies lateralis Praeputium Margo liber Frenulum praeputii Margo mesovaricus Raphe penis Extremitas tubaria Corpus cavernosum penis Extremitas uterina Corpus cavernosum urethrae Stroma ovarii Bulbus urethrae Folliculi oophori primarii Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae Folliculi oophori vesiculosi [Graafi]
Septum bulbi urethrae .d Tunica albuginea corporum caverno- Theca folliculi
sorum . Tunica externa Septum penis Tunica interna Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum Liquor folliculi Cavernae corporum cavernosorum Stratum granulosum Arteriae helicinae Cumulus oophorus Venae cavernosae Lig. suspensorium penis Ovulum Fascia penis Corpus luteum Gl. praeputiales ~ Corpus albicans Smegma praeputii Lig. ovarii proprium
Urethra virilis Tuba uterina [Falloppii]
Pars prostatica Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae Crista urethralis Infundibulum tubae uterinae Colliculus seminalis Fimbriae tubae Utriculus prostaticus Fimbria ovarica Pars membranacea Ampulla tubae uterinae
Pars cavernosa Isthmus tubae uterinae
SPLANCHNOLOGY 56
Bulbo-urethral gland (0. T. Cow- per’s gland)
Body of gland
Excretory duct
Parts of external genitals
Penis * Root of penis Body of penis Crus of penis Dorsum of penis Urethral surface Glans (‘“‘acorn”’) of penis Corona of glans Septum of glans Neck of glans _ Prepuce Frenulum of prepuce Raphe of penis Cavernous body of penis Cavernous body of urethra Bulb of urethra Hemispheres of bulb of urethra Septum of bulb of urethra Albugineous coat of cavernous bodies
Septum of penis
Trabeculae of cavernous bodies Caverns of cavernous bodies Spiral arteries
Cavernous veins
Suspensory ligament of penis Fascia of penis
Preputial glands
Smegma of prepuce
Male urethra
Prostatic Urethral crest Seminal hillock
Prostatic utricle Membranous part Cavernous part
part
‘Navicular fossa of urethra
Valve of navicular fossa External urethral orifice Urethral lacunae of Morgagni Urethral glands of Littre
Scrotum
Raphe of scrotum Septum of scrotum Dartos (“flayed”) coat
_ Female genital organs
Ovary Hilus of ovary Medial surface Lateral surface Free margin Mesovarian margin Tubal extremity Uterine extremity Stroma of ovary Primary ovarian follicles Vesicular ovarian follicles (O. T. Graafian follicles) Theca of follicle External coat Internal coat Liquor of follicle Granular layer Ovarian mound (O. T. discus pro- ligerus) Ovule Corpus.luteum: “yellow body” Corpus albicans: “white body” Proper ligament of ovary
Uterine tube (O. T. Fallopian tube)
Abdominal mouth of uterine tube Infundibulum of uterine tube Fimbriae of tube
Ovarian fimbria Ampulla of uterine tube Isthmus of uterine tube ‘
57 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Pars uterina Ostium uterinum tubae Tunica serosa Tunica adventitia Tunica muscularis Stratum longitudinale Stratum circulare Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Plicae tubariae Plicae ampullares Plicae isthmicae
Uterus
Corpus uteri
Fundus uteri
Margo lateralis
Facies vesicalis
Facies intestinalis Cavum uteri
Orificium internum uteri
Cervix [uteri]
Portio supravaginalis [cervicis] Portio vaginalis [cervicis] Orificium externum uteri
Labium anterius Labium posterius Canalis cervicis uteri Plicae palmatae Gl. cervicales [uteri] Parametrium Tunica serosa [Perimetrium] Tunica muscularis Tunica muscularis cervicis Tunica mucosa Gl. uterinae M. rectouterinus Lig. teres uteri (Processus vaginalis peritonaei)
Vagina Fornix vaginae Paries anterior Paries posterior Hymen [femininus] Carunculae hymenales Tunica muscularis Tunica mucosa Noduli lymphatici vaginales Rugae vaginales Columnae rugarum Columna rugarum posterior Columna rugarum anterior Carina urethralis [vaginae]
Epoophoron
Ductus epoophori longitudinalis [Gart- neri] Ductuli transversi Appendices vesiculosi [Morgagnii]
Paroophoron
Partes genitales externae
Pudendum muliebre
Labium majus pudendi Commissura labiorum anterior Commissura labiorum posterior Frenulum labiorum pudendi Rima pudendi
Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vaginae] Labium minus pudendi Vestibulum vaginae
Bulbus vestibuli
Gl. sebaceae
Gl. vestibulares minores Orificium vaginae
Gl. vestibularis major [Bartholini] Clitoris
Crus clitoridis
Corpus clitoridis
SPLANCHNOLOGY 57
Uterine part Uterine mouth of tube Serous coat Adventitious coat Muscular coat Longitudinal layer Circular layer Submucous tela Mucous coat ‘Tubal folds Ampullar folds Isthmian folds
Uterus
Body of uterus Fundus of uterus Lateral margin Vesical surface Intestinal surface Cavity of uterus Internal orifice of uterus (O. T. in- ternal os) Neck of uterus Supravaginal portion of cervix Vaginal portion of cervix External orifice of uterus (O. T. external os) Anterior lip Posterior lip Canal of neck of uterus Palmate folds Cervical glands of uterus Parametrium Serous coat Muscular coat Muscular coat of neck Mucous coat Uterine glands Rectouterine muscle Round ligament of uterus Vaginal process of peritoneum (O. T. canal of Nuck)
Vagina (“‘sheath”’)
Fornix of vagina Anterior wall Posterior wall Hymen Hymeneal caruncles Muscular coat Mucous coat Vaginal lymph-nodules Ruge (“wrinkles”) of vaginal wall Columns of the rugae
Posterior column
Anterior column
Urethral carina (“keel”) of vagina
Epo-ophoron (O. T. parovarium or organ of Rosenmueller) Longitudinal duct of epo-ophoron
(O. T. Giartner’s duct) Transverse ductules Vesicular appendages of Morgagni (O. T. hydatids of Morgagni)
Paro-ophoron
External genital parts Vulva (“wrapper’’) Greater lip of vulva Anterior labial commissure Posterior labial commissure Frenulum of pudendal labia Pudendal slit Navicular fossa of vestibule of vagina Lesser lip of vulva Vestibule of vagina Vestibular bulb Sebaceous glands Lesser vestibular glands Orifice of vagina
Larger vestibular gland of Bartholin Clitoris
Crus of clitoris
Body of clitoris
58 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Glans clitoridis Frenulum clitoridis Praeputium clitoridis Smegma clitoridis Corpus cavernosum clitoridis Septum corporum cavernosorum Fascia clitoridis Lig. suspensorium clitoridis
Urethra muliebris
Orificium urethrae externum Corpus spongiosum urethrae Tunica muscularis Stratum circulare Stratum longitudinale Tunica submucosa Tunica mucosa Gl. urethrales Crista urethralis (Ductus paraurethrales) Termini ontogenetici Membranae deciduae Decidua vera Decidua capsularis Decidua basalis Placenta Placenta uterina Placenta foetalis Funiculus umbilicalis Corpus Wolffi Ductus Wolff Ductus Muelleri Sinus urogenitalis
Perineum
Raphe perinei Musculi perinei Diaphragma pelvis M. levator ani
Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani M. coccygeus [vide p. 40] M. sphincter ani externus
Lig. anococcygeum Fascia pelvis Fascia endopelvina Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior
Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] medium
Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] laterale
Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior Diaphragma urogenitale
M. transversus perinei profundus M. sphincter urethrae membranaceae
Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis su- perior
Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in- ferior
Lig. transversum pelvis
Fascia prostatae
Fascia obturatoria
Fossa ischiorectalis
M. transversus perinei superficialis M. ischiocavernosus
M. bulbocavernosus
Fascia superficialis perinei
Peritonaeum
Tunica serosa Tela subserosa Peritonaeum parietale Peritonaeum viscerale
SPLANCHNOLOGY ; 58
Glans of clitoris Frenulum of clitoris Prepuce of clitoris
Smegma of clitoris Cavernous body of clitoris Septum of cavernous bodies Fascia of clitoris Suspensory ligament of clitoris
Female urethra
External orifice of urethra Spongy body of urethra Muscular coat Circular layer Longitudinal layer Submucous coat Mucous coat Urethral glands Urethral crest Para-urethral ducts Ontogenetic terms Deciduous membranes True decidua Capsular decidua Basal decidua Placenta (“cake’’) Uterine placenta Foetal placenta Umbilical cord Wolffian body Wolffian duct Muellerian duct Urogenital sinus
Perineum
Perineal raphe Perineal muscles Pelvic diaphragm Levator muscle of anus Tendinous arch of levator ani mus- cle (O. T. white line of the pelvis) Coccygeus muscle External sphincter muscle of anus
Anococcygeal ligament
Pelvic fascia Endopelvic fascia Superior fascia of the peivic dia-
phragm
Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia
Middle puboprostatic or puboves- ical ligament (O. T. anterior true ligament of bladder)
Lateral puboprostatic or puboves- ical ligament (O. T. lateral true ligament of bladder)
Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm
Urogenital diaphragm (O. T. triangular ligament)
Deep transverse muscle of perineum
Sphincter muscle of the membranous urethra (O. T. compressor urethrae)
Superior fascia of urogenital dia- phragm (O. T. deep layer of trian- gular ligament)
Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (O. T. superficial layer of triangular ligament)
Transverse ligament of pelvis (O. T. median puboprostatic ligament of Krause)
Prostatic fascia
Obturator fascia
Ischiorectal fossa
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Ischiocavernous muscle (O. T. erector penis [vel clitoridis] muscle)
Bulbocavernous muscle (O. T. ejac- ulator seminis or accelerator urinae; sphincter vaginae)
Superficial perineal fascia
Peritoneum Serous coat Subserous tela Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum
59 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Cavum peritonaei Mesenterium commune Mesenterium Radix mesenterii Lamina mesenterii propria Mesocolon Mesocolon transversum Mesocolon ascendens Mesocolon descendens Mesocolon sigmoideum Mesorectum
Mesenteriolum processus vermiformis
Mesogastrium Omentum minus Lig. hepatogastricum Lig. hepatoduodenale (Lig. hepatocolicum) Lig. gastrolienale
Lig. gastrocolicum Omentum majus Bursa omentalis
Vestibulum bursae omentalis Recessus superior omentalis Recessus inferior omentalis Recessus lienalis
Plica gastropancreatica Foramen epiploicum [Winslowi]
Lig. phrenicocolicum
Lig. phrenicolienale
Lig. falciforme hepatis Lig. coronarium hepatis Lig. triangulare dextrum
Lig. triangulare sinistrum Lig. hepatorenale
(Lig. duodenorenale)
Recessus duodenojejunalis Plica duodenojejunalis (Plica duodenomesocolica) Recessus intersigmoideus Recessus iliocaecalis superior Recessus iliocaecalis inferior Plica iliocaecalis Fossa caecalis Recessus retrocaecalis Plica caecalis Recessus paracolici (Fossa iliacosubfascialis) (Recessus phrenicohepatici) Plica umbilicalis media Plica umbilicalis lateralis Plica epigastrica Plica pubovesicalis Plica vesicalis transversa Mesorchium Processus vaginalis peritonaet Lig. latum uteri Mesometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Bursa ovarica Lig. suspensorium ovarii Plica rectouterina [Douglasi]
Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum Dou-
glasi} Excavatio vesicouterina Excavatio rectovesicalis Spatium retroperitonaeale
SPLANCHNOLOGY 59
Peritoneal cavity Common mesentery Mesentery Root of the mesentery Proper layer of the mesentery Mesocolon Transverse mesocolon Ascending mesocolon Descending mesocolon Sigmoid mesocolon Mesorectum Meso-appendix Mesogastrium Lesser omentum Hepatogastric ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatocolic ligament Gastrolienal ligament (O. T. gas- trosplenic omentum) Gastrocolic ligament Greater omentum Omental bursa (O. T. neal sac) Vestibule of omental bursa Superior omental recess Inferior omental recess Splenic recess Gastropancreatic fold Epiploic foramen (O. T. foramen of Winslow) Phrenicocolic ligament (O. T. cos- tocolic ligament) Phrenicosplenic ligament Falciform ligament of liver Coronary ligament of liver Right triangular ligament
lesser perito-
Left triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament Duodenorenal ligament Duodenojejunal recess Duodenojejunal fold Duodenomesocolic fold Intersigmoid recess Superior ileocaecal recess Inferior ileocaecal recess Tleocaecal fold
Caecal fossa Retrocaecal recess Caecal fold
Paracolic recess Iliaco-subfascial fossa Phrenicohepatic recess Middle umbilical fold Lateral umbilical fold Epigastric fold Pubovesical fold Transverse vesical fold
. Mesorchium
Sheath process of peritoneum Broad ligament of uterus Mesometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Ovarian bursa Suspensory ligament of ovary Recto-uterine fold Recto-uterine excavation, or cul-de- sac of Douglas Vesico-uterine excavation Rectovesical excavation Retroperitoneal space
60 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Vas collaterale
Vas anastomoticum Ramus communicans Plexus vasculosus Rete vasculosum Rete mirabile Arteria
Arteriola
Vena
Vena cutanea Vena comitans Venula
Plexus venosus Rete venosum Sinus [venosus]
Basis cordis
Facies sternocostalis Facies diaphragmatica Apex cordis
Incisura [apicis] cordis
Sulcus longitudinalis anterior .
Sulcus longitudinalis posterior Sulcus coronarius
Pericardium
Liquor pericardii
Ligg. sternopericardiaca Sinus transversus pericardii
Angiologia
Emissarium
Corpus cavernosum Vas capillare
Vas lymphaticum Plexus lymphaticus Lymphoglandula Nodulus lymphaticus Cisterna
Tunica externa [adventitia] Tunica media Tunica intima
Vasa vasorum Vagina vasorum Sanguis
Lympha
Cor
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Ventriculus cordis
Septum ventriculorum Septum musculare ventriculorum Septum membranaceum ventricu-
lorum
Atrium cordis
Auricula cordis
Septum atriorum Pars membranacea septi atriorum
Ostium venosum Ostium arteriosum
ANGIOLOGY
Angiology
Collateral vessel Anastomotic vessel
* Communicating branch Vascular plexus Vascular rete
Rete mirabile (“wonderful network’’) Artery
Arteriole
Vein
Cutaneous vein Accompanying vein Venule
Venous plexus
Emissary (vessel) Cavernous body Capillary vessel Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic plexus Lymph gland Lymph nodule Cistern
External coat Middle coat Inner coat
’ Vessels of the vessels
Sheath of the vessels
Venous rete Blood
Venous sinus Lymph Heart
Base of heart Epicardium
Sternocostal surface Myocardium
Diaphragmatic surface Endocardium
Apex of heart
Notch at apex of heart
Anterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. anterior interventricular groove)
Posterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. posterior interventricular groove)
Coronary sulcus (O. T. auriculoven- tricular groove)
Pericardium
Pericardial fluid
Sternopericardiac ligaments
Transverse sinus of pericardium
Ventricle of heart
Septum of ventricles Muscular septum of ventricles Membranous septum of ventricles
Forechamber (O. T. auricle) Auricle (O. T. auricular appendix) Septum of atria Membranous part of septum of atria Venous orifice Arterial orifice
61 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Trabeculae carneae Vortex cordis
Mm. papillares Chordae tendineae Trigona fibrosa Annuli fibrosi
Atrium dextrum
Mm. pectinati
Sulcus terminalis atrii dextri Crista terminalis
Sinus venarum [cavarum] Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii]
Auricula dextra
Tuberculum intervenosum [Loweri]
Valvula venae cavae [inferioris, Eu- stachii]
Fossa ovalis
Valvula sinus coronarii [Thebesii]
Foramina venarum minimarum [The- besii]
Ventriculus dexter
Valvula tricuspidalis
Cuspis anterior
Cuspis posterior
Cuspis medialis
Crista supraventricularis
Conus arteriosus
Valvulae semilunares a. pukmonalis Valvula semilunaris anterior Valvula semilunaris dextra Valvula semilunaris sinistra
Noduli valvularum semilunarium
Lunulae valvularum semilunarium
Atrium sinistrum
Auricula sinistra
Valvula foraminis ovalis
Ventriculus sinister
Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis]
Cuspis anterior Cuspis posterior
Valvulae semilunares aortae Valvula semilunaris posterior Valvula semilunaris dextra Valvula semilunaris sinistra
Noduli valvularum semilunarium [Arantii]
Lunulae valvularum semilunarium ~
Arteriae
A. pulmonalis
Ramus dexter
Ramus sinister
Ductus arteriosus [Botalli] Ligamentum arteriosum
Aorta
Aorta ascendens
Bulbus aortae Sinus aortae [Valsalvae]
Arcus aortae
Isthmus aortae
Aorta descendens
A. coronaria [cordis] dextra Ramus descendens posterior
A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra
ANGIOLOGY 61
Fleshy cords (O. T. columnae carnae)
Vortex of heart
Papillary muscles
Tendinous cords
Fibrous trigones
Fibrous rings
Right atrium
Pectinate (“comb-like”) muscles
Terminal sulcus of the right atrium
Terminal crest
Venous sinus ;
Edge of oval fossa (O. T. annulus ovalis)
Right auricle (O. T. right auricular ap- pendix)
Intervenous tubercle of Lower
Valve of inferior vena cava (O. T. Eustachian valve)
Oval fossa
Valve of coronary sinus (O. T. coronary valve, of valve of Thebesius)
Foramina of the smallest veins (O. T. foramina Thebesii)
Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve (O. T. right auriculo- ventricular valve) Anterior cusp (O. T. infundibular
cusp)
Posterior cusp (O. T. marginal cusp) Medial cusp (O. T. septal cusp) Supraventricular crest Arterial cone Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery Anterior semilunar valve Right semilunar valve Left semilunar valve Nodules of the semilunar valves Crescents of the semilunar valves
Left atrium (0. T. left auricle)
Left auricle (O. T. left auricular appendix) Valve of the foramen
Left ventricle
Bicuspid or mitral valve (O. T. left auriculoventricular valve) Anterior cusp Posterior cusp Semilunar valves of aorta Posterior semilunar valve Right semilunar valve Left semilunar valve Nodules of the semilunar valves (O. T. corpora Arantii) Crescents, or “sails” valves
of semilunar
Arteries
Pulmonary artery
Right ramus Left ramus Arterial duct Arterial ligament
Aorta
Ascending aorta
Bulb of aorta
Sinuses of aorta (O..T. sinus Val- salyae)
Arch of aorta
Isthmus of aorta
Descending aorta
Right coronary artery of heart Posterior descending ramus
Left coronary artery of heart
62 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ramus circumflexus Ramus descendens anterior
A, anonyma (A. thyreoidea ima)
A. carotis communis A. carotis externa
A. thyreoidea superior Ramus hyoideus Ramus sternocleidomastoideus A. laryngea superior Ramus cricothyreoideus Ramus anterior Ramus posterior Rami glandulares
A. pharyngea ascendens A. meningea posterior Rami pharyngei A. tympanica inferior
A. lingualis
Ramus hyoideus
A. sublingualis
Rami dorsales linguae A. profunda linguae
A. maxillaris externa
A. palatina ascendens Ramus tonsillaris
_ A. submentalis
Rami glandulares
A. labialis inferior
A. labialis superior A. angularis
A. sternocleidomastoidea
A. occipitalis
Ramus mastoideus Ramus auricularis
Rami musculares Ramus descendens
(Ramus meningeus)
Rami occipitales
A. auricularis posterior
A. stylomastoidea A. tympanica posterior Rami mastoidei Ramus stapedius Ramus auricularis Ramus occipitalis
A. temporalis superficialis
Rami parotidei
A. transversa faciei
Rami auriculares anteriores A. zygomaticoorbitalis
A. temporalis media Ramus frontalis
Ramus parietalis
A. maxillaris interna
A. auricularis profunda A. tympanica anterior A. alveolaris inferior
R. mylohyoideus
A. mentalis
A. meningea media
(Ramus meningeus accessorius)
Ramus petrosus superficialis A. tympanica superior A. masseterica A. temporalis profunda posterior A. temporalis profunda anterior Rami pterygoidei A. buccinatoria A. alveolaris superior pnsterior
A. infraorbitalis Aa. alveol. superiores anteriores
ANGIOLOGY 62
Circumflex ramus Anterior descending ramus
Innominate artery Lowest thyreoid artery
Common carotid artery External carotid artery
Superior thyreoid artery
Hyoid ramus Sternocleidomastoid ramus Superior laryngeal artery Cricothyreoid ramus Anterior ramus
Posterior ramus Glandular rami
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Posterior meningeal artery Pharyngeal rami Inferior tympanic artery
Lingual artery Hyoid ramus Sublingual artery Dorsal rami of tongue Deep artery of tongue (O. T. ranine artery)
External maxillary artery (0. T. facial artery)
Ascending palatine artery Tonsillar rami Submental artery Glandular rami
Inferior labial artery Superior labial artery Angular artery
Sternocleidomastoid artery
Occipital artery
Mastoid ramus Auricular ramus
Muscular rami Descending ramus
Meningeal ramus
Occipital rami
Posterior auricular artery
Stylomastoid artery - Posterior tympanic artery Mastoid rami Stapedial ramus Auricular ramus Occipital ramus
Superficial temporal artery
Parotid rami . Transverse artery of face Anterior auricular rami Zygomatico-orbital artery Middle temporal artery Frontal ramus Parietal ramus
Internal maxillary artery
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Inferior alveolar artery (O. T. in- ferior dental)
Mylohyoid ramus
- Mental artery
Middle meningeal artery Accessory meningeal ramus (O. T. small meningeal) Superficial petrosal ramus Superior tympanic artery Masseteric artery Posterior deep temporal artery Anterior deep temporal artery Pterygoid rami Buccinator artery (O. T. buccal) Posterior superior alveolar artery (O. T. posterior dental) Infraorbital artery Anterior superior alveolar arteries (O. F. anterior superior dental)
63 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
A. palatina descendens
A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] A. palatina major
Aa. palatinae minores
A. sphenopalatina
Aa. nasales posteriores laterales et
septi
A. carotis interna
Ramus caroticotympanicus
A. ophthalmica
A. centralis retinae
A. lacrimalis
Aa. palpebrales laterales Rami musculares
Aa. ciliares posteriores breves Aa. ciliares posteriores longae Aa. ciliares anteriores
Aa. conjunctivales anteriores Aa. conjunctivales posteriores Aa. episclerales
A. supraorbitalis
A. ethmoidalis posterior
A. ethmoidalis anterior
A. meningea anterior
’ Aa. palpebrales mediales Arcus tarseus superior
Arcus tarseus inferior
A. frontalis
A. dorsalis nasi
Aa. cerebri
A. communicans posterior A. chorioidea
. cerebri anterior . communicans anterior . cerebri media
> PS
A. subclavia A. vertebralis
Rami spinales
A. spinalis posterior A. spinalis anterior Ramus meningeus
A. cerebelli inferior posterior
A. basilaris
A. cerebelli inferior anterior A. auditiva interna
Rami ad pontem
A. cerebelli superior A. cerebri posterior Circulus arteriosus [Willisi]
A. mammaria interna
Aa. mediastinales anteriores Aa. thymicae
Rami bronchiales
A. pericardiacophrenica
Rami sternales Rami perforantes Rami mammarii Rami musculares Rami cutanei (Ramus costalis lateralis) Rami intercostales
A. musculophrenica
A. epigastrica superior
Truncus thyreocervicalis
A. thyreoidea inferior A. laryngea inferior Rami pharyngei Rami oesophagei
ANGIOLOGY 63
Descending palatine artery
Artery of pterygoid canal
Greater palatine artery
Lesser palatine arteries
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior lateral arteries of the nose and of septum
Internal carotid artery
Caroticotympanic ramus (O. T. tym- panic branch)
Ophthalmic artery
Central artery of retina Lacrimal artery
Lateral palpebral arteries Muscular rami
Short posterior ciliary arteries Long posterior ciliary arteries Anterior ciliary arteries Anterior conjunctival arteries Posterior conjunctival arteries Episcleral arteries Supraorbital artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery Anterior ethmoidal artery Anterior meningeal artery Middle palpebral arteries Superior tarsal arch
Inferior tarsal arch
Frontal artery
Dorsal artery of nose
Cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating artery Chorioid artery (O. T. anterior cho- roidal) Anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery (O. T. arteria fossae Sylvii) 8
Subclavian artery © Vertebral artery
Spinal rami
Posterior spinal artery
Anterior spinal artery
Meningeal ramus (O. T. posterior meningeal branch)
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Internal auditory artery (O. T. audi- tory artery)
Rami to pons (O. T. transverse arter- ies) |
Superior cerebellar arteries
Posterior cerebral artery
Arterial circle of Willis
Internal mammary artery
Anterior mediastinal arteries Thymic arteries Bronchial rami Pericardiacophrenic artery (O. T. arteria comes nervi phrenici) Sternal rami Perforating rami Mammary rami Muscular rami Cutaneous rami Lateral costal ramus Intercostal rami (O. T. anterior inter- costals) Musculophrenic artery Superiop epigastric artery
Thyreocervical trunk (O. T. thy- roid axis) Inferior thyreoid artery Inferior laryngeal artery
Pharyngeal rami Oesophageal rami
64 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Rami tracheales Rami glandulares
A. cervicalis ascendens
Rami spinales Rami musculares Ramus profundus
A. cervicalis superficialis A. transversa scapulae
Ramus acromialis
Truncus costocervicalis
A. intercostalis suprema
Rami dorsales Rami spinales A. cervicalis profunda
A. transversa colli
Ramus ascendens Ramus descendens
A. axillaris
Rami subscapulares
A. thoracalis suprema
A. thoracoacromialis
Ramus acromialis Rete acromiale Ramus deltoideus Rami pectorales
A. thoracalis lateralis Rami mammarii externi
A. subscapularis A. thoracodorsalis
A. circumflexa scapulae
A. circumflexa humeri anterior
A. circumflexa humeri posterior
A. brachialis
A. profunda brachii
Aa. nutritiae humeri R. deltoideus
A. collateralis media A. collateralis radialis
A. collateralis ulnaris superior
A. collateralis ulnaris inferior
A. radialis
A. recurrens radialis Rami musculares Ramus carpeus volaris
Ramus volaris superficialis Ramus carpeus dorsalis
Rete carpi dorsale Aa. metacarpeae dorsales Aa. digitales dorsales A. princeps pollicis A. volaris indicis radialis
Arcus volaris profundus
Aa. metacarpeae volares Rami perforantes
ANGIOLOGY 64
Tracheal rami Glandular rami
Ascending cervical artery Spinal rami Muscular rami Deep ramus
Superficial cervical artery
Transverse artery of scapula (O.T. suprascapular)
Acromial ramus
Costocervical trunk (O. T. superior intercostal) Highest intercostal artery (O. T. superior intercostal proper) Dorsal rami Spinal rami Deep cervical artery
Transverse artery of neck (0. T. transversalis colli)
Ascending ramus
Descending ramus
Axillary artery
Subscapular rami
Highest thoracic artery (0. T. supe- rior thoracic artery)
Thoraco-acromial artery (O. T. acromiothoracic or thoracic axis)
Acromial ramus Acromial rete Deltoid ramus Pectoral rami
Lateral thoracic artery (O. T. long thoracic)
External mammary rami
Subscapular artery Thoracodorsal artery
Circumflex artery of scapula (O. T. dorsalis scapulae)
Anterior circumflex artery of hu- merus
Posterior circumflex artery of hu- merus
Brachial artery
Deep artery of upper arm (O. T. superior profunda)
Nutrient arteries of the humerus
Deltoid ramus
Middle collateral artery
Radial collateral artery (O. T. articu- lar branch of superior profunda)
Superior ulnar collateral artery (O. T. inferior profunda)
Inferior ulnar collateral artery (O. T. anastomotica magna)
Radial artery
Radial recurrent artery
Muscular rami
Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior radial carpal)
Superficial volar ramus
Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior radial carpal)
Dorsal carpal rete (O. T. posterior carpal rete)
Dorsal metacarpal arteries dorsal interosseous arteries)
Dorsal digital arteries
Principal artery of thumb Radial volar artery of index-finger
(O. T. arteria radialis indicis)
Deep volar arch (O. T. deep palmar arch)
Volar metacarpal arteries
Perforating rami
(oO. T
65 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
A. ulnaris
Aa. recurrentes ulnares Rete articulare cubiti A. interossea communis A. interossea dorsalis
A. interossea recurrens A. interossea volaris
A. mediana
Rami musculares
. . Ramus carpeus dorsalis
Ramus carpeus volaris
Ramus volaris profundus Arcus volaris superficialis
Aa. digitales volares communes
Aa. digitales volares propriae
Aorta thoracalis Rami viscerales
Aa. bronchiales Aa. oesophageae Rami pericardiaci Rami parietales
Rami mediastinales Aa. phrenicae superiores
Aa. intercostales
Rami posteriores Ramus spinalis Rami musculares ~ Ramus cutaneus medialis Ramus cutaneus lateralis Rami anteriores - Rami musculares
Rami cutanei laterales [pectorales
et abdominales]
Ramus posterior Ramus anterior Rami mammarii laterales
Rami cutanei anteriores [pecto-
rales et abdominales] Rami mammarii mediales
Aorta abdominalis
Rami parietales
A. phrenica inferior
Rami suprarenales superiores
Aa. lumbales
Ramus dorsalis Ramus spinalis
A. sacralis media
A. lumbalis ima Glomus coccygeum
.
Rami viscerales
A. coeliaca
A. gastrica sinistra Rami oesophagei A. hepatica A. gastrica dextra A. hepatica propria Ramus dexter A. cystica Ramus sinister A. gastroduodenalis A. pancreaticoduoden. superior Rami pancreatici Rami duodenales A. gastroepiploica dextra Rami epiploici A. lienalis Rami pancreatici A. gastroepiploica sinistra Aa. gastricae breves Rami lienales
ANGIOLOGY 65
Ulnar artery
Recurrent ulnar arteries
Articular rete of elbow
Common interosseous artery
Dorsal interosseous artery (O. T.
posterior interosseous) Recurrent interosseous artery (O. T. posterior interosseous recurrent)
Volar interosseous artery (O. T. anterior interosseous)
Median artery
Muscular rami
Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior ulnar carpal)
Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior ulnar carpal)
Deep volar ramus
Superficial volar arch (O. T. super- ficial palmar arch)
Common volar digital arteries (O. T. palmar digital arteries)
Volar digital arteries proper soe fie collateral digital arteries)
Thoracic aorta
Visceral rami Bronchial arteries ‘Oesophageal arteries Pericardial rami
Parietal rami
Mediastinal rami Superior phrenic arteries
Intercostal arteries
Posterior rami Spinal rami Muscular rami Medial cutaneous ramus Lateral cutaneous ramus Anterior rami Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous rami of breast and abdomen
Posterior ramus Anterior ramus Lateral mammary rami Anterior cutaneous rami of breast and abdomen Medial mammary rami
Abdominal aorta
Parietal rami
Inferior phrenic artery
Superior suprarenal rami
Lumbar arteries
Dorsal ramus Spinal ramus
Middle sacral artery
Lowest lumbar artery Coccygeal skein
Visceral rami
Coeliac artery
Left gastric. artery Oesophageal rami Hepatic artery Right gastric artery Proper hepatic artery Right ramus Cystic artery Left ramus Gastroduodenal artery Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery Pancreatic rami Duodenal rami Right gastro-epiploic artery Epiploic rami Splenic artery Pancreatic rami Left gastro-epiploic artery Short gastric arteries Splenic rami
66 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
A, mesenterica superior
Aa. intestinales A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior Aa. jejunales Aa. ileae
A. ileocolica
A. appendicularis A. colica dextra A. colica media
A. mesenterica inferior
A. colica sinistra Aa. sigmoideae A. haemorrhoidalis superior
A. suprarenalis media
A. renalis
A. suprarenalis inferior
A. spermatica interna A. testicularis
A. ovarica A. iliaca communis A. hypogastrica Rami parietales
A. iliolumbalis
Ramus lumbalis Ramus spinalis Ramus iliacus
A. sacralis lateralis
Rami spinales
A. obturatoria
Ramus pubicus
Ramus anterior
Ramus posterior A. acetabuli
A. glutaea superior
amus superior Ramus inferior
A. glutaea inferior A. comitans n. ischiadici
Rami viscerales
A. umbilicalis
Aa. vesicales superiores [Ligamentum umbilicale laterale]
A. vesicalis inferior A. deferentialis
A. uterina A. vaginalis Ramus ovarii Ramus tubarius
- A, haemorrhoidalis media
A. pudenda interna
A. haemorrhoidalis inferior A. perinei
Aa. scrotales posteriores Aa. labiales posteriores
. penis
. urethralis
. bulbi urethrae
. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae] . profunda penis
. dorsalis penis
. clitoridis
. profunda clitoridis
. dorsalis clitoridis
i ll ll i ll a
A. iliaca externa A. epigastrica inferior
Ramus pubicus Ramus obturatorius A. spermatica externa
ANGIOLOGY 66
Superior mesenteric artery
Intestinal arteries
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunal arteries
Ileal arteries (O. T. rami intestini tenuis)
Tleocolic artery Appendicular artery
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery
- Inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic artery Sigmoid arteries Superior hemorrhoidal artery
Middle suprarenal artery (O. T middle capsular artery)
Renal artery Inferior suprarenal artery
Internal spermatic artery Testicular artery
Ovarian artery
Common iliac artery Hypogastric artery (O. T. inter= nal iliac)
Parietal rami
Iliolumbar artery
Lumbar ramus Spinal ramus Tliac ramus
Lateral sacral artery Spinal rami
Obturator artery
Pubic ramus Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Artery of acetabulum
Superior gluteal artery
Superior ramus Inferior ramus
Inferior gluteal artery Companion artery of sciatic nerve
Visceral rami
Umbilical artery
Superior vesical arteries [Lateral umbilical ligament]
Inferior vesical artery Deferential artery
Uterine artery Vaginal artery Ovarian ramus Tubal ramus
Middle hemorrhoidal artery Internal pudendal artery
Inferior hemorrhoidal artery Artery of perineum
Posterior scrotal arteries Posterior labial arteries Artery of penis
Urethral artery
Artery of the bulb of urethra Artery of the. vestibular bulb of vagina Deep artery of penis
Dorsal artery of penis Artery of clitoris
Deep artery of clitoris Dorsal artery of clitoris
External iliac artery
Inferior epigastric artery (O. T. deep epigastric) Pubic ramus Obturator ramus External spermatic artery (O. T. cremasteric)
67 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
A. lig. teretis uteri
A. circumflexa ilium profunda
A. femoralis
A. epigastrica superficialis A. circumflexa ilium superficialis Aa. pudendae externae
Aa. scrotales anteriores
Aa. labiales anteriores
Rami inguinales
A. profunda femoris A. circumflexa femoris medialis
Ramus superficialis Ramus profundus Ramus acetabuli A. circumflexa femoris lateralis
Ramus ascendens Ramus descendens A. perforans prima A. nutritia femoris superior A. perforans secunda A. perforans tertia A. nutritia femoris inferior Rami musculares A. genu suprema Rami musculares Ramus saphenus Rami articulares
A. poplitea
A. genu superior lateralis . A. genu superior medialis A. genu media
Aa. surales A. genu inferior lateralis
A. genu inferior medialis
Rete articulare genu Rete patellae
A. tibialis anterior
(A. recurrens tibialis posterior) A. recurrens tibialis anterior A. malleolaris anterior lateralis
A. malleolaris anterior medialis
Rete malleolare mediale Rete malleolare laterale
A. dorsalis pedis
A. tarsea lateralis
Aa, tarseae mediales
A. arcuata
Rete dorsale pedis
Aa. metatarseae dorsales Aa. digitales dorsales Ramus plantaris profundus
A. tibialis posterior
Ramus fibularis A. peronaea
A. nutritia fibulae Ramus perforans
Ramus communicans A. malleolaris posterior lateralis
Rami calcanei laterales
A. nutritia tibiae A. malleolaris posterior medialis
Rami calcanei mediales
Rete calcaneum A. plantaris medialis
Ramus profundus
ANGIOLOGY 67
Artery of round ligament of uterus
Deep circumflex iliac artery
Femoral artery _ Superficial epigastric artery Superficial circumflex iliac artery External pudendal arteries (O. T. superficial and deep external pudic arteries) Anterior scrotal arteries . Anterior labial arteries Inguinal rami Deep artery of thigh Medial circumflex artery of thigh (O. T. internal circumflex) Superficial ramus Deep ramus Ramus to acetabulum Lateral circumflex artery of thigh (O. T. external circumflex) Ascending ramus Descending ramus First perforating artery Superior nutrient artery of femur Second perforating artery Third perforating artery Inferior nutrient artery of femur Muscular rami Highest artery of knee Muscular rami Saphenous ramus Articular rami
Popliteal artery
Lateral superior artery of knee (O. T. superior external articular artery)
Medial superior artery of knee (O. T. superior internal articular artery)
Middle artery of knee (O. T. azygos articular artery)
Sural arteries, or arteries of calf
Lateral inferior artery of knee (O. T, inferior external articular artery)
Medial inferior artery of knee (O. T.
inferior internal articular artery) Arterial network about knee-joint Patellar network
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior recurrent tibial artery
Anterior recurrent tibial artery
Lateral anterior malleolar artery (O. T. external malleolar)
Medial anterior malleolar artery (O. T. internal malleolar)
Medial malleolar network
Lateral malleolar network
Dorsal artery of foot
Lateral tarsal artery
Medial tarsal arteries
Arcuate artery
Dorsal network of foot
Dorsal metatarsal arteries
Dorsal digital arteries
Deep plantar ramus
Posterior tibial artery
Fibular ramus
Peroneal artery
Nutrient artery of fibula
Perforating ramus (O. T. anterior peroneal)
Communicating ramus
Lateral posterior malleolar artery (O. T. posterior peroneal)
Lateral calcanean rami (O. T. exter- nal calcanean)
Nutrient artery of tibia
Medial posterior malleolar artery (O. T. internal malleolar)
Medial calcanean rami (O. T. internal calcanean)
Network of heel
Medial plantar artery (O. T. internal
plantar)
Deep ramus
68 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ramus superficialis A. plantaris lateralis
Arcus plantaris
Aa. metatarseae plantares
Rami perforantes Aa. digitales plantares
Venae
Venae pulmonales
Vy. pulmonales dextrae Vv. pulmonales sinistrae
Vv. cordis
Sinus coronarius V. cordis magna
V. posterior ventriculi sinistri V. obliqua atrii sinistri [Marshalli]
Lig. v. cavae sinistrae
V. cordis media
V. cordis parva
Vv. cordis anteriores Vv. cordis minimae
Vena cava superior
Vv. anonymae dextra et sinistra
Vv. thyreoideae inferiores V. thyreoidea ima
Plexus thyreoideus impar V. laryngea inferior
Vv. thymicae
Vv. pericardiacae
Vv. phrenicae superiores Vv. mediastinales anteriores Vv. bronchiales anteriores Vv. tracheales
Vv. oesophageae
V. vertebralis
V. cervicalis profunda
V. mammaria interna
Vy. subcutaneae abdominis V. epigastrica superior
V. intercostalis suprema
V. jugularis interna Bulbus venae jugularis superior V. canaliculi cochleae Bulbus vy. jugularis inferior Plexus pharyngeus Vv. pharyngeae Vv. meningeae Vy. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] V. lingualis Vv. dorsales linguae V. sublingualis V. comitans n. hypoglossi (Vv. thyreoideae superiores) V. sternocleidomastoidea V. laryngea superior
Sinus durae matris
Sinus transversus Confluens sinuum
Vy. auditivae internae Sinus occipitalis
Plexus basilaris
Sinus sagittalis superior
Sinus sagittalis inferior
ANGIOLOGY 68
Superficial ramus
Lateral plantar artery (O. T. external plantar)
Plantar arch
Plantar metatarsal arteries (O. T. digital branches)
Perforating rami
Plantar digital arteries (O. T. collat- eral digital branches)
Veins
Pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins
Veins of heart
Coronary sinus
Large vein of heart cardiac vein)
Posterior vein of left ventricle
Oblique vein of left atrium (O. T. oblique vein of Marshall)
Ligament of left vena cava (O. T. vestigial fold of Marshall)
Middle vein of heart
Small vein of heart
Anterior veins of heart
Smallest veins of heart (O. T. Vv. Thebesii)
(O. T. great
Superior vena cava
Right and left innominate veins
Inferior thyreoid veins Lowest thyreoid vein Unpaired thyreoid plexus Inferior laryngeal vein Thymic veins Pericardiac veins Superior phrenic veins Anterior mediastinal veins Anterior bronchial veins Tracheal veins Oesophageal veins Vertebral vein
Deep cervical vein
Internal mammary vein
Subcutaneous veins of abdomen
Superior epigastric vein
Highest intercostal vein (O. T. left superior intercostal vein)
Internal jugular vein Upper bulb of jugular vein Vein of canaliculus of cochlea | Inferior bulb of jugular vein Pharyngeal plexus Pharyngeal veins Meningeal veins Veins of the pterygoid canal Lingual vein Dorsal veins of tongue Sublingual vein Companion vein to hypoglossal nerve Superior thyreoid veins Sternocleidomastoid vein Superior laryngeal vein
Sinuses of the dura mater
Transverse sinus (O. T. lateral sinus)
Confluence of the sinuses (O. T. torcular Herophili)
Internal auditory veins
Occipital sinus
Basilar plexus (O. T. basilar sinus)
Superior sagittal sinus (O. T. superior longitudinal sinus)
Inferior sagittal sinus (O. T. inferior longitudinal sinus)
69 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Sinus rectus
Sinus petrosus inferior
Sinus petrosus superior
Sinus cavernosus
Sinus intercavernosus anterior Sinus intercavernosus posterior Sinus circularis
Sinus sphenoparietalis
Venae diploicae V. diploica frontalis V. diploica temporalis anterior V. diploica temporalis posterior V. diploica occipitalis Emissarium parietale Emissarium mastoideum Emissarium condyloideum Emissarium occipitale Rete canalis hypoglossi Rete foraminis ovalis Plexus venosus caroticus internus
Venae cerebri
Vv. cerebri superiores V. cerebri media
Vv. cerebri inferiores Vv. cerebelli superiores Vy. cerebelli inferiores Vy. cerebri internae
V. cerebri magna [Galeni]
V. septi pellucidi V. terminalis
V. basalis: [Rosenthali] V. chorioidea V. ophthalmomeningea
V. ophthalmica superior
. nasofrontalis . ethmoidalis anterior . ethmoidalis posterior
<<<
V. lacrimalis
Vv. musculares
Vv. vorticosae
Vv. ciliares posteriores
Vv. ciliares anteriores
V. centralis retinae
Vv. episclerales
Vy. palpebrales
Vy. conjunctivales anteriores Vv. conjunctivales posteriores V. ophthalmica inferior
V. facialis communis
V. facialis anterior
V. angularis
Vv. frontales
. supraorbitalis
. palpebrales superiores . nasales externae
. palpebrales inferiores . labialis superior
. labialis inferior
Vv. massetericae
Vv. parotideae anteriores V. palatina
V. submentalis
<<=a42 5
V. facialis posterior
Vv. temporales superficiales Vv. auriculares anteriores Vv. parotideae posteriores Vy. articulares mandibulae Vv. tympanicae
V. stylomastoidea
V. transversa faciei
V. temporalis media Plexus pterygoideus
Vv. meningeae mediae
Vv. temporales profundae V. thyreoidea superior
V. jugularis externa V. occipitalis
ANGIOLOGY
Straight sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Superior petrosal sinus Cavernous sinus _ Anterior intercavernous sinus Posterior intercavernous sinus Circular sinus Sphenoparietal sinus (O. T. sinus alae parvae) Diploic veins Frontal diploic vein Anterior temporal diploic vein Posterior temporal diploic vein Occipital diploic vein Parietal emissary Mastoid emissary Condyloid emissary Occipital emissary Network of hypoglossal canal Network of oval foramen Venous plexus of internal carotid
Cerebral veins
Superior cerebral veins
Middle cerebral vein .
Inferior cerebral veins
Superior cerebellar veins
Inferior cerebellar veins
Internal cerebral veins (O. T. veins of Galen)
Large vein of cerebrum (O. T. véna magna Galeni)
Vein of septum pellucidum
Terminal vein (O. T. vein of the cor- pus striatum)
Basal vein (O. T. basilar vein)
Chorioid vein
Ophthalmomeningeal vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Nasofrontal vein Anterior ethmoidal vein Posterior ethmoidal vein
Lacrimal vein
Muscular veins
Vortex veins
Posterior ciliary veins Anterior ciliary veins Central vein of retina Episcleral veins
Palpebral veins
Anterior conjunctival veins Posterior conjunctival veins Inferior ophthalmic vein
Common facial vein
Anterior facial vein Angular vein
Frontal veins Supraorbital vein Superior palpebral veins External nasal veins Inferior palpebral veins Vein of upper lip
Vein of lower lip Masseteric veins Anterior parotid veins Palatine vein Submental vein
Posterior facial vein
Superficial temporal veins Anterior auricular veins Posterior parotid veins Articular mandibular veins Tympanic veins Stylomastoid vein Transverse vein of face Middle temporal vein Pterygoid plexus
Middle meningeal veins Deep temporal veins Superior thyreoid vein
External jugular vein
Occipital vein
69
70 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
V. auricularis posterior V. jugularis anterior Arcus venosus juguli (V. mediana colli)
V. transversa scapulae
V. subclavia
V. thoracoacromialis
Vv. transversae colli
V. axillaris
V. thoracalis lateralis
Vv. costoaxillares Vv. thoracoepigastricae Plexus venosus mamillae Vv. brachiales Vv. radiales Vv. ulnares V. cephalica V. cephalica accessoria V. basilica V. mediana cubiti (V. mediana antibrachii) (V. mediana basilica) (V. mediana cephalica)
Rete venosum dorsale manus
Vy. intercapitulares
Arcus volaris venosus superficialis Arcus volaris venosus profundus Vv. digitales volares communes
Vv. metacarpeae dorsales Vy. metacarpeae volares
Vv. digitales volares propriae
Arcus venosi digitales
V. azygos
V. hemiazygos
a
V. hemiazygos accessoria
Vv. intercostales Ramus dorsalis Ramus spinalis
Vv. oesophageae
Vv. bronchiales posteriores
V. lumbalis ascendens
Vv. basivertebrales
Plexus venosi vertebrales externi Plexus venosi vertebrales anteriores Plexus venosi vertebrales posteriores
Plexus venosi vertebrales interni Retia venosa vertebrarum
Sinus vertebrales longitudinales
Vv. intervertebrales
Vv. spinales externae anteriores
Vv. spinales externae posteriores
Vv. spinales internae :
V. cava inferior Radices parietales
V. phrenica inferior Vy. lumbales
Radices viscerales
Vv. hepaticae
Vv. renales
Vv. suprarenales
V. spermatica:
V. testicularis
V. ovarica
Plexus pampiniformis
Vena portae
V. coronaria ventriculi V. mesenterica superior Vv. intestinales V. gastroepiploica dextra Vv. pancreaticae V. ileocolica Vv. colicae dextrae V. colica media Vv. pancreaticoduodenales
ANGIOLOGY
Posterior auricular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Venous jugular arch
Median vein of neck.
Transverse vein of scapula (O. T. suprascapular vein)
Subclavian vein
Thoraco-acromial vein (O. T. acro- miothoracic, or thoracic axis)
Transverse veins of neck (O. T. transversalis colli)
Axillary vein
Lateral thoracic vein (O. T. long thoracic) Costo-axillary veins Thoraco-epigastric veins Venous plexus of mammary gland Brachial veins Radial veins Ulnar veins Cephalic vein Accessory cephalic vein Basilic vein © Median vein of elbow Median vein of forearm Median basilic vein Median cephalic vein Dorsal venous network of hand Intercapitular veins Superficial venous volar arch Deep venous volar arch Common volar digital veins Dorsal metacarpal veins Volar metacarpal veins Volar digital veins proper Venous arches of digits
Azygos vein (O. T. vena azygos major)
Hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos minor inferior)
. 70
Accessory hemiazygos vein (O. azygos minor superior) Intercostal veins Dorsal ramus Spinal ramus Oesophageal veins Posterior bronchial veins Ascending lumbar vein Basivertebral veins External vertebral venous plexuses Anterior vertebral venous plexuses Posterior vertebral venous plexuses Internal vertebral venous plexuses Venous networks of the vertebrae Longitudinal vertebral sinuses Intervertebral veins _ Anterior external spinal veins Posterior external spinal veins Internal spinal veins
Inferior vena cava
Parietal radicals Inferior phrenic vein
Lumbar veins Visceral radicals Hepatic veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins Spermatic vein Testicular vein Ovarian vein Pampiniform plexus
Portal vein
Coronary vein of stomach Superior mesenteric vein Intestinal veins Right gastro-epiploic vein Pancreatic veins Tleocolic vein Right colic veins Middle colic vein Pancreaticoduodenal veins
71 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Vy. duodenales V. mesenterica inferior V. colica sinistra Vy. sigmoideae V. haemorrhoidalis superior V. lienalis Vv. gastricae breves V. gastroepiploica sinistra V. cystica Vena umbilicalis Ductus venosus [Arantii] Vy. parumbilicales [Sappeyi]
Vena iliaca communis
V. sacralis media
V. hypogastrica
Vv. glutaeae superiores Vy. glutaeae inferiores Vv. obturatoriae
Vv. sacrales laterales
V. iliolumbalis
Plexus sacralis anterior Plexus haemorrhoidalis Plexus vesicalis
Plexus pudendalis
V. dorsalis penis
Vv. profundae penis
V. dorsalis clitoridis
Vv. profundae clitoridis Vy. uterinae
Plexus uterovaginalis
V. haemorrhoidalis media Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores Vy. scrotales posteriores
V. iliaca externa
V. epigastrica inferior
V. circumflexa ilium profunda V. femoralis
Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae Vv. scrotales anteriores
Vv. pudendae externae
V. epigastrica superficialis
V. saphena magna
V. saphena accessoria
V. circumflexa ilium superficialis Vv. circumflexae femoris mediales Vv. circumflexae femoris laterales Vv. comitantes
Vv. profundae femoris
Vv. perforantes
V. saphena parva
V. femoropoplitea Vv. peronaeae Vv. popliteae Vy. tibiales posteriores Vv. tibiales anteriores Rete venosum dorsale pedis Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis Vy. digitales communes pedis Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis Vv. intercapitulares Rete venosum plantare Arcus venosus plantaris Vv. metatarseae plantares Vv. digitales pedis dorsales Vv. digitales plantares
Systema lymphaticum
Vasa lymphatica Vasa lymphatica superficialia
Vasa lymphatica profunda — Truncus jugularis
ANGIOLOGY 71
Duodenal veins Inferior mesenteric vein Left colic vein Sigmoid veins Superior hemorrhoidal vein Splenic vein Short gastric veins Left gastro-epiploic vein Cystic vein Umbilical vein Venous duct of Arantius Paraumbilical veins
Common iliac vein Middle sacral vein
Hypogastric vein (O. T. internal iliac vein)
Superior gluteal veins
Inferior gluteal veins
Obturator veins
Lateral sacral veins
Iliolumbar vein
Anterior sacral plexus
Hemorrhoidal plexus
Vesical plexus
Pundendal plexus
Dorsal vein of penis
Deep veins of penis
Dorsal veins of clitoris
Deep veins of clitoris
Uterine veins
Uterovaginal plexus
Middle hemorrhoidal vein
Inferior hemorrhoidal veins
Posterior scrotal veins
External iliac veins
Inferior epigastric vein (O. T. deep epigastric)
Deep circumflex iliac vein
Femoral vein
Subcutaneous dorsal veins of penis
Anterior scrotal veins
External pundenal veins
Superficial epigastric veins
Large saphenous vein (O. T. internal saphenous)
Accessory saphenous vein
Superficial circumflex iliac vein
Medial circumflex veins of thigh
Lateral circumflex veins of thigh
Accompanying veins
Deep veins of thigh
Perforating veins
Small saphenous vein (O. T. external
saphenous vein)
Femoropopliteal vein
Peroneal veins
Popliteal veins
Posterior tibial veins
Anterior tibial veins
Dorsal venous network of foot
Dorsal venous arch of foot
Common digital veins of foot
Dorsal metatarsal veins of foot
Intercapitular veins
Plantar venous network
Plantar venous arch
Plantar metatarsal veins
Dorsal digital veins of foot
Plantar digital veins
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Superficial lymphatic vessel 9
Deep lymphatic vessel Jugular trunk
72 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Truncus subclavius Lymphoglandulae bronchiales Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter ‘« intercostales
Ductus lymphaticus dexter mediastinales posteriores mediastinales anteriores
Ductus thoracicus st eectelga Trunci lumbales “« ~ jliacae Truncus intestinalis “ — lumbales Cisterna chyli ** coeliacae _ — gastricae superiores ‘* ~ gastricae inferiores Lymphoglandulae ap ee hepaticae Vasa afferentia ‘“‘ pancreaticolienales Vasa efferentia ‘« — mesentericae Substantia corticalis ““ mesocolicae Substantia medullaris ““ hypogastricae Hilus ** sacrales Ey mpop serene occipitales “‘ inguinales auriculares posteriores “« subinguinales superficiales ‘‘ auriculares anteriores ‘“‘ - subinguinales profundae “ submaxillares “« popliteae ‘“‘ faciales profundae (Lymphoglandula tibialis anterior) ‘“« parotideae | ‘““ cervicales superficiales Plexus lymphatici
“« cervicales profundae superiores Plexus jugularis “ — cervicales profundae inferiores Plexus axillaris
“« ~ linguales Plexus mammarius
“« axillares Plexus lumbalis
*“« subscapulares ; Plexus aorticus
“« pectorales Plexus sacralis medius “ epigastricae Plexus hypogastricus “« — cubitales superficiales Plexus coeliacus
*« cubitales profundae Plexus iliacus externus
tracheales Plexus inguinalis
Subclavian trunk Right bronchomediastinal trunk Right lymphatic trunk
Thoracic duct
Lumbar trunks Intestinal trunk
- Chyle-cistern (O. T. receptaculum
. chyli) Lymph glands
Afferent vessels
Efferent vessels
Cortical substance
Medullary substance
Hilus
Occipital lymph glands
Posterior auricular lymph glands Anterior auricular lymph glands Submaxillary lymph glands
Deep facial lymph glands Parotid lymph glands
Superficial cervical lymph glands Upper deep cervical lymph glands Lower deep cervical lymph glands Lingual lymph glands
Axillary lymph glands Subscapular lymph glands Pectoral lymph glands
Epigastric lymph glands Superficial lymph glands of elbow Deep lymph glands of elbow Tracheal lymph glands
ANGIOLOGY 72
Bronchial lymph glands Intercostal lymph glands
Posterior mediastinal lymph glands Anterior mediastinal lymph glands Sternal lymph glands
Iliac lymph glands
Lumbar lymph glands
Coeliac lymph glands
Superior gastric lymph glands Inferior gastric lymph glands Hepatic lymph glands Pancreaticolienal lymph glands
‘Mesenteric lymph glands
Mesocolic lymph glands
Hypogastric lymph glands
Sacral lymph glands
Inguinal lymph glands
Superficial subinguinal lymph glands Deep subinguinal lymph glands | Popliteal lymph glands
Anterior tibial lymph glands
Lymphatic plexuses Jugular plexus Axillary plexus Mammary plexus Lumbar plexus Aortic plexus Middle sacral plexus Hypogastric plexus Coeliac plexus External iliac plexus Inguinal plexus
73 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Nervus Ganglion Substantia alba Substantia grisea
Substantia gelatinosa Taenia telarum Ependyma ventriculorum Sulcus limitans ventriculorum Nuclei nervorum cerebralium
Neurologia
Nuclei originis Nuclei terminales Ramus communicans
+ Ramus anastomoticus
Ramus muscularis
Nervus cutaneus
Nervus articularis
Plexus nervorum spinalium
Systema nervorum centrale
Medulla spinalis
Pars cervicalis Intumescentia cervicalis Pars thoracalis
Pars lumbalis Intumescentia lumbalis Conus medullaris
Filum terminale Ventriculus terminalis Fissura mediana anterior Sulcus medianus posterior Sulcus lateralis anterior Sulcus lateralis posterior Sulcus intermedius posterior
(Sulcus intermedius anterior)
Funiculi medullae spinalis
- Funiculus anterior Funiculus lateralis Funiculus posterior
Sectiones medullae spinalis Canalis centralis Substantia grisea centralis Commissura anterior alba Commissura anterior grisea Commissura posterior - Columnae griseae: Columna anterior Columna lateralis Columna posterior
Cervix columnae posterioris
Apex columnae posterioris Substantia gelatinosa [Rolandi] Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, Clarkii]
Formatio reticularis Funiculus anterior Fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior [pyramidalis anterior]
NEUROLOGY ; 73
Neurology
Nerve Ganglion White matter Gray matter
Gelatinous substance Band of the telae (“web”) Ependyma (“cover’’) of ventricles Limiting sulcus of the ventricules Nuclei of the cerebral nerves
Nuclei of origin
End-nuclei Communicating ramus Anastomotic ramus Muscular ramus Cutaneous nerve Articular nerve Plexus of spinal nerves
Central nervous system
Spinal cord
Cervical portion Cervical enlargement Thoracic portion (O. T. dorsal part) Lumbar portion Lumbar enlargement Medullary cone Terminal thread (Swelling due to) terminal ventricle Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Anterior lateral sulcus Posterior lateral sulcus Posterior intermediate sulcus (O. T. paramedian furrow) Anterior intermediate sulcus Funiculi of spinal cord Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Posterior funiculus
Transverse sections of the spinal cord Central canal Central gray matter Anterior white commissure Anterior gray commissure Posterior commissure Gray columns Anterior column (O. T. anterior horn) Lateral column (O. T. lateral horn) Posterior column (O. T. posterior
horn) Neck of posterior column Apex of posterior column Gelatinous substance of Rolando Dorsal nucleus (O. T. Clark’s col- umn) Reticular formation Anterior funiculus Anterior cerebrospinal or pyrami- dal fasciculus (O. T. direct pyr- amidal tract)
74 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Fasciculus anterior proprius [Flech-
sigi] Funiculus lateralis
Fasciculus cerebrospinalis — lateralis
[pyramidalis lateralis]
Fasciculus cerebellospinalis
Fasciculus anterolateralis super-
ficialis [Gowersi]
Fasciculus lateralis proprius [Flech-
sigi] Funiculus posterior Fasciculus gracilis [Golli]
Fasciculus cuneatus [Burdachi]
Encephalon
Rhombencephalon
Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata
Fissura mediana posterior Fissura mediana anterior Foramen caecum
Pyramis [medullae oblongatae] Decussatio pyramidum
Sulcus lateralis anterior Sulcus lateralis posterior
Oliva
Corpus restiforme
Funiculus lateralis Funiculus cuneatus
Tuberculum cinereum Funiculus gracilis
Clava Fibrae arcuatae externae
Sectiones medullae oblongatae
Raphe
Stratum nucleare Nucleus n. hypoglossi Nucleus ambiguus Nucleus alae cinereae
Tractus solitarius
Nucleus tractus solitarii Tractus. spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus funiculi gracilis Nucleus funiculi cuneati Nuclei laterales
Nucleus olivaris inferior Hilus nuclei olivaris
Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis Nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis
Nuclei arcuati
Fibrae arcuatae internae Substantia reticularis grisea Substantia reticularis alba Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Stratum interolivare lemnisci Decussatio lemniscorum
Corpus restiforme
NEUROLOGY 74
Proper anterior fasciculus (O. T.
anterior ground bundle) Lateral funiculus
Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal fasciculus (O. T. crossed pyrami-
dal tract) Cerebellospinal fasciculus (O. T. direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig)
Superficial anterolateral fasciculus (O. T. Gowers’ tract) Proper lateral fasciculus (O. T. lateral ground bundle) Posterior funiculus Slender fasciculus (O. T. column or tract of Goll) Wedge -shaped fasciculus (O. T. column or tract of Burdach)
Brain
Lozenge-shaped brain
Medullary or after-brain Oblong medulla
Posterior median fissure
Anterior median fissure
Blind foramen
Pyramid of medulla oblongata
Decussation of pyramids
Anterior lateral sulcus
Posterior lateral sulcus
Olive (O. T. olivary eminence)
Restiform body (O. T. inferior cere- bellar peduncle)
Lateral funiculus
Cuneate funiculus (O. T. column of Burdach)
Gray or ashen tubercle
Slender funiculus (O. T. column of
Goll)
Club
External arcuate fibres (O. T. super- ficial arcuate fibres
Transverse sections of medulla oblongata
Median raphe
Nuclear layer
Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve
Ambiguous nucleus
Nucleus of ala cinerea
Solitary tract (O. T. bundle)
Nucleus of solitary tract
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (O. T. ascending root of trigeminal nerve)
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Nucleus of slender funiculus (O. T. nucleus of Goll’s column)
Nucleus of wedge-shaped funiculus (O. T. nucleus of Burdach’s column)
Lateral nuclei
Inferior olivary nucleus
Hilus of olivary nucleus
Medial accessory olivary nucleus
Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus
Arcuate nuclei
Internal arcuate fibres
Gray reticular substance
White reticular substance
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. posterior longitudinal bundle)
Interolivary layer of lemniscus
Decussation of lemniscus or fillet (O. T. sensory decussation of medulla oblongata)
Restiform body (O._ T. cerebellar peduncle)
respiratory
inferior
"5 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Fasciculi corporis restiformis Fibrae cerebelloolivares Fasciculi: pyramidales
Fibrae arcuatae externae
Ventriculus quartus Fossa rhomboidea Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae
[Calamus scriptorius]
Pars intermedia fossae rhomboideae Recessus_ lateralis fossae rhom-
boideae
Pars superior fossae rhomboideae
Sulcus limitans [fossae rhomboideae] Fovea inferior Fovea superior
Trigonum n. hypoglossi -
Striae medullares
Eminentia medialis
Colliculus facialis Ala cinerea Area acustica
Locus _caeruleus
Tegmen ventriculi quarti Velum medullare posterius Taenia ventriculi quarti
Obex Lamina chorioidea epithelialis (Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti _v [Foramen Magendii})
~~ (Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti)
Fastigium Metencephalon Pons [Varolii] Sulcus basilaris Fasciculus obliquus [pontis]
(Fila lateralia pontis) Brachium pontis
Sectiones pontis
Pars dorsalis pontis Raphe Nucleus n. abducentis
Nuclei motorii n. trigemini
Radix descendens [mesencephalica] n. trigemini
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus n. facialis
Radix n. facialis Pars prima Genu [internum] Pars secunda
Nuclei n. acustici
Nuclei n. cochlearis
Nuclei n. vestibularis Nucleus olivaris superior Nucleus lemnisci lateralis Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Formatio reticularis Corpus trapezoideum Lemniscus Lemniscus medialis [sensitivus] Lemniscus lateralis [acusticus] Pars basilaris pontis Fibrae pontis profundae Fasciculi longitudinales [pyramidales] Nuclei pontis Fibrae pontis superficiales
Cerebellum
Gyri cerebelli
Sulci cerebelli
Vallecula cerebelli Incisura cerebelli anterior
Incisura cerebelli posterior
NEUROLOGY 15
Fasciculi of restiform body Cerebello-olivary fibres Pyramidal fasciculi External arcuate fibres
Fourth ventricle
Rhomboid fossa
Inferior part of rhomboid fossa Writing pen
Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa
Superior part of rhomboid fossa
- Limiting groove of rhomboid fossa Inferior pit Superior pit
Trigone of hypoglossal nerve
Medullary striae
Medial eminence (O. T. eminentia teres)
Facial hillock
Ash-like wing (O. T. trigonum vagi)
Acoustic area (O. T. trigonum acustici)
Blue place
Roof of fourth ventricle
Posterior medullary velum
Taenia of fourth ventricle: junction
of epithelial part of roof with compact nerve substance
Bar
Epithelial chorioid layer
Median aperture of fourth ventricle (foramen of Magendie)
Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle
Fastigium: “summit of roof”
Hind-brain (“bridge”) Varolii Basilar groove Oblique bundle of pons
Lateral fibres of pons Brachium (“arm”’) of pons
Pons
Sections of the pons
Dorsal part of pons
Median raphe
Nucleus of the abducent nerve (O: T. nucleus of sixth nerve)
Motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
Descending or mesencephalic root of trigeminal nerve
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal
nerve Nucleus of facial nerve Root of facial nerve First part Internal knee Second part Nuclei of acoustic nerve auditory nucleus) Nuclei of cochlear nerve Nuclei of vestibular nerve Superior olivary nucleus Nucleus of lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. posterior longitudinal bundle) Reticular formation Trapezoid body Fillet or lemniscus Medial (sensory) fillet Lateral (acoustic) fillet Basilar part of pons Deep fibres of pons Longitudinal pyramidal fasciculi Nuclei of pons" Superficial fibres of pons
(Oy.
Cerebellum, or small brain
Convolutions of cerebellum
Sulci of cerebellum
Cerebellar vallecula
Anterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. semilunar notch)
Posterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. marsupial notch) .
76 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli
Fissura transversa cerebelli is
Lingula cerebelli
Vincula lingulae cerebelli Lobulus centralis Monticulus
Culmen
Declive Folium vermis
Tuber vermis Pyramis [vermis] Uvula [vermis] Nodulus Hemisphaerium cerebelli Facies superior Ala lobuli centralis Lobulus quadrangularis
Pars anterior Pars posterior Lobulus semilunaris superior
Facies inferior Lobulus semilunaris inferior
Lobulus gracilis
Lobulus biventer
Tonsilla cerebelli
Flocculus
(Flocculi secondarii):
Pedunculus flocculi Nidus avis
Sectiones cerebelli
Corpus medullare
Laminae medullares
Arbor vitae
Substantia corticalis [Lamina basalis] [Stratum cinereum] [Stratum gangliosum] [Stratum granulosum]
Nucleus dentatus
Hilus nuclei dentati
Nucleus fastigii
Nucleus globosus
. Nucleus emboliformis
Capsula nuclei dentati
Isthmus rhombencephali
Brachium conjunctivum [cerebelli]
Lemniscus Lemniscus lateralis Lemniscus medialis Trigonum lemnisci Velum medullare anterius
Frenulum veli medullaris anterioris
Sectiones isthmi [vide Pedunculus cerebri]
Ganglion interpedunculare ~ Nucleus n. trochlearis
Cerebrum
Facies convexa cerebri Facies medialis cerebri Basis cerebri
. Mesencephalon [Facies inferior] Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini]
NEUROLOGY 76
Horizontal sulcus of cerebellum (O. T. great horizontal fissure) Transverse fissure of cerebellum Vermis (“worm”) Lingua (“tongue ’’) of cerebellum Vincula of the lingua Central lobule (O. T. lobus centralis) Monticulus (“little mountain ”’) Culmen (“summit ’’) Declive (“slope or descent ’’) Folium of vermis (“leaflet of worm”’) (O. T. folium cacuminis) Tuber of vermis (O. T. tuber valvulus) Pyramid of vermis Uvula of vermis Nodule Hemisphere of cerebellum Superior surface Wing of central lobule Quadrangular lobule (O. T. quad- rate lobule) Anterior part Posterior part Superior semilunar lobule (O. T. posterior crescentic lobule) Inferior surface Inferior semilunar lobule (O. T. pos- tero-inferior lobule) Slender lobule Biventral lobule Tonsil of cerebellum Flocculus (“ wool-tuft-like body’’) Secondary flocculi Peduncle of flocculus Nidus avis (“‘ bird’s nest ’’)
Sections of cerebellum
Medullary body Medullary laminae Arbor vitae (“tree of life ’’) Cortical substance Basal lamina Gray layer Ganglion-cell layer Granular layer Dentate nucleus Hilus of dentate nucleus Nucleus of fastigium (“roof ’’) Spherical nucleus Emboliform nucleus (O. T. cork or plug) Capsule of dentate nucleus
Isthmus of rhombencephalon
Brachium conjunctivum (‘‘ connecting arm’’) of cerebellum (O. T. superior cerebellar peduncle)
Fillet or ribbon Lateral fillet Medial fillet (O. T. ribbon of Reil) Trigone of fillet
Anterior medullary velum (O. T. valve of Vieussens)
Frenulum (‘‘check-rein’’) of anterior medullary velum)
Sections of isthmus [See Cerebral peduncle]
Interpeduncular ganglion Nucleus of trochlear nerve
Cerebrum (large brain)
Convex surface of cerebrum Medial surface of cerebrum Base of cerebrum
Midbrain
Inferior surface
Interpeduncular fossa
"7 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Recessus anterior Recessus posterior Substantia perforata posterior
Pedunculus cerebri
Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii]
Sulcus lateralis Sulcus n. oculomotorii
Sectiones pedunculi cerebri
Tegmentum
Stratum griseum centrale Formatio reticularis
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Radix descendens n. trigemini
Nucleus radicis descendentis n. tri- gemini
Nucleus n. oculomotorii
Nuclei tegmenti Nucleus ruber
Decussationes tegmentorum Decussatio brachii conjunctivi
Lemniscus lateralis ‘Lemniscus medialis Substantia nigra Basis pedunculi
Corpora quadrigemina
Lamina quadrigemina Colliculus superior
Colliculus inferior
Brachium quadrigeminum superius Brachium quadrigeminum inferius
Sectiones corporum quadrigeminorum
Stratum zonale Stratum griseum colliculi superioris
Nucleus colliculi inferioris Stratum album profundum
Prosencephalon
Diencephalon
Ventriculus tertius Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri
Commissura posterior [cerebri] Foramen interventriculare [Monroi] Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi]
Massa intermedia
Recessus opticus
Recessus infundibuli Commissura anterior [cerebri] Recessus triangularis
Hypothalamus
Pars mamillaris hypothalami
Corpus mamillare Pars optica hypothalami
Tuber cinereum Infundibulum Hypophysis Lobus anterior Lobus posterior Tractus opticus Radix medialis Radix lateralis Chiasma opticum Lamina terminalis
Sectiones hypothalami
Nucleus Luysi] Pars grisea hypothalami Commissura superior [Meynerti] Commissura inferior [Guddeni] Nuclei corporis mamillaris
hypothalamicus [Corpus
NEUROLOGY 77
Anterior recess Posterior recess Posterior perforated substance
of cerebrum crus cerebri)
Peduncle (OOF;
Aqueduct of cerebrum (O. T. iter e tertio ad quartum ventriculum)
Lateral sulcus
Sulcus of oculomotor nerve
Sections of cerebral peduncle
Tegmentum (“cover”)
Central gray layer —
Reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T posterior longitudinal bundle)
Descending root of trigeminal nerve
Nucleus of descending root of trigemi- nal nerve
Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (O. T. nu- cleus of III. nerve)
Nuclei of tegmentum Red nucleus
Decussations of tegmenta Decussation of brachium conjunc-
tivum
Lateral fillet
Medial fillet
Black substance
Base of peduncle
Quadrigeminal bodies (O. _T. optic lobes)
Quadrigeminal layer
Superior hillock (O. T. anterior body or nates) -
Inferior hillock (O. T. posterior body or testis)
- Superior quadrigeminal brachium
Inferior quadrigeminal brachium
Sections of quadrigeminal bodies
Zonal layer Gray layer of superior colliculus
Nucleus of inferior colliculus Deep white layer
Forebrain Interbrain
Third ventricle
Entrance to the aqueduct of the cere- brum
Posterior commissure of the cerebrum
Interventricular foramen of Monroe
Hypothalamic sulcus of Monroe
Intermediate mass (O. T. middle, or soft, or gray, commissure)
Optic recess
Recess of infundibulum
Anterior commissure of cerebrum
Triangular recess
Hypothalamus (0. T. subthalamic region) Mammillary part pothalamus Mammillary body Optic part of hypothala- mus Tuber cinereum (“ash-like tuber ’’) Infundibulum (“funnel ’’) Hypophysis (O. T. pituitary body) Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Optic tract Medial root Lateral root Optic chiasm Terminal lamina
of hy-
Sections of hypothalamus
Hypothalamic nucleus, or Luy’s body (O. T. subthalamic nucleus)
Gray part of hypothalamus
Superior commissure of Meynert
Inferior commissure-of v. Gudden
Nuclei of mammillary body
78 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Fasciculus thalamomamillaris [Vicq’
d’Azyri]
Fasciculi pedunculomamillares Pars tegmentalis Pars basilaris
Ansa peduncularis Ansa lenticularis Pedunculus thalami inferior
Thalamencephalon
Thalamus
Pulvinar
Tuberculum anterius thalami Taenia thalami
Stria medullaris
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis Metathalamus
Corpus geniculatum mediale
Corpus geniculatum laterale
Epithalamus
Corpus pineale
Recessus pinealis Recessus suprapinealis Habenula
Commissura habenularum Trigonum habenulae
Sectiones thalamencephali Stratum zonale Nucleus anterior thalami Nucleus medialis thalami Nucleus lateralis thalami Laminae medullares thalami
Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis
Nucleus habenulae
Fasciculus retroflexus [Meynerti]
Telencephalon Hemisphaerium Pallium
Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Fissura transversa cerebri Gyri cerebri
Gyri profundi
Gyri transitivi
Sulci cerebri
Impressio petrosa
Fossa cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] Fissura cerebri lateralis [Sylvii]
Ramus posterior Ramus anterior ascendens Ramus anterior horizontalis Lobi cerebri Insula
Gyri insulae
Gyrus longus insulae Gyri breves insulae Sulcus circularis [Reili]
Operculum Pars frontalis Pars parietalis Pars temporalis Sulcus centralis [Rolandi]
Gyrus centralis anterior Gyrus centralis posterior Lobus frontalis Polus frontalis Sulcus praecentralis Gyrus frontalis superior Sulcus frontalis superior Gyrus frontalis medius Pars superior Pars inferior Sulcus frontalis inferior
NEUROLOGY 78
Thalamomammillary fasciculus T. bundle of Vicq d’Azyr) Pedunculomammillary fasciculi
Tegmental part Basilar part Peduncular loop Lenticular loop Inferior peduncle of thalamus
(O.
Thalamic brain
Thalamus (“bed”) (O.T. op- tic thalamus)
Pulvinar (‘“‘cushion’’) Anterior tubercle of thalamus Thalamic taenia Medullary stria (O. T. stria fornicis or stria pinealis) Epithelial chorioid layer ~Metathalamus
Medial geniculate body (O. T. internal geniculate body)
Lateral geniculate body (O. T. exter- nal geniculate body)
Epithalamus
Pineal body (O. T. conarium, or epiphysis cerebri) Pineal recess Suprapineal recess Habenula (“strap”) (O. T. peduncle - of the pineal body) Commissure of the habenula Trigone of the habenula Sections of the thalamic brain Zonal layer Anterior nucleus of thalamus Medial nucleus of thalamus Lateral nucleus of thalamus Medullary layers of thalamus Nucleus of medial geniculate body Nucleus of lateral geniculate body Nucleus of habenula Retroflex fasciculus
Island
End-brain
Hemisphere Brain mantle
Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum Transverse fissure of cerebrum Convolutions of cerebrum Deep convolutions Transitional convolutions (O. T. an- nectant gyri) Grooves of cerebrum Petrosal impression Lateral fossa of cerebrum Lateral fissure of cerebrum (O. T. fissure of Sylvius) Posterior ramus Ascending anterior ramus Horizontal anterior ramus Lobes of cerebrum Oo 5. Leland of Reil, or central lobe) Convolutions of island Long convolution of island Short convolutions of island Circular sulcus of Reil (O. T. limiting sulcus of Reil) Operculum (‘‘cover’’) Frontal part Parietal part Temporal part Central sulcus of Rolando (O. T. fis- sure of Rolando) Anterior central convolution Posterior central convolution Frontal lobe Frontal pole Precentral sulcus Superior frontal convolution Superior frontal sulcus Middle frontal convolution Superior part Inferior part Inferior frontal sulcus
79 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Gyrus frontalis inferior Pars opercularis Pars triangularis Pars orbitalis Gyrus rectus Sulcus olfactorius Gyri orbitales Sulci orbitales Lobus temporalis Polus temporalis Sulci temporales transversi Gyri temporales transversi Gyrus temporalis superior
Sulcus temporalis superior Gyrus temporalis medius Sulcus temporalis medius Gyrus temporalis inferior Sulcus temporalis inferior
Fissura collateralis Gyrus fusiformis
Gyrus lingualis Lobus occipitalis Polus occipitalis
Sulcus occipitalis transversus
Gyri occipitales superiores Sulci occipitales superiores Gyri occipitales laterales Sulci occipitales laterales Lobus parietalis Lobulus parietalis superior Sulcus interparietalis
Lobulus parietalis inferior Gyrus supramarginalis Gyrus angularis
Facies medialis hemisphaerii Sulcus corporis callosi
Sulcus cinguli .
Pars subfrontalis Pars marginalis Sulcus subparietalis Fissura hippocampi
Gyrus fornicatus
Gyrus cinguli
Isthmus gyri fornicati Gyrus hippocampi
Uncus [gyri hippocampi] Substantia reticularis alba [Arnoldi] Lobulus paracentralis Praecuneus Fissura parietooccipitalis Fissura ealcarina Cuneus
Corpus callosum
| Splenium corporis callosi
Truncus corporis callosi
Genu corporis callosi
Rostrum corporis callosi Lamina rostralis
Striae transversae
Stria longitudinalis medialis
Stria longitudinalis lateralis
Fasciola cinerea
Fornix
Crus fornicis
NEUROLOGY 79
Inferior frontal convolution Opercular part Triangular part Orbital part
Straight convolution
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital convolutions
*. Orbital sulci
Temporal lobe Temporal pole Transverse temporal sulci Transverse temporal convolutions Superior temporal convolution (O. T. first temporal gyrus) Superior temporal sulcus (O. T. paral- lel sulcus, or first temporal sulcus) Middle temporal convolution (O. T. second temporal gyrus)
Middle temporal sulcus (O. T. second temporal sulcus)
Inferior temporal convolution (O. T. third temporal gyrus)
Inferior temporal sulcus (O. T. oc- cipitotemporal sulcus)
Collateral fissure
Fusiform convolution (O. T. occipito- temporal convolution)
Lingual convolution
Occipital lobe
Occipital pole
Transverse occipital sulcus
Superior occipital convolutions
Superior occipital sulci
Lateral occipital convolutions
Lateral occipital sulci
Parietal lobe
Superior parietal lobule
Interparietal sulcus (O. T. intraparietal sulcus of Turner)
Inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal convolution
Angular convolution
Io
Medial surface of hemisphere
Sulcus of corpus callosum (O. T. cal- losal sulcus) Sulcus of cingulum (O. T. callosol- marginal fissure) Subfrontal part Marginal part Subparietal sulcus Fissure of hippocampus (O. T. dentate fissure, or fissura dentata) Fornicate convolution (O. T. limbic or falciform lobe)
Convolution of cingulum (O. T. cal- losal convolution, or gyrus forni- catus)
Isthmus of fornicate gyrus
Convolution of hippocampus (O. T. hippocampal convolution)
Hook of gyrus hippocampi
White reticular substance of Arnold Paracentral lobule
Precuneus
Parieto-occipital fissure
Calcarine fissure
Cuneus (“ wedge ”’)
Corpus callosum (great transverse commissure of cerebrum)
Splenium (‘f bandage ’’) of corpus cal- losum
Trunk of corpus callosum (O. T. body)
Knee of corpus callosum
Beak of corpus callosum Rostral lamina
Transverse striae
Medial longitudinal stria
Lateral longitudinal stria
Fasciola cinerea (“ash-like little ban- dage ’’)
Fornix
Crus of fornix (O. T. posterior pillar
of fornix)
Bo ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Corpus fornicis Taenia fornicis Columna fornicis
Pars libera columnae fornicis Pars tecta columnae fornicis
Septum pellucidum
Lamina septi pellucidi Cavum septi pellucidi
Ventriculus lateralis
Pars centralis
Cornu anterius
Cornu posterius
Cornu inferius
Corpus striatum
Nucleus caudatus Caput nuclei caudati Cauda nuclei caudati
Stria terminalis
Lamina affixa
Taenia chorioidea
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis
Calcar avis
(Bulbus cornu posterioris)
Eminentia collateralis Trigonum collaterale
Hippocampus
Fimbria hippocampi
Taenia fimbriae
Digitationes hippocampi
Fascia dentata hippocampi
Commissura hippocampi
Rhinencephalon
Sulcus parolfactorius anterior Pars anterior [rhinencephali]
Lobus olfactorius Bulbus olfactorius Tractus olfactorius Trigonum olfactorium Stria medialis Stria intermedia Area parolfactoria [Brocae] Sulcus parolfactorius posterior Pars posterior [rhinencaphali]
Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus cor- poris callosi]
Substantia perforata anterior Stria olfactoria lateralis Limen insulae
Sectiones telencephali
Substantia corticalis Centrum semiovale Decursus fibrarum cerebralium
Fibrae‘arcuatae cerebri Cingulum Fasciculus longitudinalis superior Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior Fasciculus uncinatus Radiatio corporis callosi Pars frontalis Pars parietalis Pars temporalis Pars occipitalis
Tapetum Nucleus lentiformis
Putamen
Globus pallidus Claustrum Capsula externa Capsula interna
Genu capsulae internae
NEUROLOGY 80
Body of fornix Taenia (‘“‘ribbon”) of fornix Column of fornix (O. T. anterior pil- lar of fornix) Free part of column of fornix Covered part of column of fornix
Transparent septum
Layer of septum pellucidum Cavity of septum pellucidum (O. T. fifth ventricle)
Lateral ventricle
Central part
Anterior horn
Posterior horn
Inferior horn (O. T. descending horn)
Striate body
Caudate nucleus Head of caudate nucleus Tail of caudate nucleus
- Terminal stria (O. T. taenia semicir- cularis)
Lamina affixa (‘“‘ fastened layer”)
Chorioid taenia
Epithelial chorioid layer
Calcar avis (“cock’s spur”) (O. T. hippocampus minor)
Bulb of posterior horn
Collateral eminence Collateral trigone (O. T. trigonum
ventriculi)
Hippocampus (“‘sea-horse”) (O. T. hippocampus major, cornu Am- monis, or Ammon’s horn)
Fimbria (‘‘ fringe”) of hippocampus
Taenia of fimbria
Digitations of the hippocampus (O. T. pes hippocampi)
Dentate fascia of hippocampus (O. T. gyrus dentatus)
Commissure of the hippocampus (O. T. lyra, or lyre of David)
Olfactory brain
Anterior parolfactory sulcus Anterior part of rhinen- cephalon Olfactory lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Medial stria Intermediate stria Parolfactory area of Broca Posterior parolfactory sulcus Posterior part of rhinen- cephalon Subcallosal convolution (peduncle of corpus callosum) Anterior perforated substance Lateral olfactory stria Threshold of island Sections of endbrain Cortical substance Semioval centre Decursus (‘‘running down”) of cerebral fibres Arcuate fibres of cerebrum Cingulum (“ girdle ’’) Superior longitudinal fasciculus Inferior longitudinal fasciculus Uncinate (‘‘ hooked”’) fasciculus Radiation of corpus callosum Frontal part (forceps minor) Parietal part Temporal part Occipital part (O. T. forceps major) Tapetum (“‘carpet,” or “‘tapestry’’) Lentiform nucleus (O. T. lenticular nu- cleus)
Putamen (“ shell,” or “ paring ’’) Globus pallidus (‘‘ pale sphere ’’) Claustrum (“ bulwark,”’ or ‘“barrier’’)
External capsule
Internal capsule
Knee of internal capsule
81 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Pars frontalis capsulae internae
Pars occipitalis capsulae internae
Nucleus amygdalae Corona radiata
Pars frontalis
Pars parietalis
Pars temporalis
Pars occipitalis Radiatio corporis striati Radiatio occipitothalamica
[Gratioleti] Commissura anterior [cerebri]
Pars anterior
Pars posterior
Meninges
Dura mater encephali Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae
Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae]
Incisura tentorii
Dura mater spinalis
Filum durae matris spinalis Cavum epidurale
Cavum subdurale
Arachnoidea spinalis Arachnoidea encephali Cavum subarachnoideale Cisternae subarachnoidales Cisterna cerebellomedullaris
Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri [Sylvii]
Cisterna chiasmatis
Cisterna interpeduncularis
Cisterna venae magnae cerebri Granulationes arachnaideales [Pac- chioni] Pia mater spinalis
Lig. denticulatum Septum cervicale intermedium Pia mater encephali
Tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi quarti Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis Glomus chorioideum
Acervulus
Systema nervorum periphericum
Nervi cerebrales
Nn. olfactorii
N. opticus
N. oculomotorius
Ramus superior
Ramus inferior Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris
N. trochlearis
Decussatio nervorum trochlearium
NEUROLOGY 8x
Frontal part of internal capsule (O. T. anterior limb) Occipital part of internal capsule (O. T. posterior limb) ' Amygdaloid (“‘almond”’) nucleus Corona radiata (‘‘radiate crown’’) Frontal part Parietal part Temporal part Occipital part Radiation of corpus striatum Occipitothalamic radiation (O. T. op- tic radiation) Anterior commissure of cerebrum Anterior part Posterior part
Membranes
Dura mater of brain
Falx (“sickle’’) of cerebrum
Tentorium of cerebellum (cerebellar tent)
Falx of cerebellum (cerebellar sickle)
Diaphragm of saddle
Foramen of diaphragm of saddle
Notch of tentori'um
Hard membrane of spine
Thread of spinal dura mater
Epidural cavity
Subdural cavity
Arachnoid (‘‘spider-web’’) of spine Arachnoid (‘‘ spider-web”’) of brain Subarachnoid space Subarachnoid cisterns Cerebellomedullary cistern (O. T. cisterna magna) Cistern of the lateral fossa of the cerebrum Cistern of the chiasm Interpeduncular cistern (O. T. cis- terna basalis) Cistern of the great vein of cerebrum Arachnoideal granulations (O. T. Pac- chionian bodies) Pia mater of spine (soft membrane of cord) Denticulate ligament Intermediate cervical septum Pia mater of brain (soft membrane of brain) Chorioid tela of fourth ventricle (O. T. tela chorioidea inferior) Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle Chorioid tela of third ventricle (O. T. velum interpositum, or tela chorioidea superior) Chorioid plexus of third ventricle Chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle Chorioid skein Brain sand
System of peripheral nerves
Cerebral nerves
Olfactory nerves Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve (O. T. third nerve)
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Short root of ciliary ganglion (O. T. motor root of lenticular ganglion)
Trochlear nerve (O. T. patheticus or fourth nerve)
Decussation of trochlear nerves
82 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
N. trigeminus
Portio major Ganglion semilunare [Gasseri]
Portio minor
N. ophthalmicus
N. tentorii N. lacrimalis
Ramus anastomoticus cum n.
matico N. frontalis N. supraorbitalis Ramus frontalis N. supratrochlearis N. nasociliaris Radix longa ganglii ciliaris Nn. ciliares longi N. ethmoidalis posterior N. ethmoidalis anterior Rami nasales anteriores Rami nasales interni Rami nasales laterales Rami nasales mediales Ramus nasalis externus N. infratrochlearis Ramus palpebralis superior R. palpebralis inferior
G. ciliare Nn. ciliares breves N. maxillaris N. meningeus [medius] N. zygomaticus Ramus zygomaticotemporalis
Ramus zygomaticofacialis Nn. sphenopalatini
_ZYgZo
Nn. alveolares superiores Rami alveolares superiores poste- riores N. infraorbitalis R. alveolaris superior medius
Rami alveolares superiores ante- riores Plexus dentalis superior Rami dentales superiores Rami gingivales superiores Rami palpebrales inferiores Rami nasales externi Rami nasales interni Rami labiales superiores
Ganglion sphenopalati- num Rami orbitales N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] N. petrosus superficialis major N. petrosus profundus
Rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales .
Rami nasales posteriores superiores
mediales
N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae]
Rami nasales posteriores inferiores [laterales]
Nn. palatini N. palatinus anterior N. palatinus medius
N. palatinus posterior
N. mandibularis
N. spinosus N. masticatorius N. massetericus Nn. temporales profundi N. temporalis profundus posterior
NEUROLOGY 82
Trigeminal nerve (O. T. fifth nerve)
Larger (sensory) root
Semilunar ganglion (O. T. Gasserian ganglion)
Smaller (motor) root
Ophthalmic nerve
Nerve to the tentorium Lacrimal nerve Ramus anastomosing with zygomatic nerve Frontal nerve Supraorbital nerve Frontal ramus Supratrochlear nerve Nasociliary nerve (O. T. nasal nerve) Long rooi of the ciliary ganglion Long ciliary nerves Posterior ethmoidal nerve Anterior ethmoidal nerve Anterior nasal rami Internal nasal rami Lateral nasal rami Medial nasal rami External nasal ramus Infratrochlear nerve Superior palpebral ramus Inferior palpebral ramus Ciliary ganglion (O. T. len- ticular or ophthalmic ganglion Short ciliary nerves
Maxillary nerve (O. T. superior maxillary)
Middle meningeal nerve (O. T. recur- rent) Zygomatic nerve (O. T. orbital or temporomalar) Zygomaticotemporal ramus Zygomaticofacial. ramus Sphenopalatine nerves
Superior alveolar nerves Posterior superior alveolar rami (O. T. posterior superior dental) Infraorbital nerve Middle superior alveolar ramus (O. T. middle superior dental) Anterior superior alveolar rami (O. T. anterior superior dental) Superior dental plexus Superior dental rami Superior gingival rami Inferior palpebral rami External nasal rami Internal nasal rami Superior labial rami Sphenopalatine ganglion (O. T. Meckel’s ganglion) Orbital rami Nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian nerve Larger superficial petrosal nerve Deep petrosal nerve (O. T. great deep petrosal branch of carotid plexus) Lateral superior posterior nasal rami
Medial superior posterior nasal rami
Nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa Lateral inferior posterior nasal rami
Palatine nerves Anterior palatine nerve Middle palatine nerve (O. T. exter- nal palatine) Posterior palatine nerve
Mandibular nerve (O. T. inferior maxillary) Spinosus nerve (O. T. recurrent nerve) Masticator nerve Masseteric nerve Deep temporal nerves Posterior deep temporal nerve
83 : ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
N. temporalis profundus anterior N. buccinatorius N. pterygoideus externus N. pterygoideus internus N. auriculotemporalis N. meatus auditorii externi R. membranae tympani’ Rami parotidei Rami anastomotici cum n. faciali Nn. auriculares anteriores Rami temporales superficiales N. lingualis Rami isthmi faucium Rami anastomotici cum n. hypo- glosso N. sublingualis Rami linguales N. alveolaris inferior
Plexus dentalis inferior Rami dentales inferiores Rami gingivales inferiores
N. mylohyoideus
N. mentalis Rami mentales Rami labiales inferiores
Ganglion oticum
N. petrosus superficialis minor N. tensoris veli palatini
N. tensoris tympani Ramus anastomoticus cum n. spinoso
R. anastomoticus cum n. auriculo- temporali
Ramus anastomoticus cum’ chorda tympani
Gan glion submaxillare
Rami communicantes cum n. linguali
Rami submaxillares
N. abducens N. facialis
Geniculum n. facialis
Ganglion geniculi
N. stapedius
Ramus _ anastomoticus tympanico
N. auricularis posterior Ramus occipitalis
Ramus digastricus Ramus stylohyoideus
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. glosso- pharyngeo
Plexus parotideus
Rami temporales
Rami zygomatici
Rami buccales
Ramus marginalis mandibulae
Ramus colli
N. intermedius
cum plexu
Chorda tympani
N. acusticus
Radix vestibularis
Radix cochlearis
Fila anastomotica
N. vestibuli Ganglion vestibulare N. utricularis N. ampullaris superior N. ampullaris lateralis N. ampullaris inferior
N. cochleae Ganglion spirale N. saccularis
N. glossopharyngeus Ganglion superius
NEUROLOGY 83
Anterior deep temporal nerve Buccinator nerve External pterygoid nerve Internal pterygoid nerve Auriculotemporal nerve Nerve of external auditory meatus Ramus to tympanic membrane Parotid rami Anastomotic rami to the facial nerve Anterior auricular nerves Superficial temporal rami Lingual nerve Rami to the isthmus of the fauces Anastomotic rami to the hypoglossal nerve Sublingual nerve Lingual rami Inferior alveolar nerve (O. T. inferior dental) Inferior dental plexus Inferior dental rami Inferior gingival rami Mylohyoid nerve Mental nerve Rami to chin Rami to lower lip
Otic ganglion (O. T. ganglion of Arnold)
Lesser superficial petrosal nerve
Nerve of tensor muscle of palatine curtain
Nerve of tensor muscle of tympanum
Anastomotic ramus with spinosus nerve
Anastomotic ramus with auriculo- temporal nerve
Anastomotic ramus with chorda tym- pani
Submaxillary ganglion
Rami communicating with lingual nerve Submaxillary rami
Abducent nerve (O. T. sixth
nerve) Facial nerve (O. T. seventh nerve)
Knee of the facial nerve Ganglion of the knee (official nerve) Nerve to the stapedius muscle Ramus anastomosing with tympanic plexus (O. T. tympanic branch) Posterior auricular nerve Occipital ramus Digastric ramus Stylohyoid ramus
Ramus anastomosing with glossopha-
ryngeal nerve
Parotid plexus
Temporal rami
Zygomatic rami
Buccal rami
Ramus of margin of jaw
Ramus to neck
Intermediate nerve (O. T. pars intermedia of Wrisberg, or sensory part of facial nerve)
Cord of tympanum
Acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory
nerve) Vestibular root
Cochlear root Anastomotic fibres Vestibular nerve Vestibular ganglion Utricular nerve Superior ampullar nerve Lateral ampullar nerve Inferior ampullar nerve Nerve of the cochlea Spiral ganglion Saccular nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Upper ganglion (O. T. jugular gang- lion)
84 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ganglion petrosum N. tympanicus
Intumescentia tympanica
Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni]
‘ N. caroticotympanicus superior N. caroticotympanicus inferior Ramus tubae
R. anastomoticus cum ramo auriculari n. vagi
Rami pharyngei
Ramus stylopharyngeus
Rami tonsillares.
Rami linguales
N. vagus
Ganglion jugulare © Ganglion nodosum Ramus meningeus Ramus auricularis
R. anastomoticus cum n. glossopha- ryngeo Rami pharyngei Plexus pharyngeus N. laryngeus superior Ramus externus Ramus internus Ramus anastomoticus cum n. laryn- geo inferiore Rami cardiaci superiores (N. depressor)
N. recurrens Rami cardiaci inferiores
Rami tracheales
Rami oesophagei N. laryngeus inferior Ramus anterior Ramus posterior Rami bronchiales anteriores Rami bronchiales posteriores Plexus pulmonalis anterior Plexus pulmonalis posterior Rami oesophagei Plexus oesophageus anterior
Plexus oesophageus posterior
Rami gastrici Plexus gastricus anterior Plexus gastricus posterior Rami hepatici Rami coeliaci
Rami lienales
Rami renales
N. accessorius
Ramus internus
Ramus externus
N. hypoglossus
Ramus descendens Ansa hypoglossi Ramus thyreohyoideus Rami linguales
N. spinales
Fila radicularia Radix anterior Radix posterior Ganglion spinale Ramus anterior Ramus posterior Ramus communicans Ramus meningeus Cauda equina
Ansae
NEUROLOGY 84
Petrous ganglion (O. T. ganglion of Andersch)
Tympanic nerve (O. T. Jacobson’s nerve) ;
Tympanic swelling
Tympanic plexus Superior caroticotympanic nerve Inferior caroticotympanic nerve
_ Tubal ramus
Ramus anastomosing with the auricu-
lar branch of the vagus Pharyngeal rami
Stylopharyngeal ramus Tonsillar rami (O. T. _ branches)
Lingual rami (O. T. terminal rami)
tonsillitic
Vagus nerve (O. T. pneumogas= tric nerve) Jugular ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the root) Knotty ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the
trunk) Meningeal ramus (O. T. recurrent” branch) Auricular ramus (O. T. Arnold’s nerve) Ramus anastomosing with glosso-
pharyngeal nerve Pharyngeal rami Pharyngeal plexus Superior laryngeal nerve External ramus Internal ramus Ramus anastomosing with inferior laryngeal nerve Superior cardiac rami Depressor nerve Recurrent nerve (O. T. laryngeal) Inferior cardiac rami (O. T. cardiac branches of recurrent laryngeal) Tracheal rami
recurrent
Oesophageal rami Inferior laryngeal nerve Anterior ramus - Posterior ramus Anterior bronchial rami Posterior bronchial rami Anterior pulmonary plexus Posterior pulmonary plexus Oesophageal rami Anterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. plexus gulae) Posterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. plexus gulae) Gastric rami Anterior gastric plexus Posterior gastric plexus Hepatic rami Coeliac rami Splenic rami - Renal rami
Accessory nerve (O. T. spinal accessory)
Internal ramus (O. T. accessory por-
tion) External ramus (O. T. spinal portion) .Hypoglossal nerve
Descending ramus
Loop of the hypoglossus
Thyreohyoid ramus
Lingual rami
Spinal nerves
’ Radicular fibres
Anterior root
Posterior root
Spinal ganglion
Anterior ramus
Posterior ramus j Communicating ramus Meningeal ramus
Cauda equina (“horse’s tail ’’) Loops
85 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Nn. cervicales
Rami posteriores
Ramus medialis Ramus lateralis N. suboccipitalis
N. occipitalis major (N. occipitalis tertius)
Rami anteriores
Plezus cervicales
N. occipitalis minor
N. auricularis magnus Ramus posterior Ramus anterior
N. cutaneus colli
Rami superiores Rami inferiores Nn. supraclaviculares Nn. supraclaviculares anteriores
Nn. supraclaviculares medii Nn. supraclaviculares posteriores
N. phrenicus Ramus pericardiacus Rami phrenicoabdominales
Plexus brachialis Pars supraclavicularis Nn. thoracales posteriores N. dorsalis scapulae
N. thoracalis longus
Nn. thoracales anteriores N. subclavius
N. suprascapularis
Nn. subscapulares
N. thoracodorsalis
N. axillaris Rami musculares N. cutaneus brachii lateralis Pars infraclavicularis Fasciculus lateralis Fasciculus medialis Fasciculus posterior
N. musculocutaneus Rami musculares N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis
N. cutaneus brachii medialis
N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis
Ramus volaris Ramus ulnaris
N. medianus
Rami musculares N. interosseus [antibrachii] volaris
Ramus palmaris n. mediani
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. ulnari Nn. digitales volares communes Nn. digitales volares proprii
N. ulnaris
Ramus cutaneus palmaris Ramus dorsalis manus
NEUROLOGY 85
Cervical nerves
Posterior rami (O. T. posterior pri- mary divisions) Medial ramus Lateral ramus
Suboccipital nerve (O. T. posterior primary division of first cervical nerve)
Larger occipital nerve (O. T. great occipital, or medial branch of pos- terior primary division of second cer- vical nerve)
Third occipital nerve (O. T. third oc- cipital, or medial branch of the pos- terior primary division of the third cervical nerve)
Anterior rami (O. T. anterior primary divisions)
Cervical plexus
Lesser occipital nerve
Great auricular nerve Posterior ramus Anterior ramus
Cutaneous nerve of the front of the
neck (O. T. superficial cervical) Upper rami Lower rami
Supraclavicular nerves
Anterior supraclavicular nerves (O. T. suprasternal)
Middle supraclavicular nerves (O. T. supraclavicular)
Posterior supraclavicular nerves (O T. supra-acromial)
Phrenic nerve Pericardiac ramus Phrenicoabdominal rami
Brachial plexus
Supraclavicular part Posterior thoracic nerves Dorsal nerve of scapula (O. T. nerve to the rhomboids)
Long thoracic nerve (O. T. external respiratory nerve of Bell, or pos- terior thoracic)
Anterior thoracic nerves
Subclavius nerve
Suprascapular nerve
Subscapular nerves
Thoracodorsal nerve (O. T. long sub- scapular nerve) ,
Axillary nerve (O. T. circumflex) Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Infraclavicular part
Lateral fasciculus (O. T. outer cord)
Medial fasciculus (O. T. inner cord)
Posterior fasciculus (O. T. posterior cord)
Musculocutaneous nerve
Muscular branches
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (O. T. terminal cutaneous branch)
Medial nerve of upper arm (O. T. les- ser internal cutaneous, or nerve of
Wrisberg)
Medial nerve of forearm (O. T. inter- nal cutaneous)
Volar ramus (O. T. anterior branch)
Ulnar ramus (O. T. posterior branch
Median nerve
Muscular rami
Volar interosseous nerve of forearm
’ (O. T. anterior interosseous)
Palmar ramus of median nerve (O.T. median palmar cutaneous)
Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve
Common volar digital nerves
Proper volar digital nerves (O. T. col- - lateral palmar digital nerves)
Ulnar nerve
Palmar cutaneous ramus Dorsal ramus of hand (O. T. dorsal cutaneous)
86 ANATOMICAL
Nn. digitales dorsales Ramus volaris manus Ramus superficialis Nn. digitales volares communes Nn. digitales volares proprii
Ramus profundus Rami musculares
N. radialis
N. cutaneus brachii posterior
Rami musculares N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis
Ramus profundus N. interosseus [antibrachii] dorsalis
Ramus superficialis Ramus anastomoticus ulnaris
Nn. digitales dorsales
Nn. thoracales
Rami posteriores Ramus cutaneus lateralis Ramus cutaneus medialis Rami anteriores [Nn. intercostales] Rami musculares Ramus cutaneus lateralis [pecto- ralis et abdominalis] Ramus posterior Ramus anterior Rami mammarii laterales Nn. intercostobrachiales
Ramus. cutaneus anterior [pecto- ralis et abdominalis] Rami mammarii mediales
NOMENCLATURE
Nn. lumbales, sacrales, coccygeus
Nn. lumbales Rami posteriores Ramus medialis Ramus lateralis Nn. clunium superiores
Rami anteriores
Nn. sacrales et coccygeus: Rami posteriores Ramus medialis Ramus lateralis Nn. clunium medii Plexus lumbosacralis Plexus lumbalis Rami musculares N. iliohypogastricus
Rami musculares Ramus cutaneus lateralis
Ramus cutaneus anterior
N. ilioinguinalis Rami musculares
Nn. scrotales anteriores Nn. labiales anteriores
N. genitofemoralis
N. lumboinguinalis
N. spermaticus externus
N. cutaneus femoris lateralis
N. obturatorius
Ramus anterior Ramus cutaneus Ramus posterior
NEUROLOGY 86
Dorsal digital nerves Volar ramus of hand Superficial ramus Common volar digital nerves Proper volar digital nerves (O. T collateral palmar digital) Deep ramus Muscular rami
Radial nerve (O. T. musculospiral)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of upper arm (O. T. upper external cuta- neous branch of musculospiral)
Muscular rami
Dorsal cutaneous nerve of forearm (O. T. lower external cutaneous branch of musculospiral)
Deep ramus Dorsal interosseous nerve of forearm
(O. T. posterior interosseous) Superficial ramus (O. T. radial branch of musculospiral) Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve Dorsal digital nerves
Thoracic nerves
Posterior rami Lateral cutaneous ramus Medial cutaneous ramus Anterior rami [intercostal nerves] Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous ramus (of breast and abdomen) Posterior ramus Anterior ramus Lateral mammary rami Intercostobrachial nerves (O. T. in- tercosto-humeral nerves) Anterior cutaneous ramus (of breast and abdomen) Medial mammary rami
Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves Lumbar nerves Posterior rami Medial ramus Lateral ramus Superior clunial nerves Anterior rami Sacral and coccygeal nerves Posterior rami Medial ramus Lateral ramus ' Middle clunial. nerves
Lumbosacral plexus Lumbar plexus Muscular rami
Iliohypogastric nerve _
Muscular rami
Lateral cutaneous ramus (O. T. iliac branch of hypogastric)
Anterior cutaneous ramus (O. T. hy- pogastric branch)
Ilio-inguinal nerve Muscular rami Anterior scrotal nerves Anterior labial nerves
Genitofemoral nerve (0. T. genito- crural nerve)
Lumbo-inguinal nerve (O. T. crural branch of genitocrural)
External spermatic nerve (O. T. geni- tal branch of genitocrural)
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (O. T. external cutaneous)
Obturator nerve
Anterior ramus Cutaneous ramus Posterior ramus
87 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
N. femoralis
Rami cutanei anteriores Rami musculares N. saphenus
Ramus infrapatellaris
Rami cutanei cruris mediales
Plexus sacralis
Truncus lumbosacralis
N. glutaeus superior
N. glutaeus inferior
N. cutaneus femoris posterior Nn. clunium inferiores Rami perineales
N. ischiadicus
Rami musculares N. peronaeus communis
Rami musculares N. cutaneus surae lateralis Ramus anastomoticus peronaeus
N. peronaeus superficialis
Rami musculares N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius Nn. digitales dorsales pedis N. peronaeus profundus
Rami musculares
Nn. digitales dorsales hallucis late-
ralis et digiti secundi medialis
N. tibialis
Rami musculares N. interosseus cruris N. cutaneus surae medialis
[N. suralis]
Rami calcanei laterales N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis Rami calcanei mediales N. plantaris medialis
Nn. digitales plantares communes Nn. digitales plantares proprii N. plantaris lateralis
Ramus superficialis Nn. digitales plantares com- munes Nn. digitales plantares proprii Ramus profundus
Plexus pudendus
Nn. haemorrhoidales medii Nn. vesicales inferiores’ Nn. vaginales N. pudendus Nn. haemorrhoidales inferiores N. perinei Nn. scrotales posteriores Nn. labiales posteriores N. dorsalis penis N. dorsalis clitoridis
N. coccygeus
Plexus coccygeus Nn. anococcygei
NEUROLOGY 87
Femoral nerve (O. T. anterior
crural)
Anterior cutaneous rami Muscular rami Saphenous nerve (O. T. long saphe- nous) Infrapatellar ramus (O. T. patellar branch or long saphenous) Medial cutaneous rami of leg
Sacral plexus
Lumbosacral trunk (O. T. lumbosa- cral cord)
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Inferior nerves of buttock
Perineal rami
Sciatic nerve (O. T. great sciatic) Muscular rami Common peroneal nerve (O. T. exter- nal popliteal) Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf Peroneal anastomotic ramus (O. T. nervus communicans fibularis) Superficial peroneal nerve (O. T. mus- culocutaneous) Muscular rami Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve Dorsal digital nerves of foot Deep peroneal nerve (O. T. anterior tibial) Muscular rami Dorsal digital nerves to lateral sur- face of hallux and to medial sur- face of second digit
It
Tibial nerve (QO. T. internal popliteal nerve) Muscular rami Interosseous nerve of the leg Medial cutaneous nerve of the calf (O. T. nervus communicans tib- ialis) Nerve of the calf (O. T. short saphe- nous nerve) Lateral calcanean rami Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve Medial calcanean rami Medial plantar nerve (O. T. internal plantar)
Common digital plantar nerves Proper digital plantar nerves Lateral plantar nerve (O. T. external
plantar) Superficial ramus Common digital plantar nerves
Proper digital plantar nerves Deep ramus
Pudendal plexus
Middle hemorrhoidal nerves Inferior vesical nerves Vaginal nerves Pudendal nerve (O. T. pudic nerve) Inferior hemorrhoidal nerves Nerve of perineum ~ Posterior scrotal nerves Posterior labial nerves Dorsal nerve of penis Dorsal nerve of clitoris
Coccygeal nerve
Coccygeal plexus Anococcygeal nerves
88 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Systema nervorum sympathicum
Truncus sympathicus
Ganglia trunci sympathici Plexus sympathici
Ganglia plexuum sympathicorum
Pars cephalica et cervicalis s. sympathici
Ganglion cervicale superius
N. jugularis
N. caroticus internus
Plexus caroticus internus
Plexus cavernosus
Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae Plexus arteriae chorioideae Plexus ophthalmicus
Radices sympathicae ganglii ciliaris Nn. carotici externi
Plexus caroticus externus
Plexus thyreoideus superior Plexus lingualis
Plexus maxillaris externus
Radix sympathica ganglii submaxil-
laris Plexus occipitalis Plexus auricularis posterior Plexus temporalis superficialis Plexus maxillaris internus Plexus meningeus Plexus caroticus communis Rami laryngopharyngei Plexus pharyngeus ascendens N. cardiacus superior Ganglion cervicale medium N. cardiacus medius Ganglion cervicale inferius Ansa. subclavia [Vieussenii] N. cardiacus inferior Plexus subclavius Plexus mammarius internus
Plexus thyreoideus inferior Plexus vertebralis
Pars thoracalis s. sympathici
Ganglia thoracalia
N. splanchnicus major
Ganglion splanchnicum
N. splanchnicus minor Ramus renalis
(N. splanchnicus imus)
Plexus aorticus thoracalis
Plexus cardiacus
Plexus coronarius cordis anterior Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi] Plexus coronarius posterior Rami. pulmonales i Plexus pulmonalis
Pars abdominalis et pelvina s. ; ‘sympathici
Ganglia lumbalia
Ganglia sacralia
Plexus aorticus abdominalis
Plexus coeliacus
Ganglia coeliaca
Ganglion mesentericum superius
Plexus phrenicus
Ganglia phrenica
Plexus hepaticus
Plexus lienalis
Plexus gastricus superior
‘Plexus gastricus inferior
Plexus suprarenalis
Plexus renalis
Plexus spermaticus
Plexus arteriae ovaricae Plexus mesentericus superior Plexus myentericus
NEUROLOGY 88
Sympathetic system of nerves
Sympathetic trunk |
Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk Sympathetic plexuses
Ganglia of the sympathetic plexuses
Cephalic and cervical portions of the sympathetic system
Superior cervical ganglion Jugular nerve
Internal carotid nerve
Internal carotid plexus Cavernous plexus
Plexus of anterior cerebral artery Plexus of middle cerebral artery Plexus of chorioid artery Ophthalmic plexus
Sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion External carotid nerves External carotid plexus Superior thyreoid plexus Lingual plexus
External maxillary plexus Sympathetic root of the submaxillary
ganglion
Occipital plexus
Posterior auricular plexus Superficial temporal plexus Internal maxillary plexus Meningeal plexus
Common carotid plexus Laryngopharyngeal rami Ascending pharyngeal plexus Superior cardiac nerve
Middle cervical ganglion Middle cardiac nerve
Inferior cervical ganglion Subclavian loop
Inferior cardiac nerve Subclavian plexus
Internal mammary plexus
Inferior thyreoid plexus Vertebral plexus
Thoracic portion of the sympa= thetic system
Thoracic ganglia
Greater splanchnic nerve Splanchnic ganglion Lesser splanchnic nerve Renal ramus Lowermost splanchnic nerve (O. T. smallest splanchnic) Thoracic aortic plexus Cardiac plexus Anterior coronary plexus of heart Cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg Posterior coronary plexus Pulmonary rami Pulmonary plexus
Abdominal and pelvic portions of the sympathetic system |
Lumbar ganglia Sacral ganglia Abdominal aortic plexus Coeliac plexus Coeliac ganglia Superior mesenteric ganglion Phrenic plexus Phrenic ganglia Hepatic plexus Splenic plexus Superior gastric plexus Inferior gastric plexus Suprarenal plexus Renal plexus Spermatic plexus Plexus of the ovarian artery Superior mesenteric plexus Myenteric plexus (O. T. plexus of Auerbach)
89 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Plexus submucosus
Plexus mesentericus inferior Nn. haemorrhoidales superiores Plexus haemorrhoidalis superior Plexus iliacus
Plexus hypogastricus
Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius Plexus prostaticus
Plexus deferentialis
Plexus uterovaginalis
Plexus vesicalis Nn. vesicales superiores Nn. vesicales inferiores Plexus cavernosus penis N. cavernosus penis major Nn. cavernosi penis minores Plexus cavernosus clitoridis N. cavernosus clitoridis major Nn. cavernosi clitoridis minores Plexus femoralis Plexus popliteus
Organa sensuum et Integumentum commune
Organon visus Oculus N. opticus
Vaginae n. optici Spatia intervaginalia
Bulbus oculi
Polus anterior
Polus posterior _ Aequator
Meridiani
Axis oculi externa Axis oculi interna Axis optica
[Linea visus]
_Vesicula ophthalmica Caliculus ophthalmicus
Tunica fibrosa oculi
Sclera Sulcus sclerae Rima cornealis Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis Schlemmi, Lauthi] Lamina fusca
Lamina cribrosa sclerae (Raphe sclerae)
(Funiculus sclerae)
Cornea
Annulus conjunctivae
Vertex corneae
Limbus*‘corneae
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Epithelium corneae
Lamina elastica anterior [Bowmani]
Substantia propria
Lamina elastica posterior [Demoursi, Descemeti]
Endothelium camerae anterioris
Tunica vasculosa oculi Chorioidea Iamina suprachorioidea Spatium perichorioideale Lamina vasculosa , Lamina choriocapillaris
Lamina basalis (Raphe chorioideae)
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 89:
Plexus of submucosa (O. T. plexus of Meissner)
Inferior mesenteric plexus
Superior hemorrhoidal nerves
Superior hemorrhoidal plexus
Iliac plexus
Hypogastric plexus
Middle hemorrhoidal plexus
Prostatic plexus
Deferential plexus
Uterovaginal plexus
Vesical plexus Superior vesical nerves Inferior vesical nerves Cavernous plexus of penis Larger cavernous nerve of penis Lesser cavernous nerves of penis Cavernous plexus of clitoris Larger cavernous nerve of clitoris Lesser cavernous nerves of clitoris Femoral plexus Popliteal plexus
Sense organs and common integument
Organ of vision Eye Optic nerve
Sheaths of the optic nerve Intervaginal spaces
Eyeball
Anterior pole Posterior pole Equator
Meridian
External axis of eye Internal axis of eye Optic axis
Line of vision Ophthalmic vesicle Ophthalmic cup
Fibrous tunic of eye
Sclera (O. T. sclerotic coat) Sulcus of the sclera Cleft for the cornea Venous sinus of the sclera, or canal of Schlemm Brown layer
t
Perforated layer of the sclera Ridge of the sclera Funiculus of the sclera
Cornea
Ring of conjunctiva Vertex of cornea Border of cornea Anterior surface Posterior surface Epithelium of cornea Anterior elastic layer man’s membrane) Proper substance Posterior elastic layer (O. T. Desce- met’s membrane) Endothelium of anterior chamber
(O. T. Bow-
Vascular coat of eyé@ Chorioid
Suprachorioid layer
Perichorioideal space
Vascular layer
Choriocapillary layer (O. T. tunica Ruyschiana)
Basal layer
Raphe of chorioid
90 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Corpus ciliare
Corona ciliaris Processus ciliares Plicae ciliares Orbiculus ciliaris M. ciliaris Fibrae meridionales [Brueckei] Fibrae circulares [Muelleri] Plexus gangliosus ciliaris
Iris Margo pupillaris Margo ciliaris Facies anterior Facies posterior Annulus iridis major Annulus iridis minor Plicae iridis Pupilla M. sphincter pupillae Stroma iridis M. dilatator pupillae Lig. pectinatum iridis
Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae]
Circulus arteriosus major Circulus arteriosus minor Membrana pupillaris
Stratum pigmenti
Stratum pigmenti retinae Stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris Stratuna pigmenti iridis
Retina
Pars optica retinae
Ora serrata Pars ciliaris retinae Papilla n. optici Excavatio papillae n. optici Macula lutea Fovea centralis
Vasa sanguinea retinae
Circulus vasculosus n. optici [Halleri]
Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae superior
Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae inferior
Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae superior
Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae inferior
Arteriola [Venula] macularis su- perior Arteriola [Venula] macularis — in- ferior
Arteriola [Venula] retinae medialis
Camera oculi anterior Angulus iridis
Camera oculi posterior
Corpus vitreum
A. hyaloidea
Canalis hyaloideus
Fossa hyaloidea
Membrana hyaloidea - Stroma vitreum Humor vitreus
Lens crystallina
Substantia lentis Substantia corticalis Nucleus lentis
Fibrae lentis
Epithelium lentis
Capsula lentis
Polus anterior lentis
Polus posterior lentis
Facies anterior lentis
Facies posterior lentis
Axis lentis
Aequator lentis
Radii lentis
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT go
Ciliary body Ciliary wreath Ciliary processes Ciliary folds Ciliary disk Ciliary muscle Meridional fibres Circular fibres Ciliary ganglionic plexus
Iris, or diaphragm of the eye
Pupillary margin
Ciliary margin
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Greater ring of iris
Lesser ring of iris
Folds of iris
Pupil
Sphincter muscle of pupil
Stroma of iris
Dilator muscle of pupil
Pectinate (“comb-like”) ligament of iris (O..T. pillars of the iris)
Spaces of the angle of the iris (O. T. spaces of Fontana)
Greater arterial circle
Lesser arterial circle
Pupillary membrane
Layer of pigment
Pigment layer of the retina Pigment layer of ciliary body Pigment layer of iris
Retina .
Optic part of retina
Serrated edge Ciliary part of retina Papilla of optic nerve Excavation of papilla of optic nerve Yellow spot Central fovea
Blood vessels of the retina
Vascular circle of the optic nerve
Superior arteriole (venule) of temporal retina
Inferior arteriole (venule) of temporal retina
Superior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- ina
Inferior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- ina
Superior macular arteriole (venule)
Inferior macular arteriole (venule)
Medial arteriole (venule) of retina
Anterior chamber of the eye
Angle of the iris (O. T. iridocorneal angle) i
Posterior chamber of the eye
Vitreous body
Hyaloid artery ; Hyaloid canal (O. T. canal of Stilling) Hyaloid fossa (O. T. fossa patellaris) Hyaloid membrane
Vitreous stroma
Vitreous humor
Crystalline lens
Substance of the lens Cortical substance Nucleus of the lens
Fibres of the lens
Epithelium of the lens
Capsule of the lens
Anterior pole of lens
Posterior pole of lens
Anterior surface of lens
Posterior surface of lens
Axis of the lens
Equator of the lens
Radii of the lens
gi ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Zonula ciliaris [Zinni]
Fibrae zonulares Spatia zonularia
Organa oculi accessoria
Musculi oculi, Fasciae orbitales
. orbitalis
. rectus superior . rectus inferior . rectus medialis
SSS8S
M. rectus lateralis
Lacertus musculi recti lateralis Annulus tendineus communis [Zinni] M. obliquus superior
Trochlea M. obliquus inferior M. levator palpebrae superioris Periorbita Septum orbitale
Fasciae musculares
Fascia bulbi [Tenoni] Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni] Corpus adiposum orbitae
Supercilium Palpebrae .
Palpebra superior Palpebra inferior Facies anterior palpebrarum Facies posterior palpebrarum Rima palpebrarum Commissura palpebrarum lateralis
Commissura palpebrarum medialis
Angulus oculi lateralis Angulus oculi medialis Limbi palpebrales anteriores Limbi palpebrales posteriores
Tarsus superior
Tarsus inferior
Lig. palpebrale mediale Raphe palpebralis lateralis Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi]
Sebum palpebrale M. tarsalis superior M. tarsalis inferior
Conjunctiva
Plica semilunaris conjunctivae Caruncula lacrimalis
Tunica conjunctiva bulbi Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum Fornix conjunctivae superior Fornix conjunctivae inferior
Gl. mucosae [Krauisei]
Noduli lymphatici conjunctivales (Pinguecula)
Apparatus lacrimalis
Glandula lacrimalis superior
Glandula lacrimalis inferior
(GL. lacrimales accessoriae) Ductuli excretorii [gl. lacrimalis]
Rivus lacrimalis
Lacus lacrimalis
Puncta lacrimalia
Ductus lacrimales
Papillae lacrimales
Ampulla ductus lacrimalis
Saccus lacrimalis
Fornix sacci lacrimalis
Ductus nasolacrimalis
Plica lacrimalis [Hasneri]
Lacrimae
SENSE ORGANS AND ComMON INTEGUMENT gi
Ciliary zonule (O. T. zonule of Zinn)
Zonular fibres
Zonular spaces (O. T. canal of Petit)
Accessory organs of eye
Eye muscles, orbital fasciae
Orbital muscle
Superior straight muscle
Inferior straight muscle
Medial straight muscle (O, T. internal rectus)
Lateral straight muscle (O. T. external rectus)
Lacertus of lateral straight muscle
Common tendinous ring of Zinn
Superior oblique muscle Pulley
Inferior oblique muscle
Levator muscle of superior lid
Periorbit
Orbital septum (O. T. palpebral liga- ments)
Muscular fasciae
Fascia of ball (O. T. capsule of Tenon)
Interfascial space
Fat body of orbit
Eyebrow
Eyelids
Upper eyelid
Lower eyelid
Anterior surface ‘of eyelids
Posterior surface of eyelids
Palpebral fissure :
Lateral palpebral commissure (O. T. external canthus)
Medial palpebral commissure (O. T. internal canthus) ~*
Lateral angle of the eye
Medial angle of the eye
Anterior palpebral margins
Posterior palpebral margins
Superior tarsus (O. T. superior tarsal plate)
Inferior tarsus (O. T. inferior tarsal ° plate)
Medial palpebral ligament (O. T. in- ternal tarsal ligament)
Lateral palpebral raphe (O. T. exter- nal tarsal ligament)
Tarsal glands (O. T. Meibomian
glands)
Palpebral sebum
Superior tarsal muscle
Inferior tarsal muscle (O. T. tensor tarsi)
Conjunctiva or connecting membrane
Semilunar fold of conjunctiva Lacrimal caruncle Conjunctival coat of eyeball Conjunctival coat of eyelids Superior fornix of conjunctiva Inferior fornix of conjunctiva Mucous glands of Krause Conjunctival lymphatic nodules Conjunctival fat
Lacrimal apparatus
Superior lacrimal gland
Inferior lacrimal gland
Accessory lacrimal glands Excretory ductules of lacrimal gland
Lacrimal stream
Lacrimal lake
Lacrimal (punctate) openings
Lacrimal ducts
Lacrimal papillae
Ampulla of lacrimal duct
Lacrimal sac
Fornix, or summit of lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal fold of Hasner
Tears
92 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Organon auditus Auris interna
Labyrinthus membranaceus
Ductus endolymphaticus
Saccus endolymphaticus
Ductus utriculosaccularis
Utriculus
Ductus semicirculares Ductus semicircularis superior Ductus semicircularis posterior Ductus semicircularis lateralis
Ampullae membranaceae Sulcus ampullaris Crista ampullaris Ampulla membranacea superior Ampulla membranacea posterior Ampulla membranacea lateralis Sacculus Ductus reuniens [Henseni] Maculae acusticae Macula acustica utriculi Macula acustica sacculi Otoconia Endolympha Perilympha Spatium perilymphaticum Ductus perilymphatici Ductus cochlearis
Caecum cupulare Caecum vestibulare Lamina basilaris Membrana vestibularis [Reissneri] Lig. spirale cochleae Prominentia spiralis Stria vascularis Sulcus spiralis Labium tympanicum Foramina nervosa Labium vestibulare
Ganglion spirale cochleae Organon spirale [Cortii] Vasa auris internae A. auditiva interna
Rami vestibulares
Ramus cochleae
Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae Vv. auditivae internae
V. spiralis modioli
Vas prominens
Vv. vestibulares
V. aquaeductus vestibuli
V. canaliculi cochleae
Labyrinthus osseus
Vestibulum Recessus sphaericus
Recessus ellipticus
Crista vestibuli
Pyramis vestibuli
Recessus. cochlearis
Maculae cribrosae Macula cribrosa superior Macula cribrosa media Macula cribrosa inferior
Canales semicirculares ossei Canalis semicircularis superior Canalis semicircularis posterior Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Ampullae osseae Ampulla ossea superior Ampulla ossea posterior ; Ampulla ossea lateralis
Crura ampullaria
Crus commune
Crus simplex”
Cochlea
Cupula Basis cochleae
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT g2
‘
Organ of hearing Internal ear
_ Membranous labyrinth
Endolymphatic duct Endolymphatic sac Utriculosaccular duct Utricle Semicircular ducts Superior semicircular duct Posterior semicircular duct Lateral semicircular duct (O. T. ex- ternal) Membranous ampullae Ampullary sulcus Ampullary crest Superior membranous ampulla Posterior membranous ampulla Lateral membranous ampulla Saccule Uniting duct (O. T. canalis reuniens) Acoustic spots Acoustic spot of utricle Acoustic spot of saccule Ear-stones Endolymph Perilymph Perilymphatic space Perilymphatic ducts Cochlear duct (O. T. mem- branous cochlea, or scala media) Cupular blind sac Vestibular blind sac Basilar layer Vestibular membrane of Reissner Spiral ligament of cochlea Spiral prominence Vascular stripe Spiral sulcus Tympanic lip Openings for nerves Vestibular lip
Spiral ganglion of cochlea Spiral organ of Corti Vessels of internal ear Internal auditory artery
Vestibular rami
Cochlear ramus
Arterial glomeruli of cochlea Internal auditory veins
Spiral vein of modiolus
Prominent vessel
Vestibular veins
Vein of aqueduct of vestibule
Vein of canaliculus of cochlea
Osseous labyrinth Vestibule
Spherical recess (O. T. fovea hemi- sphaerica) , Elliptical recess (O. T. fovea hemiel- liptica) Crest of vestibule Pyramid of vestibule Cochlear recess Perforated spots Superior perforated spot Middle perforated spot Inferior perforated spot Osseous semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Lateral semicircular canal (O. T. ex- ternal) Osseous ampullae Superior osseous ampulla Posterior osseous ampulla Lateral osseous ampulla Ampullary limbs Common limb
Simple limb
Cochlea (‘‘ snail shell ’’)
Cupola Base of cochlea
93 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Canalis spiralis cochleae Modiolus
Basis modioli
Lamina modioli
Lamina spiralis ossea Hamulus laminae spiralis Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani Helicotrema -° Lamina spiralis secundaria Canalis spiralis modioli Canales longitudinales modioli
Meatus acusticus internus
Porus acusticus internus
Fundus meatus acustici interni Crista transversa Area n. facialis Area cochleae
Tractus spiralis foraminosus
Area vestibularis superior Area vestibularis inferior Foramen singulare
Cavum tympani
Paries tegmentalis Recessus epitympanicus Pars cupularis Paries jugularis Prominentia styloidea ‘Paries labyrinthica
Fenestra vestibuli
Fossula fenestrae vestibuli Promontorium
Sulcus promontorii
Subiculum promontorii
Sinus tympani Fenestra cochleae
Fossula fenestrae cochleae
Crista fenestrae cochleae Processus cochleariformis Paries mastoidea
Antrum tympanicum
Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis Prominentia canalis facialis Eminentia pyramidalis Fossa incudis Sinus posterior Apertura tympanica canaliculi chordae Cellulae mastoideae Cellulae tympanicae Paries carotica
Paries membranacea
Membrana tympani
Pars flaccida
Pars tensa
Limbus membranae tympani Plica malleolaris anterior Plica malleolaris posterior Prominentia malleolaris Stria malleolaris
Umbo membranae tympani
Stratum cutaneum Annulus fibrocartilagineus Stratum radiatum Stratum circulare Stratum mucosum
Ossicula auditus
Stapes Capitulum stapedis Crus anterius
Crus posterius
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 93
Spiral canal of cochlea Modiolus (‘‘ screw ’’)
Base of modiolus
Shelf of modiolus -
Osseous spiral shelf
Hooklet of spiral shelf “Staircase” of vestibule “Staircase” of tympanum Helicotrema (“pore of the helix”’) Secondary spiral shelf
Spiral canal of modiolus Longitudinal canals of modiolus
Internal acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic opening Bottom of internal acoustic meatus Transverse crest Area of facial nerve Area of cochlea Foraminous spiral tract Superior vestibular area Inferior vestibular area Isolated foramen
Cavity of tympanum
Tegmental wall Epitympanic recess Cupular portion Jugular wall (O. T. floor) Styloid prominence Labyrinthic wall (O.T. in- ner wall) Fenestra (‘‘ window’’) of vestibule (O. T. fenestra ovalis) Little fossa of fenestra of vestibule Promontory Sulcus of promontory Subiculum (“support”) of promon- tory Sinus of tympanum Fenestra of cochlea (O. T. fenestra rotunda) Little fossa of fenestra of cochlea
Crest of fenestra of cochlea Cochleariform process Mastoid wall (O. T. pos- terior wall) Tympanic antrum (O. T. mastoidal antrum) Prominence of lateral semicircular canal Prominence of facial canal ~ Pyramidal eminence Fossa of incus Posterior sinus Tympanic aperture of canaliculus of chorda Mastoid cells Tympanic cells Carotid wall (OQ. T. ante- rior wall) Membranous outer wall)
wall
(O. T.
Membrane of the tympanum (0. T. drumhead)
Flaccid part
Tense part
Border of membrane of tympanum
Anterior malleolar fold
Posterior malleolar fold
Malleolar prominence
Malleolar stripe
Umbo (“prominent part’’) of tympanic membrane
Cutaneous layer
Fibrocartilaginous ring
Radiate layer
Circular layer
Mucous layer
Auditory ossicles
Stirrup Head of stirrup Anterior limb Posterior limb
94 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Basis stapedis Incus Corpus incudis Crus longum Processus lenticularis Crus breve Malleus Manubrium mallei Capitulum mallei Collum mallei Processus lateralis
Processus anterior [Folii]
Articulationes ossiculorum auditus
Articulatio incudomalleolaris Articulatio incudostapedia Syndesmosis tympanostapedia
Ligg. ossiculorum auditus Lig. Lig. Lig.
mallei anterius mallei superius mallei laterale
Lig. incudis superius
Lig. incudis posterius Membrana obturatoria (stapedis) Lig. annulare baseos stapedis [M. fixator baseos stapedis]
Musculi ossiculorum auditus
M. tensor tympani M. stapedius
Tunica mucosa tympanica
(Gl. tympanicae)
Plica malleolaris posterior
Plica malleolaris anterior
Recessus membranae tympani anterior Recessus tympani membranae superior Recessus membranae tympani posterior Plica incudis
Plica stapedis Membrana tympani secundaria
Tuba auditiva [Eustachii
Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae Pars ossea tubae auditivae
Isthmus tubae auditivae
Cellulae pneumaticae tubariae Pars cartilaginae tubae auditivae
Cartilago tubae auditivae
Lamina [cartilaginis] medialis
Lamina [cartilaginis] lateralis Lamina membranacea Tunica mucosa
Gl. mucosae
Noduli lymphatici tubarii Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae
Meatus acusticus externus Porus acusticus externus Incisura tympanica [Rivini] Meatus acusticus externus cartilagi- neus Cartilago meatus acustici Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acus- tici externi [Santorini] Lamina tragi
Auriculae
Lobulus auriculae Cartilago auriculae Helix
Crus helicis
Spina helicis Cauda helicis Anthelix
Fossa triangularis [auriculae] Crura anthelicis Scapha
Concha auriculae Cymba conchae Cavum conchae Antitragus
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 94
Base of stirrup (O. T. foot-piece) Anvil Body of anvil Long limb Lenticular process Short limb Hammer Handle of hammer Head of hammer Neck of hammer Lateral process brevis) Anterior process (O. T. processus gracilis)
(O. T. processus
Joints of the auditory ossicles
Joint between anvil and hammer Joint between anvil and stirrup Junction of stirrup and tympanum
Ligaments of the auditory ossicles
Anterior ligament of hammer
Superior ligament of hammer
Lateral ligament of hammer (O. T. external ligament)
Superior ligament of anvil
Posterior ligament of anvil
Obturator membrane of stirrup
Annular ligament of base of stirrup
Fixing muscle of the base of stirrup
Muscles of the auditory ossicles
Tensor muscle of the tympanum Stapedius muscle
Tympanic mucous coat
Tympanic glands
Posterior maleolar fold
Anterior malleolar fold
Anterior recess of tympanic membrane Superior recess of tympanic membrane Posterior recess of tympanic membrane Fold of anvil
Fold of stirrup Secondary tympanic membrane
Auditory or Eustachian tube Tympanic opening of auditory tube Bony part of auditory tube
Isthmus of auditory tube
Tubal air cells Cartilaginous part of auditory tube
Cartilage of auditory tube
Medial layer of cartilage
Lateral layer of cartilage Membranous layer Mucous membrane
Mucous glands
Tubal lymphatic nodules Pharyngeal opening of afiditory tube
External acoustic meatus External acoustic opening Tympanic incisure Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus
Cartilage of acoustic meatus Notches in cartilage of external acoustic meatus Layer of tragus
External ear, or auricle (O. T. pinna)
Lobule of auricle
Cartilage of auricle
Coil
Limb of coil
Spine of coil
Tail of coil
Anthelix
Triangular fossa of auricle
Limbs of anthelix
Scapha (“skiff ’’)
Concha (“shell ”’) of auricle
Cymba (“boat”) of auricle
Cayity of concha
Antitragus
95 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Tragus Incisura anterior [auris] Incisura intertragica (Tuberculum auriculae [Darwini]) (Apex auriculae [Darwini]) Sulcus auriculae posterior (Tuberculum supratragicum) Isthmus cartilaginis auris Incisura terminalis auris Fissura antitragohelicina Sulcus ‘anthelicis transversus Sulcus cruris helicis Fossa anthelicis Eminentia conchae Eminentia scaphae Eminentia fossae triangularis Ligg. aurictflaria [Valsalvae]
Lig. auriculare anterius
Lig. auriculare superius
Lig. auriculare posterius M. helicis major M. helicis minor M. tragicus © (M. pyramidalis auriculae [Jungi]) M. antitragicus M. transversus auriculae M. obliquus auriculae (M. incisurae helicis [Santorini])
Organon olfactus
Organon gustus
Calyculi gustatorii
Integumentum commune
Cutis
Sulci cutis Crist cutis Retinacula cutis Toruli tactilés Foveola coccygea Lig. caudale
Epidermis
Stratum corneum Stratum germinativum [Malpighii]
Corium
Tunica propria Corpus papillare Papillae
Tela subcutanea
Panniculus adiposus
- Corpuscula nervorum terminalia
Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii]
Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, Pacini]
Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri] Corpuscula nervorum genitalia Corpuscula nervorum articularia Pili Lanugo Capilli Supercilia Cilia Barba Tragi Vibrissae Hirci Pubes Folliculus pili Fundus folliculi pili Collum folliculi pili Papilla pili Scapus pili Radix pili Bulbus pili Mm. arrectores pilorum Flumina pilorum Vortices pilorum (Vortex coccygeus)
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 95
Tragus (“goat ’’)
Anterior notch of ear
Intertragic notch
Darwinian tubercle. of auricle
Tip of ear
Posterior sulcus of auricle
Supratragic tubercle
Cartilaginous isthmus of ear
Terminal notch of ear
Antitragohelicine fissure
Transverse groove of anthelix
Groove of crus of helix
Fossa of anthelix
Eminence of concha
Eminence of scapha
Eminence of triangular fossa
Auricular ligaments of Valsalva Anterior auricular ligament Superior auricular ligament Posterior auricular ligament
Larger muscle of helix
Smaller muscle of helix
Muscle of tragus
Pyramidal muscle of ear
. Muscle of antitragus
Transverse muscle of auricle
Oblique muscle of auricle
Muscle of notch of helix
Organ of smell
Organ of taste Taste buds
Common integument
Skin Grooves of skin Ridges of skin Retaining bands or folds of skin Tactile elevations Coccygeal depression
Caudal ligament I2
Epidermis, or scarf skin
Horny layer Germinative, or Malpighian layer
Corium, or leather skin Proper tunic Papillary body Papillae
. Subcutaneous tissue
Adipose panniculus (“garment”) (O. T. subcutaneous areolar tissue)
Terminal corpuscles of the nerves
Bulb-like corpuscles of Krause
Lamellated corpuscles of Vater or Pacini
Touch corpuscle of Meissner
‘Genital corpuscles of the nerves
Articular corpuscles of the nerves
Hairs
Woolly hair Hairs of the head Hairs of the eyebrows Eyelashes Hairs of the beard Hairs of the ear Hairs of the nose Axillary hairs Pubic hairs Hair follicle Fundus of hair follicle Neck of hair follicle Papilla of hair Shaft of hair Root of hair Bulb of hair Arrector muscles of the hairs Hair streams has Hair whirlpools Coccygeal whirlpool
96 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Ungues
Matrix unguis Cristae matricis unguis Sulcus matricis unguis Vallum unguis Corpus unguis Radix unguis Lunula Margo occultus Margo liber Margo lateralis Stratum corneum unguis Stratum germinativum unguis
Glandulae cutis
Gl. glomiformes |
Gl. sudoriferae Corpus gl. sudoriferae Ductus sudoriferus Porus sudoriferus Sudor
Gl. ciliares [Molli]
Gl. circumanales Gl. ceruminosae Cerumen
Glandulae sebaceae
Sebum cutaneum
Mamma
Papilla mammae Corpus mammae Lobi mammae Lobuli mammae Ductus lactiferi Sinus lactiferi Lac femininum Colostrum Areola mammae Gl. sebaceae Gl. areolares [Montgomerii] Mamma virilis (Mammae accessoriae [muliebres et viriles]}) te
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 96
Nails Bed of the nail Crest of ungual matrix Sulcus of ungual matrix Wall of nail Body of nail Root of nail Lunule Hidden margin Free margin Lateral margin Horny layer of nail Germinative layer of nail
Glands of the skin
Coil glands
Sweat glands Body of sweat gland Sweat duct Sweat pore Sweat Glands of the eyelashes of Moll
Circumanal glands Wax glands Wax
Sebaceous glands
Cutaneous sebum
Breast
Nipple of the breast Body of the breast Lobes of the breast Lobules of breast Lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Female milk Colostrum Areola of breast Sebaceous glands Areolar glands of Resaizomery Male breast Accessory breasts, female and male
97 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Regiones corporis humani
auctoribus Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt.
Linea mediana anterior Linea mamillaris Linea mediana posterior Linea axillaris Linea sternalis Linea scapularis
Linea parasternalis ©
&. brali. palpe apr sia
inferior
REGIONS OF THE HuMAN Bopy 97
Regions of the human body
After the authors Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt,
Anterior median line Mammillary line Posterior median line Axillary line Sternal line Scapular line
Parasternal line
98 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Regiones capitis Regio parotideomasseterica
Regio frontalis Fossa retromandibularis Regio supraorbitalis Regiones colli Regio parietalis Regio colli anterior
Regio occipitalis
Regio temporalis Regio auricularis Regio mastoidea Regiones faciei Regio nasalis
Regio submentalis Regio hyoidea Regio subhyoidea Regio laryngea Regio thyreoidea Regio suprasternalis
Regio oralis Fossa jugularis
Regio labialis superior Regio submaxillaris
Regio labialis inferior Fossa carotica
Regio mentalis Regio sternocleidomastoidea Regio orbitalis Fossa supraclavicularis minor Regio palpebralis superior Regio colli lateralis
Regio palpebralis inferior Fossa supraclavicularis major Regio infraorbitalis Trigonum omoclaviculare Regio buccalis Regio colli posterior
Regio zygomatica Regio nuchae
REGIONS OF THE HuMAN Bopy 98
Regions of the head _ Parotideomasseteric region Region of the forehead Retromandibular fossa Supraorbital region Regions of the neck Parietal region Anterior region of neck Region of the occiput Region under the chin Region of the temple Region of the hyoid Region of the ear Region below hyoid Region of the mastoid Region of the larynx Regions of the face Region of the thyreoid
- Region of the nose Region above sternum Region of the mouth Jugular fossa Region of the upper lip Region below lower jaw Region of the lower lip. Carotid fossa Region of the chin Region of the sternocleidomastoid Region of the eye Lesser supraclavicular fossa Region of upper eyelid Region of the side of the neck Region of lower eyelid Larger supraclavicular fossa Infraorbital region Omoclavicular triangle Region of the cheek Region of the back of the neck
Region of the zygoma Region of the nape
*
99 : ANATOMICAL, NOMENCLATURE
Fovea nuchae Regiones pectoris Regio pectoris anterior
Regio sternalis Regio clavicularis Regio infraclavicularis
Trigonum deltoideopectorale
Regio mammalis Regio inframammalis Regio pectoris lateralis Regio axillaris Fossa axillaris
Regio costalis lateralis Regiones abdominis Regio epigastrica Regio hypochondriaca Regio mesogastrica
Regio umbilicalis
Regio abdominalis lateralis Regio hypogastrica
Regio pubica
Regio inguinalis Regiones dorsi
Regio mediana dorsi
Regio interscapularis
Regio scapularis
Regio suprascapularis
Regio infrascapularis
Regio lumbalis
Regio coxae
Regio sacralis
Regio glutaea
Regio perinealis Regio analis Regio urogenitalis
Regio pudendalis
Regionesextremitatis su- perioris
Regio acromialis
Regio deltoidea
Regio brachii lateralis
Regio brachii medialis
Regio brachii anterior
Regio brachii posterior
Regio cubiti anterior Fossa cubitalis
REGIONS OF THE HUMAN Bopy
Nuchal depression
Regions of the breast
Anterior region of breast Region of the sternum Region of the clavicle Region below clavicle
Deltoideopectoral triangle
Region of the mammary gland Region below mammary gland
Lateral region of the breast Region of the axilla Axillary pit
Lateral region of ribs Regions of abdomen Epigastric region Hypochondriac region
Mesogastric region ~ Region of umbilicus
Lateral region of abdomen’ Hypogastric region
Region of the pubes
Region of the groin Regions of the back
Median region of the back Interscapular region Region of the scapula Region above scapula Region below scapula Lumbar region Region of the hip Region of the sacrum Region of the buttocks Region of the perineum Anal region Urogenital region
Pundendal region
99
Regions of upper extrem-
ity Region of the acromion Region of the deltoid Lateral region of upper arm Medial region of upper arm Anterior region of upper arm Posterior region of upper arm Anterior region of elbow Fossa of elbow
Ioo
Regio cubiti posterior Regio olecrani Regio cubiti lateralis Regio cubiti medialis Regio antibrachii volaris Regio antibrachii dorsalis Regio antibrachii radialis Regio antibrachii ulnaris Regio dorsalis manus Regio volaris manus Regiones digitales [manus] Regiones dorsales digitorum Regiones unguiculares Regiones volares digitorum Regiones extremitatis in- ferioris Regio femoris anterior Fossa subinguinalis Regio femoris lateralis Regio trochanterica Regio femoris posterior
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Regio femoris medialis Regio genu anterior Regio patellaris Regio genu posterior Fossa poplitea Regio cruris anterior
Regio cruris posterior
Regio suralis Regio cruris lateralis Regio cruris medialis Regio malleolaris lateralis Regio malleolaris medialis Regio retromalleolaris lateralis Regio retromalleolaris medialis Regio calcanea Regio dorsalis pedis Regio plantaris pedis Regiones digitales pedis Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis Regiones unguiculares Regiones plantares digitorum pedis
REGIONS OF THE HuMAN Bopy
Posterior region of elbow Region of olecranon Lateral region of elbow Medial region of elbow Volar region of forearm Dorsal region of forearm Radial region of forearm Ulnar region of forearm Dorsal region of the hand Volar region of the hand Regions of the digits of the hand Dorsal regions of digits Regions of the nails Volar regions of digits Regions of lower extrem- ity Anterior region of the thigh Fossa below the groin Lateral region of thigh Region of the trochanter Posterior region of thigh
Ioo
Medial region of thigh Anterior region of the knee Region of the patella Posterior region of knee Popliteal fossa Anterior region of the leg Posterior region of leg Region of the calf Lateral region of leg Medial region of leg Region of lateral malleolus Region of medial malleolus Lateral retromalleolar region Medial retromalleolar region Region of the heel
_ Region of the dorsum of foot
Region of the sole of the foot Regions of the digits of the foot Dorsal regions of the digits of the foot Regions of the nails
Plantar regions of the digits of the foot
IOI EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CERTAIN OF THE TERMS
Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms.
While there can be no doubt as to the exact meaning of the majority of the names in the list, there are some names included which hitherto have been used with different meanings in different text-books, and here and there a new term, not to be found in any of the text-books, is included.
To indicate the exact meaning of these, Professor His, with the approval of the editing committee, wrote a series of brief explanatory notes. Thus, for example, the designations regarding the position and direction of parts of the body are explained, ¢ransversalis meaning across the axis of the body, transversus across the axis of the organ concerned. ‘The word intermedius is used for the position midway between medialis and lateralis in order to avoid the juxta- position of words sounding so much alike as medius and medialis; between anterior and posterior or between externus and internus the adjective medius is retained. ‘The notes contain a long discussion on the nomenclature of “ glands” and “lymphglands.” In connection with general terms it is noted that discus means “disc,” while meniscus means “crescent.” In the osteological notes the terms glabella, infundibulum ethmoidale, and sulci paraglenoidales are, among others, clearly defined. Comments on the Pars lacrimalis m. orbicularis or Horner’s muscle, the M. quadratus labii superioris (the old “Mm. levator labii superioris proprius, levator labii superioris aleeque nasi and zygomaticus minor?’ combined), the Raphe pterygomandibularis, the Fasciculi transversi of the palmar aponeurosis, the Scalenus minimus, the Ligamentum fundiforme penis, the Falx inguinalis (the old “conjoined” tendon or Henle’s ligament), and the Ligamen- twm interfoveolare (Hesselbach’s ligament) are made in connection with myology.
Some rather important notes accompany the splanchnological terms. Cer- tain new terms have been adopted in the tonsillar region, partly on embryological grounds. The Kecessus pharyngeus of Rosenmueller is exactly defined, as is also the Bursa pharyngeus (p. 128). In connection with the Pars analis recti attention is called to the excellent description given by the French anato- mists, Sappey and Testut. A number of the names for parts of the nose and larynx have been drawn from the special literature. The less familiar of these in the nose—Limen nasi, atrium meatus medii, agger nasi, Sulcus olfactorius, Recessus sphenoethmoidalis, meatus nasopharyngeus, Meatus nasi communis, Processus sphenoidalis septi cartilaginei—are explained. In the larynx marked precision has been arrived at and a great advance in nomenclature has been made. The old terms Glottis vera and Glottis spuria have been done away
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 102
with; the terms adopted throughout are exceedingly satisfactory. The names for the genitourinary organs are nearly all easily understood; the terms Annulus urethralis vesice, Crista urethralis, Corpus glandulare prostate, Isthmus prostate, Colliculus seminalis (the old Caput gallinaginis) are especially dealt with.
As might have been expected, there are numerous notes upon the pelvic floor and the pelvic fascia. After the notes were written the Commission changed Trigonum urogenitale to Diaphragma urogenitale. The floor of the pelvic ~ cavity is formed by the M. levator ani and the M. coccygeus, and to this mus- cular funnel the name Diaphragma pelvis, suggested by H. Meyer, is given; the fascia above it is called the Pars diaphragmatica fasciae pelvis, that below it the Fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis. The two parts of the Fascia pelvis are designated Pars diaphragmatica and Pars endopelvina, instead of, as of yore, Pars parietalis and Pars visceralis, the reason being that the latter terms are used only for serous membranes. The distinction between the Arcus fendineus musculi levatoris ani (the tendinous arch helping to give origin to the M. levator ani interwoven with the obturator fascia, whose two extremities reach to the upper margin of the pelvis) and the Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis is sharply drawn; the latter crosses the former and the two are easily separable from one another.
The Diaphragma urogenitale, the triangular mass of tissue stretching across between the pubic rami leaving a space at its upper end (beneath the Lig. arcua- tum) open for the passage of the Vena dorsalis penis (s. clitoridis), is described as having a framework made up of two powerful fascial layers, the Fascia dia- phragmatis urogenitalis superior (the old “deep layer of the triangular liga- ment”), and the Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (the old “superficial layer of the triangular ligament”). These two fascie are fused at their upper and lower margins, enclosing a flat slit-like space. The union of the upper
“margins gives rise to the Lig. transversum pelvis. The compartment between the two layers (middle perineal compartment) is traversed by the membranous urethra with its M. sphincter urethrae membranacee. In the compartment lie the M. transversus profundus, Cowper’s glands, and numerous venous plexuses. The term “Fascia perinei propria” has been dropped; it was used in so many different ways that students were confused by it.
The revision of the names for the peritonaeum seems satisfactory. By Membrana mesenterii propria is meant the layer of connective tissue remaining after removal of the two peritoneal layers; it carries the blood and lymph-vessels, lymph glands, and fat. The division of the Bursa omentalis (lesser peritoneal cavity) into a Vestibulum, Recessus superior, Recessus inferior, and Recessus lienalis, is important. The Plica gastropancreatica is explained.
_ The old name of suspensory ligament of the liver has been changed to Lig. jalciforme hepatis for obvious reasons.
On the following terms of gynaecological anatomy comments are made: Lig. suspensorium ovarii, Bursa ovarica, and Parametrium.
103 EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CERTAIN OF THE TERMS
The angiological notes are meagre, it being assumed that the names are in general wholly intelligible; a few names of parts of the heart are commented on and the question of the veins about the navel is thoroughly ventilated.
The neurological notes are in accord with the well-known nomenclature based on the embryological studies of His, and those familiar with his work will find but little new in them.
These notes are not more fully incorporated into this volume for two reasons: (1) They are easily accessible to those who desire to refer to them in the Arch. f. Anat. u. Entwicklungs geschichte (1895), and (2) they would have incon- veniently enlarged the size and increased the price of the present publication.
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A
LIST oF BOOKS
Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Biology, Embryology, Zoology
Published by
P. Blakiston’s Son & Co.
Philadelphia
Illustrated Circulars sent to any Address upon Application
Arranged upon an Embryological Basis . Just Ready
Stohr’s Histology
Sixth American, from the Twelfth German Edition.
Revised and Arranged by FREDERIC T. LEWIS Assistant Professor of Embryology at the Harvard Medical School.
With 450 Illustrations, 45 in Colors. Octavo; ix+ 434 pages. Cloth, $3.00 met.
HE need of a text-book of- histology arranged upon an embryological basis has long been felt, and the opportunity to accomplish this arrangement was promptly embraced when Professor Stohr’s generous permission was
given to adapt a new edifion of his book to American needs. As a leading Professor of Histology says, ‘‘ the book is now in its arrangement and treatment something adequate as a statement of the present knowledge of the subject. The illustrations illustrate; the text instructs.”
The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA) is used throughout.
Ss,
Lilimp
Fic. 159 (Reduced).—EmpBryonic Hearts.
A and B, jrom Rabbits 9 days after coitus, C, from a human embryo of 3 (?) weeks; D and E, from a 12 mm. pig (D sectioned on the left of the median septum, and E on the right of it); F, jrom a 13.6 mm. human embryo, sectioned like E.
Synopsis of Contents.—Microscopic Anatomy. Cytology: The Cell; Form and Size of Cells; Vital Phenomena; Formation and Reproduction of Cells; Cytomorphosis. GENERAL Histotocy: Histogenesis; Epithelia; Mes- enchymal, Muscle, Nerve, and Vascular Tissues; Blood Forming and Blood Destroying Organs; Entodermal Tract; Urinary and Male and Female Genital Organs; Skin; Supra-renal Glands; Brain and Sense Organs. THE PREPARA- TION AND EXAMINATION OF MICROSCOPICAL SPECIMENS: Fresh Tissues; Isola- tion; Sectioning; Fixation; Decalcification; Imbedding; Staining and Mount- ing; General Stains; Special Stains; the Microscope; Drawings; Reconstruction. °
2
An Americanized Fourth Edition Rewritten and Revised
NEARLY READY
Morris’ Human Anatomy
A Complete, Systematic Treatise by American and English Authors
EDITED BY
HENRY MORRIS and J. PLAYFAIR McMURRICH F.R.C.S. A.M., Ph.D. Consulting Surgeon to, and formerly Lecturer Professor of Anatomy, University of Michi- on Surgery and Anatomy at Middlesex gan; Member Association of American
Hospital, London. and Examiner in Anat- Anatomisis; Member of Advisory Board, omy, University of Durham, etc. Wistar Institute of Anatomy, etc.
For the first time in the history of this famous work, American anatomists have been asked to contribute original articles and to rewrite and revise sections, the object in this being the desire to incorporate the very important results of recent investigations in the anatomical laboratories of the United States. The book has become internat- ional in scope, and with its widening of view, of even greater usefulness to all English-speaking students.
Among the American contributors will. be noted J. Playfair McMur- rich, R. J. Terry, Irving Hardesty, G. Carl Huber, Abram T. Kerr, Charles R. Bardeen and Florence R. Sabin. Henry Morris, R. Marcus Gunn and W. H. A. Jacobson head the English contributors.
( ie z : The text has been completely Note:—It is not possible in this space to give a . 2
thoroughly representative illustration. That shown ts revised, and = additional feature one of a series depicting—according to Projessor Mac- of merit will be found in its con-
Callum, of Johns Hopkins University—the fact that formity with the new Anatom- the heart may be considered as three flat bands.) ical Nomenclature (BNA).* Very especial attention, in this new edition, has been paid to the illustra- tions, with the result that the teaching value of the book has been very materially increased.
Illustration reduced one-halj in size.
Containing about 1024 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. One Handsome Octavo Volume. Cloth, $6.00. Sheep or Half Morocco, $7.00, net. Or in Five Parts, as follows, each part sold separately.
PART I. Morphogenesis. Osteology. Articulation. Index.
PART II. Muscles. Organs of Circulation. Index.
PART III. Nervous System. Organs of Special Sense. Index.
PART IV. Organs of Digestion; of Voice and Respiration. Urinary and Reproductive Organs. Ductless Glands. Skin and Mammary Glands. Index.
PART V. Surgical and Topographical Anatomy. Index.
Entomology With Special Reference to Its Biological and Eco- nomic Aspects
By Justus Watson Folsom, Sc.D. (Harv.)
Instructor in Entomology at the University of Iilinois. Five Plates, 1 Colored, and 300 other Illustrations. 8vo; 485 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net.
““*Entomology,’ by Dr. Justus W. Folsom, is an advance over all other American works of its kind. It should be in the hands of every entomologist or entomological student, and in every public library. A most careful work, containing much information that only an expert has heretofore known where to find.”—MR. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of the Cereal and Forage Crops Insect Investigations, Department of Agriculture at Washingion.
A comprehensive and concise account of insects, written to meet the growing demand for a biological treatment of entomology. The aim has been to introduce much material that, hitherto, has not appeared in the text-books; and though adapted for students and teachers of entomology and zoology (being the only book that fills the actual teaching requirements) it will also be valuable to the profess- ional and amateur entomologists and to the general reader, especially on account of its consideration of economic subjects. The book contains, in small compass, authenticated facts that have had to be sought in many foreign languages. The new illustrations, which are many, have been prepared by the author; the others have been copied, by permission from various authoritative sources.
Synopsis of Contents: Classification —Anatomy and Physiology.—De- velopment.—Adaptations of Aquatic Insects.—Color and Coloration.—Adap- tive Coloration.—Origin of Adaptations and of Species.—Insects in Relation to Plants; to other Animals.—Interrelations of Insects.—Insect Behavior.— Distribution.—Insects in Relation to Man.—Literature.—Index.
“This is an eminently satisfactory work on insects, both from the standpoint of the school and of the general reader. It is the first adequate treatment of this subject as adapted to the science of entomology, and at the same time to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. It teaches every fact about insects that it is desirable to know from the point of view of popular science, and literally all that need be known from the economic. This is an admirable real- ization of the dream of the schoolmaster and of the general reader for a book at once comprehensive, concise and attractive.’”’—Journal of Education, Boston. i
“Of high, practical importance ” (Owflook). “it is a complete and concise account of insect life, planned to meet the growing interest in biology” (School). “The book is a noteworthy one” (Psyche), “ and is a very valuable addition to the general work on the subject. It covers much ground not touched by the other books on insects” (Entomological News). “It is a book to lean upon and draw upon” (Schoo] Bulletin). “‘ Will be most useful to the general student”’ (Science).
Embryology
The Development of the Human Body
By J. Playfair McMurrich, A. M., Ph. D.
Projessor of Anatomy in the University of Michigan.
Second Edition, Revised, Enlarged. With 272 Illustrations. r2mo; 539 pages. Cloth, $3.00 met.
CONCISE statement of the develop- ment of the human body and a foun- dation for the proper understanding
of the facts of anatomy. The comparative anatomy and development of the lower ani- mals, too, is constantly referred to, a different style type being used for these references. The assimilation of the enormous mass of facts which constitute what is usually known as descriptive anatomy has always been a difficult task for the student. Part of the difficulty has been due.to a lack of informa- tion regarding the causes which have de- termined the structure and relations of the parts of the body, for without some knowl- edge of the “‘ why ”’ things are so, the facts of anatomy stand as so many isolated items, while with such knowledge they become bound together to a continuous whole and their study assumes the dignity of a science. The great key to the significance of the structure and relations of organs is their de- velopment, recognizing by that term the his- torical as well as the individual development,
Synopsis of Contents: Part I.—Gen- eral Development: The Spermatozoon and Spermatogenesis; the Ovum and Its Matura- tion and Fertilization; the Segmentation of the Ovum and the Formation of the Germ Layers; The Development of the External Form of the Human Embryo; The Medullary Groove, Notochord, and .Mesodermic Somites; The Yolk-stalk, Belly-stalk, and the Fetal Mem- branes. Part I1.—Organogeny: The De- velopment of the Integumentary System; Con- nective Tissues and Skeleton; Muscular Sys- tem; Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems; Digestive Tract and Glands; Pericardium and Pleuro-peritoneum, the Diaphragm and the Spleen; Organs of Respiration; Urino- genital System and the Suprarenal Bodies; Nervous System; Organs of Special Sense; Post-Natal Development; Index.
“Right up to date.’’—Lancet, London.
A Laboratory Text-Book of Embryology
By Charles S. Minot, S.D., LL. D.
Professor of H istology and Human Em- bryology, Harvard University Medical School.
With 218 Illustrations, mainly original. Quarto; 380 pages. Cloth, $4.50 nef.
This work is intended primarily for the use of students taking a practical laboratory course in Embryology. The author’s experi- ence has led him to believe that the study of carefully selected sections of embryos, accom- panied by directions and explanations of the significant structures in each section, offers many advantages. This conviction has de- termined the arrangement of the book. At- tention is given chiefly to such points as serve to explain adult anatomical relations, to illus- trate general biological principles, and to afford insight into pathological processes.
Synopsis of Contents: General Concep- tions—The Early Development of Mam- mals.—The Human Embryo.—Study of Pig Embryos.—Study of Young Chick Embryos. —Study of, the Blastodermic Vesicle and the Segmentation of the Ovum.—Study of the Uterus and the Foetal Appendages in Man.— Methods.—Index.
“This new laboratory text-book of Embryology is worthy of particular attention. It is a practical guide of a novel and original type, which is to be recommended as a valuable aid in laboratory teaching of a difficult na- ture. It is a valuable addition to the list of available text-books of Embry- ology. In fact, the book stands by itself and is an original departure in a very desirable direction, introduc- ing the student to the subject by a practical method which promises ex- cellent results. After a year’s experi- ence with it, we feel much confidence in its success.’”—Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
First Course In Z oOo ] oO ZY
A NEW TEXT-BOOK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES
By T. W. Galloway, Ph. D.
Professor of Biology, James Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois. With 240 Illustrations. Octavo; 460 pages. Cloth, $2.50 net.
HE AUTHOR has endeavored in this book to present a balanced course in Zoology which will be suitable to beginning classes in the last years of the High School or the first year of College. It provides specifically
for class-room work, reference work in the library, laboratory work, and field work. It includes a brief treatment of the fundamental principles of the science in the first part of the book; the second part, which contains a discus- sion of the great branches of the animal kingdom, is treated as a concrete illus- tration of these general principles.
Among many other distinctive excellences are seven features which give the work especial merit: (1) It follows no fads; (2) Because of the wealth of practical exercises suggested, it provides more work than any one class can cover in the time allotted ; (3) Much collateral work in the library, field and laboratory is outlined ; (4) The practical work is placed upon the broader problems of physiology, of the relations of animals to the environment, and of the adaptations of organic form to needs, rather than upon dissection and minute anatomy; (5) The practical (i. e. the laboratory, field and library) work is interspersed through the text in such a way as to illustrate and enforce the more abstract definitions ; (6) Especial emphasis is put upon the illustrations; (7) There are numerous analytical reviews and summaries.
Synopsis of Contents :—Introduction.—Protoplasm: Its Morphology and Physiology—The Animal Cell: Its Morphology and Physiology.—From the Simple Cell to the Complex Animal.—Cellular Differentiation.—Tissues.—Gen- eral Animal Functions and Their Appropriate Organs.—Promorphology.—In- dividual Differentiation and Adaptation.—A General Preview of the Animal — Kingdom.—Protozoa.—Porifera.— Coelenterata.— Unsegmented ‘* Worms.”— Echinodermata.—Annulata: Segmented “ Worms.’’—Mollusca.—Arthropoda.— Chordata: Proto-vertebrata.—Chordata: Vertebrata.—Pisces.—Amphibia.—Rep- tilia.—Aves.—Mammalia.—General Summary.—A Review Outline—Appen- dix.—Suggestions to Teachers.—Index. —
‘‘Galloway’s ‘First Course in Zoology’ is one of the authoritative text-books. The teacher may refer to it with confidence, and cannot fail to do so with profit.”—School Bulletin.
6
The Nervous System of
Vertebrates
By J. B. Johnston, Ph. D. Professor of Zoology in West Virginia University.
With 180 Illustrations, the majority from original drawings. Octavo; xx+370 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net.
HE attempt has been made in this book to give an account of the nervous system as a whole, to trace its phylogenetic history and to show the fac- tors which have determined the course of evolution. The functional point
of view, which is the chief characteristic of the present book, brings the treat- ment of the nervous system into close relation with the work of recent years on the behavior of animals. The study of behavior aims to give an account of the actions of animals in relation to the environment. The study of the nervous system aims to describe the mechanism by which actions are directed and adapted to the conditions of life. A text-book of comparative neurology at the present time must meet the needs of workers of all grades, students, investi- gators and instructors. Its descriptions should be intelligible to students who have had one year of work in zoology or medicine, including the anatomy and embryology of some vertebrate. On the other hand, there should be included all facts which are important for the functional and phylogenetic mode of treat- ment. Every effort has been made to bring out clearly the functional significance and relationships of the structures described, and to interest and train the student in the interpretation of structure in terms of function, adaptation and evolution. The (BNA) terms, which are now the most generally familiar, have been employed so far as possible. Much material has been collected which is published here for the first time.
Two prominent instructors say:
“Tt is an exceedingly useful piece of work,—well done.” ‘“‘ Profes- sor Johnston’s text-book makes a valuable addition to our researches and represents the newer developments of neurological science in a way which, so far as I know, no other book has even attempted.”
Synopsis of Contents :—Study of the Nervous System.—General Morphol- ogy of the Nervous System.—Development of the Nervous System.—Nerve Ele- ments and their Functions.—The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System.— Somatic Afferent Division; General Cutaneous Subdivision; Special Cutaneous Subdivision ; Visual Apparatus.—Visceral Afferent Division—Olfactory Appar- atus.—Somatic Motor Division.—Visceral Efferent Division.—Sympathetic System.—Centers of Correlation —Cerebellum.—Centers of Correlation; Mesen- cephalon and Diencephalon.—Evolution of the Cerebral Hemisphere.—Neopal- lium. Bibliography and Laboratory Work Suggestions at end of each Chapter.
7
Surgical Anatomy
A Treatise on Human Anatomy in its Application to the Practice of Medicine and Surgery
By John B. Deaver, M.D. ' Surgeon-in-Chief to the German Hospital, Philadelphia, etc., etc.
‘‘ The reader is not only taken by easy and natural stages from the more superficial to the deeper regions, but the various important regional landmarks are also indicated by schematic tracing. . . In summing up the general excellences of this remarkable work, we can accord our unqualified praise for the accurate, exhaustive, and system- atic manner in which the author has carried out his plan, and we can commend it as a model of its kind, which must be possessed to be appreciated.””—WMedical Record, New York.
Three Royal Octavo Volumes, of 2157 pages, containing 499 Full-page Plates engraved from original drawings made by special artists from dissec- tions prepared for the purpose in the dissection-rooms of the University of Pennsylvania. Sold by Subscription, in Complete Sets Only. Leather or Half-Morocco, Marbled Edges, $30.00; MHalf-Russia, Gilt, Marbled Edges, $33.00 met.
Synopsis of Contents: (umber of Jllustrations in Parentheses.) Vol. I.—Upper Extremity (95); Back of Neck, Shoulder, and Trunk (24); Cranium, Scalp, Face (32). 632 pages; 151 Plates. Vol. Il.—Neck (47); Mouth (3); Pharynx (6); Larynx (10); Nose (9); Orbit (8); Eye (14); Ear (12); Brain (32); Joints of Head and Neck (4); Male Perineum (17); Female Perineum (8). 709 pages; 170 Plates. Vol. IIJ.—Abdomen (74); Pelvis (16); Chest (32); Lower Extremity (56). 816 pages; 178 Plates.
‘In order to show its thoroughness, it is only necessary to mention that no less than twelve full-page plates are reproduced in order to accurately portray the surgical anatomy of the hand, and it is doubt- ful whether any better description exists in any work in the English language.’’—Journal of the American Medical Association.
“The illustrations are lavishly supplied and are both helpful and informing. . . .. No better text-book of surgical anatomy is in existence, and we can confidently predict that Dr. Deaver has satisfied the needs of the profession for at least a generation.”—The British Medical Journal, London.
8
THE LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM OF LABORATORY NOTES
FOR GUIDANCE IN THE DISSECTION AND ELEMENTARY STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES
Prepared by THEO. H. SCHEFFER, A.M. Assistant Professor of Zoology, Kansas State Agricultural College. Octavo ; vi+ 112 pages. Strong Adjustable Cloth Covers, Cloth, $1.00 net. Excerpts From the Preface:
InstRucToRS in biology very generally direct the laboratory work by means of written or printed guides placed in the hands of the student. These are sometimes hastily prepared for the occasion, or, if more elaborated, the sheets furnished the student at various times are not uniform in size and will not fit in with any system of notes which he may be keeping.
The Loose Lear guides are the results of several years’ experience in directing zoological work in high school and college laboratories. The sheets outlining the work on each type of animal are separate, so that they may be incorporated with the student’s drawings and notes on that particular type. The recorded information on the subject is thus collected together, not only simplifying at the time the work of studying the specimen, taking notes, and indexing the drawings, but making future reference to the records an easy matter. Then, too, the laboratory guides being thus bound in with the student’s notes, do not become scattered or lost.
The twenty-one types of animal life herein treated give the student a brief general survey of the field from Protozoan to Vertebrate. Similar treatment is accorded each type. It will be noted that the zoological position of each animal is given (Parker and Haswell’s classification), that its habitat receives attention, and that there are hints on collecting the material for class. study. Details of structure that are very obscure are either omitted, or, if essential, attention is called to them without demonstration.
Synopsis of Contents: PROTOZOA. Ameba; Paramecium; Vorticella. POR- IFERA. Marine Sponge. COELENTERATA. Fresh-Water Hydra; Hydroid; Hydroid Medusa. PLATYHELMINTHES. Flat-Worm. ECHINODER- MATA. Starfish, ANNULATA. Earthworm. ARTHROPODA. Water-fea; Lobster or Crayfish; Centiped; Grasshopper; Spider. MOLLUSCA. Fresh-water Mussel; Snail; Squid. CHORDATA. Catfish; Frog or Toad; English Sparrow.
“The book will prove useful in high school and elementary college courses.”—The Nation.
“Tt isa most capital idea ’’(School Bulletin), ‘and is a most excellent sys- tem of keeping notes.””—Couniry Lije in America.
8G@FScheffer’s “ Loose Leaf System” is not bound in the usual manner. Each leaf is separate and the whole tied into strong adjustable cloth covers, so that leaves may be removed or notes and drawings may be inserted at any place.
9
Blakiston’s Manikins
A Series of Twelve Manikins of the Head, Nose, Throat, Eye, Ear, Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Kidney, Liver, Foot, and Hand, with Descriptions of each “* * “* %
One Volume. Octavo. Cloth, $1.50 mez.
The manikin of the HEAD shows 88 different structures; that of the ORAL CAVITY, with the PHARYNX, LARYNX, and TEETH, shows 61; the EYE, 44; the FOOT, 68; the HAND, 55; the LIVER, 47; the KIDNEY, 20; the STOMACH, 23; the NOSE, 32; the EAR, 24; the LUNGS, 18; and the HEART, 33,—A TOTAL OF 513 STRUCTURES.
The work is issued in book form, octavo in size, and embraces twelve manikins, some containing as many as ten flaps, lithographed in colors on heavy serviceable cardboard, the whole arranged to fold flat and compact when the volume is closed. Each manikin is cut to the exact shape of the organ illustrated, and the various flaps are intended to fold one upon the other in the order shown in nature, the deeper details becoming visible only when all the outer layers have been in their proper turn exposed. Every flap is printed on two sides, each side representing a different anatomical feature.
A Manual and Atlas of Dissection
By Simon Menno Yutzy, M.D.
Instructor in Osteology and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Michigan.
With an Introduction by J. Playfair McMurrich, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan ; author of ‘‘4 Manual of Human Embryology.’’
This work is a topographical index, providing the reader with a list of the structures to be found during dissection, together with concise directions for procedure.
With 314 Illustrations, many in Colors. Large Octavo; 256 pages. Cloth, $2.50 mez.
‘‘The author’s experience as a teacher has effected an arrange- ment likely to be very useful to the student.”—New York Medical Journal.
Io
Mammalian Anatomy
With Special Reference to the Cat
By Alvin Davison, Ph. D. Projessor of Biology in Lafayette College.
With over 100 Illustrations made by W. H. Reese, A.M., from the author’s dissections. 12mo0; 250 pages. Cloth, $1.50 met.
HIS work is intended to acquaint the student with the general structure of the cat, and at the
same time introduce him to some of the most important morphologic fea- tures of the Mammalian. All eminent zoologists agree on the desirability of
inning zoological work by studying one of the higher animals. Again, since the majority of college students have not time for the acquisition of a fruitful knowledge of both vertebrates and invertebrates, the study of the former is a matter of vital importance, as it enables the student to become familiar with the anatomy and physi- ology of his own body. It also has the advantage of throwing light on the significant problem of organic evolu- tion, such as is not to be derived from the study of invertebrate forms. Pro- fessor Davison’s work has a distinct place in biological study.
Synopsis of Contents :—The Bio- logical Sciences—Classification of the Animal Kingdom—Preparation and Preservation of Material — General Structure of a Vertebrate—The Skel- eton—The Joints—The Muscles—Or- gans of Digestion—The Vascular System—Respiratory System—Excre- tory and Reproductive Systems— Nervous System—Index.
VENTRAL ASPECT OF THE BRAIN.
““Itis designed to fill the gap between the more detailed works and those which are merely laboratory guides, and to afford the student who cannot pursue a lengthy course of zoological study, a general idea of the structure of a mammal and of the principles of mammalian anatomy. The book furnishes an excellent idea of the structure of the cat, free from a superfluity of detail. Throughout the book are frequent remarks of a comparative nature, and at the close of each chapter is a list of questions or suggestions, for the most part of a general nature, which will serve as excellent topics for comment by the teacher or for collateral investigation under his direction by the student. An introductory chapter is devoted to an account of useful methods by which the dissection may be facilitated, and the text is illustrated’ by numerous figures and diagrams.””—Science.
II
A Text-Book of
Anatomy for Nurses
Just Ready
By Elizabeth R. Bundy, M.D.
Member of the Medical Staff of the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia, etc., etc.; late Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania; formerly Superintendent of Connecticut Training School Jor Nurses, New Haven.
HE pupil-nurse in a training school has little time at command for the study of text-books, and conciseness, clearness and accuracy are essential requisites of any work written for her use.“ In this ‘‘ Anatomy for Nurses’’ these requisites are observed, and nurses—pupil or graduate—will find in it a satisfactory aid to the acquirement of that knowledge of the human
body which is necessary to the full understanding of their important duties.
Dr. Bundy, by reason of her positions, training and experience, is particularly well qualified to write such a book. It does not unnecessarily burden the mind of the student by endeavoring to reach into the domains of the physician, nor does it concern itself with useless abstract or theoretical matters. On the contrary, it fills a void for a work that is simple, terse, didactic,—one that, confining itself strictly to its own chosen field, is yet
complete in all details of moment therein.
With a Glossary and 191 Illustrations, 34 of which are Colored. 12mo; viii + 252 pages. Cloth, $1.75 met, postage prepaid.
I2
Miscellaneous Books
Holden.
Holden’s Anatomy
A Manual of the Dissections of the Human Body By John Langton, F.R.C.S.
Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew's Hospital .
Seventh Edition, Carefully Revised by A. Hewson, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc.
320 Illustrations. Two small compact volumes. 12mo.
Vol. I. Scalp, Face, Orbit, Neck, Throat, Thorax, Upper Extremity. 435 pages. 153 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, $1.50 wet.
Vol. II. Abdomen, Perineum, Lower Extremity, Brain, Eye, Ear, Mammary Gland, Scrotum, Testes. 445 pages. 167 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, $1.50 wet.
“The last edition of this standard work comes in two volumes instead of one as formerly. A few alterations have been made in the text, but the general character of the book is still maintained throughout, which is saying all of good that can be said of an anatomical classic.’’—Medical Record, New York.
Human Osteology
Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored -Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. The General and Microscopical Structure of Bone and Its Development
Eighth Edition. Carefully Revised.
Edited by Charles Stewart, F.R.S. and R. W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S.
With Colored Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. Cloth, $5.25 mev.
Landm ark S—Medical and Surgical
Fourth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, § .75 xe? 13
Miscellaneous Books (Continued) Gordinier.
The Gross and Minute Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
With a Chapter on the Embryology of the Central Nervous System
By H. C. Gordinier, A.M., M.D.
Professor of Physiology and of the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the Albany Medical College; Member American Neurological Association. With 48 Full-page Plates and 213 other Illustrations, a number of which
are printed in Colors and many of which are original. Large 8vo. Cloth,
$6.00; Sheep or Half-Morocco, $7.00, me?. .
“It represents much painstaking research and bears also the stamp of original investigation. It is unusually well written, and the illustra- tions, many of which are original, are well chosen. It is destined to take its place among the standard books of its class.’—N. Y. Medical Journal.
Broomell. Anatomy and Histology of the Mouth and Teeth By Dr. I. N. Broomell
Professor of Dental Anatomy, Dental Histology, and Prosthetic Technics in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.
Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by 72 pages. 337 Handsome Illustrations, the majority of which are original. Large Octavo. Cloth, $4.50; Leather or Half-Morocco, $5.50, mez.
“A most excellent manual and one of the most up-to-date text- books upon the subject of the anatomy of the mouth which has appeared in recent years.”,—The American Journal of Medical Sciences.
Box and Eccles.
Clinical Applied Anatomy or, the Anatomy of Medicine and Surgery
By Charles R. Box, M.D., F.R.C.S. Lecturer on Applied Anatomy, St. Thomas's Hospital,
and W. McAdam Eccles, F.R.C.S.
. Demonstrator of Operative Surgery, St. Bartholomew’ s Hospital. With 45 Plates, 12 Colored; 6 figures. 8vo; 471 pages. Cloth, $4.00 mez.
“This excellent work is one of the most practical and applicable - to the needs of the medical practitioner or senior student which has yet appeared on the subject of applied anatomy. The plan pursued by the authors in this book has been to treat the subject entirely from a clinical point of view rather than that of the anatomist, with the result of making the work delightfully readable. Any author who can accomplish this with an anatomical subject, and without detracting from the technical value of his work, deserves and is bound to receive great credit.”— Medical Record, New York.
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\
Miscellaneous Books (Continued
Tomes.
Dental Anatomy
A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative By C. S. Tomes, D.D.S.
263 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised. I2mo. Cloth, $4.00 mef#.
“This standard work on Dental Anatomy has been brought thor- oughly up to date and is a distinct advance on any of the previous editions. At first written with a view of providing the dental student with the requisite knowledge for his qualifying examination it has since become a text-book for the student of biology in general. This fact, combined with the rapidly increasing literature on the subject, has, as the author points out, greatly enhanced the difficulty of bringing the book up to date. It is, however, needless to say that the work of editing has been carried out in an admirable way.”—Lancet, London.
Ballou. Equine Anatomy ana Physiology
By Wm. R. Ballou, M.D. Late Professor of Equine Anatomy, New York College of Veterinary Surgeons.
With 29 Graphic Illustrations. 12mo. Slakiston’s ? Quiz-Compend ? Series. Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for the Addition of Notes, $1.25, mez.
“One of Blakiston’s series of Quiz-Compends. These Compends are based on popular text-books and the lectures of prominent professors, and are kept constantly revised, so that they represent the present state of the subjects upon which they treat. The one now before us supplies for students of veterinary anatomy and physiology a work which will answer their needs not only as a text-book, but also for work in the dissecting room.’’—Science.
Potter.
Compend of Anatomy Including Visceral Anatomy By Samuel O. L. Potter, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P.
(London) Formerly Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, Cooper Medical College, San Francisco ; Major and Brigade Surgeon, U. S. Vol.
Seventh Edition, Revised and greatly enlarged. With numerous Tables, 16 Plates and 138 other Illustrations. B/akiston’s ? Quiz-Compend ? Series. Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for Taking Notes, $1.25, met.
“ Through the opportunity afforded a revision by the frequent editions of this manual, the author has given a concise and accurate work of anatomy. It makes an excellent text-book, permitting the teacher to enlarge upon the information given as the exigencies of the class-room demand.”—Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine.
15
A Text-Book of Human Physiology
By A. P. Brubaker, M.D.
Professor of Phystology and Hygiene at Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of Physiology, Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia.
Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Colored Plates and 356 other Illustrations. Octavo; 715 pages.
Cloth, $3.00; Leather or Half-Morocco, $4.00, met.
“An admirable exposition of the facts of physiology brought down to the latest date. . . . The author’s style is lucid, concise, and pleasing. The work is one which may be warmly commended in every respect.”—New York Medical Journal.
Landois’
Human Physiology
Including Histology and Microscopical Anatomy, with Special Reference to the Require- ments of Practical Medicine
By Dr. L. Landois
Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute in the University of Greifswald.
Tenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged.
Edited and Translated by A. P. Brubaker, M.D. Professor of Physiology at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc.,
and Augustus A. Eshner, M.D. Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic, etc.
With 394 Illustrations. Octavo; 1027 pages. Cloth, $7.00 ; Leather or Half-Morocco, $8.00, mef.
‘‘There is no other work of its kind in the English language which deals with the normal physiological processes so as to show where the physiological merges into the pathological, and how the facts of pathology are to be explained by, and how they are in reality of the same essence as, those of physiology. . . . The book will be useful to practitioners of medicine and to clinicians, while students reading for the higher ex- aminations will find it a trustworthy guide to the fundamental facts of physiology and histology, and an encyclopedia of reference as well as an exposition of the latest discoveries and theories of physiology.’”’—The Lan- cet, London,
“The author, editor, translator and publisher have unitedly produced a most valuable and attractive book which can in every way be depended upon as authoritative.’”-—A merican Medicine.
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