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Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers' Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Administrative Offices, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary BOARD QF DIRECTORS Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Frank B. Kohn, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008 Janet McCoy, Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221 Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ 85716 COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS - PROJECT HEADS President Vice President Immediate Past President Conference. .Book Committee Tim Kelly, Assiniboine Park Zoo Awards Committee Jan McCoy, Washington Park Zoo Book Review Coordinators Melba T. Brown, National Zoo - general interest Tom Aversa, Boston Metro Zoos - technical Staff Exchange Dale Frerking, Kansas City Zoo AAZK History Committee Rachel Rogers, San Diego Zoo International Affairs Coordinators - Mona Keith, Calgary Zoo (east) Pam McDougall, Calgary Zoo (west) Conservation, Preservation, Restoration (CPR) Committee - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo K. e.epei-.Jxaining-& ..Education {.includes Library Resources, Reference Search, Program Library, and Keeper Training Materials) L. R/R.S. - Marilyn Cole, Metro Toronto K.T.M- VACANCY Research/Grants Committee Susan M. Barnard, Zoo Atlanta Public Education Committee Ellen Bradfield, Zoo Atlanta Animal Data Transfer Form Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZK Liaison to AAZPA/IZE Brint Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Keeper Accommodations List Heidi Manicki, Metro Toronto Zoo An Approach to Zookeeping Pat Sammarco, Santa Fe Teaching Zoo Zoo Infant Development Project Harmony Frazier-Taylor, Woodland Park Zoo AAZK Manual of Resources Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo Exhibit Design Form Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo Public Relations Liaison Tim Kurkowski, Zoo Atlanta Membership Directory Administrative Office Staff Diet Notebook Susan Bunn Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Biological Yalues/Gestation Toni Danzig, Greater S. F. Bay Area Chapter Legislative Advisor John Stoddard, Chicago, IL Bv-Laws Review VACANCY Zoo/University List Mike Illig, Washington Park Zoo Nominations & Elections David Luce, Fresno Zoo Zoonotic Diseases Notebook Bruce Clark, Toledo Zoo Keeper Training Videotape Production Coordinator - Harry Hofauer, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Order/Distribution Center at AAZK Administrative Offices in Topeka Liaison and Information Network for Keepers (LINKl Coordinator - Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada printed on recycled paper This month's cover features Mike Dulaney, an Area Supervisor of the Nocturnal House at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Gardens, in the company of an Aardvark (Orycteropus afer). Mike is in charge of research and breeding programs for small mammals, especially small carnivores such as the Binturong (Arcticis binturong) and small primates like the Tarsier (Tarsius spectrum). The cover was drawn by one of AKF's regular artistic contributors, Yoshi. Yonetani from the Zoo Design & Education Lab in Kobe, Japan. Thanks, Yoshi! Scoops - — and / Scuttlebutt Note to Membership on 1991 Conference Proceedings At the mid-year Board of Directors meeting in April, some decisions were made concerning how AAZK will publish its Conference Proceedings from the 1991 Toledo Conference. While the format of last year's proceedings was well-received, very few members beyond those attending the New Orleans Conference ordered the publication. Also the proceedings cost built into the registration fee did not end up being adequate to cover the actual costs of the publication. Therefore, in order the make publishing the proceedings more economically feasible for AAZK and still make the material available to those members wishing to receive them, the following will be done in 1991: 1. The Proceedings from the Toledo Conference will be duplicated using high quality photocopy equipment rather than printed at a traditional print shop. Therefore, all authors submitting papers for publication will be required to follow exactly the criteria for paper submission which has been sent to them (i.e. an author's paper will be printed exactly as it is submitted.) 2. The Toledo Conference takes place in October. All papers to be included in the Proceedings will be collected at the conference. Advertisements listing the papers to be included in the 1991 Proceedings as well as pricing information and an order form will be published in the November and December issues of AKF . This ad will be the only way individuals may order the Proceedings. 3. The Conference Proceedings will be published in January and sent to all those who ordered from the ads in November and December. As in the past, those presenting papers will receive a copy gratis. However, since no publication fee has been built into this year's registration fee, delegates will also need to order a copy of the Proceedings if they wish to have one. 4. After the initial printing of the complete Proceedings in January, we will only offer the papers on an individual basis to those wishing to order them. There will be a flat fee charge for each paper ordered. Individuals may then order one or several papers depending on their area of interest. Advertisement of the papers' availability will be published in AKF. N Qte pn AKF Reader Survey We had originally planned to have the first part of the survey response in this issue of the journal.. Because of the large amount of material to be included in this issue, we have postponed the first portion of the survey analysis (statistical) until the August issue. The second portion of the analysis dealing with suggestions and comments from survey respondents will appear in the September issue. We have also been having a few more surveys trickle in since the deadline and this will allow us to include the data from them as well. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 209 Scoops & Scuttlebutt. Continued Racetrack Trash Brings Rain Forest Cash - AGAIN! --submitted by Eric and Rosemary Krussman AAZK Chapters at The National Aquarium in Baltimore, the National Zoo and the Baltimore Zoo joined forces again this year following the running of the Preakness on 18 May for the 2nd Annual Pimlico Clean-up to collect the trash on the infield at the racetrack. About 150 volunteers from these facilities cleared the field of spectator trash including 12,500 pounds of aluminum (the equivalent of 300,000 cans) for recycling. The combined Chapter efforts earned $8294.95 from three sources: the contract fee paid by the racetrack maintenance company, the recycling of the aluminum cans and corporate support from Budweiser. Monies raised by the Pimlico Racetrack Clean-up Project are designated for the preservation of endangered rain forest habitats through the Ecosystem Survival Plan’s (ESP) Adopt-an-Acre Program. (In other good conservation news, Rosemary reported that the Conservation Parking Meter installed at the National Aquarium in Baltimore on 4 April 1991 has thus far generated nearly $10,000 in contributions for the ESP Program. Rosemary is the local ESP Coordinator for the area.) PRIMATE-TALK - A Discussion Forum for Primatology The Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center (WRPRC) at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, is pleased to announce the availability of a new electronic mail listserver called PRIMATE-TALK. PRIMATE-TALK is an open forum for the discussion of primatology and related subjects. This forum is open to electronic mail users world- wide with an interest in primatology. Subject matter may include, but is not limited to: news items, meeting announcements, research issues, information requests, veterinary/husbandry tropics, job notices, animal exchange information and book reviews. People with Internet, BITNET or UUCP addresses can communicate with PRIMATE- TALK. Users of other networks should contact WRPRC. If you are interested in joining PRIMATE-TALK, send a message to PRIMATE-TALK REQUEST @ PRIMATE. WISC. EDU stating that you would like to sign on. If you have questions about electronic access to the list, you may call Larry Jacobsen, Head of Library Services at the WRPRC Library at (608) 263-3512, or FAX at (608) 263-4031. You may also write to the WRPRC Library, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA. AAZK Announces New Professional/Contributing Members Nancy E.Wakeman, Bronx Zoo (NY) William B. Sheets, Seneca Park Zoo (NY) Pat Bolin, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Deborah Bennett, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Stacy L. Lester, Knoxville Zool. Gdns. (TN) Wayne Carpenter, Jr., Toledo Zoo (OH) James C. Dasher, N.E.W. Zoo (WI) Michael Thennes, Little Rock Zoo (AR) Debra Sell, Hyatt Regency (HI) Eric Cole, Metro Toronto Zoo (Ont.) Bernadette Taylor, Cape May Ct. House (NJ) Linda Reiber, Lowry Prk Zoo (FL) Mike Warren, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Mike Mason, Montgomery Zoo (AL) Jane C. McEvoy, Columbus Zoo (OH) Maria Lawson, Columbian Prk Zoo (IN) Laura Debnar, no zoo listed (IL) Jemima Bolt, Los Angeles Zoo (CA) Tim Los Banos, Honolulu Zoo (HI) Jane Muller, Metro Toronto Zoo (Ont.) Renewing Contributing Members International Society for Endangered Cats, Inc., Columbus, OH Ngare Sergoi Support Group, Inc., Columbus, OH 210 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 from fine Associate Editor You know , titles are a wonderful thing. They can mean a lot to a person like myself. Example: Ron Ringer , Associate Editor , AKf. Sounds like I know a lot about the print game, huh? Well folks , I must confess that if it were not for the wonderful job that Susan does each month and the addition of the computer a couple of years ago, people would know very quickly that the words editor and Ron Ringer are contradictions in terms. Now this is not to say that I didn't assist Susan in her work. I did. Every year we would sit down and pick awards for the best articles that appeared in the AKf. I also assisted in answering letters and correspondence. The problem I have is that I can burn out a " Spell Checker" on a computer in about a week, punctuation was always a way to make articles look pretty, : ; " / ' and I pronounce words the way they should be pronounced, my way! Luckily Susan was always there with her expertise to catch all the mistakes that I would let go by. Now the reason I am bearing my soul to you is that I want to thank Susan and the rest of the Board for allowing someone of my limited ability to experience what it's like to be part of a professional publication. I mean I should be able to get quite a bit of mileage out of using the fact that I was Associate Editor of AKf and I appreciate the opportunity very much. This is just my way of setting the record straight and letting people know that anyone can achieve their goals' in life if you have someone like Susan Chan and a good computer to cover your butt. It is with great sadness that I say good-bye to the 'staff of AKf and AO. , / have accepted a job in San Diego to work in their zoo's elephant program. I wilt miss seeing my name each month on the inside cover of the AKf . but sometimes you have to make sacrifi&es. I feel privileged to have had the chance to work for the organization in this capacity and will always remember it. I will probably have to, for I have my doubts that after this note is read anyone would give me the chance to be an editor again. Which is probably for the best. See you in '92 Ron Ringer former Associate Editor AKf ( from the Editor : Despite his tongue-in-cheek parting note, Ron has been an important part of the AKf team. Not only has he been of assistance in award selection and reader correspondence, but has always made himself available when I had a technical question on zoos or zoo animal species, fiis wit and good humor will be missed at each deadline. S.C. Information Please I am an animal science major at the University of Hawaii Hilo. Our farm is looking for information on what type of fly control various zoos are using. Methods must be adaptable to cattle and horses specifically. Please send information to: Patricia Carney, 15-2691 N. Mano St., Pahoa, HI 96778. Within the next 12-18 months, the Pittsburgh Aviary plans to create an indoor exhibit featuring migratory birds native to the northeast. The exhibit is approximately 30' L x 10' D x 12' H, and will contain a small pond. Tentatively, we plan a population containing representatives from the following: Vireos, Wood Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers and Cuckoos. We are interested in husbandry information, particularly regarding diet, introduction procedures or aggression problems. Please send any comments or suggestions to Lynn Leindecker, Pittsburgh Aviary, Allegheny Commons West, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 21 Coming Events 1991 AAZPA Annual Conference September 15-19, 1991 San Diego, CA 1991 American Association of Zoo Veteranians Annual Conference September 28-October 3, 1991 Calgary, Canada For general conference or association information contact: Wilbur Amand, VMD, Executive Director, AAZV, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th St. & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 387-9094; FAX (215) 38708733. Individuals interested in participating in the program should contact William Foster, DVM, Louisville Zoo, P.O. Box 37250, Louisville, KY 40213; (502) 459-2181. 1991 AAZK National Conference October 6-11, 1991 Toledo, OH For further information write: Toledo Zoo AAZK Chapter, Conference '91, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609. lStlxArnmai. Conference Q,f the International Marine Animal Trainers Association November 3-8, 1991 Vallejo, CA Conference will be held at the Sheraton Hotel in Concord and will include paper sessions, poster presentations, discussion groups, SAIC/SEACO art contest, informal film and video presentations and tours at Marine World Africa USA. For further information contact: Sonny Allen, Vice President/IMATA, c/o Marine World Africa USA, Marine World Parkway, Vallejo, CA 94589. Understanding Chimpanzees; Diversity and Survival December 11-15, 1991 Chicago, IL Organized by Jane Goodall, the conference will take a comparative approach to understanding the behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos; documenting behaviors and behavioral variability, investigating hypothesis that explain variations, and exploring comparative methodolgy. Held at the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the symposium will explore the use of video for documentation and comparison. The conference will survey the population status of Chimps and Bonobos, the threats to their habitat, and the development of sanctuaries. It will pursue an agenda for conservation in the wild and in captivity. To receive a preliminary program and registration information, contact: Linda Marquardt, The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 2001 N. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614 (312) 943-6969. The Ninth Dr. Scholl Conference on the Nutrition of Captive Animals December 13-14, 1991 Chicago, IL Co-sponsored by the Lincoln Park Zoological Society and the Chicago Park District, the conference will be held at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens. There will be general sessions on Captive Animal Nutrition and a special session on Avian Nutrition. For registration information, contact: Lois Stanley, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614, (312) 294-4666. 0 212 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 SPECTRUM Quality exotic animal diets Nutritionally balanced Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NEBRASKA BRAND h 1 SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored primate, 15°/o protein dry Banana flavored primate, Pro-Plus 25 % protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Llama Vitamins & Minerals dry Polar Bear dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Ratite dry Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium dry Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240, 500, or 750 wattages. GENTLE TOUCH™ bedding One call does it all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte , NE 69103-0721 Births & Hatchings A Plea To “Births & Hatchings” Contributors The Zoo Infant Development Project (ZIDP) needs your help. As I read through the B&H each month I find the potential wealth of information hidden within the paragraphs to be mind-boggling. ZIDP needs YOUR information on parent-reared zoo infants. The form is easy to fill our and EACH ONE contributes to strengthen the project. So if you, composer of your zoo's B&H submission, would please take an extra minute and distribute ZIDP Data Collection forms to those keepers with the new births, then we will be able to guarantee the success of this AAZK project. Sincerely, Forms may be requested from me at: Woodland Park Zoo Harmony Frazier-Taylor 5500 Phinney Ave. N. Project Coordinator Seattle, WA 98103 (206) 684-4866 Uioq CQUiltry. Safari (West Palm Beach, FU)...“They are obviously comfortable here,” said a beaming Diana Alexander, DVM Safari World Amusement Park Curator at Lion Country Safari when it was announced that the pair of Cinereous vultures ( Acoypius monachus ), that made zoological world headlines last year with what was believed to be the first multiple hatching in captivity, repeated the feat recently. “Of course, their environment, diet and the right material for nesting is very important,” Diana added. The latest multiple hatchlings, named Victor and Victoria, were hatched on 12 April and 12 May respectively after a 52-54 day incubation period. At birth the chicks weighed between 130-150 grams. Cinereous vultures, also knwon as the European black vulture, are the largest of the Old World birds of prey with adults standing 2 1/2 feet tall and weighing 17- 18 pounds with a wingspan of 7-8 feet. There are approximately 1500 of this species left in their wild habitats in Spain and the USSR. They are listed as Threatened by CITES. As with the first multiple birth, meticulous records are being maintained and made available to other zoos in order to increase the successful propagation of this species, excerpted from Lion Country Safari News Release by Sydney K. Smith. Zoo Atlanta. ..Zoo Atlanta and the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University are pleased to announce the birth of a gorilla in the Ford African Rain Forest at the zoo. Mother Kuchi, age 6 1/2, gave birth on 14 May around 0915 hrs. while inside the off- exhibit holding area of the rain forest. The infant was first discovered by keeper Bernard Gregory. The baby is believed to be a male and the father is 30-year-old Ozoum, one of 16 Yerkes gorillas at Zoo Atlanta. Kuchi, one of the youngest gorillas ever to give birth in captivity, is caring for the baby normally. “Mother and baby are doing well, "says veterinarian and assistant director Dr. Rita McManamon. “Yerkes veterinarians and I recently conducted a physical on Kuchi and checked her health, including ultrasound examination, and everything seems to be normal.” “Visitors to the zoo when the rain forest opened three years ago may remember Kuchi riding on the back of her mother, Paki,“ says Yerkes Center Director Dr. Frederick A. King. “Kuchi obviously has grown up. Indeed, more recently, she became known for carrying her younger brother, Kekla, around as if she was his mother.” 214 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Kuchi, 6 1/2 year old female at Zoo Atlanta with her infant born 14 May. The baby is believed to be a male. Photo courtesy of Zoo Atlanta. Birth & Hatchings. Continued Based on research pioneered at Yerkes, the zoo plans to keep Kuchi and her baby with their group and to continue their normal daily routine in their habitats, barring unforseen circumstances. In the past, zoos often removed pregnant females from their social groups prior to giving birth and during the first months of the infant's life. Research by Yerkes scientist Dr. Ronald D. Nadler has helped to change this practice. “Our research showed that the practice of isolating pregnant gorillas not only does not promote maternal care, but, in fact, may have been the major cause of the inadequate care shown by many gorilla mothers in captivity,” says Dr. Nadler. The progress and behaviors of Kuchi and her baby will be closely observed by Yerkes and zoo scientists to further understanding of this endangered species. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 215 Birth & Hatchings. Continued The new gorilla, which will be named by the Yerkes Center, is the fourth born at Zoo Atlanta. Three gorilla babies were born to the Yerkes family groups at the zoo in 1989, within a year of the opening of the Ford African Rain Forest. This exhibit allows the gorillas to live in natural surroundings and in normal social groups, submitted by Lisa Littlefield, Zoo Atlanta P.R. Dept. National Zoological Park (Washington, DC)...reports the following significant B&H (and acquisitions) from January-May 1991. Dept, of Mammalogy - the primate unit is proud to announce to significant SSP births. In February, our female Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii ) gave birth to a 1.0 infant named “Chang, Jr.” The parents are: 0.1, captive-born, 24-year-old “Pensi” and 1.0 wild-born, 30+ year old “Chang” (who was on loan from the Louisiana Purchase Gardens & Zoo). This was Pensi's 6th offspring to date, but only her first pure-bred Sumatran infant. Although Chang, who died in January, had previously sired other offspring, Chang, Jr. is his only surviving offspring. The birth of Chang, Jr. is doubly significant because the infant represents a new genetic bloodline for the Sumatran sub- species. A 1.0 Western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was born in May 1991. His parents are 9-year-old “Mandara” (on loan to NZP from the Milwaukee County Zoo) and 10- year-old, 1.0 “Augustus” (Gus, on loan from the Bronx Zoo). The infant is healthy and Mandara is providing excellent maternal care. This is the first gorilla birth at NZP in 19 years. The infant is being parent-reared in a five member “artificial” group of unrelated individuals. Our recently acquired breeding pair of endangered Red wolves ( Canis rufus ) produced 2.3.1 pups in May. 0.0.1 DNS, but the other 2.3 are healthy and growing quickly. Both parents are very attentive; the adult male has been seen killing birds in their exhibit and placing them at the female's den entrance. Other notable births in the mammal department include: 1.0 Sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ); 0.0.1 Bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci); 0.0.2 Serval ( Felis serval ); 0.0.1 LaPlata 3-banded armadillo ( Tolypeutes matacus ) but DNS; and 0.0.5 Small Madagascar hedgehog tenrec ( Echinops telfairi). New acquisition: 1.0 Jaguarundi ( Felis yagouaroundi). The zoo plans to obtain a female in the future and hopefully begin a breeding program. Dept, of Ornithology - our notable hatchings include: 0.0.1 Micronesian kingfisher {Halcyon cinnamomina ); 0.0.5 Blue-crowned parrot {Loriculus galgulus ); 0.0.1 African pugmy falcon {Polihierax semitorquatus ) - this is a first for the zoo; 0.0.2 Derbyan parakeet (Psittacula derbiana ); 0.0.1 Barbary shrike {Laniarius barbarus ) - DH; and 0.0.2 White- backed mousebird {Colius colius) - 0.0.1 DNS. Dept, of Herpetology - our significant B&H include: 0.0.13 Dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus ) - two separate clutches were hatched out; 0.0.19 Green tree python {Chondropython viridis ); and 0.0.10 Emerald tree boa {Corallus caninus). Dept, of Zoological Research - the following notable births occurred in our Research Dept.: 0.0.3 Lompoc kangaroo rats {Dipodomys heermanni arenae), although these infants were conceived in the wild, DZR hopes to breed wild-caught Kangaroo rats; 4.1 Common tree shrews {Tupia glis), 3.1 Lesser tree shrew ( Tupia minot ), and 1.0 Long-nosed tree shrew {Tupia tana). Conservation & Research Center (CRC) in Front Royal, VA - CRC specifically breeds rare and endangered species. Their most recent births include 0.0.6 Tiger quoll {Dasyurus maculatus) - 0.0.2 DNS; 0.0.1 Przewalski's wild horse {Equus przewalskii)\ 2.3 Pere David's deer {Elaphurus davidianusf, 1.1 Sable antelope {Hippotragus niger); 0.0.1 Scimitar-horned oryx {Oryx dammah)\ and 0.0.1 Western tarsier {Tarsius bancanus) - DNS. In April, CRC received 1.1 Pudu {Pudu pudu ) which. are on loan from the Bronx Zoo. submitted by Jerry Harris, NZP AAZK Chapter B&H Reporter. 2 1 6 Animal Keepers' Forum , Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Birth & Hatchings. Continued Philadelphia Zoological Garden...the following are reported B&H from Jan. -May 1991: Mammals - our Naked mole rats ( Heterocephalus glaber) population is continuing to grow. We have four breeding groups. One pair are offspring from the original colonies and have just produced our first second generation litter. Our Short-eared elephant shrews ( Macroscelides proboscideus ) are doing just as well with 11 young in the past 5 months (3 DNS). These animals are available to any zoo that wants an interesting and lively exhibit. A pair of Short-nosed echidnas ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) produced one young. Unfortunately, it did not survive but there is hope for future breeding. This is the third hatching at the PZG and the first since 1985. We had a male Reticulated giraffe ( Giraffa Camelopardalis reticulata ) born name “Matu” meaning sky in Kikiyu. We were very excited and surprised by 2.0 Lesser slow loris ( Nycticebus pygmaeus ) born in our small mammal house. This is the second litter from our pair. It's exciting because zoos have experienced difficulty getting this species to breed more than one time. A Plantain squirrel ( Callosciurus notatus ) was born here which was also unexpected and welcomed as it is thought to be the first one born in captivity. A male Aardvark ( Orycteropus afer) was born this spring but unfortunately it died of exposure. A female Gunther's dik-dik ( Madoqua guntheri smithi ) was born to a pair we have on loan from the Dallas Zoo. We have opened a new cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) exhibit with a pair (1.1) of siblings from White Oak Plantation. We eventually plan to trade males with another zoo and begin a breeding program. Our young adult Gorilla ( Gorilla g. gorilla) Jessica was loaned to the San Diego Zoo to be a part of a new breeding group. We have high hopes for her since she was mother-reared and helped raise three younger siblings. Birds - Four new Humboldt penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti ) were introduced to our group to stimulate breeding, and although pairs were formed and eggs laid, only one proved fertile. Unfortunately, the chick died prior to hatching. Reptiles - During this time the reptile house has produced Red cat-eyed snakes ( Boiga nicriceps ) and Prehensile-tailed skinks ( Corucia zebrata). We have also had special guests visit us this winter. Two White alligators (. Alligator missippiensis) loaned from the Audubon Zoo made a guest appearance for two months, submitted by Beth Schwenk Chapter Liaison, Philadelphia Zoo AAZK Chapter, Philadelphia, PA. Denver Zoo...renorts the following B&H from Jan. - June 1991: Hoofstock/Carnivores - 0.0.2 Amur leopards ( Panthera p. orientalis) were born 24 May. This is a special event for the Denver Zoo. Our pair came to us in January 1990 - the male from Finland and the female from Holland. This is the first time the Denver Zoo has exhibited this very rare species of leopard. There are believed to be only 250 individuals left in the wild and captivity combined. The births are very encouraging since the pair has only been together for a little over a year and the male was hand-reared. Due to feline building renovations, they are currently being housed at the zoo's animal hospital which is where the cubs were conceived and born. Hopefully we will have continued success when they are moved back to their exhibit. 0.0.4 White-nosed coatimundis ( Nasua narica) born 5 May marked the first litter for our 1.4 coatis. This group was imported from South America and has been at the zoo since July of 1989. The mother is taking good care of the cubs, which is encouraging since this is her first litter. We expect to see them out of the nestbox anytime. 0.1 Blesbok ( Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) was bom on 25 May and is the first surviving calf of this group. We had a Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 217 Birth & Hatchings. Continued calf born last year to the same female but she inadvertently gored it and it was subsequently euthanized. This year the mother is taking good care of the calf and it is doing well. We are currently in the process of reintroducing the female and calf back to the herd. Notable acquisitions include: 1.1 Warthogs ( Phocochoerus aethiopicus), 0.1 Babirusa ( Babyrousa babyrussa), and 1.1 Siberian tigers {Panther a tirgis altaica). These are new species to the Denver Zoo and all seem to be adjusting well to their new homes, submitted by Karen Stern, Denver Zoo. Birds & Primates - 0.0.2 Bali mynah ( Leucopsar rothschildi ) fledged from a newly matched pair. SSP is managing the Bali mynahs and we have always done well with this species. 0.0.9 Fairy bluebirds {Irena puella) were raised from two unrelated pairs. Two chicks were pulled at Day 7 and hand-raised. We have not raised many of this species in the last few years. 0.0.1 White ibis {Eudocimus albus ) is being successfully hand-raised for the first time at our facility. 0.0.9 Emu {Dromaius novaehollandiae). are being hand- raised. This is the most we have ever had at once. 0.0.1 Slender loris {Loris tardigradus) was born from a new pair we obtained from Duke Primate Center. 0.0.1 Black lemur {Lemur macacoo) was a first born from our SSP pair. submitted by Suzanne Chacon, Denver Zoo. ^ % “Bowling for Rhinos ” Update With the bowling event over and the proceeds steadily coming in, I can only state that I am very proud of all of your hard work and dedication. Your enthusiasm and creative abilities have once again made “Bowling for Rhinos” a successful event. This year we had 42 institutions continent -wide participating, up from 36 for last year. Presently at the Ngare Ndare Forest Preserve 11 km of fencing is up and 75% of the way prepared for fence erection. This critical project had come to a virtual standstill due to lack of funds. In order to keep the crews working, $15,000.00 was wired to Africa on 5 June ’91. Although collection is a slow and frustrating process, now more than ever we need your cooperation. If you have not submitted your BFR proceeds, please do so right away! Even if you have not been able to collect from all bowlers, send what you have accumulated. I will keep a running tote of monies earned by your local projects. Also additionally, you will be verbally notified that I received your chapter/institutions monies and that will be followed up with written confirmation for your event records. Once all money has been collected, you will receive written notification as to the total earned for the '91 event as well as the names of the lucky winners of the trip to Africa. Thank you again for your commitment, hard work and dedication. -Nanci Pintavalli, '91 BFR Coordinator 218 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 MEMO: TO: AAZK Membership FROM: Mark de Denus/LXNK Coordinator SUBJECT: Chapter Constitution/AAZK Chapter Project Proposal Form Since the middle of last year, the AAZK Board of Directors, Administrative Secretary Barbara Manspeaker and I have been discussing and working on a major endeavor regarding the operation of AAZK Chapters and, indeed, the basic function of the organization itself. The operation of Chapters of AAZK, Inc. has become a very important priority and concern of the Association, especially in light of the IRS requirements for non- profit status (commonly called 501(c)(3) status!) Compliance or conformity is mandatory for certain aspects of Chapter function and operation. These include Authorization for Inclusion in IRS Group Exemption Letter and an Annual Report of a Financial Statement for each Chapter. These result in the issuance to each Chapter of an Employ er Identification Number (EIN) for each specific Chapter (again, a required obligation). To date, almost all AAZK Chapters have an individual (Chapter) EIN. To further facilitate the smooth and efficient operation of this growing organzation, standardization process was proposed and implemented. This has gone very well. ALL CHAPTERS now recharter annually, at the same time; this includes signing of a recharter application and agreement by current officers and submission of an annual financial statement. Fiscal year and election of Chapter officers has also become standardized to facilitate the above recharter process. (Fiscal year for Chapters should run from January to December as should the terms of office for Chapter officers.) A priority (and hopefully) final issue of standardization needed to be addressed; that is a standardized CHAPTER CONSTITUTION. In order to rectify this situation amongst existing Chapters (and also assist newly forming Chapters by providing a ‘ready-made’ constitution/operating by-laws) a standard constitution has been drafted and approved by the AAZK Board. All Chapters have been sent this document. The major portion of the CONSTITUTION is the General Articles containing 7 articles which include Name, Statement of Purpose, Officers, Membership, Elections, Management, and Chapter By-law Customization/Amendments. THESE ARTICLES MUST BE ADQPTYED BY EVERY CHAPTER. They include all the essentials which bind each Chapter, legally and clearly, to AAZK, Inc. In light of investigation of existing Chapter constitutions and advice from the AAZK attorney regardsing IRS requirements and Chapter linkage, this furnished Chapter Constitution is a necessary and imperative part of Chapter standardization. The second part of the CONSTITUTION is the Articles of Bv-laws which direct the function and operation of each Chapter. These outline the rules to follow in specific regard to membership categories, elections, meetings, officers, and other matters. These by-laws may be customized locally by each Chapter in accordance with Article VII of the Chapter Constitution, and Article VIII, Section 2 of the AAZK National By-laws, as long as they do not create a conflict between these sets of bv-laws! All amendments to Chapter Constitutions must be sent (semi-annually) to RCs (or to the LINK Coordinator if no RC is available) as instructed in the Chapter Semi-Annual Report. On behalf of the AAZK Board of Directors, I have asked each Chapter Executive to present this Chapter Constitution Document to the Chapter membership. ADOPTION OF THE GENERAL ARTICLES IS MANDATORY FOR THE CHAPTER TO FUNCTION. The Mid-Year Board meeting of AAZK, Inc. took place from 27-30 April in Topeka. I was invited to attend in order to interpret and report on various, pertinent subjects and issues to the membership. This memo will highlight some of the major issues discussed. Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 219 TJNK Memo. Continued The agenda for the meeting was very comprehensive with over 35 topics or issues to be addressed. Many of the topics were covered by current committee or project reports sent in by the chairpersons. Further information on these reports will be available through publication in AKF or may be requested directly from Administrative Offices. In my position as LINK Coordinator, I was able to report on the current status of the LINK system, Chapter issues or problems and other related material. There are currently 27 Regional Coordinators working the system. These RCs are in place to assist Chapters or individual members with any questions or problems, and to monitor Chapter activity throughout the year. There are 67 AAZK Chapters in Canada and the US. I encourage you to use your RC as a resource person and also assist this person by completing surveys and Chapter reports promptly. A list of RCs is published in each AKF. If you do not have an RC, please contact me or Administrative Offices with any inquiries. All RCs have been sent a second Semi-Annual Report Package. They will forward the Chapter Report on to AAZK Chapters. A priority issue in regard to Chapters was discussed and approved. A model CHAPTER CONSTITUTION was drafted and proposed by myself for the Board's consideration and approval. The reason for this document became apparent when I first began to investigate existing Chapter Constitutions and By-laws. A number of things became apparent: either a Chapter did not have a Constitution (or were unable to provide one) - 36 out of 67 Chapters; or, where Constitutions existed, it was found to be in direct conflict with or in violation of National's By-laws - 14 out of 67. This is not appropriate or acceptable in regard to our non- profit status nor our professional image and operation as an Association. Based on a proposal from Suzanne Husband of Toledo Zoo, a Fund-raising Committee was discussed and then referred to the AAZK Advisory Council for consideration. In existence already, though not well advertised or distributed, is an AAZK PROJECT /PRODUCT PROPOSAL FORM. It was felt that this could be modified and circulated for Chapters and membes to use for future proposal submission. AAZK Project Proposal Form The AAZK Project Proposal Form will be used by Chapters or individuals to propose a project, product, or fund-raising idea. The project categories should fall into one of the following types: AAZK National project - this type would use the name and/or logo of the AAZK, Inc. and must have AAZK Board approval. The completed form and a clear representation of a prototype example must be included, where appropriate, with each project submission to the Board. Examples of these kinds of projects are AAZK Logo Coffee Mugs (thru Milwaukee Chapter) and AAZK logo T-shirts and Sweatshirts (thru Little Rock Chapter). Special notice and consideration of Article VIII, Section 7 of AAZK, Inc. By-laws is required. Local Chapter Project - a local project initiated by the Chapter to raise funds for itself, or a local, national or international cause. The use of Chapter funds for expenses is allowable, without Board approval, up to the sum of $999.00 (U.S.) Any expenditures of $1,000.00 or more (U.S.) [as provided for in Article VIII, Section 6/AAZK By-laws] must have AAZK Board approval. Examples of this type of project are selling a product (Rainforest Crunch) locally for a profit; or selling raffle tickets locally for purchased prizes. Regional Liaison Council Project - this is an expanded version of a local project; it involves more than one Chapter or participants and may be more complex. The same guidelines apply as with Local Chapter Projects. An example may be a regional fundraiser for a number of Chapters, or a regional, national or international cause. Individual Members project - this type provides for an individual AAZK member who may not be affiliated with a Chapter but who wishes to initiate a project on behalf of or under the auspices of AAZK, inc. Use of the AAZK name and/or logo must have Board approval as well as any proposed contracts, on behalf of AAZK, Inc. totaling $1,000.00 (U.S.) or more. 220 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 TJNK Memo. Continued Other issues were discussed at the Board meeting as well. The AKF Survey and the Keeper's Survey have had poor returns from the membership. Further results will be forthcoming. An interesting topic addressed specific issues of concern to the Association. Position Statements of AAZK, Inc. with a viewpoint on particular areas have been in place for a number of months; these were reviewed and ratified by the attending Board members. Areas addressed were Animal Rights (Animal Exhibition, Euthanasia, Surplus Animals); Minimum Job Requirements for Zoo Keepers; and Criteria for an Organ izational/Instituti on al Membership in AAZK. Another important issue was AAZK, Inc. By-laws Revisions. A number of revisions have been proposed and appeared in the June issue of AKF for the membership's consideration. Proxy vote ballots were also included. The Board encourages the membership to read these revisions, and to voice their opinion and to vote in these matters. If you have any questions or concerns about the Proceedings of the Mid-Year Board Meeting, please contact me, Administrative Offices or any members of the AAZK Board. Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research Awards Four Grants The Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research (NGFZR), established in 1984 by New York Zoological Society Trustee Nixon Griffis, awarded four research grants in May. The recipients were: Cheryl Asa, PhD, St. Louis Zoo, and Lourens Zaneveld, DVM, PhD, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Research Center “ Evaluation of Vas Plugs for Reversible Male Contraception ” Evan Blumer, VMD, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Jay Kirkpatrick, PhD, Eastern Montana College, and Lourens Zaneveld, DVM, PhD, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Research Center “A Comparison of Two Methods of Reversible Contraception in the Fallow Deer (Cervus dama): Vas Deferens Plugs vs. Immunocontraception Using a Porcine Zona Pellucida Vaccine ” Janine Brown, PhD, and Scott Citino, DVM, National Zoological Park “ Evaluation of Serum and Urinary Reproductive Hormones in Female Tapirs’ ’ Karen Fulton and Sandra Kempske, Baltimore Zoo “Feed Intake , Digestibility and Digestibility and Digesta Passage of the Aardwolf (Proteles cristautus )” Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research grants are available to members of the zoo and aquarium community. Fund recipients may be keepers, curators, veterinarians, or research and consulting biologists. Grants, not to exceed $3000, are awarded semi- annually. Closing periods are 1 January and 1 July of each year. For information about the fund and grant application procedures contact: John Behler, Coordinator, NGFZR, c/o New York Zoological Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY 10460. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 221 DOWN UNDER By Judie Steenberg, Keeper Woodland Park Zoo Seattle , WA DOWN UNDER is an information column about Australasian ani- mals. While there are a number of Keepers who work in Austral- asian Units, or routines, oft times a Keeper will have a few species of animals from the Australasian zoogeographical region on their string or routine. It is hoped this section will contain information on birds, mammals and reptiles. This column is intended to: -share experiences and information to improve the care and management of Australasian animals. -seek information and advice on problems that occur. -serve as a forum through which to make comment, to ask questions, to critique, or to verify information. Please send your materials (a question, a paragraph or an article) directly to Animal Keepers' Forum. Topeka Zoological Park, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606, Attn: Susan Chan. The following two abstracts are presented here for your information and reference. The Mammals of Southern West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea: their Distribution, Abundance, Human Use and Zoogeography T.F. Flannery 1 & L. Seri 2 1 The Australian Museum 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia 2 Department of Environment and Conservation Division of Wildlife, P.O. Box 6601, Boroko, Papua New Guinea ABSTRACT: A mammal survey was carried out between 1984 and 1987 in southern West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Eleven major collection localities, as well as some more minor ones, lying at altitudes of between 120 and 3,200m were investigated. Voucher specimens for 87 indigenous mammal taxa were obtained, but research suggests that mammal diversity in the area may be as high as 120 species. This is the highest mammal diversity recorded anywhere in Australasia. A similar high bird density suggests that the area may be one of exceptionally high biodiversity overall. The most diverse mammal assemblages in the study area are found in the midmontane oak forests (between 1,500 and 2,500m). Seven species, which apparently have no ecological vicars elsewhere in PNG, inhabit these forests. Changing patterns of human exploitation endanger some of these species. Recommendations aimed at halting this decline are made. The effect of the 2 22 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Dfrwii IJn^er, Continued introduction of cats in one area was assessed as cats were introduced in the middle of the survey period. FLANNERY, T.F. 1990. The mammals of southern West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea: their distribution, zoogeography, human use and abundance. Records of the Australian Museum 42(2): 173-208. ISSN 0067 1975. Dendrolagus scottae n. sp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae): a New Tree-kangaroo from Papua New Guinea Tim F. Flannery* & Lester Seri2 1 Australian Museum P.O. Box A285, Sydney South, NSW 2000, Australia 2Division of Wildlife P.O. Box 6601, Boroko, Papua New Guinea ABSTRACT: Dendrolagus scottae n. sp. inhabits mossy forest above 1,200m on the North Coast Range, Papua New Guinea. Its total known habitat area is estimated at about 25- 40km2. The species is gravely endangered, and its plight is symptomatic of that of many large mammals in Melanesia. Dendrolagus scottae differs from all other tree-kangaroos in its uniform blackish colouration, narrow but long dentary, shallow face, and wide P/3 with a large posterobuccal cusp. The combination of large cheekteeth but small masticatory muscles suggest that D. scottae n. sp. has a different feeding strategy to other tree- kangaroos. Dendrolagus scottae n.sp. and D. dorianus possess a number of features which are unique among near relatives. These include the presence of a greatly reduced superior lachrymal foramen, large cheekteeth, uniformly dark dorsal and ventral colouration, and a very short tail. These derived features indicate that these two species are each other’s closest relatives. FLANNERY, T.F. & L. SERI. 1990. Dendrolagus scottae n. sp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae): a new tree-kangaroo from Papua New Guinea. Records of the Australian The Chapter received and complied to a request for all keepers to complete a six- page, work-related survey to be returned to the Regional Coordinator (AAZK Zoo Keeper Survey). Two weeks before Earth Day our Chapter was asked by the Association of Zoo and Aquariums Docents-Docent Council of the National Zoo (DCNZ) to construct an exhibit of a mock cemetary to represent species that have become extinct at the hands of man. Due to the time limitation, a mock cemetary was not possible. However, the Chapter was able to complete 171 12" x 18", weather-proof flags using 3" letters on 3 colors of fabric. These flags represented some of the reptiles, mammals and birds that are now Museum 42(3): 237-245. ISSN 0067-1975. Chapter News National Zoo AAZK Chanter AAZK-NZP has joined together with the Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) and Reynolds Aluminum in a campaign to “Be Nice Twice” which advertises through posters and on radio for zoo visitors and area residents to bring their aluminum cans to the zoo for recycling. Aluminum cans are also collected at zoo events. The Chapter also recently purchased a subscription to “GARBAGE” magazine which is an informative resource for recycling ideas. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 223 Chapter News. Continued extinct. The flags also included the year of their extinction. Each flag was stapled onto two stakes which were then secured into the hillside of our Lion/Tiger Exhibit (which is a high visibility area across from the zoo's restaurant). The FONZ Education Office asked if they could have the flags to use at future zoo events, such as “Zoo Night”. The Chapter wishes to extend its gratitude to all persons who helped with this project. -Kathy Kelly, Chapter Liaison Sah Ptegp AM Chapter On the evening of 16 May, the Chapter was pleased to have Dr. Don Janssen, DVM, Director of Veterinary Medicine at the San Diego Zoo, lecture at the monthly meeting. Dr. Janssen spoke on his July 1990 trip to Kruger National Park in a program entitled “Immobilization Field Trials in South Africa”. Dr. Janssen discussed the use of A3080, an experimental drug with a rapid down time, on a variety of hoofed species: impala, warthog, eland, elephant, cape buffalo, waterbuck, greater kudu and rhino. One hundred sixty-five animals were darted and processed. Portable hi-tech machines monitored blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation and heart rate. Weights and blood samples were taken. Dr. Janssen presented an interesting video along with slides during his talk. At the AAZK Board of Directors meeting on 3 June, past president Nolan Harvey was unanimously voted to ‘Life’ member status in the local Chapter. Cindy Woodward was voted to fill Nolan's position on the Board of Directors. Congrats, Cindy! “Bowling for Rhinos” update: $8,500 was raised for the Ngare Ndare Forest Reserve. -Mary Dural, Chapter Liaison Tulsa Zoo AAZK Chanter Through the coordinated efforts of the Zoo Conservation Outreach Group (ZCOG), our Chapter hosted Dr. Pablo Varela, a zoo veterinarian from the Guadalajara Zoo, for two weeks in May. Dr. Varela spent time with keepers in all areas of our zoo as well as visits with zoo veterinarians at Sedgwick County Zoo in Wichita, KS, the Oklahoma City Zoo and the Oklahoma State University School of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Varela hopes to apply much of what he learned towards improving the Guadalajara Zoo. Our Chapter also held its first “Keeping Up With The Keepers” program (as originated by the Philadelphia Zoo's AAZK Chapter). We offer our Tulsa Friends members the opportunity (along with a fee) to work along side our keepers during part of their morning routine. All the participants had an excellent time and want to do it again! We plan on offering this program at least every other month throughout the year. We are very happy with its success so far. -Sarah Leeg, Chapter President Philadelphia Chanter AAZK Our Chapter has been very busy for the past five months. Some of the more exciting highlights are: We have had one “Meet the Keeper” evening and two “Keeping Up With The Keeper” mornings. A lecture committee has been formed to plan a series of talks this year. Our first guest speaker was Fred Ulmer who was Philadelphia Zoological Garden's first curator of mammals. We also had John Guarnaccia from RARE speak to us on tropical conservation. Our Chapter has decided to form a “sister zoo” relationship with the Minerva Zoo in Quetzal Tenango, Guatemala. This is a zoo that is in great need of support. 2 24 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Chapter News. Continued We have also donated money to our zoo for the renovation of a large sign next to our elephant exhibit. The sign will ask visitors not to feed the zoo animals and explain the dangers of doing so. In April our Chapter participated in a local Earth Day celebration. At our booth we sold Ngare Sergoi rhino T- shirts, handmade pins, our “Do Not Feed the Animals” pins, and ISEC T- shirts. Many of our Chapter members and some non-members have formed a Behavioral Enrichment Group. This group will attempt to tackle animal enrichment problems in our zoo as well as come up with new ideas to try here. Our Bowling for Rhinos was a bigger success than we expected. We ended up with 86 bowlers and right now our total collected is approximately $4,500.00. On a final note, the price of our “Do not feed...” buttons and mesh shopping bags has increased due to greater postage costs. Buttons are now $1.25 each for 1-20 and $1.00 each for 21 or more. Mesh bags are $4.00 each plus $1.00 each shipping. -Beth Schwenk, Chapter Liaison Rocky Mountain Chapter With proceeds from selling Rainforest Crunch, we purchased 20 acres in Belize through the Ecosystem Survival Plan (ESP). Our Chapter has raised over $1 ,000 from selling the crunch and all the money will go to the ESP. Money is still coming in from our Bowling for Rhinos event. We have raised over $6,000 which included selling T-shirts and posters. We are currently planning our annual picnic for the animal staff at the Denver Zoo. Also we contributed $200.00 to help Sue Woods (a PhD candidate doing research on gorilla behavior) be with our adult female Lowland gorilla after she is shipped to Dallas. Our Chapter strongly felt it was a good idea for her to be with our gorilla, Maguba, when she arrived at a strange, new zoo. We are continuing to raise more money for Sue by having bake sales. -G. Suzanne Chacon, President Central Florida Chanter AAZK Officers elected for 1991 are as follows: President.. ...Debbie Zombeck Vice Pres... ..Liz Yerian Secretary. ....Laura Reynolds Treasurer.. ...Bonnie Breitbeil Chapter Liaison. ....Michael Cothran Hello to all fellow, hardworking, dedicated zoo keepers! Our Chapter consists of zoo keepers from Central Florida Zoo, Discovery Island, Sea World of Florida, and Alligator Land Safari Zoo. The last six months of 1991 have been very busy and productive for our Chapter - and many of the goals we set at the beginning of 1991 have already become reality. We increased our membership by 50%. We changed our meetings from Bi- Monthly to Monthly. We designed and implemented a new format for our newsletter and the results have exceeded our expectations - thanks to the creativity and dedication of our Chapter Liaison J. Michael Cothran. Our bank account has enough money to help send several members to the National Conference and pay for any projects we partake in. Finally, our first major fundraiser, Bowling for Rhinos, was a tremendous success, netting approximately $1600.00 for what we believe is a great cause! We are currently searching for our next big fundraiser. We would love to hear from any other Chapter who knows of a cause greatly in need and would like to possibly join us in a combined effort to raise funds. If interested please contact: Debbie Zombeck, Sea World Aviculturist, 7007 Sea World Dr., Orlando, FL 32821. --Liz Yerian, Vice President Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 225 Book Review Bites & Stings. The World of Venomous Animals By John Nichol, 1990 Facts on File, Inc., 460 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016 208 pgs; introduction, 10 chapters, appendix, bibliography, index; b&w and color photos, some figure drawings Price: $19.95 Hardcover Review by Mike Demlong Exhibit Construction Coord. Wildlife World Zoo Litchfield Park, AZ As you slowly thrust your hand downward into a nestbox or some other unseen dark corner, do you ponder the habitation by creepy crawlies? We all inherently hesitate before placing our limbs into, under, or behind something with anxiety of being bitten or stung; undoubtedly this behavioral trait had significant adaptive value to our ancestors! Attempting to alleviate our apprehension of venomous animals, John Nichol, the author, wrote this book to: 1) mock fictious tales regarding these unique animals and 2) provide accurate information. Nichol openly acknowledges this book “is not a book for the specialist, but rather for the person who knows little about the subject...”. Definitely not written as a scientific text or even a coffee table book considering the few pictures are poorly composed. Titled The Natural History of Venomous Animals, the book's first chapter begins with a brief natural history review of venomous animals including: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arachnids, insects, echinoderms, coelenterates, and mollusks. Each group is lightly discussed except those taxa whose bite or sting is of dire consequence to humans - to these he devotes more space. Also included in this chapter are folk stories, bits of trivia about venom toxicity and case histories of inflicted individuals. The next chapter includes popular folk remedies used to help alleviate pain or prevent human deaths caused by animal toxins. Turning now from man's dread to his fondness of venomous animals, the succeeding chapter briefly examine the buying and selling of mainly snakes for human consumption, medicinal purposes and other ethnic uses. Diverging from this chapter is a block of four chapters further exploring the influence of venomous animals on human societies. Immediately following this block of chapters is the one chapter of which I disapprove - The Keeping of Venomous Animals. Only because the author superficially discusses the housing, buying, and breeding of these unique animals in six short pages, hardly enough space to describe proper husbandry techniques to an inexperienced reader and potential owner. Better use of these pages would have been to explain why private individuals should not keep venomous animals. Especially since pet trade pressures on venomous species constitutes a significant factor in population declines, a fact he fails to mention in the ensuing chapter - Conservation. In the final chapter of this book, Rattlesnake roundups and killer bees, Nichol comments on the senseless destruction of rattlesnakes at festive events and devotes a few paragraphs to the advance of Africanized bees. Alphabetically listed by country, the appendix contains the names and addresses of suppliers worldwide who provide antivenoms for snakes and other venomous animals (e.g. spiders, stonefish, scorpions). Bites & Stings is an easily read collections of trivial anecdotes and stories of interest to both layman and seasoned herpetologist. It should be required reading for those megafauna lovers who scarcely acknowledge any organism other than those with mammary glands and hair. 2 26 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 FINAL CALL FOR PAPERS Papers will be accepted on all aspects of zoo keeping. The papers will be limited to 20 minutes followed by a 5-minute question and answer period. We are also calling for papers on: animal rights, the evolving role of a zoo keeper, and a zoo keeper's role in conservation. Guidelines for Typing Papers for AAZK Conference Proceedings will be sent to each author whose paper is accepted. These guidelines must be followed to be published. Written papers must be turned in prior to speaker's presentation. Please submit an outline or abstract by 31 July 1991 and include the following information in order to be considered for acceptance: Name of Presenter, Zoo Affiliation, Position/Title, Title of Paper, Equipment Needed. Send to: Bill Whittaker, AAZK Program Committee, 1011 Shadowlawn, Toledo, OH 43609. Our conference plans are proceeding very well and in the next issue of AKF we hope to present a preliminary schedule of activities. It is still not too late to get in any last minute requests or suggestions for incorporation into our plans. Please keep in mind that the lunches for all 5 davs will be provided at no charge. Considering the average zoo keeper wage, this is a big bonus. Plan to join us on the North Coast in October. Our fall weather is very pleasant with day temperatures in the 60's and 70's and night temperatures in the 40's and 50's so be sure to bring a jacket. The fall colors will be coming on and should present a vivid background for what will be a very “colorful” conference. I assure you this will be a conference to remember. Pre-Conference Gathering in Columbus Hozer and Elvis have been having too much fun here in Columbus. They are now refusing to ever leave the central Ohio area. They may have to be physically forced to go to the 1991 Conference (although we've assured them they'll enjoy Toledo and the AAZK Conference as much as they're enjoying Columbus). Come to Columbus October 4th & 5th for education and fun. Help us convince Hozer and Elvis that their tradition as conference mascots is terribly important to zoo keepers all over the country - even all over the world. (Of course - if we can't convince them we can always bag them and drag them up there!) 1991 Columbus Pre-Conference Registration Name Address Telephone Organization Vegetarian YES NO Please specify type Arrival date and time Please return to: Carl Gyarmaty, Columbus Zoo AAZK, P.O. Box 1256, Powell, OH 43065 HOTEL REGISTRATION REQUEST 1991 National AAZK Conference October 6-11, 1991 Toledo, Ohio ^ouAoaj Swa! 2429 South Reynolds Rd. Toledo, Oh 43614 • (419) 381-8765 Name — — Address City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Telephone# ( ) Arriv al Date Check-out Date Room guaranteed by: Mastercard VISA American Express Credit Card # Expiration Date OR Check for one night's lodging (make check payable to Holiday Inn South wyck). A 72-hour cancellation is required for a deposit refund. Accommodations Requested: Standard Room (1-4 persons) $58.00 Executive Tower (1-4 persons) $68.00 I will be sharing a room with Check-in time is 3:00 p.m.. Check-out time is 11:00 a.m. For additional information, please call the Holiday Inn Southwyck at (419) 381-8765. Reservation deadline is 15 September 1991. Thank you. Return this form to: HOLIDAY INN SOUTHWYCK 2429 South Reynolds Road Toledo, Ohio 43614 1991 AAZK Conference Registration Form October 6-11, 1991 Toledo, Ohio PLEASE TYPE OR PRINT (one name only per form please) Name Address City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Telephone# ( )_ Zoo Affiliation AAZK Committee Member Is this your first AAZK Conference? YES NO How many attended? I will be submitting a paper YES NO ($25.00 will be refunded from registration fee upon acceptance of paper) Participating in Zoolympics? YES NO I am bringing an auction item YES NO Vegetarian YES NO Please specify type I am interested in a Conference T-shirt? YES NO ( S M L XL ) ARRIVAL date and time: AAZK membership status and fees: Member or Spouse $70.00 Non-member $85.00 Late Fee $10.00 (after 1 September 1991) Total fees enclosed $ PLEASE NOTE that registration fee DOES NOT include the Conference Proceedings. Information on how the Proceedings will be handled for 1991 will be published later. Registration Fee DOES include ALL LUNCHES during the week. Daily rates for individual events are available. Contact Wayne Carpenter- Days (419) 385-5721 Evenings (419) 874-9913 Please make checks payable to: Toledo Zoo Chapter AAZK Return this form with fee to: Toledo Zoo AAZK Chapter, Conference '91, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 Calling All Animal Imitators During the past AAZK conferences, the sounds of gibbons have been heard through the hotel halls and bars and we've often wondered if there are other fascinating animal sounds that the delegates enjoy making. As part of our Zoolympics at the Toledo Conference, those brave individuals will get a chance to go public with their creations during the “Animal Imitations Contest”. These will include vocalizations and body gestures. The categories will be: birds, mammals, reptiles/amphibians, fish and insects. Further details will be in future AKF's so let's get practicing!! Delta Airlines Official Conference Carrier Delta Airlines is offering special discounts for our delegates. For information, call Delta or have your travel agent call 1-800-221-1212 and ask for special meetings network. Be sure to give our file reference number D51058 for the discount. P®sil=(D®inlP©ff©ai(3© TirSip $266.00 per person (double occupancy) -includes: round trip transportation 2 nights accommodation 2 lunches 1 dinner --Fee due by 1 August, 1991 Departure: Saturday, 12 October, 1991, 7:00 a.m. Return: Monday, 14 October, 1991, 7:30 p.m. **Proof of citizenship is required on this trip** You will travel by motor coach to Frankenmuth, MI for your first rest stop, then it’s on to Sault St. Marie, Ontario where you will stay at the Holiday Inn. The following day you will board the Algoma Central Railroad for your trip into the Western Ontario Wilderness and the Agawa Canyon. This area is a continuous chain of mountains, lakes and virgin forests unspoiled by man. A two-hour stop will be made at the canyon so you can explore this beautiful area. On the final day of your trip, you will begin your return to Toledo, with a stop at the Alpena Ski Resort Hurry! Get your money in now! This is your last chance! Have any questions? Or want more information! Contact Cathi Benner or Sharon Sieja at (419) 385-5721 Legislative Outlook By John Stoddard AAZK Legislative Advisor Chicago, IL Agreement Seeks to Halt Decline of Neotropical Migratory Birds Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan recently announced the beginning of a new international effort to halt the decline of some of the western hemisphere’s most beautiful and best-loved birds. Seven Federal agancies signed an agreement in May to promote conservation of “neotropical” migratory birds — those that breed in the U.S. and Canada and winter south of the U.S. Neotropical migrant birds include such well-known species as the northern (Baltimore) oriole, scarlet tanager, ruby-throated hummingbird, rose -breasted grosbeak, wood thrush, bobolink, broad-winged hawk, and many warblers, as well as other species of forest and grassland birds. Nearly a quarter of U.S. bird species are neotropical migrants. In some states, more than 70% of neotropical bird species experienced population declines from 1980-89, according to the Fish and Wildlife Service's Breeding Bird Survey. In the eastern U.S., 44 or 62 neotropical species declined from 1978-87. Neotropical birds are most common in eastern forests, comprising 60-80% of both the species and the individual birds in these woods. They are also common in western mountain forests, and in deciduous forests in canyons and along streams and rivers. Some species, like the bobolink, nest in grasslands and hayflelds. The species that appear to be declining most seriously are those using forested habitats in both their breeding and wintering areas. In winter, neotropical birds often live in small geographic areas, and so are particualrly vulnerable to deforestation and other habitat changes in Latin America and the Caribbean Islands. In the north, the birds are also believed to be affected by what biologists call forest “fragmentation”, meaning large blocks of mature forest have been replaced with smaller patches of younger forest. Many neotropical birds make truly remarkable odesseys. The delicate ruby-throated hummingbird and many other species cross the Gulf of Mexico or the Caribbean, flying several hundred miles over water with no place to stop. The blackpoll warbler prepares for migration by an eating frenzy that turns it into what one ornithologist calls “a little ball of fat.” After migrating from Alaska and Canada to New England, the warbler launches itself across the ocean, beginning a nonstop flight to South America that takes 3-4 days. In the spring, they turn around and fly back-a 2,500 mile round-trip journey by a creature that would fit in the palm of your hand. Some species migrate in large flocks; others go one by one; and still others travel in families, calling to keep their little groups together. In most species, young birds are independent of their parents by migration time, and must find their way south on their own or with other inexperienced youngsters. Still, billions of birds make the migration each year— but whether they can survive when they arrive at their destinations will depend on what people do. Bird experts agree that a coordinated international program is needed to conserve neotropical birds. The program launched with the May 14th agreement will include such steps as improving surveys and monitoring bird populations; conducting research on the habitat needs and causes of decline for various species; identifying essential habitat areas; and developing habitat conservation and management techniques. Of particular importance are efforts to aid Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18. No. 7 1991 227 Legislative Update. Continued Caribbean and Central and South American countries-many of which are working to develop conservation programs that can succeed in the face of serious human economic and population pressures. In North America, the government agencies plan on increased efforts to manage and conserve bird habitats in forests, parks and refuges. Many of the species need large tracts of forestland or benefit from corridors that connect one wooded tract to another. >Department of Interior News Release, May 15, 1991 We have been notified of the availability of the following publications and information on each is printed here as a service to the membership. Publication of this information does not imply endorsement on the part ofAAZK or Animal Keepers' Forum. Research & Exploration, is the National Geographic Society's peer-reviewed, scholarly quarterly. In addition to articles presenting fieldwork, methodology and application, this publication's flexible format includes commentary and rejoinder, opinion essays, and reviews of this year's books. Its format is designed to bridge disciplinary boundaries and stimulate genuine communication among scientists. Individual and Institutional subscription rates available. For more information contact: National Geographic Society, P.O. Box 1111, Washington, DC 20013-9990 U.S.A. The Maintenance of Insectivorous Bats in Captivity (by AAZK member Susan M. Barnard) is an informative text for anyone caring for bats in captivity. In addition to successful methods for hand-raising baby bats, contents include information on using bats for demonstrations, as well as handling, exercising, housing, feeding, transporting and rehabilitating them. Also included is a section on medical and necropsy considerations. REVISED ANNUALLY; 70 pp; 45 illus. Prices quoted in U.S. dollars and include postage and handling: U.S. $5, Canada $5.50, other countries $7 surface rate or $12 air mail. Available from Susan M. Barnard, 6146 Fieldcrest Dr., Morrow, GA 30260, U.S.A. Peterson Field Guides Rocks and Minerals - a simplified field guide to common gems, ores, and other rocks and minerals. Illustrated with 175 color photographs and 12 line drawings. Also includes tips on collection. Written by Frederick H. Plough, formerly curator of mineralogy at the American Museum of Natural History. Price: $4.95 paper. Clouds and Weather - a pocket-sized atlas of the sky which includes over 100 color photos, line drawings and simple diagrams along with a concise text illustrating and explaining the myriad forms of clouds, why the sky is blue, what causes rainbows, etc. Also introduces environmental issues that affect the atmosphere such as global warming, acid rain and ozone depletion. Written by John A. Day and Vincent J. Schaefer, Price: $4.95 paper. Freshwater Fishes - is the first and only guide to cover all 790 species found in North America north of Mexico, from Sturgeons and salmon to minnows and darters. For each species the field marks, habits and habitats are presented and there are over 700 illustrations and nearly 400 detailed maps. Written by Lawrence M. Page, ichthyologist with the Illinois Natural History Survey and Brooks M. Burr, Southern Illinois University teacher. Price: $15.95 paper or $24.95 cloth. The above field guides are available at your local bookstore or may be ordered from the publisher Houghton Mifflin Company, 215 Park Avenue So., New York, NY 10003. 2 2 8 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Notice of the availability of the following audio tapes has been sent to our offices. Information on them is presented here as a service to the membership and does not imply endorsement by AKF or AAZK. Backyard Bird Song (Peterson Field Guides) Experienced birders can identify a bird by its voice alone. Now Backyard Bird Songs by Richard K. Walton and Robert W. Lawson, with a foreward by Roger Tory Peterson, introduces the average listener to the distinctive calls and songs of the most familiar birds. The narration for this one-hour audiocassette tells how to distinguish one species from another. Similar in approach but smaller in scope than the popular Birding by Ear, this single audiocassette includes species common to treetops, telephone wires and bird feeders across the country. The accompanying 32-page booklet includes illustrations of all the birds and gives detailed descriptions of their songs and calls. Price: $19.95. Available from Houghton Mifflin Company, 215 Park Ave. So., New York, NY 10003. The Narada Wilderness Collection Released in 1990, this collection is a treasury of specially-commissioned instrumental songs by 17 artists. This album, whose titles include Sahara Sunrise, Fragile Majesty, White Water and Return to Emerald Forest, celebrates the wilderness and the pristine places still left in nature. Narada is donating a portion of the proceeds from this collection to three environmental groups: National Audubon Society, Sierra Club and The Wilderness Society. This collection of relaxing and spirit-restoring music is available on both cassette and compact disc. The compact disc edition includes a 40-page photo booklet featuring the works of numerous renowned outdoor photographers as well as state-of-the-wilderness essays written by representatives of the three aforementioned environmental groups. The Narada Wilderness Collection, like the places that inspired it, has a serenity to it that is accessible to listeners of many tastes. It is available at most record stores, or by calling Narada at (414) 272-6700. World Wildlife Fund Conservation Award WWF World Wildlife Fund is requesting nominations for the 1991 Conservation l Recognition Award to be presented to an AAZK Chapter for its contributions to conservation. The selection will be based on the significance and impact of the Chapter's conservation project(s). Nominations should include a description I of the project(s) along with reports, articles, press clippings, etc., that the project(s) produced. These projects can encompass education, research, or fund-raising for conservation activities. The nominated project(s) should be AAZK Chapter initiated and supported. Please submit nominations to: Rich Block, Director of Public Programs World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037 The deadline for submitting nominations is 30 Augustl991 v y Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 229 A Puzzle Feeder for Orangutans (Environmental Enrichment Report No. 3) By Sarah Seymour and David Shepherdson Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park in association with the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare In common with other great ape species, Orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus) are highly intelligent animals and need sufficient mental stimulation within their captive environment to prevent boredom. Environmental enrichment for orangutans has received less than its fair share of attention in the literature when compared with that for chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) and gorillas ( Gorilla g. gorilla). Orangutans are relatively asocial in the wild, are not great tool users (1) and have great strength. These characteristics make enrichment for orangutans more of a challenge than for many other species. However, in contrast to their behavior in the wild, captive orangutans show a considerable capacity for social behavior (2) and are proficient tool-users, often to the detriment of their structural surroundings. Manipulable objects (3), social companions (2) and activity food (4) have all been successfully used to enrich orangutan environments. Puzzle feeders to stimulate manipulative and cognitive skills have been used successfully with chimpanzees (5,6,7) and gorillas (8). The aim of this project was to design and evaluate a simple puzzle feeder for orangutans. Materials and Methods The puzzle feeder consisted of a box frame, meshed on both sides, containing three shelves, each with a series of holes of varying sizes from 2.5cm to 7.5cm diameter (Fig. 1). To encourage the orangutans to climb, the puzzle feeder was attached to the wire mesh of the enclosure a meter above the ground. Food items were placed on the top shelf and the orangutans were supplied with lengths of bamboo with which they could move the food along the shelves, through the holes, to the bottom of the puzzle. Once at the bottom, the food could be reached since the mesh stopped 12cm above the base of the puzzle. Figure 1: Puzzle Feeder - Mesh: 2cm x 2cm on cage side stopping 12cm above base; 8cm x 8cm on loading side. 23 0 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Orangutan Puzzle Feeder. Continued Behavioral Observations The study group consisted of two adult females(ages 27 & 12 yrs. respectively), one male (age 8) and two females (aged 9 & 6) All except the eldest female were captive-born. Behavioral categories were recorded on check sheets using instantaneous scan sampling (9) at 10 second intervals. Twenty-one 40 minute observation sessions totaling 14 hours and 40 minutes were recorded over a period of 3 months. The first 20 minutes of each observation session were used as a control. Food was then placed in the feeder and observations continued for a further 20 minutes. Results The puzzle feeder was used constantly until all the food had been consumed (up to one hour). It resulted in increased activity and greater use of the outside enclosure (from 46% when the puzzle was not in use, to 66% when the puzzle contained food). Figure 2 is a typical example of how the orangutans' activity was altered by the feeder. There was no evidence that the puzzle feeder became less effective with time over the study period. Active Stationary Behaviour Behaviour Figure 2: Orangutan ‘Bella’ Conclusion The use of this simple puzzle feeder for captive orangutans resulted in increased levels of activity and greater use of the outside enclosure. Each animal developed an individual technique for obtaining food items, some showing more persistence and adeptness with tools than others. However, dominance within the group affected individual access to the puzzle, therefore provision of more than one type of device per enclosure is recommended. Overall the device was cheap and easy to make and install, and provided a practical and effective form of environmental enrichment for orangutans. It seems likely that it would be effective with other great apes also. References 1. Galdikas, B.M.F. 1982. Orangutan tool-use at Tatung Puting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo. Journal of Human Evolution 10:19-33. 2. Poole, T.B. 1987. Social behavior of a group of orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus) on an artificial island in Singapore Zoological Gardens. Zoo Biology 6:315-333. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 231 Orangutan Puzzle Feeder. Continued 3. Wilson, S.F. 1982. Environmental influences on the activity of captive apes. Zoo Biology 1:201-209. 4. Tripp, J.K. 1985. Increasing activity in orangutans: provision of manipulable and edible materials. Zoo Biology 4:225-234. 5. Bloomstrand, K., Riddle, K., Alford, P., Maple, T.L. 1986. Objective evaluation of a behavioral enrichment device for captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biology 5:293-300. 6. Murphy, D.E. 1976. Enrichment devices for orangutans and chimpanzees. International Zoo News 137:24-26. 7. Cole, M. 1987. How we keep our gorillas occupied. Proceedings of the 13th National Conference of the AAZK. Animal Keepers' Forum (Special Edition): 401-403. 8. Shepherdson, D.J. 1988. The application of behavioural enrichment in zoos. Primate Report 22:35-42. 9. Martin, P., Bateson, P. 1986. Measuring behaviors. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge. Acknowledgments Thanks are extended to the staff of the Sobell Pavilion for Primates, Allan Alder, Jo Gripps and John Stevens for their help and encouragement, and to Dilys Rose of UFAW for editing the material. For further information about UFAW you may write: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare 8 Hamilton Close , South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts ENG6 3QD United Kingdom 23 2 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Update on Zoo Infant Development Project Submitted by Harmony Frazier -Taylor Project Coordinator Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA Following you will find a list of all the current completed ZIDP forms, their zoos, and the contributors. I thought it might be helpful for you to see where the project currently stands. We have a good start but it's only a start. We need a great deal more species variety as well as same species/different zoos, to get a complete picture. Many of the completed forms have been done by the same contributor. I want to thank all those who have contributed so far. It is greatly appreciated. I have found it very encouraging. But, we do have a way to go before we will be able to publish a usable and useful manual. I need your help. The spring and summer birth seasons are upon us. ONE form completed by each AAZK member would complete this project THIS YEAR! Only ONE each! About 45 minutes of your time looking through your records or a few minutes a week listing new developments as they occur is all that’s required. Either way works. Please help make this project, YOUR AAZK Zoo Infant Development Project, a success. If I can be of ANY assistance or send you data collection forms please don't hesitate to write or call. Harmony Frazier-Taylor Woodland Park Zoo 5500 Phinney Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98103 (206) 684-4866 Species List Submitted for Infant Development Project as of 11 April 1991. Prepared by Harmony Frazier-Taylor, LVT, Woodland Park Zoo, ZIDP Coordinator. TOTAL: 117 SPECIES NUMBER INDIVIDUAL ZOO Red-necked Wallaby (Wallabia rufogrisea) 1 Carolann Curry Mill Mt. Zoo, VA Wallaroo (Macropus robustus) 3 Tina Mullett Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Wallaroo (Macropus robustrus) 1 Cheryl Clark Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Matschie's Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) 3 Tina Mullett Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Grey-headed Fruit Bat 4 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA (Pteropus poliocephalus) *=from nocturnal crew records, WPZ Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum) 7 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) 3 Patty Pearthree Indianapolis, IN Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) 6 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 233 ZgQjnfantEteMQBm^^ Continued Greater Galago 7 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA (Galago crassicaudatus) Lesser Galago 5 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA (Galago senegalensis) Slow Loris 1 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA (Nycticebus coucang) Douroucouli (Aotus trivirgatus) Black & White Colobus (Colobus guereza) Colobus (Colobus guereza kikoyeusis) DeBrazza Guenon 1 Jo Abbott Woodland Prk Zoo, WA (Cercopithecus neglectus) Japanese Macaque 2 Patty Pearthnee Indianapolis, IN (Macaca fuscata) White-handed Gibbon 1 Patty Pearthree Indianapolis, IN (Hylobates lar) Taman dua 3 *Pam Talbot (Tamandua tetradactyla) Tamandua 1 Pat Sammarco (Tamandua tetradactyla) Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus hoffmani) 10 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Coendu (Coendu prehensilis) 1 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA African Crested Porcupine (Hystrix galeata) 1 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Chinchilla (Chinchilla langier) 1 Patty Pearthree Indianapolis, IN Chinchilla (Chinchilla langier) 1 Luanne Johnson Indianapolis, IN Patagonian Cavy (Dolichotis patagonum) 1 Dave Ackerman Columbus Zoo, OH Springhaas (Pedetes capensis) 1 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Malayan Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) 1 Bill Fagerland Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) 4 Joyce Ford Little Rock, AR Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) 1 Carolann Curry Mill Mt. Zoo, VA Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) 8 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Siberian Tiger 1 Patty Pearthree Indianapolis, IN (Panthera tigris altaica) Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Lincoln Prk Zoo, IL 3 Tam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA 1 Jo Abbott Woodland Prk Zoo, WA 1 Dave Ackerman Columbus Zoo, OH 234 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Zoo Infant Development Project Update. Continued Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) Lion 1 1 Carol Lent Patty Pearthree Dave Ackerman Indianapolis, IN Columbus Zoo, OH Tree Hyrax (Dendrohydrax arboreus) 1 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) 10 Betty Grogan Jacksonville, FL Guanaco (Lama lama guanicoe) 1 Cindy Ambrosio Bergen County Zoo, NJ Red Brocket Deer (Mazama americana) 1 Cindy Ambrosio Bergen County Zoo, NJ Reeves Muntjac (Muntiacus reeuesi) 5 Patty Pearthree Indianapolis, IN Reeves Muntjae (Muntiacus reevesi) 1 *Pam Talbot Woodland Prk Zoo, WA Reticulated Giraffe 5 (Giraffa camelopordalis reticulata) Dave Ackerman Columbus Zoo, OH Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) 1 Dave Ackerman Columbus Zoo, OH Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) 1 Dave Ackerman Columbus Zoo, OH Domestic Cotswald Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 Jeanie Ragland- McMahan Woodland Prk Zoo, WA +Snow Leopard 1 Belinda Galvin Santa Fe CC, FL (Panthera unica) for: Martin Zybura, Bronx Zoo, NY +Mandrill Baboon 1 Belinda Galvin Santa Fe CC, FL (Papio sphinx) + = need permission 117 for: Jill Hickey, Reid Prk Zoo, AZ Leslie Wood Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 235 Red River Hogs (Potamochoerus porcus) submitted by Robin Parker, Animal Keeper Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, CA What belongs to the pig family, has a coat of red bristly hair and long, pointed, elf-like ears? The Red River Hog, of course. On 28 December 1991, the Los Angeles Zoo received a pair of Red-river hogs. Currently there are only three individuals of this species in the U.S. San Diego Zoo owns one female, while the Los Angeles Zoo owns one pair. The male, Tongo, will reach a weight of about 250 pounds, while the female, Ruby, will weigh about 150 pounds when fully grown. The pair is currently housed off-exhibit. After some enclosure modifications are complete, they will be moved on exhibit where the public will be able to enjoy them. They will eventually be housed in the exhibit next to the Arabian oryx. The pair are quite calm around people and will allow keepers to scratch them through the fence. The female will allow keepers to enter the exhibit with her, but the male is unpredictable and therefore can be dangerous. They enjoy a diet of pig chow, versaline, and various fruits and vegatables. Corn-on-the- cob and bananas are their favorites. They also enjoy rooting in the soil for various insects and grubs. In the wild the Red river hog is found on the lower part of the African continent. They live in bushy woodlands and along forest edges. They are mainly nocturnal and can be a pest to farmers. Although Tongo and Ruby are young, it is hoped that they will begin breeding soon and increase the population of Red river hogs in the U.S. 'This species of hog has a coat of red bristly hair and long-pointed elf-like ears. Photo ©Tad Montoyama. 236 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Basic Animal Husbandry - Health Considerations: Some Implications for Developing Nation Zoos and Breeding Programs for Endangered Species * University of Florida Florida Museum of Natural History & Graduate School Gainesville, Florida By Jim* and Georgeann A** Ellis **University of Florida Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital Clinical Microbiology Gainesville, Florida In April of 1988 Animal Keeners' Forum published our article on basic animal husbandry techniques in Brazilian zoological parks highlighting the animal husbandry programs being practiced in Brazil's zoos. At that time our concerns dealt with understanding and documenting the existing levels of care in these Brazilian settings. In August of 1988 we returned to Brazil to continue working with the staff of the Parque Zoobotanico of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. During our eight-month stay we were able to gain further insights into some of the management problems being addressed by zoos in developing areas of the country. One rapidly changing area is the growing interest in many U.S. and European zoological parks in acquiring specimens from this part of the world. Interest in developing breeding programs for endangered species within Brazil is growing as well due to increased local support and awareness as well as increased international support for these types of activities. This article, however, will attempt to provide further insights into an animal health related issue that has become an increasing concern of scientists in the conservation field as a whole. In March of 1988 the journal Conservation Biology dedicated part of its issue to articles dealing with disease and infection and their implications for conservation. Robert May in his introduction to this subject area (1988, p. 28) aptly suggests that "...in developing countries we have come to believe a life free from any serious effect of viral, bacterial, protozoan or helminth infections is a natural state..." Furthermore he wonders why ecologists have paid "so little attention to the way diseases may affect the distribution and abundance of other animals and plants" (May, 1988, p. 28). In closing his introduction he highlights the fact that although this area of concern is finally being addressed, it is further complicated by the more political human/livestock disease control programs. Questions as to the impact and control of disease on preserves, reserves, and wildlife management programs remain unanswered and perhaps unaddressed. In the early 1980's during our work with the Dusky Seaside Sparrow, a priority consideration in the management plan was the provision of sufficient funding to develop baseline information for the adequate care of the five remaining birds. Of constant concern was our situation of not having any information from the field on the diseases and general biology of this particular species. This example points to what should be a major concern today in species management. Once a species reaches a limited population level it becomes difficult if not impossible to study specimens through tissue/fluid sampling, observation, extensive handling and through sacrifice. Modelling does provide a certain amount of information, however, it cannot substitute entirely for having species specific information. With the rise of international training programs for both wildlife and zoological park management personnel we are wondering as to whether disease/infection aspects are being appropriately addressed. Experience in U.S. zoos has demonstrated that preventative medicine, quarantine, and treatment of captive animals has reached a sophisticated level of understanding. We are also aware that in the U.S. and most of the developed nations sophisticated technical and support facilities have become almost common. On the other hand, in developing countries a number of fundamental problems exist which will continue to hamper species 23 7 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Basic Animal Husbandry-Health Considerations in Developing Countries, Continued management if infrastructural support and assistance is not provided. In the following account of the loss of 21 Golden Conures ( Aratinga guarouba ) at the Museu Goeldi we hope to further highlight the difficulties that must be dealt with in all species management programs in developing nation settings. In October of 1988, 19 golden conures (or golden parakeets) were brought to the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil by the Federal Police who had confiscated the animals from a wildlife trafficker. The trafficker also had Saguinus midas niger, a large number of native parakeets and was expecting a shipment of over 100 Geochelone sp. and Podocnemys sp. The latter were never confiscated as the boat coming down river was apparently warned of an impending raid. Also the police never found the remainder of the conure shipment which they were told consisted of over 200 birds. All of the psittacines appeared to be adults and had their wing feathers trimmed so that they could not fly. All of the confiscated animals appeared to be wild-caught although no specific information as to their source was ever ascertained. Attempts to refuse such animal donations have been ongoing since the Museu began remodeling its exhibits and animal management areas; however, due to the nature of this donation, these animals were accepted. The Federal Police felt that the Museu's facilities, although undergoing remodeling, were the best in Belem especially for these threatened animals. Unfortunately, the permanent quarantine holding area was undergoing a total reconstruction. This led to a decision to place the golden conures and parakeets into aviaries in the main park area. The golden conures were placed in a vacated exhibit; the other psittacines were introduced into an existing mixed group display. The exhibits were designed to somewhat contain disease outbreaks via separation of exhibits from each other and through the use of keeper entry and prophylactic procedures. Disease questions were raised; however as the staff had no experience with disease management or outbreaks the most common procedure of placing animals into the collection was followed. It is key to note here that animal deaths occurred year-round in many species; however the constant flow of incoming animals relieved much of the pressure on having to determine the causes of these deaths. At the Museu most avian deaths are attributed to stress, pests (such as rats) and dietary factors. The case of the golden conures however highlighted other contributing factors such as the absence of or extremely limited laboratory services and the costs involved in these procedures. Dietary problems arose from the start as all of the birds were accustomed to papaya/mamau which is common in northern Brazil. All attempts to transfer the birds to a more balanced diet of commercially available dog food and fruits failed. Diarrhea was noted early on in the birds as was low body weight and a voracious appetite. At no point did the birds present any symptoms of lung or sinus problems. Early treatment by the staff veterinarian included administering vitamins in the water and food as well as antibiotic/antihelmintic therapy (Neosulmetina/Flagyl) for what was thought to be coccidiosis and giardiasis. In house gross necropsies of the first three deaths indicated some enteric abnormalities. Treatment with teramycin in the water was initiated due to a suspected bacterial problem with treatment being discontinued at seven days. These early diagnoses were based on limited in-house laboratory analyses. Following this last treatment, efforts were continued to transfer the animals to a more balanced diet. Weight gain continued to be difficult to monitor although most animals appeared to be eating voraciously when food was presented, generally eating only the fruits and papaya in particular. Deaths began to occur early in November and by this time we had established firm contacts with the local medical reference lab for support. Cloacal bacterial and fungal cultures were taken of the more distressed specimens to the Instituto Evandro Chagas, the national medical reference laboratory located in Belem. Results from these tests indicated the presence of Escherichia coli and Candida sp. Treatment initiated by the staff veterinarian included the use of both chloramphenicol in drinking water and oral nystatin. 23 8 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Basic Animal Husbandry-Health Considerations in Developing Countries. Continued Fecal cultures were then done on all other birds once the potential for a gram negative bacterial problem was discovered and all birds cultured positive for gram negatives. Equally Candida sp. appeared in a number of stool specimens cultured. Treatment with sulfa drugs (Bactrim) was initiated both orally in half the group and injectable in the more ill specimens. Isolation in the quarantine area was also instituted for these birds. Treatment with the sulfa drugs appeared to be improving the situation however, within ten days following treatment, the birds began to weaken and die. Weight never improved on any of the specimens and appetite always appeared to be very hardy. Fecal cultures continued to return with gram negative coliform results. Also Candida continued to appear, however only in one or two specimens. It was suspected throughout the latter part of treatment that there was an underlying cause to this disease process and work with the Institute Evandro Chagas heightened. Cultures for psittacosis and potential viral agents were requested, however it was not until February that the reference lab discovered that no one in Brazil had the capability of doing the appropriate lab studies for psittacosis. A check of local laboratories confirmed the absence of materials for the procedures. By February the reference lab had been able through virological screening procedures to determine that the agent had viral characteristics. Further tests also showed it was transmissible to other psittacines and to species such as Aracari's. Unfortunately by this time all but two specimens had died. In mid-April a confirmed diagnosis of psittacosis was received for several of the birds. This test report was received from a cooperating reference lab in the United States which works with the Institute Evandro Chagas. Blood work on the staff to determine exposure was taken following this result, however those results would not be ready until such time as the blood could be sent Stateside. Locally available tests for Chlamydia could not be relied upon because they were only available for the human venereal disease ( Chlamydia trachomatis). We should note that potential sources for contamination by coliforms include the city water distribution system which often has breaks and routinely reports contamination throughout the city. The use of elevated private water tanks/towers and cisterns is common throughout all areas of the city as without these water pressure would be limited at best. These tanks in some cases are not washed but once a year if at all. Well systems in zoos appear to be common and contamination of these water supplies also appear to be the cause as occurred at the Museu. Other sources of potential hazard include the fact that the majority of Belem was not hooked up to a central sewer system. Overflow from septic systems runs along the curbs into storm drain systems which drain into the rivers. These storm drains often had water pipes running under or near the drain grates. Soils used in exhibits are often brought from suburban sources and being aware of the lack of sanitary systems raises the question of potential contamination. Obviously a major source of disease is the large number of incoming animals. Preliminary screening of a few animals in-transit from the hydroelectric dam project at Balbinas in Manaus indicated at least for primates unidentified microfilaria in the bloodstream, numerous intestinal parasites and titers to diseases such as yellow fever. As little is known about naturally occurring viral diseases in the Amazonian wildlife this should always be of concern with respect to incoming wildlife. The distribution of wildlife throughout the country to zoological parks and research institutions as well as to museum collections as part of the rationale for wildlife rescues is then brought into serious question. Fruit eating bats and birds congregate in large numbers throughout the city due to the large number of mango as well as other native fruit trees. Feral domestic animals such as dogs and cats are a major problem as well even though there are intensive yearly vaccination campaigns. Other somewhat unrelated problems yet critical aspects for breeding programs involve the quality of food sources. Mercury in the Amazonian ecosystem has become a serious threat to human health as well as to wildlife. Its indiscriminate use in gold mining has led to a national ban on its use, however enforcement is difficult. Fishes from local markets are usually fed to species such as giant river otters, river turtles, etc. The levels of mercury as well as other unidentified chemicals such as pesticides should be of extreme concern. Those of us working in developing countries should also remember that Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 239 Basic Animal Husbandry-Health Considerations in Developing Countries, Continued although many chemicals are banned for use in the U.S. their transport and sale to foreign countries is not restricted and often encouraged. Brazil has banned the use of most agrotoxic chemicals over the past years, however this ban will only go into effect when local supplies are depleted or when its use in other neighboring countries is banned. Throughout this entire episode it was evident that the diagnostic procedures available at least in the more rural areas of the country and possibly the larger cities were limited. The national reference lab with which we worked had contacts throughout the country and was unable to locate the needed test. Even if available the time lag between initiation of the test and results would have prevented adequate early treatment. The lack of literature and information on psittacosis within Brazil was somewhat surprising. A number of southern zoos contacted routinely treat all entering psittacines with tetracyclines, however all were unable to provide us with contacts for laboratory diagnostic work. Awareness of the occurrence of both this disease as well as other diseases in Brazilian psittacines was lacking. As most birds are coming in from the wild, questions as to naturally occurring viruses, enteric flora, etc. can be raised however little to no information is available. The frustration with respect to the lack of these support services is evident throughout the profession. More frustrating however is the realization that even if these services were available, they would in all likelihood be too costly for most zoos. Routine lab exams are roughly similar in cost to those in the U.S., however minimum wage was approximately U.S. $67. 00/month. With an inflation rate of roughly 30% per month these costs are bound to worsen. Another aspect is the fact that apparently many of the laboratory supplies needed for cultures come from the U.S. A discussion with a local laboratory manager brought out the fact that her lab had ordered the materials to do many of the cultures we needed, however they were still waiting three months later and had no way of even predicting when the supplies would arrive. Obviously when they did the costs would be even greater for the services. The occurrence of psittacosis in the general human population of Brazil does not appear to be well documented. A large number of households at least in Belem have psittacines as pets. Psittacines are commonly available at the local market places. Often these individuals are juveniles and kept with a wide range of birds, mammals and domestic animals such as rabbits, hamsters, mice, etc. The reference lab maintains on the outskirts of the city a monitoring system (sentinels) for diseases, however there is little control of the riverside market places. Although strongly interested in wildlife diseases, the reference lab was economically limited in the range of their work as are most other government institutions. With a runaway inflation rate of over 900% a year, the ordinary citizen is daily concerned with food costs, suitable housing, salaries, etc. and less concerned with wildlife problems much less environmental problems. This is not to say that the concern is not there; however one's ability to actively pursue these activities is severely hampered. During the early part of the year (and lasting 3 months) the Museu was threatened with a 50% cut in staffing which would have closed the major research institution in Brazil actively pursuing Amazon research activities. These same cuts were also to be applied across the board to all other institutions including health related facilities. Although eventually these cuts took other forms, the simple daily pressures of not knowing what will happen takes its toll on all activities. Successful wildlife breeding programs do exist on a very limited basis within Brazil and the development of new ones are waiting to come alive as conditions improve. On the other hand education programs (specifically environmental and conservation ones) which often are considered as secondary to the breeding programs are showing potential strengths and benefits and are beginning to grow in almost all communities. The Museu's efforts to build a unique regional education program are in their infancy and growing through the support of the Ford Foundation (U.S./Brazil). Their efforts to create an environmental ethic in the local grade school children as well as the community is being well received. It is in these programs that we continue to see a very valuable resource for today as well as the future. There is a strong recognition that the Amazon and its cultures are a heritage to be conserved and preserved for the future. 240 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Basic Animal Hushandrv-Health Considerations in Developing Countries Continued Acknowledgments We would like to gratefully thank the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, the Instituto Evandro Chagas, and the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq) of Brazil for their support of our work. In particular we wish to acknowledge the help of Zea C. Lins, Dr. Amelia Travassos da Rosa, Antonio Carlos Lobo Soares, Antonio Messia Costa DVM, and all of the keepers and staff of the above mentioned institutions. Literature Cited Ellis, Jim. (1988) Basic Animal Husbandry in Brazilian Zoological Parks. Animal Keepers' Forum. April: 122-128. May, Robert M. (1988) Conservation and Disease. Conservation Biology 2(l):28-30. For added reading: Scott, Marilyn E. (1988) The Implications of Infection and Disease on Animal Populations: Implications for Conservation Biology. Conservation Biology 2(l):40-56. Another Day at the Zoo By Matt Russell New England Science Center Zoo Worcester, MA My name is Matt Russell and I am a teenage volunteer at the New England Science Center Zoo. I belong to a group called the Junior Naturalists, which is coordinated by Chris Rasums. The program consists of about 20 young people between the ages of 12 and 18. We assist the keepers in their daily routine and learn a great deal during the course of a day. When I go to the zoo at about 0900 hrs. I begin my daily routine. I do such things as preparing diets, hydrating animals, and exhibit maintenance. During the period of a day a Junior Naturalist cleans cages, changes water bowls and observes any behavioral changes "in our animal collection. There are three stages of the program: Trial, Junior Volunteer, and Junior Naturalist. A Trial is the first stage of the program during which the kids are taught the fundamentals such as preparing diets, handling less difficult animals and cleaning exhibits. A Junior Volunteer is higher than a Trial and learns how to handle additional animals under the supervision of the zoo staff. Finally I have reached the last stage of Junior Naturalist. This is the last stop and we are now allowed to handle the more difficult animals in the zoo and we are allowed to assist the keepers in the outdoor zoo. Becoming a Junior Naturalist is a long task, but well worth it. I enjoy all of my time at the zoo and am glad to be a part of the AAZK. Officers for our Junior Naturalist Program are: President - Chip Ingraham; Vice Pres - Tiffany Mozer; Secretary - Brent Broszeit; and Treasurer - Stacey Gardell. If you have any questions about our program, fell free to write to me at this address: Matt Russell, c/o New England Science center, 222 Harrington Way, Worcester, MA 01602. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 241 L.I.N.K. (Liaison and Information Network for Keepers) Coordinator for the LINK System: Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3P OR5. (204) 889-2919 (h). Regional Coordinators ALABAMA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 ALASKA - Vacancy ARIZONA - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 85716 ARKANSAS - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher, Little Rock Zoological Gardens, #1 Jonesboro Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205 CALIFORNIA- Vacancy COLORADO - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 CONNECTICUT- Mark Hofling, Bronx Zoo, 185th & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460 (212) 220-7115 [w] or Alan Baker, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Dr., Syracuse, NY 13204 or Jeanette Nadeau, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI 02905 DELEWARE - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 FLORIDA - Betty Grogan, Jacksonville Zoological Park, P.O. Box 26767, Jacksonville, FL 32218 GEORGIA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 HAWAII - Vacancy IDAHO - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 ILLINOIS - Vacancy INDIANA - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 IOWA - Carla Wieser, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, 10th St. & Deer Park Blvd., Omaha, NE 68107 or Wendy Davis, Lake Superior Zoo, 7210 Fremont St., Duluth, MN 55807 KANSAS - Vacancy KENTUCKY - Joe Rindler, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., Box 400, Columbus, OH 43065 LOUISIANA - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 MAINE -Mark Hofling, Alan Baker or Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MARYLAND - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA MASSACHUSETTS -Mark Hofling, Alan Baker or Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MICHIGAN - Vacancy MINNESOTA - Wendy Davis, Lake Superior Zoo, 7210 Fremont St., Duluth, MN 55807 MISSISSIPPI - Vacancy MISSOURI - Vacancy MONTANA - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 NEBRASKA -Carla Wieser (see address under Iowa) NEVADA - Vacancy NEW HAMPSHIRE -Mark Hofling, Alan Baker or Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) NEW JERSEY - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NEW MEXICO - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 857716 NEW YORK - Mark Hofling, Alan Baker or Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) NORTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 NORTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3P 0R5 (204) 986-4040 [w] OHIO - Joe Rindler, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., Box 400, Columbus, OH 43065 OKLAHOMA - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher (see addresses under AR) OREGON - Anna Michel, Washington Park Zoo, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221 PENNSYLVANIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 RHODE ISLAND - Mark Hofling, Alan Baker or Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) SOUTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 SOUTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets (see address under ND) TENNESSEE - Vacancy TEXAS - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 UTAH - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 VERMONT - Mark Hofling, Alan Baker or Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WASHINGTON - Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103 WEST VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WISCONSIN - Karin Newman, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W. Bluemound Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 WYOMING - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - Theresa Maas (see address under PA) Province of Ontario - Terry Male, Metro Toronto Zoo, Box 280, West Hill, Ontario Canada Ml E4R5 (416) 392-5900 [w] Provinces of Manitoba & Saskatchewan - Bob Debets (see address under ND) Province of Quebec - Chantal Routhier, Granby Zoo, 347 Rue Bourget, Granby, Quebec, Canada J2G IE 8 Provinces of Alberta & British Columbia - Dean Treichel, Valley Zoo, Box 2359, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 2R7 (403) 483-5525 [w] 242 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 15th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks! AKF, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Please include closing dates for positions available. There is no charge for this service and phone-in listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our phone is 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.); 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Our FAX is 913-272- 2539. EXPERIENCED GREAT APE KEEPER... full-time position available with a non-profit research foundation to assist in ongoing research. Unique opportunity to work with gorillas. Responsibilities include: care and maintenance of animals, food preparation, hands-on cleaning, data collection and tallying, record keeping and general office work. This individual must be able to work closely and effectively with a variety of individuals. This position is full-time (40 hours) with a work week that includes both Saturday and Sunday. We desire someone who is alert, animal oriented, aware/perceptive of people as well as animals, hard-working, able to follow instructions, possessor of good judgement and initiative and career-oriented. We are seeking an experienced great ape keeper and an entry level individual (each possessing a stable track record) to join our staff. American Sign Language experience preferred but not required. Salary will be commensurate with qualifications and experience. Please send letter of interest, resume and salary requirements to: Dr. Francine Patterson, Box 620-530, Woodside, CA 94062. ZOOKEEPER (4 Positions)... strong husbandry background essential in one of the following fields - Hoofstock, Primates and Cats. Duties include but not limited to daily care, feeding, enclosure cleaning and maintenance, and record keeping of animals. Salary $16,000. Resumes accepted until positions are filled. Send to: John Seyjagat, Lubee Foundation, Inc., 18401 N.W. County Rd. 231, Gainesville, FL 32609. The following four (4) positions are open at the El Paso Zoo., City of El Paso, TX. Deadline for inquiries is 26 July 1991. For further information and application materials, please contact: Linda Thomas, Personnel Dept., City of El Paso, 2 Civic Center Plaza, El Paso, TX 79901-1196, phone (915) 541-4102. AA/EOE. ZOO KEEPER... (Salary: $15,164.50 - $17,422,34 annually). Completion of high school or GED and one year experience in the care of caged animals; or an equivalent combination of training and experience. ELEPHANT SUPERVISOR... (Salary $17,422.20 - $20,496.84 annually). Graduation from high school or GED, and four years' experience in the care of zoo animals including elephants and the maintenance of cages, enclosures, grounds and service areas; including two years' exclusive experience in the care and handling of several different elephants; or an equivalent combination of training and experience. GRAPHICS/ED UCATION SPECIALIST... (Salary $22,128.60 - $27,725.10 annually). Graduation from an accredited college or university in education, fine arts, mass communication, commercial art, graphic design, advertising or related field and two years' experience in written, visual and pictorial information techniques; or an equivalent combination of training and experience. ANIMAL DIETS SPECIALIST...(Sa\arv $18,121.22 - $21,364.98). Associate degree or two years' equivalent education from an accredited college or university in animal husbandry, nutrition or related field and two years' experience in animal care involving nutrition of domestic and/or exotic animals; or an equivalent combination of training and experience. CHIMPANZEE BREEDING COLONY/ASSISTANT COLONY MANAGER... works directly under Colony Director. Supervises and works with caregivers. Requires chimpanzee experience and ability to work well with others. Some computer experience is desirable. Must be willing to sign a three-year contract. Must have a negative T.B. skin test, negative hepatitis B surface antigen test, and evidence of a measles booster or natural disease prior to employment. Salary negotiable. EOE. Excellent benefits. Send letter of interest (with required salary), resume, and three letters of reference to: Jo Fritz, Director, Primate Foundation of Arizona, P.O. Box 86, Tempe, AZ 85280. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 243 Opportunity Knocks. Continued AREA SUPERVISOR... responsible for the supervision of the bird/reptile section of the zoo, including scheduling, training, record keeping, in-house exhibit renovation and some collection management. Requires five years of zoo animal experience in positions of increasing responsibility. Bachelor's degree, supervisory experience and experience breeding and hand-rearing penguins preferred. Salary commensurate with experience. Send resume by 10 August 1991 to: Wendy Turner, General Curator, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, 4250 Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Road, Colorado Springs, CO 80906. HEAD KEEPER/Waters Biome... requires three years’ experience in public aquarium exhibition and captive husbandry of aquatic animals (fish, invertebrates, birds, and reptiles). Must be knowledgeable in aquatic filtration systems and water quality measurement/management and have supervisory abilities. Applicant must be team oriented and have highly developed interpersonal skills. Four year degree with animal curriculum or zookeeping degree preferred. Salary $21,000 to $27,500. Resume to: Richard M. Hurst, Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, IN 46222. Actual size address label 403 - 523 15th Ave. S.W. Calgary, Alta. T2R 0R3 Tired of having to ink-in your 'John Henry" on every envelope? Feel a need to emblazon your precious tomes with personalized bookplates? Find "regular" address labels just TOO BORING? Then add some pizzazz to your life! LI XX LABELZ specializes in calligraphed, personalized address labels and bookplates with over 150 nature designs to choose from. Send for our 46-page catalogue today! To send for our catalogue, print your name and address in the spaces provided, clip, and mail with $4.00 per catalogue (cheque or money order, in Canadian $) to: LIXX LABELZ P.0 Box 32055, 2619 14 Street, S.W. Calgary, Alta., Canada T2T 5X0. Name Address 244 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 7 1991 AAZK Membership Application Name Address City [~~~| $30.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $25.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility □ $20.00 Library Library subscription only Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address check here if renewal [ ] State/Province Zip □ $25.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers I I $40.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category □ $50.00 or up Contributing or Institutional Individuals & Organizations Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE), made payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., to : AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S. A. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Animal Keepers' Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. All illustrations, graphs and tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page size no greater than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25 l/2cm). Literature used should be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name of species (as per ISIS) the first time it is used. Thereafter use common name. Black and white photos only accepted. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed for publication. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Telephone or FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. The phone number is (913) 272-5821 Ext. 31. FAX # is 913-272-2539. D.EAUEINE FOR EACH EPmON IS THE 15TH. OF THE PRECEDING MONTH Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Animal Keepers’ Forum editorial staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. PRINTED IN U.SA ©1991 AAZK, Inc. \nimal gr August Keepers Forum Dedicated to Professional Animal Care ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORIJM. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 Editor-in-Chief: Susan Chan August 1991 Volume Eighteen Number Eight Animal Keepers' Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers' Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Administrative Offices, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary BOARD OF DIRECTORS Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Frank B. Kohn, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008 Janet McCoy, Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221 Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ 85716 COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS - PRQ.IECTLHEADS President Vice President Immediate Past President Conference Book Committee Tim Kelly, Assiniboine Park Zoo Awards Comm.ill££ Jan McCoy, Washington Park Zoo Book Review Coordinators Melba T. Brown, National Zoo - general interest Tom Aversa, Boston Metro Zoos - technical Staff. .Exchange Dale Frerking, Kansas City Zoo AAZK History Committee Rachel Rogers, San Diego Zoo International Affairs Coordinators Keeper Training & Education (includes Library Resources, Reference Search, Program Library, and Keeper Training Materials) L.R/R.S. - Marilyn Cole, Metro Toronto K.T.M- Laura Treschel, Minnesota Zool. Gdns. Program Library - VACANCY Research/Grants Committee Susan M. Barnard, Zoo Atlanta Public Education-. Committee Ellen Bradfield, Zoo Atlanta Mona Keith, Calgary Zoo (east) Pam McDougall, Calgary Zoo (west) Conservation* Preservation, Restoration (CPR) Committee - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo Animal Data_.Transfer Form Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZK Liaison to AAZPA/IZE Brint Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Keeper -Accommodations List Heidi Manicki, Metro Toronto Zoo An Approach to Zookeeping Pat Sammarco, Santa Fe Teaching Zoo Zoo Infant-Development. Project Harmony Frazier-Taylor, Woodland Park Zoo AAZK Manual of Resources Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo Exhibit . Design form Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo Public Relations Liaison Tim Kurkowski, Zoo Atlanta Membership Directory Administrative Office Staff Diet Notebook Susan Bunn Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Biological Yalues/Gestation Toni Danzig, Greater S. F. Bay Area Chapter Legislative Advisor John Stoddard, Chicago, IL By-Laws Review VACANCY Zoo/Uniyersity List Mike Illig, Washington Park Zoo Nominations & Elections David Luce, Fresno Zoo Zoonotic Diseases Notebook Bruce Clark, Toledo Zoo Keeper Training Yidentapg Production Coordinator - Harry Hofauer, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Order/Distribution Center at AAZK Administrative Offices in Topeka Liaison and Information Network for Keepers (LINK) Coordinator - Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (X OLA) printed on recycled paper This month's cover features a Black-footed or Jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus) drawn by Grant Tkachuk, a keeper at the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This penguin, named Big Guy, is one of 12 currently in residence at the facility. This species gets its name from the braying sound they make when they vocalize. They are from 25-27 inches in length and weigh from 7.5-16 pounds. They are native to South Africa along the southern and southwestern African Coastal Inlet. Highly gregarious, this species reaches sexual maturity at from 5-7 years of age with breeding season occurring between Feb. -Sept. The female lays 1-2 eggs which are incubated by both parents for 37-42 days. The species is full grown at six months, but does not reach full maturity until two years of age. Their diet consists of fish, squid and crustaceans, but during breeding season the only food found in the stomachs of wild penguins is Cuttle Fish, which they also use to feed their young. They are a threatened species with about 200,000 remaining in the wild. Thanks, Grant! Scoops BOD Election Results Announced bv NEC Chair The 1991 elections are finally over and the results are in. This year 1433 Professional members were eligible to vote of which 491 returned completed ballots. This is a return of 34%, an increase of 2% over the last election. I am proud to announce the newly elected members of the AAZK Board of Directors for 1992-1995 terms are: Rachel Rogers of the San Diego Zoo, Mark de Denus of the Assiniboine Park Zoo and Ellen Bradfield of Zoo Atlanta. I would like to congratulate the new Board members on their election and thank the other candidates for running. Lastly, I wish to express my thanks to the many AAZK members who took part in the election (both candidates and voters). If you have any questions concerning the election, you may contact me at Chaffee Zoological Gardens, 894 West Belmont, Fresno, CA 93728. - submited by David Luce, NEC Chair . Elephant WQrk’ghQp.Isgu.QS.Cali. for PaBfiES The 12th International Elephant Workshop will be held in Syracuse, NY from 16-19 October 1991. It will feature papers on all aspects of elephant management including veterinary medicine, public education, administrative oversight of elephant programs, facilities design and construction, management techniques, and research. It will also feature a poster session. Anyone interested in presenting a paper or poster should submit an abstract (200 word limit) by 31 August 1991 to: Chuck Doyle or Don Moore, Elephant Workshop Steering Committee, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Drive, Syracuse, NY 13204 [phone: (315)435-85111. Second Gorilla Workshop Dates Announced The 2nd Gorilla Workshop will be held 12-15 June, 1992 in Milwaukee, WI. Co-sponsored by the Milwaukee County Zoo and the Zoological Society of Milwaukee County, the workshop will be held at the Hyatt Regency Milwaukee. Topics for discussion and presentation include: behavior, husbandry, research techniques, behavioral enrichment, management, diet, veterinary, exhibit design, education and tourism. The workshop will include a tour of the new gorilla and bonobo facilities which will open in the Spring of 1992. For information regarding registration and paper/poster presentations, contact: Jan Rafert, Curator of Primates & Small Mammals, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W. Bluemound Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 771-3040. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 245 Scoops and Scuttlebutt. Continued New Project Coordinator Named for KTMP Laura Treschel, Minnesota Zoological Gardens, has been named Coordinator of the Keeper Training Materials Project for the Association. Laura had previously been the Manual Coordinator for the project. The purpose of the KTMP is to gather and make available information on zoo keeper training and continuing education. Currently available are a number of training manuals and other materials from various zoological facilities for use in setting up or enhancing training programs. For further information you may contact Laura at Minnesota Zoological Gardens, 13000 Zoo Blvd., Apple Valley, MN 55124. Bids for the 1994 AAZK National Conference Now Being Accepted To All AAZK Chapters: Bids for the 1994 National AAZK Conference may be submitted any time prior to the 1991 National Conference in Toledo. Any AAZK Chapter in good standing may submit a bid to host the 1994 National Conference. As stated in the AAZK By-laws Article IV Section 2, all bids must be approved by the AAZK Board of Directors before the Chapter may begin advertising to host the conference. Bids should include a letter of intent to host the 1994 AAZK Conference from the Chapter's President. Support letters of approval from the Zoo's Director as well as from the Mayor or other relevant persons or agencies (i.e. zoological society, city council, convention bureau, etc.) should also be included. The original letters should be sent to the AAZK Vice President, Bob Debets. Accepted bids for the 1994 AAZK National Conference will be expected to make a formal presentation to the delegates attending the 1991 AAZK (Toledo) Conference, at which time the AAZK delegates will vote on the submitted bids for the site of the 1994 conference. If you have any questions or concerns about hosting a Regional or National AAZK Conference, please contact: Bob Debets, Vice President AAZK, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3P OR5. Phone: (204) 986-4040 FAX (204) 896-3927. “ — \ World Wildlife Fund Conservation Award WWF World Wildlife Fund is requesting nominations for the 1991 Conservation Recognition Award to be presented to an AAZK Chapter for its contributions to conservation. The selection will be based on the significance and impact of the Chapter's conservation project(s). Nominations should include a description of the project(s) along with reports, articles, press clippings, etc., that the project(s) produced. These projects can encompass education, research, or fund-raising for conservation activities. The nominated project(s) should be AAZK Chapter initiated and supported. Please submit nominations to: Rich Block, Director of Public Programs \ ! World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037 The deadline for submitting nominations is 30 August 1991 V .. / 246 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 Coming Events 1981 AAZPA AxmuaLC.Qiiferen.cg September 15-19, 1991 San Diego, CA 1991 American Association of Zoo Yeteranians Annual Conference September 28-October 3, 1991 Calgary, Canada For general conference or association information contact: Wilbur Amand, VMD, Executive Director, AAZV, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th St. & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 387-9094; FAX (215) 38708733. Individuals interested in participating in the program should contact William Foster, DVM, Louisville Zoo, P.O. Box 37250, Louisville, KY 40213; (502) 459-2181. Association of Zoological Horticulture Conference September 30-October 3, 1991 Cincinnati, OH To be held at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. For further information contact: Rob Halpern, Horticulturist, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA, (513) 281-4701 Ext. 8307. 1991 AAZK National Conference October 6-11, 1991 Toledo, OH For further information write: Toledo Zoo AAZK Chapter, Conference '91, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609. 12th International Elephant Workshop October 16-19, 1991 Syracuse, NY For further information, please contact the Elephant Workshop Steering Committee, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Drive, Syracuse, NY 13204. Phone (315) 435-8511; FAX (315) 422- 1224. 11th Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinary Technicians October 23-27, 1991 Dallas, TX For further information contact: Rita Buice, Dallas Zoo, 621 E. Clarendon Drive, Dallas, TX 75203. 19th Ann pal Conference of the International Marine Animal Trainers Association November 3-8, 1991 Vallejo, C A Conference will be held at the Sheraton Hotel in Concord and will include paper sessions, poster presentations, discussion groups, SAIC/SEACO art contest, informal film and video presentations and tours at Marine World Africa USA. For further information contact: Sonny Allen, Vice President/IMATA, c/o Marine World Africa USA, Marine World Parkway, Vallejo, CA 94589. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 247 Coming Events. Continued Understanding Chimpanzees: Diversity and Survival December 11-15, 1991 Chicago, IL Organized by Jane Goodall, the conference will take a comparative approach to understanding the behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos; documenting behaviors and behavioral variability, investigating hypothesis that explain variations, and exploring comparative methodolgy. Held at the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the symposium will explore the use of video for documentation and comparison. The conference will survey the population status of Chimps and Bonobos, the threats to their habitat, and the development of sanctuaries. It will pursue an agenda for conservation in the wild and in captivity. To receive a preliminary program and registration information, contact: Linda Marquardt, The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 2001 N. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614 (312) 943-6969. Hie Ninth Dr. Scholl Conference on the Nutrition of Captive Animals December 13-14, 1991 Chicago, IL Co-sponsored by the Lincoln Park Zoological Society and the Chicago Park District, the conference will be held at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens. There will be general sessions on Captive Animal Nutrition and a special session on Avian Nutrition. For registration information, contact: Lois Stanley, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614, (312) 294-4666. International Conference on Molluscan Conservation September 10-12, 1992 Glasgow, Scotland The University of Glasgow will be the venue for the conference. Sessions will include Taxonomy, Distribution, Legislation, and Conservation. For further information contact: Fred Woodward, International Conference on Molluscan Conservation, Kelvingrove Museum & Art Gallery, Kelvingrove, Glasgow G3 8AG, Great Britain. Fax: (041) 357-4537 Telephone: (041) 357-3929. AAZK Announces New Professional/Contributing Members Kathleen St. Clair, Santa Fe Teaching Zoo (FL) Marc McCarthy, Lion Country Safari (FL) Steve Holt, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Mark J. Bowen, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Kevin Grizzle, Louisville Zool. Gdns. (KY) Laura Holly, The Texas Zoo (TX) Catherine Burch, San Diego Wild Michelle-Leigh Suenishi, Hilton I Valerie Bowler, Metro Toronto Zoo (Ontario) Leslie Braun, Discovery Island (FL) Holly Morrell, Lion Country Safari (FL) Donna A. Bowen, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Tina Ann Judd, Knoxville Zoo (TN) Lola Curtis, Audubon Zool. Prk . (LA) Martin Ramirez, Jr., San Diego Zoo (CA) Animal Park (CA) Hawaiian Village (HI) Kim Kingston, Vancouver Aquarium (B.C.) New Contributing Members John Mellyn, Wauconda, IL Renewing Contributing Members Central Park Zoo, New York, NY Doug Porter, Executive Director, Great Plains Zoo, Sioux Falls, SD Kathy DeFalco, San Diego Zoo Volunteer, Escondido, CA 248 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 Births & Hatchings Beardsley Zoological Gardens... reports its first North American river otter ( Lutra canadensis ) birth on 1 April 1991. Two pups were bom, a male weighing 140 grams and a female weighing 145 grams. The parents, a seven-year-old male and eight-year-old female, have been together for five years and began exhibiting breeding behavior for the first time last year. The mother kept the pups in their off-exhibit den area for nine weeks. The family group is now together, utilizing the full exhibit space, submitted by L. Tryon, Beardsley Zoological Gardens, Bridgeport, CT. Omaha's Henrv Doorlv Zoo...twentv-eight Black-footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes ) kits (17.11) were born to six females during our second successful breeding season. Three females were first-time mothers and the other three were second-time mothers. Litter sizes ranged from two to seven kits. The staff is closely monitoring the kits during weaning; and conditioning has begun for reintroduction into the wild. Kits from four litters will be part of the reintroduction efforts this Fall into the Shirley Basin Medicine Bow area of Wyoming. The Zoo currently had 31.23 ferrets, submitted by Carla Wieser, Keeper, Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE. San Antonio Zoo...two Pygmy marmosets (Callithrix pygmaea) were bom on 13 June. A Golden-bellied mangabey ( Cercocebus galeritus chrysooaster) were born 17 June. These were the first births for these species in our collection. Other mammals recently born include: 0.0.1 Goeldi's monkey ( Callimico goeldi ), 0.1 Common squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ), 0.0.1 Three-banded armadillo ( Tolypeutes matacus), 1.0 Reticulated giraffe ( Giraffa Camelopardalis) 1.0 Slender-horn gazelle ( Gazella leptoceros ), and 1.0 Topi ( Damaliscus lunatus jimela). 0.0.2 Scarlet macaws ( Ara macao) were hatched for the first time in our collection on 24 and 26 June. Other avian hatchings include: 0.0.1 Small-billed tinamou ( Crypturellus parvirostris), 0.0.1 Bahama pintail ( Anas b. bahamensis), 0.0.7 Ringed teal ( Callonetta leucophrys), Eyton's tree duck ( Dendrocyona eytoni ), 0.0.5 N. American ruddy duck ( Oxyura jamaicensis), 0.0.8 Sacred ibis ( Threskiornis aethiopicus), 2 Scarlet ibis ( Eudocimus ruber), 0.0.1 Demoiselle crane ( Anthroppides virgo), 0.0.1 Malayan peacock pheasant ( Polyplectron m. melacense), 0.0.5 Kenya crested guineafowl ( Guttera pucheri), 0.0.2 Roadrunner ( Geococcyx calif orniana), 0.0.2 Palawan peacock pheasant ( Polyplectron emphanum), 0.0.7 Bulwer's wattled pheasant ( Lophura bulweri), 0.0.3 Roul roul ( Rollulus rouroul), 0.0.2 Great crowned pigeon ( Goura cristata ), 0.0.3 Sun conure ( Aratinga solstitialis), 0.0.6 Painted conure ( Pyrrhura p. picta), and 0.0.4 Green junglefowl ( Gallus varius). Reptile births and hatchings include: 0.0.5 Pueblan milksnake ( Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli), 0.0.2 Prehensile-tailed skink ( Corucia zebrata), 0.2.3 African fat-tailed gecko ( Hemitheconyx caudicinctus), 1.1.2 Namib sand gecko ( Chondrodactylus angulifer), 0.0.2 Standing’s day gecko ( Phelsuma standingi). We experienced a first hatching of 0.0.1 Rough scaled gecko ( Pachydactylus rugosa) for our collection. Unfortunately, it did not survive, submitted by Terrence L. Fisher, Registrar, San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, TX. Brookfield Zoo...reports the following B&H for January-July 1991 - Mammal Dept. - in the Fragile Kingdom (renovated Lion House reopened May ’90) the following births have occurred: 1.0 Binturong ( Arctictis binturong) born to a 17-year- old female from Honolulu Zoo (maximum breeding age); 1.0 Prevost's squirrel (Callosciurus prevosti) - the sire is wild-caught and the dam captive-born; 0.2 Caracal ( Felis carcal) bom late June to a pair acquired from South Africa; and 0.0.10 Naked mole rat C Heterocephalus glaber) were born late June of which 0.0.7 are surviving. This is the Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 249 Births & Hatchings. Continued 6th litter born on exhibit since its opening. Most of the 4 litters have survived. The group has been divided with 5.3 mole rats located in a separate area of the building in an attempt to establish another breeding colony. All of the above animals are being mother-raised. The binturong and caracals are being weighed on a regular basis (with no ill effects to either mother or young) and will provide infant development information. Elsewhere in the Mammal and Primate Dept, the following significant births have occurred: 0.0.1 Western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla g. gorilla ) , on loan from Cincinnati Zoo; 0.0.3 Rodriquez fruit bat (one of which only survived one month) bringing our colony to 10.10.1; 0.1 Springhaas ( Pedetes capensis) - was given supplemental feedings; 0.0.1 Pallas cat ( Felis manul ) born to dam and sire from Moscow Zoo - unfortunately they DNS. Acquisitions include: 0.2 Southern hairy nosed wombat ( Lasiorhinus latifrons ) on loan from Rotterdam Zoo; 1.1 Bat-eared fox ( Otocyon megalotis ) on loan from Los Angeles Zoo and 1.1 Pacific walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) on loan from the Moscow Zoo. Bird Dept. - the following have hatched: 0.0.2 Humboldt penguins ( Spenicus humboldti ) and 0.0.1 Micronesian kingfisher ( Halycon cinnamomina). Unfortunately the kingfisher only survived 3 days, submitted by Karen L. Anderson, Chapter Liaison, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL. Bronx Zoo...spring and the early part of summer '91 saw numerous significant B&H at our zoo. Mammal Dept. - in the Monkey House, 0.0.1 Douroucouli ( Aotes trivirgatus ) was born, the first birth from one of our two newly acquired females. 0.0.2 Silvery marmosets ( Callithrix argentata ) were also born here. This was the second set of twins for this pair, one of two on display. The older juveniles are already helping out by taking turns carrying the newborns. The Douroucoulis, Silvery marmosets and other South American primates are all seriously threatened due to the destruction of their rainforest habitats. Our breeding pair of Lesser mouse lemurs ( Microcebus murinus ) finally got their act together and produced 0.0.2 young in June. The Mouse lemurs share their exhibit with a pair of Tenrecs or Pygmy hedgehogs ( Echinops telfari). The female of that pair is now off-exhibit having just given birth to 0.0.6 young. Fortunately for her, the young are bom over a period of a few days, not all at once. Another Slender-tailed cloud rat ( Phloeomys pallidus ) was born at the Mouse House. This has been the third successful birth in the park for these unusual and extremely rare rodents. 1.1 Snow leopards ( Uncia uncia ) were born in the maternity area at the Himilayan Highlands. The SSP breeding program for these rare cats has been very successful. Concluding the report from the Mammal Dept, was 1.0 Pere David's deer ( Elaphurus davidianus ) born at the Rare Animal range. These deer owe their existence to the captive breeding at zoos. Bird Dept. - 0.0.2 Javan whistling ducks ( Dendrocygna javanica ) were hatched at Jungle World. These Asian ducks are rare in collections. 0.0.4 Waldrapp or Bald ibis ( Geronticus eremata ) were hatched. The colony has done very well and recently 4 birds were shipped out. These birds are practically extinct in the two areas of the world where they are native, one being a region of Turkey. Captive breeding and subsequent release programs will be needed. At the Propagation Building 0.0.4 Guam rails ( Rallus owstoni) hatched and are being parent-reared for use in the reintroduction program. Out of the 0.0.3 White-naped cranes ( Grus vipio), two have survived, one of these was artificially incubated, the other two were incubated by foster parents. From the World of Birds 0.0.1 Micronesian kingfisher {Halycon cinnamomina ) was hatched, this hatching the first for this newly formed pair. 0.0.3 Blyth's tragopan ( Tragopan blythi ) hatched at the Pheasant Aviary. Two have survived and are doing well. This is a first for the Bird Dept. Also hatched at the aviary: 0.0.2 Blood pheasants ( Ithaginis cruentus ), one had survived and is doing well, and 0.0.1 Malayan argus {Argusianus argus ). From our South American section 0.0.1 Greater rhea {Rhea americana albescens) was hatched. Great news from the Aquatic Bird House! The only group of captive Hoatzins {Opisthacomus hoazin ) have bred and laid eggs. The first clutch was fertile, but regrettably the eggs fell from the nest. The female has laid again, this time in a nest that was keeper-strengthened. The eggs, if 2 50 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 Births & .Hatchings. Continued fertile, are due to hatch shortly. Some significant acquisitions of note: 2.2 Bali mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi ) to be used in the breeding program; 0.1 Manchurian crane ( Grus japoensis ) paired with our lone male; and 0.0.6 Emu ( Dromiceius n. novaebollandiae) . Reptile Dept. - 0.0.11 Bornean pond turtles ( Orlitia borneoensis ) were a significant hatching. This is another first hatching in a U.S. zoo for this little known species. The adults, on exhibit in Jungle World, are on loan from the Columbus Zoo. -submitted by Peter Psillas, Vice Pres., Bronx Zoo AAZK Chapter. Bird Section submitted by Doug Piekarz, Chapter President, Bronx Zoo, New York. Detroit Zoo/Belle Isle Zoo.. .the following is a compilation of B&H from these two facilities from Sept. 1990-June 1991. Mammal Dept. - on 2 December 1990, our nine-year-old female Polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) gave birth to twin cubs. One of these two cubs survived through denning and is doing well. The cub was sired by our eight-year-old male. On 8 April 1991, a female Chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) estimated born in 1970, gave birth to 0.2 fraternal twins. This was her sixth birthing event. One was pulled a few hours after birth to be hand-raised, and the other was kept with her mother to be raised. Both are doing well. Our 0.1 Tree kangaroo ( Dendrolagus matschiei) gave birth to 1.0 joey. It was first noticed in the pouch on 15 September 1990. The mother was born in September of 1983. There were 11 Western grey kangaroo (. Macropus fuliginosus melanops) born between 12 December 1990 and 14 March 1991 at the Belle Isle Zoo. 1.0 Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) was born on 28 June 1991. Bird Dept. - 0.0.2 Egyptian geese ( Alopochen aegyptiacus ) were hatched on our Swamp Exhibit on 26 April. On 19 April, in our free-flight aviary, 0.0.2 Spur- winged plovers (Vanellus spinosus) hatched. Of the three two survived and are doing well. 0.0.2 Cattle egrets ( Ardeola ibis ) hatched in early March. The parents were captive-raised and were wintering in our free-flight aviary. 0.0.6 Trumpeter swans ( Cygnus cygnus buccinator) were hatched during the second week of June 1991. Four hatched at the Detroit Zoo and two at the Belle Isle Zoo. On 16 June, a 0.0.1 Lesser white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus) hatched, the first hatching of this species at the Detroit Zoo. On 31 May, 0.0.2 Lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) hatched. -submitted by Elizabeth E. Johnson and Maya Perry of the Detroit Zoo AAZK Chapter, Detroit, MI. Elizabeth is the Chapter Secretary. AAZK Administrative Offices 1-800-242-4519 (U.S. Only) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX 913-272-2539 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 251 Letters to the Editor AKF Editor Dear Editor, I came across an article in the New York Times dated 26 May 1991 entitled “Resist the Anti- Zoo Zealots” by Michael Robinson, Director National Zoo, and Ross B. Simons, Deputy Assistant/Research Smithsonian Institution. After reading this article I was moved to write this letter. I feel these two men were brave and admirable to speak up about such an issue in these troubled times. They speak of an issue that is close to home for most zoo keepers.. ..what would happen if my zoo was closed? Who would care for the animals? Where would they be housed? How could “Susie”, the baboon, be released in in the wild and receive her medication so she won't die? As you can see, in a few words, we have a very complicated issue with many differing views on what the right thing to do would be. I can’t think of a time I've been more proud of the accomplishments of the zoo community than I am today. We Keepers and zoo Administrators are working side-by-side with the less privileged Third World zoos by participation in the Zoo Outreach Group. We Keepers and zoo Administrators are purchasing land through conservation programs such as the Conservation Parking Meter and the Adopt-an-Acre Project. How can we throw away the culmination of so many peoples' work for the good of the animals by allowing a few vocal people to sway those who will listen. Zoos today can proudly say they actively contribute to the conservation of species rather than taking from the wild. Are zoos to become extinct and allow the accelerated extinction of many species to occur? It is man, as a species, that has caused so many problems for our environment and its wildlife. Let us not point an accusing finger at the zoo’s existence as a reason for the endangerment of animals. This would be an example of the true definition of “speciesism” to deny that we as people are the causative factor of our conservation problems. We can also make the difference and zoos can teach us that! As Zoo Keepers, the public looks to us to answer their questions. Some inquiring minds want to know... where is the exit? But every once and awhile you may be asked: How many rhinos are left in the world? Why do poachers kill elephants? Why do Florida panthers get hit by cars? You've just been given an invitation to practice one-on-one conservation awareness. You can make someone’s day at the zoo into a thought-provoking experience. Rachel Watkins Rogers Zoo Keeper C Editor's note: if you would like a copy of Michael Robinson's article from the New York Times, send a self-addressed, stamped legal -sized envelope to AKF Editor, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606: In part, Dr. Robinson's article delt with the pressure by anti-zoo groups to close the London Zoo-AAZK has also been contacted by keepers at that facility asking our help in applying pressure on the British government to fund this venerable and scientifically important institution. Packets were sent out to all AAZK Chapters with information on how they could provide support for their fellow keepers in England. If you would like information on how you can help, contact AAZK Administrative Offices at 1-800- 242-4519. Letters to the Editor are always welcome.) & 2 52 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 Quality exotic animal diets C. Pfrr " I I fUI Nutritionally balanced Ol Lft\> 1 tiUM Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for you r feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. h \ SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored primate, 15 % protein dry Banana flavored primate, Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Llama Vitamins & Minerals dry Polar Bear dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Ratite dry Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium dry Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240, 500, or 750 wattages. GENTLE TOUCH™ bedding One call does it all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 AKF Survey Results Parti The following are the statistical results of the survey conducted on Animal Keepers' Forum in the March 1991 issue. We received 144 total responses from the 2650 copies mailed that month. This equates to a .05% return on the survey. We received 118 responses from keepers and 26 responses from individuals in positions other than that of full-time zoo keepers. Those questions from the survey which could be statistically tabulated are presented here without comment from the editoral staff. Those reading these results may draw their own analysis and/or conclusions from the statistics presented. Please be aware that not all respodents answered all questions, so that the total of responses in any category may not necessarily total 144. A presentation of and response to the comments, suggestions and criticisms received in the survey will be published in the September issue of AKF. In responses showing two numbers (example 36/4), the first number is a response from a keeper, the second number denotes a response from a non-keeper. L How long have you been a keeper? a. 1-5 yrs 45/1 b. 6-10 yrs 42/6 c. 11-15 yrs 19/1 d. 16-20 yrs 4/11 e. over 20 yrs 3/2 f. no response 10 If you are not a keeper, what is your position? Listed were: behavior researcher, naturalist, curator, veterinary assistant, education director, consultant, volunteer, zoo director, docent, park superintendent, rehab volunteer, aviculturist and technician. 2. How long have you been reading AKF? a. less than 1 year b. 1-5 yrs c. 6-10 yrs d. 11-15 yrs e. over 15 yrs f. no response 8/0 54/10 33/6 14/5 4/1 10 3. In what state/province/country is your facility located? The following are the states/provinces/countries from which we received survey responses and how many we received from each location. AL (1), Alberta (6), AR (1), AZ (3), CA (17), CO (2), CT (3), FL (5), GA (4), IL (6), IN (6), IA (1), KS (8), LA (4), ME (1), Manitoba (1), MD (2), MA (1), MI (3), MN (2), MT (1), NE (6), NV (1), NJ (2), NY (10), NC (1), OH (4), Ontario (7), OR (3), PA (2), TN (1), TX (5), UT (1), VA (2), WA (12), WI (4), District of Columbia (3) and 2 from Australia. 4. Do you read your monthly AKF? a. Always b. Sometimes c. Never 132 12 0 5. Of the numerous regular and semi-regular sections of AKF. how do you rate the frequency with which you read the following: Always Sometimes Never Scoops and Scuttlebutt 122 21 1 Births & Hatchings 81 55 8 Coming Events 108 36 0 Chapter News 61 74 9 Book Reviews 38 98 13 2 54 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 AKF gyiryey - Parti Continued Always Sometimes Never Legislative News 59 71 14 Information Requests 124 20 0 Keeper's Alert 118 18 8 Opportunity Knocks 116 25 3 Viewpoint 73 65 6 From the President 71 66 7 LINK System Memos 42 75 27 6. Information on upcoming AAZK Conferences is published in pull-out inserts in AKF. Do you find this format convenient and useful to you? YES NO No Opinion 135 6 3 Do you think enough information is provided on conferences? YES NO 134 10 7. Do you feel there is enough information in AKF about what is happening in AAZK to keep you informed about your association? YES NO No Opinion 124 16 4 8. Because we are an open forum for all keepers, there is always some variation in the professional levels and style of information provided in articles in AKF. Some articles tend to be more research-oriented while others are on more general husbandry topics. Which type of article would you prefer to read more often in your AKF? Research -4 Husbandry -79 A Mix of Both - 58 No Opinion -3 9. It has been proposed that AKF print General Husbandry articles and publish detailed Research Papers in a separate publication, for example the yearly Conference Proceedings. Would you be in favor of this? YES -59 NO - 68 No Opinion - 17 10. Would you favor the establishment of a Review Committee to help in the review process of technical articles? YES - 91 NO - 24 No Opinion - 15 No response - 14 12. Are you satisfied with the present front cover drawings on AKF? YES -121 NO -20 No opinion -3 13. How would you rate the job being done by the editors in putting together the AKF and in covering topics of interest to the membership? Formatting of AKF Excellent -71 Good -57 Fair -13 Poor -3 Contents of AKF Excellent -54 Good- 79 Fair- 10 Poor-1 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 255 News An ivory substitute made from milk, eggshells and titanium dioxide may save the lives of African elephants. We can only hope that it will also help the walruses which are facing increased pressure since the ban on elephant ivory. Nature News Vol. 1, No. 7, 1991 Oryx Vol. 25, Jan. 1991 1990 saw the birth of the 40th Howletts-born gorilla “Jubi”. Her mother was also the mother of Howletts first-ever baby “Kyo”. Ratel, April 1991 The first successful hand-raising of a Milky Stork ( Ibis cinereus ) hatched in captivity occurred at the Negara Zoo, near Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. Zoorama, Malaysia Issue No. 4/89 Poachers in Assam, northeast India, which is home to nearly 80% of the world's Indian rhino ( Rhinoceros unicornis), have developed a new and terrible way of trapping the animals. They are being electrocuted by high voltage wires! (11,000 volts). At least seven are known to have died this way since the end of 1989. Ratel, April 1989 An Indian Subcontinent Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group of IUCN/SSC was recently formed. This group will work on identifying taxa in need of conservation and regions of high herpetological diversity and/or endemism. They will then prepare suitable action and conservation plans. Zoo's Print, July 1990 The subspecies of Bald ibis found in Turkey ( Geronticus calvus ) has lost its struggle to survive in the wild. Only 3 birds returned to Birecik in southeast Turkey after their Red Sea winter and all died before they could reproduce. The Bald ibis was one of the world's first officially protected species under a decree by Archbishop Lionhard of Salzberg in 1504. Thylacinus, Winter 1990 The Royal Zoological Society of South Australia's ZOOWATCH program was officially launched in Feb. 1990. ZOOWATCH involves volunteers who can assist in information and data collection as part of zoological research projects. Thylacinus, Winter 1990 “Today the (African) wild dog ( Lycaon pictus) is the most endangered large carnivore in Africa.” Only 3,000 to 5,000 still remain due to habitat encroachment and indiscriminate killing due to their “vicious killer” reputation. Some packs on the Serengeti are being inoculated against diseases such as rabies, which can quickly spread, in an effort to curb the dying. Swara, Jan/Feb 1991 Thanks again to the 19 individuals and Chapters who are sponsoring a Foreign Keeper. A reminder to those who are sponsoring Indian keepers and receiving Zoo's Print to consider 2 5 6 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 International News Continued taking out an International Membership ($50.00 U.S.) in Z.O.O. (Zoo Outreach Organization) to help offset the cost of receiving this publication. Welcome to three new sponsees and thanks to their new sponsors: Ivo Jaik - Tallinn Zoo, Russia San Diego Chapter AAZK Tiit Maran - Tallinn Zoo, Russia San Diego Chapter AAZK Xve Chongde - Shanghai Zoo Lincoln Park Zoo AAZK Chapter We need more sponsors as we still have a lot of people awaiting sponsorship. We also have two people who were previously sponsored who need new sponsors: Nazker Devi, India, was sponsored by Judie Steenberg - Nazker cannot write English but we have received letters from her new boss who is very encouraging; Doreen Khoo Say Kin, Malaysia, was sponsored by Nancy Hanson - Nancy sponsored Doreen for the Animal Management Course! Thanks to both Judie and Nancy for their support. Neither sponsee was dropped due to problems and would certainly appreciate continued support. If anyone wants information on the sponsorship program or has any noteworthy piece of world zoo/animal/conservation news that you feel would be of interest to AKF' s readers, please contact Mona Keith or Pam McDougall, I AC's c/o Calgary Zoo, Box 3036, Station B, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2M 4RB. . I hanks, Mona Keith and Pam McDougall International Affairs Coordinators Actual size address label 403 - 523 15th Ave. S.W. Calgary, Alta. T2R 0R3 Tired of having to ink-in your 'John Henry" on every envelope? Feel a need to emblazon your precious tomes with personalized bookplates? Find "regular address labels just TOO BORING? Then add some pizzazz to your life! LIXX LABELZ specializes in calligraphed, personalized address labels and bookplates with over 150 nature designs to choose from. Send for our 46-page catalogue today! To send for our catalogue, print your name and address in the spaces provided, dip, and mail with $4.00 per catalogue (cheque or money order, in Canadian $) to: LIXX LABELZ P.0 Box 32055, 2619 14 Street, S.W. Calgary, Alta., Canada T2T 5X0. Name Address Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 257 California Condor - Coming Back from the Brink By Susie Kasielke, Curatorial Assistant Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, CA The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a member of the family Cathartidae whose other North American members are the Turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura) and Black vulture ( Coragyps atratus), both found widely in Central and South America. The Yellow- headed vulture ( Cathartes burrovianus) and Greater yellow-headed vulture ( Cathartes melambrotus), are found in Central America. Colorful King vultures ( Sarcorhamphus papa) are found in tropical Central and South America, while the Andean condor ( Vultur gryphus) ranges the length of the Andes mountains. Only the male Andean condor is larger than the California condor, weighing up to 33 pounds and having a wingspan of up to 10 feet. Originally classified in the order Falconiformes along with hawks, eagles, falcons and Old World vultures, condors and other New World vultures in the family Cathartidae have recently been shown by scientific evidence to belong in the order Ciconiiformes, as they are more closely related to storks than to any other group. Adults weigh 17-24 pounds and have a wingspan of up to 9.5 feet. In the adult, plumage is blackish with a long triangular white patch under the wing. The head and neck are bare except for a ‘mask’ of sparse, short black feathers extending across the face between the eyes and down to the jawline. The skin of the head and neck is colored in shades of pink, red, orange, yellow and light blue, and becomes more intensely pink during times of excitement and in breeding season. Although males weigh slightly more on average, there is nothing to visually distinguish the sexes. The beak is long, sharp and powerful. The feet lack the ability to grasp. Juveniles are entirely dark, gradually showing lighter underwing feathers with the head developing a freckled appearance as color emerges near maturity. The iris of the eyes also then gradually changes from tan to red. At hatch chicks have light pink and orange skin and are covered in off-white down which is quickly replaced by a gray second down. At this writing, the entire population of 40 California condors is housed in captivity, half at the Los Angeles Zoo and half at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Their immediate former range was limited to the coastal ranges of Southern California, with nesting occurring primarily in the chapparal-covered mountains of the Los Padres National Forest and foraging in the grasslands of the San Joaquin Valley. Prior to the arrival of the pioneers, the condor's range extended from British Columbia south through Baja California. During the Pleistocene Era, ending 11,000 years ago, the condor's range extended across the southern half of North America and along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, feeding on now-extinct animals such as giant sloths, primitive horses and camels. The condor does not kill prey and feeds on animals that are already dead which it finds by sight and by following other scavengers. From the Pleistocene to the mid-nineteenth century, bison, deer, pronghorn, as well as beached dead marine animals comprised most of the diet. Most recently its diet consisted largely of cattle and native deer, along with available smaller animals. A condor may eat up to 3-4 pounds at a time, holding the food in its distensible crop and will not need to eat again for 3-4 days. In captivity condors are fed a varied diet including whole animals (primarily rodents), fish and a ground meat product supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Each consumes about a pound of food daily. Parent birds regurgitate partially digested food for their young, while artificially-reared chicks are given finely chopped mice well moistened with water. Sexual maturity is reached at 5-7 years of age. Condor pairs stay together over successive seasons, but if one partner is lost the other will pair with a new mate. Nesting takes place in 258 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 California Condor - Back from the Brink. Continued caves, knotholes and sheltered outcrops in the faces of steep cliffs. One nest was found to be in a huge knothole 80 up in a giant sequoia tree. No nesting material is added and the female lays a single pale aqua-colored egg directly on the accumulated sand and other debris in the nest. Parents alternate incubating the egg, which initially weighs approximately 280 grams (10 oz.) and on averages measures 110 x 67 millimeters (4.4 x 2.7 inch). When the chick hatches after 54-58 days of incubation, the parents continue to share duties of feeding and brooding the chick. Flight feathers are fully developed at about six months, but the chick is still dependent on the adults who may continue to feed it for more than a year as it learns foraging skills. If an egg is lost to breakage or predators, the pair will often produce a replacement egg in 4-5 weeks (double-clutching). Some pairs have laid three eggs in a single season (triple-clutching), and this phenomenon of recycling is used to increase the number of offspring produced from the normal single young to as many as six in a two-year period in captivity by removing eggs for artificial incubation as soon as they are laid. Molloko, the first captive-bred and hatched California condor, was bom on 29 April 1988 at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. The chick was named by the Northern Maidu Indian tribe - the name means condor. Photo by Ron Garrison © Zoological Society of San Diego The California condor is the largest flying bird in North America and relies on soaring, rather than flapping, flight. Taking care to roost where it can launch easily or land where a few wingbeats will bring it airborne, the condor uses uplifting winds along mountain ridges to stay aloft. The bird seeks out warm thermal updrafts, spiraling in them to gain altitude, then glides for long distances before seeking another thermal for lift. As highly intelligent, social birds, non-nesting condors often roost in large groups on rocky ledges and in trees. Dominance hierarchy is strictly maintained yet constantly challenged within a given group and is most apparent in feeding situations. They are intensely inquisitive by nature and playful with each other in relaxed circumstances even as adults. Individual condors in captivity often entertain themselves at length with objects such as sticks and long grass roots by chasing and tossing them, and will even retrieve them from underwater in the pool. The condor has no syrinx, but communicate with a remarkable combination of hisses, growls and grunts in addition to a well-developed system of body language. Condors are highly revered by California's Native Americans. The bird as a symbol features prominently in ritual and legend, and many believe that their spirits are carried into the next world on the wings of the condor. Humans, however, have been the biggest enemy of the condor in modern times, often unintentionally. Condors, like predatory birds, have been shot indiscriminately from pioneer times up to the present. Pesticide Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 259 California Condor - Back from the Brink. Continued residues in the environment have led to eggshell thinning so severe that parents crushed their eggs while incubating. Poisoning by lead bullets eaten while feeding on the remains of hunters' unrecovered and field-dressed deer, as well as collisions with power lines and poison intended for ground squirrels and coyotes, have pushed the condor to the very brink of extinction in recent years. When the last condor was brought in from the wild in 1987, there were only 27 left. Captive breeding has increased the population to 40 in 1990 and with continued success releases to the wild may take place as early as 1991. It will take decades of careful management to bring the condor out of its endangered status. Traditional nesting and roosting areas are already well protected. Clean food will be provided until safe, natural food sources are redeveloped by repopulating foraging areas with native hoofed animal species. The use of non-toxic bullets by hunters and the conversion to underground electrical lines by power companies in key areas are examples of ways condors could be protected in the future. The long-term, goal of the California Condor Recovery Program is to establish three separate, self-sustaining populations of 100 or more birds each - one in captivity, divided among three institutions, and two populations in the wild. The California condor can then be downlisted from Endangered to Threatened status. 1991 CALIFORNIA CONDOR EGGS laid location sire dam status name January 1 9 Los Angeles Kaweah Anyapa h. March 1 7 Moko January 19 San Diego AC5 AC8 inviable February 1 Los Angeles Cuyama Cachuma h. March 30 Pawoco February 1 San Diego Paxa Almiyi h. April 1 Otum February 6 Los Angeles Sequoia Sespe inviable February 6 Los Angeles Topa Malibu infertile February 7 San Diego AC4 UNI h. April 6 Tsuts February 10 Los Angeles AC9 Squapuni h. April 8 Xewe February 24 San Diego Sisquoc Tecuya broken February 26 Los Angeles Kaweah Anyapa h. April 24 Rotciwi February 28 San Diego Paxa Almiyi infertile February 28 Los Angeles Cuyama Cachuma h. April 26 Preghawish March 1 San Diego AC5 AC8 inviable March 2 Los Angeles AC6 Pismo h. April 28 Kitsuk March 4 Los Angeles Topa Malibu infertile March '1 1 Los Angeles AC9 Squapuni h. May 8 Hoinewut March 12 San Diego Xolxol Ojai infertile March 27 San Diego Sisquoc Tecuya infertile March 29 Los Angeles AC6 Pismo due May 25 Tenet yq April 3 San Diego AC5 AC8 due May 30 April 5 San Diego AC 4 UNI due June 1 April 7 Los Angeles AC9 Squapuni due June 3 N/oca S. Kasielke 05- 14-91 260 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 California Condor - Back from the Brink, Continued CALIFORNIA CONDOR POPULATION APRIL 10, 1991 name/ID sex hatched cqptured/?tatu$ age location caDtive breedina AC4 m unknown 06-25-85/juvenile unknown SDWAP 0. 1 '88, 2.0*89; UNI f unknown 08-07-85/adult unknown SDWAP 1 egg inviable '90; 0.0.1 & 1 egg ‘91 Cuyama m 05-05-83 08-01-83/chick 8 years LAZ 1 inf egg& 1.0 Cachuma f 07-02-83 83/chick 8years LAZ ‘89; 1 . 1 '90; 0.0.2 '91 AC5 m unknown 02-27-87/adult unknown SDWAP 0. 1 '89 ; 1.2 '90; AC8 f unknown 06-01-86/adult unknown SDWAP 3 eggs '91 (2 inviable) Kaweah m 04-09-85 85/egg 6 years LAZ 1 inf egg '89; Anyapa f 05-01-84 84/egg 7years LAZ 1.1 '90;0.0.2'91 Paxa m 05-01-81 12-05-82/juvenile 10 years SDWAP 1 inf egg '89; 0. 1 Almiyi f 05-27-83 8 3 /egg 8 years SDWAP + 2 inf eggs '90; 0.0.1 &1 inf egg '91 AC2 m unknown 12-13-86/adult unknown SDWAP (bred in wild) Inaja f 05-09-84 84/egg 7 years SDWAP Sequoia m 05-16-84 09-15-84/chick 7 years LAZ 1 inv egg '90; Sespe f 05-25-83 83/egg 8years LAZ 1 inv egg '91 Sisquoc m 03-30-83 8 3 /egg 8 years SDWAP 1 egg broken '90; Tecuya f 04-05-83 8 3 /egg 8 years SDWAP 1 broken & 1 inf egg '91 Xolxol m 05-01-82 08-13-82/chick 9 years SDWAP 1 inf egg ‘90; Ojai f 04-11-84 84/egg 7 years SDWAP 1 inf egg '91 Topa-Topa m 66 03-03-67/juvenile 25 years LAZ 2 inf eggs '91 Malibu f 06-10-85 85/egg 6 years LAZ AC6 m unknown 04-06-86/adult unknown LAZ 0.0.1 & 1 egg '91 Pismo f 06-10-84 84/egg 7 years LAZ AC9 m 05-01-80 04-19-87 1 1 years LAZ 1 inv egg '90;0.0.2 Squapuni f 06-01-84 84/egg 7 years LAZ & 1 egg '91 Tama-Yawut f unknown 09-06-85/adult unknown LAZ’ (bred in wild) Piru f 04-09-84 84/egg 7 years SDWAP Nojoqui m 06-06-86 86/egg 5 years SDWAP Molloko f 04-29-88 3 years SDWAP Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 26 California Condor - Back from the Brink. Continued name/ ID sex hatched caDtured/status age location caotive breedina Mandan m 04-19-89 2 years LAZ Towasinah f 05-18-89 2 years SDWAP Kaduku m 05-21-89 2 years SDWAP Shasta m 06-06-89 2 years LAZ Chuhlna F 03-12-90 1 year SDWAP Honsi F 03-22-90 1 year SDWAP Kareva F 03-23-90 1 year LAZ Oneia M 04-10-90 1 year SDWAP Tumusai M 04-15-90 1 year LAZ Maluk M 04-25-90 1 year LAZ Sulu F 05-10-90 1 year SDWAP Shatash F 05-25-90 1 year LAZ Moko 7 03-17-91 < 1 year LAZ Pawoco 7 03-30-91 < 1 year LAZ Otum 7 04-01-91 < 1 year SDWAP Tsuts 7 04-06-91 <1 year SDWAP Xewe 9 04-08-91 <1 year LAZ Rotciwi ? 04-24-91 < 1 year LAZ Preghawish 7 04-26-91 < 1 year LAZ Kitsuk 9 04-28-91 < 1 year LAZ Hoinewut 9 05-08-91 <1 year LAZ Tenefyci > f 05 "-25 « C i, -03 “S * 1 yeor 4J yqar LAI. LAX S. Kasielke (06-3-91) JPmblitutiton® Av(0rflinato.rs ALABAMA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 ALASKA - Vacancy ARIZONA - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 85716 ARKANSAS - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher, Little Rock Zoological Gardens, #1 Jonesboro Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205 CALIFORNIA- Vacancy COLORADO - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 CONNECTICUT- Jeanette Nadeau, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI 02905 DELEWARE - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NORTHERN FLORIDA - Betty Grogan, Jacksonville Zoological Park, P.O. Box 26767, Jacksonville, FL 32218 CENTRAL/SOUTHERN FLORIDA - Rick Smith, 11707 # 5 Park, Orchard Circle, Tampa, FL 33612 GEORGIA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 HAWAII - Michelle Suenishi, Hilton Hawiian Village, 2950 Ena Road, Honolulu, HI 96815 IDAHO - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 ILLINOIS - Vacancy INDIANA - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 IOWA - Carla Wieser, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, 10th St. & Deer Park Blvd., Omaha, NE 68107 or Wendy Davis, Lake Superior Zoo, 7210 Fremont St., Duluth, MN 55807 KANSAS - Vacancy KENTUCKY - Vacancy LOUISIANA - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 MAINE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MARYLAND - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA MASSACHUSETTS - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MICHIGAN - Vacancy MINNESOTA - Wendy Davis, Lake Superior Zoo, 7210 Fremont St., Duluth, MN 55807 MISSISSIPPI - Vacancy MISSOURI - Vacancy MONTANA - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 NEBRASKA -Carla Wieser (see address under Iowa) NEVADA - Vacancy NEW HAMPSHIRE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) NEW JERSEY - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NEW MEXICO - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 857716 EAST NEW YORK - Mark Hofling, Bronx Zoo, 185th & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460 (212) 220-7115 [w] WEST NEW YORK - Alan Baker, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Dr., Syracuse, NY 13204 NORTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 NORTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3P 0R5 (204) 986-4040 [w] OHIO - Vacancy OKLAHOMA - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher (see addresses under AR) OREGON - Anna Michel, Washington Park Zoo, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221 PENNSYLVANIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 RHODE ISLAND - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) SOUTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 SOUTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets (see address under ND) TENNESSEE - Gail Karr, Memphis Zoo & Aquarium, 2000 Galloway, Memphis, TN 38112 TEXAS - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 UTAH - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 VERMONT - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WASHINGTON - Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103 WEST VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WISCONSIN - Karin Newman, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W. Bluemound Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 WYOMING - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - Theresa Maas (see address under PA) Province of Ontario - Terry Male, Metro Toronto Zoo, Box 280, West Hill, Ontario Canada MlE 4R5 (416) 392-5900 [w] Provinces of Manitoba & Saskatchewan - Bob Debets (see address under ND) Province of Quebec - Chantal Routhier, Granby Zoo, 347 Rue Bourget, Granby, Quebec, Canada J2G IE 8 Provinces of Alberta & British Columbia - Dean Treichel, Valley Zoo, Box 2359, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 2R7 (403) 483-5525 [w] Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 279 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 15th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks / AKF. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Please include closing dates for positions available. There is no charge for this service and phone-in listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our phone is 1-800-242-4519 ( U.S. .); 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Our FAX is 913-272-2539. ANIMAL KEEPER... National Zoological Park/Smithsonian Institution. Performs routine duties in the care and maintenance of exotic, rare or endangered mammals. Will work with animals whose behavior may be erratic or unpredictable. Will participate in public education programs. Candidates should possess skill in the care, handling and feeding of mammals. Knowledge and/or experience in public education programs is preferred. Must work well in a team setting. Salary $19,659.00 - $22,978.00. Salary commensurate with experience. Applications must be received by 30 September 1991. All applicants must submit a completed SF 171 (Application for Federal Employment) to: Smithsonian Institution, Delegated Examining Unit, P.O. Box 44819, ATTN: DEU 1-140, Washington, DC 20026-4819. Questions concerning this position may be directed to John Lehnhardt, Collection Manager, Elephant House/Pinnipeds, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, (202) 673-4804. AA/EOE. ZOO ATTENDANT /...routine care of reptiles, birds and mammals at the Sacramento Zoo and related cleaning and maintenance necessary for their health and well-being. Requires 6 months' full-time experience working with captive, exotic animals. College level courses in biology, zoology and animal science or a related field are desirable. Education may be substituted for part of experience if in above fields. Salary $1934.20 - $2351. 27/month plus benefits. Complete information and City of Sacramento applications available at 921 10th St., Room 101, Sacramento, CA 95814. Out-of-area applicants call (916) 449-5726 for application. Final filing deadline is 28 August 1991 5:00 p.m. RELIEF KEEPER. ..part-time position open for a relief keeper at Micke Grove Zoo in Lodi, CA. Duties include care and feeding of zoo animals, observation of animal behavior, preparation of animal diets, and routine exhibit maintenance. Some college level work in zoology or related field is desirable, as is some zoo experience. Must be knowledgeable about zoo animals and safety conscious. Must be able to effectively communicate with the public. Salary $6.00 per hour, 16-32 hours per week; flexibility in scheduling is a necessity. For more information and application contact Susan DuBois, Curator, Micke Grove Zoo, San Joaquin County, Dept, of Parks and Recreation, 11793 N. Micke Grove Rd., Lodi, CA 95204 (209) 953-8840. Closing date is Friday, 30 August 1991. ZOOKEEPER... requires high school diploma or equivalent and one year exotic animal experience. Responsible for the feeding, care and upkeep of a varied collection. Salary $6.25/hr. plus benefits. Send resume by 31 August 1919 to: Liz Harmon, Curator, Great Plains Zoo and Delbridge Museum, 805 S. Kiwanis, Sioux Falls, SD 57104 Keeper's Alert The International Society for Endangered Cats (ISEC) is seeking articles for their bimonthly publication. Articles are to reflect the personal experiences of the keepers who care for cats, both large and small. Please submit your article of approximately 500 words to the address below: Carolyn Curry, Mill Mountain Zoo, P.O. Box 13484, Roanoke, VA 24034. 280 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 8 1991 AAZK Membership Application Name Address City j~^] $30.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $25.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility □ $20.00 Library Library subscription only Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address check here if renewal [ ] State/Province Zip □ $25.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $40.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category I I $50.00 or up Contributing or Institutional Individuals & Organizations Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE), made payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., to : AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S.A. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Animal Keeners' Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. All illustrations, graphs and tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page size no greater than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25 l/2cm). Literature used should be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name of species (as per ISIS) the first time it is used. Thereafter use common name. Black and white photos only accepted. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed for publication. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Telephone or FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. The phone number is (913) 272-5821 Ext. 31. FAX # is 913-272-2539. DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH .OF THE PRECEDING MONTH Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Animal Keepers' Forum editorial staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. PRINTED IN U.SA. ©1991 AAZK, Inc. SE 1SL 3E r-i P.» I/I -n i~- O P e+ o' 3 •C^ g8 J® g •..*< ® M • : c+ ^ :cr ® 1 - P P-* Bo ^ X 05 O £. 03 P-> 03 P P; ?. $ o a g, P(TQ F c-t- o0 3 - O' 1 B. o p; p d cj- 2:° cr S “ S' » S.8. 'o «• ^ O P ~ * P ii* cr QV “ M* ■§ w d cl £ cl- P 5 trs. ^ ^ crq m. o 3 P P c+ CTQ d ® a- 8 ;-o w 3 0^3^4 s’BSg-® S co O P H 3 ^ ® S ® 3 p go . C+ 3 m o cr p o p & ^ p vj !ZU o P p £2. cr p §(S ^c* g- B d § ro M 4 (D tc r°g o Mhj ^ 3 <-i h->. •< P Q-1 O 5 o M. P g £ w P 0- 3 ™ p w p Ly- P ® a 2 s»g W P (D ^ O M. |T* 2 SJ 3 P- p a-* o g5 S- P 0 a 3 P d £- 1—1 rn O \v O 03 ® g ^ g- p rn d g B. g- 8. 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Facilities are available for special interest groups and informal workshops. Please let us know your requirements. Volunteers are needed to monitor sessions. Please contact Bill McDowell, Toledo Zoo, (419) 385-572L We are happy to announce that the Boomer Ball Company will be exhibiting at the Conference. They will be offering special conference prices on their merchandise, so you might consider bringing purchase orders. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 293 Final Call for All Animal Imitators As part of our Zoolympics at the Toledo Conference, brave individuals will get a chance to go public with their creations during the “Animal Imi tation Contest”. These will include vocalizations and body gestures. The categories will be: birds, mammals, reptiles/amphibians, fish and insects. Contestants will be judged on their ability to mimic the animal they have chosen. (Entrants must choose one category only.) Prizes will be awarded to one winner from each category. Please fill out the form below if you are planning to participate. Animal Imitations Contest Name Address Telephone ( ) Organization _ Category (please specify the species of animal you will be imitating) Birds Mammals — — _____ — _ — Reptiles/Amphibians Fish 294 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 H®s®ip IBsisIh fim (D®RtsLimt®is ©imiws lw (OIL®s®irf What more can we say? In past issues of the Forum, we have told you about our upcoming Pre-Conference Event the weekend before Toledo's National Conference. We have also told how those frivolous frogs Hozer and Elvis have been having too much fun in Columbus, and how two of you are needed to escort them to Toledo to ensure their attendance at the National Conference. October 4th and 5th promises to be full of education, fun and excitement in Ohio's Capital City. Well, folks, this is the last time you will be subjected to rantings and ravings about this event because October is almost here! We just want to lay a few last tidbits of info on you that you may find of interest. —Please feel free to attend even if you don't register; it looks like we will have plenty of space to put people up for free; just call or write us so we can make arrangements. (Also, a lot of the food and drinks will be provided free of charge). —If you are flying in, we can pick you up at the airport Also, we can get you to Toledo and hack if that proves necessary. Just let us know what arrangements you will need. —Hozer and Elvis are REALLY looking forward to the party in their honor, and hope you all can join them. These audacious amphibians have been the source of much pleasure and laughter at past conferences, so let's all turn out and give them their due respect! Well, that's it! The Columbus Chapter of AAZK hopes to see all of you the first weekend in October. 1991 Columbus Pre-Conference Registration Name Address — Telephone ( ) Organization _______________ Vegetarian YES NO Please specify type Arrival date and time Please return to: Carl Gyarmaty Columbus Zoo AAZK P.O. Box 1256, Powell, OH 43065. Phone: Work (614) 645-3412; Home (614) 263-7048 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 295 “Take One-Please...” Using a Visitor Survey for an Informal Browse Study By Tamara S. Ryf, Assistant Lead Keeper Dreher Park Zoo , West Palm Beach, FL Being a primate keeper, I am always looking for different approaches to enhance the environment of the animals as well as enhancing the visitor's experience at our zoo. Since Dreher Park Zoo is set in a lush botanical area, there are many tropical plants on hand to use for browse. The browse is a great natural way to stimulate the animals. I have found that when browse is added to the captive primate's environment, it encourages activity both physical and mental. I was curious to see if while I was enhancing the animal's environment, the visitor also benefited from the experience. To achieve this task, I had to make a few decisions. First, how was I going to contact the average zoo visitor? Being a keeper at a small zoo, time was very limited so in-depth visitor observations seemed impractical. Second, what primate should be used in this informal study? We have a diverse collection of small primates which includes tamarins, cebids and guenons. Third, how was I going to present the browse in a conspicuous manner so that the visitor would better understand my motive? Most of our primates are housed on landscaped islands or heavily planted outdoor exhibits so the browse would blend in with the surroundings. Since it was mainly the visitor's point of view that was needed, I decided to compile a short informal survey for them to complete. The survey included an explanation of the experiment and a series of short, easy to answer questions. The survey was placed on a clipboard and attached to a stand near the exhibit. Pencils were provided to encourage more visitors to fill out the form. The survey was made available from June 1990 to September 1990. This period is considered our slow season, but it allowed visitors more time at the exhibit due to the lack of large groups of school children. By using the survey, I was able to gather information without spending a great deal of time making observations. The only things I had to do daily were to make available plenty of surveys, sharpen the pencils and collect the completed surveys. I decided to use only one group of primates in our collection for this experiment. Dreher Park Zoo's Diana monkeys ( Cercopithecus diana) seemed to be the logical choice. This group was comprised of an adult pair (1.1) which are housed in a double bailing wire exhibit. The exhibit consists of two bailing wire cages connected by a cement shift area. One side has a covered roof with a cement floor and large prop branches. The other side has an open chain-link roof with a earth bottom floor and a telephone pole and rope “jungle- gym” structure. This side serves as a “play area”. The exhibit is surrounded by trees and hedges, but no greenery is present inside of the enclosure. Another plus was that this pair had not yet produced an offspring. All other primate groups consisted of individuals of varying ages and there was always constant activity or a newborn baby to attract the visitor. With the choice of the Diana monkeys, I had solved the variables of what animals should take part in the study and how to present the browse in a way that would be obvious to the visitor. The zoo is set in a heavily planted park with a wide variety of tropical browse from which to choose. Some of the species of plants available to the keepers are: ficus, powder puff, banana, bamboo, bougianvillea, hibiscus, and cercropia. The browse is offered on an every other day schedule or whenever available. It was decided to place the browse in the earth bottom half of the exhibit for two reasons. One, the browse fit snugly into the gaps between the telephone poles thus eliminating the need to build browse holders. Two, this side of the exhibit is entered daily for cleaning, so time was saved in both presenting the browse and removing the old material. With all the preceding variables solved, it was time to put the plan in motion. This was when I discovered which choices were successful and which ones were not. 296 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 “Take One--Please...” Continued The survey worked out well— actually too well. I collected 200 completed surveys during the project. Since this time of year is the rainy season, some surveys fell victim to afternoon thunderstorms. Even though only pertinent questions were asked, I ended up collecting more data than was necessary. Because of this, it took quite a bit longer than expected to reach my conclusions. Just before I put the finishing touches on the survey, our Diana monkeys presented us with our first-ever newborn of this species at Dreher Park Zoo. Since the plans had already been made and more people were now involved in this project than myself, I decided to go ahead and use the animals on the basis of their exhibit. The majority of the visitors responded on the survey that although the browse was attractive and kept the monkeys active, it was mainly the newborn that drew them to the exhibit. This backed-up my earlier thought that if a young baby was present in the exhibit, the visitor would not have been attracted to seeing the animals manipulating browse. The browse being offered every other day allowed me to see when the visitor spent more time viewing the monkeys. I found out the average visitor spent between 5-10 minutes watching the animals. This was true whether browse was available or not. Although the visitor spent the same amount of time viewing the animals, they did comment on how the animals used the browse offered. They responded on how the animals approached the browse, what parts they ate, and which individuals used the browse. Due to this fact, I decided that the visitor does benefit from observing the animals using the browse. In conclusion, I would just like to share the perspective gained from undertaking this informal study. The survey helped me to see more clearly how a visitor views the animal on exhibit and the exhibit itself. This is a great help when I add new props and even in day- to-day exhibit maintenance. Also, I believe the survey acted as an icebreaker between the zoo visitor and myself. It encouraged the visitor to ask more questions not only about the primates but about the zoo as a whole. Many visitors did comment on how they wished there were more similar projects throughout the zoo in which they could directly participate. This way they are not just another visitor, but actually contributing to an on-going project at the zoo. Logo Keychain The Dallas Zoo Chapter AAZK is now offering rhino logo keychains. The front features a thermometer and the back a wind chill chart. The AAZK logo in black and white is on the front side. The thermometer is encased in durable acrylic. Approximate size is 1" x 2 ". Cost per keychain is $3.50 plus 50 cents postage when ordered singly. Orders of 5-7 keychains should add $2.00 postage; orders of 8-12 should add $3.00 postage. For larger bulk orders, contact the Dallas Chapter at the address below for shipping costs. Make checks or money orders (U.S. FUNDS ONLY) payble to: Dallas AAZK Chapter. Send order to: Sara Weller, c/o Dallas Zoo, 621 E. Clarendon, Dallas, TX 75203. (214) 670- 6825. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 29 7 Progress of the AAZK History Committee By Rachel Watkins Rogers AAZK Historian San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA Since my appointment to Chair the AAZK History Committee in February 1990, I have read, computed and researched till I felt I was going to die! I can say that the Book (25th Anniversary Book) is now taking shape and looks like a bit more than just some ideas on paper. A collection of data forms and files have begun to produce some good results with a lot of information being sent in to me. The first report was approved by the Board of Directors at the 1990 National Conference in New Orleans, with a summary provided in the Board Meeting Overview (January 1991 AKF). A special meeting with Susan Chan (AKF Editor), Janet McCoy (new Board oversight) and myself during the conference provided me with the basis to begin the process of data collection on histories of AAZK Chapters, projects, committees, etc. The current status is seemingly stagnant, but is merely in a new phase of development. It is much easier said than done, I am finding, to put information into meaningful words that give historical justice to an account of the past. I am becoming more adept at writing and in the use of the computer in the process. It is surely a challenge, but I am learning a lot. I entered into this project with a sense of pride and commitment to a goal that this will be my most worthwhile and rewarding work. I still have that feeling, but I would like to convey that feeling to those who will send in their information. This book is more than just another publication for AAZK - it will be something that people will read for years to come! It may seem like an easy task to send a letter and get information back from a willing group of people, but with all the pressures we are faced with in our daily lives, some things are put on the back burner. It seems the returning of the much-needed information to the History Committee has become such an issue. I cannot tell you how important it is to me that I hear from YOU. I promise to offer you my best work so you may be proud of the finished product, but you, the Committee Chairs/Chapter Presidents/Project Coordinators must supply the information that is needed. Many of you have returned your correspondence and have offered more than the initial information requested. I thank you for that, but there are some folks who haven't made any attempts to respond. My pride in and commitment to AAZK has been rejuvenated by my involvement in the writing of our 25th Anniversary Book. I have learned many things about the people who formed the Association and other organizations like ours. There is a common thread that has become evident - dedication to professionalism. From the AKF, Annual Conferences and formation of local Chapters to the day-to-day duties of the average Zoo Keeper, you can't go wrong if your work is embodied by a professional attitude. We Keepers strive for respect and recognition of our work. Let us rally together in a joint effort to provide the history of our successes so everyone can reflect on the past of an Association that has grown into an international ideal. We are at the crossroads of the 21st Century. There is a new and exciting challenge ahead. Many of us will carry a renewed interest in the future of our zoos as we look into a changing philosophy of captive animal management and our roles in that change. Change can be our ally because it causes us to evaluate and reform, but it must be tempered with patience. With a look at the past we can chart out the future in a methodical fashion. We are a mere quarter century old in existence, but our need for professionalism will exist as long as there are animals requiring our care. 298 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 Memo: To AH AAZK Chapters and Members From: Rachel Watkins Rogers, AAZK Historian RE: Funding for 25th Anniversary AAZK Biography Dear Chapters and Members of AAZK, I am writing this announcement to all of you with the hope that you can help meet a challenge of great proportions. I am faced with the need to fund the printing of a book that many of you will find to be very important, as well as entertaining. The book is The History of the AAZK and its importance to the future of zoo keepers. We plan to have this book ready for AAZK's 25th Anniversary in 1992. The San Diego Zoological Society has agreed to provide a matching donation of $4,000.00 towards the total of $8,000.00 needed to cover the publishing cost of our book. This is a very generous offer which I am proud to present to you on behalf of the Society. Now, we all need is to get busy and generate the first $4,000.00. Ideally, we would need a minimum of $60.00 donated per Chapter to equal the pledge offered by the San Diego Zoological Society. If your Chapter cannot pledge this amount, we will gladly accept donations in any amount and we would also encourage individual AAZK members to make a donation if they would like. This will also be a way for all members to contribute to the completion of a much needed work for all our members to enjoy. All donors will be acknowledged in the publication. This book will also make a nice addition to any current zoo keeper training programs you or your zoo may offer. Besides the history of the AAZK, its projects and programs, there will be a chapter giving the histories of other zoo and aquarium organizations that constitute our international zoo community. Foreign zoo keeper associations will also be included in this chapter. The deadline for submission of pledges will be 30 March 1992. and checks should be made payable to AAZK, Inc. Send your donations to me at: Rachel Watkins Rogers, AAZK Historian AAZK History Committee San Diego Zoo, P.O. Box 551 San Diego, CA 92112-0551 (B&H continued from page 292) Birds - 0.0.20 Common rheas ( Rhea americanus ) - artificially incubated/hand- raised; 0.0.2 Black-necked swan ( Cygnus melanocoryphus) - being parent-raised. Aquarium - 7 species of Lake Victoria cichlids. Also participating with the Ohio Dept, of Wildlife in the 10-year recovery program of the Western banded killifish ( Fundulus diaphanus menona). This is a state endangered species originally found in tributaries of Lake Erie. Current project goals include developing an education program, breeding and documentation of life cycle to lead to reintroduction to former ranges. Also the release of the final seven Loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) will take place 18 Sept. Five of the seven will be fitted with NOAH satellite transmitters. Pachyderms - 1.0 Baird’s tapir ( Tapirus hairdii), being hand-raised due to rejection by the mother; Second litter 1.2 African warthog (Phacochoertus aethiopicus) being mother-raised (captive-born parents). Herbivore/Carnivore - born 15 May was 1.0 and on 7 July 0.1 Bongo antelope ( Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci ). Returned to display with herd three weeks after birth. This is the fourth offspring born to female from Basel, Switzerland. 299 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 Chapter News Memphis Zoo AAZK Chanter Officers for 1991 are: President Gail Karr Vice Pres Cindy Pinger Secretary Carolyn Bratcher Treasurer Joe Byrd Chapter Liaison Kathy Fay We are happy to have an AAZK Chapter again after 7 years of inactivity. We have raised money for the Chapter at a number of zoo functions, including “Winter Lights”, Spring Members Night, and “ZooGrass” - all evening activities, open to the public on zoo grounds. We are hoping to use some of these funds to help with Keeper Education and Sending Keepers to Conferences & Workshops. The Memphis Zoological Society has been very supportive, especially with seed money for fundraisers. They have also generously agreed to match Keeper Education funds. Many Thanks, MZS! Our first every ‘Bowling for Rhinos’ was fun and successful. We raised nearly $2800.00. Many area businesses donated door prizes, and bowlers included zoo staff, docents, Society members and friends. Also donated were 100 T-shirts with BFR’s artwork by Memphis Keeper/ Artist Mike Turri. We are looking forward to next year. -Kathy Fay, Chapter Liaison SanPiqgQ AAZK Chapter The annual Chapter Member’s Photo Caravan at the Wild Animal Park was held on 17 July. Three trucks carried about 30 eager members on a two-hour tour through “East/South Africa”, and “Asian Plains/Swamp” exhibits. Members fed out apple and carrot treats as they came nose-to-nose with habituated giraffe, rhino, eland, banteng, wisent, ostrich, and many deer and antelope species. Special thanks to our guides Deanna Herfel, Gloria Kendall and Kim Wiebel; our drivers Donna Biesek, Mary Jo Hunsicker and Dennis Riggs; and our maintenance workers Bob Kirkbride and Van White, Jr. who did last minute truck fix-ups. -Mary Dural, Chapter Liaison Los Angeles AAZK Chapter Our June meeting featured Rick Barongi, from the San Diego Zoo, sharing his experiences in Panama while visiting Noriega's Zoo. His fine report engendered a $125.00 donation to assist in the training of Denis Santiago, tapir keeper. In July, we thoroughly enjoyed the presentation of our own orangutan keeper Jeannette Tonnies, whose program recounted her unusual experiences in Borneo with Birute Galdikas and her organutan rehabilitation project. She related a hair- raising hijacking at sea involving their small craft. Fortunately, the incident ended without bodily harm to our intrepid keeper. The annual Buffet and Flashlight Tour fundraiser in August was a great success thanks to those who donated articles for the raffle and the keepers who donated their time to lead tours. The Chapter has assigned a $200 donation to the Rhino Rescue Fund and a $500 donation to Namibia’s “Sponsor a Rhino” program. Keeper Jeff Briscoe brought back a great deal of enthusiasm for Namibia's program after attending the International Rhino Conference in San Diego. -Lois Carwile, Chapter Liaison Columbus Zoo AAZK Chapter The Chapter continues its support of various conservation causes through its successful aluminum and glass recycling. Totals for 1990 were: Glass 120,141 lbs. Aluminum 29,165 lbs. (Continued on Page 304) 300 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 Book Review The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior By Jane Goodall, 1986 The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Review by Mike Seidman Keeper, Phoenix Zoo Phoenix, AZ No one has done more to popularize the study of animals in the wild than has Jane Goodall. In 1962 the idea of a woman studying apes alone in Africa seemed outrageous. When she stayed on and, with obvious gentleness and patient determination, began to earn the trust of the chimpanzees, people became interested. Television was inevitable. TV showed chimps with individual personalities and then, over time, presented a series of dramatic events-a polio epidemic, a spurt of infanticide and inter-community murder which changed their lives and, along with other discoveries, forever altered our view of them. People were transfixed and Jane Goodall’s name became a household word. The success of the Gombe Stream Research Project in Tanzania, now 30 years old, illustrates the importance of long-term studies of animal populations. Social dynamics and local environmental oscillations change animal groups over time. Over and above the stories of individuals, every local group has a history different from that of other groups of the same species. Short-term studies run the risk of misinterpreting behaviors and/or missing unpredictable responses to changing circumstances. Among chimps, such behaviors as tool use, male coalitions and male-female consortship will only be clarified over a period of generations. Once and for all, Jane Goodall's long-term study of chimps has ‘dispelled the myth of the gentle, peace-loving ape’ (313), which we have longed to believe of our closest relative. In chimps as in ourselves, however, great cognitive skills and a high level of sociality are linked with what often seems to be more aggressiveness than is necessary for survival. The Chimpanzees of Gombe brings together data and statistics from 25 years of observation (mostly by trained native assistants) and attempts to extract from this mass of detail patterns or rules of social behavior, patterns of communication, dominance, friendly and aggressive interactions, grooming, sexuality, etc. Although a few ecologically oriented chapters are offered, on diet, hunting and territoriality, it is the social interactions, the great variability among both individual animals and different groups, and the extent of chimp mental capacities that seem to interest Jane Goodall most. Chimpanzees live in what is known as a fusion-fission type of society. Although their communities are very exclusive, located within territories that are defended against other communities (by related males), individual chimps are unrestricted in their wanderings and extremely flexible in their associations. An individual may travel alone or in parties whose size and membership change daily. Social relations within these parties are highly structured by age, sex and status in a dominance hierarchy. Chimps are socially adept and manipulative, able to modify their actions on the basis of understanding and predicting the behaviors of others. Social intelligence of this sort may be necessary, Goodall believes, in order to deal with the complexities and insecurities of their extreme fusion-fission life styles. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 30 Book Review. Continued But constant uncertainty about their status in these ever-changing parties and the need for inhibition in the presence of dominant animals has produced high-strung, excitable animals, seemingly always on the verge of violence. Whether the outcome of interactions is violent or not seems to depend on several broad factors: the relationships of those involved, the level of group arousal and the context (background factors such as setting, mood or the presence or absence of allies). Much tension is released in displays, postures and gestures, but Goodall reminds us that ‘the key role played by aggressive physical punishment in the ordering of chimp society must not be underestimated.’ (125) No attempt is made in this book to conceal or minimize the apparent cruelty or insensitivity (in our eyes) of so many chimp interactions. Prey items like young colobus monkeys and even infant chimps are eaten alive and males of one community may attempt to ambush and beat lone males or females (even former companions) of other communities. Chimpanzees are highly competitive within their community and only cooperative, for the most part, against strangers. To promote harmony among such volatile individuals, appeasement and reassurance behaviors are, Goodall asserts, more highly developed than aggressive ones. Reciprocal grooming especially is a constant source of ‘mutual comfort and reassurance’ (404), the more so during times of social unrest. For a deeper, more radical discussion of the role of reconciliation behaviors see Peacemaking Among Primates by Frans deWaal. It is impossible, of course, not to relate our behaviors to theirs. What is disquieting about this book is the feeling that we are looking at ourselves stripped bare of our pretensions. Perhaps we exaggerate how decisively our self-consciousness separates us from other animals. On the other hand, we must be very careful (and I don't think Goodall always is) when we compare chimps and humans. Similarity is not Identity. As the example of the gentle bonobo seems to indicate (if long-term study continues to confirm its gentleness), minor genetic difference between similar species can translate into great behavioral variance. And we must never forget the creative influence of context. Of interest regarding context is her discussion of chimp behavior in the wild vs. in captivity. Captive animals, she points out, removed from survival pressures, with natural movements and choice of companions severely limited, put more energy into social relations. Exaggerated familiarity with each other may result in ‘novel social behaviors’ (584) and ‘polished performances’ (584). What we learn from captive studies is some of the genetic plasticity of chimps, when detached from their ecological context; what we learn from studies in the wild are behavioral strategies for survival. Despite its length and manner of diagrams, statistics and charts (of interest to the more technically-oriented reader), The Chimpanzees of Gombe is an extremely readable book; it is written in a clear, simple yet lively style free of jargon or elaborate theorizing. What is best in this book is its revelations of the complexity of the lives of these animals, the myriad factors, both environmental and social, that each chimp must integrate into its life in order to get what it needs; and the varying strategies each individual adopts depending on its age, sex, genetics and personal history. Above all, one is impressed by the important role played by certain individuals and the effects of unpredictable events in the history of chimpanzee societies. 302 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 L.IJV.K. (liaison and Information Network for Keepers) Coordinator for the LINK System: Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3P OR5. (204) 889-2919 (h). Regional Crardimtors ALABAMA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 ALASKA - Vacancy ARIZONA - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 85716 ARKANSAS - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher, Little Rock Zoological Gardens, #1 Jonesboro Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205 CALIFORNIA- Vacancy COLORADO - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 CONNECTICUT- Jeanette Nadeau, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI 02905 DELEWARE - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NORTHERN FLORIDA - Betty Grogan, Jacksonville Zoological Park, P.O. Box 26767, Jacksonville, FL 32218 CENTRAL/SOUTHERN FLORIDA - Rick Smith, 11707, #5 Park, Orchard Circle, Tampa, FL 33612 GEORGIA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 HAWAII - Michelle Suenishi, Hilton Hawaiian Village, 2950 Ena Rd., Honolulu, HI 96815 IDAHO - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 ILLINOIS - Pat Swieca, 5710 W. Cullom Ave., Chicago, IL 60634 INDIANA - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 IOWA - Carla Wieser, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, 10th St. & Deer Park Blvd., Omaha, NE 68107 KANSAS - Vacancy KENTUCKY - Thomas Benner, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 LOUISIANA - Michelle Asselin, Audubon Park & Zoological Gardens, P.O. Box 4327, New Orleans, LA 70115 MAINE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MARYLAND - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA MASSACHUSETTS - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MICHIGAN - Lee Williams, Detroit Zoological Park, P.O. Box 39, Royal Oak, MI 48068 MINNESOTA - Vacancy MISSISSIPPI - Vacancy MISSOURI - Vacancy MONTANA - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 NEBRASKA -Carla Wieser (see address under Iowa) NEVADA - Vacancy NEW HAMPSHIRE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) NEW JERSEY - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NEW MEXICO - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 857716 EAST NEW YORK - Mark Hofling, Bronx Zoo, 185th & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460 (212) 220-7115 [w] WEST ‘EW TORK - Alan Baker, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Dr., Syracuse, NY 13204 NORTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 NORTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3P 0R5 (204) 986-4040 [w] OHIO - Thomas Benner, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 OKLAHOMA - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher (see addresses under AR) OREGON - Anna Michel, Washington Park Zoo, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221 PENNSYLVANIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 RHODE ISLAND - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) SOUTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 SOUTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets (see address under ND) TENNESSEE - Gail Karr or Cindy Pinger, Memphis Zoo & Aquarium, 2000 Galloway, Memphis, TN 38112 TEXAS - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 UTAH - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 VERMONT - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WASHINGTON - Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103 WEST VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WISCONSIN - Karin Newman, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W. Bluemound Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 WYOMING - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - Theresa Maas (see address under PA) Province of Ontario - Vacancy Provinces of Manitoba & Saskatchewan - Bob Debets (see address under ND) Province of Quebec - Chantal Routhier, Granby Zoo, 347 Rue Bourget, Granby, Quebec, Canada J2G IE 8 Provinces of Alberta & British Columbia - Dean Treichel, Valley Zoo, Box 2359, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 2R7 (403) 483-5525 [w] Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 303 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 15th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks /AKF. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka , KS 66606. Please include closing dates for positions available. There is no charge for this service and phone-in listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our phone is 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.); 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Our FAX is 913-272- 2539. ZOO KEEPER. ..responsonsible for daily care and feeding of mammals and birds. Also grounds maintenance. Salary open. Send resume to: Gettysburg Game Farm, 320 Zoo Road, Fairfield, PA 17320. ANIMAL KEEPER. ..responsible for care/maintenance of varied animal collection. Veterinary technician skills desirable. Requires two years' college in life sciences and one year's documented experience working with animals in a zoological institution. Starting salary $15,700 plus excellent benefits. Contact: John B. Keeley, General Curator, Grassmere Wildlife Park, P.O. Box 40266, Nashville, TN 37204. The following two (2) positions are available at the Indianapolis Zoo. Submit resumes to: Richard M. Hurst , Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46222. KEEPER/PLAINS BIOME... some bird and mammal experience required to work with varied collection of plains animals. Must have interpersonal skills and be team oriented. High school degree required. College degree preferred. Salary range - $12,500 to $20,500. ELEPHANT KEEPER. ..requires a basic understanding of animal training and its importance. Also requires the ability to accept direction and work as a member of the team in an extensive hands-on elephant program. Must have interpersonal skills and be team oriented. High school degree required. College degree preferred. Salary range - $12,500 to $20,500. COMPOUND FOREMAN.. .position available working with wild and exotic animals at non-profit charity reserve. Zoo and/or exotic animal experience preferred; will train for specific duties. Salary negotiable / housing and utilities provided. Send resume/refere'nces to: Martine Colette, Wildlife Waystation, 14831 Little Tajunga Canyon Rd., Angeles Forest, CA 91342-5999. Position open until filled. Chapter News (continued from page 300) Donations this year have been made to the Franklin County Humane Society, Save the Manatee Foundation, The Puffin Project, Belize Programme, and Auburn University Raptor Rehab totaling $2,300 to date. Rhinos raising $2,500 and activities surrounding the Rhino Walk with Michael Werikhe. The Chapter has helped host two speakers: Dr. Randall Eaton, well -known author and Dr. John Keenath from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. On 14 June the Chapter sponsored an auction to raise money for Chapter activities and stationary. Enough money was raised to buy new stationary on recycled paper. The Aquarium staff will be applying for the AAZPA Bean Award for its work breeding the highly endangered Lake Victoria Cichlid. Support of Rhino conservation was the Please note Chapter address is P.O. Box focus of Chapter efforts with Bowling for 1256, Powell, OH 43065. 304 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 9 1991 AAZK Membership Application Name check here if renewal [ ] Address — City State/Province Zip ' $30.00 Professional Full-time Keepers | | $25.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers I I $25.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility □ $40.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category H $20.00 Library Library subscription only I I $50.00 or up Contributing or Institutional Individuals & Organizations Zoo Affiliation (if any) — Zoo Address — — Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE), made payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., to : AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S.A. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Animal Keepers' Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. All illustrations, graphs and tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page size no greater than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25 l/2cm). Literature used should be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name of species (as per ISIS) the first time it is used. Thereafter use common name. Black and white photos only accepted. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed for publication. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Telephone or FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. The phone number is (913) 272-5821 Ext. 31. FAX # is 913-272-2539. DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS.THE 15T1L OF THE PRECEDING MONTH Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Animal Keepers' Forum editorial staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. PRINTED IN U.SJV. ©1991 AAZK, Inc. £1 •;s: 0.i 1*0 fti U'l "n t'i" rx o r~ ri U.".i •:u rf cr O "*3 3 0-t “3 -< o o '** o O U3 O i--.* n m 1*0 '1L1 o.* IXI ”3 Vnimal October 1991 ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 October 1991 Editor-in-Chief: Susan Chan Volume Eighteen Associate Editors: Kayla Grams & Gretchen Ziegler Number Ten Animal Keepers' Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Administrative Offices, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary BOARD QF DIRECTORS Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Frank B. Kohn, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008 Janet McCoy, Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221 Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ 85716 President Vice President Immediate Past President COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS - PROJECT HEADS Conference Book Committee Tim Kelly, Assiniboine Park Zoo Awards ..Committee Jan McCoy, Washington Park Zoo Book Review Coordinators Melba T. Brown, National Zoo - general interest Tom Aversa, Boston Metro Zoos - technical Staff, Exchange Dale Frerking, Kansas City Zoo AAZK History Committee Rachel Rogers, San Diego Zoo Keeper Training &„ Education (includes Library Resources, Reference Search, Program Library, and Keeper Training Materials) L.R/R.S. - Marilyn Cole, Metro Toronto K.T.M- Laura Treschel, Minnesota Zool. Gdns. Program Library - VACANCY Research/Grants Committee Susan M. Barnard, Zoo Atlanta Public-Education Committee Ellen Bradfield, Zoo Atlanta International Affairs Coordinators - Mona Keith, Calgary Zoo (east) Pam McDougall, Calgary Zoo (west) Conservation* . Preservation. Restoration (CPR) Committee - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo Animal Pa.ta..Transfer Form Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZK-Liaison to AAZPA/IZE Brint Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Keeper-Accommodations List Heidi Manicki, Metro Toronto Zoo An Approach to Zookeeping Pat Sammarco, Santa Fe Teaching Zoo Zoo Infant-Development Project Harmony Frazier-Taylor, Woodland Park Zoo AAZK Manual of Resources Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo Exhibit Design Form Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo Public Relations... Liaison Tim Kurkowski, Zoo Atlanta Membership Directory Administrative Office Staff Diet Notebook Susan Bunn Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Biological Yalues/Gestation Toni Danzig, Greater S. F. Bay Area Chapter Legislative Advisor John Stoddard, Chicago, IL By-Laws ..Reiieyy VACANCY Zoo/University List Mike Illig, Washington Park Zoo Nominations & Elections David Luce, Fresno Zoo Zoonotic Diseases. Notebook Bruce Clark, Toledo Zoo Keepei-Iraining Videotape Production Coordinator - Harry Hofauer, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Order/Distribution Center at AAZK Administrative Offices in Topeka Liaison and Information Network for Keepers (LINK) Coordinator - Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada printed on recycled paper This month's cover art features the Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang), a nocturnal prosimian from the forests of southern and southeast Asia. So named for its slow, deliberate locomotion, these fascinating animals represent an important group in the evolution and diversity of primate species. This cover art was drawn by John H. Drake of the Duke University Primate Center, Durham , NC. Duke has a large and successful colony of these animals and has provided breeding stock for many other zoological institutions. Lorises, lemurs, bushbabies and tarsiers are among the species maintained at the conservation and behavioral research center at Duke. Thanks, John ! Scoops andj Scuttlebutt 1992 AAZPA Western Regional Conference -submitted by J. Stephen McCusker, Director The Reid Park Zoo is hosting the 1992 AAZPA Western Regional Conference on 29-31 March. In late March the days are warm, the skies are clear, and Tucson, AZ is infested with birds and reptiles. For those interested, we'll kick things off with a golf tournament, or a trip to the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, or bird watching trips to a numer of areas. We’ll follow this with a casual ice breaker that will take us back in time. We promise a strong program with conservation and conservation education as the thread. We'll have a full afternoon at the zoo, complete with a delicious dinner served to the sounds of Mariachis. There will be a number of stimulating sessions on Tuesday and a closing banquet that we will somehow make memorable. The hotel has plenty of space, so if groups such as SSP, TAG, Bird Curators, Educators, or other groups/committees would like to hold sessions just let us know. Break out your sunscreen early in 1992 and join us in Tucson. For more information or to be part of the program contact: Mike Flint, General Curator (602) 791-3204. Help Wanted in the Search for Missing Book Reviewers If anyone knows the whereabouts of Ric Urban (Houston Zooological Gardens), Deb Copeland and Tad Schoffner (both from Cleveland Metroparks Zoo), please contact: Melba T. Brown, AKF Book Review Coordinator, National Zoological Park, Dept, of Mammals, 3000 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20008. Your assistance would be greatly appreciated. ESP Proiect/CkmseryAtion Parking Meters Highlighted in Media Again The August 12th issue of TIME magazine featured a story on the Conservation Meter first installed in San Francisco, with a second one at the National Aquarium in Baltimore. The article emphasizes the success and increasing demand for the meters. Because TIME has such a large circulation throughout the U.S. and other countries, this was a high exposure story for zoos, in particular the San Francisco Zoo. VOICE OF AMERICA radio also featured the San Francisco Zoo's conservation efforts, the Conservation Parking Meter and the Ecosystem Survival Plan during broadcasts on September 13th. The broadcast reached people in Russia, the Baltics, Cuba, N. Vietnam, Eastern Europe, and Africa, just to name a few. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 305 Coming Events 11th Annual Conference of the American Sssociation of Zoo Veterinary Technicians October 23-27, 1991 Dallas, TX For further information contact: Rita Buice, Dallas Zoo, 621 E. Clarendon Drive, Dallas, TX 75203. 19th Annual CoiiferencejaLths.IateniatiQBal Marine Animal Trainers Association November 3-8, 1991 Vallejo, CA Conference will be held at the Sheraton Hotel in Concord and will include paper sessions, poster presentations, discussion groups, SAIC/SEACO art contest, informal film and video presentations and tours at Marine World Africa USA. For further information contact: Sonny Allen, Vice President/IMATA, c/o Marine World Africa USA, Marine World Parkway, Vallejo, CA 94589. Understanding Chimpanze^Diygrgity and Survival December 11-15, 1991 Chicago, IL Organized by Jane Goodall, the conference will take a comparative approach to understanding the behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos; documenting behaviors and behavioral variability, investigating hypothesis that explain variations, and exploring comparative methodolgy. Held at the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the symposium will explore the use of video for documentation and comparison. The conference will survey the population status of chimps and bonobos, the threats to their habitat, and the development of sanctuaries. It will pursue an agenda for conservation in the wild and in captivity. To receive a preliminary program and registration information, contact: Linda Marquardt, The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 2001 N. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614 (312) 943-6969. The Ninth Dr, Scholl Confgrenc£„onih£ Nutrition of Captive Animals December 13-14, 1991 Chicago, IL Co-sponsored by the Lincoln Park Zoological Society and the Chicago Park District, the conference will be held at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens. There will be general sessions on Captive Animal Nutrition and a special session on Avian Nutrition. For registration information, contact: Lois Stanley, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614, (312) 294-4666. International Conference on MoUuscan Conservation September 10-12, 1992 Glasgow, Scotland The University of Glasgow will be the venue for the conference. Sessions will include Taxonomy, Distribution, Legislation, and Conservation. For further information contact: Fred Woodward, International Conference on Molluscan Conservation, Kelvingrove Museum & Art Gallery, Kelvingrove, Glasgow G3 8AG, Great Britain. Fax: (041) 357-4537 Telephone: (041) 357-3929. 306 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Births & Hatchings #e- Zoo Atlanta... a rare Malayan spiny turtle was hatched in the Zoo Atlanta reptile house on 12 July 1991 after a 106-day incubation. The 2 1/2-inch long baby is believed to be the first of this species hatched in a U.S. zoo. The parents were obtained as wild-caught juveniles from the Jackson Zoo (MS) in June of 1976. The adult turtles have produced eggs for the past three seasons. The turtle born on 12 July hatched from an egg laid on 28 March. The spiny turtle receives its name from the many spines found around the edge of the shell at birth. The spines protect the young turtles from predators but are covered with shell growth as the turtles mature. The turtles are primarily vegetarian, but will eat some meat. Zoo Atlanta's Malayan spiny turtles are fed a diet of salads and occasionally mice. The Malayan spiny turtle is found in the forest streams of Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Thailand. The turtle is considered to be endangered by the IUCN because of deforestation in its native habitat and as a result of the pet trade. -Lisa Littlefield I Zoo Atlanta News Release . Rare Malayan Spiny Turtle hatched at Zoo Atlanta on 12 July 1991. (Photo courtesy of Zoo Atlanta) Lion-Country Safari i3Y.es, t-BalmJBe.ac.h..FLh.«a Roseate spoonbill ( Ajaia ajaja) was recently hatched. It is from one of five eggs in three nests located in the Park Nature Trail. This species, related to the ibis, is approximately 32" tall with greenish-gray heads and fushia feathers. Chicks hatch after an incubation period of 28-30 days. Both parents incubate the eggs. Roseate spoonbills may be found around Lake Okeechobee, but their main habitat is the warm Gulf of Mexico waters, ranging from Texas, Louisiana and Florida to Chile and Argentina. Although not listed on the Endangered Species List, oil drilling and predation by raccoons and egg-eating grackles have taken their toll on this species. - Sydney Smith ILion Country Safari News Release. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 307 Births & Hatchings. Continued Los Angeles Zoo...the month of August produced a wide selection of species babies. Reptiles: 2 Prehensile-tailed skink ( Corucia zebrata), an arboreal skink; 4 Rough green snake ( Opheodrys aestivas), arboreal and semi-aquatic in shallow water, has keeled scales - hence the term rough. Birds: 2 Sacred ibis ( Threskiornis aethiopica), 2 Superb starlings ( Spreco superbus), 3 Kookaburra ( Dacelo novaeguineae), and 2 Congo peafowl ( Afropavo congensis ) - not discovered until 1936, the first living specimen was not obtained until 1949 due to World War II - Endangered. Mammals: 1 Vampire bat ( Desmodus rotundus), 1 Black howler ( Aloutta caraya), 1.0 Emperor tamarin ( Saguinus imperator ) threatened status, 1 White-cheeked gibbon ( Hylobates concolor) endangered, 1 Kikuyu colobus ( Colobus guereza kikuyuensis ) threatened, 0.1 Alpaca ( Lama glama pacos), 0.1 Sable antelope ( Hippotragus niger ), 0.2 Giant eland ( Taurotragus derbianus), and 0.1 Gerenuk ( Litocranius walleri). We were saddened by the death of one of the Giant eland mothers during the birthing process. Her baby is being hand-raised, submitted by Lois Carwile, Chapter Liaison, Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, CA. Kansas City Zoo...reports the following B&H for July- August 1991: Mammals - 1.0 Gunther's dik-dik ( Madoqua guentheri smithi), 0.1 Brown Swiss (. Bos taurus ). Birds - our Chilean flamingos ( Phenicopterus chilensis) laid several eggs, 0.0.2 hatched and were being raised by the parents. Unfortunately both chicks disappeared within a few days. Other hatchings include: 0.0.2 Black crake ( Limnoconax flavinostra), 0.0.1 Roseate spoonbill ( Ajaia ajaja ), 0.0.2 Bali mynah ( Leucopsar rothschildi), 0.0.1 Silver beaked tanager ( Ramphocelus carbo). submitted by Shirley Williams, Keeper, Kansas City Zoo, Kansas City, MO. San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium... a male Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherum s. simum) was born on 1 August. Unfortunately the calf did not survive. However, this event represents the 10th birth of this species at our institution. Twin Golden- headed lion tamarins ( Leontopithecus rosalia chrysomelas ) were born on 12 August. This is our second set of twins from these parents this year. Other mammal births include: 0.0.1 Short-tailed fruit bat ( Carollia perspicillata), 0.0.2 Squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus), 1.0 Chapman's zebra ( Equus burchelli antiguorum), 1.0 Arabian oryx ( Oryx leucoryx), 0.1 Impala ( Aepyceros melampus), 2.1 Greater kudu ( Tragelaphus s. strepciseros), 1.1 Addra gazelle ( Gazella dama ruficollis), and 0.1 Slender-horn gazelle ( Gazella leptoceros ). Wrapping up this year's hatching season, we've had 26 chicks hatch during August: 0.0.2 Scarlet ibis ( Eudocimus ruber) - bringing the total of this species' 1991 hatches up to nine; 0.0.3 Sacred ibis ( Threskiornis aethiopicus), 0.0.14 Red junglefowl ( Gallus varius), 0.0.4 Crested wood partridge ( Rollulus roulroul), and 0.0.3 Painted conure ( Pyrrhura p. pictus). On 28 August, 1.4 Madagascar ground boa ( Acrantophis madagascariensis) were born. This is believed to be only the third brood to be born in the United States (the first at the Fresno Zoo, and the last two at San Antonio). Our Reptile Department has also raised 1.0 Namib sand gecko ( Chondractylus angulifer). submitted by Terrence L. Fisher, Registrar, San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium, San Antonio, TX. Sea World of Florida (Aviculture Dent.). ..significant hatchings include: 0.0.1 Toco toucan ( Ramphastos toco), 0.0.1 Lilac breasted roller ( Coracias cautata), 1.2 Argentine ruddy duck ( Oxyuru vittata), 5.2.1 Brazilian teal ( Amazonetta brasiliensis), 3.6 Hooded merganser ( Mergus cuculatus), 7.3 Hottentot teal ( Anas punctata), 2.1 Javan whistling 308 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Births & Hatchings, Continued duck ( Dendrocygna javanica), 0.1 Laysan teal ( Anas laysanensis), 1.2 Nene geese {Brant a sandvicensis), 5.11 North American ruddy duck (Oxyuru j. jamaicensis), 5.2 Red crested pochard ( Netta rufina), 10.9 White faced whistling duck ( Dendrocyana viduata), 0.1 White winged wood duck ( Cairina scutulata), 0.0.6 Scarlet ibis ( Eudocimus ruber), 0.0.1 Gentoo penguin {Pygoscelis papua), 0.0.1 Rockhopper penguin ( Eudyptes crestatus), 0.0.5 King penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus), and 0.0.6 Tufted puffins {Lunda cirrhata). submitted by J. Michael Cothran, Aviculturist, Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL. Just What Is The Zoo Infant Development Project Really After? AAZK’s Zoo Infant Development Project (ZEDP), specifically the Mammal Section, is seeking data on parent-raised zoo specimens for the purpose of establishing normal developmental patterns. So if you’re working with reproductive mammal groups at your zoo, you have access to data this project needs. We even have a form for you to use! But remember, this is ONLY for parent-raised, not hand-raised, animals! If you would like to participate in this project, please contact Harmony Frazier-Taylor at the Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103 for a Data Collection Form. If you'd like to talk further about the project, please feel free to call (206) 684-4866. Your involvement in the ZIDP is valuable, so please participate! Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 309 1991 American Association of Zoo Keeper Awards The following awards were presented at the 17th National AAZK Conference held in Toledo, OH from 6-11 October, 1991. The Jean C. Hromadka Excellence in Zoo Keeping and Meritorious Achievement Awards are selected by the AAZK Awards Committee from nominations received from the membership. Janet McCoy, Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR chaired the Awards Committee this year. The Certificates of Recognition and Appreciation are given by the AAZK Board of Directors. The Excellence in Journalism Awards are selected by the editorial staff of Animal Keepers' Forum. 1991 Jean C, Hromadka Excellence in Zoo Keeping Award Recipient In recognition of his professional attitude, true dedication, superb application of animal husbandry practices and contribution to the welfare of the animal life placed in his charge, AAZK presents the following individual with this award Michael Ulig, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR Specifically mentioned were outstanding dedication to the husbandry of African species and contributions to the design and construction of the Zoo's new African exhibits. Educational work, input on research projects and service to AAZK both locally and nationally were especially noted. Mgritoripug Achievement Awarfl Recipient In recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of wildlife conservation, conservation education and animal husbandry, AAZK presents this award to: Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Specifically for the development of ZOOQUEST®, a board game based on the wold of the zoo keeper in zoological facilities that serves as an introduction to zoos, zookeeping, and wildlife conservation. ■Cgi^i.fi£afeS_pf Rpppgnitipn anfl Appreciation Ifecipfenls These awards are given by the AAZK Board of Directors to individuals who have provided volunteer efforts and/or services to the Association. Certificates of Appreciation are to recognize those outside of the Association and Certificates, „ of Recognition acknowledge contributions made by AAZK members on Association projects. Certificate of Appreciation Chris Peterson, San Diego Zoological Society in appreciation for his assistance in having the AAZK Keeper Training Videotapes duplicated Columbus Zoo AAZK Chapter in appreciation to the Chapter for hosting the Pre-Conference Gathering Oct. 4-5, 1991 310 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 1991 AAZK Awards. jContinued Certificate Qf Recognition Norman Gershenz, San Francisco Zoo, San Francisco, CA in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Ecosystem Survival Plan and Conservation Parking Meters Rosemary Krussman, National Aquarium at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD in recognition of her service as Chair of the Keeper Training Materials Identification Project Nanci Pintavalli, Columbus Zoo, Columbus, OH in recognition of her services as Chair of the 1991 Bowling for Rhinos Fundraiser Tim Kelly, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in recognition of his service as Chair of the Conference Book Committee Excellence in Journalism Awards Outstanding Mammal Article: “Hand Raising Pinnipeds” Andrew B. Johnson, Sea World of California, San Diego, CA Outstanding Avian Article: “Management of Boat-billed Heron at Jacksonville Zoo” Betty A Grogan, Jacksonville Zoo, Jacksonville, FL Outstanding Research Article: “Radio Tracking the Puerto Rican Crested Toad in Guanica National Forest” Andrew Lentini, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Outstanding Behavior Article: ‘The Use of Operant Conditioning in Training Husbandry Behaviors with Captive Exotic Animals” Gary M. Priest, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA Outstanding Veterinary article: “Successful Treatment of Chronic Toenail Cracks in an Asian Elephant” Anita Schanberger, Tawny Carlson and Jerold Brown Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ Outstanding Husbandry Article: “Black Rhinoceros Nutrition” Joseph Rindler, Columbus Zoo, Columbus, OH Outstanding Education Article: “A Zoo Keeper's Role in Safety” Wendy Wienker, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA Outstanding Ichthyology Article: “Captive Care of Desert Pupfish” Richard C. Smith, Lowry Park Zoo, Tampa, FI Outstanding Herpetology Article: ‘The Husbandry and Breeding of the Forest Cobra at Costwold Wild Life Park” Nigel Platt, Costwold Wild Life Park Ltd., Great Britain Outstanding Cover Art: “Black Rhinoceros” February 1991 issue Elayne Barclay, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 311 1991 AAZK Awards. Continued Honorable Mention Awards “Infant Mortality in Black Howler Monkeys”, Carolyn Kennedy, Audubon Park Zoo, New Orleans, LA (Mammal Category) “Nesting Behavior in Chilean Flamingos”, Emma Cusson, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Avian Category) “Environmental Enrichment: An overview of theory and application for captive non- human primates”, Bruce Clark, Toledo Zoo, Toledo, OH (Behavior Category) “Acrylic Upper Beak Replacement in a Red-breasted Toucan”, Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ (Veterinary Category) “Hand-rearing Orphan Macropods”, Kitty Mallory, Possum Walk Station, Roopville, GA, (Husbandry Category) “Captive Management of Socialized Timber Wolves”, Jeanne Boccongelli, Turtle Back Zoo, West Orange, NJ, (Husbandry Category) “Management Program & Breeding of the Puerto Rican Crested Toad at Metro Toronto Zoo”, Dianne Devison, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, (Herpetology Category) “Siberian Tiger” Cover November 1990, Mona Keith, Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, (Cover Art Category) “Cattle Egrets” Cover October 1990, Greeg Wanciak, New Orleans, LA, (Cover Art Category) AAZK Announces New Professional/Contributing Members Deborah Caprio, Reston Farm Prk. (VA) Cindy Thorstad, Zoo Atlanta (GA) Timothy Frank, Racine Zool. Gdns. (WI) Pam Schweitzer, Scovill Zoo (IL) Allison Fulenwider, Louisiana Purchase Zoo (LA) Wendy Barlow, San Diego Zoo (CA) Mike Wyche, CAT TALES (WA) Gina Sadler, Walk in the Wild Zoo (WA) Bridget McMahon, Pet Farm Prk. (VA) LeeAnn Rottman, Busch Gardens (FL) Jody Santos-Davey, Brookfield Zoo (IL) David Piening, St. Louis Zoo (MO) Camille Rubinelli, Phoenix Zoo (AZ) Cary L. Weisz, San Diego Zoo (CA) Debbie Wyche, CAT TALES (WA) Bernard Gallant, Magnetic Hill Zoo (NB) New Contributing Members Debra G. Wheatley, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL Renewing Contributing Members Jeanette Rilling, Bucks County Exotic Animal Rescue, Kintnerville, PA Luis F. Bacardi, The Lubee Foundation, Inc., Gainesville, FL Charles H. Hoessle, St. Louis Zoological Park, St. Louis, MO Curtis Burnette, Audubon Zoo, New Orleans, LA Publications Available 1991-92 Green Index - A state-by- state guide to the nation's environmental health by Bob Hall and Mary Lee Kerr. This book uses 256 indicators - from pipeline leaks to workplace deaths - to measure environmental conditions and policies in all 50 states. The indicators are divided into 8 chapters: air, water, energy and transportation, waste (hazardous, toxic, solid), community and workplace health, agriculture and renewable resources, state policies and Congressional leadership. Resulting text is a reference book using hard data, graphic illustrations and narrative to profile the environmental health of every state in the nation. Available from the Institute for Southern Studies, P.O. Box 531, Durham, NC 27702. Price is $20.00 which includes postage and handling. 312 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Quality exotic animal diets O piT/P* T|?I IM Nutritionally balanced OTTAj I HUM Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NEBRASKA BRAND Frozen fe,me diets h_. V Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones rii Banana flavored primate, 15 % protein dry Banana flavored primate, Pro-Plus 25% protein dry SPECTRUM Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Llama Vitamins & Minerals dry Polar Bear dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Ratite dry Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium dry BROOD-RITE Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and HEATERS bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240, 500, or 750 wattages. GENTLE TOUCH™ BEDDING One call does it all Zb 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 Some Issues in Elephant Management - Part I By Alan Roocroft, Manager, Elephant Programs Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA as told to Alison Davis Tihhitts Elephant management is based on in-depth understanding of the physiological needs, behaviors and instinctive rituals of animals in the wild. The wide body of knowledge available on these subjects is largely ignored by captive elephant management planners. Why is this information, vital to creating an environment conducive to the survival and well-being of these animals, routinely ignored? If we know so much today, why are there so many elephant management problems? Establishment of Policy. Webster’s Dictionary defines “management” as “handling, controlling and directing” specific actions. In elephant management, such actions are best performed by personnel with sufficient experience to understand and make appropriate decisions for every animal in their care. This is not a field for indiscriminate policies based on emotional whim, political pressure, or little comprehension of the specific needs of each individual animal. An elephant lives for sixty years. Social evolution from calf to old age is slow and without dramatic benchmarks of change. An expert elephant manager has a minimum of twenty- five years of daily contact. Respect for elephants’ natural changes enables the experienced trainer to guide the animal through the relationship. The longer a human manages elephants, the more he needs to know and the more he learns from the animal. A scant two or three years in elephant work provides the briefest window of training. Perspective gained from this short period is inadequate for meaningful and advised input to policy changes. For the best decision making, top management should also be well informed about problems encountered by those working down the management ladder. Many elephant managers confuse real management with performance of bare minimum requirements. Elephants need a lot of movement, whether by human handling or by artificial control, as in spacing food and water stations at distant points in a large compound. Growth is stunted in any environment where activity is unchanging. Elephants in the wild move about seeking food for 18 out of 24 hours. In captivity, assuming keepers work a typical eight-hour day, the animals are restrained for 16 hours. Such limited time for free movement, just one third of the day, cannot be to their advantage. Elephants’ requirements may dictate that conscientious keepers arrive early for work and stay late at times. Some better private organizations turn animals out at 6:00 a.m. and, if weather is clement, they remain outdoors until 11:00 p.m. Elephants do not belong to a unionized group and their individual needs come first in a well-run establishment. No excuses are acceptable for slipshod or indifferent care. A puzzling question in elephant management policy debate is the failure to consult notable leaders in the field. They have lengthy credentials and are eager to share answers based on thirty years or more of experience. Smokey (Robert) Jones is one of America’s top trainers. Based in California, Jones consults constantly for programs throughout the United States. His uncanny insights into training of both species are irreplaceable resources. 314 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Some Issues in Elephant Management - Part I. Continued Gary and Kari Johnson have a ten-acre compound dedicated to elephant management in Perris, CA. The superb care given to the herd by the Johnsons and their five-man crew is second to none. Germany’s Karl Kock has devoted over forty years to elephant care and management in Hagenbeck’s Tierpark, Hamburg. Kock has trained over 120 animals during his career. As these are the most knowledgeable in the field, their insights must be valuable. Inexplicably, they are not consulted when significant management policy changes are contemplated. Their experience is not tapped; their advice is not solicited. Training an elephant should be a very delicate process, with emphasis on should. The profession must focus immediate attention on the training of current and future zoo keepers and handlers. The January 1991 census of elephant management systems in the United States by Don RedFox of the Toledo Zoo is a valuable reference for this purpose. (See May 1991 AKF pages 148-153) RedFox's article does not summarize his findings. His report indicates there is no established criteria for a standardized keeper training system. The profession lacks personnel with uniform levels of experience. This void permits policy-making by inexperienced and uneducated outside influences while providing for the elephants’ needs becomes a secondary consideration. Two-Man Policy The serious lack of experience plaguing elephant management results directly from the fact zoos no longer work their elephants. It is irrelevant whether elephants work to generate revenue or because it is good husbandry. Rides and shows are being fazed out at most facilities. This decision eliminated a valuable opportunity for keepers to gain experience. Insufficiently experienced staff are being promoted to positions where their decisions adversely affect the profession. These people will not implement programs beyond their own capabilities. For example, if rides are requested and the manager cannot handle rides, the program is dropped. An opportunity to gain experience is lost. The two-person policy, based on “safety in numbers” is an instance of such decision making. While labor intensive training and daily animal care activities require two or more keepers, having two people present at all times will not guarantee safety. This policy may seem justifiable when doubt exists whether employees can control the animals. However, if two people are needed because a trainer has so little control over an elephant, then he or she should not be near the animal in the first place. Logic dictates the question - what next after two keepers get hurt? Use Qf i^gtmmt§---Hi§torigal Perspective History shows elephants and humans working in a harmonious employment relationship for over 4,000 years throughout Europe, the Middle East and the Orient. Elephants in Asia are governed by their physiological needs and the natural boundaries these needs impose. When the animals are off restraints but not working, they are working at eating. They are not playing. Variations within management systems and the use of restraints depend upon the terrain and culture. Examples include: 1) Sri Lankan workers restrain elephants similarly to the West. Population encroachment is shrinking the jungles and the elephants cannot roam freely. The long day begins early, so the elephants are on the job and free of restraint for many working hours. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 315 Some Issues in Elephant Management - Part I. Continued 2) Burma, Thailand and other Asian countries which employ elephants release them into the jungle to forage at day’s end. Both the number of hours spent eating and the amount of movement required are determined by seasonal food supplies and distance traveled to find them. 3) Elephants in religious and ceremonial life live as those in the West. They spend nearly all day on restraints, standing in one place. The results are neurotic behaviors and aggression toward keepers. These actions also occur in zoos where the elephants are over- restricted and underemployed. Some temple elephants do not work because of religious beliefs. While zoo elephants often do not work because 1) the need is not understood, and/or 2) keepers lack the necessary skills to handle the elephants and execute the work. Use of ^straints.mZQQJSkphania The term “restraints” is commonly interpreted to mean “enslavement or lack of freedom”. People inexperienced with elephants apply this meaning anthropomorphically rather than by properly defining “restraint” as “holding back, controlling, checking”. No one wants elephants to be hurt. For reasons not clearly understood, pressure is on elephant managers to alter long-standing and successful policy regarding use of restraints in the barn at night. Change is being driven by people without sufficient experience to foresee the inherent dangers in eliminating restraints. Three factors contribute to the perceived need for policy revision. First, many institutions struggle to balance revenues against manpower and budget requirements. Second, keepers’ timeclocks and working hours often do not coincide with the animals’ needs. Third, outside influence from misinformed animal activists cloud the issue. These factors, together with uneducated elephant and zoo managers, are a formula for potential disaster. Restraints protect the elephants when they cannot retreat from each other in the barn. Keeper safety is the secondary issue. Experienced trainers know their animals and will determine the order of precedence in housing which guarantees each one maximum comfort and safety. The barn should be a secure sanctuary regardless of each elephant’s place in the herd structure. Removing chains at night scrambles hierarchical relationships precisely when human intervention is absent. This situation creates major potential for harm, and the number of animals involved is not a significant factor in the problem. Restraints prevent dominant animals from bullying sub-dominants who have varying degrees of self-confidence. These unsure animals need the security of knowing which place is their territory. Restraining all elephants allows the less secure to eat without fear of their food being stolen. They will sleep peacefully, unafraid of assault. Unrestricted animals soil their environment thoroughly. Allowing them to wallow in their own excrement during the night does not improve their living conditions. The concept of freedom from restraints may have some favorable aspects. By permitting free roaming without substantial modification of facilities, removal of moats, and access to indoors during inclement weather, equates to inferior elephant management. Individual stalls offer an alternate method of housing without restraints. But highly social herd animals do not fair well in isolation over lengthy periods of time, and the impact on stereotypic behavior and propagation is not clear. It is unknown whether elephants regard stalls as security or solitary confinement. 316 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Some Issues in Elephant Management - Part I. Continued Older elephants may be the only ones who could be comfortable when going without restraints. They are usually less interested in social interaction. They eat more slowly, like to rest against the wall of the barn, are less mobile, which results in reduced environmental soiling. However, younger animals bully them, leading to lessened self- confidence, fear, and all the issues previously discussed. Evidence shows that elephant housing methods, with or without restraints, does not affect development of bed sores. Some facilities use a bed of straw to relieve pressure on the head, especially if the animal is prone to sores on one side only. Such an animal should be retethered to lie with the other side of her head down. Sores can develop if the animal always lies facing one direction because she is bothered by a barrier or an incompatible stall mate. She does not want to leave herself vulnerable by facing away from her antagonist. To summarize: is it wise or fair to release unrestrained animals into a situation each night which is full of unknowns for them, after all the time required to: 1) develop a delicate artificial social structure among unrelated elephants; 2) create a secure environment for every individual of the herd; and 3) develop a smooth, virtually problem-free transition for new arrivals? The answer to whether elephants should be on restraints is yes, provided they are allowed time to roam freely for an acceptable amount of the time. An elephant’ s day begins at sunrise. Thus keepers must arrive early for work, clean the bam, wash the elephants and release them into the outside yard. They may have to go home later also, to provide for maximum unrestrained time in the yard. If you wish to discuss any of these subjects, please contact: Alan Roocroft, San Diego Wild Animal Park, 15500 San Pasqual Valley Road , Escondido, CA 92027 - phone (619) 738-5063. New Bumper Sticker Offered for Sale The Jacksonville, FL Chapter of the AAZK have designed and now offer for purchase the bumper sticker pictured here. This silk-screened 3" x 9" bumper sticker has kelly green lettering, black border/center line and the nationally recognized AAZK logo on a white background. These bumper stickers are now offered at the low price of $2.00 each for 1-49 and $1.55 each for 50 or more. The postage is an additional $.30 per each 5 bumper stickers ordered. If you would be interested in purchasing these for your fundraisers or to be used as a sales item in your gift shop - an item that promotes both Zoos and AAZK, please contact either Micki Corcoran or Ann Hinton at this address: Jacksonville AAZK Chapter, 8605 Zoo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32218. zoo parks modern Arks Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 317 Chapter News San Diego AAZK Chapter August Program. ..Dr. Jack Allen, D.V.M., Associate Veterinarian at the Wild Animal Park, spoke on “The Tagua (Chacoan peccary) Project in Paraguay.” The program was held at the WAP's Mombasa Pavilion. The project, Provecto Tagus, began in 1986 under the guidance of Dr. Kurt Benirschke. Veterinary involvement started in 1990. Dr. Allen gave an excellent salide presentation as he discussed the history and geography of Paraguay; the geographic range of the Tagua; pen construction with the need for visual barriers; how the 25 animals in the project were trapped and darted; and biking 26 miles from the nearest town to the remote project site. Veterinary work consisted of: complete physicals (including heart and lungs), blood work, fecal samples, parasite checks, oral exams ( problems with decay and fractured canine teeth are common), bite wounds with maggots, weights, measurements, inspection of glands, ear tagging, notching, and color- coding. Habitat loss is the number one reason the population of the Chacoan Peccary has decreased: clear-cutting of the Chaco (scrub/thorn) land for cattle raising and hay growing. Dr. Allen remarked that there’s very little scientific literature on the Tagua and nutritional requirements are not known. He stressed the need for studies on nutrition, behavior and husbandry. The biggest problem currently is over- crowding at the project site and continued funding is needed. Those who attended left feeling that the Tagua is a species well worth saving. -Mary Dural, Chapter Liaison I&arrisky.ZpQ AAZK Chapter The Beardsley Zoo Chapter’s summer lecture series was a big hit this year and we hope to expand it for next year. Both talks were given to a filled-to-capacity crowd in our Education Center. Our first lecture, entitled “An African Adventure at the Zoo”, was given in July. Noted wildlife photographer and safari leader Mike Devlin and his wife Betsey conducted a slide show on his adventures, concentrating on the plight of the African elephant and Black rhino. Along with the slides he presented a number of biofacts and took questions from the audience. Our second lecture held in August was entitled “A Tropical Afternoon at the Zoo” and featured our Zoo Director, Gregg Dancho. Director Dancho presented a slide show on his many trips to South American rainforests. With the help of AAZK Chapter members, he also brought several of our zoo animals out to meet the public. A blow gun demonstration, along with other tropical artifacts, capped the lecture. -Linda Oltra, Prsident ££.ntral_Fi.Qd.^a .Chapter New Chapter Officers are: President Debbie Zombeck Vice Pres J. Michael Cothran Secretary Laura Reynolds Treasurer Bonnie Breibeil ChapterLiaison... Sandy Wieprokowski Thanks to everyone who has contributed fund-raiser ideas. There has been an incredible amount of input sent to us and we sincerely appreciate all of the information. Hopefully in the future we will be able to share these ideas with other interested chapters by offering a collective packet. We recently sent monies to Ann Young - Avian Rehabilitation. AY - AR is a private, self-funded rehab for injured wild birds. The majority of zoos and animal institutions in the central Florida area refer AY- AR to the general public or transfer the birds themselves. It is staffed by volunteers and any financial support is used for necessary equipment and supplies. In other news, our Chapter members are readying for this year's AAZK 318 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Chapter News, Continued Conference. Chapter President Debbie Zombeck will be presenting a paper on Project Puffin. Former Vice Pres. Liz Yerian is leaving the Central Florida area. Liz's husband, Art Yerian, has accepted the position of curator for a Ft. Lauderdale Avian Park. Good luck and best wishes to both Art and Liz. We would like to say thank you and acknowledge this past year's guest speakers - Mary Healey, Curator/Discovery Island (Disney World); Dr. Terry Campbell DVM, Sea World of Florida; Brendalee Philips and Lorri Sims, Animal Care Specialists Sea World of Florida; and Burt Westbrook, Supervisor of the World Famous Cyldesdales. -J. Michael Cothran, V.P. Los Angeles AAZK Chapter Our September meeting featured Thaya duBois, Behavioral Enrichment Director. Her talk, highlighted by excellent slides, gave an overview of the program's development, philosophy, achievements, and misadventures. A small, but loyal group of volunteers are helping to devise ideas for feeders, innovative ways of distributing food to encourage foraging, activity items, exhibit plantings and renovations. The projects are evaluated continuously for their merit. Jennifer Chatfield, gorilla keeper, showed the video “Urban Gorilla” which includes a segment pertaining to our animals. Jennifer, by the way, received a letter of commendation from the Digit Fund for her work gathering petitions that helped to encourage Rawanda's government to protect the gorillas' habitat during the rebel uprising. An army unit was sent to the national park which was being used as a rebel base. -Lois Carwile, Chapter Liaison Beardsley Zoo AAZK Chapter Offers Flying Saucers The Beardsley Zoo Chapter is pleased to offer for sale recycled plastic flying saucers (frisbees) emblazoned with the AAZK logo in black on bright green. Just the perfect thing to toss around at those after-hours staff get togethers! The flyers are available for $5.00 each by contacting Chapter Vice President Rob Tomas, c/o Beardsley Zoo, 1875 Noble Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06610. Dietary Studies at London Zoo Aid Orangutan’s Skirt Problem Victoria, a seven-year-old orangutan at London Zoo suffered from a dry skin condition on her hands and feet and from a dull coat. Now, thanks to treatment by Veterinary Officer Suzanne Jackson, and Efamol Vet, Victoria is on the road to recovery. Suzanne thought Victoria's problem was related to a diet deficient in Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs). Her studies, part of London Zoo's overall nutrition program to ensure each zoo animals has the right diet, were sponsored by Efamol Vet, the veterinary arm of Efamol Ltd., leaders in fatty acid research. The treatment involved supplementation with EfaVet capsules, containing Evening Primrose Oil, in combination with fish oils, vitamins and minerals. Evening Primrose Oil is well known as a rich natural source of EFAs. Victoria and other orangutans and chimps at the Zoo with similar skin problems received the capsules over a 24-week period using a protocol that had been designed to allow for environmental factors. There apppeared to be a marked improvement in Victoria's condition after four weeks. The results are to be published in a scientific journal later this year. EfaVet capsules are already used widely to treat skin and coat conditions in dogs and cats. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 319 Book Editor's note: This month we are featuring pre-holiday reviews of books suitable for children and young adult readers. We hope this will be helpful to those of you looking for gifts for young readers for the upcoming holidays. POMONA: The Birth of a Penguin Review by Morna Holden By Catherine Paladino Zookeeper, National Zoo Franklin Watts, 1991 Washington, DC 387 Park Ave. S., NY, NY 33 pgs hardback $12.95 This book gives a detailed and intimate account of the hatching and early development of a black-footed penguin. Clear, sharp photography and artwork draw the narrative together into a delightful life adventure. Scientific terms found in bold print in the text are defined in the glossary to enhance any reader's vocabulary. The closing conservation message makes one truly appreciate the dedication of the aquarium staff and the importance of maintaining a strong captive population of these delightful birds for the future. Alligators to Zooplankton: A Dictionary of Water Babies By Dr. Les Kaufman & Staff of the New England Aquarium Franklin Watts, 1991 Review by Melba T. Brown 387 Park Ave. S., NY, NY Mammal Keeper 56 pgs hardback $14.95 National Zoo, Washington, DC Dr. Les Kaufman and the Staff of the New England Aquarium have put together a children's book that is chock-full of information. Alligators to Zooplankton: A Dictionary of Water Babies may be only 56 pages, but its colorful presentation includes world map endsheets illustrating plankton distribution and informational blocks listing species numbers, young and adult sizes, habitat and special features, i.e. the potential use of barnacle glue in dentistry. Also, there is a glossary of italicized words found in the text, pronunciations, a bibliography and an index. The final section challenges the reader to guess what the pictured babies will grow up to look like - it is not easy. There are many interesting photographs which nicely compliment the text and the captions include taxonomic nomenclature. The book focuses on the reproduction and development of many animals such as cuttlefish, jacana, quahog, African clawed frog and ocean sunfish. This publication had a special quality in that it does not just present natural history information, but it makes the young reader think in terms of conservation as well. Dolphins and Porpoises by Janelle Hatherly and Delia Nicholls Alligators and Crocodiles by Leslie Dow Facts on File, Inc., 1990 460 Park Ave. S., NY, NY 10016 68 pgs hardback $17.95 each Review by Melba T. Brown Pinniped Keeper National Zoo, Washington, DC Dolphins and Porpoises and Alligators and Crocodiles are two books from the “Great Creatures of the World” series. This collection, which also includes Whales by Lesley Dow and Sharks by Sheena Coupe, is designed for young adult readers. 3 20 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 10 1991 Book Review Special Section - Young People's Books. Continued Dolnhins and Porpoises and Alligators aftd Crocodiles present information in such a way that the reader will turn the pages quickly to discover more. The young adult reader learns about evolution, classification, many aspects of natural history, legends, stories and much more. The written material is concise and upbeat and the photographs are just as informative as the text. Each book boasts many colorful diagrams, lists of common and scientific names, a glossary and an index. Throughout the chapters are ‘Did you know?’ tidbits stating little known facts about different aspects of the creatures. In Dolnhins and Porpoises. Hatherly and Nicholls expose the reader to the dangers facing these animals in the wild, namely tuna fishermen and their purse-seine nets which can be as much as TO football fields long and one football field deep’. Also, there are tips on helping stranded dolphins and porpoises. Useful information is given in Alligators and Crocodiles concerning attacks. For example, which species are more likely to prey on humans, reasons why they attack and how the execution is carried out. There is a list of nine precautions to consider when venturing into alligator or crocodile territory. The final chapter deals with the conservation issue and discusses CITES. Appendix I and Appendix II listings of alligators and crocodiles are provided as well. These two publications are very well put together and I would recommend them to school libraries and anyone who would like to introduce their children to these fascinating animals. A Tteef C o Ef. § w ►fi «D in rt- o P-" 9 *0 ** w CD 05 05 05 O 05 05 CO O Oi S3 w IE By Frits Hoeksma and Koen Brouwer Almost ten years ago, in the spring of 1980 at the Wassenaar Zoo in the Netherlands, four keepers published their first journal for zoo keepers, “De Harpij”, the Dutch word for Harpy eagle Harpia parpy ja. The response to this unique (by Dutch standards) publication was rather mixed. Keepers were enthusiastic, but the directors of the zoos were rather skeptical about this new development. Nevertheless, the editors continued publishing their journal which appeared four times a year. The editorial board increased to seven people, and contacts with other zoo keeper organizations were initiated. Exchanging journals with the AAZK (for Animal Keepers' Forum ) and ABWAK (for Ratel) resulted in translated articles for “De Harpij”. Furthermore we were determined to start up an organization for zoo keepers in Holland. Frits Hoeksma traveled to Toronto in 1982 with Peter Lindeboom, then also one of the editors, to attend the National Conference of the AAZK and to gather ideas to aid us in this endeavor. We were impressed about the professionalism of these people who took their work as seriously as we did. After we returned to Holland, we and the other editors enthustically began to set up a plan for an organization for zoo keepers. But a new problem developed; the Wassenar Zoo, where almost all editors were working, was on the verge of closing. The motivation was dampened and between 1983 and 1984 only one edition of “De Harpij” came from the press. It was very difficult with only the two of us left as the editorial board of “De Harpij”, but we survived! In 1985 a new editor, Chris Peters of Rotterdam Zoo, joined us. Chris' contribution, coupled with a more positive attitude on the part of the zoo directors, put us back on track. Again in 1986, but this time with Hans-Peter Flierman and Ellen van Kerpel, Frits attended AAZK's National Zoo Keepers Conference in Miami. The Dutch contribution to the meeting consisted of a paper on the breeding and husbandry of the Malayan giant squirrel ( Ratufa bicolor) at the Wassenaar Zoo in Holland. Following our return to Holland we heard that the Wassenaar Zoo would definitely be closed. Four issues of the Harpij were produced in 1986 - these were smaller than before, now being comparable in size to Ratel and Animal Keepers' Forum . The number of subscribers had grown to 225. We had one or two contact persons in almost every zoo who distributed the journal within their park. The keepers at the Antwerp Zoo in Belgium were also interested in our magazine and we established a contact person there. In 1987 we surprised the Dutch and Belgium zoo-world with our “expensive-looking color cover”. This was a gift from a printing business in Holland. We also received some donations from companies, and with this money we organized a one-day conference for the Dutch and Belgian zoo keepers on 22 May 1988. This was a big success; almost a hundred keepers from the Netherlands and Belgium attended this one-day meeting. The late Jean Hromadka, well-known by AAZK members, was in the vicinity and attended the one-day conference. She told us after the meeting that there was no great difference between our meeting and AAZK conferences in the U.S. which we took as a great compliment! During this one-day conference Foundation “De Harpij”, an organization for zoo personnel in the Netherlands and Belgium, was officially established. This organization 348 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 De Harpii - the Dutch/Belgium Foundation for Zoo Personnel. Cont’d is for all zoo personnel, not only zoo keepers, because we believe that it is important to include everyone together in one organization to get the best result. A board of advisors consisting of various Dutch and Belgium zoo specialists, such as a director, veterinarian, a curator and an educational specialist, was also established in 1988. Once a year the board of directors of De Harpij meet with this advisory panel to discuss new developments in the zoo world relevant to our organization, as well as other zoo-related issues. Our relationship with the management of the Dutch zoos has improved significantly over the years. This is, amongst others, expressed by the fact that we now also have a yearly meeting with the board of directors of the Dutch Zoo Federation to review strategies and ways to cooperate. Our second annual conference was held at Amsterdam Zoo and some 130 zoo people attended this meeting. We were proud to also have an international speaker: David Clarke, invertebrate specialist and keeper at the London Zoo. Other major developments in 1989 included the initiation of a Dutch/Belgium Keepers' Accommodation List. Once again AAZK was our source of inspiration. We also provided a group of German zoo keepers with advice regarding an organization for German-speaking zoo personnel. In the meantime they have started their first activity: publication of a bi- annual journal entitled “Arbeitzplatz Zoo”. We celebrated our tenth anniversary with a conference organized by our Rotterdam Zoo chapter. Theme of this well organized meeting was “Zoos’ direction/towards 2000”. Papers were presented on the evolution of various disciplines in zoos, such as veterinary care, animal keeping, research and architecture. The proceedings of this conference were published in our first - and thickest - issue of 1991. This publication was financially supported by the Emmen Zoo which, along with all the other major Dutch and Belgium zoos, have been very supportive over the past years. Quite recently the Dutch Zoo Federation and “De Harpij” organized a workshop for personnel involved in elephant management in Dutch and Belgium zoos. This meeting was hosted by Amersfoort Zoo and proved to be most successful. Some 50 keepers, veterinarians, curators and directors participated in the various workshop segments, covering topics such as the role of keepers in research, reproduction and breeding programs. We are currently studying possibilities to improve communication among European zoo staff and with our colleagues in other parts of the world. It is our strong conviction that it is very important that people working with animals in a zoo realize that they are part of one large team. Only if we work closely together, on a regional, national and global scale, will we be able to make a significant contribution towards the conservation of our planet. TBS to Air “Mysterious Elephants of the Congo” in November World of Audubon Special Sunday, 24 November 24 at 10:00 p.m. (EST), American television viewers will get a rare look at the mysterious forest elephant of Central Africa. TBS‘ WORLD OF AUDUBON series presents “Mysterious Elephants of the Congo”, a one-hour program on the plight of the forest elephant; The program will also include rare footage of some of Africa’s unusual forest wildlife such as the forest buffalo, the giant forest hog, the bongo and the sitatunga. Also included will be an examination of the ivory trade in the U.S., Asia and abroad. Interviews with ivory dealers and a look at the impact of forest destruction on the indigenous pygmy people will also be included. The forest elephant, a subspecies, is highly prized for the quality of its ivory, and like its cousin, the savanna elephant, its numbers have been decimated by international poaching syndicates. Scientists estimate that there are roughly 609,000 elephants left on the African continent. It is believed that at least one-third of these are forest elephants. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 349 Mysterious Elephants of the Congo. Continued Because of its dense habitat, very little is known about the forest elephant. Generally, these forest-dwellers are smaller than their cousins on the savanna, have smaller ears and have thinner and straighter tusks. Their smaller size helps them move easily through their heavily overgrown habitat and create a network of trails crisscrossing the forest. Recently scientists have begun to spend more time studying the elusive forest elephant and its relationship to the tropical forest environment. During January and February of this year, filmmakers spent a month with elephant researchers in the Central African Republic. It is in this country, roughly the size of Texas, that scientists began one of the first forest elephant census and helped establish a forest elephant reserve, which may soon be duplicated in neighboring Cameroon and Congo. During their month-long stay, the filmmakers examined many of the threats to forest elephants, including poaching for both ivory and meat, excessive logging and road- building, and the widespread poverty that makes wildlife conservation such a low priority in many countries of Africa. On 18 January 1990, a worldwide ban on ivory trading went into effect. The ban is only temporary, however. Next March, the future of the ivory trade will be decided when the signatory parties of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meet in Japan. CITES delegates will decide whether to continue the 1990 ivory trade moratorium or to allow trading to resume with the southern African ivory cartel. If trading is allowed to resume, the central African forest elephant may not survive. Encore presentations of this program will be shown as follows (consult your local listings for times in your area): Monday, 25 November 12:05 A.M. (EST) Saturday, 30 November 11:05 A.M. (EST) Monday, 2 December 2:05 A.M. (EST) AAZK Announces New Professional/Contributing Members Catherine Ellis, Mystic Marinelife Aquarium (CT) Shelia Morris, Reston Pet Farm (VA) Joe Duncan, no zoo listed (VA) Robin Brockett, Zoo Atlanta (GA) Bernice Bartosch-Bialik, Cen. FI. Zool. Prk. (FL) Michael Merrick, Tautphaus Prk. Zoo (ID) Mary Jo Hunsicker, San Diego WAP (CA) Alan Sharpies, Zoo Atlanta (GA) Kathi Deal, Chehaw Animal Prk. (GA) Maria McManus, Indianapolis Zoo (IN) Chris Kishiyama, Tautphaus Prk. Zoo (ID) Lisa Defino, San Diego WAP (CA) Lorie Thuesen, The Living Desert (CA) Renewing Contributing Members Florence Bramley, The Graphics Group, Staten Island, NY Richard J. Zimmerman, Gettysburgh Game Farm, Fairfield, PA Bruce M. Thomas, Takoma Park, MD Steve H. Taylor, Director, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH Wiliam Disher, Volunteer Observer, San Diego Zoo and SDWAP, San Diego, CA WLA Landscape Architecture & Planning, Citrus Heights, CA Tim Knight, Research Associate, Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, WA 3 50 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 Mudskippers By Nancy K. Porter Burnet Park Zoo Syracuse, NY Mudskippers are amphibious, euryhaline fish of the Gobiidae family. They are found in areas ranging from the mouths of rivers and streams flowing into bodies of saltwater to drainage ditches, mudflats, mangrove swamps and inter-tidal areas of the Old World tropics. The waters in the areas they occupy show a diversity of salinities and any one area may experience great fluctuations in salinity. Gordon (1985) states, “Salinity variations occur both spacially (small fresh or brackish-water streams often cross the mudflats) and temporally (short-period rapid changes between dry and rainy seasons).” Also Gordon (1968) says of one species, P. sobrinus, ”... their euryhalinity and osmotic regulatory abilities ensure that they can make use of virtually any natural source of water they may encounter.” Two species (P. dipus and P. weberi ) are reported to regularly migrate to fresh water (Mancini, 1991). Mudskippers are semi-terrestrial, hauling themselves out on unsubmerged objects and land for extended periods of time. Movement out of the water is accomplished by use of their muscular pectoral fins which propel them upward. They can move forward by pushing with their caudal fins. During flight from danger some species may jump or skip several inches to a few feet in height and distance. Materials and Methods Because of their ability to move so easily out of water for extended periods, they were chosen for an exhibit in the Animals of Antiquity sequence at the Burnet Park Zoo in Syracuse, NY. This area presents the Theory of Evolution of life forms. Mudskippers and lungfish were chosen as examples of animal adaptations which provided the stepping stones leading from life confined to the earth’s waters to animals which could utilize land habitats. Only one exhibit was available to display both types of fish. Because mudskippers are found in waters of such a broad range of salinities it was hoped that they could successfully be maintained in the total freshwater environment which the lungfish required. Four tanks were set up to test this factor and the need for high humidity in maintaining mudskippers. Three twenty-gallon and one forty-gallon tank were set up in a manner similar to that described by Ono (1982). Undergravel filters covered the front third of each tank lengthwise. Gravel covered the filters and the depth of gravel gradually increased to approximately 3 inches at the back two-thirds of the tank. A 3-inch high plexiglass barrier provided support to the gravel area in the rear. Water level was maintained at approximately 2 - 2.5 inches depth. Flat rocks and some branches were used as objects for the mudskippers to haul out on and smoothly bridge the plexiglass barrier. Moss, rocks and plants were placed on the high ground to provide hide sites and thus security for the fish. Forty-eight mudskippers ( Periophthalmus schlosseri ) of approximately two inches length were obtained and randomly distributed, 12 to each of the four tanks. Maintenance of all four tanks was the same; light misting once per day, partial water changes every other week, feeding 1 or 2 times per day. Each morning frozen brine shrimp (which was alternately supplemented with other frozen food such as mosquito larvae, bloodworms, glassworms and daphnia) was dropped on the flat surfaces in the tanks. Once acclimated to this system of food delivery, many of the fish would jump several inches to reach the spatula used to deliver the food. On alternate days pinhead crickets or fruit flies were provided in the afternoon. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 351 Mu dskippers . Continued Record was kept of all known deaths and counts were kept of all observed live fish. These counts did not necessarily reflect the total number dead or still alive on any given day as not all of the fish would come out of their hide spots at any one time nor were all bodies of deceased animals found. Mudskipper exhibit at the Burnet Park Zoo, Syracuse, NY. A Mudskipper is visible in the left-hand quadrant of the photo. The other portion of this exhibit (not shown) housed Lungfish. (Photo courtesy of the author) 352 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 Mvifiskinners. Continued RESULTS Table 1 DAY % KNOWN DEAD Tank 1 2 3 4 14 100 - - 20 58 - - 34 58 25 - 150 58 50 25 365 67 67 25 428 67 67 33 458 92 83 33 472 92 83 50 Key: 1- freshwater, no cover, 2 - freshwater, humidity cover, 3 - brackish water, no cover; 4 - brackish water, humidity cover 1) By day 14 there was 100% mortality in the tank with freshwater and no humidity cover. 2) In the freshwater tank with humidity cover there was 58% mortality by day 20, no change up to day 150, 67% by day 365 and one was still alive after 458 days. 3) In the brackish water tank with no humidity cover there was 25% mortality by day 34, 50% by day 150, 67% by day 365 and 2 still living after 458 days. 4) In the tank with brackish water and a humidity cover there was only 25% mortality up to day 150, 33% after 428 days and 6 were still living after 472 days. Table 2. Freshwater AM PM Average Humidity Over 365 Days Covered Non-covered 95.2 + 2.8 84.5 + 4.5 95.2 + 5.2 78.3 + 4.7 ; Brackish AM 84.2 + 1 1 .8 PM 86.0 + 9.1 74.7+11.5 80.9+ 9.6 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 3 53 Mudskippers, Continued Table 3. 95% Confidence Intervals for Differences of Means of Humidity Over 365 Days Means Compared AM PM Tank 2 + 1 10.7 + 1 .28* 16.9 + 1 .30' Tank 2 + 4 11.0 + 0.39* 9.2 + 0.40* Tank 2 + 3 20.5 + 0.39* 14.3 + 0.40* Tank 4 + 3 9.5 + 0.50* 5.1 + 0.45* Tank 4 + 1 0.3 + 1.21 7.7 + 1.32* Tank 3 + 1 9.8 + 1.21* 2.6 + 1.32* * Denotes differences considered statistically significant. There were significant differences in the humidities of the four tanks. As would be expected the tanks with the greatest humidity were the covered tanks, with the freshwater tank showing a greater humidity than the brackish tank. This increased humidity, however, did not appear to greatly improve the chances of survival over those in brackish water both covered and uncovered. Table 4 Freshwater AM PM Brackish AM PM Table 5, 95% Confidence Intervals for Differences of Means of Humidity Over 14 Days Means Compared AM PM Tank 2 + 1 12.1 + 1.32* 17.4 + 1.48* Tank 2 + 4 1.7 + 1.04* 2.8 + 1.27* Tank 2 + 3 10.1 + 1.39* 7.0 + 1.20* Tank 4 + 3 8.4 + 1 .47* 4.2 + 1.39* Tank 4 + 1 10.4 + 1.41* 14.6 + 1.64* Tank 3 + 1 2.0 + 1.68* 10.4 + 1.59* * Denotes differences considered statistically significant. Because humidity data for tank #1 (freshwater, no cover) was collected for only the 14 days that these fish lived it was deemed necessary to compare the humidities of all tanks during these 14 days (which occurred in July) to determine whether humidity differences during that time could have led to the speedy deaths of these animals. Results show that there was a considerably lower humidity in this tank as compared to the others (Table 5). Average Humidity Over 1ST 14 Days Covered Non-covered 96.6 + 1.4 96.7+1.9 84.5 + 4.5 78.3 + 4.7 94.9 + 2.4 92.9 + 3.8 86.5 + 5.1 88.7 + 3.0 354 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 Myiflskipperg, Continued Discussion Thus low humidity combined with lack of salts in their water is obviously an unsuitable environment for these animals. Increased humidity appears to improve their chances a bit, but it was obvious that mortalities were unacceptably high in all but the tank with high humidity and brackish water. Neither factor alone led to acceptable survival rates but together they acted to greatly increase the survival of these animals. This species is capable of handling temporary exposure to either freshwater or low humidity but neither is acceptable over the long term. As a result of this experiment it was obvious that the Zoo's exhibit would need to be divided into two totally separate water systems if we wished to display both mudskippers and lungfish. This work has been undertaken. The lungfish side utilized the original tank plumbing and undergravel filtration system while the mudskipper side is in essence a fiberglass/wood box which sets within the large covered tank. This side also used an undergravel filter as well as an Eheim filter to circulate water. We currently have been able to display these animals successfully side-by-side but separate for over one year. Bibliography Gordon, M.S., Boeteus, J., Evans, O.H., and L.C. Oglesby. 1968. Additional observations on the natural history of the mudskipper, Perionhthalmus sobrinus. Copeia 1968(4): 853-857. Gordon, M.S., Gabaldon, D.J. and A. Y.-w Yip. 1985. Exploratory observations on microhabitat selection within the intertidal zone by the Chinese mudskipper fish ( Periophthalmus cantonensis). Marine Biology 85:209-215. Mancini, A. 1991. Mudskippers in nature and in captivity. Tropical Fish Hobbiest 6:10, 13-14, 17-18, 21-24. Ono, R.D. and D. Sponder. 1982. Table-top Mudskippers. Freshwater and Marine Aquarium 10:46-48, 57-58. Keeper’s Alert Ann Newton, Hospital Keeper at the Gladys Porter Zoo in Brownsville, TX recently wrote a letter to L.L. Bean Company concerning the lack of a really good ‘zoo’ boot on the market. As most of you are probably aware L.L. Bean of Freeport, ME is world-renowned for their outdoor gear. In her letter Ann noted the need for a truly comfortable boot which would have a rubber upper and be easily disinfected. She also cited the need for a boot which not only provided foot protection, but also support for a profession which spent most of its day “on its feet”. Leon A. Gorman, Presidnet of L.L. Bean wrote back that the idea of a “zoo” boot was an interesting one, but that he was uncertain as to whether there was a market for such a product. He intimated that if there were such a need, the company’s design team would likely be able to come up with a boot fitting the necessary zoolife criteria. If you feel this idea has merit, please write to Mr. Gorman expressing what you would like to see in a ‘zoo boot’ - what type of work you do and what features you would like to see in a boot. We certainly can’t guarantee that your letter will culminate in the production of a truly comfortable, functional boot for zookeepers, but we know for certain that it will never happen unless L.L. Bean knows there is a market for it. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 355 Chapter News San Diego AAZK Chapter 1991 AAZPA National Conference: “Partners for a Future: Working Together for Global Conservation” was the challenging international theme for the 67th Annual Conference of the AAZPA. It was the Zoological Society of San Diego’s pleasure to host the Conference from 15-19 September. Social events included evenings at Sea World and the Wild Animal Park; and a 3-mile “Rhino Walk” with Michael Werikhe to raise awareness and funds. Post-conference Events: Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES) Conservation Dinner - the CRES Conservation Award Dinner was held on 20 September. Michael Werikhe was the worthy recipient of the Zoological Society of San Diego’s Conservation Medal. The 11th Annual Celebration for the Critters Party benefiting CRES was held on 21 September. Many thanks to Chapter members and everyone who helped make the Conference and other events such a success! September Chapter Meeting - On 11 September, Sea World hosted an evening observing the latest killer whale baby. Takara, which means treasure in Japanese, was born on 9 July. She nursed from her mother, Kasatka, and played with Orkid, a calf born in 1988. Several brave guests who snuggled the sides of the Shamu Stadium pool received a playful salt water splash (or shower in some cases) from Kasatka! The Chapter was pleased to have Pat Thomas, Supervisor of Special Projects at the Bronx Zoo, speak on 12 September. Mr. Thomas gave an impressive slide presentation on large, naturalistic exhibits as he discussed how the zoo operates and survives through the harsh, snowy winters. Mid-week during the AAZPA Conference, the Chapter was proud to present Richard Block of the World Wildlife Fund at the Zoo Otto Center. Mr. Block is Director of Public Programs for WWF and also serves as their liaison with zoos and aquariums worldwide. Richard began his talk in a most conventional manner. He questioned the audience about endangered species, then promptly tossed a poison arrow frog toy as a reward to whoever answered correctly! During his enlightening slide presentation, Richard addressed environmental, cultural and economic issues; endangered species, captive propagation, the reintroduction of endangered species, tropical forests, habitat destruction, differences in cultures and their uses of resources, pesticides, pollution, toxic/solid waste disposal, recycling, human population growth, the role of zoos, and the importance of education and ecotourism. He summed up the lecture by reminding each one of us to do his or her part: “It‘s like fitting pieces in a puzzle - each of us can do a little, one piece at a time. Don't give up. What counts is what we do.” Keeper Grant Awarded: Primate Keeper Rachel Watkins Rogers is the winner of this year's $300.00 grant which is given annually by the San Diego Chapter to sponsor presentations by Chapter members at the AAZK National Conference. Guy Lichty (Mammals/Zoo), and Terri Peterson (Trainer/WAP) also represented the S.D. Chapter at the Toledo Conference last month. Congratulations to Ric Urban, a bird keeper at the Houston Zoo, for winning our conference logo contest. Ric will receive free registration at the 1992 AAZK National conference hosted by the S.D. Chapter and his logo will be represented on conference printed material and merchandise. (Editor’s note: Ric's winning design will be revealed in an upcoming issue of AKF.) In other Chapter news: The Board of Directors is reviewing ways the Chapter can support the Tagua Project. Kathy Hawk has resigned from the Board of Directors. Kathy devoted much time to the Chapter and we wish her the best always. 356 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 "1 Chanter News. Continued Chapter Provides Support for Pam Orsi Memorial: A tragic accident took the life of elephant keeper Pam Orsi on 14 March at the Wild Animal Park. In tribute to her memory, her many friends have set up a fund to purchase a bronze statue of several elephants that will be placed at the new Asian Elephant Overlook. Donation boxes have ben set up at both Zoo and WAP employee lounge areas. The S.D. Chapter raised $125 at a recent raffle and all proceeds from the October beach party have gone to the fund also. Word has spread nationally through AAZK with the hope that more support will be generated by caring individuals across the U.S. -Mary Dural, Chapter Liaison AAZK Welcomes New Chapters AAZK is pleased to welcome two new Chapters into the Association. They are: Gainesville Area AAZK Chapter Located at Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo, this Chapter’s mailing address is 6727 N.W. 18th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32605. Their officers are: President Alycin Hayes Vice Pres. ....Nancy Hardesty Secretary. ....Belinda A. Galvin Treasurer Rachelle B. Wright Liaison. ....Patricia Sammarco Birmingham Zoo Chapter of AAZK This new Alamaba Chapter’s mailing address is c/o Birmingham Zoo, 2630 Cahaba Rd., Birmingham, AL 35223. Officers for this year are: President Deborah A. Bennett Vice Pres Steve Holt Secretary Donna Clark Bowen Treasurer.. ...Mike Warren Liaison..... Karen Leitcher Tucson Chapter AAZK Howdy AAZK! The little chapter that could keeps getting smaller, but we keep hanging in there. We held another swap meet selling mostly items donated by our docents and staff. The $300 raised helped offset the $500 worth of building materials for a flight cage. We built the cage for a local animal rehabilitator after she spoke at one of our meetings. She uses the flight cage to house sick or injured animals that she will eventually release back into the wild. Our monies have also gone to continue the sponsorship of Mr. Babubai, our foreign keeper in India. Also we helped defray the costs to send Chapter member and AAZK Board member Ed Hansen to the Toledo Conference. Upcoming activities include a bake sale at our annual Tucson Zoological Society picnic. So long from Tucson. -Rusty Agte, Chapter Liaison Where To Purchase Chapter Products AAZK Magnetic Keeper Safety Signs - Flint Hills AAZK Chapter, Sunset Zoo, 11th & Poyntz, Manhattan, KS 66502. $10.85 each plus $1.00 P&H. AAZK Logo T-Shirts - ($8.50) available in tan, blue and brown in S,M,L,XL., Sweatshirts ($18.00) available in grey or maroon with black logo in sizes M,L,XL. Both are 50/50 poly/cotton; and Colder Holders ($3.50) - Little Rock Chapter AAZK, Little Rock Zoo, #1 Jonesboro Dr,, Little Rock, AR 72205. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 357 Chapter News. Continued AAZK Logo Auto Decals and Stickers - Mill Mountain AAZK Chapter, Mill Mountain Zoo, Inc., P. 0. Box 13484, Roanoke, VA 24034. Decals - $2.50 each; Stickers $1.50 lg/$0.75 small. AAZK Logo Mesh Shopping Bags - Philadelphia AAZK Chapter, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th St. & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104. These 16" x 19" white nylon mesh bags have the AAZK logo printed on the navy canvas top. They are reuseable, strong and have a squared bottom for easier filling. Each bag is $5.00 which includes postage. AAZK Logo Keychain - Dallas Zoo AAZK Chapter, 621 E. Clarendon, Dallas, TX 75203 attn: Sara Weller. This keychain has a thermometer and the AAZK logo on the front and a wind chill chart on the back. Thermometer is encased in durable acrylic and is approximately 1" x 2" in size. Price each is $4.00 which includes postage. AAZK Logo Bumper Sticker - The Jacksonville, FL Chapter offers this silk-screened 3" x 9" bumper sticker with kelly green lettering, black border/center line and the nationally recognized AAZK logo on a white background. The imprinted message reads “Zoo Parks - Modern Arks”. These bumper stickers are $2.00 each for 1-49 and $1.55 each for 50 or more. The postage is an additional $.30 per each 5 bumper stickers ordered. If you would be interested in purchasing these for your fundraisers or to be used as a sales item in your gift shop - an item that promotes both Zoos and AAZK, please contact either Micki Corcoran or Ann Hinton at this address: Jacksonville AAZK Chapter, 8605 Zoo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32218. AAZK Logo Flyng Saucers (Frisbees) - made from recycled plastic, these flying saucers are emblazoned with the AAZK logo in black on bright green. Available from the Beardsley Zoo AAZK Chapter for $5.00 by contacting Chapter Vice President Rob Thomas, do Beardsley Zoo, 1875 Noble Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06610. Zoo Stories Book - this book consists of nearly 150 items submitted by keepers across the country such as: anecdotes about keepers, animals and visitors, mispronounced or misidentified animals, clever animal names, off- the-wall phone calls, etc. Cost is $3.50 plus 70 cents for postage. Make checks payable to Brookfield Zoo Chapter and send to: Brookfield Zoo Chapter, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513. AAZK ’’Keepers Care” Buttons are once again available from the Lincoln Park Zoo AAZK Chapter, 2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614. Attn: Susan Moy. Cost is $5.00 for 5 buttons (minimum order of five please). 3 58 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 Self-injurious Behavior in Callitrichids Dear Colleague: As part of a graduate research project, I am attempting to gather information concerning self-injurious behavior of marmosets and tamarins. Although I would appreciate any information you could give me about all types of SIB observed in your callitrichids, I am especially interested in “ over-grooming ” that leads to open wounds or a persistent picking at wounds that prevents healing. If your institution houses callitrichids, please complete and return the accompanying survey. Even if your monkeys exhibit no self injurious behavior, please report that, and return the survey. The names of the participating institutions and keepers will be confidential. Thank you. 1. Do you presently or have you ever housed any callitrichids that have exhibited self- injurious behavior? YES NO 2. Please list the species, sex, age and SI behavior exhibited: 3. Describe the environment in which the animal is/was housed (dimensions, objects in enclosure, group size, other species): 4. Describe how/if the situation was resolved (treatments attempted, effective treatment, if behavior resolved itself): 5. Please contribute any other pertinent information: Please mail completed survey to address listed below bv 15 January 1992. Thank you in advance for your assistance in this matter. Mail to: Tami Guy, Psychology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837 359 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 More Reflections on Peru Part I By Robert Bergahaier, Mammal Foreman Philadelphia Zoological Society Philadelphia, PA Occasionally I take some good-natured teasing from my co-workers about my various travels. The Zoo's Exhibits Department has a standing joke that I am always going off to Peru, or some other unusual destination. I have also been asked just why I have traveled twice to that country. Peru is an ecological microcosm of the entire South American continent. The western coast is a dry desert with offshore islands which contain large populations of seabirds and marine mammals. In the central part of the country is the high Andes with its dry western slopes, pampas-like altiplano, immense glaciated peaks, and, one the eastern slopes, moist cloud forest. The final major ecosystem is the vast Amazonian forest which covers approximately one half of Peru. As a result of this diversity of habitats, Peru has an equivalent diversity in plant and animal life. Peru has more species of birds and plants than Canada and the United States combined. Its mammal species range from fur seals and sea otters on the coast, to vicuna and spectacled bears in the Andes, to jaguars and giant river otters in the jungles. My first trip to Peru was in July of 1983. During that excursion I got to see examples of the three major habitats and lots of interesting wildlife. My personal bane of travel is that I always feel that I could have seen more. While traveling through a country I have also found that conversations with other travelers often reveal tips on areas which have good wildlife populations and are accessible. My main reason for returning to Peru had to do with my fascination with the Amazon rainforest. The two areas that I visited in '83 enthralled me with their amazing variety of birds, herptiles, insects and plant life. However, both areas had been heavily hunted and large mammals were rare, with some species completely shot out. Several scientists to whom I talked mentioned that the Manu River region still supported healthy populations of the larger mammals found in the forest. However, they also cautioned that access to Manu was difficult and expensive. After my return I started coming across references to adventure travel tour groups which had started itineraries which included Manu. I then decided that I would return to Peru. Wilderness Travel based in Berkeley, CA had the trip that suited my interest and travel plans. Manu is so remote that it often takes almost a week of travel up river from the nearest towns until you enter the wilder areas. The Wilderness Travel tour avoided this by arranging a series of charter flights by small plane which coordinated with a more standard up river delivery of supplies. This allows the participant to spend more time exploring the jungle. Most trips to Peru start in Lima. My memories of Lima in '83 were not favorable. Except for the Lima Zoo, I had found the city dirty, dingy, and dangerous. I guess my previous opinion was that of a typical inexperienced gringo traveler. On this visit I thoroughly enjoyed my time spent in the city. Instead of boarding in the center of Lima, I stayed in the Miraflores section which is located along the Pacific coast. It is the newest section of the capital and has many fine hotels, nightclubs, and restaurants. From there you can walk down to the beach and I often observed guanay cormorants here. Lima seemed less dangerous than before since armed troops and civil guard are often in evidence. The increased military activity was due to the equally increased bombings and attacks by the 36 0 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 More Reflections on Peru. Part I. Continued Maoist terrorist movement the Sendero Luminoso, "The Shining Path". The Shining Path seldom bothers tourists, however, the presence of the military helps to keep down the amount of street crime. Lima is unfortunately well known for pick-pockets and muggers. During my Lima stay I visited several excellent museums and, of course, revisited the Lima Zoo. The zoo showed some obvious improvement in three years. The animal areas were better kept, the keepers has been issued some snappy new uniforms, and several new exhibits had been created. These included a vicuna paddock with a large breeding herd, and expanded bird facilities. A primate island exhibit which contained capuchin monkeys in 1983, now had woolly and spider monkeys and agoutis. The island is well planted with trees and the spider monkey group had several youngsters. A mountain tapir had also been added to the collection. The international section of the zoo still had rather bleak, sterile exhibits, but all animals seemed better off than during my previous visit. As much as I enjoyed my rediscovery of Lima, it was time to get on to the forest. To get to Manu one first has to get to Cuzco by air from Lima. When I arrived at the Lima airport I quickly discovered that traveling in Peru at the end of July was not a good idea. That is when winter vacation, based around Peru's Independence Day, starts in Peru, and all transportation systems in the country are jammed to capacity. I have never seen airline ticket counters so crowded. Fortunately our representative from Wilderness Travel literally pushed us over and through hordes of passengers and got us on a flight to Cuzco. In Cuzco we had enough time to get a cold beer and then catch our flight to Manu. Our group needed three separate flights to get our entire party to the rendezvous point. My flight experienced a period of air turbulence which was more than made up for by the fantastic views as we descended the east slopes of the Andes to the jungle. We landed on a small grass-covered clearing in the forest. After disembarking I quickly got a reminder of what I had forgotten about jungles in three years-they are hot, and often uncomfortable, bug- infested places. My survival instincts quickly returned and I put on my hat, rolled down my sleeves, and applied insect repellent to my hands and face. After loading our day packs on a motorized 30-foot dugout canoe we headed up river. Our tents, packs, and food followed on a smaller craft. We traveled up river two hours and made camp. Flocks of parrots, blue/gold and military macaws flew overhead. Near dusk we heard howler monkeys calling up river. Someone found tapir tracks on the beach where we spent the first night. Bats with orange furred bellies skimmed the river for insects. When darkness came I saw more stars than I had ever seen in my life. Now I remembered why I wanted to come back to the Peruvian forest. Manu is a huge protected area of over 5000 square miles. It is uninhabited except for park staff, researchers and some Indians. The Indians are left alone since they have been known to fire arrows at any Manu staff which approach their territories. The park is surrounded by a forest reserve which is also patrolled by the park's rangers. It is this forest reserve that tourists are allowed to visit. Wildlife populations in the reserve area were once heavily hunted, but are now recovering. One example of this was the number of giant river otters our group observed. We saw a total of 11 individuals of this highly endangered fur bearer. While canoeing an oxbow lake of the main river, I came across a family of eight. We had been previously warned that family groups can be aggressive and will on occasion attack and tip canoes. I kept my distance and followed the group for about fifteen minutes. They are huge animals, with adults reaching six feet in length, and are blackish-brown color with white splashes on the throat. When the otters realized I was following them, they arched their long necks out of the water and gave harsh barking-like sounds. The group moved in unison, swimming much like a school of dolphins. I lost sight of them as they rounded a bend in the lake. That experience alone was worth the entire trip to Peru. The otters are probably so large and aggressive due to their environment. They coexist within lakes full of piranha and large caimans, both of which they are known to kill and eat. In short-you mess withe them at your own peril! One otter later drove two of our guides out of a lake in which they were swimming. 361 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 More Reflections on Peru. Part I. Continued Manu is well known by primatologists for its diverse and numerous monkey populations. I managed to see and photograph spider, woolly, whitefronted and blackcapped capuchins, owl, and red howler monkeys, pigmy marmosets and saddle-backed tamarins. I also heard dusky titi monkey calls and therefore had contact with nine of the eleven species of primates found in the region. Large mammals are very difficult to see in heavy forest. Tracks, however, were plentiful. Others in the party saw peccary, brocket deer, and ocelot. I spotted coati and a large reddish squirrel. Coatis, I discovered, jump straight up onto vines and tree limbs when surprised. Since they make so much noise when they do this I am not sure who is more startled— the coati or the human observer. One morning we discovered the tracks of a tapir which had marched around our camp on the beach while we slept. One night I awoke to a jaguar's roaring in the distance across the river. Birdlife was prolific and varied. Flights of macaws and parrots were almost always overhead. We saw terns, Orinoco geese, skimmers, herons, spoonbills, and horned screamers along the river; trumpeters, motmots, and toucans in the forest; and boatbilled herons, oropendolas, moscovy ducks, and hoatzins on the oxbowed lakes. I have only mentioned a handfull of those we identified. The forest has such amazing diversity of bird life. That diversity extends to all forms of life. I saw river turtles and white caiman along the river, and large black caiman on the oxbow lakes. The insects, particularly the ants, I found fascinating. The most interesting were the leaf cutter ants with their columns of workers carrying leaves back to their mounds. The leaves, after being stored underground, grow a fungus which the leafcutters feed upon. Several times I came across swarms of army ants whose predatory movements cause other insects to scatter out of their way. Often these refugees fall prey to the flocks of antbirds which follow the army ant columns. Occasionally you would see the huge blue morpho butterflies glide across the trails. Other insects included colorful wasps, and sweat bees which quickly cover your pack to seek the salt from your sweat if you place your gear on the ground. The number of different plants was astonishing. There are beautiful orchids and other flowers. You see huge strangler figs and other trees anchored in the soil by their large buttresses. You try to avoid the less benign plants, those with spikes running up and down their lengths. If you slip and try to break your fall by grabbing on to these species, your hands could become impaled on the trunks. The sharp points leave nasty wounds. Extremely bothersome were the sand flies and midges on the beaches where we camped. Mosquitoes were also plentiful. The river where we bathed contained rays with sharp spines on their tails. To avoid them you either wore sneakers in the water or shuffled your feet in the sand as you waded in. The rays are timid and move away from the motion. Also present were the tiny spiny catfish notorious for its habit of swimming up and implanting itself in human urinary tracts. The catfish's normal niche is living in the gills of larger fish. Humans avoid them simply by wearing tight bathing suits and not urinating in the water while bathing. That last bit of advice is given because the spiny catfish will follow a stream of urine to its source, that being you! We slept in tents and ate under an enclosed dining fly. The food was surprisingly varied and good. We had a group of twenty, counting tourists and working staff, who in spite of the close and often uncomfortable living arrangements, got along well. We spent most of our stay in the jungle near a oxbow lake called Gosha Salvador. The area had a good trail system and we were free to spend as much time as we wanted out in the forest, with guides or without. One day we took an excursion up river to the entrance of the Manu Park at Pakitsa. Across from the ranger station three Indian women have taken up residence. Their origins are rather mysterious, since they speak a language none of the park rangers can understand. It is most likely that are members of one of the elusive Indian tribes of Manu. Very curious of visitors, they examined us, touching some, and one seemed to chant something as we left them. Our guide requested that we not photograph them since she felt doing so was demeaning to the women. 362 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 More Reflections on Peru. Part I. Continued At the end of our week's stay we traveled down river and flew back to Cuzco. On the flight back we followed the twisting bends of the Manu River. Most people, including myself until this trip, think of the Amazon forest as being a static climax community. Along river systems, such as Manu, it is not. The river constantly changes direction on its course to the sea. When it leaves its banks it removes whole sections of forest. So instead of uniform climax growth, a mosaic of brush, secondary and climax forest results. I could easily see the results of this process from the air. The previous course of the Manu was evident from the isolated oxbow lakes scattered throughout the jungle below. Oxbows are caused by changes in the river's flow. They result from whole sections of the river being cut off when the river's direction is changed. The oxbows are a black color, unlike the reddish-brown flow of the sediment-filled main river. They reflect the sun and from above glisten like black jewels. It takes about a hundred years for an oxbow to eventually fill with soil and another hundred years for a new forest to grow. This process has continued for tens of thousands of years, and as long as protected areas such as Manu exist, will continue in the future. -To be continued _ AAZK Publications Available AAZK Piet Notebook. Mammals. Vol. 1 -contains approximately 325 diets representing 213 species and subspecies from fourteen participating institutions. The diets are arranged by taxonomic order using ISIS numbers in a durable and attractive three-ringbinder.Each Diet Response Form included in Volume 1 contains the following information: common name, scientific name, ISIS number, the contributing individual, their institution and its address, how long the diet has been used, whether the animals have bred while on the diet, the diet ingredients, instructions for preparation, notes and remarks, special considerations and nutritional analysis (if available). Cost is as follows: 1) AAZK Members $40.00; 2) Non-members $55.00; 3) Institutions $70.00. These prices represent prepaid order prices and include postage for the U.S. and Canada. Those placing orders from overseas should contact AAZK Administrative Offices for additional postage charges. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Make checks payable to “AAZK Diet Notebook” (U.S. FUNDS ONLY). Zoonotic Diseases. 2nd Edition -this 40-page reference work details the most common zoonotic diseases, offers guidelines for preventive control and covers personal hygiene and disinfection procedures. Information on each disease is presented in a text format which includes Ethiologic Agent, Means of Transmission to Man, Global Dis- tribution, Alternate or Intermediate Hosts, Human Incubation and Human Symptoms. Editor of this volume is Bruce Clark of the Toledo Zoo. Prices are: 1) Professional Members $5.00; 2) Other AAZK Membership Categories $6.50; 3) Non-members $8.50. These prices include shipping and handling within North America. Orders outside of the U.S. and Canada should add $3.00 for foreign postage by Air Mail. Make checks payable to “AAZK” in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery. For either publication send complete mailing address and check or money order for correct amount to: AAZK, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S A. ALL ORDERS MUST BE PRE PAID Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 363 UFAW Offers Great Ape Enrichment Pamphlet Chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans are all highly intelligent animals which in the captive environment need stimulation to prevent boredom and destructive behavior. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), the science based charity, has produced a further leaflet in its environmental enrichment series, entitled “Puzzle Feeder for Great Apes”. This leaflet describes a method of enriching the lives of great apes in captivity using a feeder that requires the apes to use sticks as tools in order to gain access to the food. The feeder is an inexpensive, practical and effective form of enrichment which increases the great apes’ levels of activity in addition to being highly entertaining and educational to zoo visitors. Copies of “A Puzzle Feeder for Great Apes” are available free on receipt of a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Send your request to: UFAW, 8 Hamilton Close, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QD, United Kingdom. Other leaflets in the environmental enrichment series include: 1. “ Lar Gibbon Duets” 2. “Mealworm Dispenser for Meerkats” 3. “Puzzle Feeder for Orangutans” 1991 Preakness Clean-up Video Available Thank you for your interest in obtaining copies of our video “On the Ground Conservation that Really Works - Preakness Clean-up 1991” presented at this year’s conference in Toledo. If you or your Chapter become involved in a similar project or even if you are thinking of developing a clean-up, please contact us at the address or phone numbers listed below - we’d like to help in any way we can. To order video tape(s) please fill out the order form below and send it along with a check for $5.00 (each tape) made out to: The National Aquarium in Baltimore, to cover shipping costs. 1990 Preakness Clean-up (A documentary on how the project was planned and executed for the first time ever.) 1991 Preakness Clean-up (An update on this successful fundraiser along with an inspirational music video.) Send your inquiries to: Rosemary J. Krussman/Senior Aviculturist c/o NAIB Pier 3, 501 E. Pratt Street Baltimore, MD 21202 Call for information: Rosemary (301) 576-3827 Eric (202) 673-4812 364 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 Book Review Biology of Amphibians By William E. Duellman and Linda Trueb McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1221 Ave. of the Americas New York, NY 10020 1986. 670 pgs. $44.95 Review By Rick Emmer Aquatics Department Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Cleveland, OH Duellman and Trueb’s Biology of Amphibians is destined to become a classic of herpetological literature. As such, it is likely to replace another classic, G. Kingsley Noble's The Biology of the Am.nhikia (19931. McGraw-Hill; reprinted 1954, Dover), as the standard reference on amphibians. The text, supplemented with numerous figures and tables and a 53-page bibliography, presents a thorough review of virtually every aspect of amphibian biology. The text is divided into five sections: a brief Introduction plus four parts - Life History (Chpts. 2-7), Ecology (Chpts. 8-12), Morphology (Chpts. 13-14) and Evolution (Chpts. 15-19). Introduction to the Amphibia (Chapter 1) sets the stage for the rest of the book, providing a brief overview of amphibians and their ways, a short history of the study of amphibians from the 17th century to the present, and a look at the prospects for future research in amphibian biology. Part 1 (Life History) begins with a look at Reproductive Strategies (Chapter 2), considering hormonal and environmental factors affecting breeding cycles; reproductive modes (internal vs. external fertilization, terrestrial vs. aquatic eggs, etc.); parental care; and a consideration of the evolution of these various components of reproductive strategies, in their various interspecific combinations, to maximize the reproductive success of the different species of amphibians. Chapter 3 (Courtship and Mating) discusses the factors involved in breeding; sensory cues utilized in locating the breeding site; secondary sexual characters (courtship glands, nuptial excrescences, tail fins and the like); courtship behavior; and the acts of fertilization and oviposition Chapter 4 (Vocalization) analyzes the anatomical, environmental and behavioral aspects of sound production and reception. Chapter 5 (Eggs and Development) considers early embryological development, from fertilization through birth or hatching' Chapter 6 (Larvae) covers anatomy, physiology, ecology and behavior of larvae from hatching up to metamorphosis, and Chapter 7 (Metamorphosis) describes the morphological and physiological changes that occur during metamorphosis and briefly discusses neoteny. Part 2 (Ecology) presents an in-depth look at interactions between amphibians and their environment. Chapter 8 (Relationships with the Environment) deals with the major aspects of the abiotic environment: water economy (osmoregulation, renal function, behavioral and physiological adaptations to arid conditions, etc.), temperature (thermal tolerance, thermoregulation), gas exchange (respiratory, circulatory and behavioral adaptations for oxygen uptake and the release of carbon dioxide) and energy metabolism (aerobic vs. anaerobic). In Chapter 9 (Food and Feeding) the authors examine the various strategies utilized by amphibians in selecting, locating and capturing prey. Chapter 10 (Enemies and Defense) looks at diseases, predators and antipredator devices (cryptic coloration, death feigning, poisonous secretions and aposematic coloration, the unken reflex, etc.). Chapter 11 (Population Biology) examines the various factors that influence Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 365 Book Review. Continued the structure of amphibian populations, such as growth rate, size, longevity and territoriality. In Chapter 12 (Community Ecology and Species Diversity) the authors discuss certain types of amphibian communities (forest-floor, stream-side and tropical) and compare species richness in different habitats. Part 3 (Morphology) gets down to the nitty-gritty of amphibian anatomy. By far the longest chapter in the book, Chapter 13 (Musculo-skeletal System) goes into extraordinary detail describing the structure and interactions of the skeletal and muscular systems. The chapter's 45 intricately detailed figures provide the reader with much-needed assistance when wading through the terminology-laden text. Chapter 14 (Integumentary, Sensory, and Visceral Systems) is equally technical in its thorough treatment of the anatomy of the integumentary, sensory, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, urogenital and digestive systems and the endocrine glands. Part 4 (Evolution) begins, appropriately enough, with the Origin and- Early Evolution (Chapter 15) of amphibians, detailing the skeletal anatomy of the most primitive tetrapods (labyrinthodont amphibians) and comparing these extinct animals to the two types of fish (lungfish and lobe-finned crossopterygians) currently being considered as ancestors of the labyrinthodonts. Chapter 16 (Cytogenetic, Molecular, and Genomic Evolution) briefly reviews, from an evolutionary viewpoint, results of recent cytogenetic and biochemical studies in amphibian genetics. Chapter 17 (Phylogeny) considers the evolutionary relationships of the taxonomic families of the three extant orders of amphibians: Caudata (salamanders), Gymnophiona (caecilians) and Anura (frogs). Chapter 18 (Biogeography) interprets the current distribution of amphibians in light of the climatic and geologic changes that have occurred since amphibians appeared in the Triassic Period, some 220 million years ago. Chapter 19 (Classification), the last chapter of the book, presents a detailed, current (as of 1986) taxonomic classification of Class Amphibia. Throughout the book, the authors make a point of integrating the material from each chapter with the rest of the book, especially from an evolutionary perspective, with the result that the book flows evenly from one chapter to the next, and the reader can jump around from chapter to chapter without losing his/her bearings. The amount of information contained in this volume is voluminous! Intended for use by upper-level undergraduate and graduate students as well as professional biologists, this book belongs on the reference shelf in every zoo library. ® Publication Available ‘Parrots require as much time and attention as a human toddler’, advises the Universities Federation For Animal Welfare (UFAW) in their new booklet ‘The Welfare of Pet Parrots’, written by the charity's Scientific Officer, Dilys Roe. Aimed at people thinking about keeping a parrot as a pet, the booklet urges people to consider that looking after a parrot is expensive and time-consuming. UFAW is keen to advise potential owners not to contribute to the trade in wild parrots. The booklet stresses that parrots should be bought only from reputable breeders, as illegal trade is rampant with smuggling and document forgery commonplace. ‘The Welfare of Pet Parrots’ is a useful and instructive guide to potential parrot owners. The over-riding message in the booklet is ‘Do not keep parrots unles you are sure you can satisfy all their needs!’ The booklet explains all aspects of parrot care from choosing, housing and feeding, to handling and keeping healthy pet parrots. With amusng illustrations by Rosanne Strachan, the booklet is light-hearted as well as informative. ‘The Welfare of Pet Parrots’ is available from UFAW, 8 Hamilton Close, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QD. Price is £2.50 inc. p&p (check bank for current U.S./British currency exchange rates). W 366 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 L.I.N.K. (Liaison and Information Network for Keepers) Coordinator for the LINK System: Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3P OR5. (204) 889-2919 {h}. IfegiQnal Coordinators ALABAMA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 ALASKA - Vacancy ARIZONA - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. Randolph Way, Tucson, AZ 85716 ARKANSAS - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher, Little Rock Zoological Gardens, #1 Jonesboro Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205 CALIFORNIA- Vacancy COLORADO - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 CONNECTICUT- Jeanette Nadeau, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI 02905 DELEWARE - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 FLORIDA - Rick Smith, 11707, #5 Park, Orchard Circle, Tampa, FL 33612 GEORGIA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 HAWAII - Michelle Suenishi, Hilton Hawaiian Village, 2950 Ena Rd., Honolulu, HI 96815 ID AH O - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 ILLINOIS - Pat Swieca, 5710 W. Cullom Ave., Chicago, IL 60634 INDIANA - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 IOWA - Carla Wieser, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, 10th St. & Deer Park Blvd., Omaha, NE 68107 KANSAS - Gretchen Ziegler, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 KENTUCKY - Thomas Benner, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 LOUISIANA - Michelle Asselin, Audubon Park & Zoological Gardens, P.O. Box 4327, New Orleans, LA 70115 MAINE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MARYLAND - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA MASSACHUSETTS - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MICHIGAN - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 MINNESOTA - Tim Hill, Minnesota Zoological Gardens, 13000 Zoo Blvd., Apple Valley, MN 55124 MISSISSIPPI - Jeannie Srazier, Jackson Zoological Park, 2918 W. Capitol, Jackson, MS 39209 MISSOURI - Vacancy MONTANA - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 NEBRASKA -Carla Wieser (see address under Iowa) NEVADA - Vacancy NEW HAMPSHIRE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) NEW JERSEY - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NEW MEXICO - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 857716 EAST NEW YORK - Mark Hofling, Bronx Zoo, 185th & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460 (212) 220-7115 [w] WEST NEW YORK - Alan Baker, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Dr., Syracuse, NY 13204 NORTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 NORTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3P 0R5 (204) 986-4040 [w] OHIO - Thomas Benner, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 OKLAHOMA - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher (see addresses under AR) OREGON - Anna Michel, Washington Park Zoo, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221 PENNSYLVANIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 RHODE ISLAND - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) SOUTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 SOUTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets (see address under ND) TENNESSEE - Gail Karr or Cindy Pinger, Memphis Zoo & Aquarium, 2000 Galloway, Memphis, TN 38112 TEXAS - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 UTAH - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 VERMONT - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WASHINGTON - Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103 WEST VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WISCONSIN -Wayne Hazlett, 3768 S. 89th St., Milwaukee, WI 53228 WYOMING - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - Theresa Maas (see address under PA) Province of Ontario - Vacancy Provinces of Manitoba & Saskatchewan - Bob Debets (see address under ND) Province of Quebec - Chantal Routhier, Granby Zoo, 347 Rue Bourget, Granby, Quebec, Canada J2G 1 E 8 Provinces of Alberta & British Columbia - Vacancy Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 367 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 15th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks! AKF. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Please include closing dates for positions available. There is no charge for this service and phone-in listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our phone is 1-800-242-4519 ( U.S. ,); 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Our FAX is 913-272-2539. The City of Fresno is currently accepting applications for the following two (2) positions at the Chaffee Zoological Gardens of Fresno. Individuals interested in these positions must submit a City of Fresno application and supplemental application to the Personnel Office by 5:00 p.m. Wednesday, 27 November 1991. For applications and more information, contact: City of Fresno, Personnel Dept., 2348 Mariposa, Fresno, CA 93721. Phone (209) 498-1574. AA/EOE/H. ZOO KEEPER. ..$1,631 - $1, 984/month. Responsible for the care and observation of zoo animals, maintenance of exhibits, record keeping and interaction with docents and the general public. Requires: One year of experience in the care, handling and feeding of animals in a zoo setting. College level course work in animal science, zoology, biology, or wildlife management is desirable. SENIOR ZOO KEEPER (Elephants). 1.799 - $2,1 89/month. Responsible for providing lead direction and participating in the feeding, care and maintenance necessary for the health and well-being of the Zoo’s 1.3 Asian elephants, White rhinos and other species, according to AAZPA’s Elephant Management Guidelines. Modern exhibit includes hydraulic doors and does not require night chaining. An elephant chute is budgeted for construction in 1992. Requires: Eighteen units of accredited college level course work in animal science, zoology, biology, wildlife management, or closely related field and two years of journey-level paid experience in the care, handling and feeding of elephants. An additional year of qualifying experience may be substituted for the required education. ZOOKEEPER... prefer paid experience, course work in biological sciences and record keeping ability. Responsible for daily animal care, behavior observation, exhibit/grounds maintenance, and diet preparation. Will work weekends and holidays as required. Salary $4. 69/hr. with adjustments for education and experience, plus benefits. Creating eligible list to fill future vacancies. Send cover letter and resume by 1 December 1991 to: Dan Baffa, Director, Lee Richardson Zoo, P.O. Box 499, Garden City, KS 67846. KEEPER/BIRD DEPT... responsibilities include the daily care of birds, promoting breeding of target species, interaction with docents and general public. A candidate above entry level must have experience working with birds in captivity. College degree in biology preferred. Salary range $24,086 - $28, 496/year. Submit resume, letter of interest and references to: Human Resources Dept., Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd., Brookfield, IL 60513 by 30 November 1991. ZOO CURATOR (Citx of Sacramento) ...$3088 - $3753/month plus benefits. This exempt position will plan, organize and supervise care, display, propagation and procurement of zoo animals; direct education programs and oversee supervision of grounds maintenance for the zoo and a children’s theme park. Requires 3 years professional experience including supervisory and bachelors degree. Specific requirements, duties and City of Sacramento application available at 921 10th St., Rm. 101, Sacramento, CA 95814. Out-of- area applications call (916) 449-5726 for application. Filing deadline: 20 December 1991, 5:00 p.m. AA/EOE. ZOOKEEPER II... requires experience with husbandry of, training and demonstrating a variety of domestic animals. Eastern/western riding and horse jumping experience preferred. Available January 1992. $6.50/hr. Send resume to: Richard M. Hurst, Director of Human Resources, Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46222. COMPOUND FOREMAN ...lor non-profit wild animal facility. Busy, varied responsibilities. Housing and utilities provided. Send resume and references to: Martine Colette, Wildlife Waystation, 14831 Little Tujunga Canyon Rd., Angeles Forest, CA 91342- & 368 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 11 1991 AAZK Membership Application Name check here if renewal [ ] Address City □ $30.00 Professional Full-time Keepers State/Province Zip — □ $25.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $25.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility I I $20.00 Libraiy Library subscription only Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address □ $40.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category □ $50.00 or up Contributing or Institutional Individuals & Organizations Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE), made payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., to : AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S. A. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Animal Keepers' Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. All illustrations, graphs and tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page size no greater than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25 l/2cm). Literature used should be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name of species (as per ISIS) the first time it is used. Thereafter use common name. Black and white photos only accepted. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed for publication. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Telephone or FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. The phone number is (913) 272-5821 Ext. 31. FAX # is 913-272-2539. DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Animal Keepers’ Forum editorial staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. PRINTED IN U.S.A. ©1991 AAZK, Inc. as: •-VT' «“*■ km i”i £u Ml -r;i ”T i™.. o 3 r~ 3 t.O KM rf O c::r ~*j “• KM ~3 -< O O t3 r~i O >-• • n Ki KM^ "O o KM on "5 M -D k:» ANIMAL KEEPERS’ FORUM . 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 December 1991 Editor-in-Chief: Susan Chan Volume Eighteen Associate Editors: Kayla Grams & Gretchen Ziegler Number Twelve Animal Keepers' Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers' Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary BOARD OF DIRECTORS Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada President Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Vice President Frank B. Kohn, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008 Immediate Past President Janet McCoy, Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221 Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ 85716 COMMITTEE-CHAIRPERSONS - PROJECT HEADS Awards Committee Jan McCoy, Washington Park Zoo Book Review Coordinators Melba T. Brown, National Zoo - general interest Tom Aversa, Boston Metro Zoos - technical Staff Eschangg Dale Frerking, Kansas City Zoo AAZK History-Committee Rachel Rogers, San Diego Zoo Public Education Committee Elaine Puzo, Newark Museum MiniZoo Keeper. Accommodations List Heidi Manicki, Metro Toronto Zoo An Approach, -tfl-Zookeeping Pat Sammarco, Santa Fe Teaching Zoo Zoo Infant Development. Project Harmony Frazier-Taylor, Woodland Park Zoo AAZK Manual of Resources Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo Nominations & Elections David Luce, Fresno Zoo Membership Directory Keeper Training & Education (.includes Library Resources, Reference Search, and Keeper Training MateriaIs)L.R/R.S. - Marilyn Cole, Metro Toronto; KTM - Laura Treschel, Minnesota Zoo Research/Grants Committee Susan M. Barnard, Zoo Atlanta Animal Data Transfer Form Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZKJLiaBj.on to AAZPA/IZE Brint Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. Biological Yalues/Gestation Toni Danzig, Greater S. F. Bay Area Chapter Piet... Notebook Susan Bunn Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gdns. By-Laws Review VACANCY Zoo/Universitv List Mike Illig, Washington Park Zoo Keeper Correspondent Tim Kurkowski, Zoo Atlanta Publications Funding Committee Tucson AAZK Chapter, Tucson, AZ Joe Rindler, Columbus Zoo Exhibit Design Form - John Brangan, The Virginia Zoo and Eric Krussman, National Zoo - Co-Chairs International Affairs Coordinators - Mona Keith, Calgary Zoo (east) Pam McDougall, Calgary Zoo (west) Conservation, Preservation. Restoration (CPR) Committee - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo Bowling for Rhinos ‘92 Coordinator - Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis Zoo Ecosystem Survival Plan (ESP) National Coordinator - Norman Gershenz, San Francisco Zoo Keeper Training Videotape Production Coordinator - Harry Hofauer, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Order/Distribution Center at AAZK Administrative Offices in Topeka Liaison and Information Network for Keepers (LINK1 Coordinator - Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 6^ printed on recycled paper This month’s cover features artwork by Dave Ackerman, an animal keeper in the Herbivore I Carnivore Building at the Columbus Zoo. The rainforest animals pictured are featured on a sunscreen sold by the Columbus Zoo’s AAZK Chapter to support the Programme for Belize. The idea of a sunscreen is to increase people’s awareness of the plight of the rainforest and its inhabitants. Children can be involved by coloring their own rainforest. These sunscreens are sold through the Columbus Zoo’s Gift Shop with all profits going to save rainforest land. Thanks, Dave! ScooPs and Scuttlebutt LSIG Offers List of Recommended Books for Zoo/Aquarium Libraries The second edition of the Recommended List of Books and Other Resources for Zoo and Aquarium Libraries (1991) by the AAZPA Librarians Special Interest Group is now available. For a free copy please contact Kay Kenyon, Librarian, National Zoological Park, Branch Library, Washington, DC 20008, (202) 673-4771. Thanks to 25fti Anniversary Bopk PonQrg In the September 1991 issue of AKF , AAZK Historian Rachel Rogers gave an update of the progress of the History Committee in collecting data for the AAZK 25th Anniversary Book. At that time she also announced that the San Diego Zoological Society had generously offered a $4,000 matching grant to cover the estimated cost of publishing this commemorative volume. Chapters were encouraged to support the Association and the Book by a donation of $60 toward the $4,000 in matching funds we must generate. Individuals were also encouraged to lend their support by donations in any amount. To date we have received donations from the following individuals and Chapters and we would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their generosity and support of this important AAZK project: William H. Disher, San Diego, CA; San Diego Zoo AAZK Chapter, Harmony Frazier-Taylor, Seattle, WA; Detroit Chapter AAZK, Detroit, MI; and F.J. Zeehandelaar, Inc., New Rochelle, NY. Anyone wishing to donate towards the publication costs of the 25th Anniversary Book should send their donations by 30 March 1992, and checks should be made payable to AAZK, Inc. All donors will be acknowledged in the publication. Send donations to: Rachel Watkins Rogers, AAZK Historian, AAZK History Committee, San Diego Zoo, P.O. Box 551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551. AAZK Grants Available The American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. announces the availability of two $750 research grants in the field of zoo biology. Interested applicants should direct their inquiries to Sue Barnard, Chairperson, AAZK Research/Grants Committee, Zoo Atlanta, Department of Herpetology, 800 Cherokee Ave. S JE., Atlanta, GA 30315. The deadline for submission is 31 March 1992. 369 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 From the President Another year draws to a close, and with it my six years as a Board member including two years as President. Being a Board member since 1985 has been a rewarding, enlightening, and sometimes exhausting experience - one I would not have missed for anything. But now it will be nice to pursue my other interests and hey, I may even write a paper again. Or a song about the last six years, now there’s a thought... AAZK is now in its 24th year. As we approach our silver anniversary, we can look back at the trials and tribulations that this Association has undergone; the long, hard work, the millions of hours that volunteers have persevered with the goals of achieving quality animal care and education of AAZK members and the public. We can reflect with pride on our successes, on our contributions to the zoo field, on our contributions to global conservation and the professional recognition that AAZK has achieved by all that hard work. As professionals we must always be aware of the knowledge we have not yet acquired, of the difficulties we have not yet endured and that, somewhere around the corner, is the key to the problems we haven’t yet solved. I have always believed in the Team concept and Zoo Keeping is, essentially, a team effort. To be in harmony with Mother Nature, we must first be in harmony with ourselves. We must be a team in the section, in the department, in the Zoo, in this Association, in the zoo community and on Mother Earth itself. It has been an honor serving this Association and I will continue to serve as Immediate Past President and AAZK Liaison to AAZPA. It is with great pleasure that I hand over the reins to the next President, Ed Hansen, and Vice-president Jan McCoy as well as our newly elected Board members - Mark de Denus, Ellen Bradfield and Rachel Rogers. They are a fine group of professionals and I know AAZK will benefit from their dedication and leadership. Have a great holiday season and a very Happy New Year! e/ Oliver Claffey AAZK President Information Please I am interested in exchanging information with others who are charged with the care of Northern California/North Pacific marine invertebrates (sea stars, sea urchins, giant chitons, hermit crabs, etc. ). At my facility these animals are located in our Touch Tidepool and are allowed to be handled by the public. These animals are obtained once a year from the ocean. The current policy is to allow these animals to be handled everyday as much as the public likes. Animals are not rotated to allow for recuperation and no food is put into the tanks specifically for these animals. I would be interested to know from others what their protocol is for using such animals for public education displays, whether animals are rotated, if handling is controlled, if food is supplied, how high mortality rates can be lowered, etc. Any information in this vein would be most welcome. Please send to: Theresa Mumey, 822 A 30th Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94121 (S 370 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Births & Hatchings Sea World of Texas. ..reports the following first-time hatchings for that facility: 1.1.0 Umbrella cockatoo ( Cacatua alba), 0.0.2 King penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus), 0.0.1 Common murre ( Uria aalge), 0.0.1 Common puffin ( Fratercula arctica), 0.0.1 Sacred ibis ( Eudocimus ruber), 2.0 Black neck swan ( Cygnas melanocoryphus), 0.3 NeNe goose (Branta sandvicensis), 0.2 European shelduck ( Tadorna tadorna), 6.6 Cape teal ( Anas capensis), 7.2 Chestnut teal ( Anas castanea), 1.1 Garganey teal ( Anas querquedula), 8.4 Hottentot teal ( Anas punctata), 10.12 Marbled teal ( Marmaronetta angustirostris), 1.0 Versicolor teal ( Anas versicolor), 0.1 Chiloe wigeon ( Anas sibilatrix), 5.0 Silver Bahama pintail ( Anas bahamensis), 3.5 North American pintail ( Anas a. acuta), 1.2 African yellowbill ( Anas undulata), and 1.3 White-faced tree duck ( Dendrocygna viduata). Their Mammal Dept, reports the births of 0.1 Atlantic bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus) and 0.1 Harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina). The Aquarium Dept, reports the birth of 1.0 Epaulette shark ( Hemiscyllium ocellatum). submitted by Rob Yordi, Sea World of Texas, San Antonio, TX. Metro Toronto Zoo. .reports the following B&H from April through September 1991: Mammals - 3.0 Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus), 0.0.1 Brush-tailed bettong C Bettongia penicillata), 0.0.1 Black lemur C Lemur macaco macaco), 0.0.3 Common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus), 1.1.1 Japanese macaque ( Macaca fuscata), 1.0 Lowland gorilla {gorilla g. gorilla), 2.1.1 African lion ( Panthera leo), 3.1.2 Cheetah {Acinonyx jubatus), 0.1 Snow leopard {Panthera uncia), 0.0.1 DeBrazza’s monkey {Cercopithecus neglectus ), 1.0 Patas monkey {Cercopithecus patas ) 1.0 Sika deer {Cervus nippon ) , 1.0.2 Wood bison {Bison bison athabascae ), 2.0 Przewalski horse {Equus przewalskii), 0.0.1 Barasingha {Cervus duvauceli), 2.0.1 Musk ox {Ovibos moschatus), 1.0 Masai giraffe {Giraffe camelpardalis tippelskirche)) Birds - 0.0.2 Tawny frogmouth {Podargus strigoides), 0.0.1 Azure-winged magpie {Cyanopica cyana), 0.0.3 Bronze-winged pigeon {Phaps chalcoptera), 0.0.1 American flamingo {Phoenicopterus ruber), 0.0.5 Red-breasted goose {Branta ruficollis), 0.1 Victoria crowned pigeon {Goura victoria). Reptiles - 0.0.22 Reticulated python {Python reticulatus), 0.0.5 Florida softshell turtle {Trionyx ferox), 0.0.8 Mojave desert sidewinder {Crotalus cerastes), submitted by Neil Porter, Chapter Liaison, Metro Toronto Zoo AAZK Chapter, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Audubon Park & Zoological Garden s...renorts the following B&H - the Reptile Department is pleased to announce the births of 0.0.3 Sanzinia madagascariensis, 0.0.5 Ungaliophis panamensis from a recently acquired wild-caught female, and 0.0.25 Epicrates cenchria cenchria. The Bird Department proudly announces the following hornbill hatchings: 0.0.3 Wrinkled hornbills {Aceros corrugatus) of which 0.0.2 DNS, 0.0.2 Rhino hornbills {Buceros rhinoceros), 0.0.1 Celebes hornbill {Aceros cassidix), the first of this species to be propagated in captivity. Unfortunately this individual DNS. For their success in captive propagation of these species, the Audubon Park and Zoological Gardens Bird Department won an Edward H. Bean Award at this year’s National AAZPA Conference in San Diego. The Bird Dept, also announces the following hatchings: 0.0.5 Abdim storks {Ciconia abdimi), 0.0.7 Micronesian kingfishers {Halcyon c. cinnamomina) , 0.0.2 DNS, and 0.0.6 Guam rails {Rallus owstoni), 0.0.2 DNS. The Mammal Department announces the birth of a female Sumatran orangutan {Pongo pygmaeus abellii)', the seventh born at Audubon. She has been pulled for hand-rearing due Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 371 Births & Hatchings. Continued to the inexperience of her mother, submitted by Pamela Barker, Secretary, Audubon AAZK Chapter, New Orleans, LA. One of two Toco toucans (Ramphastos toco) hatched 2 July 1991 at Sea World of Florida. (Photo courtesy of Sea World of Florida) Sea MloLIlflnda.»a notable first at Sea World, the hatching of 0.0.2 Toco toucan ( Ramphastos toco ) took place on 2 July 1991. The parents, both imported birds, were moved to the back area off-display in September of 1990 to encourage breeding. Their flight measures 18’ x 6’ x 10’ and is sparsely planted. Both went immediately to the task of defoliating the plants to their liking, but in the end only played havoc on the plants that they could reach from the perch. A plywood nestbox 13” x 13” x 70” was placed in one corner of the exhibit. Several months went by and they showed little or no interest in the box so it was 372 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Births & Hatchings, Continued moved to another corner, slightly more remote. At that same time we nailed some old palm tree bark on the front of the box to simulate a natural log and slightly enlarged the entrance hole. We had previously filled the nestbox with pine chips stopping approximately 12” from the nest entrance. The pair quickly developed an interest in the box and began spending a lot of their time inside. They hauled out nearly a foot of the shavings during this time. On 21 June two eggs were discovered and the nest was not disturbed after that time. Both parents shared incubation and on 8 July check vocalizations were heard coming from the nest. The following day we were able to check the nest and discovered two chicks. Their usual diet of soaked monkey chow, Promix® dog food, catfish chow, diced fruit (cantaloupe, apple, banana, grapes, blueberries, mango and tomato) was fed with the addition of pinkie mice. Three food pans were offered daily each with four pinkies. Also, an aquarium with live crickets was placed inside the aviary. As soon as a pan was placed inside the aviary, one of the adults would snatch up a pinkie and after working it over for several minutes, would disappear into the box for 10 to 15 minutes. Because they were first- time parents, we wanted to minimize disturbance and did not regularly check the nest. On 15 July one chick was discovered missing. The remaining egg was pulled at this time and candled infertile. The surviving chick was healthy and strong. The chick was removed from the nestbox on 31 July when it was 23 days old and fledged out by hand. It weighed in at 355 grams when it was pulled. We continued the same diet that we had fed the adults. The weight gain from this point ranged from 5 to 8 grams daily. Initially the chick was placed in a rubber tub with a wood shavings substrate and a heating pad under one end of the tub. On its 36th day the chick began perching on the side of the tub and it was moved to a cage. At 42 days old the chick began eating on its own. submitted by Anita Schiavoni, Aviculture Supervisor, Sea World of Florida, Orland, FL. Los Angeles Zoo...reports the following B&H for September and October 1991: Reptiles - 4 Rough green snake ( Opheodrys aestivus.) Birds - 1 Palawan peacock pheasant ( Polyplectron emphanum ) endangered, 1 West African crowned crane ( Balearica pavonina pavonina ), 2 Congo peafowl ( Afropavo congensis ) endangered/very rare, 1 Common trumpeter ( Psophia crepicans), 1 Pink- necked green pigeon ( Treron vernans ), 1 Magpie robin ( Copsychus saularis). Mammals - 4 Vampire bats ( Desmodus rotundus ), 2 Kuhl’s marmoset ( Callithrix kuhli ) endangered, in 1981 included as subspecies of C. penicillata but further research in 1987 shows it to be quite distinctive and possibly in its own species status; 0.1 Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), 0.1 Speke’s gazelle ( Gazella spekei) endangered, 0.1 Greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 0.2 Gerenuk C Litcrocranius walleri), Europeans first discovered it in 1898 but it was represented in Egyptian paintings from 5600 BC; 0.1 Celebes crested macaque ( Macaca nira), 1 De Brazza guenon ( Cercopithecus neglectus ), 0.1 Red- crowned mangabey ( Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) endangered, 0.1 Masai giraffe ( Giraffa camelpardalis tippelskirchi ) - Twiga is being hand-raised after she failed to nurse properly. We are expecting the arrival, momentarily, of a Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). They are the smallest of the rhinos, hairiest, carry two horns and are the most primitive and endangered, submitted by Lois Carwile, Chapter Liaison, Los Angeles Zoo AAZK Chapter, Los Angeles, CA. Bronx Zoo...the Chapter has the following significant B&H to report for the remainder of the summer through Fall 1991. Mammal Dept. - 3.0 Chilean pudu ( Pudu pudu) were born in late July and August. These small South American deer are rare in the wild so each captive birth is significant. 0.0.2 Rodriguez flying foxes ( Pteropus rodicensis) were born at the World of Darkness during September. The Bronx Zoo is one of the few U.S. zoos to have a breeding colony of Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 373 Births & Hatchings. Continued these rare bats. Another Slender-tailed cloud rat ( Phloeomys pallidus ) was born in October. This has been the fourth one born in the park. Not much is known about the habits of these large, unusual rodents. 0.0.2 Prevost’s squirrels ( Sciurus prevosti ) were born in October. This is the second litter to be produced by our breeding pair. The first litter, produced while the pair was outside on exhibit during the summer, did not survive. This second litter was produced while the pair was in their winter quarters in our holding area. Mammal section submitted by Peter Psilles, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY. Birds - some significant hatchings back from July was 0.0.1 Guire cuckoo ( Guire guire). This hatching is a first for our zoo. The species is not usually kept in North American institutions. Another first hatch was 0.0.2 Vereaux’s amethyst starling ( Cinnyricincius leucogester). The chicks are being parent-reared. 0.0.1 Chilean flamingo ( Phoenicopterus chilensis ) hatched at the Aquatic Bird House. We had at least five nesting pairs despite the construction going on near their exhibit. 0.0.2 Guam rails ( Rallus owstoni ) hatched at the Propagation Building. These two chicks add to the string of offspring from a previously unrepresented founder. Bird section submitted by Doug Piekarz, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY. THIS IS IT! THE TIME IS NOW! 7XX3 IMPACT pEVfaPFMEW iFlTJftTl ' I just returned from Dallas where I had a chance to talk with the Zoo Veterinary Technicians during their annual conference about the Zoo Infant Development Project and its significance to animal health. With the Zoo Vet Tech and the Zoo Keeper annual meetings both being held in San Diego in October ‘92, I have decided that would be a good target deadline for submitting ZIDP data collection forms. Please make this the year you participate! JlWc Note: Winter is a great time to review births from last spring and summer and fill in forms. Exhibits which contain infants could be easily monitored if a clipboard was mounted or hung nearby. The Data Collection Form does not have to be fully completed to provide important information. Information should be collected until one of the following occurs: Animal is removed from group; Animal is weaned; Animal dies; or information on Form is listed by age (i.e. Gorilla/birth to 6 months, Gorilla/6-10 months, Meerkat/2-6 weeks, etc.) This is your chance to have yourself and your zoo listed as participants in this important National AAZK project. This project section is on PARENT-REARED MAMMALS ONLY. DEADLINE FOR SUBMITTING DATA IS OCTOBER 1992. 374 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Boomer Ball® Toys For The Animals Christmas Contest Boomer Ball® challenges your rare to try our products ! Submit a valid purchase order for Boomer Balls, Jungle Balls, Challengers, Bobbins, Polar N' Ice Cubes or Pigg' ns . Then capture your rare and unusual animals in color or black and white ACTIVELY playing with their product of choice. Submit the pictures before 20 January 1992 and Boomer Ball® will mark the purchase invoice "paid" for that product if your animal is among the 100 individual animal winners. All pictures will become the property of Boomer Ball®, and may be used in future advertising at trade shows, in printed advertisements, or in other media, with the clear statement that use by that individual animal does not necessarily imply endorsement of the product by the institution or facility which owns the animal. Names of institutions will not be used without specific permission. Contest Rules: 1. Offer limited to 6 individual animal entries per institution or facility — the more unusual the animal, the better chance of winning. (Group pictures count as one entry) . 2. Photographs for entry must be received by Boomer Ball® before 2 0 January 1992 . 3. 100 individual animal winners will be chosen, and the winning institutions will be advised by 10 February 1992. 4. A list of winning animals will be published in the March 1991 issues of An imal Keepsxal-JF.Q.ruip and Animal Finders Guide ■ 5. Each photograph entered must have attached the following information: a. species b . name of the animal c. name and title of the person submitting entry d. name of institution or private facility owning the animal and the address. e. permission or prohibition for use of institution name in future Boomer Ball® advertising. f. brief description of style of play used by your animal and any special tricks or innovations introduced by the animal. g. brief description of reason for introducing the toy to this particular animal (increase activity, alleviate boredom, inspire group interaction, etc.) LIONS TIGERS BEARS MONKEYS GORILLAS PIGS OTTERS CHIMPANZEES WOLVES HIPPOS GOATS ELEPHANTS TAPIRS ANTEATERS RHINOS DEER MINIATURE DONKEYS FERRETS FOXES LEOPARDS DOLPHINS PARROTS SEALS SEA LIONS WALRUS OR ANY OTHER SPECIES THAT ENJOY PLAY/EXERCISING WITH BOOMER BALLS® Use your imagination and submit your purchase order and entry photographs to : BOOMER BALL 24171 W. Rt. 120 Grayslake, IL 60030 QUESTIONS? Call (708) 546-6125 (If we're not there, leave your name & number and we'll call back) Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 375 My apologies for any confusion the Note from the Editor printed in the November issue of AKF may have caused. One of the real hazards of always working one to two months ahead on a project is the possibility of inadvertently mixing up your dates. This was the case when, in October, I was writing the article for the November issue. It stated that the Overview as well as an order form for Conference Proceedings would appear in the November issue-it should have said the December issue. The Overview does appear in this month's issue and the Order Form for the Proceedings can be found on page 377. The Order Form will again appear in the January 1992 issue of AKF . If you are interested in obtaining a copy, check out the order form which lists the papers to be included, pricing information, deadlines for ordering, etc. A number of changes are going to be occurring in AKF in the coming months. Some will be major, others not quite so earthshaking, but we hope all of these changes will help improve the quality of the journal and make it more responsive to the desires of the membership. Beginning next month, each issue of AKF will have a Table of Contents at the beginning of each issue. Also beginning in January, papers submitted which are of a technical or research nature will be submitted to a referee for review before publication. Approximately 40 individuals from zoos across the country have agreed to serve as referees for AKF. This review process will not pertain to all material submitted for publication, but will be utilized for those articles of a technical or research nature. One suggestion brought up in the open meetings in Toledo and which the editorial staff proposes to try is to occasionally have an issue dedicated to a particular topic. This can only work if we have input of materials from you, the membership. We are now soliciting articles on the following three topics: Hoofstock (all aspects), Hand-rearing (techniques, case histories, etc.), and Enrichment (all aspects). We would like to be able to run dedicated issues in April and August. These are, at present, only tentative time frames and will be dependent on how much material we receive. We encourage all members to submit material at any time and on any topic of interest to zoo keepers. We know many of you have good information to share with your colleagues, but may feel you don’t have enough for a entire article. Don’t let that stop you-we are proposing to begin a column of shorter informational pieces, including information on such things as husbandry techniques, exhibit furniture ideas, tools that help the zoo keeper do their job better, etc. We also want to start a column dealing with tips and ideas for enrichment in captive exotic animals. Look for more information on these two columns in the January 1992 issue. We will also be making some changes to the Births & Hatchings column including how information is submitted. More on this later. In conjunction with Associate Editors Gretchen Ziegler and Kayla Grams, I am working on setting up new guidelines for paper submissions to AKF. We are also working with local artists to formulate criteria for artwork submitted for the cover of the journal. As soon as these are completed, they will either be published in AKF or made available to those interested through AO. I would personally like to thank the membership for their support of and participation in_ AKF during 1991. The journal could not exist without your input and can only improve and evolve with your continued support. Please let us hear from you if you have suggestions, comments, etc Susan D. Chan Editor AKF 376 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 1991 Conference Proceedings Order Form If you are interested in obtaining a copy of the Proceedings containing the papers presented at the 17th National AAZK Conference held in Toledo, OH, you will need to fill out and Funds Only. Allow 4-6 weeks following deadline for receipt of publication. Prices are as follows: $10.00 $15.00 AAZK Member Non-Member Postage for U.S. orders is included. Canadian and overseas orders should add $3.00 for Air Mail postage to Canada and Surface postage elsewhere. Overseas orders wishing Air Mail service should add $10.00. Make checks payable to AAZK, Inc. Note: Individuals who presented papers at the Conference and submitted a manuscript for inclusion in these Proceedings will receive a gratis copy. If a manuscript was not submitted, a gratis copy will not be sent, and those individuals will need to order a copy. The following papers are included in these Proceedings: Sustaining Captive Primate ‘Natural’ Behavior Via Psychological Enrichment ~ On the Ground Conservation That Really Works: Preakness Clean-up 1991 ~ Cano Palma Biological Station ~ Keepers Helping Keepers Across the World ~ The Evolving Role of the Zoo Keeper ~ The Evolution of Conservation in Zoos and Aquariums: The Ecosystem Survival Plan ~ Breeding & Handraising the Blue and Gold Macaw in Northern Climates ~ The Role of Zookeepers in Wildlife Conservation ~ The Keeper - The Resource or Toad on the Road, the First, and so far only, Amphibious Rock Hit Single ~ Hand Rearing Maned Wolves at the Louisville Zoo ~ Treating Periodontal Disease in the Lesser Bushbaby ~ An Inexpensive Mechanical Restraint Device at the Milwaukee County Zoo ~ The Pancake Tortoise and Its Eggs ~ Introduction of the Indianapolis Japanese Macaque Troop ~ Behavioral Training of a Llama Herd ~ The Red-bellied Lemur in Captivity ~ A Video ADT Goes to Sacramento ~ Use of Fecal Steroid Analysis in Sex Determination of Cranes and Psittacines ~ Management and Behavior of the Rodrigues Fruit Bat ~ Environmental Enrichment Methods: A Workshop for the Primate Keeper ~ The Evolving Role of the Zoo Keeper ~ Project Puffin. Proceedings Order Form (PLEASE TYPE OR PRINT) I wish to order eopy(s) of the 1991 Conference Proceedings. I have enclosed $. plus $. for additional postage (if applicable) Name Address City State/Province Country Zip/Postal Code ORDERS MUST RE RECEIVED BY 10 FEBRUARY 1992 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 377 Quality exotic animal diets CPTrTOI TU Nutritionally balanced dlLibV 1 RUM Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NEBRASKA BRAND h \ Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones SPECTRUM Banana flavored primate, 15% protein dry Banana flavored primate, Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Llama Vitamins & Minerals dry Polar Bear dry Marmoset /Tamar in dry Ratite dry Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium dry BROOD-RITE HEATERS Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240, 500, or 750 wattages. GENTLE TOUCH™ bedding One call does it all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 L. I. N. K. MEMO TO: Chapters and General AAZK Membership FROM: Mark de Denus/LINK Coordinator SUBJECT: LINK Update As you are all probably aware, the 1991 National AAZK Conference held in Toledo, OH in October was a wonderful success. The week was filled with scheduled programs and events that included paper sessions, workshops, open forums, meetings, tours and entertainment. The smooth operation of the conference week was accentuated by the kind hospitality and professional concern of the Toledo Chapter delegates. I would like to commend the Toledo Chapter for its outstanding accomplishment of providing a most successful and complete program and, personally, for the concern and care which was extended to me during my visit. I would encourage you to read the Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors Meetings as published in AKF. This gives a very good review of the current status of all AAZK projects, committees and general items. It will let you know what the Association is involved in and, perhaps, give you some ideas of where you might like to get involved. I want to draw your attention to a few specific areas and address a few issues. In regard to the status of Chapters: each Chapter may not consider themselves non-profit entities at this time. The Group Exemption Letter was filed with the IRS in July 1991, and until this application has been processed and approved, U.S. Chapters are not entitled to 501(c)(3) coverage. Canadian Chapters will be sent specific information regarding their responsibilities as required by Revenue Canada. Chapter rechartering will be commencing in January and I encourage each Chapter to be prepared and in compliance with the required process. The fiscal year of each Chapter should run January to December. The terms of Chapter Officers should run for this period also. The Financial Statement of the Chapter should reflect the fiscal year of 1991. A Recharter Package will be sent in the new year. It will contain a Recharter Application, Agreement and Financial Statement. There will be changes in the Recharter fees for Chapters. Information regarding this will accompany the recharter package (also, review the Minutes of the Board of Directors Meeting in this month’s AKF). All Chapters should have a standardized Constitution at this time. The General Articles are mandatory; the Articles of Bylaws should be modified and customized to meet the needs of each local Chapter. A Copy of the Chanter’s bv-laws must be sent to the LINK Coordinator for mv file. I would like to announce the appointment of new Regional Coordinators for the LINK system. They are Timothy Hill for Minnesota, Jeannie Frazier for Mississippi, Gretchen Ziegler for Kansas and Wayne Hazlett for Wisconsin. Dan Powell will assume the RC duties for Michigan as well as Indiana. In Toledo I had the opportunity to attend a meeting of the Great Lakes Regional Liaison Council (RLC). I want to say that this is a most effective way of meeting, discussing, cooperating and supporting each other as members and as Chapters. Many issues can be discussed and resources (ideas and materials) can be pooled to help ensure the success of projects or events. I would like to take this opportunity to commend the Chapters and members of the Great Lakes region for their participation in the National AAZK Conference, and, specifically, the AAZK Chapters of Detroit, Columbus and Greater Cleveland Zoos for their sponsorship of breaks during the Conference week. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 379 XJNK Memo. Continued I invite all Chapters and AAZK members to become more involved with our Association. Participation in projects such as Zoo Infant Development Project, Exhibit Design Form Project or other National projects; involvement on AAZK committees (By-laws, etc.); Chapter projects and products; articles for publication in AKF: presentations at conferences and workshops; many avenues are available for your participation. Another way, and possibly the most critical for the success of the organization, is direct communication and dialogue between the membership and the administering arm of AAZK. Any ideas, concerns or problems should be addressed, in writing, to the appropriate level. This may be through your Chapter Liaison, Institutional Liaison, Regional Coordinator, LINK Coordinator, Committee Head, AKF Editor, Administrative Secretary or Board Member. All are available to deal with the ongoing activities of this Association; an Association that is and must grow and evolve at an accelerated rate to meet the demands of our roles as dedicated animal care professionals. A Chapter Shows Its Support By Johnny Merk, Chapter Member Exotic Feline Breeding Compound Rosamond, CA Recently, there has been concern over funding for the National AAZK organization. In a past Forum , there were several suggestions offered to increase revenues that would allow the normal operation and functioning of AAZK to continue. Individual Chapters were invited to vote on which idea they felt was best or to offer suggestions of their own. Our Chapter, made up of members who work at the Exotic Feline Breeding Compound in Rosamond, CA are looking at an alternative idea that would supplement AAZK revenue without hardship to individuals or Chapters that would occur if proposed dues increases are implemented. Many local AAZK Chapters hold fundraising events that generate money for various projects, i.e. Bowling for Rhinos. If a small percentage of the funds raised from these local events were to be donated directly to the National AAZK, they would be a supplement to current revenues and could possibly negate the necessity for increases in membership dues. The proposal that is currently being considered by our Chapter is that 5% of all fundraising events be given to the National organization. These monies could be ear-marked for several projects which are currently on hold because of the lack of funding available. We all know that animal keepers are under-paid, over-worked and never really seem to get the credit they richly deserve for their efforts. That is why there is a National AAZK - recognition of our fellows and their dedication. The National AAZK is a medium of communication, fellowship and understanding that bonds all of us across the country and around the world. Without AAZK, we sink back into the grayness of obscurity and futility. Joined together, we are seen as responsible, dedicated and caring professionals. We, at the E.F.B.C., are interested in building a force of commitment and effort by supporting the National AAZK In this endeavor, we are strengthening ourselves and our fellows. 38 0 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 More Reflections on Peru Part 2 By Robert Bergahaier, Mammal Foreman Philadelphia Zoological Society Philadelphia, PA In ’83 I had found Cuzco a bleak and dirty city. Like my experience with Lima, I found Cuzco better the second time around. I got out and hiked the Inca ruins around the city. I was fascinated with the architecture and the history of the city and its sacred valley, once the capital of a huge and well-populated empire. I would find out more about these people later. Before I had left I contacted Dr. Bernie Peyton, the spectacled bear researcher, on where I might find the bears or the Andean deer near the Cuzco area. To get to an area where the bears are found meant mounting a minor expedition, so I decided to concentrate on the deer locally called taruka and more commonly, the huemel. Bernie suggested that I might find taruka in the mountains outside of Ollantaytambo. He also suggested that I contact an American expatriot named Robert Randall who lived there. I never did find taruka but my conversation with Randall proved one of the highlights of my trip. Randall's expertise was in reconstructing the culture and the ecology of the Incas. Destroyed by the Spanish in the 16th century, the Inca Empire had a magnificent civilization that stretched hundreds of miles along the Andes. Randall believed that the Incas were the most ecologically developed society the world has ever seen. Their empire fed, sheltered and clothed over 40 million people in a harsh, cold, high altitude desert. The modern nation states of the Andes support a fraction of those numbers in the same terrain. Under the Incas, wildlife populations were allowed to thrive with periodic mass hunts to control their size. In spite of the present lower human population, the area is now under severe ecological pressure and many wildlife species such as the taruka, bears, puma, vicuna and guanaco are in danger of local extinction. Randall told me that the taruka might be found above the Quarries across the river from the town. The Quarries are a natural avalanche pathway under a sheer wall of rock. This area was used by the Incas who had an ingenious method of obtaining building material from the area. The Incas would select a manageable section of rock and chisel it into a shape they could use. The slab was then pulled into the well-worn avalanche path and pushed to start its way down. After tumbling downhill, the slabs would arrive near the Urubamba River where they were ferried across. Most of the stone of the Quarries was used to construct the town of Ollantaytambo and its fortress. It was at times a hot, steep climb into the quarry area and I took three day trips there. One afternoon I saw a condor gliding high over the mountains. Another morning I saw a large falcon, and on another hike a pair of golden eagles flying together making sharp twisting turns in their mating ritual. The views from the quarries were spectacular. I found two huge stone slabs that looked as if they were waiting to be pushed into the valley below. I came upon them unexpectedly and I had a feeling as if I had stepped back in time. My next stop was the southern Peruvian city of Arequipa. While Lima is a cosmopolitan center, and Cuzco seems so Incan, Arequipa is very Spanish. The city is located just below the high Andes in the dry western foothills of the range. It is a city of white buildings constructed out of a pearl-colored volcanic rock. The residents of the city have a great loyalty and chauvinistic pride in their Arequipa. The week I was there coincided with the town's anniversary celebration. I was told that the celebration of Arequipa’s founding is more spirited than the Peruvian Independence festivities in the city. Towering above the city is the 15,000 foot extinct volcano El Misti. Except for Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, I have never seen such a strikingly isolated peak. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 381 More Reflections on Peru. Part 2. Continued Arequipa forms a convenient base to explore three spectacular natural areas found in this southwestern corner of Peru. The first area is the Laguna Megia found on the Pacific coast drive of two hours from Arequipa. During the months of December through February Mejia forms one of the most important refuges for migrant shorebirds from North America. Since I was visiting Mejia out of season, I was warned not to expect the immense concentrations found during the migrations. I did however find large numbers of waterbirds which included Bahamain pintailed ducks, Argentinean shovelers, and South American ruddy ducks. There were also large flocks of coots and grebes and some Chilean flamingos. On the beach side of the lagunas were pelicans, boobies, and grey gulls. In spite of it being out of season, I thought the concentrations of birdlife were impressive. The Lagunas are managed as a National Reserve and the World Wildlife Fund is trying to raise funds to acquire more of the area to protect it from development. Just outside the eastern limits of Arequipa is another National Reserve, one of the largest in Peru. The reserve protects some of the larger Andean mammals whose populations were heavily hunted almost to extinction. The reserve also protects several large saline lakes with large populations of flamingos. The Lagunas Salinas is the most accessible from the city and can be reaches in a few hours. The drive to the lakes is a series of switchbacked roads which wind way up to almost 12,000 feet. It is an incredible drive. The area around the lake is used for raising llamas, and herds of them graze around the lake. The three species of flamingos of the Andes are found here. I could easily identify the Chilean and Andean species, but I was not able to differentiate the James flamingos from the Chilean. I estimated that the lake contained at least 5,000 birds. By moving slowly I managed to get a hundred yards from the flocks near the shore. In another area of the Reserve, small groups of vicuna graze near the road. I saw these and managed to find a local who knew where guanaco could be found. Guanaco in Peru are probably more endangered than vicuna and certainly less easy to observe. My driver dropped me at the end of a ridge just off of the road, and said that guanacos could be found nearby. Rather skeptical, I started climbing the ridge. Shortly after I started I heard the horse-like whinny familiar to guanaco keepers, and I looked up. There on the edge of the ridge was a large guanaco watching me. As I drew closer to the guanaco it stepped back a bit, using the ridge line to shield its body. As I came nearer the animal covered more and more of its body until only its head was exposed. I had never realized before that the long neck on guanacos and other new world camels functions as a sort of periscope, allowing the animal to peer over objects while protecting its body. I wanted to get a better look at the guanaco so I started to circle around the ridge to approach it from behind. That movement proved successful and I found another guanaco that was on the other side of the ridge line. This maneuver also had the added bonus of placing me within a colony of vizcahcas. The vizcahcas is a rabbit-sized rodent that looks like a giant chinchilla to which it is closely related. The last area I visited near Arequipa was the Colca Canyon. Throughout the city there were advertisements for day tours of the canyon. In typical tourist hype, they promised that a tour of the canyon would reveal spectacular sights that would astonish the visitor. For once, the hype was correct. The fifteen hour tour that I took was one of the most intense travel experiences I have ever had. The tour started off in a bus with 20 other tourists. It climbed up in the Andes and reached places that were at least 15,000 feet in altitude. It seemed as if we were on the roof of South America, and I guess in some respects we were. We passed groups of vicuna, and domestic herds of alpaca and llama. The bus even stopped for a time at a roadside colony of vizcahcas. Several small marshes were also near the roads and on these were nesting pairs of Andean geese, ibis, and gulls. Occasionally, Andean flamingos were spotted along with other high altitude birdlife. Once we spotted a half dozen Andean condors soaring together above the road. To reach the canyon we had to make a rapid change in altitude going down 5,000 feet in a half hour. It is a sensation somewhat similar to being on a slowly descending roller coaster. The road hugged the edge of cliffs. A set of bad brakes would be fatal here. The Colca Canyon is reported to be the deepest in the world. Though the Grand Canyon of 38 2 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 More Reflections on Peru. Part 2. Continued Arizona is wider, the Colca is much deeper. We drove several hours along the south edge. The scenery is spectacular and you do see an incredible diversity of sights. There are Pre- Inca and Inca ruins scattered along the road, along with ancient burial tombs and rock pictographs. You also pass through Spanish-built villages that seem unchanged from when they were first created. The Colca area is subject to many earthquakes and some of the fault lines can be seen from the road. Where the canyon is its deepest you can see the mountain that is the recognized source of the Amazon River. For the naturalist the place of most interest is an area of the canyon called the Place of the Condors. This area is known for its concentration of condors as well as other raptors. Here you can observe condors soaring at eye level as they ride the thermals that rise up from the canyon’s floor. It is a very impressive sight. After the trip you are exhausted both physically and mentally. However, I am not sure if there is another day-long excursion anywhere in the world during which one can see so much. The trip, including lunch, cost $15. Now that was truly amazing! I managed to see alot during my four weeks in Peru. Compared to Africa and Asia, Peru is an inexpensive destination. Independent travel is not difficult if you avoid the peak travel months of July and August. A knowledge of Spanish really facilitates a Peruvian trip and is essential if traveling on your own. Would I go back again? Well, on this trip I found out that you can see a lot of wildlife rafting down the Tambopata River, and I found out where tarukas can be found outside Arequipa, and S AAZK Publications Available AAZK Diet Notebook. Mammals. Vol. 1 ^contains approximately 325 diets representing 213 species and subspecies from fourteen participating institutions. The diets are arranged by taxonomic order using ISIS numbers in a durable and attractive three-ring binder. Each Diet Response Form included in Volume 1 contains the following information: common name, scientific name, ISIS number, the contributing individual, their institution and its address, how long the diet has been used, whether the animals have bred while on the diet, the diet ingredients, instructions for preparation, notes and remarks, special considerations and nutritional analysis (if available). Cost is as follows: 1) AAZKMembers $40.00; 2) Non-members $55.00; 3) Institutions $70.00. These prices represent prepaid order prices and include postage for the U.S. and Canada. Those placing orders from overseas should contact AAZK Administrative Offices for additional postage charges. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Make checks payable to “AAZK Diet Notebook” (U.S. FUNDS ONLY). ZQQnQtic Diseases, 2nfl Eflitipn ^this 40-page reference work details the most common zoonotic diseases, offers guidelines for preventive control and covers personal hygiene and disinfection procedures. Information on each disease is presented in a text format which includes Ethiologic Agent, Means of Transmission to Man, Global Dis- tribution, Alternate or Intermediate Hosts, Human Incubation and Human Symptoms. Editor of this volume is Bruce Clark of the Toledo Zoo. Prices are: 1) Professional Members $5.00; 2) Other AAZK Membership Categories $6.50; 3) Non-members $8.50. These prices include shipping and handling within North America. Orders outside of the U.S. and Canada should add $3.00 for foreign postage by Air Mail. Make checks payable to “AAZK” in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery. For either publication send complete mailing address and check or money order for correct amount to: AAZK, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S A. ALL ORDERS MUST BE PRE PAID Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 383 OVERVIEW OF 1991 BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ MEETINGS submitted, by Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary and Susan Chan, Editor Animal Keepers’ Forum The meeting was called to order on 5 October at 9:30 a.m. by President Oliver Claffey. Current Board Members present were: Oliver Claffey, Bob Debets, Janet McCoy, Ed Hansen and Frank Kohn. Newly elected BOD members Rachel Rogers, Mark DeDenus and Ellen Bradfield, who will assume their offices on 1 January 1992, sat in on these meetings. Also in attendance were Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary, who served as recording secretary, and AKF Editor Susan Chan. The Board of Directors met in closed executive session on 5 October and held open Board meetings to which all members were invited on 6 October 1991. All current Board Members as well as the incoming BOD members mentioned above, were in attendance at the open Board meeting. The following is a synopsis of what transpired at both meetings. Administrative Offices - nenort submitted bv Barbara Mansneaker It was reported that as of 31 August 1991 we had 2,586 members broken down by category as follows: Professional - 1,397; Affiliate - 764; Associate - 285; International - 50; Contributing - 44; Life - 15; Exchange - 19; and Complimentary - 12. The total represents a decrease of 32 members over what was reported last year at conference time. We have lost members in all paying categories except for the Professional category. Membership is our major source of revenue so Barbara stressed the need to explore ways of increasing these numbers. The financial statement was submitted to the Board. Total revenue from 1 January 30- August 1991 was $171,106.60 while expenditures for the same period totaled $146,822.37. This financial statement reflects all AAZK accounts. This statement is misleading due to the fact that it reports our revenue exceeding our expenses by $24,284.23. To get the clear operating expenses for AAZK, Inc., one must first deduct all revenue in the Video Tape Project, Diet Notebook, and Bowling for Rhinos accounts as these funds are not part of the general operating budget. The combined revenue from these items is $110,154.98. If one subtracts this amount from the total revenue figure one will arrive at a figure of $60,951.62. This is AAZK's true revenue figure for its actual operating costs. On the expense side it works the same way. Subtracting all expenses related to Diet Notebook and Bowling for Rhinos, the figure for these line items is $76,372.37. Subtract this amount from $146,822.37 and you have the true total operating expenses of $70,450.00. With AAZK's operating expenses of $70,450.00 and its operating revenue of $60,951.62, this leaves the Association with its expenses exceeding its revenue by $9,498.38. Some areas in which the Association has experienced an increase in expenditures are: telephone, legal and accounting, maintenance of office equipment, committee budgets, and accessory reorders (logo patch reorder for inventory). The 800 number was installed as a benefit to the membership. However, average telephone bills have increased from $62.10 in 1989 to an average monthly bill of $467.52. Following discussion the Board decided to monitor expenses for the 800 number until their mid-year Board meeting. As of the report date the balance in the AAZK, Inc. checking account was $759.93 and the balance in our Money Market account was $4,627.51. (Financial statements for the Diet Notebook and Training Videotape Accounts which are held at Administrative Offices (AO) will be discussed under their specific committee.) The following revenue generating proposals were discussed and approved by the Board: 1. Raise the Chapter Recharter Fees to the following levels: I- 10 Chapter Members - $50.00 II- 20 Chapter Members - $75.00 Over 21 Chapter Members - $100.00 2. Make immediate fund transfer of $2,500.00 from the Video Tape Project account into the Association's general operating fund. 38 4 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings, Continued 3. Proclaim 1992 as the "Year of the Association" and ask that every Chapter hold one fundraiser with the express purpose of sending a minimum of 75% of monies raised to be deposited in the Association’s general operating budget. This proposal will be implemented through the LINK System. 4. The costs for printing Biological Values III will be paid for from funds in the Diet Notebook account. 5. Effective January 1, 1992 membership fees for all Canadian members will be increased by $5.00 to cover increased costs of mailing AKF to Canada. 6. Monitoring proposed increases in non-profit postage fees to determine if a minimum 10% increase in U.S. membership fees will be necessary in the future. We currently have 67 active Chapters in AAZK. The most recently formed are the Memphis Zoo AAZK Chapter, Memphis, TN; Dallas Zoo Chapter of AAZK, Dallas, TX; and Caldwell Zoo AAZK Chapter, Tyler, TX. Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo and Birmingham Zoo have both applied for Chapter Charters. The Administrative Office has completed all paperwork necessary for filing for the Group Exemption Letter (GEL) from the Internal Revenue Service that will grant all individual Chapters non-profit status. The completed application was mailed on July 17, 1991. Until AAZK is granted this Group Exemption Letter, Chapters mav not consider themselves non- profit entities. The 501 (c)(3) status only covers the national body until the GEL is approved. Canadian Chapters must comply with the regulations of Revenue Canada but are not covered under the regulations which govern U.S. Chapters. Results of the Membership Preference Poll published in the June, 1991 AKF were discussed. This poll was conducted to determine membership support for various avenues of funding for membership services including the membership directory and conference proceedings. The Administrative Office received 123 responses from approximately 2,500 surveys mailed (5% response rate). Of the revenue-generating options presented, the following shows how respondents voted (some respondents voted for more than one choice): Chapter Tithing - 22 CPR Administrative Costs - 12 Chapter Recharter Fees - 61 Publication Subscription Fee - 88 Membership Dues Increase - 37 At the time of the poll the membership was told that if a less than 25% response was received, the Board would have to consider discontinuing the printing of both the membership directory and conference proceedings. An alternative method of handling the membership directory was discussed and is explained later in this overview. Future possibilities for conference proceedings publication are discussed under the AKF report. Members who did not attend the 1991 National Conference were offered the opportunity to vote by proxy this year on the amendments to the by-laws. This practice will be continued. It was reported that the AAZK personnel are now bonded employees. Also, in compliance with Chapter requirements, the AAZK Inc. banking accounts now require two signatures. A $500 annual budget was approved for the President of AAZK with an additional $500 budget for remaining Directors. Animal Keeners' Fomm-renort submitted bv Susan Chan Susan reported that 1991 marked the 18th year of continuous publication for AKF. This time period's editions averaged 39 pages per issue. The index for the 1991 AKF will appear in the January, 1992 issue. The index is again being compiled by Woodland Park Zoo volunteer Pam Talbot. The AKF continues to be printed on recycled stock. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 385 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings, Continued Advertising revenues for the reporting period were $1425.00 (down $530.00 from last year's report). Advertising materials were sent to 15 potential advertisers during the period. It was moved by Joe Rindler, Columbus Zoo, and approved for an AKF advertising committee to be formed to seek out potential advertisers for 1992. It was also suggested that this committee contact conservation organizations to solicit their support in the form of advertisements to help finance the monthly costs of publishing AKF. During the open meeting it was also suggested that the editorial staff might consider dedicating certain issues to a specific topic and solicit papers in advance for such an issue (example - an issue on education, conservation or husbandry techniques.). Acting on a suggestion from Sue Barnard and Brint Spencer, Susan reported that she is in the process of putting in place a formal review procedure for articles of a more technical or research nature. Letters will be sent to the list of potential reviewers and the process will be implemented early in 1992. Susan also reported on the AKF survey conducted in the March issue of the journal. Response to the survey was 5%, but Susan reported that many positive and constructive suggestions were received and will be incorporated. Beginning in January the AKF will have a table of contents each month. The staff will also solicit the help of several local artists to help screen art submissions. Susan reported that former Assistant Editor Ron Ringer had moved to San Diego and resigned his position. Topeka Zoo keepers Kayla Grams and Gretchen Ziegler have been nominated and approved by the Board of Directors as Associate Editors for AKF. Among their first duties will be revising the Births and Hatching column format and initiating a column which will include tips and suggestions on husbandry techniques from keepers all over. Susan expressed some concern about the amount of space taken up in the past six months with committee reports, etc. in relation to the number of husbandry articles published. She noted that from the survey, it was clear that the membership would prefer to see more animal-related articles. In an attempt to open space for articles in AKF and improve communication among Chapter members, the LINK Coordinator will publish a quarterly update regarding the organizational aspects of the Association along with updates from the President of the Association. At the mid-year Board Meeting in May the publication of the Conference Proceedings for Toledo was discussed. It had originally been decided that beginning in 1991 each Conference Committee would be responsible for printing its proceedings. After further discussion, it was determined that it would be more cost-effective and would allow for greater quality control if the proceedings were published out of Topeka or Canada. The following was decided in regards to the Toledo Conference Proceedings: 1. The Proceedings from the Toledo Conference will be duplicated using high quality photocopy equipment rather than printed at a traditional print shop. Therefore, all authors submitting papers for publication would be required to follow exactly the criteria for paper submission which had been sent to them (i.e. an author's paper will be printed exactly as it is submitted.) 2. The Toledo Conference took place in October. All papers to be included in the Proceedings were to be collected at the conference. (This unfortunately did not prove the case, as many presenters did not turn in their manuscripts at the conference.) Advertisements listing the papers to be included in the 1991 Proceedings as well as pricing information and an order form will be published in the December and January issues of AKF . This ad will be the only way individuals may order the Proceedings. 3. The Conference Proceedings will be published in February and sent to all those who ordered from the ads in December and January. As in the past, those presenting papers and submitting a manuscript will receive a copy gratis. However, since no publication fee was built into this year's registration fee, delegates will also need to order a copy of the Proceedings if they wish to have one. 386 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings, Continued 4. After the initial printing of the complete Proceedings in February, we will only offer the papers on an individual basis to those wishing to order them. There will be a flat fee charge for each paper ordered. Individuals may then order one or several papers depending on their area of interest. Advertisement of the papers' availability will be published in AKF. Membership Directory-reports submitted bv Ed Hansen and Susan Chan Because the publication of the Membership Directory has proven to be such a costly endeavor for the Association, it was decided that a new approach would be taken beginning in 1992. The Tucson AAZK Chapter, working in concert with AAZK AO, will develop a database of the membership. They will then print-out a copy of the membership listing by state and/or province and by zoo affiliation. A copy of this will be sent gratis to each active AAZK Chapter. Thereby, Chapter members will have access to a listing of the current membership through their Chapter. Individuals interested in having their own copy, will be able to order it from the Tucson Chapter for a fee to be determined later. More information about how this will be handled will appear in AKF as the time gets closer for the Membership Directory's 1992 printing. Bwk ifeyiew tanmittefrrepQrt submitted by .MeMX Brown and Tom-Ayersa Book Reviews have appeared in AKF since 1985. In March 1991, the AAZK Board of Directors decided to appoint two coordinators. Melba T. Brown, National Zoo, assumed the position of coordinator for general interest topics, and Tom Aversa, Franklin Park Zoo, took on the position for semi-technical and technical topics. Book reviews have appeared in each month's AKF since February 1991. A number of books are currently being reviewed and will be published in upcoming issues of AKF . A budget of $50.00 was approved for 1992. Diet Since the publication of the AAZK Diet Notebook. Mammals. Vol. I in 1988, collection and processing of diets for Mammals Vol. II and Birds, Vol I has continued. The computer program Paradox 2 is being used. The Section Coordinators are: Debbie Hayman and Ted Strikwerda from the Bowman Zoo, Ontario, Canada, will be sharing the Mammal Coordinator position; Jeff Ettling of the St. Louis Zoo is the Reptile Coordinator; Kelly Westbrook, Little Rock Zoo, is Bird Coordinator; and Susan Kenney, John G. Shedd Aquarium continues as Invertebrate Coordinator. Because the volume on fish diets is not in the production stages, no coordinator is in place at this time. Those wishing to submit fish diets should send them directly to Susan Bunn Spencer care of the AAZK Administrative Office in Topeka. Susan hopes to be able to have Mammals, Vol II and Birds, Vol. I out before the close of 1992. Since only 15 copies of Mammals, Vol. 1 remain in inventory the Board authorized AO staff to have 250 copies printed. The low bid submitted for printing was from Print Management Ltd., Winnipeg, Canada. Bob Debets will deliver the finished books to AO and will be reimbursed for his gas expenses. The Diet Notebook Project is self-supporting and so has requested no budget from AAZK. The project has sufficient funds in its account to cover the cost of printing this upcoming volume. Biological Values for Selected Mammals Bi-no report submitted* This is a project of the Greater San Francisco Bay Area Chapter under the direction of Toni Danzig. BV III is currently undergoing final editing/indexing prior to publication. Low bid was received from Print Management Ltd., Winnipeg, Canada. Its availability will be announced in AKF in 1992. Zoo Infant Development Proiect-report submitted bv Harmony Frazier-Taylor Harmony reported that the data collection form for this project was developed and put into use during 1989-90. Data is currently being gathered and put on computer at Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle, WA. It needs to be stressed that information is being requested for Parent-reared not Hand-reared infants. A budget of $150.00 was approved for this project for 1992. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 387 Overview pf the 1991 Bparfl pf Director^ Meetings, Continued An Approach to Zoo Keeping - report submitted by Pat Sammarco This project is intended to be a textbook of the basics of the zoo keeping profession. Pat reported that she has purchased a computer and has spent the past year entering already collected sections of the book into the computer along with completing new chapters. Board member Ed Hansen, having reviewed the latest draft, informed the Board that it contained much useful information and was more in line with the format requested at last year's conference. Upon completion and final Board review of the manuscript, Pat was instructed to seek funding and publication sources. A Budget of $50 was approved for 1992. Ad Hoc Ethics Committee The Board decided that beginning in 1992 an Ad Hoc Ethics Committee, which will serve for two years, will be appointed randomly from the professional membership. This committee will address any issues pertinent to its function and will be chaired by the immediate Past President. AAZK Advisory Council This council was formed to gather information and make recommendations on topics assigned by the Board. In 1991 the Council consisted of: Rosemary Krussman, Pat Sammarco, Debbera Stecher, Bill Whittaker, and Bruce Wojcik. Items considered by the Council in 1991 included: increasing AAZK revenue, improving Association/member communication, determining National Conference programs, and the problem of member apathy. Some Council members met with the Board on Saturday, October 5. One suggestion the Board felt would be beneficial was to make Chapters aware of some of the problems being faced by the Association and to solicit the Chapters’ input on possible solutions. Remaining Council members will serve until the mid-year Board meeting when a determination on the Council's future role will be decided. Nominations and Elections Committee - report submitted by David Luce David reported during the year 1991 six nominations were received for the AAZK Board election. The nominees were Ellen Bradfield, Zoo Atlanta; Mark de Denus and Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo; Lois Johannes, Los Angeles Zoo; Rachel Rogers, San Diego Zoo; and Bill Whittaker, Toledo Zoo. Committee members for the 1991 election were: Cherie Langlois, Northwest Trek; Mike Light, Kings Island and Kim Miller, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. There were 1,433 ballots mailed and 491 returned. The election resulted in the appointment of three new Board members, Ellen Bradfield, Mark de Denus and Rachel Rogers whose term in office will commence 1 January 1992. During the open meeting several issues arose regarding the election process. The committee has been directed by the Board of Directors to revamp the entire election process by the mid-year Board meeting in 1992. The Board of Directors has voted to accept the current chair's suggestion of utilizing first class mail to insure delivery of the ballots. David also suggested standardization of ballot size to facilitate counting. Mike Light, Kings Island, has agreed to serve as Nomination/Election Chairperson for 1992. A budget of $25.00 was approved. LINK System - report submitted, by, Mark dfiltenua There are currently 28 Regional Coordinators working the system. There are 7 states unrepresented by RCs: these will be under Mark’s oversight until RCs are in place (Alaska, California, Missouri, Mississippi, Kansas, Minnesota, and Nevada). Eleven resignations of RC positions occurred over this period; 11 new Regional Coordinators were also appointed. Three positions were terminated due to inactivity. There are 5 Chapters on inactive status and one (High Plains) has dissolved. Mark 388 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors* Meetings, Continued reported there are 135 institutional liaisons. Of the total AAZK membership, approximately 1,100 members (44%) are involved in Chapters. During 1991 Chapters continued to complete requirements for the Group Exemption process. All Chapters were sent an overview of the Mid-Year Board Meeting in Topeka; information and a copy of the standard Chapter Constitution, approved by the Board of Directors; a copy of the Chapter Project Proposal Form; and a survey form to document past Chapter Products/Projects. Also developed was a package that was sent to new Chapters outlining their responsibilities and requirements. In regard to how much money Chapters can generate on a yearly basis, the following was derived from the 1990 Financial Statements of Chapters (64 Chapters reporting): Total income for Chapters: $376,979.80 Total expenditures for Chapters: $330,559.58 Average Chapter Income: $4,835.65 A budget of $1,000.00 was approved for 1992. AAZK Manpfll Qf IfcSQTOegj,. report submitted by Elandra Aqm The purpose of the AAZK Manual of Resources is to provide Chapters with a complete as possible information source on the Association, its programs and projects, how the Chapter system works, ideas for Chapter projects/fundraisers, etc. A final draft was submitted to the Board for review and following approval, the Manual will be distributed to all Chapters gratis. Individuals or institutions wishing to receive a copy will pay a fee which is refundable if a Chapter is formed within a year of receipt. A budget of $75.00 was approved for 1992. AAZK History Committee - report submitted by Rachel Rogers Rachel Rogers was appointed as Chair of this committee following removal of the previous Chair. It has been proposed to publish the 25th Anniversary Book for sale in conjunction with the National Conference in San Diego in 1992. The Book will include histories of AAZK projects/committees, conservation projects undertaken by AAZK, award winners, early history of the Association, photos of significant people and events in AAZK's history, etc. Input is being sought from present and past committee/project chairs. Rachel submitted a draft copy of the Book for Board review and was asked by the Board to have the final draft ready by the mid-year meeting in 1992. The San Diego Zoological Society has agreed to match $4,000.00 of the estimated $8,000.00 needed for publication. It is proposed that each Chapter contribute $60.00 towards meeting the matching $4,000.00. Rachel stressed the importance of Chapters, Project Heads and any others who have historical material to contribute such information as soon as possible. A budget of $50.00 was approved for 1992. international Affairs Caardinators East and. West :repQrt.submi£te.d by Pam MgDp.y_gall and Mona Keith The Coordinators reported that they have been keeping in touch with AAZK's counterpart organizations abroad during the past year. These include ABWAK, ASZK, AGAZ and the Dutch Zookeepers Association. Journals are exchanged and information on each other’s associations has been printed cooperatively. The Coordinators reported that we currently have 54 international members, including the sponsored foreign keepers. There were 18 sponsored foreign keepers and sponsors in 1991. They also reported there are two sponsored keepers from Estonia, Russia and one keeper from Shanghai. The IACs would like to find a contact person in Africa who could recommend candidates for sponsorship. They still have a list of foreign keepers awaiting sponsorship by an AAZK member or Chapter. The IACs initiated a new column in AKF called International News. This column reports items from zoos around the world. A budget of $50.00 was approved. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 389 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings. Continued By-laws ifeyiew Committee. The proposed revisions were published in the June 1991 AKF and comments from the membership were solicited. A major portion of the revisions focused on Chapters (Article VIII) and came about as a direct result of the Association's new nonprofit tax status. Other areas of revisions included: Article II, Membership; Article III, Elections/Appointments; and Article IV, Meetings. A proxy ballot was provided with the published by-law revisions for those members who could not attend the Toledo conference. At the open board meeting, the proposed By-law revisions were discussed and further explanation was provided. In order to clarify the meaning of "Personal Gain" in Article II, Section 8d, the following wording was added: "Personal gain shall be defined as use of monies, properties (real and personal), personnel, or Association offices or facilities for non-AAZK business." The newly approved by-laws will be published and will be available to members in early 1992. The Board is currently seeking a Chairperson and committee members for the By- laws Review Committee. A budget of $25.00 for postage expenses was approved. Conservation. Preservation and Restoration Committee-reports submitted bv Norman Gershenz (ESP) and bv Nanci Pintavalli (BFR) The Ecosystem Survival Plan (ESP) is that portion of the CPR committee dedicated to raising funds for preserving endangered habitats. This is accomplished through several avenues including the Adopt-an-Acre (AAA) Program and the Conservation Parking Meters (CPMs). From January 1, 1991, through September 15, 1991, $32,784.82 was raised from AAA deeds sales; $8,294.95 was raised at the Preakness Clean-Up event. During this period 465 deeds were mailed to donors. As of September 7, 1991, $26,595.82 has been raised from the two prototype CPMs located at the San Francisco Zoo and the National Aquarium at Baltimore. In addition, four zoos have entered into agreements with AAZK, Inc. to install meters at their facilities. During 1991, Norm reported that ESP and the parking meters have received very favorable media coverage. Rosemary Krussman, National Aquarium was appointed ESP Project Associate. As voted by the 1990 New Orleans Confernce the 1991 Bowling for Rhinos fundraiser was held to benefit Ngare Ndare Forest Preserve. This is an extension of the existing Ngare Sergoi Rhino Sanctuary and will protect 52 sq. km of dry country cedar forest. This forest area contains many species including elephants, buffalo, eland, waterbuck, bushbuck, mountain reedbuck, warthog, bushpig, colobus monkey, lion, leopard as well as numerous endangered plant species. The funds are being used to install a solar electro-fence along the forest boundary (now 90% completed). This will primarily keep the elephants out of surrounding agricultural lands and avoid conflict with the native farmers. The forest preserve is also suitable habitat for eventual release of rhinos from the sanctuary, and serves as a migratory corridor for the African Elephant. According to Nanci’s report 34 Chapters/Institutions participated in BFR raising a total of $123,174.13 . Interest earned on the BFR account was $287.21. AAZK, Inc. has transferred $95,000.00 to Ngare Sergoi Support, Inc. Debits for returned checks and bank service charges totaled $621.25. Top fundraisers and winners of the trip to Kenya were: Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis Zoo who raised $4,877.00 and Brian McKenna, Lincoln Park Zoo who raised $3,791.00. Nanci Pintavalli, BFR Coordinator, is resigning following this year's event and Patty Pearthree was nominated and approved as Coordinator for the 1992 Bowling for Rhinos event. Public Education Committee - report submitted by Ellen Bradfield The Public Education Committee grew out of the Keeper Education Committee in order to address the need for public awareness of AAZK, zoos, and their respective roles in conservation, and to assist keepers in their ability to address the public. In 1991, Committee 390 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings, Continued members were Thomas LaBarge, Burnet Park Zoo, and Elaine Puzo, Newark Museum. Ellen reported that the Zoo Question Column has collected enough material for a pamphlet. This pamphlet may become a project of the Zoo Atlanta Chapter. Tom LaBarge has completed layout of the poster and has resigned his position. A coordinator for the poster project is needed to select the photographs depicting keepers in their work environment and to solicit sponsors for production of the "Zookeeping Poster". An individual is needed to pursue planning and constructing of an AAZK Membership Information Display. Elaine Puzo continues to establish a network for museum curators who have live animal collections. Following Ellen Bradfield's election to the AAZK Board, she chose to step down as PE Committee Chair. Elaine Puzo has agreed to fill this position. A budget of $20.00 was requested and approved for 1992. Public Relations Liaison - report submitted by Tim Kurkowski There has been little activity in this position during 1991. The purpose of the liaison is to serve as an aide to AO in answering inquiries about the zookeeping profession from a zookeeper's point of view. Most of these types of inquiries come from high school and college students who are considering a career in the zoo field. In order to more accurately reflect the purpose of this committee the Board elected to change its name to Keeper Correspondent. A budget of $10.00 for postage expenses was approved. AAZK Liaison J& MZPA - report submitted by Print Spencer The function of this liaison position is to help coordinate AAZK projects and programs with AAZPA so that both organization's efforts compliment each other and avoid duplication. Areas of cooperation include conservation and public education. William Dennler, Toledo Zoo Director, and newly elected AAZPA Board member, met with the AAZK Board in Executive Session. Discussion on areas of mutual concern and cooperation produced suggestions on ways the two organizations could assist each other. Suggestions included the use of keepers as Studbook Keepers and involving keepers more in SSP Programs. The AAZK Liaison has been appointed to serve in an advisory position to the current AAZPA President. This change should increase the effectiveness of the communication between both organizations. The AAZK Board of Directors will also solicit the AAZPA Board to maintain a liaison in the area of education. Beginning with Oliver Claffey, the immediate past president of AAZK will assume the position of AAZK Liaison to AAZPA. This will become effective 1 January 1992 and will run for two years. Oliver has been invited to attend the AAZPA Board of Directors meeting in Baltimore next year. AAZPA will also send a representative to AAZK's 1992 Board meeting. A budget of $500.00 to assist in the Liaison's expenses for attending the AAZPA Board Meeting and the 1992 AAZPA National Conference was approved. AAZK Awards Committee - report submitted bv Janet McCov Janet reported the following as committee members for 1991: Harry Hofauer, Metro Toronto Zoo; Carolyn Horton, Metrozoo; Susan Bunn Spencer, Beardsley Zoological Gardens; Catherine Benner, Toledo Zoo; and Bob Debets, Board Oversite. During 1991, the committee reviewed and amended the criteria for the Jean C. Hromadka Excellence in Zookeeping Award. It now requires nomination by two peers and verification of facts must be signed by the zoo director, curator, or immediate supervisor of the individual being nominated. A budget of $25.00 was approved for 1991. 3^§^rch/Graht§ Committee - report submitted, by Susan Barnard The purpose of this committee is to screen applications for the keeper initiated research grants offered by the AAZK. There were six grant inquiries and two grants were awarded Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 391 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors* Meetings. Continued for the 1990-91 period. A $500.00 grant went to Carla Wieser, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo for research on black-footed ferrets. A $750.00 grant went to Judie Steenberg, Woodland Park Zoo, for research on Matschie's Tree Kangaroos. Susan reported that grant applications for 1992-93 need to be submitted by 1 March in order to be reviewed by the Board at their mid-year meeting. A budget of $1,525.00 to cover two $750.00 grants & expenses was requested and approved. Legislative Advisor The goal of this position is to keep the membership informed, via AKF. of various legal, administrative and legislative changes affecting zoos, zoo animals, wildlife, conservation, and ecology. Current advisor John Stoddard has asked that a replacement be found for this position. The Board suggested the possibility that AKF Associate Editors might be able to fill this position. If this proves unfeasible, a new Legislative Advisor will be sought. The Board tentatively approved a budget of $150.00, to cover the cost of needed newsletters, and conservation bulletins, and subscriptions. Keener Training and Education Committee - report submitted bv Laura Treschel and Marilyn Cole This year the Keeper Training Materials Identification portion of this committee filled two requests for materials. Several inquiries for lists of materials available were also received. Laura reported that Kathy Kelly, National Zoo, had requested the donation of copies of all available materials for use in their zoo outreach project. Because of the Association's tight budget the Board did not feel it could approve this expenditure ($150.00) and encouraged Kathy to seek other sources of funding. A budget of $100.00 was approved for the KTMIP. The Reference Search portion of this Committee reports that the Metro Toronto Zoo has authorized the use of their computer facilities for the project. At the present time there are over 3,000 entries of both bibliographies and individual references. These efforts have been coordinated with the Librarians' Special Interest Group and has drawn upon their resources. Marilyn reported that members may now submit requests for bibliography searches. The cost is 25 cents per page of print-out (minimum of $2.00). An article and order form for the project was published in the November, 1991 "AKF". A budget of $25.00 was approved. Staff Exchange - report submitted bv Dale Frerking Dale Frerking, Kansas City Zoo, was appointed to fill this position at the 1990 mid-year BOD meeting in Topeka. Since assuming the position, Dale has been familiarizing himself with the project, and has been sent background materials from AO, and is preparing in 1992 to contact all those institutions listed on the access sheet to see if they are still interested in being on the Staff Exchange Access List, whether or not they have had changes in their originally reported information, and to find out if any of these institutions have utilized the staff exchange program in setting up exchanges for their staffs. Dale encourages anyone involved in a staff exchange (whether utilizing this project or not) to send a report on the exchange to him. A budget of $200.00 to cover survey mailings, etc. was approved for 1992. Keeper Accommodation List - report submitted bv Heidi Manidti Originated by a Metro Toronto Zookeeper in 1979, the purpose of the KAL is to provide traveling keepers with names of contact persons at various zoos around the U. S. and Canada who are willing to provide accommodations for their colleagues. The list now contains 74 contacts in 29 states, 5 provinces and 7 foreign countries. Heidi reported that she will be sending letters out to all currently listed KAL contacts and all AAZK Chapters to update the KAL list. It was suggested that a KAL contact update sheet be included in the annual Chapter Recharter packet. Keepers who are interested in serving as KAL contacts at their facilities should contact Heidi at Metro Toronto Zoo. A budget of $50.00 was approved. 39 2 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings. Continued. Annual Conferences The 1992 AAZK Conference will be held in San Diego and will mark the 25th anniversary of AAZK The dates for the 1992 conference are September 27-October 2, 1992. Note that this conference will be a day longer than normal in order to allow for visits to the three participating facilities: San Diego Zoo, San Diego Wild Animal Park and Sea World. The Conference Committee conducted a 25th Anniversary Logo Design Contest through AKF. Ric Urban, Houston Zoo, was selected as the winner and his design will be used on all printed conference materials. The theme for the 25th Anniversary Conference is "Celebrating Yesterday, Enriching Today, Shaping Tomorrow". Co-chairs for the conference planning committee are: Andrew Johnson, Sea World; Chris Peterson, San Diego Zoo; Terri Peterson, Wild Animal Park; and Guy Lichty, San Diego Zoo. The conference site is the Catamaran Resort Hotel on Mission Bay. Guy Lichty reported that thanks to Executive Director Doug Myers, the Zoological Society of San Diego has graciously set aside $20,000.00 for the Chapter to use toward organizing this event. In addition, Operations Manager Bob McClure at the Wild Animal Park has agreed to sponsor lunch for the day at this facility. Pending budget approval, Park President Mike Cross of Sea World of California has approved free admission, "special tours", regular day shows, a sit-down dinner, etc. Guy also reported that Brian Robinson, Senior Vice President of Smith-Charles Meeting Planners in San Diego, has generously offered his time, experience and resources to help the conference committee with their plans. Possibilities under consideration for pre and post conference tours include: Baja, Disneyland, Universal Studios, Knott’s Berry Farm, and Scripp's Institute of Oceanography. The committee tentatively hopes to use telecommunications to provide the paper sessions live to members possessing speaker-phones, who are unable to attend the conference, but are willing to subscribe, or convince their administration to pay the fee required for this service. The Board instructed the committee to explore any legal ramifications and determine the advisability of a waiver or consent form from those presenting papers. The 1993 AAZK Conference will be held at Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA. Dates will be announced in the future. Omaha AAZK Chapter, located at the Henry Doorly Zoo, successfully bid to host the 1994 AAZK Conference. In order to insure a guaranteed source of conference revenue for the Association the Board approved a new profit-sharing formula. The original 50/50 split with National will be dissolved. The new profit-sharing formula for AAZK Chapters hosting an AAZK National Conference will be for the AAZK Board of Directors to set the Conference Registration cost for each conference at $15.00 over the host Chapter's actual budgeted costs for Conferences. This $15.00 figure would be paid directly to AAZK, Inc. upon the conclusion of each conference. The $15.00 cut would be for both week and day registrants. This is less than what other organizations do for conferences. The $15.00 cut will insure a guaranteed source of revenue, without burdening the host Chapter. In conjunction with the fees guaranteed by the registration cut, the Association will also get 33% of the Auction monies. What we have encountered with a 50/50 split of profits is that due to unforeseen circumstances, the AAZK cannot count on the Conference turning a profit. The reason for this new policy is to guarantee the Association a consistent income source every year without burdening individual members by raising their membership dues. Conference Book Tim Kelly, Chairperson of the Conference Book Committee, has completed the final book and presented it to the Board. Individuals contributing to this book include: Phil Pennock, Ed Hansen, Rachel Rogers, Marilyn Cole, Denise and Bob Debets. This book is not designed to answer all questions about putting on a conference, but serves as a reference tool from past conferences on how these committees did things, what worked and what didn't. Chapters in the book cover areas from selecting the conference hotel to holding an auction. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 393 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors* Meetings, Continued The Administrative Office has copies of the Conference Book which may be checked out by Chapters interested in biding to host a conference. There is a $15.00 deposit fee which is refundable if the Chapter successfully bids to host a conference. Zoo/Universitv Project - report submitted bv Michael Illig The purpose of this project is to provide a list of colleges and universities which offer course work or degree programs relating to animal care/management. The list currently contains 98 entries representing 38 States, two Provinces and Great Britain's National Extension College in Cambridge. Mike reported that he had five requests for lists during 1991 (AO sent out about 20 copies). Mike also gave out 23 lists to individuals visiting his facility who had expressed an interest in zookeeping careers. During 1992 Mike plans to continue updating and expanding the list as needed. Anyone who knows of courses or degree programs in their area is asked to send pertinent information to Mike so that it may be included in updated editions of the Zoo/U List. Mike stated that Metro Washington Park Zoo has graciously provided computer time, paper and some postage for the project so there have been no expenses to AAZK during 1991. The Board approved a budget of $50.00 for 1992. AAZK Keener Training Videotape Project • report submitted bv Harry Hofauer Harry assumed the position of Production Coordinator in January 1991. Anna Michel, Metro Washington Park Zoo, also serves on this committee. Distribution continues out of AO in Topeka. Two tapes are currently available for purchase: “Keeper Safety - An Attitude Adjustment”; and “An Introduction to Feeds and Feeding”. During 1991 Chris Peterson from the San Diego Zoo provided his expertise and that institution's facilities for duplicating the two training tapes. The tapes were duped at a cost of $2.75 each. Tim Kelly and Bob Debets have suggested that all past conference bid presentations be put onto one videotape and be made available to Chapters thinking about presenting a bid. This idea will be pursued in 1992. Harry also reported that he now has the script and graphics for the video trailer in hand and will work at getting this completed this year. The trailer will be used at the beginning of every AAZK training tape. Harry reported that Judie Steenberg, Woodland Park Zoo, is continuing work on her training tape entitled "A Keeper's Role in Zoo Animal Health". Harry also stated that there had been some interest expressed by the Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo students/staff in doing a tape. A budget of $25.00 to be paid from the Videotape Project Account was approved. Animal Data Transfer Form - report submitted bv Bemie Feldman Bemie reported that during the past year 5,844 ADT forms were mailed out to requesting individuals/institutions. This important resource document continues to be used widely in the zoo field and is truly one of AAZK’s most worthwhile projects. The forms are supplied gratis as a professional service of AAZK. During 1991 the question of whether or not the ADT Form could be copyrighted was investigated. Because the form changes every time it is filled out, the Copyright Office denied the application to copyright the form itself. This same situation was also found to be true with the Exhibit Design Form. At the 1990 open Board meeting, it was suggested it would be nice to have a reply form which the receiving keeper could return to the sending keeper to inform them on how the shipment went, the animal's condition upon arrival, etc. It has been decided to implement this suggestion by adding a simple line at the bottom of the form requesting that the receiver fill in the appropriate information, photocopy it, and send it back to the original institution (keeper). This change will be implemented when the next printing is done in early 1992. 394 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings, Continued It was announced that the ADT Committee had received a donation of $100.00 from the Columbus Zoo. A budget of $1,000.00 to cover the cost of printing the ADT forms, postage, misc. was approved for 1992. Exhibit Design Form - report submitted bv Mark de Denus Since taking over this inactive project in 1989, Mark has redesigned the form to make it easier to fill out while still providing the necessary information to make it useful. The idea behind the redesign of the form was also to standardize the information being sent in from contributors. At the 1991 mid-year meeting, Mark presented the Board with the final draft of the EDF. In July 1991, twenty-two AAZK chapters were targeted to participate in a pilot survey. Four EDFs were sent to each chapter along with a cover letter to the Chapter President and the zoo or institution's director. The purpose was to test whether the Form itself was adequate (useable and understandable), and also, to determine what kind of positive response would be derived from the survey. The results were discussed at the Exhibit Design Survey Workshop held in Toledo. Information on the survey, the project’s future, etc. will be included in an upcoming issue of AKF. Thanks go to the Assiniboine Park Zoo Keepers Association/AAZK Chapter for their financial assistance in printing the new test survey form. John Brangan, Virginia Zoo, and Eric Krussman, National Zoo have been approved as Project Co-chairs. The Board approved a budget of $500.00 to cover printing costs, postage, etc. for 1992. Chapter Proiects/Products Bumper Sticker Project (a project of the High Plains AAZK Chanter. Garden Citv. KS) During 1991 the High Plains AAZK Chapter dissolved. The remaining inventory of bumper stickers and profits in the Chapter's account were forwarded to AAZK. Since a bumper sticker is now available from the Jacksonville AAZK Chapter, the "I Zoo, Zoo You" bumper stickers are no longer available. AAZK Bumner Sticker Project (a project of Jacksonville AAZK Chapter. Jacksonville. FL) This Chapter has designed and now offer for sale a silk-screened 3" by 9" bumper sticker featuring the AAZK logo and the wording "Zoo Parks/Modern Arks". They are offered for sale at $2.00 each for 1-49 and $1.55 each for 50 or more. The postage is an additional 30 cents for each five bumper stickers. To order, please contact either Micki Corcoran or Ann Hinton at Jacksonville AAZK Chapter, 8605 Zoo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32218. AAZK Logo T-Shirts/S weatshirts/Colder Holders (a project of the Little Rock AAZK Chapter - report safrmittedhY-Marie SchmudeJ The Chapter continues to offer T-Shirts for $8.50 each and Sweatshirts for $18.00 each. T- shirts come in blue, brown and tan. Sweatshirts are in either gray or maroon. The colder- holders come in gray, red or orange and feature the National AAZK logo or the Little Rock Chapter Logo and sell for $3.50 which includes shipping. The project has made $135.50 during this reporting period with half this profit submitted to AAZK AAZK Magnetic Safety Signs (a project of the Flint Hills AAZK Chapter. Manhattan. KS) - w report submitted fry Ihfi-Chapten AAZK Logo Coffee Mvies/Egg JDrnaments .(a project of the Milwaukee CQimki&QQ-AAZK Chapter - no report was submitted for 1991, The Administrative Office has been informed that these items are no longer available. AO did receive $43.94 for coffee mugs and $15.00 for eggs. AAZK Logo License Plates (a project of the Detroit Zoo AAZK Chapter) - no report submitted AAZK Logo Stickers/Decals (a project of the Mill Mountain Zoo AAZK Chapter) - no report submitted for 1991 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 395 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors1 Meetings, Continued AAZK Logo Blue Mesh Shopping Bags (a project of the Philadelphia Zoo AAZK Chapter) AO has received $50.00 from this project fori 991. The bags measure 16x19 inches, a made of nylon mesh and heavy canvas and sell for $4.00 each plus $1.00 postage. They may be ordered from the Philadelphia AAZK Chapter. AAZK Rook Sale (a project of the Beardsley Zoo AAZK Chapter) - no report submitted. The Chapter offers a list of books at discount rates on a quarterly basis through AKF. These books deal with natural history, zoology, conservation and the environment-topics of interest to AAZK members. AAZK LogQ.Ke.Y.chain la pn?iecl.QfihgI3d]^.ZgQ-C^sail^MZ]^ The Dallas Zoo Chapter AAZK is now offering rhino logo keychains featuring a thermometer on one side and a wind chill chart on the other. Cost is $3.50 plus 50 cent postage when ordered singly. Orders of 5-7 should add $2.00 postage; orders of 8-12 add $3.00 postage; larger bulk orders available. Contact Sara Weller, c/o Dallas Zoo, 621 E. Clarendon, Dallas, TX 75203. AAZK Logo Flving Saucers (Frishees) (a project of the Beardsley AAZK Chanter. Bridgeport. CT) Made from recycled plastic, these flying saucers have the AAZK logo in black on bright green. The cost is $5.00 each and can be ordered by contacting Chapter Vice President Rob Thomas, c/o Beardsley Zoo, 1875 Noble Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06610. AAZK Keepers Care Buttons (a project of the Lincoln Park Zoo AAZK Chapter. Chicago. IL) “Keepers Care” buttons are available for $1.00 each (minimum order $5.00) by contacting Susan Moy, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon, Chicago, IL 60614. AAZK Slide Library Project (a project of the Central Arizona AAZK Chapter. Phoenix. AZ) report submitted bv Luke Thirkhill Luke reported that only one individual had submitted slides for this project. Lack of participation by individuals/chapters has caused the project to be dormant for several months. Various incentives to slide donors are being discussed and more information will appear in an upcoming issue of AKF. Proposals toasht.bgfQie the Board The Buckhorn Publishing Company had proposed a cooperative effort between them and AAZK. This would involve the sale of art prints of various species through zoo gift shops. After investigation by the committee it was determined that AAZK and Buckhorn could not reach an agreement on the type of art prints to be sold. The project was therefore dropped. The Board considered a request from David Luce concerning a member's suggestion of the development of a computer bulletin board for keepers. The pros and cons of the suggestion were discussed and the Board instructed AKF Editor, Susan Chan, to publish the proposal soliciting member input into its feasibility. Minutes of the 1991 AAZK General Membership Meeting The meeting was called to order at 3:10 p.m. on 10 October 1991 by President Oliver Claffey. The next order of business was a report by each Board Member on the committees/projects under their oversights. Pertinent comments by project/committee chairs are included in the overview section above. In discussing the Association's financial situation President Claffey noted that because of our non-profit tax status we are eligible to apply for support grants. Lisa Cuevas, Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE, has offered her assistance in writing grants on behalf of AAZK. President Claffey introduced new AAZK Board members, Rachel Rogers, Mark de Denus, and Ellen Bradfield. He also announced that Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ, will serve as AAZK President beginning January 1, 1992. Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo, will assumed the office of Vice-President at the same time. 396 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Overview of the 1991 Board of Directors’ Meetings, Continued By-law revisions which had been proposed to the membership in June were approved unanimously as amended by the voting membership present. President ClafFey announced that members were needed to serve on the AKF Advertising Committee and the By-laws Review Committee. Interested persons should contact President-Elect Ed Hansen. The Omaha AAZK Chapter located at the Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE had earlier presented a bid to host the 1994 National AAZK Conference. At the General Meeting this bid was unanimously approved by the attending delegates. Guy Lichty, Co-Chair for the 1992 San Diego Conference encouraged all future conference committees, as well as the Association as a whole, to work towards integrating recycling into all projects. He particularly encouraged conference committees to use recycled paper for all of their printed materials. There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned to reconvene in San Diego in 1992. AAZPA Announces Awards The following awards were presented at the 1991 AAZPA Conference held in September in San Diego, CA: Mward H, Bean Award? Audubon Park & Zoological Gardens - Breeding Program for Asian Hornbills San Diego Zoo - Long-Term Propagation Programs for Francios’ Langur Waikiki Aquarium - Breeding Program for Chambered Nautilus Woodland Park Zoological Gardens - Long-Term Propagation Program for Solomon Island Leaf Frogs Significant Achievement Awards New York Zoological Society St. Catherine’s Island Wildlife Survival Center- Long-Term Propagation Program for Maleo Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens - Birth of an Asian Elephant San Diego Wild Animal Park - Long-Term Propagation Program for Russian Saiga Columbus Zdological Gardens - Breeding Program for Lake Victoria Cichlids San Diego Zoo - Long-Term Propagation Program for Fiji Iguana EdpcatiQn Award Monterey Bay Aquarium - Live from Monterey Canyon Significant Achievement Award Chicago Zoological Park - Be a Bird 20F 7nnmr:irAi -a « A-A-Z-P-A 1924 «/> Exhibit Award New York Zoological Park - Baboon Reserve and African Market Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Starting an Animal Keepers’ Computer Bulletin Board By James Bousquet Stockton, CA With ever-increasing efforts to improve communication between animal keepers and AAZK Chapters, it seems like the perfect time to establish an Animal Keepers’ Computer Bulletin Board. A Computer Bulletin Board is a computer generated source of rapid information which can be sent or received by anyone owning a computer and the appropriate program. For example, an animal keeper needing information about an animal or an animal- related problem can send a request for information to all participating zoos. Since the messages travel over phone lines, it is instantaneous. By regularly checking the Bulletin Board, animal keeper staff can respond to requests for information quickly. Imagine what this rapid flow of professional information could do for AAZK. Just a few examples of requests for information recently printed in Animal Keepers' Forum which could be sent by computer Bulletin Board are: data on slow loris habitat, public feeding policy at your zoo, introducing a new male zebra, questionnaires, research projects, data on two-way radios, etc. Categories for the transfer of information might be: general information on Birds, Mammals, and Reptiles; What’s New at Your Zoo; Breakthroughs in Exhibit Design or Husbandry; Happenings; AAZK Information, etc. After some use, new categories would make themselves evident. Another benefit of establishing an Animal Keepers’ Computer Bulletin Board is as a source of revenue for AAZK. If AAZK develops and produces its own program, it could be sold to those Chapters/Institutions/Individuals wishing to participate. I recently discussed the possibilities of such a program with a computer expert at Hewlett-Packard and he said it is not only possible, but many companies have funding, equipment and staff to donate to such projects. Since all zoo computers are compatible (as for ARKS, MedARKS, etc), it should work without any problems. This could certainly be an opportunity for AAZK to make a quantum leap forward in communications as well as raising some funds. If there is enough interest in the program, I will do a feasibility study to see if this program can be adapted to the computers now being used in zoos. We would also need to know the costs of starting and maintaining an Animal Keepers’ Computer Bulletin Board. Please send letters of interest to the AAZK Administrative Office, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Rhino Capture/Giraffe Relocation Tape Available Andy Lodge, Founder and President of the Ngare Sergoi Support Group, Inc. is making available to interested AAZK Chapters or individual members a videotape showing some of the work being done at both the Ngare Sergoi Rhino Sanctuary and the Ngare Ndare Forest Reserve. Included on the tape is footage of the giraffe relocation program, the building of the solar fence at Ngare Ndare and the first release of a sanctuary rhino into the wild. Cost per tape is $6.00 and may be purchased by contacting Andv at N.S.S.G., Inc., P.O. Box 29503, Columbus, OH 43229. Make checks payable to Ngare Sergoi Support Group. Slides showing the airplane and truck purchased with ‘Bowling for Rhino’ funds and sporting the AAZK Rhino logo are available to Chapters free of charge by contacting Andy. 398 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 San Diego Chapter Announces *92 Conference Logo Winner About the artist — Bird Keeper Ric Urban of the Houston Zoo is our logo winner and will receive free registration to the 1992 AAZK Conference. His inspiration came from global conservation, a 25-cent stamp, and a tree frog that jumped on his window while he was drawing the logo. Ric has been drawing for over 15 years and created the logos for the Flint Hills and Cypress Coast AAZK Chapters. This is San Diego ‘92 The 18th National AAZK Conference headquarters will be at the CATAMARAN RESORT HOTEL on Mission Bay. Our Conference theme is “Celebrating Yesterday, Enriching Today and Shaping Tomorrow”. We will “Celebrate Yesterday” at the Icebreaker aboard the William D. Evans, an authentic 19th century paddleboat, where we will honor our Founding Fathers while cruising beautiful Mission Bay. “Enriching Today” will be the focus of our paper sessions and workshops. Finally, we intend to provide a speaker at the final banquet who will inspire us into “Shaping the Future” as the 18th National AAZK Conference comes to a close. Visits to SEA WORLD of California, the SAN DIEGO ZOO and WILD ANIMAL PARK are planned with special behind-the-scenes tours for those who register early! Other highlights include a Beach Party on the bay, an awesome Zoolympics and your choice of several pre- and post-conference tours with varying price ranges. Look for future ads on the trips.... Dates for the Conference are Sunday, 27 September through Friday, 2 October 1992. Please note the Conference is an extra day longer than most have been in order to allow us to show delegates our three fine facilities. LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING YOU... 27 September through 2 October 1992 in beautiful San Diego, CA Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 399 USFWS Issues Status Report on Endangered Species Recovery Effort The California condor, southern sea otter, the Lee pincushion cactus and the Devil’s Hole pupfish are among the 41 percent of the nation’s endangered and threatened species whose populations are stable or increasing, according to a report to Congress recently released by the Interior Department’s USFWS. “Endangered and Threatened Species Recovery Program” summarizes the status of the more than 580 federally endangered or threatened plants and animals in the United States. The report states that 38 percent of listed species are declining, while the exact status of about 19 percent is unknown. About 2 percent of the plants and animals listed are believed to be extinct. Determining whether a species is extinct can be difficult, and most in that category likely were extinct well before passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. These species are removed from the list when scientists believe there is no longer any possibility of finding any surviving in the wild. Of the 581 listed species in the United States, 352 are covered by approved recovery plans, and plans are currently being developed for an additional 130 species. The USFWS has placed a high priority on development of plans for the remaining 99 species, many of which have only recently been listed. According to the report, those species with recovery plans show a greater tendency for population increases than those without plans. Recovery plans are practical, working guidelines that outline specific research and management tasks for species recovery. While carrying no legal authority, they can nonetheless provide a “blueprint for recovery” for use by private, federal and state agencies in undertaking programs to enhance listed species. The report also shows that the majority of species considered improving are mammals, birds, or plants; bird and fish species are reported as most stable. Invertebrates, including snails, clams, insects, and crustaceans, are most prevalent among the species whose status is unknown. Freshwater mussels comprise 75 percent of the invertebrates known to be declining. The report, the first to pull together details on recovery efforts for each listed species, is required under a 1988 amendment to the Endangered Species Act directing the Secretary of the Interior to report to Congress every two years on the status of endangered species and recovery plans. This report covers listed species in the United States or its Trust territories under jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior as of 1 October 1990. Copies of the 400-page report, stock number 024010-00691-9, are available for $24.00 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402. Credit card orders may be placed by calling (202) 783-3238. « Animal Rights/Animal Welfare Publication Available The animal rights movement is impacting wildlife management programs across North America. Fish and wildlife management agencies, at both the Federal and State levels, are being challenged more often over traditional uses of animals such as hunting, trapping, fishing, and habitat management. Many wildlife professionals in the past took the view that the animal rights movement eventually would fade away, and, therefore could be ignored. However, the movement is growing, well-funded and effectively presents its arguments to many segments of the public. Nationally, there are approximately 400 animal activists groups, with estimated annual budgets of $250 million. The methods used by the animal rights movement to challenge fish and wildlife management agency operations are numerous and varied. Issue number 89 discusses the animal rights/animal welfare movement. For a copy of Newsletter No. 89 or more information about the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service, call 1-800-582-3421. 400 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Chapter News Beardsley ZOO AAZK Chapter Zookeepers Care! Beardsley Zoo Chapter The Beardsley Zoo Chapter has recently adopted a Chapter logo to be used on patches embroidered in blue, green, black and white. The logo was designed by Chapter member Lisa Tryon, and patches are available by contacting her at the Beardsley Zoo, 1875 Noble Ave.,. Bridgeport, CT 06610. The cost is $5.00 each which includes postage and handling. The Chapter is also involved in a raffle during our Zoo’s annual Beastly Ball, an adult masquerade party held for friends of the zoo, staff and docents. Other events our Chapter will be participating in this year include American Heritage Day in November and our Zoo’ s holiday celebration of Winter Fest this month. --Linda Oltra, President Metro TQrpnfc) Zqq AAZK Chapter This has been quite a year. The dedicated staff in the Health Unit and the Africa Pavilion have been working 24-hour shifts, taking care of the 2.0 Lowland gorillas. In March, both Jabari and Patrick developed a flu-like infection, but while Jabari recovered quite quickly, Patrick developed unresponsive diarrhea, blood salt deficiencies, and lost a lot of weight. With the advice and assistance of the Intensive Care Unit and other departments of the Hospital for Sick Children, intravenous feeding was established. Patrick, who demonstrated a remarkable acceptance of his lifeline, very gradually regained strength, but it took several weeks before his intestines were moving normally again, and along the way he twice developed infections associated with the catheters, as well as magnesium deficiency and anemia. It all proved worthwhile and was a great relief when he returned to the Pavilion on 11 June. Patrick is doing fine and has put on weight. In May the Wart Hogs came to Toronto and to celebrate the occasion, the Metro Toronto Zoo declared this summer “A Celebration of Pigs” with 11 pigs, representing six species, all but one having been obtained through selective breeding by man. These species ranged from Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs to European wild boars to Hampshires, Yorkshires and Spotted pigs. October saw the opening of the Spotted Hyaena ( Crocuta crouta ) exhibit. Once again this year, during December and early January, the Zoo was open Saturday and Sunday nights until 9 p.m. with many sections of the zoo illuminated and Santa Claus on hand for the children. From the members of the MTZ Chapter, we wish everyone a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. -Neil Porter, Chapter Liaison Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 40 1 Chapter News. Continued Audubon Chapter AAZK As many of you know, 1991 was the year of the Rhino Walk. The Audubon Chapter of AAZK helped sponsor the New Orleans leg of this national event the weekend of 17 August. Although August is not a good time of year to be walking in this part of the country, and in spite of the fact that the Rhino Walk was scheduled the same day as the Audubon Zoo’s annual Kool-Aid Day (a day known for record attendance), the Rhino Walk went well. That evening we sponsored, organized and ran an event at a local bowling alley/bar; we named the event “Rockin’ for Rhinos”. The bowling alley allowed us to charge a $5 cover for the evening’s entertainment. They also helped us with publicity, as did our Zoo PR Dept. For their assistance, the bar kept the money made on alcohol sales; the Chapter got to keep the money made from the cover charge and raffle ticket sales. A total of five bands played that night to record-breaking crowds. “Rockin’ for Rhinos” was a huge success. We made $2,338, half of which will go to the Ngare Sergoi Rhino Sanctuary; the other half will go to the Rhino Walk fund. Other news: many of our Chapter members are taking Spanish lessons. Dean Wolcott, who has worked with CARE and the Peace Corps, is teaching two classes per week. This is a great opportunity for many to start learning, or brush up on the language of our sister zoo, La Aurora Zoo in Guatemala. Our Chapter is currently in negotiation with our zoo’s administration to install a Conservation Parking Meter for the rainforests. Hopefully with further information supplied to us by Norman Gershenz, we will be able to convince the powers-that-be to let us install this simple, but effective means of collecting funds to save the rainforests. --Pamela Barker, Secretary San Diego AAZK Chapter The Chapter hosted its First Annual Beach Party on 13 October, complete with Bar-B-Q and zoolympic games! Proceeds were donated to the Pam Orsi Memorial Fund in the amount of $160.00. October Meeting.. .Dr. Nancy Czekala, Endocrinology Specialist/CRES (Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species) at the Zoo, discussed her project involving the Mountain gorilla {Gorilla gorilla beringei ) of Rwanda. Dr. Czekala conducted a study of the reproductive events of the free-ranging mountain gorilla, in an effort to understand the causes of infertility in captive populations of the Western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla g. gorilla). According to studbooks, 48% of mature, captive female lowland gorillas are non-reproductive. Dr. Czekala addressed probable causes/stressors of subnormal fertility and/or subnormal reproduction: diet, environment, enclosure, noise, the public, hormonal, genetic, lack of ovulation, lack of breeding, miscarriage, infertility of males or females. Detailed graphs were presented among the excellent slides. Reproductive evaluation of the gorilla can be done by measuring hormones in the urine. Urine collection was obtained from habituated, cycling Mountain gorillas in the Virunga Mountains (7-12,000 foot elevation) to compare urinary hormones with that of captive gorillas. There are no non- captive, habituated Western lowland gorilla groups at this time. Once the individual was spotted within the group (by nose prints), she was followed until she urinated. Watching and waiting took over an hour! The urine was collected by syringe from the ground and vegetation and sample tubes were frozen at camp. Over 150 urine samples were collected during the trip and transported to the San Diego Zoo’s CRES lab. - Mary Dural, Chapter Liaison 402 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Chapter News. Continued National Zoo AAZK Chapter The National Zoological Park was the last stop for Michael Werikhe (affectionately known as the Rhino Man) on his 1,500 mile series of walks through North America to raise awareness and funds for rhino conservation. Michael was at NZP from 6-13 September. The week of activities included a 5-mile Rhino Walk; a 5-kilometer Fun-Run; Rhino Revelry, a walk with the Potomic Appalachian Trail Club; Kilimanjaro Club Night, a walk from the Kenyan Embassy to Capitol Hill; Rock for Rhinos at the Hard Rock Cafe; a reception followed by rhino lectures; and finally a Rhino Encounter Reception at NZP’s elephant house. Over $10,000 was raised during the week of activities. In October, six representatives of the NZP-AAZK Chapter attended the AAZK Conference in Toledo, OH. One of these six attendees was Brian Phillips, an exchange keeper from the Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria, Australia. Eric Krussman (NZP) and Rosemary Krussman (Baltimore Aquarium) presented their outstanding video at the Conference. Their presentation was entitled “On the Ground Conservation that Really Works: The Preakness Clean-up”. Eric also participated in an Exhibit Design Workshop in which keepers shared examples of their involvement in exhibit design. Eric talked about his work on NZP‘s new Bat Exhibit. Kathy Kelly and Carol Prima gave a presentation entitled “Keepers Helping Keepers Across the World”. The presentation demonstrated how the NZP Chapter has implemented an international outreach project which has provided over 1,400 pounds of wildlife and conservation materials to 14 foreign zoological institutions and one African Wildlife Management University. The project is a year old now and still going strong. -Kathy Kelly, Chapter Liaison Rocky Mountain AAZK Chanter The Chapter is offering both posters and T-shirts featuring the Bowling for Rhinos design shown here. The posters are 18 x 24 inch in black on white and may be used to advertise a Chapter’s BFR event in 1992. Cost is $4.50 for individual orders and $4.00 each for a Chapter order of five or more. The T- shirts are black print on grey, 50/50, size Large only. Cost is $12.00 per shirt or $10.00 each for a Chapter order of five or more. Shirts can also be personalized with your Chapter’s name on it. Call for details. Write Rocky Mountain AAZK Chapter, Denver Zoo, 2900 E. 23rd., Denver, CO 80205 or call (303) 331-4117 and leave a message. Lo.S Angela AAZK Chapter Our October meeting featured a slide presentation, “Zoos of Mexico”, by Robert Cudney, reptile keeper, The Zacango Zoo, 45 minutes outside of Mexico City. This was of particular interest to us as that is the future home of Hannibal, our bull African elephant. The zoo is located at the base of a volcano at an elevation of 9,000 feet on the site of a former estate. The exhibits Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 403 Chapter News. Continued are large and well kept. Seven veterinarians serve as curator/keepers full time. Two grizzly bears and an orangutan from our zoo already reside there. eight zoo directors and U.S. administrators convened in an attempt to regulate the standards by which the zoos operate. This cooperative approach to problems bodes well for the zoos in Mexico. Another zoo of interest was ZooMAT in the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. This large zoo utilizes the natural settings of the local environment in such ways that the animals appear to be uncaged. The howlers actually roam freely in and out of the zoo to visit the rainforest nearby. Six veterinarians on the staff supervise the general keepers who are mainly former farmers. In November we held our annual fundraiser Auction, silent and regular. A small but enthusiastic group attended, bidding on animal related items donated by members, friends of the zoo and commercial organizations. The funds raised are used to defray conference expenses for keepers, to support projects in developing countries and to purchase needed “wish list” items for exhibits. Recently, an historic first meeting took place when the Mexican government, -Lois Car wile, Chapter Liaison 9 Information Please The Virginia Living Museum is seeking to achieve high efficiency in the breeding of house mice ( Mus musculus) that are fed to exhibit animals. The museum is looking for any information about the factors that play a role in the reproduction of small rodents, especially house mice, such as diet, exercise, proximity, and odor. Please send any information to: Eric Linthwaite, Virginia Living Museum, 524 J. Clyde Morris Blvd., Newport News, VA 23601. We would like any information on breeding Lesser Green Broadbills ( Calyptomena viridis). One of our pairs has been trying to nest. Each attempt fails. We would also like any information on the breeding of the Australian Magpie Goose ( Anserana semipalmata). If anyone has a suggestion about sites, materials, etc. please send them to: Bronx Zoo Dept, of Ornithology, 185th & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460, Attn: Doug Piekarz. / 1,11,1,1 A AAZK Administrative Offices 1-800-242-4519 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX 913-272-2539 J 404 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 Book Rain Forest: A Guide to Research and Tourist Facilities at Selected Tropical Forest Sites in Central and South America By James L. Castner 1990 Feline Press, P.O. Box 7219, Gainesville, FL 32605 380 pgs. Paperback. Price: $20.00 Review By Robert Berghaier Mammal Keeper Supervisor Zoological Society of Philadelphia, PA The tropical rainforests of Central and South America have received lots of attention in the past few years, not only from conservationists, but from the popular media. As a result, tropical forests are a current “hot” topic of interest. The problems of rainforest conservation have even attracted the attention of rock stars like Sting and Grace Slick. But who would consider traveling to see these forests? Are they not damp, hot, insect-ridden places? Who wants to get so uncomfortable? Like really, you sweat, your mascara runs, you end up with a mass of insect bites and your hair is unmanageable. Enough sarcasm! Tropical rainforests are incredible places, living cathedrals, thriving with life forms of almost inconceivable diversity. Anyone with even a casual interest in biology should plan to visit at least one tropical rainforest in their lifetime. You would soon understand why they had such a great influence on the writings and theories of biologists such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Wallace and Alexander Humboldt. Mr. Castner's book is an excellent guide to anyone who wishes to make a journey to a tropical American rainforest as a researcher or tourist. The book is divided into four extended chapters and four appendices. The first chapter covers selected lodges and research sites in seven countries: Peru, Ecuador, French Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad, Costa Rica and Panama. There is a general information section about each country that includes such facts as population, area and geographical information. There is also a rough map pointing out where the lodges and sites are located. After the introductory section comes the real meat of this book. Detailed information is provided for selected lodges and research stations that have been personally visited by the author. This includes, when available, a contact name, an address, a telephone, telex, and, yes, FAX number. There is also a description of the lodge or site in question, logistical information, data on forest types, weather, cost and very helpful information on the area's trail system. This last item is very important. Tropical rainforests are beautiful places but they are difficult to move through. It is extremely easy to get lost unless you read a compass well! You also have to be aware of the hazards of the forest while moving through them. These include venomous insects, snakes, and plants with spikes and stickers. Having a good trail system allows a visitor to spend more of their efforts viewing the diversity of the life around them, instead of concentrating on avoiding the more hazardous elements of that diversity. I read closely the author's comments on two areas that I have personally visited in Peru. These were the Manu National Park and the Explorer's Inn located in the Tambopata Reserve. I found his information to be accurate. The best testimonial that I can offer is that if I had read this book before traveling to both of these places, my experience would have been enhanced. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 405 Book Review. Continued The three remaining chapters of the book contain some very useful information for those considering doing research in the American tropics. Chapter Two lists varied rainforests, an extensive bibliography of books and publications dealing with tropical rainforests and a list of book dealers who could possibly help provide the above-mentioned material. Chapter Three, “Hands On” Organizations, is an excellent addition that lists organizations that are looking for participants to help in field projects. This should be of interest to keepers who are looking for opportunities to participate in research projects in the tropics. These can be either “pay-to-go-on projects” such as Earthwatch or listings for field assistants in The American Ornithologists Union. I have personally found that the tropical experience that I gained on my first Earthwatch expedition in Peru was invaluable. I have drawn on it extensively for later travels on my own to Central Africa, Peru and Madagascar. Chapter Four would be of great interest to those who got excited reading Chapter Three. It is titled “Sources of Funding”. The information contained in it opens up avenues of possible financial assistance for those who are interested in undertaking research in the tropics. The appendices, while short, are very informative. One lists travel agencies and helpful travel tips (the most useful in my opinion is to bring a book to read during such frustrating travel situations as a 12-hour flight delay). Another offers useful specialized English/Spanish vocabulary for biological and geographical terms. A third lists the names and addresses of some of the foremost tropical biologists in the world. The final appendix is a listing of selected zoos and botanical gardens in the U.S. that may provide helpful information (and, of course, the Philadelphia Zoo is mentioned owing to 'the great wisdom of the author!). I would recommend this book for anyone considering travel to the rainforests of the seven countries mentioned in the text. While the listings of references, organizations and individuals can be found elsewhere, it is probably not in such a convenient format. The chapter on funding sources is an excellent addition to a book of this nature and in my reading experience unique in this regard. My only suggestion would be for Mr. Castner to write another fine book such as this one providing similar information for the countries of Brazil, Suriname, Belize and the other countries of tropical America. AAZK Announces New Professional/Contributing Members Karen Del Priore, Long Island Game Farm (I Margery Bradshaw, Pet Farm Prk. Inc. (VA) Sabdra Moruzzi, no zoo listed (Destin, FL) Nicholas Nelson, Birmingham Zoo (AL) Margit Evans, Nashville Zoo (TN) Jan Weinig, Washington Prk. Zoo (IN) Dave Ely, Dakota Zoo (ND) Fawn Prevost, Topeka Zoo (KS) Rosa Kelly, no zoo listed (Houston, TX) Martine Colette, Wildlife Waystation (CA) Caron Bender, Living Desert (CA) Jill Vestal, Folsom City Suzanne Ambs, National Zoo (DC) Becky Callis, Pet Farm Prk., Inc. (VA) Lisa Kolbach, Busch Gardens (FL) Tom Garrett, Jackson Zool. Prk. (MS) Linda Homer, Columbus Zoo (OH) Patricia Granberry, Detroit Zoo (MI) Kirk Keefe, no zoo listed (Oak Park, IL) Adam Eyres, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center (T Deanne DeBo, San Antonio Zoo (TX) Mark Bressler, Sea World (CA) Gina Porciuncula, Oakland Zoo (CA) (CA) New Contributing Members Jack Brown, Director, Santa Fe Communcity College Teaching Zoo, Gainesville, FL Joan Schultz, Boomer Ball, Inc., Grayslake, IL 406 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 LJJNF.K. (liaison and Information Network for Keepers) Coordinator for the LINK System: Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3P OR5. (204) 837-2916 (h). Regional Cwr^inatprs. ALABAMA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 ALASKA - Vacancy ARIZONA - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 85716 ARKANSAS - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher, Little Rock Zoological Gardens, #1 Jonesboro Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205 CALIFORNIA- Vacancy COLORADO - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 CONNECTICUT- Jeanette Nadeau, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI 02905 DELEWARE - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 FLORIDA - Rick Smith, 11707, #5 Park, Orchard Circle, Tampa, FL 33612 GEORGIA - Fred Alvey, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave. S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315 HAWAII - Michelle Suenishi, Hilton Hawaiian Village, 2950 Ena Rd., Honolulu, HI 96815 IDAHO - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 ILLINOIS - Pat Swieca, 5710 W. Cullom Ave., Chicago, IL 60634 INDIANA - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 IOWA - Carla Wieser, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, 10th St. & Deer Park Blvd., Omaha, NE 68107 KANSAS - Gretchen Ziegler, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 KENTUCKY - Thomas Benner, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 LOUISIANA - Michelle Asselin, Audubon Park & Zoological Gardens, P.O. Box 4327, New Orleans, LA 70115 MAINE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MARYLAND - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA MASSACHUSETTS - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) MICHIGAN - Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, 500 S. Greenlawn, South Bend, IN 46615 MINNESOTA - Tim Hill, Minnesota Zoological Gardens, 13000 Zoo Blvd., Apple Valley, MN 55124 MISSISSIPPI - Jeannie Frazier, Jackson Zoological Park, 2918 W. Capitol, Jackson, MS 39209 MISSOURI - Vacancy MONTANA - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 NEBRASKA -Carla Wieser (see address under Iowa) NEVADA - Vacancy NEW HAMPSHIRE - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) NEW JERSEY - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104 NEW MEXICO - Bruce Eneboe, Reid Park Zoo, 1100 S. RandolphWay, Tucson, AZ 857716 EAST NEW YORK - Mark Hofling, Bronx Zoo, 185th & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460 (212) 220-7115 [w] WEST NEW YORK - Alan Baker, Burnet Park Zoo, 500 Burnet Park Dr., Syracuse, NY 13204 NORTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 NORTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets, Assiniboine Park Zoo, 2355 Corydon Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3P 0R5 (204) 986-4040 [w] OHIO - Thomas Benner, Toledo Zoo, 2700 Broadway, Toledo, OH 43609 OKLAHOMA - Debbie Jackson or Ann Rademacher (see addresses under AR) OREGON - Anna Michel, Washington Park Zoo, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221 PENNSYLVANIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 RHODE ISLAND - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) SOUTH CAROLINA - Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoo, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27203 SOUTH DAKOTA - Bob Debets (see address under ND) TENNESSEE - Gail Karr or Cindy Pinger, Memphis Zoo & Aquarium, 2000 Galloway, Memphis, TN 38112 TEXAS - Ann Marie Greco, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 N. St. Mary's St., San Antonio, TX 78212 UTAH - John Turner, Denver Zoo, City Park, Denver, CO 800205 VERMONT - Jeanette Nadeau (see addresses under CT) VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WASHINGTON - Elandra Aum, Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103 WEST VIRGINIA - Theresa Maas, Philadelphia Zoo, 34th & Girard , Philadelphia, PA 19104 WISCONSIN -Wayne Hazlett, 3768 S. 89th St., Milwaukee, WI 53228 WYOMING - Mark Konop, Zoo Montana, P.O. Box 955, Billings, MT 59103 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - Theresa Maas (see address under PA) Province of Ontario - Neil Porter, Metro Toronto Zoo, Box 280, West Hill, Ontario M1E 4R5 Canada Provinces of Manitoba & Saskatchewan - Bob Debets (see address under ND) Province of Quebec - Chantal Routhier, Granby Zoo, 347 Rue Bourget, Granby, Quebec, Canada J2G IE 8 Provinces of Alberta & British Columbia - Vacancy Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 407 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 15th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks! AKF. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. Please include closing dates for positions available. There is no charge for this service and phone-in listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our phone is 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.); 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Our FAX is 913-272-2539. CURATOR OF THE ANIMAL ENCOUNTERS AREA...reauires administrative/ supervisory/interpersonal skills and ability to function as a team player. Experience with domestic animals in a zoo setting including training and interactive program development necessary. Resume by 30 January 1992 to: Richard M. Hurst, Director of Human Resources, Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 We. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46222. ZOOKEEPER... zoo expansion has created an immediate opening for another full-time keeper with some paid zoo experience and a strong desire to learn. Besides routine animal care of mammals, birds and reptiles, applicant will handle small animals while giving scheduled talks to the public. Special interest in reptiles is a plus. Send resume with salary requirements to: Vince Hall, Claws n’ Paws Wild Animal Park, RD 16, Lake Ariel, PA 18436. KEEPER/Mammal Dept.... preference will be given to applicants with a high school education who can demonstrate a basic knowledge of mammal care functions. Duties will include daily animal care, health and behavior observations, and interaction with the public. Salary $14,628 plus excellent benefits. Send resume by 31 December 1991 to: City of Fort Worth-Personnel Department, 1000 Throckmorton Street, Fort Worth, TX 76102, Attn: Diane Roberts. ASSOCIATE ZOO CURAT OR. ..requires associate degree in Zoology/Biology and 2 year’s progressively responsible experience in zoo management or an equivalent combination of education and experience. Works under general supervision of Zoo Superintendent. Responsible for supervising full time and seasonal employees in all aspects of the care and maintenance of the animal collection including primates, carnivores, hoof stock and birds. Will assist in the development of education programs and new exhibits. Submit resume by 31 December 1991 to: City of Idaho Falls Personnel Office, P.O. Box 50220, Idaho Falls, ID 83405. EOE. ANIMAL KEEPER... successful candidate will be working as a member of an elephant management team implementing the elephant management guidelines recently adopted by AAZPA. Responsible for daily animal care, extensive record keeping, and visitor education duties. College level course work is desirable. Annual salary $22,292-$26,705 plus benefits. Obtain application form and supplemental requirements from the Metropolitan Service District, Personnel Office. 2000 S.W. First Ave., Portland, OR 97201. (503) 221-1646. No resumes. EOE. Completed applications must be received by 31 December 1991. The following two (2) positions are open at the Philadelphia Zoo. Send resume/letter to: Philadelphia Zoo, 3400 Girard Ave^ Philadelphia, PA 19104. KEEPER. ..requires high school diploma/equivalent and two year’s experience with captive exotics of biology/zoology degree and one year’s experience. Duties include daily care, feeding, food preparation and exhibit maintenance for a variety of animal areas as assigned. KEEPER/BIRD S. ..requires high school diploma/equivalent and two year’s experience with captive exotics with an emphasis on birds or biology/zoology degree and one year’s experience. ® 40 8 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 18, No. 12 1991 AAZK Membership Application Name check here if renewal [ ] Address City State/Province Zip $25.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers $40.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category $50.00 or up Contributing or Institutional Individuals & Organizations Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address | ] $30.00 Professional □ Full-time Keepers 1 1 $25.00 Associate □ Those not connected with an animal facility 1 1 $20.00 Library □ Library subscription only Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE), made payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., to : AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 U.S. A. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers’ Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Animal Keepers' Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. All illustrations, graphs and tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page size no greater than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25 l/2cm). Literature used should be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name of species (as per ISIS) the first time it is used. Thereafter use common name. Black and white photos only accepted. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed for publication. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Telephone or FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. The phone number is (913) 272-5821 Ext. 31. FAX # is 913-272-2539. DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH . OF THE PRECEDING MONTH Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Animal Keepers' Forum editorial staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. 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