'jf' I I I f S' I i [ ■f; ' ■ • I j ANIMAL KEEPERS^ FORUM. 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 Phone: 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX (785) 273-1980 JULY 1998 Vol. 25, No. 7 Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan • Associate Editors/Enrichment Options Coordinators: Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum & Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo • Book Review Coordinator: Andrea Bemee, Chaffee Zoological Garden • Legislative Outlook Column Coordinator: Georgann B. Johnston, Sacramento, CA. • ABC's Column Coordinator: Diana Guerrero, San Diego, CA • Reactions Column Coordinator: William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Animal Keepers’ Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster - Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 - attn: Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary Hansen, AAZK, Inc., Topeka KS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ric Urban, Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, TX 77030 Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68107-2200 Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC 27203-9416 David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK 7311 1-7199 Jacque Blessington, Kansas City Zoological Gardens, Kansas City, MO 64132-4200 Scott M. Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109 Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6100 Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221-2799 President Vice President Immediate Past President COMMITTEES Chair - Sheri Leavitt, Houston Zoo Conservatipn, Preservation Re$t.Qr.aliQn_Grant§ Chair - Brett Sellers, Metro Washington Park Zoo Annual Conference? Coordinator - Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc. Awards Chair - Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo MEMBERSHIP SERVICES L.I.N.K. Coordinator Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo Asst. L.I.N.K, Coordinator Wayne Hazlett, Milwaukee County Zoo Enrichment Committee Lee Houts, Folsom City Zoo By-laws Jeffrey Phillips, Disney's Animal Kingdom Ethics Janet McCoy, Metro Washingto Park Zoo Research/Grants Farshid Mehrdadfar, Disney's Animal Kingdom Marketing Resources/Development David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo Animal Data Transfer Form Bernie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZK Historian Mark Levin, Philadelphia Zoo Zoo University List Administrative Office International Outreach - Jeanette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo (Chair/Coordinator Internationsl Assistance); Martha Turnbull - Co-Chair); Kathy Kelly, Silver Springs, MD - Project M.A.R.C. (Making A Realistic Contribution) PRESroENTIAL ADVISORS/LIAISONS AZA Liaison Ed Hansen, AAZK Executive Director Elephant Managers Association Liaison Marie Galloway, National Zoo Bowling for Rhinos Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis, IN Zoo Registrars Association Terry Fisher, San Antonio Zoo AZAD Liaison Mary Jo Binkley, Franklin Park, IL CAZPA Liaison Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo Int'l Marine Mammals Trainers Association Dave Force, Sea World of California AMAZOO Liaison Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens AZH Liaison Virginia Wall, North Carolina Zoo AAZK PUBLICATIONS - CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION Zoo Infant Development Project - Teri Maas-Anger/Maggie Liguori, Philadelphia Zoo (Birds/Nonpasserines); Jennifer Hackshaw, Lowry Park Zoo and G. Suzanne Chacon, Zoo Aves (Birds/Passerines); Jeanne Walsh, Newark Museum Mini-Zoo (Reptiles); Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo (Amphibians) Crisis Management Resource Notebook - Susan Chan, AAZK; William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville,TX; and Diana L. Guerrero, Ark Animals, Inc., Escondido, CA. printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based ink products Table of Contents About the Cover/Information for Contributors 258 Scoops & Scuttlebutt 259 Message from the President 260 Coming Events 261 Conference ‘98 - Indianapolis - Tentative Agenda 262 - 263 AAZK Announces New/Renewing Members 264 Reactions Column: Graphics and Signage 266 - 267 ABC's Column (hiatus announcement )/Information Please 268 Legislative Update 269 - 271 Mexican Wolf Release Update 272 Election ‘99 - Call for Nominations/Qualifications 274 Bringing Out the Reclusive Leopard: Hand-rearing Clouded Leopards 275 - 279 Chapter News 280 - 281 Enrichment Options (Bears - Water Flotation Device) 282 - 283 North American Elephant Studbooks Available 283 Notes on the Maintenance of Centipedes 284 - 286 Dedicated Topic AKFs - Back Issues Available 286 Book Reviews {London Zoo from Old Photographs 1852-1914; and Mark of the Bear: Legend and Lore of an American Icon) 287 - 289 Opportimity Knocks 290 - 292 About the Cover..... This month's cover features the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) drawn hy Lee Houts of the Folsom City Zoo, Folsom City, CA. Ostrich are sexually diamorphic ratites that can weigh over 300 lbs. and reach a height of eight feet. Males generally attain a territory with a nest site where a harem contributes eggs to a communal nest. The male and dominant hen then share the incubation and brooding chores. Gregarious chicks may later gather to form large creches with several adults acting as protectors. While they cannot fly, ostrich can run at speeds reaching 40 mph with strides over 12 feet. Currently there are five geographical races. Nine species once roamed Africa, Asia and the Middle East. By 1900 ostriches were hunted to extinction in Asia. The last Arabian ostrich was killed in Saudi Arabia during World War II. Thanks, Lee! Information for Contributors Animal Keepers Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts on a disk as well as in hard copy form. Acceptable formats include: for Macintosh users - Microsoft Word or Works; IBM users - Word for Windows, WordPerfect or Wordstar. All illustrations, graphs, charts and tables should be clearly marked, in final form and should fit in a page size no greater than 5.5” x 8.5” (14cm x 22cm). Literature used should be cited in the text (Brown, 1986) and alphabetically in the final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name (as per ISIS) the first time an animal name is used. Thereafter use common name. Use metric system for weights and measurements (standard equivalents may be noted in parenthesis). Use the continental dating system (day-month-year). Times should be listed as per the 24-hour clock (0800, 1630 hrs. etc.). Glossy finish black and white photos only are accepted. Color slides should be converted to black and white prints (minimum size 3” x 5” [8cm x 14cm] ) before submission. Clearly marked captions should accompany photos. Please list photo credit on back of photo. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more of the zoo professionals who serve as referees ioiAKF. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pubhsh articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone and FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space allows. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. Phone 1-800-242-4519 (US); 1-800-468- 1966 (Canada); FAX (785) 273-1980. Deadline for each regular issue is the 10th of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the editor. Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AKF staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. Back issues are available for $3.00 each. 258 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 6, 1998 Scoops <£ Scuttlebutt Nominations Sought for AAZK Board of Directors Attention all members! Now is the time to submit your nominations for your Board of Directors. New Board members will serve a four-year term, beginning at the close of the 1999 National Conference in Portland, OR until the close of the 2003 National Conference. There are four positions that will be open at the close of the 1999 Conference. Those positions are currently held by Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo; Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park; David Luce, Chaffee Zoological Gardens of Fresno; and Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoo. Please fill out the Nominator and Nominee Biographical Forms (included as a blue insert in this issue) and send to the address below. Deadline for submission of nominations is 31 January 1999. Nominations should be sent to: Sheri Leavitt, NEC Chair, Houston Zoological Gardens, Children’s Zoo, 1513 N. MacGregor Way, Houston, TX 77030; fax (713) 284-8320). lUCN Otter Specialist Group Announces an E-mail Network The lUCN Otter Specialist Group has established an e-mail communication network for all individuals working with otters in captive settings. This includes zoos, aquariums, rehab centers, imiversity settings, clinics, etc. Individuals are invited to send in questions and/or comments which will then be passed on to all participants. Answers will be sent to the inquirer and to the central library address. Interested individuals are requested to send their name, e-mail address, institution affiliation, species and/or area of interest and expertise to: jrsotter@iserv.net. C. A. U. Z, Directory Available The 9th Consortium of Aquarium, Universities and Zoos Directory forl998 is currently available. This 163-page document contains valuable information for all zoo and aquarium professionals. Five hundred network members from 45 countries have submitted information about their current projects, including fieldwork taking place in 84 countries. One-third of the network members now have addresses outside of the U. S. and Canada. The Directory includes postal addresses as well as phone/fax numbers and Website URLs, plus e-mail addresses for 290 network members. The Directory is available for $20 ($30 to addresses outside the US. and Canada) from the C.A..U.Z. Network Coordinator, Donna Hardy, Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8255. C.A.U.Z. can be found on the World Wide Web at : WWW. selu/com/~bio/cauz . Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 7, 1998 259 p/lessage from the President Greetings from the Lone Star State! In this issue I am proud to announce the partnership between AAZK and Wildlife Artists, Inc. WAI prides themselves on original concepts and are “devoted to increasing the understanding and appreciation of the inherent value of all life forms and to influencing the conservation of the earth’s wildlife” by developing authentic and educational products. Our imion with WAI brings to the forefront the introduction of the “Carie Cares^^” Zoo Keeper and Aquarist Doll Collection. She comes dressed in either a zoo keeper outfit or an aquarist’s wetsuit. Each “Carie Cares^^” comes with a scrunchie for her hair and an animal for which she cares. Each doll also includes a hang-tag which explains about the keeper/ aquarist’s role in wildlife conservation. “Carie Cares^^” and her male coimterpart “Kyle Cares@” are 16 inches tall with fabric bodies and embroidered faces. AAZK, Inc. has endorsed the development of the “Carie Cares™” product line and WAI will donate a portion of the sales of these products to AAZK. For a limited time (beginning in August), “Carie Cares™” will be sold through the Animal Keepers 'Forum to the membership at a special price. In September, a WAI representative will be attending the 1998 AAZK/AZH/EMA joint National Conference to listen to your comments and tell you more about the development of the “Junior Zoo Keeper™” product line. “Carie Cares^^” and “Kyle Cares^^” will be sold exclusively in zoo and aquarium gift shops and boutiques. “Kyle Cares™” will be available in 1999. Look for them at your institution or ask your gift shop manager to contact WAI and order them. Many Chapters have included an additional contribution in their recharter fees to support the Association. On behalf of the AAZK membership and the Board of Directors, I wish to thank all the Chapters that have continued to send money to support their professional organization. Look - the Indianapolis Conference is just around the comer. Are you submitting an abstract? Have you put in for the time off? Well, let’s get cracking. I want to see everyone in Indy in September. Take care and have a safe summer. Ric Urban, AAZK President Houston Zoological Gardens 260 Animal Keepers Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 Coming events The Sixth Invertebrates in Captivity Conference - July 28-Aug. 2, 1998 in Tucson, AZ. Held at the Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute. Topics will cover conservation, husbandry, exhibition and the use of invertebrates in natural history education. For further information visit SASI’s website at http:// www.azstamet.com/'-sasi or write to Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute, P. O. Box 5624, Tucson, AZ 85703, or call (520) 883-3945. 19th Annual Conference & Expo of the Association of Avian Veterinarians - August 24- 29, 1998 in St. Paul, MN. For more information on the conference visit the AAV Conference website at www.ConferenceOffice.com/aav or contact the Conference Office at (303) 756-8380. Registration brochures and online info available in May. Society of Zooculturists - Sept. 9-12, 1998 in Blooomington, MN. For more information contact: Vance and Darlene Grannis, 9249 Barnes Ave. E., Inver Grove Hghts., MN 55077. VMD, Executive Director/AAZV, 6 North Pennell Rd., Media, PA 19063; Phone: (610) 892-4812; Fax: (610) 892-4813; or E- Mail:75634.235 @compuserve.com The Zoo Registrars Association - October 22- 24, 1998 in Columbus, OH. For further information, contact Gretchen Bickert, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., PowelfOH 43065; (614) 654-3429; e-mail: gbickert@colszoo.org Association of Zoo Veterinary Technicians Conference - October 24-29, 1998 in Houston, TX. Held at Houston Zoological Gardens. For info contact: Jenni Jenkins, LVT, AZVT Secretary, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Attn: Veterinary Hospital, P. O. Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830. Phone: (407) 938-2869. EMA. AZH. AAZK. Inc. Joint Conference - Sept. 26-30, 1998 in Indianapolis, IN. This one of a kind event will bring together members from the Elephant Managers Association, the Association of Zoological Horticulture and the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Information on the Conference as well as hotel forms and conference registration forms may be found in the March 1998 issue of AKF. For further information contact Bruce Elkins, 1200 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46222; Phone - (317) 630-2031; Fax - (317) 630-5153; E-mail - belki ns @ mail . indy zoo . com Aquarium and Zoo Facilities Association Annual Conference - October 4-7, 1998 in Columbia, SC. AZFA was formerly known as the Aquarium and Zoo Maintenance Association/ (AZMA). For further information, contact John Morgan, Riverbanks Zoo and Garden, P. O. Box 1060, Columbia, SC 29202; (202) 779-8717, ext. 1116. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference - October 17-22, 1998 in Omaha, NE. To be held in conjunction with the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. For further information contact: Wilbur Armand, Restoring the Wolf - November 11-15, 1998 in Seattle, WA. A forum on wolf biology, recovery, management and activism will include scientific presentations, posters, panel discussions and workshops. For info contact: Nina Fascione, Defenders of Wildlife, 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington, DC 20005; Phone (202) 789- 2844, Ext. 227; E-mail: nfascione@defenders.org. C^THE GOURMET RODENT TM RATS AND MICE Bill & Marcia Brant 6115 SW 137th Avenue Archer. FL 32618 (352) 495-9024 FAX (352) 495-9781 e-mail: GrmtRodent6aol.com <0 Ail Rights Reserved Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 261 In September 1998, the City of Indianapolis and the staff and friends of the Indianapolis Zoo will play host to one of the most unique meetings in the history of the zoological world. For the first time, three international organizations have joined together to present a conference where colleagues, peers, experts and special guests can gather to exchange the latest information on issues of concern to them all. The American Association of Zoo Keepers (AAZK, Inc.), Elephant Managers Association (EMA), and the Association of Zoological Horticulture (AZH) will meet for a week of outstanding presentations and discussions, along with fellowship and professional interaction. This joint conference begins September 27 with a special presentation by elephant expert Dr. Katy Payne, bio-acoustics researcher from Cornell University. We regret that Ian Douglas-Hamilton will not be able to attend the Conference as previously announced. It ends four days later after many events, both jointly and in concert with each organization’s individual concerns. The conference includes a special day at the Indianapolis Zoo where information exchange and enjoyment among colleagues will rule. Among other outstanding speakers will be keynoter Kevin Willis of the Minnesota Zoo, plus Ian Craig of Lewa Wildlife Conservancy and Thomas Foose of the International Rhino Foundation. Subjects will include ever3d;hing from endangered habitats to zoo operations, with an emphasis on in situ conservation in parks and zoos worldwide. Additional speakers will include Tony Vecchio, Director of the Portland Zoo, Thane Ma3mard, Education Director of the Cincinnati Zoo, and the Indianapolis Zoo's own Rich Block, Vice President of Scientific and Program Development. The world is coming this Fall to Indianapolis! ^ ^ Calling All Sponsors ❖ ^ ❖ As a reminder to all Chapters or organizations, we are currently seeking sponsors to help with the 1998 AAZK/EMA/AZH Joint Conference. We can provide signage to give thanks for your donation. If you would like to help sponsor breaks,hospitality suites, or banquets, please contact Bruce Elkins at (317) 630- 2031 or e-mail: BELKINS@mail.indyzoo.com. Thanks for your support! 262 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 7, 1998 1996 AAZK/AZH/EMA Joint Conference Tentative Agenda Friday. September 25. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Pre-Conference Trip #1 - Indiana Cave & Winery Saturday. September 26. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Pre-Conference Trip #2 - Canoeing and/or hiking at Shades & Turkey Run State Parks 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Board of Director Meetings & Committee Meetings 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Joint Ice Breaker (Caribbean Cruise theme) Sunday. September 27. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Paper Sessions including presentation by Dr. Katy Payne, elephant communication (bio-acoustics) researcher from Cornell University 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Workshops Monday. September 28. 1998 8 a.m. to Noon - Paper Sessions including presentations by Tom Foose, International Rhino Foundation and Ian Craig. Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, Kenya 12 noon until 10 p.m. - Zoo Day which will include the following: -Lunch and Dinner at the Zoo -Silent and Live Auctions at the Zoo -Kodiak bear. Ring-tail lemur and Raven training and Herp Husbandry sssions at Zoo (Bear and Herp sessions limited to 30 people each - sign up will be during conference registration) - Zoo Olympics Tuesday. September 29. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Paper Sessions 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Workshops (including Australasian Rap Session) Wednesday. September 30. 1998 8 a.m. to Noon - Paper Sessions 2:00 to 3:30 p.m. - General Business Meeting 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Closing Banquet (Back to the Jungle theme) Thursdayto Saturday. October 1-3. 1998 8 a.m. - Post-Conference Trip to Louisville Zoo and Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. Return by 2 p.m. Saturday, October 3, 1998. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 263 New & Renewing AAZK Professional, Institutional, and Contributing Members New Professional Members Lisa M. Lasher, North Carolina Zoo (NC); Noelle Hope Rosenfeld, Grandfather Mountain Animal Habitats (NC); Deborah A. Green and Melissa Croxton, Sea World of Florida (FL); Jeff Crawford, Crawford Conservancy (FL); Dolora Batchelor, Miami Metrozoo (FL); Edward J. South, Jungle Larry’s Zoological Park (FL); Jason Markel, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (FL); Marianne Robinson, Grand Oak Wildlife Park (AL); Dana Prior, Louisville Zoo (KY); Ann A. Willson, The Living Desert (CA); Michelle Loney, Ft. Wayne Children’s Zoo (IN); Kim Godby, John Ball Zoo (MI); Tiffany Barbour, Tulsa Zoo (OK); Liz Abram, Dallas Zoo (TX); R. Michael Burger, San Antonio Zoo (TX); Stephen Claussen, Karen McRea, Brian K. O’Neill, and Tracy L. Karmuza, Free Willy/Keiko (OR); and Judith C. Loeven, Wolf Haven International (WA). New Contributing Members Victoria Canzonetta Ft. Lauderdale, FL Renewing Contributing Members Debra Burch, Miami, FL Kathy DeFalco, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA John Bretton, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA Renewing Institutional Members St. Augustine Alligator Farm, St. Augustine, FL William B. Puckett, Director St. Louis Zoological Park, St. Louis, MO Charles Hoessle, Director Need to Reach AAZK? 1-800-242-4519 (U. S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX: (785) 273-1980 or write AAZK, Inc. 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Administrative Office Staff Barbara Manspeaker - Administrative Secretary Susan Chan - Managing Editor AKF Orca - Office Cat Office Hours: 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. CDT^ 264 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 7, 1998 SPECTRUM Quality exotic animal diets Nutritionally balanced Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NEBRASKA BRAND h 1 SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored psittacine/primate, 20% protein dry Banana flavored primate. Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Polar Bear dry Ratite dry Bulbless heaters—nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240. 500, or 750 wattages. One call does It all 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 ^ ^ r r / o jV ^ ;\^ue5fiot aid iAtsmforuM /or fk Zoo Frofyssmaf on Crisis By William K. Baker, Jr., Zoo Curator Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Question How important are the graphics and signage to the safety of a zoological institution? Comments Safety graphics and signage are something of a double-edged sword for zoological institutions. They provide direction for members of the public and can also act as subtle reminders for staff members to perform their daily duties in a safe and professional manner. Still, it would be an oversimplification to leave that statement hanging without further explanation. The primary purpose of signage and graphics in a zoological setting is to inform the public. The information conveyed could address simple directions to the next animal exhibit, which in turn controls the traffic flow within the facility, or it could provide direction to the nearest visitor assistance area. Both of these, while subtle, remain within the purview of zoological safety. The more obvious example would be emergency graphics that identify exits, first aid, and restricted areas. This leads to the most important aspect of signage, where the zoo visitor shouldn’t be. This could be as simple as “No Trespassing” or the more descriptive “Restricted Area, Authorized Personnel Only”. This point is, you don’t want the public in the defined area. To achieve this goal the sign should be simple, printed in a clear letter style, and preferably in color. Also, it doesn’t hurt to have your message in several different languages when considering the cultural diversity of many of the larger cities. Placement should be at eye level and clearly visible from all angles. Remember, your signs needs to take into account the one in a thousand visitor who is basically dysfunctional and the stuff of which keeper nightmares are made. At some point we have all encountered the individual who crosses the guardrail, sticks his hand through the fence, or feeds the animals within one yard of a clearly posted sign to the contrary. A warning sign doesn’t only keep the public out of 266 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 harm’s way, it also provides the institution with a liability defense, which is definitely a factor in our current “lawsuit decade”. Still, it would be nearly impossible to calculate how many crisis situations have been avoided due to effective signage, even an exhibit’s species-specific graphics identify a possible threat. Unfortunately, there comes a point when an institution can go into signage overkill. This not only reduces the quality of the visitor experience, it can also result in the public becoming desensitized to the message. This should be a real concern when considering the attention span of the MTV generation. Conversely, without adequate signage a facility and its staff could be faced with running constant interference. So, somewhere there exists a delicate balance between informing, marketing and warning. I recently started posting new graphics and signs throughout my facility and I am searching for that balance myself Many of the same factors that apply to the public also apply to staff members. If the messages are continuous and overwhelming, then the reminder is lost in the daily routine. The human mind simply phases it out of conscious thought. Once again, keep the messages clear, simple and visible. The most notable difference between staff and public is that the staff doesn’t need to be warned about the inherent dangers of a zoo, but reminded of the cost of a failure to follow appropriate procedures in their daily routine. Also, staff members need to know the location of first aid stations, eye wash stations, acid showers, fire extinguishers, emergency capture equipment, emergency alarms, and emergency personnel information. In short, provide your staff with the means to locate equipment and resolve the crisis, and avoid creating a second problem. Effective signage should inform and assist, not overwhelm and confuse. NEXT MONTH: What part, if any, do facility maintenance personnel play in the safety of a zoo? If you would like to submit a question for this column or have comments on previously published material, please send them to: Reactions/AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. (About the Author: Since 1985 Bill has been active in the fields of science, zoology and wildlife management. His education and expereince include a B. S. in wildlife management and post-graduate work in zoology; Lab and Museum Assistant; Shoot Team leader, ERT Member, and Senior Keeper and Large Mammal Keeper at various AZA facilities. His area of research is crisis management in zoological institutions, which draws upon practical experience and training as a Rescue Diver, Hunter Safety Instructor, NRA Firearms Instructor, and Red Cross CPR/ First Aid Instructor.) Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 267 ABC ^ Animal Behavior Concerns & Solutions A Question and Answer Forum for the Zoo Professional Diana Guerrero, Independent Dehavior Consultant, Ark Animals of California, San Die^o, CA This is to announce that the ABC’S column will temporarily not be appearing as a regular contribution. Ms. Guerrero is giving up many of her columns to focus her work on two book projects which will be taking up her time for the rest of the year. Diana is serving as a co-editor on the AAZK Crisis Management Resource Notebook. Her other publication project is a book on exotic and domestic animal training and communication. Her book is scheduled for release next year, while the AAZK project is tentatively scheduled for release this fall. Please feel free to contact her directly with any questions related to animal behavior or training. She can be reached via email at arkabc@arkanimals.com or by phone at (800) 818-7387. For those interested in her ongoing columns, they will continue to appear on the Internet at various locations and at her site located at http://www.arkanimals.com Information Please I am currently writing a book of short stories about zookeepers and the animals they care for - life from birth to death and those close encounters that happen in zoos. I need your help, so please send your stories to me. I would greatly appreciate any stories and experiences that anyone has had while working at any zoo. Photographs are appreciated and will be returned. Please send to: Matthew Cottrell, 74-051 Catalina Way, Palm Desert, CA 92260. Phone: (760) 568-9840. I own a private facility and I raise Bennett’s wallabies {Macropus rufogriseus frutica). The question I have is - how common are twins (or 2 joeys in one pouch) in the Bennetts? I have a very large three-and-a-half-year-old female. She gave birth to one joey on 11-20-97, but on 4-10-98, it was discovered that she has two joeys in her pouch that “appear” to be approximately 6-8 weeks apart in age. This enclosure only houses one pair of wallabies, so it is impossible for the second joey to belong to anyone else. I look forward to any feedback on why this happened, how it happened, or any theories anyone might have. Also any information on multiple births in any macropods would be much appreciated. Please contact: Dusty Ann Gualco, The Jumping Pouch, Route 2, Box 84, Tyron, OK 74875; phone/fax (918) 374-2781. 268 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25 y No. 7, 1998 Cegislative Update Compiled by Georgann Johnston Legislative Advisor Sacramento, CA 1-800-338-7348 Africa’s Skeleton Coast May Be Site of Commercial Fishing Harbor The Skeleton Coast on the western side of the African Continent (within the geographic borders of Namibia), may become the home of a commercial fishing port. The Namibian government, which recently decided to develop a hydroelectric power station at Epupa Falls along its border with Angola, is now considering development of the northern portion of the wild and windswept coastline. The proposal would transform the Mowe Bay area of the Skeleton Coast Park into a fishing harbor. Mowe Bay is located in the middle of the Skeleton Coast Park, a long rectangular portion of desert dunes and river beds stretching about 24 miles inland and measuring about 300 miles north to south. The Park was established in 1971, primarily to protect the area’s rare and endangered species including the desert- adapted elephants. Opponents of the fishing port say that an additional industrial port is not needed, partially because over-fishing has significantly declined the number of fish stocks. Additionally, the opponents of the plan point out that the development of the Park as a tourist attraction has been a great boon for the country’s economy and that the addition of a port would destroy the Parks’ reputation as one of the last unspoiled natural areas on the western side of the African continent. Proponents of the plan say that the port could be multi-use, including a base site for offshore oil drilling, mining, and the export of agricultural products. The $1.2 million environmental impact study for the project is being done by the same company that endorsed the hydroelectric plant. Results of the study are due by early summer 1998. Source: African Wildlife Update: the Independent Source for News on African Wildlife, published on-line by the African Wildlife News Service May 1998. Galapagos Islands Protected By Ecuadorian Legislation Over a year ago, this column reported a heated dispute underway in the Galapagos Islands and in Ecuador regarding the protection of the islands, their flora and fauna, and who exactly had the power or authority to control this unique geographical area. Readers may recall that residents of the islands felt that they should be in control of the area, while the government of Ecuador believed the islands should be under Ecuadorian control and protection. Recently, the government of Ecuador has approved legislation to protect the islands. The Galapagos Conservation Law was signed by the president of Ecuador on 6 March Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 269 1998 and the action was endorsed by representatives of Ecuador, the Islands, and multiple international conservation groups. The legislation increases the marine- protection boundary around the islands from a 15 to 40 mile radius, bans industrial- scale fishing, and increases the percentage of tourist revenues that go towards preserving the islands and combating “invader” species. Source: Focus, published by the World Wildlife Fund, May /June 1998; Los Angeles Times, 18 January 1998. Interior Department Reaffirms Position to Protect Arctic Wildlife Refuge from Oil Drilling Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt issued a statement on 17 May 1998 confirming the Department’s position that drilling for oil under the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would continue to be prohibited. A study recently completed by the U.S. Geological Survey has revealed that there is no large petroleum source such as that found at Puduhoe Bay . Rather, the coastal plain of the Refuge contains a multitude of small reservoirs. To access these small pockets of oil would “require the kind of infrastructure that would forever and drastically alter the landscape of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, now dedicated to the conservation of Alaska’s magnificent wildlife and wilderness resources”, said Babbitt. However, despite the purported continuing ban on oil drilling. Babbitt also admitted that the Interior Department is cooperating with the State of Alaska and Native American tribes on an environmental impact statement looking at a portion of the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska to determine whether oil and gas leasing could be compatible with the needs of both wildlife and Alaska Natives. Source: Interior Department Press Release 17 May 1998 Final Sea Turtle Conservation Plan Available to the Public The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine and Fisheries Service have completed the final version of the recovery plan for endangered and threatened sea turtles under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The two agencies have concurrent jurisdiction over the target species under a Memorandum of Agreement, since some turtles are found in a more terrestrial environment (i.e. during egg-laying) and others primarily in the marine environment. Species included in the plan include Kemp’s ridley {Lepidochelys kempii), leatherback {Dermochelys coriacea), and hawskbill {Eretmochelys imbricata) which are all classified as endangered and loggerhead {Caretta caretta), green {Chelonia mydas), and olive ridley {Lepidochelys olicacae) which are clasified as threatened. Copies of the final plan can be obtained by writing to the Chief, Endangered Species Division, Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Springs, MD 20910. Electronic copies in .pdf format are also available at NMFS’s Protected Resources internet website (http://www.nmfs.gov/prot_res/). Source: Federal Register Online, 22 May 1998, vol. 63, no. 99 270 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 Return of the Quagga Possible Through Proposed Selective Breeding Program The quagga, a mammal similar in appearance to the various zebra species, became extinct in the late 1800s. Recent research on museum specimens has revealed that the true quagga is genetically similar to the plains zebra. This discovery has now led to a proposal for retrieving the quagga through selective of plains zebra stock. In 1987, a Quagga Breeding Project was started by a committee centered at the South African Museum - the major natural history museum of that African country. The project acquired a number of plains zebras and now has a heard of 53 animals whose coat patterns closely resemble the extinct quagga. Because of the recent genetic analysis data, the South African National Parks office (an agency of the South African government) has endorsed the project and is assisting the plan by providing habitat in the former ranges of the quagga. Recently, 13 additional plains zebra were moved by the government from their native habitat to the Karoo National Park and will be incorporated into the project. In conjunction with the project, the South African National Parks Board and the Quagga Project are in the process of drawing up a species management program to address long-term goals of the undertaking. Further information about the program may be obtained by contacting Trevor Dearlove of the South African National Parks Board by phone at 021-222816, fax at 021-238412, or e-mail at trevord@parks- sa.co.za. Source: WildNet Africa, an online news service, 12 May 1998 AP Reports Whale Killing Moratorium Often Violated The Associated Press has reported that over 18,000 whales have been killed since an International Whaling Commission moratorium took effect 12 years ago. A report by World Wildlife Fund says Japan and Norway are violating the moratorium by taking advantage of a legal loophole allowing the countries to kill whales for scientific purposes. In the past three years, Japan’s annual whale catch increased more than 90%, while Norway’s “more than doubled.” Source: GREENlines Issue #630 5/21/98 European Union Bans Driftnets The June 9th Financial Times reported the European Union agreed to ban drift net fishing on the high seas in a move aimed at protecting dolphins. Although intended to catch tuna and swordfish, driftnets each year snare and drown thousands of dolphins. Countries have three and a half years to implement the ban. France and Ireland opposed the move. Source: GREENlines #645 6/11/98 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 271 Released Mexican Wolves May Have Given Birth; Two Other Wolves Dispersing From Packs Two Mexican gray wolves reintroduced with family groups into the Apache National Forest of eastern Arizona may have given birth, according to biologists with the Arizona Game and Fish Department and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Limited movements by the two groups indicate that the adult females may have given birth near their packs’ release sites. The. Forest Service closed an area in the Apache National Forest about 10 miles southwest of Alpine with a one-mile radius around the Hawk’s Nest pack on May 13 and will post the area with signs. The agency announced a similar closure for the Campbell Blue pack, about seven miles southwest of Alpine. The Forest Service has also posted campgrounds and trailheads in the forest with additional information about wolves and other predators. “Now is the time of year when wolves have pups,” said David Parsons, Mexican Wolf Recovery Leader. “We’re pleased that the two remaining packs have chosen areas with good prey bases.” The areas occupied by both packs are near concentrations of elk, which will be calving soon, and away from cattle or areas of human habitation. In the meantime, two female wolves — a one-year- old from the Campbell Bluepack [wolf #511] and a two-year-old from the Hawks Nest pack [wolf #494] seem to be dispersing from their packs. Wolf #494 was sighted near the town of Alpine on several occasions and was observed near cows on the morning of May 11 and the evening of May 12. Wolf #511 has traveled widely, wandering outside the designated wolf recovery area on May 9-10 and again on the 13th. It was recently located about five miles north of Showlow, Arizona. ‘While dispersal from packs is normal behavior for young wolves, the fact is these wolves will not find mates this year and are not in areas that are appropriate for wolves,” said Diane Boyd-Heger, a wolf biologist with the Arizona Game and Fish Department. Because of their inappropriate locations, the interagency management team [Arizona Game and Fish Department, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USD A Wildlife Services] has decided to capture the two wolves and will place them temporarily inside the Campbell Blue acclimation pen or at the Sevilleta captive management facility in New Mexico, Parsons added. Possible management actions include re-releasing one or both wolves near the Campbell Blue pack or in a more remote area of the Apache National Forest. The team could also decide to return the two wolves to captivity where they would be candidates for re-release into the wild in the future. 272 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 Two other incidents involving wolves and livestock have been reported, but no livestock have been harmed in any of the encounters. On May 5 a rancher saw three or four wolves circling his cattle, which had recently been moved to a pasture about five miles from the Hawks Nest release pen. The rancher reported that he yelled and fired two shots in the air and the wolves moved away. They have not returned to the area since that time. On May 10, wolf #511 was observed close to a cow and her newborn calf by biologists tracking her from the air. The wolf was frightened away from the livestock by the plane and left the immediate area. Biologists made imsuccessful attempts to capture it on May 9 and 10. The wolf management team continues to monitor all wolves daily via overflights or ground tracking. Biologists are using noise-making devices to frighten wolves away from areas of human habitation and from livestock when needed. “Ranchers and other local residents have been very helpful in reporting and helping resolve wolf incidents,” said Wendy Brown, a wolf biologist with the Fish and Wildlife Service. “Information they provide is very helpful in resolving potential conflicts between wolves and humans.” ■Source: USFWS News Release 5121 198 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 7, 1998 273 ELECTION. ’99 WE WANT YOU! Do you wish to help your professional organization? Become an AAZK Board Member. Four seats are up for election - those held by Diane Callaway, Lucy Segerson, David Luce and Jan Reed-Smith whose terms expire at the close of the 1999 National Conference. New Board members will serve a four-year term from the close of the 1999 National Conference until the conclu- sion of the 2003 National Conference. Why is this first call for nominations so early? TIME is the answer. Nominations, candidates’ verification £md tallying mailed ballots require time. We also wish to notify winners early enough to allow them to make arrangements to attend the National AAZK Conference before they assume office. This will enable the new Board Members to become familiar with Board responsibilities and AAZK activities before they assume responsibility for our organization. Duties of the Board of Directors For a more detailed explanation of the expanded duties of the Board, refer to the By-Laws (available upon request from Administrative Offices in Topeka, KS). 1) Select, appoint or remove officers, committees, agents and employees of the Association, including - prescribing powers and duties. 2) To control and manage the Association and its property, passing upon acquisition and disbursements with approval of a majority of the Board. 3) To formulate policies, rules and regulations in accord with the Constitution & By-Laws. 4) To uphold the Constitution of AAZK and the policies of the Association. 5) To appear at Board meetings, to accept Board assignments and to devote the time to communications pertinent to all Board business, including answering correspondence promptly and efficiently. Qualifications for Nomination 1) Nominee must be a Professional Member of AAZK, Inc. in good standing and must have been a member of the Association for at least one year. 2) Nominee must be presently employed as an animal keeper/attendant, veteri- nary technician, research technician or other personnel directly connected with the care, feeding and educational display of captive wildlife in a recognized zoological park, aquarium, animal reserve or other animal care facility in the U. S. or Canada and must have been in the zoological field for at least two years. 274 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 7, 1998 Bringing Out the Reclusive Leopard: Hand-Rearing Clouded Leopards (Neofelis nehulosa) By Ivy M. McGovern, Feline Mammal Keeper Central Florida Zoological Park, Lake Monroe, FL In zoo settings it is sometimes necessary to hand-rear and care for infant animals. Hand-rearing may be deemed fit for animals in which parental care is lacking or possibly for some assurance that the animal may be easier to work with due to constant human interaction. Clouded leopards {Neofelis nehulosa) are typically a very timid species of endangered feline. They inhabit the tropical rain forests of southeast Asia. The regions include elevations of 2500m (1.6 mi.) ranging from Nepal to Sikkim, east to southeastern China, and the Malay Peninsula including Hainain and Thailand [Prater, 1964; Lekagul and McNeely, 1977; Seidensticker, 1986]. According to interviews with local inhabitants, dwindling populations are also reported in Taiwan [Rabinowitz, 1988; Zong-Yi and Sung, 1986], Borneo [Rabinowitz et al., 1987], Sumatra (Santiapilla and Ashby, 1988], and Bangladesh [Khan, 1986]. Knowledge about many of their habits and behaviors as well as a wild population census are still imknown due to their nocturnal and arboreal nature. Clouded leopards elusive behavior in the wild translates directly to a captive situation. It is in my opinion that because of their reserved behavior, they become easily stressed when faced with human interaction from the general public and their caretakers. Currently the Central Florida Zoological Park houses a breeding pair of clouded leopards. The female “Chessie” (Studbook #924) and the male “Tong-Tong” (Studbook #931) previously produced two litters. Both litters were mother-reared creating concerns about their adaptability to new situations and becoming stressed at other institutions. For this reason we decided to hand-rear the third litter of cubs. “Teh-Kwang” (Studbook #1066) and “Jing” (Studbook # 1065) are very important offspring due to the genetic importance of their father who ranks among one of the top five in the United States and is considered an FI generation from wild-caught parents. The clouded leopard appears on the U. S. Endangered Species List as of 1970 (McMahan 1982; U. S. Fish and Wildlife, 1987.) and is listed as CITES Appendix I as of 1975. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna (CITES) is an endeavor by governments to regulate the trade of endangered species all over the world. In 1993 the Species Survival Plan® (SSP) which is a program of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) to coordinate captive breeding programs designated only 16 of the 98 clouded leopards in U. S. zoos as future breeders to sustain a viable gene pool in the captive population. Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 7, 1998 215 Currently there are no release programs for clouded leopards due to habitat destruction, poaching, and limited number of genetically viable breeding individuals. As of 15 July 1996 there were only 20 breeding individuals (Millard, S., 1996 pers comm). In order to maintain the genetic variation and increase the number of breeding pairs “Teh-Kwang” and “Jing” will become recommended breeders in the SSP and will each be paired with a female. Following a gestation period of 92 days, the two male clouded leopard cubs were born on 21 March 1997. Their mother immediately began caring for them. In order for the cubs to begin life with the proper antibodies and immunities we allowed the cubs to stay with their mother for five days to obtain colostrum, which is the first milk containing maternal antibodies. On the fifth day the cubs were separated from the mother, weighed, and placed in an incubator at 23-28°C (85-90°F). At five days of age “Teh-Kwang” weighed 484.6g (1.068 lbs.) auid “Jing” weighed 461. 3g (1.017 lbs.). They were immediately started on KMR® (Borden), a commercially made kitten milk replacer formula. Bottled water was used to protect against any bacteria that might have been present in the water system. Feedings were scheduled every three hours around the clock for 10 days. Initially the formula ratio was ( 1/2 oz. KMR® : 1 oz. water) and each cub consumed 15ml (0.5 oz.) per feeding. Bottles and nipples were sterilized in boiling water before each feeding. The cubs initially fought against taking an artificial nipple (Similac® Premature nipple and ring) but with some patience and coaxing quickly began to nurse in a sternal position. At 15 days of age the formula ratio was changed to a higher concentration (1 oz. KMR® : 1 1/2 oz. water) and the feedings were scheduled every four hours allowing the cubs and keepers to sleep six hours from 2300 to 0500 hours. At two weeks of age “Teh- Kwang” and “Jing” weighed 4.4kg (9.7 lbs.) each. 2.0 Clouded Leopard cubs at approximately one month of age. 276 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 Each cub continued to grow quickly. The amount of formula given was increased 1-2 ml every 2-3 days. We based this increase on how each cub appeared after every feeding. For example, if a cub after a given feeding was still tr5dng to suckle then the amount of formula would be increased 1-2 ml. Every feeding was a new experience and not always an easy task. To ensure that each cub consumed all of the formula prepared we sometimes had to move the nipple in and out of the mouth to stimulate a sucking response. It was common for the cubs to fall asleep while nursing and this was the method that we employed to elicit a continual feeding response. Following each feeding the cubs were artificially stimulated to urinate and defecate by moving a warm, damp cloth in a circular motion over the anogenital area. In a maternal care situation the mother would stimulate the cubs in a similar fashion with the use of her tongue. This procedure must be employed after every feeding to ensure that constipation and urinary stasis do not occur. However, if constipation is noted a small amoimt of warm water warmed and given orally sometimes will remedy this problem. At 17 days of age the cubs were consuming 25ml (.8 oz.) of formula each per feeding. It was noted at this age that the cubs began urinating on their own due to wet spots found on the towel in the bottom of their carrier. At 19 days of age their incisor teeth began to break through the gums. The presence of teeth led to new found experiences of biting and wrestling with each other as well as with us. To accommodate their teething we provided rubber bones and balls to chew on. We also gave the cubs clean socks knotted on the end to protect against choking. They played and wrestled with the socks for hours on end. At 26 days of age they began defecating on their own. At 30 days of age we introduced a small amount of Nebraska Brand® Feline Diet to hasten weaning. The cubs immediately tasted the new food by licking it. The cubs were now consuming 40ml (1.4oz.) of formula and l/2oz of feline diet at each feeding. At 30 days of age “Teh-Kwang” weighed 6.82 kg (15 lbs.) and “Jing"’ weighed 7.04 kg (15.5 lbs.). Following their feedings the cubs appeared more active and with curiosity began exploring their surroundings. It was extremely beneficial for the cubs to have four keepers who cared for them. On their nightly trips home, they were exposed to different surroundings which broadened their experiences in their physical environment. Young felines at the Central Florida Zoological Park are normally vaccinated, beginning at six weeks of age, for Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, and Panleukopenia. At 40 days of age the cubs received their first innoculations (Fel-o-vax®, a killed virus) produced by (Fort Dodge). Vaccinations were repeated every tv^ weeks until 16 weeks of age. At 71 days of age a killed rabies vaccine (Rabvac®) produced by (Solvay) was administered. At 40 days of age the cubs were consuming 50ml (1.7 oz.) of formula and approximately 1 l/4oz of feline diet per feeding. “Teh-Kwang” weighed 8.36kg (18.43 lbs.) and “Jing” weighed 8.14kg (17.95 lbs.) . The cubs were fed every five hours and sleeping eight hours through the night from 2130 to 0530 hours. Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 571998 111 The cubs public debut occurred on 3 May 1997. It was on this day that they received their official Chinese names as a result of a community naming contest. The names chosen were “Teh-Kwang” (meaning greatness in strength) and “ Jing” (meaning internal power). On 10 May 1997 they were placed in an outside exhibit area supervised by zoo staff and volunteers to ensure that they remained safe while exploring this new environment. They quickly became accustomed to climbing and jumping on the tree limb props. Palm fronds, pine cones, bamboo stalks, edible leaves such as (banana and bamboo), grass, coconuts, and corn on the cob were provided as environmental enrichments. By 50 days of age they grew uninterested in milk formula and showed greater interest in water and the feline diet. Nine weeks of age proved to be a major step in the transition from cubs to juvenile clouded leopards. They were completely weaned from their formula and were eating from .55kg-l.lkg (1. 1-2.4 lbs.) of Nebraska Brand® Feline Diet each. At this age they were also harness trained. Harness training presents the opportunity to educate the public of the importance of endangered species conservation. It is important to emphasize the goal of preventing this group of animals from becoming extinct and how these two cubs will contribute to the expansion of the clouded leopard gene pool while giving the public an opportimity to view them up close. At four and a half months of age the cubs were spending their days and nights in an outside enclosure in which they have large tree limbs to play on and practice their arboreal abilities. They consumed over 1.1kg (2.4 lbs.) of meat a day. “Teh-Kwang” weighed 34.76kg (76 lbs.) and “Jing” weighed Four-month-old 0.1 Clouded leopard in off-exhibit enclosure at Central Florida Zoological Park, Monroe, FL. 278 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 34.1kg. (75 lbs.) We continued interacting with the cubs often to keep the bond between feline and human strong. The cubs recognized their caretakers by whiffling or vocalizing upon visual contact. The purpose of hand-rearing was to establish a working bond with the cubs and having four keepers and four different environments to be raised in insured that “Teh-Kwang” and “Jing” would not establish a strong bond with any one human. It was also extremely beneficial that the cubs were raised together in order not to change the way that they relate to other clouded leopards and to help insure normal socialization. Hand-rearing a feline is a long process that requires much work, patience, and dedication. Raising these cubs was ultimately a study to document if constant human interaction and parental care would mold a shy feline into having a less stressful life in captivity when exposed to new people and new situations. At five months of age they are interacting well with little hesitation to new people and any change in their surroundings evokes curiosity rather than fear. It is hoped that when these cubs are placed at other institutions and with new keepers, that they will adapt easily and proficiently based on their hand-rearing experiences. As of the end of August 1997 both cubs were placed in new institutions. “Teh-Kwang” currently resides in Luther, OK, at the Oak Hill Center for Rare and Endangered Felines and “Jing” now lives in Phoenix, AZ, at The Phoenix Zoo. Both are currently awaiting a mate to be paired with. Care provided by humans is sometimes necessary when the nurturing supplied by the natural mother is deficient. This option is also chosen at times not because of necessity, but to adapt to captivity with less stress and a more secure trust with their human keepers. In both instances the motivating factor should always be the quality of life for the animals involved. Bibliography Lekagul, B.; McNeely, J.A. Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, 1977. McMahan, L.R. (1982): The International Cat Trade. Mimeo. Washington, D.C.: Traffic (U.S.A.). Millard, Susan. 1996. Clouded Leopard SSP Coordinator. Prater, S. H. The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay, India Bombay Natural History Society, 1964. Rabinowitz, A; Andau, R; Chai, P. P. K. The clouded leopard in Malaysian Borneo, Oryx 21:107-111, 1987. Rabinowitz, A. The clouded leopard in Taiwan. Oryx 2:4647, 1988. Santiapilla, C.; Ashby, K. R. The clouded leopard in Sumatra. Oryx 22:44-45, 1988. Seidensticker, J. Large carnivores and the consequence of habitat insularization: Ecology and conservation of tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh. Pgs. 1-41 in Cats of the World: Biology Conservation and Management. S.D. Miller; D. D. Everett, eds. Washington, D.C. National Wildlife Federation, 1986. Yamada., J. K.; Durrant, B. S. Reproductive Parameters of Clouded Leopards {Neofelis nehulosa). Zoo Biology 8:223231; 1989. Zong-Yi, W.; Sung, W. Distribution and recent status of the Felidae in China. Pgs.. 201-209 in Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation, and Management. S.D. Miller; D.D. Everett, eds. Washington, D.C. National Wildlife Federation, 1986. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 279 Chapter ^ews Azotes Philadelphia Zoological Gardens AAZK Chapter Greetings from the Philadelphia Chapter of AAZK! We are welcomed in this new year and early spring with a vivid outlook. Our Chapter seems to have a “breath of fresh air” this year with all of the changes and growth spurts throughout the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. Membership is strong and open to many new ideas. We are currently developing a new Chapter logo, gearing up with a calendar of solid conservation and education goals, and planning the diversity of events included in our RhinoPaloozA, which we have adopted this year in order to bolster our support for rhinoceros conservation. Some of the elements planned include a Bird-a-Thon, PuttPutt® golfing, and a Silent auction. We are also building a new AAZKTable to increase our visibility in the gardens. We hope that through our many activities we will increase the public knowledge of our Chapter’s objectives and accomplishments so that we may enhance our effectiveness and further encourage stewardship in others. This year’s officers are: President Adam Cheek Vice President Andrea Gawlas Secretary..... Elsa Mark Treasurer..... Maria Schwalbe Liaison Jennifer Savage So, even though we may not be seeing you at the bowling alley — look out! The Philadelphia Chapter of AAZK is lining up some pretty interesting pins inl998. — Jennifer Savage, Chapter Liaison Lincoln Park Zoo AAZK Come and be part of one of the largest Bowling for Rhinos events ever! Join Andy Lodge and the Lincoln Park Zoo AAZK Chapter for their 9th Annual BFR on Sunday, 16 August. Registration starts at 5:30 p.m. Tickets are $12.00 for three games and shoe rental. The event will be held at the Marigold Bowl, 828 W. Grace St., Chicago, IL (located near Wrigley Field). For tickets, phone: (312) 902- 3491 or e-mail: RazorDance@aol.com or Zookper@compuserve.com If you’re going to be in the Chicago area on August 16th, we’d love to have you join us! — Cindy Swisher, LPZ AAZK Greater Cleveland AAZK Chapter In 1997 the Greater Cleveland AAZK Chapter donated over $10,000.00 to conservation organizations and participated in several educational programs for the zoo’s public - what a year! So we said - “Can we do it again - and then some?” Well, it looks like the answer to that question is YES! This winter and spring has been non- stop fundraising and planning! In January we tallied up our proceeds from “Pictures with Santa” - $6,998.87 - a Chapter record! Special thanks to docent Cecil Miller for growing his beard and pla5dng Santa for us. We decided to spend half the money on 280 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 donations of various items to the Cleveland Zoo’s sister zoo in Venezuela. Two of our members visited the zoo, brought enrichment items and taught the keepers how to enrich the lives of their animals. They are currently working on a “wish list” of items (nets, gloves, tools, etc.) that we can buy for this zoo. The other half of the money will stay in our account and be donated in smaller amounts to projects that come up during the year. We also sold ostrich eggs during “pictures” and raised $995.00. Several of our monthly meetings will have local conservation organizations give presentations and we will vote on which of these will receive the egg sale proceeds. As soon as “pictures” were over, we started planning our 3rd Annual Dinner/Reverse Raffle. Thanks to keeper Woody Heabler for running the raffle and for all his advice. The proceeds from the raffle ($2400.00) were donated to the Center for Ecosystem Survival for Coral Reef Preservation. February brought us a unique money- raising opportimity. A local restaurant/ pub approached us for celebrity bartenders. Keepers Woody Heabler and Mitch Zverina tended bar and all their tips ($150.00) were donated to the Greater Cleveland AAZK. A great time was had by all! The money was used to hire a D.J. for Bowling for Rhinos. Also in February we voted to donate $2500.00 to the Tarangrie Elephant Project, $500.00 to the National AAZK Conference, and $1000.00 to National AAZK. Next came Bowling for Rhinos. Over the past couple of years we have seen a decreased interest in the event. So we decided to change things this year in hopes of renewing interest for the years to come — we won’t know for sure until next year, but I think we succeeded. We raised over $2700.00. In May we participated in a new educational project - International Migratory Bird Day. We convinced the zoo to buy bird silhouettes which we put on various windows around the zoo. We set up a booth at the zoo’s main pavilion and taught the zoo’s public about migrations and birds in general. Also in May the Greater Cleveland AAZK Chapter hosted the First Annual Creek Clean-Up. We set aside one evening and gathered anyone interested on the bank of a large creek that runs along the zoo. All trash was cleaned out and sorted for recycling. We plan to continue this small, but mighty effort to keep our natural areas unpolluted. Our June meeting was held during our Annual Camp Out. We take over the Education Department’s overnight camp ground (on zoo grounds) and kick off the summer with a cookout/camp- out/meeting/party! A great time was had by all and we came up with some interesting suggestions for new events. — Meghan Kelley, Secretary Kansas City AAZK Chapter We had a lot of fun at our Bowling for Rhinos fundraiser on 16 May. We raised over $3,800.00. thanks to everyone who participated. We hope to see everyone at the Conference in September. --Penny Jolly, Chapter Liaison Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No 7, 1998 281 H ^♦♦y'Uehavioral Enrlchmenr Activity Manipulation Occupational Husbandry TIONS By Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo LARGE CARNIVORES - Bears (U. maritimus, U americanus, U arctos) Water Flotation Device (Fig. 1) Materials: Logs 30.5cm, x 244.0cm (approx. Ift. x 8 ft.), cable chain, eye bolt anchor Construction: Secure logs together with cable. Attach chain to corner log (below the water line). Secure chain to pool edge using eye bolt anchor. Surface of logs may be planed to provide a flat and steady surface. Log “rafts” were constructed to simulate an ice flow in the pool area of our 26- year-old female polar bear. The raft would list under the animal’s weight, providing a launch point or access out of the water. Mobility (drifting) of the logs created uncertainity to where the raft would be positioned at any time. Behaviors initiated included: stomping, launching, pushing, sunning, eating on, and swimming under. Recommendations: Flatten surface of logs (uneven surfaces = imsure footing). Could be made out of thick plywood with gunite coating (i.e. floating boat dock), or thick fiberglass. Keep raft tethered to provide an anchor, mobility, and a safe distance away from any viewing windows. —William Blayney, Keeper Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 282 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 Figure 1: Water Flotation Device at Calgary Zoo. (Photo by Else Poulsen) You are invited to submit material for the Enrichment Options Column-these might include recipes, toys, puzzle feeders, olfactory enrichment ideas, etc. Drawings and photos of enrichments are encouraged. Send to:AKF / Enrichment Options, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., \Topeka, KS 66606-2066. ^ (Ideas appearing in this column have not necessarily been tested by the editors for safety considerations. Always think ahead and use good judgement when trying new ideas. Eds.) North American Elephant Studbooks Available Updated North American studbooks on both African and Asian elephants are now available. Price of $25.00 each includes shipping in the U.S. and Canada. Please add $10.00 for shipping outside of North America. All funds must be in U.S. dollars. Order the Asian elephant studbook from Mike Keele, Metro Washington Park Zoo, 4001 S. W. Canyon Road, Portland, OR 97222-2799, USA (checks or money orders payable to Metro Washington Park Zoo). Order the African elephant studbook from Debbie Olson, Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 West Washington Street, Indianapolis,IN 46222-4500 (checks or money orders payable to Indianapolis Zoo). Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 283 Notes on the Maintenance of Centipedes By B. Rathinasabapathy, Biologist Coimbatore Zoological Park and Conservation Centre Pioneer House, Peelamedu Coimbatore - 641 004, India The tiger centipede {Scolopendra hardwickei) is striking and brilliantly colored, having alternate brown and yellowish-orange bands on the trunk. The length of this species varies from 120-140mm (4.72 to 5.1 in). They are known to occur in Tamil Nadu, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and also in Sri Lanka but are considered to be a relatively rare form (Jangi and Dass, 1984). Observations have been made by several authors on the food and feeding habits of the cosmopolitan species Scolopendra morsitans Linn, which is fairly common in India (Auerbach, 1951; Mathur, 1926; Jangi, 1955;and Mishra, 1942). Khanna (1977) studied the feeding behavior of S. valida Lucas. No information is available in India on the maintenance, keeping and rearing of the tiger centipede, however Rathinasabapathy and Daniel (1997) recorded its occurrence in the Western Ghats. This paper outlines rearing protocols at Coimbatore Zoological Park & Conservation Centre. (CZPCC). Two specimens of tiger centipede were collected from the CZPCC site, Anaikatty (76°45’, 11°5’) on the 23 March and 10 August 1997 respectively. Both the specimens were collected from the moist sandy area of the scrub jungle habitat after a rainy day. They were housed in a terrarium and regular observations were made. Centipedes are a subterranean and burrowing invertebrate form. This species is being maintained in a terrarium measuring 18cm x 12cm x 12cm (7in. x i 4.72in. X 4.72)in.). The bottom of the tank was filled with a 5cm (1.97in.) layer , of soil with a few pieces of tree bark and coconut shells provided for hiding i purposes. The tank was placed in the steel frame and protected from ant infiltration by use of plastic bowls at each of the supporting legs (see Fig. 1). The average room temperature during the study period fluctuated between 22- 31° C (71.6-87.8° F); and the humidity ranged between 60-90%. The humidity was maintained in the tank by sprinkling water over it. A bowl was placed inside as a drinking water source. In the wild, centipedes eat various invertebrates. The diet in captivity consisted of live grasshoppers (Argioenensis sp.), crickets {Aceta domestica); spiders and centipedes (Rhysidua nuda subnuda) fed three times a week. Since centipedes are nocturnal, feeding time was always during the dusk from 1800-1900 hrs. As soon as the prey was left in the tank, the centipede started to move quickly, scanning for a few seconds and then catching the prey with its mandibles and injecting the venom to kill it. After two to three minutes, it started to eat the prey; the whole process took nearly 15-20 minutes. Generally it fed on one or two insects only. The present observation reveals that the tiger centipede is an opportunistic feeder. It feeds on all types of insects offered and does not seem to show a preference to a particular food item. 284 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 Whenever the centipede was disturbed during the daytime, it would move quickly and exhibit aggressive behavior while producing a whizzing sound. No information is available on the longevity of this species except that of S. valida which has lived in captivity for about seven days (Khanna, 1987). From the present study it was observed that the first specimen lived in captivity for 65 days and the second for 186 days. The reason for death could not be ascertained. Keeping centipedes is not practiced in any of the Indian zoos. The present note will hopefully help those who are thinking of keeping centipedes; that these animals are easy to collect and maintain. Figure 1 - A terrarium for rearing centipedes. Based on the review of literature and personal observations the following conclusions were made from the study: 1) Centipedes should be housed individually, 2) Overfeeding should be avoided, and 3) Substrates should always be kept moist, but not too wet. Acknowledgments Funding for this study was provided by the Wildlife Preservation Trust International (WPTI) as part of the ongoing Invertebrate Conservation Project. Thanks to the Secretary of the CZPCC for the facilities provided; Messrs B. E. Yadav for offering comments on this manuscript and to P. Kalisamy, Animal Keeper for his assistance during the study period. References Auerbach, S. I. 1951. Centipedes of Chicago area with special reference to their ecology. Ecol. Monogr., 21, 97-124. Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 285 Rathinasabapathy, B. and Daniel, B.A. 1997. Note on Tiger centipede {Scolopendra hardwickei) at Coimbatore Zoological Park site, Anaikatty, Western Ghats. Zoos’ Print. 12(8), 1. Jangi, B. S. 1955. On the ecology of centipedes {Scolopendra morsitanus L.) (Scolopendridae) in Nagpur. Ent. Mon. Mag., 91, 211-213. Khanna, V. 1977. Observations on the food and feeding habits of Scolopendra valida Lucas. Geobios, 4: 51-53. Mathur, L. P. 1926. Preliminary observations on the general habitats and so called poison glands of Scolopendra mors L. Proc. Indian Sci. Cong., Bombay, 188. Mishra, P. L. 1942. On the life history of a New Gegarine, Grebneckiella pixelle sp., nov. from the centipede scolopendra morsitans L. with a note oniamiXy Dactylophorinae leger. 1982. Rec. Indian Mus., 44:327-337. Dedicated Topic AKFs 3ack Issues Available in Limited Quantities We have a limited supply of copies of some of the dedicate d issues of Animal Keepers' Forum which we are now offering in a package deal at special prices. Prices below include postage for domestic orders. Canadian orders should add $3.00 for postage; overseas orders need to add $5.00 for surface delivery. Package A (five issues) Hoofstock Issue - April 1992 Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Hand- Rearing Issue - February 1993 Elephant Management Issue - March 1994 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $12.50 Package 3 (two issues) Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $5.50 Single copies are also available of the February 1993 Hand-Rearing and May 1995 Special Enrichment issues. They are $3.00 each. If you wish to purchase any of these limited back issues, they are available on a first, come first served basis. Send your name, complete mailing address, Package or single copies desired and a check made payable (in U.S. funds only) to AAZK, Inc. Credit card orders may be placed by calling Administrative Offices at 1-800-242-4519 (US) or 1-800-468- X966 (Canada). Hurry, when they're gone, they're gone! ^ 286 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 Book Review London Zoo from old photographs 1852-1914 by John Edwards, 1996 Available from Mr. W. A. Smith, 37, Mendon Centre Rd., Pittsford,NY 14534 Price: $45.00 U.S. Review by Phil King, Foreman Assiniboine Park Zoo Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada This book, well over 15 years in the planning, is a privately-published high- quality volume by an author who is not merely knowledgeable about his subject, but who has a genuine fondness and strong feeling for it. Not merely a well- produced book of old photographs, (although it would be interesting enough if it were), it is a condensed visual history of what was probably the greatest collection of wild animals in the world at that time. Much of what is reproduced here includes photographs of the first representatives of many species in captivity, views of several species now presumed extinct, and some of the first examples of photography of live animals anywhere. Also offered are good views of all three species of Asian rhinoceros, every known photograph of Jumbo whilst at London (although not, mercifully, accompanied by another biography of him) and some fascinating views of enclosures, buildings and staff members. Almost without exception the photographs are liberally subtitled with interesting, relevant and sometimes rather revealing facts along with the description of the subject. While naturally sympathetic in his explanations and brief anecdotes, the author does not hesitate to offer criticism and rebuke where appropriate. This, together with other details such as observations by the photographers themselves, longevities, purchase prices and brief biographies of some of the keepers photographed with their charges, makes this a historical publication of a very different kind. The audience for whom this book will have the most appeal will comprise those with an interest in the historical aspect of keeping animals in captivity, and what a feast is offered! It is an especial privilege for me to be given the opportunity to write a review of this book, and I am most grateful to the Association for allowing me to do it. In my (much) yoimger years I was a frequent visitor to the London Zoo, and later on I worked there upon leaving school. I remember a number of the buildings and enclosures pictured, as well as the feeling of permanence which emanated from the place. I also remember, when I was able to make such comparisons, that the place seemed so large, so much more so than its 35 acres. Going from such stature to Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 287 the much-reduced collection it has now become should serve to remind us perhaps that as with the London Zoo being first to succeed in so many ways in the field of animal keeping, it could be argued that it is set up to be one of the first to fall - a point made clear to me some years ago by the author of this book. As our field becomes liberally closed with care-givers, animal specialists and wild animal technicians, let us not forget these pioneers, from Superintendent to Keeper, to whom we owe so much, in some cases even our raison d’etre. I hope that this book succeeds in its field for it certainly deserves to. The price is very fair for such a specialized publication (its size notwithstanding) and it merits a place of honour in Zoological book collections, such as it has found in my own. Mark of the Bear: Legend and Lore of An American Icon Edited by Paul Schullery Sierra Club Books, 1996 85 Second St., San Francisco, CA 94105-3441 Review by Harlan Deckert, Docent Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, CA This is a collection of stories by ten authors who relate their personal experiences with North American Bears. The writers include such well-known names as Theodore Roosevelt, Ernest Thompson Seton and wolf expert Barry Lopez. The others, though not as well known, know much about bears. Seton’s contribution starts the book. It is an engaging fictional (and somewhat anthropomorphic) tale of Wahb, a grizzly, who has many encounters with man with guns and traps, but ultimately survives and claims his vast personal territory. Editor Schullery tells of how he seldom sees the bears, but how often their “marks” are found. Scratches on trees and diggings around small rodents’ caches, footprints and of course, feces from which the bears eating habits may be detected. Author Rick Bass described his fear and wonderment during encounters with mountain grizzlies. He tells of their majesty, but acknowledges that they are unpredictable and should be given wide berth. Black bears are the subject described by Gretel Erlich. The most interesting thing in her essay is her visit to a den and her description of its architecture and furnishings. While searching for ringed seals off of this northwest coast of Alaska, Barry Lopez and two marine biologists came upon a three-year old male polar bear. The bear treated them as though they were interlopers and glared and “hissed” at them. Lopez and his associates had seen only two seals, but the bear knew where to find them, and did. 288 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 Jeremy Schmidt talks of finding bear tracks near Old Faithful in Yellowstone. He came upon them while investigating the bones of a bison, he did not see the grizzly. He also describes close encounters with grizzlies in the Grand Tetons. As a result, he comes to the same conclusion as Rich Bass, give them wide berth. Director of the Alaska Game Commission, Frank Dufresne, tells how: ‘About one grizzly out of 24 is ready to do battle against a human ” “unfortunately. they don’t wear numbers... like football players, so you never can be sure when you’ve met the 25th bear.” He then goes on to describe the untimely death of a forest ranger by an enraged grizzly whom he had wounded. It took a full year to track down this bear which, enraged, charged the hunter who was more fortunate than the forest ranger and killed it with a single shot. President Theodore Roosevelt writes about one of his experiences hunting black and grizzly bears in the Rockies. At that time, the bears were not accustomed to people, nor had Mr. Roosevelt seen one alive. He and his party were still smart enough to realize the potential danger, so they conducted their tracking with utmost caution and ultimately bagged both a black and a grizzly bear. His narrative of the adventure is quite engaging. Environmentalist Doug Peacock, on the way back to his campsite, finds himself between a grizzly sow with cub and a huge black grizzly bear. He observes a battle between the two bears which ends in a draw with the cub safe. The black grizzly discovers and stalks Peacock who staves him off with words and fire. The bear does, however, destroy his camp and most of his equipment before he goes safely away from the grizzly’s territory. Mark Spragg, son of an outfitter/hunter, tells of his boyhood wish to live among the bears and his disenchantment with his father’s business which included killing bears. As he aged, he experienced a recurring dream about being held and nurtured by a bear sow. His total experiences with bears makes for enjoyable reading. Spragg’s essay is the last, but, in this reviewer’s opinion, this book would be worthwhile if you only looked at the magnificent photographs (all in color) and read the captions. They relate a quite complete story of bear history and behavior. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 289 Institutions wishing to advertise employ ment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 10th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks I AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Please include closing date for positions available and when setting these dates keep in mind that because of bulk-mail, most readers do not receive the AKF until the middle of the month or later. There is no charge for this service and fax listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our fax is (785) 273-1980. ASSISTANT SUPERVISOR OF AQUARIUM KEEPERS, ^requires Bachelor’s Degree in zoology/biology or related field, SCUBA certification, and four (4) years experience working with fishes and invertebrates at a public aquarium; supervisory experience preferred. Will assist curators in managing diverse animal collection, including supervision of keepers, facilities, animal husbandry programs, record maintenance, keeper training, and other duties. Annual salary $34,000.00 to $38,000.00. Send letter/resume and references to: Charles Vasser, WCS, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460. ANIMAL CARE AND RELEASE SPECIALIST IVETERIN ARY TECHNICIAN WILDLIFE REHABILITATI OAT... requires excellent organizational/communication skills; ability to maintain/manage wildlife rehabilitation hospital, including inventory/ ordering pharmaceutical/supplies, maintaining equipment, and medical records. Responsible for supervising patients: admit, examinations, treatment regimes, and evaluating physical condition in preparation for release. Prefer supervisory experience. Vet. Tech. Certification and/or college degree in wildlife, zoology or biology with one (1) year experience in hospital facility. Active or previous USFWS-SPP a plus. Salary commensurate with experience, vacation and health benefits included. Send resume to: Central Wisconsin Wildlife Center, 7558 Deer Rd., Custer, WI 54423 or FAX (715) 592- 6372. Available immediately; open until filled. ZOOKEEPER ...opening at the Pueblo Zoo. Initially train in all areas, then may become section keeper. Areas include hoofstock, small mammals, cats, herps, rainforest, penguins, macaque/bear, waterfowl and farm. Requires high school diploma or equivalent, one (1) year paid exotic animal experience and valid driver’s license. Physical required upon job offer. Pay is $7. 50/hr. plus benefits. Send resume to: Marilyn McBirney, General Curator, Pueblo Zoo, 3455 Nuckolls Ave., Pueblo, CO 81005-1234 by 1 August 1998. ZOO CURATOR,»Xhe City of Gainesville is accepting applications for this position at the Frank Buck Zoo. Position is for regular full-time employment. Applicants to have Bachelor’s Degree in Zoology/Biology/Wildlife Management or a related field, including three (3) years of increasingly responsible experience in zoo and maintenance with one (l)year of lead responsibility. Interested persons may obtain an application and position description in the Department of Human Resources, 214 E, Main, Gainesville, TX 76240 or mail resume to the attention of Susan Samples, Human Resource Directorat the same address. Salary negotiable. Position will remain open until filled. EOE. ZOO DIRECTORICURATOR,»,works under the policy direction of the Park Commission and under the administrative direction of the Park Superintendent. Bachelor’s Degree in zoology, animal science or biology; Master’s Degree preferred; five (5) years of experience in a zoological facility; (5) years of supervisory experience. Extensive knowledge of objectives, principles, methods and techniques of modem zoo administration and function, design, operation and maintenance of zoo facilities. Mail or fax resume (FAX# 508-222- 3046) or apply to the Personnel Department, City of Attleboro, 77 Park Street, Attleboro, MA 02703. PRIMATE KEEPER,„iposi\ion open at the Nashville Zoo. Requires a high school diploma 290 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 and one (1) year paid experience working with exotic animals. Bachelor Degree preferred. Responsible for care of several different species of animals and exhibit design and maintenance. Please fax cover letter and resume to: (615) 746-3908, attn: Melissa Gibson. ANIMAL KEEPER, .lAiicoXn Park Zoo seeks an animal keeper. Responsibilities include all aspects of daily animal care and maintenance. Particular emphasis on informal educational exchange with zoo guests. Regular duties include: cleaning, feeding, watering, grooming (i.e. domestic animals), observing, animal training and enrichment, record keeping and maintaining exhibits. Routine includes regular shifting of animals. High school grad or equivalent required, BA/BS preferred. Salary competitive with benefits. Send inquiries to: Lincoln Park Zoo, Human Resources Department, P. O. Box 14903, Chicago, IL 60614. Fax:(312)742-2299. No phone calls please. EOF M/F/DA^. CARNIVORE KEEPER^XhxeQ (3) years experience working with large carnivores and an Associate or Bachelor’s degree in biological sciences preferred. Good communication skills, basic computer skills, and the ability to work weekends and holidays required. The position involves assisting with all aspects of the management of a moderate sized carnivore collection including tigers, pumas, maned wolves, and a large assemblage of cheetahs at a private conservation center. Giving visitor tours, record keeping and observational data gathering will also be involved. Salary range $20,000.00 to $30,000.00, commensurate with experience and education, plus excellent benefits. Send resume postmarked no later than 20 July 1998 to: David Thompson, Director Conservation Programs, White Oak Conservation Center, 3823 Owens Road, Yulee, FL 32097. ZOOKEEPER/ Animal Health Department,.S\i\[-t\me position, immediate opening. Responsibilities include: care of hospital/quarantine animals, including neonates and injured/orphaned native wildlife; general cleaning and autoclaving; administration of medications; and record keeping. Job is physically demanding in hot/humid conditions. Prefer one (1) years' experience in a zoo or similar setting, and knowledge of the husbandry/handling of a wide variety of exotics. Hourly wages commensurate with experience, plus good benefits. Send cover letter/resume to: Gladys Porter Zoo, Attn: Michelle W. Frahm, DVM, 500 Ringgold St., Brownsville,TX 78520; Fax (956) 546-5703, e-mail - vet@ah.gpz.org TEMPORARY ASSIGNMENT, Grizzly Discovery Center in West Yellowstone, MT is looking for animal keepers or students who are interested in working with captive brown bears and gray wolves anytime between August and October 1998. Located at the west entrance of Yellowstone National Park, the Center is an educational facility devoted to the preservation of these threatened wildlife species. Minimum commitment of three (3) weeks at $250/wk and housing is provided. Send resume to: John Heine, Grizzly Discovery Center, P. O. Box 996, West Yellowstone, MT 59758. The following two (2) positions are available at the North Carolina Zoological Park* For either position send cover letteriresume b\ 31 July 1998 to: Human Resources, North Carolina Zoological Park, 4401 Zoo Pkwy*, Asheboro, NC 27203* Put to attention of position number listed with each opening* Also please refer to position number when applying* Resumes may also be faxed to ( 336) 879- 7315* ZOOKEEPER I... now accepting resumes from keepers with pinniped experience to work in the Rocky Coast Habitat with California sea lions, harbor seals, polar bears and Arctic fox. Pinniped training experience, SCUBA certification, a degree in a biological science, as well as experience at an accredited zoo are preferred. Starting salary is Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1998 291 $17,523.00 increasing to $18,398.00 upon satisfactory completion of probation, plus benefits. When applying for this position refer to Position # 10273. CHIMP/BABOON/LION KEEPER /...prefer degree, one (1) year excperience working with chimps, good teamwork, and good communication skills. Duties include record keeping, habitat/holding maintenance and visitor interaction. Successful candidate will be expected to care for zoo’s chimps while relocated to Kansas City Zoo for 14 months during renovation at NC Zoo. Salary $17,523.00 to $18,398.00, plus benefits. When applying please refer to Position #10265. The following two (2) positions are available at the Houston Zoological Gardens, 1513 N. MacGregor, Houston, TX 77030. Send letteriresume to the above address to the attention of the individual and department listed in each ad. ELEPHANT KEEPER. ..Yjonston Zoological Gardens - requires high school diploma or equivalent; minimum one ( 1) year experience in the care and training of elephants. Must be willing to work in a protected contact program. Duties include feeding, cleaning, maintaining exhibits, medicating, keeping records and reports and related duties. Salary: $ 10.37/hr plus excellent benefits. Attn: Karen Gibson, Elephant Department. HERPETOLOGY KEEPER. ..Houston Zoological Gardens - requires high school diploma or equivalent; minimum one (1) year experience in the care of reptiles and amphibians. Duties include feeding, cleaning, maintaining exhibits, medicating, keeping records and reports and related duties. Salary: $ 10.37/hr plus excellent benefits. Attn: Paul Freed, Herpetology Department. CURATORILittle Rock Zoo... provides supervision to animal keepers and other personnel, ensuring the animals and facilities in a designated section of the zoo are cared for properly; performs individual research to determine environmental, dietary, and other needs of particular animals and species. Requirements: at least two (2) years of college coursework in zoology, animal husbandry, veterinary medicine or related; at least two (2) years of experience in the care of elephants, great apes, reptiles and other exotic animals in a controlled environment, based on departmental need; at least one (1) year of supervisory experience. Annual salary range: $18,276.00 to $27,414.00. Must submit detailed resume by 5:00 p.m., 13 August, 1998 to: City of Little Rock - Human Resources Dept, 500 West Markham, Suite 130W, Li tie Rock, AR 72201-1428; (501) 371- 4590; http://www.littlerock.state.ar.us.hrjoblist.htm MOVING ? Postage costs for mailing AKF are continuing to rise and we anticipate a 5-9% increase in this expense over the next year. Each time we receive an AKF back from the Post Office due to an unreported change-of-address, it costs the Association 78 cents. Help keep this cost down by reporting your change-of- address as soon as you know it. AKF is sent bulk-mail rate and is not automatically forwarded, so you may miss issues if you do not advise AO of address changes. These missed issues will not be sent gratis anymore. 292 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 7, 1998 AAZK Membership Application check here if renewal [ ] Name _ Address City State/Province Zip U.S. Members □ $35.00 Professional Full-time Keepers Canadian Members I I $40.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $30.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $35.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ □ $30.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60.00 or up - Individuals Contributing/U.S. □ □ $35.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60 or up - Individuals Contributing/Canada □ □ $100.00 or up InstitutionalAJ.S. Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) International Members $50.00 International All members outside US. & Canada regardless of category □ $100.00 or up Institutional/Canada Organizations / Institutions (requires Board approval) □ Library Only 35.00 Library Available only to public & university libraries Zoo Affiliation (If any) Zoo Address Title Work Area □ My check is enclosed (AAZK, Inc.) □ Please charge my credit card MASTERCARD Name on card _ VISA Card # -Expiration date Signature Mail this application to: AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Make checks/money orders payable to AAZK, Inc. Must be in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. PRINTED IN U.S A. © 1998 AAZK, INC. ''Dedicated to Professional Animal Care AmMAL KEE PEBS' 1/ . l/i\. #< ANIMAL KEEPERS^ FORUM. 635 S.W, Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 Phone: 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX (785) 273-1980 AUGUST 1998 Vol. 25, No. 8 Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan • Associate Editors/Enrichment Options Coordinators: Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum & Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo • Book Review Coordinator: Andrea Bemee, Chaffee Zoological Garden • Legislative Outlook Column Coordinator: Georgann B. Johnston, Sacramento, CA. • ABC's Column Coordinator: Diana Guerrero, San Diego, CA • Reactions Column Coordinator: William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Animal Keepers’ Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster - Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 - attn: Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary AAZK Executive Director: Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc., Topeka KS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ric Urban, Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, TX 77030 President Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68107-2200 Vice President Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC 27203-9416 David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK 7311 1-7199 Jacque Blessington, Kansas City Zoological Gardens, Kansas City, MO 64132-4200 Scott M. Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109 Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6100 Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221-2799 Immediate Past President COMMITTEES N9.mjnatiQn$&. Elections Chair - Sheri Leavitt, Houston Zoo C.Q.n^er.YatiQn. Pre$.eryatiQn & Restoration Grants Chair - Brett Sellers, Metro Washington Park Zoo Annual Conference? Coordinator - Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc. Awards Chair - Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo Byzlaws Jeffrey Phillips, Disney's Animal Kingdom Ethics Janet McCoy, Metro Washingto Park Zoo Research/Grants Farshid Mehrdadfar, Disney's Animal Kingdom Marketing Resources/Development David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo MEMBERgHIPSERVlCES L.I.N.K. Coordinator Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo A§.S.L..L.,IN.K.. Coordinator Wayne Hazlett, Milwaukee County Zoo Enrichment Committee Lee Houts, Folsom City Zoo Animal. Data .Transfer . Form Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZK Historian Mark Levin, Philadelphia Zoo Zoo University List Administrative Office International Outreach - Jeanette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo (Chair/Coordinator Internationsl Assistance); Martha Turnbull - Co-Chair); Kathy Kelly, Silver Springs, MD - Project M.A.R.C. (Making A Realistic Contribution) PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORS/LIAISONS AZAJ^iaison Ed Hansen, AAZK Executive Director Elephant Managers Association Liaison Marie Galloway, National Zoo Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis, IN Zi).Q_Registrars A^^Pgiatipn Terry Fisher, San Antonio Zoo AZAD Liaison Mary Jo Binkley, Franklin Park, IL CAZPA Liaison Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo Int'l Marine Mammals Trainers Association Dave Force, Sea World of California AMAZOO Liaison Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens AZH Liaison Virginia Wall, North Carolina Zoo AAZK PUBLICATIONS - CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION Zoo Infant Development Project - Teri Maas-Anger/Maggie Liguori, Philadelphia Zoo (Birds/Nonpasserines); Jennifer Hackshaw, Lowry Park Zoo and G. Suzanne Chacon, Zoo Aves (Birds/Passerines); Jeanne Walsh, Newark Museum Mini-Zoo (Reptiles); Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo (Amphibians) Crisis Management Resource Notebook - Susan Chan, AAZK; William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville,TX; and Diana L. Guerrero, Ark Animals, Inc., Escondido, CA. printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based ink products ^able of Contents About the Cover/Information for Contributors 294 Scoops & Scuttlebutt 295 Message from the President/From the Executive Director. 296 In Memorium - Laurence Gledhill 297 Letter to the Editor.. 298 Information Please............................. 298 Coming Events 299 AAZK Announces New Members 300 Reactions Column: Maintenance Personnel 302 - 303 Carie Cares™ Keeper/Aquarist Doll - Info and Order Form 304 - 305 AAZK 1993 Conference Agenda ..306 Are You Ready for Indy ’98 - Registration/Hotel Reminders 307 Enrichment Options (Island Feeder Box for Primates) 308 - 311 Legislative Update....... 312 - 313 Significant Behavioral Interaction Between a Reticulated Giraffe and a Southern White Rhinoceros 314 - 317 Dedicated Issue of AKF Available 317 Gray Wolves Making Strong Comeback 318 - 320 Chapter News Notes 321 - 322 Pygmy Hippo Dental Procedure 323 - 327 I Book Reviews {Tales of Giant Snakes; The Cougar Almanac: a complete natural history of the mountain lion; and An Introduction to Responsible Private Captive Husbandry of Wild Felines 328 - 330 Opportunity Knocks 331 - 332 About the Cover...., This month's cover features V. J.'\ a Pygmy Hippo (Choreopsis liheriensis) that resides at the Miami Metrozoo, FL He is also featured in an article on page 323 of this issue. He was drawn hy Antonio Tarango Flores, a keeper at Metrozoo. Pygmy hippos are rare in the wild, their native land being the dense forestso f Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast. They are solitary and more terrestrial than the Nile hippo. They feed on grasses, shrubs, aquatic plants, roots, leaves and fallen fruit. Males seek out cycling females, breed and then return to their solitary lives. The females bear a single calf after a six-and-one-half-month gestation period. The calves grow quickly and begin their own solitary life at about seven months. Average size is about three feet tall by five feet long and up to 600 pounds. Average life span is 35 years. Thanks, Antonio! Information for Contributors Animal Keepers’ Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double- spaced. Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts on a disk as well as in hard copy form. Acceptable formats include: for Macintosh users - Microsoft Word or Works; EBM users - Word for Windows, WordPerfect or Wordstar. All illustrations, graphs, charts and tables should be clearly marked, in final form and should fit in a page size no greater than 5.5” x 8.5” (14cm x 22cm). Literature used should be cited in the text (Brown, 1986) and alphabetically in the final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name (as per ISIS) the first time an animal name is used. Thereafter use common name. Use metric system for weights and measurements (standard equivalents may be noted in parenthesis). Use the continental dating system (day-month-year). Times should be listed as per the 24-hour clock (0800, 1630 hrs. etc.). Glossy finish black and white photos only are accepted. Color slides should be converted to black and white prints (minimum size 3” x 5” [8cm x 14cm] ) before submission. Clearly marked captions should accompany photos. Please list photo credit on back of photo. Articles sent to Animal Keepers ' Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more of the zoo professionals who serve as referees for AKF. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone and FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space allows. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. Phone 1-800-242-4519 (US); 1-800-468- 1966 (Canada); FAX (785) 273-1980. Deadline for each regular issue is the 10th of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the editor. Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AKF staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. Back issues are available for $3.00 each. 294 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 Scoops <0. Scuttlebutt From the AAZK Enrichment Committee The AAZK Enrichment Committee would like to invite AAZK, EMA and AZH delegates to the joint conference in Indianapolis to bring video tapes, browse lists, posters and ideas from your institutions to share during various enrichment-related scheduled activities. ZIDP/Passerines Seeks Volunteers for Survey Input AAZK is trying to put together the developmental notebook for passerines as part of its Zoo Infant Development Project. The surveys have been sent out, some have been returned, and now it’s time to catalogue the information. The Committee is looking for volunteers who have access to a computer and time to enter the survey results. Ultimately, the information will be available on the Avian Interest Group website. If you’re willing to assist, please contact: Jennifer Hackshaw at (813) 935-8552, ext. 221. Lodging Offered at AZA National Conference The Trdsa Zoo AAZK Chapter is offering overnight accommodations to fellow keepers who are planning on attending the 1998 AZA National Conference 13-17 September in Tulsa, OK. Limited spaces are available. If interested, please call Maureen at (918) 835-1099. Bowling for Rhinos Reminders Save room in your suitcase when you come to the National AAZK Conference this year. You can pick up “Bowling for Rhinos” sponsor forms for 1999 events and save the Association a bundle in postage costs! Ian Craig, Manager of Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, will be speaking at the Conference along with Tom Foose of the International Rhino Foundation. Tom will be giving us an update on the Indonesian parks. All ’98 event money should be turned in as soon as possible to be included in the 1998 totals (the year we surpassed the $1 million mark!!!). There is now a $25 administrative fee for each event which must be paid prior to getting your sponsor forms (checks made out to AAZK, Inc.). Please mail checks and your BFR financial forms to: Patty Pearthree, P O. Box 199026, Indianapolis, IN 46219- 9026. If you have any questions, please call (316) 322-8723 or e-mail ppear3@aazk.epower.net. Remember - Nominations are now being accepted for candidates for the 1998 AAZK Board of Directors Election. Nomination Forms in July 1998 AKF. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 295 JVlessage front the President Greetings from the Lone Star State! Ladies and Gentlemen, Start your engines! It’s time to go to Indianapolis. This is the first time that three organizations will be meeting for a joint national conference. You don’t want to miss it. The Annual Meeting of the AAZK Board of Directors will be 25 September 1998. Members of AAZK have the opportunity to raise issues or express comments or concerns to be addressed by the Board at this time. If you have any comments for the Board, please send them to either the Administrative Office or to me. Lastly, remember that nominations are being accepted for the three Board positions which will become available in 1999. This is your chance to make a difference and contribute to the development of your professional organization. Nomination forms may be found in the July 1998 issue of AKF. See you in Indy! Ric Urban, AAZK President Jront the executive Director It seems like every week a message, note or plea from a zoo in crisis crosses my desk. Not too long ago, it was zoos struggling to survive in the former Soviet Republic. Animals and staff starving in terrible conditions. Zoos all over the coimtry receive requests from South and Central America zoos for money, staff and materials to improve conditions. Now, Asian zoos, faced with frightening political and economic change, coupled with disasterous wildfires in Indonesia, face immediate threats to their animal collections. We as animal care professionals are genuinely touched by each and every request. It is human nature to reach out to help those in need. The question is, how? The Administrative Offices of the Association can help any Chapter or individual wishing to contribute to the special needs of a zoo in crisis. We have a network of contacts that we can put you in touch with that will hopefully help you or your Chapter make informed decisions on where to help. In some cases, we can provide a web site address for you to access the information without the Association serving as a buffer. If you want further information regarding zoos in crisis, please contact me through the Administrative Offices and I’ll get the information right back to you. Ed Hansen, Executive Director 296 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 In Memorium.... Laurence Gordon "Laurie" Gledhill ]SAay 22, 1933 - June 27, 1998 The zoo world lost one of its champions with the death of Laurence “Laurie” Gledhill on June 27, 1998 after a year-long battle with cancer. A physically larger than life individual, Laurie was an unassumming man whose dedication and devotion to the animals in his care was an inspiration to friends and co- workers alike. Laurie was 65 at the time of his death. Aftere tr3dng his hand at the engineering curriculum at the University of Washington, working at such varied jobs as tow truck driver and charter bus driver, Laurie came to work at the Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA in 1964. He rose to the position of senior primate keeper, sharpending his computer/research skills imtil he became knowledgeable about the macaques indigenous to India’s Western Ghats Moimtains. His special passion was for the Lion-tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus). He officially retired from the Woodland Park Zoo in 1996, but was then hired back as a consultant Since 1981 he had served as Studbook Keeper for this species and was also International Species Coordinator for the Lion-tailed Macaque SSP, a conservation program of the American Zoo & Aquarium Association. He traveled the United States and the world with his zoological work. Because of his knowledge and expertise on Lion-tailed Macaques, Laurie was asked to come to India to work with their facilities on captive breeding of this species. He also appeared on the PBS series “NOVA”. Laurence became a member of AAZK in its very early days of organization and remained a strong supporter of zoo keepers and the zoo keeping profession throughout the remainder of his life. On 17 July, fiiends, family and co-workers gathered for a celebration of his life at the Open Air Theatre at WPZ near the old Primate House which had been Laurie’s “home away from home” for over 30 years. Donations in his memory may be made to the Laurence G. Gledhill Lion-Tailed Macaque Fimd do Woodland Park Zoological Society, 509 North 59th St., Seattle, WA 98103. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 297 Letters to the Editor Readers are invited to send Letters to the Editor commenting on material which appears in the Animal Keepers' Forum. Dear AAZK Forum: I noticed in my last issue of the Forum that the ABC’s feature by Diana Guerrero would not be available for a number of months. We would like to provide an alternative source of information and exchange regarding behavior management and training, The Behavior Bridge. The Behavior Bridge Association is a non- profit organization dedicated to providing animal caretakers with resources, motivation, and the opportunity to exchange knowledge and experiences about behavior management. The primary vehicle for achieving this mission is The Behavior Bridge, a quarterly journal. Our subscribers have told us that this journal fills a need for centralized resources on training all t3q)es of animals. It would be a nice complement to the AAZK Forum, and would encourage keeper interactions among zoos. Every issue of The Behavior Bridge contains practical feature articles, a question/answer section, tips and tools of the trade, references and resources, plus more. If any AAZK members are interested in more information or would like to receive a subscription form, they should contact: The Behavior Bridge Association, 2005 Sunny Lane, Knoxville, TN 37912; e-mailBhvrBridge@aol.com. Interested parties may also call us at (423) 637-5331, ext. 378. Sincerely, Susan Stines, Vice President Knoxville Zoo AAZK Chapter Co-Founder, The Behavior Bridge Association Information Please Anyone interested in a workshop to discuss training and enrichment, please contact Jane Anne Franklin at The Louisville Zoo, 1100 Trevillian Way, Louisville, KY 40233; Phone (502) 459-2181, ext. 613; fax (502) 459-2196. There is interest in doing a workshop this Fall (1998) 298 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 Coming events 19th Annual Conference & Expo of the Association of Avian Veterinarians - August 24- 29, 1998 in St. Paul, MN. For more information on the conference visit the AAV Conference website at www.ConferenceOffice.com/aav or contact the Conference Office at (303) 756-8380. Registration brochures and online info available in May. Society of Zooculturists - Sept. 9-12, 1998 in Blooomington, MN. For more information contact: Vance and Darlene Grannis, 9249 Bames Ave. E., Inver Grove Hghts., MN 55077. Association of Zoo Veterinary Technicians Conference - October 24-29, 1998 in Houston, TX. Held at Houston Zoological Gardens. For info contact: Jenni Jenkins, LVT, AZVT Secretary, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Attn: Veterinary Hospital, P. O. Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830. Phone: (407) 938-2869. Restoring the Wolf - November 11-15, 1998 in Seattle, WA. A forum on wolf biology, recovery, management and activism will include scientific presentations, posters, panel discussions and workshops. For info contact: Nina Fascione, Defenders of Wildlife, 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington, DC 20005; Phone (202) 789- 2844, Ext. 227; E-mail: nfascione@defenders.org. EMA. AZH. AAZK. Inc. Joint Conference - Sept. 26-30, 1998 in Indianapolis, IN. This one of a kind event will bring together members from the Elephant Managers Association, the Association of Zoological Horticulture and the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Information on the Conference as well as hotel forms and conference registration forms may be found in the March 1998 issue of AKF. For further information contact Bruce Elkins, 1200 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46222; Phone - (317) 630-2031; Fax - (317) 630-5153; E-mail - belkins@mail.indyzoo.com Aquarium and Zoo Facilities Association Annual Conference - October 4-7, 1998 in Columbia, SC. AZFA was formerly known as the Aquarium and Zoo Maintenance Association/ (AZMA). For further information, contact John Morgan, Riverbanks Zoo and Garden, R O. Box 1060, Columbia, SC 29202; (202) 779-8717, ext. 1116. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference - October 17-22, 1998 in Omaha, NE. To be held in conjunction with the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. For further information contact: Wilbur Armand, VMD, Executive Director/ AAZV, 6 North Pennell Rd., Media, PA 19063; Phone: (610) 892-4812; Fax: (610) 892-4813; or E- Mail:75634.235@compuserve.com The Zoo Registrars Association - October 22- 24, 1998 in Columbus, OH. For further information, contact Gretchen Bickert, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., Powell, OH 43065; (614) 654-3429; e-mail: gbickert@colszoo.org 1999 AZA Regional Conferences AZA Central Regional - March 17-20, 1999 in Indianapolis, IN. For information contact Jodie Baker, Indianapolis Zoo, P. O. Box 22309, Indianapolis, IN 46222; phone (317) 630-5167. AZA Eastern Regional - April 14-17, 1999 in Pittsburgh, PA. For information contact Terry Delulis, Pittsburgh Zoo, One Wild Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; phone (412) 365-2500. AZA Western Regional - April 28 - May 1, 1999 in San Jose, CA. For information contact Dr. Anthony Smith, Zoo Director, Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, 1300 Senter Rd., San Jose, CA 95112; phone (408) 998-5172; fax (408) 279-8021. CkOTHE GOURMET RODENT TM RATS AND MICE Bill & Marcia Brant 6115 SW 137th Avenue Archer, FL 32618 1352} 495-9024 FAX 1352} 495-9781 e-mail; GrmtHodent9aol.com 0 Ail Eights Resffvtd Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 299 New & Renewing AAZK Professional, Institutional, and Contributing Members New Professional Members Aurora Flores, Franklin Park Zoo ■ (MA); William Perry, Beardsley Zoo (CT); Erik R. Swanson, no zoo listed, West Orange, NJ; Joseph D. Brown, no zoo listed, Syracuse, NY; Nyan Tinkpous, Buffalo Zoo (NY); Valerie Nichols, White Oak Conservation Center (FL); Sharon Joseph and Alexandra Bmehler, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (FL); Amber Thompson, Miami Metrozoo (FL); Karen Swann, Sea World Adventure (FL); Nikolai S. F. Curtis, Potawatomi Zoo (IN); April Schraeder, Columbian Park Zoo (IN); R Bailey, Leslie Science Center (MI); Mary E. Braidech, Binder Park Zoo (MI); Brett Wiedmann, Roosevelt Park Zoo (ND); Michelle Rachel, Louisiana Purchase Zoo (LA); Lisa Morehead, Oklahoma City Zoo (OK); Dave Johnson, Denver Zoo (CO); and Jason C. Landgraf, Sea Life Park Hawai (HI). Renewing Contributing Members John Se^agat, Director The Lubee Foundation Gainesville, FL Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., High Springs, FL Marilyn R, Lemrow San Diego Zoological Society San Diego, CA New Institutional Members North Carolina Zoological Park Library Asheboro, NC Renewing Institutional Members Discovery Island Walt Disney World Lake Buena Vista, FL Audubon Park Zoo, New Orleans, LA Zoological Society of San Diego San Diego, CA Need to Reach AAZK? 1-800-242-4519 (U. S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX: (785) 273-1980 or write AAZK, Inc. 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S.A. Administrative Office Staff Barbara Mampeaker - Administrative Secretary Susan Chan - Managing Editor A^ Orca - Office Cat Office Hours: 9:00 a,m, - 3:00 p.m. CDT 300 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 SPECTRUM Quality exotic animal diets Nutritionally balanced Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NKBRASKA BRAND h \ SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored psittacine/primate, 20% protein dry Banana flavored primate. Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Polar Bear dry Ratite dry Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240. 500, or 750 wattages. One call does it all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 ^ yi r r / o A' ^ /i ^ue5^oiaBd;\ii5Urforuii/ortktoo Fro/'essma/oiCris/sflm^iMeit By William K. Baker, Jr, Zoo Curator Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Question What part do facility maintenance personnel play, if any, in the safety of a zoo? Comments I have personally thought that the maintenance department and the personnel within it are the most underrated individuals in our profession. They are the people who hold our institutions together on a daily basis. It is because of their dedication that the animal managers have the time to focus on conservation and husbandry procedures. From a daily safety standpoint, they are responsible for maintaining exhibit integrity, constructing new exhibits, building and repairing fences, repairing electrical and plumbing problems, as well as performing general carpentry work. In many institutions they are also responsible for maintaining and operating heavy equipment. Needless to say, they are in many cases the individuals who work directly with the animal staff and horticulturist to determine which plants are safe to place in animal exhibits that will also survive long-term animal abuse. On a day-to-day basis, maintenance workers are the best resource for assistance and advice when it comes to logistical planning for a zoo. They inevitably spot the error in an exhibit design and construction phase that the masterplan engineers, architects, and contractors didn’t “think it would be a real problem”. While I have construction experience myself, I wouldn’t possibly consider developing a construction project without showing the design jointly to the animal and maintenance staff who would be working that area of the zoo. Between these two groups I am able to identify both practical use and where existing infrastructure is, especially when it doesn’t match the existing blueprints. Their critique of the design will usually save me extensive time, money, and heartache later. From a crisis management standpoint, maintenance workers can perform invaluable emergency repairs when critical services fail, and they do. They 302 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 inevitably know exactly where every electrical, gas, and water line is in the facility. This more often than not is due to the fact that they have had to make repairs before. If extensive damage occurs to a facility, they are capable of directly assisting major repair crews or at the least handling traffic flow to the repair sites. It only takes imagination to realize the potential you have in your maintenance department. Capitalize on the trade skills of carpentry, masonry, electrical, plumbing, and welding. It will serve your institution well both on a daily basis and in an emergency. Also, I’m told they work at their best when the coffee and cinnamon rolls are fresh. At least that’s what mine tell me. Next month: What can you do when zoological safety and internal politics conflict with each other? If you would like to submit a question for this column or have comments on previously published material, please send them to: Reactions/AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. (About the Author: Since 1985 Bill has been active in the fields of science, zoology and wildlife management. His education and expereince include a B. S. in wildlife management and post-graduate work in zoology; Lab and Museum Assistant; Shoot Team leader, ERT Member, and Senior Keeper and Large Mammal Keeper at various AZA facilities. His area of research is crisis management in zoological institutions, which draws upon practical experience and training as a Rescue Diver, Hunter Safety Instructor, NRA Firearms Instructor, and Red Cross CPR! First Aid Instructor.) SAVANNAH RICHES United Press International reported late this spring that a team of British biologists say the arid African savannah appears to be as rich and diverse a habitat as any rainforest or coral reef and holds many unrecorded species. The savannah makes up 40 percent of the tropics and was considered “largely unproductive.” Biologists found 450 species of birds, 1,000 species of plants and as many as 90,000 kinds of insects in the Mkomazi game reserve in Tanzania. Entomologist George McGavin said he found 660 individual insects per square meter, compared to 250 per square meter found in Borneo rainforests, and 50 percent of the arthropods collected were unknown to science. “That is not remarkable for these areas, but it just shows you how much we don’t know,” McGavm said. ...GREENlines Issue #635 5/28198 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 303 Introducing CARIE CARES^m Zoo Keeper or Aquarist Dolls Carie Cares^^ is an exciting gift for the junior animal lover in your family or the perfect addition to your doll collection. She comes dressed in either a zoo keeper uniform or an aquarist wet suit. Carie Cares™ the zoo keeper comes with a scrunchie for her hair and a chimpanzee. The aquarist comes with a scrunchie and a sea turtle. The dolls are 16 inches tall with fabric bodies and embroidered faces. Each doll comes with a hangtag that includes an educational description of occupational responsibilities. Sales of Carie Cares™ benefit AAZK, Inc. and the Junior Zoo Keeper Program. These dolls will be available through AAZK Administrative Offices FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY. The cost for each doll is $24.95 which includes shipping/handling in the U. S. Canadian orders should add $5.00 for s/h; international orders need to include $10.00 for s/h. Pa3mient must be in U. S. Funds ONLY. Checks or money orders should be made payable to ‘AAZK, Inc.”. Dolls may also be ordered using a VISA or MasterCard. Use the order form on the following page. 304 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 CARIE CARES’^" Order Form Please send me Zoo Keeper Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Aquarist Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Canadian s/h (per doll) $5.00 = $ Overseas s/h (per doll) $10.00 = $ Total Amount of Order $ My check is enclosed ( ) Please charge my credit card VISA ( ) MasterCard ( ) Name on card Credit Card Number - - - Expiration Date Signature Please mail doll(s) to the following address: Name Address City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Country Telephone # Send orders to: Carie Cares™ Dolls AAZK Administrative Offices 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 305 1993 AAZK/AZH/EMA Joint Conference Tentative Agenda Friday. September 25. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Pre-Conference Trip #1 - Indiana Cave & Winery Saturday. September 26. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Pre-Conference Trip #2 - Canoeing and/or hiking at Shades & Turkey Run State Parks 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Board of Director Meetings & Committee Meetings 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Joint Ice Breaker (Caribbean Cruise theme) Sunday. September 27. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Paper Sessions including presentation by Dr. Katy Payne, elephant communication (bio-acoustics) researcher from Cornell University 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Workshops Monday. September 28. 1998 8 a.m. to Noon - Paper Sessions including presentations by Tom Foose, International Rhino Foundation and Ian Craig. Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, Kenya 12 noon until 10 p.m. - Zoo Day which will include the following: -Lunch and Dinner at the Zoo -Silent and Live Auctions at the Zoo -Kodiak bear, Ring-tail lemur and Raven training and Herp Husbandry sssions at Zoo (Bear and Herp sessions limited to 30 people each - sign up will be during conference registration) - Zoo Olympics Tuesday. September 29. 1998 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. - Paper Sessions 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Workshops (including Australasian Rap Session) Wednesday. September 30. 1998 8 a.m. to Noon - Paper Sessions 2:00 to 3:30 p.m. - General Business Meeting 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. - Closing Banquet (Back to the Jungle theme) Thursdavto Saturday. October 1-3. 1998 8 a.m. - Post-Conference Trip to Louisville Zoo and Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. Return by 2 p.m. Saturday, October 3, 1998. 306 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 Ane you ueaby? Sepreojhen 26-30, 1998 Conference Registration Form and Hotel Registration Form may be found in the March and June 1998 issues of AKF. Deadline for hotel reservations is 26 August 1998; Conference Registration late fee effective 1 August 1998. Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 307 HMENT it/y'Uehavioral Enrichment . TIONS Occupational hlusbandry By Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo AN ISLAND FEEDER BOX FOR PRIMATES Here at Lion Country Safari, several species of primates including siamangs, white-handed gibbons and spider monkeys are housed and displayed on islands in the center of man-made lakes. These outdoor, open-air exhibits have presented challenges to keepers in ensuring that their exotic charges do not have to compete with the native wildlife for food. Native turtles, ibises and geese (among others) have been constant competitors with these primates for their daily food rations. To aid in overcoming this problem, we designed a simple feeder box that sits on a platform at the edge of each island and allows for a) easy access for both the primates and the keepers, and b) not so easy access for the native wildlife. The box itself is constructed almost entirely from 4" fence boards and has a lockable hinged door in the rear that opens to allow for keeper access. The front of the box is made from standard wire utility shelving that has had three 3" gaps created by snipping out appropriate wires. Another section of wire utility shelving serves as a shelf within the box to hold the food container. The shelf slants down toward the front of the box, allowing easier access for the primates. We elected to use new, unused kitty litter pans for the food containers because they just happen to fit the boxes perfectly. Large eye screws placed on the sides of the box and on the edge of the platform are capable of holding palm fronds or browse material. They can also be used to secure wire puzzle boxes too. We have found that large food items (whole lettuce heads, half melons, etc.) create a little more of a challenge for them to access through the 3" gaps and is an easy method of enrichment. Whereas at one time feeding was a stressful, competitive event, it is now a much calmer, more relaxed affair for all involved. All of our primates have utilized these feeder boxes with great success. Not only have we noticed a marked improvement in their food comsumption, but it has also allowd us to more accurately assess their likes and dislikes. A secondary effect has been an 308 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 improvement in their social behavior. As they are now able to retrieve food at their leisure throughout the day, aggression has been markedly reduced and positve social interaction, including grooming and play behavior, has increased. These feeder boxes have helped us considerably. We highly recommend them to anyone who has met with similar feeding problems. — Tina Fridman and Paul Rambino Lion Country Safari, West Palm Beach, FL Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 309 Front View Side View Back View 310 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 Island Feeder Box for Primates lx V->S fence board-^ Staples to attach shelving to 1x2 fra Q a k a a White utility shelving front 2x2 Tray (Ideas appearing in this column have not necessarily been tested by the editors for safety considerations. Always think ahead and use good judgement when trying new ideas. Eds.) Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 311 Cegislative Update Compiled by Georgann Johnston Legislative Advisor Sacramento, CA L800-338-7348 Grizzly Bear Retains Threatened Species Status The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has issued a ruling that selected populations of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horrihilis) are to retain their status as “threatened”, despite the fact that upgrading them to “endangered” status is warranted, but precluded. The populations are found in the North Cascades Recovery Zone of Washington, the Cabinet- Yaak Zone of Montana and Idaho, and portions of Montan a. The history of this decision is an interesting one. In 1991, a number of environmental interest groups and individuals petitioned USFWS to upgrade the bears’ status from threatened to endangered. At that time, the USFWS reached the same conclusion - that reclassification was warranted but precluded - on the basis that (1) reclassification of other species had been pending longer and/or other species were even more in danger of extinction without intervention, and (2) that “expeditious progress” was being made with respect to those other species. Additionally, the bears’ status was evaluated pursuant to a system that includes a rating of the magnitude of threat to the species, the immediacy of the threat, the taxonomic distinctiveness of the proposed species. The grizzly bear populations listed here were assigned a listing priority of 6 on a scale of 1 to 12. As of June 1998, the USFWS determined that the listing priority of the bears should not be changed despite the fact that numerous potential and actual threats to their populations exist. These threats include low numbers of individuals in the recovery zones, human intrusion into grizzly habitat, and alteration of h abitat such as recreational use, timber harvest, mining, and road construction. However, the Service has determined that other species with a higher listing priority (i.e. 1 through 5) were entitled to primary consideration. Thus, no change in the grizzly’s endangered status was warranted at this time. More information or a copy of the complete written report concerning the decision may be obtained from Dr. Christopher Servheen, Grizzly Bear Recovery Coordinator, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, (406) 243-4903. Source: Federal Register Online, 4 June 1998 (vol. 63, no. 107) Nepal Destroys Confiscated Wildlife Parts The Department of Parks and Wildlife Conservation of Nepal had issued an order mandating the destruction of the majority of confiscated wildlife parts. 312 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 The stock includes musk (Moschus spp.), rhino horn, tiger skins, shahtoosh (Panthplops hodgsoni), and other animal parts. The reason given for ordering destruction was that the cost of security to protect the material has become prohibitive for the Nepalese government. In addition to destroying most of the stockpiles, the government will donate 800 grams of musk and deer horn, .075 grams of sheelajeet, 7 kilograms of bear bile, and 99 kilograms of tiger and leopard bones going to a government run medicine factory. Some animal parts will be preserved, including 83 rhino horns, 327 rhino hides, 9 rhino skulls, 102 leopard skins, 7 tiger skins, and 64 elephant tusks. Source: Traffic North America; A Newsletter of International Trade in Wildlife, June 1998 African Gray Parrot Trade Ban Lifted In October 1997, the CITES Secretariat notified parties to the Convention that it was suspending importation of African gray parrots {Psittacus erithacus) originating in Cameroon because that country had exceeded its 1996 export quota. Figures provided to the Secretariat showed that while Cameroon was Eillowed to export 12,000 birds, an additional 11,000 birds over and above the quota had been captured and shipped out of the country. In response to the excessive number of birds exported, the CITES Secretariat required Cameroon officials to submit a report detailing measures taken after the ban to ensure the correct monitoring of African gray exports. The report was submitted and now the CITES Secretariat is satisfied that the measures set forth minimize the possibility of Cameroon again exceeding its export quota for parrots. Therefore, parties to CITES are now authorized to once again import these birds from Cameroon up to the 12,000-specimen limitation. Source: CITES Notification No. 1998/05, 2 March 1998 National Park Service Bans Jet Skis in National Parks The Associated Press reported in July that the National Park Service will ban personal watercraft such as jet skis from all National Parks, including nine where they are now allowed, under new proposed rules. The watercraft would be allowed at 11 national recreation areas and two national seashores. The Park Service said personal watercraft are “often operated in an aggressive manner,” leak oil and gas and cause frequent complaints about noise and unsafe operation. “This list could obviously change based on the number and t3q)e of comments we receive,” said Dennis Burnett of NPS. Source: GREENlines Issue #666, 7112198 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 313 Significant Bek avioral Interaction a Ret icu lated G ira ffe (Glraffa camelopardaWe reticulata) and a ^Soutkern While Rh inoceros (Ceratotherlum eimum ehnum) ween By Pamela Schaller Lopez, Mammal Keeper Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, Hawaii Necking and sparring are behaviors utilized by a giraffe society. These activities have been observed and studied both in wild auid captive populations of giraffe. At the Honolulu Zoo there is a multi- species exhibit containing three male and two female giraffe, two ostriches, three zebra and one male white rhinoceros. The two adult male giraffe often display necking behaviors that occur between two and 30 minute sessions. The necking is usually initiated by the younger seven-year-old reticulated giraffe, yet the only blows delivered are from the older 20-year-old bull. The young male exhibits the typical necking behavior as described by naturalist Dorcas MacClintock by retaining a “firm, straddled position to dodge his opponent’s headslams.” (MacClintock, 1973, pg. 74). On 8 March 1997 from 1330 to 1345 hrs. an unusual behavioral interaction was observed between the young bull giraffe and his co-habitating, sexually mature male white rhinoceros. The young bull approached the rhinoceros in a submissive posture as described by MacClintock “with his neck stretched and raising his nose in the air.” (MacClintock, 1973, pg. 72). This is his usual approaching behavior to initiate necking with the older bull in the herd. The rhinoceros did not react to this gesture and invariably stood still or continued walking thi’oughout the exhibit. Irrelevant of the rhinoceros’ movement, the male giraffe followed the rhino until he stopped in a standing position. The reticulated giraffe then began to challenge the rhinoceros by splaying his legs, lowering his head and swinging towards the rhinoceros. Often this behavior resulted in a hard blov/ to the head or shoulder area of the rhinoceros that could be heard 100 yards across the exliibit. The blows obseiwed were quite unusual due to the fact that this particular giraffe never lands a blow on the other bull giraffe in his herd. Additionally, during the sequence the rhinoceros did not react to this displa3dng or received blows. The next morning an observation was made that altered the fate of these interactive sessions. After being approached by the bull giraffe and the subsequent behavior that resulted the day before, the rhinoceros reacted. His behavior included a mock charging and a quick raising of the head. Additionally, loud snorting and a low growl could be heard especially as the giraffe would lower his neck. These interactions continued from 1110 to 1125 hrs., consisting of a challenging necking posture and delivered blows by the giraffe with a 314 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 responding typical mock charge and defensive challenge in return by the male white rhinoceros. Social behavior has also been studied in the rhinoceros population, with resulting suggestions by zoologist Malcolm Penny that the ‘‘white rhinoceros rarely fight but they often indulge in trials of strength, wrestling with their horns, or charging each other with their shoulders, to settle disputes, and to confirm their social position.” (Penny, 1988, pg. 40). For more than two months the bull giraffe approached the rhinoceros two to three times weekly and these interactive behaviors ritually took place. On 18 May 1997 another twist occurred between these two animals that would temporarily stop the challenging behavior exhibited by the bull giraffe. During a sparring match, the adult male giraffe entangled his legs with the rhinoceros’ legs. This chance circumstance caused the giraffe to lose his balance and fall on exhibit puncturing his lower jaw and salivary gland. Fortunately, the male ^raffe received immediate medical care and apparently returned to 100 percent health within a month. Typical necking posture of the bull giraffe. (Photo by Amy Cutting) The bull giraffe’s behavior upon re-release to the exhibit on 18 June 1997 was interesting. There was initially no more occurrences of challenging behavior initiated by the giraffe. However, the white rhinoceros continued his mock charges and typical defensive posture. In fact, if the giraffe came within ten yards of the rhinoceros the result would be initiated challenge by the rhinoceros with a mock charge resulting in a quick retreat by the bull giraffe. Often the giraffe, recognizing the behaviors were about to occur, would retreat prior to the developing interaction. These incidences slowly diminished due to Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 315 the fact that the giraffe altogether avoided getting within close proximity to the rhinoceros. By September the behavioral interactions between the species had subsided completely Head swing and resulting physical contact with the white rhinoceros. (Photo by Amy Cutting) However, on 1 January 1998 for an unknown reason the male giraffe began to pursue the rhino. At 1630 hrs. a loud growl was heard coming from the white rhinoceros. Upon investigation of the exhibit the male giraffe was observed standing next to the white rhino in the same challenging position that he had months earlier with his legs splayed and nose pointed in the air. However, instead of the giraffe lowering and swinging his head, he side-stepped in a partially straddled position forcing the white rhino to back away. The giraffe continued his side-stepping towards the rhino eventually causing the rhino to react very defensively. The rhinoceros would mock charge the giraffe, vocalize loudly and often, and raise his head violently towards the giraffe. For 20 minutes the rhino was “pushed” by the giraffe around the exhibit until the rhino was ultimately cornered down a hillside. The rhino finally resorted to aggressive behaviors typical of rhinos. He initiated physical contact and placed his neck, head and horn under the front leg of the giraffe. The rhino lifted and pushed the giraffe out of his way. The male giraffe bellowed loudly and after the white rhino lowered his head from the giraffe, the giraffe quickly ran from the vicinity of the rhino. Upon medical examination of the bull giraffe, a deep puncture wound was found under his right front leg where the rhino’s horn had been placed, this injury was close to but did not puncture the abdomenal wall. Curiously, during this event no attempt was made by the male giraffe to deliver a blow to the head or body of the white rhino. In fact, only the beginning of the 316 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 necking sequence was repeated throughout the incident. These specimens seem able to recognize the difference in their displa3dng behaviors and react with challenging behaviors t3q)ical of their own species. It is obvious that the rhinoceros learned quickly to respond defensively to the behavior initiated by the giraffe. Also interesting was the fact that the white rhino, even prior to being cornered, seemed to recognize the behavior on 1 January was highly aggressive and reacted with a behavior more typical of a fighting response. Additionally, from 8 March through 1 January the male rhinoceros only reacted to this bull giraffe and never initiated defensive or aggressive behavior towards the other giraffe in the herd. With medical care, the injured bull giraffe returned again to 100 percent health and has since been re-released onto the exhibit. However, no attempt is currently being made to re-introduce the white rhinoceros with this bull giraffe due to these significant behavioral interactions between the two species. The necking sequences that occurred between the reticulated giraffe and the white rhinoceros proves that captivity offers new insights on researched behaviors. References MacClintock, Dorcas (1973). A Natural History of Giraffes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Penny, Malcolm (1988). Rhinos Endangered Species. New York: Facts on File Publications. Dedicated Topic AKFs Back Issues Available in Limited Quantitiee We have a limited supply of copies of some of the dedicate d issues of Animal Keepers' Forum which we are now offering in a package deal at special prices. Prices below include postage for domestic orders. Canadian orders should add $3.00 for postage; overseas orders need to add $5.00 for surface delive Package A (five issues) Hoofstock Issue - April 1992 Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Hand-Rearing Issue - February 1993 Elephant Management Issue - March 1994 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $12.50 Single copies are also available of the February 1993 Hand-Rearing and May 1995 Special Enrichment issues. They are $3.00 each. If you wish to purchase any of these limited back issues, they are available on a first, come first served basis. Send your name, complete mailing address. Package or single copies desired and a check made payable (in U.S. funds only) to AAZK, Inc. Credit card orders may be placed by calling Administrative Offices at 1-800-242-4519 (US) or 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Hurry, when they're gone, th^'re gone! Package 3 (two issues) Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $5.50 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 317 Gray Wolves Making Strong Comeback USFWS Looking at ESA Status Change Once hunted nearly to extinction, the gray wolf {Canis lupus) has rebounded so well in the lower 48 states that the Interior Department’s U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will propose to remove some gray wolf populations from the endangered species list and to reclassify others, Secretary Bruce Babbitt announced recently during a news conference at the Wildlife Science Center in Forest Lake, MN. “Few animals have ever haunted our dreams or fired our imaginations more than the wolf,” said Secretary Babbitt. “Unfortunately, by the early part of this century, man had almost exterminated the wolf from the lower 48 states. Now, in Minnesota and elsewhere, the recovery of the wolf is becoming an impressive conservation success story and a gift to future generations. I believe it’s time to stand back and take a close look at wolf populations throughout the country and to carefully consider if all of the wolves still need the same level of special protection under the Endangered Species Act.” “The Fish and Wildlife Service intends to publish a proposed ruleto delist or reclassify specific wolf populations where appropriate,” said Service Director Jamie Rappaport Clark. Clark said that consultation with states. Native American tribes, and others involved in wolf conservation and management will occur as the Service prepares an official proposal, which it plans to publish in the Federal Register this winter. The proposal will include a lengthy public comment period. Changes in the wolf’s legal status are not likely to occur before 1999. Gray wolves in the Midwest and portions of the East will be proposed for removal from the Endangered Species List. There are an estimated 2,500 gray wolves in the Great Lakes area, primarily in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, which exceeds the number established as the recovery goal set for the species in this region. If the wolf is ultimately delisted, the states and Native American tribes would assume responsibility for wolf management and conservation. In the Rocky Mountains, there are approximately 235 wolves. This includes naturally occurring wolves in northwest Montana, numbering about 85, and reintroduced wolves in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho, which now total about 150. The reintroduced wolves have been nearly doubling their population annually. Rocky Mountain wolves are all listed as “endangered,” but the reintroduced population is considered an “experimental, non-essential population” which enables more flexible management activities. Clark said that Rocky Mountain wolves will be proposed for reclassification from endangered to the less dire status of “threatened.” If this ultimately occurs, the special rules for managing the reintroduced wolves would remain in place. Wolf conservation and recovery in the Southwest took a major step forward this spring when captive-bred Mexican wolves (Canis lupus haileyi) were 318 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 reintroduced to restore their populations in Arizona and New Mexico. Mexican wolves have not yet reached recovery goals and are not being considered for delisting or reclassification. There is potential for wolf recovery in some areas of the Northeast where suitable habitat and prey species remain. In view of the recovery potential, the wolf will remain under the protection of the Endangered Species Act but will be proposed for reclassification to “threatened” in the Northeast. Clark attributed the wolfs comeback to a combination of scientific research, conservation and management programs, and education efforts that helped increase public understanding of wolves. Successful reintroduction and management programs greatly accelerated wolf recovery in the Rocky Moimtains. Restoration of wolf prey species such as deer, elk, and moose; science-based management; and habitat and legal protection all have allowed gray wolf populations to greatly expand their numbers and distribution. Clark praised states. Native American tribes, private organizations, and individuals who have worked together as partners to promote wolf recovery. “Together, we have developed innovative methods to reduce impacts to the livestock industry. One very successful program is administered by Defenders of Wildlife, which compensates ranchers for livestock that are proven wolf kills. We have also used the flexibility in the Endangered Species Act to allow us to manage wolves more effectively as populations rebounded,” Clark said. If a species’ status under the Endangered Species Act is changed to either “endangered” or “threatened”, the species remains under Federal protection. If wolves are removed from the list, management then becomes the responsibility of the state or Native Americam tribe where the population is located. However, the Service monitors delisted populations for at least five years following removal from the list and provides technical assistance or other management guidance, if requested. “This program is like an emergency room and a recovery ward in a hospital. Once the patient’s trauma is past and recovery is progressing well, it’s time for the patient to get on with life,” Babbitt said. ‘We are at that point with some of our wolf populations. Our goal is not to keep them in the hospital indefinitely. Perpetual protection is not the goal; seeing species reach the point that they can survive in the wild, on their own, is.” Red wolves {Canis rufus), which have been reintroduced to eastern Tennessee and North Carolina, would not be affected by the review, nor would wolves in Alaska, which have never been Federally listed as endangered or threatened. Before the arrival of European settlers, wolves ranged widely across the continent. Gray wolves were found throughout most of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with red wolves primarily inhabiting the southeastern United States. In the United States, wolves were killed not only by individual Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 319 settlers, fur traders, or hunters, but also subjected to organized government predator-control efforts. By the late 1920s, wolves were eradicated from the Rocky Mountains. Gray wolves in the East were virtually eliminated with the exception of several hundred animals in Minnesota. Mexican wolves also vanished from the wild in the southwestern United States. The last remaining red wolves were removed from the wild for captive breeding in the 1970s; they survive in the wild today only through reintroduction programs. The gray wolf was among the first species to be officially considered endangered under the first Federal endangered species law in 1967. Currently, it is listed as endangered throughout its historic range in the lower 48 states, except in Minnesota where it is listed as threatened. (An endangered species is considered to be in danger of extinction; a threatened species is one that is likely to become endangered.) Reintroduced populations such as those in Yellowstone and central Idaho and Arizona are listed as “non-essential, experimental,” which permits more flexible management for those populations. The Fish and Wildlife Service posts information about the various gray wolf populations at graywolfmail@mail.fws.gov, http://www.r6.fws.gov/wolf, http:// ifw2es.fws.gov/wolf/, and http://www.fws.gov/r3pao/wolf/ on the Internet. Individuals and organizations wanting to be placed on the Service's mailing list to obtain updates on the wolfs status can write U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gray Wolf Review, 1 Federal Drive, Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4056 or use either the http://www.fws.gov/r3pao/wolf7 or graywolfmail@mail.fws.gov Internet address. Individuals may also call the Service’s gray wolf information line at 612-713-7337. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal Federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Sendee’s nearly 93 million acres include 514 national wildlife refuges, 78 ecological services field stations, 66 national fish hatcheries, 50 wildlife coordination areas, and 38 wetland management districts with waterfowl production areas. The agency enforces Federal wildlife laws, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, administers the Endangered Species Act, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes Federal excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state wildlife agencies. This program is a cornerstone of the Nation’s wildlife management efforts, funding fish and wildlife restoration, boating access, himter education, shooting ranges, and related projects across America. —USFWS News Release 6-29-98 320 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 Qhapteir piews pjotes Nashville Chapter AAZK We are proud to announce the formation of the Nashville Chapter of the American Association of Zoo Keepers. Newly elected officers are: President Joe deGraauw Treasurer..... Jac Walker Secretary..... Sara Bratcher Liaison..... Tori Mason The Nashville Chapter of AAZK is currently small, but we have grand plans and ideas, as well as much enthusiasm. We are currently composed of staff from our two facilities— -the Nashville Zoo, and the Nashville Wildlife Park at Grassmere. Since these two facilities are located about 45 minutes apart (on a good day!) from each other, coordinating meetings and planning potential fundraisers has proven to be a frustrating, but not impossible, challenge. Right now we are focusing on the basics of getting our Chapter off the ground: Establishing a local bank account, getting proper forms and papers filled out; generating ideas for a Chapter logo, basic fimdraising ideas for start- up ftinds, and the like. One of our first projects is to have a booth at our member’s Camp-out at the zoo. The booth will have baked goods and beverages, bio-facts, AAZK/ Zookeeping as a Career information, and photo opportunities with one of our education animals. We hope this will introduce our Chapter and AAZK to the public, and possibly set the stage for us to run our own camp-out. We have also discussed long-term plans and goals, as well as potential funding projects to benefit local conservation efforts, such as Land Between the Lakes and the Audubon Society. We plan to offer membership information to local nature/ conservation organizations as well as local college biology groups. Look for more great things to be coming from the Nashville area in the months and years to come! —Tori Mason, Chapter Liaison San Francisco Chapter AAZK Officer for 1998 are: President Barbara Palmer Vice President Juniper Ross Treasurer..... Kyra Canfield Secretary..... Elizabeth Didato Liaison Eric Krussman We are off to a slow start after the El Nino rains. Our Chapter activities this year include: Bowl the Planet, Cuing for Rhinos (pool tournament); and bake sales. We are also trying to get a Chapter computer and subscribe to e- mail for Chapter members to use. — Eric Krussman, Chapter Liaison Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 321 San Diego AAZK Chapter Well, we had a busy Spring and now it is already Summer. We kicked off the summer with a beach party for our Chapter members. Our new Board of Directors are as follows: President Jo Ann Haddad Vice President Janet Spevak (San Diego Zoo) Co- Vice Pres Donna Kent (SDWAP) Secretary..... Elizabeth O’Hara Treasurer..... Allison Bureau Liaison..... Nicki Boyd Supporting Board Member.... Bob Cisneros At our annual Bowling for Rhinos event we had over 20 teams and raised over $5,000.00. A huge thank you to everyone who participated in this event! We recently purchased a Rain Forest Conservation Parking Meter for the Sequoia Park Zoo and hope this helps raise lots of money for the Center for Ecosystem Survival. We applaud Norman Gershenz on his dedication to help save the rainforests. Our annual Swap Meet fundraiser provided the funding for purchase of the meter. Our Board has also agreed to sponsor a Tree Kangaroo slide show to use as an educational tool at schools and at the San Diego Zoo. Some of our recent speakers have been Gerald “Red” Thomas who was one of the foimders of AAZK, and yes he is still a keeper at the San Diego Zoo. He told us about getting AAZK started and made us all appreciate the professional organization that we all use so much today. Tony and Julie Nichols, along with Connie Carson talked about Bowling for Rhinos in early May to help get us psyched for the event. We want to thank everyone who contributes their time to the San Diego Chapter and hope you all have a great rest of the summer. — Nicki Boyd, Chapter Liaison Greater Houston Chapter AAZK The Houston Chapter has been busy these last few months. We held a successful bake sale in April which brought in $75.25. We have also been busy building metal cages around the pest bait boxes located throughout the zoo. This effort is being made to help keep the non-target species — mostly rabbits, squirrels and birds — out of the bait boxes. We still have quite a few left to build. Our Chapter recently contributed money to the AAZK International Outreach Committee to help with their keeper training workshops. We would like to wish them the best and also encourage other Chapters to help out. In July the Houston Chapter held a Dog Wash fundraiser and a used book sale is planned for this month. We are also getting geared up for Bowling for Rhinos. — Carolyn Wilkes, Chapter Liaison 322 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 Pigny Hippo Dental Prooedire By Dolora Batchelor, African Hoofstock Keeper Miami Metrozoo, Miami, FL “J.J. ” the 10-year-old male pigmy hippo (Choeropsis liheriensis) at Miami Metrozoo, developed a serious dental problem in mid- 1997. The lower canines, normally kept cut and trim by the A-shaped upper canines, were growing at an unusually fast rate and had worn the upper canines down to the gumline. Eventually the lower canines may have produced enough trauma to opposing tissues to cause permanent damage to the upper jaw J.J.'s health was our major concern, but because a decision was made to breed our hippos, another factor was considered. Solitary by nature, pigmy hippos come together for breeding when a female is cycling. If a female is not receptive to a persistent male, fighting may ensue and result in fatal wounds. Trimmed lower canines may reduce the damage. In July 1997, a decision was made to trim the lower canines. While our veterinarian Dr. Chriss Miller was searching for a safe and effective anesthesia, an operant conditioning program was initiated by Clarke Chamberlain, Supervisor of African Mammals. The goal of the operant conditioning was to manipulate the hippo’s face and mouth for eventual dental work and desensitize his limbs for blood collection. A 48cm x 206cm (18.9 in. x 81.1 in.) aluminum squeeze cage was placed in an entrance between two holding pens. Two pulleys were attached to the ceiling above both cage doors. A cotton cord was then attached to the tops of the guillotine-style cage doors, through the pulley, then tied onto the outside of the holding pen. Peanuts and banana leaves, as well as tactile stimulation, were used as positive reinforcement. Sessions lasted 10-20 minutes a day, four days a week. A supervisor and keeper were always present in case of unforeseen emergencies. After one month, we conditioned the hippo to remain calm inside the closed cage. He allowed us to stroke his head, neck and body, but became very upset when Dr. Miller attempted to draw blood from his legs using a 25-gauge needle. Further attempts to restrict his head in a more confined space, using styrofoam blocks, produced negative results. He refused to enter the cage for food unless both doors were left open and all restraining materials were removed. At this time, 60 days after the conditioning program begaui, it was discontinued. Within the next two months Dr. Miller found a safe procedure for immobilizing pigmy hippos. This method produced a light anesthesia/heaw sedation effect and had been used successfully at San Diego and Gladys Porter Zoos. J. J. was immobilized for dental work on 9 December 1997. A capture dart delivered by a CO^ pistol, containing, butorphanol 45.0mg and detomidine Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 323 lO.Omg was used to penetrate the thick hide and deliver the intramuscular injection. After -25-30 minutes, the hippo allowed us to manipulate his face and head while remaining in a sternal position. A dark towel was positioned over the eyes, and a gag (a towel wrapped around a piece of wood measuring 5cm X 10cm x 30cm (1.97in. x 3.94in. x ll.Slin.) was inserted behind his canines. Gigli wire was used to trim each lower tusk 4cm (1.57in.) from the gumline, while IV tubing was used to drip water on the tooth to prevent overheating. An attempt to file the teeth with a dremel tool was soon abandoned due to the hippo’s distress from the sound. After both teeth were trimmed. Dr. Miller performed a physical examination and gave the hippo intramuscular injections of ceftlofur 500mg IM; vit. E 1200 lU IM; and tetanus toxoid 2.0ml IM. An EGG was performed with stick-on-electrodes. (HR=26/min.) Even under sedation, the hippo was still too sensitive for attempting to collect blood from the limbs or tail. He insisted on standing up and stumbled around his holding pen. Dr. Miller was only able to give him naltrexone 125. Omg IM to reverse him. The hippo’s recovery was uneventful. Six months ago the staff had been uncertain about this dental procedure. Medical reports from some zoos indicated that procedures had been abandoned due to the negative effects of some immobilizing drugs. Our operant conditioning program only allowed a certain degree of restraint and confinement with a minimal amount of stress. What made this procedure a success, were the immobilizing drugs and the teamwork of all involved. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Ann Petrie/ Brookfield Zoo; Stephanie Lair/ Metro Toronto Zoo;Don Janssen DVM/ San Diego Zoo; and Michelle Frahm DVM/Gladys Porter Zoo for providing necessary information. Also Miami Metrozoo’s Veterinarian, Chriss Miller, DYNL for using the safest and most effective procedure available; my supervisor Clarke Chamberlain for his team effort and support; Senior Keeper Walter Dupree for his ideas and support; Mayra Ray-Gonzalez for editing; Antonio Flores for front cover sketch; and lastly the team effort of Veterinarian Technician J ackie Shaw, General Curator Steve Conners, and African hoofstock Keeper Kresimir Golenja. If there are any questions regarding any information about our procedure please call Dolora Batchelor at (305) 253-6151 (w), or e-malljda.ayla@juno.com. 324 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 Pygmy Hippo Dental Procedure Photo Captions 1. Sedated hippo in a sternal position. 2. Gigli wire being positioned around tooth while Clarke Chamberlain holds gag in hippo’s mouth. 3. Tooth being cut with Gigli wire while IV tubing drips water on tooth. 4. Removing the cut tooth. 5. Dr. Chriss Miller cutting left tooth with Gigli wire while keeper Kresimir Golenja drips water on tooth. 6. Close-up of Photo #5 7. Left tooth being removed. 8. Close-up of damaged upper canines and trimmed lower canines. 9. Hippo with stick-on electrodes attached to his body. 10. EKG machine printing rhythm strip. 11. Dr. Chriss MiUer giving “J.J.” a vitamin E injection. 12. Dr. Chriss Miller holding both cut canines. Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 325 326 Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 327 Book I Review Tales of Giant Snakes John C. Murphy and Robert W. Henderson, 1997 Krieger Publishing Company Malabar, FI 221 pgs, hardcover $29.50 50 B&W ill., 7 color ill., 8 range maps Review by Ken Naughen Keeper 348 ref. cited Montgomery Zoo, Montgomery, AL This book could be called “Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about giant snakes but were afraid to find out”. Seriously, this is a comprehensive review of the giant snakes of the family Boidae. The authors survey four species which are known to exceed twenty feet in length. These are the green anaconda, African rock python, Indian/Burmese pythons, and the reticulated python. Both technical and popular-sensational aspects of giant snakes are discussed. Some of the major topics covered are: size, diet, reproduction, human encoimters, attacks on humans, exploitation and conservation. The authors are “giants” themselves in their knowledge of herpetology and snakes specifically. They provide complete accounts of these species in a clear, concise, easy to read and entertaining format. The scientific information as well as popular legends are backed up by copious references. Perhaps the most important aspect of this book is Murphy and Henderson’s endeavor to validate or dispel popular legends using scientific facts. Their work goes a long way in sorting out what is fact and fiction concerning these animals. I would highly recommend this book to educators, zoo personnel and the general public. The Cougar Almanac: A complete natural history of the Mountain Lion by Robert H. Busch Lyons & Burford Press, 31 W. 21st St., NY, NY 10010 Hardcover, 144 pgs., $25.00 , rr r ^ Review by Harlan Deckert, Docent Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, CA This book is just what its subtitle claims, “A complete natural history of the moimtain lion”. He points out that many taxonomists believe that there are as many as 27 subspecies of the cougar (felis concolor) in North, Central and South America. The evolution, range and habitat initiate the story. There are then descriptions of anatomy and physiology, territories and breeding habits. As a “top-of-the- 328 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 food-chain” predator, the cougar is a skilled hunter using a stealth and pounce technique. It is also capable of bringing down hoofstock much larger and heavier than itself such as deer, moose, and elk. Of course, it also preys on smaller mammals. Among its South American meals are monkeys. In a Chapter subtitled “The Cougar and Humanity”, the author explores the history of human attitudes toward the cougar and vice versa. Generally speaking the cougar steers clear of people in North America. Only eleven people have been killed in the 20th century (up to the publication date). The Florida panther {Felis concolor coryi) rates a whole chapter. Now down to somewhere around 25 animals in the wild, it is considered one of the most endangered animals. The author covers its history, the problems causing its status and what is being done to save it. To supplement the complete and entertaining text, there are numerous excellent color and black and white photographs of the animals and people involved with them. The book is highly educational and one which cat fanciers should thoroughly enjoy. An Introduction to Responsible Private Captive Husbandry of Wild Felines Revision 1, Copyright July 1997 By George Stowers 8 Meadowhill Drive, Farmingdale, ME 04344 Self-PubUshed Spiral Bound ^ Exotic & Domestic Animal Behavior Consultant Escondido, CA Sometimes you find a person with great drive to a cause that is spurred by personal interest, the outcome in this case is a very good practical manual overview on what is required for responsible private ownership of an exotic felid. This forty-one page booklet is geared to the person with no experience with exotic felids and gives a quick synopsis to assist you or get you out of the illusion about exotic felid ownership. This manual is the hardcopy resource that is enhanced by the availability of information contained at the website called Mainely Felids, which was also the brainstorm and hard work of George Stowers. In my contact with this man, I have been impressed by his arduous work and dedication to captive animals and changing the views of the established animal facilities on the private owner. In fact, if you look into the history of things you can see that many zoological facilities and great collections were started by a private owner — probably someone just like this guy. The author’s background consists of private ownership of a serval named “Max” and activities with the LIOC-ESCF (Endangered Species Conservation Federation), and attendance at various other professional felid meetings. Professionally, George is an engineer and specialist in contingency planning. In Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No 8, 1998 329 his spare time he spends hours of time working on sourcing and contributing to his passion of responsible feline ownership. The contents of this manual include: Introduction Reality Check Basics of Responsible Captive Husbandry Permits Basic Disposition of Wild Felines Facilities Contingency Plans Basic Nutrition for Wild Felines Health Care Basics Species Selection for the Novice Behavior Training Basics About the LIOC-ESCF Appendices: A. 10 Very Poor Reasons For Wanting A Wild Feline B. Prospective Wild Feline Owner Self-Evaluation C. The 36 Species of Wild Feline D. List of State Conservation Agencies & Permit Offices E. Reference Book List F. Equipment & Supplies Vendor List This is just the manual to talk you out of making a serious error in obtaining an exotic felid when it is not suitable for your lifestyle or long-term plans. In this industry, the only agreement is to disagree on every issue, however, this manual is a “must” for anyone with an interest in captive felines and is a good starting point to get you pointed into the right direction and off on the right track. Publication Soon Available Hancock House Encyclopedia of Lories by Rosemary Low Hancock House Publishers, 1431 Harrison Ave., Blaine, WA 98230-5005 432 pgs. 174 f/c photos, 8 1/2’ x 11" format $70.00 This work culminates Low's 20 years of work with these exceptionally beautiful and exciting birds. This comprehensive volume has been arranged to give immediate access to specific subjects and species. The first part is an encyclopedia covering nearly 100 different subjects firom aviaries to conservation and from folklore to nest sites. In the second part, the biology of every species is described under standard headings which provide detailed descriptions of plumage, chicks, eggs, habitat, conservation and more. Another section includes distribution maps and information on localities where lories occur. The Encyclopedia of Lories will be available in September of 1998. 330 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 8, 1998 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 10th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks! AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Please include closing date for positions available and when setting these dates keep in mind that because of bulk-mail, most readers do not receive the AKF until the middle of the month or later. There is no charge for this service and fax listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our fax is (785) 273-1980. ASSISTANT SUPERVISOR OF AQUARIUM KEEPERS. ..Yeamres Bachelor’s Degree in zoology/biology or related field, SCUBA certification, and four (4) years ^ experience working with fishes and invertebrates at a public aquarium; supervisory experience preferred. Will assist curators in managing diverse animal collection, including supervision of keepers, facilities, animal husbandry programs, record maintenance, keeper training, and other duties. Annual salary $34,000.00 to $38,000.00. Send letter/resume and references to: Charles Vasser, WCS, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460. ZOO KEEPERS, Zoo of Acadiana is looking for highly motivated, team players who would enjoy caring for exotic animals. Duties include daily animal care, maintenance of exhibits and grounds. Candidates must be committed, hard-working and willing to work weekends, holidays. Must have one year paid experience in custodial care of animals, birds and reptiles at a recognized zoo. Starting salary is $12,480.00 to $16,640.00 depending on experience and ability. Position open until filled. Send resume and three (3) work references to: Ron Cline, General Curator, Zoo of Acadiana, 116 Lakeview Drive, Broussard, LA 70518; Phone (318) 837- 4325; Fax (318) 837-4353; e-mail: curator@linknet.net ELEPHANT KEEPER ...the position requires at least three (3) years experience working with elephants in free contact. Responsibilities include the care and daily maintenance of one female African elephant, as well as other hoofed animals. Must be able to run elephant rides and do demonstrations for the public. Send resume to: natural Bridge Zoo, P. O. Box 88, Natural Bridge, VA 24578 or fax (540) 291-1891. ANIMAL KEEPERiUtah’s Hogle ZQQ...prefer Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree in biology, zoology or related field and one (1) year of animal experience. Responsible for care of a diverse collection of animals, including daily husbandry, exhibit maintenance, observation and enrichment, as well as assisting in veterinary procedures, educational presentations, public relations and support aspects of the zoo’s operation. This position requires a team player capable of positive interactions with staff, volunteers, and guests. Salary is commensurate with experience and ranges from $15,600.00 to $23,076.00., with an excellent benefit package. Please send cover letter, resume and references by 30 August 1998 to: Kimberly Davidson, General Curator, Utah’s Hogle Zoo, 2600 E. Sunny side Ave., Salt Lake City, UT 84108. EOE. KEEPERS r^)... requires BS in animal-related field. Responsible for daily animal care and related duties in a 15-acre zoo displaying a diverse collection of mammals, birds, herps, and fish. Salary $7. 35/hr., excellent benefits. Send resume/references by 11 September 1998 to: Mike Borders, Director, Scovill Zoo, 71 S. Country Club Dr., Decataur, IL 62521-4470; phone (217) 421-7435. The following three (3) positions are available with the Zoological Society of San Diego. For any of these positions submit resume to: San Diego Zoo Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 8, 1998 331 - Human Resources OMce/Otto Center, P. O. Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551 or fax to (619) 557-3937. Be sure to reference the position number listed in each ad when applying. Deadline for all positions is 28 Augu.st_1998. TEAM AREA LEAD. ..position at San Diego Zoo. The qualified candidate should possess a minimum of five (5) years in an AZA-accredited zoological facility. A Bachelor’s degree or equivalent experience in Biology or a scientifically related field fi'om a recognized institution is also preferred. Proven leadership ability, teamwork, organizational and communication skills, as well as direct experience with the large carnivores is a must. The Team Area Lead will work in a multi-disciplinary workforce and will help with the transport, husbandry programs, daily maintenance, animal enrichment programs, behavior modification, exhibit design, exhibit renovation and staff selection, supervision and development of team environment. Applicants must be able to work any of the seven days of the week. Interview appointments will be available for qualified applicants during the AZA Conference. Please note on your application or resume if you will be attending the AZA Conference in September. This is a fully benefited position/40 hours per week. Payrate is $16.29 per hour. Please reference "Attn:TeamLd#161803” when applying for this position. KEEPER ••• position at San Diego Zoo in Avian Propagation Center. The position requires aviculture experience. Knowledge of artificial incubation and hand-rearing baby birds is desirable. Applicants must be able to work any of the seven days of the week. This is a fully benefited position/40 hours per week. Payrate is $14.05 per hour. Please reference “Attn:KPR#162104” when applying for this position. KEEPER„Xh.\s position will be responsible for the day-to-day management of animals. Requires animal husbandry knowledge. A Bachelor’s degree or equivalent experience in Biology or a scientifically related field from a recognized institution and/or one (1) year working in an accredited zoological facility is preferred. The qualified candidate is expected to have a broad base background in mammal management; however, it is also expected that the candidate may have a special interest group of animals; primates, ungulates, carnivores, etc. this is a fully benefited position/40 hours per week. Payrate if $14.05 per hour. Please reference “ATTN: MAM#163002” when appl5dng for this position. ASSOCIATE KEEPER - Bird Dept ,»>requires six (6) months of experience in exotic animal care and a college degree in zoology, biology, or a related field (or the equivalent combination of education and experience). Responsibilities include providing a healthy, attractive environment for the birds in a specified area, care and feeding of various birds, cleaning, exhibit maintenance and encouragement of public interest in the animals. Must have excellent communication skills and a willingness to interact with the public. The Memphis Zoo offers a competitive salary and benefits package, and a progressive team-based employment environment. Position will be available 1 September 1998. Send cover letter, resume and references to: Human Resources Manager, Memphis Zoo, 2000 Galloway, Memphis, TN 38112-9990. No phone calls accepted. EOE. AVIARY MANAGER.„lmmediate opening for Aviary Manager at Red Tail Express, Inc., Dunnellon, FL. Full-time, live on grounds. Position includes apartment and health insurance. Must have strong references. Fax resume to (352-465-4333. 332 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 8, 1998 AA7K Membership Application check here if renewal [ ] Name Address City State/Province Zip □ U.S. Members $35.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ Canadian Members $40.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $30.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $35.00 AffiUate Other staff & volunteers □ □ $30.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60.00 or up - Individuals Contributing/U.S. □ □ $35.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60 or up - Individuals Contributing/Canada □ □ $100.00 or up InstitutionalAJ.S. Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) International Members $50.00 International All members outside US. & Canada regardless of category □ $100.00 or up Institutional/Canada Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) □ Library Only 35.00 Library Available only to public & university libraries Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address Title Work Area □ My check is enclosed (AAZK, Inc.) □ Please charge my credit card MASTERCARD Name on card _ VISA Card # -Expiration date Signature Mail this application to: AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Make checks/money orders payable to AAZK, Inc. Must be in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. PRINTED IN U.S.A © 1998 AAZK, INC. ''Dedicated to Professional Animal Care ; ! « o O rt o ^ % ? 3»P —» ti n 30 ^ |S» ^ O ANIMAL KEEPERS' F o R u rvT The Journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepoio, inc. SEPTEMBER 1998 ANIMAL KEEPERS^ FORUM. 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 IQOfi Phone: 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX (785) 273-1980 Vol. 25, No. 9 Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan • Associate Editors/Enrichment Options Coordinators: Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum & Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo • Book Review Coordinator: Andrea Bemee, Chaffee Zoological Garden • Legislative Outlook Column Coordinator: Georgann B. Johnston, Sacramento, CA. • ABC’s Column Coordinator: Diana Guerrero, San Diego, CA • Reactions Column Coordinator: William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Animal Keepers’ Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster - Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 - attn: Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary AAZK Executive Director: Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc., Topeka KS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ric Urban, Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, TX 77030 President Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68107-2200 Vice President Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC 27203-9416 David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK 73111-7199 Jacque Blessington, Kansas City Zoological Gardens, Kansas City, MO 64132-4200 Scott M. Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109 Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6100 Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Pordand, OR 97221-2799 Immediate Past President COMMITTEES Nominations& Elections Chair - Sheri Leavitt, Houston Zoo Conservation, Prc,$.ervati.Qn_& .R£.smtiQn Grants Chair - Brett Sellers, Metro Washington Park Zoo Annual Conferences Coordinator - Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc. Avvards Chair - Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo By-law? Jeffrey Phillips, Disney's Animal Kingdom Ethigs Janet McCoy, Metro Washingto Park Zoo Research/Grants Farshid Mehrdadfar, Disney's Animal Kingdom Marketing Resources/Development David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo Conference Program Chair - Jeffrey Phillips, Disney’s AnimalKingdom MEMBERSHff gERVlCEg L.I.N.K. Coordinator Mark de Denus, Assiniboine Park Zoo Asst. L.I.N.K. Coordinator Wayne Hazlett, Milwaukee County Zoo Enrichment Committee Lee Houts, Folsom City Zoo Animal_D.ata.Transfer,Form Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo AAZK Historian Mark Levin, Philadelphia Zoo Zo.p..Uniygrsi.ty List Administrative Office International Outreach - Jeanette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo (Chair/Coordinator Internationsl Assistance); Martha Turnbull - Co-Chair); Kathy Kelly, Silver Springs, MD - Project M.A.R.C. (Making A Realistic Contribution) PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORS/LUISONS AZA Liaison Ed Hansen, AAZK Executive Director Elephant Managers Association Liaison Marie Galloway, National Zoo Bowling for Rhinos Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis, IN Zoo Registrars A$$ogiation Terry Fisher, San Antonio Zoo AZAD Liaison Mary Jo Binkley, Franklin Park, IL CAZPA Liaison Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo Int'l Marine Mammals Trainers Association Dave Force, Sea World of California AMAZOO Liaison Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens AZH, Liaison Virginia Wall, North Carolina Zoo AAZK PUBLICATIONS - CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION Zoo Infant Development Project - Teri Maas-Anger/Maggie Liguori, Philadelphia Zoo (Birds/Nonpasserines); Jennifer Hackshaw, Lowry Park Zoo and G. Suzanne Chacon, Zoo Aves (Birds/Passerines); Jeanne Walsh, Newark Museum Mini-Zoo (Reptiles); Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo (Amphibians) Crisis Management Resource Notebook - Susan Chan, AAZK; William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville,TX; and Diana L. Guerrero, Ark Animals, Inc., Escondido, CA. printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based ink products ^able of Contents Information for Contributors/About the Cover. 334 Scoops & Scuttlebutt 335 New AAZK Professional Members 336 Coming Events 337 Carie Cares^^ Order Information and Form 338 - 339 30 Space Chimps to Retire at Primarily Primates 340 Reactions Column: Internal Politics Conflicts 342 - 345 Immunocontraception of Captive Species: A New Approach to Population Management 346 - 350 Legislative Update 351 - 353 Information Please 353 Enrichment Options 354 - 355 Chapter News Notes 356 The Need for Routine Elephant Blood Draws 357 - 359 US. Reptile Dealer Faces Wildlife Smuggling Charges 360 Linking In Situ and Ex Situ Wildlife Conservation 361 - 364 Book Reviews {Elephants and Peterson’s Flash Guides) 365 - 366 Attention Book Reviewers S(®f Opportunity Knocks 367 - 368 Election '99 Nomination/Nominator Forms BLUE INSERT About the Cover..... This month's cover features Bai Yun, one of the two Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) currently on loan to the San Diego Zoo as part of a 12-year research program. In general appearance, pandas resemble other bears, but are distinguished by their striking black and white coloration, a head that is relatively massive (due to enlarged zygomatic arches and well-developed jaw muscles), as well as an extra pad found on each forefoot. Unique to pandas, this modification enables them to grasp their food - primarily bamboo shoots - although their captive diets are supplemented with high-fiber folivore biscuits, which are scattered throughout their exhibits, triggering their foraging instincts and other natural behaviors, which, in turn, keep them relatively active. This endangered species is native only to China where the remaining animals live in fragmented populations. This month's cover was drawn by Dean Simonson, a Keeper at the San Diego Zoo. Thanks, Dean! Information for Contributors Animal Keepers 'Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts on a disk as well as in hard copy form. Acceptable formats include: for Macintosh users - Microsoft Word or Works; EBM users - Word for Windows, WordPerfect or Wordstar. All illustrations, graphs, charts and tables should be clearly marked, in final form and should fit in a page size no greater than 5.5” x 8.5” (14cm x 22cm). Literature used should be cited in the text (Brown, 1 986) and alphabetically in the final bibhography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name (as per ISIS) the first time an animal name is used. Thereafter use common name. Use metric system for weights and measurements (standard equivalents may be noted in parenthesis). Use the continental dating system (day-month-year). Times should be listed as per the 24-hour clock (0800, 1630 hrs. etc.). Glossy finish black and white photos only are accepted. Color slides should be converted to black and white prints (minimum size 3” x 5” [8cm x 14cm] ) before submission. Clearly marked captions should accompany photos. Please list photo credit on back of photo. Articles sent to Animal Keepers' Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more of the zoo professionals who serve as referees foxAKF. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone and FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space allows. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. Phone 1-800-242-4519 (US); 1-800-468- 1966 (Canada); FAX (785) 273-1980. Deadline for each regular issue is the 10th of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the editor. Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AKF staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. Back issues are available for $3.00 eacL 334 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 Scoops <£ Scuttlebutt Notice from the NEC Attention all members! This is a reminder that the deadline for submitting your nominations for candidates for the upcoming Be of Directors election will be here before long. There are four positions that will be open at the close of the 1999 National Conference. Those positions are currently held by Diane Callaway (Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo); Lucy Segerson (North Carolina Zoological Park); David Luce (Oklahoma City Zoo); and Jan Reed-Smith (John Ball Zoological Gardens). Each new Board Member will serve a four-year term, beginning at the close of the 1999 NationalConference and running until the close of the 2003 National Conference. Please fill out the Nominator and Nominee Biographical Forms which may be found in the center section of this issue and return them by 31 January 1999 to: Sheri Leavitt, NEC Chair, Houston Zoological Gao’dens, Children’s Zoo, 1513 N. MacGregor Way, Houston, TX 77030; Fax (713) 284-1329. If you need forms you may also contact Administrative Offices in Topeka at 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) or 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). The Animal Data Transfer Form Project is Moving to Topeka After the 1998 AAZK Conference in Indianapolis, the ADTForm Project will be transferred from Bernie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo, Syracuse, NY, to the AAZK Administrative Offices in Topeka, KS. Bernie is stepping down from the Project after 20 years as its Chair. Please send all requests for ADTForms to: AAZK, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. There is no charge for the forms which are provided as a professional service to the zoo community by AAZK, Inc. We encourage all institutions to utilize the ADTForm whenever an animal is shipped to another facility. Such utilization provides the receiving institution with vital information about the animal which will assist them in providing the best possible care for the specimen. A Big Thank You is once again in order for the Columbus Zoo for the support they give the ADTForm Project by underwriting the printing expenses for another year. Their continued support is greatly appreciated. Board Announces Annual Conference Program Chair The AAZK Board of Directors have appointed Jeffrey Phillips (Disney’s Animal Kingdom) to the newly created position of Annual Conference Program Chair. The duties of this position include reviewing the draft programs proposed by each Conference Committee to ensure that they conform to the Mission Statement of AAZK, Inc. The Program Chair will also review speakers, paper and workshop content, publication guidelines and establish policy for paper and workshop presentations. ATTENTION Australasian RAP Session Participants We will be holding the Annual Australasian RAP Session at the Indianapolis Conference. It is tentatively scheduled for Tuesday, evening, 29 September 1998. If anyone has materials (slides, videos, literature, questions, stories, etc.) that they would like to share, please contact Jacque Blessington at jacsprat65@aol.com or call (816) 523-7130 or Fax at (816) 822-8903. Any information you would like to share would be greatly appreciated, so bring it with you to Indy. Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 335 New AAZK Professional Members Kelly J. Meunier, Roger Williams Park Zoo (RI); Gregory Roberts, no zoo listed/Pittsburgh, PA; Kenneth Pelletier, Philadelphia Zoo (PA); Cynthia Noe Hanson, North Carolina Zoo (NC); Candy Jones-Guggino, Lowry Park Zoo (FL); Tricia Neal, Busch Gardens (FL); Deborah L. Flinkman, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (FL); Arnetta Brooks, Birmingham Zoo (AL); Lee Holt, Nashville Zoo (TN); Amy Lavender, Columbus Zoo (OH); David Winkler, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (OH); Daniel Prutzman, Grizzly Discovery Center (MT); Nicole Kehl, Lincoln Park Zoo (IL); Tori Kaldenberg, Kansas City Zoo (MO; Tom Dillenbeck, Sedgwick County Zoo (KS); Mitch K. Carl, Henry Doorly Zoo (NE); Randy Scheer, Folsom Children’s Zoo (NE); Derek Weatherford, Ft. Worth Zoo (TX); Michael Huff, San Antonio Zoo (TX); Amber Saunders, New Mexico Wildlife (NM); Kristin D. Zabawa, Los Angeles Zoo (CA); Jennifer Trumbly, Marine World (CA); Amy Exceen, Wildlife Safari (OR); Laurie A. Bauman, Woodland Park Zoo (WA); Tim Wild, Northwest Wildfowl (WA). MOVING ? Postage costs for mailing AKF are continuing to rise and we anticipate a 5-9% increase in this expense over the next year. Each time we receive an AKF back from the Post Office due to an unreported change-of-address, it costs the Association 78 cents. Help keep this cost down by reporting your change-of- address as soon as you know it. AKF is sent bulk-mail rate and is not automatically forwarded, so you may miss issues if you do not advise AO of address changes. These missed issues will not be sent gratis anymore. ^ Need to Reach AAZK? 1-800-242-4519 (U. S.) Administrative Office Staff 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) ^ Barbara Manspeaker - FAX: (785) 273-1980 M Administrative Secretary 1 Susan Chan - or write Iff ij J Managing Editor AKF AAZK, Inc. j Orca - 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. ^ Office Cat Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Office Hours: 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. CDT L— J 336 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 Coming tzvents EMA. AZH. AAZK. Inc. Joint Conference - Sept. 26-30, 1998 in Indianapolis, IN. This one of a kind event will bring together members from the Elephant Managers Association, the Association of Zoological Horticulture and the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Information on the Conference as well as hotel forms and conference registration forms may be found in the March 1998 issue of AKF. For further information contact Bruce Elkins, 1200 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46222; Phone - (3 1 7) 630-203 1 ; Fax - (3 1 7) 630-5 153; E-mail - belkins@mail.indyzoo.com Aquarium and Zoo Facilities Association Annual Conference - October 4-7, 1998 in Columbia, SC. AZFA was formerly known as the Aquarium and Zoo Maintenance Association/ (AZMA). For further information, contact John Morgan, Riverbanks Zoo and Garden, P. O. Box 1060, Columbia, SC 29202; (202) 779-8717, ext. 1116. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference - October 17-22, 1998 in Omaha, NE. To be held in conjunction with the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. For further information contact: Wilbur Armand, VMD, Executive Director/AAZV, 6 North Pennell Rd., Media, PA 19063; Phone: (610) 892-4812; Fax: (610) 892-4813; or E- Mail:75634.235 @compuserve.com The Zoo Registrars Association - October 22- 24, 1998 in Columbus, OH. For further information, contact Gretchen Bickert, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., Powell,OH 43065; (614) 654-3429; e-mail: gbickert@colszoo.org Association of Zoo Veterinary Technicians Conference - October 24-29, 1998 in Houston, TX. Held at Houston Zoological Gardens. For info contact: Jenni Jenkins, LVT, AZVT Secretary, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Attn: Veterinary Hospital, P. O. Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830. Phone: (407) 938-2869. The 26th Annual Conference of the International Marine Animal Trainers Association - November 7-12. 1998 inAlbufeira, Portugal, and hosted by ZooMarine. For further information, contact Geraldine Lacave at 01 1 32 50 38 38 38; fax at 011 32 50 39 39 32; e-mail geraldine.lacave@skynet.be. Restoring the Wolf - November 11-15, 1998 in Seattle, WA. A forum on wolf biology, recovery, management and activism will include scientific presentations, posters, panel discussions and workshops. For info contact: Nina Fascione, Defenders of Wildlife, 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington, DC 20005; Phone (202) 789- 2844, Ext. 227; E-mail: nfascione@defenders.org. 1999 AZA Regional Conferences AZA Central Regional - March 17-20, 1999 in Indianapolis, IN. For information contact Jodie Baker, Indianapolis Zoo, P. O. Box 22309, Indianapolis, IN 46222; phone (317) 630-5167. AZA Eastern Regional - April 14-17, 1999 in Pittsburgh, PA. For information contact Terry Delulis, Pittsburgh Zoo, One Wild Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; phone (412) 365-2500. AZA Western Regional - April 28 - May 1 , 1999 in San Jose, CA. For information contact Dr. Anthony Smith, Zoo Director, Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, 1300 Senter Rd., San Jose, CA 95112; phone (408) 998-5172; fax (408) 279-8021. CM) THE GOURMET RODENT TM RATS AND MICE Bill & Marcia Brant 6115 SW 137th Avenue Archer. FL 32618 (352) 495-9024 FAX (352) 495-9781 e-mail: GrmtRodentdaol.com <0 All Rights Reserved Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 337 Introducing CARIE CARES^^ Zoo Keeper or Aquarist Dolls Carie Cares™ is an exciting gift for the junior animal lover in your family or the perfect addition to your doll collection. She comes dressed in either a zoo keeper uniform or an aquarist wet suit. Carie Cares™ the zoo keeper comes with a scrunchie for her hair and a chimpanzee. The aquarist comes with a scrunchie and a sea turtle. The dolls are 16 inches tall with fabric bodies and embroidered faces. Each doll comes with a hangtag that includes an educational description of occupational responsibilities. Sales of Carie Cares^^ benefit AAZK, Inc. and the Junior Zoo Keeper Program. These dolls will be available through AAZK Administrative Offices FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY. The cost for each doll is $24.95 which includes shipping/handling in the U. S. Canadian orders should add $5.00 for s/h; international orders need to include $10.00 for s/h. Payment must be in U. S. Funds ONLY. Checks or money orders should be made payable to “AAZK, Inc.”. Dolls may also be ordered using a VISA or MasterCard. Use the order form on the following page. 338 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 CARIE CARES™ Order Form Please send me Zoo Keeper Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Aquarist Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Canadian s/h (per doll) $5.00 = $ Overseas s/h (per doll) $10.00 = $ Total Amount of Order $ My check is enclosed ( ) Please charge my credit card VISA ( ) MasterCard ( ) Name on card Credit Card Number - - ___ - ___ Expiration Date Signature Please mail doll(s) to the following address: Name Address City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Country Telephone # Send orders to: Carle Cares™ Dolls AAZK Administrative Offices 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 339 30 SoacG Cii im pace at Ppimari ps to Spend Petirement lu Primates, I nc. In June of 1998, Primarily Primates, Inc., the oldest and largest primate rehabilitation center and sanctuary in the U.S. (est. 1978) hand delivered a proposal to Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio to retire 141 chimpanzees no longer wanted by the United States Air Force (USAF) space program. These chimpanzees led the way into the new frontier of space travel in the 60's, but when no longer needed for the space program were utilized instead for biomedical research. From hepatitis to AIDS, the chimpanzees and many of their descendents moved from one study to another. Today, approximately one half of the 141 surviving USAF chimpanzees currently living at the Coulston Foundation at Hollomon Air Force Base in New Mexico have been used in hepatisis and AIDS studies. Several years ago, the USAF began looking at alternatives for the chimpanzees. At one point, the entire colony was going to be released to the Coulston Foundation. However, inl997, the USAF released a Request for Proposals asking suitable organizations to enter in an exhaustive, extensive selection process for the placement of the chimps. Primarily Primates, Inc. (PPI) a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, participated in this proposal process to save the chimps from further biomedical research use and to provide them with a lifetime safe haven. PPI’s offer to provide sanctuary reflected a national interest from many diverse organizations and people on behalf of the chimps to ask the USAF to "do right" by the chimpanzees by providing them with a humane permanent retirement. PPI was one of five bidders seeking to acquire “ownership” of the animals. An oral presentation to the USAF was made on 29 June and a USAF site inspection of PPI was performed on 18 July. Following a series of questions, inspections and financial review of PPI by the USAF, Primarily Primates could only sit back and wait for an official decision. On 6 August it was learned that PPI had been chosen as a retirement home for 30 of the 141 USAF chimpanzees. The remaining 111 chimpanzees have been awarded to the Couslson Foundation where they will continue to be used in further studies. IPP officials have stated that they believe they could have provided sanctuary for all 141 animals if they had the financial ability to provide a lifetime endowment fund for these individuals. At this time, PPI is preparing itself to accommodate the 30 chimpanzees that will soon be joining the 40 chimps now living at the sanctuary. The expense to retire the 30 chimpanzees is approximately $2.8 million. If you v/ould like further information about the Space Chimps or Primarily Primates, you may contact Primarily Primates, Inc., P. O. Box 207, San Antonio, TX 78291-0207. 340 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 SPECTRUM Quality exotic animal diets Nutritionally balanced Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NKBRASKA BRAND h i SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored psittacine/primate, 20% protein dry Banana flavored primate. Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Polar Bear dry Ratite dry Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240. 500, or 750 wattages. One call does It all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 r / a jV ^ /i Question end /\i5mFom for tkZoo Frokssma/oi Crisis /fena^eKit By William K. Baker, Jr., Zoo Curator Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Question What can you do when zoological safety and internal politics conflict with each other? Comments Every once in a great while a topic or question is posed to me that touches the deepest parts of what we do in our profession. The topic of internal politics would certainly qualify as one of these. Over the years I have watched as my friends and peers have struggled through this area of our profession. To some degree internal politics are probably a part of most facilities and like subtle shades of grey they cross the spectrum from beneficial to malevolent. After years of experience it has become abundantly clear to me that in reality there exists no “us” and “them” when comparing zoo keepers to zoo managers. What does exist are individuals within the ranks of our profession who lack sensitivity, compassion, social skills and the ability to communicate effectively. This is a fact of our modern society, so why should our industry be any different? The bittersweet truth is that our institutions are staffed by people from all walks of life and each person has a specific personality, with traits good and bad. It is my belief that there is no such thing as a “bad zoo”; it would be unfair to allow the acts of a few individuals to obscure the achievements and merits of an entire facility. Politics exist in all walks of life. Still, I have observed that many of our peers have left the profession in finistration and anger over the internal politics. When this anger is given voice it inevitably moves in the course of conversation from the facility to the individuals and from the abstract to the specific. Inevitably the key issue is that something is being placed ahead of the animals' welfare by someone else, which directly or indirectly impacts the quality of care that we provide. This strikes at the very heart of our belief system and shatters the trust that animal caretakers share. This type of action isn't inherent in the administration nor is it inherent to a specific facility. It is the result of individuals who bring their own particular 342 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 kind of destruction with them wherever they go in life. While it isn’t our responsibility to rescue these individuals, it is our responsibility to insure that our profession conducts itself in a professional manner. We owe it to our peers, the animals, and conservation itself to encourage these individuals to find a new field of study Conversely, it is all too convenient for professionals to leave in disgust and blame the profession as they turn away It only makes our industry a smaller and lonelier place. We must work together to ensure the survival of the species placed in our care. This fact exists beyond the rhetoric, marketing, and advertising; every professional who can aid in the survival of the wild places and their animals should. That is the true nature of our industry and when we come together, the true magic, synergy, and teamwork is realized. However, it is unrealistic to believe that the problem individuals will simply go away. The reality is that we will continue to have to work with these individuals, probably as long as the human condition exists. So, does internal politics have an impact on zoological safety? Yes. Next, is there anything that can be done when facing this type of situation? Yes. It has been said that the first step in solving a problem is realizing its existence. Politics is like anything else, it can be understood and controlled. The first and most immediate concern that arises out of politics is that communication and morale begins to break down. This results in the affected staff members being placed in a reactive and high stress situation. With a break in communication, morale, and elevated stress levels the likelihood of the animal staff keeping their minds on the task at hand is extremely low. In addition, when this scenario is fueled by rumors and a touch of paranoia, the possibility of a staff member getting injured or killed is elevated. The psychodynamics of the situation can quickly take on a life of its own and spiral out of control. Needless to say, an injury to either an animal or staff member can easily push the spiral farther downward. So, where can the mistake occur in a zoo professional’s day? An3rwhere. Think about how many exhibits, shifts, holdovers, gates, guillotines, chutes and locks that are operated on a daily basis. At any point in the day a step could to missed, a miscommunication can occur, or an animal count could go wrong. Distraction in our business can prove to be disastrous. Even if the result isn’t immediate, it could easily impact the next zoo keeper who enters the area. Another aspect of a high stress situation is that animal managers can easily experience apathy over time. This can lead to a decrease in effectiveness in the workplace. Apathy detracts from the ability to perform detail work and in our profession, the details are everything. Even if a shift or count isn’t missed, an injured or problematic animal condition can easily be missed. This can easily lead to negativity among staft* members, which also surprisingly seems to be contagious to other staff members - avoid it all costs. I have attempted to try and identify and classify the various scenarios that could impact our profession, as well as seek possible avenues of resolution for each situation. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 343 Internal Politics 1. Management versus Employees Problem Inevitably this is the most common scenario that Zoo Keepers mention when discussing internal politics. The situation usually develops into an “us against them ” stance. The reality is that usually the problem rests with a single member of the administration and how their decision impacts the animal welfare of the collection under their control. This results in a rift between animal caretakers and animal management. Solution The first and foremost method of diffusing the situation is improved commimication. It is likely that the instruction could have been misinterpreted. It is also possible that the management decision could to based on faulty or incorrect information. Should this not be the case, then it’s the responsibility of the primary animal caretakers to address the situation with their supervisor. Failing this, take it up the chain of command. It does little if any good to complain quietly in the shadows. This only sows the seeds of discontent and in the end it’s the animals that will lose. Be professional, have your facts and data ready, and pick and choose your battles carefully. II. Interdepartmental Rivalry Problem This type of scenario can easily develop out of territorial situations over animal care based either on teams or more often than not, different animal sections in a larger institution. Occasionally it even manifests itself over equipment or personnel in transition from one section to another. Solution It is the responsibility of the Senior Keepers and Area Supervisors to establish an effective working relationship with their counterparts. An ineffective leader allows this type of competition to continue. It serves no purpose and doesn’t aid the animal welfare in the least. Professional working relationships are the foundation for cooperation and survival in a crisis situation. On a daily basis it can injure the exchange of information which enhances our ability as progressive animal mangers. The key to this situation is realizing that the differences and diversity of sections can be a strength. Through teamwork and joint projects a new level of professional respect can be achieved. III. Interpersonal Relationships Problem The inevitable problem child. Every zoo has at least one it seems, marching 344 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25y No. 9, 1998 forth across their section and the zoo sowing despair wherever they go. They never seem to do quite enough to get fired, but just enough to annoy everyone in their field of view. Intelligent, talented, and an expert on everything and a master of nothing. Everyone is wrong and they are always right and if you disagree or they don’t understand, you’re an idiot. Solution Attempt dialogue, coimseling, workshops and any other resource at your disposal. Realize that the drive and skill can be harnessed and pointed in a positive and progressive direction. Patience is the key to resolving this situation. Assign projects which will draw upon their resources and force them to utilize and develop their social skills in a progressive manner. Think of it as drawing out the strengths and giving them power and direction; positive social interaction will follow. Failing this, encourage them to find another profession. NEXT MONTH: What exactly is emergency support equipment? If you would like to submit a question for this column or have comments on previously published material, please send them to: Reactions/AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. (About the Author: Since 1985 Bill has been active in the fields of science, zoology and wildlife management His education and expereince include a B. S. in wildlife management and post-graduate work in zoology; Lab and Museum Assistant; Shoot Team leader, ERT Member, and Senior Keeper and Large Mammal Keeper at various AZA facilities. His area of research is crisis management in zoological institutions, which draws upon practical experience and training as a Rescue Diver, Hunter Safety Instructor, NRA Firearms Instructor, and Red Cross CPR/ First Aid Instructor.) Assistance Sought on Leopard Ethograms A request for assistance from India has landed on my desk. If anyone has access to specific felid ethograms or studies specifically related to Panthera pardus (leopard) in captivity or otherwise, please contact me (800)818-7387 or email arkabc@arkanimals.com (Diana Guerrero). Snail mail: P. O. Box 1 154, Escondido, CA 92033. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 345 ImmunocontpacGption of Captive Species: AM ew Apppoacli to Population N/lanaqement By Kimberly M. Frishie, Associate Curator and Jay F Kirkpatrick, Curator ZooMontana, Billings MT, US. A. There are several rationales for fertility control in captive populations. First, the problem of surplus captive animals and acceptable management of these animals has become a serious issue for zoos (Lacy, 1991). Second, fertility inhibition may be indicated for specific animals for reasons of poor health, undesirable genetic traits, age, or behavioral problems (Kirkpatick and Turner, 1991). Because of the need for contraception in some captive populations, the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) formed the Contraception Advisory Group (CAG). Some of the goals of the CAG are to: (1) make recommendations regarding what form of contraception to use for specific species, (2) educate the public regarding this issue and (3) educate the zoo community about the importance of contraception for responsible management of zoo collections (Asa, 1993). One of the relatively new tools for fertility control is Porcine Zona Pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception. A non-cellular membrane known as the zona pellucida (ZP) surrounds all mammalian ova. The ZP consists of several glycoproteins one of which, ZP3 is thought to be the sperm receptor. The PZP vaccine is derived from porcine ovaries; the ZP are separated from the ova and the glycoprotein is solubilized and is delivered to target animals intramuscularly. The principle of PZP immunocontraception involves stimulating the animal’s immune system to produce antibodies, which will interfere with sperm attachment on the protein receptor on the ovum. When the PZP is injected into the target animal, the animal produces antibodies against the antigen (PZP). These antibodies also attach to the target animal’s own ZP3 thus distorting the receptor, and thereby blocking the sperm from fertilizing the ovum (Kirkpatrick, 1995) Porcine Zona Pellucida has been proven to be a promising form of birth control in captive exotic species and free-roaming wildlife because: (1) it has a very high contraceptive efficacy, (2) it can be delivered remotely, via darts, (3) its effects are reversible after short-term use, (4) it is effective across many species, (5) it lacks debilitating health side effects, even after long-term treatment, (6) it has minimal effects on social behaviors, (7) the vaccine and the antibodies induced in response to it cannot be passed through food chains, and (8) it is safe to give to pregnant or lactating animals (Kirkpatrick et. al., 1997). 346 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25 y No. 9, 1998 Not only are there management concerns for captive species, but there are also management concerns for wild, free-roaming populations where non-lethal management methods are required or advisable. The PZP vaccine is being used successfully to control reproduction in wild horses {Equus cahallus) (Kirkpatrick, 1995), white-tailed deer {Odocoileus virginianus) (Turner et. al., 1996a), feral donkeys {Equus asinus) (Turner et. al,, 1996b), water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), elk (Cervus canadensis) (Kirkpatrick et. al., 1996a) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana) (Fa5rrer-Hosken et. al., 1997). In fact, it was successful trials in wild horses that stimulated the idea to try the PZP vaccine in zoo animals. The PZP vaccine is currently being used in zoo animals worldwide to control captive animal populations. The first project began at the Cologne Zoo in Germany in 1990. The species tested were the Przewalski’s horse {Equus przewalskii) and the banteng (Bos javanicus) and the PZP vaccine was shown to be an effective form of contraception for both species (Kirkpatrick et. al., 1995). In 1990 a larger project, involving six different ungulates (Kirkpatrick et. al., 1996b), was initiated at the Wildlife Conservation Center - Bronx Zoo. By 1993, 17 zoos were participating in the study (Kirkpatrick et. al., 1993) and to date approximately 90 species in 76 zoos have been treated with PZP in a collaborative program with ZooMontana and the Humane Society of the United States. Table 1 indicates animals that have been treated with PZP. During the initial year of treatment the PZP vaccine is given either two or three times and a booster inoculation is given every year thereafter. If the animal has a well-defined and short breeding season, a two-inoculation protocol may be sufficient. The first inoculation is given 1-2 months prior to breeding activity and the second inoculation 1-2 weeks prior to the onset of breeding activity, however there is some latitude in the timing of these inoculations. If the animal does not have a specific breeding season then the first dose can be given anytime, followed by two more inoculations given two weeks apart. The important point in the timing of the inoculations is to achieve maximum antibody titers during the peak breeding season. The reason the PZP vaccine works in so many different species of mammals is because the sperm receptor (ZP3) has been highly conserved in the course of evolution. However, the cost of this molecular evolutionary conservation is that the PZP vaccine is a very poor immunogen. Thus, in order to be effective the vaccine must be given with an adjuvant, which is a general immunostimulent (Kirkpatrick et. al., 1996a). The initial research has shown that the use of Freund’s Complete adjuvant (FCA) (Sigma Chemical Company) for the first inoculation and Freund’s Incomplete adjuvant (FIA) (Sigma Chemical Company) for all subsequent inoculations results in the highest antibody (Ab) titers and the greatest contraceptive success. Although FCA is the most effective adjuvant it may cause a positive tuberculosis (TB) test. All vaccinations may be given with FIA, which will avoid the problem of positive TB tests but extra inoculations will have to be given because the Ab titers will not be as great as when FCA is given for the initial inoculation. In those species for which a TB test does not exist, as in the case of equids, the FCA can be used routinely. Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 347 Addax Cougar* Leopard Reindeer Addra Gazelle Cuvier Gazelle Llama Reticulated Giraffe African Lion Dali Sheep Lynx River Hippo American Bison* Domestic Ass Malayan Sun Bear* River Otter Angolan Springbok Domestic Goat Mandarin Sika Deer* Roan Antelope Arabian Wildcat Dromedary Mandrill Rock Hyrax Asian Black Bear* Elk* Markhor Rocky Mt. Bighorn Sheep* Axis Deer European Wolf Mountain Goat Rocky Mt. Goat* Babirusa Fallow Deer Mule Deer* Ruffed Lemur Banteng Fennec Fox Muntjac Sambar Deer Barasingha Gerenuk* Nilgiri Tahr* Siberian Ibex* Binturong Grant's Zebra* Northern fur seal Snow Leopard Black Buck Greater Kudu* Nubian Giraffe* Sri Lanka Elephant Black Lemur Grevyi's Zebra* Nubian Ibex* Taiwanese Sika Deer* Brazilian Tapir Hamadryas baboon Nyala Tiger Brown Bear* Hartman's Zebra* Onager Topi Bush Baby Hippopotamus Oryx Tur* Calif. Sea Lion* Impala* Persian Leopard Water Buffalo* Chapman's Zebra* Jaguar Plains Zebra* Waterbuck* Coatimimdi Kirk's Dik Dik Przewalski's Horse* White-tailed Deer* Colobus Monkey Kodiak Bear* Reeve's Muntjac Wolf Table 1: List of species treated with the PZP vaccine. Those species marked with an asterisk (*) are species for which there are suMcient data to indicate successful contraception. The database for those species not so marked is still insufHcient for drawing conclusions about successful contraception. 348 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 Although there have been very positive results in most animals in which PZP has been tested, several problems have been encountered. The mixing of the thick PZP-adjuvant emulsion can be a challenge. Good quality glass syringes attached with Luer locks (Yale Hypodermic) work very well at mixing the thick emulsion. Using plastic S5n-inges, for example, tends to cause binding of the emulsion. The proper delivery system is also essential. If darts are used for remote delivery Pneu-Dart® darts are recommended, because of the ease with which the thick emulsion passes through the 14-gauge needle. If other equipment is used the needle should not be smaller than 16 g. A good intramuscular injection is essential. Thus, the length of the needle used must be selected with the skin thickness and fat pads in mind. On occasion an abscess will form at the injection site. The few that have occurred have been small and healed without incidence. The cause of these abscesses may involve the adjuvant, and in particular FCA, or the intrusion of foreign material by the dart or syringe needle. In animals in which a sustained contraceptive effect is desired, the timing of the annual booster inoculation is also important. Some animals such as zebra {Equus ssp.) and muntjac {Muntiacus ssp.) have become pregnant because the titers have dropped sooner than a year after the initial inoculations, but this can be easily rectified by booster inoculations every 7-9 months. In most other species however, a single annual booster inoculation is sufficient. Reversibility of contraception is often an important consideration in valuable captive exotic species where the goal is to delay reproduction rather than prevent it permanently. Most of the data regarding reversibility of PZP contraception has been derived from wild horses and white-tailed deer. In horses, reversibility usually occurs after three or four consecutive years of treatment, and there is limited data to indicate that five consecutive years of treatment inhibits fertilization but not ovulation. However, PZP treatment longer than five years may render the animal incapable of ovulation by destro3dng ovarian ooc5d:es (Kirkpatrick, 1995). In any case, reversibility of contraceptive action after short- term use (1-3 years) has been documented in horses, white-tailed deer, muntjac, and zebra. The maintenance of social behaviors in zoo animals is extremely important if we are serious about our mission as educational institutions. Because the PZP vaccine blocks fertilization and does not alter endocrine patterns, behaviors are not seriously affected. Again, the largest body of data has come from wild horses, and treatment over many years has not altered band fidelity by mares or stallions nor has it changed social hierarchy ranks among animals (Kirkpatrick, 1995). Although systematic studies have not been carried out, the same appears to be true among white-tailed deer maternal groups. The PZP vaccine is a new contraceptive tool that is not suitable for every situation, but along with other contraceptive methods, it increases our ability to manage captive populations. The PZP vaccine has many advantages. The foremost advantage is that it does not cause any debilitating health problems. Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 349 Additionally, the PZP vaccine can be delivered remotely so there is no need to immobilize or anesthetize the animal, thereby reducing stress. Finally, the contraceptive effects of the PZP vaccine are reversible after short-term use (up to three years) and this provides management flexibility References: Asa, C. S. 1993 Structure and function of the AAZPA contraception committee, Proceedings of The American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 281-283. Fayrer-Hoskens, R.A., Bertschinger, H., Turner, J.W., Jr., Liu, I.K.M. and Kirkpatrick, J.F. 1997. Management of African elephant populations by immunocontraception. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25:18-21. Kirkpatrick, J.F. 1995 Management of Wild Horses by Fertility Control: The Assateague Experience. National Park Service Scientific Monograph, National Park Service, Denver, CO. 60 pp. Kirkpatrick, J.F, and Turner, J.W., Jr. 1991 Reversible contraception in nondomestic animals, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 22(4):392-408. Kirkpatrick, J.F, Calle, P.P., Kalk, R, Kolter, L. Zimmerman, W, Goodrowe, K., Liu, I. K.M., turner, J.W, Bemoco, MN. and Rutberg, A.T. 1993. Immunocontraception in zoo animals: vaccinating against pregnancy. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 290-292. Kirkpatrick, J.F, Zimmerman, W, Kolter, L., Liu, I.K.M. and Turner, J.W, Jr. 1995. Immunocontraception of captive exotic species. 1. Przewalski’s horse {Equus przewalskii) and Banteng (Bos javanacus). Zoo Biology 14:403-416. Kirkpatrick, J.F, Turner, J.W, Jr., Liu, I. KM. and Fayrer-Hosken, R.A. 1996a Applications of pig zona pellucida immunocontraception to wildlife fertility control, Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 50, 183-189. Kirkpatrick, J.F, Calle, P.P., Kalk, R, Liu, I.K.M., Bemoco, M., and Turner, J. W, Jr. 1996b. Immunocontraception of captive exotic species, 11. Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus), Axis deer (Cervus axis), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosvelti), muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevsi), and Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor). J. Zoo Wildl, Med. 27:482-495. Krkpatrick, J.F, Turner, J.W, Jr., Liu, I.K.M., Fayrer-Hosken, R.A. and Rutberg, A.T. 1997. Case studies in wildlife immunocontraception, Reprod. Fertil. Dev, 9, 105-10. Lacy, R.C. 1991 Zoos and the surplus animal problem: an alternative solution. Zoo Biology 10: 293-297. Turner, J.W, Jr., Krkpatrick, J.F, and Liu, I.K.M. 1996a Effectiveness, reversibility and serum antibody titers associated with immunocontraception in captive white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 60:45-51. Turner, J.W, Jr., Lui, I.K.M. and Krkpatrick, J.F. 1996b Remotely-delivered immunocontraception in free-roaming feral burros. J. Reprod. Fert. 107:31-35. 350 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 Cegislative Update Compiled by Georgann Johnston Legislative Advisor Sacramento, CA 1-800^338-7348 Hippos Moved to Allow Development The Mpumalanga Parks Board in South Africa has decided to capture and relocate 30 hippos from the Crocodile River. The hippos have to move because the nearby town of Nelspruit has decided to turn land bordering the river into a residential township. The project was characterized as the Parks Board's “most ambitious animal capture project to date”. The vegetation along the riverbank had to be cleared by hand before over a kilometer of electric fencing could be erected. A steel fence was also sunk across the width of the river to prevent the hippos from escaping. At least six hippos have been captured so far and sold to a game dealer in the North West Province of South Africa. Buyers, including the Johannesburg Zoo, are already lined up for the remaining 24 hippos which the Parks Board hopes to capture over the next month. Source: Wild Net Africa News Service 22 July 1998 Namibian Government Approves Culling Seals The Namibian government has approved the culling of up to 15,000 seal pups and 3,000 bulls at the Cape Cross seal colony, and 20,000 pups and 2,000 bulls at the Luderitz colony. The government justifies the action on the basis that an over-population of seals is damaging fish stocks and the entire marine ecosystem. Environmental groups opposed to the culling include the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), which has tried for years to get the Namibian government to abandon its annual culls. A spokesperson for the IFAW said that official Namibian records show that no seal products have been exported during the past five years and that there is a five-year stockpile of seal pelts. ‘We believe the main reason for the culling is for seal penises, which are used as aphrodisiacs,” said David Barritt, director of IFAW. “Despite official figures, it is believed that the genitals of the culled males are being exported.” Source: Wild Net Africa News Service 27 July 1998 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 351 Draft Recovery Plan for Fin and Sei Whales Now Available The Draft Recovery Plan for the North Pacific and North Atlantic Fin whale {Balenoptera physalus) and Sei whale {Balenoptera borealis) populations is now available for review and comment. The Plan was prepared by the National Marine Fisheries Service in conjunction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It contains information about the natural history, current status, and both known and anticipated impacts of human conduct on these species. It also contains a proposal to promote recovery of the two species, using resources of the U.S. and cooperative efforts with other countries. A copy of the draft Plan may be obtained from Coordinator of Large Whale Recovery Activities, Marine Mammal Division, Office of Protected Resources, 1315 East- West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910. The Plan is also available for viewing on the World Wide Web at www.nmfs.gov/tmcintyr/prot_res.html/ finsei. Source: Federal Register Online, 5 August 1998, vol. 63, no. 150 European Union^s Plan for Licensing Zoos Draws Fire from the European Commission In June 1998, 14 of the 15 environmental ministers representing European Union member nations approved a draft directive which established a framework for certif3dng and licensing the European Union’s estimated 1,000 zoos, animal parks, and menageries. The plan was immediately opposed by the European Commission president as an example of allegedly unnecessary intervention into national sovereignty. Germany took the same position and abstained from voting with the other environmental ministers on the plan. The draft plan leaves to national governments the details of establishing licensing and inspection procedures. However, any negative vote at the ministerial level means the directive is intended to have no more force than a nonbinding recommendation. Thus, EU member countries have no obligation to comply with the terms of the plan. The proposal was initially brought by the government of Great Britain in March of this year, and gained support and a sense of urgency in April, when the Sarajevo Zoo asked all foreign governments with embassies in Bosnia for donations of animals to replace the 124-species collection that were eaten, killed by shrapnel, or starved to death during 1992. Likewise, when new management took over the Rome Zoo in May, veterinarians found conditions there to be so bad “they hardly knew where to start” with improving the animals’ health and well being. These examples, among many others, provided the justification for the creation of the directive. Great Britain is still pursuing the plan, pointing to the success of the American Zoo Association policies, adopted in 1986 and modified in 1991, which establish accreditation guidelines for member institutions. Source: Animal People News, July-August 1998 352 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 Brazil Increases Rainforest Protection Brazil’s President Fernando Cardoso has pledged to triple the area of Amazon forests under formal governmental protection by the year 2000. “The 62 million acres of new Amazon parks and reserves, when fully implemented, will be greater in size than the entire U.S. National Park system outside Alaska.” The President’s pledge was as a result of an alliance between the World Wildlife Fund and the World Bank. The Bank is the largest lender to developing countries for forest conservation and management. The Amazon forest is home to an estimated one-tenth of the world’s plant and animal species. This plan for Brazil is being made in conjunction with the World Wildlife Fund’s Living Planet Campaign, implemented in 1996, in which 22 countries have pledged to include at least 10 percent of their representative forest types in protected areas by the year 2000. Source: Focus; published by World Wildlife Fund, July -August 1998 Reserve Opened To Oil Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt has announced the National Petroleum Reserve- Alaska, untouched since it was created 75 years ago, will be opened up for drilling. According to the Northern Alaska Environmental Center, Secretary Babbitt encouraged the rush to drill in little known wildlands in the 23.5 million acre Reserve, the largest expanse of undeveloped public land left in America. “This is no compromise between conservation and development, said Sylvia Ward, Executive Director of the Northern Center in Fairbanks, Alaska. ‘Wilderness is precious and increasingly rare. Oil is also finite, although it is cheap and abundant today. Not one square inch of the Reserve is permanently protected from pipelines, roads, oil drilling, or pollution, yet millions of acres of wilderness and natural wildlife habitat are now condemned.” Source: Greenlines Issue #686 817198 Information Please We are interested in all aspects of mother- and handraising of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), including feeding of the mother and nutritional requirements of the offspring, behavior of mother after parturition, and behavior of the infant in the process of development. We will be grateful for your own experiences or for citations from available puiblications, or any information on this matter. Please respond to: zoo@t.net.ua or to Alla Nikitina, ZIC Officer - admin@zoo.freenet.kiev.ua Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 353 ,1^1 HMENT it# ^Behavioral 'nPir/T^'S^T©^ Activity Manipulation Ji livyJ) 1^ S Occypadonal Husbandry » By Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo CARNIVORES: Sibling - good for chasing and ambushing; olfactory stimulation Fur shed from other animals (pony, llama, bison) - spend a lot of time sniffing fur clumps; carry the clumps around and play with them Watermelons - roll them around until they break and then play with the pieces, tossing them about Coconuts - carry them around; float in pool Leafy branches/shrubs - drag around; tear up Feathers - carry them around. Sometimes, the feathers are tied to the front of a fan and the tigers watch them move Live feeding (rabbits and chickens) - chasing and jumping. Later, spend time to pluck chickens prior to consuming. Great psychological boost. The tigers have also been observed catching birds and gray squirrels that enter their enclosure. Things with wheels (vehicles, dollies, wheelbarrows, baby strollers, kiddie wagons, and wheelchairs) - Love to watch and sometimes chase after wheeled items. Especially like the police officers on bicycle patrol that visit them and ride around the perimeter of the exhibit. Round stones - roll them around Deer hides (only when the zoo is closed; no visitors) - carry around ; toss about. Eat small amounts. 354 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 Remote-controlled car (off-exhibit only) - love to watch and chase it. Not placed in enclosure with them. ‘Weasel ballTbumble ball” (off-exhibit only) - not favorites, but they do like to watch them sometimes. Not placed in enclosure with them. Educational program animal visit to exhibit - An animal, such as a skunk, is allowed to walk about in their enclosure for a few minutes. The animal is then removed and the tigers allowed to go in that area. Lots of sniffing, rolling, and scent-marking. — Betty Jean Schmitt, Zoo Keeper Virginia Zoo, Norfolk, VA (Ideas appearing in this column have not necessarily been tested by the editors for safety considerations. Always think ahead and use good judgement when trying new ideas. Eds.) ^ ^ You are invited to submit material for the Enrichment Options Column-these might include recipes, toys, puzzle feeders, olfactory enrichment ideas, etc. Drawings and photos of enrichments are encouraged. Send to:AKF /Enrichment Options, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., \Topeka, KS 66606-2066. professiohJil, p30 years of age) within 10 years, and in 15 years three-quarters will probably be unable to conceive. SO, WHAT CAN WE DO? To reverse this trend and achieve a self-sustaining captive population, the birth rate must be increased eight to nine times over the current level. To do this more zoos need to become active in d eveloping breeding programs, using natural or assisted (e.g., artificial insemination) means of propagation. One key component of such a program is the ability to assess the reproductive status of individual elephants. This can be easily accomplished by measuring the concentration of progesterone (females) or testosterone (males) in blood samples collected from an ear vein on a weekly (or bi-weekly) basis. If done properly this procedure poses no health risks to the animal and can easily be incorporated into the routine management of elephants maintained under free- or protected- contact systems. There are numerous examples (published and unpublished) of elephants bled regularly for years without adverse effects. The AZA Elephant SSP already requires female elephants be bled for progesterone analysis to establish cyclicity before making breeding recommendations. But, the benefits of long-term blood sampling extend to more than just evaluating reproductive cyclicity. To take advantage of the latest technologies for maximizing reproductive success, like AJ, the ability to monitor blood hormones is absolutely essential. After conception, pregnancy can be diagnosed and critically monitored. When collected daily, the drop in progesterone at the end of gestation can be Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 357 used to reliably predict parturition 2-3 days later. It now appears that many females of reproductive age, African and Asian, are not cycling normally (termed ‘flatliners’). Continued hormonal analyses are needed now to determine the prevalence of this affliction in the captive population, identify possible causes and assess the efficacy of proposed treatments. If the number of flatliners is relatively high, or if it turns out the problem is growing, then the chance of a population crash is even more imminent. We must act, and we must act now. And initiating a continual blood sampling regimen, preferably throughout the elephant’s reproductive lifespan, is absolutely critical. Finally, the banking of blood and its products does more than provide a source for reproductive hormonal assessments. Samples can be used prospectively as well as retrospectively to monitor the general health of the captive population, including conducting nutritional analyses and assessing disease status. The routine collection of blood samples should not be considered a luxury, something to be done only if time and money permits. Rather it needs to be an integral part of the total management system, as important as proper nutrition and veterinary care. The Elephant SSP Committee and Elephant Managers Association strongly recommend that blood be collected routinely from all tractible elephants. For those animals that cannot be handled, fecal or urinary samples should be collected, although hormonal assessment costs are higher. If we fail in this endeavor, the time may come when our children or our children’s children ask “Is it true there used to be elephants at the zoo?” For more information about how to establish a routine blood sampling program for elephants, or to locate an appropriate endocrine service labora- tory in your region, please contact Mike Keele (Elephant SSP Coordina- tor; phone, 503-220- 2445; fax, 503-226-0074; or e-mail at: keele@metro.dst.or.us) or Janine Brown (El- ephant SSP Reproduc- tive Advisor; phone 540- 635-6586; fax, 540-635- 6506; or e-mail at: nzpcrcl3@sivm.si.edu). Artist: Geoff Creswell 358 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 Selected References: Brown, J.L. and J. Lehnhardt. 1997. Secretory patterns of serum prolactin in Asian {Elephas maximus) and Afiican {Loxodonta africana) elephants during different reproductive states: comparison with concentrations in a noncycling African elephant. Zoo Biol. 16:149-159. Heistermann, M., Trohorsch, B. and J.K. Hodges. 1997. Assessment of ovarian finction in the African elephant {Loxodonta africana) by measurement of 5a- reduced progesterone metabolites in serum and urine. Zoo Biol. 16:273-284. Hess, D.L., Schmidt, A.M, and M.J. Schmidt. 1983. Reproductive cycle of the Asian elephant {Elephas maximus) in captivity. Biol. Reprod. 28:767-773. Niemuller, C.A., Shaw, H.J. and J.K. Hodges, 1993. Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in Asian elephants {Elephas maximus) by measurement of urinary 5b-pregnanetrioL J. Reprod. Fertil. 99:617-625. Olsen, J.H., Chen, C.L., Boules, M.M., Morris, L.S. and B.R. Coville. 1994. Determination of reproductive cyclicity and pregnancy in Asian elephants {Elephas maximus) by rapid radioimmunoassay of serum progesterone. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 25:349-354. Plotka, E.D., Seal, U.S., Zare,bla FR., Simmons, L.G., Teare, A., Phillips, L.G., Hinshaw, K.C. and D.G. Wood. 1988. Ovarian function in the elephant: luteinizing hormone and progesterone cycles in African and Asian elephants. BioL Reprod. 38:309-314. Wiese, R.J. 1998. Conservation: The status of elephants at the zoo. ROAR, Spring volume. Fort Worth Zoo, Publ. “EXTINCTION BAD FOR PROGRESS”: Financial Times writer Leyla Boulton cites recent economic and scientific studies that say species are going extinct at 50 to 100 times the estimated natural rate, and as economic growth continues apace, the rate is expected to rise to between 1,000 and 10,000 times. Boulton cautions that it is in our own self-interest to preserve ecosystems on which all kinds of economic activity depend. r ^ -r /oo ^ —GREENlines Issue #623 5/11/98 WHALE KILLS: The Associated Press reported that over 18,000 whales have been killed since an International Whaling Commission moratorium took effect 12 years ago. A report by World Wildlife Fimd says Japan and Norway are violating the moratorium by taking advantage of a legal loophole allowing the countries to kill whales for scientific purposes. In the past three years, Japan’s annual whale catch increased more than 90%, while Norway’s “more than doubled.” ^GREENlines Issue #630 5/21/98 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 359 U.S. Reptile Dealer Faces Wildlife Smuggling and Conspiracy Charges A five-year investigation by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service special agents of illegal international trade in reptiles resulted in the 6 August arrest of Tommy Edward Crutchfield, formerly president of Tom Crutchfield’s Reptile Enterprises, Inc., located in Lake Panasoffkee, FL. He was charged with wildlife smuggling, conspiracy and money laundering. He is the 18th person charged to date in this wide-reaching case involving wildlife trafficking that spans six continents. Crutchfield was apprehended by federal authorities in Miami as he returned to the U.S. after being expelled from Belize, where he had spent the past five months in jail while fighting that country’s explusion order. He now faces U.S. charges based on his alleged involvement in a major international reptile smuggling ring. Last October, a federal grand jury in Orlando, FL returned a multi-count indictment against Crutchfield, his wife, two former employees, and two other individuals based on the USFWS’s ongoing scrutiny of the highly lucrative black market reptile trade. The indictment alleges that the six were part of an international smuggling ring that is believed to have brought hundreds of rare and endangered snakes and tortoises out of Madagascar into Germany. From there the animals, worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, were smuggled into the U.S. and Canada where they were sold to wildlife dealers and private collectors. Protected reptiles from Australia, Indonesia, and various South American and Caribbean countries were also traded. The smuggled reptiles, which were typically concealed in suitcases and transported aboard commercial airline flights, included highly prized Madagascar tree and ground boas, radiated tortoises, and spider tortoises - species that occur naturally only in Madagascar. These animals, and other reptiles allegedly smuggled, purchased, and sold, are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Crutchfield, who was named in all ten counts of the indictment, is charged with multiple offenses of smuggling, violation of the Lacey Act (a federal statute that allows the U.S. to prosecute individuals for violating international wildlife protection laws), conspiracy, and money laundering. If found guilty, he could be sentenced to up to five years in prison and fined as much as $250,000 on each smuggling and Lacy Act count. Conviction on the money laundering charges could result in prison terms of up to 20 years and penalties as high as $500,000 per count. The reptile investigation has already produced significant results. According to USFWS officials, in addition to the charges against Crutchfield and his associates, four individuals from Germany, South Africa, Canada and Japan have been arrested and succesfully prosecuted in the U.S. The USFWS’s investigation of the illegal reptile trade has also led to charges in the U.S. against three Florida residents and a European dealing in reptiles. USFWS official noted that as the world’s largest importer of wildlife, the United States has a special responsibility to prevent the illegal exploitation of all imperiled species and this case should send a clear message to those who traffic in rare and endangered reptiles that profiteering at the expense of wildlife will not be tolerated by the U.S. or by the world community. -USFWS News Release 8/7/98 360 Animal Keepers' Forum. Vol 25. No. 9. 1998 Linking In Situ and Ex Situ Wildlife Conservation By Daniel R. Tardona, Resource Management Specialist, Resources Management Division Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve and Jayne H. Tardona, Lead Animal Encounter Trainer, Animal Behavior Management Division Jacksonville Zoological Gardens, Jacksonville, FL Introduction In June of 1997 the Jacksonville Zoological Gardens and the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a United States National Park Service unit, began an innovative educational program toward conservation of an important natural resource: native wildlife. The objectives of this educational program is to impart to the public the knowledge and appreciation of how two different conservation entities strive for similar goals but seek to achieve those goals in different ways. In the early years of the national parks, zoos were established in some parks in an effort to further tourist development and bring the beauty of our natural places to more and more people. Animals such as bison were shipped from some parks to zoos in order to help control the size of wild herds (Sellars, 1997). Occasionally, nuisance animals or animals that have been badly injured in an encoimter with hiunan activity have been shipped to zoos rather than euthanized. All of such zoo and park relationships have not been without controversy. Certainly the idea of zoos in national parks was met with critics, Wright (as cited in Sellars, 1997). Grinnell, (as cited in Sellars, 1997) remarked that parks were not places in which to maintain any sorts of animals in captivity and that it was the free-living native wild animal life that . . . gives such rich opportunity for seeing and studying. While today there are no zoos in national parks, there are visitor centers that display exhibits with live animals such as various invertebrates, fish, and reptiles. Captive birds of prey are used in some interpretive programs. Some national park areas whose stories include an historical/cultural context may have domesticated animals such as chickens, goats or cows at the site. This is done to bring the story alive and is an attempt to present a more complete historical/cultural context. Such exhibits and use of captive animals continue to spark controversy as to the mission of the National Park Service. It is not our intent to discuss the merits or the appropriateness of such exhibits at national park sites. Our intent is to educate the public about the different approaches to wildlife conservation and how such approaches can compliment each other with the final outcome of conserving wild animals in their natural habitat for their own sake, for the enrichment and enjo3nnent of human beings and for the mutual health, welfare and survival of all the beings that share planet earth. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No 9, 1998 361 Since its inception, the National Park Service has struggled with a kind of paradoxical mission; preserving the natural environment while providing recreational opportimities for visitors to national park sites. Likewise, zoological parks today grapple with the challenge of providing a recreational environment while conducting ongoing research, rehabilitation, and most importantly education toward wildlife conservation. Zoological parks have evolved from imperial menageries, public spectacles and as examples of human dominion over the natural world to centers of public education about animals and their environments with the goal of wildlife and habitat conservation. The function of the zoo as a conservation facility was unheard of in the last century (Robinson, 1995). It has been estimated that 600 million people worldwide visit zoological gardens yearly (Gold, 1997) and 117 million in the United States (Wagner, 1996). The modern zoo is an educational and conservation facility. The importance of scientific investigation with animals in zoos that yield data applicable to conservation efforts in the wild are increasingly becoming apparent (Wemmer and Thompson, 1995). We agree with Tudge (1995) that the modern zoological park with an emphasis on public education, research, rehabilitation and captive breeding programs is an important component of any strategy for wildlife conservation. We have attempted to link the National Park Service idea of conservation and preservation of habitat and wildlife {in situ conservation) with the intent of modem zoological parks and gardens. The intent of the modern zoo is to conserve wildlife through education, research, rehabilitation and captive breeding as two different and important avenues to a common goal, that of conserving wildlife and wildlife habitat. We have developed a positive educational partnership that focuses on the merits of the national park idea and the modern zoological park idea in relation to wildlife and habitat conservation. For conservation to be successful, people must be able to understand the interrelationships between themselves and the natural environment. A link must be established between the experiences of people with wildlife and the habitat needs of wildlife. Zoological parks and national parks have evolved toward putting public recreational opportunities first in order to garner support for education, rehabilitation, and research toward wildlife conservation. Ultimately, the recreational opportunity is the first link in the chain that will lead to understanding and an emotional appreciation for the fact that wildlife and humans are important key facets of the worldwide ecosystem. A major component of any in situ conservation effort and a principle effort in ex situ conservation is public education in order to build philosophical, economical and political support for wildlife conservation efforts as a whole. The Concept The Jacksonville Zoological Gardens and the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a unit of the National Park Service, are working together toward conservation of an important natural resource: native wildlife of northeast 362 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 Florida. The objectives of this experimental educational program is to convey to the public the knowledge and appreciation of how two different conservation entities strive for similar goals but go about their endeavors in different ways. Often it is difficult to communicate the mission of a National Park Service unit or a zoological facility without the presentation being lengthy and tending to be preachy. This innovative conservation education program has been developed by staff of the Timucuan Preserve and the Jacksonville Zoo to be fun, interpretive and offers a fast-paced program imparting the necessity of conserving native wildlife in northeast Florida. In addition, the role played by the Jacksonville Zoo, the Timucuan Preserve, and the public in the effort to protect and conserve wildlife is highlighted. In the program, a National Park Service ranger and Jacksonville Zoo staff introduce the audience to animals including federal- and state-listed endangered species, as well as species not native to the region. Program participants learn about the animals habitat needs, behavior and ecology, interspersed with information contrasting the differences and similarities as to how a National Park Service unit and a zoo contribute to wildlife conservation. Program attendees are recognized as active participants in wildlife conservation, learning about wildlife and their habitat needs by visiting the zoo and the national park. In this manner, attendees feel a sense of partnership and participation with the zoo and the National Park Service site in the effort to conserve wildlife and wildlife habitat. The Program ‘'Conserving Native Wildlife in Northeast Florida” is offered once a month, alternately at the Jacksonville Zoological Gardens and on the grounds of the Timucuan Preserve. Native and non-native animals are presented at each site, with fewer animals presented at the national park site because of handler and visitor safety considerations and logistical constraints. The program at the national park site is a less formal presentation; the zoo site program is presented in an arena with formal audience seating, music, and amplification for speakers. A program brochure has been developed and is given to program attendees along with zoo and national park site brochures, so that audience members will have a tangible reminder of the presentation. At both locations the program objectives are the same: wildlife conservation has many faces, from protecting animals in zoos in order to breed safely and build their numbers; to protecting wildlife habitat and animals in their natural surroundings in national park imits; to private citizens making personal efforts to conserve wildlife and habitat. Conclusion Both zoos and national parks educate people about the importance of wildlife conservation and about threats to the continued existence of wildlife and habitat. This non-traditional partnership between a zoo and a national park has been designed toward a goal of commimicating to the public the importance of wildlife conservation in its many forms. Initial responses from program participants at both sites have been extremely favorable. At the time of this writing, the program has been conducted more than a dozen times at each site. As funding and Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 363 staffing increase, we anticipate that the program will be expanded and presented as often as once per week. “Conserving Native Wildlife in Northeast Florida” is the first partnership presentation of the Jacksonville Zoological Gardens and the Tiinucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve. It is only an initial step in the development of a long-term, positive educational link between in situ and ex situ wildlife conservation by two different conservation entities sharing the same ultimate goal. The goal is the preservation of the many interrelated components of the natural environment, including wildlife, that support the health and well being of us all. References Gold, K. C. (1997). The conservation role of primate exhibits in the zoo. In: J. Wallis (Ed.), Primate conservation: The role of zoological parks. Special topics in primatology. Volume 1. American Society of Primatologists. Robinson, M. H. (1995). Zoo and aquarium messages, meanings and contexts. In: C. M. Wemmer, (Ed.), The Ark Evolving: Zoos and aquariums in transition. Front Royal, Virginia: Smithsonian Institution, Conservation and Research Center. Sellars R. S. (1997). Preserving nature in the National Parks: A history. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Tudge, C. (1991). Last animals at the zoo: How mass extinction can be stopped. Washington D.C.: Island Press. Wagner, R. (1996). AZA member statistical information. Communique August: 23-24. Wemmer, C. M. and Thompson, S. (1995). A short history of scientific research in zoological gardens. In: C. M. Wemmer, (Ed.), The Ark Evolving: Zoos and aquariums in transition. Front Royal, Virginia: Smithsonian Institution, Conservation and Research Center. 364 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 Book Review Elephants by Joyce Poole WorldLife Library, Voyageur Press 123 North Second St., Stillwater, MN 55082-5002 72 pgs., 50 plus color photos; Paper $14.95 Anderson, Hospital Manager Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, CO This is an easy to read book, written by Dr. Joyce Poole, whose extensive studies of elephants, both African and Asian, is presented with a personal touch in a manner that makes it enjoyable for young people or seasoned zoo professionals. The information is a thorough and accurate compilation on elephants. It begins with a description of the order Proboscidea and follows through with their evolutionary history and covers the issues of poaching and habitat destruction. The print is large and the accompanying photographs are spectacular. There are only seven chapters including the introduction. The text begins with a description of the largest of land mammals and is inclusive of vocalizations and behaviors, anatomy and intelligence. It continues on with The Search For Food and then The Lives of Two Sexes which includes elephant social organization and family size, breeding and birth. The chapter on The Relationships Between Elephants and Humans covers a variety of issues from ancient historical writings to the modern day conflicts. The last pages of the book include comparative facts of African and Asian elephants. The easy to read, and enjoyable to flip through book would be a welcome addition to any personal or professional library. It contains fun information presented in a non-scientific manner making it a good source for school programs and anyone wanting to learn basic information about elephants. Peterson's Flash Guides Authors include Roger Tory Peterson and others Houghton Mifflin Company 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764 Price $7.95 each In the spring of 1996, the Peterson FlashGuide series introduced a form of field Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 365 guide so obvious in its practicality and convenience as to be revolutionary. Easily unfolded, the compact Peterson FlashGuides show at a glance the most common wildlife and plant life of a particular type or region, employing the famous Peterson Identification System to pinpoint the key differences between species. Laminated for durability and protection from the weather, FlashGuides are as slim as roadmaps, making them ideal for the pockets of hikers,bikers, canoeists, or anyone who wants to travel lightly. The series currently contains 14 titles which include FlashGuides for Atlantic Coastal Birds, Pacific Coastal Birds, Eastern Trailside Birds, Western Trailside Birds, Backyard Birds, Guide to Hawks, Guide to Waterfowl, Guide to Birds of the Midwest, Guide to Freshwater Fishes, Guide to Trees, Guide to Mushrooms, Guide to Animal Tracks, Guide to Butterflies and Guide to Roadside Wildflowers. You may want to check these FlashGuides out in your local book or nature store as they make great companions for birding, hiking or most any outdoor activity. The access to information is so easy and logically placed that finding identifications does not detract from your enjoyment of being in the great outdoors. Their durable construction allows them to take a good bit of punishment without effect. These would also make great gifts for someone on your holiday list this year. Attention book Reviewers This notice is for all those individuals who have done books reviews for AKF in the past and for those members who would like to be added to the list of potential reviewers for future titles. We are currently trying to update our files on those interested in doing reviews, as we have found that some addresses are outdated and other information may be incorrect. If you have reviewed in the past or are interested in reviewing books in the future, we need to hear from you. Please send the following information to the AKF Office, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066: your name, complete mailing address, institutional affiliation (if any), da3d:ime and evening phone numbers, fax number, e-mail address and the topic areas you are particularly interested in (please limit to three - example: waterfowl, conservation, neonates). Once an individual has submitted a review to be published in Animal Keepers ' Forum, the book is theirs to keep for their personal library. In the past we have had some problems with individuals not turning in a review or returning the book for reassignment to another reviewer when it was requested. These individuals’ names are kept on a list and they will no longer be allowed to review materials for AKF. We depend on the timely publication of reviews to keep the goodwill and faith of publishing companies to continue to send us gratis review copies. We request that those interested submit their updated information no later than 15 October 1998 to be considered for upcoming titles. 366 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 9, 1998 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 10th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks! AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Please include closing date for positions available and when setting these dates keep in mind that because of bulk-mail, most readers do not receive the AKF until the middle of the month or later. There is no charge for this service and fax listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our fax is (785) 273-1980. The following positions are available at the Ellen Trout Zoo. Both positions have a starting salary of $7.83/hr with excellent benefits. To apply for send resume to: Celia Falzone, General Curator, Ellen Trout Zoo, 402 Zoo Circle, Lufkin, TX 75904. MAMMAL KEEPERS ...requires BS in Biology or related field. This position includes animal care duties for a variety of large and small mammals as well as some birds and herps in multi-taxa exhibits. Keepers will become familiar with all aspects of existing collection and new rhino-giraffe areas through construction, opening, and operating phases. Responsible for all aspects of daily animal care/maintenance, informal educational exchange with zoo guests, cleaning/feeding/watering/observing, animal training/ enrichment, record keeping, and maintaining exhibits. CLINIC KEEPER ...requires BS in Biology or related field; or certification from an accredited program for veterinary technicians. Duties include some routine lab tests (e.g, fecal examinations) as well as animal care duties for a variety of animals both on and off public display and in the zoo hospital - mammals, birds, herps. Responsible for all aspects of daily animal care/maintenance, informal educational exchange with zoo guests, cleaning'feeding/watering^observing, animal training/enrichment, record keeping, and maintaining exhibits. SENIOR KEEPER/SMALL MAMMALS ...requires minimum of two years experience and expertise in the care and husbandry of exotic small mammals in a zoo setting; Associate Degree in Zoology or related field; strong interpersonal/managerial skills. Duties include supervision of five keepers as well as cleaning, feeding, maintaining exhibits, medicating, record keeping, materials/supplies procurement, and related duties. Salary: $ 12.80/hr, excellent benefits. Send letter/resume to: Barbara Lester, Curator of Small Mammals/Primates, Houston Zoo, 1513 N. MacGregor, Houston, TX 77030. ZOO KEEPER,„j)rivate non-profit otter conservation facility for breeding and study programs, seeking dedicated individual for permanent position. Requires one (1) year experience with exotic animals, experience with mustelids preferred. Responsible for daily husbandly, maintenance of animal and grounds enclosures, diet preparation and record keeping. Experience with animal restraint and blood drawing preferred. Must be physically strong (able to lift: 50#) and work independently. This is a 40-hour work week, including some weekends and holidays. Send letter and resume to: Otter Conservation Center, Inc., 250 Otter Conservation Rd., Statesboro, GA 30458. LEJMZOQ KEEPER ...requires minimum of an Associate’s Degree or equivalent from two-year college or technical school; four (4) years of increasingly paid experience in exotic animal husbandry or wildlife management; two years of progressive experience in the techniques of animal training, specifically to include fi^ee, limited, and protected contact. Special emphasis on operant conditioning training and the ability to transfer this knowledge to other staff members through training and experience. Exercises functional and technical supervision over staff; evaluates operations and activities of assigned responsibilities; recommends and assists in implementation of goals and objectives; establish schedules and methods for zoo operations; implement policies and procedures. Occasional extended hours, flexible scheduling and weekend work are inherent to this position. A comprehensive benefits package is included. Salary range is Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 9, 1998 367 $19,802.00 to $27,995.00. Forward resume, apply, or gain further details by contacting City of Gainesville, Human Resource Department, 200 S. Rusk St., Gainesville, TX 76240; phone (940) 668-4505; e-mail: samples@cooke.net. PRIMATE KEEPERI SUPERVISION, Utah’s Hogle Zoo - requires degree in biology, zoology or related field and/or six (6) years of animal care experience. Responsible for care of diverse collection of primates, including great apes, with daily husbandry, exhibit maintenance, training, observation and enrichment, as well as assisting in veterinary practices, education, public relations and support aspects of zoo operations. Potential of supervisory responsibilities, if qualified. Salary is commensurate with experience, with an excellent benefits package. Please send cover letter, resume and references by 30 September 1998 to: Kimberly Davidson, General Curator, Utah’s Hogle Zoo, 2600 E. Sunnyside Ave., Salt Lake City, UT 84108. EOE. ZOO KEEPER...^\th. a special interest in birds and reptiles. We are looking for an individual to help create and present educational programs with audience participation. This person should have had similar experience in a paid position, along with a degree in the animal sciences. Benefits include paid medical insurance, sick days, and vacation. Send resume to: Vince Hall, Claws 'N' Paws Wild Animal Park, RD 6, Lake Ariel, PA 18436. ANIMAL KEEPER ...the Peoria Park District has a full-time vacancy for an Animal Keeper. Requirements include a two-year degree preferred plus one (1) year of full-time experience in the care and maintenance of wild and/or domestic animals. Duties include all aspects of care of the animal collection; working with the public and volunteers. Weekend/holiday work required. Entry level salary: $16,364.00 annually. This position is represented by the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. Send resume to: Peoria Park District, Human Resources Assistant, Glen Oak Pavilion, 2218 N. Prospect, Peoria, IL 61603. The Peoria Park District hires without ragard to race, religion, sex, age, national origin, ancestry or disability. All qualified individuals are encouraged to apply. EOE. dedicated Topic AKFs &ack Iseues Available in Limited Quantities We have a limited supply of copies of some of the dedicate d issues of Animal Keepers ’ Forum which we are now offering in a package deal at special prices. Prices below include postage for domestic orders. Canadian orders should add $3.00 for postage; overseas orders need to add $5.00 for surface delivery. Package A (five issues) Hoofstock Issue - April 1992 Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Hand- Rearing Issue - February 1993 Elephant Management Issue - March 1994 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $12.50 Single copies are also available of the February 1993 Hand-Rearing and May 1995 Special Enrichment issues. They are $3.00 each. If you wish to purchase any of these limited back issues, they are available on a first, come first served basis. Send your name, complete mailing address. Package or single copies desired and a check made payable (in U.S. funds only) to AAZK, Inc. Credit card orders may be placed by calling Administrative Offices at 1-800-242- 4519 (US) or 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Hurry, when they're gone, they're gone! Package b (two issues) Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $5.50 368 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 9, 1998 AA7K Mfiinhership Application check here if renewal [ ] Name _ Address City State/Province Zip U.S. Members □ $35 TP .00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ Canadian Members $40.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $30.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $35.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ □ $30.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60.00 or up - Individuals Contributing/U.S. □ □ $35.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60 or up - Individuals Contributing/Canada □ □ $100.00 or up Institutional/U.S. Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) International Members $50.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category □ $100.00 or up Institutional/Canada Organizations / Institutions (requires Board approval) □ Library Only 35.00 Library Available only to public & university libraries Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address Title Work Area □ My check is enclosed (AAZK, Inc.) □ Please charge my credit card MASTERCARD VISA Card # - - - Name on card Expiration date Signature Mail this application to: AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Make checks/money orders payable to AAZK, Inc. Must be in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. PRINTED IN U.SA. ©1998 AAZK, INC. ''Dedicated to Professional Animal Care 0 CO 0 3 o' 0 33 0 n c 0 a 0 a E S n SeiS ®8 9 9 III a: X w !«* Ill rsi JM ♦ IS) ~a ~o >¥ ZT w. ~a Jt* o luo cr W ^ -s -- o a> 3 3 N •< O fcS o rj ~* O rt o su 09 T3 n 33 «n -< O' »-* w M -4 cn ui o ANIMAl KEEPERS F O R U ]VI Tim Journal of tho Rmorlcan Association of Zoo Koopors, Inc. OCTOBER 1900 ANTMAI. KEKPERS> FORUM. 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 Phone: 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX (785) 273-1980 OCTOBER 1998 Vol. 25, No. 10 Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan • Associate Editors/Enrichment Options Coordinators: Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum & Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo • Book Review Coordinator: Andrea Bemee, Chaffee Zoological Garden • Legislative Outlook Column Coordinator: Georgann B. Johnston, Sacramento, CA. • ABC's Column Coordinator: Diana Guerrero, San Diego, CA • Reactions Column Coordinator: William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Animal Keepers’ Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster - Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 - attn: Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary AAZK Executive Director: Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc., Topeka KS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ric Urban, Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, TX 77030 President Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68 107-2200 Vice President Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC 27203-9416 David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK 73111-7199 Jacque Blessington, Kansas City Zoological Gardens, Kansas City, MO 64132-4200 Scott M. Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109 Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6100 Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR 97221-2799 Immediate Past President COMMITTEES NQminatiQns& Electicns Chair - Sheri Leavitt, Houston Zoo Conservation. Preservation & Restoration Grants Chair - Brett Sellers, Metro Washington Park Zoo Annual Conference? Coordinator - Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc. Awards Chair - Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo By-laws Vacancy Ethics Janet McCoy, Metro Washingto Park Zoo Research/Grants Farshid Mehrdadfar, Disney's Animal Kingdom Marketing Resources/Development David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo Conference Program Chair - Jeffrey Phillips, Disney’s Animal Kingdom MEMBERSHIP SERVICES Scott Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (Board Oversight) Asst,, L,I,N,K, CQQrdinatQI Wayne Hazlett, Milwaukee County Zoo Animal Data Transfer Form AAZK Administrative Offices/Topeka AAZK Historian Mark Levin, Philadelphia Zoo Lee Houts, Folsom City Zoo International Outreach - Jeanette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo (Chair/Coordinator Internationsl Assistance); Martha Turnbull - Co-Chair); Kathy Kelly, Silver Springs, MD - Project M.A.R.C. (Making A Realistic Contribution) PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORS/LIAISONS AZA Liaison Ed Hansen, AAZK Executive Director Elephant Managers AssogiaUQU Liai$Qn Marie Galloway, National Zoo B.Q.w.ling for Rhinqs Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis, IN Zoo Registrars Association Terry Fisher, San Antonio Zoo AZAD„Liai?Qn Mary Jo Binkley, Franklin Park, IL C.AZPA..Liai$Qn Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo Int'l Marine Mammals Trainers Association Dave Force, Sea World of California AMAZOO Liaison Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens AZH Liaison Virginia Wall, North Carolina Zoo AAZK PUBLICATIONS - CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION Zoo Infant Development Project - Teri Maas-Anger/Maggie Liguori, Philadelphia Zoo (Birds/Nonpasserines); Jennifer Hackshaw, Lowry Park Zoo and G. Suzanne Chacon, Zoo Aves (Birds/Passerines); Jeanne Walsh, Newark Museum Mini-Zoo (Reptiles); Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo (Amphibians) Crisis Management Resource Notebook - Susan Chan, AAZK; William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville,TX; and Diana L. Guerrero, Ark Animals, Inc., Escondido, CA. printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based ink products ^able of Contents Information for Contributors/About the Cover. 370 Scoops & Scuttlebutt 371 From the President/Information Please..... 372 Coming Events 373 Message from the Executive Director. 374 1998 AAZK and AKF Awards Recipients ....376 - 370 Carie Cares® Information/Order Blank 380 - 381 AAZK Announces New Members...... ...382 AAZK Book Sale 383 Reactions Column: Emergency Support Equipment 384 - 385 Assistance Sought for Cuban Amazon Studbook 385 Snow Leopards: Family Group Management Alternatives 386 - 391 Enrichment Options: Elephant Log Apparatus 392 - 393 Kori Bustard Newsletter Available 393 Legislative Update 394 - 397 AZA/USFWS Forge New Agreement 398 - 399 Keeper's Guide to the Ruminant Stomach. 400 - 407 Information Please 407 ZIDP: Reptile/Amphibian Update 408 - 409 Chapter News 410 Opportunity Knocks 411 - 412 About the Cover..... This month 's cover features a Leopard cub (Panthera Pardus) drawn by Charles Steiner, Director of the Monrovia Zoo and Animal Orphanage in Liberia, West Africa. The zoo he founded and operated was mostly destroyed after the Liberian civil war reached it in late 1990. All of the zoo's animals were lost and in their absence tropical vegetation overgrew what remained of the zoo exhibits that previously housed leopards, chimpanzees, pygmy hippos and various duiker species, including Jentink, zebra and yellow-backed duikers. This zoo once exhibited the most diverse collection of duikers in the world and played an important role in conservation education in that country. The zoo is now on the slow road to recovery and the country's only wildlife conservation group. The Society for the Conservation of Nature in Liberia (SCNL) has erected an education building and is working with other conservation groups to reestablish the zoo. More information about this zoo may be obtained by contacting Charles at Melchtal Str.18, 3014 Bern, Switzerland. Thanks, Charles! Information for Contributors Animal Keepers 'Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts on a disk as well as in hard copy form. Acceptable formats include: for Macintosh users - Microsoft Word or Works; IBM users - Word for Windows, WordPerfect or Wordstar. All illustrations, graphs, charts and tables should be clearly marked, in final form and should fit in a page size no greater than 5.5” x 8.5” (14cm x 22cm). Literature used should be cited in the text (Brown, 1986) and alphabetically in the final bibhography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name (as per ISIS) the first time an animal name is used. Thereafter use common name. Use metric system for weights and measurements (standard equivalents may be noted in parenthesis). Use the continental dating system (day-month-year). Times should be listed as per the 24-hour clock (0800, 1630 hrs. etc.). Glossy finish black and white photos only are accepted. Color slides should be converted to black and white prints (minimum size 3” x 5” [8cm x 14cm] ) before submission. Clearly marked captions should accompany photos. Please list photo credit on back of photo. Articles sent to Animal Keepers ’ Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more of the zoo professionals who serve as referees iotAKF. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pubfish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone and FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space allows. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. Phone 1-800-242-4519 (US); 1-800-468- 1966 (Canada); FAX (785) 273-1980. Deadline for each regular issue is the 10th of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the editor. Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AKF staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. Back issues are available for $3.00 each. 370 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 Scoops <£ Scuttlebutt The Animal Data Transfer Form Project Now at AO Following the 1998 AAZK Conference in Indianapolis, the ADTForm Project was transferred from Bemie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo, Syracuse, NY, to the AAZK Administrative Offices in Topeka, KS. Bemie has stepped down from the Project after 20 years as its Chair. Please send all requests for ADTForms to: AAZK, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. There is no charge for the forms which are provided as a professional service to the zoo community by AAZK, Inc. We encourage all institutions to utilize the ADTForm whenever an animal is shipped to another facility. Such utilization provides the receiving institution with vital information about the animal which will assist them in providing the best possible care for the specimen. At Indianapolis, Bemie was presented with a special plaque recognizing his 20 years of outstanding service to AAZK, Inc. on behalf of the Animal Data Transfer Form Project. A job well done. Chapters Show Support for AAZK Through Donations The AAZK Board of Directors and the Administrative Office staff would like to thank the following individuals and AAZK Chapters for their donations in support of the Association and its programs: Dan Powell, Potawatomi Zoo, South Bend, IN, $65.00(undesignated); The Atlanta AAZK Chapter, Atlanta, GA , $250.00 (general operating budget) and $500.00 (Bowling for Rhinos); and the North Carolina Chapter AAZK, Asheboro, NC, $200.00 (general operating budget). In a letter accompan5dng their donation, N.C. Chapter President Janice Coakley said: “We feel strongly in the support of our National Organization. We have a successful Chapter, including motivated members and creative fundraising, and would like to share some of this success with our parent organization. Without you, there would be no individual Chapters.” Such support and encouragement of AAZK projects and programs helps the Association grow stronger and better able to address the needs of its members. Note of Correction on Cover Art Our apologies to Dean Simonson, artist for the Giant Panda which appeared on the August 1998 cover of AKF. We incorrectly identified Dean as a Keeper at the San Diego Zoo. While formerly a Keeper at San Diego, Dean is now employed as a Keeper at Lion Coimtry Safari at Loxahatchee, FL. Dean was also Cover Artist of the Year in 1997. Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 371 JVlessage from the President Greetings from the Lone Star State! Another Conference has passed, and I think Ripley himself would have been proud of the fact that three organizations could meet at one time under the same roof Believe it or not! On behalf of the AAZK Board of Directors, staff and membership, I wish to express our sincere thanks to Bruce, Cheryl, Patty and all of the Indy folks for their special hospitality. It was great to meet again with the Association of Zoological Horticulture and a pleasure to meet with the Elephant Managers Association. Hopefully this will be a catalyst to future projects that will benefit all our organizations. Have a safe fall season. I hope to see you next year in Portland. Ric Urban, AAZK President Houston Zoological Gardens Information Please I am interested in obtaining any information from zoos that have Free Ranging Tamarins. I am specifically interested in obtaining information on the following: 1. How did you decide which tamarins would be free-ranging and how many were allowed to be free-ranging? 2. Location - in what part of the zoo are the tamarins free-ranging? Is there a park, field or busy intersection nearby this site? 3. Housing - do they need special nestboxes to protect them from the elements such as rain, heat, or cold? 4. Food - what kind od feeders are provided for them? Where and how do you feed them? 5. Can they easily be caught up at any time? 6. How do you keep track of them and when do you feel it necessary to catch them up? 7. What problems, if any, have you encountered so far? 8. What advice can you give to any zoo interested in having Free Ranging Tamarins? Please send information to: Maria Browning, San Ajitonio Zoo, Children's Zoo Department, 3903 N. St. Marys St., San Antonio, TX 78212. 372 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 Coming events American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference - October 17-22, 1998 in Omaha, NE. To be held in conjunction with the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. For further information contact: Wilbur Armand, VMD, Executive Director/AAZV, 6 North Pennell Rd., Media, PA 19063; Phone: (610) 892-4812; Fax: (610) 892-4813; or e- Mail:75634.235 @compuserve.com The Zoo Registrars Association - October 22- 24, 1998 in Columbus, OH. For further information, contact Gretchen Bickert, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., Powell, OH 43065; (614) 654-3429; e-mail: gbickert@colszoo.org Association of Zoo Veterinary Technicians Conference - October 24-29, 1998 in Houston, TX. Held at Houston Zoological Gardens. For info contact: Jenni Jenkins, LVT, AZVT Secretary, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Attn: Veterinary Hospital, P. O. Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830. Phone: (407) 938-2869. The 26th Annual Conference of the International Marine Animal Trainers Association - November 7-12,1 998 in Albufeira, Portugal, and hosted by ZooMarine. For further information, contact Geraldine Lacave at 01132 50 38 38 38; fax at 011 32 50 39 39 32; e-mail geraldine.lacave @ skynet.be. International Seminar on Commemorating the Naming of the Francois* Leaf Monkey for its First Centenary and Protecting the Primate - November 1 1-13, 1998 in Wuzhou City, Guangxi, China. Hosted by the People’s Government of Wuzhou City and the Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens. For further information, contact Dennis Pate, Senior VP/General manager, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614; (312) 742- 203 1 ; e-mail:dpate@condor.depaul.edu. Restoring the Wolf - November 11-15, 1998 in Seattle, WA. A forum on wolf biology, recovery, management and activism will include scientific presentations, posters, panel discussions and workshops. For . info contact: Nina Fascione, Defenders of Wildlife, 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington, DC 20005; Phone (202) 789- 2844, Ext. 227; e-mail: nfascione@defenders.org. 1999 AZA Regional Conferences AZA Central Regional - March 17-20, 1999 in Indianapolis, IN. For information contact Jodie Baker, Indianapolis Zoo, P. O. Box 22309, Indianapolis, IN 46222; phone (317) 630-5167. AZA Eastern Regional - April 14-17, 1999 in Pittsburgh, PA. For information contact Terry Delulis, Pittsburgh Zoo, One Wild Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; phone (412) 365-2500. AZA Western Regional - April 28 - May 1, 1999 in San Jose, CA. For information contact Dr. Anthony Smith, Zoo Director, Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, 1300 Senter Rd., San Jose, CA 95112; phone (408) 998-5172; fax (408) 279-8021. CM) THE GOURMET RODENT RATS AND MICE Bill & Marcia Brant 6115 SW 137th Avenue Ardier. FL 32618 (352} 495-9024 FAX (352) 495-9781 e-mail: GrmtRodent9aol.com 9 All Rights Reserved Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 373 ^tom the executive Director Every time I come home from a conference, I think about all the personal fHendships I have made over the 20 years in this business and all the professional relationships I have established, I think about AAZK in 1987, when I first became involved with the Association and the progress that we have made. I think about all the people I saw during the week of the conference and then wonder if I thanked them for all the work they have done for the membership. By the time you read this, the Indianapolis Conference will be a fresh but fading memory. Our gracious hosts are to be commended for providing a program that reacquainted the membership with our in- situ conservation programs. It was an education to sit down with the managers and advisors of the programs supported by the Bowling for Rhinos program and listen to long-range goals and objectives and have that information presented directly and effectively to the delegates. In 1998, BFR will reach the million dollar milestone. Everyone ever associated with this program is to be commended for their dedication and service. Conceived within the Kansas City Chapter, the idea has blossomed into the model program we have now. Patty, Nancy, Andy and certainly every participant in a bowling event deserves the credit for this program. Norm Gershenz and The Center of Ecosystem Survival continue their efforts to conserve rainforests and coral habitats worldwide. In conjunction with The Nature Conservancy, the Adopt-an Acre, reef and rainforest Conservation Parking meters are fast approaching the two million dollar mark. All I can say, is “I knew Norm when.” Again, the enormous dedication to the project is sometimes beyond comprehension. I would also be remiss if I did not acknowledge Dan Quinn, of The Nature Conservancy, for his generous recognition to AAZK Chapters that work hard for these programs. Finally, the Committee Chairs that give so freely of their volunteer time. It never ceases to amaze me what dedicated, driven individuals can accomplish when they set their minds to a task. I hope your zoos are appreciative of your global conservation efforts and you guys must kick some butt on the local level. I just hope I remembered to expressed my thanks to everybody. Finally, to Bernie Feldman who is stepping down as Coordinator for the Animal Data Transfer Form. Thanks. Thanks so much from all the members and the keepers from literally around the world that use the ADT form. The ADT form put AAZK and keepers in the animal management loop, and the ADT form will always be a fixture. If I ever have to choose a manager for a special project, needing complicated organizational skills, financial management and dependability, Bernie, expect a phone call from AAZK. And please, keep in touch. Ed Hansen Executive Director AAZK, Inc. 374 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 Quality exotic animal diets O TT Ol TIUI ^w^i'^tionaily balanced Or JOU 1 XV^JiVl Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NKBRASKA BRAND h i SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored psittacine/primate, 20% protein dry Banana flavored primate. Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Marmoset/T amarin dry Polar Bear dry Ratite dry Bulbless heaters— nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240, 500, or 750 wattages. One call does it all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 1998 AAZK and Animal Keepers’ Forum Awards The following awards were presented at the 25th National AAZK Conference held in Indianapolis, IN from 26-30 September 1998. The Jean M. Hromadka Excellence in Zoo Keeping, Meritorious Achievement and Lifetime Achievement Awards are selected by the AAZK Awards Committee from nominations made by the membership. The Certificate of Recognition and Certificate of Appreciation Awards are given by the AAZK Board of Directors. The Excellence in Journalism Awards are selected by the editorial staff of Animal Keepers' Forum. AAZK Lifetime Achievement Award This award is given at the end (retirement) of a keeper's career. Its purpose is to recognize outstanding commitment to professionalism as a zoo keeper over a long period of time, and significant contributions to the zoo community. This award requires a minimum of 20 years in the field of zoo keeping, and nominees are evaluated on their commitment, projects, knowledge and community service as it relates to the zoo keeping profession. Judie Steenberg Woodland Park Zoological Gardens. Seattle, WA Judie is the first recipient of this award. She began her zoo career in August of 1975 at the Topeka Zoological Park and has been associated with the Woodland Park Zoo since 1981. At Topeka, she was instrumental in starting the Animal Keepers ' Forum. She has remained an active member of AAZK throughout her career, serving on numerous committees. Because of her diligence as a fundraiser, the Puget Sound Chapter of AAZK has been able to fund many conservation and educational projects in the US. and overseas. She has authored many articles in theAKF and other professional publications to share her knowledge of animal husbandry, exhibitry and data keeping ,as well as presented papers and Australasian Workshops at AAZK National Conferences. At the Woodland Park Zoo she initiated a keeper training program to continue her commitment to excellence in zoo keeping. Dr. Lisa Dabek got her start working with tree kangaroos with Judie in the WPZ Australasian Unit. This collaboration has led to valuable in situ conservation work, including the first-ever census of tree kangaroos in New Guinea. Judie's contributions in the field of tree kangaroo research are outstanding. From 1981-1997, she was the Action Plan Facilitator for the Tree Kangaroo SSP and also served on the Commission for Species Survival from 1991-1993, and the Marsupial Monotreme Taxon Advisory Commission from 1989-1995. In 1983 she received the AAZK Excellence in Zoo Keeping Award and in 1990 was awarded the AAZK Meritorious Achievement Award for co-authoring the Tree Kangaroo Husbandry Manual. Judie recently developed and produced a two-part Tree Kangaroo Husbandry Video. Part I was distributed in 1996 and Part H was scheduled for release last month. Judie Steenberg's high level of professionalism, many accomplishments and genuine desire to better the lives of animals in captivity and protect wildlife have exemplified her career as a zoo keeper. For this, the AAZK Awards Committee is honored to present the Lifetime Achievement Award to her. 376 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 The Jean M. Hromadka Excellence in Zoo Keeping Award Recipients In recognition of their professional attioude, true dedication, superb application of animal husbandry practices and contribution to the welfare of the animal life placed in their charge, AAZK, Inc. presents the following individuals with this award: Barbara Bell, Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens Milwaukee, WI In recognition of her outstanding efforts in the husbandry and environmental enrichment of the animals in her care, especially Bonobos. Development of the Operant Conditioning and Medical Behavior Training Program for Bonobos, research projects and keeper training were especially noted. Ann Stevens, Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX In recognition of her outstanding efforts in husbandry and environmental enrichment of the animals in her care, especially gorillas. Work as Studbook Keeper for the Dusky Titi Monkey, a member of the design and development team for the new chimp facility, leadership in inter-departmental projects, and services to AAZK both locally and nationally were especially noted. AAZK Meritorious Achievement Award In recognition of outstanding contributions in the field of wildlife conservation and education beyond the scope of regular zoo keeper duties, AAZK, Inc. presents this award to: Dana LaBlanc, The Lubee Foundation, Gainesville, FL In recognition of his outstanding efforts in the conservation of Old World fruit bats through captive breeding, research and education. Also noted was his service as Enrichment Coordinator for the AZA Bat Taxon Advisory Group. Certificates of Appreciation Given to individuals or institutions outside of the Association in appreciation for their efforts and contributions to AAZK projects and programs. This year's recipients are: Indianapolis Zoo ~ Host Institution for the AAZK/ EMA/AZH 1998 National Conference Lew Bermilin, Indianapolis Zoo AiZH Chair for theAAiZKIEMAIAiZH 1998 Conference Debbie Olson, Indianapolis Zoo EM A Chair for the AAZK /EMA/AZH 1998 Conference Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 377 Certificates of Recognition Given to individuals within the Association in recognition of their service to AAZK and their efforts on behalf of its projects and programs. This year's recipients are: Bernie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo, Syracuse, NY For his service as Chair of the Animal Data Transfer Form Project 1978-1998 Jeannette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI For her work on the Keeper Training Workshop at Morelia Zoo, Mexico, in 1997 Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens For his work on the Keeper Training Workshop at Morelia Zoo, Mexico, in 1997 Michael Illig, Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, OR For serving as Chair of the Zoo ! University Project 1987-1997 Dianna Frisch (ret.), Columbus Zoological Gardens, Powell, OH For serving as Chair of the AAZK Enrichment Committee and Editor of the Enrichment Notebook Marilyn Cole (ret.), Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto,Ont., Canada For her service from 1995-1997 on the AAZK Board of Directors Bruce Elkins, Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN For his service as 1998 AAZK Conference Co-Chair David Hagan, Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN For his service as 1998 AAZK Conference Co-Chair Distinguished Service Plaque was presented to Indianapolis Chapter of AAZK AZK/EMA/AZH 1998 National Conference Host Chapter Excellence in Journalism Awards Outstanding Recognition: 'Introduction of a Female Francois Langur to an Existing Group" 1997 Conference Proceedings David Bocian, San Francisco Zoological Garden, San Francisco, CA and Allisa Carter, Dept, of Anthropology, University of Califomia/Berkeley 378 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 Outstanding Recognition: ''A Cooperative Recovery Program for a Vanishing Species: Wyoming Toad” 1997 Conference Proceedings Diane Callaway, Omaha^s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE Outstanding Recognition: ''Environmental Enrichment for Captive Raptors in Training” 1997 Conference Proceedings Jayne H. Tardona and Daniel R, Tardona Jacksonville Zoological Garden, Jacksonville, FL Outstanding Recognition: "How Old Was That Pregnant Elephant” 1997 Conference Proceedings Connie Dieringer, Houston Zoological Gardens, Houston, TX Outstanding Recognition: "Routine Milk Collection from Crate-Conditioned Bongo 1997 Conference Proceedings Martha Turnbull, Denver Zoological Gardens, Denver, CO and Meghan Phillips, Denver Zoological Gardens, Denver, CO Outstanding Recognition: "Reintroduction of an Infant Southern Black Rhinoceros 68 Hours Past the Curent Standard Limit” 1997 Conference Proceedings John J. Piazza, Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX Lisa Fitzgerald, Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX Chris Elam, Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX Brandie Smith, Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX Outstanding Cover Art for 1998 Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereargenteus) Deanna Velhagen Wildlife West Nature Park, Tijeras, NM Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No 10, 1998 379 Introducing CARIE CARES^^ Zoo Keeper or Aquarist Dolls Carie Cares™ is an exciting gift for the junior animal lover in your family or the perfect addition to your doll collection. She comes dressed in either a zoo keeper uniform or an aquarist wet suit. Carie Cares™ the zoo keeper comes with a scrunchie for her hair and a chimpanzee. The aquarist comes with a scrunchie and a sea turtle. The dolls are 16 inches tall with fabric bodies and embroidered faces. Each doll comes with a hangtag that includes an educational description of occupational responsibilities. Sales of Carie Cares™ benefit AAZK, Inc. and the Junior Zoo Keeper Program. These dolls will be available through AAZK Administrative Offices FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY. The cost for each doll is $24.95 which includes shipping/handling in the U. S. Canadian orders should add $5.00 for s/h; international orders need to include $10.00 for s/h. Payment must be in U. S. Funds ONLY. Checks or money orders should be made payable to “AAZK, Inc.”. Dolls may also be ordered using a VISA or MasterCard. Use the order form on the following page. 380 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 CARIE CARES™ Order Form Please send me Zoo Keeper Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Aquarist Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Canadian s/h (per doll) $5.00 = $ Overseas s/h (per doll) $10.00 = $^ Total Amount of Order $ My check is enclosed ( ) Please charge my credit card VISA ( ) MasterCard ( ) Name on card Credit Card Number - - - Expiration Date Signature Please mail doll(s) to the following address: Name Address,^ City State/Province^ Zip/Postal Code Country Telephone # Send orders to: Carle Cares™ Dolls AAZK Administrative Offices 635 S. W. Gage Blvd, Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 381 New & Renewing AAZK Professional, Institutional, and Contributing Members Heidi Fowle, Incredible Animal Co. (MA); Ellen Kerrigan, C apron Park Zoo (MA); Margaret Nunes, Wildlife Conservation (NY); Barbara Hunt, Pittsburgh Zoo (PA); Chris Law, Elmwood Park Zoo (PA); Bruce Kendall, High Water Farms (NC); Christopher Falanga, Jacksonville Zoo (FL); Bryan Sepp, Durst Estate (FL); Rachel Cantrell and Mike Fannin, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (FL); Stephanie Crytzer, Brevard Zoo (FL); Michelle Bridwell, Miami Seaquarium (FL); Joseph D. D’Arcangelo, Miami Metrozoo (FL); Tonia Westfall, Busch Gardens (FL); Brad Oliger, Nashville Zoo (TN); Cynthia Colling, Detroit Zoo (MI); Marcy Thompson, Red River Zoo (ND); Kristaa J. Gilbertson and Stephanie Schrader, Roosevelt Park Zoo (ND); Laura Schultz and Rick Lichner, Brookfield Zoo (IL); Christina Madden, Sunset Zoo (KS); Jo Copas and Greg Son, Rolling Hills Refuge (KS); Vanessa M. Brown, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo (NE); Daphne C. Brock, Little Rock Zoo (AR); Jacquelyn King, Frank Buck Zoo (TX); Lucy Melo, Houston Zoo (TX); Pricilla Rutherford, El Paso Zoo (TX); Wendy Enright, The Living Desert (C A); Laura Wymore, Seattle Aquarium (WA); Jowe Sullivan, Cat Tales (WA). Renewing Contributing Members Michelle Seldon-Koch Detroit Zoo, Royal Oak, MI Carol N. Wright Dallas Zoo, Dallas, TX New Institutional Members South Florida Prosimian Enrichment Center, Miami, FL Renewing Institutional Members Salisbury Zoo Commission, Inc., Salisbury, MD Sea World of Florida Aviculture Dept., Orlando, FL Tracy Aviary, Salt Lake City, UT f Need to Reach AAZK? \ 1-800-242-4519 (U. S.) Administrative Office Staff 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) ^ Barbara Manspeaker - FAX: (785) 273-1980 ^ Administrative Secretary \ Susan Chan - or write 1 ^ j Managing Editor AKF AAZK, Inc. gPy Orca - 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. ^ Topeka, KS 66606-2066 Office Cat U. S. A. Office Hours: 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. CDT ^ 382 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 AAZK Book Sale Sale price is 20% off their Suggested Price. Please note the shipping charges. Previously listed books may still be available, with some price increases. Sug. $ Sale$ Title and Description $11.95 $27.50 $15.95 $15.95 $20.00 $14.95 $15.95 $11.95 $25.95 $9.56 America’s Neighborhood Bats - Merlin Tuttle - an updated edition which provides helpful information about North American bat behavior, biology, identification, range, glossary, and resources. 96 pgs. paperback $22.00 The World of the Wolf - Candace Savage - An entertaining, informative presentation of one of the most intriguing creatures in the wild. 128 pgs. hardcover $12.76 Red Fox; The Catlike Canine - J. David Henry - The author recounts his years of field research; behavior and ecology. 174 pgs. paperback $12.76 Squirrels; A Wildlife Handbook - Kim Long - Get to know squirrels better with this combination field guide, fact book, and folklore collection. 192 pgs. paperback $16.00 Wild Cats: Lvnx. Bobcats. Mountain Lions - Candace Savage - Their natural history, relationship with humans, and present and future survival status in the face of encroachment by humankind. 144 pgs. paperback. $11.96 Bobcat Year - Hope Riden - This fascinating, endearing book tells the fictional story of a family of bobcats as they progress through the cycle of their year. 240 pgs. paperback $12.76 Tiger Moon - Fiona & Mel Sunquist - The account of their two years among the elusive and highly dangerous tigers of Nepal’s Chitwan National Park. 188 pgs. paperback $9.56 Through a Window: Mv Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe - Jane Goodall - A follow-up book to In the Shadow of Man, she brings the story up to the present, painting a much more complete and vivid portrait of our closest relative. 320 pgs. paperback $20.76 Wild Cats of the World - David Alderton - This book traces the evolution, distribution and current status from the magnificent cats of Africa and Asia to the exquisitely patterened cats of the Americas, and the many lesser known cats of Europe. 192 pgs. paperback. To Order: List the items you are ordering along with your name and complete mailing address. Include a shipping fee of $3 for the first item, and $2 for each additional item. Checks payable to: ‘‘AAZK Book Sales” (US FUNDS ONLY - NO CASH or CODs please.) Call or fax for shipping fees when ordering from outside the continental United States before sending any money. We will help to find the best form of shipment. Mail requests to: AAZK Beardsley Zoo Chapter, attn: Linda Tomas, 1875 Noble Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06610-1600. Phone: (203) 394-6563 Fax: (203) 394-6566 E-mail: beardsleyz@aol.com Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 383 dT r / O 4' ^ /f (lues^oKndAis^^rf^orvM/ortkZoo FrofissmaloiQ’isis/ftna^eteit By William K Baker, Jr., Zoo Curator Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Question What exactly is emergency support equipment? Comments Emergency Support Equipment (ESE) can best be described as equipment that is set aside for use in the event that a zoological facility loses vital services and/or must make temporary repairs. A good example of ESE use in a crisis management situation would be a natural disaster such as an earthquake, flood, hurricane, or tornado. Typically, when a disaster of this magnitude occurs it interrupts, damages, or destroys key vital services such as electrical power or water. As a result, the facility must be able to continue to operate on some level and function safely. It should be accepted as a given that the municipal support services will be overwhelmed in an emergency with requests for assistance and to restore services. ESE falls into two classes: vital services and fabrication. Vital services equipment would enable a facility to operate after the loss of utilities. Examples would include: generators, water purifiers, water pumps, portable area flood lights, stock tanks, emergency animal cages, and food supplies. For containment of dangerous animals in existing or temporary holding areas consideration should be given to portable battery or solar-powered electric fence supplies. Also, back-up generators with specific application for hydraulic door operation should be considered. Fabrification equipment should be placed in long-term storage and only used in the event of emergency repairs. Examples of this would be: lumber, plywood, fence posts, steel mesh, shade cloth, electrical wire, nails, staples, concrete, and necessary tools. Purchasing and storing this equipment is the easy part, keeping this stockpile from being pilfered for on-going projects is the hard part. I recommend the use of “conex” storage containers partially buried in a concrete foundation to protect the materials from storm damage and a dedicated lock with restricted key access to prevent “accidental” pilfering. NEXT MONTH: How effective can a written emergency protocol be when a crisis occurs and does it really help at all? 384 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 If you would like to submit a question for this column or have comments on previously published material, please send them to: Reactions/AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. (About the Author: Since 1985 Bill has been active in the fields of science, zoology and wildlife management His education and expereince include a B. S. in wildlife management and post-graduate work in zoology; Lab and Museum Assistant; Shoot Team leader, ERT Member, and Senior Keeper and Large Mammal Keeper at variousAZA facilities. His area of research is crisis management in zoological institutions, which draws upon practical experience and training as a Rescue Diver, Hunter Safety Instructor, NRA Firearms Instructor, and Red Cross CPR/ First Aid Instructor.) Assistance Sought for Cuban Amazon Studbook I am researching information for a Husbandry Manual for the Cuban Amazon studbook. This manual will be a suggested guideline to those maintaining this species in our Cuban Amazon managed population. For the sake of creating an authoratative resource I am asking that participants give a bibliography of references for any previously published information. This will also give the Manual a bibliography of references for further reading to the users of the Manual. For the purposes of consistency, I will need the following information for the bibliographies listed: author, year published, publication name it was published in, title of material, and if it is at all possible a copy of the material as it appeared when published. If you are giving information that has not been published, please list the name of the person to be recognized, list it as personal communication and the year the work to be recognized was accomplished. The Table of Contents subjects and the dates of their deadlines are as follows: 1. Taxonomy and Status (30 SEP 98) 2. Description of Subspecies (31 OCT 98) 3. Captive History (30 NOV 98) 4. Husbandry:Diet, Enclosures, Reproductive Management, Medical Veterinary, Enrichment, Records and Forms. (31 DEC 98) 5. Bibliography (31 JAN 98) I am also looking for either a high quality B&W photo or a drawing for the cover of the Cuban Amazon Studbook and Husbandry Manual. If you’re interested in submitting an entry for consideration please send it to me at the address below. Those who submit art or photos will receive full credit when the materials are published. Once a choice has been made for the photo or artistic rendering, it will become property of the Cuban Amazon Consortium. Any pieces that are not chosen will be returned to the sender. The deadline for submission of photos or art is 3 1 December 98, and the pieces chosen will be announced 15 January 99. Dimensions of the piece should be 6.25" x 6.25", with a .25" border for a total dimension of 6.5" x 6.5". The piece should be crisp enough to be reproduced by a high-quality photo copier machine to reduce the cost of production of the Studbook and Husbandry Manual. Send materials to: Rachel Watkins Rogers, Jackson Zoological Park, 2918 W. Capitol, Jackson, MS 39209. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 385 Snow Leopards (L4?c/o undo): ent Alternatives Lamilij Group Manaqem Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoo, Grand Rapids, MI and Marlene Kumpf, Denver Zoological Gardens, Denver, CO Currently there are 238 (120.118, ISIS Dec. 31, 1997) snow leopards housed in North American zoological facilities. Of these, 228 (116.112, based on the December 1996 studbook update by A. Varsik) are SSP cats. As we work to keep the gene pool viable and the captive population stable we will, at times, encounter space problems. This paper addresses one solution to this space crunch, the reintroduction of the sire to the family group. The Snow Leopard Captive Management Survey produced by the SSP committee in 1988 obtained responses from seven institutions that had reintroduced the sire to the family group, or left the male with the female throughout the birth and cub rearing. Dan Wharton, SSP Coordinator, and Sue Mainka, WWF Hong Kong stated “Although the majority of zoos never introduce an adult male to a female with cubs it is possible to introduce the sire when the cubs are between 5 months and 1 year old.” (Wharton & Mainka, 1994 & 1997; citing Freeman, 1978) Additionally, Green (1991) states, “References abound in the literature to ‘resident pairs’ of Ounces and, while adults may not spend all their time together, some form of pair bond may be established for life.” It was with all of this in mind that the decision was made, by both institutions, to introduce the sire to the family group. The authors would like to share their experiences with introductions of this type. Although the authors and institutions were not in communication during the later introduction (John Ball Zoological Garden) there are several similarities in the physical layouts of the exhibits and individual animal personalities that are noteworthy: 1) An apparent bond had formed between the pair. 2) The male was housed after birth of the cubs, at least initially, within olfactory but not visual range of the female. 3) The female and cubs were given access to space the male had occupied so the cubs became familiar with the male’s scent. 4) The female and cubs were given visual access to the male for a period of time before physical introductions. 5) The female consistently behaved in a “friendly fashion” to the male. 6) Both males were considered to have “easy going” dispositions. 7) The male and female were reintroduced first then the female and cubs were given physical access to the male. The creation of a family group, or sire and cubs grouping may not be possible for all institutions, but if it is considered, the following case studies may provide some guidelines. 386 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 Creating a Family Group of Snow Leopards at the Denver Zoo Marlene Kumpf, Carnivore Keeper Shortly after our pair of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) Mushkin, San Antonio 8, and Moti, San Antonio 11, bred in 1986 we decided that if Moti produced a litter, as she had in 1982 and 1984, we would attempt to introduce Mushkin to Moti and the cubs in order to create a family group. We knew that both the Marwell Zoo and Milwaukee County Zoo has been successful in introducing their cubs when they were approximately five months old. Our pair had developed a strong bond, and Mushkin’s easy going disposition made him a good candidate for the introduction. We followed the protocol that was established with Moti’s prior litters. About two and a half weeks before her due date a wooden nest box was placed in Moti’s indoor enclosure. Moti was then separated from Mushkin when brought indoors each afternoon for the night. We are fortunate that we have two indoor snow leopard exhibits to use for this pair, with each having its own ramp to the one outside exhibit. Our indoor exhibits were each 16’xl2’x8’ (4.87m x 3.65m x 2.43m) with a solid metal transfer door dividing them Our outdoor exhibit measured 24’x24’xl5’ (7.31m x 7.31m X 4.57m). At the time the indoor enclosures were very sterile, glass window fronts for public viewing, tile walls, a resting platform, and a log from the floor to a platform. The doorways leading to the ramps to the outdoor yard were located above the platforms. Moti would continue to go outside with the male during the day until shortly before the cubs were due. A week before the due date, we covered the windows on the front of her inside exhibit with plywood boards to provide her privacy from public viewing. On May 14, 1986 Moti gave birth to two cubs, Mork, Denver 9, and Muttikin, Denver 10. Moti’s enclosure was only cleaned if she came out of her nest box and went into the ramp. During the first three weeks, Moti only allowed us to clean every few days. Afterward Moti began to enjoy going outside alone while her exhibit was cleaned daily. With Moti outside we took the opportunity to socialize the cubs as we had with her two previous litters. Initially we cleaned the enclosure while they were in their box. By the time they were able to climb out of the box they were accustomed to the keepers. We would spend time engaging them in play, rolling balls or playing with them with a length of rope. They weren’t afraid of us and we could easily handle them. This made catching and restraining them for their series of three neonatal veterinary exams and immunizations much less stressful. When the cubs were 49 days old we began removing the window covering, one section every few days if the snow leopards remained calm. On day 55 we replaced the solid metal transfer door dividing Moti and Mushkin’s inside exhibits with a mesh transfer door allowing Moti and the cubs visual access to Mushkin. Moti and Mushkin would play with each other through the door, the cubs didn’t seem to be upset by him and a times all the animals would be lying next to the mesh door. When the cubs were 76 days old Moti was allowed outside without her cubs, but with Mushkin, while her exhibit was cleaned. We continued to let the adults have time together daily in the outside yard, without the cubs, for about an hour each morning. When Moti was brought back inside, we would open the transfer door giving her and the cubs access to Mushkin’s indoor enclosure while Mushkin was kept outside. This was done so that the cubs were comfortable with going into the male’s exhibit. Once the cubs were able to climb the logs to the sleeping platforms and ramp door Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 387 entrance it was time to allow them access to the outside yard with Moti. The cubs went outside for the first time when they were 112 days old. We rotated the use of the outside exhibit between Moti and her cubs in the mornings, and Mushkin in the afternoon. Although it was now more difficult to separate the cubs from Moti, we continued to allow Moti and Mushkin access to the outdoor yard without the cubs each afternoon. One hundred and sixty-seven days after their birth we opened the mesh dividing door between Moti and Mushkin’s enclosures and video taped the cubs first encounter with their sire. Although they had contact through the mesh door with Mushkin since day 55, and access to this empty exhibit since day 76, the cubs were frightened and unsure of Mushkin. Mushkin paid little attention to the hissing, snarling and trembling cubs. Once the cubs became agitated we separated them and Moti from Mushkin for the day. Each consecutive day we put the group together, typically for a period of about ten minutes. There was never any concern with the adults, just the cubs trembling or snarling. On day 175, the cubs appeared to gather the courage to attack Mushkin, running at him swatting and growling. Moti intervened and pushed the cubs back into their exhibit. Mushkin simply sat in his enclosure while Moti and the cubs remained in theirs in spite of having access to one another. The next day the same behaviors were noted in the cubs. After that the cubs’ growling, hissing and trembling seemed to diminish a little each day. Always Moti and Mushkin were calm and tolerant with the cubs. We slowly increased the time the group was together to 15 minutes daily. Each day’s report was similar, cubs hissing or growling when the door opened, calming down a little sooner than the previous day. When the dividing door was opened on day 190, the cubs greeted Mushkin by gently rubbing against him, and even joined in grooming him and lying near him and Moti to rest. Within the next four days the time the family was together increased to four hours and the cubs regarded Mushkin as a great playmate. By day 210, we were able to keep the snow leopards together day and night, separating them only when they were fed, and reuniting them once they finished eating. Our female cub Muttikin was sent to the Bronx Zoo on day 244. Our male Mork was sent to the Ross Park Zoo on day 280. On a personal note I would like to say that witnessing Mushkin and Moti’s affection for each other, and patience in playing and caring for their cubs together is the most rewarding experience I have ever encountered as a keeper. Introducing 2.0 Snow Leopards to the Sire Jan Reed-Smith, Keeper, John Ball Zoological Garden In 1996, for management reasons, we decided to attempt introducing two yearling males to their sire. We knew this had been done successfully at other facilities and felt because of the adult males easy-going nature, and the female’s friendly behavior towards him we had a strong likelihood of succeeding with the introduction. Factors driving this management choice were 1) spatial constraints, i.e. one exhibit, and 2) a desire to separate the male cubs from the females before we had to worry about interbreeding. The introduction resulted in John Ball Zoo managing three groups; three male snow leopards, two females, and a single male. A management time line will be presented in table form with a review of what 388 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 4.2 Snow Leopards - 1992 to 1997 John BaU Zoo Manasement Time Line DATE ANIMALS ACnVITY/COMMENTS 1 23 Apr. ‘92 0.1 #011 Implanted w/ MGA implant & exhibited w/ 1 .0 #570 [21 Dec. ‘93 0.1 #011 Implant removed SSP rec. breeding w/ 1.0 #079 1 ‘94 season 1.1 #079, #011 0. 1 showed signs of estrus on several occasions. One attempt thought to be successful. Pair to be put together in the exhibit on alternate days. Ccmtinued this schedule for the entire year. Frequmdy put together on days kept inside. |24Jaa‘95 0.1 #011 Showing signs of estrus: leaving food, pacing & rubbing. 25 Jan. ‘95 1.1«)79,#011 Several breeding attempts. 26-28 Jan‘95 “ Pair to be kept together all the time except at feeding. Definite breeding observed from 29 Jaa ‘95 « Separated pair at night. Together during the (%. 31 Jan. ‘95 1.0 #079 He became agitated over presence of !.0 #570 in holding for the first time. Prior to this these cats had been housed at night where they could see each other with no problem. 20 F^. ‘95 to 30 Mar. ‘95 1.1#079,#011 23 days since last observed breeding. Her appetite continues to be I good Pair kept separate for a few days for non-related management | reasons. | 07 Apr. ‘95 0.1 #011 Tarp hung in fix)nt of her den. Due date betwe^ 02 & 14 May. [25 Apr. ‘95 1.1 #079, #011 No longer put together during the d^. 1 01 May ‘95 0.1 #011 Spent d^ in her birfoing box. To be kept off exhibit from now on. jo3May‘95 0.1 #011 Gave birdi to 3 cubs starting at about 2 p.m. In the box all morning. Visible movement in her abdominal area. She did not eat today. 94 days since last observed breeding. The 2. 1 cubs progressed as expected. Sire housed in den #23 out of visual range. 1 07 July ‘95 2.0 #079, #570 Adult males continue to be agitated by each others presence. 13 July ‘95 2.2 #583,#584,#585#0 11 Female and cubs giv«i access to exhibit for first time. Cubs 71 c%s old. 05 Oct ‘95 2.0 #079, #570 Adult males frequently agitated or lethargic. Ofren kept in due to rotating full day exhibit schedule for each of three groups ( 1.0, 1.0, and 2.2) 06 Oct. ‘95 1.0 #079 Moved to den #26 and 2.2 given dens #23 and #24. Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 389 4J, Snow Leopards • 1992 to 1997 | John BaU Zoo | Manaeement Time Line 17 Feb. 2.2 #583, #584, #585, #011 1.0 #079 2.2 introduced to sire through chainlink by giving him access to NA #25. A lot of pnu^oi type vocalization between adult male and adult female. Cubs very curious. (Cubs are 290 days old.) IntroducticHis to continue as long as someone in the building. 17 -28 Feb. As above Introductions through chainlink for 5 to 30 mins, per d^ty. | 01 Mar. to llJuly‘96 As above 1 Introduction as above to be continued whoever diese cats are all inside. Aldiough intros were not done consistmdy, i.e. sev^ d^ a week, thqr were done at least five days per week most weeks. 15 July ‘96 2.1 #583, #584, #011 1.0 #079 Dam and male cubs introduced to the sire by giving Aem access to NA #23 - 27. Adults initially greeted one another and a few minor snarl/slaps betwem 2.0 and 1 .0. After that the adult male just wanted diem to leave him alcffie. Introduction lasted about Ihr. (Cubs are 438 dftys old.) Female & adult male had beei given access to each other prior to this date for brief periods. 1 16 July - 20 July ‘96 2.0 #583, #584 1.0 #079 hiti’oduction daily for cHie hour. Generally some initial sniffing dien adult male snarls at cubs. The cubs would attempt to engage him in pl^, ambush him or 1^ down where diey could watch him (often widiin one fitot). Periods of ambush/play activity or snarling/submissive bouts would be interspersed widi 2.0 and 1.0 lying down in different dais. One cub received a s^^Je^ficial wound to one foot during this time. Q 22 July - 07 Aug. ‘96 2.0 #583, #584 1.0 #079 Daily introduction time gradually increased. | 07 Aug. ‘96 - M^‘98 ^e did and ob 2.0 #583, #584 1.0 #079 served at the e 0.2 #011, #585 The “cubs” continue to be exhibited witii their sire. For most of 1997 they were together on exhibit part of every day. Beginning in late ‘97 they were switched to an alternate day exhibit schedule. At this time ^‘^ubs” are three years old. The females are housed together 24 hours a day. | Observations Although the MGA implant had been removed from the female in late 1993 and breeding behavior had been observed in spring of 1994, the animosity that developed (31 Jan. 95) between the two adults males #079 and #570 was seen only after #079 had successfully bred the female #011. This behavior, which consisted of pawing at the door, rapid/agitated pacing and fixed staring was begun by the male #079 and continues to this day. For the last year the female, (and to a lesser extent the male cubs), also has exhibited aggressive behavior towards the male #570 whenever he is placed in a den within her visual range. Throughout their separation the male #079 and female #011 periodically called to one another, particularly after he was put in the den NA26 at night where they could see each other. The cubs appeared to take their cue from their mother how they should react towards the other snow leopards housed in the building, i.e. #079 is family and #570 is a stranger. The bond formed between the pair, #079 and #011, continues to this day but, they have only had access to each other through chainlink sine 15 July 1996. This is 390 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 exhibited through excited greetings, prusten-like vocalizations, rubbing and sniffing. The female cub also engages in this behavior even though she has never been with her sire. The physical layout of the night holding (see diagram) is believed to have contributed to the successfol introduction of the cubs to the male. Because of this den layout and access by all cats to the same exhibit at different times it is believed that the cubs became familiar with the sire’s scent and presence at a very early age. The cubs are now three years old, and although there are occasional spats between them and their sire, the grouping continues to be successful. Rotating exhibit schedules and the use of the cougar enclosure to exhibit snow leopards a few days each week allowed us to keep the males together a portion of each day during the early days of their introduction. In late 1997 it was decided to simplify what had become an increasingly complicated exhibit schedule but this does not appear to have had an adverse impact on the compatability of the three males (they are now together every other day only). John Ball Zoo Snow Leopard night holding. Access to the exhibits is from a shift door in each den. In conclusion, the introduction of the adult male to the family group may not be desirable, or possible, for many facilities but has proved to be a viable option in some cases. Factors contributing to the success of these introduction include: The personalities of the cats involved; the presence of a “bond” between the adult pair; the physical layout of the exhibit and holding facility; and the timing of the introductions. Finally, the possible existence of pair bonding, as mentioned by Green (1991) and anecdotally observed at both the John Ball Zoo and Denver Zoo deserves further study References Green, Richard; 1991, Wild Cat Species of the World, Basset Publications, Plymouth, S. Devon, England Wharton, Dan & Mainka, Sue A. 1997, Management and Husbandry of the Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Int. Zoo Yb. (1997) 35:139-147 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 391 Bmi |▼#y^l5ehavlo^al Enrichmcn TIONS Occupational Husbandry By Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo Elephant Log Apparatus At the Toronto Zoo, our Facilities staff members are often called upon to “make it work and last”, and that is what they do. This often involves working out the mechanics of a design based on Animal Care staffs conceptual ideas, and so it was with the elephant log. Keepers had come up with a behavioral enrichment idea for the elephants. They devised an apparatus that provided the elephants with a scratching post and something they could move and push. However, the elephants could easily break the chains that attached the logs together, so the Facilities staff was asked to “make it work and last”. The 22-foot long hardwood standing log, embedded eight feet in the ground of the exhibit yard, was shaped into a point at the top. This 16-inch diameter log was fitted with a four-sided metal saddle harness and bolted down. A steel rod was welded to the top of the saddle and fitted with a rotating sleeve, then topped with a metal cap. The free log (22 ft. x 16 in.) made of hardwood (we used ash), was fitted with a swivel yoke. The yoke is of three-sided flat bar construction, with a 5/8" rod through the log and welded at each end to the yoke. A chain (3- inch diameter link) was welded to the sleeve at one end and the free log yoke at the other end, creating a universal joint that does not bind the chain. The free log can be rotated around without breakage. The chain attaching the two logs does not take the full load weight because the free log is always in contact and supported at the top by the standing log. The end result provides the elephants with a practical means to scratch their backs and stomachs (riding the pole), while providing an enrichment device for the animals. Once again, the Facilities staff have “made it work and last”. Eric Morris and Tara Lynas, Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 392 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 Elephant Log Apparatus TOP VIEW This article was reprinted with permission of the authors and the Editor from The Outlet, the newsletter of the Aquarium & Zoo Facilities Association (Vol. V, No. 3, Summer 1998) (Ideas appearing in this column have not necessarily been tested by the editors for safety considerations. Always think ahead and use good judgement when trying new ideas. Eds.) You are invited to submit material for the Enrichment Options Column-these might include recipes, toys, puzzle feeders, olfactory enrichment ideas, etc. Drawings and photos of enrichments are encouraged. Send to: AKF / Enrichment Options, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., la, KS 66606-2066. \jropeki Kori Bustard Newsletter Available For about a year now, a newsletter about Kori bustards has been distributed to bird curators at those zoos currently housing this species. In addition to curatorial staff, the newsletter was also originally intended for circulation to those individuals directly involved with the day-to-day husbandry of the species (i.e. keepers). If you would like to receive past editions of the newsletter, as well as future editions, please contact: Sara Hallager, International Studbook Keeper for Kori bustards. National Zoo/Dept, of Ornithology, 3000 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008. E-mail: Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 393 mill Cegislative Update Compiled by Georgann Johnston Legislative Advisor Sacramento, CA L800^338-7348 Peregrine Falcon Proposed for ESL Delisting The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has issued a proposal to remove the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) from the endangered species list. This proposal is based on data that shows that the populations of this species have recovered as a direct result of restrictions on the use of organochlorine pesticides in the U. S. and Canada. The USFWS reports that a minimum of 1,388 falcon pairs can be found in Alaska, Canada, and the Western United States and at least 205 pair in the Eastern and Midwestern United States. This proposal actually affects only the American peregrine falcon (subspecies anatum) and not the Eurasian peregrine falcon (subspecies peregrinus). Additionally, the proposed rule includes a five-year post-delisting monitoring plan. This plan would include watching population trends, productivity, and contaminant exposure of the birds. Likewise, the birds would still remain protected under the Migratory Bird Act and the Lacey Act. A copy of the entire report regarding the proposed delisting may be obtained by contacting Diane Noda, Field Supervisor, USFWS, Ventura Fish & Wildlife Office, 2493 Portola Road, Suite B, Ventura, CA 93993. Source: Federal Register Online 26 August 1998 (vol. 63, no. 165) S. African Gov’t Approves Trophy Hunting of Rogue Elephants The Northern Province of South Africa has approved a trophy-hunting initiative designed to fund a fence-building project along the Botswana-South Africa border. The fences, which will be electrified and purportedly elephant-proof, will aid farmers in the province whose crops are being destroyed by drought and wandering elephants. The scheme will only allow farmers to hunt animals that cross onto farms from Botswana or that escape from the Kruger National Park or smaller provincial game reserves. Money made from selling the elephant trophies, meat, and other products would then go towards fence construction. As of mid- August, three elephants had already been shot. The farmers amd representatives of provincial agricultural unions say that the 394 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 elephants destroy huts, water pipes, taps, communal farms, and growing crops. The problem is complicated by the fact that the northern provinces have been experiencing severe drought conditions for a number of years. Farmers are also complaining that their cattle are being eaten by lions, but the lion problem was not addressed in the recent initiative. Source: WildNet African News Archive 17 August 1998 Warthogs Relocated to Nature Reserve For the first time in 30 years, warthogs were allowed to be transported over South African provincial boundaries into the Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve near Krugersdorp. The moving of warthogs has been banned for years in an attempt to reduce the risk of spreading swine fever. However, permission for moving 60 animals from KwaZulu-Natal Reserve to Gauteng, the home of the Rhino and Lion Reserve, was given by the Natal Parks Board. The new warthog home is a private reserve and the owner arranged for the movement of an initial group of 28 animals in mid-August. They will be quarantined for a lengthy period and then released to join 30 other species including lions, white rhinos, cheetahs, buffalo and Cape hunting dogs. . Source: The Star, South African Newspaper 14 August 1998 USFWS Clarifies Panda Permit Policy Permits to import live giant pandas is the subject of a new policy issued by the USFWS. The purpose of the new policy is to clarify what information the USFWS considers in evaluating applications to import these animals in accordance with CITES and the U S. Endangered Species Act. The Service hopes the policy will assist persons and organizations who are filing applications in providing all necessary information and reduce delay in the processing of those applications. There is currently in place an application procedure and this policy is considered to compliment, and not replace, previous regulations and guidelines issued by the Service. In the annoimcement of the new policy, the Service stated that its purpose is to ensure that all panda imports directly benefit panda conservation through support to China’s National Plan, National Survey, or Captive Breeding Plan. Thus, the money brought in as a result of a panda import should be used for in- situ conservation projects in China and display of pandas would be allowed only if it would not interfere with research or captive-breeding activities. The Service also stated that it would be highly unlikely that any panda captured from the wild after 31 December 1996 would be allowed to be imported into the U. S. Likewise, the Service stated that even temporary transfers of pandas between locations in the U S. are now subject to this new policy. Source: Federal Register Online 27 August 1998 (voL 63, no. 166) Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 395 study Evaluates Legislation for Protection of Big Cats in Africa The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has commissioned a report to evaluate existing legislation regarding the hunting, trapping, trade and transportation of big cats in various African countries. The study will be centered on South Africa but will also look at other countries to see if their governments are taking steps to ensure that animals such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, and tigers are being protected. One problem with South Africa, says IFAW spokesperson David Barritt, is that the individual provinces have done little to work together to coordinate conservation action. The South African Minister for Environmental Affairs will be in charge of bringing all the provincial representatives together to try to develop a national plan for South Africa. At this point, the plans for other African countries awaits the results of a more detailed analysis of their existing plans and procedures. Helping with the project is David Newton, national representative of Trade Records Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC), who will provide statistical information on the numbers of animals captured, killed, hunted, sold, and transferred between preserves and/or out of their home country. Source: The Star, South African Newspaper 11 August 1998 Capture of Elephants in Botswana Evokes Outrage Thirty yoimg elephants in Botswana’s Tuli Reserve have been captured and sold to a wild animal trader from South Africa. The elephants were all young — between 4 and 7 years of age. The sale was part of an agreement between the Botswana Department of Wildlife and National Parks, the Tuli Reserve (a private reserve), and the dealer. Conservationists and elephant experts expressed outrage at the sale, as did many headmen and chiefs of tribes in the Tuli area. CITES allows for export of live elephants to an “appropriate and acceptable location”, but elephant specialist Daphne Sheldrick, on behalf of Sekai, a Botswana-based African environmental group, said that the fate of these elephants was in doubt and it was feared that they would be used in canned hunts. A plan for the capture and removal of another 20 elephants was pending and Sekai and the tribes planned to protest to the governments of both Botswana and South Africa to stop the apprehension of these additional animals. Source: Pretoria News 19 August 1998 Proposal to List Black Legless Lizard on ESL Withdrawn The USFWS has withdrawn a proposed rule, originally issued in 1995, which would list the black legless lizard (Anniella pulchra nigra) as an endangered species imder the ESA. As a result of a study occasioned by the proposed listing, the Service has determined that the species occurs in a much wider habitat 396 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 than previously thought and that the threats to its survival have decreased since the rule was first proposed four years ago. A large population of the lizards is known to reside in the Fort Ord area in California, and that habitat is now under federal protection. Additionally, restoration efforts undertaken on both commercial and publicly owned lands have preserved the dimes which provide homes for these animals, decreasing the chances that their population will continue to decrease. A copy of the detailed report regarding the legless lizard can be obtained from Carl Benz, Assistant Field Supervisor, Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office, USFWS, 2493 Portola Road, Suite B, Ventura, CA 93003. Source: Federal Register Online 12 August 1998 (vol. 63, no. 155) Caribbean Island Proposed as ^^Special Management Zone” Greenwire reported in mid August that the Interior Department is considering turning an uninhabited Caribbean island into a wildlife refuge or “special management zone” to protect its “pristine richness.” A team of researchers from the DC-based Center for Marine Conservation recently “comb[ed] every inch” of US-owned Navassa Island and counted more than 800 species, up to 250 of which are believed to be entirely new to science. The findings sparked concerns about how to protect the island “after word spreads” of its biological wealth. Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt said, “I can tell you this doesn’t seem to be the place for a Hilton Hotel or a resort. But we also don’t want to say, ‘Here’s a fabulous asset — but you, the owners, aren’t allowed to see it.’ ” Source: GREENlines Issue i^689 8118/98 Many of World’s Trees Facing Extinction Reuters News Service reported in late August that the World Wide Fund for Nature says ten percent of the world’s tree species face extinction. ’’This report confirmed our worst nightmare,” said Dr. Steve Howard of the Fund. The ‘World List of Threatened Trees” describes more than 8,753 of the world’s 80,000 to 100,000 tree species as endangered. Conservationists said most living species are dependent for their survival on trees, particularly in tropical forests which are home to 90 percent of the world’s species. Source: GREENlines Issue ^700 8/31/98 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 397 AZA and USFW5 Forge New Agreement for Conservation of North American Wildlife and Their Habitats North American wildlife and their habitats received a boost in September when U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Director Jamie Rappaport Clark, American Zoo and Aquarium Association President David Towne, and AZA Executive Director Sydney J. Butler signed an agreement that provided wildlife protection in a new way The memorandum of understanding, signed during AZ As 74th annual conference in Tulsa, OK, establises a broad framework for species-based conservation efforts. In a new twist, it also united Service and AZA efforts to educate the American public about the biological, economic, and aesthetic contributions native species and their habitats make to the nation’s quality of life. “I am very excited about the potential for partnerships that exists between the members of the AZA and the Service,” said Clark. “As much as I have watched our progress with some highly visible species such as the California condor and the red wolf, I have also followed the hard work zoos undertake in supporting the recovery of lesser known species, including the Wyoming toad, Karner blue butterfly, and Colorado River and desert fishes.” “AZA has long worked with the dedicated professionals at the Service toward species recovery,” said Towne, who is also Director of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo. “This MOU will strengthen the ties of the science-based programs and the potential for development of public education and outreach programs is enormous when approached cooperatively.” In the MOU Statement of Mutual Agreement, AZA and the Service agree: • to seek opportunities to work together to support the conservation needs of all native North American species and their habitats where the Service has the authority to do so and when consistent with the mission and purpose of AZA; • to help their respective AZA member institutions and Service regional and field offices identify and assess the potential cooperative actions for conservation partnerships; • to encoimage participation by the AZA in the development of Service recovery plans for federally listed species; • to support appropriate research, education, conservation expertise, and the transfer of information and technology to enhance the formal recovery program process for federally listed species and to promote the development and implementation of a Species Survival Plan for native North American species most critically imperiled under the Endangered Species Act; and • to periodically assess project collaborations between the cooperators and other mutual partners. 398 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 “As we move into the new century, in our fight to conserve wildlife and their habitats, the best defense is no fence,” said Clark. “Because conservation issues affect everyone’s lives, it is vital to enlist people outside our agency in finding solutions rather than try and go it alone. No government agency or private organization can meet this nation’s conservation challenges by itself” “The 120 million people who visit AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums know what an elephant is or what a shark looks like,” stated Butler, “but how many have seen a Wyoming toad or California condor? We have long focused on exotic animals rather than the creatures in our own back yards. We are thrilled to continue our association with the Service and look forward to the experiences this MOU brings to our members and their visitors.” “It is appropriate that this MOU is being signed at the beginning of the school year because the partnership among zoos, aquariums, and the Service is of particular benefit to educators and students. As children head back to school, they can look forward to increasing educational opportimities on critical issues facing our nation’s fish and wildlife,” commented Clark. AZA will work through its North American Fauna Interest Group to prioritize North American species and related programs. AZA was founded in 1924 and currently represents 184 accredited zoos and aquariums throughout North America. AZA’s mission is to support membership excellence in conservation, education, science, and recreation. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages the 93- million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System comprised of more than 500 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands, and other special management areas. It also operates 66 national fish hatcheries and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state wildlife agencies. Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 399 Keeper’s Guide to the Ruminant Stomach Joseph D. Darcangelo, Animal Science Zoo Keeper - Miami Metrozoo, Miami, FL Introduction The purpose of this paper is to give the reader, in this case the zoo keeper, a basic understanding of anatomy and function of the ruminant stomach. The goal is to make sure the reader learns each part of the ruminant stomach and its fimction as a whole, so that he or she can better understand the animals under their care. I am not writing this to impress the experts on the ruminant stomach, but to give the average hoofstock keeper the knowledge he or she can comprehend. I will focus on the ruminants’ four-chambered stomach which includes the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Also included are photos and diagrams of the stomach as a whole and as separate chambers. The main function of the ruminant stomach is to break down cellulose which comes from plant material and to turn it into carbohydrates which will be used for energy. This complicated process starts in the forestomach. The forestomach exists as the rumen, reticulum, and omasum. As the food particles pass through the forestomach they will reach the abomasum, which is considered to be the true stomach. While the food passes through each chamber it takes on a different composition as it is broken down by tiny microorganisms, absorbed, compressed and passed on vmtil it reaches the intestinal tract. After reading and examining the photos and diagrams here, the reader will better understand food passage and digestion by the ruminant stomach. Day to day as keepers observe their hoofstock they see them chewing their cud. What exactly is the “cud”? The cud is a bolus of partially digested vegetation that a ruminant regurgitates, chews, insalivates, and swallows again while ruminating. As you notice the cud going up and down the esophagus, it is being carried by a wave of contraction called the antiperistaltic wave. The rumination (cud chewing) results in food becoming further broken down than when it was originally swallowed. Each time the cud goes upward it is triggered by a contraction of the rumen and the reticulum. The cud then travels back down, coated with saliva from the large salivary glands. The saliva’s purpose is to control the pH level allowing the microorganisms to survive in the ruminant stomach. Regular, rhythmic rumen contractions can often be seen by observing the animal’s left flank for a period of several minutes. These are the things a keeper will be able to observe in the beginning stages of food particle microbial fermentation. 400 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 Figure I Figure I - Diagramatic illustration of a ruminant four-chambered stomach with layering of rumen contents. (Omasum and Abomasum diagramitically positioned on top of rumen.) Rumen and Reticulum When the cud passes down the esophagus auid into the rumen, the process of fermentation takes place. The microorganisms which are suspended in the saliva and other rumen fluids are now breaking down the food particles that are passing freely between the rumen and the reticulum. Since the rumen and the reticulum are so comparable in function, many experts refer to the two chambers as one ruminoreticular compartment. The compartment which we now know as the ruminoreticulum, is lined with numerous papillae that vary in shape and size. The papillae’s purpose is to absorb by-products of food that have been broken down by microbial fermentation. As the food particles enter the rumen they are tossed back and forth between the rumen and the reticulum by contraction of the forestomach. As the food is physically broken down by cud-chewing and mixing in the rumen, the smallest particles sink to the bottom by specific gravity. The food particles that settle at the bottom of the rumen are then pumped through the reticulum and into the omasum. To illustrate how the food is settled in the rumen, see Figure 1. Notice that the hay and other food particles that have been broken down settle at the bottom and newly arrived Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 401 food floats in the middle. The upper region of the rumen is filled by gasses that rise to the top. The build-up of gasses from the fermentation process are relieved when the animal belches (eructates). Figure II Figure II - Diagramatic view of ruminent stomach in a Gemsbok (Oryx gazella). Esophagus (A) empties food into the reticulum (B) and rumen (C) which occupy most of the omasum (D) and the abomasum (E) on the right side of the abdomen, and then passes through the small intestines (F), cecum (G) and colon (H) before undigested portions are excreted as feces. (Intestines and cecum diagramatically decreased in size) Omasum The food particles that were not digested and absorbed through papillae in the rumen and reticulum now enter the omasum. The omasum which has leaf-like folds attached to the wall like pages in a book, is designed to allow fast flowing fluid to pass through, but to catch particles in its omasal leaves. By the time the food particles reach the omasum, they are minute and drained of much fluid. The leaf-shaped folds squeeze the remaining fluid out of the food partricles as the nutrients are being absorbed. Contents that are not absorbed are then passed on to the abomasum. 402 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 Picture 1 - This is the inside of a Gemsbok rumen. Notice the papillae that line the whole chamber. Look at the differences in size. Papillae are all different in size according to their location in the stomach. Diet also plays a part in their size (Dyce, Wensing, p. 87) (photo by Dodi Seiver) Picture 2 - This is the inside of a whole Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) rumen. Notice the papillae that are located inside the rumen. The pillars are the muscular folds that separate the dorsal and ventral sac. (Photo by Dodi Seiver) Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 403 Picture 3 - This is the inside of a whole Gerenuk reticulum. The reticulum is easy to identify with its honeycomb interior. The reticulum not only aids in the process of food digestion, but is the place where metal or heavy objects which can’t be digested usually acciunulate when eaten by animals. (Photo by Dodi Seiver) Picture 4 - This is the inside of a whole Gerenuk omasum. Notice the leaf-shaped folds. This is the chamber that allows fluid to flow through while the leaf-shaped folds catch and concentrate the food particles. There are also papillae on the surface for absorption of nutrients. (Photo by Dodi Seiver) 404 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 Abomasum The fine food particles have now reached the abomasum. The abomasum is the chamber that acts the most like a true stomach. This chamber is lined in a mucous coating which is very different than the rough surface of the forestomachs. Here the stomach is secreting acid and lysozyme, which is an enzyme that breaks down the bacterial cell walls. This is the final place in the stomach that the food reaches for digestion before it is passed into the intestines and on to the cecum and colon. Picture 5 - This is the inside of a whole Gerenuk abomasum. The surface of the abomasum is smooth in comparison to the first three chambers. It is lined with a mucous covering and has a pink fleshy color. This chamber produces the acid and enzymes for further food digestion in the stomach. (Photo by Dodi Seiver) Infant Ruminant The abomasum plays an important role in an infant’s life. It is much larger than the undeveloped forestomach at this age. An infant’s suckling on a mother’s udder causes a muscular reflex that forms a channel which closes off the rumen and allows milk to flow straight from the esophagus into the abomasum. Here the milk can be digested by the enz5mies. If the milk were to enter the rumen it would sour and remain undigested, and no nutrients would be absorbed into the body When the infant is born it does not have the essential microorganisms inside the rumen. As the infant grows and the rumen starts to develop, so does its appetite; it begins to nibble on grass, chew on branches and leaves, and most certainly sniffs and eats other animals’ feces. All these actions contribute to Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 405 the introduction of organisms into the rumen. An infant can also receive organisms off the external surface of the udder when suckling. Once the microbial population is established, the rumen can begin its essential role in digesting an adult herbivore’s diet. Picture 6 - This is the whole stomach of a fetal Gemsbok. Notice the size of the abomasum and the rumen. The rumen is not well-developed at this age. The abomasum will be the primary chamber for digestion until the youngster is weaned off milk and the rumen is seeded with enough microorganisms for fermentation. (Photo by Dodi Seiver) Conclusion Some keepers today may find the ruminant stomach to be a dry subject, but to have an understanding of the internal anatomy of your hoofstock will enhance your general knowledge of the whole animal. Knowing the importance of the ruminant stomach will allow better selection of grain and hay distributed to the animals. Furthering your knowledge beyond the obvious external features and looking into internal functions will increase your husbandry abilities as a keeper. Acknowledgements Special thanks go to several employees at Miami Metrozoo: Dr. Christine Miller, DVM, for her encouragement and knowledge of the subject; Dodi Seiver, zoo keeper, for taking the photos of the ruminant stomach; and Bill Tuttle, graphics designer, for making the final expertise changes on the diagrams and photos. 406 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 Bibliography Bowen, R. Digestive Physiology of Herbivores. (Nutrient Absorption and Utilization in Ruminants.) Sept. 1996. http://www, File://A:ruminati.litm. 5/1/98 Bowen, R. Digestive Physiology of Herbivores. (Rumen Physiology and Rumination.) July, 1997. http://www, File://A:ruminati.htm. 5/1/98 Dyce, K. M., Wensing, C.J.G. 1982. Essentials of Bovine Anatomy. Raleigh, NC pp. 83-90 Estes, R. 1991. Behavior Guide to African Mammals. California: University of California Press, Berkley, CA. pp. 3-6. Macdonald, D., editor. 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File, Inc., New York, NY. p. 471. Information Please We are interested in all aspects of mother- and hand-raising of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), including feeding of the mother and nutritional requirements of the offspring, behavior of mother after parturition, and behavior of the infant in the process of development. We will be grateful for your own experiences or for citations from available puiblications, or any information on this matter. Please respond to: zoo@t.net.ua or to Alla Nikitina, ZIC Officer - admin@zoo.freenet.kiev.ua A request for assistance from India has landed on my desk. If anyone has access to specific felid ethograms or studies specifically related to Panthera pardus (leopard) in captivity or otherwise, please contact me (800)818-7387 or e-mail arkabc@arkanimals.com (Diana Guerrero). Snail mail: P. O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033. Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 407 ^lOPil^eptile/AmpliilDian UPO/XTE Co-Coordinators for the Zoo Infant Development Project for Reptiles and Amphibians, Jeanne Walsh (Newark Museum Mini-Zoo) and Linelle Smith (Denver Zoo) offer this update of species for which ZIDP Forms have been returned in the past six months. If you are interested in aiding in gathering information for this project by completing one or more survey forms, please contact either of the Co-Coordinators at the addresses listed below: Jeanne Walsh Linelle Smith Newark Museum Mini-Zoo Denver Zoological Gardens 49 Washington St., P. O. Box 540 2300 Steele Street Newark, NJ 07101-0540 Denver, CO 80205-4899 New ZIDP Forms Received in the last six months (as of 8/6/98). You can see the previous listing update of species in theNovember 1997 issue of AKF, page 475. REPTILIA Chelonia Emydidae Chrysemys picta dorsalis - Southern Painted Turtle Testudinidae Kinixys homeana - Home’s Hingeback Tortoise Malacochersus sp. - Pancake Tortoise Testudo kleimanni - Egyptian Tortoise Chelidae Chelodina reimanni - Reimann’s Turtle Phrynops hillarii - Spot-bellied Side-necked Turtle Squamata Gekkonidae Uroplatus sikorae - Southern Flat-tail Gecko Iguanidae Anolis smallwoodi - Orient Knight Anole Brachylophus fasciatus - Fiji Island Banded Iguana Varanidae Varanus prasinus - Green Tree Monitor Boidae Corallus hortulanus - Amazon Tree Boa Epicrates inornatus - Puerto Rican Boa Chondropython viridis - Green Tree Python Colubridae Gonyosoma oxycephala - Red-tailed Ratsnake Viperidae Trimeresurus mcgregori - Philippine Pit Viper Atheris superciliarus - African Swamp Viper 408 Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 10, 1998 We also wish to acknowledge these recently received species survery: Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo - Oriental Fire-bellied Toad {Bomhina orientalis); Tomato Frog (Dyscophus guineti) Jessi Krebs, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo - Amazon Tree Boa (Corallus hortulanus); Red-tailed Ratsnake (Gonyosoma oxycephala) Monica Olivera, Ft. Worth Zoo - Southern Flat-tail Gecko (Uroplatus sikorae)\ Orient Knight Anole (Anolis smallwoodi) Rick Reed, Ft. Worth Zoo - Green Tree Monitor (Varanus prasinus) Bryon Shipley, Denver Zoological Gardens - Fiji Island Iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus); Reimann’s Turtle (Chelodina reimanni); African Swamp Viper (Athens superciliarus) Vicky A. Poole, Baltimore Zoo - Puerto Rican Boa (Epicrates inornatus); Green Tree Python (Chondropython viridis); Egyptian Tortoise (Testudo kleimanni) Rico Walder, Tennessee Aquarium - Spot-bellied Sideneck Turtle (Phrynops hillarii); Geoffrey’s Sideneck Turtle (Phrynops geofforanus); Southern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta dorsalis) Karen S. Graham, Sedgwick County Zoo - Green & Black Poison Arrow Frog (Dendrobates auratus); Fire-bellied Toad (Bomhina orientalis); Poison Arrow Frog (Phyllobates hicolor) Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 409 Chapter JQews ^otes Milwaukee Countv Zoo AAZK Current officers for the Milwaukee County Zoo AAZK Chapter are: President..... Lisa Guglielmi Vice Pres Tracey Dolphin Secretary. .... Karen N avarre Treasurer..... Susan Simon Chapter Liaison Laurie Talakowski We are currently using the Chapter logo adopted inl985, but a new logo is being designed. —Laurie Talakowski, Chapter Liaison MII.WAUKKB CHAfrraR Editor's Note: Due to other AAZK commitments, the Chapter Logo Registry is behind schedule on getting finished. Therefore, if you have not sent in your updated logo information, please do so now. Include a clean copy of logo, date adopted and artist! designer name and any particular significance of design used. We will try and have the Registry out by early 1999 and a copy will be sent to all current AAZK Chapters. Dedicated Topic AKFs 3ack l8@ues Available in Limited Quantities We have a limited supply of copies of some of the dedicated issues of Animal Keepers ’ Forum which we are now offering in a package deal at special prices. Prices below include postage for domestic orders. Canadian orders should add $3.00 for postage; overseas orders need to add $5.00 for surface delivery. Package A (five issues) Package B (two issues) Hoofstock Issue - April 1992 Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Enrichment Issue - July 1992 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Hand-Rearing Issue - February 1993 Price: $5.50 Elephant Management Issue - March 1994 Enrichment Issue - May 1995 Price: $12.50 Single copies are also available of the February 1993 Hand-Rearing and May 1995 Special Enrichment issues. They are $3.00 each. If you wish to purchase any of these limited back issues, they are available on a first come, first served basis. Send your name, complete mailing address. Package or single copies desired and a check made payable (in U.S. funds only) to AAZK, Inc. Credit card orders may be placed by calling Administrative Offices at 1-800-242- 4519 (US) or 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Hurry, when they're gone, they're gone! 410 Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 10th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks /AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Please include closing date for positions available and when setting these dates keep in mind that because of bulk-mail, most readers do not receive the AKF until the middle of the month or later. There is no charge for this service and fax listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our fax is (785) 273-1980. The following two (2) positions are available at the Memphis Zoo, 2000 Galloway, Memphis, TN 38112. To apply, send cover letter, resume and references to Human Resources Manager at address above. No phone calls accepted. EOE. ASSOCIATE KEEPER - REPTILE DEPT, ...requires six (6) months of experience in exotic animal care and a college degree in zoology, biology or related field (or the equivalent combination of education and experience). Responsibilities include providing a healthy, attractive environment for the reptiles and amphibians in a specified area, all aspects of daily animal husbandry, exhibit maintenance, observation, enrichment, and encouragement of public interest in the animals. Must have excellent communication skills and a willingness to interact with the public. The Memphis Zoo offers competitive salary and benefits package. Position will be available Mid-October 1998. PRIMATE KEEPER -MAMMALS DEPT. ...requires two (2) years experience in exotic animal care and a college degree in zoology, biology or a related field (or the equivalent combination of education and experience). Prefer experience with great ape training. Responsibilities include providing a healthy, attractive environment for the animals in a specified area, all aspects of daily animal husbandry, exhibit maintenance, observation, enrichment, and encouragement of public interest in the animals. Must have excellent communication skills and a willingness to interact with the public. The Memphis Zoo offers a competitive salary and benefit package. Position available November 1998. SENIOR AVICULTURIST I MAMMALOGIST.,.The Oceanario de Lisboa is seeking a Senior AviculturistMammalogist. This position requires four (4) years minimum experience in a large Zoological Park, Aquarium, Marine Park or Aviary. A Bachelor’s degree in zoology/ornithology or a related field is preferred. Broad knowledge/ experience in acquiring, handling, keeping and displaying penguins/Alcids/Marine Otters or similar taxonomic groups. The candidate must have strong interpersonal/ managerial/communication skills. Requires progressive experience in both personnel supervision and animal training techniques and the ability to transfer this knowledge to other staff members. Duties include: functional and technical supervision of six keepers; overseeing and participating in the maintenance of exhibits, diet preparation, medication of animals, standard husbandry procedures, record keeping, materials/supplies procurement; evaluation of assigned tasks and responsibilities; recommends and assists in the implementation of operational strategies, policies and procedures. Occasional extended hours, flexible scheduling and some weekend work. Salary in high 30s +excellent benefits package. Please send resume to: Mark Smith, Director-Biology/ Engineering @ e-mail: np88td@mail.telepac.pt; facsimile: +351-1-895-5859; post: IDEA Inc., Oceanario de Lisboa, Doca dos Olivais, Apartado 8308, Lisbon, Portugal. Animal Keepers Forum, Vol. 25, No. 10, 1998 411 ANIMAI^ KEEPER. ..r^dnire^ high school diploma. Bachelor’s degree in biology/ related field preferred. One year experience required in the care of captive exotic animals. Responsible for all aspects of daily animal husbandry, exhibit maintenance, observation and enrichment. Assist education and marketing/public relations support aspects of the zoo operation. Salary $10. 58/hr. Mail or fax letter/resume by October 31, 1998 to Jim Schnormeier, General Curator, Sacramento Zoo, 3930 West Land Park Drive, Sacramento, CA 95822. FAX 916-264-5887. ANIMAL KEEPER III - LEAD KEEPER„.iYie Moonridge Animal Park located in the San Bernardino mountain community of Big Bear Lake, CA is offering a full- time lead position with a benefit package. Candidates will be responsible for professional development, leadership and supervision of the animal collection, keeper staff and grounds care. Good oral, written, training and computer skills are desired to operate educational outreach, rehabilitation and volunteer programs. A. A. degree in Biology/related field and one (1) year paid experience as a recognized animal keeper or two (2) years paid experience working as a supervisor of animal keepers in a zoological facility. Apply to Moonridge Animal Park, P. O. Box 2832, Big Bear Lake, CA 92315; Call (909) 866-0130 for application. Call (909) 584-1299 for further information. Closing date is 12 November 1998. ZOO EDUCATION COORDINATOR..,^o^\t\on available from the City of Lafayette Parks and Recreation at the Columbian Park Zoo. Requires high school diploma or GED. Bachelors degree preferred. Ability to make public speaking presentations and must possess strong communication skills. Ability to supervise others. &iowledge of recreation program management. Valid driver’s license required. Must have ability to plan, implement and oversee education and volunteer programs for the zoo. Hours are flexible and will include some evenings and weekends. Salary range is $22,000.00 - $26,000.00. Interested candidates may forward applications and/or resumes to the Human Resources Dept., City Hall, 20 N. 6th St., Lafayette, IN 47901. Applications will be accepted until position is filled. Please contact Kathy Wade, Human Resources Director at (765) 476-4469 with any questions or e- mail at: kwade@city.lafayette.in.us Attention Book Reviewers This notice is for all those individuals who have done books reviews for AKF in the past and for those members who would like to be added to the list of potential reviewers for future titles. We are currently tr3dng to update our files on those interested in doing reviews, as we have found that some addresses are outdated and other information may be incorrect. If you have reviewed in the past or are interested in reviewing books in the future, we need to hear from you. Please send the following information to the AKF Office, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066: your name, complete mailing address, institutional affiliation (if any), daytime and evening phone numbers, fax number, e- mail address and the topic areas you are particularly interested in (please limit to three - example: waterfowl, conservation, neonates). Once again, if you are interested in being on the potential Book Reviewers list, you need to send your information immediately. We have extended the cut-off date to be registered to receive books to review until 5 November 1998. 412 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 10, 1998 AAZK Membership Application check here if renewal [ ] Name Address City State/Province Zio U.S. Members Canadian Members □ $35.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $40.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $30.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $35.00 Affiliate Other staff & volunteers □ $30.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility □ $35.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility □ $60.00 or up - Individuals Contributing/U.S. □ $60 or up - Individuals Contributing/Canada □ $100.00 or up Institutional/U.S. Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) 1 1 $100.00 or up Institutional/Canada Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) 1 1 International Members $50.00 International All members outside U.S. & Canada regardless of category 1 I.ibrarv Otilv LnJ 35.00 Library Available only to public & university libraries Zoo Affiliation (if any) — — — — Zoo Address Title Work Area □ My check is enclosed (AAZK, Inc.) □ Please charge my credit card MASTERCARD _ VISA Card # - ___ - - Name on card — —Expiration date Signature Mail this application to: AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Make checks/money orders payable to AAZK, Inc. Must be in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Membership includes a subscription io Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. PRINTED IN U.S A. ©1998 AAZK, INC. ''Dedicated to Professional Animal Care U c “I D 05 CD < o' X 0 n c 0 a 0 a x: 2 a: w jy w !U ^ in -tj 3- -.jO «> «-»• r™ p * 3 »-• 3 3*: la cr a* jj* r* “5 •“> >*'■ O &1 K r- 3 r-4 >»* •< o »& OP# o — * O *! M tC # 3> O ■H -13 O 30 3»t »• -*<4 4:« Cn Cfl O ANIMAl KEEPERS' ANIMAL KEEPERS^ FORUM. 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 NOVEMBER 1998 Phone: 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX (785) 273-1980 VoL25, No. 11 Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan • Associate Editors/Enrichment Options Coordinators: Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum & Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo • Book Review Coordinator: Andrea Bemee, Chaffee Zoological Garden • Legislative Outlook Column Coordinator: Georgann B. Johnston, Sacramento, CA. • ABC's Column Coordinator: Diana Guerrero, San Diego, CA • Reactions Column Coordinator: William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Animal Keepers’ Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster - Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 - attn: Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary AAZK Executive Director: Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc., Topeka KS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ric Urban, Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, TX 77030 President Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68107-2200 Vice President Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC 27203-9416 David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK 73111-7 199 Jacque Blessington, Kansas City Zoological Gardens, Kansas City, MO 64132-4200 Scott M. Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109 Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, Ml 49504-6100 Janet McCoy, The Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR 97221-2799 Immediate Past President COMMITTEES Nominations& El^gtipn? Chair - Sheri Leavitt, Houston Zoo Conservation. Preservation & Restoration Grants Chair - Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoo Annual Conferences Coordinator - Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc. Conference Program Chair Jeffrey Phillips, Disney’s Animal Kingdom Awards Chair - Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo By-laws Chair - Gisela A. Wiggins, North Carolina Zoo Ethics Janet McCoy, Metro Washingto Park Zoo Research/Grants Chair - DaVid Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo Bowling for Rhinos Chair - Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis, IN Marketing Resources/Development David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo MEMBERSHIP SERVICES L.I.N.K. System Scott Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (Board Oversight) Asst. L.I.N.K. Coordinator Wayne Hazlett, Milwaukee County Zoo Enrichment Committee Lee Houts, Folsom City Zoo International Outreach - Jeanette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo (Chair/Coordinator Internationsl Assistance); Martha Turnbull - Co-Chair); Kathy Kelly, Silver Springs, MD - Project M.A.R.C. (Making A Realistic Contribution) Animal Data Transfer Form AAZK Administrative Offices/Topeka AAZK Historian Mark Levin, Philadelphia Zoo PRESroENTIAL ADVISORS/LIAISONS AZA Liaison Ed Hansen, AAZK Executive Director ELenhant Managers Association Liaison Marie Galloway, National Zoo Zoo Registrars Association Terry Fisher, San Antonio Zoo AZAD Liaison Mary Jo Binkley, Franklin Park, IL CAZPA Liaison Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo Int'l Marine Mammals Trainers Association Dave Force, Sea World of California AMAZOO Liaison Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens AZH Liaison Virginia Wall, North Carolina Zoo AAZK PUBLICATIONS - CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION Zoo Infant Development Project - Jennifer Hackshaw, Lowry Park Zoo and G. Suzanne Chacon, Zoo Aves (Birds/ Passerines); Jeanne Walsh, Newark Museum Mini-Zoo (Reptiles); Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo (Amphibians) Crisis Management Resource Notebook - Susan Chan, AAZK; William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville,TX; and Diana L. Guerrero, Ark Animals, Inc., Escondido, CA. printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based ink products ^able of Contents Information for Contributors/About the Cover. 414 Scoops & Scuttlebutt ..415 - 416 In Memorium ~ Jay Jasan 417 AAZK Announces New Members 418 Coming Events.... 419 AAZK Honors Its Own/Conference Photos 420 Legislative Update 422 - 425 Reactions Column: Written Emergency Protocols 426 - 427 Bowling for Rhinos Announcements/Reminders 428 Information/Assistance Request (tatoo survey).. .....428 Rocky Mountain Chapter AAZK Fimdraiser Order Form 429 Fossa Breeding at the San Antonio Zoo 430 -431 AZA Bat TAG Offers New T-Shirt Designs 431 Africanized Bees in a Zoological Setting: A Guide to Swarm Removal.. 432-434 Thick-billed Parrot SSP Action Plan 435 Carie Cares™ Dolls Order Information and Form ....436 - 437 Enrichment Options: Bungee Pumpkins/Primate Pckets 438-440 The Curent Status of the Madagascar Teal 441-445 Book Review (The Wolves of Denali) ...446 - 447 International Crane Foundation: A Model of Conservation.. 448 - 449 Opportunity Knocks 450 - 452 j About the Cover This month's cover features ‘‘Max” a male Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) who currently resides with a bachelor group at the Santa Barbara Zoo, Santa Barbara, CA. Max was born in March of 1969 in Dallas, TX and came to the Topeka Zoological Park, Topeka, KS that same year - “the first gorilla in Kansas”. Lowland gorillas are native to equatorial Africa and are endangered throughout their range. Gorillas live in family bands of females and young led by a dominant silverback male. Large males can weigh up to 650 pounds, stand seven feet tall and have powerful jaws and teeth that can match those of a lion or tiger. Despite their somewhat fierce appearance, gorillas are primarily passive vegetarians, avoiding human contact whenever possible. This month 's cover art is by Geoff Creswell, a gifted artist and wildlife biologist. Thanks, Geoff! Information for Contributors Animal Keepers ’Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double- spaced. Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts on a disk as well as in hard copy form. Acceptable formats include: for Macintosh users - Microsoft Word or Works; IBM users - Word for Windows, WordPerfect or Wordstar. All illustrations, graphs, charts and tables should be clearly marked, in final form and should fit in a page size no greater than 5.5” x 8.5” (14cm x 22cm). Literature used should be cited in the text (Brown, 1986) and alphabetically in the final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name (as per ISIS) the first time an animal name is used. Thereafter use common name. Use metric system for weights and measurements (standard equivalents may be noted in parenthesis). Use the continental dating system (day-month-year). Times should be listed as per the 24-hour clock (0800, 1630 hrs. etc.). Glossy finish black and white photos only are accepted. Color slides should be converted to black and white prints (minimum size 3” x 5” [8cm x 14cm] ) before submission. Clearly marked captions should accompany photos. Please list photo credit on back of photo. Articles sent to Animal Keepers ' Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more of the zoo professionals who serve as referees fox AKF. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone and FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space allows. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. Phone 1-800-242-4519 (US); 1-800-468- 1966 (Canada); FAX (785) 273-1980. Deadline for each regular issue is the 10th of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the editor. Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AKF staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. Back issues are available for $3.00 each. 414 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 Scoops <£ Scuttlebutt CPR Grants Available from AAZK The American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. announces the availability of conservation grants for the benefit of local and global conservation efforts. AAZK members in good standing should direct their inquiries to Jan Reed-Smith, Chair, AAZK Conservation, Preservation and Restoration Committee, John Ball Zoo, 1300 W. Fulton, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 or at jrsotter@iserv.net. Deadline for applications is 28 February 1999. Deadline Near for Board Nominations Attention all members! The deadline for Board of Director nominations is fast approaching. If you haven’t done so, please submit your nominations right away. Four positions will be open at the close of the 1999 National Conference in Portland, OR. Those positions are currently held by Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo; Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park; David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo; and Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoo. New board members will serve a four-year term, beginning at the close of the 1999 National Conference, and running until the close of the 2003 National Conference. Please fill out the Nominator and Nominee Biographical forms found in the July or September issues of AXF and send to the address below. Deadline for submissions is 31 January 1999. Professional members will be sent ballots in April of 1999. Nominations should be sent to: Sheri Leavitt, NEC Chair, Houston Zoological Gardens, Children’s Zoo, 1513 N. MacGregor Way, Houston, TX 77030; Fax (713) 284-1329. IOC Seeks Enrichment Slides Jeannette Beranger, Chair of the AAZK International Outreach Committee, is seeking slides which illustrate the use of various types of enrichment with zoo animals. These slides will be used as part of the enrichment curriculum for the Keeper Workshops the IOC will be conducting in Venezuela and also in Mexico. Slides should be of good quality and show animals utilizing enrichment food items, toys, other apparatus, etc. Those donating slides to this project should include their name and institution so that appropriate credit may be given in the workshop materials. Slides become the property of the IOC. You may send slides to Jeannette at Roger Williams Park Zoo, 1000 Elmwood Ave., Providence, RI 02907-3600. Board Announces New Committee Chairs The Board of Directors is pleased to announce the following individuals as Chairs for AAZK Comittees/Projects: Jeff Phillips, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, takes on the newly created position as Conference Program Chair and will be responsible Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 415 for assisting Conference Committees in planning professional programs for the membership. To take on this new position, Jeff has resigned as Chair of the AAZK Bylaws Committee. Stepping into this position is Gisela A. Wiggins of the North Carolina Zoological Park. Additionally, the Board has decided to assign a Board member as Chair of the Research Grants and CPR Grants Committees. David Luce will chair the Research Grants Committee and Jasn Reed-Smith will chair the Conservation, Preservation and Restoration Grants Committee. The AAZK Board would like to thank Farshid Mehrdadfar, Disney's Animal Kingdom, and Brett Sellers, The Oregon Zoo, for their service as Chairs of these committees during the past several years. APT Form Reminder Just a reminder that the ADT Forms are now available out of the AAZK Administrative Office, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606. They are no longer available from Bernie Feldman at Burnet Park Zoo. ADT Forms are provided free of charge to zoos as a professional courtesy of this Association. Forms may be ordered by writing AAZK AO, faxing a request to (785) 273- 1980, or calling 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) or 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). AAZK encourages the use of the ADT Form whenever an animal is shipped between institutions to insure that critical health and reproductive history as well as husbandry/diet information is available for the receiving keeper and veterinary staffs. AAZK Future Conference Information The 1999 AAZK National Conference will be held at The Oregon Zoo (formerly Metro Washington Park Zoo) in Portland, OR from 12-16 September 1999. Hosted by the Portland AAZK Chapter, the theme will be “Northwest Passages - Frontiers in Zoo Keeping”. The first AAZK National Conference of the new millenium will be held at the Columbus Zoo in Powell, OH 23-28 September 2000, Conference hosts will be the Columbus Zoo AAZK Chapter. The Southern Ontario AAZK Chapter won the bid to host the 2001 AAZK National Conference. The 2001 Conference will be held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dates to be announced at a later time. The last time the Association met in Canada was in 1986 in Winnipeg. Chapter Donates to AAZK Operating Fund The AAZK Board of Directors and the Administrative Office staff wishesto thank the Greater Houston Chapter for their recent donation of $200.00 to the general operating budget of the Association. Such Chapter support is greatly appreciated and allows AAZK to carry out its programs and projects. 416 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 3Jn iHemortum The zoo and animal world lost an irreplaceable person on September 2, 1998 - Jay Jasan was aboard Swissair Flight 111, which went down in Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia. Many of the AAZK "old timers" will remember Jay for his great sense of humor, incredible dedication and professionalism. After working as a keeper at the Turtle Back Zoo in West Orange, NJ, Jay received his DVM certification at the Uniyersity of Pennsylvania and had currently been working for Merck Pharmecuticals in New Jersey. A long-time AAZK member. Jay served as Chair of the Association's Public Education Committee in the 1980's. On a personal note, I will miss Jay more than words can explain. He was my first zoo friend and was responsible for my becoming a keeper, which is something I will be forever grateful to him for. Anyone interested in making memorial contributions to organizations which Jay supported may send them to: The Raptor Trust OR The Nature Conservancy 1390 White Bridge Rd. New Jersey Field Office Millington, NJ 07946 Elizabeth D. Kay Environmental Center (908) 647-2353 200 Pottersville Rd. Chester, NJ 07930 (908) 879-7262 There is also a memorial website dedicated to Jay at www.jayjasan.com. —submitted with thanks by Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo, Denver, CO Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 11, 1998 417 New & Renewing AAZK Professional, Institutional, and Contributing Members Karen L. Vacco, Pittsburgh Zoo (PA); John B. Watson-Jones, National Zoological Park Conservation & Research Center (VA); Jeff Carter and Craig Schultz, Jacksonville Zoo (FL); Melissa D. Keister and Rose Tremblay, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (FL); Chantel O. Pelletier, Palm Beach Zoo at Dreher Park (FL); Susan Janik, Zoo Ave (Costa Rica); Chris Reinerd, Hattiesburg Zoo (MS); Calvin T. Harpe, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (OH); Daniel J. Briere, The Little Creatures Co. (MI); Kristen Wolfe and Christina Goulart, Kansas City Zoological Gardens (MO); Larry Nuzum, Jr., Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo (NE); Emily Schultz and Kim Ahrens, Folsom Children’s Zoo (NE); Celina Gomez, Cynthia Laljer and Alfred Flores, San Antonio Zoo (TX); Ingrid B. Shea, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo (CO); Paul Povey, Pt. Defiance Zoo & Aquarium (WA). New Contributing Members Phillip E. Foster, Memphis Zoo, Memphis, TN Renewing Contributing Members Bruce M. Thomas, Cambridge, MD Maria C. Brettscheider, Orlando, FL Jim Fleshman, Director Abilene Zool. Gardens, Abilene, TX William H. Disher San Diego Zoo & Wild Animal Park, San Diego, CA Renewing Institutional Members Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo, Gainesville, FL Jack Brown, Director Chaffee Zoological Gardens Fresno, CA Ralph Waterhouse, Director — Need to Reach AAZK? 1-800-242-4519 (U. S.) Administrative Office Staff 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) ^ Barbara Manspeaker - FAX: (785) 273-1980 M Administrative Secretary \ Susan Chan - or write 1 W j Managing Editor AKF AAZK, Inc. j Orca - 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. ^ Office Cat Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. OfFice Hours: 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. CDT 418 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 Coming events International Marine Animal Trainers Association - November 7-12. 1998 in Albufeira, Portugal, and hosted by ZooMarine. For further information, contact Geraldine Lacave at 01 1 32 50 38 38 38; fax at 011 32 50 39 39 32; e-mail geraldine.lacave @ skynet.be. International Seminar on Commemorating the Naming of the Francois* Leaf Monkey for its First Centenary and Protecting the Primate - November 11-13, 199 8 in Wuzhou City, Guangxi, China. Hosted by the People’s Government of Wuzhou City and the Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens. For further information, contact Dennis Pate, Senior VP/General manager, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614; (312) 742- 2031 ; e-mail:dpate@condor.depaul.edu. Restoring the Wolf - November 11-15, 1998 in Seattle, WA. A forum on wolf biology, recovery, management and activism will include scientific presentations, posters, panel discussions and workshops. For info contact: Nina Fascione, Defenders of Wildlife, 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington, DC 20005; Phone (202) 789- 2844, Ext. 227; e-mail: nfascione@defenders.org. First European Nutrition Meeting - January 8- 11, 1999 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Organized by the Rotterdam Zoo in cooperation with the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht and the research group of EAZA. For further information contact: J. Nijboer BsC, 01 1 31-10-443144 1 ; fax:01131-10-4431414;e-mail: J.Nijboer&inter.nl.net;website: WWW. Rotterdamzoo . nl . Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine - June 12-16, 1999 in Key West, FL. This is the Fifth Biennial Conference and the theme is “Tropical Diseases: Control and Prevention in the Context of The New World Order. The international movement of live animals and the complexity of food trading patterns increases risk of tropical and emerging diseases spreading further to both humans and animals. For further information contact: Beth Miller-Tipton, University of Florida, Office of Conferences & Institutes, P. O. Box 110750, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; phone: (352) 392-5930; fax: (352) 392-9734; e- mail:BAMT@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU 1999 AZA Regional Conferences AZA Central Regional - March 17-20, 1999 in Indianapolis, IN. For information contact Jodie Baker, Indianapolis Zoo, P. O. Box 22309, Indianapolis, IN 46222; phone (317) 630-5167. AZA Eastern Regional - April 14-17, 1999 in Pittsburgh, PA. For information contact Terry Delulis, Pittsburgh Zoo, One Wild Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; phone (412) 365-2500. AZA Western Regional - April 28 - May 1, 1999 in San Jose, CA. For information contact Dr. Anthony Smith, Zoo Director, Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, 1300 Senter Rd., San Jose, CA 95112; phone (408) 998-5172; fax (408) 279-8021. THE GOURMET RODENT TM RATS AND MICE Bill & Marcia Brant 6119 SW 137th Avenue Archer. FL 32618 (352) 495-9024 FAX (352) 495-9781 e-mail: GrmtRodent9aol.com •OAU Rights Reserved Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 11, 1998 419 AAZK Honors Its Own The Association presented two very special awards at the 25th National Conference in Indianapolis, IN. Judie Steenberg, recently retired from the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle, WA, was presented with the first AAZK Lifetime Achievement Award for her many years of service to AAZK and her outstanding career in the zoo profession. Bernie Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo, Syracuse, NY, was honored for his 20 years of service to the Association as Coordinator for the Animal Data Transfer Form ( ADTForm) Proj ect . (Photos by Susan Chan) Congratulations Judie and Sernie ! 420 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 SPECTRUM Qualify exotic animal diets Nutritionally balanced Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-quality dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NBBRASKA BRAND S i Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Banana flavored psittacine/phmate, 20% protein dry Banana flavored primate. Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Marmoset/T amarin dry Polar Bear dry Ratite dry Bulbless heaters—nothing to break Safe around all animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240. 500, or 750 wattages. One call does It all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectnim, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 Cegislative Update Georgann Johnston Legislative Advisor Sacramento, CA 1-800-338-7348 National Science Foundation Adopts Final Rules on Conservation of Antarctica’s Animals and Plants The National Science Foundation (NSF) has recently adopted a lengthy set of rules, regulations, and guidelines for the implementation of amendments to the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 and the Antarctic Science Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996. The two Acts themselves are the product of the work of the Antarctic Treaty Parties - comprised of a number of countries around the world that agreed over 25 years ago that a cooperative effort was necessary to protect this remote continent from tourists, oil and gas exploration, hunters, and many other individuals, groups or companies that would seek to reap a benefit (financial or otherwise) from the unique landscape. In adopting the revisions to the Acts, the NSF has essentially ratified action taken by the member countries at a convention of the parties held in Norway during May and June 1998. The revisions cover a variety of topics including limitations on the taking of, or harmful interference with mammals, birds and plants native to Antarctica, entering onto land designated as Antarctic Specially Protected Areas, receiving, selling, acquiring for sale, or otherwise dealing in mammals, birds or plants native to the continent, and introducing into Antarctica any member of a non-native species. While the regulation is quite long, its essence is the establishment and/or modification of permitting processes for persons or organizations proposing to do research on the continent or with species native to the continent. Moreover, the number of “Specially Protected Areas” was significantly increased at the convention earlier this year, and individuals or organizations that have conducted research in the past in areas not then covered by the treaty are now required to go through a special post-research permitting and reporting process. A full copy of the recently changed rules can be found in the Federal Register for 21 September 1998 (vol. 63 no. 182) and questions or requests for permit applications may be submitted to Anita Eisenstadt, Office of the General Counsel, NSF, (703) 306-1060. Source: Federal Register Online 21 September 1998 (vol. 63, no. 182) Compiled by 422 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 Indonesia Backs Out as CITES Meeting Host - Date of COP 11 Uncertain It was previously reported in this column that the next meeting of CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species - would be held in Indonesia in November. Since that report, Indonesia has notified the CITES Secretariat that it is withdrawing from hosting COP 11 (Convention of Parties No. 11). At this point, no other CITES signatory country has come forward to offer itself as an alternative site for the meeting, so the November 1999 date is now unlikely to occur. The Secretariat, in fact, has stated that it hopes to find a host country and establish a new date between January and May 2000. In the meantime, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service continues to solicit suggestions from interested persons or organizations regarding possible resolutions or agenda items for discussion at COPll. This would include, for example, species to be included in one of the three categories of endangered or threatened, uplisting or downlisting of species already part of one of the CITES Appendices, and guidelines regarding transborder movements of live animals for exhibitions. Suggestions should comform with a format that is available from the Office of Scientific Authority, USFWS. Approximately nine months before the date of the rescheduled COPll, the USFWS will publish the various proposals and take public comments. Then, about four months before the meeting, the Service will issue a report as to which of the suggested plans and proposals will be officially adopted by the United States at the international meeting. Source: Softbills News Group Online htp: // www.softbills.com / copll.htm Pygmy Owl Survey Protocols to Be Modified The USFWS has announced its intention to modify the protocols for surve5dng the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl {Glacidium brasilianyum cactorum), which lives only in Arizona. The proposed protocol comes in two versions: one is to be used to determine if the owls are present on specific project sites where activity such as construction is proposed and the second is for use in gathering information on the distribution, occurrence, and numbers of the species over a broader area of its historic range. The protocols are premised on procedures originally established by the Arizona Game and Fish Department in 1993. While the general purpose of the protocols remains the same - surve3dng the habitat for owls - the survey periods would be shortened from nine months to six months and the Service would require the implementation of the protocol for two consecutive years before any activity that might impact the owls could be undertaken. The current protocols will remain in place until 1 January 1999, when the new USFWS rules will go into effect. Copies of the protocols may be obtained from Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 423 the Field Supervisor, Arizona Ecological Services Field Office, 2321 West Royal Palm Road, Phoenix, AZ 85021, or by calling (602) 640-2720. Source: Federal Register Online 13 August 1998 , vol. 63, no. 156 Black-Footed Ferret to be Reintroduced Into Colorado The USFWS, the Bureau of Land Management, the Colorado Division of Wildlife and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources will reintroduce a group of black- footed ferrets {Mustela nigrines) into northwestern Colorado and Utah. These animals will be surplus captive-raised individuals and the plan is to release additional animals annually for several years thereafter in order to establish a self-sustaining wild population. This group of ferrets is considered by the USFWS to be an “experimental, nonessential” population, as that term is defined in the Endangered Species Act. The historical range of the species extends over 12 western states, but prehistoric records demonstrate that these ferrets could once be found as far north as the Yukon Territory and as far south as Texas. Black-footed ferrets depend almost exclusively on prairie dog colonies for food, shelter and denning and their populations have decreased in direct proportion to the annihilation of prairie dogs by hunters, by cattle and sheep ranching, and by other farming use of the land which disturbs the prairie dogs’ homes. Further information about the release project may be obtained by writing to USFWS, Ecological Service’s Office, 764 Horizon Dr. South Annex A, Grand Junction CO 81505-3946 or calling Robert Leachman at (970) 243-2778 or by contacting the USFWS, Utah Field Office, 145 East 1300 South Suite 404, Salt Lake City, UT 84115 or calling Edward Owens at (801) 524-5001. Source: Federal Register Online 1 October 1998 vol. 63, no. 190 Swim-With-The Dolphins Rules Amended by APHIS Animal Welfare regulations, which are part of the federal Animal Welfare Act, have been amended regarding “swim-with-the-dolphins” programs offered at various zoos, aquariums, and other facilities in the United States. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service determined that new and more restrictive regulations are necessary to ensure that the marine mammals used in these programs are handled and cared for in a humane manner. The initial proposed amendments were published by APHIS in early September 1998, but have since been modified to specifically exclude requirements relating to wading interactive programs. APHIS spokespersons stated that more information is needed regarding oversight of the wading issue and that they were seeking input from marine mammal specialists, interest groups, and the general public for thoughts and ideas on the new requirements. In essence, the new regulations regarding 424 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 “swimming” mandate human participant-attendant ratios and space requirements. The wading activities will only affect programs in which the participants are stationary and non-buoyant. A complete copy of the “swimming” regulations or comments regarding the “wading” proposals may be secured by contacting APHIS representatives Jim Rogers 301-734-8563jrogers@aphis.usda.gov or Jim Borland (202) 734-5175. Source: Federal Register Online 4 September 1998, voL 653, no. 172 and APHIS Press Release dated 2 October 1998 Threatened Status Proposed for Koala The USFWS is proposing to add the Australian koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) to the list of endangered species and designate it as “threatened”. The major reason for this proposal is the continued reduction of the eucal3q)tus forest and woodland ecosystem on which this arboreal marsupial depends. The koala is also threatened by habitat fragmentation that is believed to lead to a loss of genetic diversity. The proposal itself provides an interesting history of this animal, from its first “discovery” by European settlers on the southern continent over 200 years ago. It is also interesting to note that in bringing this proposal to the public, the USFWS is responding to a request from both Australians for Animals (an Australian animal interest organization) and The Fund for Animals (a US. based animal interest organization). The Service states in its initial announcement that the information provided by these two organizations “provides substantial evidence that listing of this species as threatened is appropriate and warranted.” A copy of the proposed listing, which includes the interesting ecology/natural history of koalas, or further information may be obtained from Dr. Susan Lieberman, Chief, Office of Scientific Authority, Room 750, 4401 North Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22203 or by calling (703) 358-1708 or faxing a request to (703) 358-2276. Source: Federal Register Online 22 September 10998, vol. 63, no. 183 Final Ruling Issued on Kangaroo Rat We reported here earlier that the USFWS was considering listing the San Bernadino kangaroo rat {Dipodomys merriami parvus), a subspecies of the kangaroo rat found only in San Bernadino County, CA, as an endangered species. The Service has now determined that such a finding is appropriate and warranted and, as of 24 October 1998, the subspecies is officially added to the U. S. Endangered Species List. Source: Federal Register Online 24 September 1998, vol. 63 no. 185 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 425 ^ £ /i c r / (P y ^ A ^uestioiaidAisnerforuii/ort/ieZoo FroZessma/oiCnsisffaKi^eKeit By William K. Baker, Jr, Zoo Curator Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Question How effective can a written emergency protocol be when a crisis occurs, and does it really help at all? Comments Based on my experience I would say that the vast majority of the zoological facilities have developed written guidelines or emergency protocol to address the possible occurrences of crisis management situations. As a result, on numerous occasions I have found myself involved in conversation with my peers at conferences, workshops, and even over dinner discussing and sometimes debating the finer points of written procedures for a crisis. These conversations are always informative and thought-provoking, and we sometimes differ on certain points or issues. Still, there is one common concept we all agree on, a written protocol is only the beginning. What I mean by this is that when a facility develops a protocol or system of procedures to deal with a crisis, it’s a commendable achievement. When a facility distributes that information to its staff, it’s commendable as well. However, when the process stops there, the facility has failed completely. This is probably one of the greatest misconceptions of our industry, that writing emergency procedures and handing them out will somehow despell a crisis from occurring and empower the staff to react to one when it does occur. I compare this to the old analogy of “whistling past the graveyard” or the military axiom offsetting yourself up to fail”. Written procedures for either preventing or dealing with a crisis management situation is the beginning of the safety curve. In all honesty, people who say or act like they have a complete handle on zoological safety scare the daylights out of me and I try to put as much distance between them and myself, especially when managing dangerous animals. The learning process is a continuous process that lasts for the length of our lives. This process is tempered by the greatest teacher of all, experience. Written procedures are effective guidelines on how to deal with a crisis. However, it’s probably a little late to reach for the 426 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 11, 1998 guidelines when a crisis occurs. The most valauble tool anyone has at their disposal is their mind and it is the responsibility of every institution to provide the the resources and training to develop this asset. It is no accident that the law enforcement and military community learn, practice, and then fine tune their skills. This enables them to confront a variety of scenarious in an adaptable fashion by tapping a wide variety of skills. Adaptability is the key to a successful and professional transition through a cirsis. The development of a safety mindset is an asset to preventing a crisis and training for a possible event is not over-reaction, but effective proactive zoological safety. You simply can’t carry the safety manual in one hand and emergency equipment in the other enroute to a crisis event and expect to be an effective responder. A truly effective training program includes written guidelines, roundtable discussions, workshops, cross-training, research, safety walk-throughs, practice scenarios, annual response drills, and professional instruction. This is supplemented by funding, training aids, and the appropriate safety, capture, and restraint equipment. To the casual observer this may seem a little much, but when you consider the return on such a small investment it’s worth it. From a staff point of view, if it prevents animal mortality and zoo keeper injury or death it’s viable. From a management point of view, if it prevents injury, death,workman’s comp claims, and negative press for the facility it’s viable. Written guidelines can make a difference, but only when supplemented with the rest of the resource package. I would also like to say thanks to all of my peers who take the time to either call or write in their support for this column. Sometimes when you’re writing a column it feels a little like you’re working in a vacuum. So your comments and words of support are more than appreciated. Next Month: How does exhibit design effect zoological safety? If you would like to submit a question for this column or have comments on previously published material, please send them to: Reactions/AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. (About the Author: Since 1985 Bill has been active in the fields of science, zoology and wildlife management. His education and expereince include a B. S. in wildlife management and post-graduate work in zoology; Lab and Museum Assistant; Shoot Team leader, ERT Member, and Senior Keeper and Large Mammal Keeper at various AZA facilities. His area of research is crisis management in zoological institutions, which draws upon practical experience and training as a Rescue Diver, Hunter Safety Instructor, NRA Firearms Instructor, and Red Cross CPR! First Aid Instructor.) Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 427 fowling for Rhinos Announcements/Reminders Norah Famham from Lincoln Park Zoo was our #1 fundraiser with the record amount raised of $7539.00, and Kirk Nemecheck from Rolling Hills Wildlife Conservation Center in Salina, KS was #2 with $5406.00. They each win a two- week trip to Lewa Wildlife Conservancy in Kenya! Remember, you can only win the trip once, so each year it is fair game for a new person. If you are just beginning BFR or if your event needs a boost, I am willing to do a presentation at your zoo or institution. Please let me know if you are interested at your earliest convenience. I also have a 10-minute promo tape on Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. If you would like one, send a $5.00 check made out to Patty Pearthree to the address listed below. All ’98 event money should be turned in as soon as possible to be included in the 1998 totals (the year we surpassed the $1 million mark!). We are currently at $1,085.00.00 raised since 1990. There is now a $25 administrative fee for each event which should be paid prior to getting your sponsor forms (checks made out to AAZK, Inc.). New sponsor forms are in which are only two-part copies. You no longer need to send copies of all forms to me, just a copy of your top money raiser’s form. If you have old forms left over, you can still use them, but will also need to pay the $25 per event fee which covers the administrative costs of this program, ensuring that all bowling monies go to the rhinos. Please mail checks and your BFR financial form to: Patty Pearthree, P. O. Box 199026, Indianapolis, IN 46219-9026. If you have any questions, please call (317) 322-8723 or e-mail ppear3@aazk.epower.net. We also have a web site with BFR info at: aazk.epower.net. —submitted by Patty Pearthree, Bowling for Rhinos Coordinator Information/Assistance Request Attention tatooed keepers! Show us your epidermal artwork! We are interested in seeing your tatoos as well as learning where, when and why you got them. Please contact Shelly Lindsay at sdlindsay@aol.com to receive a copy of the survey questionnaire and/or more information, or send your clear photos with name and address to us at 903 10th St.SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102. Results to be presented at the 1999 AAZK Conference. 428 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 Rocky Mountain Chapter A. A. Z. K. Fundraiser (Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Last Order 1 Jan, 1999) Sweatshirts: Men’s sizes: M, L, XL, XXL 95% Cotton/ 5%Polyester Men’s size: S 90% Cotton/ 10%Polyester Price $35.00 Colors: White, Cream, Lt. Heather Gray, Dk. Heather Gray, Black, Navy, Red, Dr. Olive, Forest Green, Tan Men’s Polo Shirt: Heavy Weight, 100% Cotton Pique, Knit Collar + Culfs Men’s sizes: M, L, XL, XXL Price $30.00 Colors: White, Cream, Heather Gray, Black, Navy, Forest Green, Eggplant, Pewter Blue, Maroon, Med. Sage Green, Charcoal, Red, Royal Short Sleeve Henley: 100% Cotton, No Collar, 3 Button Placket Price $30.00 Men’s sizes: M, L, XL, XXL Colors: White, Cream, Lt. Heather Gray, Dk. Heather Gray, Black, Charcoal, Eggplant, Forest Green, Pewter Blue, Med. Sage Green, Red, Royal, Navy Baseball Cap: Brushed Cotton, Structured Cap Price $15.00 Colors: Royal, Lt. Blue, Red, Black, Navy, Maroon, Purple, Gray, Tan, White, Dark Green Toucan Bongo Polar Bear Okapi Elephant Hippo Komodo Dragon Zebra Ram Wolf ORDER FORM Postage $4.00 - 1st Item, each additional item $2.50. Send personal checks or money orders made payable to Rocky Mountain AAZK to: AAZK do Collins, 2812 S. Jackson St., Denver, CO 80210. Item Size Color Embroidery Design Ship to: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone#: Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 429 ?oeea Breeding at the San Antonio Zoo By Elana M. Kopel, Mammal Keeper San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, TX The fossa, Crytoprocta ferox, (family Viverridae) is endemic to the island of Madagascar, where it fills the ecological niche of a primary predator. The fossa has a body length of about 60cm (23.6 in.) and a comparable tail length. This stout legged, mongoose-like creature typically weighs from 5-10 kg (11-22 lbs.) and is covered in orange-brown pelage. These solitary animals are nocturnal and usually feed on birds and small mammals. Currently nine, of the 30 fossa living in zoological institutions around the world, live in the United States; four at the San Antonio Zoo. We first introduced our two adult animals 1 March 1997. During this introduction continuous aggression by the female indicated a non-receptive status; the animals were separated and housed individually in adjoining areas. In March 1998 introductions were begun again. Daily, for one to three hours, each animal explored the other’s enclosure. In April we noticed a tract of hair loss and an appetite loss in the female. While immobilized for an unrelated medical exam on 21 April 1998, vaginal cytology indicated that the female was in estrus. The animals were put together 27 April 1998. After ten minutes of chasing and wrestling, there was one successful mount with a copulatory lock that lasted for five hours. A similar sequence of behaviors led to breeding for variable lengths of time on 28 and 29 April. On the first two days the animals voluntarily separated from their copulatory tie and keepers then locked one in the holding area. On the third day (29 April) keepers disturbed the pair after an eight-hour copulatory tie. At this time the female showed signs of fatigue and introductions were halted. Within a couple of days the female’s appetite returned and her coat began to grow back. This leads us to speculate that these may have been signs that she was in heat. The female regularly used a wooden nest box in her holding area, but neither added nor removed any extra nesting material made available after the breeding. Two additional nest boxes were added to her exhibit to allow her multiple nest site choices. We planned to move the male out of the area prior to birth so his vocalizations and presence would not agitate the female. Due to an earlier birth than expected he was moved the day of the birth. On 18 June 1998, after a gestation period of 52-54 days, two fossa kits were born in the wooden nest box in the holding area. Using an infrared camera and monitor we were able to see that the kits had fur and closed eyes at birth. They Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 11, 1998 had control over their tails but were otherwise characteristically altricial young. Keepers only entered the holding area to feed. For the first five days visitors were blocked from the adjoining public area to keep it quiet. The fourth day was the first time the female was observed outside of the nest box. The fifth day was the first time following the birth that she was observed eating her diet An interesting behavioral observation was reported on two occasions. In apparent response to unusual loud noises, the female left the nest box to run and jump about the exhibit, and mark excessively (by rubbing on perching in the exhibit) in what appeared to be a variation of the “broken wing display” of ground nesting birds. Due to a broken camera, nest box observations ceased on 30 June. On 8 July it was noticed that the female was spending a great amount of time in one of the outside nest boxes and not in the wooden one. When keepers intruded to remove the broken camera on 11 July, the nest box where the young had been seen was empty. The female was locked in her holding area 14 July while a keeper looked in the outside nest box and confirmed there were two apparently healthy kits. On 25 July the young were first seen outside in the exhibit. At this time the female was carrying one of the kits back to the nest box by the scruff. The male was returned to the adjacent exhibit on 28 July. At three months of age the kits head and body length has reached about 30cm (11.8 in.) They are still nursing but have not been seen to eat solids. They are locked out in the exhibit with the female for a couple hours each day where they are seen jumping around the perching and hanging from their rear feet like squirrels. They typically wrestle with each other and mock-attack the female. AZA Bat TAG Offers New T-Shirt Designs We are currently offering two new designs available in T’s, Long-Sleeve and Sweatshirts. The first is a small group of Malaysian fruit bats {Cynopterus sp.) and the second is a single female with pup large fruit bat (Pteropus vampyrus). All shirts come in natural color with sketch design on front and logo on back. T’s are also available in light yellow. T’s are $15.00, Long-Sleeve $17.00, and Sweatshirts $26.00. Price includes shipping. Profits support the AZA Bat Taxon Advisory Group. For more information, please contact: Sara Rounseville, Burnet Park Zoo, 1 Conservation Place, Syracuse, NY 13204, Fax (315) 435-8617, or e-mail: RigerP@aol.com. Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 431 7^ vr^uiae lo uee owarm iKemovai By Ed Hansen, Area Supervisor Reid Park Zoo, Tucson, AZ Honeybee swarms in a zoological setting are not an unusual occurrence given the abundance and diversity of plants and flowers in our collections. Bee swarms occur when the original queen leaves an established hive to begin a new colony She takes about half the population of the hive with her, leaving a new queen in the original nest. Bee swarms are usually discovered in shade trees, t3q)ically about 10-20 feet above ground, but in the zoo, swarms will also attach themselves to rockwork and caging. The size of the swarm is dictated by the size of the colony from which it originated, anywhere from hundreds of honeybees to thousands. In search of a new nest site, the queen will land and is immediately surrounded by her family in an attempt to protect her, thus the “swarm”, which usually takes the shape and dimensions of a football, with the queen somewhere in the middle. Swarms will usually dissipate on their own, in minutes or as long as 36 hours. However, most swarms establish colonies within 1/2 sq mile of the swarm site. Until the early 1990’s honey bee swarms in the zoo were ignored (in Tucson, we never look up anyway, unless the sun goes behind a cloud) because during swarms, transient bees are intent on protecting the queen and are not aggressive. Even hives were left alone if they were far enough away from the public. This policy changed with the arrival of Africanized Honeybees (AHB) in Arizona in 1993. African bees were imported into South America in 1956. Brazilian scientists intended to hybridize this species with the Brazilian bees to create a honey bee better adapted to the tropics. Shortly after discovering how overtly aggressive the AHB were, some bees escaped quarantine and the rest, as they say, is history. Since 1957, hybrid offspring have vigorously multiplied and extended their range north through South, Central and North America at the rate of almost 200 miles per year. (See Figure 1) Africanized bees were first reported in Mexico in 1985, where there have been 175 reported fatalities from 1988 to 1995. They were discovered in the United States, in Texas in 1990. The first US. fatality from AHB was in Texas in 1993. There have been six reported US. fatalities through July 1998. In Tucson, we average approximately 60 stinging incidents per season, not including many attacks on pets, horses and cattle, usually resulting in the painful death of the animal. What makes the AHB so dangerous? Their venom is no more potent that the common European Honey Bee, but AHB vigorously defend their territory (hive) 432 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 Figure 1 and may pursue their intruder for up to 1/4 mile after being disturbed. They also stay agitated for up to 24 hours, resuming an attack on any person or animal that enters their territory. When disturbed, bees emit iso-pentyl acetate, an “alarm” pheromone and high concentrations are deposited at stings sites. This acts as a chemical beacon to other bees, enticing them to “pile on” in amazing numbers. A single sting can 5deld almost O.lmg of venom and 500 or more stings is considered life-threatening for an adult. Given the aggressive nature of the species, coupled with recent data that estimates 90% of the honey bees in the Tucson area are Africanized hybrids, Reid Zoo staff has adopted the policy of swarm removal (eradication) for the protection of the collection, public and staff The steps to safely remove or eradicate a swarm of honey bees are as follows: 1. Differentiate between a swarm and a colony. Bees swarm out in the open, colonies are identified by worker bees observed coming and going out of an opening in search of food and water. In a zoological setting, colonies are t3rpically found in bird nest boxes, inside rock work, between the walls of buildings, under hay pallets, in irrigation valve boxes, etc. Bee colonies should only be removed by qualified pest control workers, in bee suits, after the area has been cleared to 1/4 mile of bystanders. 2. Once a swarm has been identified, barricade the area in a minimum 25 yard radius to keep out bystanders who may be stung by stray bees. 3. Survey the area carefully for colonized bees. Bees have been known to swarm near or directly over established colonies. You do not want to agitate an Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 433 established colony and spur an attack by using chemical sprays. Be especially wary of swarms that may appear on the ground or very near the ground. This may be the initial swarm leaving an established colony. You do not want to attack this swarm with chemicals; let them disperse naturally. 4. Bee hats and suits are inexpensive and a necessary precaution when eradicating swarms. Bees are easily immobilized and killed by wetting agents (surfacants) such as commercial bee or wasp sprays or a diazinon solution. Dish washing liquid in a solution of 1:64 with water (or 1%) in a 1 gallon pump-up sprayer is sufficient to immediately immobilize bees and kill them within 60 seconds, by suffocation. An old style pump-up fire extinguisher will allow you to maintain a safer distance to the swarm and is a good investment. Take the time to drench the swarm completely and thoroughly as the outer layer of the swarm drops off and dies. During this time, a small number of bees will attempt to leave, and may fly directly at you or land on you, in confusion. 5. Leave the area and come back in about 20-30 minutes. The remains of the swarm may then be safely removed by hosing down or raking up. Stray bees flying around will dissipate and die within 24 hours but may be more aggressive than they were as part of the swarm. It is possible to remove swarms in the traditional manner by calming them with smoke and removing the entire swarm intact in a box or bag. But professional apiarists guard their hives religiously against AHB. Besides being aggressive, their honey apparently isn’t very tasty, so even the thought of introducing a hybrid to their colonies results in a polite (and sometimes not so polite) refusal when you try and place the swarm. Remove a swarm intact, and you’re going to be stuck with them and relocating a swarm of AHB onto somebody’s property is not a nice thing to do. It is equally important to reduce the risk of attack from AHB by taking a few steps to eliminate potential nesting sites. Keep your work compound and equipment storage areas neat. Remove old tires (they catch rain water and provide shelter, the perfect colony site), stack lumber, plug holes in rockwork, buildings and sheds. Plug holes in irrigation, valve and meter boxes with fender washers and eye bolts to grasp for access. If you have not been in an area for a f ew days, watch from a distance for bees, and if they are hanging around, track them visually back to the hive. Again, hives should be removed by professionals. It is estimated that 100% of the wild bee colonies in the Southwest will be Africanized by the year 2000. AHB migrated to California in 1994 and in August of 1998, were discovered in San Diego County. In May, they were also found in Nevada. Weather is thought to have very little impact on this hardy, hybridized species, so they could be coming soon to a neighborhood near you. Bee careful. Products Mentioned in the Text Diazinon - Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corporation Box 333 Radio Road Hanover, PA 17331 434 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 Tliick-billGcl Parpot SSP Act ion Plan In August of this year, the Thick-billed Parrot SSP management group met at the Reid Park Zoo in Tucson, AZ. Participants included representatives from eight member institutions. The focus of this meeting was to update the Action Plan and included a meeting with field biologists, Drs. Ernesto Enkerlin and Noel Snyder, regarding their four years of work in Mexico The mission of the Thick-billed Parrot SSP is to ensure the survival of this species within its historic range. The SSP 1) maintains a viable captive population, 2) educates the public regarding the conservation of native endangered species, and 3) acts to protect and bolster wild and captive populations by supporting in-situ and ex-situ research projects. The captive population serves as a refugium for future options, a resource for increasing our knowledge of thick-billed parrot biology, and as ambassadors for our education programs. Education programs will be conducted in the United States and Mexico to foster a strong conservation ethic. The SSP will work to bolster wild populations as well as protect native habitat. The Thick-billed Parrot SSP proposes to address these issues through the implementation of the following Action Plan: 1. Support of vital field work and protection of old growth forests in Mexico. 2. Promote communication between zoo programs, field workers, and governmental agencies. 3. Using information from field studies, manage captive flocks to maintain natural flocking, foraging, reproductive and predator avoidance behavior. 4. Identify and support worthy education programs which further the goals of the SSP. 5. Establish baseline medical and nutrition information for captive and free-living populations. 6. Evaluate need and mechanisms for interacting with the private sector. In order to support these initiatives the SSP will be soliciting multi-year funding from member institutions. For more information, contact Species Coordinator, Susan Healy, at the Sacramento Zoo (916) 264-5013. The Thick-billed Parrot SSP management group would like to offer AAZK Chapters a unique opportunity for fundraising. To receive a complete list of Thick-billed Parrot products, and for more information, contact Species Coordinator Susan Healy at the number above. Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 435 Introducing CARIE CARES^m Zoo Keeper or Aquarist Dolls Carie Cares™ is an exciting gift for the junior animal lover in your family or the perfect addition to your doll collection. She comes dressed in either a zoo keeper uniform or an aquarist wet suit. Carie Cares™ the zoo keeper comes with a scrunchie for her hair and a chimpanzee. The aquarist comes with a scrunchie and a sea turtle. The dolls are 16 inches tall with fabric bodies and embroidered faces. Each doll comes with a hangtag that includes an educational description of occupational responsibilities. Sales of Carie Cares^^ benefit AAZK, Inc. and the Junior Zoo Keeper Program. These dolls will be available through AAZK Administrative Offices FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY. The cost for each doll is $24.95 which includes shipping/handling in the U. S. Canadian orders should add $5.00 for s/h; international orders need to include $10.00 for s/h. Payment must be in U. S. Funds ONLY. Checks or money orders should be made payable to “AAZK, Inc.''. Dolls may also be ordered using a VISA or MasterCard. Use the order form on the following page. 436 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 CARIE CARES^^ Order Form Please send me Zoo Keeper Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Aquarist Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Canadian s/h (per doll) $5.00 = $ Overseas s/h (per doll) $10.00 = $ Total Amount of Order $ My check is enclosed ( ) Please charge my credit card VISA ( ) MasterCard ( ) Name on card Credit Card Number - - - Expiration Date Signature^ Please mail doll(s) to the following address: Name Address City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Country Telephone # Send orders to: Carle Cares^^ Dolls AAZK Administrative Offices 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S, A. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 11, 1998 437 HMENT /♦/y'Behavioral Enrichment .TIONS Occupational Husbandry By Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo BUNGEE PUMPKINS Our ten-month-old snow leopard cubs are full of energy. WeVe tried several methods of enrichment including spices, cardboard boxes and sheepskin, all of which were successful but lasted less than ten minutes! My goal was to come up with something that would last longer than the other methods. The first thing that came to mind was a suspended box, which was supposed to act like a pendulum, but the cats promptly removed the box and had lots of fun with the dangling rope. The next idea was to have a rope that would give some resistance when pulled and tugged. We used full rubber tie-downs with S-hooks on both ends, and attached these to a rope with a vegetable or a fruit (e.g. pumpkins, squash, or melon) tied to the end. It was a hit! Keepers and the public really enjoyed watching the daredevil produce in action. Materials for Bungee Pumpkins: -very brave produce (with a hole cut in the top and bottom) -solid rubber tie-downs with S-hooks squished closed -two-way clips -all natural fiber rope We found that the following assembly works the best: two-way clip/tie-down/two-way clip/rope/pumpkin 438 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 Snow leopard cub playing with a bungee pumpkin. Photos by: Carol Furmanski Utica Zoo Docent PRIMATE POCKETS Michael Bates, a senior keeper at the Utica Zoo, made an easy, reusable and inexpensive enrichment item that is very popular with our primates. The “primate pockets” are made of plastic snowfencing and ny-ties. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 439 Illustration 1: Cut the snowfencing into pieces as large as needed (a piece two feet by one foot makes a one by one pocket). Illustration 2: Fold the piece of fencing in half, securing two sides with ny- ties and leaving the third side open for stuffing. Cut off the excess ny-ties and stuff the pocket with hay and a treat of choice. The third side can be secured or left open. Illustrations by Erica Cooper Utica Zoo Junior Docent The primates pick through the holes to get the treats. The pockets are very light so they can be picked up and taken anywhere by the recipient. — Meghan M. Shaughnessy, Keeper Utica Zoo, Utica, New York (Ideas appearing in this column have not necessarily been tested by the editors for safety considerations. Always think ahead and use good judgement when trying new ideas. Eds.) You are invited to submit material for the Enrichment Options Column these might include recipes, toys, puzzle feeders, olfactory enrichment ideas, etc. Drawings and photos of enrichments are encouraged. Send to.AKF / Enrichment Options, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Visit the new AAZK Enrichment Website - www.enrich.org/aazk or join the Enrichment Listserve by emailing - jackbell@humboldtl.co 440 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 The Current Status of the Madagascar Teal (Anas Bernieri) By Monica Olivera, Zoo Keeper Fort Worth Zoo, Fort Worth, TX The island of Madagascar, which lies 300 km off the eastern coast of Africa, maintains a diversity of species of waterfowl. Of the ten species of waterfowl found there, three species are pan-tropical, three are African, and four are endemic (Young & Smith 1990, Young 1997). These four species are Meller’s Duck (Anas melleri) from eastern Madagascar, Madagascar Pochard (Ay thy a innotata) from localized eastern regions of the island, Madagascar White-backed Duck (Thalassornis leuconotus insularis) widespread throughout the island, and the Madagascar Teal (Anas bernieri) from western Madagascar (Young 1997,). The Madagascar teal, otherwise known as Bernier’s teal, was first described by Hartlaub in 1860. It is the westernmost representative of the austral teal complex. The Grey teal from southeast Asia and Australasia, specifically the East Indian grey teal (Anas (gihherifrons) gihherifrons) from Indonesia is its closest relative (Young et al., 1993, Young 1996). The status of this species is poor; it is listed as Endangered (C2b) in the Red Data Book and CITES as Appendix II*. Since its discovery in 1860, the bird has rarely been seen. However, in 1970, 60 teal were recorded on Lac Masama (of which 13 were hunted) and in 1973, a survey of Lac Bemamba counted 61 teal (Hoyo et al., 1992). Another survey was not carried out until 1992-1993 in which only approximately 53 birds were sighted: 14 at Ankil5d:oaka and around 39 at Lac Bemamba; none were seen on Lac Masama (Young et aL, 1993). The last survey took place in July and August of 1993 by Roger Safford. The survey encompassed several wetlands in the region between Antsalova and Morondava in western Madagascar. A total of 46 Madagascar teal were observed with populations at Lac Antsamaka, the Tsiribihina Delta (near Soarano), and Beroboka-nord. Overall, the population in this area is estimated to be somewhere between 100 and 500 individuals (Safford 1993). As a result of these inspections, the duck is now known to be localized to the coastal lakes of the Antsalova area in the western wetlands, though others have been sighted further north near Mahajanga. A total population estimate is figured around 500 to 1,000 individuals (Young in litt.). An adult Madagascar teal measures approximately 40cm (16 in.) and weighs less than 450g (15.8 oz.). Its muted tones of soft brown-grey and small stature give this species a delicate appearance. The bill is a light red and the eye is a smooth coffee color. The wing has a black speculum with a broad white band along the leading edge that narrows as it comes closer to the body and a thinner white stripe lining the trailing edge. The grey underwing is highlighted by Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 441 white axillaries. The Madagascar teal is one of only six species of dabblers that lacks a shiny, metallic-looking speculum (Grzimek 1972). During the non-breeding season, these teal have been found in open areas such as estuaries, on large river sand bars and along the edge of mangrove forests, but it seems they prefer mud flats or “shallow, muddy-edged, saline lagoons” (Safford 1993) devoid of vegetation. Here they can be seen feeding while wading. Their extended necks and sweeping head motions appear indicative of filter feeding behavior. However, their natural diet is unknown, but probably resembles that of the Grey teal which includes aquatic insects and the seeds from water plants. These ducks are generally found in pairs year round, so it is likely they form strong pair bonds (Todd 1997). This behavior is in keeping with the theory that Southern Hemisphere ducks must be prepared to reproduce whenever climatic conditions are favorable (Young 1997). Although very little is known about Madagascar teal breeding habits, we do know that in the breeding season, these ducks move into the mangrove swamps and forests where they most likely nest in shallow hollows found low on the trunks of trees. Breeding generally takes place during the wet season, which usually begins in December. The Madagascar teal’s original range extended through the wetlands in the southern, southwestern, central and western regions of the island. At present, the species’ decline and current restricted range is the result of human impact (Hoyo et al., 1992). The duck is now threatened by the loss of habitat - as more people move to the areas surrounding Madagascar’s lakes. This Malagasy population largely depends on rice as its main staple and they eat more rice per capita than any other country (Dispatch 1997). This demand for rice prompts the planting of rice beds in the papyrus marshes that are prime Madagascar teal (and Madagascar pochard) habitat. Some areas are converted for grazing Zebu cattle and pigs. The deforestation and resulting erosion of surrounding hillsides stirs up the sediments of the lakes. Significantly, the introduction of non-native fish (specifically, the Tilapia sp. inl955) have disrupted the food chain by devouring portions of aquatic vegetation such as the water lilies (Young & Smith 1990). The Central Plateau has been drained which, along with the clear cutting of its forests, has resulted in severe drought (Dispatch 1997). In Madagascar there are no laws to protect the wetlands, though a number of projects have been implemented in recent years to begin the process (Young 1996). However, it is important to note that studies of subfossil remains suggest that much of the Madagascar teal’s population had already declined prior to the arrival of humans less than 2,000 years ago. This loss could be due to climatic changes that may have resulted in the drying up of the southern and southwestern portions of the teals’ range (Young pers. comm., Todd 1996). An expedition in the late 1920’s collected two specimens for captivity. However, only a single female survived and was obtained by Dr. C. Arnault in 1927. Dr. Arnault later sent the bird to Cleres where it lived for six years in Jean Delacour’s collection (Delacour 1956, Todd 1979). 442 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 Presently, there are 14 Madagascar teal in captivity; 4.2 at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and 0.0.7 in Madagascar. The latter were confiscated and are being held by the Malagasy government. The specimens at Jersey are being housed separately with the exception of one pair that is kept together. The other three males are paired with East Indian grey teal {Anas (g.) gibberifrons) and one female is temporarily held alone, and will be mixed very soon. Housing the males with grey teal females prevents the pairing together of two males. Their diet is presented in two different dishes. One contains a dry mixture of seeds and Layers® pellets. The other contains a mixture of Layer’s pellets, insectivorous diet, wheat, maize, and millet seeds. Water is then added and this second dish is filled to the brim to allow the teal to filter feed. Mealworms are also provided and are scattered half in the shallow water and half out on the bank of the pools. Last autumn, Jersey Zoo began building a new exhibit to house the Madagascar teal. The aviary will also include other species such as African pygmy geese (Nettapus auritus), and White-backed ducks {Thalassornis leuconotus insularis). The exhibit contains two large ponds set at different levels. These ponds are carefully constructed to provide a large section of shallow water for wading as well as a deeper area. Although Madagascar teal are seldom seen swimming in deep waters, the other waterfowl species will no doubt take advantage of the diving area. Efforts are being made to present a naturalistic setting with lush vegetation both in the ponds and on the land. Certain sections of the bank will be composed of sand. The Madagascar teal is a fascinating duck. I encourage all of you to visit Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and see the zoo’s captive group. You will be amazed by their great, new aviary and even more impressed by this tiny bird. The future of this beautiful teal is uncertain and every effort should be made to develop research and husbandry programs. Much work needs to be done, with a strong emphasis on establishing wetland protection laws in Madagascar. I urge all of you to make a conscious effort to support JWPT’s Madagascar Teal program. Feel free to write them to express your enthusiasm and approval. *Red List C2b describes “(C) a population estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals and (2) a continuing decline, observed, projected or inferred in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of (b) all individuals are in a single sub-population.” CITES Appendix II describes “a) includes all species which although not necessarily currently threatened with extinction may become so unless trade is subject to strict regulation, and b) other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in certain specimens of species referred to in sub-paragraph (a) above may be brought under effective control, i.e., species similar in appearance.” References Anonymous. 1997. “Endangered Species: Madagascar Teal - Anas bernieri!’ The Dodo Dispatch,43:4-5. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1998 443 Delacour, Jean. 1956 The Waterfowl of the World. Vol 2. London: Country Life. Grzimek, Dr. Bernhard. 1972. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Hoyo, Josep del, Elliot, Andrew, Sargatal, Jordi. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol 1. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Johnsgard, Paul A. VBQS. Waterfowl: Their Biology and Natural History; Lincoln: University Nebraska Press. Langrand, Oliver. 1990. Guide to the Birds of Madagascar. London: Yale University Press. Safford, Roger J. 1993. “The Madagascar Teal Anas hernieri: a Preliminary Survey from Antsalova to Morondava.” Dodo, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 29:95-102. Todd, Frank S. 1979. Waterfowl: Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Todd, Frank S. 1996. Natural History of the Waterfowl. California: Ibis Publishing Company. Young, H.G. & Smith, J. G. 1990. “Notes on an expedition to relocate the Madagascar Pochard Ay thy a innotata - a JWPT, WWF, WWT project.'' Wildfowl 41:159-160. Young, H.G., Safford, R., Green, A., Ravonjiarisoa, P. & Rabarisoa, R.G.M. 1993. “Survey and Capture of the Madagascar Teal Anas hernieri at Lac Bemamba Madagascar July- August 1992, July 1993.” Dodo, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 29:77-94. Young, H.G. 1995. “The Madagascar Teal, a Most Enigmatic Duck.” Bull ABC, 2:98-100. Young, H.G. 1996. “Threatened Anatinae and Wetlands of Madagascar: A Review and Evaluation.” Gibier Faune Sauvage, Game Widl., 13:801-813. Young, H.G. 1996. “The Distribution and Origins of Wildfowl (Anatidae) of Western Indian Ocean Islands.” Biogeographie de Madagascar. 363-367. Young, H.G. 1997. “The ducks of Madagascar - Learning the biology to save the species.” On the Edge, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 78/79:8-9. Addendum: Since the writing of this article, two pairs of Madagascar Teal have produced a total of three clutches of eggs. Housed in their new exhibit at Jersey Zoo, the females laid their eggs in artificial nest sites which had been placed throughout the enclosure during the breeding season. To ensure their safety and encourage the first pair to reclutch, the eggs were removed from the first nest for artificial incubation. By the end of the season, 18 fertile eggs were laid, 17 of which hatched and were reared successfully. This now brings the total number of captive Madagascar teal at JWPT up to 23! Congratulations to all the staff* at JWPT, but especially to Gl5m Young, Deputy Head of the Bird Department, whose effort and dedication to the project and detailed care of the captive teal has made this success possible. 444 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. II, 1998 Madagascar Teal The Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust {Anas bernieri) Les Augres Manor, Trinity JERSEY JE3 5BP, Channel Islands Appeal for Help Since the end of 1996, JWPT has greatly increased its in-situ conservation program for the endangered Madagascar teal. The distribution of this duck is believed to be almost exclusively western Madagascar, from just south of Tulear to the northeast of the country. Knowledge of the teal’s whereabouts within this range, however, is still sketchy. We do have a good idea of its habitat needs; it specializes in feeding in shallow water (10cm or less deep), wading through the shallows with its bill in the mud, dredging organic material. The teal live in the coastal zones in shallow lakes, rivers, estuaries and mudbanks; both in open areas and in mangrove as well. Available mud in these zones changes throughout the year as western Madagascar has a marked dry season (May-December, the austral winter). Mud available early in the year dries up, to be replaced, as other areas become shallow later. This pattern of drying forces teal to change areas throughout the year. We have begun banding birds as part of our program in an effort to help us understand the population density and the species movements. This is especially difficult given the almost nomadic nature of the bird. We have now banded 98 teal with both metal and colored plastic rings and are appealing for any sightings of ringed and unringed birds. We would be especially grateful for details of where you saw the birds, with a brief description of the habitat, the number of teal seen, and if rings were present. Any sightings, anywhere, would be of great help to us and all sightings will be fully acknowledged in reports and publications. If you wish to know more about the program or have any records of teal sightings, then you can contact us in Jersey or in Madagascar: H. Glyn Young JWPT, Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5BP Channel Islands, Great Britain E-mail: gyoung@jwpt.org Richard E. Lewis JWPT, BP8511, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar E-mail: jwpt@dts.mg Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol 25, No. 11, 1998 445 The Wolves of Denali By L. David Mech, Layne G. Adams, Thomas J. Meier, John W. Burch and Bruce W. Dale. Copyright ©1998 University of Minnesota Press, 111 Third Ave. S., Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401 „ . , ^ . 238 pgs., hardback, $29.95 f / p ■ ■ Zookeeper - Northwoods/ Prairie North Carolina Zoological Park Asheboro, NC The Wolves of Denali is written by a team of internationally-acclaimed wolf experts. L. David Mech, Layne G. Adams, Thomas J. Meier, John W. Burch, and Bruce W. Dale describe their research on over 30 gray wolf packs in Alaska’s Denali National Park. The research dates from March 1986 through April 1994 and is based on data collected from 147 radio-collared wolves and 653 radio-collared caribou. Because these gray wolves are one of the largest protected populations in the world, relatively unmolested by humans, the biologists hoped to discover a wealth of information about wolf natural history, ecology, prey relations, and population dynamics. Discussed in the Introduction is the history of wolf research and scientist Adolph Murie. Although years of study had previously been done on the Deanli wolves, no information was available on the entire population of wolves - genetic structure, population trend, survival rate, mortality factors, dispersal characteristics, and interaction with major prey species. The history of Alaska’s wolves and wolf management is explained as well as public opinion on management techniques. Caribou is the major prey species of these wolves and, therefore, the history of Denali’s caribou study and survival is discussed. Chapter 1 helps the reader understand the entire ecosystem of Denali National Park from topography, weather, soils and vegetation to wildlife populations. A history of the Park’s establishment and the first wolf controversy is also included. In Chapter 2 the reader learns exactly what field studies entail. The history of tracking wolves and the technology that is used today, such as aircraft and radio collars, is explained. The technique of darting and what drugs are used is introduced to the reader as well as what occurs when a wolf is darted. On the morbid side, the art of examining kill remains and wolf necropsies are a part of this chapter. Also discussed are the differences between wolf research and caribou research techniques. The Denali pack histories are the main focus of Chapter 3. Maps locate where each pack resides. Described in Chapter 4 are territorial boundaries and territory maintenance such 446 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 11, 1998 as scent marking, howling, and direct aggression. Denali pack dynamics, the splitting of packs, the adoption of lone wolves, new pack formation, and the overall genetics of the packs is also explained. In Chapter 5 the biologists give the reader their insights on den sights and seasonal movements of the Denali wolves. Many of the seasonal movements depend upon prey species such as Dali sheep, caribou, and moose. Also discussed is how the wolves try to overcome their prey and their prey’s defenses. The who, what, where, when, and whys of wolf dispersal closes this chapter. Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 are dedicated to prey and prey selection by the Denali wolves. The caribou study is again addressed but in more detail. The population status of wolves as related to prey populations is explained, and the authors also discuss what factors predispose prey to wolf predation. Interacting food chains and where the wolf-prey chain falls into place is discussed as well. The book closes with the inclusion of four appendices. Appendix I is a list of dispersals from the Denali wolf packs. Appendix 2 broadens the pack history given in Chapter 3. Timelines that summarize the radio tracking tenures and fates of the collared wolves is the study of Appendix 3. The final appendix lists the scientific names of the bird and mammal species mentioned in the text. The Wolves of Denali is a well-written summary of an intense and lengthy study of an incredible population of gray wolves. With numerous maps, tables, graphs and photographs, the authors do an excellent job of explaining scientific terminology and procedures in an easily understood format. The biologists admit that they are only human, and, as humans do, they made more than their share of mistakes during the study of Alaska’s Denali National Park. Many stories are shared with the reader including attempts to radio-collar caribou calves where Mother Nature tossed in a few surprises! I highly recommend this informative text to all wolf enthusiasts as well as to those who just wish to learn more about wolves and field studies conducted by biologists. CoiKf l(t« Um of ^3 - MV..,!.' ‘ W< $p(ei2k|iz< m pKofessiWl, f 1 J frohx 0ur V'if V^:,r -V- ffr W
  • (ry or- "< tj* l»f o CO o ■* ANIMAL KEEPERS^ FORUM. 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 DECEMBER 1998 Phone: 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX (785) 273-1980 Vol. 25, No. 12 Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan • Associate Editors/Enrichment Options Coordinators: Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sbnora Desert Museum & Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo • Book Review Coordinator: Andrea Bernee, Chaffee Zoological Garden • Legislative Outlook Column Coordinator: Georgann B. Johnston, Sacramento, CA. • ABC's Column Coordinator: Diana Guerrero, San Diego, CA • Reactions Column Coordinator: William K. Baker, Jr., Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville, TX Animal Keepers’ Forum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum . Third Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. Postmaster - Please send address changes to: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Administrative Offices, 635 S.W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066 - attn: Barbara Manspeaker, Administrative Secretary AAZK Executive Director: Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc., Topeka KS BOARD. QF DIRECTORS Ric Urban, Houston Zoological Garden, Houston, TX 77030 President Diane Callaway, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68107-2200 Vice President Lucy Segerson, North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC 27203-9416 David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK 73111-7 199 Jacque Blessington, Kansas City Zoological Gardens, Kansas City, MO 64132-4200 Scott M. Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109 Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, MI 49504-6100 Janet McCoy, The Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR 97221-2799 Immediate Past President CQMMITIEES NQminatiQn$& Elections Chair - Sheri Leavitt, Houston Zoo Conservation. Preservation & Restoration Grants Chair - Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoo Annual Conferences Coordinator - Ed Hansen, AAZK, Inc. Cpnfcrcncc Prqgram.C.h.air Jeffrey Phillips, Disney’s Animal Kingdom Awards Chair - Janet McCoy, Metro Washington Park Zoo By-laws Chair - Gisela A. Wiggins, North Carolina Zoo Ethics Janet McCoy, Metro Washingto Park Zoo Rc$garch/Grant$ Chair - David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo Bpwling fpr Rhino? Chair - Patty Pearthree, Indianapolis, IN Marketing Resources/Development David Luce, Oklahoma City Zoo MEMBERSHIP SERVICES L.I.N.K. System Scott Wright, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (Board Oversight) Asst. L.I.N.K. Coordinator Wayne Hazlett, Milwaukee County Zoo Enrichment Committee Chair -Lee Houts, Folsom City Zoo International Outreach - Jeanette Beranger, Roger Williams Park Zoo (Chair/Coordinator Intemationsl Assistance); Martha Turnbull - Co-Chair); Kathy Kelly, Silver Springs, MD - Project M.A.R.C: (Making A Realistic Contribution) Animal Data Transfer Form AAZK Administrative Offices/Topeka AAZK Historian Mark Levin, Philadelphia Zoo PRESIDENTIAL ADyiSQRg/LIAIgQNS AZA Liaison Ed Hansen, AAZK Executive Director EJgphant Managers A$$ociati.Qn.Liai,$Qn Marie Galloway, National Zoo Zoo Registrars Association Terry Fisher, San Antonio Zoo AZAD Liaison Mary Jo Binkley, Franklin Park, IL CAZPA Liaison Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo Int'l Marine Mammals Trainers Association Dave Force, Sea World of California AMAZQO Liaison Alberto Mendoza, Houston Zoological Gardens AZH Liaison Virginia Wall, North Carolina Zoo AAZK PUBUCATIONg - CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION Zoo Infant Development Project - Jennifer Hackshaw, Lowry Park Zoo and G. Suzanne Chacon, Zoo Aves (Birds/ Passerines); Jeanne Walsh, Newark Museum Mini-Zoo (Reptiles); Linelle Smith, Denver Zoo (Amphibians) Crisis Management Resource Notebook - Susan Chan, AAZK; William K. Baker, Jr„ Frank Buck Zoo, Gainesville,TX; and Diana L. Guerrero, Ark Animals, Inc., Escondido, CA. printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based ink products ^able of Contents About the Cover/Information for Contributors 454 Scoops & Scuttlebutt 455 AAZK Announces New Members 456 Coming Events..... 457 Carie Cares™ Info and Order Form 458 - 459 Legislative Update...... 460 - 462 On Reproduction and Captive Breeding of Ranids 464 - 468 GREENlines Updates 468 Enrichment Options: Sloth Feeder, Log Rope, Fruit Hanger, Recipes 469 - 470 Captive Birds of Prey and Environmental Enrichment: Results of a Field Survey. 471 - 481 Book Reviews (Neotropical Rainforest Mammals - A Field Guide and Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals /CD. 482 - 484 Chapter News.. 485 Did You Know? - Reptile Trade Facts 486 Opportunity Knocks 487 - 488 AZA Regional Conference Schedule 488 Board of Directors Nominee/Nominator Forms BLUE INSERT J About the Cover..,,. This month 's cover features the Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) drawn by John E. Wyatt, a keeper at the Scovill Zoo in Decatur, IL. Siberian tigers are the world's largest cat species, with males measuring up to 12 feet from nose to tail tip, with weights from 500-700 pounds. In the wild, Siberian tigers spend most of their time hunting because they need over 20 pounds of meat a day to survive in their frigid native habitat. Tigers move quickly, have excellent sight and hearing as well as a keen sense of smell. They are solitary animals, with males and females only coming together during breeding season when they may share the same terriroty. Litters average 1-5 cubs born about every three years after a gestation period of 93-114 days. Siberian tigers are endangered with fewer than 200 believed left in the wild. Thanks, John! Information for Contributors Animal Keepers' Forum publishes original papers and news items of interest to the animal keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit articles for consideration. Articles should be typed or hand-printed and double-spaced. Authors are encouraged to submit their manuscripts on a disk as well as in hard copy form. Acceptable formats include: for Macintosh users - Microsoft Word or Works; IBM users - Word for Windows, WordPerfect or Wordstar. All illustrations, graphs, charts and tables should be clearly marked, in final form and should fit in a page size no greater than 5.5” x 8.5” (14cm x 22cm). Literature used should be cited in the text (Brown, 1986) and alphabetically in the final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include scientific name (as per ISIS) the first time an animal name is used. Thereafter use common name. Use metric system for weights and measurements (standard equivalents may be noted in parenthesis). Use the continental dating system (day-month-year). Times should be listed as per the 24-hour clock (0800, 1630 hrs. etc.). Glossy finish black and white photos only are accepted. Color slides should be converted to black and white prints (minimum size 3” x 5” [8cm x 14cm] ) before submission. Clearly marked captions should accompany photos. Please list photo credit on back of photo. Articles sent to Animal Keepers ' Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more of the zoo professionals who serve as referees fovAKF. No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editor. The editor reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone and FAX contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space allows. However, long articles must be sent by U.S. mail. Phone 1-800-242-4519 (US); 1-800-468- 1966 (Canada); FAX (785) 273-1980. Deadline for each regular issue is the 10th of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the editor. Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AXF staff or the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association. Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the editor. Reprints of material appearing in this journal may be ordered from the editor. Back issues are available for $3.00 each. 454 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 Scoops <£ Scuttlebutt Guidelines Available from Enrichment Committee The AAZK Enrichment Committee has developed general guidelines for the enrichment of reptiles (compiled by Cheryl Frederick at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA) and ungulates (compiled by Amy Burgess at the Oakland Zoo, Oakland, CA). These guidelines were available at the 1998 AAZK/EMA/AZH joint conference in Indianapolis. Copies may be obtained by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to: Lee Houts, AAZK Enrichment Commitee, 1118 Sherburn Ave., Sacramento, CA 95822. You are also encouraged to visit the AAZK Enrichment Website at www.enrich.org/aazk. To join the AAZK Enrichment Listserve, email your information to: jackbell@humboldtl,com. Recharter Packets To Be Mailed Soon All AAZK Chapters are reminded that rechartering with the Association on an annual basis is a requirement of being an AAZK Chapter. Such rechartering allows Chapters to function under the nonprofit 501(c)(3) Group Exemption tax umbrella. Recharter packets, which include financial reporting forms, will be mailed from the Administrative Offices the first week in January. They will be due back in AAZK Administrative Offices by 15 February 1999. Chapters failing to return their recharter materials by 1 March 1999 will be assessed a late fee of $75.00 in addition to their regular recharter fee. The Recharter Packets are sent to the attention of the Chapter President. If you need assistance in filling out the forms or have questions about the recharter process, please feel free to contact Barbara Manspeaker at Administrative Offices in Topeka. Call at 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) or 1-800-468-1966 (Canada). Final Board Nomination Opportunity Nears The deadline for Board of Director nominations is 31 January 1999. There are four positions which will be open at the close of the 1999 National Conference in Portland, OR, Those positions are currently held by Diane Callaway (Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo), Lucy Segerson (North Carolina Zoological Park), David Luce (Oklahoma City Zoo), and Jan Reed-Smith (John Ball Zoo). New Board members will serve a four-year term, beginning at the close of the 1999 National Conference and running until the close of the 2003 National Conference. Please take the time to consider nominating one of your peers, or considering running yourself for a Board of Directors position. Nominator and Nominee Biographical Forms are found in the blue insert section of this issue ofAKF. Send completed forms to: Sheri Leavitt, NEC Chair, Houston Zoological Gardens, Children’s Zoo, 1513 N. MacGregor Way, Houston, TX 77030; Fax (713) 284-1329. Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 455 New & Renewing AAZK Professional, Institutional, and Contributing Members Amy Ivins, Philadelphia Zoo (PA); Sandra J. Smith, Seneca Park Zoo (NY); Brent E. Trexler, Trexler Game Preserve (PA); Heather J. Hruska, Reston Animal Park (VA); Lisa Dai Keen, Baltimore Zoo (MD); Christine Clarke, N.C. Museum of Life & Science (NC); Chris Kilpatrick, Wild Adventures (GA); Holly L. Bowman, Tallahassee Museum (FL); Marcy Kostenbauder, Santa Fe Community College Teaching Zoo (FL); Lynne Sutcliffe, Disney’s Animal Kingdom (FL); Brett S. Miller, Nashville Zoo (TN);; Carolyn Boggess and John D. Smaras, Akron Zoo (OH); Emily Sheehan, Irvine Park Zoo (WI); Carla Henry, Kansas City Zoo (MO); Toni Sibills, Rolling Hills Refuge (KS); Megan Stringer, Little Rock Zoo (AR); Danny Lawrence, Oklahoma City Zoo (OK); Carrie E. Coffey, Frank Buck Zoo (TX); Richard Hill, Cameron Park Zoo (TX); Patrick W. Covington, The Texas Zoo (TX); Chris Bellows, Sea World of San Antonio (TX); Jennifer B. Apa, Utah’s Hogle Zoo (UT); Michelle A. Graack, Sea World of California (CA); Peggy Farr, San Francisco Zoo (CA); Scott Norwood, University of Toronto (Ontario); and Sherry Genge, Calgary Zoo (Alberta). Renewing Contributing Members Mark Hofling, Bronx Zoo (NYZS), Bronx, NY Lynn Johnson, Willow Street, PA William Hamilton Philadelphia Zoo, Philadelphia, PA Steve H. Taylor, Director, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland,OH Harry F. Noyes III San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, TX Renewing Institutional Members Dickerson Park Zoo, Springfield, MO (Mike Crocker, Director) Ellen Trout Zoo, Lufkin, TX (Gordon Henley, Director) Moody Gardens, Inc. Life Science & Exhibit Operations, Galveston, TX Need to Reach AAZK? 1-800-242-4519 (U. S.) 1-800-468-1966 (Canada) FAX: (785) 273-1980 or write AAZK, Inc. 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Administrative Office Staff Barbara Manspeaker - Administrative Secretary Susan Chan - Managing Editor AKF Orca - Office Cat Office Hours: 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. CDT 456 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 Coming events First European Nutrition Meeting - January 8- 11, 1999 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Organized by the Rotterdam Zoo in cooperation with the Veterinary Faculty of Utrecht and the research group of EAZA. For further information contact: J. Nijboer BsC, 0 1 1 3 1-10-443 1441; fax: 01131-10-4431414; e-mail: J.Nijboer&inter.nl.net;website: WWW. Rotterdamzoo . nl . 7th Annual Conference of the International Association of Avian Trainers and Educators - February 12-15, 1999 in Sitka, Alaska and hosted by the Alaska Raptor Rehabilitation Center. For more information contact: Kevin Hils, Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., R O. Box 400, Powell, OH 43065; phone (614) 645- 0558; email - khils@colszoo.org. Keeping. Care and Breeding of Otters In Captivity - February 17-19, 1999. This seminar on the care of L. lutm, L. canadensis, and A. cinerea will be held (in English and German) at OTTER-ZENTUM, in Hankensbuttel, Germany. For additional information contact: Jan Reed-Smith, John Ball Zoo (616) 336-4301 or e-mail at jrsotter@iserv.net. National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association 17th Annual Symposium - March 9-13, 1999 in Greensboro, NC. CE hours available; sessions and workshops cover many native animal care topics. For more information contact the National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association 14 North 7th Ave., St. Cloud, MN 56303. Phone - (320) 259-4086; e-mail nwra@cloudnet.com or visit the NWRA website at WWW. nwrawildlife . org . ABWAK 25th Celebration: Then. Now & the Future - April 17-18, 1999atMarwell Zoological Park, UK. For more details please e-mail: lgdb@pinnipedia.demon.co.uk 7th World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species - May 22-26, 1999 at the Cincinnati Zoo. For more details contact: Grace Retig (Fax - 1-513-559-7791). Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine - June 12-16, 1999 in Key West, FL. This is the Fifth Biennial Conference and the theme is “Tropical Diseases: Control and Prevention in the Context of The New World Order. For further information contact: Beth Miller-Tipton, University of Florida, Office of Conferences & Institutes, P. O. Box 110750, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; phone: (352) 392-5930; fax: (352) 392-9734; e-mail:BAMT@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU Animal Behavior Society Annual Meeting - June 26- July 1, 1999 at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, PA. Plenary speakers include Gail Michener, Lynne Houck and Steve Nowicki. Symposia include “Educating About Animal Behavior: A Broader Perspective”. For further information see http://www.cisab.indiana.edu/ ABS/index.html or contact the local host, Michael Pereira (e-mail: mpereira@bucknell.edu or phone (717) 524-1430). Fourth International Enrichment Conference - August 29, 1999 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Details as and when available from the Shape of Enrichment website: http:// www.enrichment.org THE GOURMET RODENT TM RATS AND mCB Bill & Marcia Brant 6115 SW 137th Avenue Archer. FL 32618 (352) 495-9024 FAX (352) 495-9781 e-mail; GrmtRodentOaol.com •0 All Rights Resetved Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 457 Introducing CARIE CARES^m Zoo Keeper or Aquarist Dolls Carie Cares^^ is an exciting gift for the junior animal lover in your family or the perfect addition to your doll collection. She comes dressed in either a zoo keeper uniform or an aquarist wet suit. Carie Cares'^^ the zoo keeper comes with a scrunchie for her hair and a chimpanzee. The aquarist comes with a scrunchie and a sea turtle. The dolls are 16 inches tall with fabric bodies and embroidered faces. Each doll comes with a hangtag that includes an educational description of occupational responsibilities. Sales of Carie Cares™ benefit AAZK, Inc. and the Junior Zoo Keeper Program. These dolls will be available through AAZK Administrative Offices FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY. The cost for each doll is $24.95 which includes shipping/handling in the U. S. Canadian orders should add $5.00 for s/h; international orders need to include $10.00 for s/h. Payment must be in U. S. Funds ONLY. Checks or money orders should be made payable to “AAZK, Inc.”. Dolls may also be ordered using a VISA or MasterCard. Use the order form on the following page. 458 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 12, 1998 CARIE CARES™ Order Form Please send me ___ Zoo Keeper Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Aquarist Dolls @ $24.95 each = $ Canadian s/h (per doll) $5.00 = $ Overseas s/h (per doll) $10.00 = $ Total Amount of Order $ My check is enclosed ( ) Please charge my credit card VISA ( ) MasterCard ( ) Name on card Credit Card Number ____ - _____ - - Expiration Date Signature Please mail doll(s) to the following address: Name Address City State/Province Zip/Postal Code Country Telephone # Send orders to: Carie Cares™ Dolls AAZK Administrative Offices 635 S. W. Gage Blvd. Topeka, KS 66606-2066 U. S. A. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 12, 1998 459 Ceglslative Update Compiled by Georgann Johnston Legislative Advisor Sacramento, CA Tanzanian Park Subject of Cooperative Conservation Project Thirty years ago, Tarangire National Park was established in Tanzania. The park, covering about 1,000 square miles and located just a few miles from the Serengeti plains, is home to a wide variety of species that live there permanently or migrate through on an annual basis. Notable animals found in the park include wildebeest, a variety of antelope, oryx, eland, zebra, elephants and buffalo. Now, a group of organizations and governmental entities have come together to improve conservation efforts in the park. The project is called Partnership Options for Resource-Use Innovation or PORI, which is also the Swahili word for wild or wilderness. This project has been made possible primarily by a grant from the US. Agency for International Development, the US. National Park Service, the Masai tribal association, and the African Wildlife Foundation. The thrust of the PORI project is to manage the wildlife and ecosystem while providing financial benefits to the surrounding communities. While much of the effort of PORI will go towards developing ecotourism, members also hope to address land management and development issues that are of concern to native villagers. Source: African Wildlife News, Fall 1998 Research Chimps Get New Home with Primarily Primates Late this summer, after lengthy debates and acrimonious arguments. Primarily Primates won out over the US. Air Force is securing a chimpanzee colony that has been kept in New Mexico for over 40 years. Of the 141 animals still living at the space-travel research facility, thirty will go to Primarily Primates and 111 will go to the Coluston Foundation. Coulston is a major supplier of primates to research facilities aroimd the coimtry while Primarily Primates is a sanctuary for aged, abused, and/or retired primates. The Air Force has been trying since 1995 to “donate” the chimps to Coulston but the deal was delayed when prominent researchers such as Jane Goodall and Roger Fonts testified that such an action was not in the best interest of the animals. Congress then required the Air Force to obtain bids for parties who might wish to give the colony lifetime care. Five bids were received, with Primarily Primates being the only bidder other than Coulston demonstrating that it had the financial wherewithal to support the animals. 460 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 While 35 members of Congress, including Newt Gingrich, stated that all the 141 chimps should be sent into retirement, insufficient money and the potential for disease prevented this from occurring. Primarily Primates is a non-profit organization which could raise enough funds to support only 30 chimps at this time. Even more important, however, was the fact that many of the primates (not just the chimps) had been exposed to various infectious diseases over their life at the New Mexico facility and incomplete records had been kept which would verify that the animals were safe to release without fear of spreading some lethal virus. Source: Animal People News: News for People Who Care About Animals, September 1998 Kruger Park Begins Experiment With Resident Elephants The Kruger National Park in South Africa has started an extensive experiment, which will span several decades, to determine the impact that elephants have on the park. The elephant population in the park has been maintained at 7,000 to 7,500 elephants and park officials are always looking for ways to control elephant population including culling and contraceptives. Now, data collected in the park shows that while other species are controlled by 20-year climactic cycles, elephants are immune to those cycles. For example, the buffalo population in the park dropped during the 1982 drought and was cut in half again in the 1992 drought. Other examples, including wildebeest and impala, demonstrate that there is no need for periodic culling because population growth is halted on a regular basis. This regular scheme does not, however, apply to the elephants, which keep proliferating regardless of the climactic conditions in the park. The Board overseeing the park has decided that the area will be divided into six zones to determine the impact of elephant populations over the next 30 to 40 years. Elephants will be allowed unrestricted reproduction in two zones, while they will be subject to contraception efforts or culling in the remaining four areas. Source: WildNet Africa News 19 October 1998 CITES Proposes Imposition of Trade Ban with Greece Greece became a party to CITES in 1993 but since that time, the country has been unable to adopt necessary legislation to implement and enforce the Convention. Therefore, the Standing Committee of the CITES Secretariat has recommended that all CITES parties suspend the issuance of permits and certificates for trade to Greece and refuse to accept documents issued by Greece after September 1998. Source: CITES Notification No. 1998/35, 6 August 1998 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 461 CITES Imposes Selective Import/Export Ban At the March 1998 meeting of the CITES Secretariat Standing Committee, it was decided that the right of certain countries to export particular species be suspended. This decision was based on a number of factors, including the fact that the country may have already met its export quota, the country may have failed to provide the proper documentation regarding prior years’ exports, and/ or the country had violated other regulations promulgated by CITES to control the trade in a particular endangered species. The countries and the species now banned from exportation include: Argentina - guanaco {Lama guanaco); Azerbaijan, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine - l3nix {Felis lynx); China - Asian ratsnake {Ptyas mucosus); Indonesia - lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo {Cacatua sulphurea) and Asian ratsnake; Madagascar - vasa parrot {Coracopsis vasa), chameleons {Chamaeleo spp.), and day geckos {Phelsuma spp.); Peru - red-masked conure {Aratinga erythrogenys); Solomon Islands - birdwing butterflies {Ornithoptera urvillanus and O. victoriae); Tanzania - Fischer’s lovebird {Agapornis fischeri), brown-headed parrot {Poicephalus cryptoxanthus), Meyer’s parrot {Poicephalus meyeri), red-bellied parrot {Poicephalus rufuventris), leopard tortoise {Geochelone pardalis), pancake tortoise {Malacochersus tornieri), and sand boa {Eryx colubrinus). Source: Traffic North America: a Newsletter on International Trade in Wildlife September 1998 Reintroduced Mexican Wolves Dwindle The Associated Press reported in mid-October that only four of the 11 reintroduced Mexican gray wolves remain in the wild. The US. Fish and Wildlife Service found the latest deceased wolf in a remote area along the Arizona-New Mexico border. Another of the wolves is missing and is feared dead, one was killed by a mountain lion, and a camper shot one. Three of the wolves have been recaptured. UFWS scientists are optimistic for the ultimate success of the program and plan to release an additional 12 wolves over the winter. Source: GREENlines Issue #740 10126/98 Oregon Salmon Plan Announced The Clinton Administration announced an agreement Saturday between the federal government and the state of Oregon stepping up stream restoration to protect endangered fish species, says a 10/17 Reuters article. The $250 million Oregon Conservation Reserve Program affects as many as 100,000 acres of sensitive riparian areas and ten separate endangered salmon and trout species by pa5dng landowners to plant trees and grasses alongside streams. These buffer zones are expected to reduce erosion, keep water temperatures cool, and provide habitat for insects the fish will eat. Source: GREENlines #737 10/10/98 462 Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 Quality exotic animal diets QJ3i|7|rt^U| Tl^ Nutritionally balanced 1 iVwiyi Fixed formulation • Economical When you need a complete line of high-qualily dry and frozen animal diets for your feeding program, call Animal Spectrum. NEBRASKA BRAND h \ SPECTRUM BROOD-RITE HEATERS Frozen feline diets Frozen bird of prey diets Frozen canine diet Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts, livers, rib, shank, knuckle bones, and tailbones Banana flavored psittacine/primate, 20% protein dry Banana flavored primate. Pro-Plus 25% protein dry Leaf Eater primate dry Omnivore dry Marmoset/Tamarin dry Polar Bear dry Ratite dry Bulbless heaters—nothing to break Safp around alt animals and bedding material. Even heat distribution in 240. 500, or 750 wattages. One call does It all FREE 1-800-228-4005 FAX 308-534-7015 Animal Spectrum, Inc. P.O. Box 721 North Platte, NE 69103-0721 On Reproduction and Captive Breeding of Ranids By Brij Kishor Gupta, Principal Investigator, Amphibian Project, The Coimbatore Zoological Park & Conservation Centre, “Pioneer House”, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004, south India. Present Address for correspondence.- 133, New Adarsh Nagar, Balkeshwar, Agra-282004, India. Despite the great diversity shown by the 200-plus amphibian species recorded in India, for many species breeding records and ecological requirements are not known. For ex situ conservation it is important to know the reproductive biology which increasingly plays an important role in the management of threatened species in captivity, for eventual reintroduction in the wild (Bloxam and Tonge, 1995). Since January 1997, I have been conducting studies on the husbandry and management of selected amphibians of Western Ghats. During this period I have kept 63 individuals from 12 species in captivity using the husbandry methods similar to those described by Anonymous (1989), Tonge and Bloxam (1989), and Gupta (1998). All have survived in captivity for the past 12 months, with the exception of five individuals that died. During the present study four species of amphibians laid eggs and two of them bred successfully while in captivity. Here I present the details on reproduction and captive breeding in four species of amphibians at Coimbatore Zoological Park & Conservation Centre. The preliminary study suggests that breeding frogs in captivity is altogether a difficult task. Frogs seen near cultivated land and in urban surroundings are easier to maintain in captivity than specialist species found only in the rainforest. Family Ranidae 1) Limnonectes keralensis (Dubois, 1980) A medium-sized frog is known from Kerala (Inger and Dutta ,,1986). I have recorded and collected five specimens (2.3 ) in June 1997 from the streams of Kodungarai River at the Reserve Forest of Anaikatty, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. One of the females died after 80 days in captivity. L. keralensis was housed in a glass terrarium measuring 0.7m x 0.7m xlm (2.3ft x 2.3ft. x 3.3ft.) They were fed on alternate days with live house cricket (Acheta domestics), termites, earthworms, grasshoppers (Cyitracanthacris ranacea) and other insects. Prior to offering, all insects were dusted with a coat of ‘Agrimin'' and “Osspoan” - mineral and amino acids mixture to avoid nutritional deficiencies. The snout-vent length of specimens was 53.0 mm (2.09 in.) and weight was 11.4g (.40 oz.) . Males were observed calling during January and February, and in late February amplexus was observed. 464 Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 On 23 March, 1998, at 0800 hours, egg laying was observed. Over 1,000 eggs were laid in gelatinous strings adhering to the edges of the soil substrate and water. Soon after the eggs were laid, all frogs were removed to the another terrarium and eggs were retained in situ. No predation and cannibalism was observed. The ambient temperature was 27°C (80.6°F) and humidity 71%. The eggs were black colored with a moderate amount of jelly. On the first day, the eggs clung to the jelly. On the second day, the eggs dispersed, occupying about 45% of the area of the terrarium. None of the eggs showed development untilthe 10th day. Subsequently all unhatched eggs were removed. According to Daniels (1992) L. keralensis are readily bred in ponds between January-April. Metamorphosis takes place in 60 days. 2) Nyctibatrachus major (Boulenger, 1882) The Large wrinkled frog {Nyctibatrachus major) is endemic to the Western Ghats. N. major is found in evergreen to secondary forests. At Coimbatore Zoo, three adult N. major (1.2) were collected from Mukkaii, Kerala in July 1997. One died after 40 days. Reproductive activities were observed between October- November 1997. N. major were housed in a glass terrarium omeasuring 0.8m x0.8m xl m (2.7ft. x 2.7ft. x 3.3ft.) . The maximum snout-vent length was 44.5 mm (1.75 in.) and weight 13.5 g (.48 oz.). They were fed a diet of termites and hatchlings crickets. In early December 1997 and January 1998, the first calling was observed and in late January and the beginning of February, amplexus was observed in the terrarium. On 28 February 1998, at 0830 hours, I located about 170 eggs in a cluster with jelly on the water surface. All Nyctibatrachus major were immediately removed to another terrarium and the eggs were retained in situ. Soon after, on 1 March 1998, another clutch of 40 eggswas laid in the second terrarium. The ambient temperature was between 18-30°C (65-86°F) and humidity from 60- 80% during the day. The eggs were pigmented. The breeding season of N. major had not been reported earlier. On the first day, the eggs clung to the jelly. On the third day the tadpoles were seen moving and measured 7mm (0.28 in.) in mean length. While rearing, tadpoles were provided water of about 2.5 cm depth (.98 in.) . On the fourth day, aquatic plants and algae were added to the terraria. Fifteen tadpoles from the second clutch were lost due to predation by Rana temporalis which was housed in the second terrarium. From the first clutch, 10% of the tadpoles were lost at the time of embryonic development. By the 20th day, tadpoles had a total length of 13mm (.51in.) and feeding on algae was observed. The frogs metamorphosed in 58 days after hatchling. A total of 14 individuals survived and all were released at the site where the adult frogs were collected. 3) Rana Temporalis (Gxmther, 1864) This species is a semi-aquatic frog that inhabits margins of ponds, tanks, puddles Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 465 and decaying moist vegetation. Although this frog was common along the hill streams in south India, today it is locally extinct in many areas (Daniels, 1991). Four frogs (1.3) collected from Mukkaii, Kerala were brought into captivity in June of 1997. Frogs were observed in amplexus during December and January 1998. On 10 February, R. temporalis laid about 120 eggs that settled to the tank bottom. In 48 hours, eggs were observed losing the jelly and shrinking in size. I continued observations till the 12th day, but none of the eggs hatched. 4) Tomoptema breviceps (Schneider, 1799) This terrestrial/fossorial frog is found in cultivated areas and near streams. In all, 14 individuals were collected from Anaikatty, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu and maintained in captivity in a acrylic terraria measuring Im x 0.8m x .07m (3.3ft. X 2.7ft. x 2.3ft.). In captivity, the males continued to call during all couldy and rainy days. On 13 January 1998, four females were observed carrying eggs. The eggs (> 800) were observed in the water pool provided inside the tank on 2 April 1998. A similar breeding season (April to September) has been reported by Kanamdi and Jirankali (1991). However, the breeding season in the eastern states of India is recorded June to August (Deuti and Goswami, 1995), as for Tomoptema rolandae (Das and Dutta, 1996). On 3 April, about 50 eggs hatched in 34 hours; the rest hatched in 40 hours. By day ten, the tadpoles had a total length of 12 mm (.47in.) and feeding on decaying plant material were observed. Frogs metamorphosed in 61 days and a total of 83 individuals survived in captivity. Discussion Present observations of breeding periods show that ranidae frogs breed between February and April. The high loss of N. major larvae is attributed to this high altitude environment that also has high humidity. In the wild N. major are restricted to stream ecosystems (Inger et al. 1987) and slow-moving water (Ravichandran ,1996). Among Tomoptema breviceps, the breeding success was low as larger tadpoles predated on smaller ones. Recommendations For a effective captive breeding, the following points appear to be important: 1. Selection of appropriate sexes, including identification of a suitability compatible pair, can be done by close observation of behaviour, including calls. 2. Breeding season. (Because of their many different environmental re- quirements, the natural breeding season in captive frogs may vary). 3. Species-specific enclosure design. 466 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 12, 1998 4. Feeding requirements: females carrying eggs should be fed heavily for several weeks. In general breeding success (with the dendrobatids ) seem to depend on a sufficient amount of varied food (Maruska, 1986). The present multivitamin preparation needs to be studied in more detail as it was formulated for use in mammals, and its acceptability by the frog’s body system may not be adequate. 5. Special care for jelly-like egg masses should be taken when handling the frogs and doing daily routine work. 6. Diseases: In the captive condition, frogs appear susceptible to internal and external fungal infections as do the eggs laid. 7. Terrarium provided with water, to be screened regularly. It is recommended to use rain water or dechlorinated water. Avoid using hard water. Acknowledgments I am grateful to the Gerald Durrell Memorial Fund, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust ( JWPT), United Kingdom for financial support and J. Fa and Reese Lind of the International Training Centre, JWPT for encouragement and support. Thanks are due to Indraneil Das for reviewing the earlier drafts of the manuscript; R.J. Ranjit Daniels and M.S.Ravichandran for identification and comments; to G. Ragaswamy for providing logistical support; and to animal keeper, R. Kalis wamy for his help. Products Mentioned in the Text Agrimin- multi-mineral powder, manufactured by Glaxo India Limited, India. Ossopan- calcium, phosphorus mineral compound, manufactured by TTK Pharma Limited, India. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1989. Care in Captivity: husbandry techniques for amphibian and reptiles. Chicago Herpetological Society. Bloxam, Q.M.C. and Simon J. Tonge. 1995. Amphibians: suitable candidates for breeding release programme. Biodiversity and Conservation 4:636-644. Daniels, R.J.R. 1992. Captive breeding of anurans. Hamadryad 17:46-48. Daniels, R.J.R. 1991. Problem of conserving amphibians in the Western Ghats, India. Current Science 60(ll):630-632. Das, M.S. and S.K. Dutta. 1996. Population dynamics and growth in captiv- ity and natural population of Tomoptema rolandae (Anura: Ranidae). Zoo's Print XI(8): 16-21. Dutta, S.K. 1992. Amphibians of India: updated species list with distribution record. Hamadryad 17 -.1-13. Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 467 Gupta, B.K. 1998. Captive Care of Common Indian Frogs and Toads. Coimbatore Zoological Park & Conservation Centre. 27pp. Gupta B.K. (in press) Captive breeding of endemic Large wrinkled frog Nyctibatrachus major at Coimbatore Zoo, Solitaire (6) June 1998. Inger, R.F. and S.K. Dutta, 1986. An overview of the amphibian fauna of India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society 82 (Suppl.): 139-146. Inger R.F., H.B. Shaffer, M. Koshy and R. Badke. 1987. Ecological structure of a herpetological assemblage in S. India. Amphibia-Reptilia 8:189-202. Kanamadi, R.D. and C.S. Jirankali, 1991. Testicular activity in the burrowing frog Tomopterna breviceps. Zool. Anz. 227 (1/2): 80-92@ Kanamadi, R.D. 1996. Acoustic communication in some Indian anurans: a Review. Zoo's Print XI (8):26-35. Maruska, E.J. 1986. Amphibians: review of zoo breeding programme. Int. Zoo Yb. 24/25:5665. Ravichandran, M.S. 1996. Amphibians of the Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India. Cobra 23:15-31. Tonge, S. and O.M.C. Bloxam. 1989. Breeding the Mallorcan midwife toad Alytes muletensis in captivity. Int. Zoo Yb 28-. 45-53. GREENIines Updates FIRES THREATEN RUSSIAN CATS - In mid-October, the Associated Press reported that raging forest fires in Russia’s Sikhote-Alin Wildlife Reserve are threatening the endangered Siberian tiger {Panthera t. altaica). There are only about 450 such tigers left in the wild, and the reserve, about 4,000 miles east of Moscow, is the species’ chief breeding ground. A Russian official said the fires were pushing the big cats out of their moimtain habitats. -GREENlines Issue #733 10114198 RED WOLVES OUT OF SMOKIES - According to the Associated Press, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service decided early in October to end the reintroduction program for the red wolf (Canis rufus) in Great Smoky Mountain National Park. The Service cited a lack of prey as a reason for the decision. The Service has a list of 30 possible sites for additional reintroduction throughout the Southeast. Scientists say ending the Smokies program will help them to refocus efforts to areas where the wolves will be more likely to survive. -GREENlines Issue #747 1113198 468 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 HMBNT«^ lt«r^^vioral By Kayla Grams, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Gretchen Ziegler, Sequoia Park Zoo SLOTH: We have had problems with our Hoffman’s two-toed sloths dropping their greens on the floor and then leaving them. To alleviate this, I constructed a “Sloth Feeder” out of an 8-inch (20.3cm) piece of PVC pipe measuring 4" in diameter (10.16cm). Holes measuring 1/2-inch (1.27cm) in diameter were drilled randomly on the pipe. Wire and chain were used to hang this device in the enclosure. Kale, romaine, and endive were inserted into the holes one leaf at a time. The sloths immediately ate from this device and rarely dropped greens to the floor. FELINE: The ocelot in our collection is currently housed singly and is always in need of some enrichment. The best activity we have found to date is releasing live gold fish or minnows into her stream and pool. She has been observed actually dimking her whole head into the water. It takes her some time to work herself up to that point. Intermittent “fishing” activity can last several hours and sometimes even days. Another favorite is a Boomer Ball® with a hole drilled in it. Food items such as mice, chunked chicken, or fish pieces can be inserted. This cat will manipulate the ball until every morsel of food is gone. BIRDS: The Von der Decken’s hombills have also been in need of erichment. Daily live insects are released into the enclosure for them to catch. We have successfully utilized a device originally designed for primates. This consisted of logs (2-3 in./5- 8cm in diameter) strung on a rope with var3dng size holes drilled on their surfaces. A peanut butter, raisin and mealworm mixture was inserted into these holes. The entire rope was hung in the enclosure so that the logs were in Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 469 a horizontal line. The rope was also hung far enough away from other branches so that the birds had to fly and balance themselves on the rope while eating. ARBOREAL ANIMALS; ‘Truit Hangers” have been used for many of our arboreal animals. The hangers were made of doweling constructed into the shape of the letter “T”. An eyelet screwed into the end of the dowel allows for easy hanging. The long shaft of the ''T hung, this device simulates fruits foimd on a tree. —Lisa L. Behm, Zookeeper Primates and Small Mammals Virginia Zoological Park, Norfolk, VA a: RECIPES: Carrot Biscuits Set oven for 350°F (176°C) Mix 1 Tbs. Molasses, 1/4 cup lite evaporated skimmed milk, 1/2 cup oats, 1 egg, 6 Tbs. flour and 1 cup shredded carrots. Grease pan and drop heaping spoonfuls of mixture. Bake 18-20 minutes. Grape Jellv Biscuits Set oven for 350°F (176°C) Mix 25 crushed monkey biscuits, 1/2 cup grape jelly, 1 cup cooked rice, 1 banana mashed, 1/4 cup brown sugar, ITbs. baking powder. Grease pan and drop heaping spoonfuls of mixture. Cook for 18-20 minutes. -Jennifer L. Jones, Zookeeper Sagninaw Children's Zoo, Saginaw, MI is pushed through any fruit. When (Ideas appearing in this column have not necessarily been tested by the editors for safety considerations. Always think ahead and use good judgement when trying new ideas. Eds.) You are invited to submit material for the Enrichment Options Column these might include recipes, toys, puzzle feeders, olfactory enrichment ideas, etc. Drawings and photos of enrichments are encouraged. Send to: AKF / Enrichment Options, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Visit the new AAZK Enrichment Website - www.enrich.org/aazk or join the Enrichment Listserve by emailing - jackbell@humboldtl.com 470 Animal Keepers’ Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 Captive Birds of Prey and Environmental Enrichment Results of a Field Survey By Daniel R. Tardona, Resource Management Specialist Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve and Jayne H. Tardona , Animal Behavior Management Supervisor Jacksonville Zoological Gardens Introduction As Newberry (1995) notes, the physical health and inclusive fitness of captive animals is believed to be improved by providing behavioral and environmental enrichment. The literature provides little information regarding environmental enrichment for captive birds of prey and even less for captive birds of prey in training environments. Schaaf (1984) aptly recognizes that zoos provide a wide range of opportunities to observe the behavior of wild species, and that the knowledge gained from such observations can be applied to improve procedures in exhibit design of as well as in the management and husbandry of captive animals. Zoo exhibits often are small and may lack any vestige of the animal’s natural environments. Newberry (1995) argues that it is neither necessary nor desirable for animals that are kept indefinitely in captivity for use by people to remain adapted to natural environments (p. 231). Gilloux, (1992) and Moodie and Chamove (1990), advocate providing environments which promote natural behavior. The present authors believe that promoting behaviors exhibited in natural environments by animals on exhibit or in public education programs can add to the depth of understanding and appreciation of those animals and their native environments by the public. We also agree with Newberry (1995), that it is useful to emphasize the functionality and adaptiveness of behavior in a particular captive environment rather than its naturalness. Training animals to demonstrate behaviors observed in their wild environments, in conjunction with demonstration of the functionality and adaptiveness of their behavior in captivity, would be the most instructive to promoting public understanding and appreciation of animal behavior If the objectives of enrichment include the promotion of public understanding of animal behavior and animal well being, then we must first describe the desired behaviors of the animals under study and explain how the animal and the public may benefit from exhibiting those behaviors. We believe that benefit to animal well being takes priority over public benefit. In planning an enrichment regime it should be determined to what extent an animal’s behavior must resemble that performed in the natural environment and how behavioral changes benefit Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 471 the animal in its captive setting. Questions remain as to whether it is desirable to encourage natural behaviors in animals that are handled often by people and presented to the public in relatively close quarters. Is it more important to emphasize the functionality and adaptiveness of behavior in the captive environment? Can we even define natural behavior for animals in captive environments, particularly those that were born in captivity and will not be released into the wild? We surveyed a portion of the field regarding the appropriateness of behavioral and environmental enrichment, particularly for captive birds of prey and for those in the training environment. Informal comments by colleagues and co- workers suggested that enrichment was not effective or appropriate for birds in general and raptors specifically. Indeed, personal communication suggested a consensus of opinion that birds of prey could not be enriched or would not respond to enrichment options, and that casual observations by some zoo and training professionals seemed to confirm this view. Little information has been found regarding enrichment options specifically targeting birds of prey, aside from training or training tools (American Association of Zoo Keepers, 1996). The survey was designed and implemented to discover attitudes of caretakers and trainers, practices of individuals, and policies of institutions regarding environmental enrichment for birds of prey. Our own initial research suggested not only that enrichment is appropriate in the captive training environment, but also that it is effective in encouraging natural behaviors and in reducing some neurotic or stereotypic behaviors observed in the subject animals. Enrichment has been described as “...any object that stimulates a captive animals mental processes” designed “to entertain or prevent an animal’s boredom” (Hils, 1997). Enrichment often focuses on reducing negative emotional states such as fear or stress associated with exposure to novel stimuli (Jones & Waddington, 1992; Pearce & Paterson, 1993). A human observer makes inferences based on behavior, but it is impossible to definitively gauge an animal’s mental activity or emotional state. How does one then define enrichment? Enrichment generally focuses on providing environmental stimuli to animals in captive settings, very often to make an animalfs exhibit more attractive to visitors. The study of animal behavior plays a role in helping us choose environmental stimuli. Study of animal behavior iis often as close as we can get to ask questions directly of the animals about their preferences or well beingi (Shepherdson, 1998, p. 2). Only by understanding as much as possible about an animalfs behavior in the wild setting and in the captive setting can we begin to appropriately enrich the animal by any definition. The terms “behavioral enrichment” and “environmental enrichment” are used S3mon3nnously; however, the latter is more appropriate as it points to the whole environment, not just one aspect of it. As alluded to earlier, we may find that some behaviors considered abnormal in the wild might be adaptive in captivity, giving the animal some advantage in captive surroimdings. In addition to having 472 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 a desire to elicit natural behaviors in captive settings, some animal caretakers seek simply to engage animals in harmless activities in order to avoid activities deemed harmful such as biting and chewing cage mates, biting jesses, feather plucking and the like (Feddes & Fraser, 1993; Gvaryahu et al, 1994). Environmental enrichment also can be utilized as opportunities for movement or exercise (King & Norwood, 1989), to avoid harmful aggression (Erwin et al, 1976), or to reduce escape responses during handling, thus decreasing risk of injury to animal or handler (Reed et al, 1993). We are on firmer ground when evaluating enrichment activities targeted at changing behaviors that can be more precisely observed and measured. Is there any benefit in engaging animals in harmless activity that has no inherent purpose? It seems some animals demonstrate behaviors with no inherent purpose that we call play. One definition of play is all locomotor activity “. . . that appears to an observer to have no obvious immediate benefits for the player . . .” (Caro, 1988). Play behavior is much better understood in mammals than in birds and lower vertebrates where such activities are more difficult to recognize or interpret (Ficken, 1977). According to Ficken (1977), observations of corvids indicate that they have the most complex play known in birds. Ravens, crows, and rooks have been observed engaging in activities such as carrying items which are dropped then caught in the air (Thompson, 1964); balancing objects or passing them from beak to foot and back again (Gwinner, 1966); and throwing, then catching a rubber ball (Thorpe, 1966). It is believed by some researchers that any manipulation of inanimate objects can be regarded as play, and in fact such object play may be a mechanism by which young predators acquire skills in manipulating prey, as well as physical strength and endurance (Fagen, 1981; Negro et al, 1996). Since one of the primary missions of facilities like zoos is to maintain the overall health and fitness of captive animals, it is difficult to argue that this type of play is inappropriate in the captive setting. Sherrod (1983), proposes that play with objects by raptors may occur only when they do not have suitable prey on which to practice. It is possible that object play is an important factor in environmental enrichment to maintain the overall fitness of raptors. Enrichment is sometimes strictly defined in terms of the physical environment of the animal. For example, natural vegetation in an exhibit may camouflage wiring; bars or fencing, making the exhibit seem more attractive for visitors and certainly more naturalistic. In addition, trees, perching, vines, rocks, logs, or stumps may add to the naturalistic view, thus enhancing the visitor experience by appearing to present the animal in a more natural environment. Still, we must look to the welfare of the animal as well. Some zoo professionals consider enrichment solely in terms of benefits to animal caretakers, but usually enrichment refers to a benefit for the animals. Studies suggest that in addition to mammals, birds also have cognitive abilities and psychological needs (Dawkins 1980,1992; King 1993). Finally, there is some question as to whether the simple act of training a captive animal — be it for public demonstration, veterinary medical examination or other training goal — functions as enrichment. Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No 12, 1998 473 We agree that training can be enriching especially when using operant conditioning techniques. Operant conditioning has been demonstrated to have enriching effects with primates (Robert, 1997) resulting in more cooperative animals with less incidences of aggression. Operant conditioning is used in training of animals at the Jacksonville Zoological Gardens (JZG) and many other zoological facilities including animal research institutions. We believe that operant conditioning techniques that allow for less stress on any animal in captivity is beneficial and likely enriching. If routine medical exams, shifting and other necessary activities can be performed more efficiently and with less stress to the animal (and those responsible for their care), then operant conditioning techniques can become essential to enhance animal well being. It appears that many kinds of techniques, tools and stimuli can be effective enrichment activities for animals. The challenge is finding what will be enriching for specific species and specific individuals. Other related questions to be asked include how much and varied enrichment is sufficient for a given animal and how often will it help accomplish optimal animal well being. We found that the frequency of training and program use with birds of prey at JZG was not helping enough with regards to stereotypical behaviors observed. We also found in our research that variety and novelty of enrichment was a factor with some birds (Tardona & Tardona, 1997). This survey focuses only on birds of prey since it appeared to us that there might be some reluctance in the field to consider enrichment with animals other than mammals. It is our hope that the survey results might stimulate some thought and discussion regarding enrichment not only with all kinds of birds, but also with any animal in the captive environment. Methods The JZG Raptor Enrichment Project began in April 1997 with a view toward providing environmental and behavioral enrichment options to eight birds of prey housed in the Animal Behavior Management Division at JZG. In conjunction with this project, a survey was designed to gather additional information from other avian trainers and caretakers. Participants and Instrument Design Survey respondents were selected from the membership list of the International Association of Avian Trainers and Educators (lAATE). Sixty-nine (69) individuals were selected from the list and included keepers, trainers, interpreters and educators at front-line and administrative levels, from facilities in the United States, Canada, and England. Institutions represented included zoos and museums, raptor foimdations, falconry clubs, rehabilitation centers, and professional bird shows. The survey was designed toward making it as simple as possible to respond and return the instrument. Twenty (20) questions were prepared which gathered 474 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 general information as to types of birds cared for, attitude toward behavioral enrichment, t3rpes of enrichment offered and existence of institution policies regarding enrichment. Questions were designed for ease of response by checking a box or providing very short answers. The survey instrument was printed on one legal sized page, front and back, and designed so that respondents could fold the instrument twice, staple and stamp it, and put it directly in the mail. Respondents were given a period of two months in which to respond to the survey. Results Of 69 individuals selected, 21 responded, for a response rate of 30 percent. Data gathered indicate that a majority of respondents (86%) believe that behavioral enrichment is beneficial to captive birds of prey, and that a minority (one individual, or 5%) believe training is the only enrichment suitable or applicable to captive raptors in training settings. Most respondents (86%) provide enrichment to the birds in their care, with 48% providing enrichment daily, 33% weekly, and 5% monthly. Only one individual expressed that problems with exhibit design prevented fiirnishing enrichment and that enrichment was too time consuming to administer. Fifty (50) different enrichment options for raptors were listed and 12 different permanent or temporary fixtures in exhibits were listed. Of the eight respondents whose birds are on public exhibit, only one individual responded that this affected decision-making regarding enrichment options, this being only dependent upon the number of visitors present at the exhibit. Also, 19% of respondents exclusively care for birds of prey, while 81% also care for a large variety of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, and other birds. In addition, 81% of respondents conduct general husbandry (cleaning exhibits) in addition to training. Only 23% of respondents reported that research was ongoing in their department or facility regarding enrichment of raptors despite the fact that 86% provide enrichment to their birds. Finally, 95% of the respondents thought that a publication on enrichment with birds of prey would be beneficial to their department. See Appendix A for other specific results regarding types of raptors in collections, number of staff, enrichment options provided and the enrichment items most often provided as well as data on how enrichment options are evaluated by respondents. Discussion The results of this survey suggest that overall, avian trainers and educators surveyed acknowledge that the animals in their care have psychological needs and are inclined to manipulate objects placed in their enclosures, exhibiting behaviors which appear to be natural for their species. Ongoing research can only provide us with more knowledge about the behavior of animals in our care which may lead to discoveries regarding development of new enrichment options, thus promoting physical health, and relieving boredom and frustration which are believed to result from housing in unstimulating environments (Wemelsfelder, 1991) and could result in stereotypical or harmful behaviors. Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 475 Data collected in this survey suggest that a wide variety of enrichment is available, and viewed as appropriate and applicable to captive birds of prey in training settings. These results, in conjunction with the findings of Tardona & Tardona (1997X support much of what is being done in the field with captive raptors. In particular, enrichment options that elicit predator-t3^e behaviors can be effective in reducing incidence of behaviors which may actually interfere with training such as feather plucking, jess biting or aggression. We believe information gained through the survey can be useful in establishing guidelines for presentation of enrichment to birds of prey in training environments and also may be helpful in designing systematic studies of various enrichment options and programs for raptors in other settings. We have engaged in discussions regarding differences in the behaviors of wild born versus captive bom animals and what types of behaviors might be expected from each. These discussions lead to questions as to what types of behaviors would be considered natural for captive animals that are captive born and hand- raised having no experience with what we would term their natural environment. Such questions provide fertile ground for future research. These observations also raised the question as to whether human interaction can be enriching to a captive animal and whether or not it could or should be used as an enrichment tool. Zoo animals certainly live in an artificial setting where many zoo professionals attempt to mimic natural environments, but is human interaction really desirable beyond simple daily care and feeding activities? In many public programs, animal handlers and trainers often assert that keeping wild animals as pets belittles them (not to mention there are health and safety factors for animals and handlers), and this is consistent with our desire to provide environments for captive animals that are as natural as possible. With this in mind, is close personal interaction the t3q)e of behavior we want to engage in, even if out of public view? We believe such questions are worth exploring but are beyond the scope of this paper. Questions such as these should be considered in any future research with regard to the use of human interaction as an enrichment or training tool. With regards to the enrichment qualities of training, we would agree that the simple process of training an animal using operant conditioning techniques is enriching. But what constitutes optimal enrichment for a specific species or even a specific individual animal? Certainly a factor to consider is how often and how varied are training sessions. An important finding of the present survey that warrants discussion is that only 23% of surveyed respondents reported ongoing research or systematic controlled evaluation of enrichment being carried out in many settings. There appears to be much anecdotal information, but it is apparent that more systematic study with a variety of captive raptors and other bird species in diverse captive settings will begin to build a database for effective environmental enrichment options. Then such options can be evaluated as to whether they are effective for certain species or are environmentally specific. 476 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 Conclusions Data collected in this survey suggest that a wide variety of enrichment is being used, available, and viewed as appropriate and applicable to captive birds of prey in training settings. These results in conjunction with findings from Tardona & Tardona (1997) support much of what is being done in the field with captive raptors. While responses to the survey do not provide answers to the many enrichment issues discussed earlier, the objective of the survey was to canvass a select portion of professional in the field, specifically those involved with the training of captive birds of prey (members of lAATE), to provide some indication of the attitudes and practices regarding environmental enrichment for the animals in their care. The survey also served as a tool to gather information from the field prior to embarking upon a research project (Tardona & Tardona, 1997) to systematically assess the effectiveness of various enrichment options for captive raptors. The goals of any modern animal care facility should include basic research, conservation, education, and recreation for the public (Kleiman, 1985). Basic research provides us with information needed to further our other goals and, ultimately, to improve living conditions for the animals in our care. As Bloomsmith and Maple (1997) aptly argue, careful research using the tools of science is needed if we are to clearly understand the usefulness and effectiveness of enrichment with any captive animal. It is our sincere hope that the discussion and results reported in this paper will stimulate thought and dialog regarding environmental enrichment, not only with captive birds of prey but with all animals in captivity that are in our care. Literature Cited American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. (1996). Enrichment Notebook. Columbus Zoo, Powell, OH. Bloomsmith, M. A., Maple, T. L. (1997). Why enrichment needs science behind it: Addressing disturbance-related behavior as an example. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, 28-31. Caro, T.M. (1988). Adaptive significance of play: Are we getting closer? Tree, 3(2): 50-54. Dawkins, M.S. (1980). The science of animal welfare. London: Chapman & Hall. Dawkins, M.S. (1992). Behavioural needs in birds. Animal Welfare, 1:309-312. Erwin, J.; Anderson, B.; Erwin, N.; Lewis, L; & Flynn, D. (1976). Aggression in captive pigtail monkey groups: Effects of provision of cover. Perceptual Motor Skills, 42: 319-324. Fagen, R.M. (1981). Animal Play Behavior. New York, Oxford University Press. Feddes, J.R.; Fraser, D. (1993). Non-nutritive chewing by pigs: Implications for tail-biting and behavioural enrichment. Pp. 521-527 in Livestock Environment IV. E. Collins; C. Boon, eds. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineering. Ficken, M.S. (1977). Avian play. The Auk, 94: 573-582. Gilloux, L; Gumell, J.; Shepherdson, D. (1992). An enrichment device for great apes. Animal Welfare 1: 279-289. Gvaryahu, G.; Cunningham, D.L.; van Tienhoven, A. (1994). Filial imprinting, environmental enrichment, and music application effects on behavior and performance of meat strain chicks. Poultry Science, 68: 211-217 Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 477 Gwinner, E. (1966). Untersuchungen ober das Ausdrucks und Sozial verhalten des Kolkraben {Corvus corax L.). Z TierspychoL, 21: 657-748. Hils, K. (1997). Animal enrichment. lAATE Flyer, 4(1): 3, 7. Jones, R.B.; Waddington, D. (1992). Modification of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus, via regular handling and early environmental enrichment. Animal Behaviour, 43: 1021-1033. King, C.E. (1993). Environmental enrichment: Is it for the birds? Zoo Biology, 12: 509-512. King, J.E.; Norwood, V.R. (1989). Free-environment rooms as alternative housing for squirrel monkeys. Pp. 102-114 in Housing, Care, and Psychological Well Being of Captive and Laboratory Primates. E. Segal, ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications. Kleiman, D.G. (1985). Criteria for the evaluation of zoo research projects. Zoo Biology, 4: 93-98, Kobert, M. G. (1997). Operant conditioning as an enrichment strategy at the San Diego Zoo. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environ mental Enrichment, 230-236. Moodie, E.M.; Chamove, A.S. (1990). Brief threatening events beneficial for captive tamarins? Zoo Biology, 9: 275-286. Negro, J.J.; Bustamante, J.; Milward, J.; & Bird, D.M. (1996). Captive fledgling American kestrels prefer to play with objects resembling natural prey. Animal Behaviour, 52(4): 707-714. Newberry, R.C. (1995). Environmental enrichment: Increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 44: 229-243. Pearce, G.P.; Paterson, A.M. (1993). The effect of space restriction and provision of toys during rearing on the behaviour, productivity and physiology of male pigs. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 39: 163-176. Reed, H.J.; Wilkins, L.J.; Austin, S.D.; & Gregory, N.G. (1993). The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear reactions and depopulation trauma in adult caged hens. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 36: 39-46. Schaaf, C.D. (1984), Animal behavior and the captive management of wild mammals: A personal view. Zoo Biology, 3: 373-377. Shepherdson, D.J. (1998). Tracing the path of environmental enrichment in zoos. Pp. 1-12 in Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. D.J. Shepherdson, J.D. Mellen, M. Hutchins, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Sherrod, S. K. (1983), Behavior of Fledging Peregrines. Ithaca: The Peregrine Fund. Tardona, J. H.; Tardona, D. R. (1997). Environmental enrichment for captive raptors in training. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, 76-90. Thompson, A.L. (1964). A New Dictionary of Birds. New York, McGraw-Hill. Thorpe, WH. Ritualization in ontogeny. I. Animal play. Phil. Trans. Royal Society of London(B), 251: 311-319, 351-358, 1966. Wemelsfelder, F. (1991). Animal boredom: do animals miss being alert and active? Pp 120-123 in Applied Animal Behaviour: Past, Present and Future. M.C. Appleby; R.I. Horrell; J.C.Petherwick; S.M. Rutter, eds. Potters Bar, UK: U.F.A.W.. 478 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 APPENDIX A Survey with responses Please list the numbers and types of raptors in your collection: New World Vultures - 20 Osprey - 0 Kites, Vultures, Eagles, Hawks - 20 Caracara, Falcons - 17 Secretary bird - 2 Owls - 20 Other: var. buzzards, Andean condor, White backed vulture - 3 Do you believe that behavioral enrichment is beneficial to raptors? 18 Yes 3 No If you answered No to question #2, please skip to question #13. 4. Is enrichment provided to your raptors? 18 Yes 3 No 5. If you answered Yes to question #4, is enrichment provided: 10 daily 7 weekly 1 monthly 3 none or no answer 6. If you answered No to question #4, why is enrichment not provided? Problems with exhibit design - 1 Enrichment is too messy, too hard to clean up - 0 Enrichment is too time consuming for keepers - 1 Training and conditioning is the only enrichment needed by animals participating in programs - 1 7. Please list some of the enrichment options provided most often to your raptors [and how often they are provided] : small rocks 2 swings sticks 1 2nd occupant pinecones 1 tethered near pond tennis balls 2 different food items racquetball balls, soft balls, rubber toys 1 live fish Kong® toy 1 Boomer Ball® dead mouse in wiffle ball 1 window wind-up fuzzy ball 3 cardboard boxes toilet paper rolls 1 paper bags Phonebook 1 palm fronds free-flighted in flight cage 2 bones misting with water 1 browse walked by trainer while on glove 3 live food move to different location 1 bathing option mammal hides for vulture 1 random big payments perches in different locations 1 mice or rats as food soaked rawhide 1 plastic cactus gravel in water 1 pumpkins Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 479 1 sand box 1 baby pool 1 training 1 feather lures 1 newspaper 1 plants 1 paper 1 rope 1 hand feeding 1 towels 1 fur 1 squash 8. Are there permanent or temporary fixtures provide enrichment to the animals? 8 Yes 13 No in your raptor exhibit(s) to If yeSj please list some of the fixtures: -Swings -Windows -Shelter boxes -Ponds -A variety of perches -Trees -Sand -Garden -View of other animals -Den boxes -Natural ground cover -Water bath„mister areas 9. Do you handle and train rehabbed raptors? How many? 15 Yes 4 No 2 no answer Total 107 birds for 21 respondents. 10. Do you handle and train free-flight raptors? How many? 18 Yes 1 No 2 no answer Total 117 birds for 21 respondents. 11. Are your raptors in exhibits that are visible to the public? 8 Yes 11 No 2 no answer 12. If you answered Yes to question #11^ does public visibility affect your decision-making regarding enrichment options? 2 Yes 7 No 12 no answer 13. How many persons are on your training staff? Respondents averaged 6 persons. 14. Do trainers on your staff also clean the exhibit(s)? 4 Yes 17 No 15. Does your training staff train and handle raptors exclusively? 4 Yes 17 No or do they also care for other animals (please list animals): 15 Other birds 2 Amphibians 14 Mammals 1 cover children’s zoo 11 Reptiles 1 aquarium management 3 Invertebrates 480 Animal Keepers' Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 16. Do you keep an enrichment log? 6 Yes 13 No 2 no answer 17. How are your enrichment options evaluated as to suitability and success? 1 Ethograms are kept on each animal 5 Daily Enrichment Log 18 Casual observation or animal/word of mouth to other handlers 6 Other: 1 meetings 2 behavioral records 1 The Shape of Enrichment 2 general daily log/report 18. Does your facility have policies and procedures in place regarding enrich- ment? 12 Yes 9 No 19. Is research ongoing in your department or facility regarding enrichment of raptors? 4 Yes 17 No Has your research been published? 1 Yes 7 No 13 no answer If not, would you be interested in sharing your findings? 5 Yes 1 No 15 no answer 20. Would a publication about raptor enrichment be beneficial to your training staff? 20 Yes 1 No MOVING ? Postage costs for mailing AKF are continuing to rise and we anticipate a 5-9% increase in this expense over the next year. Each time we receive an AKF back from the Post Office due to an unreported change-of-address, it costs the Association 78 cents. Help keep this cost down by reporting your change-of-address as soon as you know it. Turning in a change-of-address card to the Post Office does not guarantee that the address change will be sent to our office. AKF is sent bulk-mail rate and is not automatically forwarded, so you may miss issues if you do not advise AO of address changes. These missed issues will not be sent gratis anymore, but may be purchased for the regular$3.00 per issue price. To report a change of address, call 1-800-242-4519 (U.S.) or 1-800- 468-1966 (Canada). Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 12, 1998 481 Book Review Neotropical Rainforest Mammals- A Field Guide. Second Edition Text by Louise Emmons, Illustrations by Francois Feer The University of Chicago Press 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, US. A. Paperback Price $25.95 Review by Robert Berghaier Assigned Relief Keeper Zoological Society of Philadelphia Eight and a half years ago the first edition of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals was published. Ms. Emmons, one of the foremost authorities on the mammalian fauna of the neotropics, was well qualified to write such a work. This important book was the first field guide dedicated to the rainforest mammals of Central and South America. It became an essential tool for researchers, tour guides and tourists who work in or visit tropical America. I have used it myself to identify mammals that I have seen on three trips to the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazon. So why write a second edition? In her preface to this book Ms. Emmons states that the number of discovered rainforest mammal species have increased by more than 10%, from 500 to 560-600 since the first edition was published. All of these new species have been added to the revision. The difference in the final number of recognized species of neotropical rainforest mammals is dependent on the primate taxonomy used. In this regard the author takes a conservative approach. For example, Ms. Emmons lists the recently discovered black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus calssara) as a subspecies of the golden-rumped lion tamarin rather than as a full species as many primatologists do. The book's contents include a list of illustrations and two prefaces, one to the second edition as well as one to the original version. There is also a 12-page section entitled “What is in this book. Where it comes from, and How to use It". This gives a detailed description of how and why the author organized the text and chose the mammals that are presented within it. Also included are three maps pertinent to the text and two figures that explain measurements, parts and mammae positions of mammals, all of which can aid in differentiating species in the wild. The main body of the book are the individual species accounts. The mammals, representing 11 orders, are covered in detail. Each account gives the common and scientific name, the plate number of illustration, map location, measurements, description, variations of, similar species to, sounds made by, natural history, geographic range, conservation status, local names, and references for more detailed studies of nearly every mammal found in neotropical rainforests. To help keep the size of the book down and facilitate its use as a field guide, most rodents and bats are covered at the genus level rather than as separate species. I reviewed the animals that I am most familiar with: primates, carnivores and ungulates and found each account well-written and informative. There are several illustrations that are not present in the first edition, and I was pleased to see that the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) has been added. Few are aware that the spectacled bears in the Eastern 4S2 Animal Keepers* Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 Andes often use the Western Amazon forest for selected food items and are therefore considered seasonal rainforest mammals. The illustrations include 29 color and seven black-and-white plates. There are also 11 detailed figures and six pages containing drawings of the tracks of the larger mammals. This latter section is valuable for I can personally attest to the difficulty of actually seeing these animals in the field. Often the only evidence of their presence are tracks found on trails or along the muddy shores of rivers and oxbow lakes. There are four other appendices: A glossary of terms used in the text, a valuable key to the families and genera of rainforest mammals, a section on the classification, biogeography, and conservation of said mammals and finally, a checklist and index of scientific and common names. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals. Second Edition is invaluable for field researchers, tour guides, and tourists who work in or visit the rainforests of Central and South America. It should also be included in the institutional and personal libraries of zoos and zoo professionals who work with these species. I guess the question can be asked, “If I already own the first edition, should I purchase the second?” Unless you are on a very limited book budget I would answer that you should. There is enough difference to justify replacing your copy of the first edition. You can, in fact, put your original to good use on your next visit to the neotropics. You can give your copy of the first edition to one of the local residents, such as a teacher, guide or lodge staff member. I have always found in my travels that individuals who are involved in education or the ecotourism industry are very appreciative of such gifts. Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals. An Audio Field Guide by Louise H. Emmons, Bret M. Whitney and David L. Ross Jr. Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Distributed by the University of Chicago Press 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A. 2-CD set, $24.95 Reviewed by Robert Berghaier Assigned Relief Keeper Zoological Society of Philadelphia I believe this may be a first for AKF - a review of a compact disk. This two-CD set is issued as a companion to the Neotropical Rainforest Mammals. A Field Guide. Why undertake such a project in the first place? I will use the authors own words. “Tropical forest mammals are more often heard than seen. Recognizing their sounds and voices is the best way to discover hidden species, and it is a critical skill for conducting faunal surveys and censuses. We hope that this acoustic reference guide will help naturalists to find and identify mammals, and that it will also encourage them to record and study acoustic behavior”. The recording has been put together by the renowned Library of Natural Sounds at Cornell University. Such an undertaking is a great concept. Experienced bird watchers have for years made field identification of species by learning individual calls and songs. I have been involved for the past three years with a primate project in West Africa that depends heavily on identifying seven different species of diurnal monkeys by the differences in their vocalizations. It would be valuable to mammalogists if similar recording efforts could be made on the mammalian faunas of Africa, Madagascar and Tropical Asia. Animal Keepers* Forum, Vol 25, No. 12, 1998 483 The authors have included a small CD format booklet to accompany the disks. The booklet reviews the most common types of mammal calls and there is a brief section with notes on how the recordings were obtained. Each vocalization has the type of call and the location where it was recorded noted. Nearly all the sounds were collected in the field but some are of captive animals. Each vocalization is preceded by the excellent narration of Margaret A. Baker who gives the common and scientific names of each species. If you have had any doubts of your own ability to correctly pronounce scientific names, Ms. Baker’s dictation allows you to use the CD as a learning tool similar to a Berliz foreign language tape. There are 55 different mammals on disk #1. They include 1 Marsupialia (woolly opossum), 4 Xenarthra (all three species of anteaters plus the nine-banded armadillo^ 3 Chiroptera, 14 Carnivora, 1 Cetacea (pink river dolphin), the Brazilian tapier, 4 Artiodactyla, 2 sirenia (West Indian and Amazonian manatee) and 25 Rodentia. Disk #2 is an amazing collection of 54 different primates which is nearly every species found in the region. The booklet closes with an alphabetized list of species by scientific name and a list of credits. What about the quality of the recordings? For me the “oldies but goodies” just kept on coming. I heard again the alarm snort of the giant otters which I saw and heard while paddling a canoe on an oxbow lake in Manu Park, Peru in 1986. The group chorus of the yellow-handed titi monkey brought back memories of my first tropical field experience in the Northern Peruvian Amazon in 1983. The disk includes the almost unearthly roar of the male red howler monkey I heard for the first time before dawn in the Tambopata Reserve, also in 1983. The best recording, however, is the herd alarm call and stampede of the white-lipped peccary. In 1993 along Ecuador’s Aguarico River I was with a group of tourists being guided by the local Cofan Indians. They split us into two groups as we closed in on a herd numbering over a hundred of the animals. The first party caused the peccarys to run towards my group. The ground actually shook as the herd raced past, around and between us. There were juveniles, full-grown males, females with babies, all squealing or rattling their teeth. It was an awsome event and the highlight of that trip. Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals has provided me with an auditory memory to complement my visual impression of that incredible experience. Who should purchase the CD? The same individuals who should buy the Field Guide. For researchers doing work in the neotropical rainforest it’s a must have. Much remains to be discovered about the distribution of mammals in this environment and anyone who does field work in the region may be able to add to that knowledge. For tour guides it will help them identify the sounds that they and their clients hear and increase their appreciation of the trip. Tourists to the area should purchase it for the same reasons. I feel that zoo’s holding neotropical species should buy the CDs as well. It has great educational value and could form the background sound to enhance any South American rainforest exhibit. It also occurred to me that the CDs could be used as a behavioral enrichment device. Tapes could easily be made from the original and played back to collection animals as a form of auditory stimulation. My institution, for example, holds 11 species which have been included on the disks. I enjoyed The Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals and highly recommend it. 484 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 Ghapter yv/ei/i/s ^otes Shown above is the Chapter logo for the Northern Lights Chapter located in Duluth, MN. This logo got its start inl993 when the Lake Superior Zoo hosted the AZA Regional. The lake, polar bear and reflections were designed by Docent Alice Adams. When the Chapter was formed in 1995, the Northern Lights Chapter name and a star designating their location on the lake were added by illustrator Buzz Buczynski, husband of Chapter President Wendy Buczynski. The above logo, designed by Eric Krussman, has was adopted in September of this year by the newly reorganized San Francisco AAZK Chapter. The newly adopted logo for the Omaha AAZK Chapter was designed by zoo graphic artist Ken Guthrie from a suggested concept by keeper Jessee Krebs. It features a sillouette of the Zoo’s main entrance and an assortment of the animal species exhibited there. They plan to use it on letterhead and perhaps a patch. Animal Keepers’ Forum, VoL 25, No. 12, 1998 485 ^ M X> ^ PIP YOU KNOW? The Reptile Trade • The United States is the world’s largest market for wildlife and wildlife products, and wildlife trade in this country is a billion-dollar-a-year business. Illegal trafficking is believed to be even more lucrative. • Reptiles have become increasingly popular as pets and as high-priced live collectibles. Collectors and breeders are enticed by the lure of the exotic, making rare reptile species an extremely profitable black-market commodity. • International trade in reptiles has increased significantly in the last decade and U. S. trade accounts for a substantial portion of that commerce. Reptiles are also a major target for wildlife smugglers. • In 1997, the United States imported 1.8 million live reptiles worth more than $7 million and exported 9.7 million valued at more than $13.2 million. The most commonly imported species is the green iguana {Iguana iguana); the red- eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) is the leading U. S. export. Protections for Reptiles • The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates international trade in animals and plants listed on three appendices. The treaty, supported by some 143 member nations, includes more than 140 reptile listings, some covering entire families. Among these protected reptiles are all alligators, caimans,crocodilians, boas, pythons, monitor lizards, sea turtles, and Geochelone species of land tortoises. • Of the reptiles safeguarded under CITES, 55 species or species groups are listed on Appendix I and thus receive the Convention’s highest level of protection. All commercial trade of these animals is prohibited because they face an immediate threat of extinction due to over-exploitation. Noncommercial traffic requires permits from both the exporting and importing coimtries. • Reptiles and other animals and plants listed on CITES Appendix II can only enter trade with export permits from their country of origin. Such controls help ensure that commercialization will not jeopardize the continued survival of these species in the wild. • Some 115 reptilian species are also protected under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. Of this group, 79 have been listed as endangered because they face an immediate threat of extinction. The Endangered Species Act prohibits the import, export, and interstate sale of animals listed as endangered or threatened. • Violations of U. S. and international wildlife trade prohibitions can be prosecuted under the Lacey Act. This law makes it illegal to import, sell, or purchase any wildlife or plant taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any Federal, state, foreign, or Native American Tribal law, treaty, or regulation. The maximum penalty for a felony Lacey Act offense is a $250,000 fine for individuals ($500,000 for organizations) and 5 years imprisonment. 486 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 Institutions wishing to advertise employment opportunities are asked to send pertinent data by the 10th of each month to: Opportunity Knocks! AKF, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Please include closing date for positions available and when setting these dates keep in mind that because of bulk-mail, most readers do not receive the AKF until the middle of the month or later. There is no charge for this service and fax listings of positions which become available close to deadline are accepted. Our fax is (785) 273-1980. ZOO AREA SUPERVISOR,„rea\iire^ high school graduation or GED and four (4) years experience in the care of zoo animals, including one (1) year of experience directing the work of zookeepers; or an equivalent combination of training and experience. Responsible for overseeing and performing animal care duties, assisting in the planing, design, maintenance and modification of exhibits and habitats, and supervising assigned personnel. Weekend, holiday, and overtime work is required. Salary $10.56 - $12.38 per hour. For more information and/or application materials, contact Christine Sammons via the El Paso Personnel Dept, by mail at 2 Civic Center Plaza, El Paso, TX 79901-1196; phone (915) 541- 4085; fax (915) 541-4220, or e-mail: sammonscr@ci.el-paso.tx.us. GENERAL ZOO CURATOR...p\ihlic/teachiTis zoo with mid-Atlantic and Florida locations. Experienced individual with teaching/instructional background as well as animal management. Diverse mammal (primate, hoofstock, carnivore) Avian/Herp collection. Supervision over nutrition, exhibit construction, student interns and experienced employees. Salary commensurate with experience. Send resume to: Mark D. Wilson, DVM, P. O. Box 2319, Belleview, FL 34421. SENIOR KEEPER/HERPETOLOGY., .at Houston Zoo. Requires Associate’s degree in biology, zoology or related field; minimum of two (2) years experience in the care of a variety of reptiles and amphibians; expertise in herpetology/ batrachology; strong interpersonal/organizational skills. Duties include supervision of four keepers as well as feeding, cleaning, maintaining exhibits, collection planning, medicating, restraining, record keeping, materials/supplies procurement, participate in education/outreach/conservation programs and related duties. Salary: $13. 26/hr plus excellent benefits. Send letter/resume to: Stan Mays, Herpetology Curator, Houston Zoo, 1513 N. MacGregor, Houston, TX 77030. REGISTRAR. ..works directly under the veterinarian and colony manager. Is responsible for maintaining both manual and computerized records of the chimpanzee inventory, including all animals historically and currently owned or managed. Records are maintained for each individual and include among others, health records and all attachments such as physical exam records, health blood test results, breeding records and records of general behavior observations. Also responsible for maintaining some select research data records. Maintains a schedule for and records of immunizations and testing of all personnel and visiting scientists. Must be self-motivated and organized. Must be proficient in Excel and WordPerfect. EOE. Excellent benefits. Job open until filled. Salary negotiable. Send letter of interest, resume and requested salary to: Jo Fritz, Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998 487 Director, Primate Foundation of Arizona, P. O. Box 20027, Mesa, AZ 85277- 0027. WATER SYSTEMS SUPERVISOR...the Zoological Society of San Diego has an opening which requires substantial experience/knowledge in the zoo life support field. An example would be five (5) or more years of experience. Must be able to demonstrate supervisory experience. Responsibilities include operation, maintenance and modification to all animal water courses; oversees selection, introduction and raising of fish. Successful candidate will possess strong interpersonal skills as well as coordinating, planning and scheduling skills. This position reports to the facility manager. Salary $45,000 - $55,000 depending on experience. Submit resume or apply at the San Diego Zoo/Human Resources Ofhce/Otto Center, P.O. Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551. Attn: WSS#152011. Applications are accepted M-F, 1-4 p.m.. Deadline 12/28/98. MAMMAL KEEPER ...we have a full-time with benefits position open in our Mammal Department. Must be available any seven days a week. This position will be responsible for the day-to-day management of animals. Requires animal husbandry knowledge. A bachelor’s degree or equivalent experience in biology or scientifically related field from a recognized institution and/or one (1) year working in an accredited zoological facility is preferred. The qualified candidate is expected to have a broad base background in mammal management; however, it is also expected that the candidate may have a special interest group of animals - primates, carnivores, etc. To apply submit resume to the Human Resources Office before deadline of Monday, 28 December 1998 at 4 p.m. Send to: San Diego Wild Animal Park, 15500 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, ATTN: HR#261005; Jobline (760) 738-5006; Fax (760) 796-5614. EOE. For the most up to date links to sites advertising Zoo work go to: http://members.tripod.com/~Sciurus/index.html 1999 AZA Regional Conferences AZA Central Regional - March 17-20, 1999 in Indianapolis, IN. For information contact Jodie Baker, Indianapolis Zoo, R O. Box 22309, Indianapolis, IN 46222; phone (317) 630-5167. AZA Eastern Regional - April 14-17, 1999 in Pittsburgh, PA. For information contact Terry Delulis, Pittsburgh Zoo, One Wild Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; phone (412) 365-2500. AZA Western Regional - April 28 - May 1, 1999 in San Jose, CA. For information contact Dr. Anthony Smith, Zoo Director, Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, 1300 Senter Rd., San Jose, CA 95112; phone (408) 998-5172; fax (408) 279-8021. 488 Animal Keepers' Forum, Vol 25, No. 12, 1998 AAZK Membership Application check here if renewal [ ] Name _ Address City StateAProvince Zip □ U.S> Members $35.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ Canadian Members $40.00 Professional Full-time Keepers □ $30.00 Afmiate Other staff & volunteers □ $35.00 AfHUate Other staff & volunteers □ □ $30.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60.00 or up - Individuals Contributing/U.S. □ □ $35.00 Associate Those not connected with an animal facility $60 or up - Individuals Contributing/Canada □ □ $100.00 or up InstitutionalAJ.S. Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) IntemMional Members $50.00 International All members outside US. & Canada regardless of category □ $100.00 or up Institutional/Canada Organizations /Institutions (requires Board approval) □ Library Only 35.00 Library Available only to public & university libraries Zoo Affiliation (if any) Zoo Address Title Work Area □ My check is enclosed (AAZK, Inc.) □ Please charge my credit card MASTERCARD Name on card - VISA Card # -Expiration date Signature Mail this application to: AAZK Administrative Offices, Topeka Zoo, 635 S. W. Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606-2066. Make checks/money orders payable to AAZK, Inc. Must be in U.S. FUNDS ONLY. Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keepers' Forum. The membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the U.S. and Canada. PRINTED IN U.S.A © 1998 AAZK, INC. Dedicated to Professional Animal Care D 0 c D 0) 0 < o' 0 0 c 0 0 0 a - ac: at at Oi «Xt -ti r<- •.I r" a at l£> ST a- <'♦' ■n O O ■H T» O :» 3> ITS O' -< Cr> •— w M U1 4* O tfl O 1: I, f HECKMAN BINDERY INC. Is| MAR 99