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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

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ine

The Dibner Library

of the History of

Science and Technology

IBRARY

Chartered in 1941

I]

GIFT OF
BERN DIBNER

|

<- NS

Pe o> ow

Thurfday, Novemb.9. 1671.

At a Meeting of the Coun-
cil of the R. Society.
Ordered, :
"eHlat the Difcoutfe »
prefented to the
R.Soczety, Entitul'd,T be
Anatomy of Vegetables |
begun, with a General —
_Accompt of Vegetables
thereon, By N. Grew,
M.D. bePrinted by Spen-
_ cer Hickman, one of the

Printers of the R.Society.

Brouncker Pref.

THE

=

o. OF |
VEGETABLES 1
| rug PEBEMS Dif
GENERAL ACCOUNT

fa) OF |
Be Gh] ALION |
Foundedthereon. |}

pee ei EES es

By NEHEMIAH GREW, M. D.
and Fellow of the Royal Society. ||

=

LONDON,

Printed for Spencer Hickwean, Prin- |
ter tothe R. Society,at the Rofe ||
in S.Pawls Church-Yard,1672.

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i Pos: To THE

So Right pel epee |

Most I hfriows
THE

Prestpent & FeLtows —
OF THE.

ROYAL SOCIETY.

| The Following
DISCOURSE

Is moft Humbly

Prefented. -

: By

The Authour
NEHEMI4H GREV,
Aa TO

Za

SESLELLEEES ALES EELS LELh
SEPLIPSSIPSSSIPSPSSLS SS

| iO TH
~ Right Reverend
oC) “EON
Lord bifbop of
CHESTER.

MYLORD,

hope your pardon,
# if while you are

Mm holding that Beft of
| Books inone Hand, [here
prefent fome Pages of
A 4 that

‘The Epifile: a
inet of Nature into your
other: Efpecially fince
your Lord{bip knoweth
very well, how excellent —
‘a Commentary Phis is on
the Former; by which,
ae God reads he
W/ orld his own Defniti-
on. and their Duty to
him.

Bucif chis Addrefs, my
Lord, ey be thought |
conerude 5 ‘tisyet more
julk and tha ac aol
you Lora ‘bip, and others -
know, how much, and

how

- «©: Dedicatory.'
how defervedly I refent.
your extraordinary ‘Fa-
-vours : Particularly that
you were pleafed {fo far
to animate my Endea-
yours towards the punb-
lifhing the following Ob-
fervations. Viany where-
of, and mof belonging
to the Firft Chapter, ha-
ving now lain dormant
near feven years; and d yet

might perhaps have. fo
continued , had your

cui Eye ae. a

T be Epiftle
_ created Light uponthem.
In doing which, youhave
given one, amongtt thofe
many Tokens, of as well
your readinels to promote
learning and knowledge
by the hands of others;
as your high Abilities to
do it by your own ; Both
which are fo manifeft in
your Lordfhip , that like
the firft Principles of Ma-
thematical Science, they
are not fo much to be af-
ferted, becaufe known
| and

Demcaiory.

and granted by all.
The Confideration
whereof, my Lord, may

make me not only juffin |

owning of your Favours,
butalfo moft Ambitious
of your Patronage: which
yet to befpeak, I muft con-
fefs I cannot well. Not
that I think what is good
and valuable, is alwaies its
own beft Advocate; for
[know that the Cenfures
of men are humorous and
variable , and that one

Age

The Epifile —

- Age muft have leave to.
gal on thofe. Books,
~ which another willdofio~

thing lefs than-kifs and
embrace. “ But chiefly

for this Reafon, let I

fhould fo much as feem
defirous of! your Lord-
_fbips Solliciting my Caufe
as to all I havefaid : For
as it is your Glory, that
youlikenot foto fhine, as
to put out the leaft Siac: ;
fo were it to your Ditho-

nour: to ‘borrow your -

Name

Dedicatory.
Name to illuftrate the
Spots, though of the
moft con{picuous.

| Your Lorafbips a
Moft Obliged
ee

Moft Humble

Servant

; ae (A & wep ge) # Yop 3 a
e . a
, hp Pas? LF GA Gi ts

PEEPLETPESISS TS GSTS SLES

Ve

PREFACE.

Bie e| F what antiquity the
ecay%| Anatomy of Animals

te) k\ 7s, and bow great have
Leen its Improvements
oflater years , is well
known. That of Vegetables is 2
SubjeF which fron all Ages to this
day hath not only lain by uncultiva-
ted; but for ought I know, except
fome Obfervations of [ome of cur own
Countrey-nen, hati not beor fo much
Ws

as thought upon 5 whether for that
the World hath been more enamoured
with the former, or pity to humane
frailty hath more obliged to it, or
other Reafons, I need not enquires
But con(idering that both cameat
Sift out of ‘the faue Hand, and are
therefore the Contrivances of the
fame Wildow 5 I thence fullyaffured
my felf, that it. could not be a vain
Delign, though polfrbly unfuccefsful,
to feck, tix vath. - | |
In the profecution hereof, how far
I have gone, Incither judge my felf,
wor leave it to any one elfeto doit,
becaufe 20 man knows how far we
have yet to go, or ave capable of go-
ing. Nor is there any thing which
fiarves and ftinteth the growth of
knowledge more, than {uch Deter-
winations, whether we {peak or con-
ceit thew only. | |
what we have performed thus far,
lieth, for the woft part, open to the
ne

‘The Preface.

ufe and improvement of all men. On-
by in fome places , and chiefly in the
Third Chapter, we have takenin the
help of Glaffess whereiu, after we
had finifhed the whole Conpofure,
fome Obfervations made by that
Ingenious and Learned Perfon
Mr. Hook, 42Worthy Member of the
Royal Society, my much Honoured
Friend, and by him communicated to
me, were fuper-added : As likewife
fome others alfo Microfcopical , of
wy own, whith his gave me the occa-

fton of making.
Thofe that fhall think fit to exa-

mine, aswell as to peruje thefe Ob-
ervations, we advertife teen, Firlt,
That they begin, and fo proceed till
they end again, with the Seed: Fer
they will hardly be able to avoid Er-
rour and Méifapprehenfion, if either
partial or prepofterous in their Ex-
guivies, Next, That they confine

2nF
2 HOt

The Preface.
not their Enqniries to one time of
the Year 5 but to make themin feve=
ral Seafons, wherein the Parts of a
Vegetable zzay be Jeenin their Jeve-
ralEftates. And then > That they
“ecled rot the comparative Anato-
MY 5 for as fome things are better

{cen ix one eftate, fo inone Vegeta-
ble, thav another.

What, pon Obfervation already
made, we have ereed, as they are
not Sticks and Straws; fo neither
do we affure all to be of the beft Oak,
How Dogmatical foever my Afferti-
ous may feewtobe, yet do I not aed
the unreafonable Tyranny of obtru-
ding upon the Faith of any. He that
{peaketh Reafon, nay be rather fa-
tisfied,in being under ftood, thaz be-

lieved.

THE

‘THE

CONTENTS

eee GQ

P CHAP...
Of the S S eed os Vegetating,

ie Method araanedcd, 1,2,
The Garden-Bean ditlested,2.
The two Coats thereof, 2, 3. T' he
Foramen in the outer Coat, 3, 4
What generally obfervable of the
Covers of the Seed. 4. Themain
Body of the Seed,5.6. The Ra-
dicle diftinguili’d.6. The Plume
diftinguifh’d. 8. Defcribed. 9, The
Cuiicle defcribed. 10, 11. The
Parenchyma. 11,12. The Inner
Body, how obferved, 14,16. De-
fcrib’d. 15, 16, 17, 18. a
a2 The

— The Contents.

TheCeais how in common fub-
{etvient to the Vegetation of the
Seed. 20, 21. The Foramen, of
what ufe herein. 22. The ufe of
the Tuner Coat, and of the Cuticle.
22. Of the Parenchyma. 23. Of
the Seminal Root. 23, 24. How
> the Radicle firft becomes a Root.24,
26. How after the Rootthe Plume
vegetates. 26. Howthe Lobes. 27.
That they do,demonftrated.29,32.
How the Lobes thus turn into Di/fz-
milar Leaves.32. What hence re-
folvable. 32, 33. The ufe of the
Diffimilar Leaves.

CHAP.

The Contents.

CHAP. >.

Of the Root.

He Siz hereof, its Original.
a7. The Cortical Body, its O-

meinal, 37... Detcription: 37,28. -
Pores. 38. Proportions. 39. The Li-
gnous Body, its Original. 39. De-
feribed by its Pores, 40. Its Propor-
tions. 42. . The Infertment, its o-
riginal. 42. Defcription. 43.
Pores.43. Number and fize. 44.
A fuller defcription hereof, with
that of the Ofculations of the /-
gnows Body. 44,45. The Pith, its
original fometimes from the Seed,
46. Sometimes from the Cortical

Body.47,49. Its Pores.49. Pro-
a 3 portions. —

TY he Contents.
portions.49,50- Fibres of the li-
gnous Body therein. 50. The Pith
of thofe Fibres 51. 3

How the Root grows,and the ufe
of the Skinz, Cortical and lignows
Body thereto. 51.54. How it
groweth in length. 55. By what.
means it defcends. 56,57. How
it grows in breadth. 58. And the
Pith how thus framed.59. The
ufe of the Pith. 60,61. Of the
Infertment. 61, 62. The joint fer-
viceof all the Parts. 63, 65.

.- Lhe Contents.

a Sot ale
; e LOS ERE I,

CHAP.3.
Of the Trunk.

/ is Skin, its original. 67. The
. original of the Cortical Body.
67. Oftheliguows.68. Of the
Infertment and Pith. 68. The La-

titudinal Shooting of the ligvows

“Body, wherein obfervable. 69.
The Pores of the lignows Body ,

where and how moft remarkable.

70. The Pith of the fame Peres.70.

A leffer fort of Pores. 71. Athird

fore only vifible through a Adicro-

feope. Obferved in Wood or Char-
coal.71. Obferved in the Fibres

ot the “Frunks of Plants. 72. 73.

; a 4 2 Die

T he Contents.

The Zxfertions where more vifible,
73,74. The {maller Infertions ,
only vifible through a Aficrofcope.
74,75. he Pores of the Inferti-
ons. 76. Of the Pith. 77, 79.
How the Trazk aicends. 8o. 8.
The difpofition of its Parts confe-
quent tothat Afcent. 81, 82. Con-
{equent tothe different Nature of —
the Sap. 83, 84. The effects of
the faid Differences. 84,89. Which
way, and how the Sapafcends. 89-

98.
T he Appendix.
Of Trunk-Roots and Clafpers.

Trank-Roots of two kinds 99-
Clafpers of one kind. 100. The-
ufé ofboth. 100, 103.

CHAP,

7 be Contents,

Of the Germen, Branch,
and Leaf:

He Parts of the Germen and

- Branch the fame with thole of

the Truzk. 104,105. The man-
ner of their growth.105,107.How
nourifhed. 107. And the ufe of
Knots. 108, How fecur’d. 109.The
Pans of a teal. ito. The Po
tionsof the Fibres of the Stalks of
Leaves. 110, 111. The vilible
caufe of the different fhape of
Leaves. 112. And of their being
flat.113. The Fouldsof Leaves,
their kinds and Ufe. 114-118, -
The ProteGions of Leaves. 1149,

120, The ufe of the Leaf, 120,123.
The

The Contents, —_—

pie

T be Appendix,

Of Thorns, Hairs and
Globulets.

Thorns of two kinds. -124, 125.
. Hairs of divers, 126. Their ufe.
127, Globulets of two kinds.128.

RH ARS
Of the F lower.

T's Impalement of divers kinds.
129,130. Their ufe. 130, 132.
The Foliation , its nature. 132.
Foulds. 133, 134. Protections.
#35. Downs. 135. Globulets.
136. «dts Ufe.°137, 1307 eee
= Attire

The Contents
Attireof twokinds. The Deferi-
ption of the firft. 140, 142. Of
the other. 143, 145, Their ufe.
145-148.

CHAP.6.
Of the F ruit.

He Number, Defeription, bat

Original of the Parts of an
Apple. tag-t52i Of.a Pear. 152,
55; Of a Plum. 155-159... OF
aNwt.159,161. Of aBerry.161,
162. The ule of the Frit, 163-
107.

CHAP.

7 he Contents:

CHA ie.
Of the Seed in its fate of

Generation.

‘las Cafe, its Figures.168 The

outer Coat, its Figures. 170.
Various Surface. 170,171. And
Mucilages.171,172. Thenature
of the outer Coat.172. Its Ori-
ginal.173,174. The Original of
the inner. 174. Its Nature. 175,
176. The Secoudine. 177, 178,
The Colliquamentum herein, 178.
The Navel Fibres. 179, 180.

In the Generation of the Seed,
the Sap firft prepared inthe Seed-
Branch. 181. Next inthe mner
Coat.182. Withthe help of the -
outer. 182. The ufe of the Se-
condine. 183, 184. Of the Ra-

mulets

~~ +s.

The Contents.

mulets of the Seed-Brauch, ib. OF
their Ivofculation. 1b. How the
Colliquamentum becometh a Paren-

chyma. 185, 186.

Cl. Ghiffonius in Prolego- 7
menis prefixis Libro de
Hepatis Anatomia,c. 1.

pe quoque in hune
centum (fe. Anato-
micum ) veniunt. Va-

ria enim partium textura,
& difterentiis conftant : &
proculdubio ex accurata
earundem diffectione, uti-
les valde Obfervationes
nobis exurgerent ; pra-
ftaretq; in illis (inferioris
licet ordinis ) rebus exami-
nandis operam impende-
re,

re, quamin tranfcribendis
Cut faepe fit) aliorum la
boribus, inutiliter etatem
tranfigere. Quippe, hoc
pacto, ignavarum apum
more, aliena duntaxat al-
vearia expilamus, nihilq; .
bono publico adjicimus.

~

To be added and correhed. |

WyAg. 8.1.19. after muf?, adde upon the
Sprouting of the Beaz. p, 12. I.
23. after denfe, adde and thence their dif-
ferent Tin@tures. p.18./,13. after thut,
adde when. p. 20. 1. 8. forthe, read an.
p- 5651.8. r. once., p. 90. 1. 11. dele as.
p- 91.1. 12.7. older. p.420. I: 11. alter
all, r. 1s. p.134. 1, 11. 7. Convolvulus.
p: 143. 1. 10. r. ever. p. 145.114. for
not,r.or. p. 1§9.1.8.for by, 7. to. p.160.
118. dele wot. p.185.1. 14. after there-
with,r. the. dele the former the.
In fome Copies.
P.168.1.4. +. ultimate end,and p.170.
1.22.7. Favous.

Tht Reader ss defired to excufe the mz[pla-
cing of the Figures by the Graver, ia the
Authors abfence.

MD 2°
ANATOMY
O.F
VEGETABLES
Begun.

With a General Account of Ve-
getation founded thereon.

SS

CHAP. I.
Of the Seedas V. egetating

23] Hing tofpeak of Vegeta-
‘lees! bles; and, as far as In-
(Ql)! {pection and. confequent
Reafon may conduct, to

enquire into the vifible Confitrtu-
tions and Ufes of their feveral
iB 6 Parts;

2 Che Anatomp

Parts ; I chufe that Method which
may with beft advantage fuit to
what we have tofay hereon: And
that is the Method of Nature
- her felf, in her continued Series
of Vegetations, proceeding from
the Seed fown, to the formation
of the Root, Trunk, Branch,
Leaf, Flower, Fruit, and laft of
all, of the Seed alfo to be fown
again; all which we fhall in the
fame order particularly {peak of.

The Effential Conftitutions of
_ the faid Partsare in all Vegetables
the fame: But for Obfervation ,
{ome are more convenient; in
which I fhall chiefly inftance. And
firft of all, forthe Seed we chufe
the great Garden-Bean.

If we takea Bean thenand dif-
fect it, we fhall find it cloathed
with a double Veft or Coat:
Thefe Coats, while the Bean is
yet green, are feparable, and ea-
fily diftinguifhed. When ‘tis dry,

they

of Uegetables, 3
they cleave fo clofély together,
that theEye, not before inftrud=
ed, will judgethem butcne; the
inner Coat likewife (which is of
the moft rare contexture) fo far —
fhrinking up, as to feem only the
roughnefs of the outer, fomewhat
refembling Wafers under Adaqua-
rOOnS. 0)

At the thicker end of the Bean;
inthe outer Coat, avery {mall Fo-
ramen prefents it felf: In diffeai-
on ‘tis found to terminate againft
the point of that part which I call
the Radicle, whereof 1 fhall pre-
fently {fpeak. Itis of that capact-
ty astoadmit a {mall Virginal Wy-
er, and is moft conipicuous ina
green Bean.

| This Foramenx may be obferved
not only in the great Garden-Bean,
but likewife in the other kinds; in
the Freneh-Bean very plainly; in
Peafe, Lupines, Vetches, Lentiles,

and other Pulle’tisalfo found an
B2 | in

4 Lhe Anatonp —
iy many Seeds not reckoned of
this kindred, as in thatof Fexu-
greek, Medica Tornata, Goats-Rue,
and others: In many of which,
‘tisfo very fmall, as{carcely,with-
out the help of Glafles to be dif .
covered 5; andin fome, not with-
out cutting off part of the Seed be-
fides, which otherwife would inter-
ceptthe fight hereof; it beg in
thefe and fuch like Seeds, from
the place of the breaking off of
the Peduncle perfectly diftinét.
We may then obferve, that all
Seeds which have thick or hard
Coats, have the fame likewife
perforated, in this, or fome other
manner. And accordingly,although
the Coats of fuch Seeds as are
lodg’d in Shells or Stones, being
thin, are not vifibly perforated 5
yet the Stones and Shells them-
felvesalwaysare; as Chap. 7. thall
be feenhow. | To which Chapter,
what is farther obfervable, either —
as

of Ceaetabies. 5

as to the nature, or number of the
covers of the Seed, Ialforefer.. -
The Coats of the Bean being
{tripp’d off, the proper Seed thews
it felf. The parts whereof it is
conftituted,, are three; fe. the
main Body, and two other appen-
dant toit, which wemay call the
three Organical parts of the Bean.
The main Body isnot one entire
piece, but alwaies divided length-
wife into two halves or Lobes,
which areboth joyn'd together at
the Bafis of the Bean. Thefe Lobes
indry Beans, are but difficultly
feparated or obfervds; but in
young ones, efpecially boil’d,they
eafily flip afunder. See Fig. 1.
Some very few Seeds are divi-
ded , not into two Lobes, but
more; as that of Creffes sand {ome
not atall divided, but entire; as
Corn: Excepting which few, all
other Seeds, even the {malleft are
divided, like as the Bean, into
ie. D3 jutt

6 Che Anatemp

juft two Lobes: whereof, though
in moft Seeds we cannot by dil-
fection be inform’d; yet other-
wife we eafily may as fhall be
feen.

At the Bafis of the Bean, the
two other Organical parts ftand
appendent 5 by mediation where-
of the two Lobes meet and join to-
gether. The greater of thefe
two parts {tands without the two
Lobes, and upon divefting the
Bean of its Coats, 1s immediately
vilible. °Tis of a whiter colour,
and more gloffie than the main Bo-
dy, efpecially when the Bean 1s
young. In the Bean, and many
other Seeds, ’tis fituated fomewhat
above the thicker end, as you hold
the Bean initsmoft proper pofture
for growth. In Oak-Kernels,which
we call Acorns, Appie-Kernels,
Almonds, and many other Seeds,
it {tands prominent juft from the
end; the Bafis and the end being

in

of Geactaviecs. 7

in thefethe fame, but in the Bean
divers. See Fig. I.

This part is nat only in the Bean,
and the Seeds above mentioned ;
but inall others: being that which
upon the Vegetation of theSeed,
becomes the Root of the Plant;
which therefore I call the Radicle :
by which, I mean the Materials,
abating the Formality, of a Root.
*Tis not eafie to be obferved, fa-
vinginfome few Seeds, amongft
which, that of the Bean is the
moft fair and ample of alll have
{een ; but that of fome other Seeds,
is, IN proportion, greater; as of ©
Fenugreek_, which isalmoft as big
as one of itsLobes.

The leffer of the two faid Ap-
pendents lies eccult between the
two Lobes of the Bean, by fepara-
tion whereof only it isto be teen.
‘Tis enclos'd in two {mall Cavities
form'd in the Lobes for itsrecepti-
on. Itscolour comes nearthat of

B 4 the

3 Lhe Anatomy

\(

the Radicle 5 and is foundedupon —

the Bafis thereof, having a quite
contrary production, fc. towards

the cone of the Bean; andbeing —

that very part, which, in procefs,
becomes the Body or Trunk of
the Vegetable. See Frg.t.

For the fake of this Part princi~.

pally it is, that the Beanis divided
into Lobes; /c.that it may be warm-
ly and fafely lodged up between
them; and fo fecur’d from the In-
juries {o tender a Part would fuftain
_ from the Mould , whereto, had
the Main Body been entire, it muft
have lain contiguous.

This Partisnot, like the Rad7-
cle, an entire Body, but divided
atitsloofe end into divers pieces,
all very clofe fet together, as Fea-
thers in a Bunch ; for which rea-
fon it may be called the Plame.
They are fo clofe, that only two
orthree of the outmoft are at firft
{een: but uponaniceand curious

{eparation

of Clegetables. 9
feparation of thefe, the more in-
teriour {till may be. difcovered.
Now as the P/wwe is that Part
which becomes the Trunk of the |
Plant, fo thefe pieces are fo many
true,andalready formed, though
not difplayed, Leaves, intended
for the faid Trunk, and foulded
upin the fame plicature, wherein,
upon the fprouting of the Bean,
they afterwards appear.Ina French
Bean the two outmoft are very fair
and elegant. Inthe great Garden-
Bean, two extraordinary {mall
Plumes, often, ifnot always,ftand
one on either fide the great one
now defcrib’d: From which, in
that they differ in nothing fave in
their fize, I therefore oaly here
jaft take notice of them. And thefe
three Parts, /c. the Main Body, the
Radicle, and the Plume, are con-
current to the making upof every
Seed; andno more than thefe.

Having thus takena view ef the
Orga-

“’ Lhe Anatomp

Organical Parts of the Bean, let
us next examine the Similary, /c.
thofe whereof the Organical are
compos: a diftinct obfervation
of which, for a clear underftand-
ing of the Vegetation of the Seed,
and of the whole Plant arifing
thence, is requifite: Toobtain
which, we mutt proceed inour A-
natomy.

Diflecting a Bean then, the firft
Part occurring is its Cuticle. The
Eye and firft Thoughts fuggeft it
to beonly a more denfe and glofly
Superficies; but better enquiry
difcoversitareal Cuticle. °Tis fo
exquifitely thin, and for the moft
part fo firmly continuous with the
Body of the Bean, that it cannot,
except in fome fmall Rag, bedi-
ftinctly feens which, by carrying’
your Knife fuperficially into the
Bean, and then very gently bear-
_ing upward what you have cut,
will feparate and fhew 1t felftranf-

parent.

of Cicactables, our.
parent. This Cuticle is not only
{pread upon the Convex of the
Lobes, but alfo on their Flats,
where they are contiguous, extend-
ing it felf likewife upon both the
Radicle and Plunze , and fo over
the whole Bean,

This Part, though it be fo far
common with the Coats of the
Bean, asto be like thofe, an Inte-
gument; yetare we inaguite dif-
ferent Notion to conceive of it:
For whereas the Coats upon {fet-
ting the Bean, do only adminifter
theSap, and, as being fuperfeded
from their Office, then die; as hall
befeen : this, on the contrary with
the Organical Parts of the Bean,
isnourifhed, augmented, and by
4 real Vegetation co-extended.

_Nextto the Cuticle, we come
to the Parenchymait felf; the Part
throughout which the iuuer Bo-
dy, whereof we fhall {peak anon,
is difleminated 5 for which reafon

I

12 Lhe Anafonp
Icallitthe Parexchywa. The Sur-
face hereof is fomewhat denfe ,
but inwardly ‘tis more porous, and
ofalaxer Contexture. If you view
itin a Microfcope, it hath fome fi-
militude to the Pith, while fappy,
in the Rootsand Trunks of Plants ;
and that for good reafon, as in CA.
2. fhallbe feen, This ts beftfeen
ingreen Beans. See Fzg. 2.

This Part would feem by its co-
lour to be peculiar to the Lobes of
the Bean; but as is the Cuticle, fo
is this alfo, common both to the
Radicle and Plume; that is, the
Parenchyma of the Bean, as toits
effentia! fubftance, is the fame in
allthree. ‘The reafon why theco-
lourof the Pleme, and efpecially
of the Radicle, whichis white, 1s
{o different from that of the Lobes,
may chiefly depend upon their be-
ing more compact and denfe. And
therefore the Lobes themfelves,
which are green while the Beanis

| young 5

of Cieaetables. 13
young; yet being old and dry,
become whitifh too. And inma-
ny other Seeds, as Acorns, Al-
monds, the Kernels of Apples,
Plums, Nuts, @c. the Lobes, even
frefh and young, are pure white as
the Radicle it felf.

But although the Parexchywa be
common, as is faid, to all the Or-
ganical Parts; yet in very differing
proportions. Inthe P/eme, where
itis proportionably leatt, it ma-
keth about three Fifths of the
whole Plume; in the Radicle, it
maketh about five Seavenths of the
whole Radicle; andin each Lobe,
is fo far over-proportionate, as to
make at leaft nine Tenths of the
whole Lobe. by
By what hath been faid, that
the Parenchyeais not the only con-
ftitutine Part, befides the Cuticle,
isimplyd: there being anothet
Body, of an effentially different
fubftance, embofom’d herein :

which

14 She Anatomp
which may be found, not only mi
the Radicle and Plume , but alfoin
the Lobes themfelves, and fo in
the whole Bean. See Fig. 2:

This inner Body appears moft
plain and confpicuous in cutting ~
the Radicle athwart, and {fo pro-
ceeding by degrees towards the
Plume, through both which it run-
neth ina large and ftraight Trunk.
Inthe Lobes, being it is there in fo
very {mall proportion, ‘tis diffi-
cultly feen, efpecially towards
their Verges : yet if witha (harp
Knife you (moothly cut the Lobes
of theBeanathwart, divers {mall
Specks, of a difterent colour from
that of the Parexchywa, ftanding
therein allalong ina Line, may be
obferv’d; which Specks are the
Terminations of the Branches of
thisinner Body. See Fig. 3-

For thisinner Body, 4s it 1s ext-
{tent in every Organical part ofthe
Bean; foisit, with refpect to each

part ;

of Clegetables. 15
part, moft regularly diftributed. In
a good part of the Radicle ’tisone

entire Trunk ; towards the Bafis
thereof, ‘tis. divided into three |
main Branches; the middlemoft

runneth directly into the Plume;
the other two on either fide it, af-
ter a little {pace , pafs into the
Lobes; where the faid Branehes
dividing themfelves into other
{maller; and thofe into more, and
{maller again, are terminated to-
wards the Verges of each Lobe 3
i which manner the faid inner Bo-
dy being diftributed, it becomes
in each Lobe, a true and perfect
- oot. See Fig:'2.

This Seminal Root, as now we'll
call it, being fotender, cannot be
perfectly excarnated,, as may the
Veffels inthe Parts of an Animal,
by the moft accurate Hands; yet
by diflection begun and continu’d,
as is above-declared, its whole
frame and diftribution may be eaft-

ly

16 Lhe Alnatomyp —
lyobferv'd. Again, if you take
the Lobe of a Bean, and length-
wile pare off its Parenchyma by de-
grees,and in very thin Shives, ma-
ny Branches of the Seminal Root,
Cae’ by the other way of Drfe-
ction were only noted by fo many
Specks) both as they are fewer a-
bout the Bafis of che Bean,and more
numerous towards its Verges, in
fome good diftinction and entire-
nefs will appear. For this you
muft have new Beans.

As the inner Body is branched
out in the Lobes, fo is it in the.
Plume: For if you cut the Plume
athwart, and from the Bafis pro-
ceed along the Body thereof,youl
find therein, firft, one large Trunk
or Branch, and after four or five
very {mall Specks round aboutit,
which are the terminations of fo
many lefler Branches therewith dis
{tributed to the feveral parts of
the Pluwe. See Fig. 4. Thedt-

— {tribution

of Glegetabies, 17
{tribution of the inner Body, as it
4s continuous throughout all the
Organical Parts of the Bean, is
reprefented by Fig. 2.

This Izwer Body 1s, by diflecti-
on, beft obfervable in the Bean
and great Lupine. In other larger
Pulfe it thews likewife fome ob-
fcure Marks of it-felf: Butin no
other Seeds, which I have obfer-
ved, though of the greateft fize,
as of Apples, Plums, Nuts, &c. 1s
there any clear appearance hereof,
upon diffection, faving in the Ra-
dicle and Plume; the reafon of
whichis partly from its quantity ,
being in moft Seeds fo extraordina-
ry little; partly from its Co-
lour, which in moft Seeds, is the
fame with that of the Parenchyma
it felf, and fo not diftinguifhable
from it. |

Yetin aGourd-Seed, the whole
Seminal Root, not only its Adaiz
Branches, but alfo the Sub-divifi-

c ons

18 Zhe Anatomy

4
“

ons and Inofculations of the leffer
ones, are without any diffecion,
upon the feparation of the Lobes,
on their contiguous Flats immedt-
atly apparent. See Fig 5. And
as to the exiftence of this Seminal
Root, what Diflection cannot at-
tain, ocular infpection in hundreds
of other Seeds, even the f{mal-
left, will demonftrate; as im this
Chapter fhail be feen how.

In the mean time, let us only
take notice, that we fay every
Plant hath its Root, we reckon
fhort; forevery Plant hath really
two, though not contemporary ,
yet fucceflive Roots; its Original
or Sewinal-Root within its Seed,
and its Plazt-Root , which the
Radicle becometh in its otowth:
the Parenchywa of the Seed being
in fome refemblance , that tothe
Seminal Root at Gk , Which the
Mould is to the Plawt-Root after-
-wards 5 and the Seminal Root be-

ing

of Ciegetables. 19
ing that to the Plamt-Root, which
the Plant-Root is to the Truzk,
For our better underftanding
whereof, having taken a view of
the feveral Parts of a Bean, as far
as Diflection conducts; we will
next briefly enquire into the ufe
of the faid Parts, and in what
manner they are the Fountain of
Vegetation, and concurrent to.
the being of the future Plant.

The general Caufe of the growth
of a Bean or other Seed, is Fer-
mentation; that is, the Bean lying
in the Mould, and a moderate
accefs of fome moifture, partly —
diffimilar, and partly congenerous,
being made, a gentle Fermentation
thence arifeth; by which the
Bean {welling, and the Sap ftill
encreafing, andthe Beaz continu-
ing {till to fwell, thework thus
proceeds: as is the ufual way of
explicating. But that there is
fimply a Fermentation, and fo a

C 2 fufii-

20 Che Anatomp
fufficient fupply of Sap, is not e-
nough 5 but that this Fermentati-
on and the Sap wherein ‘tis made,
fhould be under a various Go-
vernment by divers Parts thereto
fubfervient, is alfo requifite; and
as the various preparation of the
Aliment in the Animal, equally
necefiary ; the particular procefs
of the Work according whereto,
we find none undertaking to de-
clare. : |
Let us look upon a Bea then,
as a piece of Work fo fram’d
and fet together, as to declare a
Defign for the production of a
Plant, which, upon its lying in
fome convenient Soyl, is thus ef-
feted. Firft of all, the Beaz
being enfoulded round ‘in its
Coats, the Sap wherewith it 1s
fed, muftof neceflity pafs through
thefe: By which means, itis not
only in a proportionate quantity,
and by due degrees; but alfo
in

/

of Gegetables. 21
in a purer body; and_poflibly
‘not without fome Vegetable
Tincture, tranfmitted to the Beax.
Whereas, were the Bea#z naked,
the Sap muft needs be, as over-
copious, fo but crude and imma-
ture, as not being filtred through
fo fine a Cotton as the Coats be,
And as they have the ufe ofa
Filtre to the tranfient Sap 5 fo of
a Vefiel to that which is ftill de-
pofited within them; beingalike
accommodated to the fecurer
Fermentation hereot, as Bottles or
Barrels are to Beer, or any other
Fermentative Liquor.

And as the Fermentation is pro-
moted by fome Aperture in the
Veifel ; fohave we the Foramex in
the upper Coat allo contrived;
that if there fhould be need of
fome more atery Particles to ex-
cite the Fermentation, through
this they may obtain their Entry :
Or, on the contrary, fhould there

C 2 ‘be

22 «She Anatonp

be any fuch Particles or Steamsas
~ might damp the genuine proceed-
ing thereof, through this again
they may have eafieiflue: being
that, as a common Pafport here to
the Sap, which what we callthe
Bung-hole of the Barrel, is to
the new-tunn’d Liquor. That this
Foramen is truly permeable even in
old fetting Beans , appears upon
their being foak’d for fome time in
Water: For then taking them
out, and crufhing them a little,
many fmal! Bubbles will alternate-
ly arife and break upon it.

The Sap being pafied through
the Coats, it next enters the Body
of the Bean 5 yet not indifcrimi-
nately neither; but, being fil-
tred through the Outer Coat, and
fermented both in the Body and
Concave of the Inner, is by me-
diation of the Cuticle, again more
finely filtr’'d, and fo entereth the _

Paq«

of Uegetables. 23
Parenchyma it {elf under a fourth
Government. :

Through which Part the Sap
pafling towards the Sewinal Root,
-asthrough that whichisof amore
{patious content 5 belides the be-
nefitithath of a farther percolati-
on, it will alfo find room enough
fora more free and ative fer-
menting and maturation herein.
And being moreover, part af the
true Body of the Beaz, and fo
with its proper Seminalities or.
‘Tinctures copioufly repleat; the
Sap will not only find room, but
alfomatter enough, by whofe E-
nergy its Fermentation will {tll be :
-more advanced.

And the Sap being duly prepa-
red here, it next paffeth into all
the Branches of the Seminal Boot,
and fo under a fifth Goacauncat.
Wherein how delicate ‘tisnow be-
come, we may conceive by the
proportion betwixt the Parenchy-

Cy wna

24 he Anatomp

ma and this Seminal Root 3{o much
only of the beft digefted sap be-
ing difchargeds from the whole
Stock in that, as this will receive.
And this, mofeover, asthe Pa-.
renchyma, with its proper Semina-
Jities being endowed; the Sap,
for the fupply of the Radicle, and
of the young Root from thence,
is duly prepared therein, and with
its higheft Tincture and Impreg-
nation at laft enriched.

The Sap being thus prepared in
the Lobes of the Bean, ‘tis thence
difchare’d ; andeither into the
Plume or the Radicle, mutt forth-
with iffue. And fince the Plume
is a dependent on the Radicles
the Sap therefore ought firft to
be difpenced to this; which ac-
cordingly is ever found to fhoot
forth before the Pie, and that
fometimes an inch or two in
length. Now becaufe the primi-
tive courfe of the Sap into the

Radicie,

of Uegetables. 25
Radicle, is thus requifite, there-
fore by the frame of the Parts of
the Bean is it made neceflary too.
For we may obferve that the two
-main Branches of the Seminal Root
in which the feveral Rawmifications
in either Lobe are all united, com-
mit not themfelves into the Sewz-
nalTrunk of the Plume, nor yet
{o asto ftand at right Angles with
them, and with equal refpect to-
wards them both ; but being pro-
ducted through part of the Paven-
chyma of the Radicle, are at laft
united therein to the main Trunk,
and make acute Angles therewith;
as may be feen by Fig.2. Now -
the Sap being brought as far as the
Seminal Rootin either Lobe, and
according to the conduct thereof
continuing {till to move, it mutt
needs immediately iffue into the
fame part. whereinto the main
Branches themfelves do, that is,
wnto the Radicle. By which Sap,

thus

—

: - ts
26 The Anatomp =
_ thus bringing the feveral Tin@tures
of the parts aforefaid with it, be-—
ing now fed ; itisno longer a meer
Radicle, but is made alfo Semi-
val, and {fo becomes a_ perfect
Root.

The Radicle being thusimpreg-
nate and fhot into a Root, ’tis
now time for the Plume to rouze
out of its Cloyfters, and germi-
natetoo: In order whereto, ‘tis
now fed from the Root with lau-
dable and fufficiene Aliment. For
asthe Supplies and motion of the
Sap were firft made from the
Lobes towards the Root, fo the
Root being well fhot imto the
Moulds, and now receiving a new
and more copious Sap from thefe 5
the motion hereof muft needs be
fironger, and by degrees revert
the primitive Sap, and fo movein |
a contrary courfe, fe. from the Root
towards the Plume; and, by
the continuation of the Seminal

Trunk,

of Uiegetabies. 27

Trunk, is direGly condudcted
thereinto; by which, being fed,
it gradually enlarges and difplaves
it felt.

The courfe of the §2p-thus tur-
ned , it iflues, I fay, m a direct
Line from the Root into the Plume,
but collaterally into the Lobes al-
fo5 fc. by thofe-two aforefaid
Branches which are obliquely
tranimitted from the Radicle into
eitherLobe. By which Branches
the faid Sap being disburfed back.
intoall the Seminal Root, and from
thence likewife into the Paren-
chyma of the Lobes; they are
both thus fed, and for fome time
augmenting themfelves, really
erow; asin Lupines is evident.

Yet is not this common to all
Seeds; {ome rot under-ground,
as Corns being of a laxer and lefs
Oleousfubftance, differing herein
from moft other Seeds; and being
net divided into Lobes, but one

entire

23) Lhe Anatomp

entire thick Body. And fome,
although they continue firm, yet
rife not as the great Garden-Bean3
in which therefore it is obfervable,
that thetwo Main Branches of the
Lobes in comparifon with that
which ruus into the Plume, arebut
mean, and fo infufficient to the
feeding and vegetation of the
Lobes; the Plume, on the contra-
ry, growing fo lufty, as tomount
up without them.

Excepting a few of thefe two
kinds, allother Seeds whatfoever,
(which I have obferved ) befides
that they continue firm, upon the
Vegetation of the P/ume, mountal-
fo upwards, and advance above
the Mould together with it 5 as alf
Seeds which {pring up with diffimi-
Jar Leaves; the two (forthe moft
part two) diflimilar Leaves, being
thevery Lobes of the Seed divi-
ded,expanded.and thus advanced.

The Impediments of our appre-

henfion

of Geactabies. 29

henfion hereof are the Colour,
Size and Shape of the diffimilar
Leaves. Notwithftanding, that
they are nothing elfe but the main
body of the Seed , how I came
firft tophanfie, and afterwards to
know it, was thus: Firft, I ob-
fervedin general that the diflimi-
lar Leaves were never jagged, but
even edgd: And feeing the
even verges of the Lobes of the
Seed hereto refpondent, f was apt
to think, that thofe which were
fo like, might prove the fame.
Next defcending to_ particular
Seeds, I obferved firft of the Lz-
pies that as to its Colour, upon
its advance above the Mould, it
ever changed into a perfect Green.
And why might not che fame by
parity of Reafon be inferr’d of o-
ther Seeds >? That, as to itsfize,
it grew but little bigger than
when firft fet. Whence, asI dif
cern'd (the Augmentation being

but ~

30 «Lhe Anatomyp—
but little) we here had only the
two Lobes: So, (as fome aug-
mentation there was) I inferr’d the
like might be, and that, in farther
degrees, in other Seeds.

Next, of the Cucumber-Seed,
That, as to its Colour, often ap-
pearing above ground i in its Pri-
mitive white, from white it turns
to yellow, and from yellow to
green, the proper colour of a
Leaf: That, asto is fize, though
at its - firft ane , the Lobes were
little bigger than upon fetting 5
yet afterwards as they cian

their Colour, fo their Dinioutie:
alfo, growing to athree-four-five-
fold he Ue above their primi-
tive fize: But whereas the Lobes
of the Seed are in proportion, nar-
row, fhort and thick, how then
cont the diffimilar —— s to be
{od ex pee broad, or long and
thin? The Queftion anfwers it
felf: For the diffimilar Leaves, for

that

of Gienetabies. 31

very reafon arefothin, becaufe fo »
very broad or long; as we fee ma-
ny things, how much they are
extended in length or breadth, ©
fo much they lofe in depth, or
srow more thin; which is that
which here befalls the now effo-
liated Lobes. For being once
difimprifoned from their Coats,
and the courfe of the Sap into
them now moreand more encreaf-
ed, they muft needs very confide-
rably amplifie themfelves; and
‘from the manner wherein the Se-
minal Root is branched in them,
that amplification cannot be in
thicknefs,’ but in length or breadth:
In both which, in fome diffimilar -
Leaves ’tis very remarkable; ef-
pecially in length, as in thofe of
Letiice, Thorn-Apple, and others;
whofe Seeds, although very {mall, |
_ yet theLobes ofthofe Seeds grow-
_ Ingup into Diffimilar Leaves, are
extended an Inch, and fometimes

more,

> 2 eas
.

oA
Bs ere
Oy “es
.
<

32 «Lhe Anaton
more, inlength; though hethat
fhall attempt to get aclear fight of
the Lobes of Thornw-Apple, and
fome others, by Diffecion, will
findit no eafie Task; yet is that
which may be obtained. From
all which, and the obfervation of
other Seeds, Tat laft found, that
the diflimilar Leaves of a young
Plant, are nothing elfe but the
Lobes or “ain Body of its Seed:
So that as the Lobes did at firlt
feed and impregnate the Radicle
into a perfe Rost; fo the Root
being perfected, dothagain feed,
and by degrees amplifie each Lobe

into a perfect Leaf. |
The Original of the diffimilar
Leaves thus:known, we under-
ftand, why fome Plants have
none; becaufe the Seed either ri-
feth not, as Garden-Beans, Corn,
&c. Or upon rifing, the Lobes
are little alter’d, as Lupines, Peafe,
&c. Why, though the proper
| Leaves

of Ciegetabies. 33
Leaves are often indented round ;
—thediflimilar, likethe Lobes, are
_even-edg'd. Why, though the
proper Leaves are ofcen hairy, yet
thefe are ever{mooth. Why fome
have more diffimilar Leaves than
two, as Creffes, which have fix,
as the Ingenious Mr. Séarrock alfo
obferves; the reafon whereof 18,
becauté the AdZzix Body is not divi-.
ded into two, but fix, diftinG
Lobes, as I have often. counted:
Why Radifhes te icem at firftto have
four, which yet after appear plain-
ly two 3 becaufethe Lobes of the
Seed ee both a little Indenture,
and are both plaited, one over
the other. To which we mighr
add,

_ The uf of the diflimilar Leaves
is, fir{t, for the protection of the
Plumes which being but young,
and fo but foft and tender, 1s pro-
vided with thefe , as a double

Guard, one on either fide of it.
D For

34 Lhe Anatomy: ;
For this reafon it is, that the P/ame —
in Corn is truffed up withinamem-
branous Sheath; and that of a
Bean, cooped up betwixt a pair
of Surfoyls 5 but wherethe Lobes
| ink there the Piwwe hath neither
of them, being both needlefs.

Again, that fince the Plume, be-
ing yet ne may be injur -d not
only bythe Air, butalfo for want
of Sap, the fiapplies from the Root

eing yet but flow and fparings.
that the {aid Plume therefore, by
the diffimilar Leaves, may have
the advantage likewife of fome
refrefhment from Dew or Rain.
For thefe having their Bafis a lit-
tle beneath that of the Plume,
and expanding themfelves on all
fides of it, they often ftand after
Rain, like a Vefielof Water, con-
tinually foaking and fuppling
it, left its new acce& intothe Ayr,
fhould fhrivel it.

Moreover, that fince the difli-

milar

of Uenetables, 35

milar Leaves by their Bafis inter-
cept the Root and Plume, the
greater and groffer part: of the
Sap may beby the way depofited
into thofe; and {fo the pureft pro-
ceed into the yet but young and
delicate Plume, as its fitteft Ali-
Mens 400 7k 40) %

Laftly, we havehere a demon-
{tration of the being of the Semi-
wal Root 5 which fince ‘through
thecolour orfmalnefs of the Seed,
it could not by diffection be ob-
ferv’'d, exceptinfome few; Na-
ture hath here provided. us a way
of viewing it in the now effoliated
Lobes, not of one or two Seeds,
but of hundreds; the Seminal
Root vifibly branching it {elf to-
wards the Cone and: Verges of
the faid Lobes, or now diflimilar
Leaves.

D 2 CHAP.

7, =
a

36 Che Anatomp

CHAP. Il.
Of the Root.

Hs examin’d and purfu'd
the Degrees of Vegetation in
the Seed, we find its two Lobes
have here their utmoft period;
and, that having conveyed their
Seminalities into the Radiele and
into the Plewe , thefe therefore
as the: Root and -Trunk of the
Plant full furvive: Of thefe in
their order we next proceed to
{peaks and firlt, of the Roots
whereof, as well as of the Seed,
we muft by Ditiection inform our
felves.
In Diflection of a Rootthen, we
fhall

of Clegetabics. 37
fhall find it with the Radicle, as
the Parts of an old man. with
thofe of a Fetws, {ubftantially
one. The firft Part occurring. is
its Skin, the Original whereof is
from the Seed: For that extream
thin Cuticle which 1s fpred over
the Lobes of the Seed, and from
thence over the Kadicie, upon
the fhooting of the Radicle into
a Root, is co-extended, and be-
comesitsSkin. |

The next Part is the Cortical
Body; the Original whegeot like-
wifeis from the Seeds or the Pa-
renchywa, which isthere common
both tothe Lobes and Radicle, be-
ing by Vegetation augmented and
prolonged into theRoet.is here the
Cortical Body, or that which ts
fometimes called the Bargue.

_ Th eContexture of this Cortical

Body may be well illuftrated by

that of a Sponge, being a Body
Porous, Wilative; and Pliable.
eM, its

33 Che Anatomp

Ve 7
_ y

~ 4

’

Its Pores, as they are innumera- —

ble, fo extream {mall. Thefe
Pores are not only fufceptive of fo
~ much Moifture as to fill,- but alfo

to enlarge themfelves, and fo to —

dilate the Cortical Body wherein
they are; which by the fhriv ling
in thereof, by being expos'd to
the Air, is alfo feen. In which
dilatation many of its Parts be-
coming more laxand diftant, and
none of them fuffering a folution
of their continuity ; ‘tis a Body

alfo fuffidiently pliable; or, amoft

.exquifitely fine-wrought Sponge.
The Extention of thefe Pores
is much alike both by their length
and breadth of the Root; which
fromthe fhrinking up of the Cor-
tical Body, in a_ piece of a cut
Root, by the fame dimenfions, is

argu d.

The proportions of this Certical —

Body are various: If thin, ‘tis
called aBargue;& thought to ferve
to

of Geactables. 39

to no other end, than what is ufu-
ally afcrib’'d to it’ as a Bargque;
which is a narrow conceit: If a
Bulky Body in comparifon with
that within it, as in the young
Roots of Cychory, Afparacws, &e.
‘tis here, becaufe the faireft, there-
fore taken for the prime Part 5
which, though , as to Medicinal
ufe, itis; yet, as to the private
ufe of the Plant, not fo. The
Colour hereof, though it be ori-
ginally white, yet in the continu-
ed growth of the Root, divers
Tinctures, asyellow in Dock, red
oe , are thereinto introdu-
ced,

Lignous Body 3 the Original where-
of, asof the two former, is from
theSeed ; or, the Seminal Roots
of both the Lobes, being united in
the Radicle, and with its Parenchy-
ma co-extended , is here in the
Root the Lignous Body. 7

| A The

Next within this Pare ftandsthe

2

40 Lhe Anatomp

The Contexture hereof is, in

many ofits parts, much more clofe

thanthat of the Cortical; and their
Pores very different : For where-
as thofe of the Cortical are infi-
nitely numerous, thefe of the Lig-
nous are in coraparilon, nothing
fo. Eut thefe, although fewer,
yet are they many of them more
open. fair, and vifible: as ina ve-
ry thin Slice cut athwart the young
Root of a Tree, and held up a-
gain{t the Light, is apparent: Yet
notin all equally, in Coran- Tree,
in Goosberry-Tree, cc. lefs3 inOak,
Plums, and efpecially Damafcens,
more; in Elder, Vixes,&c. more
conf{picuous. And as they are
pest in number and fize, fo
o (whereon the numeroufae

— the Pores of the Cortical Bedy
principally depends) in their fhape.
For whereas thofe of the Cortical
Body are extended much altke both
bythe length and breadth of the
: Root 5

. bf Cleagetables. 4c
Root 5 thefe of the Ligwvows are on-
ly by the length; which, efpeci-
ally inves and {ome other Roots,
Js evident. Of thefe Pores, ’tis
alfo obfervable, that although in
all places of the Reot they are vi-
fible, yet moft fair and open about
the Fibrous Extremities of fome
Roots (andin many Roots higher)
where there is no Pith. Thefe
Pores, asthey thew in young Roots
of Trees, feein Fig..6,& 7.
This Ligzous Body lieth with all
its Parts, {o far as they are vifible,
inaCircle or Ring; yet are there
divers extream {mall Fibresthence
fhooting, ufually mixed with the
Cortical Body 3 and by the fome-
what different colour of the faid
Cortical Body where they ftand,
may be noted thefe Fibres; the
CorticalBody and Skin ail together, -
properly make the Bargue.
The proportion betwixt this
Ligneys Body and the Cortical, is
various,

I : ;
The Anatomy
various, as was faid 5 yet in this,
conftant, fc. that in the fibrous,and-
fmaller Parts of the Root, the Lig-
nous Body is not only in compats,
but in quantity the lefs; running
like a {lender Wyer or Nerve
through the other furrounding it.
hey ftand both together pyramt-
daily, which is moft common to
Infaunt- -Roots, butalfoto many o-
ther.

The next Part obfervable in the
Root, is the Infertment. The ex-
iultence hereof, fo far as we can
yet obferve, 1s fometimes in the
Radicle of the Seedit felf; Ican-
not fay alwayes. As to its fub-
ftantial nature, we are more cer-
tain; that itis the {ame with that
of the Parenchyaa_of the Radicle 5
being alwayes at leaft augmented,
and fo, in part, originated from
the Cortionke Body, and fo, at fecond
hand, from the. faid Parench byte :

For indifiecting a Root, we find,
| chat

of Uinetabies. 43

that the Cortical Body doth not on-
ly environ the Ligvovs, but isalfo
Wede'd, and in many pieces in-
{erted into it; and that the faid
inferted pieces make not a meer:
Indenture, but tranfmit and fhoot
themfelves quite through as far as
the Pith; which inathtaSlice cut
athwart the Hest, asfo many lines
drawn from the Cireumference to-
watdsthe Center,thew themfelves,
pee 899.659. :

The Pores of the in ‘ertnzent are
fometimes, at leaft, extended fome-
what more by the breadth of the.
- Root, as about the top of the Root
of Beraze may be feen; and are
thus different from thofe of the
Cortical Body, which are extended
by the length and breadth much
alike; and from thofe of the Lig-
nous, osing only by its length.

The num mber and fize of thet
Infertions are various. In Haw-
thorn, aad fome others, and efpe-
cially

44 DheAnatomp — ,

cially Willows, they are moft ex-
tream {malls in Cherries and Plums
they are large; and in Damajcens
efpecially, very fairly apparent. In
the Reots of imall Plants they are
generaliy more eafily difcovera-
ble 3 which may lead tothe obfer-
vation of themin all.

Thefe Infertions, although they
are continuous through both the
length and breadth of the Re t3
yet not fo'in all Parts, but by the
feveral fhootings of the Lignows
Body are frequently intercepted,
For of the Ligzows Body it is (here
beft) obfervable, That its feveral
fhootings, betwixt which the Cor-
tical is inferted, arenot through-
out the Root wholly diftin@; but
that all along being enarch’d, the
Lignows Body, bothin length and
breadth, is thus difpofed into
Braces or Ofculations. Betwixt
thefefeveral fhootings of the Lig-
zous Body thus ofculated, the Cor-

ical

eo

of Geactables, 45
tical fhooting, and being alfo ofcu-
Jated anfwerably Brace for Brace,
that which I call the Infertment
is fram’d thereof.

Thefe Ofculations are fo made,
that the Pores of the Ligvows Fody,
I think, notwithftanding, feldom
run one into another 5 5. its fOr
the moft part, fill keep difting ; ;
in the fame manner as (ome of the
Nerves, though they meet, and
forfome {pace are aflociated toge-
ther, yet ‘tis moft’ probable that
none of their Fibresare truly mof-
culated here, but only in the Ple-
xures. :

Thefe Otculations of the Lig-
nous Body, and {o the interception
of the Infertions of the Cortical,
are not to be obferv’d by the tra-
verfe cut of the Root, but by ta-
king off the Barque, or the Corti-
cal Body. In the Roots of Trees,
they are generally obfcure; but in
Plants, oftenmore diftinétly appa-

rent §

46 Lhe Anatomp — ’
rent 3 and efpecially in a Turnep:
theappearance whereof, the Cor-
tical Body being {tripp’ doff, is asa
piece of clofe-wrought Network,
fill’d up with the Infertions of the
{aid Cortical Body. See Fig. 8.

The next and laft diftinG Part
of the Root is the Pita. The fubftan-
tial nature thereof, is, as was faid
of the kee as the fame like-
wife with that of the Parexchyma
of the Seed. _And according to
the beft obfervation we have yet
made, ‘tisfometimes exiftent in 1ts
Radicle; in which, the two main
Branches of the Lobes both meet-
ing, and being ofculated together,
are thus difpes'd into one round
Trunk, and fo environing part of —
the Parenchya, make thereof a
P#b 3 asin either the Radicle, ‘or
the young Root of f the great Bean
or Lepine, may, J think, be well

But many times the Original
hereof

of Uraetables, | ye

hereof is immediately from the
Cortical Body. For in ditiection
of divers Roots both of Trees and
Plants, asof Barberry or Mallows,
it is obfervable, that. the Cortical
Body and Pith are both of them
participant of the fame Colour 5in
the Barberry both of them tinged
yellow, andin Adaows green. In
cutting the {maller Parts of the
Roots of many Plants, as of Bo-
rage, Mallows, Parfley, Columbine,
&c. *tisalfoevident, that the L7-
gnows Body isnot there inthe leaft
Concave, but ftandeth perfectly
in the Center; and that the In-
fertions being gradually multipli-
ed afterwards, the Pith at length,
towards the thicker parts of the
Root, fhews and enlarges it felf-
Whence it appears, that inall fuch
Roots, the Pith is not only of the
fame fubftantial nature, and by
the Infertions doth communicate
with the Cortical Body 3 and that
. . It

»

48 «She Avatonwyw 7
it is alfo more or lefS augmented
by its. which ts true of the Pith
of all Roots but is moreover, by
mediation of the faid Infertions,
wholly originated from it... The
various appearances of the Infertz-
ons and Pith from the Fibrous
Partstothetop of the Reet, {ee in
Fig. 95-105 Ils €25 13504254 Fie
Pores of the Lignous Body, entire
inthe faid Fibrous Parts, are beft
feen when they have lain by a
night dry, after cutting.

A farther evidence hereof are.

the Proportions betwixt the Cort7-
cal Body and Pith. Foras about
the inferiour Parts of the Root ,
where the [7th is{mall, the Corti-
cal Body is proportionably great;
fo about the top, where the Pzth
is enlarged.the Cortical Body grow=-.
eth proportionably lefs, fc. be-
caufe by its Infertions, ‘tis gradu-
ally beftowed into the Pits. Like-
wife the peculiar frame of fome

fivots ,

of Ciegetibles. 49
Roots, wherein befides the. Pith>
the Lignows Body being divided
into a doubleRing, thereisalfoa -
thick Ring, of a white and {oft
fubftance, ftands betwixt. them;
and is nothing elfe but the: Inferti-
ons of the Cortical Body collected
into the faid Ring ; but, towards
thetop of the Root, being infert-
ed again, thusmaketh a large and
ample Pith ; as in Fexzel-Roots ts
{een. 7

The Pores of the Pith, as thofe
of the Cortical Body, are extended
beth by the breadth and length of
the Root, muchalike; yet arethey
more or lefs of a greater fize than
thofe of the Cortical Body.

The Proportions of the PztA, are
various; in Trees, but {mall; in
Plants generally , very fair; in
fome making by far the greateft
part of the Root; as in a Turnep :
By reafon of the wide circumfe-
rence whereof, and fo the finer
iD Con-

48 Lhe Anatomp
Concoion and Affimilation ofits
Sap 3 that part which in moft old
Trunks is a dry and harth Pzth,
here provesa tender pleafant meat.
The parts of a Tur#ep in the tra-
verscut fee in F7g. 8.

In the Roots of very many
Plants, as Turneps, Carrots, &c.
the Lignows Body, befides 1ts main
utmoft Ring, hath divers of its.
ofculatedFibres difperfed through-
out the Body of the Pith; fome-
times all alike ; and fometimes
more efpecially in, or near, its
Center; which Fibres, as they
run towards the top of the Roof,
{till declining the Center, at laft
collaterally {trike into its Circum-
ference ; either all of them, or
fome few, keeping the Center
{till 5 of thefe principally the Lig-

nows Body ot the Trunk is often orts
- ginated.

Thefe Fibres, although they are

fo exceeding flender, yet in fome
Roots,

of Uiegetabies. 49
Roots, as in that of Flower-de-liz,
they are vifibly concave, each of
them, in their feveral Cavitiesalfo
-embofoming avery fmall P7#h5 the
fight whereof, the Root being
cuttraverfe, and laid ina Window
foraday or two to dry, may with-
out Glaffes be obtain’d. And this
isthe general account of the Roots,
the declaration of the manner of
its growth, with the ufe and fer-
vice of its feveral parts, we thall
next endeavour.

We fay then, that the Radicle
being impregnate, and {hot into
the Moulds, the contiguous mot-
{ture, by the Cortical Body, being
a Body laxe and Spongy, is eafily
admitted: Yet not all indifcrimi-
nately, but that which 1s more a-
dapt to pals through the furround-
ing Cuticle. Which tranfient
Sap, though it thus becomes fine,
fyet isnotfimple 5 but a mixture of
pParticles, both in refpect of thofe
E 3 originally

52 Lhe Anatomp
originally in the Root,’and a>
mongft themfelves, fomewhat he-
terogeneous. And being lodg’d
in the Cortical Body moderately
laxe, andofa Circular form; the
effe& will be an eafie Fermentati-
on. The Sap fermenting, a feparati-
on of Parts will follow; fome
whereof will be impacted to the
Circumference of the Cortical Bo-
dy, whence the Cuticle becomes a
Skin; as we fee inthe growing of
the Coats of Cheefles, of the Skin
over divers Liquors, and the like.
Whereupon the Sap pafling into
the Cortical Body, through this ,
as through a Adazica Hippocratis ,
is {till more finely filtred. With
which Sap, the Cortical Body being
dilated asfar as its Towe, without
a folution of Continuity will bears
and thef{upply of the Sap ftill re-
new'd; and the pureft part, as
moftapt and ready, recedes, with
its due Tinctures , from. the faid

Cortical

of Clegetabies. 53
Cortical Body, to the Lignows.
Which Liguows Body \ikewile fu-
per-inducing its own proper Tin-
tures into the faid Sap; “tis now
to its higheft preparation wrought
up, and becomes (as they {peak
of that of an Animal) the Vege-
tative Ros or Cambium: theno-
bleft part whereof ts at laft coagu--
lated in, and aflimilated to the
like fub{tance with the faid Lignous
Body. The remainder, though
not united to it,yet tinctur'd there-
in, thus retreats, that is, by the
continual appulfe of the Sap, 1s in
part carried off into the Cortical Bo-
dy back again, the Sap whereof it
now tinctures into good Aliment:
So that whereas before the Cortical
Body was only relaxed in its Parts,
and fo dilated ; “tis now increas’d
in real quantity or number of parts,
and fois truly nourifh’d. And the
Cortical Body being faturate with
fo much of this Vital sap as ferves

E32 iG

52 Lhe stnatomp
it felf; andthe fecond Remainders
difcharged thence to the Skin;
this alfo is nourifh’d and augment-
ed therewith. So that asin an
Avimal Body thereis no inftaurati-
on or growth of Parts made by the
Bloud only, but the Nervows Li-
quor is ado thereunto affiftant; fo
isit here: the Sap prepared inthe
Cortical Body, 1s as the Arterious 3
and that part thereof prepared by
the Lignows, is as the Nervous Li-
guor 3 which partly becoming Nu-
triment to it felf, and partly be-
ing difcharged back into the Cor-
tical Body, and diffufing its Tin-
Cure through the Szp there, that
tothe faid Cortical Body and Skin,
becomes alfo true Nutriment, and
{othey all now grow.

In which growth, a proportion
“in length and breadth is requifite :
which being rated by the benefit
of the Plant, both for firm ftand-
ing and fufficient Sap, muft there-

| fore

of Geactabies. 53
fore principally be in length. And
becaufe it is thus requifite , there-
fore by the conftitution of one
of its Parts, fc. the Liguows Bo-
dy, it isalfo made necefiary. For
the Pores hereof, in that they are
all extended by its length, the
Sap allo according to the frame and
fite of the faid Pores wiil principal-
ly move; and that way asits Sap
moves, the fame way will the ge-
neration of its Parts allo proceed 5
fe. by itslength. And the Lignous
Body firft ( that 1s, by a priority
caufal) moving in length it felf;
the Cortical alo moves therewith.
For that which 1s nourifh’d, is ex-
tended; but whatever is extend-
ed, ismov'd; that therefore which
is nourifh'd, is mov'd: The Li-
gnous Body then being firft nou-
rifh’d, “tis likewife firft mov’d,and

fo becomes and carries init the
Principle of all Vegetative moti-
4 on

66 Che Anatomp —
on in the Cortical 5 and fo they
bothmove inlength
Yet as the Lignows Body As the
Principle of Motion in the Corticals
{othe Cortical is the Moderator of
that inthe Ligwows: As in Animal
Motions, the Principle is from the
Nerves; yet being one given to
the Mufcle or Limb, and that mo-
ving proportionably to its ftru-
Cure, the Nerves alfo are carried
in the fame motion with it. We
{uppofe therefore, that as the
principal motion of the Liguous
Bodyis in length, {o is its proper
tendency alfotoafcend: Butbe-_
ing much exceeded both in Com-
pals and Quantity by the Cortrcal,
asin the {maller parts of the Rost it
is; it muft needs therefore be
over-born and governed by it5
and{o, though not lofe its motion,
yet make it that way wherein the
Cortical Body may be more obedi-
ent to its; which will be by de-
tetas

‘of Vegetables. 57
fcent: Yet both of them being
luticiently pliable, they are thus
capable, where the Soy! may op-
pofea direct defcent, there to di-
vert any way where it is more pe-
netrable, and fo to defcend ob-
liguely. For the fame reafon it
may allo be, that though you fet
a Bean with the Radicle upward;
yet the Radicle, asit fhoots, decli-
ning alfo gradually, isthus arch’d
inform of an Hook, and fo at laft
defcends. For every declination
from a perpendicular Line, is a
mixed motion betwixt Afcent. and
Defcent; asthat of the Radicie al-
fois, and {o {eeming to be depen-
dent upon the two contrary Ten-
dencies of the Lignows and Cortical
Bodies. What may be the caufe
of thofe Tendencies (being moft
probably external, and perhaps
fomething of a Aagnetifime ) isbe-
fides my Task here to enquire.

Now although the Ligvous Boxy,

by

86 Lhe Anafomp
by the pofition and fhape of it
Pores, principally. groweth in
length 5 yet willit in fome degree
likewife in breadth: For it can-
not be fuppofed that the pureft Sap
is allreceived into the faid Pores$
but that part thereof likewile, ftay-
ing about its Superficial parts, 1s
there tinctur'd and agglutinated to
them. And _ becaufe theic Pores
are prolonged by its length; there-
fore is it much more laxe and ecafily
divifible that way 5 asin flittinga
Stick, orcleaving of Timber, and
in cutting and hewing them a-
thwart is alfo feen. Whence it
comes to pafs,that in {hooting from
the Center towards the Circumfe-
rence, and there findimg more
room, its faid original Laxity doth
eafily in divers places now become
greater, aud at length in open
Partments plainly vifible. Betwixt
which Partments, the cortical Ba-
dy, being bound in on the one

hand,

of Menetabies. Wi

hand, by the furrounding Skin
d Moulds, and prefied upon by
the Ligzows. on the other , mutt
needs infert it felf, and fo move
contrary to it, from the Circum-
ference towards the Center: where
the faid contrary motions continu-
ed as begun, they at laft meet,
unite,and either make or augment
the Pitz. And thus the Root is
fram’d, and the Skin, the cortical
and Lignous Bodies, {o asis faid,
hereunto concurrent. We {hall
next fhew theufe ofthe two other
Parts, fc. the Infertwent and Pith;
and firftof the Pith,

One true ule of the Pzth is for
the better Advancement of the
Sap, whereof we fhall {peak in the
next Chapter. The ule we here
obferve is for the quicker and
higher Fermentation of the Sap:
For although the Fermentation
made inthe Cortical Body was well
fub-

60 Lhe Anatomp t
fubfervient to the ‘firftV egetations,
yet thofe more perfect ones in the
Trunk which after follow, require
a Body more adapted to it, and
thatisthe Pith; which 1s fo necef-
fary, asnot to be only commonto,
put confiderably large in the Roots
of moft Plants; if not in their in-
feriour parts, yet at their tops.
Where though either deriv’d or
amplify’d from the Certical Body,
yet being by its Infertions only ,
we may therefore fuppofe,as thofe,
{othis, to be more finely conftitu-
ted. And being alfo from itsco-
arCtation, while inferted, now free;

all its Pores, upon the tupply of |
the Sap, will more or lefs be ampli-

fied: Upon which accounts, the
Sap thereinto received’, wills be
more pure, and its fermentation
thereinmore active. And as the
Pith is fuperiour to the Cortical
Body by its Conftitution, fo by its
Place. For asic thus f{tands cen-

tral,

of Cieaetables. 61

tral, ithath the Ligvows Body fur-
rounding it. Now as the Skin is
the Fence of the Cortical Body,
and that of the Ligwows 3 foisthe
Lignows again afar more prehemi-
nent one unto the Pith; the Sap
being here a brisk Liquor, tunn‘d
up asin a wooden Cask.

And as the P7t4 fubferves the
higher Fermentation of the Sap3
fo dothe Infertions its purer Diftri-
bution; that feparation which the
parts of the Sap, by being ferment-
ed inthe Pith, were difposd for 5
being, upon its entrance into the
Infertions, now made: So that
as the Skinisa Filtre to the Cortz-
cal Body, {o are the Infertions a
more preheminent one to the Lz-.
gnous ; and as they fubferve the
purer, fotheifreer and {ufficient di-
{tribution of the Sap: For the
Root enlarging, and fothe Lignous
Body growing thicker, although
the Cortical and the Pith might fup-

ply

69 Hye Anatomy.
ply Sap fufficient to the nutrition
of its Parts next adjacent tothems
yet thofe more inward, muft needs
be{canted of their sLwents; and
fo, 1fnot quite ftarv'd, yet beun-
capable of equal growth: Where-
as the Lignows Body being through
its whole breadth frequently dif+
parted, and the Cortical Body in-
ferted through it; the Sap by thofe:
Infertions, as the Blood by the
diffeminations of the Arteries, 1s
freely and fufficiently convey'd to
itsintsmate Parts,even thofe which
from either the cortical. Body or
the Pith are moft remote. Laifily,
asthe confequent hereof, they are.
thus affiftaat to the Latitudinal
erowth of the Root; as the Lz-
gnous Body to its growth in lengths
fo thefe Infertions of the Cortical,

toits better growth in breadth.
Having thus feen the folitary
ufes of the Several Parts of the
Root, we fhall la{tly propound our
2 On=

of Cieaetables, 61
Conjectures of that Defign where-
to thev are all together concur-
rent, and that isthe Circulation of
thesap:For thes ap moving through
the cortical Body, towards the Pith,
through the Infertions thereinto,
obtains a pafs: Which patlage,
the fuperiour Infertions will not
favour; becaufe the P7th ftanding
in the fame height with them, is
there large, the fermenting and
courfe of the Sap quick, and foits
oppofition ftrong. Butthrough
the inferiour 1¢ will much more ea-
fily enter; becaufe there, through
the {malnefs of the Pith , the op-
pofition islittie, and through the
fhortnefs of the Infertions, the way
more open. So that though the
Sap may meet with fome oppofition
evenhere, yet here meeting with
the leaft, here it will beftow it
felf (feeding the Lignous Body in
its paflaze ) into the Pith. Into
which frefh Sap. ftill entring, this,

being

See |

64 Lhe Anatomy —
yet but crude,. will fubfide:> thae
firft recetv'd and fobecome aLi-
-quor higher wrought, will more
eafily mount upwards ; and mo-
ving inthe Pith, as in the Arteria
magna, in equal altitude withthe
more fuperiour Infertions; the
moft volatile parts of all will fill
continue their direc afcent to-
wards the Trunk, But thofe of a
middle nature, and, as not aptto
afcend, fo being lighter than thofe
beneath them, not to defcend nei-
ther; thcy will tend from the
Pith towards the Infertions in a
motion betwixt both; through
which Infertions (feeding the Lz-
gnous Body in its paflage) itis,
by the next fubfequent Sap, dif-
charged off into the cortical Body,
asintotheVezacava, backagain.
Wherein, being ftil purfu'd by
frefh Sap from the Center, and
more occurring from the Circum-
ference, towards the inferiourIn-
{ertions

of Uegetables. 65
ertions it thusdefcends; through
which, together with part of the
Sapafrefh imbib'd from the Mould,
it re-entersthe '7#). From whence,
into the Cortical Body, and from
thence into the Pzth, the cruder
part thereof reciprocally is dif-
bursd ; while the moft Volatile,
not needing the help ofa Circula-
tion, more directly afcendeth to-
wards the Truk,

oF CHAP.

66 Che Anatomy 7" be

SS

CHAP. Ill.
Of the Trunk.

His thus declar’d the de-
grees of Vegetation in the
Root ; the continuance hereof in
the Truvk fhall next be fhew'd:
in order to which,the Parts where-
of this likewife 1s compounded,
we fhall firft obferve.

That which without difleGion
fhews it felf, 1s the Coardure: |
cannot fay of the Root, nor of the
Trunk: but what I chufe here to
mention, as ftanding betwixt
them, and fo being common to
them both; all their Parts being
here bound in clofer together, -as |

in

‘of Geaetables. 67
in the tops of the grown Roots
of very many Plants, is apparent.

Of the Partsof the Truzk, the
firft occurring isits Ski: The For-
mation whereof, is not fromthe
Air, buit in the Seed, trom whence
itis originated; being the produ-
ction of the Cuticle, there inveft-
ing the two Lobes and Flume.

‘The next Part ts the Cortical
Body; which herein the Trunk 1s
no new fubftantial formation; but,
as isthat of the Root, originated
from the Parenchyna of the Seed 5
and is only the increafe and aug-
mentation thereof. The Skiz, -
this Cortical Body properly fo calld,,
and (for the moft part) fome Fi-
bers of the Lignows mixed here-
with , all together make the
Bargue.

Next,the Ligvows Body, which,
whether it be vifibly divided into
many fofter Fibres, asin Fezzel,
and moft Plants; or that its parts

F2 ftand

68 Bhe Anatomp —
ftand more compact and clofe,
fhewing one hard, firm and {folid
piece, asin Trees; itis in all one
and thefame Body 3 and that not
formed originally in the Trunk,
but inthe Seed 5 being nothing
elfe but the prolongation of the
inner Body diltributed in the
Lobes and Plume thereof. |

Laftly, The Infertions and Pith
are here originated likewife from
the Plume, asthefame in the Root
from the Radicle: So that as to
their fub{tantial Parts, the Lobes
of the Seed , the Radicle and Plume,
the Root and Tranvk are all one.

Yet fome things are more fairly
obfervable in the Trank. — Firlt,
the Latiudinal {hootings of the
Lignous Body, which in Trunks of
feveral years growth, are vifible
in fo many Rings, as 1s commonly
known: For feveral young Fi-
bres of the Lignows Body, asin the
Root, fo here, fhooting into the

| Cortical

a of degetabics. 69

Cortical one year, and the {paces
betwixt them being after fili’d up
with more (I think not till) the
next, at lengththey become alto-
gether a firm compact Ring; the
perfection of one Ring, and the
eround-work of another being
thus made concomitantly.

From thefe Annual younger Fi-

bresitis, that although the Corti- |

cal Body and Pith are both of the
fame fubftantial nature, and their
Pores little different ; yet whereas
the Pzth, which the firft year is
green, andof all the Parts the ful-
left of Sap, becomes afterwards
white and dry; the Cortical Body,
on the contrary, {fo long as the
Tree grows, ever keepeth green
and moift, fc. becaufe the faid F1-
bers annually fhoot into, and fo
communicate with it..

The Pores likewife of the L7-
gnows Body, many of them in well-
grown JT imber,as in Oaken boards,

3 ares.

5

Se ae

7o) |= Lhe Anatomp
are very confpicuous, in cutting
both lengthwife and traverfe; they
very feldom runone into another,
but keep, like fo many feveral Vef-
fels, all along diftin& 5 as by cut-
ting, and fo following any one of
them as far as you pleafe, ‘for@
Foot orhalf a Yard, or more tox
gether, may be obfervd.

Thefe greater Pores, though im
Waintcot, Tables, and ‘the like,
where they have lain long open,
they are but meer Vacuities, and
fo would be thought to contain on-
ly Sapin the Tree, and afterwards

| Tag Air; yet upon a frefh cut,

® each of them may be {een fill’dup
with a light and fpongie Body,
which by Glafles, and even by the
bare eye, appears to be a perfect
Pith; fometimes entire, and fome-
- times more or Jefs broken.

Befides thefe, there area lefler
forts which, by thehelpof a Afi
cerofcope, al ifo By ae if not tobe

fill'd’

of Uegetables. 71
‘fill’d up witha Pith, yet to contain
certain light and filmy parts, more
or fewer, of a Pithy nature within
them. |
And thefe are ailthe Pores-the
bef Glaffes, which, (when upon
thefe Enquiries) we had at hand,
would fhew us. But the Learned
and moft Ingenious Naturalift -
Mr. Hook fheweth us moreover,
befides thefe, a third, and yet.
{maller fort;the defcription where-
of [find he hath given us amongit
his Microfcopical Obfervations. OF
thefe Pores ( as a confirmation
ofwhat, in theSecond Chapter, I
have faid of the Pores of the Li-:
gnous Body in general) he alfo de-
moni{trates 5 thatthey are all con-
tinuous and prolonged by the
length of the Trazk,, as are the
greater ones; the Experiment
whereof he imparteth to be, by
filling up, fuppofe ina piece of
Crar-coal, all the faid Pores with
F 4 Mer-

72 Ave Anatomy 7
Mercury, which appears to pa
quite through them, in that by a
very good Glafsit is vifible in their
Orifices at both ends 3 and with-
outa Glafs, by the weight of the
Coal alone, 1s alfomanifeft.

Upon farther Enquiry, I hike
wife find, that the Pores of the Li-
gnous Bocyin the Truzk of Plants,
which at firft we only fuppofed, by
the helpof good Glafles are very
fairly vifible; each Fibre being
perforated by 30, 50, 100, or hun-
dreds of Pores. Or what I think
isthe trueft notion of them, that
each Fibre, though it feem to the
bareeyeto be but one, yet is in-
deeda great number of Fibres to-
gether 5 every Pore being not
meerly a {pace betwixt the feveral
pores of the Wood, but the Con-
caveofa Fiber: So that ifit be
asked, what allthat part of a Ve-
getable, either Plant or, Treeg
which is properly call’d the woody

part,

. bt Cegetables. 73
part; what all that 1s, J fuppofe,
that is nothing elfe but a Cluiter
of innumerable and moft extraor-
dinary {mall Veffels or concave
Fibres. See Fig. 15.

Nextthe Infertions of the Cer-
tical Body, whichinthe Trunk of a
Tree faw’d athwart, . are plainly
difcerned as they run from the
Circumference toward the Cen-
ters the whole Body of the Tree
being vifibly compounded of two
diftinG Subftances, that of the fe-
veral Rings, and that of the Infer-
tions,running crofs; fhewing that ia
fomerefemblancein a Plain, which
the Lines of Latitude and of the
Meridian do ina Globe. See
Fig. 16.

Thefe Infertions are like wife ve-
ry confpicuous in Sawing of Trees
length-wayes into Boards, and
thofe plain’d, and Wrought into
Leaves for Tables, Wainfcot,
Trenchers, and the like. In all

: '. which,

74. Lhe Anatomy
which , as in courfe Trenchers
made of Beech, and Tables of Oak,
thereare many parts which have a
greater {moothnefs than the reft;
and are {fo many inferted pieces of
the Cortical Body 5 which by rea-
fon of thofe of the Ligwows, feem
to be difcontinuous, although in
the Trunk they are extended
throughout its Breadth. |
Thefe Infertions, although asis
faid, of a quite diltinct fubftance
from the Ligzous Body, and fono
where traly incorporated. with it,
yet being they are im all parts, the
one asthe Warp, the other as the
Woof, mutually braced and inter-
woven together, they thus confti-
tute one {trong and firmly coherent
Body.
_ As the Pores are greater or lefs,
fo arethe Infertions allo: To the
- bare eye ufually the greater only
are difcernable: But through an
indifferent Adicrofcope there are
others

of Uicaetables. 75

others alfo, much more both nu-
merous and{mall, diftinctly appa-
rent. Sothat,I think, we may ob-
ferve, that as the grand Pith of the
aaa with, and 1s
.... by the greater Inferti-
ons; fois the Pith o of each greater
Pore originated from the iefs fs, and
thofe (at leaft) pithy parts in the
Midling Pores, from others ftil
lefss; and fuppole, that the leaft
of all are fo far intruded intothe
fmalleft Pores, as only juft to caule
akind of roughne on their con-
cave fides, and no more; to
what'end fhall be faid See Fig.17.
In none of all thefe Pores can
we obferve any thing which may
have the true nature and ufe of
Valves, which is eafily to admit
that, to which they will by no
means allow areerefs. And thetr
non-exiftence is enough evident,
from what in the firft Chapter we
have faid of the Lobes of the Seed:
in

76 Zhe Anafomp
in whofe Sevzizal Root, were there
any Valves, 1t could not be, that
by a contrary courfe of the Sap,
they fhould ever grow 3 which
yet, where-ever they turn into
Diffimilar Leaves, they do. Or
if we conider thegrowth of the
Rosi, which oftentimes is upward
and downward both at once.
The Infertions here in the Trunk
give us likewife a fight of
the pofition of their Pores. For
ina plained piece of Oak, as
in Wainfcot, Tables, cc. befides
the larger Pores of the Lignous
Body, which run by the length of
the Truvk; the Tract likewife of
thofe of the Infertions may be ob-
{erved tobe made by the breadth,
and fo direGtly crofs. Norare they
continuousasthofe of the Lignous
Body, but very fhort, as thofe both
of the Cortical Body and Pith, with
which the Infertions; as to their
fubftance are congenerous. Yet

they

of Uenetabies. 77

| they all ftand fo together, astobe

‘a

plainly ranked in even Lines or
Rows throughout the breadth of
the Iruzk: Asthe Tract of thefe
Pores appear to the naked Eye, fee
inFzg.18. By the beft Microfcope
Ihave athand, I can only obferve
the Ranks of the Pores; not the
Pores themfelves, faving here and
there one; wherefore I have not
defcrib'd them. ;
The Pores of the Pith likewife
being larger here inthe Trazk, are —
better obfervable than in the Root: .
the width whereof, in comparifon
with their fides{o exquifitely thin,
may by an Honey-Comb be grofly -
exemplified ; and 1s that alfo which
the vaft dif{proportion betwixt the
Bulk and weight of a dry ith
doth enough declare.Inthe Traaks
of fome Plants, they are {o ample
and tranfparent, that in cutting
both by the length and breadth of
the Pith, fome of them, even to
the

78 Ye Anatomy ’
the bare eye would feem to be con:
fiderably extended by the length
of the faid Pi#5 5 whichoncel alfo
thought they were, and that only
the reft of them were’ but fhort
and difcontinuous, and as ’tisfaid,
fomewhat anfwerable to the Cells
of an Honey-Comb. This was
the neareft we could come to them,
by conjecture, and the afliftance
of thebeft Glafles we then had by
us, When upon enquiry into the
nature of the Pzth: But that
Worthy Perfon newly mentioned
Mr, Hooke fheweth us, that the
Poresof the Pith, particularly of
Elder-Tith, fo far as they are vifible,
are all alike difcontinuous; and
that the Pith is nothing elfe (to
ufe his own words) but an heap
of Bubbles.
~ Befides what this Obfervation
informsus of here, it farther con-
firms what iu the fecond Chapter
we have faid of the Original of =F
Pit

ME Gegetables. 79
Pith and Cortical Body, and of the
famenefs of both their natures with
the Parenchymaoft theSeed. For,
upon farther enquiry with better
Glaffes, Ifind, that the Parenchy-
ma of the Flume and Radicle, and -
even of the Lobes themfelves,
though not fo apparently, 1s no-
thing elfe buta Ma(s of Bubbles.

In the Piths of many Plants, the
greater Pores have fome of them
lefler ones within them, and fome
of them are divided with crofs
Membranes: And betwixt their —
feveral fides, have, I think, other
fmaller Pores vifibly interjeted.
However, that they are all perme-
able, ismoftcertain. They ftand
together not inceterminately, but
in even Ranksor Trains ; as thofe
of the Infertions by the breadth,
fo thefe by the length of the Truzk.
And thus far there is a general cor-
refpondmg betwixt the part of the
Root and Trunk: Yet are there

fome

80 Lie Alnatony
fome confiderable Difpatities be-
twixt them; wherein, and how
they come to pafs, and to what
e(pecial ufe and. end, fhallnext be
faid. |

We fay then, that the Sap be-
ing in the Root by F iltrations ,
Fermentations (andin what Roots
needful, perhaps by Circulation
alfo) duly prepards the prime
part thereof palling through the |
intermediate Coarcture, in due
moderation and purity is enter-
tain’datlatt intothe Truzk, And
the Sap of the Tru#k being purer
and more volatile, and fo it felf
apt to afcend; the motion of the
Truk Vikewile will be more no-
ble, receiving a difpofition and
rendency to afcend therewith.
And what bythe Sap the Trunk.
is in part difpos'dto, by the re{pe-
Give pofition and quantity of its
Fa-ts itiseffectually enabled. For
whereas in the Koct the Lrgzous

Body

pf Megetabies, = 8

Body being in proportion with the
Cortical, but little, andall lying
-clofe within its Center; it muft
therefore needs be under its con-
troul: onthe contrary, being here
comparatively of greater quantity,
and alfo more dilated, and having
divers of its Branches ftanding —
more abroad. towardsthe Circum-
ference, as both in the Leaves and
Body of the young Truzk and
Plume,is{een; it will in its own °
tendency to afcend, reduce the
Cortical Body to acompliance with
IE.

And the Truzk thus ftanding
from under the reftraint of the
Mouldinthe oper Air, the difpo-
fition of its Parts originally diffe-
rent from that of the Parts in the
Root will not only be continued,
butimproved: For by the force
and preflureof the Sap in its col-
lateral Motion, the Ligvows Body

will now more freely and farther
2 bg

be dilated. ‘ Pane an being dil 1
ted, the Cortical Body alfo, mult
needs be inferted; and is there-
fore im proportion alwayes more
or le {maller here in the Trunk,
than inthe Root. And asthe Cor-
tical Body \effens, fo the Pith will
be enlarged, and by the fame pro-
portion is here greater, And the
Pith being enlarged it felf, its
Pores (the Lignows Body, upow
its dilatation, as it were tentering
and fwretching out all their fides)
mutt needs likewife be enlarged
with it, and ae are ever

ening es Root. And the dila-
tation of the Lignows Body full
continued, it follows, that where-
asthe Pith do@endenr in the Root,
is not : only in proportion lefs and
tefs, but alfo in the {maller extre-
mitics thereofand fometimes high-
er altogether abfeat : Contraris
wife, in the Trunk it. is mot only

con-

of Uiegetables. 83
continued to its top, but alfo
there in proportion equally ample
with what itis in any other inferi- —
our part. |

But although the opennefs of
the Ayr permitting be alwayes a-
like; yet the Energy of the Sap
effeGing, being different 5 as
therefore that doth, the dilatation
of the Travzk will alfo vary. If
that be lefs, fo is this 3 as in the
Trunksof moft Trees: [f thatbe
greater, fo is this; asin Plants is
common; the Lignous Body being
ufually fo far dilated, that the #t-
moft Shootimgs thereof may eafily
be feen to jut out, and adjoynto
theSkin. And if the Sap be ftill
of greater energy, it fo far dilates
the Lignous Body, as not-only to
amplifie the Pit) and allits Pores 5
but alfo fofarto ftretch them out,
astomake themtear. Whereup-
on either running again into the
Cortical Body, or {hrinking up to-

G2 wards

84 Lhe Anate

wards it, the Trak thus fome-

- times becomesan hollow Stalk, the
Pith being wholly, or in part voyd-
ed. But generally it keeps en-
tire; and where it doth, the fame
proportion and refpect to the Lz-
gnous and Cortical Bodies, as isfaid.
The Confequences of all which
will be, the {trength’of the Truxk,
the fecurity and plenty of the Sap,
its Fermentation will be quicker,
its Diftribution more effectual, and
its Advancement more fuffici-
ent. |
Firft, the erect growth and
ftrength of the Truk; thisbeing
by the pofition of its {everal parts
effected: For befides the flender-
ing of the Truzk{ {till towards the
top, the Circumferential pofition
of the Liguzows Body likewileis,and
that eminently hereunto fubfervi-
ent: So that as the Liguows Body
in the fmaller part of the Root
ftanding Central, we may thence
conceive

of Uegetables. 85
conceive and fee théir pliablenefs
to any oblique motion ; {fo here,
on the contrary, the Lignouws Body
ftanding wide, it thus becomes
the ftrength of the Truzk, and
moft advantageous to its perpendi-
cular growth. We fee the fame
Defign in Bowes and Feathers: The
ftrongeft Boxes, as thofcin the
Legs, are hollow. Now fhould
we fuppofe the fame Boxe to be
contracted into a Solid Body, al-
though now it would be no hea-
vier , and in that refpe(t, as apt
for motion; yet would it have far
lefs ftrength, than as it 1s dilated
to a Circumferential pofture. And
fo for Quills, which, for the fame
Reafons, infubferviency to flight,
we fee how exceeding light they
are, and yet, in comparifon with
the thinnefs of their Body, how
very ftrong: We fee it not only
in Nature, but Art. For hence
it is that Foyzers and Carpenters

G2 unite

86 Lhe Anat ,
unite and fet together their Tim-
ber-pieces and feveral Works of-
tentimes with double Joynts;
which, ee they arenothick-
erthan afin igle one might be made,
yet ftanding at a diftance, havea
greater dene cea than that could
have. And the fame Architecture
will have the fame ufe m the Trunks
of Plants, in moft whereof’tis ve-
ry apparent; as for inftance, im
Corn: For Nature defigning its
Sapa great Afcent for its higher
maturity , hath given it a tall
Trunk; but to prevent its ravenous
defpoiling either of the Ear or
Soy! ; although it be tall, yet
areitsfides but thin: and becaufé
again, it fhould grow not only
tall and thriftily, bnt for avoiding
propping up, ftrongly too ; there-
fore, asits height is over-propor-
tioned to the thinnefsof its fides,
fo is its oS umference alfo; being
fo far dilated as to parallela Quill

it

of Uegetables. 87
it felf. Befides the: pofition of
the Liguows Body within the com-
pafs of a Ring, we fee fome fhoot-
ings thereof often {tanding beyond
the Circumference of the faid Ring,
making fometimes a triangular,
ofiner a quadrangular Body of the
Trunk; totheend, that the Ring
being but thin, and not felffuffi-
cient, thefe, like Splinters to
Bones, might add ftrength and
ftability to it. |

Next, the fecurity and plenty
of the Sap. For fhould the Li-
gnows Body, as it doth inthe Root,
its {maller parts, ftand Central
here alfo, and fo the Cortical whol-
ly furround it: the greater part
of the Sap would thus be more
immediately expos'd to the Sun
and ayr;and being lodg’d in a laxe -
Body , by them continually be
prey'd upon, andas faft as fuppli-
ed to the Truzk, be exhaufted.
Whereas the Pith {tanding in the
; | GA Center.

Khe Anatomy
pil the: Saptherein: beihnell |
only moft remote from the Ayr
andSun, but bythe Barque, and
efpecially the Wood , being alfo
furrouuded and doubly immur d,
will very fecurely and copioully
be convey’d to ail the Collateral
parts, and (as fhall be faid how)
the top of the Trunk, |

And the Sap by the amplitude,
and great porofity of the Pith be-
ing herein more copious, its Fer-
mentation alfo will be quicker;
which we fee in all Liquors by
' ftanding in a greater quantity to-
gether, proceeds more kindly:
And being tunn'd up within the —
Wood, isatthe fame time not only
{ecur'd from lofs, but all extream
mutations, the Day being thus not
too hot, nor the Nieht 1 too cold
for i

Ana the Fermentation hereof
being quicker, 1tsmotion alfo will
be ftronger, and its diftribution

| more

of Clegefables. 89
more effectual, not only to the
dilatation of the Truzk, but like-
wife the thooting out of the Bran. —
ches. Whence it ts , that in the
Bodies of Trees, the Bargue of it
felf, though it be fappy, and ma-
ny Fibres of the Ligvows Body mix-
ed. with it, yet feldom fendeth
forth any; and that in Plants,
thofe with the leaft pith (other
advantages not fupplying this de-
fet) have the fewe(ft or {mallet
Branches, or other collateral
Growths: and that Corz, which
hath no Pith, hath neither any
Branches.

Lafily, the Advancement of the
Sap will hence alfo be more rea-
dy and fufficient, For the under-
ftanding where, and how, we fup-
pole thatin all Trazks whatfoever
there are two parts joyntly here-
unto fubfervient. Infomethe Li-
gnows Gody and the Cortical, asin
older Trunks,the Pith being either
eX-

90 Lhe Anatomy

excluded or’ dried: Butin molt; |
principally the Liguows Body and.
Pith; as in moft Annual Growths
of Trees; but efpeciaily Plants,
where the Cortical Body is ufaally
much and often wholly infert-
ed.
_ OF the Lignous body it 1s foap-
parent by its Pores, or rather by
its Veffels, that we need no far-
ther evidence. Forasto what end
are Veflels but for the conveyance
of Liquor? Andis that alfo,which
upon ‘cutting the young Branch of
a Sappy Tree or Plant, by an ac-
curate and fteady view: may be eb-
ferved. But when I fay the Pores
of the Liguows Body, | mean prin-
cipally them of the younger fhoot-
ings, both thofe which makethe
new Ring, and thofe which are
mixed with the Cortical Body in
the Barqgue : that which afcendeth
by the Pores of the older Wood,
being probably » becaufe in lefS
quan-

of Cisacfabics. o1
quantity , more in form of a Va-
pour, than a Liquor. Yet that
which drenching into the fides of
its Pores, 1s withal] thereunto fuf-
ficient Aliment; as we fee Or-
pine, Onions, &c. only {tanding in
a moyfter Ayr will often grow;
And being likewife in part fuppli-
ed by the Infertions from the youn-
ger Shoots: ‘But efpecially, be-
caufe asit isbut lictle, foit ferveth
only for the growth of the faid E/-
der Wood, and no more; whereas
the more copious Aliment afcen-
dent by the younger Shoots, {ub-
ferves not only their own growth,
but the generation of others 5 and
is befides with that inthe Corticai
Body the Fountain of Per{pirations,
which we know even in Animals
are much more abundant than the
Nutritive parts 5 and coubtlefs in
a Vegetable areftill much more.

But thefe Pores, although they
are a free and open way to the
| afcend-

ed,
92 Lhe Anatonp
afcending Sap; yet that meet
Pores or Veflels fhould be able of
themfelves to advance the Sap
with that {peed,ftrength & plenty,
and to that height , as isneceflary,
cannot probably be fuppofed. Tt
follows then, that herein we muft —
rant the P7th a joynt fervice. And
why elfein the fmaller parts of the
Root, where the Pzth 1s often want-_
ing, arethe Pores there greater 2
Why is the P7th in all primitive
growthsthe moft Sappy part, why
hath tt fo great a {tock of Sap, if
notafrer due maturation withinit
felf fii! to be disburfed into the
Fibres of the Lignows Body 2 Why
are the annual growths of all both
Plants and Trees with great Piths,
the quickeft and the longeft? But
how arethe Pores of the P7th per-
meable > That they arefo, both”)
from their being capable of are= —
pletion with Sap, and of being a-
gain wholly emptied of it, and
again,

«of Megetabies. 93
again, inftead thereof fill’d with
Ayr, isas certain as that they are
Pores. That theyare permeable,
by the breadth, appears from the
dilatation of the Lignows Body, and
and fromthe production of Bran-
ches, ashathbeen, and fhall here-
after be faid. And how elfe is
there a Communion betwixt this
and the Cortical Body? Thatthey
are fo alfo, by the length, is proba-
ble, becaufe by the beft Microfcope
wecannot yet obferv,that they are
vifibly more open by the breadth,
than by the length.And withal are
ranked by the length, asthofe of
the Infertions by the breadth of the
Trunk. But if youfera piece of
dry Elder-Pith infome tinged Li-
guor, why then doth it not pene-
trate the Pores, fo as to afcend
through the Body ofthe P7td ¢ The »
plainreafonis, becaufe they are all
fll’d with Ayr. Whereas the Pith
ina Vegetating Plant, as its Parts

or

94 LheAnatomp
or Pores are ftill generated, they”
areat thefame time alfo fill’d with
Sap 5 which, as’tts gradually fpent,
is {till renair'd by more fucceeding,
and fo the Ayr {till kept out; as in
all primitive growths, and the Pith
of Elder ic felf: Yet the fame
Pith, by reafon of the following
Winter, wanting a more copious
and quick fupply of Sap, thus once
become, ever after keeps dry. And
fince in the aforefaid Trial the Li-
quor only afcends by the fides of
the Pt), that is of its broken
Pores, we fhould thence by the
fame reafon conclude that they are
not penetrable by the breadth
neither, and fo no way 3 and then
it need not.be ask’d what would
follow. But certainly the Sap in)
the Pores of the Pzth is difcharged
and repaired every moment, asby
its {hriv’lingup, upon cutting the
Plant is evident. 3
We fuppofe then, that as the
; Sap

‘of Cegefables, os

Sap afcendeth into the Truzk by
the Lignows Body, {o partly alfo by
the Pith. For a piece of Cotton
with oneend immers'd in fometin-
ged Liquor, and with the other e-
rectabove, though it will notim-
bibe the Liquor {fo far as to over-
run at the top, yet foastoadvance
towards it,1t wills fo here, the
Pith beinz a porousand fpongy
Body.and inits Vegetating {tate its
Pores alfo permeable, as a curious
Filtre of Natures own contrivance,
it thus advanceth , or as people
ufe tofay, fucks up the Sap. Yet as
it isfeen of the Liquor in the Cot
ton; fo likewife are we to fuppofe
it of the Sap inthe Pith; that
though it rifeth up for fome way,
yet is their fome term, beyond
which it rifeth not, and towards
which the motion of the alcending
Sap 1smore and more broken,weak
and flow, and fo the quantity
thereof lefs and lefs. But becaufe .
the

See hn AR omy
Biameee

96 6«“Lhe Anafonp
the Sap moveth not only by the
length, but breadth of the Pith 5
at the fame time therefore as it
partly afcendeth by the Pith, it
is likewife in part prefied into the
Lignouws Body or into its Pores.
And fince the motioa of the Sap
by the breadth of the Pzth not be-
ing far continued, and but collate-
ral, is more prone and eafie than
the perpendicular, or by its lengths
it therefore follows, thatthe col-
lateral motion of the Sap, atfuch
‘a height or part of the Pith, will
be equally {trong with the perpen-
dicular at another part, though
fomewhat beneath it; and that.
where the perpendicular is more
brokenand weak, the collateral
will be lefs ; and confequently
where the perpendicular tendency
of the Sap hath its term, the col-
lateral tendency thereof, and fo
its preflure into the Pores of the
Lignows Body will {tll continue,

Through

of Cegetabies. 97
Through which, in that they are -
fmall, and fo their fides almoft
‘contiguous, the Sap as faft as pref-
fed into them will eafily runup; as
betwixt the two halves of a Stick
firft flit, and then tied fomewhat
loofely together, may alfo any Li-

uorbe obferved todo. And the
fides of the faid Pores being not
{mooth, but by the intrufion of
the {malleft infertions made fome-
what-rough; by that means the
higher and more facile afcent of
the Saptherein will farther be pro-
moted. By all which Advantages
the facility and {trength of that af-
cent will be continued higher in
the faid Pores than in the P7#th.
Yet fince this alfo, as well as that in
the Pith will have itsterm; the Sap,
although got thus far, would yet
at laft be ftagnant, or at leaft its
afcent be very f{paring, flow and
feeble, if not fome way or other
re-inforced. Wherefore, as the
H Sap

98 Lhe Anatomy

Sap moving by the breadth of the
Pith, prefieth thence into the
Pores of the Lignows Body; foha-
ving well fill’d thefe, is in part by
the fame Collateral motion disbur-
fed back intoa yet higher Region
of the P7th. By which partly, and
partly by that portionof the Sap, —
which in its perpendicular afcent
was before lodged therein; ‘tis thus
here, as in any inferiour place e-
qually repleat. Whereupon the
force and vigour of the perpen-
dicular motion of the Sap herein
will likewife be renewd; and fo.
its Collateral motion alfo, and fo
its preflure into the Pores of the
Lignows Body, and confequently
its afcent therein; and fo by a
prefiurefrom thefe into the Pith,
and fromthe P7th into thefe reci-
procally carriedon, a moft ready
and copious afcent of the Sap will
be continued from the bottom to
the top, though of the higheft
Trunk, An

of Uegetablrs. 99

An Appendix.

Of Trunk-Rooots and
Clafpers.

srHe diftin& Parts whereof thefe
are conftituted, arethe fame
with thofe of the Truzk, and but
the continuation of them.
Trunk-Roots are of two kinds:
Of theone, are thofe that vege-
tate by a direct defcent: The

place of their Eruption is fomes

‘times all along the Truzk; as in
Mint, &c. Sometimes only at its
utmoft point, as in the Brame
ble. :
The other fort are fuch as_nei-
ther afcend nor defcend, but {hoot

! H 2 forth

roo Che Anafonp
forth at right Angles with the
Trunk; which therefore, though
as to their Office, they are true
Roots, yet as to their Nature, they
area Middle thing betwixt a Root
and a Trunk.

Clafpers, though they are but of
one kind, yet their nature is dou-
ble; not a mean betwixt that of
the Root and that of the Traxk,
but a compound of both; as in
their Circumvolutions, wherein
they often mutually afcend and de-
{cend, is feen. !

_ The ufe of thefe Parts may be
obferved as the Truzk, mounts, or
as it trails. In the mounting of
the Truwk, they are for fupport
andfupply : For fupport, we fee
the Clafpers of Viness the Bran- |
ches whereof being very long,fra-
gile and flender, unlefs by their
Clafpers they were mutually con-
taind together, they muft needs
by their own weight, and that of
their

of Ueactabies. ror

their Fruit, undecently fall, and
bealfo liable to frequent breaking.
So that the whole care 1s divided
betwixt the Gardener and Nature;
the Gardener with his Ligaments
of Leather fecures the main Bran-
ches; and Nature with thefe of
her own finding, fecures the lefs.
Their Conveniency to which end,
4s feen intheir Circumvolutions, a
motion not proper to any other
Part: As alfo in their toughnefs
or ftrength, though much more
{lender than the Branches whereon
they areappendent.

For Supply, we fee the Trunk-
Roots of Ivy: For mounting very
high, and being of a clofer Con-
ftitution than that of a Vive, the -
Sap could not be fufficiently fup-
plied to the upper Sprouts, unle(s
thefe to the Mother-Root were
joyntly affiftant. Yet ferve they
for fupport likewile; whence they
fhoot out, not asin Creffes, Brook-

3 lime,

202 Lhe Anatom

lore. &e. feciprocally on each
fide, but commonly all in one;
that fo they may be faftenedat the
neareft hand.

In the: Trailing of the Trunk,
they ferve for ftabiliment, pas
gationand fhade. For ftabilimen
we fee the Clafpers of rae
For the Zruzk and Branches being
long and fragile, the Brufhes of
the Winds would injurioufly hoife
themto and fro, to the dammage
both of themfélves and their ten-
der Fruit, were they not by thefe
Ligaments brought to good Aflo-
ciation and Settlement.

As for this end, fo for Propa-
gation, welee the Trunk-Roots of
Camomile. Whence we havethe
reafon of the common obfervati-
on, that it growsbetter by being
trod upon: the Mould, where too
laxe, being thus made to liemore
conveniently about the faid Irunk-
Roots newly bedded therems and

eis

of Hlegetables. —t03
isthat which we fee alfo effected
in Rowling of Corz.

For both thefe ends, we feethe
‘Trunk-Roots of Strawberries; as
alfoforfhade; for in that we fee
all Strawberries delight; and by
the trailing of the Plant 1s well
obtain’d: Sothat asweare wont
to tangle the Twigs of Trees to-
getherto makean 4rbour Artifici-
al; the fame is here donetomake
a Naturalones; as likewife by the
Clafpers of Cucumbers: For the
Branches of the one by the Link-
ing of their Clafpers, and of the
other by the Tethering of their
Trunk-Roots, being couched toge-
ther 5 their tender fruits thus lie
under the Umbrage of a Bower
made of their own Leaves.

H 4 GEL AP.

104 Lhe Anatomy

CHAP. Iv.

Of the Germen, Branch,
and Leaf.

“y-He Parts of the Germen and
Branch, are the fame with
thofe of the Truzk; the fame Skin,
Cortical and Lignows Bodies, Infert-
ment and Pith, hereinto propaga-
ted, and diftinély obfervable
herein.

For upon Enquiry into the Ort-
ginal of a Brauch or Germen, it ap-
pears, That it is not from the Sz-
perficies of the Truxk, but fodeep,
as to take with the Cortical, the
Lignous Body into it felf; and that
not only from its Circumference,

but

of Vegetables, 105
but (fo astotake the Pith in alfo)
from its Inner or Central parts.
Divers whereof may commonly
be feen to fhoot outinto the Pith;
from which Shoots,the furrounding
and more fuperiour Germevs are 0-
riginateds in like manner as the Li-
gnous Body of the Truk, 1s fome-
times principally from thole F1-
brous Sheots which run along the |
Pith inthe Root. me iphevert

The manner wherein ufually
the Germwen and Branch are fram‘d,
is briefly thus: The Sap (as 1s
faid, Chap. 3.) mounting in the
Trunk, will not only by its length,
but by its breadth alfo, through
the Infertions partly move. Yet,
its Particles being not all alike qua-
lified, in different degrees: Some
are more grofs and flugegifh; of
which we have the formation of a
Circle of Wood only, or of an
Annual Ring: Others are more
brisk 5 and by thefe we have the

Germex

Germen propagated. For by |
vigour of their own motion from
the Center, they imprefs an equal
tendency on fome of the inner
parts of the Lignous Body next ad-
jacent to the P7th, tomove with
them. And fince the Lignows Bo-
dy 1s not entire, but frequently
difparted 5 through thefe difpart-
actniee the faid interiour Parts,
upon their Nutrition, actually
fhoot; not only towards the Cir-
cumference, fo as tomake part of
a Ring, but even beyond it, in
order to the production of a Ger-
men. And the Liguous Body thus”
moving, and carrying the Cortical
along with it; they bothmake a
force upon the Skrz: Yet their
motion being moft even and gra-
dual, that force is fuch likewife5
not to caufe the leaft breach of
itsparts, but gently to carry it on
with themfelves; and fo partly by
the extenfion of its already exi-
ftent

of Ciegetables, 107

ftent parts, as of thofé of Goldin
drawing of Guilded Wyer; and
partly by the accretion of new
ones, as inthe enlarging of a Bub-
ble above the Surface of the Wa-
ter, it is extended with them to
their utmoft growth. Inwhich
growth, the Gerwez being prolon-
ged, and fo difplaying its feveral
‘parts, as when’ a Profpeéiive or Te-
Jefcope isdrawn out, thus becomes
a Branch.

The fame way as the propagati-
on of the Parts of a Gerwenis con-
trivd isitsdue nutritionalfo: For
being originated from the inner
partof the Liguzous Body, ‘tisnou-
rifhed with the beft fermented Sap
in the Truzk, fc. that next adjacent
to it inthe Pith. Befides, fince
all its Parts, upon their {hooting
forth, divaricate from their per-
pendicular, to a crofs Line, as
thefe and the other grow and
thrive together, bind and throng
Bis: : each

108 Che Anatomp
‘each other into a Knot; through
which Knot the Sap being ftrain’d,
‘cis thus in due moderation & pu-
rity delivered up into the Branch,
And for Knots, they are fo ne-
ceflary, as to be feen not only
where collateral Branches put
forth; but in fuch Plants alfo as
fhoot up in one fingle Trazk; as
inCorz; wherein, as they make
for the ftreneth of the Truxk; fo
by fo many percolations asthey are
Knots, for the tranfmiffion of the
_ §ap more and more refined to-
wards the Ear. So that the two
general ufesof Knots are for firmer
{ftanding, and finer growth.
Laftly, as the due Formation
and Nutrition of the Germex are
provided for, fo isitsfecurity alfo 5.
which both in its pofition upon the.
Truk ,and that of its Partsamong
themfelves may be obferved.
The pofition of its Parts fhall
be confidered in {peaking of the
: Leaf.

ot Giegefabies. 109

Leaf. As to its ftamding in the
trunk, “tis alwayes betwixt the
trunk ox Elder Branch, andthe Ba-
fis of the Stalk of the Leaf; where-
by it isnot only guarded from the
Injuries of any contingent Vio-
lence, butalfo from the more pier-
cing affaults of the Cold,fo long till
in time ‘tis grown, as larger,fo more
hardy. The manner and ufes of
the pofition of every Germen, con-
fidered asatter it becomes a Branch,
hath already been by the Ingeni-
ous Mr. Sharrock very,well obfer-
ved; towhom! refer.

Upon the prolongation of the
Germen into a Branch, its Leaves
are thus difplay'd. The Parts
whereof are fubftantially the fame
with thofe of a Branch: Forthe
Skin of the Leaf isonly the ampli- _
ation of thatof the Branch; being |
partly by the accretion of new,
& partly the extention of itsalrea- —
dy exiftent parts (dilated asin ma-

king

1190 Lhe Anatonyp |
king of Lezf=Gold) into its pres
fent breadth. The Fibres or Nerves
difperfed through the Leaf, are
only the Ramifications of the
Branch’s Wood, or Lignous Body.
The Farexchyma of the Leaf which
lies betwixt the Nerves, and asin
Gentlewomens Needle-works, fills ©
allup, isnothing elfe but the con-
tinuations of the Cortical Body, or
inner part of the Barque from the
Branch into itfelf, asin moft Plants
with a fat Leaf, may eafily be feen.
The Fibres of the Leaf neither
fhooct out of the Branch nor
Truvk, nor f{tand in the Stalk ,
in an even Line; but alwayes
in either an Angular or Circular
pofture, and ufually making e1-
thera Triangle, or aSemi-Circle,
‘or Cord of aCircle 5 as inCycorg,
Endive, Cabbage, &c. may be ob-
ferved : Andif the Leaf have but
one main Nerve, that alfo 1s po-
ftur'd ina Circular or Lunar Fi-
gure 5

of Vegetables, rir
gure 3 asin A4mtand others. The
ufual number of thefe Nerves or
Fibres is 3, 5,0r7. See the Fi-
gures from 20, to 29.

Thereafon of the faid Pofitions |
of the Fibres in the Stalk of the
Leaf, is for its more erect growth,
and greater {trength ; which, were »
the pofition of the faid Fibres in
an even Line, and {fo the Stalk it
felf, as well as the Leaf flat, mutt
needs have been defective; as from
what we have faid of the Circum-
ferential poiture of the Lignows Bo-
dy in the Trunk, we may better
conceive.

As likewife for the tecurity of
its Sap: For by this means it is, .
that the feveral Fibres, and efpe-
cially the main or middle Fibre of —
theLeaf, together with aconfide-
rable part of the Cortical Body, are -
fo difpofed of, as to jut out, not
from its upper, but its back, or
nether plain. Whence the whole

Leatiys

112 Lhe Anatontp —
Leaf, reclining backward, becomes
a Canopy to them,defending them
from thofe Injuries which from
colder Blafts, or an hotter Sun,
they might otherwife fuftain. So
that bya mutual benefit, as thefe
give fuck to all the Leaf, fo that
again protection to thefe.

Thefe Fibres are likewife the
immediate vifible Caufe of the
fhapeof the Leaf: For if thene-
thermoft Fibre or Fibres in the
Stalk bein proportion greater, the
Leafis long, as in Exdzve, Cycory,
andothers: If all of a more equal
fize, it {preads rounder, as in Iv,
Doves-foot, Colts foot, &c. And
although a Dock-Leaf be very long,
whofe Fibres notwith{tanding, as
they ftand higher in theStalk, are
difpofed into a Circle allof an e-
qual fizesyet herein a peculiar fibre,
ftanding in the Center betwixt
the reft, and running throughthe
length of the Leaf, may be obfer-

ved. In

of Ueaetables. 113

In correfpondence alfo to the
fize and fhape of thefe Fibres, is
‘the Leaf flat: In that either they
are very fmall, or if larger, yet
they never make an entire Circle |
or Ring; but either halfof one, as —
in Borage, or at moftthree parts of
one, as in Aduilen, may be feen.
For if either they were fo big, as
to contain; or fo entire, as per-
fectly to include a Pith,the Energy
of the Sap in that Pt), would
caufe the faid Lignows Ring to {hoot
forth on every fide, as it doth in
the Root or Trunk: Butthe faid
Fibres being not figur’d into an
entire Ring, but foasto be open;
on that hand therefore where o-
pen, thev cannot fhoot any thing
direftly from themfelves, becaufe
there they have nothing tothoot 5
and the Sap having alfoa free vent
through the faid opening, againi{t
that part therefore whichis theres
unto oppofite.it can have no force ;

j and

114 Lhe Anatomp
and {o neither-will they fhoot forth
-onthat hand ;and fo will they con-
fequently that way only whichthe
force of the Sap dire¢ts, which 1s
only on the right and left.

The feveral Fibres in the Stalk,
are all inofculated in the Leaf,with
very many Sub-divifions; accord-
ing as thefe Fibres are inofculated
near, or at, or {hoot directly to
the edge of the Leaf, isit evenor
{callop'd. Where thefe Inofcula-
tionsare not made, there wehave ©
no Leaves, but only a company of
Ramulets, asin Fennel:

_ TheFormations and Fouldings
of Leaves have one Date, or are
the contemporary works of Na-
ture; each Leaf obtaining its di-
{tinct fhape, and proper pofture
together ; both being perfect, not
only inthe outer, but Central and
minuteft Leaves, which fometimes
_ are five hundred times {maller than
the outer; both which inthe Cau-

tious

of Cegetables, 11

tious opening of a Germez may be
feen. } Gs
Nor is there greater Art inthe
Forms, thanin the Foulds or Po-
{tures of Leaves; both anfwera-
bly varying, as this or that way
they may be moft agreeable. Of
the Quincuncial pofture, fo amply
inftancd in by the Learned Dr.
Brown, I hall omit to fpeak. O-
thers there are, which thoughnot
all founiverfal, yet equally necef-
{ary where they are; giving two
general advantages to the Leaves,
Flegancy and Security, fc. in ta-
kingup, fofaras their Forms will
bear, theleaftrooms; and in being
fo conveniently ‘couch’d, as tobe
capable: of receiving protection
from other parts, or of giving it

to one another; as for inftance,
Firft, There 1s the Plaiz-Lap,
where the Leaves are all laid
-fomewhat convexly one over ano-
ther, but not plaited; being to
J 2 the

116 “Zhe Zinatomyp-

the length, breadth and number of
Leaves moft agreeable; as in the
Buds of Pear-tree, Plum-tree, &c.
But where the Leaves are not thick
fet, as to ftand in the Plain-lap,
there we have the Plicature 5 asin
Rofe-tree, Strawberrz, Cinguefoyl,
Burnet, &c. Forthe Leaves being
here plaited, and fo lying in half
their breadth, and divers of them
thus alfo collaterally fet together,
the thicknefs of them all, and half
their breadth, are much alike di-
menfions; by which they ftand
more fecure within themfelves, and
in better confort with other Ger-
men-Growths im the fame Trufs. If
the Leaves be much imdented or
jagged, now we have the fame
Duplicature 5 where there are di-
vers Plaits in the fame Leaf, or
Labels of a Leaf, but in diftinG

in Tanfey, &c. When the Leaves
{tand not collaterally, but fingle,
and

of Cenctables, 117
‘and that they are moreover very
broad; then we havethe Aultipli-
cature 3 asin Goofeberrics, Mallows,
&c. the Plaits being not only di-
vers inthe fame Leaf, but of the
fame {et continuant, and fo each
os gather'd up in five, feven, or

e Foulds, in the fame manner
as our Ericlewomcns Fans: Where
either the thicknefs of the Leaf
will not permit a flat/ap, orthe
fewnefs of their number, or the
fmallnefs of their Fibres, will al-
low the Rew!, there this may be
obferveds. which. is fometimes
fingle, as.in. Bears-Ears; fome-
times-double, the two Row/s be-
ginning at each edge of the Leaf,
and meeting in the middle. Which
again, 4s eicher the Fere-Rowl, or
the Back-Row!. If the Leaf be
defign’d to grow long, now we
have the Back-Row!, as in Docks,
Primrofes, &e. For the main F1-
bres, and that witha confiderable

alle. part

118) «=H he Anatomp

part of the Cortical Body {tanding.
prominent from the Back-plaim of
the Leaf, they thus ftand fecurely
couch’d up betwixt the two Rowls;
on whofe fecurity the growth of —
the Lear in length depends. But
Bears-Fars, Violets, Rc. upon con-
trary re{pects, are rowled up in-
wards, Laftly, there 1s the Tre-
Rowl,. asin Ferm; the Labels
whereof, though all rowled up to’
the vain Stem, yet could not ftand
fo firm and fecure from the Injuries
either of the Ground or Weather,
unlefs to the Row/s in breadth, that
by the length were fuper-induc'd 5
the Stalk or main Sten giving the
fame protection here, which ino-
ther Plants by the Leaves, or fome

particular A@antling, iscontriv’d.
For according to the Form and
Foulding of every Leaf or Germen,
is its protection order’d ; about fix
wayes whereof may be obferwd 5
jo by Leaves, Surfoyles, Interfogles,
y Stalks, |

~

of Giragetables. 119
Stalks, Hoods and Mantlings. To
add to what we have above given,
one or twolnftances. Every Bud,
befides ee Leaves, 1s cover-
ed with divers Leafy Paznicles or
Surfoylss which, what the Leaves
are to on¢ another,are that to them.
all: For not opening except gra-
dually 5 they admit not the Wea-
ther, Wet, Sun or Ayr, to ap-
proach the ‘Leaves, except by de-
erees refpondent, and a3, they are —
leifurely inur’d to bear them.Some-
times, befides Surfoyls, there are
alfo many Ivterfoyls fet betwixt the
Leaves, from the Circumference
to the Center of the Buds; asinthe
Hiafel: For the Fibres of thefe
Leaves ftand#fi ig out fo far froma
plain furface; they would, if nor
‘thus fhelter’d, lic too much ex xpos d
and naked to the Severities of the
Weather. Where none ofall the
Protections above-named, are con-
venient, there the Membranes of
[a the

120 Lhe Anatomy

the Leaves by continuation in their
firft forming (together with fome
Fibres of the Lignous Body) are
drawn outintofo many Adantles or
Veins; asin Docks , Suakemeed,
&c. For the Leaves here being
but few, yet each Leaf and- its
Stalk being both exceeding long.
at the bottom whereof the next
following Leaf ftill fprings up,;
the form and pofture of all fuch,
as fuperfedes all the other kin
ofprotection, and fo each Leaf a-
partis provided with a Veil to it
felf.

The Ufes of the Leaves, mean.
in refpect of their fervice to the
Plantit felf, arethefe 5 firft, for
Protection , whichs, befides what
they giveto oneanother, they af-
ford allo to the Flower and Fraite
To the Flower in their Fonds
that being, forthe moft part, born
and wher'd into the open Ayr by
the Leaves. Fothe Fruit, when

afterwards

of Clegetables. rat
afterwards they are difplay’d, as
in Strawberries, Grapes, Rajps,
Mulberries, &c. On which, and
the like, fhould the Sun-Beams
immediately ftrike, efpecially
whilethey are young, they would
quite thrivel them up 5 but being
by the Leaves {creened off, they
imprefs the circumjacent Ayr fo far
only as gently to warm the faid
Fruits, and {o to promote their
Fermentation and Growth. And
accordingly we fee, that the Leavs
above-named are exceeding large
in proportion tothe Fruits: where-
as in Pear-trees, Apple-trees, ec.
the Fruit being of a folider Paren-
chyma, and fo not neediag the
like protection, are ufually equal
with, and often wider in Diame-
terthan the Leaves.

Another ufe is for Augmentati-
on; or, the capacity for the due
{preading and ampliation of a Tree
or Plant, are its Leaves: For

herein. -

122 Zr sinatomp
the Lignous Body being divided in-
to {mall Fibres, and thefe running
all along their lax and {pongie Pa-
renchyma 3 they are thus a Body
fit for the imbibition of Sap and €a-
fiegrowth. Nowthe Sap having a
free reception into the Leaves, it
itil] gives way tothe next fucceed-
ingin the Branches and Trunk, and
the voyding of the Sapin thefe,
for the mounting of that in the
Root, and ingrefs of that in the
Mould. But werethereno Leaves
to makea free reception of Sap, it
muft needs be f{tagnant in all the
partsto the Root, and fo the Root
being cloge’d, .its fermenting and
other Offices will be voyded, and
fo the due growth of the whole.
Asin the motion of a Watch, al-
though the original term thereof:
be the Spring, yet the capacity for
iis cont nuance ina due meafure
throughout all the Wheels, 1s the
free and eafie motionof the Bal-
lance. - Laftly,

of Uegetabies. 123
Laftly, As the Leaves fubferve
the more copious advancement, fo
the higher purity of the Sap: For
this bering well fermented both in
the Root,and m its Afcent through
the Trunk, and fo its Parts pre-
pard to a farther feparation; the
eroficr ones are {till depofited into
the Leaves; the more elaborate
and efiential only thus fupplied
to the Flower, Fruit and Seed, as
their convenient Aliment. Whence
it Is, that where the Flowers are
many and large, into which the
more odorous Particles are copi-
oully recciv'd , the green Leaves
have little or 8 fmell; as thofe
of Rofe-tree, Carnations, French-
Marigold, Wood-bind, Tulips; &c.
Eut on the contrary, where the
Flowers are none or {mall, -the
green Leaves themfelves are ike.
wile of a ftrong favour ; as thofe
of Worvwood, Tanfie, Baum, Mint,
Rue, Geranium Mofe batur, Angeli-
ca, and cthers. An

124 Le Anatony —

An Appendix.

Of Thorns, Hairs and
— Globulets.

aj are of two kinds, L-
genous and Cortical, Of the
firft are {uch as thofe of the Haw-
thore, and are conftituted of all
the fame fubftantial Parts whereof
the Germen it felf, and ina like
proportion: which alfoin their
Infancy are fet with the refem-
blances of divers minute Leaves.
In atinity with thefe are the Sp7-
wets OF ssw ‘ny Prickles upon the
Verzesand Tops of divers. Leaves,

as of Barberry, Holly, Thiftle, Furze.

and others ; al! which I think are
the

of Ciegetables, 128
the filamentous extremitiesof the —
Lignous Body {heathed in the Skiz.

Cortical Thorns are fuchasthofe -
of the Rasberry Bufh, being not,
unlefs in a moft extraordinary {mall
proportion propagated from the
Lignous Body, but almoft wholly
fromthe Certical and Skim,orfrom .
the Barque. |

The growth of this Thorz may
farther argue what in the Second
Chapter we fuppofed; fc. That
as the proper tendency of the Lz-
gnows Body, is to afcend, foofthe
Cortical to defcend. For as the
Lignouws Thorz, like other Parts
upon the Trunk, in its growthal-
cends; this being almoft. wholly
Cortical, pointeth downaward.The
ule of Thorzs the very Ingenious
Mr. Sharrock obferved.

Upon the Leaves of divers
Plants two Productions fhew them-
felves, fc. Hairs and Globulets. OF
Hairs, only one kind is taken no-

tice

: ' Seis, |
12.6 She Anatomy '
tice of, althoegh they are various.
Ordinarily they are plain; which

- when fine and thick fet, as on moft
Hairy Buds or fine and long, as
on thofe of the Vize, we callthem
Dew. |

But fometimes they are not plain,
but branched out, from the bot-
tom to the top, reciprocally on e-
very fide, in fome refemblance to
to a Stags-Horw 3 asin Atiien. And
fometimes they are 4ffral, as upon
Lavewder, and{ome other Leaves,
and efpecially thole of Wild Olives
wherein every Hair riling in one
round entire Balis a little way a-
bove the Surface of the Leaf, is
then difparted, Star-like, into fe-
veral, four, five or fix points, all
{tanding at right Angles with the
{aid perpendicular Bafis.

The Ufes of Hairs are for Di-
{tinction and Protection. _ That of
Diftinction is but fecondary , the
Leaves being grown toa confide-

rable

of Ciegetables, 127
rable fize. Thatof Protection is
the prime, for which they were o-
riginally form’d together with the
Leaves themfelves, and whofe fer-
vice they enjoy in their Infant-
eftate: For the Hazrs being then
in form of a Down, alwayes very
thick fet,thus give that protection
to the Leaves, which their exceed-
ing tendernefs then requires; fo
thatthey feem to be vefted witha
Coat of Frieze, orto be kept warm,
like young and dainty Chickens,
in Wooll. . :

Globulets are feen upon rach ,
both Garden and wilds and yet
more plainly on Adercury or Bonus
Henricws. In thefe, growing al-
moft upon the whole Plant, and
being very large, they are by ail
taken notice of.

But ftrict Obfervation difcovers,
that thefe Globulets arethe natural
and conftant Off-{pring of very

many other Plants. Both thefe

Globulets

a ae ae
128 Lhe Anatonyp —
Globulets, and \ikewife the diver-
fity of Hairs, I find the Learned
Mr. Hook, hath already obferved.
They are of two kinds; Tranfpa-
rent, as upon the Leaves of Hy/op,
Mint, Baume, and many more:
Wihite,as upon thofe of Germander,
Sage, and others. All which,
though the naked Eye will difco-
ver, yet by the help of Glafles we
may obferve moft diftintly. The
ufe of thefe we fuppofe the fame
with thole of the Flower, whereof
we fhallfpeak. -

CHAP.

OE Gegetabies. 129

CHAP. V.
Of ‘the F lower.

V V FE text proceed to the

Flower. The general
Parts whereof are moft commonly
three 5 fc. the Empalement, the Fo-
ation, and the Attire:

The Epalement,whether of one
or more pieces, I call that which is
the utmoft part of the Flower, en-
compaffing the other two. °Tis
compounded of the three general
Parts, the Ske, the Certical and
Liguows Bodies; each Empaler
(where there are divers) being as
another little Leaf; as in thofe of
a Quince-F lower, as oft asthey hap-=
pen to be overgrown, 1s well feen.

K. As

130 Lhe Anatomy
As likewife 1n the Primrofe, with
the green Flower, commonly fo
call’d,though by a miftakesfor that
which feems to berthe Flower, is
only the more flourifhing-Ev~pale-
ment, the Flower it felf being
white; but, the continuation of
all the three ‘aforefaid Partsinto
each Empaler, is difcoverable, I
think, no where better thaninan
Artichoke, which is a true Flower,
and whofe Empalers are of that
amplitude, as fairly to'fhew them
all: Asalfo, thatthe Original of
the Skizof each Empaler isnot di-
ftinG from that of the reft; butto
be all one piece, laid infomany
Plaits or Duplicatures as there are
Empalers, trom the outermoft to
the inner and moft central ones.
The Defign of the Expalement,
isto be fecurity and Bands to the
other two Parts of the Flewer: To
_ be their fecurity before its open-
ing, by intercepting all extremi-
ties

of Cenetables. = r3r
ties of Weather: Afterwards to
be their Bands, and firmly tocon-
tain all their Partsin their due and
moft decorous pofture ;. fo that a
Flower without its Evzpalement,
would hang as uncouth and taudry
as a Lady without her Bedies.

Hence we have the reafon why
itis vartous, and {ometimes want-
ing. Some Flowers have none, as
Tulips; for having a fat and firm
Leaf, and each Leaf’ likewife
{tauding ona broad and {trong Ba-
fis, they arethus fufficient tothem-
felves. Carnations , on the con-
trary, have not only an Empzle-
ment, but that (for more firmitude)
of one piece: Forotherwife, the
foot of cach Leaf being very long
and {lender, moft of them would
be apt to break out of compafs;
yet isthetopof the Impalement in-
dented alfo ; that the Indentments,»
by being lapp'd over the Leaves
before their expanfion, may then

| K 2 pro-

132 Whe stnatomp

protect them-; and by being {pred
under them afterwards, may bet-
ter fhoulder and prop them up.
And if the feet of the Leaves be
both long and very tender too,
here the Empalement is numerous, —
though confifting of feveral piecess
yet thofe in divers Rounds, and all
with a counterchangeable refpect
to each other ( which alfo the
Learned Dr. Browz obferves) as in
all Keapweeds, and other Flowers;
whereby, how commodious they
are for both the aforefaid ends ,
may eafily be conceiv’d; and well
enough exemplitied by the Scales
of Fithes, whereunto, as to their
pofition, they have not an unapt
refemblance.

The Foliation alfo, is of the
fame fubftantial nature with the
green Leaf; the Asembrane, Pulp,
and Fibres whereof, being, as
there, fo here, but the continuati-
on of the Skiz, the Cortical and
Lignows Bodies. The

of Vegetables. 33
The Foulds of the Flower or
Folzation are various, as thofe of
the green Leaf; but fome of them
different. The moft general are,
Firft, The Plain Couch, asin Rofes ,
and many other double Flomers.
then the Concave Couch, as ineBlat-
tavia flore albo. Next the Plat,
as in fome of the Leaves of Peafe-
Blooms, inthe Flowers of Corian-
der, &c. whichis either fingle, as
in thofe nam’d; or double, 4s in
Blew-Bottle, Facea, and more of
that rank. Next, the Couch and
Plait together inthefame Flower ,
asin Marigolds, Daifies, andall o-
thers of anagreeing form: where
the firft apparent Fould or Compo-
{ture of the Leaves is in Goch 5 but
the Leaves being erect, each like-
wife may be feen to lie ina double
Plait within it felf. Then the Row/,
as in the Flowers of Lacdies-Bower,
the broad top of each Leaf being
by a double Row! foulded up in-
7 eee ee wardly.

134 «Lhe Anatomy
wardly. Next, the Spire, which
it the beginning of a Rowl; and
may be feenin the Flowers of Azl/-
lows, and others. Laftly, the Plait
and Spire together, where the part
analogous to the Folzatzon, 1s of
one piece, the Plats being here
laid, and fo carried on by Spiral
Lines to the top of the Flower, as
is in divers, and I think in Convo-
toulus Doronici folio more elegant-
ly feen. The reafon of all which
varieties, a comparative confide-
ration of the feveral parts of the
Flower may fuggeft. He only men-
tion, that no F/ower that I find,hath -
a Back-Rowl, as hath the green
Leaf, for two Reafons; becaufe
its Leaveg have not their Fibres
{tanding out much on their back-
fide, as the green Leaves have 5
and becaufe of its Attire, which it
ever embofomes, and cannot fo
well doit by aBack-Rew!, |
Fhe ufual Protections of Flow-
ers

of Cegetabies. 135
ers by the Precedents‘are exprefs’d>
fe. Green Leaves and Empalements.
Some have another. more peculiar , ~
that 1s a doubleVail asthe Spring-
Crocus. For having no Empale-
ment, and ftarting up carly out of
the Mould, even before its Greez
Leaves, and that upon the firlt o-
pening of the Spring; left it fhould
thus be quite ftarved, ‘tis born {wa-
thd up ina double Blanket,or with
apair of Sheets upon its Back.

The Leaves of divers Flowers at
their Bafis have an hairy Tufts by
which Tufts the Concave of the
Empalementis fill'd up; that, being
very choice and tender, they may
thus be kept in a gentleand con-
ftant warmth, as moft convenient:
for them.

The Leaves of the Flower,though
they are not hairy allover, :yet in
fome particular parts they are of
ten fet witha fine Downy Velvet 5

K 4. ¢ Lol that,

13606 «Hhe Anatomy —
that, beingby their fhape and po-
{ture in thofe parts conttguous to
their delicate and tender Attire,
they may thusgiveit a more {foft-
Jy and warmer touch. Thus in
the Flower of Ladies Bower, thole
parts of its Leaves which row! 1n-
ward, and lie contiguous to the
Attire, are Downy ; whereas the
other parts are plain and fmooth:
So the Flowers of* Peafe, spanifh
Broom, Toad-Flax, and many 0-
thers, where contiguous to their
Attires, are deck’d with the like
Hairy Velvet. 3

As upon the Green Leaves, fo
upon the Flowers are Globulets
fometimes{een; asupon the back-
fide of that of Evualaz. On none
more plainly than that kind of
Blattaria with the white Flower;
where they areall tranfparent, and
growing both on the Stalk and
Leaves of theFlower,each fhewing
likewife its Peduacle whereon itis
erected. _ ee

of Cegetables, 137
The ufe of the Flower , or the
Foliation whereof we now {peak,
(that is, as to its private fervice ) is
for the protection of the Attire;
this, as its under, and the Empales
ment as its upper Garments 5 as
likewife of the Frait : The necef-
fity of which Service, in fome
Cafes, by the different {ituation of
the Flower and Fruit, with ref{pect
toeach other, is evident; Apples,
Pears, and feveral other Fruits,
ftanding behind or under the
Flower 3 but Cherries, Apricots, and
divers others, within it; for thefe,
being of a very tender and pulpous
Body, and withal putting forth
with the colder part of the Spring,
could not weather it out againft
the Variations and Extremities of
the Air, (asthofeofa more folid
Parenchyma can)) except lodged

up within their Flowers.
And as the Flower 1s ferviceable
to the fafety of the Fruit, fo 1s it
to

138) “Lhe Anatomy

to itsgrowths fc. in its Infancy, or
Evbryo-eftate 5 for which purpofe,
as there 1s aFlower, fo that Flow-
er is greater or lefs, according as
the nature of the Fruit to which it
belongs, and the plenty of the Sap
by whichthe Fruit is fed, dothre-
quire. Thus, where the young
Fruit is of a folider conftitution,
and the afcent of the Sap lefsco-
pious, were there here no Flower
to prontote the faid afcent thereof
into the Fruit (in the manneras is
effected by the Green Leaves ) it
muft needs pine and die, or prove
lefs kindly. On the contrary ,
fhould the Flower be over-large,it
would net only promote the afcent
of the Sapuptothe Fruit, but be-
ing as yet over-proportionate to
it, would likewile it felf exhauft
the fame Sap, as faftas afcendent ;
likea greedy Nurfe, that prepares .
the Meat for her Child, and then
eats it up her felf. Thus we fee

Apples

xcs 2 aoe

of Cegetables. 139
Apples and Pears with a Flower of a
moderate fize, like thew Body; of
a middle Conftitution, and their
Sap of a middle quantity: But
Quinces, being more folid, befides
that they have as great a Flower,
the Impalers of their Flower alfo
thrivefo far asto become handfom
Leaves, continuing alfo after the
Flower is fallen, firm and verdent
a great while; to long till the frat
be ableto provide for itfelf On
the otherhand, [/v#sbeinz more
tender and Sappy than Apples and
Pears, befides that their Evpalers
are muchalike, their flower is lefs.
andGoofeberries and Currans,which
are {till more Pulpy, and the courfe
of the Sap towards them more
free, have yet a flower far lefs.And
Grapes, whole Sap is {till of quick-
er Afcent, have {carce any flower
at all; only fome fmall refemblance
thereof, ferving juftupon the fet-
ting of the fruit, and no longer.

The

}

140 Lhe Anatomy

The Attire I find to be of twa
kinds, Seminie and Florie: That
which I call Sessinie, is made up
of two general parts, Chives and
Semets, one upon each Chive. Thele
Semets have the appearance (efpe-
cially inmany flowers) of fo many
little Seeds 5 but are quite another
kind of Bady: Forupon enquiry
we find, that thefe Semets, though
they feem to be folid, and for
fome time after their firft formati-
on, areentire; yet aretheyreally
hollow; and their fide, or fides,
which were at firft entire,at length
crack afunder: And that more-
over the Concave of each Semet is
not a meer vacuity, but fill’d up
witha number of minute Particles,
in form of a Powder; which,
though common toall Semets, yet
in fomte, and particularly thofe of
a Tulip, beinglarger, is more di-
ftinétly obfervable.

_ Thefe Semets are fometimes faft-
ned —

of Vegetables. 141

ned fo, as to ftand ‘erect above
their Chive, as thofe of Larks-heel.
Sometimes, and I think ufually, fo
as to hang a littke down, in the
manner and figure of a Kidney ;
as in Malows. Their Cleft or Crack
isfometimes fingle , but for the
moft part double: At thefe Clefts
it is that they disburfe their Pow-
ders; whichasthey ftart out, and
{tand betwixt the two Lips of each
Cleft, have fome refemblance to
the common Sculpture of a Pewe-
granate withits Seeds looking out
at the Clefts of its Riad: This
muft be obferv’d when the Clefts
are recently made, which ufually
is before the expanfion of the

Flower. |
The Particles of thefe Powders,
though lke thofe of Meal or other
Dutt, they appear not eafily to
-have any regular fhape; yetupon
ftrict obfervation, efpecially with
the affiftance of an indifferent
Glafs,

42 Lhe Anatonp —
Glafs, it doth appear, that they
are nothing elfe but a Congeries
of fomany perfect Globes or Globu-
lets: That which ob{cures them;
is their being fo fmall. In Dogs-
Mercury, Borage, and very many
more Plants, they are extreamly fo.
In Mallows, and fome others, more
fairly vifible. |
Some of thefe Powders are yel-
low, asin Dogs-Mercury, Goats-
Rue, &c. and fome of other co-
lours: But molt of them [ think
are white; and thole of yellow
Henxbane very elegant 5 the dis-
burs’d Powders whereof,to the na-
ked eye, are white as Snow; but
each Globulet, through a Glafs,
tranfparent as Cryftal; which 1s
not a fallacy from the Glafs, but
what we {ee in all tranfparent Bo-
dies whatfoever, lying in a Pow-
der or {mall Particles « tog@,
ther.
_ The Florid Attire, 1s common-
. ly

—6 Of Gegetables, 143
ly known by the blind and rude

Name of Thrums; as in the Flow-
ers of Marigold, Tanfie,&c. How:
adequate its impofition ‘is, obfer-
vation will determine: For the
feveral Thrums or rather Suits ,
whereof the Attire is made up,
however elfe they may differ in
various Flowers, in this agree,
that they are never confiftent of
more thanone, fometimes oftwo,
and forthe moft part of three
pieces (for which I callthem S#its)
and each pieceof a different, but

agreeable and comely form.
The outer part of every Suit, is
itsFloret: whofe Body or Tube is
divided at the top (like that of
the Cowflip) into divers diftint
Leaves 3 fothata F/oret is the Epi-
tome of a flowers; and is all the
flower that many Plants, as Aug-
wort, Tanfie, and others, have.
What the Learned Dr. Brown ob-
ferveth of the number Five as to
the

144 «Lhe Anatomp
the Leaves of the flower, is ftill
more univerfally holding im thefe
of the Floret. 3

Upon the Expanfion of the
_ Floret, the next part of the Suit
is from within its Tube brought to
fight; which we may ( with re-
{pect to that within it) call the
Sheath: For this alfo, like the
Floret, isa concave Body; in its
fhape very well refembling the Fi-
{tulous Pouches of Wake -Robin, or
of Dragon.

The Sheath , after fome time,.
dividing at the top, from within
its Concave, the third and inner-
moft part of the suit, {c. the Blade
advanceth and difplayes it {elf
This partis not hollow, as the o-
ther two, but folid; yet at its
point, not originally, but after
jome time, is evermore divided in-
to two halves.

Upon the divifion of the faid
Point, there appears, as upon the

opening

opening of 4 a Senet, a Powder of
Globulets, which before lay encio-
fed up withinits Clefts; and are of
the fame nature with tho of a Se-
met, though not focopious: So
that all flowers have their Powders

or Globuicts. The whole Attire
may in Kuzdpweed, Blewdotile, &c.
be obferved.

The ule of the 4itzre, how con-
temptibly foever we may look up- -
Of it, is certainly great. And
though for our own ule we value
the-Leaves of the Flewer, notthe
Feliation,mott; yet of allthe three
Parts, this in fome refpetts is the
choyceft, as for whole take ue
seen the other two are made
The ufe hereof, as to Ornan ae
and iD iftinétion is ungueltiona-
ble; but is not all. As for Di-
ftinciion, though by the help of
Glafles we niay make it to extend
far; yetin a paliant view, ‘which
isall weufually make, we cannot

aL {0

146 Khe Anatomy
fo well. As forOrnament, and
particularly in reference to the Se-
mets, we may ask, If for that meer-
ly thefe were meant, then why
{hould they be fo madeas to break
open, or to contain any thing with-
in them ? Since their Beauty would
-beas good asif they were not hol-
low, and is better before they
crack and burft open, than after-
wards. | ‘
A farther ufe hereof therefore
we muft acknowledge, and may
obferve; and that is for food ; for
Ornament and Diftinction to us,
and for Food toother Animals. I
willnot fay, but that it may ferve
even to thefe for Diftinction too,
that they may be able to know one
Plant from another, and. 1n their
flight or progrefsfettle where they
like beft 5 and that therefore the
varieties of thefe fmall parts are
many, and wellobferved by them,
which we takenonoticeof: Yet
: the

| of Geactabies. 47

the finding out of Foodis but in -
order to enjoy it: Which, that
it is provided fora vait number of
little Animals in‘the attires of all
Flowers, obfervation perfwades us
tobelieve. For why elf arethey
evermore here found? Go from
one Flower toanother, great and
fmall, you fhall meet with none
untaken up with thefeGuelts. In
fome, and particularly the Suz-
flower, where the parts of the 4t-
tire,and the animals for which they
provide, arelarger, the matter 1s
more vifible. We muftnot think,
that God Almighty-hath left any
of the whole Family of his Crea-
tures unprovided for; but as the
Great Mafter, fome where or o-
ther carveth out to all; and that
for a great number of thefe little
Folk, He hath ftored up their
peculiar provitions in the Attires
of Flowers; each Flower thus be- —
coming their Lodging and their
Ll 3 fi

a /

148 “BLhe Anatomp
Dining-Room, both in one, —

Wherein the particular parts of
the Attire may be more diftinctly ©
ferviceable, this to one Animal ,
and that to another , I cannot fay:
Or to the fame Animal, as a Bee,
whether this for the Honey, ano-
ther for their Bread, a third for
the Wax: Or whether allonly
fuck from hence fome Fuice; or
fome may not alfo carry fomeof
the Parts, as of the Globulets ,
wholly away: Or laftly, what
may be. the primary and private
ufeot the zttire ( for even this a-
boveiaid, though great, yetis but
fecondary) Inow determine not.

CHAP.

of Uegetables. «49

CHAP. VI. .
Of the Fruit.

dea general compofition of all
. Fruits is one, that is, their .
Effential and truly Vital Parts, are
inal] the fame, and but the conti-
nuation of thofe which in the other
Parts of a Vegetable, we have al-
ready obferved: Yet becaufe by
_the different Confticutions and
~Timétures of thefe Parts , divers
confiderably different Fruits refult ;
I fhall therefore take a particular.
_ view of the more known and prin-
cipal of them, fc. Apples, Pears,

Plums, Nuts and Berries. .
An Apple, it cut traverfe, ap-
pears conftituted of four diftiné
L 2 | Batts

- sy Aa

iso | Lhe Anatom

va

Parts, the Pill, the Parenchyma,

Branchery and Coare. The Pill is
only the {preading and dilatation

of the skin, or utmoft part of the’

~Bargue in the Branch. The Pa-

zchyma, When full rip€,is a ten-
der delicate Meat: Yetasthe P7/
isbut the continuatjonof the ut-
moft part of the Bargue 5 fo is this

FEI

s

but the continuance and ampliati--

on, or (as I may call it ) the
{welth and fuperbience of the In-

ner part thereof; which upon ob-_
{ervation of a young and Infant- _
Apple efpecially, 1s evident. Thus -

‘we fee the Pith ; which is often

touch, in many Roots, as Parfeps,

Turneps, &c. is tender and edible.
So here, the Parexchywa, though
originaliy no more than the
Barque, yetthe plenty and purity
of its Sap being likewife effectual

to the fulnefs and finenefS of its

growth, it thus becomes a foft and

tender meat. The Branchery 1s
no-

of Ucgetabies. 15t

nothing elfe but the Ramifications,
of the Lignous Body throughout
all the parts of the Parenchyma 3
the greater Branches being like-
wile by the Ivofculations of the
lefs (asin the Leaf) united toge-
ther. The main Branchesare ufu-
ally fifteen; ten are fpred and di-
{tributed through the Parenchyma,
all enarching themfelves towards
the Cork or Stool of the Flower;
the other five running from the -
Stalk ina directer Line, at laft
meet the former at the faid Cork,
andare there ofculated with them.
Thefe five are originated from one;
Which running along the Center of
the Stalk, and part of the Paren-
_chyma of the Fruit, is therein at
Jaftdivided. To thefe the Coats
of the Kervels arefaftned 5 fo that
whereas thefe Branches were ori-
ginally all extended even beyond
the Fruit, and inferted intothe
Flower tor the due growth thereof

La the

‘

152 “4 Te Anatomy a.

‘the Fruit afterwards growing to
{ome head, and fo intercepting and
preying upon the Aliment of the
Flower , frarves that, and there-
from {aperfedes the fervice of the
{aid Branches to it tele, ten for 1s
Parenchyza, aud five for its Seed.
The Car is originated from the
Pith 3 for ne Sap finding room >
enough in the Parexchyma through
which to di i ence it felfall abroad,
quits the P7ti, which thereby har-
dens int aoe av. Thus wefeethe ‘
Infertiozs, although or ‘iginate from
the Cortical Body, yet their Parts
being, bythe Ivofcwlations ot the
Lignows, fo mach comprefs'd and
made toco-incide tog: ether, they
become 4 Body very compact and
denf=. Andin the Ba: gre We te
thefame cee by es als only,
or a meer voydance of the Saps
the Izver Part whereof, though
{oft and fappy, yet its fuperficial
Rind isoften fo hard and {mooth,
that

of Glesecabies. 153
that it may be fairly” writ upon.
Ina Pear there are five diftiné
Parts, the Pi, the Parench Lyiea 4
Branchery y calewlary and cetar ‘Ja
The three former are here and in
an Apple much alike 5 faving that
here tae Juzer or Seed-Eranches
areordinarily ten. The Caiculary
(moft obfervable in rough-tafted,
or Choak-Pears) 13 a cozgeries of
little ftony Knots : They a are ma-
ny of them dif pers fed throughout
the whole Far ee bu ¢ lying

more continu and compact to-

h bd i the Conice C4 Rp
gether towards the Center of the
BP car, ee Gnd ¢ Acetary there

in afomewhat G Globular Form. A-
bout the Sta/& they {tand more di-
ftant; but towards the Cork ¢ or
Stool of the Flewer, they fall

clofer, and there at Jatt gather (al-
-moft )into the firmituce of a Plaze-

fiove it felf. Within this lies the
| Acetarys “tis of a a ice “tak E and
by the bounding of the Calcu/ar;

154 Lhe Anatomy
of a Globular Figure. "Tis afimple
Body, having neither any of the
Liguows branched in it, nor any
Knots. Itis of the fame fubftan-
tial nature with the Parenchymas
but whether i bea abfolutely one
with it, or b¢ derived immediately®
from the Piz, my Enquiries yets
made, determine not. i
The Original of the Calculary

I feem to have negle@ed: Bue
hereof we may here = bolt fay, that
whereas all the other Parts are Ef
{ential and truly Vital, t the Calcu-
lary is noes but that the feveral

Knots whereof it confilts, are on--
ly io many cer Concretions or
Precipitations out of the Sap3 as
“in Urixes , Wises and other Li-
GHors we often fee. And that
hi bation is ae by the
ad re-a&tioa of the Tin- 3
I e Lin on0us and Cortical
Bodies upon each « other: - Ever as
all Vecetable Nutrition or Fixation”

a 4
= of ts
*

of Ciegetables, 155
of Parts isalfo made by the joynt
efficiency of the two fame Tin-
“ctures, as hath been faid. Hence
we find, that & the Acetary hath
no sche: of the Liexcws Body,
foneither hath itany Knots. Hence
likewifeit is, that we have {c fo dif-
ferentand contrary a tafte in the
Parenchyma beyond the Calculary "Ys
from that in the Acetarys for
whereas thisisfoure, oe where-
inthe faid Precipitatiens aremade,
is {weet being much alike effcd,
to what we find in mi xing of Ce-
rals, &c. with Vincear or other acid
—Liguer.

In a Plax (to which thec erry,
Apricot, Peach, Walnut, &c. ought
to be refer'd) there arefour di-
itin& Parts, the P7/, the Paren-—
seer oo onal ~ Stone. The

BD
Lich eal. with tho’ of an

Apple or Pear both alike :
wife the Erancikery, buat difte-
, rently

136 Zhe Anatomy
rently ramified. In Plus (I fup-
pofe all) there are five main Out-
Branches, which run along the
Surface of the Stove from the Bafis
tothe point thereof, four of them
by the ore Ridge. and one by the
other oppofire to it. In an Apri-
eot there is the fame number,. but
the fingle Branch runs not upon
the Surface, bnt through the Bo-
dy of the Stove. There are like-
wife two or three {maller Branches,
which run in like manner under the
other Ridge for fome fpace, and
then advancing into the Parenchy-
goa, therein di{perfe themfelves:
Thefe latter fort in Peaches are nu-
merous throughout: But not-
withftanding the different difpofi-
tion of the Branches of the Fruits.
aforefaid; yet isthere one Branch
difpos’d ia oneand the “fame man.
ner in them all: . The entrance
hereof into the Stove is at its Ba- |
fis; from whence running through —
its

of Ciegetabies. 157
its Body, and ftill inclining or ar-
ching it felf towards its Concave,
is at laft about its Cone thereinto
emergent, wherethe Coats of the
Seedare appendent to it. Of the
Seed-Branch ‘tis therefore obferva-
ble that after its entrance into the
Fruit, tis alwaies prolonged there-
in to a confiderable lengths asis
feen not only in Apples, &c. where
the Seed {tands a good diftance
fromthe Stalks but in Plumes like-
wife, where it {tands very near it 3
inthat here the Seed-Brauch, asis
faid, never {trikes through the
Stone into the Coats of the Seed
directly, but about its Cone or re-
moterend. The Stove, though it
fcem a fimple Body, yet it iscom-
pounded of different ones: The
inner Part thereof, as it isby iar
the thinneft, fo isit the moft pees
white, {mooth and fimple. The
Original is from the P7th ; difficule,
but curious to obferve: For the

< BEN 2
x £ a
Gouin

158 LheAnatompy 7

Seed-Branch, not ftriking direGly
and immediately quite through the
Ba%s of the Stoxe, but mm the man-
ner asis above deleribed, carries a
confiderable part of the Pith, now
gatherd round about it, as its Pa=
renchyma, along with it felf;which,
upon its entrance into the concave”
of the Steve about tts farther end,
is there in part {pred allover it, as
the Lining thereof. The outer
and \ very much thicker Part confift-
h partly of the like Precipitati-
ows or concrete Particles, as in a
Pear, being ee here much
more clofel y, not only to a Con
tiguity , but a coalition into one
entire Stone; as we fee in Pears
themfelves, efpecially towards the
Cork , they gather into the like
Stoninefs; oras we fee a Stone,
Mineral or Avimal, ofcentimes the
produc of accumulated Gravel:
But as the Parenchywa is mixed
with the Concretion in the Calcu-
lary,

of Clegetables. 159
Jary, fo 1s it allo, though not vift-
bly, with thefe in the. Stone, the
ground of the Stee being indeed
a perfect Parenchyaa 5 but by the
faid Concretions fo faralter’d, a
tobecome dry, hardand undiftin-
suifhable trom them. |
Ina Nat (by which an Achkorz
is analogous ) there are three gene-
ral Parts, the Cap, Shell and Pith.
The Cap is conftituted of a Pill
and Parencijuza derived from the
Barque, and Ramulets from the
Lignows Body of the Branch. The
Shell likewile is not one Gmple
Body, but compounded. The
‘Superficial Part thereof is origina-
ted fromthe P2 or Skinz of the
Cap, from theinfide whereof it .
in a Duplicature Mea d and
fpred over the ffel/: which, if
you look at the Balis is of the fbel,
is farther evident; forth at beige
continuous with the Parexchyma of
the Cap, without the interpofure
of

160 Lhe Anatomy

of the Ski, the faid fuperficial
Part isthere wanting. The thicker
and inner part of the fee conGft-.
eth of the fame Parexch bywa as
that of the Cap, with a congeries
of Precipitations filled up, asin a
Stone. And as the Ligwows Body
is branched in a Stone, fo, with
fome difference, in aiShell. The
Outer Branches ov Ramulets ave nu-
merous, ¢€ach ifluing out of the
Parenchywea of the cap, and entring
the Shelf at the Circumference of
its Bas, and fo running betwixt
its fuperficial and inner parts to-
wardsits cove, ina Round, The
Inner or Seed-Branch 1s finole, en=
tering in, as do ae other, not at
the Ba/ts of theS/e/,but at the cez-
terthereof; from whenceit runs,
notthroughthe Shei, asin Plums
through the Stones but ho
the P25, as far as the cone, where
the Coats of the Seed ‘hang appen-

dent to it. The Pith, whether
deri-

of Cegetabies. 161
derived from the fame part both
inname and nature in the Branch
and sep or from the Cortical Bo-
dy, Lyet determine not.

A Berry, as a Goofeberry Ct to
which Currans, Grapes, Hipps, &c:
are to be referr'd) ‘confifteth, be-
fides the Seed, of the three gene:
ral Parts , Pill, Parenchywa and
Branchery: The Pill is origina-
ted asin theforegoing Fruits. The
Parenchyma is double, as likewife
in fome other Berries: The onter
is commonly, together with the
Pill, call’d the Sk7w, and is that
part we {pit out, being of a foure
tafte. As the Pill is exigintaced
from the exter, fo this from the
inner partof the Bargue 5 and ac-
eordmgly the Pores thereof may
be obicrved plainly of a like fhape
with thofe both of the Cortical Be-
dyand Pith. The izuer is of afweet
tafte, andis the part we eat: Itis
ef a conftitution fo laxe and ten-

M der,

162 Whe Anatomp
der, as it would feemto be only a
thicker or jellied Juice 5 although
this likewife be a true Parenchyma,
fomething like that of an Orange
ot Limon, with its Pores all fill’d
up with Liquor. The sranchery
islikewife double: The Exterior
runs betwixt the Pz// and outer Fa--
renchyma in arched Lines , from
the Stalk tothe Stool of the Flon-
er. Thefe outer Branches, though
of various number at the Stalk,
yet at the Cork are ufually ten
principal ones; five for the five
Leaves of the Flower, and five for
the Chives. The inner main Bran-
chesare two, diametrically oppo-
fite toeachother, and at the Cork
with the other inofculated. From
thefe two are branched other tmal-
ler, every one having aSeed ap-
pendentto it, whofe Coats it en-
treth by a double Filament, one
at the Bafis, the other at the Coxe.
They are all very white and tur-
gent,

of Uegetables, 163
gent, and by aflaunt cug, may be
obferv'd concave; thusteprefent-
ing themfelves analogous to fo ma-
ny true fpermatick Veffels.

The Ufes of Fruits are for Maz,
(fometimes alfo other Avizzals, as
are Akerns and Haws ) and forthe’
Seed. For Man, they are fo vari-
oufly defirable, that till our Or-
chards and Store-Chambers, Cox-
fecioners Stores and Apothecaries
Shops, our Ladies Clofets, their
Tables or Hands are empty of
-them, I fhall not need to enquire
for what. If it be asked, how
the Fruit becomes, generaily a-
bove all the other Parts, fo plea-
fanta Meat? Itis partly from the
Sap, the grofier portion thereof
being depoficed in the Leaves, and.
fo the purcr hereunto referveds
partly from the Globular Figure of
the Fruit ; for the Sap being thus
ina greater quantity herein, and in
all parts equally difius’d, the Con-
M 2 coction

164 Zhe Anatomp
coction — is with greateft ad-
vantage favoured and promoted.
Wherefore all Fruits which we eat
raw, how {mall foever, are of a
Globular form, or thereunto ap-
proaching; and the nearer , the
‘ delicater 5 amongft apples, the Pep-
pin among{t Pears , the Burgun-
dian; and amongft all Fruits, the
Grape; and amonglt Grapes, the
roundeft, areof all the moft dain-
ty. |
The vifible caufe of this Globu-
lar Figure, is the Flower 5 or the
Tnofculation of all the main Bran-
ches at the Stool of the Flower;
and upon the fall of the Flower,
the obtuienefs, and with Wind and
Sun, as it were the fearing of their
feveral ends: For thus the Sap en-
tring the Fruit, being not able te
either a Difunion , ora
forth ofthe faid Branches,
and {etocarry on their growth in
length 5 they mult thus of neceflity -

be

of Ueretavies, 165

be enarch’d, and withthe Paren-
chyma more and more expand
themfelves. Whereaswere they
difpos'd and qualified otherwife,
than as is faid, initead of forming
a Fruit within bounds, they would
run out into all extravagance, and
even into another little Treé or
Leafy growth.

Tothe Seed, the Frit is fervice-
ables Firft, 1n order to its being
fupply’d with a due and ntoftcon-
‘venient Sap, the greater and lefs
elaborated part thereof being, in
its paflage towards the Secz, there- |
into received ; the Frvzt doing the
fame office tothe Seed, which the
Leaves do to the Fruits the Sap
in the Fruzt being in a laxe com-
parifon, as the Wives and that for
the Seed, a {mall part of the high-
eft Spirit reCified from it.

So likewife for its ProteCtion, in
order to the profperous carrying
on and perfecting of its generati-

ee M 32 Gn,

166 HheAnatomp —
on, and fecurity being perfected.
Which protection it gives not on-
ly to the Seminal Sap and’ Seed it
felf, but alwaites alfo to its Seed-
Branch. Thus we fee an Apple,
befides that it is it felf of ample
compals, for the fake of its Seed,
hath likewife its coar; as if it
werenot fuffictent, that the Walls
of their Room are fo very thick,
unlefs alfo wainfcotted. Ina Pear
again, where the Parenchyxza 1s of
lefs compais than that of an Apple,
to what protection this affords,that
of the Calculary 1s fuper-added.
But ina Plax, where the Parenchy-
ma 1s exceeding tender, and ina
Peach, which hangs late, and till
Autumn Froftsapproach, we have
notonly the Rubbith of a Calcus
lary, but ftout Stone-Walls. With-
in which alfo, not only the seed
tt felf, but the Seed-Branch is ever-
more immur’d. Laftly, na Nat,
_ where the bei! being not sae
2 Sg

of Ciegetables. 167
ed with a Parenchyma, that prote-
ction is wanting without, ‘tis an-
{wer'd by an ample Pith within it 5
and the feed-Branch likewile in-
cluded , not meerly in the Body
of the Shell, asin a Plu, but with-
in the prthitfelf. So neceflary is
this defign, that what the Hen by |
Incubation or Hovering, is to the
Fee or Chick; that the whole
_ Fruit, by comprehenfion, is tothe
Seed.

=

68 Lhe Anatomy

CHAP. VIL
Of the Seed.

‘ ® § the Original, fo the Ult-
& \ mate end & Perfection of /<~
tation is the Seed. How itisthe
former, andinits {tate apt for /e-
getation, hath alr ready been feen.
How the latter, and in its {tate of
Generation , we fhall now laftly
enguire. In doing which, what
in the other ftate was aie not di-
ftinctly exiftent, or not fo appa-
rent, or not fo intelligible, will
occur. | |
The two general Parts of the

Seed areits Coversand Body. The
Covers in this eftate are ufually
« four;

of Gesetables. 169

four; the outmoft we may eall the
Cafe: : “Tis of a very various form 5
fometimes a Pouch, asin Najfturtinim,
Cochlearia; a Goo, asinall Pulfe,
Galegas, {ometimes not entire, but
parted, or otherwife open, as in
Sorrel, Kxotgrajs, with many other
forms; I think alwaies more Hete-

rogeneous to thatof the Seed, by
which it differs from the proper
Coats. Tothis the Caps of Nuts,
and the Parenchynza’s of Fruits are

analogous.

The two next are properly the
Coats: Ina Bean efpecially, and
the like; from whence to avoyd
Contufion, the denomination may
run common to the refponding
Covers of other Seeds. The Co-
lour of the outer isof all degrees,
from White to the B! Iden of
Jett: Its Figure fometimes Kid-
ney d, as in Alcea, Behen, Poi PLY >
triangular, as in Polycovatum, Sor-
lar fpherical,, i in Zéen-

big

7o She Anatomp q
tha, Meliffa'; circular, in Leucoi-
un, Amaranthus, globular, in
Napus , Afperula, oval, in Specu-
lum Veneris , Tithymalus; half
Globe, in Coriander; that which
wetake for one fingle round Seed,
being a Conjugation of two; half
Oval, in 4zife, Fennel Haftal,
in Laduea; Cylindrical, as, if I
miftake not, in facobeas Pyrami-
dal,in Gerazium, Althee Fol. with
many other differences: But the
Perfection of one or two of the
{aid Figures licthin the Cafe: So
that as all Lines and Proportions
are inthe Flower, fo all Regular
Figuresin the Seed, or rather in its
Covers. :

“Tis fometimes gliftering, asin
Speculum Vexcris Rough-caft, in
Catanance 3 Studded, in Behen,
Blattaria; Yavous, in Papaver ,
Antirrbinum, Lepidium annuum,
Alcea Veltcaria , Hyofciamus, and
many more, before the Seeds have

: lain

of Cleaetables, 171
lain long by 5 Pounted, in Pha-
langium Crete, Litho{permum ; Ra-
mified, in Pentaphyllum fragiferum,
Eredum majus, relembling the Fi-
bres of the Ears of the Heart ;
fome juft Quinquenerval, as in
Avijuz, and many more, the Li-
guows Bedy being in five main Fi-
bres branched therein.

‘The Covers of not only Quince-
Seeds, andthofe of P{y//zum (more
ufually taken notice of) butthofe
alio of Horminum , Nafiurtinne ,
Eruca, Camelina, Ocymunt, and di-
vers others, have a Atucilage 5
which, though it be not vifible
when the Seeds are throughly dry 5
yet lying a while in fome warm
Liquor, cr only onthe Tongue, it
{wells more or les, andupou them
all fairly fhews it felf Onthat of
Ocymumit appcars grayith; on the
other, tran{pareut 3 and onthat of
Nafiurtium Hortenfe very large; e-
ven emulous of the inner Pulp‘fur-

rounding

172 “Lie Anatomp
rounding a Goofeberry-feed. The
putting of Clary-/eed into the Eye,
may have been brought into ufe
from this Mducilage, by which a-
Jone it may become Medicinal.
Andthus far of the Superficies.
Fhe nature of the outer Coat ts
various , Membranous , Cartilagi-
nows and Stony the like Precipita-
tions being fometimes made herein,
as in a Stone or Shell 5 as inthat
of the Seeds of Carthamum, Litho.
fpermum, and others. The De-
fienment hereof, being either with
re{pec to the Seed in its {tate of
yeneration; as wherethe Cafe is
either wanting, or at leaft. infuffi-
cientof it felf, there for its due
protection and warmth; or, in its
tate of Vegetation, tor the better
Fermenting of its Tinctures and
Sap 5 the Fermentations of fome
Seeds not well proceeding, unlefs
they lie in their Stony Casks in the
Mould , like Bottled Liquors in ~
Sand. All

of Gecetables. 173

All Seeds have their outer Co-
vers open; either bya particular
Foramen, as in Beans, and other
Pulfe, asisfaid; or by the break-
ing off of the Seed from its Pedin-
cle or Stool, asinthofein Cucumber,
Cycorys orby the entering and
paflage of a Branch or Branches,not
only into the Concave thereof near
the Cone, but alfo through the
Cone it felf; as in Shells and —
StONES« ,

For the fake of this aperture itis,
that Akers, Nuts, Beaws , Cu-
cumbers, and molt other Seeds, are
in their formation fo placed, that
the Radicle {till ftandeth next to
it; that, upon Vegetation, it may
havea free and ready paflage into
the Mould.

The Original of the outer Coat,
though from Parts of the fame fub-_
{tantial nature, yet is differently
made. Ina Plum, the Seed-Brauch
which runs, asis defcribed.through

: the

174 Zhe Anatomy
the Stone, isnot naked, but, as is
faid, invefted with a thin Paren-
chywa, which it carries from the
Stalk along with it; and which,
by the Ramification of the faid
Branch within the Stone, isin part
dilated into a Coat. That of a
Bean isfrom the Parenchyma of the
Cod; the fuperficial part of which
Pareachyma, upon the large pedun-
cle of the Beaz becoming a thin
Cuticle , and upon the Bear it felf
a EaMginbds Coat.

The Original of the inner Coat
of the Beaz is likewife from the
inner part of the faid parenchyma s
which firft is {pred intoa longCake,
or that which withthe feed-Braach
maketh the peduncle of the Bean 5
under which Cake, there isufually
a black part or {pot 5 by the length
of which, the inner part of the
Cake 1s next inferted into the out-
er Coat, and fpred all over the
Concave thereof.

This

of Cieactabies, | ' 73

This inner Coat, though when
the Seed is grown old and dry, ’tis -
fhrunk up, and in moft Seeds fo
far as {carcely to be difcern’d; yet
inits firft and juvenile Conftituti-
on, is a very Spongy and Sappy
Body ; and is then likewife (as
the Womb ina pregnant Animal)
in proportion very thick and bul-
ky; ina Bea, even asone of the
Lobes it felf: Andina Plu or
apricot, 1 think I may fafely fay,
haif an hundred times thicker than
afterwards, when it is dried and
fhrunk :up; and can fcarcely be
diftinguifhed from the upper Coat.
Upon which Accountsit is, in this
eftate, a true and fair Parenchy-
Wi ae ;

in this Inner Coat in a Beaz,
the Lignous Body or Seed-Branch
is diftributed: Sometimes, as in
French-Beans, throughout the
whole Coat; as it isin a Leaf:
Inthe Great Gardex-Bcan, upon

its

176 Che Anatomy
its firft entrance, it is bipartite,ind
foin {mall Branches runsalong the
Circumference of the Coat, all
meeting and making a kind of Re-
ticulation again{t the Belly of the
Bean. In the fame -manner the
main Branches in the outer Coat
of a Kerzel, circling themfelves
on both hands from the place of
their firft entrance, at laft meet,
and mutually inofculate.

Sothatall the Parts of a Vegeta-
ble, the Root, Trunk, Branch, Leaf,
Flower, Frizt and Seed, are {till
madeup of two fubftantially diffes
rent Bodies.

- Andasevery Part hathtwo, fo
the whole Vegetable taken toge-
ther, is a compofition of two on=
ly, and no more: All properly
Woody Parts, Strings and Fibres,
are one Body: All fimple Bargues,
Piths, Parenchywea's anc Pulps,and
asto their fubitantial Nature, Pal/s
and Skizs likewile, all but one

_ Body:

of Uegetables. 177
Body: the feveral Parts of a Vege~
table all diftering from each other,
only by the various Proportions
and Mixtures, and varioully fized
Pores of thefe two Bodies... What
from thefe two general Obfervati-
ons might reafonably be inferr’d, I
fhall not now mention.

- The fourth and. innermoft Co-
ver we may call the Secondine 5 the
fight whereof, by cutting off the
Coats of an Infant-Bean, at the
Cone thereof in very thin Slices,
and with great Caution, may be
obtain’d. While unbroken, ‘tis _
tranfparent; being tornand taken
off, it gathers up intothe Iikenefs
of a Jelly, or that we call the Tre-
dieofanEgg, when over-boyl’d.
This Membrane in larger or elder
Beans, isnotto betound diftiné;
but becomes asit were theLining of
the innerCoat:But(as far as our En-:
quiries yet difcover) it may in moft
other Seeds, even full grown, be

N diftinGly

ra7 Che Anatomy
diftin@ly feen 5 asin thofe of cuz-
cumber , Colocynthis, Burdock ,
Carthamum, Gromwel, Endive ,
Mallows,&c. *Tisufually fo very
thin , as inthe above-nam’d, as
very difficultly to be difcover’d.
In fome Kernels’, as of Apricots,
‘tis very thick; and in fome other ~
Seeds. That all thefe havethe Ana- _
logy of one and the fame Cover,
whichI call the Secozdine, is moft
_ probably argu’d from their alike
Natures; being all of them plain
fimple Adembranes, with not the
leaft Fibre of the Lzgzows Body or
Seed Branch, vifibly diftributed in
them; as alfo from their Contex-
ture, whichisin all of them more
clofe. | |
The Concave of this Membrane
is filled with a moft tran{parent Li-
quor, out of which the Seed is
formed; as in cuttinga petite and
Infant-Bean , may be feens and
yet better ina young Walzut. In
- Beans

of Geactabies. 179
Beuns 1 have obferved it to turn,
upon boyliig, intoa tender white
Can

Through this Azembrane,the Lig-
nous Body or Seed-Branches diftri-
buted in- the mner Coat, at laft
fhoot downright two flender Fi-
bres, like two Navles,one into each
Eobe of the Bean. The places where
the {aid Fibres {hoot into the Lobes,
arenear the Bafs of the Radicles
and by their Blackifhnefs well e-
nough remark’d: but the Fibres
themfelves are fo very {mall, as
fcarcely to be difcern’d: Yet ina
Eupine, of the larger kind, both
the places where the Navel-Fibres
fhoot into the Lobes (which here
from the Bafs of the Radicle is
more remote) and the Fibres them-
felves, are fairly vifible. .For the
Seed-Branch, upon its entrance in-
to the Coat of the Lupzue, is pre-
fently divided into two “ain Brau-
ches,-and thofe two into other lefs;

N 2 where-

whereof {ome underly, others a--
loft, run along the Coat, and to-.

= 4 is ‘ INL. 3
wards its other end meet and are.
inofculated; whereabout twoop-
pofite, fhallow, round, and moft.
minute Cavities, anfwerable to;

two Specks ofa cartilaginows glofs,

one in either Lobe, may beobfer-
ved ; which Specksare the endsof
the {aid Navel-Fibres,.upon the.
ripening of the Seed there broken.
off. Thefe Fibres, from the Su-
perficies of each Lobe, defcenda
little way direGly down; prefent-
ly, each is divided into two Bran-
ches, one diftributed into the
Lobes, the other intothe Radicle &
Pluze, 11themanner as inthe firft
Chapter 1s defcrib’d. And thus

far the Hiftory. I fhall now only

witha brief account of the Gene-
ration of the Seed, as hereupon
dependent... conclude. this Dit-
courte.

& e

Let

:

he Anatonp 181
“‘Lé€ tis fy then { that the sap
having’ inthe “Root, Trunk and.
Leaves, pafied divers Concoctio ns
and Separations, in the manner as
they are {aid to be perform’d there-
in; ‘tisnow at laft, in fome good
maturity , advanced towards the
Seed, mee

The more copious and cruder
part hereof isagain feperated by a
free reception into the Frit, or
other Partanalogoustoit: being
either fufficiently ampleto contain
it, or at leaft laxe enough for its
tran{piration , and fo its due dil-
charge. Themore Effential part
is into the Seed-Branch or Branches
entertain’d; which, becaufe they
are evermore of a very confidera-
blelength, and of a Conffitution
very finé, the faid Sap thus be-
comes 1n its Current therein, asin
the Spermatick Veffels, {ull more
mature.

N 2 in

82 Lhe Anatomy
.. In this mature eftate, from the
feed-Branch into the Coatsof the
feed, as into the Womb, ’tis next
delivered up, The meaner Part
hereof again, tothe outer, as 4/7-
meut good enough, is. fupplied.
The finer part is tran{mitted to
the Inner 3 which, being, as 18
faid, a Parexchymous and more {pa-
tious Body , the Sap therefore is
not herein, asinthe outer, ameer
alimexts but in order to its being,
a Fermentation, farther prepa-
red,

Yet the outer Coat, being on
the contrary hard and dente for
that reafoa, as it admitteth not
the Fermentation of the Sap fo well
withinitfelf; f doth it the more
promote and favour it 1m the In-
ner, being Bounds both to it and
its Sap; and alfo quickneth the
procefs of the whole Workin the
formation of the Seed.

Nor

of Uegetabies. 183

Nor doth the outer Coat, for
the fame reafon, more promote
than declare the purity of the Sap
now containedinthe Inner: For
being more hard and derfe, and
fo not perfpirable, muft needs
fuppofe the Parts of the Sap en-
compatied by it, fince thus unca-
pable of any evacuation, to be
therefore all, fo choice, as not to
need it.

The Sp being thus prepared in
the inner Coat, asa Liquor now
apt to be the Subftratum of the fu-
ture Seed-Evebrio, by frefh fupplies,
is thence difcharg’d 5 yet that it
may not be over-copious; which,
becaufe of the laxity of the Inner
Coat from whence it iflues, it
might eafily be; therefore as the
faid inner Coat ts bounded without
by the upper Coat, fo by the Se-
condine or Membranes it bounded -
within s. through which Afewbrane

3 N 4 the

184 he Anatomp

the Sap being filtr’d, or, as it were,
tran(pirinig , the depofiture: here-
of, anfwerable to the- Collqita-
mentuin inanEge, or tothe fewer
Mulibre, wtoits Concaveat t lati 1S
made.

The other Part of the inves fap
embofom’d in the Ramulets of the
feed- -Brauch, runsa Circle, or fome
progreis therein; and fo becomes,
as the Semen Mdafcutlinum, yet more
elaborate. :

Wherein alfo 5 left its Current
fhould be too copious or precipi-
tate, by their co-arcture and di-
varication where they are inofcu-
lated, it is retarded; the nobleit
portion only obtaining.a pals.

With this pureft fap, the faid
Ramulets being fupplied, from
thence at lat, the Naz vel-Fibres
fhoot (as the privitive Ar tery into

the

of Geactables, 185
the Codiquamentum) through the

-Secondine into!’ the aforefaid Li-
quor depofitedtherein. « 3 lo

Into which Liquor, being now
fhot, and its own proper Sap or
Tinctures mixed therewith, it.
{trikes it thus into a Coaculur 3 or,
of a Liquor, it becomes a Body
confiftent and truly Parenchysz0ns3
and the fupply of the faid Liquor
ftill continu’d, and the fhooting
of the Navel-Fibres , asis above
defcribed, {till carried on, and
the . ith (aid Coags aise or
Fixation \ikewile.

And in the Interim of the Co-
agulatioz, 2 gentle Fermentation
being alfo made, the,faid Parex-
chyna or Coagubum becometh
fuch , not of any Coaliitution
indifferently , but is thus raif
ed ( aswe fee Bread in Baking )

into

tog Lhe Anatomy —
into a Coxgeries Of Fixed Bub-
bles: For fuch ts ithe Parenchy-
ma of the whole Seed. |

FINIS.

pe br E
EXPLIC ATION

OF THE

FIGURES.

Fig. 1.

Sheweth aBean with the two ee
laid open fomewhat wider than
the Parts, without a Rupture,
will well bear, for the better fight
of that Part which lieth between
then.

aaaa The two Lobes.

AA Their contiguous Flats.

b The Radicle.

c ThePlume.

dd One of the Cavities wherein
the Plume lieth.

Fig.

we

Fig. 26

aaaa The Parenchyma.

eeee The feminal Root diftributed
‘throughout the Parenchyma of
either Lobe.

5 The Radicle, with the feminal
Root ranning through 1tin one
Trunk to the Point thereof.

c The Plume, withthe Diftributi-
ons of its Ixner Body continued
from the fevzinal Root of either
Lobe.

xx The oblique Infertion of the
two grand Branches of the Lobes

into the Trunk of the Radicle,

Fig.

Pig. 3.
The Lobe of « a ‘Bean cut atkwart,

aaa The convex or external part
thereof. . -.
bbb Theconcave fi AG de out of fi joht.
scce The Extremities of the Bran-
ches of the femizal Root, as they
appear like fomany fnall Specks
- inthe traverfe Cut.

oO Fig.

Figs. 4.
The Plume cut athwart.
my iis Ino aetlis, ts sdo ft aay
The black Specks reprefent the
Branches of the seminal Body
thereinto inferted , Or otherein

se

aaa A Lobe of a Gourd-feed.-.
ecee The greater Branches.

ee The Sub-divifions and Inofcula-
- tions of the leffer.

Fig,

Fig 5.00.

AA Agreat white Lupine.
aa The Nezvel-Fibres which {trike
from the Ramulets of the feed-
Branch, into the Lobes.
ab The production of the Navel->
Fibre into the Radicle > si |
c The Plane; ~~
be-The Pith, aged
-_aveee The diftribution of the Wael
Fibre 1n the Lobes: all becom-
ing the feminal Root, defcrib’d
in the firft Chapter.

2 Pig.6.—

Fig. 6.

aaaa A Slice of the Root of a
Tree.

eccc The Cortical Body or Barque.

e The Pith.

Theblack Pieces are the Shoot-
ings of the Lignows Body.

The Specks therein are its Pores.

The White Pieces are the Inferti-
ons of the Cortical Body. .

pee ey Se ee eet Sams

Fige

Pig. 7

Sheweth the Root of Berbery ix Z the ;
Traverfe Cut.

aaa The Cortical Body or Barque.
The white Lines are the Ivfertions.
The Black Specks are the Pores of
the Lignous Body.

ee ee ) ee ee
235 5

Fig.8.

aaaa The Cortical Body as appear.
ing ina Turvep cutathwart. —

O 3 11 ae

acdacd The Lignows Body, or the
feyeral Shoots. thereof repre-
fented in their Ranks, by
the black Lines; the Pricks made
along the Lites being the Ter-
minations of the faid Shoots or
Fibres; not vilible except in a

- thin flice, or after the Surface
of the Tzrzep, being cut, is well
dried.

eccc The Cortical Body inferted be-
twixt the Shootings of the L7-

~ gnous: ortheFith. —

ab ab A piece of the €ortical Body
taken off, that its own Inéerti-
ons (eeee) and the Ofculations
of the I%gvows may be feen;
which is beft done after the In-
fertions are a little dried and
fhrunk.

Fig,

The Appearance of divers Roots, in
their Elder estate, as ex. gr.
of 4 Columbine.

Fi ig. 9.
he Fibrous parts of the Root,
where the Lignows Body ftands
Central ; the Pores whereofare .
reprefented by the black Specks.
io» Fhe Root cut a little higher, |
where: the Cortical Body fome-
times appears only once inferted.

11. The Root cut higher. with the
Infertionsin fome number.

12. The Infertions itll more nu-
merous.

13. The Pith (2) now bot the
faid Infertions being. collected
in the Center.

14. The Pith ¢ a) more amplified.

Oars Fig,

Fig. 15.

Sheweth a [mall piece of the Trunk of
Burdock.

a The juft fize thereof fo the na-
ked Eye.

aaaa The appearance of it through
a Microfcope.

ll The Inferted Cortical Body. -

ecc The outmoft {hooting of the
Lignows Body dittributed into
the Leaves.

ee bbit The inner Shootingsor Fi 1-
bres diftributed to the Branches.

The Black Specks aretheir Pores,
which, through a Aficrofcope are
fairly vifible in them all.

Fig,

Fig. 16.

aaaa The Slice of a Trunk of di-
_ vers years growth,
ccce The The Cortical Body, or
Barque.
e The Pith. .
The white Lines are the Infertions
of the Cortical Body or Barque.
The Black Lines are the Lignows Bo--

dy.

The feveral Shootings thereof be-
twixt the black Circles thew
‘the Annuall Rings.

Fig. 17.

Sheweth a fuall piece of Oak cut a-
thwart.

b The juft bignefs of it, as it ap-
peareth to thenaked eye.
bbbb The appearance thereof

through a Adcrofcope.

aaaa The greater Infertions vifible
to the bare eye.

The white Lines are the {maller In-_
fertions only vifible by the a4-
crof{cope. .

eccccc The greater Pores vifible to
the bare eye.

eeeeee The middle fized.

The black Spots are the fmalleft of
all, and both thefe latter vifible
only through the AZicrofcope.

e The Pith of every great Pore.

F7g.

Fig. 18.

aaaa A piece of the Leaf of a T’a-
ble, yt
bbbb The lignows Body with its
Pores running by the length of
the Trunk. |
ecce The Infertions of the Cortical
Body, with the Tract of their
Pores running directly crof$ to
thofeof theligvous, viz. by the
Diameter or breadth of the
Trunk,

Fig,

~

q

| Fig. LOS:

A Slice of a younger Trunk of a
Burdock. |

ecee The utmoft Shootings of the
lignows Body contiguous to the
Skin; wholly diftributed into
the outer Leaves.

eeee The middle Shootings running
chiefly into the lower Germens.

etet &c. The inner Shootings be-
longing to the higher Germens.

a The lth,

Fig, |

The various Difpofure ,
Size and Figure of the
Fibres iz the Stalk Jf G
Leaf.

Fig.

20In Exdive thus
21 Coltsfoot.

22 Cycory.

23 Cd.

24 Afarabacca,
25 Aint.

26 Dock,

27 Borage.

28 Mullen.

29 Cabbage.

FINIS.

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