hr,) ein wtaraep nega AG “ CARA RE RIES SERNA Seas seis ELE LDL Ak ARE ieee MMA L EA 7 I EAA Eee se 5g eth > Sette SL : x . wie Re aieritns eee i yy : % th nt Sats Ppt » y i SDF eh ey. ne it Py, 5 : nine oh ah ‘ 9 nd , Lek vn me ¢ . ‘ Per PP) a4 : PLENTY, y : pee : . tins Chk hae é ; i : , x 3 40) Y 5 4d & oe : $f ; , - gh Ltda daa . CELE EY LSA ES ak bake NETS IEA BoP is i ovis is: ae dO Lib bd bet Ds CERES = @ Perr LES Aes Lae dd ee RA A bod aa eee ph Mig earns re LRRAE ee rq i 3 PRE PF Pe Pee CPR LY Seiten ; ie ah : , 3 Ne RISN 7 a oy Hee pot cutee rpecberntty GopyrightN°. COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr: ANIMAL CASTRATION A Book for the Use of Students and Practitioners 246 Pages With over 200 Halftone Illustrations from Original Photographs By GEORGE R. WHITE, M.D., D.V.S. Graduate Columbian University (Veterinary Department), and University of Nashville (Medical Department), Teacher Surgical Restraint, Castration and Spaying, Chicago Veterinary College, Cincinnati Veterinary College and Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Veterinary Department), Author “Restraint of Domestic Animals,” Etc. SECOND REVISED EDITION CHICAGO, THE AMERICAN VETERINARY PUBLISHING COMPANY 1920 Copyrighted 1920 by THE AMERICAN VETERINARY PUBLISHING COMPANY (7 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION The first edition of this work came from the press during the latter part of 1914. The entire edition, twenty-five hundred copies, was exhausted more than a year ago. Thanks are due, and are now extended to the veteri- nary profession of America and of all other English speaking countries for the hearty reception accorded it. Apologies are offered for several typo- graphical errors which appeared in that edition in spite of our best efforts to avoid them. We console ourselves with the belief that the initial issue of most other professional publications—some even by experienced authors —contain their proportion of errors, and that most of our readers were charitable enough to overlook them. It will be observed that this second edition contains considerable new mat- ter and some new and better illustrations, which we trust will improve and make the text more instructive. The author, without assistance, financed and published the first edition, but in the face of present post-world-war, unsettled conditions, he has hesi- tated, for more than a year, to undertake the publication of a new edition. However, without solicitation from any source—except, perhaps, from prospective purchasers—The American Veterinary Publishing Company generously offered to shoulder full financial responsibility for a second edi- tion of ‘Animal Castration’’. This offer was made notwithstanding that the price of every item of expense incident to book publication is greatly inflated and all out of proportion to prices of normal times. If this publi- cation is valuable to the profession or to individuals comprising the pro- fession, credit for its appearance at this time is due the publisher. G. R. W. Nashville, Tennessee, June, 1920. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION To those entrusted with the onerous task of castrating and spaying domes- tic animals, the seantness of modern literature—especially that printed in English and by American authors—dealing with the subject, must have always proved a matter of considerable embarrassment. This universally recognized lack of a well illustrated book on the im- pertant subject of unsexing anima's, has induced the author to write and publish this volume. It is offered with the desire and hope that it will—in a measure at least— close this wide gap in our English speaking literature. Twenty-one years’ actual and active experience in city and rural prac- tice, as well as several years as a teacher of this particular subject, leads me to believe that a textbook well illustrated, written by an American, based on American methods, will be acceptable to the student and practitioner who really has a desire to become proficient in performing the operations of castration and spaying. The illustrations and text are for the most part original. The methods described’ are those employed in actual everyday practice by the author. In presenting this volume, the author’s only regret is that during its preparation he was State Veterinarian of Tennessee, and did not have the time at his disposal to insure the best authorship. Hence he is constrained to appeal for lenient judgment and criticism on the book prepared under no common stress of duties—administrative, professional, social and political. GEORGE R. WHITE. FOREWORD INSTRU MENTS The first essential to the proper performance of the operations of castra- tion and spaying is instruments of proper design made from material of unquestioned quality. Instruments of the same external appearance which usually means noth- ing more nor less than finish, and finish in turn merely means polish and plate—imay vary greatly in quality of material and workmanship. Never purchase cheap instruments at any price, as they are not satisfac- tory or dependable. The best are none too good, as oftentimes an instru- ment will make or unmake a man’s reputation as an operator. If these operations—castration and spayire—are to be done neatly and with dexterity, antiquated instruments have no place in the operative tech- nic. Nothing conduces quite so much to awkwardness in operating and an all around ‘‘bunglesome job’’ as do instruments of improper construction. There are numerous castrating and spaying instruments offered to the public, that are bad, and others worse than worthless for the purpose for which they are intended. The one admonition the author would offer above all others is to exercise extreme care and good judgment in selecting castrat- ing and spaying instruments. Most manufacturers of surgical instruments and their shop mechanics, have little or no conception or practical knowledge of the actual require- ments of the instruments which they make and sell. Unless the purchaser knows what he wants, he is at the merey of the ig- norant manufacturer, and is hable to make mistakes in purchasing which will cause embarrassment later when actually engaged in operating. Remember that there are several grades and many designs of castrating and spaying instruments. Always call for ‘‘A grade,’’ and see to it that you get exactly what you call for, and select the design best suited for your requirements. Numerous instruments are illustrated and described in the following pages. Where only one pattern of an instrument is shown, it means that in the author’s opinion that particular instrument has advantages over all others and is the proper one to purchase. Where two or more instruments of the same character are shown, it means that the author has no prefer- 4. ANIMAL CASTRATION ence and that both instruments are equally satisfactory ; either may be pur- chased without making a mistake. Each and every instrument illustrated in this volume possesses merit, and no mistake will be made in selecting any of them. Our object in thus illus- trating and describing the instruments is that the novice may have the ad- vantage of the author’s more than a quarter of a century’s experience in selecting and using this class of surgical instruments, and with the hope that the information herein contained may in a measure at least protect the inexperienced castrator from waking up later to the fact that he is in possession of a lot of useless ‘‘junk’’ which has been sold to him for eas- trating and spaying instruments. METHODS It will be further observed that only one method of operating is illus- trated and described; quite a revolution in this class of literature. All antiquated methods and operative technic have been purposely omitted in order to avoid confusion and embarrassment. The methods mentioned are those which most appeal to the author’s fancy, and while he considers them the best, safest, and most satisfactory, he lays no claim to their being the only good methods, and is perfectly willing to accord to others the privilege of using other methods if they so desire without quarreling with them. RESTRAINT Restraint of domestic animals, in the broadest acceptation of the term, means much to the average busy, active practitioner of veterinary surgery. Each species of our domestic animals is endowed with one or more means of defense. These are oftentimes—in individuals of certain temperament— converted into weapons of offense. The horse will strike, kick and bite; the ox will gore and kick; the dog and hog will bite. It is these weapons of offense that we are called upon to control and overcome by restraint. These animals must be rendered harmless by the means of restraint which we have at hand. The particular method employed, of course, depends largely upon the animal and the degree of restraint necessary. While it is constantly found necessary to employ methods of animal re- straint, one should always employ them in as humane a manner as possi- ble. Humanitarian treatment is as essential here as elsewhere in the prac- tice of veterinary science. We should never take advantage of an animal when confined in order to cause torture or to inflict unnecessary pain of any kind. The surgeon is confronted with problems of restraint or some method of subjection almost every hour of each day of his professional career. Not only does the restraint problem confront and concern the surgeon, FOREWORD 3) but his chent and patient are also directly interested to a marked degree. The surgeon owes it to his client, his patient and himself to become profi- cient in properly and securely restraining animals for examination and operation. Without efficient means of restraint the surgeon is in constant danger of great bodily harm; the animal in danger of self-inflicted injuries as a result of its own efforts at resistance, thereby causing the owner finan- cial loss, which can and should be avoided by proper methods. In order to cast and secure an animal properly and successfully, the operator should possess coolness, good judgment, and plenty of courage and confidence. He should retain his equilibrium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which may chance to take place. Self-confidence and good judgment are both valuable assets in performing operations of the character which this book undertakes to illustrate and describe. The surgeon should get control and remain in control from the time the twitch is placed on the animal—preparatory to applying the hobbles or casting harness—until the animal is again on its feet. Experience and dexterity are not to be underrated in the operator who is to undertake the task of se- curing and properly confining the larger domestic animals. Do not allow yourself to become excited or unduly alarmed or aggravated should every- thing not move as smoothly as you expect or desire, for in so doing the surgeon is not in sufficient possession of his mental faculties to do justice to himself, his patient or his client. Perfect, or even good, surgery is impossible without perfect restraint. The surgeon’s success depends largely upon the restraint method used. It is rare to see a surgeon handle a knife any more skillfully than he handles his restraint technic. Imperfect restraint means imperfect operation. The particular methods of restraint necessary for each operation and the details pertaining to same will be specifically described under the proper headings. G. R. W. ILLUSTRATIONS Aibdommal” Caniby cote the Bitela: sess 2 iss cee bec sec cc ees eee een cee ee eee ieee ee a oe ee 192 Nid onaimalesCayyityy Ol. sthye sy Galt sacs one eee acorns ee ee ee ee ee Abdominal Incision in Boar Castration Abdominal Incision Closed by Interrupted Sutures in Boar Castration...........................- 107 iN oyskaymmutiozl -Unavertsivoy cmernay I DXovers (Cryo erte Nae) Meee otk eA SR RS eee tse 127 Abdominal Incision in Sow Castration Closed by Interrupted Sutures..............0..22...... 179 Abdominal Incision and Removal of Ovary from Hwe-........--.--..22.2-c-cccecceececcecceeeeeeeeneee 186 MibdominaliOxy @ ams (Ot De pe Fae Bee ee ee be cect naan a veare cee ccese ere ee ee ee ee 126 pAvrMn ev tal OTe Lie Owrartey, Me Oth oe TS UE ln ea Se a eee ea ee Feet enc gee iy. 3 he eee 196 Animal Cast and Secured with Knowles’ Casting Harness.......2:.....2..22.-22.-2--22.22-222see1e20--- 51 Belly Incision Closed by Internupted “Sutures 28 ooo Ue ee a 171 Bellive Wn eiSion) im. SSOWw sO Pay Mety.2 a. eee eae at ee eet cetera cet eee Nah eee eee eee 180 Beta Mriples! Crimapies mas culation ee seca a LS ane sn ot es zoe ve 15 Bitches paying.) Mlamike Wletho cee. eer eee Bey oP ee eee a ice Old Ae 8 cyl Din 199, 200 Broad Ligament of Bitch-....................... ee pi ee ae Ee ee ee Vee AR NT tin 191 BulleGaste ands Medeor: Gas tigations ese: ie ee Oe eee ee 87 CalhuCasteandeRiedatorns pavaNes OMenatio ies ses ces cee eee ee ee 168 @aninesandeamtelings Hm aseull abot. ees cere eee eee. fe ee ee ee ee ee 123 Gapomizin eB ocr Wee: ae So oe Nir Mec eee as hen gece ea eco akg gee ee a eee ae 134 Gastra bin oathien@ olitias ts sot eecs econo ee see. eee eee ees oe UN en tee ee 36, 37 Castration of Boar Completed by Interrupted Sutures...........- 2 114 Gas ierevbY Ome tee: Esl lee inn iss Gea Gl as OS MGT Tease ae ees cee secon eee occa 93 Castration Oi itine eV il Ge oe ae i 2 rena a Rea a Soe te ae 39, 40 Clipping Knife, Scoop and Hook for Caponizing.........-.------------------ eee 136 (@hkosiioves uk Mrnventsivoym ria ID Yoyss (Cees etapa es ec ee eee ee ee ere eter ener ee ee enc aa ceceereee rer 129 Woliiags Scalpel eho VE ae cee Say MM sr eee ee aes een ee, eae 144 Conkey’s Self-lockime Buckle lo W bles. ese ce esac gece nace eee 12, 86 Correct and Incorrect Position of Emasculator on the Spermatie Cord __....-..-... 22 Cow Miedsto Hencettior Spaying) Oper atl Onna cacao 154. C@urveds SS CiSS ON Si sscers= nce eeeenn se seeeee seers ee a ee ete ee eee ecco: 46 Gystie” Ovaries) iemoved! from iS OW ssc cen cence ee ere cence on Re See eee 183 aD) Tint Ss Cr IS UU eee OY ee ee ee oe once Oe cee os eee ee ee 53. 144 Edema of Sheath after Gais trations 25 i a ee ee case ee 73 inves oul yO ress eS eliza reno ee Compe ee ees eee ae er ea 15 Emoaseculators simmers tice ee ee ee ee ae ee oie Po ee eee ee . 16 Rinasculator, lmpeenect lye Cx ie See oa oe oe Ocha een tree cee re pa its etc neces 13 Dini ASC Oey erste C talivpaa Vue eee eta eee ce eee econ rea ee 13 Hmasculators; “Proper Position Ob: ss apse kee es aeons Seeder ener ae eco cece Ae Al Emasculator, Single Crimp......... BO Ae Sr Le te een Et ae OR a ee ge N Net: » 14 Emierinie” the Ato domi all: © ayyatiy ae ces oer eens ae secant ae nee rec ee Reese 57 Excision of Ovaries, Of SOW. Belly Wether ee 181 EPGIS TOM Of © Vale LES IIO fon SSO Wye pelt eamnllsa il Ale tak Cl ee a ee een Ne ee 181 IB culo ene Greve tO MG eee eek aes eee ae Eee ae cee net ae pee ee oe 79 “Farmer” Miles’ Hooked Castrating Kintber ent hs coe hae 0%, ee ie oe 0 eee 35 Flank Incision Closed by Three Interrupted Sutures... seats Se bese eee 95 Hlanicalmecision) /Por Gait sop aly im oe te <2 ee ee ae ee 205 GenerativenOn Sansweo tis Ueulllt mee oe eee eee eee tear eee ere cee eee 88 Genital Onoans ofthe: Witch soe ee en ee ee ee 190 GenitalliOreans or Gat xi ate ces 2 eel ei Aa eee 205 Genitals: “of ble: Go wise ese i a, Sees occ cee zeta aeetenn a bene elense teary cons a ee cee 155 Genitalstof the Dost see se ek ee Beretd St te aid oe ae Ae ee ee 124 Grenitalls@rgans' tot were ce ede cabo cece oases be cetnn nancan nets ee cee ac thee ate 185 Genital Organs: of thes Tem & See Se he he ee ences heen eer eee 209, 210 Genital Organs of the Mare............ stir SL] aoe Na RS, Sow 2a eh aed ei on ee 146, 147 Genitals of thes Sowers a cc ce laces te SEs ee Roe ote aerate se Ee she Neo Send Ses 178 Groin Incision am oar Cas trations mess sera eect vant caena ener nenc teeene eee eee oa eee 110 Teaioedorriss ie Neel eyes nese res es ce cee ee 104 co | ILLUSTRATIONS Tes Uepes (CI 0) OX STP ea ce cc ee ae Be ee Ee er ee as 159 Jeleraineyoloneayehies Vales eee eee eee PEARS RII os SacI ene ica Meth cr ae oh eet nce en nea 65 LQG NADIE. Se Sacto aie Se Es eee OS NERO ose er Rares ep Oe ar ee tecr sy pee ee epee eaten eer eeec 33 Tet 15 Ch @ Loma IIe UN UT esse ee eee nn eee SME CN Lh a 50 Hydrocele Removed by Bice ens Sn eet ee, Mee ey ea Se 82 TRIG Tgoree ee KS Voi meget gh BDAY) S009 0S ee ce Ree ee eres race cece rec er eo rere eee -oaueeageee enor = tell Incision Closed by Interrupted Sutures_.. eA Ae ON ott Bet ge a oiler eel tat 165, 167 himeesistionmy tiny, LBSriieC oy: Sy Oey es eo ec ee ecco eae ee oe Be Se EE Se EERE 195 Tiavorsrkorm. toy (Crab? WSyoeenymanreg, Vesely NEN U ONG ee ae ee ee 169 Thacrenorn ANrwouesly Wesel Teovont aha psy Oke yaaiter (Ocoee ee ac ee eee 156 imate = TRUST OU Seed cosas n tacts eee cae Ea cae cease Sees occees nec nee RECeE a enrdecceoRenC aR eaeyvecoaecson a aboakecnede 43 ANGUISLOMS PIN SEV alm ast iatl OMe: ccs tess nc fee tee es te Ee el ok ee see 119, 120 Internal Abdominal Ring Closed with Purse- Sitrine: Sutures ei. en evens 113 Joy inner) bravesrvirvavenl (Gy oni(oy aVC6 Eco pee Se eee ee eee eee ee aA aes RUS Me yea eer tt ae 62 BO feATOCTLS COTA S eps) [EASY ALIN ro ESCM Ti Messe eee 2a eae cee ee ee ee eee it oe 161 Knowles’ Casting Harness................... ie eae ee EE ee re eee Ne re er ot 50 Maren Confined) Woiyg wlio pO aS SO eee anne nce Bae sete eee 149 Method of Making Incisions in Bull GUSEratinni see ULL ay Seer eee bo ee Oe 91 yhilkas Cayaxorananmee 1ramites febayel Spon TASS ae Se ea EE ee SSE 135 Mies Colt HL ples cA pie eee a ae eae aetna ac tee 32, 33, 34 Miles’ Forceps for Caponizing.....................- Se eS Rte ene ee ee eee 136 Muiles@e alm Needless eo ak el eae er eer eet eee ee oe doers ste ee trae otek enh a 162 AN Till Spam Gl La sens po earCl Te a «tae NS oe are dca ere eee ee ao rae ee 52 INTE, ORAS aL (6 | RR Ee ata eae eR SP EM LEO ona SMO ere Sore eNO CB oe ee eee rer eee 162 Muscular Fibers of Internal and External Oblique Muscles... Eee Pree Per 8- 3! 166 Nature’s Method of Controlling Hemorrhage_............. hE OR RAN 8 SDI See 20 Operation for Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia... Ee ee Ee Rees as See Pe AT Opera tive Clara o rt esha So vei eee cee reece ree ere 197, 198 Ovanyeshiemomeda trom (Callies, wi lami Mie thn ee eee eee ce oe ee 168 Peritoneal Cavity of Cryptorchid Horse (Colored Plates) .............. between pp. 54, 55 STILONEUMM em ke ChLOL ALON tetera cy Roe te et ers Se ek eee, A eee eT nee 53 Position! for Castrating Stallion im Stamedimig: WOSvtvo me aac 27 Position of Finger in Opening and Entering the Inguinal Canal]... 56 Position of Right Hand, Knife, Left Hand and Scrotum Prior to Making Inc‘sion in @astrabinom Stallion Stam Gimioo sos hi 0 eee ee ees ee eee eee 30 Posterior View of Stallion Undergoing Castration in Standing Position... 25 AM EVOMMNAO STS A dine TS Geis til etl Opera eee eee cee rate ae eee see gees fe Sear cee Pee ee 74 Leoni errata LA ayeats WM Bes COYCLXSHSE 0) tg ele nee terre eet Ren ERE nee Irae ony ene a 8 211, 212 PROUT Ce \AVcouwaSl Tenia VB MCh Sy OEE AN ON kee ee ee eS 201, 202 vemovalli ote Overiya ten ome © allies Toye eb elvan VIG tn 0 Cl ee eee ence ee eee 170 Eaves tat OVA Oe ln om COD earned Si ite NT ge VL eT eae nee ee oe 149, 151 vemovinglesticlestronmas @Ox clin lan oltre) po erent One see ee ees eae eee 60 Removing Testicle of Ridgling Bull with Bmasculator...............222. 22 95 Reproductive Oroams. ‘of Tuller 2 ee eae eae needa eS cere eee noe ence 86 Peeve Sitar evita ete ome ES GC Lag Spo easy eee eh NY EO cee sane ene Eee 193, 194. IVES nehOME Ds O atn CaS thal OMe: eee els © oy eee ee ae ae oe ee a eee 98, 99, 100 IVestrainiwtons Gate @astraivlOrs x. .tex e0lr ee oaks Bd Te eres ie ee ee ah ey ot eka § 131, 182 VeSorantesh ore © ata aval Oetas te Code avers Rhee I eae een aces eee fe SA ae eee ee eee 206 PUES E Me tOr DOR LOAS i rah LON 6 fica te Nie ie Se ech tas SNR bad netsh Se Scat ct Re ee 122 Restraint for Fowl Caponizing 9 Me i SA 5H een oe MRI De SY ee et 2 a Las ee 133 Restraint for Mare Spaying in the Standing IPOSIUONe =. A Soe ees 143 DRY es Sitersedralteee Onrs E> Ul ee NZ 1n eset ae Se rg eR ee sons Sap Sohne oe eras eetntine eae de dsctecs ne devevechs eee ee 208 Vestrammb enor dvammn (Carcieri 0 Mees reteset eee Se ee ooo ce oe ote vb eae enone ee TGS eta TRUTH ME, TOPE. SI OVETA a0 MER YO) pee or ec oc ROP Sr ot oe See 174, 175, 176, 177 estincimterotpereLelnernn Lo tm learn (@) er ail meses nme ne mene ae en cee orcas eee 158 ic evlirnese sulle @ ommfurredat ore Castine Wee ees ea ee ee cea sete eee 94 Veda hanes ®(C ya eae Kaa acess Se Ree eee eee ee Pe ee 58, 59 Tichiterss sea Nte eGlle EL ol cl eyes mera se eee ae et ee 2 a aie aera sir, GS we en enor AS Robinson’s Knife........................-------- Ree pn i Spe aE Ee a eo ae... ae, Me Len 26 8 ILLUSTRATIONS Ruptored ss BOati as cee eR EU Pe REE PEC eR i ee ES Se en 108 Selim ous COREL see ees RN oes ere eee Sie 2, Leet 2 ae 15, 16° Schirrous Cord Removed with Ecraseur......----..2200--2----cep-ceee eee Se sc ofan OS Ree 77 tS i/0) 2) Ae ce Cony 1: aie He RSENS AS UAEIS pans aM oe SD AL ee RE Me Rte, oc ba es RR MAUS Os les | 44 Serotal slinci sion’: £2. she Be ree Nee ea 1 Sait 2 tne, Niemen Seat eae ees nN 54, 55 Serotilitucisions in) Boar Castration = <..+0. et 6) eee eee ts ee 102 Scrotallelneisionse wy PO Seas treated OMS eee eerste oe See eer oe eee 125 crop: and Sheath con Stallone esse eee eee ec aret oe ee eee c e 23 SCLOLUMEOL er Oar VeAC Veh Oe Op Cr ait Lessee: eee ee aaa ne 109 severing Ovary from Broad ligament. with Eerasewr. 0. 8s ee ee eee 157 Séverine, Ovary. Im wbbeiier ws payin eso. 2 es ete oa eg ence ea ie 164 Severing Spermatic Cord with Emasculator in Dog Castration.............................. 125, 128 Severing Spermatie Cond make ma © asi reel lel One eeee ee ree eee fee ese eee | Severing Spermatic Cord with Pmasculator. 22-2022 ccc. eecgeee eet eccceceeccecece eee eeeece eee eee 24, 92 Severing Spermatic Cord and Covering With Emasculator in Boar Castration... 108, 106 SkingMmeisioné tn) HEME r Sp aya een cee cee ce eee cee ee ee SE Noe ee 162, 163 Saks s55 CEM S CCL SUIT OAV PO AM; ALLS) Oe reece enn ne eee eee ee 214 Skunk, Incisions over Site of Atal! (Glamdsie eee 216 Skunk; Posterior tA spect (0 fiieete an 2 ene see ete ae ee eee 215 Spayine= Chute vand Stocks! see eee ee ee eh oe 153 SSP yl aE TIS GU eit eae eres may eee ee ee ee a asc tee Od Boe Soe oh eR ee 159, 160, 161 Spaying Speculum, Williams’ and Paseley’ Soares tL Nb) ee 2 Oe 148 Spermatic Cord and Coverings Severed with Emasculators. (2. ks) 0.0)) Soa 25 Spring spreaders efor) Cay omiz im oi ee ees ee eee ee eee eee 135 Stallion; Cast with ‘Conkey Self-Uocking Mobbles.:...--...2. 22.2... Se 12 Surceonts seul Curved Nee cll ei sees essa cece ee neat oan ee pin ee 189 KS HUTS OU eV 0ft04 1 Xo) el cA ea anaes ane nese I SA ne ee en eee fers Por a 161 SW alee CNS He Gyo aes eAS CUI CAMO Tee eee enw cece nee pov bo ee 101 Mes ti clewokwels Oe Teeter! Riera coke ee coe renters ee NUS es te Oneal seas ee 2h) ere 104 HIDESISS Ge Ss 30ND hee a I Nae al ae OP a eer Pe Es oo 89 (Resticl eo fea @ att: eee eee ocr a se rnes, ee Ee i Se AS eae get Soe 132 Tbe tare] eto fee WM ual eee ce eo er ae 42 IYER Yl CeSieL ap el 92 0 Pe ete ee ge Bie ene ee GE nS nes re Se yee eae eee es 118 BUG ss ENCE Ve ek sock Ve ed MN Ga ae rene 104 TesticletotS tall ones 22. Pee es a Ee aoe ee 19 Testicle, Spermatic Cord and Internal Abdominal Ring in Boar Castration.................. 111 Testicles of Fowl and Their Removal.........................-....-.------------ ae eee aes 137, 188, 189, 140 Metanus in ColiolS Days ratter Operation cece see entero ee ese n 68 Vaginal neisitonotor, WlareSyayiun esse c oe aac en ee eee cee ee 150 UOTE SOI aa ae Na ee a ae oe 190 AVE STelN Fit au eed sto rere) 5 pate Me nas ait drat rtm Caeetahr 8 ee agai Moe ee pen Rey cence PEE eat sac tt S28 fer has 76 Wihite’s Tdeal Casting larisess 25sec cae cca eae ace ee Sete. 218 Williams’ Castratimg Knife —o22.-.- 2.2.2.2 nine nn eect cee eaten eee ei 13, 26 Williams Rachel wopayame WiGras eur se: 22 eects aaa conn cee cece ae 144 ‘Wire..Spring Spreader for Capomizinnge 022005. setae cc cent ae eer 136 Wiound’Closunem belly Method oo. 2.5) eer oa. eee eer see ee 182 SWAG ITD GLE Tee CLO ose ae eee a ae Ieee, ee a nc ee acne 189 Wound: Suture-in. Ewe Spay img. ifsc. oe Sc acca aes nett cen cers re 187 TABLE OR, CONTENTS TAS TO Re MTs SDAP TO INS Se ee eno ah ny wets Cena ete en a Ne ds 19 oe or eeece cutee csaseonecree 6 Aro sie CASTRATION. CHAPTER I. (CNT CODE C01 ane LO Of sf N03 61 0 ee a, Sen ne ee ee 12 Objects and Indications; Age; Season; Preparations. Castrating in Recumbent Position—Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Control of Hemorrhage; Operative Technic; After-care; Prognosis. Castration in Standing Posture—Warning; Prep- aration of Patient; Advantages; Disadvantages. CHAPTER II. CASTRATION OF THE COLT............::----------2-0---- oleate Moenh (Pts WE SNR Sk Pa ee ts Coe a SCO aN 32 “Farmer” Miles’ Method; Instruments; Operative Technic. CHAPTER III. (CU NS TRY) DUG ged AY C0 ea eg ea nM re cr ace ne 39 Objects and Indications; Operative Technic; Prognosis, After-care and Treatment. CHAPTER IV. CoMPLICATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN CASTRATION. .......--.---c--c:-cc--oc-ce-ecebeeesecceeeceeeenseeessesuenneeseeenseeee 43 Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia; Restraint; Instruments; Operative Technic. Castra- tion of Cryptorchid—l. Suprascrotal. 2. Intra-abdominal. 3. Intra-inguinal. 4. Anomalous. Knowles’ Casting Harness. Instruments. Operative Technic. Sequelae: Orchitis; Hermaphrodite. CHAPTER V. SHOQUBTAR COM MO AGTIUATION. Ste. ec has ee Mee ee ee ae ne ee Nee be Nee oo gin tee ee a 68 Septic Infection; Tetanus; Prolapse of the Omentum; Prolapse of the Intestine; Injuries Resulting from Castration; Colic; Peritonitis; Azoturia; Post-operative Hemorrhage; Edema of Sheath; Paraphimosis; Schirrous Cord; Hydrocele! Exuberant Granulations. CHAPTER VI. (ONS TRIAUETO INT OB WIEDE) sb UUs Bic oa cst 92 mee ee cee Mane ee dee SN JTC a Ne) es CA ER oe sete eee 85 Instruments; Anatomy; Recumbent Position; Standing Position. Cryptorchid Bull; Operative Technic. CHAPTER VIL. EEA SORUA TIT ONO TURD Eos VAN a! Ss eee ES le Te Te Ee RI cc otto eee 98 Objects and Indications; Age; Preparation; Restraint; Anatomy; Instruments; Operative Technic; Cryptorchid Boar; Ruptured Boar. CHAPTER VIII. (CASTRATION GOB DIE Y ALG AM ce Saks tee ees eRe es oe ee ad er lusternsee sae 116 Objects and Indications; Restraint; Anatomy; Disinfection; Operative Technic; After-care. CHAPTER IX. (OAS TUPAC ON OR @ILEUE GL) OG case = tenes csen ts ese ae an esc oa ts oa cated a wa bush ata teen O Eas aceon nor nc eeeniccbcnteusetea 122 Indications; Object; Restraint; Instruments; Preparation; Operative Technic; Cryptorchid Dog. 10 CONTENTS CHAPTER X. Aerie ATONE COE. EE Cae pes Beta bat Lilo aas 131 Indications; Restraint; Position; Instruments; After-care. CHAPTER XI. CGAPOWIZING «2 ee ee es eee 133 History; Restraint; Objects; Selection of Breeds; Instruments; Anatomy; Opera- tive Technic. PART II. SPAYING. CHAPTER I. Manr» Sravixe. =. = oe eee a ee aR Se ee Oe 143 Objects; Indications; Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Operative Technic; Sequelae. CHAPTER II. Com, civuesian Cau Sravine.22 0s 2S eee 153 Indications; Age; Season; Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Operative Technic; Sequelae. CHAPTER III. Sow (Sprawime:.= 2 a eae ee Objects and Indications; Preparation; Restraint; Instruments; Anatomy; Opera- tive Technic. CHAPTER IV. LN ES | ee MIR Ss Nace eee) Ae Re MR Re eg ct es aero A 185 Objects and Indications; Restraint; Anatomy; Operative Technic. CHAPTER V. Bbrwtrrs Sra yao ea i a he ae 189 Indications; Preparation; Instruments; Anatomy; Restraint. Sequelae:—l. Shock. 2. Internal Hemorrhage. 3. Peritonitis. 4. Hernia. 5. Anorexia. 6. Eventration. 7. Recurrent Estrum. 8. Adhesions. CHAPTER VI. Gam Spa vinge oe ne Be a ae es oe 204 Preparation; Anesthesia; Instruments; Anatomy. CHAPTER VIL. POULANDIBING (3.534 eo ee ee ee 208 Restraint; Selection of Breed; Anatomy; Operative Technic. CHAPTER VIII. DeODOnIZING 3HE Skwwe. ee ee ee eee 214 Objects; Preparation; Restraint; Anatomy; Operative Technic. CHAPTER IX. Awrnon’s Tora: ‘Casrine. Hamwess.0 0 oS te ee eee 218 PART I. CASTRATION Definition—Orchectomy ; excision of one or more testicles. The term castration is also applied to the removal of ovaries from the female. How- ever, when the word castration appears in this volume—with the exception of the title—it has reference to unsexing the male animal. History—Castration is one of the most ancient of surgical operations upon animals. It was advocated and practiced as early as seven centuries before the Christian era. Time has not lessened its application or useful- ness. In facet, during recent years it has rapidly increased in popularity until now it is considered one of the most useful and valuable operations in the whole domain of animal surgery. It is practiced without hesitancy upon all domestic and wild animals, and its economic value cannot be overestimated. The earlier modes of operating were as follows: Martelage, tearing. scraping, torsion, firing, bistournage. ligation and clamping. These an- cient methods were extremely painful, and by some considered cruel and inhumane. They have all been superseded by less painful and more modern ones, the most recent of which are emasculation, vasectomy, bisection, vaso- ligation and. lastly, vas-occlusion, recently advocated by Dr. Napoleon Berdozzi, of Italy. While the above have been mentioned simply from an historic standpoint, one of them, viz., emasculation, stands out prominently ag the best, most widely practiced and most satisfactory method of operat- ing, and on this account the emasculation method will be adhered to in all instances where it is applicable, in this work. CHAPEL CASTRATION OF THE STALLION, Objects and Indications—While the operation is most often practiced as an economic procedure to increase the animal’s value and usefulness to mankind, it is nevertheless valuable as a corrector of many acquired vices, such as masturbation, viciousness, etc. It is also indicated in impotency, some diseases of the penis, scrotum, spermatic cord, and testicle. Its ef- fect is both mental and physical. The operation has a decided tendency to render the animal quiet and docile and to alter the conformation in some material respects, such as lessening the development of the shoulders, chest, neck and withers. While on the other hand the development of the hind quarters is stimulated. Castrated stallions are known as geldings. Fig. 1—Stallion cast with Conkey. self-locking buckle hobbles. Leg P being drawn from over field of operation by rope R S. — +9 er CASTRATION OF THE STALLION Age—Stallions may be safely castrated at any age provided they are in good physical condition. Season—Spring and early fall are the seasons of choice, but the opera- tion may be performed at any time by taking the necessary precautions to protect the animal from flies, inclement weather, etc. Fig. 2—Williams’ all-metal, stiff handle castrating knife. Preparation—The intestinal tract should be practically empty at the time of castration. This is attained by withholding food for twenty-four hours before operating. By heeding the above admonition the danger of rupturing internal viscera during the operation and of colic afterward, will be much lessened. CASTRATING IN THE RECUMBENT POSTURE Restraint—When it has been decided to cast the animal, one should, first of all, carefully survey the surroundings and select the most satisfac- tory location. Of course circumstances and existing conditions play an Fig. 38—A _ perfectly made emascu- Fig. 4—An imperfectly made and badly lator of good design. designed emasculator. important role in making a selection. When the weather will permit, there is no place better adapted to the operation than an open field or lawn. There one has ample room to manipulate the restraint technie with- out interruption. When the location has been selected, the next problem is the casting bed. The ideal operating mat or mattress is a plot of green grass upon smooth ground. Always avoid the manure heap or the rotten straw pile whenever possible. They are both hotbeds of all forms of bac- terial growth and are directly responsible for many cases of fatal septic infection. If one is forced to cast an animal indoors, one must make the 14 ANIMAL CASTRATION best of the misfortune and devise means and methods to best overcome be it hallway, stall or operating room— where the most room is available. Then a proper bed must be prepared that handicap. Select the place with tanbark, soft wood shavings, straw, hay, excelsior, sawdust, ete., or a specially constructed mattress or pad may be used. Lead the animal to the proper position, put on the twitch, apply the Conkey self-locking, buckle hobbles and cast it on the left side. (Fig. 1.) When cast, the off hind leg should be released from the hobble strap and with an 18-foot rope looped above the fetlock (P) and passed over the withers (Q) and under the neck, then back above the hock (R) the lee Fig. 5—A safe and satisfactory “single-crimp’” emasculator. is drawn from over the field of operation. In this position, and thus re- strained, the largest stallion may be castrated without difficulty. INSTRUMENTS 1. Knife—A properly constructed knife is the first essential instrument required in performing this operation. The Williams all-metal stiff-handle aseptic castrating knife (Fig. 2) is entirely satisfactory for castrating stallions in the recumbent posture. 2. Hmasculator—The only other instrument necessary is an emascu- lator for crushing the spermatie cord in such a manner as to assist nature in controlling hemorrhage. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION a5) There are many designs of emasculators on the American market; how- ever, many of them are inferior and unsatisfactory, both in design and workmanship. In order for an emasculator to perform the task for which it is intended it must first of all be constructed with straight cutting and Fig. 6—The Betz triple-crimp emasculator. (Front view.) straight crimping or crushing edges. (D, C, Fig. 3.) This simply means that the lower or female jaw must be on a straight line. When thus con- structed the cord is grasped and crushed before it is severed. Any emascu- lator made with curved cutting and curved crimping edges (A, B, Fig. 4). Fig. 7—The Betz triple-crimp emasculator. (Back view.) which means that the lower or female jaws are curved, is not dependa- ble in controlling hemorrhage, hence is unsafe and unsatisfactory. Fig. 5 illustrates a ‘‘single-crimp’’ emasculator of proper design and good con- struction, The triple-crimp emasculator is somewhat safer in controlling hemor- rage than:the single-crimp instrument, as the latter crushes the,cord in three directions. The author has used a triple-crimp instrument for sev- 16 ANIMAL CASTRATION eral years with good results. Many of the triple-crimp emasculators now on the market are imperfectly constructed and unsatisfactory in that not enough space has been left between the male (upper) crushing plate and the female (lower) plate—when the instrument is closed—to accommodate the cord of a large stallion. Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate the Betz triple-crimp emasculator. This instru- ment is properly designed and well constructed. Of the several different makes of triple-crimp instruments now on the American market, the Betz emasculator is absolutely the only one which the author can conscien- BEVELED EXTENSION TO CRUSHING JAW . Fig. 8—Dunn’s safety emasculator. tiously indorse and recommend. All the others are defective in some im- portant particular. The latest improved and possibly the instrument by which the most perfect spermatic cord hemostasis is acecomplished—regardless of age and size of the animal—is Dunn’s safety emasculator (Fig. 8). The advantage which this instrument possesses over all others consists of a beveled extension to the crushing (female) jaw. By means of this beveled-extension feature the spermatic cord is drawn into the space be- tween it and the upper blade and gradually compressed before the erush- ing and cutting is done. This simply means that when the instrument is closed on the cord, the stump of the cord itself is affected by all degrees of crushing, from barely being touched at the top of the beveled portion of the lower blade to being completely severed—by crushing and cutting—at the lower part of the upper blade. Handled in this manner the stump of the cord is fairly well sealed so that primary hemorrhage from it will be slight. The Dunn Safety Emas- culator must be used in order to be properly appreciated. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 17 « Anatomy—A comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the inguinal and scrotal regions is imperative if a man is ever to be anything like a thrilling success in performing the various necessary operations that are to be described later. However, on account of the limited space at my disposal it will be impossible to go into minute detail here. For complete and detailed anatomical description the reader is respectfully referred to Sisson’s, Chaureau’s, McFadyean’s, and Strangeways’ textbooks on veteri- nary anatomy. Scrotum—This is a sac or bag made up externally of a layer of skin which has been continued from the sheath, abdomen and flanks. This skin is smooth, soft and hairless compared with the other portions of the in- tegument. The scrotum consists of two parts divided by a longitudinal raphe (median line). Below the skin is the dartos which forms the scrotal tunic proper, and consists of thin elastic tissue and muscle. The dartos is a continuation of the abdominal fascia. Under the dartos is the sper- matic fascia which is a continuation of the external oblique muscle. This muscle is attached to the external abdominal ring. Inside is the cremas- teric fascia, an expansion of the cremaster muscle which passes through the inguinal canal over the cord and surrounds the testicle. Deeper we have the funnel-shaped infundibuliform fascia which originates at the in- ternal abdominal ring. This fascia is simply a sheath over the testicle, the cord and their tunics. Inguinal Canal—This canal is situated obliquely between the crural arch and the internal oblique muscle. The arch forms its posterior, and the muscle its anterior wall. It is compressed laterally, and through it pass the spermatic cord and the pudie artery. Its external orifice is termed the external abdominal ring. This ring is oval in shape and its direction is backward and upward. The internal abdominal ring is a small aperture in the abdominal wall and is situated at the uppermost part of the inguinal canal, which is eight to ten inches above the external abdominal ring. The contents of the inguinal canal pass through the internal abdominal ring in making their exit from the abdominal cavity. Sheath—The sheath is a loose conglomeration of skin extending from the scrotum forward, and contains the free portion of the penis. The anterior loose double fold of the sheath is known as the prepuce or foreskin, which is corrugated to accommodate the penis during erection and protrusion. Opening into the sheath are ducts from the glandule odoriferze which se- crete an odorous matter peculiar to the sheath. The sheath is suspended from the abdominal walls by suspensory ligaments. Spermatic Cord—tThe testicle is suspended in the scrotum by the sper- matic cord which migrates through the inguinal canal from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum. The following structures enter into its formation : 18 ANIMAL CASTRATION Spermatic veins, spermatic artery, nerves, vas deferens, lymphatics, cre- master muscle and tunica vaginalis. The vas deferens is situated in the posterior part of the cord and is enclosed in a special fold detached from the inner surface of the tunica vaginalis. Testicle—The testicle is a compound tubular gland, ovoid in form, sus- a . 2 a Fig. %---Internal and externai generative organs of the stallion. A, Scrotum; B, skin; C, tunica vaginalis; D, dartos; E, cremaster muscle; F, left vas deferens; G, bulbous portion of vas deferens; H, vesicula seminalis; I, prostate gland; J,Cow- per’s gland; K, sheath; L, meatus urinarius; M, retractor muscle of penis; N, ac- celerator muscle surrounding urethra; O, erector penis muscle; P, glans penis; Q, corpus cavernosum; R, right internal abdominal ring; S, left internal abdominal ring; T, symphysis pubis; U, peritoneal fold through which the spermatic blood-- vessels and nerves pass; V, right vas deferens; W, bladder; X, rectum. pended by the spermatic cord and occupying space in the scrotum, in- guinal canal or abdominal cavity. When in either the scrotum or the in- euinal canal it is contained in a sac known as the tunica vaginalis. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 19 The testicles vary much in size in different subjects and are often of unequal size in the same individual. The epididymis (D, Fig. 10) is an elongated body extending along the upper border of the testes (A). It consists of a body (D), a head or globus major (B), and a tail or globus minor (C). Vas Deferens—The vas deferens is a firm hard tube which, after leaving the globus minor, ascends the back of the spermatic cord through the ex- Fig. 10—External view of left testicle and spermatic cord. A, Testes; B, globus. major; C, globus minor; D, body of epididymis; HE. F. spermatic cord. ternal abdominal ring, inguinal canal, and internal abdominal ring to the abdominal cavity, where it enters the pelvis, passing to the antero-lateral aspect of the bladder, where it is joined by the duct of the vesicula semi- nales. This union of ducts takes place in the vicinity of the prostate gland. NATURE’S METHOD OF CONTROLLING HEMORRHAGE It is well to always bear in mind that nature is a great factor in con- trolling arterial hemorrhage. To understand exactly what part nature plays when an artery is severed is knowledge which is never harmful to the surgeon, to say the least. The following occurs as soon as an artery is severed: (1) Contraction of the mouth of the vessel (B, Fig. 11); (2) re- traction of the vessel into its sheath (C, Fig. 11); (3) clot formation (D, Fig. 11); (4) syncope. The function of the emasculator is to assist nature in preventing pri- mary or secondary hemorrhage. This is done by crushing the cord which crimps or closes the spermatic artery, making the field more favorable for clot formation. Never place an emasculator on a cord in any position ex- cept at a right angle to the cord (Fig. 12). If the cord is severed at any other angle (Fig. 13) fatal primary hemorrhage is liable to occur. 20 ANIMAL CASTRATION Warning—Before beginning to operate always carefully examine the animal for inguinal and scrotal hernia (rupture), abnormalities in devel- opment, and diseases of the scrotum, testicle and cord. It is also well to look out for constitutional diseases which would have a tendency to en- danger the life of the animal or interfere with convalescence. Never cas- trate an animal if it is affected with strangles, influenza, pleurisy, pneumo- tila, bronchitis, catarrhal fever, or purpura hemorrhagica. Be careful in casting and tying and above all satisfy yourself that the testicles are ac- tually in the scrotum. Sterilization of Instruments—If good results are to be attained all in- struments should be sterilized by boiling for fifteen to twenty minutes; after boiling, immerse them in a porcelain bowl or granite pan containing one tablespoonful of either Lysol or Liquor Cresolis Compositus (U. S. P.) Fig. 11—Diagrammatic illustration showing three of nature’s methods of con- trolling arterial hemorrhage. A, Severed artery; B, contraction; C, retraction; D, clot formation. to each quart of water. In the absence of the above, carbolic acid in two per cent solution is permissible. Where there are several animals to be operated upon it is not practicable nor is it necessary or desirable to boil the instruments between operations. However, they should be washed and placed back in the antiseptic solution. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION Zit Cleansing Operator’s Hands—The operator’s hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and warm water—using a scrub or nail brush—before beginning castration, and they should be washed in an antiseptic solution between operations. The cleaner the operator is in his work the fewer cases of sepsis he will have to follow. Operative Technic—After the animal is cast and tied and the instru- ments and hands of the operator prepared, the field of operation and the surrcunding parts should be thoroughly washed with Lysol or Liquor Cresolis (U. 8. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of water. I con- demn in the strongest and most emphatic terms washing the sheath at the time of castrating, or undertaking in any manner to cleanse the interi- or of the sheath. Washing the sheath at or immediately before castration will not only contaminate the field of operation and thereby increase the danger of sepsis, but it invariably encourages the early development of ugeravated cases of edema and often times paraphimosis. The sheath should be washed several days before operating or it should be let alone until after the animal has completely recovered. With the animal, instruments and operator’s hands prepared, the scrotal incision is made by grasping with the left hand the scrotum above both testicles, and with two bold strokes of the knife cut through the skin of the scrotum and testicular coverings without hesitation. Expose both testicles to view. The larger the incision the better the results. The incisions should not be less than three and one-half to four inches long and about three- quarters to one inch on each side of the raphe (median line) and parallel to it (Fig. 14). The testicles are now exposed. Grasp one of them with the left hand, being careful not to touch the cord above where it is to be severed. Place the emasculator on the cord, being careful to see that the crushing side is next to the scrotum. Stretch the cord at right angles to the animal by making from two to three pounds—depending upon the size of the horse— traction on the testicle, at the same time pushing the emasculator well against the body and at right angles to the cord, then close the instrument quickly and firmly until the cord and all its coverings are severed as close to the serotum as possible. (Fig. 15.) As soon as the cord is severed, quickly release it and hasten to remove the opposite testicle. It is a useless waste of time and energy to allow the cord to remain in the instrument for several minutes, as some operators advocate. The quicker the cord is released the less the pain and the quicker the blood will clot about the mouth of the artery. By the time the jaws of the’emasculator have come together the instrument has done all to the cord that it ean’ possibly do. Why procrastinate in removing it? 22 ANIMAL CASTRATION By reference to Fig. 16 one may observe the correct position of the emasculator on the cord; also exactly what structures are severed. The all too common practice of ‘‘cord dissection’’ is also an unnecessary and uncalled for waste of the operator’s time and energy, to say nothing Fig. 12—Correct position of emasculator on the spermatic cord. of the additional pain inflicted upon the patient as a result of prolonged surgical interference. After-Care—A small percentage of stallions after castration will be- come unusually and uncomfortably restless and suffer what appears to be excruciating pain. Sometimes this pain is intra-abdominal and sometimes not. In such eases fluid extract Cannabis Indica should be administered Fig. 13—Incorrect position of emasculator on the spermatic cord. in ounce doses at two-hour intervals. The animal should be observed fre- quently for the appearance of secondary hemorrhage and other sequele that may arise. The diet should be limited, and plenty of exercise allowed. It is best for the animal to run at pasture during convalescence. Endeavor to keep them away from the stable and barnyard manure. If the lips of the incisions should adhere to the extent of stopping free drainage from the CASTRATION OF THE STALLION BS scrotum, the parts should be thoroughly washed and reopened by forcing one or more clean fingers through the scrotal incisions. In some instances ‘open up’’ for drainage every two days for six ‘ it becomes necessary to or seven days. However, so long as the wounds are draining this is un- necessary. After castration it is not necessary to protect stallions, colts and mules from flies, as this class of animals prevent fly contamination of the scrotal wounds by the free and well-directed use of their tails. Even in the midst of ‘‘fly time’’ maggots do not develop in their scrotums. Contrary to the teachings of some, the author’s experience would indi- Fig. 14—General external view of scrotum and sheath. AA, incisions % inch on each side of median line, 4 inches long and parallel to the line. cate that warm showers and even heavy rains on animals after castration are not harmful and are to be greatly preferred over allowing the animals to remain in the barn and barnyard in constant danger of wound contami- nation from manure, dirt, ete. Treatment of the various sequele of castration will be discussed in sub- sequent pages. Prognosis—Under parallel conditions and surroundings there appears 24 ANIMAL CASTRATION to be very little or no more danger in castrating aged stallions than colts. However, on the other hand, when we consider that a large percentage of stallions are affected with cord, scrotal, testicular and other diseases which must be taken into consideration in comparing the danger of castrating stallions with that of colts, we are constrained to state that the danger to old stallions far exceeds that to younger animals. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION IN STANDING POSTURE Objects and Indications—See page 12. Age—Any time after the testicle has descended into the scrotum, pref- erably two years old and up to aged stallions. Fig. 15—Severing spermatic cord with the emasculator. A, left testicle; B, right testicle; C, emasculator applied to the spermatic cord. Season—See page 13. Restraint—A well-made and properly applied twitch in the hands of a fearless and physically strong assistant. Instruments—1. Emasculator. (Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8.) 2. Knife. It is necessary to have a knife with a sharp point and devoid of ‘‘belly’’ in order that it may be easily thrust into the testicle. Robinson’s castrating knife (Fig. 17) and Williams’ castrating knife (modified) (Fig. 18) are CASTRATION OF THE STALLION DAS probably the most satisfactory ones for performing this operation. Robin- son’s knife is the author’s favorite. The extremely sharp point, short cutting surface and roughened handle of the Robinson knife are its meritorious features. The author’s modifica- tion of the Williams castrating knife makes .¢ a desirable instrument for castrating in the standing posture. It will be observed, by comparing this Fig. 16—Spermatiec cord and its coverings severed with the emasculator. I, Body of epididymis; J, tunica vaginalis; K, incised portion of tunica vaginalis retracted on cord; L, spermatic cord. knife with the original Williams’ (Fig. 2), that the ‘‘belly’’ has been ground out and the point sharpened in order to facilitate thrusting it into the testicle. Anatomy—See page 17. Warning—Before undertaking to operate take time and precaution to satisfy yourself on the following points: 26 ANIMAL CASTRATION 1. That the animal is not of a disposition or temperament that would contra-indicate operating in the standing posture. 2. That the testicle is actually in the serotum. 3. That no hernia is present. 4. That the animal is not affected with such local diseases of the scro- tum, testicle or cord as would contra-indicate the operation. Fig. 17—Robinson’s knife. d. That he is not suffering from any specific constitutional disease which would cause the operation of castration by any method to hazard his life. 6. That you have a dependable—preferably an experienced—assistant in charge of the twitch, and be sure the twitch is a good one. Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—See pages 20; 2s Preparation of Patient—At first thought it would be considered proper to disinfect the field of operation by washing with one of the many excel- lent antiseptic preparations. However, experience and close observation Fig. 18—Williams’ castrating knife (modified). lead me to state that the advisability and practicability of undertaking the disinfection of the field of operation at this particular juneture—after the twitch is applied—is, to say the least, debatable. Aseptic or even anti- septic surgery would suggest it, but the author is willing to chance run- ning the gauntlet of criticism by going on record as opposing disinfection of the operative field. His only reason for so doing is simply because of the faci that if a man is to do a satisfactory and successful operation with the animal in the standing posture, it is imperative that the operation be- gin as soon as the twitch is applied and end at the earliest possible moment, CASTRATION OF THE STALLION Dill otherwise the twitch as an implement of subjection is not a success and, of course, the violent struggles and efforts to escape on the part of the animal would make the operation a failure. I realize that in making the above statement I run counter to some eminent authorities, but since | have never yet seen a single successful operator on stallions in the stand- ing posture who procrastinated to the extent of disinfecting the field of operation immediately prior to operating, I am ready and willing to suffer Fig. 19—Side view showing position of patient and operator castrating in the standing posture. the consequences. Such procedure is not practicable, neither is it necessary or even desirable. If the operator’s hands are clean and his instruments sterile, there is not nearly the danger of septic infection from the un- washed scrotum that there is from a bunglesome and imperfect operation on account of struggles on the part of the animal occasioned by delay in beginning and finishing the operation. Operative Technic—With the twitch applied and the animal forced into the corner of a box stall or fence, the operator approaches from the left side—if he be right-handed—at the same time instructing the assistant, who 28 ANIMAL CASTRATION is holding the twitch, to at all hazards keep the animal forced well back into the corner. The operator stands slightly out of range of a kick, with his head and shoulders firmly pressed into the left flank of the animal (Big. 19). With the left hand grasp the scrotum firmly above both testicles, at the same time do not underestimate the strength of the cremaster muscles. Expect to keep your scrotal grasp regardless of the maneuvers or antics oa « Fig. 20—Posterior view of stallion while undergoing castration in standing posture. A. Scrotum B, knife. ¢ CASTRATION OF THE STALLION 29 of the animal. Since you have already agreed with your assistants to hold the scrotum as long as he holds the twitch you are in honor bound to do so, and by so doing you will come out victorious in nineteen out of twenty attempts. With the knife in the right hand, select a point well forward on the scrotum, then quickly jab the knife point into the testes to the depth of about one inch; now with a quick, bold sweep of the knife backward make a slash sufficiently large to expose the testicle, or a more explanatory term would be, ‘‘drop’’ the testicle from the scrotum. Before releasing your hold on the scrotum, the opposite testicle should in like manner be dropped from it. The two slashes should be made about. one inch to the right and one inch to the left of the median line and parallel to it. You now grasp with your left hand either of the testicles and make downward traction on the spermatic cord, varying from one to five pounds, depending upon the age and size of the animal. Then with the emasculator—which is handed to you by a second assistant, or better still, carried in a spe- cially constructed pocket in your union-alls—sever the spermatic cord as high in the inguinal canal as possible, after which remove the opposite tes- ticle in the same manner and release the animal. If you have been dexterous and have not ‘‘loafed on your job’’ you have consumed the whole of six to ten seconds’ time. However, if you have been engaged as long as fifteen or twenty seconds you need have no re- morse of conscience, as oftentimes it takes—what otherwise would be con- sidered a fairly good veterinary surgeon—as long as twenty minutes to finally succeed, after much effort and a great fight, in removing both tes- ticles from a stallion in the standing posture, and some, even after gradu- ation and many years’ experience in practice, cannot do it at all. Prognosis, Care and Treatment—See page 23. - Sequelae—See under proper heading in subsequent pages. Advantages of Operating in Standing Postuwre—(1) Conservation of time and energy on the part of the operator, as it is possible for an experienced and dexterous operator to castrate a stallion in the standing position in six to fifteen seconds’ time, provided the animal behaves well. Whereas in the recumbent posture it requires from six to fifteen minutes to cast, tie and castrate. It is much easier on the operator to castrate in the standing posture, as less work and exertion are required. (2) Safety and comfort to the patient, since the danger of casting and tying is obviated and the animal is not exerted or ‘‘heated up’’ to the extent he would be were he cast, tied and castrated in the recumbent pos- ture. (3) By eastrating in the standing posture—provided it is done with dexterity—the surgeon makes a favorable and lasting impression upon his client, an impression which will not wear off. 30 ANIMAL CASTRATION (4) Since the operator is not called upon to handle dirty ropes, ete., immediately before operating and the operative field itself is not on or in close proximity to the manure and dirt—as is the case in the recumbent po- sition—less wound contamination takes place. Disadvantages—(1) Danger to the operator has been heralded to the four winds as an argument against castrating stallions in the standing posture. The author’s twenty-five years’ experience with operating in both the standing and recumbent postures leads him to believe, in fact know, that the danger to the operator has been highly colored and much exaggerated with reference to castrating in the standing posture, unless the operating surgeon be a novice or an extremely awkward and careless person. Of course it could not reasonably be expected that everyone can, even by time and practice, become an adept at such an undertaking. In order to be a success it is necessary for the operator to possess a level head, steady nerve, plenty of self-confidence, and more than average courage, together with a reserve of physical strength and activity. He should re- tain his equilibrium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which Fig. 21—Side view with animal in standing posture showing positions of right hand, knife, left hand and scrotum prior to making the incisions. Observe that the knife is thrust into the testicle well forward on the scrotum. The incision is made by a single sweep of the knife backward. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION ot may Ghance to occur. Good judgment is never amiss at any stage of the operation. The author has never been kicked or injured in any way while castrat- ing stallions in the standing posture. He cannot say as much regarding his experience in operating in the recumbent posture, for many is the kick he has received while applying the hobble straps, and a few while releasing the animal. (2) The difficulty of securing the testicles has been urged against the standing operation. Such embarrassment is never encountered if the tes- ticle has descended into the scrotum, and the mere fact of the testicle not being in the scrotum is a contra-indication for operating in the standing posture. By all means and at all hazards east this class of animals and castrate them in the recumbent posture. (3) Prolapse of the bowel or mesentery from the scrotal incision on account of previously existing scrotal or inguinal hernia. : is grasped with the right hand and carried into the abdominal cavity. One of the ovaries is now located, the chain loop placed above it, and by ratch- et movement of the handle the chain loop is closed and the ovary’s attach- ment severed. The opposite one is removed in like manner, and both are 160 ANIMAL CASTRATION brought out when the hand, the ecraseur and the knife are withdrawn. After-Care—Sanitary quarters and a limited diet for several days con- stitute the necessary after-care. HEIFER SPAYING. Objects and Indications—Heifers are spayed for the sole purpose of in- creasing their desirability as beef animals. Spaying appears to modify or alter the entire organism, especially as regards external symmetry and muscular development. It is followed by a decided tendency to quicker evrowth, and spayed heifers take on fat rapidly at any age. Such animals can be grown to maturity without the inconveniences of estrum and preg- Fig. 147—Spaying emasculator. nancy, and command the same price on the market as steers. They may be allowed to mingle with other animals in the herd—ineluding bulls— with the assurance that pregnancy will not occur. The operation has been practiced extensively on the western range for many years with gratifying results. It should be encouraged and more widely practiced wherever beef cattle are grown. As an economic operation its value is hard to overesti- mate. It is indeed a simple and easy operation to perform, and is accom- panied by a low mortality rate. Where once introduced its many merits commend its more general practice. Age—The most preferable age is eight to twelve months, care being taken to operate before the heifer becomes pregnant. Season—Spring and fall. Spaying should be done in the spring before flies appear, or in the fall after they disappear. It is not advisable to op- erate during fly time. Preparation—Withhold feed for twenty-four hours previous to operat- COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 161 ing in order to have the alimentary tract comparatively empty. Water in limited quantities may be allowed. Position—Standing. Restraint—Spaying stocks (Fig. 139) are ideal means for restraint. Fig. 148—Spaying emasculator. Fig. 149—Jamison’s spaying knife. Fig. 150—Suturing fork. When stocks are not available the quickest and at the same time one of the best methods of restraint is to tie the head to a gate post and have an as- sistant draw the tail between the slats of the gate above the animal. (Fig. 114.) The object in using a crack above the animal is to prevent its lying down. A good strong assistant—by traction on the tail—can hold the ani- mal against the gate in such a manner as to limit movement from side to 162 ANIMAL CASTRATI( Fig. 151—Miles’ palm needle. ee on . 152—Mooy’s needle. Fig. 153—Making skin incision. L, Incision; M, knife. COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 163 side and up and down. In this position the flank region is readily avail- able for operation. TInstruments—l. Hair clippers. (Hig. 145.) 2. Curved head spaying emasculator. (Fig. 146). This is by far the most satisfactory instrument yet devised for flank spaying. It is easy to handle, takes up very little space in the incision and abdominal cavity, and controls hemorrhage perfectly. Two other spaying emasculators (Figs. 147 and 148) are fairly satisfactory. Figure 147 is an especially good one. Fig. 154—Skin Incision. F, External oblique abdominal muscle. 3. “‘Farmers’’ Miles’ hooked castrating knife (Fig. 25), or Jamison’s spaying knife (Fig. 149.) The author prefers the Miles knife. 4. Suturing fork. (Fig. 150.) The fork is used to hold the edges of the skin wound while the needle is being thrust through. It is also pro- vided with a knife for cutting suture material. 5. Suturing needle. There are two needles suitable for closing the wound: (a) Miles’ palm needle (Fig. 151), and Mooy’s ring handle needle (Fig. 152). The author prefers the Miles needle. However, in the West many spayers use the other style needle. 6. Curved scissors. (Fig. 35.) 164 ANIMAL CASTRATION 7. Suture material. This may be either linen or silk. The author pre- fers No. 15 braided silk. Anatomy—The anatomy of the internal and external genital organs of the heifer is the same as that of the cow. (See page 155.) The flank re- gion possesses a well defined triangle, through the center of which the ab- dominal incision is made. The tissues penetrated by this incision are as follows: skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, fascia, external and inter- nal oblique abdominal muscles and the peritoneum. Fig. 155—Severing the ovary. O, Position of left arm; P, incision; Q, emascu- lator; R, position of right hand. Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—Same as for cow spaying. (See page 158.) If the operator is right-handed, it is best to invade the left flank. If left-handed, the right flank should be selected. Operative Technic—1. Clip the hair from the site of operation. 2. Wash the parts with soap and warm water, using a scrub brush. Special care should be taken to remove all loose hair from the field, and sponge with antiseptic solution. As a further precaution against septic in- fection it is well to paint the skin with tincture of iodin. COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 165 3. Beginning 2 inches below the transverse process of the lumbar ver-- tebrae, a slightly diagonal incision, three and one-half inches long, should be made through the skin only. The exact site of this incision is through the middle of the triangle between the external angle of the ilium and the posterior border of the last rib. (See L, Figs. 153 and F, 154.) 4. In the center of this skin incision the knife point should be thrust through the abdominal wall, making a perforation large enough to admit Fig. 156—The skin incision closed by three interrupted sutures; N, heavy silk or linen sutures; O, lips of the incision accurately approximated. one finger only. The knife is now put aside, as there is no further use for) it: 5. One finger of the operating hand is thrust through the perforation in the abdominal wall, and by stretching the wound, two fingers are ad- mitted—index fingers of each hand. With these two fingers the muscular fibers are torn apart sufficiently to admit the whole hand. 6. With the left hand inside the abdominal cavity the body of the 166 ANIMAL CASTRATION uterus is located, after which follow its right cornu upward and_ back- ward until the right ovary is encountered. lord i. With the right hand the emasculator is passed along the left arm through the incision, and its head placed above the ovary; bringing the handles together the ovary is severed from its attachment. (Fig. 155.) 8. The left ovary is now located by following the right cornu back to Fig. 157—-E, Muscular fibers of inter- Fig. 158—A, Opening in abdomiial nal oblique and external oblique wall sufficiently large to admit the muscles slightly divided; F, F, external hand; B, B, external oblique muscle oblique abdominal muscle; G, G, lips of | fibers drawn apart; C, C, internal skin incision. oblique muscle fibers drawn apart; D, D, lips of skin incision drawn apart. the body of the uterus where the left cornu is encountered. By following it upward and backward the left ovary is encountered and removed in like manner. 9. Withdraw the hand—containing both ovaries—with the instrument. When this is done the fibers of the internal and external oblique abdomi- nal muscles come together and anatomically close the wound with the ex- ception of the skin incision. COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 167 10. With three interrupted sutures the skin incision is closed and the operation 1s completed. (Fig. 156). Incision Illustrated and Exrplained—The exact method of invading the abdominal cavity through the flank incision is of special importance if suc- cessful spaying is to be done. Undoubtedly the incision is the most im- portant step of the whole operation. It is made and closed as follows: Wig. 159—Skin incision closed by three interrupted sutures. H, H, Lips of skin incisions; I, J, K, silk sutures. (See Figs. 157, 158 and 159. Study these illustrations carefully.) With the knife in the right hand the skin incision G, G, (Fig. 157) is made. The point of the knife is thrust through the remaining portion of the abdominal wall (external oblique and internal oblique abdominal muscles and perito- neum). With the fingers this perforation (A, Fig. 158) is enlarged by tearing the fibers of the external oblique apart, B, B, and at the same time those of the internal oblique, C, C, are separated in the opposite direction until the hand can be admitted. When the hand is withdrawn the mus- 168 ANIMAL CASTRATION cular fibers automatically come together (Fig. 157) and practically close the wound with the exception of the skin incision, which is closed with three interrupted sutures, and the operation is completed (Fig. 159). This method of making the flank incision far excels in every respect the one which requires cutting through the abdominal muscles. When these Fig. 160—Calf cast and tied for spaying operation (flank method). muscle fibers are cut it makes a large gaping wound which requires weeks and oftentimes months to heal. With the fibers divided by tearing, the skin alone is sutered and the whole wound heals rapidly. After-Care—Place the animals at pasture or in sanitary quarters. The -.-yFig. 161—Removing ovary from calf (flank method). K, Ovary; L, emasculator. COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYIN@ 169 wounds should be observed from day to day for stitch abscesses, ete. Should abscesses develop, the suture should be removed and the pus allowed to escape. The sutures should be removed, when possible, about the eighth day. Oftentimes the sutures are not removed, in which event they finally slough out. Fig. 162—Incision (belly method). CALF SPAYING Objects and Indications—Calves are spayed for the same purposes that heifers are spayed, viz.: the operation hastens their growth and develop- ment, besides improving the texture and nutritive properties of the meat. Spayed calves may be raised to full maturity without the annoyance of either estrum or pregnancy. Another reason for calf spaying is that the mortality rate is less in young than in older animals. There are two ap- proved methods of spaying calves, viz.: the belly method and the flank method. ‘170 ANIMAL CASTRATION Age—The favorite age for calf spaying is two to four months. Season—Spring and fall. Preparation—Same as for heifer spaying. Position—Lateral, recumbent or hanging, depending upon whether the belly or the flank is to be invaded. Restraint—For the flank operation the ealf is simply stretched full length Wig. 163—Removing ovary (belly method). OC, Incision; D, ovary; EH, emasculator. on the ground by a rope looped above the hind and fore fetlocks. (Fig. 160.) For the belly operation the animal is suspended by a cord or a small rope looped over both the hocks and attached to a beam or hook above. The height at which the animal is suspended should be such that the incision is about opposite the breast of the operator. Instruments—Same as for heifer spaying. (See page 155.) Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands—Same as for heifer spaying. (See page 158.) Operative Technic—(Flank method.) The hair is clipped from the site a Ae COW, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 74 of incision. The parts are washed with soap and warm water, and then sponged with an antiseptic solution. As a further precaution against septic infection it is well to paint the skin with tincture of iodin. The incision! is made similar to that employed in heifer spaying (pages 158, 159), with the exception that in the calf a much smaller one is used since only the index and second finger are introduced into the abdominal cavity; whereas in Fig. 164—Incision closed by interrupted sutures. heifer spaying the whole hand is iiserted. With the two fingers inside the abdominal cavity a search is made for the uppermost uterine horn, fa!lo- pian tube or ovary. One or the other of these is usually found with little difficulty by wiping downward and backward toward the pubic brim. When located the ovary is brought up into the incision and its attachments severed with the emasculator. The opposite ovary is located and removed in like manner. (Fig. 161.) The skin incision is closed by two interrupted sutures, Operative Technic (Belly method)—With the calf suspended by the hind 172 ANIMAL CASTRATION legs, the hair is clipped from the site of incision and the parts thoroughly washed and disinfected the same as for spaying by the flank method. Begin the incision in the median line two inches below the brim of the pubis, and extend it downward for three inches, penetrating all the layers of the abdominal wall. (Fig. 162.) With the index and second finger inside the abdomen the ovaries are readily located and brought into the incision and their attachments severed with the emasculator. (Fig. 163.) The incision is closed by three or four through-and-through sutures. (Fig. 164.) After-Care—Same as for heifers. (See page 160.) Sequelae of Cattle Spaying—Hemorrhage, septic peritonitis, abscess, general sepsis, hernia and bloating are the most common sequelae. CHAPTER III. SPAYING SOWS Objects and Indications—The paramount purpose of this operation is to improve growth, fattening, marketing and slaughter qualities without the handicap of early pregnancy. The economic importance of sow spaying is recognized by many swine owners. Formerly the operation was more generally practised than at the present day. This may be accounted for by the fact that what would have formerly been termed revolutionary methods in raising and marketing hogs are now in vogue in the great swine-raising sections of the Middle West and Central States. This practice enables swine owners to grow, fatten and market hogs as early as six to ten months of age, and is becoming more universal each year. Of course under such circumstances spaying is not an essential operation. However, in the South and Southwest the older methods of swine-raising still prevail to a limited degree, hence in this section the operation of spaying is still practised to a limited extent. Age—The operation is best performed at four months of age. However, it 1s permissible any time from sixty days old to maturity, or even old age. Season—Sows should not be spayed during fly time nor in extremely cold weather. It is best to operate in the fall, early winter and spring. Preparation—One of the most important essentials to success in spaying sows is to have the alimentary tract absolutely empty before undertaking to operate. This is best accomplished by withholding feed for from twenty- four to thirty hours previous to operating. During this time there is no special objection to allowing the animal free access to water. The danger of septic infection can be greatly minimized by providing clean quarters before and after operation. Another essential is not to allow the boar access to the sows previous to spaying. It is best not to operate during the estral period. Pregnancy is a contra-indication to successful spaying. Restraint—Proper restraint technic is as essential in spaying sows as in almost any other operation in animal surgery. This operation calls for the simple and easily applied, rather than the intricate methods often employed in other operations. The method of restraint used must of course depend upon whether the flank or the belly operation is to be performed. If the abdominal cavity is to be invaded from below (belly method) the most simple and satisfactory restraint consists in looping a strong cord (window 174 ANIMAL CASTRATION sash cord) or a small rope above the hocks, by which the animal can be readily suspended to a post or wall in the hanging posture (Fig. 165.) If the flank incision is to be used, it 1s necessary for the animal to be confined in the recumbent posture at an angle of about thirty degrees on either the right or the left side, depending upon which flank is to be invaded... One of the best and most satisfactory methods the author has ever employed is as follows: Procure a piece of three-eighths inch soft Fig. 165—Restraint for spaying the sow (belly method). rope about six feet long. Tie the ends together, forming a loop as shown in Fig. 166, Next secure a 2x14 inch plank about twelve feet long; place one end on the floor or ground and either spike the other end fast to a wall: or suspend it by means of a rope from above. Make the rope loop fast to the upper end of the plank with a screw eye or a spike (A), or ft may be fastened by boring a hole through the plank large enough to permit the rope to be drawn up through it where it is held secure by large knots in its ends. The contrivance should be so arranged that when the hog is SPAYING SOWS SD fastened on the plank it will be about waist high to the operator as shown in the illustrations. The plank should be on a slant of about thirty degrees. The operator standing facing the board, with his right hand toward the lower end, passes his right hand (D) Fig. 166 through the loop (C) and instructs his assistant to grasp the right legs of the hog and bring the hog to him, placing it on the board. As the assistant approaches with the hog, pass your left hand under the right hand and rope, grasping the left hind leg (EF), while your right hand grasps the right hind leg (Fig. 167). Now Fig. 166—Restraint for spaying the sow (flank method), first step.- A, Board with end elevated; B, rope suspending the board; C, rope loop snaring the hind feet; D, E, position of hands. oulide the left leg to your right hand, and grasp it. The left hand now contains both hind feet, while the right hand grasps the loop from over the left wrist and carries it back, dropping it above the fetlocks. As you drop the rope back of the leg, instruct your assistant to pull the hog down- ward on the board, making the rope taut as shown in Fig. 168. With a 176 ANIMAL CASTRATION little practice a sow may be secured by this method in less than five seconds. Instruments—1, Curved scissors (Fig. 35) for clipping hair from the! site of incision. : 2. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25). A 3. Swine and sheep emasculator (Fig. 80). : 4. Hagedorn’s needle (half circle) No. 3 (Fig. 84). 5. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34). 6. Braided silk No. 12 or linen for sutures. ~ Fig. 167—Restraint for spaying operation on sow (flank method), second step. F, Board; G, rope suspending board; H, rope loop. Anatomy—It is well to remember that the fallopian tubes and horns of the uterus in sows are extremely long in comparison to their length in other animals, and that their course is decidedly tortuous in the pelvic and abdominal cavities. The importance of this can be more thoroughly com- prehended and appreciated by carefully observing these parts and their relation, which is plainly illustrated—in a diagrammatic way—in Fig. 169. SPAYING SOWS hs The body of the uterus is unusually short when the length of its tubes are taken into consideration. The cervix does not project into the vagina as in most other domestic and wild animals. On the other hand, the vagina and uterus of the sow unite without any circumscribed limit intervening be- tween them. The horns float loosely in the abdominal cavity and are found closely associated with the convolutions of the intestines. The broad liga- ments are mesenteric in conformation and character and are extremely thin and lax. The ovaries are decidedly lobulated and closely resemble grape Pat YS SS Es eS eS t 1 : E [3 Fig, 168—Restraint (of sow) for spaying operation (flank method), third step. N, Hind legs fixed; O, flank incision. clusters suspended to the right and left of the vertebral column near the median line of the body. Fig. 170 illustrates the external as well as the internal generative organs of the sow. The abdominal wall in the flank region is quite thick and contains much fat between the skin and the external oblique abdominal muscle. More fat is encountered in mature sows than in younger hogs. The skin is dense and tough, while the external and internal oblique muscles and peritoneum are comparatively thin and delicate in structure. The above description 178 ANIMAL CASTRATION apples equally well to the belly wall at the site of the incision for the spay- ing operation, except that the wall in the latter region is somewhat thinner. Methods of Operating—There are two standard methods, viz.: flank, and Hig. 169—Internal genital organs of sow (diagrammatic). A, Rectum; B, vagina; C, bladder; D, uterus; EH, left uterine horn; F, right fallopian tube and horn; G, ovary; H, intestines; I, kidney. the median line or belly method. Each has its advantages and disad- vantages, however, taking everything into consideration the author much prefers the flank method. Fig. 170-—-External and internal generative organs of the sow. A, Ovaries; B, uterine horns and fallopian tubes; C, uterus; D, vagina; EH, vulva. Operative Technic (Flank method)—The animal should be properly secured as illustrated in Figs. 166, 167 and 168, and placed on the right SPAYING SOWS 179 side. Remove the hair from the flank by clipping with scissors. The hands of the operator and the left flank of the animal should be washed with Lysol or Cresolis compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to each quart of Fig. 171—Excision of the ovaries of the sow, flank method. P, Ovaries; Q, fal- lopian tubes and horns; R, emasculator. Fig, 172—Abdominal incision, closed with two interrupted sutures. 180 ANIMAL CASTRATION water. With a hooked knife make an oblique incision an inch to an inch and a half long, beginning high in the flank, one to two inches posterior to the last rib. This incision should run downward and backward at an angle of 45 degrees (see O, Fig. 168). The incision should penetrate the skin, subeutaneous connective tissue, fat and external and internal oblique abdominal muscles. By this we mean all tissues down to the peritoneum— the lining of the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum is then carefully punctured with the point of the knife, after which stretch or tear the Fig. 173—Belly incision. incision sufficiently to admit the index finger of the left hand. With this finger inside of the abdomen the left (upper) ovary is located by passing the finger backward near the fundus of the bladder and upward toward the vertebral column. The ovary can be readily distinguished from the other intra-abdominal viscera by its peculiar feel, as it consists of hard lobules arranged in cluster form resembling small grapes. The left ovary and its accompanying fallopian tube are drawn through the incision. In SPAYING SOWS 181 4 young sows the left tube is now withdrawn from the abdominal cavity and , followed back to the bifurcation where the right tube is encountered. The right tube is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity and followed until the right ovary is located, after which the ovary is drawn out of the abdomen , through the incision and both ovaries (P) placed in the emasculator and Wig. 174—Excision of the ovaries, belly method, sow. F, Ovaries; G, fallopian tubes and horns; H, emasculator. their attachments severed by closing the handles of the instrument. The tubes (Q) are now washed and replaced in the abdominal cavity (Fig. 171), and the incision closed by two interrupted sutures. These sutures should be made with a No. 3 half-cirele Hagedorn needle and No. 12 braided silk. The sutures should extend through all layers of the abdominal wall, inelud- ing the skin and peritoneum, or in other words, should be what are known 182 ANIMAL CASTRATION as through-and-through sutures. (Fig. 172.) Sponge off the wound with antiseptic solution and release the animal. In sows which have given birth to one or more litters of pigs, the fallopian tubes are oftentimes so large that the left one must be replaced in the abdomen before the right one can be withdrawn. In such event, of _ - Fig. 175—Wound closed (belly method). course, only one ovary can be removed at a time. However, both ovaries ean always be removed through the same flank incision. Operative Technic (Median line or belly method)—Sterilize the instru- ments and wash the hands the same as for the flank operation. With the animal properly secured in the hanging posture (Fig. 173) the hair is removed from the site of the incision and the parts cleansed. With the — a ee ee CesT a SPAYING SOWS 183 hooked knife begin the incision two to three inches below the brim of the pubis and one-half inch either to the right or left of the median line. This ‘ncision should be extended downward about one and one-half to two inches, Hig. 176—Cystic ovaries that weighed 4 pounds, removed from a sow weighing 170 pounds. A, Uterus; B-B, horns; C-C, ovaries. and should include all layers of the abdominal wall, down to the peri- toneum. The peritoneum is now punctured with the point of the hooked knife, after which the incision is enlarged sufficiently to admit the index finger 184 ANIMAL CASTRATION of the left hand. With this finger the ovaries and tubes are readily located near the median line of the body, and are drawn through the incision (Fig. 174) and removed with the emasculator as in the flank method. The tubes and horns are sponged with antiseptic solution, after which they are replaced in the abdominal cavity and the wound closed by two or three interrupted through-and-through sutures (J, Fig. 175), using the same needle and the same size silk as in the flank method of operating. The animal is then released. CHAPTER IV. EWE SPAYING H ‘Objects and Indications—Sheep spaying is rarely ever practiced in this country because of the fact that the ewe is more valuable as a breeding animal than for mutton purposes. Spayed ewes mature earlier, grow larger and take on fat faster than unspayed ewes. On this account they are some- times spayed for fat stock show and exhibition purposes. Age—Two and one-half to three months is the age of choice. Season—Late winter and early spring. Preparation—Empty alimentary tract by withholding feed for twenty- four to thirty hours previous to operating. Position—Hanging. Restraint—The ewe is exceedingly docile and submits readily to opera- Fig. 177—External and internal genital organs of the ewe. G, vulva; H, vagina; I, uterus; J-J, horns; K-K, ovaries; L-L, broad ligament. tion. With a small rope or a large cord looped above each hock the animal is suspended from a hook or beam. The field of operation should be on a level with the breast of the operator. Instruments—1. Curved scissors (Fig. 35) for clipping wool from the site of incision. 2. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25). 3. Swine and sheep emasculator (Fig. 80). 4. Hagedorn’s needle, half circle, No. 3 (Fig. 84). 5. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34). 6. Braided silk No. 12 for suturing. Anatomy—The conformation and anatomical relation of the internal generative organs of the ewe are almost identical with those of the cow except on a much smaller scale. The abdominal wall at the site of incision is very thin and exceedingly delicate. 186 ANIMAL CASTRATION Warning—On account of the thin and delicate structure of the abdominal wall, exceeding care must be exercised in suturing the incision. r Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator Same as for ealf spaying. ; [ | Fig. 178—Abdominal incision. Fig. 179—Removing ovary. M, Incision; N, ovary; O, emasculator. nae apg ee jem a) J EWE SPAYING 187 Operative Technic—With the ewe in the hanging position, the wool is chpped from the field of operation, after which the parts are cleansed with soap and water and disinfected by painting with tincture of iodin. 1. Begin the incision in the median line three inches below the brim of the pubis, Fig. 180—Wound sutured. 188 ANIMAL CASTRATION and extend it downward for a distance of two and one-half or three inches. (Fig. 178.) This incision should penetrate all layers of the abdominal wall. 2. With the index and second finger inside the abdomen the horns and ovaries are readily located, after which each ovary is withdrawn and severed from its attachments. (Fig. 179.) 3. The abdominal incision is now closed by three interrupted through-and-through sutures, care being taken to see that each layer of the abdominal wall is in direct apposition. After-Care—The spayed animals should be turned to pasture if weather conditions are favorable, otherwise sanitary well bedded quarters are to be provided. If the sutures do not slough out they should be removed about the eighth day. CHAPTER V. BITCH SPAYING Objects and Indications—Bitches are spayed to prevent estrum (heat) and breeding. A bitch in heat is an ideal illustration of a private as well as a public nuisance. She is undesirable at home and unwelcome abroad. To obviate this, spaying is the only recourse. The spayed bitch is a more desirable animal in many respects than the unspayed one. She remains Fig. 180—Wound retractor actual size. contented at home. She is more kind, docile and reliable than the entire bitch. Age—To secure the best results it is advisable to spay the bitch puppy before she comes in estrum for the first time. The preferable age is three to six months, though many operate before the puppies are weaned. Aged Fig. 181—Surgeon’s full curved needle No. 5. actual size. bitches that have given birth to several litters of puppies sometimes develop a tendency to lay on excessive fat when spayed; this is particularly true of collies. The reason for this is not clear. It may be due to contentment with its lot, which occasions less exercise than running over half a township, and the further fact that being at home all the time, meals are more regular and more numerous for the spayed animal than for the prowling nuisance. Season—Anytime when the animal is not in heat. 190 ANIMAL CASTRATION Preparation—An empty alimentary tract is an important aid to spaying. Food should be withheld for twelve hours previous to the time of operating, and a dose of castor oil should be administered. An enema and an emetic (morphin or H-M-C given as a preliminary part of the anesthesia is amply sufficient) given one hour before the operation is good surgical practice and contributes not only to the safety of the operation, but adds to the comfort of the patient following the operation and hastens convalescence. Fig. 182—Uterine sound. Methods of Operating—There are two methods of operating, viz.: the flank method and the belly method. Ninety per cent of the surgeons prefer and advocate the belly method, while others use the flank method. The author much prefers the belly method. Anesthesia—Under no circumstances should this operation be performed except under anesthesia. The dog takes general anesthetics, chloroform, A. C. E., ether, A. C. E. and aromatic spirits of ammonia, easily and safely and skilled assistance is not necessary for their administration; it being Fig, 183—External and internal genital organs of bitch. A, Vulva; B, vagina; C, uterus; D,D, horns; E, EK, ovaries (diagrammatic). practicable for the surgeon to both anesthetize the patient and perform the» operation. If chloroform be used, its administration should be preceded by a hypodermic injection of H-M-C, morphin or atropin. Either the H-M-C, or the morphin dulls the sense of pain, and under some circumstances it may be excusable to operate without other means for lessening the pain, BITCH SPAYING 191 but certainly it is unthinkable not to use at least this. With either the H-M-C or morphin, less chloroform is required than where chloroform alone ‘is used, and the anesthesia is sufficiently lasting to permit the operator to perform the whole operation, once deep anesthesia is induced, without further administration of chloroform. This is a oreat advantage where the services of a skilled assistant are not available. Where skilled assistance is available, A. C. E., ether, or A. C. E. and aromatic spirits of ammonia have the advantage that the patient recovers from the anesthesia far more quickly. H-M-C, morphin, and atropin all three reduce the danger attend- ant upon the administration of chloroform to the dog to almost nil, and the employment of at least one of them should never be neglected. When skilled assistance is available and one of the other general anesthetics mentioned, i. e., one containing ether, is used, the hypodermic is not neces- sary to reduce the danger incident to the general anesthesia nor is any of them so effective when the other anesthetics are used. Instruments—1. Miles’ hooked knife (Fig. 25.) 2. Canine and feline emasculator (Figs. 102 and 103). 3. Wound retractor (Fig. 180). While the wound retractor is not essential for the experienced operator, neverthe- Fig. 184—A, Bread ligament; B, rent in ligament; C, ovary; D, fallopian tube; ‘ E, E, ligatures; F, horn; G, artery. 192 ANIMAL CASTRATION less for the beginner its use greatly facilitates locating the horns of the uterus by enabling him to view them inside the abdomen. If the horns are seen they can be grasped readily with hemostatic forceps and withdrawn without introducing the finger mto the cavity. 4. Surgeon’s needle (Fig. Fig. 185—View of the interior of the abdominal cavity of the bitch, showing the internal genital organs and their relation to each other. A, Urinary bladder; B, uterus; C, C, horns; D, bifurcation of horns; E, E, ovaries; F, intestines. 181), carrying 20 inches No. 10 braided silk for sutures. 5. Uterine sound (Fig. 182). 6. Hemostatie forceps. 7. Richter’s needle-holder (Fig. 34). Anatomy—tThere is little doubt that, on account of its anatomical con- formation—except for the cat, the bitch is the most tedious and difficult of all domestic animals to spay. To make satisfactory progress in bitch spay- BITCH SPAYING 193 ing the operator must be familiar with the anatomy of the organs and the parts involved. Vulva—tThe vulva has thick labia which form a pointed inferior com- missure. Vagina—The vagina is tubular in form and relatively long. Its walls Fig. 186—A practical mode of restraint' for spaying. The subject shown is under complete anesthesia. are thick, consisting principally of circular muscular fibers. It is closely related to the rectum above and the bladder below. Uterus—The body of the uterus is exceedingly short, rarely exceeding ene inch in length. Its two cornua (horns) are long, and their diameters small. They vary in length from two to eight inches, according to the size of the bitch. They lie loosely inside the abdominal cavity, closely asso- 194 ANIMAL CASTRATION ciated with the intestinal convolutions. Their bifurcation is V-shaped, and takes place immediately above the fundus of the bladder. The broad liga- ments are long (Fig. 184). The fallopian tubes are small in diameter and one to two and one-half inches long, depending upon the size and the breed of the bitch. ; Ovaries—The ovaries are small and bean-shaped. Their surface is smooth. Fig. 187—‘“Farmer” Miles’ method of restraint for spaying operation (bitch). They are enclosed in a peritoneal capsule (sac) and are attached imme- diately posterior to the kidneys. (Fig. 185). Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Hands of Operator—All in- struments, sutures, ligatures, etc., used in connection with the operation should be sterilized by boiling for fifteen or twenty minutes, and then immersed in Lysol or cresolis compound (U.S. P.), one tablespoonful to the quart of water. The hands should be thoroughly cleansed with tincture of green soap and warm water, using a scrub brush, and rinsed in the anti- septic solution previously mentioned. A). =. ee ee eee BITCH SPAYING 195 Preparation of Operative Field—Shave the hair from the site of incision. Wash with tincture of green soap and warm water. using a serub brush. Mop with ether and paint with tincture of iodin. peer er : —— Fig. 188—Showing median line incision, immediately posterior to the umbilicts. Restraint and Position (Belly Method )—Always apply the muzzle to begin with, and be sure to remove it before anesthesia is complete and if nausea should oceur during the administration of the anesthetic, remove the tape at the first evidence of retching. If a suitable operating table! is 196 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 18$—Compieting the precess cf limited torsion for amputation cf th2 ovavy. available it should be utilized. What is meant by a suitable table is one the top of which may be elevated to the perpendicular or almost perpendicular position. Tables made with stationary tops have no place in this operation. If a table is not available, an inexpensive as well as a safe and satisfactory method is to use a plank that may be stood against a building at a steep slant, or after anesthesia is complete, the patient may be suspended by the hind legs against the side of a building or a post. Fig. 190—Showing the skin and fascia joined with a continuous suture, which is fixed by tying together the single end of the thread on one side ie with the double end on the other. Bra! BITCH SPAYING 197 The method of restraint for spaying bitches designed, taught and prac- ticed by ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles (Fig. 187) is as follows: A tape muzzle (F) is applied. With a strong cord looped above the hocks (B-B) and thrown over a spike or hook (A) in a post or wall (C) the animal is suspended sufficient- ly high for the site of operation to be on a level with the operator’s breast. With another strong cord (D) looped above the elbows (E-E), the opera- tor’s leg (G) is placed through its loop for the purpose of making suf- ficient downward traction to limit the movement of the animal. In this position the intestines gravitate downward against the diaphragm, facili- tating the location and removal of the ovaries. Operative Technic—The incision should be made as exactly in the median line as possible and just posterior to the umbilicus. It should be one inch Fig. 121 —Shewing suture for coaptation of the periteneum and abdcminal muscles. to one and one-half inches long and penetrate all layers of the abdominal wall, care being taken not to injure the bladder with the point of the knife. (Fig. 188). If preferred there is no objection to introducing the wound retractors, in which event if the animal is empty and the light bright—either the horns or the uterus may be seen plainly. With either tissue or hemostatic forceps the horn is picked up and drawn out off the abdominal incision and grasped between the index and second finger of the left hand. With a limited amount of traction on the horn and by pushing in on the belly to bring it as close as possible to the attachment of the ovary, the latter is readily brought through the incision and outside the abdomen, when together with all its capsule and a portion of the broad ligament it is removed with the emasculator. Unless the bitch is aged or 198 ANIMAL GASTRATION near the period of estrum, or the ovary inflamed no means of hemostasis is required other than that furnished by the emaseulator. If any of the three conditions enumerated above obtain, the larger blood-vessels should be ligated with catgut. Bitches, particularly of the small delicate breeds, do not stand the loss of blood at all well, and spaying them should not Fig. 192—Abdomin- Fig. 193—Removing Ovar- Fig. 194—Inecision al incision. ies with emasculator. I, closed with 3 inter- Bifurcation; J, J, horns: rupted sutures. K, ovaries; LL, emascu- lator. occasion the loss of more than a few drops of blood; in no case to exceed one dram. With the free end of the tube and ovary in one hand, the horn is fol- - lowed up to its bifurcation, when the opposite horn is grasped and the opposite ovary located and removed from the abdomen in like manner. The stump of the tubes and horns are replaced in the abdominal cavity. It is BITCH SPAYING 199 essential that all ovarian tissue and all the capsule be removed. If even a minute portion of the ovary or of the capsule be left, ovarian tissue will be regenerated in many cases and the animal will come in heat again and be as great a nuisance as before, a constant reproach to the operator, and a serious reflection upon his skill, since no excuse can be made for such bunglesome work. Dry the wound by sponging and close either with two or three interrupted through-and-through sutures, or suture the peritoneum with a continuous suture and the abdominal walls with another suture of the same kind. Keep the patient in a warm place until it has completely recovered from all effects of the anesthetic. Chilling, which occurs very readily, and particularly so if morphin has been given, is dangerous fol- lowing anesthesia. If the pulse is very weak, use hotwater bottles and blanket warmly. Use strychnine (1-300 to 1-150 of a grain) when indicated. Fig. 195—Bitch spaying (flank method). A, Abdominal incision; B, knife: C, left leg; D, three legs tied together; EH, tape muzzle. If inexperienced, the operator may find the introduction of a uterine sound or probe (Fig. 182) into the vagina an assistance in finding the uterus and horns. After-Care—All violent or strenuous exercise for a period of a week to ten days after the operation should be avoided. Laxative feeds are an advantage and sometimes mild cathartics are needed. Remove the sutures in from three to five days, depending upon the condition of the wound. Sequelae—The chief sequelae are shock, internal hemorrhage, peritonitis, hernia, anorexia, eventration, recurrent estrum and adhesions. 1. Shock—The preoperative administration of atropin or morphin lessens the Hability of shock. Where it is not used and the general anesthetic is pushed too fast and too far, respiration may be suddenly arrested, and 200 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 196—Bitch spaying, (flank method). the operator should always watch for this when operating without a skilled assistant to administer the anesthetic. Shock is mostly due to faulty teehnie. 2. Internal Hemorrhage—Biteches in the early stage of estrum or but recently passed through it will occasionally be operated on in spite of one’s Fig. 197—Wound closed by interrupted sutures. BITCH SPAYING 201 attempt to avoid operation at this time, and in such cases, unless the large arteries supplying the ovaries are ligated, serious and even fatal hemorrhage is prone to result either at the time of the operation or within an hour thereafter. When hemorrhage is discovered during the operation, the bleed- ing vessels should, of course, be ligated. When it is not discovered until after the abdominal wound is sutured, an attempt to arrest it should be made by the administration of full physiologic doses of atropin, ad- ministered hypodermiecally. If this, with the lowering of the blood pressure, does not arrest the hemorrhage, the wound must be reopened, enlarged if necessary and the bleeding vessels taken up and ligated. Following this, Fig. 198—Protection of wound after spaying. artificial heat should be supplied by means of hot-water bottles. A copious interabdominal injection of ormal saline solution should be given where the loss of blood approaches the danger point. 3. Peritonitis—Peritonitis may, of course, result from infection, a sequel to unclean work, or from rough handling of the abdominal viscera. The epithelial layer of the peritoneum of all puppies and of adults of the toy breeds is so delicate that abrasions may be caused by the fingers, to say nothing of the finger nails. Anything but the gentlest of manipulation and very little of that is not only unnecessary in spaying a bitch, but very harmful. Peritonitis due to infection is usually fatal. That due to trauma- 202 ANIMAL CASTRATION tism usually ends in recovery, but not without more or less extensive adhesions. A good technic will avoid both kinds. +. Hernia—Hernia is of two kinds, omental and intestinal. The latter occurs only when the sutures are too wide apart and gaping wounds left. Omental hernia may occur from an insufficient number of sutures or from the sutures being improperly placed. If the through-and-through suture is used, care must be taken in every case to see that all layers of the skin, muscles and peritoneum are included in each suture. If the peritoneum and abdominal walls were sutured separately, both, and particularly the peritoneum, must be so sutured as to leave no gaps. ¢ Hig. 199—Protection of wound after spaying. ». esticle of mule Scerotal incision for boar_............--.-..-. LOZ ee reerrds. Ok at ae 2 oe tae 93 estic e of ram -.... Scrotum and sheath, stalllion=...----.-.2 oh Testicle from ridgling bull................ 95 SCH tis ae at See ea Testicle of ridgling horse -....................... 61 Sequelae of castration. ............222...... a eee rae pa al eee : esticle of stallion Se PLier iN eChlOneses ek eve Soe sans 68 MtetnnGes* Lctok 08 Lea Sheath, edema of...) 2 73 tn haere i aunts oa aT Shock following bitch spaying............. 200 Mis Skunk, deodorizing the... 214 Uterine sound eee 190 Skunk, scent-secreting apparatus... 215 Sow, anatomy of........... aes AZ oe aR WiGirmmeeWater: bags c. a tls eee 80, 82 Sow, cystic ovaries removed from.......... 183 White’s ideal casting harness................... 218 SOws Test aint . OM aces ec teers eee! 173, 174 Williams’ castrating knife —-.-......... 13 Sow, generative organs of... 178 Williams’ castrating knife, modified... 26 Sow, spaying, operative technic of_.... 178 Wound protection after bitch spaying. SOWS; iS PAV UO coon dan Oe nt came 1713 encase RO Ae EER, Leet SEA ok 201, 202 SOE AY LI og eR Spee Joes ek cheat eRe ich es 142. Wound’ retractor.......2.0). ee 189 I 699 8 mT | 86