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JANUARY 1985

Animal

Keepers'

Forum

^Akated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser JANUARY 1985

Managing Editor: Susan Chan VOLUME TWELVE

Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman NUMBER ONE

ARcmoT /Cecp2A6' FoA,um (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.
Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publishing
costs of Anunal Keepm ' fo/ium. Second Class postage paid at Topeka, KS.
Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

/ AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPERS, INC.

NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V., TOPEKA, KS 66606
V Volly Clcuik, AdmTyiUtn.cuU,v2. Se,cA2Jyviy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP /Conservation & Research Center P^d^Tddvut

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park l/Tce Pn.QJii,dQ,Vlt

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Mike Carpenter, Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ 85010
Verona Barr, Miller Park Zoo, Bloomington, IL 61701

COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

GoAold Payne,, VoJyioU: loo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pat Sammcutco, Lincoln Pa/ik Zoo
Historical Committee
La/iAy Sammcuido, Ltncoln Pa/ik
Professional Standards Committee
Jan iiJaiklngtovL PaJik Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator

F^ank Kohn, N otto not ZootogtcLaZ PoAk
Awards Committee

MTfee CH.ock.QA, VtckoA^on PoAk Zoo
Legislative Action Committee
KQ.vtn Comay, NZP/CRC, PKont RoyaJi

Connto. Cloak, Na^kvtlZo., TN

Research/Grants Committee

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

ElandAa Aim, Woodland PoAk

Program Library

Anno. M. Pay no., VotAodt Zoo

Exhibit Design

Vtano. FoAi>ytn, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accomodations List

OtlvQA Cla^iQ.y, MotAo ToAonto

Keeper Training Videotapes

Way no. Buchanan, Woodland PoAk

Ltz McLaagkltn, Roqqa Wtttlam^ PoAk

Animal Data Transfer Forms

BoAnlo. Feldman, Topeka Zoo

Membership Directory

Pat SammoAco, Ltncoln PoAk Zoo

Diet Notebook

South Flo Alda AAZK ChaptoA
Biological Values/Gestation

Many Muac, San FAanct^co Zoo
Keeper Data Survey
Many Slaybaugk, San Anto/iio Zoo
:e Search

Zoo! Jenny Rent^Aou), Mason, Michigan

REGIONAL COORDINATORS
Mike CaApentoA, Phoenix Zoo, AZ, VlAectoA

Linda RohA
Vacancy
Gene PieHoA
Angela Keppel
Lee Payne
Lynne VltleAS
LoHAy SammoAco
Vlane Knag,

Alan ShoAples
Vacancy
Candy KAo^t

LauAence Gledhltl
Joanle Stinson
Vacancy

W.V. Stone Memonlal Zoo

Philadelphia Zoo
National Zoo
VetH-olt Zoo
Indianapolis Zoo
Lincoln PoAk Zoo
RlvoAbanizs Zoo
Atlanta Zoo

Rio GAande Zoo

Woodland PoAk Zoo
Phoenix Zoo

ME,VT,NH,MA,RI,CT

NV

PA,NJ,MV,VE

VA,W.VA,VX.

MI

IN,0H,KV

WI,IL,M0,MN,IA

TN,NC,SC

FL,AL,GA

AR,MS,LA

TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE,

SV,NV

WA,0R,IV,MT,WV,AK

CA,NV,AZ,UT,HI

Canada

ThyCi month’ 6 covQA. oAt tiain tn^ant galagos, oommonly c.(M2.d "Bu6h

Batten”. The a/Lta>t Toi>hle Nakcuhtma, uxi{^e o\ Kojt N'-’''(uhtma, a keeper
at the Japan Monkey Centre . Thanks, To^hte’.

Scoops

and

Scuttlebutt

NOTICE TO MEMBERS ON BIOLOGICAL VALUES BOOKLET

Members are advised that the copies of the First Edition of the 56-page
booklet "Biological Values for Selected Mammals" have been sold out and
are no longer available from National Headquarters. This joint project
between AAZK and the San Francisco Zoo proved very popular as all 1000
copies were distributed. After printing, postage and handling expenses
were met and a 50/50 profit sharing was determined between AAZK and the
SFZS, a net profit for AAZK of $488.00.

The San Francisco group (keepers, docents and interns) is researching
material for a Second Edition. When this is completed and printing is
anticipated, an announcement will be made in AKF.

COMPUTER LIST 'CLEAN-UP' SHOULD RELIEVE DELIVERY PROBLEMS

Administrative Secretary Dolly Clark and AKF Managing Editor Susan Chan
have spent many hours going over the computer mailing list for AKF. They
have "cleaned" the list' — deleting non-renewing members, correcting name
and address errors etc. Hopefully, with the January mailing each member
should receive his/her Forum properly addressed. If you do not receive
your AKF or there is an error on your address label, please let National
know immediately. Every effort is made to keep the mailing list current
and correct but the computer doesn't always seem to want to include all
of the information sent it. Please do not wait several months before
notifying National of an error as this may only cause delays in getting
your mailings. Above your name on your mailing label appears a code
number for your membership status. Professional members are "3"; Af-
filiate members are "1" and Associate members are "2". Please notify
National if your status listing is incorrect. Also, please remember to
notify National as soon as possible when you change addresses. Your
cooperation is GREATLY appreciated.

FROM THE PRESIDENT

Dear Members,

In 1985 AAZK Professional members will be electing two new board members
whose terms will run from 1986 through 1989. For this purpose, the
Nominations and Election Committee (NEC) has been reactivated by the Board
of Directors at the Seattle conference.

1

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT, ConUnae^d

Lynn Villers at the Indianapolis Zoo has accepted reappointment as com-
mittee chairperson. Joining Lynn on the committee are: Alan Sharpies
from the Atlanta Zoo* Denise Robinson from the Philadelphia Zoo, Jan
Brigham from the Potter Park Zoo in Michigan and Jay Jasan from the Tur-
tle Back Zoo in New Jersey.

Information about the NEC and the election will appear in AKF during the
year. It is my hope that all professional members will exercise their
right not only to nominate their peers for a board position, but to vote
for the nominees when they receive their ballot.

Sincerely,

President AAZK

DIET NOTEBOOK

Here is a unique opportunity to share with other keepers the types of
diets used to maintain exotics in captivity. This project has the poten-
tial to develop an excellent reference on captive diets but only if you
participate.

Forms can be obtained from the Collection Centers listed below and when
completed they should be sent to the appropriate center. Please type or
print information, use metric units whenever possible and refer to the
ISIS or lUCN listings for scientific names.

Please become Involved.

BIRD COLLECTION CENTER:

MAMMAL COLLECTION CENTER:

¥.01X1. UoAtbA-ook
Liltlo, Rock ChaptoA AAZK
JovLt&boH.o Vnlvo.

LUtlo, Rock, AR 71104

ToaaIo, Coha-oZ
ScdgwXck County loo
5555 Zoo Blvd.

UJlchtta, KS 67212

REPTILE COLLECTION CENTER:

ALL OTHERS:

B/Unt SpmcoA

Minnesota ZoologtcaX GoAdm
Apple Valley, MN 55124

South floAtda ChaptoA AAZK
c/o Vebbte BuAch
17&60 SW 112 CouAt
MLom., ft 33157

2

Coming Events

SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT

FOR ZOO AND AQUARIUM PERSONNEL

February 3-7, 1985 Wheeling, WV

AAZPA CENTRAL REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 3-5, 1985 Oklahoma City, OK

AAZPA WESTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 17-19, 1985 Anchorage, AK

AAZPA SOUTHERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 31-April 2, 1985 Birmingham, AL

THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL WILDLIFE FILM FESTIVAL

April 1-7, 1985 Missoula, MT

SYMPOSIUM ON IMMUNOLOGY OF

ZOO AND WILD ANIMALS

April 12-13, 1985 Columbia, SC

Held at the Riverbanks Zoological Park. For information or to submit a
paper, contact Dr. Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf , Johns Hopkins University,
Division of Comparative Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., G52 Traylor Bldg.,
Baltimore, MD 21205, (301) 955-3726 or Dr. Barbara Thomas, Riverbanks Zoo,
500 Wildlife Parkway, Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 779-8717.

AAZPA GREAT LAKES REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 14-16, 1985 Cleveland, OH

AAZPA NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 28-30, 1985 Boston, MA

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE •

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida AAZK Chapter at Miami Metrozoo, 12400 S.W.
152nd St., Miami, FL 33177.

Births|^ Hatchings

SAN ANTONIO ZOO Vdbl Reed

November 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 0.1 Goeldi’s monkey (DNS), 1.0 Three-
banded armadillo, 2.1 Lady Grey’s waterbuck (1.0 DNS), 1.1 Sand gazelle
(DNS), 1.1 Grant’s gazelle, 1,0 Thomson’s gazelle, 1.0 Dik-dik (DNS);

Birds - 1 Hartlaub’s duck, 2 Roul-roul, 1 Green jungle fowl, 1 Yellow-
headed rockfowl, 6 Zebra finch (2 DNS) , 5 Society finch; Aquarium - Sea-
horses and Lyretailed cichlids.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO Stovm M.

B&H for October /November 1984 include: 0.0.1 Red kangaroo, 0.0.1 Vampire
bat, 0.0.3 Common marmoset, 0.0.1 Mandrill, 0.0.1 Siamang, 0.0.3 Pata-
gonian cavy and 0.1 Impala.

DALLAS ZOO Taxnl Jom6

November B&H include: Mammals 0.1 Mexican fruit bat, 0.1 Speke’s gazelle;
Birds - 0.0.3 Yellow-fronted canary, 0.0.2 Gouldian finch; Reptiles -
0.0.2 Philippine sail fin lizard {Hyd/i06auA.UJ> pLU6tuXo-6Li6} .

BROOKFIELD ZOO .John S. Stoddcuid

B&H for November 1984 are: Mammals - 0.0.1 White-toothed shrew and 0.0.2
Spiny mouse; Birds - 0.0.1 Violet touraco and 0.0.1 Orange-bellied euph-
oria.

TAMPA--BUSCH GARDENS StL&an Raokley

November 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 0.1 Gemsbok, 5.6 Thomson’s gazelle,
0.0.1 DeBrazza monkey, 0.1 Soemmering’s gazelle, 1.4 DeFassa waterbuck,

0.1 Scimitar-horned or3rx, 0.1 Sitatunga; Birds - 0.0.1 Superb starling,
0.0.1 Purple-naped lory, 0.0.3 Senegal parrot and 0.0.3 Jandaya conure.

METRO TORONTO ZOO HcuiAy Ho^ouqa

B&H for August and September 1984 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Hamadryas bab-
oon, 0.1 African elephant, 1.0 Grevy’s zebra, 2.0 Reeve’s muntjac, 0.1
White-tailed deer, 1.0 Springbok, 1.0 Wood bison, 0.1 Domestic yak, 0.0.1
Plains rat, 0.0.4 Slender-tailed meerkats; Birds - 0.0.1 Brushland tina-
mou, 0.0.2 Australian wood duck, 0.0.2 Nicobar pigeon, 0.0.2 Ring -necked
dove, 0.0.1 Pied imperial pigeon, 0.0.1 Zebra dove, 0.0.1 Tawny frogmouth;
Amphibians - 0.0.2 Green and black arrow poison frog, 0.0.13 Surinam
toad; Fish - 0.0.34 White-cloud mountain minnow, 0.0.20 Australian rain-
bow fish and 0.0.265 Brichardi cichlids.

MIAMI METROZOO LoaX B/LuakheMn

B&H for October and November 1984 include: Mammals - 1.0 Thomson’s gazelle,
0.1 Eld's deer, 0.1 Blackbuck, 1.0 Sable antelope, 1.0 Dama gazelle, 0.3
Eland, 0.1 Defassa waterbuck, O.T Grant’s zebra, 0.1 Scimitar-horned oryx;
Birds - 0.0.6 Green junglefowl (0.0.2 DNS), 0.0.6 Java tree duck (0.0.4
DNS), and 0.0.1 Sacred ibis.

4

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, {CoyiUm2.d)

WILDLIFE SAFARI. LaoAxe UcuikoA

On 6 and 8 October, 1984, two cheetah litters were born at Wildlife Safari
in Winston, OR, producing seven cubs. Tamu, a year old who bred with
Backup, gave birth to 1.0.1 cubs on 6 October. Due to apparent maternal
neglect, these cubs did not survive. Sativa, a 9 year old veteran mother
bred to Shaka, gave birth to 1.4 cubs on 8 October. These are Shake's
first offspring and Sativa' s fourth litter. All five cubs are doing well
These births raise the total number of cheetahs born at the drive-through
wild animal park to 91 cubs from 21 litters. Since 1982, Wildlife Safari
has maintained the North American Regional Cheetah Studbook.

ASSINIBOINE PARK ZOO VkU King

Selected B&H from January through October 1984 include: 1.1 Arabian camel
(0.1 stillborn), 2 Ring-tailed lemur, 5 Pere David's deer (0.1 stillborn),

2 Snow leopard, 15 Chinese water deer (0.1 DNS), 3 Black & white ruffed
lemur, 1.4 California bighorn sheep (0.1 stillborn), 4 Canadian lynx,

(2 stillborn, 2 DNS), 2.7 Alpine ibex (2 DNS), 4.4 Afghanistan markhor,

1.0 Bactrian camel, 1 White-handed gibbon, 1 North China leopard (DNS),

3 Siberian tiger, 1 Spectacled langur. Also hatched was 1 Northern bald
eagle.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO B. BahnoJ^.

November B&H include: 1 Slow loris (DNS), 1 Chimpanzee, 1 Red and white
crake, 3 Brimstone canary and 2 Prehensile-tailed skinks (1 DNS).

BRONX ZOO MoAgoAeX Vnldd

October and November 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 1.0 Blackbuck, 2.0 Minnie
Down's mouse, 1.0 Phyllostomas bat, 0.1 Lowland gorilla, 2.0 Sambar deer,

3.1 Brow- antlered deer, 1.0 Proboscis monkey, 1.0 Axis deer, 1.0 Wisent,
1.0 Formosan sika deer, 0.1 Yak, 3.0 Pen-tailed bet tong, 0.1 Mongolian
wild horse, 1.0 Slender-horn gazelle, 1.0 Large Malayan mouse deer, 1.0
Gaur, 2.0 Acouchi; Birds - 1 Mauritius pink pigeon, 1 Red bishop weaver,

2 Red-crested cardinal, 1 Purple gallinule, 2 Malayan peacock pheasant,

1 White-quilled black bustard, 3 Green wood hoopoe, 2 Red-crested touraco,
1 Congo peacock; Reptiles - 4 Texas ratsnake, 5 Red-tailed ratsnake, 1
Sinaloon milksnake, 18 Indian python and 4 California kingsnake.

LINCOLN PARK ZOO. Siuan Hoy

The B&H for October and November 1984 include: Mammals - 2.0.8 Short-tailed

fruit bat, 0.0.5 Geoffrey's tamarin (DNS), 1.0 Grevy's zebra (DNS), 1.0.1
Pygmy marmoset (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Owl monkey, 0.0.1 Lowland gorilla, 0.0.1
Chimpanzee, 0.0.1 Sooty agouti (DNS), 1.0 Bactrian camel; Birds - 0.0.2
Sunbittern (DNS), 0.0.1 Nicobar pigeon, and 0.0.2 Superb starling.

5

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT

The goal of the AAZK Keeper Training Video Tape Project is to produce
quality video tape training programs suitable to supplement existing in-
house training of entry level keepers. These tapes are not intended to
be a complete training program in themselves. All proceeds generated
from the sale of training tapes will be used to finance production of
future training tapes. Two tapes are currently available.

Zoo Keeper Safety; An Attitude Adjustment - This 18-minute program does
not attempt to address the numerous variable specifics of this subject.
It presents a safety approach to the job of zoo keeping, and promotes
constant awareness and personal responsibility for safety.

A Zoo Keeper's Introduction to Feeds and Feeding - A half hour introduc-
tion to the complex subject of feeds and feeding of zoo animals. Topics
covered include what, when, and where to feed.

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PURCHASE AGREEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE BUYER

1) The tape may not be duplicated or made available to any person or
institution for the purpose of duplication.

2) The tape may not be utilized for any commercial purpose.

3) Should the buyer decide the tape will not be useful to their training
program, the undamaged tape may be returned within 14 days of receipt
for a partial refund - $10 for BETA and VHS, $18 for 3/4 inch.

I, the undersigned, accept the responsibility for the restrictions list-
ed above.

NAME (Type or Print)

SIGNATURE DATE

0RGANIZATI0N/INSTITUTI0N_

SHIPPING ADDRESS

ZIP

TELEPHONE ( )

TAPE TITLE

FORMAT: BETA VHS 3/4 INCH

$25 $25 $35

Make checks payable to AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT.

Mail to: B. Wayne Buchanan

Woodland Park Zoological Gardens
5500 Phinney Avenue North
Seattle, WA 98103

6

KEEPER

EDUCATION

MANUAL REVIEW PROJECT UPDATE

SabnuXted by BeXh Po^
Coordinator, oi Manual Re,vlew Project

The purpose of the Manual Review Com-
mittee is to identify existing train-
ing manuals in use at various zoos
and to publish a listing of what man-
uals are available and their contents.

We are in the process of getting per-
mission from the different zoos to use
the training manuals which we have al-
ready collected and are searching for
additional manuals. In the future the
Manual Review Committee will be expan-
ded to identify other types of training materials, such as video tapes,
books, articles, etc. The benefit to you from the work of this committee
will be to assist you as a keeper either in self-improvement or to give
guidance in developing a training program at your own zoo.

I ask that you please take the time to fill out the following question-
naire to assist the Committee in locating additional training materials.
I know that you have been requested to fill out many forms lately, but
the collection of information such as this is valuable in assisting com-
mittees to carry out their projects. So, please fill in and return the
form now before you forget about it. Thank you.

Complete the following and return to: Beth Poff

Mill Mountain Zoological Park
P.O. Box 13484
Roanoke, VA 24034

Name:

Where You Work:
Circle One

YES

NO

1. Does your zoo have a formal keeper training program?

YES

NO

2. Does your zoo have its own training manual?

YES

NO

3. Does your zoo utilize the following:

a. AAZPA Animal Husbandry Training Manual

YES

NO

b. Formal training lectures

YES

NO

c. Books or articles

YES

NO

d. Videotapes

YES

NO

e. Other

For any "YES" answers to number three, please describe in more

detail.

7

CONTINUING KEEPER EDUCATION, CoyvUnued

Continuing our professional education means sharing in what we all know.
AAZK always provides the means to do this and encourages all our members
to participate. It has been very exciting to see the number of fine
articles published in the AKF that are appropriate for inclusion in the
''Zookeeping Husbandry Fundamentals" book that we are writing. The book
has been divided into topic sections that include an introduction on the
History of Zoos and Zoo Keepers; who we are, the basic concepts we have,
the specifics of care of various animal groups, and our concerns such as
medical care, animal and keeper safety, public education and sources for
tools and information.

The editorial team is now identifying sources of information and articles
that have already been written. If you have ideas and contributions to
this project, please contact editors Pat Sammarco and Jim Ellis. Over a
dozen associate editors are assisting in writing this text on captive
animal care. Individuals may ask you for more specific contributions in
time and will appreciate your contributions.

This is the time to consider participation in the various regional work-
shops and specialist conferences that will fill the spring and summer
months. Watch for dates and registration information in the Forum, and
let the editors know if you find out about meetings that other keepers
would find of interest. Remember that these conferences give you educa-
tional opportunities and occasions to be an ambassador for AAZK, if you
choose. Contact President Kevin Conway for information on representing
AAZK at such meetings.

6ubnUtte,d by Vat Sarma/ico, Coordinator
AAZK Education Committee

&

NEW HIMALAYAN TAHR EXHIBIT OPENS AT METRO TORONTO ZOO

A magnificent new mountain exhibit for the Metro Toronto Zoo's herd of
Himalayan tahr opened to the public in November and provides a 7.5 meter,
year-round exhibit.

The mountain is constructed of 225 tons of a concrete mixture which is
sprayed over a steel frame. The frame, consisting of 6.3 tons of steel,
was shaped to resemble a rock formation, typical of the steep terrain of
the Himalayas. The concrete was applied in several layers to the frame
and a special concrete dye was used to give the mountain a natural color.
For the final step of construction, artists creatively shaped and textur-
ed the last layer of the concrete.

Tahr are native to the Himalayan Mountains, inhabiting the steep cliffs
and inaccessible areas of that range. Their climbing abilities are ex-
cellent and these skills have been demonstrated as the herd has made the
mountain their home. Visitors have been particularly delighted to watch
the herd's youngsters keep up an almost continuous game of "king of the
castle" .

Work has already begun on a similar, but larger home for the zoo's herd
of North American Dali's sheep. Exhibits such as these not only attend
to the biological needs of the species but also give the visitor a feel
for the animal's natural environment.

8

SreCTRUM

Quality exotic animal diets
Fixed formulation
Nutritionally balanced
Economical

Frozen feline diets
Frozen bird of prey diets
Frozen canine diet

Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts,
livers, rib, shank, and knuckle bones

Zu/Rieem

Feline canned
Primate canned
Marmoset canned

Omnivore dry
Primate dry

Banana flavored primate, 1 5% protein
Banana flavored primate Pro-Plus, 25%
SPECTRUM protein

Omnivore dry
Polar Bear dry
Ratite dry

Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium

When you need a complete line of high-quality dry,
canned, and frozen animal diets foryour feeding program,
call Animal Spectrum today.

^ ^ :

In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

Animal SPECTRUM Inc.

Box 6307 Lincoln, NE 68506-0307

REHABILITATION OF RED KANGAROO

WITH DOMNEROO SYNDROME

By

LauJui SahachoAd^ Ke,epeA
LoiuAv-Hle. loologAdcut GoAdm
LoluAvaUq.^ KV

Zeke is a male red kangaroo. He was just nine months old when he was
rendered immobile for no apparent cause. Our zoo had only had him for
about two weeks before this incident. On 20 May, 1983 Zeke was found in
his shelter unable to stand. The most he appeared able to do was turn
himself over with his tail. He was taken to the animal hospital for ex-
amination, Neither the x-rays, bloodwork, or the physical examination
turned up anything. So Dr. Foster started him on a regime of antibiotics,
pain medication and vitamins.

From the beginning his appetite and bowel movements were normal. He also
appeared mentally alert from the first day. As a matter of fact, his
attitude seemed quite bright for an animal in his predicament. His per-
sonality turned out to be a life-saving asset displayed through his will
to live. His food and water had to be placed directly beside his head or
else he couldn’t reach it. His head and ears were all that he could move.

It was at this time that physical therapy began. At first this consisted
of back and forth movements of all his limbs to prevent muscle atrophy.
Therapy took place several times a day for short periods. Soon after-
wards he stopped using his tail, so he had to be turned manually to pre-
vent his circulation from stopping. His preference though was to lay on
his right side. Gradually therapy was increased as he began to show
slight signs of improvement like stretching movements, slight jerky mo-
tions, and clutching his hands into fists.

He began moving around a little while lying down. Sometimes he would
push himself around while laying, turn himself over with his tail, and
occasionally lay on his sternum. During therapy he also began flexing
his toes while his legs were being worked. To help him sit in an upright
position on his own, a hay bale was used like a table to lean against and
the wall to lean on if necessary. Soon afterward grain was offered on
his make-shift table to entice him to try and stand for longer periods.

The amount of time that he stood varied from day to day according to his
moods.

On 9 June, a new form of exercise was added to his therapy routine. A
Johnny Jump Up® was utilized at this point to help strengthen his legs.

A Johnny Jump Up is a child's swing which is hung in a doorway by a spring.
With an extra hole added to accommodate his tail, Zeke was afforded much
vital exercise needed for his recovery. The Jump Up was hung from a low
limb of a shade tree. At first the Jump Up supported all of Zeke’s weight
and was gradually lowered to put more weight on his legs and tail. Dur-
ing this time, Zeke’s weight increased from 16 to 18 pounds.

Hydrotherapy was implemented on 22 June. A large, disinfected garbage
can was used for hydrotherapy since it was the largest available contain-
er. The first several times that this therapy was done, the Jump Up was
used in conjunction with the bath can to give him extra support. Once
he got a little stronger the hydrotherapy was done without the Jump Up.

This was especially good for his legs and tail, although his arms did

10

REHABILITATION OF A RED KANGAROO WITH DOWNEROO SYSDROME, ConUnu^d

get exercise from holding on to the sides and from his attempts to escape
from the can.

One form of exercise or another was done daily throughout the summer. We
did experience problems with overheating and hives on his tail and legs
during this time, but by the end of August he was up to 27 pounds and
quite a bit stronger than before. Unfortunately he was not nearly strong
enough to hop on his own.

On 8 September he was partially immobilized for more tests and a spinal
tap. Again, as before, the results showed nothing. So his therapy rou-
tine continued. However, by this time he was starting to outgrow his
hydrotherapy bath can and his Jump Up, which was increasingly more dif-
ficult to put him in due to his increasing strength. Zeke could now hold
his own weight, but needed someone to balance him in order to stay upright.

During the winter months I became Zeke's crutch so that he could start
hopping on his own. His strength continued to grow steadily but slowly.

He became much more agile as well as playful. On the worst of winter
days, Zeke got his exercise roaming the halls and offices of the animal
hospital.

By now he was standing on his own as well as hopping for short distances.

As his strength increased so did his stamina. He often enjoyed wrestling
with his human counterparts. His "four hops and fall" routine increased
until one day he kept going and had to be chased down. By spring it
became necessary to exercise him on a halter and leash. At times it was
difficult to tell who is walking whom.

On several afternoons Zeke was taken to the Australian exhibit for exer-
cise and introduction to the other animals. On 20 April, 1984 he was
moved to the Australian exhibit. He was confined to the shelter in the
evenings and let out during the days. Interactions with the other 1.2
kangaroos went very smoothly. Nearly one year after his ordeal began,
we let him stay outside around the clock. There were no apparent prob-
lems with the transition. He did drop about five pounds in the first
couple of weeks, but soon gained it back.

On 19 September, he was again given a physical and everything was fine;
his weight had increased to 65 pounds. Zeke now permanently resides in
the three-quarter-acre Australian exhibit with the other 1.1 Kangaroos,

2.1 Wallabies, Black Swans and Emus.

11

Reptile Care: Relating To

Inquiring Novice - Port 7

^ potp

lan .
pourri

By

Sluan M. BoAnoAd, Se.nA,oA fCeepcA
Vzpt. oi HoApdtoloQij
Atlanta loologtcal PaAk, Atlanta, GA

pVIRONMENT

(Lighting)”

In Part VI of this series I discussed temperature. When discussing en-
vironment, the keeper should remind the novice that temperature and light
are interrelated. Many physiological problems of captive reptiles can be
avoided or overcome if light and temperature are rhythmically controlled.
For example, the animal’s photoperiod should be well coordinated with its
required thermal cycle. These cycles are best controlled with the use of
a timer. Wide-spectrum light such as Vitalight® (Duro Test) or Chroma
Lamp® (General Electric) is recommended (1) . A constantly lighted envir-
onment should always be avoided; it is extremely stressful, and reptiles
may either refuse food or regurgitate if they do feed. Furthermore, a
constantly lighted environment interferes with breeding and fertility.
Reptiles indigenous to temperate zones may require 14 to 16 hours of light
and 8 to 10 hours of dark. Those from tropical environments may require
10 to 12 hours of daylight and from 12 to 14 hours of dark.

Although it is preferable to use wide-spectrum lights as the basic light
source, incandescent lamps provide excellent daytime heating. By experi-
menting with wattage and distance, an animal’s temperature preference can
easily be met. General purpose, clamp-on utility lamps are practical for
this purpose.

Ultraviolet light is necessary for vitamin D production in many reptiles;
however, the keeper should stress to the novice that ultraviolet rays are
filtered by glass, most plastics, and are reflected by wire screen. Also,
to avoid burns, overheating, and in some cases, h3rpervitaminosis D, the
novice should never expose his pet reptile to prolonged artificial ultra-
violet light. If an animal is housed outside or by an open window, amb-
ient temperature (time of year) should be considered, and reptiles must
always have access to shade. When left in direct sunlight, snakes have
been observed to expire by overheating in as little as 15 minutes. Table
1 lists suggested artificial sunlight exposure times (2) .

Table 1, Suggested Sun Lamp Exposure Times*

Reptile

Exposure Time

Young

turtles

and

crocodilians

5 -

10

Young

lizards

3 -

5

Young

snakes

1

2

Adult

turtles

and

crocodilians

10 -

20

Adult

lizards

5 -

10

Adult

snakes

2 -

4

*UV requirements, if any, have not been established,

12

REPTILE CARE: RELATING TO THE INQUIRING NOVICE, CovLUyiatd

References

1. Lazzlo, J. : Observations on two new artificial lights for reptile

displays. Int. Zoo Yearbook, 9:12. 1969.

2. Barnard, S.M. : Unpublished

[EdUton.^^ Not2.t VanJ: 8 -tkls u)dtt dmZ with humidity.

dt&o not^ that in font 6 pubtUhnd in the. NovembeA 1984 i^^ue. oi AKF,
the. ^ olio wing eAAon. oc.c.uAAe.di In pa/LagAaph it woi mt^pAiyite.d that
"To avoid buAns and hypotheAmia thete. animate. It ^houtd have. Aead
"To avoid bu/ins and hypeAthe/mia theAe. animate..." . OuA apologies to
the, authoA {^OA thu mispAini.']

Chapter

Little Rock Zoo Chapter AAZK

Newly elected officers for the
Chapter for 1985 are:

President.... Debbie Jackson
Vice Pres. .. .Chris Rasums
Secretary ... .Debby Nagel
Treasurer .... Syd Tanner

Rocky Mountain Chapter AAZK

Keepers at the Denver Zoological
Gardens began working to form an
AAZK Chapter over a year ago. We
were chartered early in 1984.
Elections were held in November.
New and re-elected officers are:

President ... .Dennis Roling
Vice Pres. .. .Sharon Areen
Treasurer ... .Bill Loessberg
Secretary ... .Rex Pruitt
Corres. Sec.... Ann Rademacher

Special thanks to outgoing
officers Susie Haeffner and
Mary Patterson for their help
in organizing.

South Florida Chapter AAZK

The 8outh Florida AAZK Chapter is
pleased to announce the following
newly elected officers for 1985:

President .... Scott Fuller
Vice Pres, ., .Vince Gibaldi
Secretary, . . .Lori Bruckheim
Treasurer. . , .Kim Livingstone

We are also pleased to announce
that Rachel Rogers was appointed
Conference Chairman. We are all
very busy, anxiously preparing
for the National AAZK Conference
that will be held in Miami in
October. We look forward to
seeing you all there!

News

Please ^e.nd ChapteA New^ to Lee.
Payne, ChapteA A^atA^ CooAdinatoA
at the VetAoit loo. ATao 6end a
copy 0^ nejW6 tot AKF EditoAial
OiiieeA, 635 Gage Blvd. , Topeka,

KS 66606.

&

13

TREATMENT OF "MOUTH ROT"

IN Vython motuMU blviMatiu

By

ChoAte^ Smith

loo Vupt. , Wo^ce^toA Scimco, Ce,yit2A
Wo/LCQAtOA, MA

The following is a brief account of "mouth rot" in an adult python and
the resulting treatments administered for this condition.

On 7 May 1984, a 3.3m Burmese Python weighing 15.3kg was received by our
zoo department . The snake was turned over to us by the previous owner
in need of immediate attention for a moderate case of "mouth rot". The
snake needed daily treatments, which would be dangerous for a single
person to do on a snake of this size. Although the snake hadn't eaten
in over six months, it seemed in generally good health, showing good mus-
cle tone and skin condition.

Upon examination, it was found that a considerable amount of the tissue
surrounding the teeth in both the upper and lower left side of the jaw
was extensively involved. There was also much swelling throughout the
entire left side of the head. Preliminary treatment consisted of swab-
bing the affected area with Betadine® and applying Panalog® to the mouth.

On 14 May 1984, Dr. William Walker of Newton, MA excised as much of the
necrotic tissue around the teeth as possible and irrigated the area with
peroxide. Two assistants were present to restrain the snake. The snake
was also given Icc Gentacin® I.M. and 75cc's Lactated Ringers® S.C. Fol-
low-up treatment consisted of cleaning out the mouth every day (removing
dead tissue, swabbing with peroxide, and applying Betadine), injection
of 80cc's Lactated Ringers® and 1 cc Gentacin® IM every third day for
14 days.

After 14 days of treatment, much of the swelling around the head had
disappeared. However, much of the tissue within the mouth itself was
still quite involved, with large open areas of infected tissue. At this
point I contacted Dr. Charles Sedgwick, formerly of the San Diego Zoo,
and now affiliated with the Wildlife Clinic at the TUSVM in Grafton, MA.
Dr. Sedgwick suggested vitamin therapy as well as changing the caging
conditions. The snake had been housed in a 4-foot fiberglass cage to
prevent any further irritation or abrasion to the mouth, but was moved
to a much larger cage measuring 3.6m x 2.5m x 2.5m. Climbing limbs as
well as heat lamps (to provide a temperature gradient) were placed in
the cage.

From 1 June through 1 September the snake was given weekly injections of
.5cc ascorbic acid I.M. as well as two minutes daily under ultra-violet
lamp. The use of the U.V. lamp in the effectiveness of the treatment
was not known, however, we felt such exposure could only help to improve
the snake's condition.

After twenty weeks of such treatment, it appears that all outward signs
of infection are gone and the snake has eaten on five occasions: 9/29,
9/30, 10/12, 10/23, and 10/24. We are unsure which aspect of the treat-
ment to attribute the success to, although it may well be a combination
of two or more factors. We would like to thank and acknowledge the help
of both Dr. Walker and Dr. Sedgwick. Anyone interested in more specific
information on the preceding, please feel free to contact me.

14

1985'

AAZK

NATIONAL

CONFERENCE

MIAMI, FLORIDA
OCTOBER 20-24

For Registration Information
write Rachel Rogers
Conference Committee Chairman
c/o Miami Metrozoo
12400 S.W, 152nd Street
Miami, Florida 33177
(305) 251-0403

15

RESEARCH UPDATE: PLANTS IN PRIMATE EXHIBITS

Bij

SuQ, Mcitonzy

Woodland Pcuik Zoological GaJidcn^
Seattle, WA

This paper reports the preliminary findings of the WPZG Plant Research
Team's survey on plants in primate exhibits. Team members include Keepers
Gregg Thompson, Ghuck Harke and Judie Steenberg; horticulturist Sue Maloney;
and volunteers Barbara Questad, Joyce Ford , Kathy Long and Elizabeth Worden.
This project was funded by a research grant from the American Association of
Zoo Keepers, Inc. Final results will be mailed to survey participants and
others in January 1985.

Green plants are becoming major elements in the design and renovation of
zoo exhibits now that zoos are moving towards housing animals in naturalis-
tic settings. Strategies for the long-term displaying of animals with plants
vary depending on a wide variety of factors. Not the least of these is the
budget of the zoo for plant care, the behavior of the animals toward their
environment, and the conditions provided for plant health.

Because little information has yet been collected on this subject, we form-
ed the plant research team in late 1983. Our goal is to collect and dis-
seminate information on the subject of plant and animal interactions in zoo
exhibits.

The team initially contacted 182 zoos and aquaria. These institutions were
asked to participate in a series of surveys designed to give details of the
successes and failures they were having with planted animal exhibits. A
total of 115 of them agreed to participate, a very positive 63% response.

The initial survey sent to these 115 zoos and aquaria was on plants in pri-
mate exhibits.

Why primate exhibits first?

The team chose to survey primate exhibits for several reasons. Primates
are often the most popular animals to the public who may tend to anthro-
pomorphize them. The zoo's image improves when it can provide a lush,
plant-filled environment for its most popular animals.

Primates as a group can damage plants extensively, though zoos have seen
some remarkable successes. Since budget couldn't be the only reason some
zoos were successful while others weren't, the team wanted to see what other
factors might be at work. And since most zoos do not have great numbers
of planted primate exhibits, the team was confident that not much time
would be asked of the people completing the survey.

Response to the Survey

A total of 51 zoos and aquaria from the United States, Canada, Great Britain
and Australia responded to the primate survey. Twenty- two of them reported
having no primate exhibits at all, or no primate exhibits with plants in
them. Twenty-eight returned surveys on a total of 41 primate species. A
total of 64 zoos did not respond at all; follow-up contact will be made.

16

RESEARCH UPDATE: PLANTS IN PRIMATE EXHIBITS, Con^Unued

Primates Being Exhibited with Plants

Walker’s Mammals of the World lists eleven families of primates including
Man. The zoos that responded to this survey are exhibiting primates from
five of these families with plants.

Gorillas are the most exhibited primates. Eleven zoos have planted gorilla
exhibits. The gorilla is a member of the VonQi^dcLH family which also includes
orangutans, gibbons and chimpanzees. This family is native to the tropical
forests of equatorial Africa, southeast Asia, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.
Participating zoos are currently exhibiting eight species of Pong^dac. pri-
mates in 35 separate planted exhibits.

The second most exhibited primate family is the Ce-^ciopdXklcJjiaQ., or old
world monkeys and baboons. These primates are native to varied habitats
from Africa to Southeast Asia. Most primates in this family are arboreal
though baboon species are terrestrial. The zoos in this study are exhibit-
ing fifteen species from the CQAC,opdXhA.CA,dciQ. in twenty planted exhibits.

The LQjmu/iyidciQ, family consists of lemurs, acoumbas, and makis native to
wooded areas of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. These are arboreal pri-
mates except for the terrestrial ring-tailed lemur. Zoos are currently
exhibiting five species of LejmuAyidcLQ. in sixteen planted exhibits. Eight
of these planted exhibits house ring-tailed lemurs.

The CoLtiX-h/LLCyidciQ. family consists of marmosets and tamarins, native to the
South American tropical forest. They spend most of their time in trees and
shrubs and occupy tree cavities at night. Eight species of this family are
currently being displayed in thirteen planted exhibits.

The last primate family being exhibited with plants is the CdbdjdaQ. family.
These are new world monkeys such as the squirrel, cebid, spider, and wooly
monkey. Native from Mexico to South America, these primates are agile run-
ners, jumpers, and arboreal swingers. Zoos are currently exhibiting five
species of CoJoXdciZ in twelve planted exhibits.

Trends Noted in the Survey

The real value of this survey will come from the plant lists to be publish-
ed in January 1985. From these, a zoo planning to renovate a barren en-
closure will find out what plants have been tried in other zoos, and which
zoos will have more information. Surveys are usually an unreliable means
by which to glean scientific facts since the accuracy of the information
reported cannot be guaranteed.

However, some trends were quite obvious to the team. First, there is ex-
treme variability in the use of scientific nomenclature for both animals
land plants in zoos today. In future surveys, zoos will be asked to use
;the scientific names for animals currently in use by ISIS. If ISIS manuals
are not available. Walker’s 4th Edition of Mammals of the World is recommen-
ded. Hortus 3 continues to be the recommended source for plant nomenclature.

Another trend noted in the survey was that for most primate species a wide
irange of results was found. Some zoos had observed little plant damage,

1 while other zoos reported massive destruction. Many factors combine to
determine the overall success of plants in exhibits, but what is noteworthy
|is that in almost every primate species, at least one zoo could claim success
with planted enclosures. For the zoo horticulture field, this was tremen-
dous news!

RESEARCH UPDATE: PLANTS IN PRIMATE EXHIBITS, CoyiUyiae.d

Not all zoos are trying to imitate natural habitats for zoo animals. Some
simply want to provide some greenery to camouflage a concrete wall. This
is often dependent on the zoo's budget if not also on the zoo's statement
of purpose. What is significant is that even zoos that are doing only min-
imal plantings in exhibits are reporting successes.

Zoos are having success using the plant materials available locally. Some
zoos such as San Diego are fortunate to have a climate and budget that al- |

lows them to use tropical plants from the area of animal origin. Other

zoos such as Woodland Park have a climate that allows them to use a wide |

variety of imitative plant materials. Though native to temperate climates, |
these plants can be planted and pruned to create an outdoor "tropical" |

exhibit that animals can use year-round. jj

Other zoos are using outdoor exhibits only during the summer, allowing the j
plants to rest during the cold winter months while the animals are indoors. }
Other zoos are planting their indoor enclosures as well, using tricks of i
illusion by planting around the outside fencing or bringing in soil and |
planting what once were concrete box-like cages. Regardless of the methods j
or plant species used, all of them have been shown to work, with varying i
results. 1

I

li

Another trend noted in the survey was that zoos have been using toxic plantsjj
in or near primate exhibits for years with no problems noted. Plants such |
as yew, privet, and vinca are being used with no ill effects so far. Trees jj
with toxic bark such as black locust, oak, and cherry are being used for
perches in exhibits with no ill effects. Much needs to be research on an j-
animal's ability to detect the toxic properties of plants. It isn't enough I
to go ahead and use toxic plants inside primate exhibits on a grand scale, 1,

yet some zoos have tried their use and they would be worth consulting be- |

fore trying it elsewhere. ^

t

The success of a planted primate exhibit may be partly due to the ratio of j
numbers of animals to the area of the exhibit. At Woodland Park Zoo, where i
there are two gorilla exhibits, the large enclosure with five animals in it i
has five times the area of the small exhibit with one animal. Plant health
in the large enclosure far exceeds that of the small enclosure. I

I

This can't be proven, however, since many other factors are at work. Browse
programs appear to be a definite factor in the success of some primate spec”[
ies, though not all. Animals that can occupy their time eating and playing ;
with browse will not spend as much time damaging live plants. |

The budget given to plant care at a zoo is a definite factor in the success i
of a planted exhibit. Time spent watering, fertilizing, pruning, and re-
planting will all help determine the long-term growth rate and health of ,
plants. Many surveys expressed the fact that plants died not from animal j
damage but from lack of care by the zoo staff. ^

The means by which animals are introduced to plant-filled enclosures will
determine the survival of the plants. Several zoos noted that the success
of their exhibits was partly due to the fact that the plants had been given
six months to a year to become established before animals were allowed into
the area. Once an animal is allowed into an exhibit, damage will be usually^
most severe during the first few weeks. If extra care and replanting can be|j
given to the plants during this time, generally plant damage will decrease i
dramatically once the animal gets used to its new environment. j.

ESEARCH UPDATE: PLANTS IN PRIMATE EXHIBITS, Contlnue.d

aother factor in the destruction of plants is the actual size of the ani-
al. Small tree branches can survive small primates much better than they
an heavy primates. Some tree species can endure more weight than others,
eeping willow may be adaptable with those primate species that spring off
f tree branches. Willows are much more pliable than trees with brittle
Dod.

sing dead tree branches, stumps, rocks, and other natural elements inside
xhibits will reduce the amount of time a primate may have to spend in
iving trees and shrubs.

anclusions We Can Make

tie plant research team was very pleased to see the number of institutions
tiat agreed to participate in the project. Zoos of the world are moving
a the direction of keeping plants and animals together and the response
lown demonstrates the need for more shared information.

le plant lists to be published are certainly not the only place to look
ir new ways to exhibit animals, but they can direct you to zoos that have
ried them.

jbsequent surveys will be sent to zoos in the future. We hope zoos will
intinue to respond as they did for the primate survey. In addition, the
Lant research team will publish a bibliography of literature on the topic
E plant and animal interactions in zoo exhibits.

E your zoo has not been contacted to participate in this research project
id wishes to do so, contact the plant research team at the Woodland Park
lological Gardens, 5500 Phinney Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103. (206)
25-5498. The interest surveys were mailed to Zoo Directors; the primate
irveys and a questionnaire were mailed either to the Zoo Director or
irticulture Staff.

i.v. WORTH WATCHING

Marty Stouffer's 'Wild America' Series
Returns for Third Season on PBS Stations

^ginning 10 January, wildlife film enthusiasts can begin a 10-week
lyssey into the world of North American wildlife when Marty Stouffer's
lid America’ series returns for its third season on PBS. The series
is earned both critical and viewer praise for its film quality, concept
id narrative. According to the November 1983 Report on PBS Programs,
fild America' was rated as the number one regularly-scheduled series,
long the many awards earned by this series are: Best Outdoor Documentary
lOm the Michigan Outdoor Writers Association; Certificate of Special
j•.hievement from the Humane Society of the United States; Gold Medal/
j'.levision Documentary from the San Francisco International Film Festival
jid Winning Television Series from the Outdoor Writers Association of
iierica.

19

T.V. WORTH WATCHING, Co/vUnuad

The third season will include ten, halfhour presentations. They air at
8:00 p.m. EST (check your local listings for airing times in your vicinity

Upcoming programs and airing dates for the third season are as follows:

All-American Animals — 10 January

Feathered Jewels (Hummingbirds) — 17 January

Ringtailed Rascals — 24 January

Canyon Creatures — 31 January

Wolverine Country — 7 February

Fascinating Fishes — 14 February

Wild Refuge — 21 February

Fishers in the Family, Part 1 — 28 February
Fishers in the Family, Part 2 — 7 March
Photographing Wildlife — 14 March

&

Second Caribbean Green Turtle Tagging Trip Announced

For the serious field person, the New York Zoological Society (NYZS)
offers an unusual opportunity to work on the renowned turtle beach of
Tortuguero, in Costa Rica. The NYZS program, now in its second year,
is designed to support and augment on-going sea turtle research spon-
sored by the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC) . The NYZS will
assemble five teams to work during the July-September 1985 turtle nest-
ing season. Teams will be escorted by a NYZS staff member and will be
supervised by a core staff of CCC personnel.

Green turtle research at Tortuguero has been directed by Professor
Archie Carr of the University of Florida for the past 29 years. This
breeding colony is the largest in the Caribbean, and the nesting beach
is protected by the 19,000 hectare Tortuguero National Park. Dr. Carr's
research on sea turtles there has led to a worldwide interest in the bio-
logical mysteries and conservation needs of these endangered reptiles.

The NYZS initiative will measurably bolster the Tortuguero field studies.
In 1984, the program was fully subscribed and our 36 participants were
rewarded with a rare, if rigorous, tropical experience. Excellent food
and housing (by local standards!) are assured at the CCC Green Turtle
Station. The work, however, is tough, with miles of nighttime beach
walking and tagging sea turtles (2,500 seen in 1984) often in heavy
rain. A strong committment and a good will are required. But if ex-
posure to sea turtles and a fine tropical rainforest and its wildlife
appeals to you, please write to us. Participant fees are $1500 and in-
clude roundtrip airfare from Miami, local travel, food and accomodations
in Costa Rica.

Departures from Miami are ienatively scheduled for 12 July, 26 July,

9 August, 23 August and 6 September. Each team period will be of 18
days duration, 14 days at Tortuguero plus 4 days in transit. Optional
tours of the great parks of Costa Rica prior to or after your Tortuguero
field work can be arranged.

Additional information and applications are available from John Behler,
Curator, Department of Herpetology; or Susan Bruml, Travel Coordinator,
New York Zoological Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY 10460.

20

ELEPHANT SET

UNIFORM COMMANDS NEEDED FOR
CAPTIVE ELEPHANT MAINTENANCE

By

Ron ZingeA
Lmd Ele.phant KeepeA
Tope.ka Zoolog-lcal PoAk, Topeka, KS

it the recent Elephant Symposium in New Orleans, a wide range of topics
from elephant management to veterinary care were discussed. But it became
ipparent that one topic would be discussed more than others. That topic
ras basic elephant handling.

rhe days of importing Asian elephants into the U.S. is gone, with very
.ittle chance of it returning. This situation has given rise to the
>lanning for Species Survival Plan (SSP) for Asian elephants. Although
lany details have to be worked out before this program can be implemented,
;here are several things that we, as keepers, can start now.

In the circus world it is not uncommon to ship an elephant from one circus
;o another. But there seems to be a common dialogue of basic commands
;hat allows for a smooth transition for both the elephant and handler,
dthough zoos do share common commands, it is also quite obvious that we
‘stablish our own set of commands for each institution. For one reason
»r another, zoos seem to limit their communication with each other about
iheir elephants’ behavior and management.

,!he time has come for zoos to adopt a policy of cooperation between each
ither and their circus counterparts. After all, we each share a common
Interest in the preservation of the Asian and African elephants.

it the New Orleans conference a group of elephant people volunteered to
ievise a basic set of elephant commands which could be used at any zoo
)r circus. The volunteers are; Tim Stout, keeper at Seneca Park Zoo,
lochester, NY| Susan Moy, keeper at Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL; Jean
iromadka, keeper at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, Escondido, CA; Smokey
Tones s elephant handler and consultant, Westminster, CA; and myself, Ron
'lingar, lead elephant keeper at the Topeka Zoological Park, Topeka, KS.

^he idea is to establish a uniform set of basic commands which could be
shared by anyone. These commands would allow for the basic care of an
.ilephant and are not going to change anyone’s way of working their ele-
j)hants. The main reason for these commands is to minimize stress on the
elephants and the handlers when elephants are shipped for breeding pur-
poses. It would also allow for a common dialogue between all elephant
handlers.

Tver the next couple of months, our committee will be discussing and put-
ting together this set of coiranands which will be published in a future
Issue of AKF . We will also make the list available to anyone who would
Like a copy.

this time I would like to ask for everyone’s help. You can help by
sending me a list of your zoo's elephant commands. This list should
Include those commands which allow for daily maintenance of your elephants,
not specialized conmands used for performance-type routines. Please send
your list to; Ron Ringer, Topeka Zoological Park, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka,

KS 66606.

3ur committee’s goal is to be able to report at the Sixth Annual Elephant
Symposium in Cincinnati, OH that 100% of the zoos which exhibit elephants
lave adopted this list of common commands.

21

RARE CHINESE MONKEYS GO ON
EXHIBIT AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO

Washing 30-foot-high exhibit windows, installing educational graphics and
brightly colored banners, and planning a proper diet for two Very Important^
Primates were part of the last minute flurry of activity at the San Diego |
Zoo as workers prepared for the 21 November opening of a special exhibit ]
for a pair of fascinating and rarely seen Chinese golden monkeys.

The four-month display of the Chinese golden monkeys iRfhinopothe.C.LL6
H-OXelZanan) at San Diego marks the first time this mysterious endangered
species has been shown outside of Asia. Zoo officials consider the
Chinese golden monkey exhibit as a zoological premiere and cultural ex- ij
change, as well as a way to call attention to the plight of the giant '■

panda, one of the golden monkey’s neighbors in the wild.

An opening ceremony welcoming a delegation of Chinese zoo and wildlife t
officials was held and a Zoo guide is stationed at the exhibit to give |
background information on the little-known primates and to answer ques-
tions. A Chinese veterinarian and animal technician will stay in San ' |

Diego throughout the monkey's four-month visit to advise local keepers on
care and feeding. |

"Animals as rare and unique as these Chinese golden monkeys will get the
best care and attention from our keepers, but there are some parts of the ]

diet we haven't quite figured out, "said Karen Killmar, Zoo animal care J

manager. "A golden monkey diet from the Beijing (Peking) Zoo suggests
many fruits and vegetables we can supply, but what is 'millet bread'? And
the Chinese list says the golden monkeys must eat 'yellow mud at appropri- I
ate time frames.' We're not sure what that means." ii

I

The golden monkeys are being displayed in an exhibit which formerly housed '
douc langurs, a related species native to Vietnam. The exhibit's climb-
ing structure had to be modified to support the heavier golden monkeys j

(males weigh up to 35 pounds) and the entire enclosure was sterilized to |
prevent any transfer of potential disease between the Zoo collection and I
the visiting golden monkeys.

Because they are shy and elusive, golden monkeys are rarely seen even by
the people who live in or near the 12 preserves established for the speciesj
in 1965. What little is known of the golden monkeys' wild habits and be- !
havior indicates these tree-dwelling primates live in large groups, some j
Including up to 600 individuals, depending on the season and the available i|
food resources. Their diet consists of leaves and fruit, along with a j|

few flowers, birds' eggs, small birds, worms, insects and lichens. !|

The Ministry of Forestry for the People's Republic of China estimates !

10,000 to 30,000 Chinese golden monkeys remain in the wild. The Chinese
government classifies the golden monkey as a first priority endangered
species. Hunting of golden monkeys has been illegal since the 1960s, but
poaching and shooting still take a toll on the wild populations. The
yellow- throated marten is the species' chief natural predator..

The San Diego Zoo's premiere exhibit of Chinese golden monkeys was ar-
ranged in cooperation with the Chengdu Zoo, a sister zoo in the capital
city of Sichuan province, and the Chinese Wildlife Conservation Associa-
tion.

22

AN ETHOGRAM REPRESENTING THE BEHAVIOR
OF A CAPTIVE TROOP OF BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEYS

Q(ioiiH.oijl] AT THE AKRON ZOOLOGICAL PARK

By

VixLYLt C.M. Von^yth
knAjnaZ CoAd SapoAv^on.
Ak/Lon Zoological ?an.k, AkAon, OH

Statement of Purpose

As the Animal Care Supervisor of the Akron Zoological Park, and the park’s
primate keeper, the behavior of animals is of daily interest to me. Hav-
ing worked with this troop of Black-handed spider monkeys for several years
I found myself wondering if they were getting all that they needed to be
healthy, vibrant animals. Was the nutritional intake well-balanced? Did
they need something to busy themselves with? Did they have enough branch-
es to properly brachiate? Why does that female always sleep alone? The
questions were, and still are, unending.

Hy desire to know as much as possible about this species, and the more de-
manding need to supply them with the best possible care (both physical and
mental), lead me to this research. This ethogram, and the many doors it
has opened in my mind, will help me begin to accomplish both of these goals

Selection of the Study Group

The black-handed spider monkeys were selected for many reasons. Listed
below are the most important factors in their selection.

1. The need for captive behavior research in zoos is quickly becoming
established. The Akron Zoo is striving to implement a behavioral
research program of its own.

2. Reproductive information on this species is inadequate. To begin
learning more about the reproductive cycles, breeding postures,
and habits of this species, an ethogram of typical behaviors is

! mandatory as a beginning step.

3. The accessibility to the author makes this group ideal.

4. A "perfect" sample size is represented in this troop. Different
age groups, both sexes and a full range of personality types assur-
es a well-rounded ethogram. The size of this group is ideal in that

I it is large enough to give examples but small enough not to become
unruly and difficult to keep track of. (See Table 1)

Preparing the Troop for Study

This captive troop of monkeys has been in the author’s care for three
years. Because of the familiarity between the keeper and her subjects,
only a short period of adjustment was required to prepare the troop for
observation. Accustomed to their keeper cleaning, feeding and then leav-
ing, the animals’ routine needed to be changed to include being observed.
After cleaning and feeding, observations were made from a conspicuous
spot no further than five feet away from the enclosure. To further ac-
custom them to change, the observer spoke in a monotone throughout the
[observation time. This procedure was followed daily for fifteen minute
'Sessions over a two-week period. Once this adjustment was made, two
'additional fifteen minute sessions were established at a varying morn-
ing and afternoon time. An additional week was necessary to accommodate

23

BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, CoyvUnued

the troops* adjustment to this further break in their routine. Once this
was accomplished it became possible to tape record and/or take notes dur-
ing any part of the day with only a five-minute adjustment period at the
beginning of each session.

Note: This conspicuous method of observation was chosen after consider-
able evaluation of other techniques. This method allows for further ob-
servations in the summer when the animals are moved to an "on exhibit"
location where inconspicuous observations are impractical.

TABLE 1

Individual

Individual

^Estimated

Basic individual background

I.D. #

Name & Sex

Age

information

207

Dad

10 yrs.

Weight in Spring of '83 =

1.0

25 lbs. Sire of only infant
born to group.

208

B1 ue

10 yrs.

Nov. of '77 = false pregnancy

0.1

Extremely "people-oriented"
Believed to be subspecies
boXzdbuutk.

209

Gol die

14 yrs.

Mery few teeth remaining.

0.1

Limited climbing ability.

All locomotion slow and

del i berate.

210

Cleo

12 yrs.

Weight in Spring of '83 =

0.1

22 lbs. Has limited use
of toes on both feet--per-
manently crippled.

211

Timid

12 yrs.

Top section of the left ear

0.1

is missing due to a bite
from another monkey.

212

Mom

10 yrs.

Fall of '78 tested positive
for Avian T.B. Dam of 1.0,

0.1

Born 2/22/81; sold 2/18/84.

*Animals were received as sexually mature adults with no previous records.
Estimates for ages are taken from a combination of sources including date
of arrival at the Akron Zoo and dental information.

Method of Study

Longhand notes, supplemented by tape recordings (later transcribed onto
the original notes) were the means of data collection. Stick figure
drawings were included in the notes to facilitate categorizing behaviors.
Due to the nature of the study, the data itself was unstructured and un-
defined in the beginning, but consisted of phrases describing behaviors,
positions and interactions of the animals.

The observer entered the building which houses the monkeys and sat upon
a chair placed five feet from the enclosure (see Diagram 1) and in plain
view of the study group. Tape recorder, paper and pencil, and binoculars
were the only tools used. A five-minute adjustment period was required to
give give the animals sufficient time to greet the observer, move about
the enclosure and finally to return to their daily routines.

24

i.ACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ETH06RAM, ConUnae,d

routine session of observation was carried out daily (five days/week)
,rom 10:00 to 10:45 a.m. A morning session and an afternoon session
jere routinely scheduled to last fifteen minutes. An evening session,
gain lasting fifteen minutes, was held three times per week. All three
if the fifteen-minute sessions were held at random times selected to fit
he keeper’s daily schedule. This time schedule was maintained for a
ll-week period beginning in November 1983 and continuing until April 1984.
he total recorded observation hours are 147^^.

alntenance

Resting

Full tuck sitting position-head down (FTHD) : Body is completely tucked
Qto a small ball. The feet are together and the knees are bent. The
ms are wrapped around the knees while the tail is wrapped around the
nkles. The head or just the chin rests upon the crossed arms. The ani-
al is slightly lying on its side, though not enough to consider this a
i^ing position.

Full tuck sitting position-head up(FTHU): Body is position as above
ith one exception. The head is held erect.

Straight back sitting position-tail curled (SBTC) ; With back completely
c almost completely straight, the animal sits with legs bent in a variety
E positions. The arms may be in use, tucked around the knees, or in a
ariety of positions including hanging at the animal’s side and resting
ji a surface. In this position, the tail is always curled around the ani-
kl’s body. It frequently is lying against the same surface as is the
3St of the body, only curled around the legs or feet.

Straight back position-tail being used (SBTU) : Body is positioned as
bove, but the tail is in use. It is either reaching or holding on to
pme object other than another part of the animal’s body.

' Straight back sitting position-tail being used-chin on hands (SBTU*) :

lis is only a subset of the (SBTU) position described above. This
phavior has been observed only in one of the study subjects, but was so
requently observed that it merits mentioning. The subject uses the
SBTU) position, but places his hands one atop the other, usually rest-
ng them on his knee. He then places his chin upon his hands and in-
sntly watches whatever has his attention.

Full tuck sleeping position (FTS) : Body is positioned as in FTHD, but
le animal is completely on one side. There is no mistaking this position
rom the sitting position. In this position, the tail is always curled
jround the body, holding closely to a leg or arm.

Outstretched limb sleep position (OS) : This position is an "un-tuck-
ag" of FTS. The animal will sleep on its side with one or more limbs
icurled from the fetus-style position. The subject will usually remain
1 its side, but occasionally will roll from one side to another while
tretching, and then remain in this position with an outstretched limb.

Fence clinging squat (FCS) : In this captive group, it is common to
Be one or more animals resting in a squat position while hanging from
le enclosure front. The tail is extended behind and above the animal,
itching the fence above the animal’s head. This forms the bulk of the
ipport. The feet grab the fence right at the animals’ waist area, leav-
ig the knees bent to the sides. The arms are now left free for grooming,
ating or holding on.

Fence clinging squat- stomach press (FCS*) : This behavior is only a
ibset of the FCS and have been observed in only one subject. The fre-
lency that this behavior is observed merits its mention. The position
3 as above, but an additional thrust of the stomach, forcing it up ag-
Lnst the fencing, and a turning of the head accompany vocalizations.

25

BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, Contlna^d

ii

i|

1

This is observed when keepers that the animal is used to have entered the |
room. This elicits stomach scratching by the keepers. No other animals '
have perfected this, though others have been observed doing something j

similar in the same type of circumstances. i

t

I

Grooming I

Positions: |

FTHD, FTHU, FTS, SBTU, SBTC are all positions observed in animals that I
are being groomed by one or more conspecif ics . The most common position t
in which to receive grooming is OS. This position is not only assumed j
naturally by the recipient, but it is manipulated by the groomer, by means
of moving the arm, leg, tail or head of the animal they are grooming. j

Sometimes the leg (etc.) is held in position by the groomer, other times i
the leg (etc.) is held in position by the animal being groomed. j

SBTC, SBTU are the positions most frequently assumed by the groomer. '

FTS, SBTC, SBTU are the positions assumed during self-grooming. The |
choice of positions appears to vary in direct correlation with the area ]
the animal is trying to reach or groom. I

Methods :

One handed search (Ih) ; This is a repetitive movement. The animal
uses one hand to make short movements (covering only one square inch of
fur per movement) toward him/her self. This may or may not be accompan-
ied by Mouthing (M) .

Two handed search (2h) ; This also is a repetitive movement. The
animal alternates hands while searching through a small area (about two
square inches) by using short movements towards him/her self. As in Ih,
this may or may not be accompanied by Mouthing (M) .

Mouthing (M) : This movement has only been seen in conjunction with
grooming. After a movement with one hand towards the groomer through a
small patch of fur (Ih) or after a full movement of the (2h) which con-
sists of alternating two hands, the animal will lean forward and mouth
the freshly groomed area. The tongue will hit the area very quickly in
most cases, occasionally the groomer will bite at the area. This mouth-
ing procedure takes no more than a second or so and very seldom upsets
the rhythm set up by the groomer.

Two handed search-random (2hr) : This search is identical to the 2h
with the exception being the random changing of hands. The animal does
not appear to alternate hands or to maintain a rhythm, A slower, less
intense method of grooming. Frequently seen in self-grooming.

Feeding [

Positions;

FTHD, FTHU, SBTU, SBTC, FCS, are all used frequently in feeding situa-
tions.

All fours (AF) : Animal walking on both hands and on both feet. Back
is straight, tail always held aloft and curled at the end, or used to
grasp any nearby object. Subject will stand in this position and pick up
food with tail, hand or mouth.

Bipedal position (B) : In this position, the animal stands with legs
slightly bent, back straight, but at a 60-degree angle with the substrate. '
Tail held erect, or holding on to any object. Food is picked up with tail |
or hands. 1

26

Hp<;i nnat.pd f pp d In n Qtatinng chaHoH airnac ~ i/o^o

BLACK SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, ConUnu^d

27

DIAGRAM 1 - representative sketch of enclosure used during November to April behavioral research. Enclosure is contain-
ed within a building. Temperature is maintained at 70°F.

BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, ConJxnuad

Locomotion

Methods;

AF, B are two of the most common means of locomotion. They are also
the most cumbersome, least coordinated means of movement for these subjects.

Brachiation (Br) : The source of their most frequent means of movement.
This utilizes the arms and tail in alternating fashion while working their
way through branches in a swinging manner. The animal can begin with any
of those appendages, swings the entire body weight on that limb, throws out '
another limb to catch the next branch, and so on. The tail is frequently '
used for three purposes during this movement. 1 - balance, 2 - part of the
actual brachiation process, 3 - a catch net. The tail is the most commonly!
used part of the body to be used if the animal appears to be falling.

Hand-over-hand (HH) ; A gibbon-style of brachiation. Just the hands are
used for swinging and grasping purposes.

Tail lowering (TL) ; This constitutes use of the tail to hold the weight
of the animal suspended as it drops to another branch or the ground. A i
variation of this allows the animal to turn upside down while suspended by
its tail. This has been observed during possible play periods and in a few ■
feeding episodes.

Tail lowering-two handed (TL^) ; This is only a subset of the TL. It >
has only been observed in the oldest group member. While lowering herself
with her tail, she will always support herself with both arms until she ;
feels her feet on the desired spot.

Sideways grasp (SG) ; Due to the captivity of this group, a common f

feeding position is accomplished by holding to the fence at the front of :
the enclosure with the tail above the head (therefore holding the bulk of t
the animal's weight and serving as a pivot point for better maneuvering), t
the body turned sideways, one arm (the one representing the side of the !j

animal against the fence) holding on and either one or both feet grasping ^
the fence. This allows one arm free to search.

Methods |

Backhanded grasp (BG) : Because the animal has no thumb, it has learn- J
ed to use the four fingers with great versatility. This movement places j|
the hand beside the object with the first or index finger hitting the
substrate and the other fingers lying tightly above the first. The palm [
of the hand is facing away from the body. The fingers then wrap around j:
the desired item. ij

Grasp (G) : This movement is just the opposite of BC. In this move-
ment the food is again grasped, but the fingers hit the substrate last ,
or little finger last. The palm of the hand is facing the body.

Finger lift (FL) ; This movement uses all four finger tips to pick up |
the desired item. The fingertips are frequently used for picking up very |
small items, sticky items, or pulling an item off of something else.

Two handed finger lift (2FL) ; As with the FL, the 2FL uses the finger-
tips only, but involves both hands. Used frequently when the animal is in [
a hurry, or has a difficult item to lift. i

Tail grab (TG) ; Using the tail is most often observed only after the
food item has already been identified by sight, touch by hands, or smell.

To grasp the item the animal just wraps the tail around it. Frequently :

employed by animals with both hands full of food coming upon another de-
sired food item. j

Doggie style (DG) : This is the AF position with the exception that j
the straight back is now at a 45-degree angle with the substrate, allow- |
ing for the head to be close to the food. Frequently used when an un- (|
known item is introduced, this method allows the item to be closely in- j!
spected, sniffed, and then quickly consumed if it is desirable. The i

tongue and teeth are both used in this method. t

28

BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, CoyvUnatd

Antagonistic behaviors

Pursuance behaviors:

Chase (C) ; Pursuer actively follows the subject of the aggression.
Vocalizations, smacking with the palm of either hand— either directly on
or at the subject, and an attack then retreat method of forward movement
accompany this behavior. The subject may seem to respond with any of the
below listed Reactions to pursuit.

Chase with assistance (C+) ; This behavior is the same as C but after
one aggressor has begun the attack, one or more animals will assist in the
Ipursuit. The assistants will remain behind and/or beside the originator
and appear to follow his/her lead. The aggressive act ends when the or-
iginator stops pursuing. Assistants have been observed giving a final
shove or a slap to the subject before following the original aggressor.

Slaps, nudges and pushes (SNP) ; Slaps, nudges and pushes are a means
of expressing a possible antagonizing situation without a full-fledged
chase. These are usually preliminary to a C or C+ aggressive attack.

Often times the SNP is all that is needed to avert any further aggression.
The slap is administered with a open palm, the nudge is done with a slight-
ly closed fist, and a push is open palm placed against the subject and
ithen pushing away. Any of these can be used in any combination or alone.

(Ihe most frequently used is the nudge.

jReactions to pursuit

I Chase (C~^) : Subject actively "counter attacks" by using the same
[chase technique as its opponent.

[I Submission (S) i Subject stands in B position, backs up out of the
|pursuants’ reach, hands raised above the head at least to shoulder level,
quiet vocalizations are emitted. In this behavioral reaction, the sub-
ject never turns its back to the pursuer until it plans to take full
flight (FF) from the situation.

Full Flight (FF) ; Upon being pursued or sometime during the aggres-
sive act of chasing, the subject turns its back on the pursuer (from
whatever position it is in) and runs. This running is either done in
ji or AF and ends when the animal , reaches something to climb. Full flight
usually ends with the subject higher than the pursuer and the pursuer
‘jiving up the chase.

Side Stepping (SS) ; Done in the B or AF positions, the subject steps
Sideways away from the aggressor. Very seldom seen in the C situation,

|3ut frequently used to avoid SNP.

Cowering (Co) ; Occasionally the subject will assume the FTHD position,
jrotecting the head with its hands. This has been observed very seldom
md usually by the eldest member of the troop.

Side Stepping Grab (SSG) ; Observed in a feeding situation by a less
iominant animal. The animal will use a side stepping approach to the food
ind then grab a desired item without breaking stride. The animal then
continues forward, side stepping.

Full Flight Grab (FFG) ; This behavior is used during extremely aggres-
sive feeding situations. Instead of using the SSG approach, the animal will
run towards the feeding area, snatch whatever it grabs first and continue
running until safely out of reach of any aggressors . No time is taken to
select a desired item. Instead whatever is touched is selected.

Realizations

Whlnney (W) i The most common sound made by this species. This is
[ligh pitched version of a horse's whinney. Very short and very loud.

Che vocalization is no longer than 4 seconds in duration. It appears to
3e used as a greeting, during the embrace (E) , and as a means of identifi-
ration.

29

BLACK -HANDED SPIDER MONKEY EHTOGRAM, Cowbinuizd

Bark (BB) ; This is a lower tone than that of the W. A bark is ac-
complished with an 0 shape of the animals* mouth and it is deep and
repetitive. It appears to be used during stressful situations as a warn-
ing or a means of complaint. An animal in this troop has been recorded
to have continued this vocalization for a full 6 hours.

Shriek (Sh) ; This sound is long in duration, repetitive and high
in pitch. It lasts for a 10 second count per repetition and is used
when terrified or extremely agitated. Frequently uttered by the male just
before attacking of the others.

Whimper (Wh) ; Resembles a child that is recovering from a bout of
crying. The whimper is a collection of squeaks, air intakes, and sobs.
Frequently accompanies Responses to pursants and will last as long as
15 minutes after an aggressive situation. Whimpers have never been re-
corded coming from the male of this troop of monkeys.

Miscellaneous behaviors

Cricket positions (CP) : This position is assumed when the animal is
trying to feed in the DC method, or when the male is rubbing his chest
in a spot of urine, aromatic foods, or other strong smelling substances
already on the substrate. Similar to the Af position, the animal will
bend all four appendages to allow for the chest to be close to and pos-
sibly touching the ground. A movement from left to right with the chest
against the ground accompanies all attempts to rub the chest on a substrate

Embrace position (E) : A very common behavior position for these sub-
jects under a variety of situations. Two animals approach each other
bipedally. As they near each other they raise one or both arms over their
heads. If subject A bends its head toward subject B*s right underarm area
then B will bend its head toward A’s right underarm area. This is accompai
ied by the W vocalization and the bringing down of the unraised arm around
the back of the other animal. This is maintained from 2 seconds to as lon|j
as 30 seconds. It appears to happen most frequently after some type of al-'
tercation, and can be initiated by either party.

Tail, Arm Swing (TAS) ; Observed very seldom, this appears to be done
during a stressful situation. The right arm and the tail support the
weight of the animal who then raises the head, dangles the other arm and .
both legs, then begins to swing from right to left. This is a very repeti-
tive behavior and is akin to descriptions of neurotic or cage behavior. j

Pacing (P) : Another seldom seen behavior akin to neurotic or cage [
behavior. This consists of many different forms of movement (Br, B and j
HH being the most frequently used) combined in repetition often in a small '
area. This behavior is carried out most frequently by a stressed indivi- I
dual . !

Playful Behaviors (PI) ; A variety of behaviors previously described
when taken out of context appear to be play behavior. TL accompanied by
much bouncing up and down and W vocalizations appears to be an example.
Another example may be the Hit and Skip (HS) behavior observed on several
occasions which consists of an active animal running or brachiating over [
to a resting animal, smacking with an open palm the resting animals’ head
or back and then quickly moving to another area. This was frequently ob- ji
served being carried out by a younger animal. Many other behaviors appear!
to fit this category but require further research. ,

CONCLUSION |i

This ethogram, as it is presented, is a representation of the behaviors
of a captive troop of 1.5r ktoZQJi qa.o{\{\n.oy^ at the Akron Zoo during the
time frame of November 1983 to April of 1984. The author wishes to
acknowledge that this data, and therefore the ethogram, does not include

30

fILACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, Continued

iiehaviors indicative to the environment found only in the outdoor exhibit
l;hat this troop occupies May through October. It is felt, however, that
!;he basic underlying behaviors have been observed and recorded and there-
fore included in this presentation.

he creation of this ethogram gives both the author and the reader a
nroad working base for further behavioral research. This ethogram will
le used by the author as a tool for recording behavior during subsequent
esearch with the hope that a more comprehensive understanding of this
pecies can be obtained.

ilBLIOGRAPHY

Lltmann, S. Social Communication Among Primates. University of Chicago
Press. (1967)

larash, D. Sociobiology and Behavior. Elsevier, New York. (1977)
arpenter, C.R. Behavioral Regulations of Behavior in Primates. Associat-
ed Presses. (1973)

jrook, M. Comparative Ecology and Behavior of Primates. Academic Press,

I London and New York. (1973)

evore, I. Primate Behavior : Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston. (1965)

isenburg and Kuehn, "The Behavior of Ateles geof froyi and related species"
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. (1966)

"Some problems in the analysis and comparison in monkey and ape
1 behavior." Classification and Human Evolution. Washburn, Editor
(1963)

strada, A. ^ "A case of adoption of a howler monkey infant {Atoucutta
vtiZo^a]hY a female spider monkey geoi{\H.OLjyi)" in

Primates. (1982)

afez, E. Comparative reproduction of Non-human primates. Charles C.

Thomas^ (1971) ““ ~

i^ier, J. Biology of Animal Behavior. C.V. Mosby Co. (1984)
rzimeck, B. Crzlmeck* s Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. 10. Van Nostrand,
New York. (1972)

blly, A. The Evolution of Primate Behavior. Macmillan Series in
Physical Anthropology (1972)

iallogg, "Review of Spider Monkeys" Proceedings of the United States
National Museum (1944)

jlein, D., Klein, L. "Aspects of social behavior in a colony of spider
I monkeys" in International Zoo Yearbook. (1971)

The ecology and social organization of the spider monkey - Ateles
I ebuth, Phd. dissertation. University of California at

i Berkeley. (1972)

Keffe, R. , Lifshitz, K. , Linn, C. "Relationships Among Dominance,

1 Inter-animal Spatial Proximity and Affiliated Social Behavior in

Stumptail Macaques (Macaca CUL(lto/.de6 } ” . Applied Animal Ethology (1983)
lorington, B. Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation.
National Academy of Sciences (1976).

le supplementary understanding that has been gained in intense watching

31

BLACK SPIDER MONKEY ETHOGRAM, ConJUnued

of this group of primates has opened many doors to the keeper staff at th
Akron Zoo.

- A predictable estrus cycle has been established for three of the
five females in this group allowing for a closer prediction of birtl
in the case of a pregnancy based totally on behavioral aspects.

- A behavioral "watch" set up by the animal department and maintained
by the zoo's adult volunteers allowed for detailed notes on the firs
breeding activities of our pair of four-year-old jaguars.

- The establishment of a program with the nearby University of Akron
and their Biology of Behavior classes will supply us with fresh re-
searchers while we suggest the subjects for their projects.

- New projects are being discussed all the time. The possibilities
are endless!

IvutitiuUoya to advoAZUo. mploymo^vit oppontuviOU^^ ojia cu>kad to

6md poMlvidwt data, by tho, ISth oi mch month to: OppoAtanlty Knoak^/AKf,
635 Gage. Blvd. , Topeka, KS 66606. TkeAe no change {,0^ ^uch tuttng^.
PZea^e tnetude eZo^tng date6 ^on. po6ttton5 avattabZe.

ELEPHANT HANVLER. . . to assist trainer and participate in African elephant
husbandry program/exotic hoofstock management. Salary - $1,025-$1 ,370
per month, benefits. One year elephant experience is mandatory. Send
resume by 15 February 1985 to Mike Blakely, Curator /Mammals ,

Kansas City Zoo, Swope Park, Kansas City, MO 64132.

KEEPER. .. responsible for care and feeding of collection of
mammals, birds, ^and reptiles, as well as repair and mainten-
ance of cages and pens. Experience required in zoo situation
Degree in zoology preferred but not required. Willing to be
trained in presenting talks to visitors. Must have ability
to meet and deal with the public. Salary $12,000 plus bene-
fits. Send resume to Vince Hall, Claws 'N' Paws Wild Animal
Park, RD# 1, Lake Ariel, PA 18436.

ELEPHANT KEEPER. . .requires high school degree and one year
paid experience in care/handling of animals, including pets,
or high school degree and six months experience in a zoolo-
gical institution, or BS is biology, zoology, animal science
or veterinary technology and a driver's license. Salary
$13,314-$14,312. Send resume to Sandra Kempske, Curator of
Mammals, Baltimore Zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, MD 21217.

REPTILE /AQUARIUM CURATOR. . .requires BS in biological sciences and three
years' zoo/aquarium experience, including one year in supervisory capac-
ity, with knowledge of reptile/amphibian/f ish husbandry and display.
Advanced degree preferred. Will be responsible for collection of reptil
es, amphibians and fish and supervision of subordinates. Salary $22,795
$26,263, plus benefits. Contact Milwaukee County Department of Human
Resources, 901 N. 9th St., Milwaukee, WI 53233. EOE.

EDUCATION CURATOR. . .requires BS in education with biological science bac
ground, teaching and communications skills, ability to prepare written a
oral programs and ability to recruit and train presenters of such progra
Experience in zoological field desirable. Salary $13,500-$19,932, plus
benefits. Send resume and references to James Swigert, Jackson Zoologic
Park, 2918 W. Capitol , Jackson, MS 39209 (601) 960-1575.

O

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32

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name Check heAc /icnmaZ [ ]

Address

$10.00 Associate
Indlv-lduaJU not connected
iA)tth an ayumal coJie lacttcty

$15.00 Affiliate
Othen. iitali and votawteen^

$50.00 Contributing

0A,gantzcution6 and Jndivtduati)

U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE

VAjLecton.ij Injonmatton

$20.00 Professional
VuJUi-tme Keepcju

$25.00 International
All membe/u oatstde the
U.S. and Canada

Job Wo^k A/iea Special JntcAc^ts

Mail this application and check or money order, payable to American
Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Headquarters, Topeka Zoo,
635 Gage Blvd. , Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to the Animal Keeper ' FoAum. The
membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums
in the U.S. and Canada

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

'Animal Keeper' Fo/lcuti publishes original papers and news items of inter-
jest to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles.

I

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
, tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
isize of no more than 6" x 10" (15 cm x 25^^ cm.). Literature used should
ibe cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names.

Articles sent to Animal KeepeAJ>' Fo^um will be reviewed for publication.
jNo commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
addressed envelope.

Telephoned contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will
lot be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

' DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AfiticleJi panted do not nece^6aAily n,eilect the
i opinions oi the Animal Keepefu ' Fonum edUtoAial

i ^ta{){^ OH. oi the Amenlcan Ai^i^o elation oi loo Keepenj^,

terns in the publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
Is requested. Order reprints from the Editor.

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On

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C ' "A A;
OJ -<

FEBRUARY 1985

FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

FEBRUARY 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER TWO

kvibnaZ foAum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the

American Association of Zoo Keepers, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.
Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publishing
costs of Ayumat Ke.e,pe/U)' FoAum, Second Class postage paid at Topeka, KS.
Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

( AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPERS, INC.

NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLUV., TOPEKA, KS 66606
V dotty CtoJik, AdmL¥iU>tAatAV<i SzcJiQjjcnAy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP/Conservation & Research Center PA2^td2.yvt

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park l/Tce PA2AtdilYlt

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Mike Carpenter, Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ 85010
Verona Barr, Miller Park Zoo, Bloomington, IL 61701

COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

G^ald Payno,, V^tAodJ: Zoo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pat SammcULOO, Ltnootn Pcutk Zoo
Historical Committee
loAAy SammoAco, Lincoln PoAk
Professional Standards Committee
Jan McCoy, WoAktngton PoAk Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator

FAank Kohn, NcutionaJt Zoological PoAk
Awards Committee
Mcfee CAockoA, VtckoAAon PoAk Zoo
Legislative Action Committee
Kevin Conway, NZP/CRC, FAont Royal

Connie Cloak, Naskvtllc, TN

Research/Grants Committee

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

EtandAa Atm, Woodland PoAk

Program Library

Anne M. Payne, VetAolt Zoo

Exhibit Design

Plane FonAytn, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accomodations List

OllveA Clayey, Metio ToAonto

Keeper Training Videotapes

OJayne Buchanan, Woodland PoAk

Animal Data Transfer Forms

BeAnle Feldman, Topeka Zoo

Membership Directory

Pal SammoAco, Lincoln PoAk Zoo

Diet Notebook

South FloAlda AAZK ChapteA

Biological Values/Gestation

liaAy f^uAe, San FAanclbco Zoo

Keeper Data Survey

MoAy Slaybaagk, San Antonio Zoo

Reference Search

■LTz McLaughlin, RogeA liJllliam^ PoAk Zoo! Jenny Rent^Aow, Ma6on, Michigan

REGIONAL COORDINATORS
Mike CoApenteA, Phoenix Zoo, AZ,

VlAectoA

Linda RohA
l/acancy
Gene P^eHeA
Angela Keppel
Lee Payne
Lynne 'JXJULoJth
LoAAy SammoAco
Plane Knag,

Alan ShaAple6
Vacancy
Candy Kao^^I

LauAence GledhlH
Joanle Stinson
Vacancy

W.P, Stone MemoAlal Zoo

Philadelphia Zoo
National Zoo
PetAoit Zoo
Indianapolis Zoo
Lincoln PoAk Zoo
RlveAbanks Zoo
Atlanta Zoo

Rio GAande Zoo

Woodland PoAk Zoo
Phoenix Zoo

ME,VT,NH,MA,RJ,CT I

NV

PA,NJ,MP,PE ‘

VA,(jU,VA,PX,

MI I

IN,0H,KV

m,IL,MO,MN,IA I

TN,NC,SC

FL,AL,GA

AR,MS,LA

TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE,

SP,NP

m, OR, IP, MT,(jUV,AK ,

CA,NV,AZ,UT,HI |

Canada i

Tku> moyitk’^ coveA cPiaw^ng oi tkd Bald Eagle, Is by God{^Ae.y Bouayio,. He,
koldM a PkV In AeJ>ouAae ecology {^Aom tkc Sckool oi SlaluAol Pe^ouAceA,
UnlveA^lty oi Michigan and l6 an aatkonlXy on tkc Snail Kite. Tkaniu,
GodiAey!

Scoops
and

Scuttlebutt

NOTE TO CANADIAN MEMBERS ON MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL

Administrative Secretary Dolly Clark wishes to advise all Canadian AAZK
members that they should send ONLY a bank or postal money order in U.S.
funds when renewing their memberships. Sending a personal check, even
if the sender has written "U.S. funds" on the check, requires that
it be processed separately through a separate bank center. This proces-
sing also requires payment of a fee from AAZK which is not built into
the membership fee. Sending payment in either a bank or postal money
order will not only speed up the membership renewal processing, but will
also save AAZK money. Thank you for your help.

TELEPHONE TIPS FOR REACHING NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS

Have you ever called AAZK National Headquarters and were unable to find
anyone in the office? This may have happened to you and we are sorry
for any inconvenience this may have caused. However, what many AAZK mem-
bers may not know is that the Association’s two employees. Administrative
Secretary Dolly Clark and AKF Managing Editor Susan Chan are only part-
time employees and are not in the office all day, everyday. If you need
to reach National by phone, it is best to call between 9:30 a.m. and
2 p.m. (Central Standard Time) on weekdays. One of the employees is
usually in the office during these hours. If you are calling about AKF
and cannot reach Susan Chan, ask for either Bernie Feldman or Alice Miser.
If you call and there is no one available to speak with you, please leave
your name, number and a brief description of the purpose of the call with
the Zoo's secretary. Oftentimes, messages are left and AAZK employees
have no idea of what the caller wanted. Upon returning a long-distance
call, they discover that the individual only wanted a membership applica-
tion or something else that could have more easily and certainly more
economically handled by mail. You can help save yourself frustration
and the Association money by handling questions etc. by mail rather than
long-distance calling. We are, of course, glad to speak with you when
the time factor does not allow postal reply.

FROM THE PRESIDENT

As the New Year begins, AAZK is fortunate to have two very active mem-
bers stepping in to take over projects vacated this past October. Board
member Verona Barr at Miller Park Zoo has been appointed the new Book
Review Coordinator, replacing Ellen Leach. Ellen deserves thanks from
all AAZK members for bringing to our attention the wealth of information
available to zookeepers. Ellen’s book review column has always been one

33

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT, ConUnu^d

of the most popular in AO and she never ran short of members willing to
review the books she had received. It has been a durable column, now in
it fourth year in AKF. Verona Barr will, of course, pick up where Ellen
left off and I expect we will continue to have books reviewed with reg-
ular frequency in AKF. Thanks, Ellen!

Steven Wing at Milwaukee County Zoo is also familiar to AAZK members
through his work with the Professional Standards Committee. Steven is
the newly appointed coordinator of the Infant Development Notebook. He
will be replacing the departing Steve Taylor of Louisville. Steven's job
and its going to be a big one, will be to collect from AAZK members in-
formation on the mother-rearing of animals for which we care. This will
be in notebook format and there will be more information in future AKFs
about this project.

Congratulations and thank you to Verona and Steven for accepting these
positions .

AAZK President

DIET NOTEBOOK

Here is a unique opportunity to share with other keepers the types of
diets used to maintain exotics in captivity. This project has the poten-
tial to develop an excellent reference on captive diets but only if you
participate.

Forms can be obtained from the Collection Centers listed below and when
completed they should be sent to the appropriate center. Please type or
print information, use metric units whenever possible and refer to the
ISIS or lUCN listings for scientific names.

Please become involved.

BIRD COLLECTION CENTER:

KMa. Me^tb^ook
Ldttle. Rock Chaptcn. AAZK
3o¥ici)bon.o Vhavc
LWJic Rock, AR 72204

MAMMAL COLLECTION CENTER:

TiVUlIc CoKAct
Scdgicdck Count// Zoo
5555 Zoo Blvd.
Wichita, KS 67212

REPTILE COLLECTION CENTER:

Bnlnt Spmccn.

Ulnnciota Zoological Gaadcn
Apple {/aUcg, MW 55124

ALL OTHERS:

Bo/j/tk VloAlda CkaptoA AAZK
do Vcbblc Bu/Lck
17860 so; 112 Count
litaml, fL 33157

34

Coming Events

AAZPA CENTRAL REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 3-5, 1985 Oklahoma City, OK

AAZPA WESTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 17-19, 1985 Anchorage, AK

AAZPA SOUTHERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 31-April 2, 1985 Birmingham, AL

SYMPOSIUM ON IMMUNOLOGY OF
ZOO AND WILD ANIMALS

April 12-13, 1985 Columbia, SC

Held at the Riverbanks Zoological Park. For information or to submit a
paper, contact Dr. Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf , Johns Hopkins University,
Division of Comparative Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., G52 Traylor Bldg.,
Baltimore, MD 21205, (301) 955-3726 or Dr. Barbara Thomas, Riverbanks Zoo,
500 Wildlife Parkway, Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 779-8717.

AAZPA GREAT LAKES REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 14-16, 1985 Cleveland, OH

AAZPA NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 28-30, 1985 Boston, MA

1985 GREAT LAKES REGIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

May 5-7, 1985 Detroit, MI

Hosted by the Detroit Zoo Chapter of AAZK. See page 67 of this issue for
details on tentative schedule and registration.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

May 5-8, 1985 Ann Arbor, MI

For additional information contact: Conservation Biology, Wildland Man-
agement Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115 (313) 763-1312.

1985 NATIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

October 20-14, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida AAZK Chapter at Miami Metrozoo, 12400 S.W.

152nd St., Miami, FL 33177. See further information on page 42 of this issue.

35

Births^^ Hatchings

DALLAS ZOO Taml Jone^

B&H for December 1984 include: Mammals - 0.1 Suni, 0.1 Addra gazelle, 1.0
East African oryx, 1.0 Orangutan, 1.0 Kirk’s dik dik; Birds - 0.0.2 Jan-
daya conure, 0.0.2 Society finch and 0.0.1 Yellow-fronted canary.

TAMPA-BUSCH GARDENS Sciian Raafzlci/

December 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 6.4 Defassa waterbuck, 1.0 Dorcas
gazelle, 1.0 Cape buffalo, 0.2 Addax, 1.2 Thomson’s gazelle, 1.0 Muntjac
deer; Birds - 0.0.1 Forsten’s lorikeet, 0.0.4 Fischer’s lovebird, 0.0.2
Goldies lorikeet, 0.0.4 Black-masked lovebird, 0.0.2 Peach-faced lovebird,
0.0.2 Triangular-spotted pigeon, 0.0.3 White-bellied x Yellow-thighed
caique, 0.0.2 Scaley-breasted lorikeet.

WILDLIFE SAFARI John A. CoopeA

B&H from July through December 1984 included 1.0 Dama gazelle (DNS) 1.0
Cape Buffalo and 2.4.1 Cheetah (1.0.1 DNS).

LINCOLN PARK ZOO ScLSan Uoy

B&H for December 1984 include: Mammals - 0.0.4 Kowari, 0.0.12 Capybara
(3 DNS), 0.0.2 Acouchi, 0.0.1 Paca, 0.0.1 Owl monkey (DNS), 0.0.1 Three-
banded armadillo; Birds - 0.0.1 Double-striped thick-knee.

JACKSONVILLE ZOO Anne. Wiggins

B&H for August to December 1984 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Sloth bear, 1.0
Sable antelope, 0.1 Grizzled grey tree kangaroo, 0.0.1 Celebes crested
macaque, 1.1 Gemsbok (DNS), 1.0 Sitatunga, 0.5 Capybara, 0.1 Brindled gnu,
0.1 Common waterbuck, 1.0 Cape buffalo, 1.0 Eland, 0.1 Reticulated giraffe;
Reptiles - 0.0.5 Cuban boa, 0.0.8 Honduran milksnake, 0.0.3 Western dia-
mondback rattlesnake, 0.0.5 Gopher tortoise, 0.0.8 Black rat snake. Hatched
during this time frame was also 0.0.1 Sacred ibis.

PITTSBURGH AVIARY CliaU^ G. Robblyii>

Hatchings for August through December 1984 include: 0.0.9 Elegant crested
tinamou (3DNS) , 1.0.3 Ringed teal (0.0.3 DNS), 0.0.5 Ruddy duck (5 DNS),
0.0.1 Red-and-white crake (DNS), 0.0.10 Common moorhen (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Sun
bittern (DNS), 0.0.1 Double-striped thick-knee (DNS), 0.0.2 Red Lory, 0.0.1
Tawny frogmouth (DNS), 1.1 Levaillant’s barbet, 0.0.2 Blue-necked tanager
(1 DNS), 0.0.2 Troupial, 0.0.3 Zebra waxbill, 0.0.2 Gouldian finch, 0.0.4
Purple glossy starling (3 DNS), 0.0.4 Ruppell’s long-tailed starling x
Chestnut-bellied starling (sexes of respective parents undetermined), 0.0.1
Wattled starling (DNS) and 0.0.2 Rothchild’s mynah.

CENTRAL FLORIDA ZOOLOGICAL PARK Kathy Spe.cfman

August through November 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 1.1 Ocelot, 1.0 Black-
capped capuchin; Birds - 1.1.3 Rothchild’s mynah (3 DNS), 0.0.3 Fischer’s
lovebird (DNS), 0.0.1 African grey (DNS), 0.0.1 Budgerigar (DNS); Reptiles-
0.0.1 Northern earless lizard (DNS), 0.0.2 Common mud turtle, 0.0.2 East-
ern hognose and 0.0.3 Dwarf Haitian ground boa.

36

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, CowUnu^d

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. Stoddard

December 1984 births included: 0.0.9 White-toothed shrew, 0.0.4 European
harvest mouse, 0.0.3 Chinchilla and 0.0.1 Black-faced kangaroo. The Bird
Dept, reports the fledging of 0.0.1 Silver-eared mesia.

SAN ANTONIO ZOO PebT Reed

B&H for December 1984 include: Mammals - 1 Polar bear (DNS), 3.2 Maned
wolf (1.0 DNS), 0.1 Aardvark, 0.1 Chapman's zebra, 1.1 Addax, 0.1 Dama
gazelle, 0.1 Arabian sand gazelle, 1.0 Springbok; Birds - 2 Green jungle-
fowl, 2 Diamond dove (1 DNS), 2 Duyuenbode’s lory, 2 Green-winged macaw,

4 Queen of Bavaria conure, 1 Melba finch, 1 Star finch; Aquarium - Glass
shrimp .

ASSINIBOINE PARK ZOO Pful King

December B&H included: 1 Scarlet ibis (DNS), 2 Gaubian pouched rat (DNS),
0.1 Arabian camel and 2 (at least) Polar bear.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO SUv^n M. Wing

B&H for December 1984 Included: 0.0.3 Parrot-billed seedeater, 0.0.2
Diamond dove, 0.0.1 Tree shrew (DNS) and 0.0.1 Vampire bat.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO B. Bakn^

Included in the December 1984 B&H are: 0.1 Reeve’s muntjac, 2 Cape Barren
goose, 1 Nicobar pigeon, 1 Victoria crowned pigeon (DNS) , 1 Brimstone
canary and 1 Prehensile-tailed skink (DNS) .

METRO TORONTO ZOO doAAy HoiaaoJi

November 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Brush-tailed bettong, 0.0.6
Bennett's wallaby, 1.1 Egyptian fruit bat, 0.0.1 Douroucouli; Birds -
0.0.2 Zebra dove, 0.0.1 Zebra finch; Invertebrates - 0.0.90 Brazilian
giant cockroaches.

37

WORKSHOP PARTICIPATIQM ENCOURAGED

By

Pat SammaA-co

KzzpoA. Education Committee CooA.dinatoA.

Spring is on its way, and with it comes
opportunities to share our enthusiasm
and experience at the various Regional
workshops of the American Association
of Zoological Parks and Aquariums. The
papers at these meetings are always in-
teresting, and the people anxious to
make contact with other animal care pro-
fessionals. This year is a real cele-
bration for Zoo Keepers, since the AAZPA
has finally allowed Keepers a member-
ship category of recognition. Check the
list of upcoming events, and register for a Regional. You will find that
other conference participants are interested in you, your animals, and in
AAZK. If you are planning to attend a workshop, contact your Regional
Coordinator (listed in the front cover) for brochures, advice and contacts
at the meeting. R.C.s officially represent AAZK at conferences.

The Keeper Education Committee is continuing to identify and develop re-
sources to add to our professional knowledge. The’ Exhibit Design Form
will be ready for distribution soon, with a legal release form taking
time to develop. Once this project is fully functional, it will go out
of the Keeper Education Committee and become an independent project like
the Animal Data Transfer Forms. Diane Forsyth has put a lot of work into
this information source and deserves a lot of thanks.

Bibliographies on topics of interest to you are being made available from
the Reference Search Project. If you need information about published
papers and articles about our animals, please contact Jenny Rentfrow, Liz
MacLaughlin or Marilyn Cole. You may also want to send them indexes of
specialist journals that you receive to help fill their resource list.

These are only two of our many educational activities. If you have ques-
tions or suggestions, please send them to me, or directly to a project
head. Sharing knowledge and ideas is what continuing our education is
all about.

KEEPER

education

YOUR INPUT IS NEEDED! ! !

If you have not already done so, please take the time to fill out the
questionnaire from the Manual Review Project which appeared in this
column in last month's AKF . Return the completed form to: Beth Poff
at Mill Mountain Zoological Park, P.O. Box 13484, Roanoke, VA 24034.

Also, the Diet Notebook Project is still needing input from the member-
ship. Their specific requests and the names and addresses of collection
center coordinators have appeared the past several months in AKF. It
was most recently published in the January 1985 issue on page 2.

Our various projects are only as good and useful as the information which
members are willing to offer. Your assistance is greatly appreciated.

&

38

AN INAL KEEPERS^ FQRUFl SURVEY RESULTS

(EcLutoA.’6 Note.: The iolZoMtng a/ie the ^tcutlitleat /le^iitU the AKf
^uAvey iA)hteh M(U pubLuhed tn the NovembeA 19S4 edUtton. QueJitlonncuAe^
MeAe cLti>o dUtntbuted at the National. kklK ConleAenee In Seattle. A
total 0^ 186 6uAvey6 MeAe AetuAned. Ml Ae^pondenti) did not anMveA all
quei)tlon6 and theAe^oAe each eategoAy may not neee^^oAily add up to the
total numbeA oi AetuAned 6uAvey6. Next month, the edltoAlal 6ta^^ Mill
publish a second poAt oi tkli> 6uAvey, highlighting the comments Aecelved
on -6peel^lc topics as well as ouA Aespovises to those comments. lOe deeply
appAeclate those Mho took the tune to complete and AetuAn the suAvey. It
Is Impontant to AemembeA that AKf belongs to the entlAe AAZK membeAshlp
and youA comments and suggestions at any time oAe Melcomed. )

1. Are you satisfied with the present front cover drawings of AKF?

YES 140 NO 46

2. Are you satisfied with the present front inside cover layout of Editors,
Board of Directors, Project Heads, Coordinators and Chairmen?

YES 180 NO ^

3. Are you satisfied with the present inside back cover format for mem-
bership application/information?

YES 173 NO 8_

4. Every effort is made to have the AKF in the mails the first Friday of
every month. On the average, when during the month do you usually
receive your AKF?

EARLY IN MONTH - 69 MIDDLE OF MONTH - 78 END OF MONTH - 18

5. After you receive do you: KEEP Vn PASS ON _7_ THROW 3

6. Do you read your monthly AKF? YES 180 NO 1

7. Does your Zoo library receive AKF? YES 93 NO 52

8. Have you used husbandry hints or other ideas from AKF in your job?
YES 81 NO 38

9. Have you ever submitted an article and/or drawing to AKF?
YES 59 NO 125

10. Have you ever put in a request for "Information Please"?
Yes 38 NO 142

If so, did you receive any response? YES 24 NO 18

11. Have you ever responded to a survey request published in AKF?
YES 68 ■ NO 108

12. Have you ever applied for a job which was listed in "Opportunity

Knocks"? YES 44 NO 137

If so, were you successful in obtaining the job? YES 10 NO 34

13. Do you like having the proceedings of various workshops, conferences

included in special issues of AKF? YES 182 NO 3

14. Do you like the expanded December issue containing National Conference
Proceedings? YES 154 NO 23

39

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM SURVEY RESULTS, CovuUna^d

15. How would you rate the job being done by the editors in putting

together the AKF and in covering topics of interest to the membership'ii

Formating of AKF;

Excellent 90

Good

84

Fair

11

Poor

Contents of AKF:

Excellent 81

Good

87

Fair

14

Poor

16. Of the numerous regular and semi-regular sections of AKF, how do you
rate the frequency with which you read the following:

Section

ALWAYS

SOMETIMES

NEVER

Scoops 6i Scuttlebutt

129

47

1

Births & Hatchings

100

67

14

Coming Events

152

26

2

Continuing Keeper Ed.

124

55

1

Chapter News

86

86

7

Opportunity Knocks

146

33

1

Legislative News

85

86

9

Elephant Set

99

64

17

Bird Calls

87

78

14

Great Ape Pandomonium

111

56

11

Rep tile /Amphibian Potpourri 89

72

18

Education Alternatives

107

68

3

Feed Bag

126

55

1

Exhibit Options

125

47

3

Book Reviews

103

71

4

Information Requests

152

29

0

Keeper’s Alert

151

27

0

Think Safety!

135

43

3

Struggle for Survival

121

56

2

Statistics compiled by

Alice Miser,

Executive Editor, AKF.

Suggested changes and comments on specific topics of concern will be
published in the March issue of Animal Keepers’ Forum.

40

Quality exotic animal diets
Fixed formulation
Nutritionaiiy balanced

Frozen feline diets
Frozen bird of prey diets
Frozen canine diet

Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts,
livers, rib, shank, and knuckle bones

Economical

Zu/Pteem"

Feline canned
Primate canned
Marmoset canned

Omnivore dry
Primate dry

SPECTRUM

Banana flavored primate, 15% protein
Banana flavored primate Pro-Plus, 25%
protein
Omnivore dry
Polar Bear dry
Ratite dry

Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium

When you need a complete line of high-quality dry,
canned, and frozen animal diets for your feeding program,
call Animal Spectrum today.

ME CALL DOES iT ALL

^/7r\r7r\ ■

In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

Animal SPECTRUM Inc.

Box 6307 Lincoln, NE 68506-0307

Conference Committee Chairman:

Conference Headquarters:

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985

Miami, Florida

Rachel Rogers
South Florida AAZK
12400 S.W. 152nd Street
Miami, FL 33177

Coconut Grove Hotel
2649 South Bayshore Drive
Miami, FL 33133

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE

Sunday, 20 Oct.

Regi strati on
Board Meetings
Ice Breaker

Tuesday, 22 Oct.

Tour of Miami Metrozoo
Zoo Lunch
Workshops
Zoo Olympics

Dinner provided by Docents

Thursday, 24 Oct.

Paper sessions all day
Lunch on your own
Banquet - Auction

FIRST CALL

Monday, 21 Oct.

Paper session all day
Lunch at Coconut Grove Hotel
Monty Trainers (local restaurant/
bar)

Wednesday, 23 Oct.

Dreher Park Zoo
Zoo Lunch

Soccer & Volleyball
Dinner on your own

**A trip to the Everglades is being
discussed as a optional pre/post
(to be decided) conference trip.

FOR PAPERS

Papers are requested for the 1985 AAZK National Conference. This year's
theme - "Husbandry/Maintenance of Traditionally Difficult Animals" - was
selected to encourage Conference delegates, whose interests are so di-
verse, to share their experiences and knowledge with others. It is only
by sharing this information that others may learn, and thereby use these
ideas to aid them in the future and avoid mistakes that have been made in
the past.

Papers will be limited to 20 minutes with a five-minute question/answer
period. The registration fee for the conference will be reduced for
those people whose papers are accepted. Please notify us of any equip-
ment needed. If you will be using video tapes, only VHS will be accepted.
Please submit an outline or abstract by 1 August, 1985. Send papers, in-
formation or questions to: Bn.2JX Banno/i, AAZK Con^eAe.nca, Soiith ftonU^da
Ckapt^A, 12400 S.W, 152nd St., Miami, FL 33177.

42

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE REGISTRATION FORM
October 20 - 24, 1985

Please fill in and return this form with your fee to:

Rac-hh RogeAA
Con^eAmce. R£.g-l6t^ation
South V to Alda AAZK
11400 5.W. ISlvid, StA2,2t
Miami, n 33177

CONFERENCE REGISTRATION

NAME :

ADDRESS: CITY:

STATE/COUNTRY: ZIP/POSTAL CODE:

ZOO AFFILIATION (if applicable):

AREA OF INTEREST

VEGETARIAN: YES NO

WILL BE PARTICIPATING IN ZOO OLYMPICS: YES NO

BRINGING AN AUCTION ITEM? IF SO, BRIEFLY DESCRIBE:

WILL BE SUBMITTING PAPER: YES NO

($15,00 will be refunded on acceptance of paper)

TRANSPORTATION: (car, plane, etc.)

AAZK MEMBERSHIP STATUS & FEE:

Member or Spouse $55.00

Non-member. .$60.00

Late Registration Fee.. $15.00

TOTAL FEES ENCLOSED .$_

ONE DAY RATES FOR INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCE EVENTS ARE AVAILABLE. Please
contact Rachel Rogers for Information.

Please make this check payable to: "SOUTH FLORIDA AAZK". The deadline
for Registration is Thursday, 15 August, 1985. Hotel information will
be available in the March 1985 Animal Keepers' Forum.

43

Reptile Care: Relating To Deotile

The Inquiring Novice - Part 8 ^ ^Amphibian

^ potpourri

By

Silvan M. BoJincuid, S^/UoA, Ke.^peA
Ve.pt. o{, HeA-petology
Atlanta Zoological Pa/ck, Atlanta, GA

ENVIRONMENT

(Humidity and Water Requirements)

Generally, reptiles need relative humidities between 30-70%.

Water and humidity maintenance problems are major contributors to ill-
health in captive reptiles. For example, air conditioning causes many
skin problems which can be remedied by supplementing humidity with larger
water bowls, misting daily, or by placing damp substrate material in one
corner of the animal's cage. But, care should be taken when using damp
substrates such as moss and other absorbent material: excessive humidity
can promote blisters and other skin problems.

Desert dwellers derive most of their water from the food they eat, and
they require lower relative humidity than those living in rain forests.
However, most reptiles drink directly from standing water, and many snakes
preparing to shed will often soak in their water bowls. For different
reasons box turtles and some tortoises also soak in water; therefore, they
should be supplied with water receptacles (at least twice the turtle's
body size) that are shallow enough to provide easy access and prevent
drowning. Animals who lick water from morning dew or raindrops are un-
familiar with deep water; therefore, a piece of slate or some pea-gravel
can be placed within the bowl to prevent their drowning. Larger lizards
and snakes tend to tip their water bowls; bowls should be heavy enough to
prevent this problem.

Regardless of an animal's mode of acquiring its water, a water bowl should
always be supplied.

INSECT DISPLAYS AND REARING

AT THE CINCINNATI ZOO

By

Ullan K, BiUdklng
CuAatoA oi InvQAtdbfiatd^

C^ncUnnatl loo, C-lndlnncutl, OH

Live insects on display is one of many unique features at the Cincinnati
Zoo. The Insect World exhibit opened to the public in 1978 and was the
first exhibit of its scope and magnitude in North America to be specific-
ally designed and built "from the ground up" to display living arthropods.

It won the National Exhibit Award for the year 1979 by being judged the
best display to open at any zoological park or aquarium in the United States
and Canada. It was designed to be an educational exhibit that would appeal
to a diverse audience of all ages and educational backgrounds. The dis-
play introduces people to the world of insects and is seen by about one
million visitors each year. This includes about 130,000 students from
grade schools, high schools, and colleges who come with their instructors
on organized tours to learn about insects.

In addition to the people who have seen the exhibit in person, millions
of others are reached through the media systems. The Insect World has
contributed dozens of newspaper articles, radio, and television segments
both locally and nationally.

The visitors are directed through the exhibit along a sequential path
dealing with such topics as insect morphology, evolution, numbers and
mass, relations with plants and other animals (including humans), defense
and escape, senses, locomotion, reproduction, and social behavior. The
theme of the Insect World is diversity with the living displays extensive-
ly supplemented with graphics, photographs, models, and preserved speci-
mens which ensures the representation of most of the major groups of in-
sects. The combination of both museum and zoological garden techniques
results in a unique and attractive presentation.

Insect identification railings or "pinning rails" are located in front of
the display walls and contain appropriate pinned specimens, text, paint-
ings, and line drawings. The specimens and labels can be easily changed
thus insuring flexibility and interchangeability between the displays.

This format makes it possible to immediately place on display newly ac-
quired species.

In designing the Insect World it was felt that captive insects would be
best displayed in a naturalistic context, with the primary focus placed on
how they live in their world. The introduction of living plants and other
animals into the display serves to underscore the enormous importance of
insects in nature.

Among the most popular displays are those in which visitors can actively
participates pulling out drawers to find answers to quiz questions; step-
ping onto a scale to see how many insects equal their weight; or sliding
moveable magnifying glasses over specimens to have a closer look. Visi-
tors especially enjoy insect demonstrations conducted by Insect World
employees and zoo volunteers where selected arthropods can be picked up
and held for an even closer examination.

One of the highlights of the Insect World is the butterfly "aviary" where

45

INSECT DISPLAYS AND REARING AT THE CINCINNATI ZOO, Continued

visitors actually enter the enclosure which houses the insects. Represent-
ed here is a jungle clearing in which Heliconiid butterflies and humming-
birds can be seen surrounded by lush tropical vegetation including orchids,
bromeliads, trees, and flowering vines.

Live specimens displayed in the Insect World are obtained by several meth-
ods. Commercial suppliers supply certain moths, butterflies, and stick
insects. Numerous exchanges of specimens have been made between the Cin-
cinnati Zoo and several museums, universities, and other zoos. In addition,
insects are acquired by donations and collecting trips, both local and
tropical. These sources provide important fresh material for display and
for the development of new rearing techniques and life history investiga-
tions.

Many factors enter into insect colonization, display design, and display
maintenance. Most of the 63 live displays are serviced daily from the
public side by sliding them forward out of their wall mount locations.

Cage construction consists of a plywood bottom with a wood moulding around
the front and sides, a molded fiberglass back, a glass front, and a hinged
plexiglass lid with one or two screen ventilation panels depending on cage
size .

Certain species can be reared in continuous cultures in the display cages
(milkweed bugs [OnCLOpeiXiUi ) ; flour beetles (T/U-bo-tlLWi) ; Collembola; chafer
beetles jPachnoda) ; various cockroaches; etc.) But most of the approximate-
ly 100 species of Arthropods at the Insect World are kept in breeding cages
in the service area and transferred to display cages at the appropriate
stage of development. A greenhouse is used to raise Heliconiid butter-
flies and to grow foodplants for phytophagous insects during winter.

A discussion of rearing techniques for a few particular insect species may
serve to illustrate a number of key considerations for insect propagation
under display conditions. The arthropods displayed at the Insect World
fall into three general rearing categories: 1. continuous culture (with
overlapping generations), 2. seasonal rearing (or non-overlapping genera-
tions), and 3. maintaining individuals (not reproducing in captivity.)

Among the insects which are raised in continuous culture, the Heliconiid
(passion-flower) butterflies from the New World tropics are good examples
for many considerations which must be accomodated when rearing and display-
ing insects. The adult butterflies are provided with flowers which pro-
vide a sufficient amount of nectar (e.g. Lantana) and pollen (e.g. AnguAXcL
and GuAaviLa — both tropical Cucurbits) from which the butterflies extract
amino acids. Sugar -water feeding stations can be provided in emergencies.
Larval foodplants (passion-flower vines) are placed in oviposition cages.
?CU>^d.{^toKCL caOAuJizCL and ^ have been the two most useful and ver-

satile species of Heliconiid foodplants at the Insect World. Several
predators species which have depressed butterfly populations at the Insect
World include: Pharaoh ants. Carpenter ants, and Pillbugs which prey upon
eggs, larvae, and pupae; jumping spiders and wolf spiders which attack
larvae; and various web-spinning spiders which prey upon adult butterflies.
Since the use of insecticides in an insect exhibit poses obvious hazards,
cultural and biological controls are used whenever possible.

Another of the permanent displays is the honeybee colony. The bees are
allowed to forage outside, however, since it is a small colony (five
frames) supplemental feeding (sugar syrup and pollen substitute) is usually
necessary during late winter and early spring.

46

INSECT DISPLAYS AND REARING AT THE CINCINNATI ZOO, CowUna^d

One of the highest maintenance of the continuous culture species is the
Leaf-cutting ant colony {AtZa cotimbd^ca] — one of the fungus culturing
species of ants. The display colony at the Insect World requires liter-
ally an armload of leafy branches every day throughout the year. Fresh
branches are used during warm months. Frozen leaves, greenhouse plants,
and evergreen shrubs are used during the winter. Plant preferences of
the ants change from day to day so leaf species must be provided on a
rotating basis. Also, moisture and temperature levels in the fungus gar-
den must be closely watched and adjusted appropriately.

Several species of stick insects are reared and displayed in continuous,
overlapping generations. Among these are the Javanese leaf insect
( VkytUjum ) and the Giant Asian walking stick ( EuAycnmci] both of which
have year-long life cycles. Since the eggs incubate for six months,
overlapping generations are essential to keep this species on display.

Another more extreme example of long development time is the Malayan leaf
insect ( H qXqAO ptOAyx ) which has a two-year generation (eggs incubate for
nine months) .

Among the predatory species displayed, one of the more unusual is the
hematophagous bug [V■lpeX2Zog(L^lt(^A maXMna] from Baja California which is
believed to be the largest blood-sucking bug in the world. This species
requires a blood meal at each nymphal instar and at monthly intervals
during the adult stage.

The Hickory-horned devil or Royal walnut moth ( C-LtkoAOVlLd ^zgcilAJ) ) is one
of the local species in the Cincinnati area which is displayed on a sea-
sonal basis limited mainly by foodplant availability.

Another seasonal species is the Owl butterfly {CalA.go) of the New World
tropics. Adults have been reared at the Insect World from eggs laid by
wild-caught females but so far no matings have been observed and no fer-
tile second-generation eggs have been produced.

Some encouraging results were obtained with the Royal goliath beetle
( GoUjCUthoAi ^dgZiLi) ) of West Africa which arrived at the Insect World in
1980. Wild-caught females oviposited in captivity and larvae were reared
on decayed ktb(l.zXxL wood and fruit (mainly cantelope rind) . For undeter-
mined reasons about 90% of the original 55 larvae died during the pre-
pupal and pupal stages. Only two survived to the adult stage — both males.
Both specimens lived out their lifespans at Cincinnati and while it is
hoped to exhibit and breed this species in the future, none are currently
housed at the Insect World.

The Hercules beetle {VyyiCU>t2^ ) from the New World tropics showed

good reproductive success in 1981 when eighteen larvae from eggs laid by
wild-caught females were reared. The largest of these larvae weighed just
over 102 grams. These larvae matured to the adult stage, mated in cap-
tivity and the Insect World staff is currently rearing a totally captive-bred
second generation of this species.

Species which have not reproduced in captivity at the Insect World are
numerous and include the Rainbow grasshopper [Vacutytotim] from the
southwest United States. Mating was observed in this species, but no
oviposit ion took place. This species is not currently housed at the Insect
World.

47

INSECT DISPLAYS AND REARING AT THE CINCINNATI ZOO, CowUnuzd

The Harlequin beetle {AcAOcU.nii6 ) is another large, attractive beetle from
the American tropics which makes an interesting display with the males
being quite territorial. Encouraging results have occurred from specimens
collected on a recent trip to Trinidad. In 1984 eggs were laid and the
larvae are now being raised and are reaching maturity. Currently, the
larvae are about half way through their life-cycle. This species is
collected and displayed every year.

The brilliantly- irridescent green VtcUi-totAJi (a scarab-type of beetle from
the southwest United States) was collected during a field expedition this
past summer and preliminary reproductive efforts are encouraging. Eggs
were laid by the wild-caught females and larvae are currently being rear-
ed.

In conclusion, the Cincinnati Zoo’s Insect World was designed to be an
attractive and entertaining educational exhibit which would introduce
visitors to insects. The Insect World is well suited for use as a teach-
ing aid for Entomology or Animal Behavior classes. We have learned much
about insect display and rearing and continue to learn while at the same
time the displays allow visitors to have a close look at living insects
and to learn what insects are, how they have adapted to survive, and how
they interact with plants and other animals in nature.

THINK Safety!

SubmUXe-d by JllZ G^ade,
Sa{^zty Column Coon.cU.natoH.

Good news! Denise Robinson writes that the Philadelphia Chapter might be
interested in producing safety buttons and bumper stickers. She also has
a terrific idea for safety warning stickers to be used in keeper work areas.
At this point we are simply exchanging thoughts on design — any more ideas
out there?

During a recent visit to the Lincoln Park Zoo, I noticed several articles
on animal-realted accidents pinned to a keeper message board. This is an
excellent idea. Such articles, large or small, could even be zeroxed and
distributed throughout your zoo. The accidents reported need not relate
to your specific work area - such reports serve as reminders to everyone
to THINK SAFETY. And how about sending some of those articles to me for
an even wider distribution? My current mailing address is: 1437 N. Wicker
Park Ave. , Chicago, IL 60622. Articles may also be sent directly to the
AKF. Be sure to include source information.

Even more valuable than outside articles, are recollections of personal
experiences involving safety. Have you ever been involved in or witness-
ed an accident? Have you ever discovered and eliminated a safety hazard
before someone was injured? Seen any safety comics lately, or know of
someone able to draw one up for you? Anecdotes? Stories? A new safety
campaign at your zoo? Just think, a contribution to this column could
save a life— THINK SAFETY!

48

Publications Available

NEW TRADE LAW REPORT AVAILABLE FROM WORLD WILDLIFE FUND-U.S.

Latin American Wildlife Trade Laws by Kathryn S. Fuller and Byron Swift
is a country by country analysis of the laws that govern wildlife trade
in Central and South America and also provides current information about
domestic wildlife restrictions in the entire region. A list of protected
and regulated species is included for each country.

This publication has received enthusiastic support from World Wildlife
Fund-U.S., the CITES Secretariat, the lUCN’s Environmental Law Centre, and
the natural resources agencies of the Latin American countries. U.S.
government agencies, such as the Departments of Interior and State, have
offered both financial and technical assistance. Other non-governmental
groups, including the International Association of Fish and Wildlife
Agencies, have also been generous supporters.

Plans are already underway to expand the report’s scope to include other
regions of the world, notably Asia, Africa, Oceania and the Caribbean.
Regular updates of the report will include new developments in Latin
American wildlife trade laws and expanded coverage of plant trade laws
and regulations.

The 354-page report has been published in both English and Spanish and
is available for U.S. $11.50 each. Make vour check pavable to World
Wildlife Fund-Trade Law and mail it to TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), 1601 Connecti-
cut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009.

ZOOLOGICAL PARKS OF U.S. AND CANADA GUIDE PUBLISHED

Lions, Tigers and Bears by freelance travel writer Jefferson G. Ulmer,
is billed as the most comprehensive guide to live animal exhibits in the
United States and Canada. All institutions with permanent onsite animal
collections open to the public — over 700 in all — are included: zoos,
aquariums, reptile displays, nature centers, fish hatcheries, visitor
farms, and children's museums. Entries are listed alphabetically within
sections devoted to states or provinces. Each entry gives address, tele-
phone number, hours, fees, highlights of the collections, and educational
programs and facilities. An index of park names completes the volume.

The 256-page, illustrated volume is available through Garland Publishing
Inc., 136 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016 (212) 686-7492). Prepaid and
credit card orders include postage and handling fees. Price per book is
$20. Credit card orders should include type of card, account number,
expiration date and authorized signature.

WHITE-TAILED DEER: ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Published by the Wildlife Management Institute, this exhaustive volume
represents the product of 9 years of effort by 72 authors, and details
virtually all aspects of white- tail history, behavior, habitat and man-
agement .

While written primarily for use by professionals in the wildlife field,
the book was also carefully prepared to be of use to sportsmen and others
interested in wildlife conservation. Its pages contain more than 450
photos, original artwork and approximately 2,400 references.

Copies are available from Stackpole Books, Cameron and Keller Streets,
Harrisburg, PA 17105.

49

THE STRUGGLE

SURVIVAL

VIRUS BLAMED FOR WHOOPING CRANE DEATHS

An extensive investigation into the recent deaths of seven
whooping cranes (GAcU ameAA^cana} at the Patuxent Wildlife
Research Center in Laurel, MD, has revealed that the birds
fell victim to a virus, eastern equine encephalitis. The
virus was transmitted to the birds by CLilAJ>QX.a meZanuAa, a
mosquito that is not known to bite humans. Biologists do
not know what brought this mosquito into contact with the
whooping cranes, which are kept outdoors, but the onset of
cold weather will kill any remaining mosquitos this season.

By late November, all of the remaining whoopers appeared to
be well. As a precaution, biologists are experimenting with
a vaccine on similar, but non-endangered birds.

The seven birds (five females and two males) that died were
part of a captive flock maintained at the research center
for breeding. Offspring from the Patuxent flock, which now
numbers 32 birds, have been "cross-fostered” with sandhill
cranes iGA.Li6 canade.yi6^ ) in an attempt to establish a second
wild whooping crane flock migrating between Bosque del
Apache (New Mexico) and Grays Lake (Idaho) National Wildlife
Refuge. Only one of the seven Patuxent birds had produced
offspring.

The virus was identified jointly by Patuxent, the NWS’s
National Health Laboratory in Madison, WI, the Center for
Disease Control in Atlanta, the U.S. Army’s Fort Detrick in
Maryland, the Maryland Department of Agriculture, the
University of Maryland, and the Department of Agriculture’s
National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa.

The recent deaths are the first time that encephalitis virus
has been documented among whooping cranes. Although Eastern
encephalitis typically attacks the brain and central nervous
system in mammals, birds exhibit few symptoms and investi-
gators in the Patuxent outbreak noted liver damage as the
most common effect in many of the dead cranes.

The low point for the whooping cranes in the U.S. was reach-
ed in 1941, when just 15 were left in the wild. The U.S.
and Canada have worked jointly to build up whooping crane
numbers through research, captive breeding, habitat protec-
tion, and strict law enforcement. Today, in addition to the
32 captive whoopers at Patuxent, there are approximately 90
whooping cranes in the wild flock that migrates from Canada’s
Wood Buffalo Park to Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in
Texas and 35-38 in a second, experimental wild flock which
migrates between New Mexico and Idaho.

Endang2A2.d TechyUadl BuIZedUn

l/ol. IX, No. 11 [1984]

50

YOU CAN'T TELL THIS BIRD BY ITS COVER

By

Vubblii Hm-UX, Ho^p^al Ke,epeA
San V^e.go loo, San Vltgo, CA

!(^hat sex are the condor chicks? Curiosity surrounding this question is
certainly strong, fueled by an intense worldwide interest in the fate of
the critically endangered California Condor {Gymnogyp^ cati^0An^nLL6} .

With less than three dozen of these magnicifent birds left alive in the
World today, the curiosity at the Center for Reproduction of Endangered
Species (CRES) is far from idle.

|SRES researchers have worked to develop and test a reliable method of
determining the sex of newly hatched chicks. Their efforts will contribute
significantly to the California Condor Recovery Program, under which it is
proposed to release juvenile condors hatched in captivity back into the
l^ild as early as next year. For this plan to succeed, the sex ratio of
:he chicks from each season must be known.

\i major difficulty in doing research with endangered species is that there
jire simply too few of the animals available to test or observe. In sexing
California Condors, the basic problem was compounded by another: the birds
ire apparently not externally sexually distinct at any age. Male and fe-
males look identical. Still another challenge faced by the CRES research-
irs was to devise a sexing method that is totally safe for the young birds,
;hat can be done without touching them and that is potentially applicable
;o the rarest of species.

'he egg waste estrogen (EWE) analysis developed by CRES under the direction
if Arden Bercovitz, an avian reproductive physiologist, appears to over-
:ome all of these problems. The test is passing rigorous evaluation of its
eliability with flying colors. Results of EWE analysis on the six chicks
latched in 1984 indicated that all are female. Chromosomal evaluation
rom blood samples taken later confirmed the EWE analysis results.

'.s a condor embryo grows during the last half of incubation, the gonads
testes in males and ovaries in females) begin to function. Estrogens
nd androgens are produced. As this happens, the metabolic waste products
f these hormones accumulate inside the egg. They then are readily and
jasily measurable if fecal material is collected from the shell remains when
he chick hatches.

n ovary produces more estrogen than does a testis, and one major estrogen,
|Stradiol (E2) , is greatly concentrated in the feces of female chicks,
ow, several collaborative projects are extending test of the EWE sexing
ethod to other species of vultures and birds of prey. The American Feder-
tion of Aviculture has funded a pilot study of the EWE technique in par-
ot chicks; this work focuses on the Puerto Rican parrot, which, like the
alifornia Condor, has a total world population of less than three dozen.

51

Chapter

South Florida Chapter

Brett Bannor has been selected to
head the Diet Notebook Project.

If anyone has questions or infor-
mation regarding the Diet Notebook
write: South Florida Chapter AAZK,
c/o Brett Bannor, 9751 Wayne Ave.,
Miami, FL 33157.

Columbus Chapter AAZK

The last meeting of the year was
held at the Bogey Inn for the AAZK
Christmas party. For those who
weren't able to attend, you missed
out on a delicious buffet dinner,
an outrageous slideshow of events
that were held throughout the
year, door prizes, a speech from
Jack, and the Ghost Buster Band.

We had a wonderful turnout of
65 members.

The Columbus AAZK chapter ended
1984 with many goals and accom-
plishments made to bring in the
New Year. The first goal AAZK met
was bringing together all sectors
of the Zoo for an educational ex-
perience. This was accomplished
through the Keeper Workshop held
in October and trips to nearby zoos.
The second goal was the fun aspect.
No one will ever forget the First
Annual Zoo Olympics!

Even though this was a trial year
after being stagnant for awhile,

I believe that 97 paid members shows
what incredible enthusiasm and pride
we take in our Zoo. Our president,
Andy Lodge, estimates that we are
one of, if not the largest AAZK
chapter in North America. Way to
go Columbus Zoo!

We are greatly looking forward to
the AAZPA National Conference which
will be held in Columbus, as well
as even bigger and better events in
1985.

— 6u.bmitt(id by Stacy Katz

News

Ptca^c 6cnd Chapter Mew-d to Lee
Payne, Chapter A^^aOu Coo^dlnaton.
at the VetAoit loo, AJUo ^end a
copy oi nmi> to: AKF EcUto/Ual
O^^tces, 635 Gage Blvd. , Topeka,
KS_66606^

IBA CONFERENCE SCHEDULED FOR 1986/CALL FOR PAPERS ISSUED

The International Association of Bear Research and Management (IBA) is
sponsoring its seventh International Conference 21-26 February 1986 in
Williamsburg, VA. The purpose of this conference is to provide a forum
in which researchers, biologists, and managers from throughout the world
can exchange information and ideas. The IBA publishes a proceedings con-
sisting of papers presented at the conference. To promote the timely
publication of these proceedings, the first call for papers is in order.

Abstracts of papers to be presented at the conference are due to the
editor on 1 May 1985. Abstracts will be evaluated by a panel of review-
ers and authors will be notified of tentative selection by 15 June 1985.
Draft manuscript will be sue before the conference, 1 October 1985. Manu-
scripts will receive peer review and be returned to authors with notifica-
tion of selection by 1 December 1985. Revised manuscripts (3 copies plus
camera-ready figures) will be due at the Williamsburg meetings.

&

52

Legislative News

LEATHERBACK TURTLE NESTING BEACH BECOMES WILDLIFE REFUGE

iA beach area of about 327 acres at Sandy Point on the island of St. Croix,
Q.S. Virgin Islands, has been purchased by the USFWS for protection as a
national wildlife refuge. This site is one of the most important nesting
beaches known within the U.S. territory for the leatherback turtle
[VoAmockoAil^ ConAXLCm] , an endangered species. During the 1984 season,

128 leatherbacks nested at Sandy Point a total of 141 times. The area
lis also used for nesting by two other listed sea turtles, the threatened
green [Ch^Zovila mydoM ] and the endangered hawksbill [E^oXmodkiily^ -lmbAA,ccuta} .

[Both Sandy Point, which is on the southwestern tip of St. Croix, and the
Adjacent waters are designated as Critical Habitat for the leatherback.

Jntil recently, Sandy Point was zoned for various kinds of development.

If hotels, houses, and shops had been constructed at the site, sea turtle
jiesting would have been disrupted by lights, structures, and vehicles on
:he beach and by people and pets. As a result, the leatherback population
ising the nesting beach could have been extirpated. Destruction of turtle
lests and killing of adult turtles has also been a problem in the past.

Is part of the new Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, the beach can be
)etter protected during the vital nesting season. For the past three
/ears, volunteers from the organization Earthwatch have been active in
sea turtle research and in patrolling the beaches.

irhe commercially valuable Sandy Point property was purchased from a
/illing seller for $2.5 million, which was appropriated by Congress from
:he Land and Water Conservation Fund. Acquisition of the area for conser-
vation purposes was supported by the Virgin Islands Department of Con-
servation and Public Affairs.

’he only other known site of concentrated leatherback turtle nesting with-
,.n U.S. territory is at a beach on Culebra, a small island near Puerto
Lico. In 1984, 25 leatherbacks nested a total of 155 times at this site.
•Jarthwatch also has a major project on Culebra. ’The Culebra nesting
|>each is on property owned by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and is man-
aged in cooperation with the USFWS.

— EndangoAdd TdchyUcat BatEdtln

l/o^. IX, No. 1 1 11984}

W NATIVE FISH LISTED AS ENDANGERED

!he USFWS recently added two native fish to the list of species protect-
;d by the Endangered Species Act. The Smoky madtom ( NotuALU bcuJidyi.)
j.s a small species of catfish restricted to a seven-mile stretch of
;lhitico Creek in the Cherokee National Forest region of Tenessee. This
tish was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1981. It is
iow listed as Endangered.

Tie other fish of interest is the Osark cavefish [kmbtyoi>dJi vio2> da ) , a
;rue cave-dwelling species which is now limited to only fourteen caves
.n Arkansas. It has experienced population declines because of habitat
ihange and over-collecting by fish hobbyists and is now listed as
threatened .

--K. \)dhUi i.vL AAZPA NdtA)^ldtteA
JanuoAy 1985

53

LEGISLATIVE NEWS, CowUnmo^d

USFWS TO REVIEW STATUS OF EIGHT FOREIGN TURTLES

The Service has begun reviewing the status of eight species of foreign I
turtles to determine if they should be proposed for listing under the [■
Endangered Species Act. Among the threats to these species are habitat '
alteration, exploitation for food, and collection for the pet trade.

Species proposed for review include: 1) Painted batagur {CcittaguA boKyiHonl
hiA) ) ; 2) Celebes tortoise (G^ocko^ono. ; Kavalai forest or cane j
turtle i^LtyoutLcoi] ; Brazil.ian sideneck turtle [VhJtyviopi> hogcXjj |'
Chaco sideneck turtle [Ptcut(2Jny-6 ) ; South American red- i
lined turtle {V62.u.d(2Jfny6 i>CAAjpdjx caZLOi06tAAJ> ) Iguana Island turtle ,
{?^mdmy6 malonOyi] ; and the Cat Island turtle {?6mdmy^ jdLU] . |

— EndangeA^d Specce6 Tdchyiiaat BuJUdtin ||
\Iol. 1X, No. 1 1,(1984}

1984 ADDITIONS BRING U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES LIST TO 828 '

t

Forty-six more native and foreign animals and plants, ranging from China’ sj
giant panda to the diminutive bumblebee bat, thought to be the world’s
smallest bat, were added to the U.S. List of Endangered and Threatened j
Species during 1984. Among U.S. species, the Wyoming toad, the woodstork,j
and the woodland caribou are all now protected by the Endangered Species '
Act. j

With these additions, the number of endangered and threatened species on
the list now stands at 828, of which 331 species are found in the U.S.

and 497 are found solely in other countries. The grand total includes |

297 mammals, 220 birds, 99 reptiles, 85 plants, 62 fishes, 24 clams, 16 j
amphibians, 12 insects, nine snails and four crustaceans. j

In addition to the new listings, 54 other species were proposed in 1984 :

for listing as endangered or threatened. Among these are the wide-rang- j
ing interior least tern and piping plover, plants as exotic- sounding as |

the Last Chance townsendia and the Large-flowered fiddleneck, and the |

Perdido Key beach mouse, believed to be the Nation’s most critically en-
dangered small mammal.

This year provided good news for several species that appear headed to-
ward eventual recovery. The Arctic peregrine falcon and the Utah prairie
dog were moved from ’’endangered” to ’’threatened” listings — reflecting an
improvement in their status. The tiny snail darter— a southern Appala- |
chian member of the perch family that sparked the most celebrated court I
test of the Endangered Species Act — was likewise reclassified as ’’threat- j
ened,” due to discovery of small numbers of the fish in additional loca- j
tions. Other species on their way to a more certain future include the !
southeastern population of the brown pelican, and the Florida population j
of the American alligator.

— Vept. oi lyitoAlon. Nm-6 Release |

Janacuiy 1985 j

54

THE "UNDERGROUND ZOO"

THE PROBLEM OF EXOTIC VENOMOUS SNAKES
IN PRIVATE POSSESSION IN THE UNITED STATES

By

John H. Tn.ii6tn.cuZ, 111, RPh
We6te/Ln MtcfUgan PoZson CenteA
Gn.and PaptcU, MI

Satd I to thd KddpdA at tho, zoo

I It' 6 a good thing that put 6nakej, a/ie. 6o im.

He 6aid: the zoo you 6ee hen.e,
l6 not the one you should {,ean.

Thebe' 6 aJUo one " undengAound" too.

Most poison control centers in the United States routinely handle calls
Involving treatment of those snake species native to North America. There
exists, however, a number of exotic venomous snakes in the United States,
either in zoos, research facilities, or often secretly held in private
collections of amateur herpetologists forming an "underground zoo." Does
the presence of these exotic species constitute a problem for medical
personnel in their rapid and effective management of the envenomated pat-
ient? To what extent do bites by these exotic species occur, and under
what circumstances? In an attempt to answer some of these questions, a
survey was undertaken of the 25 regional poison centers recognized by
the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) in 1981 in
order to determine their experiences with exotic snake bites from 1975-80
and the awareness of poison center personnel as to the presence of any
exotic snake specimens in their areas.

Nationally prominent medical consultants on snake bite poisoning were also
surveyed to determine their involvement in exotic envenomations during the
same five-year period. There apparently exists in the amateur herpeto-
logical communities a certain amount of skepticism of the ability of their
local poison centers and emergency department personnel to handle their
case of envenomation by exotic species, should it happen. To more effec-
tively provide care to the patient of the exotic envenomation, the medical
professionals and the amateur herpetologist must be brought to a better
understanding of each others problems and needs. It is as an attempt to
inform the poison centers on how to prepare for the exotic snake bite,
that this paper is dedicated.

THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

Survey of AAPCC Regional Poison Centers

A questionnaire was sent in 1981 to the 25 AAPCC approved regional poison
centers. These 25 centers represented 25/271 (9.1%) of all centers re-
sponding to the 1980 National Survey conducted by the National Clearing-
house for Poison Control Centers (NCPCC) , and the same 25 centers report-
ed a total of 646,036 (40%) of the 1,317,705 calls reported taken in 1979
by all responding centers. Each center was asked in the "Exotic Snakebite
Questionnaire" to search their records for the five-year period 1976-80
and to indicate how many confirmed venomous snakebite related incidents
they handled. Of these total incidents they were asked how many were from
domestic and how many were from exotic snake species. For each exotic
snake species, the poison center was asked to give background on the bite

55

THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, Continued

victim and whether the person was a professional or amateur herpetologist,
herpetological supplier, or innocent bystander. Each exotic snake was to
be identified by scientific name where possible. Additional information '
was sought on the medical treatment the victim received and the outcome of
the incident. Each poison center was also asked to list any exotic snake
species they were aware of in private collections within the geography
covered by their poison center.

Of the 25 questionnaires sent out, 24 (96%) were returned. However, only '
18 (72%) of the 25 centers were able to supply data for the full time
period or a portion of it. The two major reasons why most centers were
unable to provide the requested data were that either they did not break
down envenomation calls to that degree, or they lacked sufficient funds .

and manpower to abstract the requested data from their records. The re- I
suits of this survey are given in Tables 1 and 2. j

Table 1 ranks the poison centers by total calls taken in 1979 as they in- I

dicated in the NCPCC National Survey (Column B) , and also for perspective |
is given the 1959 "bite rate" (the recorded treated snake bites per mil-
lion people per year) taken from the 1959 national epidemiological survey i'
by H.M. Parrish, MD, for the state in which the regional center is locat-
ed (Column C) . As can be seen, there were a total of 774 cases of auth- ,
enticated snake envenomations which included 7 (0.9%) caused by exotic
species (Column E) . The percentage of the five year reporting period of .
which the poison centers' data represents is found in Column F. ;

Table 2 provides a breakdown of the seven cases of exotic snake bites en- I

countered as to species, victim's herpetological background, cause of ;

the incident, treatment received, and case outcome. It is interesting ,

to note that 5 (71.4%) of the cases involved amateur collectors and that in j
4 (57%) of the cases, the victim was either inebriated or in a self-destruc- I
tive frame of mind when the incident occurred. In only one (14.3%) of the J
cases was there a fatality. The most common snakes listed in 5 (71.4%)
of the cases were various subspecies of the "Cobra" (Naja nCijCi] . Only |

4 (17.4%) of the responding poison centers were able to list any exotic '

venomous snakes in their area in private collections. Among the species
identified to be in private hands were: Cobras {NaJa nCijCi] , Phillip ine
mangrove snake ['Bo-iQCi ddndAOpIfiitci] , Gaboon viper~TBZ^^ gabonyLCa} , African
puffadder aJLioXO-VUi ) , Kraits ( Bunga/LUA ) , Green mamba {V2,ndoaJ>pAJ>

CingLLi-td.ce.p6T~) ^ropean viper ( MtpoJiCL boALLi ) 7 and European asp ( UtpeAC CLipti ) .

It appears that although exotic venomous snakes do exist in communities
served by poison centers, there are very few bite incidents that are
captured by the poison center information system. Either the amateur
collectors are very careful in their handling of their collections, or
the bite is not reported when it occurs. Another possibility might be
that the poison center was bypassed in the seeking of information of tox-
icity and treatment.

Survey of National Snakebite Consultants

In order to determine if additional exotic snake bites had occurred in the
United States during the same five-year period, a questionnaire was sent
to several nationally recognized medical consultants which were listed in
the POISINDEX microfiche system. Of the eight consultants surveyed, 5
(62.5%) supplied data on their consultations regarding exotic snake bites
during 1976-1980. Those consultants responding were; Sherman A. Minton,
MD, Indianapolis, IN; David L. Hardy, MD, Tucson, AZ; Findlay E. Russell,
MD, Tucson, AZ; Jack Wainschel, MD, Arcadia, CA; and Willis A. Wingert,

MD, Los Angeles, CA.

56

KinJn utnin ( Pmfpq^innal Zoo accident, hospital ized.

[

I THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, Continued

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57

20. Omaha, NE 14,203 32.6 15 0 100%

21. San Francisco 12,133 14.1 36 2 55% Calls from 2/79-11/81

22. Rochester, NY 11,240 2.2 78 0 100%

23. Kansas City, MO 8,137 54.2 4 0 20% Calls in 1980 only

24. Iowa City, lA 3261 3.3 4 0 100%

THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, ConUnued

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58

Table 1 - 1981 AAPCC Recognized Regional Poison Centers, Venomous Snake Data 1976-1980

I THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, CoYiUnazd

I The results of this survey are listed in Table 3. In this data it can be
j seen that three of the consultants broke down their consultations, the
I others providing more generalized discussions. Of the data supplied, there
were a total of at least 168 consultations, of which 17 (10.1%) involved
exotic species of snakes. Of the 17 cases at least 6 (35.5%) were involv-
, ing amateur collectors. Many of these cases, of course, might include
duplicated information with the data from the poison center survey, or as
I consultants confer with each other, but it does present a picture of the
type of incidents that are recorded. Many of the snake species involved
; were not recorded by any of the poison centers which would seem to indi-
; cate a direct call to the consultant bypassing the poison center’s infor-
‘ mat ion system.

; Literature Review

In order to determine if any previous work had been done on the subject
of envenomation by exotic snake species, a review of the international
i literature was conducted. Some of the prior experiences that were reveal-
I ed were as 'follows: H.M. Parrish, MD, stated that of approximately 6,680
people bitten annually in the United States, the estimate was that 8
(0.1%) were due to foreign venomous snakes. Also during the period 1950-
1959, there were 138 snake bite fatalities, 3 (2.2%) of which were due to
foreign venomous species. His estimate was that about 8 people are bitten
by foreign venomous snakes in the U.S. annually . (1 . ) F.E. Russell, MD,
stated that by the year 1975, in 650 cases of snake bite he attended to,

85 (12.9%) were due to exotic species. Also during the period 1955-1957,

, the Los Angeles County-University of California Medical Center had logged
a total of 373 telephone calls and 121 letters relating to bites by exotic
snakes. Dr. Russell also noted that a mail survey of ten Southern Califor-
nia snake collectors, handlers, or herpetologists, indicated that they kept
667 exotic venomous snakes, and the respondents suggested there may be as
many as 2,000 exotic snakes in the area (2). H.A. Reid, MD, studied the
problem of foreign venomous snakes in Great Britain and found that from
1970-1977, there were 32 bites from foreign venomous snakes. Three bites
were to zoo personnel, 5 bites were to workers in research facilities
utilizing venomous snakes, and 24 (75.0%) were to private individuals in
: their homes. A questionnaire survey of 500 members of herpetological
societies showed that of the 310 respondents (62%), 26 (8.4%) said they
kept foreign venomous snakes including representatives of 50 different
species. The Hiore common species were: Western Diamondback ( C^otaZubi)

I aJyLOx) , Puff Adder ( BaJUJ) CUiA,(ltjOiVli> 1 Gaboon Viper [ZajUj> gabonA-Caj , and
j Cobras [Naja naj a) .Of course many of the species foreign to Great Britain
I are native to the United States, but many of the exotics are the same in
I the collections found in each country.

' Survey of Herpetological Societies

To determine the extent of exotic venomous species in possession by ama-
teur herpetologists, a letter survey was carried out involving several
large herpetological groups around the U.S,, as to what "HOT" (venomous)
exotic species their membership might possess. There was no response
to the letters; the societies and their membership remained disturbingly
silent.

Survey of National Antivenin Resource Center

To determine if any calls for exotic antivenin had bypassed both the
poison centers and the medical consultants, a letter was written to the

59

THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, Con^Unued

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60

THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, CowUvnizd

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61

THE UNDERGROUND ZOO, CowUmid

Oklahoma Poison Control Center, producers of the "Antivenin Index".

In this letter the staff was asked to abstract their data for the period
1976-1980, for the number of times and for what species they were asked
to assist in locating exotic antivenin stocks in the U.S. Their response
was that they only showed one instance in 1979 (Monocellate Cobra, Wa/a
nCLjCL kaouutkloi) , and three instances in 1980 (Puff Adder, AAA,iltavii>)

Black Mamba, Vmd/LO(UpdJ>polyl(ipdj>; and Krait, BungoAiLi) 6p, ) . For the
prior years, there were no records still on file. These results seem to
indicate that although exotic antivenins were used often in cases of
exotic snake envenomations as indicated by the medical consultant, and
poison center questionnaire responses, this valuable resource center for
poison centers and medical personnel was not utilized in the location of
antivenin as much as one would have expected.

{"The, UndeAg^ound Zoo" A2.pAlyitQ,d {^n.om VzteAlncuiLf and Human Toxloologui,
Vol. 24, Supplement 1982 iolth the poAmldsZon oi the author. Pojvt 2 to
be publyUhed In the \kajieh 1984 deed, wdth the education problem

and poMlble ^olutlom. ]

A HAVEN FOR INJURED BIRDS

AT THE AUDUBON ZOO

By

CoAol L, Lentz
Public I nio Amotion OUlceA

Audubon PoAk S Zoological Ga/iden
Nm 0Alean6, LA

The elements for survival for an injured bird are care, observation, nu- ;
trition and exercise through flight. All of these elements are now avail- |
able for birds in Audubon Zoo’s new flight enclosure located in the Wild
Bird Rehabilitation Center. [

The Flight Rehabilitation Exercise Enclosure is 60’ x 50’, has four cham- [)

bers made of wooden slats and houses up to a dozen birds at a time. Ac-

cording to Krista Morgan, Director of the Wild Bird Rehabilitation Center, ,
"The slats are used instead of wire because birds have such strong eyesight|j
that they see past their wire enclosure and tend to fly into it repeatedly."

The enclosure was designed in 1982 by Morgan and Ann Orlowski-Tappan, the
founder and first coordinator of the Rehabilitation Center.

Two of the chambers are designed for large birds such as eagles, hawks, ,,

owls and herons. Within these areas the large birds can fly back and ji

forth rebuilding muscles needed for strong flight in the wild. In the two
smaller chambers, the wooden slats are lined with fine wire to prevent j

small birds such as wrens and screech owls from escaping. ■

Another important function of the enclosure is to reintroduce birds of i

prey to the act of catching their food. The bottom of the chambers are |

covered with sheet metal which prevents rodents and other small prey from i
getting away. While this prepares the bird for their release into the
wild, it also enables the zoo staff to evaluate the birds with eye injur-
ies and inner ear problems.

"The enclosure has become an important tool in our work because we now can
rehabilitate the birds much more quickly and we’re more certain that they’l!
survive in the wild," said Morgan.

Viewpoint

HE WANTED TO BE A KEEPER

By

A. Vale. BelcheA
CuJmtoH. oi He/ipelology
Zio GA.ande Zoo, Albuquerque, WM

jioy, I sure wish I had your job," he told me. About ten, maybe eleven,
had that kid-next-door look and eyes so blue they were bottomless.

.eally? What would you like about my job?"

2II, you know, you take care of the animals." Oh. Not really. Not
.rdly at all, in fact.

suppose there should be a certain sense of comfort in knowing your job
; secure, even if only because no one wants it. He wanted to be a Keep-

52. Highway 63 passes two lanes wide through twenty small towns in the
j.5 miles from Columbia to St. Louis, MO. We leave early, before sunrise;

1: will take nearly four house in a 1946 Plymouth coupe to make the trip.

5; would be dark, too, when we got home again; but in between, all day,
e would be at the Zoo .

I remember the Reptile House and a crowd of people around a large cage,
i crept through unnoticed, the way a child can, and heard an old black
in saying, "You see, he’s got feet all underneath," as he pointed to the
!‘lly of a large python trying to climb the glass. I knew even then
!iat those were scales, belly and ventral scales, open along the rear edge,
Efting outward and forward to try to gain, perchance, a scalehold on some
j)ughness of the smooth glass. I didn't tell him, maybe couldn’t was a
jitter word; I was shy, and older people seldom listen to kids. Someday,
decided I would work in that building, and then I could tell him. I
inted to be a Keeper.

[Keeper. A Taker-care-of . A Carer. In many ways keepers are the most
[iportant people working at the zoo. To be sure the veterinarian should
|i a specialist, and at the same time the ultimate general practictioner .

) be sure, the director and the curators should be multitalented. To
; sure, the business manager should possess superlative business acumen,

) account for the thousands of dollars to the penny. To be sure. But
Lthout a well-cared-f or animal collection, without caring keepers, we
Lght all be selling shoes.

le keepers are the backbone of the zoo operation. What do they do?

2II, a little raking, a little shoveling, a little hosing, a little
^rubbing, a little watering, a little feeding, attend the births and
3te the breeding. They know their animals not as numbers, but as in-
Lviduals. They know which animals have trouble at birth and which make
le best mothers. The keepers know all the little details about the ani-
als that are not written anywhere. Ask which snakes have problems
aedding — they know. Ask the last time it was too hot, too cold, too
ainy, or too windy to clean and feed - that, they don’t know.

63

HE WANTED TO BE A KEEPER, ConUna^d

I remember January 1977. It was cold, below zero, and the waterfowl lakes
were frozen over. Without open water, the birds would be at the mercy of
predators at night. Every zoo has some: feral dogs and cats, raccoons,
foxes. We broke ice for most of four hours. The ice was nearly 18” thick
and had to be netted out of the water and dragged off. We were bird
keepers, reptile keepers, primate keepers, hoofed stock keepers. Our
gloves were frozen; several boots were filled with icy water; and our
jeans were frozen stiff below the knees. No one complained - we were
keepers; and there were animals’ lives at stake.

I remember another time in late winter 1979. The Banteng bull was sick
and being medicated around the clock. I arrived a few minutes late; it
was midnight, after all. The keepers were there. So was the veterinarian
and we did the work. Two of the keepers had forgotten to punch the time
clock; the animal, not the overtime was on their minds.

You can teach anyone to rake and shovel feces. Almost anyone can hose a
floor and scrub it down. Who can endure the tedium of such work day in I
and day out and remain aware of the interactions of the animals in the
enclosures and their reactions to the keeper? Only a craftsman can.

For some, no doubt, it’s a job. Eight to five, and it pays the bills.

For the best, it approaches an art form. For most, it is a way of life.
Ask them, and they can all tell you about sleepless nights spent worrying
about a sick animal. They seldom have a Saturday or Sunday off to spend
with family and friends. Christmas morning? "I was off on Christmas
two years ago. It was nice to be with my family, but you know, it felt
kind of funny too, like I should be here.” New Year’s morning? All sober
A hangover or two perhaps, but they are there taking care of their charges

When I finally went to work in that Reptile building in the St. Louis Zoo,
nearly twenty years later, I was proud. When I left to become a curator,

I was proud, too. But every once in awhile, just occasionally, I’m sorry.
I wanted to be a Keeper. Keepers are special people.

(Editor’ -5 noto.: The, abovo. woa tho. place MlnneA In an oA^ay

content ^ponAo^cd by the Rto Gxande ChaptoA ol AAZfC and ItjiAt appea/ied
tn tkedA nm^loXtea Good Ghua, \Jol. I/, lAAue 1, Augiut 19S2, We think it
6ay6 it all. )

64

m Encouraging ff^ord.

I 26 October, 1984, the President signed a bill extending for two years
lie Wetlands Loan Act, which provides a means of accelerating habitat
^reservation for migratory waterfowl. First enacted in 1961, the Act
ithorized up to $200 million annually for use by the USFWS to acquire
ibitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System.

lie status of the bald eagle \[HcdJjl(ltLLi> tdiidOCLdphcita^ ) in California
fipears to be improving. There were 68 occupied nesting territories in
184 that fledged 69 young for an average of 1.04 young per occupied site.
\ienty-one sites (31%) failed to fledge young. There has been a small
icline in average production of this population, but it still is slight-
ly above the national average of 1.0 young per occupied site. There is
pod evidence that the population is increasing since 19 of the 68 sites
jre previously unrecorded.

le American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) re-
2ntly accepted the red wolf [CanuA ) for development of a Species

irvival Plan (SSP) . This action will allow for coordinated management
f the captive populations in the participating institutions, which in-
clude the Wild Canid Survival and Research Center (St. Louis, MO), the
Dint Defiance Zoo (Tacoma, WA) , and the Texas Zoo (Beaumont, TX) . The
itire captive population will be treated as one genetic population, and
rocedures will be developed to reduce inbreeding and to increase genetic
jLversity. It is hoped that implementation of the SSP will ensure the
Decies survival. The USFWS has requested the acceptance of the Mexican
Dlf [CayiUi ZiipLii) bcLLtziJ'i] by the AAZPA for an SSP, however, the associa-
:Lon is in the process of reviewing internal policy regarding the treat-
ant of subspecies and will make a final decision based on this review
t a later date.

eports from the whooping crane ( G^Lt6 orndKA-OXLyWi ) summer grounds at Wood
jffalo National Park (Canada) and Gray's Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Idaho) are encouraging. Twenty-two Wood Buffalo eggs and ten from the
atuxent Wildlife Research Center were transported to Gray's Lake this
aar. Four of the Patuxent eggs proved to be infertile, but two Patuxent
irds and 11 Wood Buffalo Park birds were reared to fledging by Sandhill
ranes [GUlU> caua-deHAiA ) foster parents. (One of the young birds died of
ongenital heart failure.) Along with the adult whoopers, the Gray's
ake flock may total 35-38 birds migrating to the New Mexico wintering
rounds. The Wood Buffalo flock set a new record for recent history
his year when 28 nesting pairs fledged an estimated 15-17 young. Seventy-
ive adult whoopers left Aransas NWR in Texas last spring; consequently,
0-90 whoopers should be returning this fall — a new high for this popula-
ion.

reliminary findings from an early summer survey of the Schaus swallow-
ail butterfly ( Vapltio OALstodmubi) ponc^aniL6] habitat in Key Largo, FL,
ndicate that the butterfly population appears to be stable. These
utterflies were also found at two sites not previously recorded.

65

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT

The goal of the AAZK Keeper Training Video Tape Project is to produce
quality video tape training programs suitable to supplement existing in-
house training of entry level keepers. These tapes are not intended to
be a complete training program in themselves. All proceeds generated
from the sale of training tapes will be used to finance production of
future training tapes. Two tapes are currently available.

Zoo Keeper Safety; An Attitude Adjustment - This 18-minute program does
not attempt to address the numerous variable specifics of this subject.
It presents a safety approach to the job of zoo keeping, and promotes
constant awareness and personal responsibility for safety.

A Zoo Keeper's Introduction to Feeds and Feeding - A half hour introduc-
tion to the complex subject of feeds and feeding of zoo animals. Topics
covered include what, when, and where to feed.

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PURCHASE AGREEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE BUYER

1) The tape may not be duplicated or made available to any person or
institution for the purpose of duplication.

2) The tape may not be utilized for any commercial purpose.

3) Should the buyer decide the tape will not be useful to their training
program, the undamaged tape may be returned within 14 days of receipt
for a partial refund - $10 for BETA and VHS, $18 for 3/4 inch.

I, the undersigned, accept the responsibility for the restrictions list-
ed above.

NAME (Type or Print)

SIGNATURE DATE

ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION

SHIPPING ADDRESS

ZIP

TELEPHONE ( )

TAPE TITLE

FORMAT: BETA VHS 3/4 INCH

$25 $25 $35

Make checks payable to AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT.

Mail to: B. Wayne Buchanan

Woodland Park Zoological Gardens
5500 Phinney Avenue North
Seattle, WA 98103

Keeper’s Alert

1985 Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference

The Detroit Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference will be held May 5-7,
1985 at the Detroit Zoological Park, Royal Oak, MI.

[Papers are requested for this regional conference. Each paper will be
[liniited to 20 minutes with a 5-minute question and answer period. Topics
fshould pertain to zoos and zookeeping. Outlines should be submitted by
31 March, 1985. Please indicate if you would be willing to lead a dis-
cussion group on your subject on Tuesday afternoon. There will be a re-
duction in the conference registration for those presenting papers.

Tentative Conference Schedule

I Sunday, 5 May

Registration
;Ice Breaker at
i Belle Isle Zoo
& Aquarium

Monday, 6 May

Welcome

Presentation of papers
Lunch (provided)

Tour of Detroit Zoo
Vollyball game/Bar-B-Q

Tuesday, 7 May
Presentation of papers
Lunch (provided)
Discussion groups
Closing dinner & auction

Please make checks payable to: "Detroit Chapter AAZK". Send papers, com-
pleted registration forms with registration fee to: kvivKi Payne,, VoJytOAJ:
CkaptoA AALK, VoJyioit loo, Box 39, Royat Oak, MI 4S068,

I Registration Form

Name :

'Address: City

State/Province_ ZIP

Phone No: ( ) Name of Zoo:

Area(s) of interest:

Fees: Member or Spouse - $30.00 Non-Member - $35.00

Late registration fee after 7 April, 1985 - $5.00 additional
Total fees enclosed: $

(If you cannot attend the entire conference but wish to attend a portion
of it, please contact us and we can make arrangements for you to do so.)

Motel Reqi strati on Form: Detroit Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference

Name:

Address :

State/Provi nce_
Phone No: ( )

City:

ZIP

Dates staying at Motel:

_1 person/double bed - $35.00 per day
2-4 people/2 double beds - $41.00 per day

2 people/double bed

■ $37.00
per day

Do you wish to share a room with another person (to be matched by

Motel?)

Reservation deadline 14 April, 1985 - to be assured a reservation.
HejiUago, Inn \koteJi, 14700 E. 8 VuZd, VeXAoU, MI 48025. {315) 517-1070.

67

Imtitivtioyu Making to cidveAtAJtZ mpZogtmnt oppoAtunttteA cute cuk^d to
^md p2AttnQ,yit data by tkd 15th ol 2,ack month to: Oppontantty Knock^/AKf,
635 Gage. Blvd. , Tope.ka, KS 66606, Ple.a6e. tncJiade. aZo^tng date^ ion.
po6dttoyu> available., TheJie. u, no chaAge. ion. ^ach tUtlngi> and phom-tn
li6ttng.6 oi po^ltlovH) Mhlch become available clo^e to deadline an.e accept
ed,

WARDEN . ♦ . Six Flags Great Adventure Drive-Thru Safari, located in Jackson,
NJ currently has a position available. Requires one year prior experienc
handling exotic animals. Excellent compensation and comprehensive benefi
package. Send resume no later than 20 February 1985 to: Six Flags Great
Adventure, P.O. Box 120, Jackson, NJ 08527, Attn: Personnel.

ZOOKEEPER 1 1 (Elephant Hnadler) . . .requires a college degree in Animal
Husbandry or a related field or a high school diploma and three years
of zoo experience. A basic understanding of elephant husbandry and
handling is necessary. Salary - $11,508 to $17,676. Send resume by
28 February, 1985 to: James L. Swigert, Jackson Zoological Park,

2918 W. Capitol St., Jackson, MS 39209.

ZOOKEEPER 1 1 1 ... requires Biological Science degree from four-
year college/university plus four years experience in a
recognized zoo in the care, feeding and handling of exotic
animals; or a high school diploma with seven years experience,
three of which must have been in a recognized zoo; or any
equivalent combination of training and experience. In all
cases, one years experience in supervising zookeepers at a
recognized zoo is required. Desire experience with African
mammals and birds. Will be responsible to the General Curator
for direct supervision of one of three zookeeper sections.

Basic hiring rate is $15,780, plus benefits. Send North
Carolina application, resume and references to arrive by
28 February, 1985 to: Human Resources Manager, North Carolina
Zoological Park, Rt. 4, Box 83, Asheboro, NC 27207. Phone:

(919) 879-5606, Ex. 224.

MAMMAL KEEPER, , .requires a college degree in the biological or
animal sciences field, knowledge of animal husbandry and
experience in the care and breeding of wild and domestic
animals. Send resume to: Angelo Monaco, New York Zoological
Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY 10460.

AMIMAL KEEPER/ ^{AMMAL VEPT, ,, requires high school diploma and one years
paid experience in the care/handling of animals, excluding pets; or high
school degree and six months experience in the care/handling of animals
in a zoological institution; or BS from an accredited college or univer-
sity in biology, zoology, animal science or veterinary technology and
eligibility for a driver's license. Salary $13,314-$14,312. Send resume
to: Sandra Kempske, Curator of Mammals, Baltimore Zoo, Druid Hill Park,
Baltimore, MD 21217.

O

P

p k

0 n
r o
t c
u k
n s

1
t

y

B7RV KEEPER, ,, requires Associate Degree in biology, zoology or lelated
field and two years avicultural experience or an equivalent combination
of training and experience. Salary $720 per hour plus benefits. Send
resume to: Diane Omandsen, Supervisor of Birds, Tulsa Zoological Park,
5701 E. 36th St. North, Tulsa, OK 74112. Closing date 1 March 1985.

68

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

lame

Check he/ic ^cnmaZ [ ]

\ddress

$10.00 Associate
IncUv^duati not connected^
u)tth an animal coJic iacJJJXy

$15.00 Affiliate
Otke^ ^taii and volantce/u

$50.00 Contributing
Organization^ and Individuati,

U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE

Oirectory ln{)ormation

Ido ^ork Area Special IntoAo^t^

Mail this application and check or money order, payable to American
Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Headquarters, Topeka Zoo,
635 Gage Blvd. , Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to the Animal Keepen> ' Forum. The
membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums
in the U.S. and Canada

$20.00 Professional
Full-time Keeper

$25.00 International
All membeu outride the
U.S. and Canada

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animal Keepers ' Forum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size of no more than 6” x 10" (15 cm x 25^1 cm.). Literature used should
be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names.

Articles sent to Animal Keeper^' Forum will be reviewed for publication,
j No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
I lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
! staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
j tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
i submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
[ addressed envelope.

Telephoned contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will
not be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

Articles printed do not necessarily reilect the
opinions oi the Animal Keepers ' Forum editorial
sta{){, or oi the American Association oi loo Keepers.

Items in the publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
is requested. Order reprints from the Editor.

j> .1'-* ir
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Postage Paid At Topeka

MARCH 1985

Animal

Keepers'

Forum

Dedicated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM. 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

MARCH 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER THREE

kvumal K^epeJu' Vo/ium (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.
Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publishing

costs of kyimaX, Ke,epeAA' fo/Lum, Second Class postage paid at Topeka, KS. ,'1
Postmaster: Please send address changes to: f

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO REEFERS, INC.
NATIONAL HEkVQUkRTERS, 635 GAGE BLl/0., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Vo tty CtoAk, kdmlnt!>tn.ativ2, SzcAoXa/iy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP /Conservation & Research Center
Front Royal, VA 22630
Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park
Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Mike Carpenter, Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ 85010
Verona Barr, Miller Park Zoo, Bloomington, IL 61701

COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN

PKej>tde.yvt i
l/Tce ?/L2^lde,nt 1

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

Gojuxtd VayvLQ,, V^dyiolt Zoo

Continuing Keeper Education

Vat SammoAco, Lcnaotn ?axk Zoo
Historical Committee
La/ixy SammaAco, Ltnaotn Vcuik
Professional Standards Committee
Jan McCoy, Wa^htngton VoAk Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator

Connie Cloak, Mcu>hvttt^, TN

Re search /Grants Committee
Faank Kokn, Nattonat loo to gloat Vank
Awards Committee
MTfee. CaockeA, VtokoAton VoAk Zoo
Legislative Action Committee
Ke.vtn Com)ay, NZP/CRC, Eaont RoyaJt

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange
Etandna kum, Woo dtand VoAk
Program Library
knne, M. Payne, , VetAott Zoo
Exh ib it Design

Vonj^yJji,

Animal Data Transfer Forms

BeAntu PeZdman, Topdka Zoo

Membership Directory

Pat SammoAco, Ltnaotn PoAk Zoo

Diet Notebook

Vtana Pon^yth, kkAon Zoo
Keeper Accomodations List
OtlvQA Cta{,{^ay, UatAo ToAonto
Keeper Training Videotapes

(jJayna Buchanan, OJoodtami PoAk

BActt BannoA, South Ptontda CkaptoA
Biological Values/ Gestation

UoAy UuAc, San FAanct6ao Zoo

Keeper Data Survey

MoAy stay bough, San kntoyito Zoo

Reference Search

Lcz HcLaughttn, PogeA Wttitam^ PoAk Zoo/ Jenny Rant^Aoia, Mason, Michigan

REGIONAL COORDINATORS
Mike CoApentoA, Phoenix Zoo, AZ, VlAectoA

Linda RohA
Vacancy
Gene P^eHeA
kngeta Keppet
Lee Payne
Lynne VltteAS
LoAAy SammaAco
Plane Kaag
ktan ShoAptes
Vacancy
Candy Kao it

LauAence Gtedhllt
Joanle Stinson
Vacancy

W.P. Stone Mmonlat Zoo

Phttadetphia Zoo
National Zoo
VetAott Zoo
Indlanapotis Zoo
Lincoln PoAk Zoo
RlveAbanfis Zoo
kttanta Zoo

Rio GAonde Zoo

Woodland PoAk Zoo
Phoenix Zoo

ME,VT,NH,Mk,RJ,CT ;
NV I

Pk,NJ,MV,VE I

Vk,W,Vk,V,C,

MI '|

JN,0H,KV t

WI,IL,M0,MN,Jk L;

TN,NC,SC J.I

FL,kL,Gk

AR,MS,LA ,|

TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE, j
SV,NV i

Wk,0R,JV,MT,WV,kK
Ck,NV,kZ,UT,HI
Canada !

%a> month’ -6 coveA. a/U by Cathy Tatbbt, a keepeA at thz Atlanta loo,
iLthy’6 pm and tnk dAowtng izatuAQt an Agamtd tlzoAd wxth hatchling.

'tl6 d/iawlng.6 and otheA. ivoAfu by Cathy oAc avculablc In laAgcA pntnt 6lzc.
■JA details hcc page 307 o^ the Octoben. 19B4 AKf. Tm poA cent oi pAoceecU>
zneAated ^Aom the 6ale o^ these pAtnts is donated to the Atlanta loo AAIK
hapten.. Thanks, Cathy!

Scoops

and

Scuttlebutt

NEW FEE FOR ASSOCIATE CATEGORY ESTABLISHED

All AAZK members are advised that the Associate category for membership
in the Association now has an annual fee of $15.00. The costs of pro-
icessing memberships, correspondence and publishing 12 issues of AKF now
iruns approximately $8.00 per year per member. Therefore the $10.00
Imembership category is no longer financially feasible. Upon renewal, all
jAssociate members will pay the $15.00 fee. All other membership categor-
ies remain as printed on the back inside cover renewal form.

OPPORTUNITY KNOCKS TO HOPEFULLY SOON EXPAND

I The AKF staff is currently in the process of compiling a list of person-
nel directors and others in charge of hiring and placing advertisements
for job openings. These individuals will be advised of the opportunity
available to advertise such job listings free of charge in AKF . This
will hopefully result in more job listings being published each month.

We ask members to encourage their institutions to send job listings to
AKF for inclusion each month. Listings should be received no later than
the 15th of the month prior to the month of publication (i.e. 15 March
! for April listing) . Closing dates should allow a minimum of three weeks
I following the mailing of the AKF which is the first Friday of each month.

I

NEW AAZK ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE FROM ATLANTA AND SAN DIEGO CHAPTERS

!

jBaseball caps, black with a white front and featuring the official AAZK
ilogo are now available from the Atlanta AAZK Chapter. The price per cap
:is $6.75, which includes postage. Make checks payable to "Atlanta AAZK"
and send along with your name and complete mailing address to:

AAZK Baseball Caps
Atlanta AAZK Chapter
800 Cherokee Avenue S.E.

Atlanta, GA 30315

Solid brass belt buckles with the AAZK rhino logo are now available through
the San Diego Chapter. These high quality belt buckles are guaranteed for
life by the manufacturer. Cost, including postage is $15.00 each, prepaid.
Make checks payable to "San Diego AAZK", and send to Debbie Hewitt, 3059
Bonita Mesa Rd., Bonita, CA 92002. Please include complete mailing address.

69

Births|^ Hatchings

HONOLULU ZOO MoAgo Lmgm S Vnto, McLam

B&H for 1 July, 1984 through 15 January, 1985 include: Mammals - 2.3
Hawaiian sheep (DNS), 3.0 Nilgai, 0.1 Springbok (DNS), 0.0.1 Spider monkey,
0.0.2 Golden lion tamarin, 0.1 Malayan sun bear, 1.0 Celebes crested ma-
caque; Birds - 0.0.3 Green-winged king parrot (2 DNS), 0.0.3 Hawaiian
gallinule, 0.0.2 Jackass penguin (DNS), 0.0.6 Greater rhea, 1.1 Grand
eclectus parrot, 0.0.1 Turkey vulture (DNS), 0.0.3 Glossy starling (DNS), j
and 0.3 Red-billed hornbill. li

METRO TORONTO ZOO Hcuviy HolllIoa

November 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 0.1 Bush-tailed bettong, 0.0.1 Sugar
glider, 2.0 Egyptian fruit bat, 1.1 Mara, 3.0 Grizzly bear, 1.1 Mouflon;
Fish - 0.0.30 Australian rainbowfish and 0.0.170 Lake Tanganyika cichlid.

COLUMBUS ZOO .kvidy lodgz

B&H for October 1984 through January 1985 include: Mammals - 2.2 Cheetah,

1.0 Capybara, 2.0 Blackbuck (DNS), 1.0 Pigmy hippo, 1.0.1 Polar bear (DNS),

3.0 Nilgai and 1.0 Lowland gorilla.

UTICA ZOO HUdl WeAteA

December 1984 through January 1985 include: Mammals - 1.2 Reeves muntjac,
(0.1 DNS), 1.0 Llama, 0.2 Mouflon, 2.0 Yak, 1.0 Grant's zebra (DNS), 2.1
Fallow deer, 2.0 Sardinian donkey, 1.0 Himalayan tahr, 1.0 Porcupine, 1.0
California sealion, 3.2.1 Cotton-top marmoset (1.1 DNS), 2.3 Ring-tailed
lemur, 1.0 White-handed gibbon, 0.0.3 Red-bellied tamarin, (0 . 1 . 1 DNS);
Birds - 0.0.3 Black swan (0.0.2 DNS), 0.0.5 Wood duck, 0.0.5 Red heads,
0.0.11 Peafowl; Reptiles - 0.0.4 Mangrove snake (0.0.1 DNS).

BENSON'S ANIMAL PARK Mtfea HuJimlkko

B&H for 1 February 1984 through 30 January 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0
Dromedary camel, 1.1 Llama, 0.1 Addax, 2.0 Beisa oryx, 1.1 Nilgai, 0.2
Blackbuck, 0.1 Grevy's zebra, 1.0 Siberian tiger, 1.2 Serval, 0.2 Patas
monkey, 1.0 White-handed gibbon, 1.0 Black-capped capuchin monkey, 0.1
Walleroo, 0.1 Collared peccary; Birds - 0.0.2 Blueneck ostrich, 0.0.5
Slenderbill conure, 0.1 American eider, 2.4 Ruddy shellduck, 0.0.1 Scar-
let macaw; Reptiles - 0.0.7 Copperhead snake.

DALLAS ZOO Taml Jone^

January 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 1.2 Nile lechwe, 1.0 Addax, 1.0 Suni,
1.0.3 Serval, 0.1 Addra gazelle; Birds - 0.0.3 Cape Barren goose, 0.0.2
Alexandrine parakeet, 0.0.1 Double-striped thick-knee, 0.0.2 Yellow-
fronted canary; Reptiles - 0.0.4 Phillipine sail-fin lizard.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO B. BahneA

January 1985 B&H include: 0.1 Reticulated giraffe, 1 Victoria crowned
pigeon (DNS), 2 Brimstone canary, 8 Gouldian finch (3 DNS), 4 Leopard
gecko and 2 Prehensile-tailed skink (DNS) .

70

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, ConUnu^d

SAN PI EGO . ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL PARK Jodi/ Coantn^y

B&H for October, November and December 1984 include: Mammals - 0.1 Trans-
caspian kulan, 0.3 Hartmann's mountain zebra, 0.1 Barasingha deer, 1.0
Formosan sika deer, 1.0 Addax, 0.1 Indian guar, 2.3 Addra gazelle, 1.1
Mhorr gazelle, 1.1 Scimitar-horned or3rK, 1.0 Beisa oryx, 0.1 Pigmy mar-
moset, 0.1 White-faced saki, 1.0 Lion-tailed macaque, 0.0.1 Kikuyu colobus,

1.0 Hamlyn's guenon, 1.1 Bornean orangutan, 0.0.5 African hunting dog,

1.1 North China tiger, 0.1 Baird's tapir, 1.1 Pigmy hippopotamus, 2.2
Zulu suni, 1.0 Cotton-top tamarin, 1.0 Northern langur, 1.1 Francois'
langur, 0.1 Okapi, 1.0 Baringo giraffe; Birds - 0.0.1 Tahiti blue lory,
0.0.3 Scarlet-chested grass parakeet, 0.0.1 Bali mynah; Reptiles - 0.0.1
Gopher tortoise.

Also recorded was the birth of 1.1 Southern white rhinoceros. These
two births are the 56th and 57th calves sired by "Mandhla" before his
death in 1984.

SEDGWICK COUNTY ZOO Soott CcuUoA

B&H for December 1984 and January 1985 include: Mammals - 0.1 Damara zebra,
0.1 Alpaca, 0.1 Axis deer, 0.0.2 Cape hunting dog (DNS), 2.0 Cotton-top
marmoset, 0.0.1 Giant fruit bat, 0.0.1 Wallaroo, 0.0.1 Scrub wallaby, 1.1
Cameroon goat (DNS); Birds - 0.0.3 Coreopsis goose, 0.0.2 Black swan and
0.0.4 Elegant crested tinamou.

MIAMI METROZOO Lonl BmakhoMn

The following are the B&H for December 1984 and January 1985: Mammals -
^3.0 Scimitar-horned oryx (1.0 stillborn), 0.1 Grant's zebra, 0.1 Dama
gazelle, 1.0 Addax, 1.3 European brox^m bear, 2.1 Chimpanzee (0.1 still-
born), 0.0.4 Sugar glider; Birds - 0.0.13 Green junglefowl (0.0.4 DNS),
0.0.1 Wattled crane and 2.3 Egyptian goose.

PITTSBURGH AVIARY Cu2ttc6 G. Robbins

Hatchings for January 1985 are: 0.0.1 Red-and-white crake (DNS), 0.0.1
Double-striped thick-knee, 0.0.1 White-cheeked touraco, 0.0.1 Greater
roadrunner, 0.0.1 Speckled mousebird, 0.0.2 Blue-grey tanager, 0.0.5
Gouldian finch and 0.0.1 Society finch.

CORRECTION: In last month's B&H section an error occurred in the listings
from the Pittsburgh Aviary. We printed that 0.0.4 Ruppell's long-tailed
starling x Chestnut-bellied starling (sexes of both parents undetermined)
had been hatched. In fact, it was 0.0.1 hybrid Superb starling x Chestnut-
bellied starling, sexes of respective parents undetermined. Our apologies.

TAMPA/BUSCH GARDENS. .Su^an Racklcy

B&H for January 1985 include: Mammals - 1.3 Addax, 2.5 Thomson's gazelle,

2.1 Grant's gazelle, 1.1 Soemmering gazelle, 4.5 Nyala, 0.0.1 American
otter, 0.1 Defassa waterbuck, 0.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.2 Grevy's zebra,
0.1 Grant's zebra, 2.0 Muntjac deer; Birds - 0.0.1 Jandaya conure, 0.0.14
Sun conure, 0.0.1 Palawan peacock pheasant, 0.0.1 Scaley-breasted lori-
keet, 0.0.1 Golden (Queen of Bavaria) conure, 0.0.2 Forsten's lorikeet,
0.0.3 Cockatiel, 0.0.3 Black-necked stilt and 0.0.4 Black swan.

71

Coming Events

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REHAB ILITATORS ASSOCIATION

March 21-24, 1985 St. Paul, MN

For information contact: Carpenter-St . Croix Valley Nature Center, c/o
Jim Fitzpatrick, 12805 St. Croix Trail, Hastings, MN 55033 (612) 437-
4359.

AAZPA SOUTHERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

March 31-April 2, 1985 Birmingham, AL

SYMPOSIUM ON IMMUNOLOGY OF
ZOO AND WILD ANIMALS

April 12-13, 1985 Columbia, SC

AAZPA GREAT LAKES REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 14-16, 1985 Cleveland, OH

AAZPA NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 28-30, 1985 Boston, MA

1985 GREAT LAKES REGIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

May 5-8, 1985 Detroit, MI

Hosted by the Detroit Zoo Chapter of AAZK. For further information, see
page 67 of February AKF or contact Anne Payne, Detroit Zoo AAZK, Detroit
Zoo, Box 39, Royal Oak, MI 48068.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

May 5-8, 1985 Ann Arbor, MI

For additional information contact: Conservation Biology, Wildlife Man-
agement Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115 (313) 763-1312.

THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL OTTER SYMPOSIUM

August 6-10, 1985 Santa Cruz, CA

For more information, contact Judy Mitchell, Center for Marine Studies,
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.

1985 NATIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

72

&

REQUEST FOR NOMINEES FOR AAZK AWARDS

Nominations are being sought for awards for 1985. These awards will be
presented at the 1985 AAZK Conference in Miami, FL. If you work with
or know someone who is performing in an exceptional manner and meets the
qualifications listed herein, please consider nominating them for the
appropriate award.

These awards are the EXCELLENCE IN ZOOKEEPING award, the CERTIFICATE OF
MERIT FOR ZOOKEEPER EDUCATION, and the MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT AWARD.

The deadline for acceptance of nominations is 1 June 1985. Each month
the AKF will discuss one of these different awards.

The first award, EXCELLENCE IN ZOOKEEPING, is given to recognize outstand-
ing people in the zookeeping field. Any keeper is eligible for the award
and more than one award may be given each year. If five excellent keepers
are nominated, five awards will be given. If none of the nominees qualify,
no award will be given.

Excellence in zookeeping cannot be determined on the basis of an isolated
breeding success or upon one spectacular instance, but rather, upon ex-
amination of the keeper's total performance. Each keeper has a slightly
different idea of what his or her job entails. There are, though , basic
themes which can be used in judging a keeper's performance.

Perhaps the most essential characteristic is commitment to the animals
and to the profession. Commitment is defined as, "the state of being
bound emotionally or intellectually to some course of action". This
commitment is necessary because the needs of the animals often exceed
the demands of an eight to five workday. Without this basic foundation
of commitment, it is impossible to realize one's full potential as an
animal keeper.

The next important quality is the ability to empathize. You must under-
stand your animals' needs, both physiologically and psychologically and
fulfill them the best you can.

In fulfilling the animals' needs, a keeper must have a knowledge of the
animal's behavior, physiology, and natural history. This knowledge is
essential to maintain the animals efficiently and effectively. Further-
more, a keeper should actively pursue greater knowledge of his or her
animals through observation or private study. In addition, a keeper
should be able to communicate this knowledge effectively to other keepers
and to the public. At the same time, keepers should be receptive to the
knowledge and experience of others. The task that keepers face is too
difficult to be stingy with our own knowledge or disdainful of another's
opinion. We must share our knowledge with other keepers and make the
public aware of the intrinsic value of the animal we care for.

Finally, the keeper must function as the animal's representative in policy
decisions and planning. A keeper may not be an expert on an entire order
or even a particular family, but he or she should be an expert on the
animals in his or her care. Therefore, since the animals can't tell us
themselves whether a new cage is inadequate or a new situation too stress-
ful, it is up to the keeper to represent their interests in zoo decisions.

These, then are the basic criteria for examining the performance of a
zookeeper. Any single area, isolated, is of little value. The ability

73

REQUEST FOR NOMINEES FOR AAZK AWARDS, CoiMnued

to empathize with the animals is useless if you lack the knowledge and
skill to improve their care. Similarly, knowledge and skill without
commitment leads to a keeper who, "keeps his or her animals alive and
nothing more". Each area must be evident in the good zookeeper. The
excellent zookeeper will excell in one or more of these areas, but can-
not lack any of them. If you feel that a keeper you know meets these
criteria, submit his or her name, along with a brief letter describing
why you feel they deserve the EXCELLENCE IN ZOOKEEPING award.

QUALIFICATIONS

1. The nominees must be a full-time animal keeper, employed in
any North American zoological institution or aquarium.

2. The nominee must have been employed at least two years on a
permanent basis at a zoo or aquarium.

3. The nominee must be nominated by his or her peers who have
also been employed at that same zoo or aquarium.

NOMINATION PROCEDURE

1. List name, position, institution, years of service in the
field and the recommendations of peer or colleague.

2. List outstanding achievements: exhibits, breeding, education,
etc.

3. List any extra activities outside of zoo or aquarium work;
working with conservation groups, youth, wildlife officials,
etc.

SELECTION PROCEDURE

The Awards Committee, consisting of five people, will indepen-
dently review each nominee.

Send Nominations to:

Mike Crocker
AAZK Awards Committee
Dickerson Park Zoo
3043 North Fort
Springfield, MO 65803

74

ELECTION r85

NOMINATIONS FOR AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS

I Here is the nomination information for the Board of Directors election.

Two seats are up for re-election - those held by Kevin Conway and Pat
SammarcOs whose terms expire in December of this year. Nominations must
be postmarked no later than 30 April. The committee will then verify
each nomination received and a short biographical sketch on each nominee
will be prepared. During the first week in July, ballots and the bio-
graphical sketches will be sent to each Professional member, in order to
elect the two new members.

Please send the completed nomination information to:

Lynne Villers, NEC Chairperson
Indianapolis Zoo
3120 E. 30th St.

Indianapolis, IN 46218

DUTIES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

For a more detailed explanation of the expanded duties of the Board, refer
to the Papers of Incorporation — available upon request from the National
Office.

1) Select, appoint or remove officers, committees, agents and employees of
the Association, including prescribing powers and duties.

2) To control and manage the Association and its property, passing upon
acquisition and disbursements with approval of a majority of the Board.

3) To formulate policies, rules and regulations in accord with the Con-
stitution and By-laws.

4) To uphold the Constitution of AAZK and the policies of the Association.

5) To appear at Board meetings, to accept Board assignments and to devote
time to communications pertinent to all Board Business, including answer-
ing correspondence promptly and efficiently.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR NOMINATION

1) Nominee must be a Professional Member of AAZK and must have been a mem-
ber of the Association for at least a year.

2) Nominee must be presently employed as an animal keeper /attendant by a
recognized zoo or aquarium in the U.S. or Canada and must have been in
the zoological field for at least two years.

NOMINATION PROCEDURE

1) List name of nominee, address, phone and institution.

2) A brief statement by the nominator as to why the nominee warrants
election to the Board.

3) A biographical sketch by the nominee with the following data:

(a) Professional background, places of employment, titles, length of
service .

(b) Educational background

(c) Membership in AAZK: National and local chapters, number of years,
offices held, involvement in activities, AKF contributions, etc.

(d) Membership in affiliate organizations: AAZPA, NWF, Audubon, etc.

(e) Other information that nominee feels to be pertinent.

This information should be signed by both the nominator and the nominee.

It should be understood that false or lacking information requested will
void the nomination.

— Lynne NEC ChcuApeuon

Great Ape a,'&‘C^6^emonVi^

METRO TORONTO ZOO EXPERIENCES GORILLA DEATH; ORANGUTAN BIRTH

Ron D. Barbaro, Chairman of the Metro Toronto Zoo’s Board of Management
and Interim Director, recently announced the death of Natasha, a lowland
gorilla at the Calgary Zoo. Natasha was born at the Metro Toronto Zoo on
4 November, 1980 and was sent to Calgary in August 1984 with her half-
sister, Tabitha, on a breeding loan.

Natasha became ill on 27 December and on 31 December 31, Calgary Zoo vet-
erinarians assisted by a surgical team from the Calgary General Hospital,
performed a successful appendectomy. Her recovery from surgery seemed to
be normal and by 19 January, plans were made to reintroduce her to the other
gorillas. On 21 January she started passing blood and a 22 January examin-
ation revealed a bleeding ulcer. On 24 January, surgery was again perform-
ed to remove the ulcerous portion of the large intestine. Despite the
24-hour intensive care given Natasha, she died at 4:00 a.m. on 26 January.

Mr. Barbaro, who had been in daily contact with Calgary Zoo officials, said,
"It comes as a real shock personally and to all the Metro Toronto Zoo staff
who had hand-raised Natasha virtually from birth." However, he stated, " I
have complete confidence that the Calgary Zoo staff and the medical team had
done everything humanly possible and I wish to thank them for their efforts."

A complete necropsy was performed at Calgary and final results are still
pending .

On a much happier note, Puppi and Binding, Metro Toronto Zoo’s adult pair
of orantugans, produced a male offspring on 13 January, 1985. The infant
tipped the scales at Ih kg. Both mother and son are doing well as of this
writing .

It is the second birth for Puppi. She produced another male, Santan, in
1977 at the Zoo. There are now seven members in the Zoo’s orangutan
collection including Abigail, Chantek and Mias II. The latter two were
also born at Metro Toronto.

T.V. WORTH WATCHING

World Wildlife Fund International Trustee David Attenborough whose fine
series "Life On Earth" gained international recognition and praise, returns
this season on PBS with "The Living Planet: A Portrait of the Earth". If
you have not already begun watching this series (which premiered 3 Feb) ,
be sure to try and catch the remaining episodes: Air dates may vary by
region so check your local PBS listings. The remaining episodes are:

March

10

The Baking Desert

March

17

The Sky Above

March

24

Sweet Fresh Water

March

31

The Margins of the Land

April

7

Worlds Apart

April

14

The Open Ocean

April

21

New Worlds

76

The "Underground Zoo"

The Problem Of Exotic Venomous Snakes
In Private Possession In The United States

Part II

By

John H. TxqaVlcuI., 11 J, RFh

(JiIe^teAn Michigan Po^on CzvitoA.

Gmnd RapA^cU, MI

The Education Problem and Possible Solutions

From information gathered by the author in conversations with candid but
wary amateur herpetologists, it seems as though the medical professionals
and the exotic snake keepers are caught in a circular information gap prob-
lem. On the one hand, the amateur collector would often rather ride out
his exotic snake bite encounter at home because he believes that his local
emergency room personnel knows little about how to treat the domestic
envenomation let alone exotic ones. In addition, the amateur collector
knows that access to exotic antivenins which would be needed for proper
treatment are limited. Lastly, the victim is probably afraid of being
reported to some enforcement agency which might result in the confiscation
of his prized herpetological specimens.

The emergency room personnel, on the other hand, are totally unaware of
the "underground zoo" in their area and the types of species they might
be involved in treating. How does the medical personnel learn more about
the locally kept exotic species, and in turn, how does the amateur collec-
tor begin to gain more confidence in the medical community’s ability to
handle his problem? The poison center can serve as a bridge to aid in
closing the information gap between these groups by providing specialized
education programs for the two diverse groups.

Some of the programs and education tools which have been prepared by the
Western Michigan Poison Center (WMPC) include: a slide talk directed to
the medical personnel in emergency treatment facilities on the current
management of snake bite envenomations ; a slide talk directed to amateur
herpetological groups on the natural history and behavior of venomous
snake species, including prevention tips on avoiding bites from all speci-
mens domestic and exotic and a discussion of the readiness of the poison
center to handle their problems; the development of poison center proto-
cols for handling the bite of the exotic snake species by rapidly obtain-
ing aid from medical consultants and the location of exotic antivenins with
arrangement for their transportation to the treating facility if needed
(see Appendix A) ; and the development of protocols working with the local
zoo herpetology section on the initial first aid for snake bite and tips
on prevention within the facility, as modified from work by Rappolt et al
(4) (See Appendices B,C,D, and E) .

APPENDIX A: WMPC Exotic-Snakebite Protocol

1. Call received from hospital, zoo or amateur collection that snake bite
has occurred.

2. Gather standard WMPC information:

A. On the patient (in addition to regular information) obtain: patient's
alergy history; prior history of snake bites, and species involved
in prior bites; present health status of patient and prior medical
status.

77

'THE UNDERGROUND ZOO", ConUnu^d

B. On the snake involved, obtain: species identification; age and size
of snake; circumstances of the bite (How did it happen?).

3. Contact John T. immediately and brief him on the situation.

(616) (Pager) (616) 676-9945 (Home)

4. For initial treatment follow protocols listed in Poisindex®, and guide-
lines in the "biotoxin handouts" by John T.

5. Medical Consultants:

Walter D. Meester, MD, Grand Rapids, MI, (616) (Pager), (616) (Home).
Sherman A. Minton, MD, Indianapolis, IN, (317) 264-7842 (Office),

(317) 849-2596 (Home)

Findlay E. Russell, MD, Tucson, AZ, (602) 626-4558 (Office)

(602) 626-6016 (Via Arizona Poison
Center) .

6. If exotic antivenin is needed, contact the antivenin index center for
availability and location of appropriate antivenin: Oklahoma Poison
Information Center, (405) 271-5454; Oklahoma City Zoo (405) 424-3344.

7. Brief treatment facility and inform them that WMPC has located anti-
venin and will arrange for quickest transport, if treating physician
deems it needed.

8. If antivenin is needed: arrange for the quickest air and/or ground
transportation from the nearest storage depot to treating facility
(i.e. Law enforcement agencies, military, commercial, or private
carriers) .

APPENDIX Bj Zoo Protocol — Immediate First Aid for Poisonous Snakebite

The snakebite victim should sound alarm; attempt to remain calm; secure
and identify the snake (if this can be done quickly and without further
personal risk); remove any rings, bracelets, or other jewlery; sit or lie
down as soon as possible.

The person assisting the snakebite victim should: check to see snake has
been secured and identified properly; reassure the victim; immobilize the
involved extremity or area; watch for any untowed reactions (i.e. absence
of breathing - needing CPR) ; see that appropriate transportation is ar-
ranged for and agencies notified: call for transportation to emergency
treatment facility, call 9-911 and asked for advanced life support (ALS)
transportation, ask 911 dispatcher to patch to Western Michigan Poison
Center, and notify them of the incident, and details (identification of
victim and health history, pull victim’s personnel card; present physical
condition of the victim; identification of the snake by species and the
details of the bite, pull ID card from snake’s cage; name of emergency
facility to which victim is being transported) ; obtain appropriate anti-
venin from zoo supply; do not delay in transporting the victim (with supply
of appropriate antivenin) to emergency treatment facility.

APPENDIX C: Zoo Procedures for Venomous Reptiles

1. Have the appropriate antivenin on hand in the refrigerator.

2. Arrange for transportation system in the event of a bite incident
(E-Unit) .

3. Make sure the reptile holding facility is safeguarded against vandal-
ism and animal escape. In the case of an emergency have a policy
developed for the evacuation of the building.

4. Have all entrances from the rear areas to the public areas "snake-
proof" .

78

THE UNDERGROUND ZOO", ConUnu&d

5. No venomous reptiles are to be directly handled by anyone except
designated personnel, and only during working hours when at least
two qualified reptile keepers are in the building.

6. Have available a bell alarm signal system to notify others that a
handler has been bitten.

7. Cages containing reptiles considered extremely dangerous are not to
be opened unless reptiles are in shift cages, except by designated
personnel .

8. All venomous animal cages and containers are to have cards on them
with the following data which is kept up-to-date at all times;
reptile identification (common and scientific names) ; number of
specimens in container (spelled out); what antivenin to use.

9. All venomous reptile cages and containers are marked with "venomous"
tags. These tags are to be removed from vacant cages. All other
cages are to be marked with "harmless" tags when in use. Vacant cages,
therefore, will have no tags, but will be latched at all times.

10. Designated personnel will check the antivenin supply for anticipated
needed replacements as part of the semi-annual maintenance checklist.
Needed replacements will be ordered at that time.

11. Conduct semi-annaul "dry run" through the emergency snakebite procedure.

12. Except for authorized personnel, no one is permitted in the service
areas unless accompanied by designated zoo personnel.

13. No venomous reptile is to be removed from the premises, without proper
authorization of designated zoo personnel.

14. Do not handle venomous reptiles if feeling unwell in any way.

15. Always expect the unexpected (untypical behavior). There is no such
thing as a typical individual for any species.

APPENDIX D; Zoo Protocol— Venomous Reptile Checklist

Monthly check list— litter and blanket; check for availability; antivenins:
check inventory against stock; antivenin index: check location in reptile
building; snakebite procedures: check locations; animal enclosure ID cards:
check against ID and quantity of animals.

Semi-annual checklist — -poison control center test check; call for anti-
venin and current information regarding treatment of test case; personnel
medical information records: check for currentness of information.

Annual checklist — review all procedures for modifications and updating.

APPENDIX E; Zoo Snake-Handler Information

1 . Name

2 . Home Address

3 . Home Telephone

4. Nearest relative

5. Birth date

6. Medical History — Chronic medical problems. Chronic medications.

Allergies (Medications, Horse serum, other).

7. Prior history of snakebites; Species involved; Date occurred

8. Personal physician
Name

Telephone Number

79

'THE UNDERGROUND ZOO", CorvUnue^d

Other ways to aid in education is for orientation of poison center staffs
on exotic snakes by having them read from recommended texts. The following
basic library can be constructed by a poison center for approximately
$83.00:

Minton, Sherman A., Venom Diseases, Charles C. Thomas, Pub., Springfield,
IL, 1974, $11.75.

Parrish, Henry M., Poisonous Snakes of the United States, Vantage Press,

New York, NY, 1980, $15.00.

Poisonous Snakes of the World, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C., 1965, $6.25.

Russell, Findaly E., Snake Venom Poisoning, J.B. Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia, PA, 1980, $35.00.

Visser, John and Chapman, David S., Snakes and Snakebite - Venomous
Snakes and Management of Snakebite in Southern Africa, Purnell and
Sons. Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa, 1978, $15.00.

The above mentioned texts will give an operational poison center a good
working knowledge of both domestic and exotic species and the management
of their envenomations . It will prove most useful when the time arises.

It is also helpful to make contact with the Oklahoma Poison Control Cen-
ter, Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital, P.O. Box 26307, Oklahoma City,
OK 73126 (405) 271-5454, producers of the "Antivenin Index" and obtain a
copy for the poison center to aid in more speedy location of exotic anti-
venins within the U.S. Also make contact with local herpetological groups
and local zoos to determine their needs and to offer assistance of the
poison center’s information facilities. Through the utilization of some
of these techniques and the development of new ones, the emergency treat-
ment facility personnel and amateur herpetologist will feel they are not
so isolated and alone in dealing with snake envenomations, as there is a
facility which is prepared and ready to assist them.

CONCLUSION

It is evident that even through the problem of a bite by an exotic veno-
mous snake in the U.S. is a rare one, the existence of these species by
amateur herpetologists in secluded "underground zoo" collections cannot
be denied. This problem will not go away as there are no apparent fed-
eral laws regulating the possession of these snakes and a quite active but
secretive marketing and exchange mechanism exists in the collector com-
munities. In order to better prepare for the exotic snake envenomation,
poison centers and others involved in clinical toxicology should prepare
themselves for this isolated incident so that the bite victim will receive
fast and effective management of his clinical problem, where time is of
the utmost importance.

The author would like to thank all those individuals (poison center per-
sonnel, medical consultants, and herpetological organizations) for their
time and efforts in abstracting and sharing their data and ideas, making
this paper a reality.

REFERENCES

1. Parrish, Henry M. , et al: Bites by Foreign Venomous Snakes in the
United States, Am. J. Med. Sci. 251-150-155, 1966.

80

'THE UNDERGROUND ZOO", CoyvUnu^d

2. Russell, Findaly E.: Exotic Species in the United States, Snake Venom
Poisoning, J.B. Lippincott, 345-349, 1980.

3. Reid, H.A. : Bites by Foreign Venomous Snakes in Britain, Brit. Med. J.,
1:1598-1600, 1978.

4. Rappolt, Richard T., et al: Medical Toxicologist * s Notebook; Snakebite
Treatment and International Antivenin Index , Clinical Toxicology

13: 409-438, 1978.

(EcUtoA.’^ Note.: "The. UndeAgA.ound Zoo” ti A.e.pAtnte.d iA.om the. pA.oae.e.dlng^
0^ the. 1982 JnteAnational CongA.e^-6 o^ Ctiyiicut Toxtootogy and the. Se.c.ond
WoKld Meeting ol Ctinicat Toxtcology/HeteAA.na'Ly and Human Toxicology,
Vol, 24, Supplement 1982, pp. 144-149, with peAml6.6lon o^ the authon.
?ant 1 appealed In the Tebnua/iy 1985 li,6ue o{, AKF. )

Chapter

ATLANTA ZOO AAZK CHAPTER

During the summer of 1984, the
Chapter benefitted from an ar-
rangement between zoo director
Terry Maple and the Atlanta
Zoological Society to pay for
memberships in AAZK for staff
members. As a result, the
Chapter has grown from six pro-
fessional and one affiliate mem-
bers to seventeen professional
and four affiliate members.

Chapter members attended the
Southeastern Regional AAZK Con-
ference at Riverbanks Zoo, Colum-
bia, SC, and the National AAZK
Conference at Woodland Park Zoo
in Seattle, WA.

A slide show of the National
Conference was presented by Alan
Sharpies and Cathy Taibbi at the
November Chapter meeting and new
officers for 1985 were elected
at the December Chapter meeting.

The new officers are:

President Alan Sharpies

Vice Pres .... .Julia Lofton

Secretary Greg George

Treasurer, . . . .Susan Barnard

Also at this meeting several pro-
posals for Chapter projects for
1985 were made. These proposals
include exhibit renovation or en-
hancement, establishing a zoo
library, and creating a new Chapter
T-shirt. The Atlanta AAZK Chapter
is now offering for sale baseball
caps featuring the AAZK logo.

Honolulu Zoo Chapter AAZK

Our chapter re-elected all
of our 1984 officers at our
January meeting. We usually
meet the first Wednesday of
the month: Re-elected were:

President Dan Vitiello

Vice Pres Peter McLane

Sec/Treas Steve Robinson

Sgt-at-arms .. .Larry Zolton

News

Sedgwick County AAZK Chapter

Newly elected officers of the
Sedgwick County Chapter in
Wichita, KS are:

President .... .Amy Shelton

Vice Pres Laura Meyers

Sec/Treas Mary Nonnweiler

81

Research

From The Research/Grants Committee of AAZK

SubmOtte-d by f/uink B. Kohn. ChcuAman

AAZK Rej,m^cLh/G/Lant6 Committee.

The Research/Grants Committee continues its work on A Keepers Guide to
Research in Zoos in conjunction with the Zoological Husbandry Fundamentals
(ZHF) Book. The Guide will be written as an independent sourcebook for
keepers with little or no training in research, but who are interested in
conducting a project at their zoo. It will also be condensed for incorpor-
ation into the ZHF.

A few keepers have expressed interest in contributing to the Guide. Any
keeper desiring to work on the book is welcome regardless of your exper-
ience with research methods. As a keeper you are a trained observer
specializing in observing particular species. This knowledge is neces-
sary to design practical studies.

If you would like further information about the Guide, please contact me.

I will send you a preliminary outline describing the various aspects of
work available for the Guide.

Research Grants Available

AAZK offers research grants to keepers interested in studying some aspect
of zoo biology at their respective facilities. Grants are limited to
$250.00 but may involve more than one investigator. For more information
and a copy of the proposal guidelines write to: fA.ank Kohn, Ho^plXat/
Re6eaAch Bldg,, Vept, Zoological Rc6caAch, National Zoo, itia^hlngton,

VC 1000%,

Upcoming Research Meetings

16-20 June 1985 — American Society of Mammalogists - University of Maine
at Orono, Orono, MA 04469.

24-28 June 1985 — Primates - The Road to Self-Sustaining Populations,

Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112.

24-28 June 1985”Animal Behavior Society, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC 27695.

RIVER OTTER SYMPOSIUM SCHEDULED

The Zoological Society of New Jersey announces a one-day Symposium on
Captive Breeding of North American River Otters, to be held on 3 April,
1985 from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. at Turtle Back Zoo’s Education Center.
Speakers will include: Joe Davis of Brookfield Zoo, Chicago; Joan Ryskamp
of John Ball Zoo, Grand Rapids; Pat Foster-Turley of the University of
Florida; and Richard Ryan of Turtle Back Zoo.

Registration/Admission is free. For further information contact Turtle
Back Zoo, 560 Northfield Ave., West Orange, NJ 07052, (201) 731-5800.

82

SPECTRUM

Quality exotic animal diets
Fixed formulation
Nutritionally balanced
Economical

iHANo Frozen feline diets
^ Frozen bird of prey diets

Frozen canine diet

Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts.

livers, rib, shank, and knuckle bones

Zu/fVecm®

Feline canned Omnivore dry

Primate canned Primate dry

Marmoset canned

Banana flavored primate, 1 5% protein
Banana flavored primate Pro-Plus, 25%

SreCTRUM protein

Omnivore dry
Polar Bear dry
Ratite dry

Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium

When you need a complete line of high-quality dry,
canned, and frozen animal diets for your feeding program,
call Animal Spectrum today.

In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

Animal SPECTRUM Inc.

Box 6307 Lincoln, NE 68506-0307

PLANTING INDOOR EXHIBITS

By

BLizabdth OJoA^dm, Ga/idmeA Kid<L
Woodland Vcutk Zoological Ga/idcns
Seattle, WA

Why plant existing interior exhibits?

-Naturalizing an existing exhibit breaks up the squareness and adds
visual interest to the exhibit.

-Naturalizing gives the public an opportunity to experience an animal
in a simulated native habitat.

-Creating a more natural physical space for an animal can be beneficial
to the animal’s physical and psychological well-being.

Want to plant an exhibit? Some questions to ask:

-Which plants best simulate the animal’s habitat and suit the size of
the exhibit?

-Of these, which ones are best suited to survive and grow in the light,
heat, and humidity provided in the exhibit?

-Who will care for the exhibit once it is established? Care includes
watering, pruning, fertilizing (we use fish fertilizer, which is
organic), checking for bugs and disease, and general damage from the
animal or staff. Care also includes replacing dead plants and see-
ing to the appropriate soil mixture for various plants.

Where to go for information on plants, their origins, and their needs:

-Exotica or Tropica, A.B. Graf - lists virtually all tropical plants
and their places or origin.

-How to Grow House Plants, a Sunset publication and How to Grow Healthy
House Plants, HP Books - two of a large number of books which contain
good photographs of house plants; information on their care - light,
soil, water, humidity requirements; also, good disease and insect
descriptions .

-The Woodland Park Zoo Plant Care Manual, by Sue Maloney - contains
specific information on planted exhibit requirements plus plant lists
for the existing exhibits at WPZ.

People:

-Your horticultural staff or gardeners
-Your county extension service

-Local university botany or horticulture staffs
-Local garden clubs
-Local nurseries

-Association of Zoological Horticulture

Interior plant companies who specialize in maintaining office plantings
may be willing to give you plants they can no longer use in their displays.
A majority of WPZ’s tropical plants are donated by a local firm, IvitQJLLO^

In Gn.een,

References on Poisonous Plants

Connor, H.E., The Poisonous Plants in New Zealand, E.C. Keating, Govern-
ment Printer, Wellington, New Zealand.

Dennis, LaRea J., Name Your Poison: A Guide to Cultivated and Native
Oregon Plants Toxic to Humans.

84

PLANTING INDOOR EXHIBITS, ConUnLiQ.d

Everist, Selwyn L., Poisonous Plants of Australia, Revised Edition,

Angus and Robertson Publishers, Australian Natural History Library,

1981.

Keeler, Richard F., Van Kemper, Kent R. , James, Lynn F., Editors, Effects
of Poisonous Plants on Livestock.

Kinghorn, A.D, , Toxic Plants, 1981.

Kingsbury, John M. , Poisonous Plants of the U.S. & Canada.

Lampl and Fagerstrom, Plant Toxicity and Dermatitis.

Muenscles, Walter Conrad, Poisonous Plants of the United States, Collier
Books, 1975.

Association of Zoological Horticulture

The Association of Zoological Horticulture is a non-profit organization
of zoo horticulturists dedicated to the advancement of zoo horticulture
through professional exchanges, horticultural education and research and
conservation programs.

The AZH encourages the practice of horticulture in zoos and the improve-
ment of the zoo horticultural profession by providing a network for the
sharing of professional ideas and to solving problems related to zoo
horticulture as well as plant/animal relationships. It also serves to
aid in the exchange of seeds and plant material for exhibition, conserva-
tion, scientific and educational purposes.

The increase of scientific research and education in the field of horti-
culture as well as plant conservation are objectives of the organization.
Professionalism is encouraged by the AZH along with the acquisition of
increased expertise by the members. The AZH publishes a newsletter to
inform its members of the activities of the organization as well as its
members. Membership is open to individuals, organizations or companies
who work in or are interested in the practice of horticulture in zoos and
aquariums.

Recommended Membership Categories:

Regular Membership - open to persons who are interested in the objectives
of the Association, have an interest in the Associa-
tion programs and wish to support them. Regular
members have the right to vote and hold office.

Dues - $10.00

Supporting Organization Membership - open to any zoological park, aquarium,
botanical garden, arboretum or institution having
an interest in supporting the Association. Support-
ing organizations do not have voting rights.

Dues - $50.00

[Editor' ^ nota.t li Zyvt2A2J)t2.d in obtcdyilng a mmbe/uklp appLiccutlon ion.

AIM, contact Steve Beand, Tn.eciuboAen. AZH, Columbiu loologtcat Ganden^,

9990 Rtven^ide Vntve, Box 400, Poioell, OH 43065,}

&

85

ELEPHANT ROUND-UP AT SURIN

Elephants, elephants, elephants. Big ones, small ones, short ones, tall
ones, young and old. One hundred and twenty-eight in all, parade past
you as you sit in the grand stands at the elephant round-up festival in
Surin, Thailand. The excitement as they pass is electrifying. You con-
tinue to point out to a companion next to you a particular animal which
catches your eye. "Look at that one, she looks just like Pet back home"
or "See that bull off to the side; he must be pretty hard to handle as
they keep him away from the others". "Look at all the chain draped over
his neck; he must run off quite often and isn’t that calf about two weeks
old?" As an elephant person you feel as though you’ve died and gone to
heaven !

The elephant round-up at Surin is a yearly festival that is co-sponsored
by the Tourist Authority of Thailand and the Forest Industry Organization.
The festival has been going on for the last 16 years and is held each year
at the start of the dry season around the third week in November. The
festival of old, normally preceded a villagers’ trip to the jungle to cap-
ture wild elephants. It has now grown to become a celebration of man’s
relationship with the elephant.

The round-up begins with a procession of elephants. These animals, along
with their mahouts, are all lined up facing the grand stand. The cows
which gave birth that year are singled out and given special attention for
their efforts. They receive a piece of sugarcane and the mahout a small
stipend. Then all participants go to the far end of the Surin airfield
where they prepare for the day’s proceedings.

In the early years of the elephant capturing, a village would prepare for
the round-up with a ceremony to appease the spirits. They would spend
several days feasting and then gather all the equipment needed for the
three-month sojourn into the jungle. The wives of the mahouts would do
nothing for that period of time so as not to offend any spirits. They
wouldn’t bathe or comb their hair and they would move about the house very
carefully.

Two different methods were employed in capturing the elephants. The first
was to build a large corral or Kraal and drive an unsuspecting herd into
it. Once enclosed the mahouts would ride in on their Konkis (large males
that were already trained) and single out an individual. They would then

86

ELEPHANT ROUND-UP AT SURIN, Cowtlna^d

ie in between two tame elephants and escort them out of the kraal. The
rild elephants pay little attention to the mahouts on the backs of the
ijtrange elephants. The new captives are then taken to a crush where their
i.nitial training takes place. The second method used is lassoing the ele-
)hant with a woven rope.

*icture yourself on the back of an elephant moving silently through the
jungle. A scout comes back and says a herd is located 2km to the west.

,rou move off in that direction. The wind is in your face and insures that
;he wild herd doesn’t catch your scent. As you move nearer all verbal
communications cease and the lead mahout signals you to the west. You
see a dark grey form ahead of you. Your lassoon (a long pole to which a
Loop of rope is attached) is readied. You check the other end of the rope
to see that it is secured to the harness of your elephant. You see that
jthe wild elephant ahead of you is getting restless. It directs its trunk
towards you but is unable to pick up your scent.

Suddenly the wind shifts and brings your scent to the elephant. It wheels
around and heads off in the opposite direction trumpeting an alarm. The
other elephants follow suit and the chase is on. The mahout urges your
'elephant forward closing the gap between you and your quarry. As you get
closer to the selected animal you lower the lassoon, slipping the loop
around the hind leg. The loop is pulled taut. Before another loop can
be slipped around its leg, another mahout throws a thorny rope around the
captives’s neck. That way, if it should escape, the thorns will dig into
the flesh causing an infection. The animal then weakened from fever from
Ithe infection can be easily captured several days later. You are able to
secure your elephant though, and he’s tied to a tree where later he will be
escorted back to the village and trained. A demonstration of all this is
given at Surin.

The activities continue and highlight the elephant’s abilities. There are
several types of races. The most exciting is the all-out speed race. Also
there is a race where the elephant has to pick up an object from the ground
and give it to the mahout. Interestingly enough, in this race no bunch of
bananas ever made it to the hands of the mahout. A log rolling contest
follows, and a tug-of-war between members of the Thai Army and one mature
bull. The elephant won. There was also an elephant soccer game.

iThe climax to the proceedings was a demonstration of the use of elephants
in warfare. Through history there have been many conflicts between the
Burmese King and the King of Siam. Troops from the opposing forces would
amass along a common front. A general or the King of Siam would be seated
on a large howda on the back of one of the elephants. He would direct his
troops with the use of wands made of peacock feathers.

Initially, scouts would be sent out to determine troop strength and posi-
tions. The foot soldiers would advance next followed by the war elephants.
The war elephants each had a mahout that would guide it and a war howda with
a spearman in it. He had a large arsenal of weapons from which to choose.
Each elephant was also accompanied by four foot soldiers, one by each leg.
They were to protect the elephant, for once injured and maddened with pain,
the elephant could not discern friend from foe as it rampaged about.

On the field the two armys marched towards each other growing ever closer.
Artillery is fired and finally the archers are in range to shoot. The
two armies clash. At this point all the elephants stampede towards the
grandstands and loom over the top of the bystanders offering them rides.

Once one regains his composure, the offer of a ride is gladly accepted.

So ends the elephant round-up festival at Surin, Thailand for another year.

87

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

'0^

October 20-24, 1985
Miami, Florida

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE

Sunday, 20 Oct.
Registration
Board Meetings
Ice Breaker

Tuesday, 22 Oct.

Tour of Miami Metrozoo
Zoo Lunch
Workshops
Zoo Olympics

Dinner provided by Docents

Thursday, 24 Oct.

Paper sessions all day
Lunch on your own
Banquet - Auction

SEE FIRST CALL FOR PAPERS PAGE 42 IN
will be limited to 10-15 minutes with
answer period.

Monday, 21 Oct.

Paper session all day
Lunch on your own i

Monty Trainers (local restaurant/ i
bar) I;

Wednesday, 23 Oct.

Dreher Park Zoo I

Zoo Lunch |

Soccer & Volleyball .i

Dinner on your own !

trip to the Everglades is being, jl
discussed as an optional pre-post j
(to be decided) conference trip. |

FEBRUARY NOTE CHANGE: Papers
an optional five-minute question/

ZOO OLYMPICS *

The Zoo Olympics is a Miami Metrozoo tradition that involves a triathlon i
of events that allow zoo personnel to show their agility, speed, and j

strength in events that are designed to simulate day-to-day activities. I
The great athletes who participate in these games may utter various sounds
as they put forth tremendous effort to do their very best. There will be i
two-person teams made up of one female and one male zoophilic keeper. One !
must compete in the triathlon in order to have a chance to win, place or
show. Points will be awarded for first through fifteenth place in each j
ol3rmpic event. '

The first event is the heaving of elephant dung for distance. The teams
may unleash their biotic missies down the ranges with considerable velocity.
However, it should be mentioned that dung should not be directed towards
the judges who are measuring the stupendous throws.

The second event requires the amazing dexterity of our Olympic zootechnic-
ians. The unlocking and locking of locks, as all zoo personnel know, de-
mands the utmost skill in performing this ol3nTipic task. Zooking may be >
heard far and near as our Olympians use all of their agility to bring this
event to its final conclusion.

88

mmvsbj Continued

The third and final event exhibits the swiftness of our competing zoophilic
keepers. This 0l3nnpic event of the triathlon begins with the removal of
a bale of hay by the first Olympian from mother earth to a wheelbarrow or
wheelchariot , as it is called at Metrozoo. The wheelchariot is then wheel-
ed with increasing speed to a point in the distance where the bale is dis-
posed of on the ground again. The wheelchariot is then returned to its
original place and transferred to the other 0l3niipian, who takes it back to
the offending bale, deposits the bale into the wheelchariot and returns
once more to the starting point.

We encourage all of you tremendous athletes and dedicated zoo personnel to
join in our games, to please the zoo gods and to become enshrined with
other zoomorphic heroes of the past.

DISCOUNT TRAVEL INFORMATION

Convention Planners International through its retail travel agency offers
all attendees of the American Association of Zoo Keepers Conference air-
fare discounts. Convention Planners International will offer the lowest
possible airfare, then discount those rates even further. Discounted
pre- or post-convention tours will also be offered.

If you are interested in the lowest airfare rates available*, please call
our 800 number today or fill in the form below and return to:

Convention Planners International
9131 Fletcher Parkway, Suite 124
La Mesa, California 92041

(Inside California ) 800-223-8021
(Outside California) 900-431-2472

*South Florida AAZK Chapter recommends that you first look into airfares
on your own before you use this service. We cannot guarantee that the
airfare rates they offer are the lowest available to everyone.

AAZK TRAVEL FORM

NAME; Spouse/Guest:

Number of Children & Ages in Party;

Address; City:

State; Zip:__ Phone ; ( )

Departure City; Departure Date: am pm

Return Date; am pm Credit Card #:

Expiration Date:___ Signature;

Please send additional information;

Pre- or Post-Convention Tours

^Car Rental for Days

89

Aside from plam trees, beaches, and tropical
weather, Miami now also has a world-class zoo,
Metrozoo opened in December 1981 and with 225 !

acres and 100 kinds of animals on display, it
is already one of the largest zoos in the world, i
and continued growth is planned throughout its
470-acre site. The Miami Metrozoo is a pro-
gressive, new, cageless zoo where animals roam
free on islands surrounded by moats, in sur-
roundings that closely resemble their native
habitats. Metrozoo ’s master design is based
on a zoogeographic theme, which means that the
exhibits are arranged according to the regions

IN GREATER MIAMI of the world where the animals come from in-
stead of by species. The rockwork, landscape,
and architecture of each display also portray that geographic area.

Metrozoo ’s unique design, from overall concept of moated exhibits to the
detailed sculptural work on each exhibit sign, gracefully combines educa-
tion and entertainment. Among the zoo's many special features are: Sula-
wesi, a colorful replica of a Malayan village where children and adults
alike can come into contact with some of the zoo's tame animals; a rep-
lica of a mysterious 13th-century Cambodian temple where the zoo's white
tigers live; exciting bird shows in the zoo's amphitheatre; informal zoo-
keeper presentations and elephant shows; a lakefront restaurant and obser-
vation deck overlooking the African lobe; and a 2.2-mile guided monorail
tour throughout the 225-acre park, where one can see from the air all of
the behind-the-scenes activities.

Metrozoo 's newest exhibit is Wings of Asia: Garden of Tropical Birds which
opened to the public on December 28, 1984 and folks are flocking to see it.
'Wings...', informally referred to as the aviary, is a l^g-acre tropical en-
vironment contained under pole-supported, heavy-duty metal netting. In
some places the structure is 65-feet tall.

Rare Southeast Asian birds inhabit the free-flight aviary, and new species
are being added over the next several months. Approximately 300 exotic
birds now make up the 'Wings of Asia' population, living amid tropical
trees, shrubs and ground cover that recreate the forests and marshes of
Asia. It is this duplication of natural conditions and environments that
induces the birds to behave as they would in the wild. The 70 or so species
in the aviary include such exotics as birds of paradise, sacred ibis, orange
bellied leaf birds, rhinoceros hornbill, fairy bluebirds, and hanging par-
rots. The unusual plants in the aviary are as valuable as the birds, with
over 100 species making up the landscaping.

A winding pedestrian walkway throughout the
aviary takes the public over a hanging bridge,
up to an observation deck, past rushing
waterfalls and over a canopy of trees.

'Wings of Asia' can also be viewed from the
Zoofari monorail, which goes through the
center of the exhibit.

Metrozoo is well on its way to becoming an
invaluable and enduring addition to the
zoological community worldwide and to the
residents and visitors to South Florida. We
are proud of our Metrozoo and would love to
show it to you at the AAZK National Conference in October.
Good !

MIAMI

METROZOO

Garden of 'ihjptcal Birds

See you then?

90

2649 South Bayshore Drive
Miami, Florida 33133
(305) 858-2500

Re,vX6Zoyi6 ok Cancellations , please, call as ViAcct on oaK Toll Vkcc
NimbeASi Oastidc Vlontda - 100-327-^77/, Witkln Vloaida - SOO-432-61 55.

NAME:

COMPANY NAME:

ADDRESS :

CITY: STATE: ZIP:

TELEPHONE: ( )

ARRIVAL DATE: TIME: DEPARTURE DATE:

To Kcccivc special Rate, ReAeAvationS mast be Kccetvcd by 20 Sept. , 1985.

Check in Time is 3 P.M. and Check Out Time is 1 P.M. Reservations will
require:

One night's room and tax deposit or assured by a credit card.

Please hold my reservations for (check one)

Guaranteed for Late Arrival (with deposit enclosed)

Assured with Credit Card (Am. Express, Diners, Carte Blanche,

Visa, Master Charge)

Credit card No: Expiration date:

For guararsteed reser^/ations only: I understand 1 am responsible for one
night's room and tax charge which will be deducted from any deposit or
charged to my credit card if I fail to cancel my reservation.

Si gnature

-Please Indicate Accommodations Desired-

No. Rooms

Accomodations

Rate

SINGLE

1 Person

$75.00

DOUBLE - 2 Persons

1 Bed

$700“^

JR. SUITES

1-2 Persons

$150.00

ONE BEDROOM SUITES

1-2 Persons

$225.00

*Extra Person (Roll away) Charge is $10.00.

ANY SPECIAL REQUESTS:

91

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE REGISTRATION FORM
October 20 - 24. 1985

Please fill in and return this form with your
fee to:

Raakit RogeA^

Con^QAmcn RQ,gij>tAcutLon
South VlontdcL AAZK
12400 5.W. 152nd StAd^t
Mtamt, FL 33177

CONFERENCE REGISTRATION

NAME :

ADDRESS: CITY:

STATE/COUNTRY: ZIP/POSTAL CODE:

ZOO AFFILIATION (if applicable):

AREA OF INTEREST:

VEGETARIAN: YES NO

WILL BE PARTICIPATING IN ZOO OLYMPICS: YES ^NO

BRINGING AN AUCTION ITEM? IF SO, BRIEFLY DESCRIBE:

WILL BE SUBMITTING PAPER: YES NO

($15.00 will be refunded on acceptance of paper)

TRANSPORTATION: (car, plane, etc.)

AAZK MEMBERSHIP STATUS & FEE:

Member or Spouse $55.00

Non-member $60.00

Late Registration Fee $15.00

TOTAL FEES ENCLOSED..... $

SINGLE EVENT RATES: Ice Breaker $10.00 Paper Session I $10.00

Sun. 20 Oct. Mon. 21 Oct.

Miami Metrozoo $15.00 Dreher Pk Zoo $20.00
Tues. 22 Oct. Wed. 23 Oct.

Paper Session II & Banquet $30.00
Thurs. 24 Oct.

Please make this check payable to: "SOUTH FLORIDA AAZK". The deadline
for registration is Thursday, 15 August, 1985.

92

AKF SURVEY RESULTS - A Commentary From The Editors

jFrom the statistical results of the survey on Animal Keepers' Forum (see

!age 39, February issue), the majority of those responding to the survey
:,eemed to express the opinion that they were basically satisfied with the
job AKF has been doing. However, there were a number of specific concerns
ind suggestions submitted by respondents and it is those which the editor-
ial staff would like to address here.

’rior to getting down to specifics, we feel it is important for the member—
ihip to understand what the editorial philosophy behind AKF is and how the
staff sees its job of implementing that philosophy. The idea for AKF began
It a time when there was very limited communication between zoos and keepers
.n particular. It was hoped that the establishment of a communications
rehicle such as the Forum would stimulate interaction between members of
:he zookeeping profession and serve as a common meeting ground for informa-
;;ion exchange.

Che primary philosophy of AKF is to serve as an open forum to those in the
lookeeping profession. Its goal is to get out as much useful information
IS possible to the membership by providing such a forum to all members,
illowing them to contribute material ranging from research-oriented papers
:o zoo and animal news; from artwork and anecdotal articles and safety
;ips to essays dealing with personal experiences. The Forum is aimed to-
ward the ’whole keeper', not just the serious researcher or the individual
l^ho wishes to express his or her feelings about the profession via art or
)oetry .

/Je do not claim nor do we feel it is advantageous to become a journal on
the level of Zoo Biology or IZN. The more rigid constraints on material
and format required by these publications would tend to exclude (i.e.

"shut out") a good portion of the AAZK membership. We feel it is impor-
tant for AKF to remain open to all the many levels of professional animal
keepers. Every Zoo/Aquarium has evolved a certain level of professional-
ism for its keepers depending on the demands of each facility. AKF remains
'open' to all these levels and exclusive to none.

In implementing this philosophy, the staff makes every effort to review
the wide variety of material submitted by members. It is important to
remember that AKF is primarily dependent on the membership to fill its
pages. It is beyond the scope of time available to the staff to generate
articles on more than a few specific topics (example: Endangered Species
Update). Therefore, the majority of what appears in AKF comes from the
membership directly. Each month the staff attempts to put together a
well-rounded collection of material - working towards a diversity of topics
as well as editorial styles. What hopefully results is a publication in
which each AAZK member can find something of interest or assistance to
him/her. We do not expect every article in every issue to appeal to every
member. That would be unrealistic. What we hope to achieve is a balance.

We are committed to the philosophy of a truly 'open forum' for all those
involved in the zookeeping profession.

Now to specifics. The following are changes and suggestions submitted by
survey respondents and our reply to them.

1. Typing and proofreading should be better — Wc (XJi2. dWd/iG. 0^ -t/iC QJiJioKM

oofu-ck 6orneyttme^ appe.aA. AKF. We ctAe. not any kapptoA wtth them than you.

We make. e.veAy e^HoHt to 6 end the. foAum to the. pAtnte/u cu mL6take,-pAoo
(U we can make It. The. human ^actoA o^ making eAAoAS cnteA^ the ptctuAc
despite, the lact that each X6Acte pAooiAcad a mlvumum o{, tkAcc Ume^
bc^oAc publtcation. We oAc working on tmpAovtng tkis pAobtem a^ beAt we can.

93

AKF SURVEY - A Commentary From The Editors, Continae.d

2. Too much on front inside cover/don't like membership application on
back inside cover - Jn OA.deA to qiioLily Ion. ouA Second Cl(U^ portent pQJunit j
a c.(inJjou.vi amount o^ tviionmatton AzquuAdd to appmn. on th^ {^Aont In^tdd !
C.OV2A.. Thej>2. oAd 6tattc6 (A)ktch ia)q. cannot change. We oAc, kowevoA, mAktng ^
cut Acionmattng the section on ComrrUttee CheuAmen, PAoject Heads and Regton-'^
at CooAdlnatoAS so that it \KsWi be eousleA to Aead and moAe useiut to the ;
membeAshtp Mhen they need to contact one oi these people. Ks loA the Mem- ;
beAshtp Application — it Is placed on the back Inside coven, so as not to !
have to use up space on the inside oi the AKF ^OA its duplication. The
sta(^l is, hoMeveA, giving considenation to pninting the application on

the last page o^ each issue thus giving the applicant moAe Aoom to ^ill
in necessoAy inioAmation and eliminating the need to cut it out oi the ,
coven to send it in. II this is done, it loould be pointed back-to-back Mithl
that cuAAent month's Oppontunity Knocks page so that in teeming out the
application, you muld not lose any pemt o^ an oAticle.

3. Have more articles on hoofed stock, carnivores, behavior research and ,,
things for aquarium keepers - As Stated eoAlieA, Me can only pAint U)hat

the membcAship is Milling to shone via AKT. We too Mould like to see a !

gneaten divensity oi anticlcs, panticulaAly ^nom the aneas mentioned, but ■

do not have the aqsouaccs to genenate them intennally. We Mould hope that ’
those nespondents Mho nequested these specific aneas Mould take it upon
themselves to MAite an cmticle on thein speciality and to encounage othen '
like- intenes ted colleagues to do the same. We cannot stness too mphatic-
edily that AKF can only ^ul^ill its Aole o^ disseminating in^o Amotion on
all topics Aclated to zoo keeping i^ the membcAskip is Milling to support
that goal by becoming active contAibutoAS.

4. Cut out all poems and other "cutesy” stuff - This type o{^ comment came i
^Aom sevenal specific geognaphical pockets anound the U.S. and appanent- |
ly keepem in these aneas leel that poetny, tnavelogue-type anticles,
coAtoons and the like one not pno Sessional enough to be included in AKF.

We i^eel that a mo Aid Mithout humon is a pnetty dull mo Aid indeed and Me
also see no lack o/j pno ^cssionalism in a keepen nelating hislhen feelings j
and commitment to hislhen pnol^cssion tknough ant, poetny on cantoons. [

{fJhile Me neven intend to iill AKF’s pages Mith such matenial exclusively , [

Me ieel the occasional inclusion oi less senious subject matten may senve [

to help us all achieve a betten pnospective on ouAselves (U people and as J

pAoiessionals and keeps us ^nom taking ouAselves too sensously. i

5. List more job opportunities available - We list eveAy job opening Me j

have available eveny month. HoMevcA, Me ^eel that many zoos and pensonnel j
dinectoAS may not be awane oi this ^nee senvice {^nom AKF. We one thene- |
{^one cuAAently compiling a list o^ such institutio ns / individuals and Mill

be sending them inionmation on this senvice. With a good nesponse. Me can
hopefully soon have mone job listings to pnint. We encounage membens to
let thein administnations knoM that they can list job openings in AKF gnatis^

6. Delete cover art and use Zebra logo only/quality of cover art variable - ]
We i^eel that going back to the exclusive use oi the lebna logo on the Inont
coven is not only monotonous but neally detnacts ^nom the uniqueness oi

the AKF. We neceive vast amounts oi coven ant inom keepens all acnoss the
countny. Subject matten and quality vany considenably. We attempt to use
the best oi Mhat Me have available Mhile vanying the subject each month and
tying in covens Mith inside anticles Mheneven possible. Anothen suggestion
Me neceived Mas to pnint a small piece on the animal {^eatuned on each months
coven. We ieel this is an excellent suggestion and Me Mill attempt to begin
doing this as soon as possible.

94

F SURVEY - A Commentary From The Editors, Co/itLnue.d

I Use more photographs - Wc. (XAS. p-t£.CL6C.d t.0 yincZiLdo. 6LLVtcLb-t£. phod^og^ph^
eneveA the.^ oaz -6e,nt uoUk an afuUcZt. Photogmpfu mLi6t be Xn black and
Ue and p^e^eAablg on glo^^y Uock, CoU Ke^dyuilyvU mold prevent tM
[,om /Lunnlng lot6 oi^ pkotognaplu each. Jji^ac, bat we matd be pleaded to
\cJiwde them a)ken appn.opntate.

I Revamp Births and Hatchings Section - TbX6 ^^u.gge^tton ka6 been undeA
jnstde/LOtton ^oa 6ome time and the iitaH avitActpcLtd^ ^oAmeut^ng changes
thti> section ^oon. Because thts section o^ AKf has continued to gAoto
:.d gAoMf some stAicteA gutdeltnes ioA what ts to be tncluded oAe goi,ng to
: estabtl&hed. We oAe cuAAently woAktng with seveAol keepeAS acAoss the
>antAy tn establt&htng such gutdeltnes . Whtle the AKf suAvey stattstK^
lowed that BBH ts Aead by a majoAdty oi the Aespondents, we hope to make
; a moAe stgvititcavit and tn^oAmatAoe pa/it the oveAoll AKf contents.

jverify accuracy of material submitted - We, un{^OAtunately , have no con-
tol otheA than an tndivtdual's woAd that mateAcal submitted ts ontgtnc^
i natuAe. We could not possibly Aead eveAy jouAnal and sclentlUc pub-
icatlon and be iamltioA with eveAytklng published on anmaU and animal
[isbandAy. Occasionally we have say, a news Aelease, sent In by a membeA
i something happening at hls/hoA Institution. This is listed In the AKf
i submitted by NOT w/Utten by whomeveA. We Aely on Individual membeA' s
teg Ally when they submit mateAlal that it is oAiglnal and not an out
nd out plagloAism oi anotheA's woAk.

. Better standardization of quality of articles published/better refer
iicing of articles/stricter criteria for papers submitted - This is a
yjugh conceAn to answeA as it gets back to the philosophy oi AKf being an
hpen ioAum' ioA keepeAS at all levels oi the^ pAoiesslon. We Aeallze that
keAe Is a discAepency In the 'level oi wAltlng' between voAious aAticl<^ .
'jt eveAyone is a WAiteA, not eveAyone is a AeseaAcheA. foA oAtlcles which
le Aes eoAch-oAlented, we expect moAe stAlct adheAence to style and stan-
oAd guidelines. Those oAtlcles which oAe moAe subjective and Aelate
M to an Individual' s peASonal expeAience In his pAoiosslon oAe not ex-
zeted to meet the same cAltcAla as the ioAmeA. We ieel, howevcA, that
keAe is a need ioA betteA standoAdlzatlon In some Instances and we plan
0 woAk closely with both the ReseoAch and Education Comnuttees on setting
p cAiteAia ioA those types oi oAtlcles. We do not ieel obligated to pub-
is h eveAy thing we Aeceive and make an honest eHoAt to edit and coAAect
iGuteAlal wheneveA possible. That doesn't mean we don't make mistakes In
oth content and judgement on occasion. We hope In the coming months to
ubllsh an oAtlclels] on "How To MAite An AAtlcle ioA AKf" which may help
s bAlng gAeateA standoAdlzatlon and continuity to ouA edltoAial content.

. Legislative News is beyond the scope of AKF/ institute a 'Action Alert
n upcoming legislation/have monthly update on the SSP - We ieel it iS
•mpoAtant to keep membeAS awaAe oi what's going on with wildlsie leglsla-
lon. We Aeallze that we cannot coveA It all In depth, but we hope to
poAk InteAest In the membeAshlp to become Involved outside oi thelA zoo
etting. An "Action Alent" is a good suggestion but without having some-
ne In Washington to keep a dally eye on what's happening with wildttie
egislation, it is dlUlcult to be cuAJient In this oAea. li anyone has
.ny suggestions on how this could be achieved, please let us know. We all
ave a vital InteAest In the SSP pAogAom but this we ieel, beyond a geneA-
\l oAtlcle on occasion, is beyond the pAesent scope oj AKf . Without dlAect
j.ontact with and coopeAatZon iAom the voaIous SSP CooAdlnatoAS , it would
le dliilcult ioA us to do this subject any justice. We ieel since AAZPA
s Involved dlAectly In SSP and has access to InioAmatton on it, they oAe
till the best souAce ioA InioAmation on this topic. But we oAe open to
•uggestlons again on how to coveA this complex subject.

95

AKF SURVEY RESULTS - A Commentary From the Editors, Continued

12. More reports on AAZK Committees, goals, progress/how to become involvec
actively in AAZK projects/info on AAZK officers/ AAZK award winners - Each
CommJXccIVfio icQJt CkaJjtpzA^on kcu, been caked to i^ubmiX an oAttdie to AKE
on theXA goala and! on. pn.ogn.2a^. To date iA)e have n.ecetved ven.y {^m, Wt
we ieet tt ia tmpontant ^on. the membe/uklp to be au)an.e ol what thete gn,oupi
oAe doing and 6o wM continue to punaue ^uch n.eponta. We in.equevitly In-
clude n.equ2ata Inom CommlXteoalVn-ojecXa caking membena to provide ca^la-
tance, _ Thla la how you can become Involved. you have an lnten.eat In
a 6pecl^lc cuiea, coyvtact the chaoipenaon oi that committee and o^en. youA
hetp. Vou can only become ca Involved ca you want to be! We hope In the
neon. ^utuAe to n.un 6ome pn.oillea on the AAZK EooAd o{^ Vln.ecXona and OUlcen.
to betten. aquatint the general membenahlp with thaae people who give 6o much
oi thoAA time and eiiont to making AAZK won.k. We will be contact Mike
Caocker, Awajida Committee ChaOiman to 6ollctt ^ome {^oltow-up Information on
1985 AAZK Award wlnnena for publication. Thla will Include: who are they
and why were they ^elecXed for recognition.

13. Make AKF bigger /Less advertising/Add a table of contents to each issue-
Co6t lljnltcutlona determine the 6lze of the AKE. An average of 56 pagea per
la^ue la about all the budget can take. We have very little advertialng
although we have been puraulng more potential potrona. Theae ads help to
pay the co6ts of publlcotlon and help In keeping membership co^ta down.

We have no plana to decrease the editorial content In favor of ada but
will expand the space available for articles as advertialng allows us to
expand Issue size. The Idea of using a table of contents In each Issue Is
under consideration at this time.

14. More articles on equipment evaluation/opportunities available in travel
and research/international articles/helpful husbandry hints/other animal
organizations/more listings of publication and proceedings available -
This la a very broad category and again Is one In which we really need

the Input of the membership In order to make these suggestions a reality.

We publish International articles whenever they are available. The same
goes for opportunities In research I travel [l.e. Earthwatch etc.) We have
tried several times to solicit members to send In helpful husbandry hints
for a short column but received dismal response. We publish listings of
publication and proceedings available whenever we know of them. If you
know of some, why not pass It on?! The same goes for other animal- related
organizations which might Interest the membership — If you belong to one or
know of one send us the Information. GET IMUOLUEVH! I

15. Have a Letters to the Editor section/Expand the Book Reviews — Whenever !
we have received a letter to the editor, we have published It and would
continue to do so except that we do not hear from people very often. We
don't know If they have nothing to complain/ compliment about or what. The
Book Review project has been Inactive for some months and we have missed
being able to publish reviews on a regular basis. Verona Barr has taken
over the project and hopefully we can begin printing reviews again soon.

We realize that we have not been able to cover all of the comments and
suggestions sent in by members on the AKF survey. We attempted to re-
spond to those in which a number of individuals expressed an interest.

If you have concerns, comments or suggestions, please write to us. Animal
Keepers* Forum is the journal of your Association and we sincerely hope
that you will take an active interest in helping it develop, grow and
improve. Your involvement is vital. Again, many thanks to those who took
the time to respond to the survey. We appreciate your interest.

— The AKE Editorial Staff

96

I

Hie Care: Relating To

Inquiring Novice - Port 9

ibian .
pourri

By

Siui>an M. BaA.naAd, SenloA K^e.peA
V2.pt . oi HeA-petology
Atlanta loologtcal Pa/ik, A^anta, GA

NUTRITION

(Introduction and Feeding Carnivores)

Liough feeding activity is reduced during the breeding season and during
li^sisj it is most pronounced in winter. For this reason, more inquiries
^:he novice reptile owner will be directed to zoo keepers during the win-
I months than any other time of year.

) ig require proportionately more food than adults, and food should only
|)ffered at the individual reptile's preferred temperature (Part 5).

brse conditions may cause a reptile to become a reluctant feeder: these
bLude improper photoperiod, the lack of hide areas, and such stressful
jiitions as excessive noise, vibrations, and handling.

bst all carnivorous reptiles (including the venomous ones) will readily
Espt dead prey. Dead food prevents potential injuries to the feeding
Etile. Even food animals that are considered innocuous, such as meal-
cns and crickets, may kill timid or sick animals. Limiting the numbers
ithese insects before introducing them to the feeding reptile may reduce
I risk of food animal injuries. Chitinous insects have been known to
Ese intestinal impaction; therefore, frequent substitutions of corn grubs
twax worms is advisable.

y whole-body animals should be fed to carnivorous reptiles. Commercially
pared diets or animal parts such as chicken necks, wings and legs, ground
;f or animal livers are usually lacking in a balance of nutrients; and,

^n with the supplementation of vitamins and minerals, essential nutri-
jnal requirements may not be satisfied. Table 1 lists some food prefer-
les of some captive carnivorous reptiles.

ding frequencies for reptiles are variable, depending upon an animal’s
, size, and species. Most snakes should be offered food every one to
ee weeks; however, low activity or very old snakes should receive less
;r a longer span of time. Lizards, turtles, and crocodilians should be
[ one to three times a week. Those keeping reptiles must continually
iluate an animal’s diet, and feeding frequencies must be monitored and
lusted accordingly.

:t 10 will be concerned with feeding herbivorous reptiles.

5LE 1 - Key

X - usual food, 0 = occasional food
Also eats fruit

Ants, termites, small crickets

97

REPTILE CARE: RELATING TO THE INQUIRING NOVICE, PART 9, Contlnao^d

i

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Small

Mammals

1 —

X

X

X

X

X

X

Birds

o

o

X

X

X

X

X

Snakes

o

o

o

X

X

o

X

X

X

Lizards

Sala-

manders

X

o

Sala-

manders

o

o

X

X

Amphib-

ians

X

X

X

Fish

o

o

Insects

X

X

o

Worms or

Slu^s

Mollusks

X

o

o

Eggs

I

98

rpTILE CARE: RELATING TO THE INQUIRING NOVICE, PART 9, CoyitLnuad

99

Table 1. Food Preferences of Some Carnivorous Captive Reptile;

REPTILE CARE: RELATING TO THE INQUIRING NOVICE, PART 9, CowUnuzd

100

reptile CARE: RELATING TO THE INQUIRING NOVICE, PART 9, Coyi^nuL2.d

101

Table 1 (cont *d) .

REPTILE CARE: RELATING TO THE INQUIRING NOVICE, PART 9, CoiMnu^d

X

0

0

>

t-*

!-■

o

i-h

(t>

I-*

0

t>

i-{

0

n

(-*

H-"

0

3

M

0

H-

ro

3-

3

<

(-■

Cl

OQ

(D

H'

H-

0

H-

H*

fl3

fu

3

i-<

OQ

M

rt

3

!->

0

3

H-

O

r{

CO

0

cn

0

0

ft

n

3

3

M 3
[D OQ

0 ''

a 3

1 O

— i-

X

X

X

L

i

X

o

X

X

X

X

X

Cfl

w

H*

cu

Cfi

N

&5

ff

D-

CO

^3

o

Cfi

o'

3

m

ro

o

rt

m

102

keeper’s Alert

1985 Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference

he Detroit Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference will be held May 5-7,
985 at the Detroit Zoological Park, Royal Oak, MI.

apers are requested for this regional conference. Each paper will be
imited to 20 minutes with a 5-minute question and answer period. Topics
jhould pertain to zoos and zookeeping. Outlines should be submitted by
|l March , 1985. Please indicate if you would be willing to lead a dis-

I' ussion group on your subject on Tuesday afternoon. There will be a re-
uction in the conference registration for those presenting papers.

tentative Conference Schedul e

jiunday, 5 May

|egi strati on
^ce Breaker at
I Belle Isle Zoo
: & Aquarium

N

Monday, 6 May

Wei come

Presentation of papers
Lunch (provided)

Tour of Detroit Zoo
Volleyball game/Bar-B-Q

Tuesday, 7 May
Presentation of papers
Lunch (provided)
Discussion groups
Closing dinner & auction

Please make checks payable to: "Detroit Chapter AAZK". Send papers, com-
pleted registration forms with registration fee to: Anm Vaym,

‘ChapteA AAZK, VqXaoU loo, Box 39, Royal Oak, MI 4S06S.

Registration Form

ime:

!\ddress:

City_

State/Province_
Phone No: ( )

ZIP

Name of Zoo:

Area(s) of interest:

Fees: Member or Spouse - $30.00 Non-Member $35.00

iLate registration fee after 7 April , 1985 - $5.00 additional
Total fees enclosed: $

(If you cannot attend the entire conference but wish to attend a portion
of it, please contact us and we can make arrangements for you to do so.)

Motel Registration Form: Detroit Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference
Name:

Address:

City:

State/Province_
Phone No: ( )

ZIP

Dates staying at Motel:

_1 person/double bed - $35.00 per day

2 people/double bed - $37.00
per day

2-4 people/2 double beds - $41.00 per day

Do you wish to share a room with another person (to be matched by

Motel )?

Reservation deadline 14 April, 1985 - to be assured a reservation.
HoAAXago. Inn Motel, 14700 E. S MUa, VeMolt, MI 4S025. (313) 317-1070.

103

IvUitjXixtLO^ Leaking to adveAtt^e. mplogmant oppoAtunttleA cukl (uke.d to
^md peAZtnM d^a by the, 15th oi e,ac.h month to: OppoAtanUy Knoolu/AKV ,
635 Gage, Blvd., Tope,ka, KS 66606. ?le,cu>e. tnctade, closing dateA loA.
poi^A^nA avcuZable,. TheAe. aa no ohaAge, ioA mah tUting^ and phone,-tn
U^tAngh oi poi>AMx)n^ which become avcuZable eZo^e to deadline oAe accept

m ARY KEEPER... ^9. 1055 per hr., requires at least two-years experience
as a bird keeper at a zoo or an aviary or an equivalent combination of
training and experience. Cares for birds at indoor and outdoor exhibits
preparing or directing preparation of food, ministering to
injured birds and performing other tasks; may give lectures and“ tours.
Written examination required. Request application by writing to: The
Department of Personnel and Civil Service Commission, Fourth Floor, City-
County Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15219. Filing deadline is
29 March, 1985.

MAMMAL KEEPER. . .prefer previous experience with large carni-
vores. Starting salary $9289 based on previous experience.
Send resume by 25 March, 1985 to: Mark D. Pyritz, Curator
of Mammals, Riverbanks Zoological Park, 500 Wildlife Park-
way, Columbia, SC 29210.

WARPEW. ..Six Flags Great Adventure Drive-Thru Safari, locat-
ed in Jackson, NJ currently has a position available. Ele-
phant, big cat experience preferred. Salary $7.81 per hour
plus full benefit package. Send resume no later than
1 April, 1985 to: Six Flags Great Adventure, P.O. Box 129,
Jackson, NJ 08527, Attn: Personnel.

ZOO VJRECTOR. . .required degree or suitable experience com-
patible with Zoo Administration. Will manage and direct full
operations of progressive zoo exhibiting native Texas fauna.
Responsibilities include directing curatorial, administra-
tive, development, marketing, and educational departments.

Send resume to: Texas Zoo: The National Zoo of Texas, P.O.

Box 69, Victoria, TX 77902, c/o Dennis Williams, President,

South Texas Zoological Society. Salary negotiable with benefits depend-
ing upon work experience and education. The Texas Zoo is an equal op-
portunity employer.

O

P

P

0

r

t

u

n

1
t

y

k

n

o

c

k

s

Information Please

&

Information is needed to locate a Jack Lynch who used to have a group of
Plain Wolves [CanlA lupcU nublliU (f)]. Anyone who has information on the
group of wolves or Mr. Lynch, please contact:

Harry Teyn
c/o Howletts
Bekesbourne near
Ganterbury
Kent CT4 5EL
England

Harry Teyn

c/o Diana Guerrero

P.O. Box 154

Laytonville, GA

95454

U.S.A.

^HIPPING AN ANIMAL? ^ Remember to include an Animal Data Transfer Form.
These forms are available FREE - a professional courtesy of AAZK. Contact:
Bernie Feldman, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

104

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

ame

Ck^ck k2Ae. fiznmaZ [ ]

i.ddress

$20.00 Professional
Keeper

$15.00 Affiliate

Othdn. and volunX^eA^

: $25.00 International Associate

Att meynb&fu Oi^'Cde. thz JncU.vd,dutxiA not connected

U,S, and Canada with an anunaZ ca/ie. iacJJJjty

\ $50.00 Contributing

0fiQani.zatLoni> and JndlvZduati
U.$. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE

}iA(LcJ:on.ij Jn{)onmcutlon

ioo {f}on.k A/lZa Sp<LCMlZ lnt2AQyi>t6

lail this application and check or money order, payable to American
association of Zoo Keepers, to; AAZK National Headquarters, Topeka Zoo,
»35 Gage Blvd. , Topeka, KS 66606.

lembership includes a subscription to the AnZmaZ f(ee.pCA4 ’ The
aembership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums
in the U.S. and Canada

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

\KyUmaZ Ke.^peA^ ’ fo^um publishes original papers and news items of inter-
jjst to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
iirticles.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
Size of no more than 6" x 10" (15 cm x 25h cm.). Literature used should
3e cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names.

I'^rticles sent to AnZmaZ Keeper’ FoA-Cun will be reviewed for publication.
j!Jo commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
[Submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
addressed envelope.

Telephoned contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will
not be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AnjUaZz6 pnZnt2,d do not nzeoA^a/vity KdiZtct thz
opZnlon6 0^ the. AnunaZ Ke.epe/L6 ' fo-num e,dZtoKZaZ
i>ta{\i on, o{i thz knonZean Ai>i>ocAjatZon oi loo K^epeA2>,

jltems in the publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
Is requested. Order reprints from the Editor.

1

i

APRIL 1985

Animal

Keepers'

Forum

\Dedicated to Professional Animal Care

FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

APRIL 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER FOUR

kyuMOJi Ke,e.peA^’ fo^um (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publishing
costs of Ayilmal Ke.epeA^’ foA^um, Second Class postage paid at Topeka, KS.
Postmaster: Please send address changes to: «

AMERICAN ASSOCJATIOM Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC,
NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dotty Cta/ik, AdmlvuJ>tn.cuU.v(i SdcAoXjoxy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP/Conservation & Research Center PKQ^tddVlX

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park l/T-CC PA^il^tddYli

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Mike Carpenter, Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ 85010
Verona Barr, Miller Park Zoo, Bloomington, IL 61701

COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs
GoAotd Payno,, DoJ^loaX loo
Continuing Keeper Education

Pout SammoAco, Ltncotn Pa/ik Zoo

Historical Committee

Lcuviy Samma/ioo, LCncotn Pcuik

Professional Standards Committee

Join McCoy, Wcuktngton Pa/ik Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator

Connie CtooJi, Ncuhvtlte,, TN

Research/Crants Committee

fA.ank Kokn, Ncutlonat Zootogieat Pcuik

Awards Committee

Hike C/ioekeA, Vieko/uon Pa/ik Zoo

Legislative Action Committee

Atiee Ht6eA, Topeka Zoo

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

Etand/ia Aum, Woodtand Pcuik

Program Library

Amie M. Payne, Vetnoit Zoo
Exhibit Design
Dtane foAJ,ytn, Akn.on Zoo
Keeper Accomodations List
OLlvoa Ctaliey, H^Xao Toronto
Keeper Training Videotapes
Wayne Buchanan, ifJoodZand Pa/ik

Lcz MeLaaghtin, Roge/i WTItiam^ Paxk

Animal Data Transfer Forms
BoAnie fetdman, Topeka Zoo

Membership Directory

Pat SammoAeo, Lincotn Pouik Zoo

Diet Notebook

BnoXt BannoA,, South ftoAA,da ChapteA.
Biological Values/Gestation
iouviy BAoulnouid, San fnanciiseo Zoo
Keeper Data Survey
HoAy Stay bang k, San Antonio Zoo
:e Search

Zoo! Jenny Rent^A.ou), Ha6on, Hiehigan

REGIONAL COORDINATORS
Hike CoApenteA, Phoenix Zoo, AZ, VtAectoA

W.P. Stone HemoAtat Zoo

Linda RohA
Vacancy
Gene P^e^cA
Angeta Keppet
Lee Payne
Lynne VitteAj^
LoAAy Samma/ico
Diane Knag
Atan ShaApte6

Candy KAo^t

LauA.enc2 Gtedhitt
Joanie Stinson
Vacancy

Phitadetphia Zoo
Nationat Zoo
DetAoit Zoo
IncUanapoti& Zoo
Lincotn PoAk Zoo
RivcAbanki Zoo
Attanta Zoo

Rio GAande Zoo

Woodtand PoAk Zoo
Phoenix Zoo

HE,VT,NH,HA,RJ,CT

NV

PA,NJ,HD,DE

VA,W.VA,D.C,

HI

IN,0H,KV
(jUI,IL,HO,HN,IA
TN,NC,SC
FL,AL,GAj
AR, HS, LA

TX,NH,C0,0K,KS,NE,

SD,ND

HIA,0R,ID,HT,Wy,AK

CA,NV,AZ,UT,HI

Canada

|X6 month' 6 fCeepeA/ PovtUit Omoja VohhimjJia. oi thu HonotuZa loo tn
iWcuZ. Hqa d/LOWtng Z6 o^ a BmgaZ TtgoA. Thanks, Giom!

Scoops

?Di^^Scuttlcbutt

lEW REGIONAL COORDINATOR NAMED

Ian Sharpies of the Atlanta Zoo has been named as Regional Coordinator
or the states of Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. Alan, who is
resident of the Atlanta AAZK Chapter, also serves as RC for the states of
lorida, Alabama and Georgia.

LY HIGH AT THE DETROIT REGIONAL!

ini Sutherland, a Detroit Zoo Docent and licensed pilot, will be offering
ree plane rides over the Detroit Zoo and the Belle Isle Zoo during the
985 Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference. Plane rides will be available
or those participants arriving on Sunday, 5 May in the morning and after-
oon.

t should also be noted that the Detroit Conference Committee has announced
hat those keepers presenting papers at the regional will receive a $15.00
eduction in their registration fee. A registration form for the conference,
cheduled May 5-7, can be found on page 139 of this issue of AKF.

ATCH THE MAILS FOR YOUR 1985 SAFARI BROCHURE

he flyers for the Fourth Annual Off-the-Job Training Safari to East Africa
ave been mailed to the membership. This Safari, arranged especially for
AZK by Park East Tours, Inc., will be led this year by Gary Clarke, Direc-
or of the World Famous Topeka Zoo and promises to be one of the best trips
ver. Departure date is 23 November 1985 with U.S. return date of 6 December
,985. Total cost from New York is $2285.00. If you do not receive a bro-
hure in the next couple of weeks, contact National Headquarters.

■ROM THE ELECTION COMMITTEE

[embers are reminded that nominations for the two AAZK Board of Directors
positions open in this year's election are due by 30 April 1985. Check the
ilarch issue of AKF (page 75) for further details. Nominations are to be
■>ent to NEC Chairperson Lynne Villers at the Indianapolis Zoo.

ANNIVERSARY T-SHIRTS NO LONGER AVAILABLE

lembers are advised that the special edition AKF 10th anniversary T-shirts
ire no longer available from the Woodland Park Chapter in Seattle. This
aas a special project in conjunction with the 1984 Conference and orders
jere only accepted through the closing date of the Conference.

105

FROM THE PRESIDENT

Dear Fellow Members:

In the February and March issues of Animal Keepers* Forum, we have run
notices for the Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference which is being hosted
by the Detroit Zoo AAZK Chapter. I would like to strongly urge our members
in the Midwest, and Great Lakes region to take advantage of this opportun-
ity, and attend the conference. You say you can’t attend all three days?

Then go for one or two! Even if you’re only able to attend the icebreaker
at Belle Isle Zoo and Aquarium, the chance to rub elbows with your fellow
zoo professionals will pay you back in the future.

Last year the Riverbanks Zoo Chapter of AAZK hosted the Southeast Regional
conference and, in my judgement, it was one of the best organized conferences
ever to have occurred in a three-day span. Knowing the dedication of the
Detroit Zoo Chapter of AAZK, and the support they receive from their zoo
administration, there is no doubt in my mind that Detroit will be able to
duplicate the success the Riverbanks Chapter had last year.

For those members who have never attended a regional or national AAZK con-
ference, I would like to point out the many opportunities available at
these conferences to increase your knowledge of professional animal care.

At least a portion of two days will be devoted to paper presentation, with
the opportunity for delegates to ask questions after each paper. Although
specific workshops are not listed now, by the time the conference begins
they will be included, providing another forum for information and idea
exchanges. Workshops at previous conferences have covered such topics as:
Primates in Captivity, the SSP program of AAZPA, Keeper Research, Zoo Horti-
culture, Continuing Keeper Education, Small Felids in Captivity, Elephant
Management, and the Zookeeper as a Video Producer.

Tours of hosting facilities is yet another opportunity to share, and com-
pare work routine, and techniques with fellow keepers. It also provides
you with a glimpse of how other people view caring for and exhibiting the
same animals you work with.

Finally this conference will provide you with the opportunity to meet
keepers from other facilities on a one-to-one basis. Over the years this
has proven to be the best method for distributing the information we gain i
each day, working with and caring for captive exotic wildlife. Also keep |
in mind that when you attend an AAZK conference, regional or national, you '
are guaranteed that you will be hearing about animal techniques. ^

If there is any doubt in your mind about attending an AAZK conference, I '
suggest you ask your fellow keepers or zoo employees if they have attended j
one. I’m sure that when you find one who has expereinced an AAZK confer-
ence, they will be able to infuse you with the enthusiasm they brought back
from it. I

Remember to mark your calendar, and sign up for your annual leave for May !
5-7. The Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference is the spring tonic you’re I
looking for! I

Sincerely,

President AAZK

106

Births|^ Hatchings

SAN ANTONIO ZOO. .PebX Reed

February 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Dama wallaby, 1.0 Potto (DNS),

1.1 Prevost’s squirrel (0.1 DNS), 0.1 Dama gazelle, 1.0 Grant's gazelle,

1.0 Speke's gazelle, 3.1 Aoudad (0.1 DNS), 0.2 Mouflon; Birds 0.0.2 Dia-
mond dove, 0.0.2 Galah (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Sun conure, 0.0.2 Diamond firetail
finch, 0.0.3 Zebra finch and 0.0.1 Society finch.

In other news, two sea lions have arrived for our new sea mammal exhibit.

¥e expect more sea lions and some seals later in the month. We're glad
to have them!

TAMPA/BUSCH GARDENS .Siuan Rackle^y

B&H for February 1985 include: Mammals - 1.1 Grant's gazelle, 0.2 Thomson's
gazelle, 1.0 Addax; Birds - 0.0,3 Senegal parrot, 0.0.6 Sun conure, 0,0.2
Black-masked lovebird, 0.0.2 Golden-capped conure, 0.0.3 Alexandrine Ring-
necked parakeet, 0.0.2 Egyptian goose and 0.0.3 Cereopsis goose.

ROGER WILLIAMS PARK ZOO. ................................ .AcOiimm MMeA

B&H for September 1985 through February 1985 include: 0.0.1 Saddle-back
tamarin, 0.1.1 Roosevelt elk, 1.0 Llama, 0.0.6 Capybara, 0.0.1 Parma wal-
laby, 2,0.1 Barbados sheep, 0.0.1 Eland, 0.1.2 Ferret and 0,0.1 Cocktiel.

METRO TORONTO ZOO. ........................................ .HciAAy Ho^aueA

December 1984 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Sugar glider, 0.0.2 Indian
fruit bat, 3.0 Hamadryas baboon, 1.0 Sumatran orangutan, 0.0.4 Kowari,

1.0 Reeves' munjtac, 1.0 Barbary sheep; Birds - 0.0.1 Zebra finch; Fish-
0.0.60 Brichardi cichlid; Invertebrates - 0.0.37 Brazilian giant cockroach,
0.0.2 African giant land snail.

JACKSONVILLE ZOO. .......................................... Anne. WlgglviA

B&H for January and February 1985 include: 3.1 Egyptian goose, 0.0.2
Honduran wood turtle, 0.2 Sitatunga ( 1 DNS), 1.0 Guanaco and 0.1 South-
ern white rhinoceros.

LINCOLN PARK... Siuan h\oy

January 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.3 Sugar glider, 0,0.1 Agouti, 0.0.1
Colobus monkey, 1.1 Cotton-top tamarin, 0.0.1 Senegal galago (DNS), 0.0.1
Lowland gorilla, 0.0.1 Tree shrew (DNS); Birds - 0.0.1 Yellow-fronted canary.

BRONX ZOO. ................................................ Mcoiga/ieX V/ilc-e.

B&H for December 1984 and January 1985 include; Mammals - 0.1 Wisent, 2.1
Axis deer, 5 African zebra mouse, 4.0 Pen-tailed bettong, 0.1 Blackbuck,

2.0 Egyptian fruit bat, 1.1 Sambar deer, 1.1 Maxwell duiker, 1.0 Greater
Artibeus bat, 1,0 White-handed gibbon, 1.0 Pudu, 1.0 Red brocket deer,

2.0 Collard peccary, 1.0 Degu, 1,0 Minnie Down's mouse, 1.0 Reeve's muntjac,

1.0 Blesbok, 1.0 Lesser galago, 1,0 Large Malayan mouse deer, 1.0 Lowland
gorilla, 1.0 Leopard cat; Birds - 1.0 Tahitian blue lory; Reptiles - 4
Asiatic cobra, 8 Timber rattlesnake, 4 Southern copperhead and 1 Travan-
core tortoise.

107

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, Continued

PITTSBURGH AVIARY G. RobbZnA

Hatchings for February 1985 were: 0.0.1 Emu (DNS)* 0.0.2 Red lory, 0.0.3
Greater roadrunner and 0.0.1 Blue-gray tanager.

HONOLULU ZOO Mcuigo Le,gm B VoXo. McLam

B&H for 15 January through 15 March, 1985 include: Mammals - 0.2 Toggenburg
(1 DNS), 0.0.4 Axis deer (1 DNS), 1.0 Grey kangaroo (DNS), 1.0 Water buffalo
(DNS); Birds - 0.0.4 Galah (Rose-breasted cockatoo), 0.0.3 Kea, and 0.0.2
Jackass penguin.

MIAMI METROZOO LoU BmckkeMn

February 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.1 Defassa waterbuck, 1.0 Maxwell's
duiker, 1.0 Scimitar-horned oryx, 0.1 Slender-horned gazelle, 0.0.1 Ring-
tailed lemur; Birds - 0.0.2 Wattled crane, 0.0.1 Yellow-billed stork, 0.0.2
Grosbeak starling and 0.0.2 Green jungle fowl.

ASSIMIBOINE PARK ZOO PfuX King

January and February 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 4 Gambian pouched rat
(DNS), 1.1 Yak (DNS); Birds - 1 Triangular-spotted pigeon. Notable arrivals
in the Bird Dept, include: 4 Wonga pigeon and 12 Jobi Island ground dove
from the Taronga Zoo and two Ural owls from Helsinki.

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. Stoddaxd

B&H for January and February 1985 include: Mammals - 11.11 White-toothed
shrew, 1.1.1 Spiny mouse, 1.0 Lowland gorilla, 0.1.1 Goeldi's monkey, 0.1
Spider monkey, 0.1 Mandrill, 0.1 Black rhinocerous, 0.0.1 Green acouchi,
0.0.2 Golden lion marmoset, 0.0.1 Lesser spot-nosed guenon, 0.0.2 Guinea
baboon; Birds - 0.0.1 Blue-shouldered robin chat (fledged). In addition,

two polar bear cubs born in November 1984 came out of their den for the

first time in February.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO Caxol J. Boyd

February 1985 B&H included: 0.0.1 Black and white colobus and 0.0.1 Straw-
colored fruit bat ( EldoZon keZvum) .

DALLAS ZOO Tcuml JonQJ>

February 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.2 Barbados sheep, 0.1 Addra gazelle,
0.1 Reticulated giraffe, 1.0 Llama, 0.1 Axis deer; Birds - 0.0.3 Society
finch, 0.0.7 Mute swan; Reptiles - 0.0.5 Poison dart frog, 0.0.4 Phili-
pine sail fin lizard, and 0.0.1 Poison arrow frog.

108

Coming Events

AAZPA NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE

April 28-30, 1985 Boston, MA

1985 GREAT LAKES REGIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

May 5-7, 1985 Detroit, MI

Hosted by the Detroit Zoo Chapter of AAZK. For further information, see
page 139 of this issue of AKF or contact Anne Payne, Detroit Zoo AAZK,
Detroit Zoo, Box 39, Royal Oak, MI 48068.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

May 5-8, 1985 Ann Arbor, MI

For additional information contact: Conservation Biology, Wildlife Man-
agement Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115 (313) 763-1312.

PRIMATES, THE ROAD TO SELF-SUSTAINING POPULATIONS

June 24-28, 1985 San Diego, CA

Sponsored by the Zoological Society of San Diego and the Morris Animal
Foundation. World leaders in the primate field will speak at this five-
day conference focused on the preservation of vanishing species, both in
the wild and in captivity. Experts on reproductive physiology, manage-
ment of captive populations, facility design, disease, genetics, and wild
populations will present papers and lead round-table discussions. For
further information on registration fees, hotel accommodations, etc.,
contact: Morris Animal Foundation, 45 Iverness Drive East, Englewood, CO,
(303) 790-2345 or the Zoological Society of San Diego, Box 551, San Diego,
CA 92112-0551, (619) 231-1515.

1985 AAZPA ANNUAL CONFERENCE

September 8-12, 1985 Columbus, OH

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION ANNUAL MEETING

October 7-10, 1985 Tempe, AZ

1985 NATIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985

Miami , FL

AAZK AWARDS DEADLINE IS JUNE 1

Nominations are being sought for 1985 AAZK Awards. Let's recognize those
individuals worthy of an award due to their commitment and performance in
the zookeeping profession.

The EXCELLENCE IN ZOOKEEPING award, CERTIFICATE OF MERIT FOR ZOOKEEPER
EDUCATION, and the MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT AWARD will be presented at the
1985 AAZK Conference in Miami.

Last month, the AKF discussed the characteristics and qualifications for
the Excellence in Zookeeping award. This month it features the MERITOR-
IOUS ACHIEVEMENT AWARD.

This award is given to professional members of AAZK or AAZK-af filiated
chapters for outstanding achievement in the zoo field and related activit-
ies. This award is to cover activities outside the scope of the Excellence
in Zookeeping awards. Any keeper or AAZK Chapter is eligible and more than
one award may be given each year.

Unlike the Excellence in Zookeeping awards, this award may be given on
the basis of isolated noteworthy breeding successes or other individual
spectacular achievements. This would include such things as keeper par-
ticipation in AAZPA Bean Award projects, individual breeding projects
carried on outside the zoo proper, wildlife conservation efforts, zoo and
wildlife education programs, and many other related activities.

The guidelines for this award are broad and very general and cover almost
any activity associated with zoos and wildlife; however, the persons re-
ceiving such must be professional animal keepers or AAZK Chapters in
keeping with the goal of our organization, which is professional animal
care .

QUALIFICATIONS

1. The nominee must be a full-time animal keeper, employed in any
North American zoological institution or aquarium.

2. The nominee must have been employed at least one year on a permanent
status at a zoo or aquarium, or in the case of an AAZK Chapter, must
have been on active status for at least one year.

3. The nominee must be nominated by his or her peers. They need not be
from the same zoo or aquarium.

NOMINATION PROCEDURES

1. List name, position, institution, years of service in the field,
and the recommendation of peer or colleague.

2. List the outstanding achievements: Exhibits, Breeding, Education,
Conservation, etc.

SELECTION PROCEDURE

The awards committee, consisting of five people, will independently
review each nominee.

REMEMBER THE DEADLINE FOR ACCEPTANCE OF NOMINATIONS

JUNE 1, 1985

Send nominations to: Mike Crocker, AAZK Awards Committee, Dickerson Park
Zoo, 3043 North Fort, Springfield, MO 65803.

no

Update on Listing of Courses^

Programs Offered bv Colleges

and Universities for Careers

in the Zookeeping Profession

Pea/L V2IZ0U} Ke.e.peyu, and AAZK Me.mbe/u,

In ayUMi^A to tkd oitm asked question
about wken.e one can lea/in to be a
Zoo Keepen., Me can noiv add a test ofj
sekoots tkat teaek n.elated daisies
and eouASQj), Tke bdei y^ote^ descAtbe
a tuMe about eaek entiy but, by no
mea/is, de^tne tke pKognmn^ tn deptk,
WfieAe posstbte, tke name o^ a contact
at tke sekool ts tested. 0^) tke 172
sekoots tkat Mz/ie contacted, 12 fte-
sponded tkat tken.e voen.e dJjiectty on.
tnduAectly-n.etxted classes and even
degn.ee pn.ognjoms', eight n.2^ponded tkat tken,e Mas notktng avadabte spectate
to captive ayumat coAe attkougk tken.e Men.e general biology and Mtldliie
management pn,ogn.ams at tkese', tke otkoAS may yet n.e^pond, and tke list Mill
be updated 06 this happens. I Mill continue to keep tke masten. list ion.
oMklle, and copies Milt be available in.om me, on. in.om Uattonal Headquantenj> .
Ji you knoM oi mon.e sounces oi initial tnaining, on. cowtinutng Keeper edu-
cation in iactlities otken. than zoos themselves, please let me knoM.

TnjoJjning pn.ognams in zoos is anothen. pfioject.

Tke ioltoMing list is ion. inionmation only, and is in no May an endonse-
ment oi tke pnognams by AAZK. Students one advised to get mone inionma-
tion inom tke institutions themselves to assess the appnopniateness oi
tke counses to tkein situations.

Thank you ion all you one doing to impnove captive animal cane.

Sincenely,

Vatnleia E. Sammanco

Keepen Education Committee Coondinaton

Zoo Keepen

Phoenix local Community Colleges Biology of Zoological Gardens

Through Mike Carpenter Animal Behavior

Rio Salado Community College
135 N. 2nd Ave.

Phoenix, AZ 85003

Moorpark College

Exotic Animal Training and Management Program
7075 Campus Road
Moorpark, CA 93021

North American School of Animal Science

Depot WGOCA

4500 Campus Drive

Newport Beach, CA 92660

111

UNIVERSITIES LIST, cont’ d

North Orange County

Regional Occupational Program

2360 West La Palma

Anaheim, CA 92801 (714) 776-3751

Jean Bausch— Community Relations

Small Animal Occupations
FMROC/P

11 South Talman

Fresno, CA (209) 264-9767

Elizabeth F. Lewis - Instructor

Santa Fe Community College .....
P.O. Box 1530
3000 N.W. 83rd St.

Gainesville, FL 32602

Mr, J, Brown, Mr. J. Ellis,

Dr. A. Evans, Dr. R, Rosen

University of Florida

College of Veterinary Medicine
Gainesville, FL 32611 (904) 392-1791

Dr, A.F. Moreland - Chairman

Special Clincial Services

Animal Care Course
Job Placement Service
Avian & Exotic Animal
Veterinary Practice

Associate of Science Degree
74-hour program to train
students in vocations of
Zookeeper, Park Naturalist,
Animal Technician, and other
husbandry fields. 4-year
program available in coopera-
tion with State University of
New York at Oswego.

Program relating to the health
of captive wild animals

Michigan State University

Dept, of Fisheries and Wildlife
Natural Resources Building
East Lansing, MI 48824-1222
(517) 355-4477

Donald L. Garling - Asst, Professor

Useful courses in zookeeping
and aquarium management -
B.S,, M.S. and Ph. D. flexi-
ible programs to allow spec-
ialization in captive animal
management .

Zoo management program; B.A,
in Biological Sciences;
Directed Study Courses at
the Detroit Zoo.

Laurence Levine - Professor

Albert Lewandowski, DVM - Detroit Zoo

Wayne State University ..........

College of Liberal Arts
Dept, of Biological Sciences
Detroit, MI 48202 (313) 577-2899

Cornell University ............

Laboratory of Ornithology
159 Sapsucker Woods Road
Ithica, NY 14853

Niagra County Community College
3111 Saunders Settlement Rd.
Sanbourn, NY 14132

Catherine Hall
Life Science Division

Bird Biology Correspondence
Course; Seminars in Orni-
thology

.Proposed Course in Animal
Management

UNIVERSITY LIST, Cont'd

State University of New York....
Agricultural & Technical College
Delhi, NY

Dean Thomas H. Pettit, DV,

Div. Agriculture & Life Science

State University of New York . . .
Agricultural & Technical College
Cobeskill, NY 12043

Introduction to Animal Care
Preceptorship experience
Intro. Research Animal Tech-
niques

Farm Animal Nursing

Fisheries & Wildlife

State University of New York Animal Science

Agricultural & Technical College
Farmingdale, NY 11735

State University of New York See Santa Fe Community

Oswego, NY 13126 College, Gainesville, FL

Sigrud Nelson, Jr., Chairman
Dept, of Zoology

Miami University

Dept, of Zoology
Upham Hall

Oxford, OH 45056 (513) 529-3451

Paul M. Daniel - Assoc. Professor

University of Akron

Dept, of Biology
Akron, OH 44324 (216) 375-7155

F. Scott Orcutt, Jr. - Assoc. Professor

Oklahoma State University

Dept, of Zoology
Stillwater, OK 74078
(405) 624-5555

James H. Shaw - Assoc. Professor

North American Correspondence School
School of Animal Sciences
Oak & Pawnee Streets
Scranton, PA 18515

Houston Community College
22 Waugh Drive
Houston, TX 77007

Animal Health Management:
Pet & Lab Animals
Ranch & Exotic Animals
Practicum

Senior level course in con-
junction with Oklahoma City
Zoo - temporarily unavailable -
Zoology 4002, Zoo Biology.
Conservation/Acquisition &
Transport/Restraint/Sanitation/
Health/Behavior/Exhibit Plan-
ning/Administration/Research

No course, but some related
classes in Behavior, Zoology,
Ornithology, Anatomy and
Physiology

Vertebrate Zoology course
includes field trips to
Cincinnati Zoo

113

UNIVERSITY LIST, Cant'd

Texas Tech University .No majors but courses that

Dept, of Range & Wildlife Mgmt. could be applies to under-

College of Argicultural Sciences graduate or graduate degree.

Box 4169

Lubbock, TX (806) 742-2841
Steve Demarais - Research Scientist

University of Idaho

College of Forestry, Wildlife
and Range Sceinces
Moscow, ID 83843 (208) 885-7323

Lew Nelson, Jr. - Acting Dept. Head

University of Illinois

Dept, of Ecology, Ethology & Evolution
Urbana, IL 61801 (217) 33301000

Glen C. Sanderson - Professor

Iowa State University ................

Dept, of Animal Ecology
Ames, lA 50011

Dr. R.C. Summerfelt

Emporia State University

1200 Commercial
Emporia, KS 66801
(316) 343-1200

Dwight L. Spencer - Professor

Kansas State University ............

Division of Biology
Ackert Hall

Manhattan, KS 66506 (913) 532-6615

R.J. Robel - Professor

New Orleans local universities .....

through Jeffrey Swift

Research Coordinator

Audubon Park Zoological Garden

P.O. Box 4327

New Orleans, LA 70178

Community College of Baltimore . . . . ,
2901 Liberty Heights Ave.

Baltimore, MD 21215

School of Natural Resources ..........

College of Agriculture & Life Sciences

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Dept, of Wildlife Ecology

226 Russel Laboratories

1630 Linden Drive

Madison, WI 53706 (608) 262-2671

Fish & Wildlife courses with
some live animal labs - live
trapping - some orientation
towards zookeeping

Animal Caretaker (zoo) Cur-
riculum/3 Semesters used with
general EEE,

Some Related Courses

,No major, but programs in
environmental biology &
zoology using live animals
and emphasizing restraint,
handling, care and feeding.
Interns at Emporia and
Sedgwick County Zoos,

,No degree program, but related
classes in Artificial Insemina-
tion, Nutrition and Feeding,
Medicine and Physiology.

Zoo research courses in
Anthropology, Biology and
Psychology

AA Degree in Science Tech-
nology, with emphasis on
Aquariology and Zoo Keeping.

Courses specific to captive
care: Wildlife Ecology 360-
Extinction of Species; Wildlife
Ecology 375 - Mgmt. of Wild
Birds & Mammals in Captivity;
Animal Science 200 - Biology
& Appreciation of Companion
Animals; Medical Science 572-
Avlan Medicine.

114

UNIVERSITY COURSES,

ICS Canadians Ltd. ...

7475 Sherbrooke St. W.

Montreal, Quebec
Canada H4B 1S4

Robin Whitall

University of Western Ontario .Animal Health Technology

c/o Ministry of Education Animal Handling

Mr, John Lesseck

Planning and Development Dept.

(416) 965-265

Animal Science Course
open book test

National Extension College , .
Dept. Z, 18 Brooklands Avenue
Cambridge CB2 2HN
England

Animal Management Correspon-
dence Course. Certification
and Testing in England.

U.S, Testing in cooperation
with AAZK.

Wildlife Preservation Trust Int’l
34th St. & Girard Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 222-3636

, at Jersey, Channel Islands,
British Isles - 16 or 10 or
6 weeks of intensive training
in the techniques of captive
breeding of endangered species.
Application deadline is June
of previous year, starting
date by arrangement

VALENTINE FLOWER SALE AT 10$ ANGELES ZOO

Sabmvtte.d by John Haley, SecAetoAiyiEcLcto^
Lo6 Angeles AAZK ChapetA

Valentine carnations were sold this year by the Los Angeles Chapter of
the AAZK. For $1.25, any Zoo employee could purchase a valentine for a
favorite friend, boss or animal. Orders, taken ahead of time, came with
a valentine card for a personal message. On 14 February, 215 carnations
were delivered on the zoo grounds. Some orders for animals were popular,
with the gorillas leading the list with eleven carnations. Some employees
ordered flowers to take home.

Material costs were low, allowing the Chapter to realize better than 50%
profit. The only drawback was preparation (each carnation was arranged
with fern, baby’s breath and ribbon) and delivery time. However, the
positive feedback received from those who bought or received valentines
made it well worth the effort. If you are looking for a little sunshine
in the dead of winter, try a valentine sale!

115

Education Alternatives . . .

WILDLIFE PRESERVATION TRUST
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Purpose : To train individuals in the techniques of captive breeding of a
variety of endangered species so that they can advance the cause of endan-
gered species work and animal conservation in their respective countries.

Background: The Wildlife Preservation Trust is an international non-profit
organization dedicated to the support of captive breeding of endangered
species. It supports projects in captive breeding, field surveys, rescue
missions, research and education. The zoological facility for the Trust's
work is located on the island of Jersey, Channel Islands, British Isles.
This facility is both a zoo and breeding/research facility for endangered
species, and has a collection of over 100 species of birds, mammals and
reptiles. The International Training Center is an educational facility
for training in captive breeding and endangered species work; it combines
dormitory, classroom and research facilities for students, staff and visit-
ing scientists.

Program; The training program consists of 16, 10 or 6 weeks of intensive
work in all divisions of the zoo. Trainees work in close contact with zoo
staff in all phases of animal keeping and breeding. Each trainee spends
two weeks in each section and a final two weeks on an independent project.
Daily duties are supplemented with weekly seminars on a variety of topics.
The program is flexible in terms of length and focus.

Eligibility : The program is designed for individuals with previous prac-
tical experience with animals: zoo and animal center staff and postgradu-
ates in conservation-related fields.

Application; Applications may be obtained from the address below. Selec-
tion is made in July /August of each year. Applications should be submit-
ted by 1 June for training beginning the following year.

Dates ; Starting date is by arrangement.

Location: Jersey, Channel Islands, British Isles.

Fees : Tuition is free. Full room and board is approximately $66.00 per
week. Trainees are responsible for air fare to and from Jersey, Channel
Islands, as well as personal expenses.

For application and further information write or call:

Training Program

Wildlife Preservation Trust International
34th Street and Girard Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 222-3636

DEADLINE FOR APPLICATION FOR 1986 POSITIONS IS 1 June, 1985.

Quality exotic animal diets
Fixed formulation
Nutritionaiiy baianced
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Frozen feline diets
Frozen bird of prey diets
Frozen canine diet

Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts,
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Zu/Rieem

Feline canned
Primate canned
Marmoset canned

Omnivore dry
Primate dry

Banana flavored primate, 1 5% protein
Banana flavored primate Pro-Plus, 25%
SPECTRUM protein

Omnivore dry
Polar Bear dry
Ratite dry

Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium

When you need a complete line of high-quality dry,
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call Animal Spectrum today.

ME CALL DOES IT ALL

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In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

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Box 6307 Lincoln, ME 68506-0307

CHINESE GUESTS AT
THE LOS ANGELES ZOO

By

ChAjjitJjL2. Hmddn^on, Ke.epeA
Lo6 Ang^Z^^ loo, Lo6 AngoJid^, CA

In the Spring of 1984, after much political maneuvering and meeting of the
minds, the government of the People’s Republic of China gave its permission
to allow a pair of giant pandas {AZtuAopoda rndZanolmoa) to be flown to the
United States. These animals would eventually be shown in two zoos, start-
ing with the Los Angeles Zoo to commemorate the XXIII Olympiad.

A pair of three-year-olds were chosen from the Beijing Zoo. Both of these
animals were wild-caught at only several months of age. They had shared
an enclosure in Beijing so there was no introductory problem when they were
put together in the newly built exhibit at the L.A. Zoo, dubbed the China
Pavilion.

The Chinese had named the pandas when they were initially taken from the
wild. The male's name, Ying Xin, translated into "welcoming the new", so
named because he was found close to the Chinese New Year. Yun Yun is the
female's name, roughly translated into "forever and ever".

The luck of the draw was how I happily came to be chosen as the panda's
primary keeper. Our zoo director. Dr. Thomas, felt it would be the fairest
way. The keeper chosen as relief, Mike Dee, was also my immediate super-
visor which proved to be very helpful.

The China Pavilion was built from scratch in a record five and one-half
weeks. The Chinese gave basic requirements for the night quarters and
exhibit areas. These included size, substrate material, "beds", protec-
tive coverings and "toys". The Chinese insisted on having a rubber tire
hung on a chain and a playground jungle gym. The beds were constructed of
oak planks framed in iron. As it turned out, the pandas were more than
content to sleep on their beds in every conceivable position.

Los Angeles summers can get to be quite hot and muggy, temperatures of
100+ degrees with high humidity aren't uncommon in August. Giant pandas
are more accustomed to cool, misty mountains so we had an air conditioning
system put in to cool the night quarters and the indoor viewing room. The
viewing room was made of block and concrete with large glass windows for
the patrons. The pandas were also provided with an 18-inch-deep pool which
proved to be a life saver for Yun Yun. She would sit down, splashing with
her paws and observe her surroundings in a matter of fact manner. Ying
Xin only entered the pool once, against his will, when Yun Yun pushed him
in.

Both the indoor and outdoor exhibits were set up to be viewed from two
sides. This was done in anticipation of the large crowds wanting to see
the pandas. The outside exhibit was enclosed by a brick wall and chain
link fencing which completely covered the exhibit. The outer exhibit was
divided into two parts with a gate separating them that could be operated
from the outside. This set-up was very convenient when the pandas had to
be separated or for better outdoor photography. Plexiglass covered the
fencing surrounding the exhibit from the wall to. a height of three feet.
This was to prevent the pandas from climbing the fence, keep patrons from
getting fingers chewed off and keep thoughtless patrons from throwing gar-
bage at the animals.

118

CHINESE GUESTS AT THE L.A. ZOO, Coyitlnued

The Indoor viewing room had a floor of concrete but the outside had de-
composed granite as a substrate. Grass sod was planted and held up quite
well. There were various logs, rocks, and stumps to climb on. There were
also several existing eucalyptus trees and large clumps of planted bamboo.
These were initially covered with sheetmetal to allow the bamboo to become
established. The metal eventually had to be removed when the female found
a way to get inside; it’ll probably take a good year for the bamboo to
recover.

The Beijing Zoo gave us a very specific diet to feed the pandas. It con-
sisted of the amount of bamboo to be fed and the ingredients (in grams)
of a rice porridge fed twice daily. They were also fed apples daily and
twice a week beef rib bones (no meat) . The bones could be fed either raw
or baked. We preferred baked to minimize parasites and make the bones
easier to digest. Ying Xin never cared much for his share of the bones,
but Yun Yun would usually devour hers. On at least one occasion she was
observed to be holding a bone in her paw and for some unknown reason she
rubbed the bone all over her head.

Uncrating the pandas was uneventful. The exhibits weren’t quite finished
so we kept the pandas in the three stalls of their night quarters for
several days. When they were finally allowed to explore their new day-
time living areas, they sniffed out every corner. The male seemed more
at ease than the female; she paced and panted most of the first day. After
a couple more days they both were settled in, playing and sleeping and
eating like any other pandas.

All went smoothly for the first five days but about the fifth day the
male started showing intestinal problems. It began as slightly loose
stools but escalated into pure liquid. At first it was attributed to the
long travel and foreign environment. Later it was determined that the
whole cow’s milk we were giving him was too rich so we switched to lowfat.
That didn’t help either even though he could tolerate it in China. Appar-
ently, our processing was different enough that he couldn’t tolerate Ameri-
can milk.

The Chinese assigned a veterinarian,, keeper, and interpreter to travel
with the pandas and advise on the pandas’ care and handling. These people
told us what nutrients they were looking to get into the pandas by feeding
milk and we tried other dairy products which would satisfy those needs.
Cottage cheese gave results like the milk; live culture yogurt didn't
seem to upset him as long as it was given in small doses, about one-half
cup twice a day.

Ying Xin still had loose stools off and on accompanied by bouts of gas
and mucous plugs. According to the Chinese there were all common signs
of indigestion in pandas although they aren’t something you would want
to have happen at all.

Another part of Ying Xin's prescribed diet that was probably adding to his
problems was sugar. Apparently the pandas were so imprinted on this par-
ticular ingredient that the Chinese felt the pandas wouldn't eat their
rice porridge without it. The L.A. veterinary staff as well as the keepers
were strongly opposed to feeding sugar as it could cause more digestive
upsets by promoting a bacterial overgrowth in the panda’s gut. After sev-
eral discussions and a little bit of pleading, we talked the Chinese into
allowing us to eliminate the sugar. Although several times when the male
panda went off feed the Chinese insisted on putting the sugar in to encour-
age him to eat.

119

CHINESE GUESTS AT THE L.A. ZOO, CovuUnu^d

Ying Xln had his ups and downs. He initially gained weight, about seven
pounds in as many weeks. He had a prolonged bad spell after that, some-
times not eating anything but bamboo for 24 hours, that seemed to clean
him out for a few days. The zoo lab ran antibiotic sensitivity tests on
fecal cultures but the few, basically harmless bacteria cultured out proved
to be resistant to everything. So the only drug treatment Ying Xin re-
ceived was a trimethoprim-sulfa oral antibiotic and lots of antacid. The
antacid helped a great deal to alleviate the gas buildup Ying Xin frequent-
ly experienced.

The last two weeks of the pandas’ stay in L.A. were much less troublesome
for the male. He seemed more active, was eating better and his stools were
showing improvement. His weight was below what he originally weighed, but
we felt he would soon gain it back considering how well he was doing. My
personal thoughts on the whole situation are that Ying Xin’s system was
upset by the change in diet and environment and after we corrected every-
thing we could, it still took a long time for him to recuperate and adjust.

The female, Yun Yun, was a different story altogether. Very little phased
her. She gained weight steadily, leaving us 25 pounds heavier than when
she arrived. She had a couple of off days but they were few and far between.
She was generally an active animal (as pandas go) always trying to get into
mischief. After taking care of her for three and one-half months, I now
know that nothing is panda-proof.

For the first two months the pandas were compatible; they would eat side by
side and both would initiate play activity. Neither was more aggressive
than the other although since the female was 30 pounds heavier she usually
"won" their play fights. As time went on the male got weaker from his
digestive problems and the female thrived. Ying Xin started avoiding con-
frontations with Yun Yun as she had become more aggressive in her playing.
There were several times when I felt it was necessary to distract Yun Yun
and give Ying Xln a chance to escape. 1 usually accomplished this with
apples or water.

Finally the fighting became so severe we decided it was best to keep the
pandas separated. I noticed the usual time for the bad fights was late
afternoon when the female was most active. So I would allow them to inter-
act until about 1:00 p.m. and then preferably lock the female outside and
the male inside. By this time Ying Xin had become reluctant to come into
the night quarters and I often had to go out with him to coax him in for
lock up. I have to admit it was a bit exciting to be able to hand-feed
a panda with no bars between us« As long as he was docile during his
illness we felt fairly safe around him, but as soon as he started feeling
better we took more safety precautions.

October 27, 1984 was the last viewing day by the public. On October 30,
the pandas were crated up and driven to the airport to catch a 1 a.m.
flight to San Francisco where they would be exhibited for nearly three
months. The three nonviewing days were something the Chinese insisted
upon; they wanted the pandas to "rest" before their flight. I don’t know
what exactly the pandas needed to rest from. Very rarely did they take
any notice of the thousands of people who came to scrutinize them.

The Los Angeles Zoo is back to normal now, no more thundering herds racing
to the China Pavilion, no more 10-12 hour work days for me and unfortunately,
no more Ying Xin to pamper or Yun Yun to scratch. I miss those two black
and white clowns very much and I still have hopes that one day our zoo will
get this or another pair for keeps.

I would like to add my thanks to our research department and zoo security
for their many hours of help during the pandas’ stay.

120

DON’T MISS IT!

1985'

AAZK

NATIONAL

CONFERENCE

MIAMI ^ FLORIDA
OCTOBER 20-24

Conference Headquarters:

Coconut Grove Hotel
2649 South Bayshore Drive
Maimi, FL 33133

121

CcHivemence

THE COCONUT GROVE HOTEL IS MOST ADVANTAGEOUSLY LOCATED.

AIRPORT— Whisk down the Expressway from Miami International Airport in
just 20 minutes (836 east, 1-95 south) ending at the entrance to Coconut Grove
which doesn’t have the traffic that goes with super highways.

CENTRAL MIAMI — The Downtown shopping and business center is only 10
minutes away via a direct route down local streets.

CULTURAL & CONVENTION COMPLEXES -Dinner Key Auditorium is a
2-block walk. Bayfront Park Convention Center is Downtown (10 minutes) and
Dade County Auditorium about 15 minutes away. For Miami Beach Convention Hzdl
and Auditorium, you get back on the Expressway (1-95 north, 1-395 east). It will take
20 minutes to Miami Beach but you will live a world away from convention clatter
and clutter.

CAMPUSES— We’re the closest major hotel to the University of Miami, Florida
International University, and the South campus of Miami-Dade Junior College, the
nation’s largest Junior College.

COCONUT GROVE HOTEL— Is also nearer than others to The Coconut

Grove Playhouse, Vizcaya Palace, Museum of Science and
Space Planetarium, Parrot Jungle, Miami Serpentarium,
Monkey Jungle, the one-of-a-kind beauty of Fairchild
Tropical Gardens and Matheson Hammock
where there is beach bathing, picnicking
and live mangrove swamps to explore.

Less than an hour’s drive south to
Everglades National Park and the
Florida Keys.

Aren’t you glad you’re on our side
of the Bay?

Dial Toll Free 1-800-327-8771 for

Reservations. In Miami 858-2500

122

Reptile Care; Relating To
The Inquiring Novice - Part 10

Reptile

Ainphib
^ potp

lan .
pourri

By

Susan M. BoAnoAd, So^yiloA KeepeA
V2,pt, ol HdApoXology
ktlanta Zoological ?an.k, ^klanta, GA

NUTRITION

(Feeding Herbivores)

In Part I of this series, I mentioned that most turtles are omnivorous;
however, they may tend to be primarily carnivorous or primarily herbivor-
ous. Tortoises are primarily herbivorous, but a small amount of commer-
cial canned dog food can be added to their salad from time to time.

Like chelonians, lizards also have a wide dietary requirement. Food pre-
ferences of herbivorous lizards vary depending upon a particular individ-
ual.

Salads comprising fruits and vegetables should be offered to herbivores
about 2 to 3 times a week, and should include 2 or 3 varieties each of
fruits and garden vegetables, and at least one green leafy vegetable.
Tortoises require a relatively high precentage of dietary roughage from
fiber; those not grazing outdoors should be provided with hay ^ libitum.

In addition to balancing the herbivore's diet with a variety of foods, a
small amount of vitamin/mineral supplements should be added to each salad
Care should be taken not to over-supplement with oil-soluble vitamins as
they are toxic in excessive amounts. All foodstuffs should be fresh,
carefully washed, cut to appropriate size, and should be varied from meal
to meal. Table 1 suggests a list of foods from which to prepare salads,
and Table 2 lists some food preferences of some captive herbivorous/om-
nivorous reptiles.

123

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquri ng Novi ce, Part 10, ConZlnadd
TABLE I. Suggested Fruits and Vegetables for Herbivorous Reptiles

Fruits (1)

Garden Vegetables
(1)

Green Leafy
Vegetables (2)

Hay*(3)

Other****

Apples

Broccol i

Beet Greens

Alfalfa

Bone

Bananas

Brussel Sprouts**

Cabbage**

Clover

Canned

B1 ackberries

Carrots

Col lard Greens

Cowpea

Dog Pood

B1 ueberries

Caul if lower**

Dandel ion
Greens

Kudzu

Dandel ion

Grapes

Celery

Ka 1 e**

Lespedeza

Flowers

Oranges

Corn

Mustard

Greens

Mint

Kel p***

Peaches

Cucumbers

Spinach**

Peanut

Marine

Pears

Green Beans

Swiss Chard

Sal tbush

Algae***

PI urns

Green Peppers

Turnip Greens

Soybean

Mi sc.

(sprouts**)

fungi

Strawberries

Onions

Cacti

Peas

Timothy

Pumpkin

Vetch

Squash

Sweet Potatoes

Tomatoes

* Relatively high in vitamin C and low in phosphorus

** Goitrogenic; vary diet with non-goitrogenic green forage

***Exclusive food source of Marine Iguanas

****0ffer in season

(1) Choose at least 2 to 3 items for each meal

(2) Choose at least 1 and vary with each meal

(3) Offer ad libitum for animals that are not grazing outdoors

124

Table 2. Food Preferences of Some Herbivorous /Omnivorous Captive Reptiles^

REPTILE CARE: Relating to the Inquiring Novice, Part 10, Con^tcnuad

125

food, O=occasional food

MINNESOTA ZOO MONORAIL FINANCING IN DEFAULT

Financing for the Minnesota Zoo Monorail is in default. The fully auto-
mated peoplemover system was installed in 1979 for $8.4 million under an
installment purchase agreement between the Minnesota Zoo Board and a group
of institutional investors consisting of a number of local banks and in-
surance companies. Problems with the debt service payment started as early
as 1980 because of insufficient Zoo revenues and the withdrawal of funding
by the Minnesota State Legislature. Following unsuccessful and protracted
negotiations between the investors and the Zoo Board, the contract has been
declared in default. A litigation concerning the financing is pending in
Federal Court. The investors recently announced their intention to shut
down the system, effective 15 March, 1985. Meanwhile, in conformance with
a default remedies clause provided in the contract, the system is being of-
fered for sale.

The system, which consists of three 108-passenger, six-car automated mono-
rail trains (see photo), traverses the Northern Trek portion of the Zoo
grounds. This portion features large, cold-weather animals in outdoor
habitats that closely resemble the animals’ natural environment. Since its
inception in 1979, the monorail has provided continual service to Zoo patrons
It operates year-round and affords Zoo visitors an excellent view of the
animals even in the most inclement weather. Because the monorail essentially
brings Zoo patrons close to the animals, its removal threatens the original
Zoo concept.

A representative of the group of investors has indicated that a comprehen-
sive inventory, condition assessment, and valuation of the system was con-
ducted by a transportation consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. The

study indicates that the system
has been maintained in excellent
condition and would cost almost
$14 million to replace today.
Should the system be sold and
removed, Minnesota citizens
stand to be the losers since
the debt is only $8.4 million.

The financing for the fully automated
monorail peoplemover system instal-
led at the Minnesota Zoological Gar-
den, Apple Valley, Minnesota is in de-
fault. The lenders have taken posses-
sion of the system and all equipment
is offered for sale as a complete lot
and/or in broken lots. The system is
currently in excellent operating con-
dition. A comprehensive inventory,
condition assessment and valuation
has been recently completed and is
available upon request.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS INCLUDE:

Three, 108 passenger, six
car monorail trains
One Service vehicle
Complete set of main-
tenance fixtures, equip-
ment and tools
Inventory of spare parts
Prefab metal bldg. -6, 500
sq. ft.

One guideway transfer
table

One guideway switch
Automatic control system
Guideway: all-welded Cor-
ten Steel box beam, 4,240
ft. tangent sections, 3,1 57
ft. curved section.

91 steel columns, average
18 ft. each; Corten Steel,
W27 shape

DIRECT INQUIRIES TO:

Technical and Financial Advisors
Lea, Elliott, McGean & Company
Attn: Mr. Donates Muotoh

P.O. Box 1 7030
Washington, D.C. 20041
Phone; (703) 471-4007

126

ELEPHANT SET

PERSONAL REFLECTION ON THE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AT SENECA PARK ZOO

By

Timothy Stouts loo Attmdayit
Sm^c.a PoAk Zoo, Pocke^teA, NV

This paper will give the reader a personal evaluation on the management
of captive African Elephants at Rochester, New York. Currently, we have
in residence two females with their ages estimated at seven years. These
animals arrived at our zoo in May of 1979.

Every paper must have a beginning. I have decided to use my introduction
into the management program as that beginning. At that time it was evi-
dent to everyone involved that we were losing control. The elephants
realized that we were incapable of enforcing our commands. The attendants
were finally awakened to the hard fact that they were no longer maintain-
ing cute little elephants. To be fair to everyone involved, no one at
: our zoo was properly trained in the management of these animals. The last
elephant (an Asian) housed at out zoo died many years previous to the
arrival of our young Africans. The attendants involved in the handling of
that elephant left our zoo several years after. This left our zoo in the
uncomfortable position of having these two young elephants and no one to
maintain them.

The original attendants had a dual responsibility. Their main responsi-
bility was the maintenance of their charges. The establishment of a sound
management program was secondary. These attendants would correspond with
I different elephant handlers to gain insight into their management. A basic
philosophy that developed was an imbalance of positive and negative rein-
forcement. Each successive attendant would further modify the program to
their personal philosophy. This led to confusion among elephants and
people. The elephants could please and displease a person with a single
I act. Our management continued without incident until our smallest ele-
i phant began to assert her authority over the attendants and the larger ele-
iphant. This began to physically and mentally remove attendants from the
exhibit. The physical removal took the form of aggression towards anyone
who challenged her authority. The mental stress of her refusing to obey
•even the simplest command began to wear on the persons involved. We could
j no longer allow ourselves the false illusion that we did not have a problem.
The most radical solution to our problem was the restructuring of the en-
I tire zoo staff to accomodate further training. More time would not solve
the problem of too little experience. Obviously, management was aware of
I the situation; but a remedy needed to be found.

I' The attempts made by management to solve our problem allowed us the luxury
' of knowing that they were aware. This awareness did not remove them from
being a scapegoat. Their delays in obtaining the necessary help would be
blamed on their inaction. As the time passed our frustrations took the
' form of gallows humor. A reflection of this period is a cartoon altered
to show the people who had an encounter with our smallest elephant. The
1 staff began to consider which one would be seriously injured. Other staff
members began to offer some rather interesting solutions to our problem,
j One solution was the disposal of one or both of our elephants. The second
solution offered was to obtain a trained Asian. Both are part of the handi-
Ijwipe mentality of our day, never accept you are part of the problem, just
remove it from your life.

Finally, two solutions were evident to the County of Monroe and Seneca

127

PERSONAL REFLECTION ON THE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AT SENECA PARK ZOO, Confd i;

_ „ I

Zoological Society: First would be to acquire the services of an elephant j
consultant; second, the removal of our elephants from our zoo. The more
popular decision was the employment of Don Meyer as our consultant. When
I first became aware of this decision I began to hear stories of how an
elephant is broken. At our first meeting, Don would prove that this was
not his method. What began that day is what I hope to be a long and pros- ij
perous friendship. i

The emphasis of our management program is a committee concept in which i
everyone shares in the responsibility of maintaining our elephants. This j
responsibility is increased by the use of bi-weekly meetings. At these
meetings management and the attendants assigned to the section meet to
discuss the direction of the program. As we have matured, these meetings
have become an interesting forum of ideas. A set of minutes are taken and
then issued to each member of the committee and the remainder of the staff.
This further extends the responsibility to everyone.

As in most management programs we work our elephants with a minimum of two {
persons. Many times we have had five people in the exhibit with no prob-
lems. Our elephants have enjoyed the luxury of having our veterinarian
intimately involved with their management. This has allowed them to view !
him without that awful needle. This became very important in the treatment
of a tusk infection in the larger elephant. The insertion of a catheter ‘

into the tusk under no anesthesia with little protest is a credit to the ;

program and to our veterinarian.

The daily maintenance of our elephants is performed by a team of two at- !

tendants. One functions as the leader for the elephants and the staff.

This person gives the commands and disciplines as necessary. We have i

decided that in order to reduce confusion, only the lead person carries |

an ankus. The elephant recognizes the ankus person and obeys his/her :

commands. After the initial reservations, the old practice of everyone
carrying an ankus is only a distant memory. The second person performs j

the actual maintenance of the animals. The most important tool of our j

program is the daily communication between individuals. After many weeks |
of working with the same person we tend to assume too much. Even the most j
basic procedures should be reviewed before entering the exhibit. This can
eliminate potential problems. j

In the short period of time that our management program has been in exis-
tence, our pool of qualified people has grown. This has been of assis- ^
tance in staffing this area. Management is no longer confined to the
one person-one elephant trap. We have released the elephants and manage- j
ment from that destructive tendency. Our elephants have learned to res-
pond to a group of individuals, with a language common to all. The only ■

inconsistent part is the degree of mutual trust that develops. This In-
consistancy lies within the person themselves and they must work to over- ■
come the problem. !

Everyone at Seneca Zoological Park are very proud to present this evalua-
tion of our management program. We have decided to share our mistakes so
you do not have to repeat them. I personally would like to extend my
sincere appreciation to our elephants, the management committee, and the
entire staff. Without their assistance and support there would be no man- [
agement program and no paper to write, '

Everyone at this conference considers themselves to be professional in our
field. As professionals we are charged with the responsibility to spread
our knowledge. This knowledge is not only a reflection of our successes
but our mistakes as well. Let us not be so ashamed of our mistakes that
we consider them failures and so proud of our success that we no
listen and learn.

longer

128

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT

The goal of the AAZK Keeper Training Video Tape Project is to produce
quality video tape training programs suitable to supplement existing in-
house training of entry level keepers. These tapes are not intended to
be a complete training program in themselves. All proceeds generated
from the sale of training tapes will be used to finance production of
! future training tapes. Two tapes are currently available.

I Zoo Keeper Safety; An Attitude Adjustment - This 18-minute program does
not attempt to address the numerous variable specifics of this subject,
j It presents a safety approach to the job of zoo keeping, and promotes
constant awareness and personal responsibility for safety.

A Zoo Keeper's Introduction to Feeds and Feeding - A half hour introduc-
tion to the complex subject of feeds and feeding of zoo animals. Topics
covered include what, when, and where to feed.

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PURCHASE AGREEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE BUYER

1) The tape may not be duplicated or made available to any person or
institution for the purpose of duplication.

2) The tape may not be utilized for any commercial purpose.

3) Should the buyer decide the tape will not be useful to their training
program, the undamaged tape may be returned within 14 days of receipt
for a partial refund - $10 for BETA and VHS, $18 for 3/4 inch.

I, the undersigned, accept the responsibility for the restrictions list-
ed above.

NAME (Type or Print)

SIGNATURE DATE

ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION

SHIPPING ADDRESS

ZIP

TELEPHONE ( )

TAPE TITLE

FORMAT: BETA VHS 3/4 INCH

$25 $25 $35 -

Make checks payable to AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT.

Mail to: B. Wayne Buchanan

Woodland Park Zoological Gardens
5500 Phinney Avenue North
Seattle, WA 98103

PARASITE SCREENING IN REPTILES
(End-of-Year Grant Report to AAZK)

By

SiUan M. BoAna/id, So^viloA. KznpeA
Vzpt. oi H^ApoXology
Atlanta loologtcal Vcuik, Atlanta, GA

lEcUto/i'^ note: Scuan has been conducting aeseoAch Into the paesence o^
pcLAosltes In aeptlle^ undea a gnant {^Aom the AAIK ReseoAch GAant^ PAogAom. ] '!

For more than four years, reptiles housed at the Atlanta Zoo, other zoos ]
and scientific institutions, and in private collections (approximately '

85 contributors), have been screened for parasites. Vials containing 10%
formalin were coded with the donor’s initials, and numbered. For example, i
if the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum requested 150 fecal collecting vials, j
they were coded ASDM 1 through 150. The donor was instructed to label
each vial with the trivial and scientific name of each animal. Once an |
identification was made, a parasite report was returned, and when requested, |
with suggested treatments. |

The majority of fecal samples examined were negative for parasites; however,!
many harbored helminths and protozoa. Each sample containing parasite ova
was split into four vials. One vial was retained so parasite eggs could |
be photographed (Ova were photographed in black and white, and in color, !
at magnifications of lOOX and 400X for uniformity. Eggs were also measured jj
with an ocular micrometer) . The remaining three vials were mailed to three |j
different parasitologists for egg identification. If there was an agree-
ment in identification, the diagnosis was accepted. However, if there was j
a disagreement among the parasitologists, a fourth expert was sought for
consultation.

Occasionally, adult parasites (and deceased reptiles) were contributed. j

Eggs were retrieved from the female parasite’s oviduct, and were photo- I

graphed. The adult worms and/or eggs were then mailed to parasitologists i
for identification. i

During the screening process, it was noted that many fecal samples had j

similar parasite ova within the same shipment. A review of the literature |
revealed that the eggs were spurious (food-animal parasites). At first, i
the eggs were thought to have belonged to the reptiles, and the ’’experts” i
had also reported these spurious eggs as having belonged to the reptiles ]

in question. Fortunately, the screening process included thousands of '

samples; therefore, the parasitologists’ errors were able to be corrected. !
From this finding, a manuscript, entitled A Review of Fecal Pseudoparasites i
of Reptiles, was published in the Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine (Barnard,
1983).

As time passed, a wide enough sampling had been examined and photographed, ^
that the most common parasite groups affecting reptiles had been identified i
and photographed, leading to two more publications; An Annotated Outline
of Some Commonly Occurring Reptilian Parasites, ACTV Zoologica et Patho- ||

logica Antverpiensia (Barnard, in press), and A Color Atlas of Some Rep- I

tilian Parasites Including Some Commonly Occurring Artifacts, Compendium
on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian (Barnard, in press).!

Coccidia found in fecal samples were processed in the same manner as the
helminths with the exception that only one protozoologist was consulted. ^

Since information on reptile coccidia is readily available, and several |

1 3(1

PARASITE SCREENING IN REPTILES, ConUnuzd

experts have on-going research in this field, it was felt that expertise
in this area of parasitology had been well-established, and required no
further consultation. During the screening procedure, it was discovered
|that CoJiyo^poHR was originally incorrectly described, resulting

, in its redescription. A manuscript, entitled Redescription of the Oocysts
of CgAyo^poHjO. i>-lmpl.Q,x (Ap^compZc.xa: EXme/UA-dae] From an Ottoman Viper,

\\ILp2Aa. XCLyvtklyiCL X(lYlthi,nCL, was published in Transactions of the American

'Microscopical Society (Upton, Ernst, Barnard, and Current, 1983).

To learn more about the nature of AAjnpt2,X , several experiments were
conducted at the University of Auburn, Auburn, AL., using oocysts collect-
ed and sporulated at the Atlanta Zoo. These studies resulted in addition-
al publications:

Upton, S.J., Current, W.L. , Ernst, J.V., and Barnard, S.M.: 1983

Development of the viper id parasite, Ca/iyo^poKa -S^pt^X , in mice.

J. AL. ACAD. SCI. (Abstract), 54:114.

Upton, S.J., Current, W.L., Ernst, J.V., and Barnard, S.M. : 1984.

CaXijOi)pOHR ■ii-unpZ.H.X- Extraintestinal development in mice.

I ASSOC. SOUTHEASTERN BIOL. BUL. (Abstract), 30:88.

Upton, S.J., Haynes, T.B., Current, W.L. , and Barnard, S.M. : 1984.

Development of CoAyo^po^ ^-impto^X in human embryonic lung cell culture.
ASSOC. SOUTHEASTERN BIOL. BUL. (Abstract) 31:88.

Upton, S.J., Current, W.L. , Barnard, S.M., and Ernst, J.V.: In vitro
excystation of CaXyo^poKa ^-imptdX (Apicomplexa : Eimeriorina) .

J. PROTOZOLL. 31, (in press).

Upton, S.J., Current, S.L., Ernst, J.V. , and Barnard, S.M. :

Extraintestinal development of CcUiyo^poH.GL iiAJnptdX (Apicomplexa:
Eimeriidae) in experimentally infected mice, Mcl6 mLLi>C.UitiJU> .

J. PROTOZOOL. , 31, (in press).

Upton, S.J., Haynes, T.B., Current, W.L. , and Barnard, S.M.:

Development of CaAyo^po/iCL ^yjmptux (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from
sporozoites to oocysts in human embryonic lung cell culture.

J. PROTOZOOL., 31, (in press).

Two new species of Ca/iyo^poKOL were discovered during the screening pro-
cess, and the following papers were published:

Upton, S.J., Current, W.L. , and Barnard, S.M. : A new species of

CcUtyo^poKjCL (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) from Etcipkd spp . (Serpentes:
Colubridae) of southeastern and central United States. TRANS. AMER.
MICROSCOP. SPC., 103, (in press) .

Upton, S.J., Current, W.L., and Barnard, S.M.: A new species of CaAyoi>pofm.
(Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) from the green lizard, knoLU> C.aAoTZnQM6l^.
TRANS, AMER, MICROSCOP. SOC. , 103, (in press).

Upton, S.J., Current, W.L., and Barnard, S.M. : Systematics of the Co/iyo^poXa
Leger, 1904 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). (in review).

Although all coccidia studies were conducted at the University of Auburn,
viable coccidia for these studies were maintained in Atlanta because of the
dangerous nature of the work: to culture viable coccidia , it required the
maintenance of many vipers. All expenses for coccidia cultures were paid
for by the consultants at the university. However, information gained from
these satellite studies are available for use in the diagnostic atlas.

131

PARASITE SCREENING IN REPTILES, Co^vUnaed

In addition to requesting parasite examinations of their reptiles, con-
tributors also requested husbandry information. It became evident that i
there was a need for a functional text on reptile husbandry. It appeared
that texts already on the market were either too simplistic in approach, ,
or too technical. Therefore, an outline was drafted for a reptile husban- 1
dry text (currently in publication in Animal Keepers* Forum as a twenty- j
one part series). Since '*time’' has been a major factor in publishing both,
the husbandry text and the diagnostic atlas, the two texts have been combit
ed into one major "professional guide". A tentative publication date has i
been set for December 1985.

DONATIONS PAINT THE INTERIORS GREEN
By

Caxol Bmch

Suhmittid by tko, i)Joodtayid PoAk Zoo ’-6
Playit RoJidoAc-k Tdam

At least once and sometimes twice a week, zoo staff travel down the road,
back up to the loading zone at the greenhouse. Interiors in Green, and
fill the van to the brim with exotic plants the likes of a 10-foot ficus
and a $1,000 king palm. Sound expensive? These plants come cheap. They '
are donations from Interiors in Green and number anywhere from 30 to 50 j
plants a week, most of them tropical. '

The plants, worth thousands of dollars, are not meant to beautify the |

front lobbies of the zoo buildings. They are for the animals to interact j
with. The zoo relies heavily on these donations, since there is virtually |
no budget for buying tropical plants. j

The idea of greening the exhibits at WPZ has spread from the exterior ex- [
hibits to the indoor displays. Because of many generous donations made {
to the zoo, and especially those from Interiors in Green, many of the in- ,
terior exhibits which once held plastic plants or nor plants at all have [
sprung into new life and vitality. Particularly in the new Australian ,

exhibit, the refurbished home of the tree kangaroos, the plants play an |
important role in contributing to the required 50% humidity atmosphere 1
of the exhibit. This is accomplished by transpiration, the plant’s nat-
ural method of releasing water through its leaves, thus recycling water ;
and saving the zoo the expense of humidifers. i

t

In the Aviary, a visitor has the sense of visiting a South American trop- j
ical rain forest, with black-necked stilts poking among the tall plants j
edging the pool. Ficus and palm climb up the tiny slopes of the exhibit
looking like miniature jungle. j

Since the greening of the zoo is a relatively new practice, with little |
information on what works and what doesn’t for different animal species, ^
Woodland Park Zoo keepers have formed a research team, and applied for j

a small grant to conduct a nationwide survey of zoos and their use of |

plants with animals. They will then carefully and systematically test ,
for compatibility each animal group with different plants. The lessons |
learned at Woodland Park should therefore help start a green revolution j
in zoos nationwide.

{EdltoA^^ note.: TkU anttcle. ontglnatly appexutdd In Animal Kingdom, r

Jane.- July 19S4, and Is Ae.pHlnte,d kexe. with peAMis^lon oi the. a^fwA and
Animal Kingdom, )

132

Chapter

ilwaukee AAZK Chapter

le AAZK Milwaukee Chapter held
Lections at their 4 February
seting. Newly elected officers
re:

resident ..... Steve Wing
Lee Pres. ... .Tim Tews
2c/Treas . . . . .Mary Jo Willis
3rres. Sec Carol Boyd

— Submitted by

Caxol J. So yd

There are many talented profes-
sionals who make their home in
the Tucson area. We anticipate
a profitable learning and shar-
ing experience from this venture
as we take advantage of their
expertise,

— SubnUtXed by

KoAAy Hoii^man
Geo Age MontgomeAy

News

icson AAZK Chapter

le Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
id the Reid Park Zoo of Tucson,
are pleased to report the
irmation of the Tucson Chapter
AAZK. This is the first
Jiapter in this area and has
jien greeted with enthusiatic
ipport from staff and management
: both institutions. A consti-
ition and set of by-laws has
Jen accepted by the founding
jmbership and the March meeting
is been set as our annual meeting,
le election of officers is as
)llows :

resident Kerry Hoffman (ASDM)

Ice Pres Jill Hickey (RPZ)

jcretary George Montgomery (ASDM)

•easurer Ed Hansen (RPZ)

:f icers-at-large:

Wendy Burroughs (ASDM)

Vicky Norwood (Univ. of Arizona)

liis month's program was our first
)mbined meeting with the Phoenix
lap ter, an event we plan to continue
li a quarterly basis. Mike Carpenter
id Joannie Stinson (Phoenix Zoo)
ive us a good welcoming into the
liZK Chapters family. The Chapter
.11 meet the second Tuesday of each
inth for business meetings and pro-
rams. Field trips are to be planned.

Los Angeles AAZK Chapter

The Los Angeles Zoo AAZK Chapter is
pleased to announce the following
newly elected officers for 1985:

President Kay Pauli

Vice Pres Jennie McNary

Treasurer Nancy Hansen

Sec/Editor ... .John Haley

The year 1985 is already proving to
be a very active one for our chapter.
Membership has increased from a low
of 56 in 1984 to our present enrol-
lment of 126! Much of the credit
for this dramatic turnaround goes to
outgoing president, Gail Bruner. Her
hard work and enthusiasm created a
new-found interest in a formerly
stagnant chapter. She initiated
(with Jennie McNary) a Keeper craft
sale prior to Christmas, which was
a tremendous success. A newsletter
was formed which has now doubled
in content. It contains articles
by Keepers concerning their animals;
a monthly animal health article
written by Zoo Veterinarian Ben
Gonzales; upcoming events, fund-
raisers, editorials and other per-
tinent information related to the
Zookeeping profession.

133

CHAPTER NEWS, Continued

I

Monthly guest speakers for 1985 have
already included Dr. Noel Snyder,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologist
assigned to the California Condor
Research Center. Bill Toone, Asst.
Curator of Birds (San Diego) and
our own Curator of Birds, Mike
Cunningham, spoke on the Captive
Condor Recovery Program, in which
both zoos are actively involved.
Future speakers are being selected
from a wealth of conservation organ-
izations in the Southern California
area, such as the Desert Bighorn
Research Center and the National
Anteater Institute.

In the works is a mini -symposium
on Management of Captive Marine

Mammals, planned for May, with
speakers from Mar ineland, Seaworld,
and the new Monteray Bay Aquarium.

A career planning seminar is sched- j
uled for June; and in July, a fun
event entitled "Clash of the Keepers",
will bring together Keepers from 5
area zoos for a day of volleyball,
hamburgers, tug-of-war and beer. Lots
of beer! . I

Our plan is simple - keep Los Angeles
AAZK diverse, educational and fun.
With this goal in mind, we hope our
Chapter will continue to expand
throughout 1985.

— SubmZtte.d by John Habe^y

ATTENTION ALL AAZK CHAPTERS'.:'. i

GoJicild Payne ji

Coordinator o^ Chapter A^^alr^

Chapters are reminded at there is an annual charter renewal fee of $5.00
payable to National AAZK. Some Chapters are two to three years behind in
payment for their charter renewal. Please check your Chapter's records
and make certain that you are up to date. Renewal fees should be sent
to the Chapter Affairs Coordinator at the Detroit Zoo, Box 39, Royal Oak,
MI 48068. i

All Chapters are also requested to please send a copy of their membership
list, current officers and Chapter activities to the Chapter Coordinator. i
All material submitted for "Chapter News" to the Forum should be sent to
me as well. i

All Chapters who currently have their own Chapter logo design are asked i
to send a copy to both National Headquarters and to the Chapter Affairs
Coordinator. Inquiries are received from newly forming chapters on what ,
has been used in the past for Chapter logos and having a record on file !
will help eliminate duplication.

Chapters are also reminded that in order for an individual to be a m.ember
of a local AAZK Chapter, he or she must be a member of National AAZK. [

Membership applications are available from National Headquarters, 635 Gage:
Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Anne Payne, also of the Detroit Zoo AAZK Chapter, is Coordinator for the
Program Library. At the moment the library contains very few programs |

for use by chapters as programs for meetings. If you or your Chapter
have a slide program or other material suitable for the Program Library, j
please let Anne know of its availability. Funds are available to cover
expenses incurred in duplicati-ng /producing a program for the library.
Funding is granted after review of the program and approval by the Board. ,

&

134

p

t

SEASONAL PATTERNS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION
IN TWO NORTH AMERICAN FELIDS,

The Mountain Lion lFetl6 concoloA.)

I and

I The Bobcat

1 By

I Kacyi Tkomp^on, AyiunaZ Ke^zpoA

\ UM Mountain Zoologtcal Pa/ik

; Roanoke, l/A

It has long been common practice to feed captive felids a constant, pre-
determined amount of food six days per week, and to fast them on the
seventh day (Crandall, 196A; Tongren, 1981). This has been the practice
for the past several years at Mill Mountain Zoological Park. During this
time, keepers began to suspect that the zoo's cats were consuming more
meat during the winter, and consistently leaving moderate amounts uneaten
during the summer months. As a result, an attempt was made to determine
whether there was a seasonal variation in the amount of meat consumed by
analyzing the daily feed reports kept by the keepers.

Methods

Subjects were one male and one female mountain lion (FcXtA COncO-toA.) ac-
iquired by the zoo as cubs in 1980, and one male and one female bobcat
( Fatl6 ) acquired by the zoo as adults in 1974 and 1980 respectively.

Both species of cats were housed as pairs in outdoor enclosures furnished
with unheated cinder block dens.

The daily routine for the mountain lions consisted of feeding four pounds
of Nebraska feline diet® per animal, Monday through Saturday. On Sunday
(the fast day) , the mountain lions were provided with one beef femur bone
each, which was gnawed but not consumed. The routine was similar for the
bobcats, except that they were fed 1.5 pounds of feline diet per animal
per day, and given beef ribs on Sunday. The diets were presented during
the late afternoon, but most consumption occurred during the night.

[

I Each morning, as the exhibit was cleaned, the amount of food eaten the
previous night was estimated by the keeper on duty and reported in the
daily record. Keeper estimates of food consumption were usually recorded
as the number of pounds eaten or as the fraction of food eaten.

Prior to January of 1983, food consumption records were imprecise and
sporadic. As a result, only records from 1 January, 1983 through 31
'December, 1984 were used in this study. Subjective estimates of food in-
take were converted to the number of pounds consumed per day per animal.
iThe average daily food consumption was calculated by dividing the total
amount of food consumed each month by the number of non-fast days in that
month. The average daily food consumption was then plotted by month.

I Results and Discussion

A definite seasonal fluctuation in food consumption was observed in both
pairs of felids (see Table 1) . Food consumption in both species was
highest during the winter months. During the summer months, food intake
decreased by approximately 50%. The winter increase in food consumption
is probably the result of the increase in metabolism necessary to maintain
ja high body temperature during the colder winter months.

135

Food Consumed (lbs.) Food Consumed (lbs.)

SEASONAL PATTERNS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION IN TWO NORTH AMERICAN FELIDS,

TABLE I

Figure 1. Seasonal variation in average daily food consumption
for the bobcats (A) and the mountain lions (B)

136

lEASONAL PATTERNS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION IN TWO NORTH AMERICAN FEUDS, Covit’ d

he cyclical variation in felid food consumption also has practical appli-
jations. Since the decrease in food intake during the summer is predictable
nd fairly consistent, it is now possible to adjust the diets during the
armer months by decreasing the daily amount given, or by Increasing the
lumber of weekly fast days. Through the analysis of subjective keeper feed-
ng records, it has become possible to adapt Mill Mountain's feeding regime
p the mountain lion and bobcats' seasonally fluctuating metabolic demands.

cknowledgements

Ipecial thanks to Beth Poff, for suggesting this study, and to Beth Poff,
aurie Thomas, Brant Deadwyler, Dawn Coulson, Steven Overcash, Gerry
ardner and Don Conner for their help in data collection.

iterature Cited

'randall, L.S. 1964. The Management of Wild Mammal s in Captivity.
I Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

ongren, S. 1981. What's for Lunch, Animal Feeding at the Zoo.

New York: G.G.G. Publishing Company.

roducts Mentioned

ebraska Brand Feline Diet,
Lincoln, NE 68516.

Animal Spectrum Inc., 5801 Locust Street,

jPEKE'S GAZELLE AT THE LOS ANGELES ZOO

y hioJJt Vuncan, Hoo^^toak Kdo^poA
• Lo6 Angdtdd Zoo, Lo6 AngdldS, CA

he Los Angeles Zoo has recently received a young trio of Speke's gazelle
n breeding loan from the St. Louis Zoo. This "flabby-nosed" gazelle is
mong the smallest of gazelle species and is characterized by the folds of
,kin across the nose that are inflated to tennis ball size when the animal
!s alarmed. Their natural habitat is the arid zone in the border area of
thopia and Somalia, and their population status is not well known (lUCN
jindeterminate" status) .

he captive status of the Speke's gazelle is both good and bad: there are
urrently about 35 in captivity (all in the U.S.) and they are reproduc-
ing fairly well, but the founder stock consists of just four individuals
!i.3) that the St. Louis Zoo received between 1969 and 1972. Breeding
|tock is now being "computer matched" to minimize the inbreeding coefficient
f the captive population. The importation of more animals to alleviate
[nbreeding is not currently feasible due to political difficulties of their
(iorder habitat.

he three young Speke's gazelle have settled into their 60' x 40' enclo-
ure well, and are now on view to the public. Precautions have been taken
o keep these shy animals as calm as possible in their new environment:
hey have access to the barn area all day, they are taken off-exhibit by
p.m., and reed fencing has been placed around the exhibit perimeter to
rovide more cover and an occasional visual barrier from the public.

;S our "herd" matures, we hope they will contribute to their own species'
urvival by producing healthy offspring.

137

He^s Got A Song In His Heart

For those AAZK members who have been around for a few years, the name
Oliver Claffey is instantly recognized as the "official" songwriter for
the Association. Two of Oliver’s songs - "Talking Zookeeper Blues" and
"Zookeeping Girl" were presented by the composer at past AAZK National
Conferences. While Oliver, a keeper at Metro Toronto Zoo, was not able
to attend the 198A Conference in Seattle, delegates heard his latest
musical tribute to the zookeeping profession on the recently released
Keeper Training Video Tape "A ZooKeeper’s Introduction to Feeds and Feed-
ing". For those of you not at the conference or who have not had a chance
to see the new video tape, the following are the lyrics for Oliver’s most
recent zookeeping song.

U/e’/ie feeding kt Tfie loo

ending out thu zoo,

IV that 6pQ,cilaJi ttmn o{^ day

IfJhuvL zook<ie.p2Xi> a/Ld. catoAlng to animal gouAmeV.

It’ 6 what many pe.ople. com^ {^OA,

{jJhat thd vWtoAA want to Aee,

Animats tntdAacVlng with naah othoA.

And wlVh me,

We'A.e ^eedtng at thd. zoo.

We'/ie ^ad-cUng at thd. zoo,

HoAAd^ hd-ads and lumps oi md.at

And ilu^y day-old chtclzs oAn what tAUd, pythons lovd to d.at.
iJJd, monttoA. ^ood Intake,

We know what d.ac.h ond. gdVs,
som^ond. god^ oH dealing
Wd. might havd. to call thd. vdVs,

We'/ie ld.cdu.ng at thd. zoo.

Oh, what a lovdly job.

Feeding at the zoo.

It’s amazing just how many people think that’s all we do,
We’Ae woAklng In Applied Biology,

Pao idsslo nally .

[jJe’Ae feeding at the zoo.

Balanced meals to all ouA {^Alends,

The object o^ this ex.dA.clse Is healthy specimens.

We emphasize nutAllion,

It’s ImpoAtant ^oA you see,

OJhat they oAe Is what they eat
And that godS ioA you and me,

We’Ae feeding at the zoo.

OllvdA M. Cla{^iey
Music and LyAcls
© 1984.

1985 Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference

The Detroit Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference will be held May 5-7,
1985 at the Detroit Zoological Park, Royal Oak, MI.

Tentative Conference Scheduli

,'Sunday, 5 May

jRegi strati on

Ice Breaker at
I Belle Isle Zoo
j & Aquarium

I

Monday, 6 May

Welcome

Presentation of papers
Lunch (provided)

Tour of Detroit Zoo
Volleyball game/Bar-B-Q

Tuesday, 7 May
Presentation of papers
Lunch (provided)
Discussion groups
Closing dinner & auction

;Please make checks payable to: "Detroit Chapter AAZK". Send completed
Tegistration form with registration fee to: Anne, Vaynd, V(iXH.oit ChapteA
|AAZ/(, doJyioit loo, Box 39, Royal Oak, MI 4S06S.

Registration Form

Name :

Address: City

State/Province ZIP

Phone No: ( ) Name of Zoo:

Area(s) of interest:

Fees: Member or Spouse - $35.00 Non-Member - $40.00

Total Fees Enclosed: $

(If you cannot attend the entire conference but wish to attend a portion
of it, please contact us and we can make arrangements for you to do so.)

Motel Reservation Form: Detroit Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference

Name :

Address: City:

State/Province: ZIP:

Phone No: ( ) Dates staying in Motel:

1 person/double bed - $35.00 per day 2 people/double bed - $37100

per day

2-4 people/2 double beds - $41.00 per day

Do you wish to share a room with another person (to be matched by

Motel )?

H^Mage. Jnn Motel, 14700 E. 8 Mile,, VeUtoU, Ml 48025. [313] 527-1070.

139

lyii>tU:atloyUi M^hying to a.dvQAtjj><L mploymzyvt opponMinutl^ o/ie a6k^d to
6cnd peAttmnt data by thd 15th oi mak month toi Oppo^awuty Knocfu/AKV,
635 Gagz Btvd. , Tope^im, KS 66606. Ple.a6e. tncZude. cto^tng datu ion. po6t-
ttovi6 avattabto,. IhoAo, t6 no ahoAge, ^oa 4ac.fi Luttng^ and phone.-tn List-
tng oi positions which become available close to deadline cute accepted.

100 ATTENDANT 1 1/ ELEPHANT KEEFER. . . re .mires elephant care experience. Will
work in new elephant facility opening in summer of 1985. Salary $123660
to $15,384. Contact! Dudley Brown, Fort Worth Zoo, 2727
Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth, TX 76110 (817) 870-7053.

HOOFSTOCK ANIMAL KEEPER. . . zoo experience preferred. Pays
$11,000 per year, good benefits. Contact: Daniel Baffa at
Lee Richardson Zoo, Garden City, KS (316) 276-2800.

STUVENT INTERNSHIP. . .available at the Animal Rehabilitation
Center within The Conservancy Nature Center, located in
Naples, FL. The Animal Rehabilitation Center (Project A.R.C.)
is a community-supported program, where native injured wild-
life are brought in for treatment, and released, if possible,
back to their environment. A student internship with this
program involves wildlife handling as well as educational
programs and special projects. Interns must be available for
up to 4-5 months. Qualifications: a college student or recent
graduate, studying wildlife or related field: some experience
with people and wild animals: a sincere concern and interest
in working with animals. Experience in handling birds is
helpful and preferred. $55/week stipend, housing provided.

Internships available year-round. Submit resume, statement of
three references to: Julie Wasserman, Supervisor, Animal Rehabilitation
Center, The Conservancy Nature Center, 1450 Merrihue Dr., Naples, FL
33942 or call (813) 262-0304, ext. 123.

Information Please

I am trying t-o write a paper on Male-Infant Interactions in Non-human
Primates. If you have any articles, research and documented observations
on paternal behavior, please send them to: Kyle Curtis, 806 Devonshire,
Champaign, IL 61820. I am trying to answer the following questions:

Do adult male primates "help” parent infants? Is there a difference in
quantity and quality if the male knows it is his infant? Does the male
know if it is his infant? I would appreciate any help or suggestions.

O

P

P

o

r

t

u

k

n

o

c

k

n s
i

y

goals.

The Atlanta Zoo is currently hand-raising a Himalayan Black Bear cub
[SelenOA-ctoS thlbetanas ) . We would appreciate any and all information
regarding this species, especially its diet in hand-rearing. Please send
information to: Ellen Bradfield, 1347 Benning PI. #2, Atlanta, GA 30307.

Information is requested on captive rearing of the Ruddy Duck [OxyiiAa
j amalcensls ) . Please send pertinent data to: Sandra Healy-Will", Bird
House Keeper, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, IL
60614.

In the past few years the Columbus Zoo's Avian Department has experienced
leg problems (loss of circulation) in our Bali Mynahs. Anyone having
experienced a similar situation is asked to contact either Yvonne Clip-
pinger or Jan Ford, Columbus Zoo, P.O. Box 400, Powell, Ohio 43065 or
call (614) 889-9471, ext. 49.

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name

Check ke/LC /ccnmal

Address

$20.00 Professional

VuJUi-iAjnc KccpQJU)

$25.00 International
AM. mmbe/U) ouut6ldc the
U.S, and Canada

VaAccto^y Injonmation

$50.00 Contributing

0n.gavilzaMoyu> and JndUV'idaaM
U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE

$15.00 Affiliate

Othcn. and volantccfu

$15.00 Associate
IndLivldjutcUi not connected
wdth an animal ca/ie iaaJlJjty

loo

\}ion.k Ajtea

Special JnteAe^M

Mail this application and check or money order, payable to American
Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Headquarters, Topeka Zoo,
635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to the Animal Keeper ' VoAim. The
membership card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums
in the U.S. and Canada

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animat KeepeAA’ Foaum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles .

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size of no more than 6” x 10" (15 cm x 25h cm.). Literature used should
be cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names.

Articles sent to Animal KeepeJU' Foaum will be reviewed for publication.
No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
addressed envelope.

Telephoned contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will
not be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AntlcZoji p/Unted do not nece^2>aAllg ae^lect the
opinions o{^ the Animal Keepers ' Foaum editorial
sta{\{^ on. oi the Amenlcan Association o^ Zoo Keepers,

Items in the publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
is requested. Order reprints from the Editor.

■e N

(0 S'

?r ?r5

ft) rsQi

o?-^ n

ON

€rican

MAY 1985

Animal

Keepers'

Forum

Dedicated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

MAY 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER FIVE

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

knJjnoJi Kcc.pc/L6 ' Vo^um (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lishing costs of AyUmCLt Ke.i2Lpe/u' fo^(m. Second Class postage paid at
Topeka, KS. Postmaster; Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC.

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLVD., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dolly Cla/ik, AdmlyuAlAcutlvo. SucAiitcuiy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP/ Conservation & Research Center P/ie^ldent

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park i/lcC-PAe^ldent

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C.

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

Gojwild Payne,, DntxoAjt Zoo

Continuing Keeper Education

PcLt Sammcuioo, Lincoln PoAk Zoo

Awards Committee
Mike CMockoA, DlckeA6on PoAk
Book Reviews Coordinator
Diane foAsylh, AkAon Zoo

PROJECT

Staff Exchange

Elandna Am, Woodland Paxk Zoo

Program Library

Anne M. Payne, DelAolt Zoo

Exhibit Design Form

Diane fo^yth, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accommodations List

OtivQA Claiiey, MelAo Toronto Zoo

Keeper Training Videotapes

Wayne Buchanan, Woodland PoAk Zoo

Library Resources

Kacl Thompson, Mill Ml. Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator
Connie Cloak, Na6hvllte, TN

Research/Grants Committee

fH.ank Kohn, National Zoological Pk.

Legislative Action Committee

Alice MlhdA, Topeka Zoo

Public Education Committee
day 3ou>an, TuAlle Back Zoo

HEADS

Animal Data Transfer Forms
BeAnle feldman, Topeka Zoo

Membership Directory

Pal SammoAco, Lincoln PoAk Zoo

Diet Notebook

B^etl BannoA, South flonlda Chapten.
Biological Values/Gestation
LanAy Bh-olnaAd, San fAanchco Zoo
Keeper Data Survey
Many Slay bough, San Antonio Zoo
Reference Search

Liz McLaughlin, Rogen. Williams Pk.
Zoo I Jenny Rent{,Aou), Maion, MI

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS

States East of Mississippi - Diane Kailq, RlveA-bank^ Zoo, Colmbla, SC
States West of Mississippi - DebA.a StetcheA, Woodland PoAk Zoo, Seattle, W/

Individual Regional Coo^dlnatoAi> and the ^tat^ anden. thelA oventlght
oAe lifted etfiOJ^he^e In each lt6ue ol Animal KeepeA6* foAm.

Thl& month’6 coveA oAti&t £& NataLie, R. MoL&hbuAn and heA dA.aMlng ^e.<ztuAU
Kabta Kahn ia.k.aXhumt2.y] ^ a EactfURn aam&l at the, Ctnctnnatt Zoo. Natalte,
4A a 1984 gfLadaote^ oi the. katuAoZ RuouAct Managme.nt p/LogAam at that zoo
and t& c.aAn.e.ntly attmdtng Montana State UntveA&tty majoAtng tn AntmH
Sctmae. Natatle ^t/L6t mcoanteAed Kabta Kahn mhm 6 he mAked 06 on a66l6-
tant to the eameZ and elephant tJmtneja last sammeA. Thanks, Nataltel

Scoops

^ Scuttlebutt

TWO APPOINTMENTS MADE TO AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS

It is with deep regret that the AAZK Board of Directors accepts the re-
signation of fellow Board Member Verona Barr. Verona and her husband are
on their way to becoming llama farmers, which when combined with their
jobs has created a conflict where available time is concerned. Verona
felt that the membership would be best served by an active board member
who was responsive to board duties and other AAZK related projects.

In the short fourteen months that Verona served on the Board of Directors
she was very active and put forward a number of suggestions and ideas that
the board has investigated. Verona herself expressed an interest in and
a desire to assume the responsibility for the Book Reviews which have
become a popular feature in AKF.

The Board feels fortunate that there are other professional members who
are interested in serving the membership through a term as Board Member.
Professional member and Research Grant Committee chairman Frank Kohn of
the National Zoo has been selected by the Board to serve the remainder of
Verona Barr's term, through 1987.

Filling the vacancy as Book Review Coordinator will be Diane Forsyth
of the Akron Zoo. Diane has been very busy over the past years sheperd-
ing the Exhibit Design Form to completion. The Board is confident that
Diane will bring to the Book Review project the same drive and initiative
she exhibited during creation of the Exhibit Design Form. Keep watching
AKF this year for notices from Diane calling for book review volunteers.

Also recently appointed to fill an unexpired term on the Board of Directors
is Oliver Claffey of the Metro Toronto Zoo. Oliver will complete the term
of Mike Carpenter, through 1987.

CO-DIRECTORS NAMED FOR REGIONAL COORDINATOR SYSTEM

Diane Krug, Riverbanks Zoo, and Debbie Stetcher, Woodland Park Zoo, have
been named as co-directors of the AAZK Regional Coordinator system.

Diane will be responsible for regional coordinators in the states east
of the Mississippi and Debbie for those west of the Mississippi. These
two young women are replacing Mike Carpenter, Phoenix Zoo, who had headed
up the RC system for the past few years. Vacancies still exist for RCs
for New York and Canada, so if you are interested please contact either
Diane or Debbie.

141

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT, ConUnutd

FROM THE MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY EDITOR

Dear Fellow Members,

The 1985 edition of the AAZK Membership Directory is now available.
Professional and contributing members will receive copies as part of
their membership benefits, others may purchase the book from National
Headquarters for $3.00. Since the Directory includes members, their
work areas, special professional interests, chapter affiliations and
offices, as well as Keeper Accommodation List contacts, association
activities and administrators, and our Constitution and By-laws, this is
a valuable and useful tool.

If you are a Professional or Contributing member and have not received
your new Directory by 1 June, please contact National Headquarters.

Other members will find the guide to members, zoos and the association
worth the purchase price.

If your entry is in error, please note that on your renewal card this
year, or drop me a line. The new renewal card has worked very well in
making the data on members available for the Directory, so please take
the little extra time to fill it out completely, knowing that it makes
working the Directory easier and keeps it as accurate as we can make it.
To make it easier for you and me, you may indicate that your work area
and area of interest are the same as published, but please continue to
note the zoo with which you are affiliated, and your chapter membership.
If I am missing your zoo’s address, zip code, phone number, enter it with
your updates.

Thank you for all your help . I appreciate all the help and advice that
you give me.

Sincerely,

Patricia E. Sammarco, Directory Editor
Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon Drive
Chicago, IL 60614

UPDATE ON COLLECTION CENTERS FOR DIET NOTEBOOK

The Diet Notebook Project offers a unique opportunity to share with
other keepers the types of diets used to maintain exotics in captivity.
This project has the potential to develop an excellent reference on
captive diets but only if you participate. Forms may be obtained from
the Collection Centers listed below and when completed should be sent to
the appropriate center. Please type or print information, use metric
units whenever possible and refer to the ISIS and lUCN listings for
scientific names. Please become involved.

BIRD COLLECTION CENTER: KMl ^QJ^tbKOOk

IXJXJiQ. Rock Chapter AAZK
Jonc6boAo Vaavc
IXXtlc Rock, AR 11104

MAMMAL COLLECTION CENTER: Aviuta. CKomm {Kcplacci> TqaaIc CoaaM)

ScdgivXck Couyvty loo
5555 loo Blvd.

WlchUa, KS 67111

142

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT, ConUnuad

REPTILE COLLECTION CENTER: B/UlU SpmcQA

Minnesota ZootogXcal Ga/idm
Apple. VaUe-y, MN 55124

INVERTEBRATE /FISH COLLECTION CENTER: GoAy Glove.k B StaU

John G. She,dd AqiiaAAim
1200 SoLuth Lake. Sho^e. VnJioe,
Chicago, IL 60605

ALL OTHERS: South Vlofhida ChapteA. AAZK

c/o Vcbble. BuAch
17S60 SW 112 Count
klaml, FL 33157

PUBLIC EDUCATION CHAIRPERSON CHANGE OF COMMAND

The AAZK Board of Directors has accepted with regret the resignation of
Eileen P. Gerity as chairperson of the Public Education Committee.

Eileen approached the board with the suggestion of such a committee two
years ago at the Philadelphia National Conference and she has chaired
the committee for its entire existence.

The committee, working under the assumption that "keepers need to realize
the impression they make upon the public is lasting and the knowledge they
offer can be a tremendous help to the general visitor" has begun to
develop projects along this line. They include: pamphlets to explain the
Species Survival Plan (SSP) ; pamphlets of commonly asked zoo questions
from school children and one on wild bird care in a captive environment.
Future projects being considered include a display demonstrating the
daily activities of a zookeeper.

Eileen is to be thanked for her contributions to zookeeping professional-
ism. Stepping in to fill Eileen’s position is Jay Jasan of the Turtle
Back Zoo in West Orange, NJ. If you are interested in contributing to
this committee, you should contact Jay.

LIBRARY RESOURCES PROJECT HEAD NAMED

Welcome Kaci Thompson, Mill Mountain Zoo, as the Library Resources Project
head. We all know how wonderful it is to find a tedious part of our work
already done, and perhaps done better than if we had to slave over it.

The intent of the Library Resources Project is to identify unique and
specialized libraries, filled with the information that we would have to
spend a lot of time seeking and perhaps never find the key. In looking
for those specialized libraries, a special library association has been
found. Kaci Thompson is communicating with that group, for our benefit,
to find those bits of information that are obscure but necessary for us
to find, or perhaps not vital but still Interesting and professionally
useful. This wonderful link has been established through our liaison
Brandy Pound, the Zoo Educators, Special Library Association, Kay Kenyon
and Kaci Thompson. Thanks from all of us to them for the opportunity to
continue our education and improve our professional animal care.

- — Submitted by Pat SammoAco

CaoAdlnatoA, Contlmilng KeepeA Education

&

143

LOS ANGELES ZOO

Kay PojlM

March 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 1.0 Great grey kangaroo, 0.1 Ring-
tailed lemur, 1 Woolly monkey, 1 Saki, 0.4 Emperor tamarin, 0.1 Caracal,
1.0 Spekes gazelle, 0.2 Arabian oryx, 0.1 Gerenuk; Birds - 3 Northern
rosella; Reptiles - 11 Urocoan rattlesnake and 3 Leopard gecko.

PITTSBURGH AVIARY

CuL/vtU) G. Robb^m

Hatchings for March 1985 include: 0.0.3 Emu, 0.0.3 Elegant crested tinamou
(DNS), 0.0.4 Green-backed heron (3 DNS), 0.0.1 Red and white crake (DNS),
0.0.1 Doubles triped thick-knee, 0.0.1 Southern lapwing (DNS), 0.0.1 Scar-
let macaw (DNS), 0.0.1 Greater roadrunner, 0.0.1 Tawny frogmouth, 2.1
Levaillant’s barbet, 0.0.1 Many-colored chaco-finch (DNS), 0.0.1 Blue-
gray tanager and 0.0.2 Superb starling (1 DNS).

BUSCH GARDENS, TAMPA Siuan RaMey

B&H for March 1985 include: Mammals - 2.1 Nyala, 0.1 Dama gazelle, 4.1
Thomson’s gazelle, 0.1 Kafue (red) lechwe, 0.0.4 African hedgehog, 0.0.1
Sitatunga, 1.0.1 Grant's zebra, 1.0 Reticulated giraffe; Birds - 0.0.6
Sun conure, 0.0.9 Red-crested pochard, 0.0.20 Mandarin duck, 0.0.6 Jandaya i
conure, 0.0.2 Goldie's lorikeet, 0.0.2 Stone curlew, 0.0.8 Indian ring-
necked parakeet, 0.0.4 Black-necked swan, 0.0.4 Scarlet macaw, 0.0.6
Green-cheeked conure, 0.0.2 Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo, 0.0.1 Su- J
perb starling, 0.0.1 Created tinamou, 0.0.1 Triangular-spotted pigeon, ,

0.0.4 Hahn's macaw, 0.0.1 Scaley-breasted lorikeet, 0.0.4 Golden-capped j
conure, 0.0.1 Forsten's lorikeet, 0.0.1 Festive Amazon, 0.0.4 Cockatiel,
0.0.3 Moustache parakeet.

Ann RadmackeA I

DENVER ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

January through March 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 1 White-handed gibbon, !
(DNS), 2 Axis deer (1 DNS), 1 Fere David's deer, 1 Ring-tailed lemur,

0.2 Beisa oryx, 0.1 Nyala, 1.0 Reeve's muntjac, 0.1 Lesser kudu, 0.1 '

Patagonian cavy; Birds - 1 Crested barbet, 2 Nene goose, 1 Grosbeak I

starling, 1 Bali mynah (DNS). ■

BROOKFIELD ZOO Jokn S. StoddoAd ,

March 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 6.0.17 White-toothed shrew, 3.3.1 Spiny
mouse, 0.0.2 Cui, 0.0.4 Degu, 0.1.2 Black-faced grey kangaroo, 0.0.1 Owl
monkey, 0.0.6 Goeldi's monkey, 0.0.1 Golden lion tamarin, 0.1.1 Guinea
baboon, 2.0 Collared peccary; Birds (fledged) - 0.0.1 Violet touraco, 0.0.2:
Humboldt penguin; Reptiles - 0.0.2 Hingeback tortoise.

SAN DIEGO ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL PARK Jody CouAtn2,y

Selected B&H for February and March 1985 include: Mammals - 4.1 Cotton-
top tamarin, 0.1 Northern douc langur, 0.0.1 Lion-tailed macaque, 0.0.2
Pigmy marmoset, 0.0.2 Ring-tailed lemur, 0.0.6 Chinese dhole, 0.0.1
Ceylonese sloth bear, 0.1 Southern white rhinoceros (the 58th), 1.0 Chaco
pampas deer, 2.1 Mhorr gazelle, 5.3 Slender-horned gazelle, 1.1 East
African bongo, 4.5 Addax, 3.2 Addra gazelle, 2.1 Simitar-horned oryx, 4.5
Arabian oryx, 0.0.1 Kirk's dik dik; Birds - 1.0 Palawan peacock pheasant,
0.0.4 Golden conure and 2.0 Nene goose.

144

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, ConUna^d

MIAMI METROZOO. B/iuckheMn

B&H for March 1985 includes Mammals - 1.0 Ring-tailed lemur, 1.0 Defassa
waterbuck; Birds - 0.0.6 Mandarin duck, 0.0.5 Ostrich, 0.0.1 Bleeding
heart dove and 0.0.3 Java tree duck.

METRO TORONTO ZOO. ........................................ . Ho^aueA

February 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 0.0.1 Kowari, 0.2.3 Indian fruit bat,
0.0.1 Hamadryas baboon, 0.0.1 Plains rat, 2.0 Mara, 0.0.2 Hog-nosed badger
0.0.2 Slender-tailed meerkat, 1.0 White rhinoceros, 6.3 Barbary sheep;
Birds “ 0.0.7 Emu, 0.0.3 Black-footed penguin, 0.0.1 Tawny frogmouth;
Amphibians - 0.0.5 Green and black arrow poison frog.

DALLAS ZOO. ................................. ............ JamoACL JonOi

March 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 0.1 Chimpanzee, 1.0 Suni, 0.1 Eland,

0.1 Pale-headed Saki, 0.0.1 East African porcupine, 0.0.1 Bolivian grey
titi monkey, 1.0 Mexican fruit bat, 0.0.1 Dama wallaby, 0.2 Pygmy goat;
Birds - 0.0.1 Spotted dove, 0.0.1 Jandaya conure, 0.0.3 Spur-winged lap-
wing and 0.0.5 Black swan.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO. .B. BakmA

February-March 1985 B&H include; 1 Prevost's squirrel (DNS), 1 South
Albermarle Galapagos tortoise (DNS), 1 Scarlet kingsnake.

HONOLULU ZOO. .Atcce RobeJvU

B&H for 13 March through 13 April 1985 include; Mammals - 0.4 Toggenburg
goat; Birds - 0,0.2 Jackass penguin (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Glossy starling, 0.0.1
Grand eclectus parrot and 0.0.2 Rose-breasted cockatoo.

NATIONAL ZOO. .UgeAtalk

The 2 November, 1984, birth of a western tarsier (Ta/U-UU bancancU ] at the
Dept, of Zoological REsearch marks the first time this species has been
successfully bred at a zoo.. More recently, on 12 January, another tarsier
was born. It began in November 1983, with the arrival of three tarsier
pairs as part of a joint research project between NZP and Duke University
Primate Center. Two females gave birth within a few months of arrival,
though unfortunately both offspring died. It appears that one of the fath
ers may have had a hand in the death of one of the infants and the other
infant may have died from a fall. Thus, two enclosures are now provided
for each pair and the male is only allowed with the female and offspring
when an observer is present. This technique has worked well for the two
most recent births.

145

Coming Events

THE 16th ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL

ASSOCIATION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL MEDICINE AND WORKSHOP

May 12-15, 1985 Tacoma, WA

For more information, contact Tom Otten, Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium,
N. 54th & Pearl St., Tacoma, WA 98407.

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

OF BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ARBORETA (AAB6A)

June 19-22, 1985 Haverford, PA

NINTH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL HERPETOLOGICAL SYMPOSIUM
ON CAPTIVE PROPAGATION AND HUSBANDRY

June 26-30, 1985 San Diego

PRIMATES, THE ROAD TO SELF-SUSTAINING POPULATIONS

June 24-28, 1985 San Diego, CA

Sponsored by the Zoological Society of San Diego and the Morris Animal |

Foundation. World leaders in the primate field will speak at this five- |
day conference focused on the preservation of vanishing species, both in
the wild and in captivity. Experts on reproductive physiology, manage-
ment of captive populations, facility design, disease, genetics, and wild |
populations will present papers and lead round-table discussions. For
further information on registration fees, hotel accommodations, etc.,
contact: Morris Animal Foundation, 45 Iverness Drive East, Englewood, CO
(303) 790-2345 or the Zoological Society of San Diego, Box 551, San Diego,
CA 92112-0551, (619) 231-1515. !

1985 AAZPA ANNUAL CONFERENCE i

September 8-12, 1985 Columbus, OH ,

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION ANNUAL MEETING

October 7-10, 1985 Tempe, AZ ,

Includes symposia on biology and management of bald eagles, avian olfac- |
tion, and the importance of competition in structuring avian communities.
Workshops on use of visual aids in presenting scientific data, experimen-
tal methodologies and their use in scientific studies and Bald Eagle color ,
marking protocol to be held on Monday, 7 October. For further information ,
contact: Dr. Robert D. Ohmart, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona '
State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. j

1985 NATIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE '

October 20-24, 1985

Miami, FL

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canned, and frozen animal diets for your feeding program,
cali Animal Spectrum today.

In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

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Box 6307 Lincoln, NE 68506-0307

FINAL CALL FOR AAZK AWARDS NOMINATIONS

Deadline - June L 1985

This is the last call for nominations for 1985 AAZK awards. This month |

features the last segment of a three-part series on the AAZK awards. The I

March and April issues of AKF discussed the Excellence in Zookeeping and |:
Meritorious Achievement awards. This month features the CERTIFICATE OF
MERIT FOR ZOOKEEPER EDUCATION. ij

The CERTIFICATE OF MERIT FOR ZOOKEEPER EDUCATION is given the zoo most
actively promoting educational programs for zookeepers. Keeper training ]
courses, staff seminars, and reimbursement for formal education are obvious j
examples of such programs. If you feel that your zoo merits such an award, '[
please submit a brief letter of nomination, mentioning specific educational j!
programs at your zoo. j

QUALIFICATIONS '

1. Any North American zoological institution or aquarium is eligible. ,

2, The keeper training program must have been in existence for at ,

least a year. !

NOMINATION PROCEDURE

This award will be given to the zoo most actively promoting
educational programs for zookeepers— keeper training courses,
staff seminars, and reimbursement for formal education, etc.

If you feel that your zoo merits such an award, please submit
a letter of nomination, mentioning specific education programs.

THE DEADLINE FOR ACCEPTANCE OF AWARD NOMINATIONS IS JUNE 1, 1985.

Send nominations to;

Mike Crocker
AAZK Awards Committee
Dickerson Park Zoo
3043 North Fort
Springfield, MO 65803

148

Viewpomf

EDUCATION IN ZOOS

By

Tdd Vae.hnke.f KeepeA
McufUngton PoAk loo, Pontloind, OR

The educational materials presented to the public today by many U.S. zoos
resemble training for trivia games. This collection of facts served a
useful purpose at one time. Such programs attracted the publics’ atten-
tion, this in turn created a large group of people interested in and con-
cerned about wildlife. Unfortunately, this group often reacts in a sim-
plistic fashion when addressing wildlife management and conservation.

They sometimes feel that once the killing of an animal is made illegal,
the species’ future is secure. Without a solid grounding in ecology it
is not always obvious that we must also protect the species’ habitat,
routes of travel, many of the plant and animal species with which it inter-
acts, and sometimes even its solitude. A change to an ecological approach
in zoo education programs would not be easy. So much groundwork needs to
be established first that such an approach to exhibit signs would be im-
possible.

One technique used to a limited extent today is large graphics relating
to a group of animals rather than one species. These can illustrate food
chains, habitat loss patterns and other broad ecological principles.

Another approach which has considerable merit is the use of classes and
lectures. Classes are limited to the number of people they can reach, but
are capable of establishing a much better understanding of ecology. There
is some additional benefit derived because participants spread the infor-
mation to friends and acquaintances.

At present, the classes offered by zoos tend to be fact-oriented rather
than ecology-oriented. This is a result of the way in which the material
is generated. At zoos which are too small to support an education depart-
ment, the keepers are usually too busy to develop and conduct classes.

Once a zoo does form an education department, this group takes almost
total responsibility for education materials. The keepers often do little
more than insure that the facts presented are accurate. The personnel
in the education departments are usually education specialists. Their
skills and training are directed towards presenting information through
the most efficient methods available. They are not ecologists. The
people likely to have to best understanding of ecology are the animal
management people, keepers, senior keepers and curators. Animal manage-
ment should initially develop the material and education should edit the
material and point out the best means of getting the information across.
This merging of abilities insures that the public gets the best informa-
tion available presented in the most effective fashion possible.

149

KEEPER

education

The newly reorganized Library Resources
Project will focus on making zookeepers
aware of library resources and how to
locate printed sources of information.
From time to time, library-related in-
formation of interest to the zookeep-
ing profession will be presented in
the Animal Keepers’ Forum. The follow-
ing article by Kay Kenyon, National
Zoological Park Librarian, is the first
in this series. Due to the length of
this article, it will appear in two
parts, this month and in the June issue
of AKF.

— Kclca. Thompson

LZb/uviy Re^auA.c.e6 Coordinator,

ZOO/AQUARIUM LIBRARIES: A Survey

i

Kay A. Kenyon

Ckl2.{, Ltbrarlan '

Smithsonian Institution Libraries !

National Zoological Park Library
Washington, V.C,

Zoos have been in existence in one form or another for nearly 5,000 years, j
ever since Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt brought back a collection of animals
from Africa. Royal zoos existed in China around 1150 B.C. and later in '

Assyria and Babylonia. In the 3rd century B.C., Ptolemy I established j

the Alexandria Museum. Not only was a zoo contained in this museum but
the first zoological library as well. The earliest zoo in the Americas |

was a collection of animals under Emperor Montezuma in Mexico City around ;
1500 A.D. It had a staff of 300 keepers.

In more recent times, the Zoological Society of London opened its zoo to j

the public in 1828. By the mid-19th century zoos were opening all over '

the world. The earliest zoos in the United States were established in |

Philadelphia, Buffalo, New York City, and Washington D.C. during the late '
1900s. The earliest known aquarists were the Sumerians, who kept fishes !

in artificial ponds 4,500 years ago. The first display aquarium was open- !;

ed to the public in 1853 at Regent's Park in England. The first one in
America was opened in 1856 at the American Museum in New York. Today there |i
are over 1,000 zoos and aquariums throughout the world. Over 200 of these '
exist in North America. j

i

The philosophy behind zoos and aquariums has changed since Queen Hatsheput. |
At first, collections of animals were simply kept as curiosities, satisfy-
ing man’s desire to know. When the Zoological Society of London was found-
ed in 1826, its purpose was not only to introduce new and curious animals j
from foreign lands but to advance the science of zoology as well (1) . The j

philosophy of zoos today has expanded and become very complex. Generally, i

however, their goals are to increase their role in recreation, education, ,
research and conservation. (2)

In pursuing these goals, zoos' knowledge of animal management, animal be-
havior, veterinary medicine for exotic animals, and so forth, has increas- i
ed rapidly and so have their information needs. Libraries have been es-
tablished in some zoos and aquariums to organize all this rapidly expand-
ing zoological knowledge and to provide access to information sources
outside the institution.

150

zoo/ AQUARIUM LIBRARIES: A Survey, CoyiUnue.d

A library is not just a collection of books and serials. It must also
provide information services and this involves having someone with some
library skills. Keeping this in mind, there are about 40 zoos and aquari-
um libraries in North America.* Although 104 zoos reported having a
library in a 1981 survey done by the Lincoln Park Zoo (3), most are not
libraries as defined above.

Because zoo/aquarium librarianship is a new field of special libraries,
there is little published information about it. The purpose of this
article is to explore the unique features of zoo/aquarium libraries,
their history, users, staff, collections and services, as well as some
of the problems they have in common with other special libraries. For
the purposes of this article, zoo libraries will refer to both zoo and
aquarium libraries.

History

The earliest zoo libraries in North America were founded at the Philadel-
phia Zoo (1874), the National Zoological Park (1889), and the New York
Zoological Society (Bronx Zoo) (1899). During the early 1900s, a few
more zoo libraries were established (notably the Zoological Society of
San Diego Library in 1916), but it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that
the majority of staff zoo libraries came into existence. Thus, for most
zoos, libraries are a relatively recent addition.

Zoo libraries have been established and maintained by different groups of
people. Although most have been established by the zoo or zoological
society, a few have been started by volunteer docent groups and some began
with large donations by private persons. The relationship between the
National Zoological Park and its library is unique among zoo libraries.
Both are a part of the Smithsonian Institution. However, the zoo is a
major museum within the Smithsonian, while the library has always been a
part of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) . SIL supports the
informational needs of the entire Smithsonian.

Today, as in the past, a zoo library’s welfare and even existence is often
dependent on the goals and philosophy of the institution it serves. For-
tunately, those zoos seriously involved in research and conservation are
increasingly becoming aware that libraries are essential in helping them
with their goals. Robert Wagner, Executive Director of the American As-
sociation of Zoological Parks and Aquariums recently wrote, "Libraries are
an increasingly important part of zoos and aquariums..." (4). Many zoos,
however, are rather small, and if they are not research-oriented they do
not have or need a library at present.

Users

The users of zoo libraries have a variety of backgrounds and needs rang-
ing from general to specific. The largest groups of users are permanent
staff members of the institution. Included in this group are curators,
keepers, researchers, educators, veterinarians, pathologists, lab tech-
nicians, nutritionists, horticulturists, administrators, graphic artists,
maintenance and construction persons, and police. Two other large groups
of users are volunteers, and zoo docents. Other users include zoological
society members, interns and the public (by appointment).

*The number 40 was derived from information gathered by the author, e.g.,
letters, telephone conservations, onsite visits and zoo conferences.

151

ZOO/AQURAIUM LIBRARIES, Coyitlnuad

Collections

The collections of zoo libraries are specialized but at the same time
cover many topics such as zoology, animal behavior, conservation, ecology,
zoo management, endangered species, zoo design, pathology, veterinary
medicine, nutrition, botany and horticulture. Aquarium libraries tend to
specialize in seashore biology, fish and other invertebrates, marine mam-
mals and aquarium management.

Collection sizes vary. The smallest library has under 200 monographs,
while the largest has over 9,000. The majority of the collections number
less than 1,000. The number of journal titles received by zoo libraries
range between 0 and 650. Most zoo libraries have less than 50; only four
have more than 200.

Zoo libraries that are fortunate in being located near a large library
with a zoological collection, especially natural history museum and uni-
versity libraries, may not need to develop their collections as extensive-
ly as others who are not as fortunate. A few zoo librarians have estab-
lished relationships with a local larger library which has enabled them
to use and/or borrow their information resources.

Zoo libraries have unique collections, many of which cannot be found in
other types of libraries. Almost all have a collection of newsletters,
guidebooks, brochures, annual reports and animal inventories from zoos and
aquariums all over the world. The Ernst Schwarz Library at the San Diego
Zoo microfilms its newsletters annually and keeps them on microfiche.

Two libraries have map collections. Many, such as the Burnet Park Zoo
Library, the Arthur R. Watson Library at the Baltimore Zoo and the Hono-
lulu Zoo Library, have slide collections while others have photograph
collections. Several have large reprint collections - the Vancouver Aq-
uarium Library has 2,000, the Minnesota Zoo Library has around 3,000 and
the library at the San Diego Zoo has 15,000. The Lincoln Park Zoo Library
has a collection of videocassettes of Marlin Perkins* television series
Zoo Pa/Lade,, as well as a collection of posters from other zoos. (5)

The National Zoological Park Library has a large collection of its zoo
staff publications. The Shedd Aquarium is developing a collection of
Great Lake materials, dealing with ecology, water quality, and marine life.
The Washington Park Zoo has a large circulating collection of artifacts
and specimens in its education library.

Many zoo libraries keep archival materials of their zoos such as keeper
diaries and logbooks, scrapbooks, letters and newspaper clippings. The
library at the Baltimore Zoo has 46 volumes of zoo archival material
dating back to 1949, and the library at the San Diego Zoo has oral history
tapes.

Staffs

Because zoo libraries are relatively new, many as yet do not have pro-
fessionally-trained librarians. They are generally one person (or less)
operations. Some have part-time clerical or student help. Nineteen
libraries are managed by trained librarians either part-time or full time.
It is interesting to note that almost half of these are volunteers who
work full time in another library. Thirteen libraries were maintained by
education specialists and the remainder by other zoo staff such as ani-
mal record keepers, secretaries, and even animal health technicians.

152

ZOO/AQUARIUM LIBRARIES; A Survey, Continued

Only ten libraries are staffed full time. Some zoos make use of volun-
teers to staff their libraries. For instance, the Zoological Society of
Cincinnati staffs its library five days a week with a different volunteer
each day. It uses both professional and nonprofessional librarians.

There are more trained librarians in zoos today than there were five years
ago. Hopefully this trend will continue especially for those zoos involved
in research.

lEdltoA.’^ note,: Tkl6 cuvticJLo, n.Q,pKtvute,d hoAo, imaXH peAmU^ton lAom the.
autkoA and the, Sp^ctal LtbAcuUe^ M^ocUatton ^Aom SpectoX LtbAOJvieM,

\^ol. Wo. 75 [no, 4): 329-334 [OctobeA 1984) c Cop~yAlght Spe.ctaZ Lib/iaA-
teA A^^oatatton, Vcutt 2 wtIZ de,al wtth acce^-6, lo(iatlon6, -ieAvtaeA,
neJxooAktng and {^atuAe, tn.e,ncU. Vant 2 u}ttl appe,aA tn the, June, 1985 X64ae
oi AKfJ

SMALL FELIDS...THEY HAVE A FRIEND

By

Ka/ie,n M. VvoAntch

I’m not a keeper but a person very interested in small felids. In late
1983 and early 1984, I mailed out a questionnaire to 96 zoos. Fifty-
six zoos responded and 33 were very interested in obtaining my results.
The response was so good that I was privileged to lead a Small Felid
workshop at the 1984 AAZK Conference. The workshop attendees further
reinforced my project.

My project involves obtaining as much information as I can on small fe-
lids, storing it in my computer and making the information available to
whomever is interested. The information includes bibliographical refer-
ences broken down by species and by category (i.e. behavior, captive man-
agement, etc.). My library search for books is just about completed and
now I’m collecting journal information. The computer will also store
names of field researchers as I get them. Last but not least, is the
questionnaires’ data and behavioral data I’ve collected on FeXXd caJiaCLoZ
(since 1981) and HeApottuAuS yagouaAuncU, (my current project at Woodland
Park Zoo) .

My goal is to present my "wealth” of information to keepers as an aid in
captive management. Keepers are very important to me because they not
only supply captive information, but ideas.

I have just recently completed my second questionnaire and have started
mailing it out to zoos who responded to my first one. (The first ques-
tionnaire was also sent out to private breeders but only a few responses
came in. Nevertheless, I’m trying again). If you have small felids and
are interested in my project, please send me a note. Write to: Karen
M. Dvornich, 2606 SW 340th PI., Federal Way, WA 98023.

&>

153

ELEE^iANT SET

STANDARD ELEPHANT COMMAND UPDATE

By

Ron ZlngeA, Lead Elephant Keepen.
Topeka Zoological RoAk, Topeka, KS

I want to thank everyone who has responded to my request for a list of
elephant commands. There are still a number of zoos that haven't respond-
ed yet. Again, I would like to encourage anyone who works elephants to
send me a list so our committee can put together a composite list of com-
mand s .

Our committee has recently put together the behaviors that will be includ-
ed on the master list of commands. They are as follows:

1. ) Sternal Recumbancy

2. ) Lateral Recumbancy

3. ) Return to a Standing Position

4. ) Present Foot (for chaining and foot care)

5 . ) Walk with Keeper

6 . ) Move Backwards

7 . ) Move Forward

8. ) Side Step away from Keeper

9 . ) Raise Trunk

10. ) Release Command

11. ) Stop Unwanted Behavior, i.e. No

12. ) Hold Command

These are the only behaviors that will appear on the standard list of
commands. As you can see, we are talking about very few commands which
should make it easy for anyone to change over to this list,

I hope this list of behaviors will make it easier for people to respond to
my original request (See January 1985 AKF, Page 20). Once again, send
your commands to: Ron Ringer, Lead Elephant Keeper, Topeka Zoological Park
635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Thanks again to those people who have sent me their commands and I’m look-
ing forward to hearing from everyone else. Please send along any comments
you might have on our committee’s work.

[EdJXoA'6 Mote: OthoA membeAS o{^ the Elephant Commands Committee, Mhlch
was iohmed following the Elephant WoAkshop In Mm OAleans last ^all oAe:
Tim Stoat, Seneca Zoo, RochesteA, MV) Susan Moy, Lincoln PoAk Zoo, Chicago
JL; Jean HAomadka, San Vlego Wild Animal PoAk, Escondido, CA; and Smokey
Jones, elephant handleA and consultant, WestmlnsteA, CA.]

154

THE GREENING OF THE ZOO

By

CoAol Bmck

Submittdd by the, ilJoodland PoAk loo' 6
Plant Pd^ojiAok Team

"There's a war going on with nature at the zoo,"
said zoo horticulturist Sue Maloney. "But it's
a benevolent war, and it comes from letting
nature and the zoo's Long Range plan be our guides."

When we discarded the metal bars and concrete pads
from our habitat designs, we took on a new occupa-
tion, the greening of the zoo - to represent the animals
in their natural homes and to enhance the public's under-
standing of the interdependency of plants and animals. Plants are an
integral part of the exhibits and set the whole mood and tone of the zoo.

In fact, it has become unthinkable at our zoo to design and construct new
exhibits for the animals without considering the plants with which they
could live.

Plants improve the quality of life for captive animals. They provide
nesting materials for birds, privacy for most animals, exercise and play
material. There are indications that the presence of plants reduces ten-
sion in captive animals, so often a problem in zoos, and stimulates animals
to breed.

"The problem with most zoos," said former director David Hancocks, "is
that they set out to exhibit just the animals. They should be exhibiting
the animals' natural environments - it's the most important thing we can
do here at Woodland Park. The animals are just one of the elements in a
zoo visitor's experience. The trees, flowers, and shrubs are just as
important . "

The equal importance placed on habitat has caused some interesting prob-
lems. The gorillas, for instance, had to wait a full year after their
new exhibit was completed before they could set foot in their new home
because the plants needed to settle and take root. It was well worth the
wait. Both the zoo and the gorillas were rewarded by an unusual habitat
that deceived even the students of Dian Fossey who, looking at a photo-
graph of the exhibit, mistook the habitat for a piece of the wild they
were researching.

With the help of the Long Range Plan, the zoo became something more than
just another park rimmed in green. It became a place where you could
visit wild places without even boarding a plane or a train. "In a big
city there are great psychological benefits when people have green places
to go," said Maloney. The same is true, of course, for the animals.

"With the zoo's new look, we're having to train zoo visitors to observe
animals in a new way." said Hancocks. "It takes more time. We're try-
ing to immerse people in the landscape so all their senses are involved.
There's something magical in that fleeting glimpse of an animal." So
the crew-cut hedges and golf-green lawns have been discarded.

"But zoo horticulture is such a new field, the animals are, still out-
smarting us," said Sue Maloney, who joined the zoo two years ago as our
first zoo horticulturist. For years, people thought you couldn't put
plants and animals together in the same exhibit. Much of the concern lay
with animal destruction of the plants. But when given sufficient space,
and the right sort of space, even animals such as gorillas can be kept in
lush, green, natural environments.

155

THE GREENING OF THE ZOO, Continued

In a way, the designers of the Long Range Plan, Jones and Jones, Archi-
tects and Landscape Architects, made life easier for Sue Maloney and her
staff, by using nature as the model. For instance, the African savanna
exhibit was meant to have long grass, thus saving staff time on mowing,
"There are not a lot of people mowing lawns in the savanna in Kenya,"
said Maloney. Conversely, there is the problem of keeping the grass grow-
ing with zebras and giraffes around!

There are also difficult decisions to be made about specific plants, to
determine whether they are edible, attractive, or dangerous to animals.
Authenticity is also important, and since some exotic plants are difficult
to obtain, there is talk of zoos engaging in a worldwide seed exchange,

A few of the exhibits are natural just the way they are, requiring little
maintenance. "The Marsh and Swamp exhibit is the most authentic as far as
using native plants," Maloney said. Modeled after a New England swamp
and marsh, the exhibit includes red maple, paper birch, tulip poplar, and
red osier dogwood. Also, over 100 tr ilium were donated to the exhibit
last year by Seattle Zoological Society Board member Dr. Russ Kurtz.

The climate of the Pacific Northwest makes our job easier than the job for
many zoos. Many plants that are native to the bioclimatic zones represent-
ed at the zoo also grow in neighborhood gardens, such as the red-hot-poker,
native to the savannas of Africa.

"We've done a lot of imitating of tropical habitats with plants that are
actually frost-hardy," said Maloney. "For the most part, we are using
ordinary ornamental plants you or your neighbor would have, but putting
them together in a new way to give you the feeling of the natural habitat."

If the Woodland Park Zoological Gardens is moving towards becoming a bo-
tanical garden, who is taking care of all the plants? Maloney oversees
a staff of three people and volunteers, who together keep everything green
and growing on 90 acres of park land - not just in and among the exhibits,
but shrub beds along Phinney Avenue, the plants and trees aside the park-
ing lots, the playground area at the corner of Phinney and 59th, the wood-
ed area along 59th to Aurora, the picnic areas, and the neighborhood park
at 50th and Phinney. That makes about 30 acres per person. "By no means
can we do the right job with just four people," Maloney said.

A volunteer gardner aid program was, therefore, set up in 1982. Some
people who join are botany specialists, others have a wide variety of
skills to take care of both the interior and exterior exhibits. Animal
keepers also give routine daily care to plants in their exhibit areas, such
as weeding, watering, and thinning out dead plants.

Aside from their aesthetic value and contribution to the naturalistic
exhibits at the zoo, plants have their own virture in cooling down the
city, helping reduce pollution by grabbing particulate matter out of the
air, and increasing the oxygen in the atmosphere. That's every reason
to celebrate the continual greening of zoos!

(EdUton.'^ no let Tkl^ oAticZe ont^lnally appeoAed In A^aZ l^ngdom, June-
July 19B4, and It n.epntnted ke/ie with pQAmit&lon oi t^Zrduthon, and that
oi AvujnaJi Kingdom, )

156

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985
Miami, Florida

CONFERENCE '85

Please note the following information for our 1985 conference:

- There will be an extension of the special conference room rates at
the Coconut Grove Hotel. The special rate will stay at $75.00 a day until
1:00 p.m. check-out time on Saturday, 26 October.

- The Everglades will be our post-conference trip. Details will be
forthcoming in future AKFs.

SECOND CALL FOR PAPERS

Papers are requested for the 1985 AAZK National Conference. This year's
theme is "Husbandry/Maintenance of Traditionally Difficult Animals". Papers
will be limited to 10-15 minutes with an optional five-minute question/
answer period. The registration fee for the conference will be reduced
for those people whose papers are accepted. Please notify us of any equip-
ment needed. If you will be using video tapes, only VHS will be accepted.
Please submit outline or abstract by 1 August 1985. Send papers, infor-
mation, or questions to:

Brett Banner
AAZK Conference
South Florida Chapter
12400 S.W. 152nd Street
Miami, Florida 33177

Conference Committee Chairman: Rachel Rogers

South Florida Chapter AAZK
12400 S.W. 152nd. Street
Miami, FL 33177

Conference Headquarters: Coconut Grove Hotel

2649 South Bayshore Drive
Miami, FL 33133

Note: Conference Registration Forms and Hotel Reservation Forms may be
found on pages 91-92 of the March issue of Animal Keepers ' Forum.

157

Chapter

San Diego Zoo Chapter

Our Chapter has developed a news-
letter which we publish monthly in
order to encourage communication
between the keepers at the Wild
Animal Park and the San Diego Zoo,
and to provide a forum for ideas
as well as information for our
members. The newsletter, called
The Keeper, has been a critical
success, but we found it difficult
to finance as far as the printing
costs are concerned for the volume
we need.

To try to resolve the finan-
cial commitment involved, we
held a fund raiser to gener-
ate the money needed to cover
our monthly costs. We came
up with the idea of a T-shirt
fashion show and auction.

T-shirts are always a popular
commodity. Our treasurer,

Heidi Ensley, wrote zoos around
the country and asked for
samples of their institution’s
T-shirts. We also acquired
shirts from members who had
collected them from their
travels, as well as some nice
environmental and animal-
oriented shirts which we pur-
chased .

We sent invitations to some
well-known zoo personalities
ahead of time, to act as models.

We recruited keepers, veterin-
arians, curators and nursery
personnel, and suited them up
in our evening’s finery, and
presented them (hamming it up
to music and a very inspired
commentary) . Because these
people were all part of our
Zoo world on a day to day
basis, it was hilarious to
see them taken out of context
in our orchestrated line-up .

Following the show, we had an
auction. The enthusiasm was
great and the bids for indi-
vidual shirts went up as high

as $40.00! We earned $560.00
by the end of the evening,
enough to pay for at least one
year of newsletter publication.

We would like to thank the
following zoos who responded
to our plea for T-shirts:

Brookfield Zoo, Dallas Zoo,

Woodland Park, Phoenix, Audubon
Park, The National Zoo, The
Los Angeles Zoo and Cincinnati.

We thought other Chapters might
be able to use this idea to
earn money for their needs. We
guarantee an enjoyable event.

We would also be pleased to
send a copy of our chapter’s
newsletter to any chapter who
might be thinking of starting
a similar publication.

News

Los Angeles Chapter

The Los Angeles Zoo Chapter is host-
ing a Mini S3nnposium titled; Manage-
ment of Marine Mammals in a Captive
Environment. It will be held on 25
May from 4 p.m. to 10 p.m. in the
Education Center on the zoo grounds.

The cost is $5.00 to local members
and $10.00 to non-members (includes
membership). Speakers are:

Dr. Brian Joseph, D.V.M., Sea World:
"Veterinary Care of Marine Mammals"

Ms. Gail Laule, Active Environments, Inc.
"Behavioral Enrichment for Marine
Mammals in Captivity" (demo at break)

Mr. Tim Desmond, Director of Training,
Marineland; "Husbandry Training of
the Killer Whale"

Mr. Barry Seif, San Francisco Zoo;
"Breeding Project of Grey Seals"

Ms. Patricia Quinn, Monterey Bay
Aquarium: "Sea Otters in Captivity".

For information; (213) 666-4650,

Ex. 213.

The Los Angeles AAZK Chapter also
hosted a Bake Sale at the zoo en-
trance on 6 April.

158

Keeper’s Alert

ASSISTANCE FOR LODGING AT AAZPA NATIONAL

The Columbus Chapter of the AAZK would like to cordially invite you to
attend the AAZPA Annual National Conference, September 8-12, 1985. Our
Chapter will be hosting a variety of activities during the conference and
we feel it will be an exciting experience.

We would also like to invite any national member who cannot afford ac-
commodations to contact Joe Ridler, accommodations coordinator or Andy
Lodge, Chapter president. Both can be reached at the Columbus Zoo (614)
889-9471. Our Chapter will arrange the housing to help ease your finan-
cial burden. We feel that everyone should have a chance to attend our
conference.

We hope you join us at the Columbus Zoo to experience an educational as
well as a fun time during the AAZPA Annual National Conference.

--Submitted by Andy Lodge., P/ie^^dent
CotumbLU ChapteA. AAZK

NIXON GRIFFIS FUND FOR ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH
ANNOUNCES SEVEN GRANT RECIPIENTS

The Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research (NGFZR) , estiablished in
1948 by New York Zoological Society Trustee Nixon Griffis, announced its
first seven grant recipients on 7 March, 1985. NGFZR grants are avail-
able to members of the zoo and aquarium community. Fund recipients may
be curators, keepers, veterinarians, or research and consulting biologists.

NGFZR grants, not to exceed $3,000, are awarded semi-annually. The next
closing period for grant requests is 1 July, 1985. For information about
the Fund and grant applications, interested researchers should write to
the Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research, c/o New York Zoological
Society, 185th Street and Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460.

The March 1985 recipients were:

Lee Boyd, Washburn University and Lonnie Kasman, San Diego Zoo

'*Use of urinary estrone concentrations and marking behavior to assess
the estrous status of Asiatic wild horses [EqaiU pAz&LVaTAfeTx-) *'

Betsy L. Dresser, Ph.D., Cincinnati Zoo

"Embryo transfer between exotic and domestic cats, 7/1/85 - 6/30/86"

Gail E. Foreman, Ohio State University

"Captive propagation of the smaller felids: courtship and parenting
in Geoffrey’s cat ge.O^^Aoyl] "

Dale L. Marcellini, Ph.D., National Zoological Park

"A study of the ecology, behavior, and captive husbandry of the New
Zealand gecko ( Naottinu^ eZeganA ) "

Jodie L. Pacy and William C. Satterfield, D.V.M., University of Texas
"Postparturient management of lowland gorilla neonates"

Christine D. Sheppard, Ph. D., New York Zoological Park
"Passive immune transfer in birds"

Donald Whitemore, Ph. D., University of Texas at Arlington

"Biochemical genetic variation in the North American captive
population of the Siberian tiger (PantheAg tA.gfvii> cittcLLCCL] "

159

CREATING PAIR BONDING AND INCREASING BREEDING

POTENTIAL IN UN-FLIGHTED GOLDEN AND BALD EAGLES

(Agtilla ahAy^aeto^ and H(itlae.eJ:iu lmcoce.phcLlcu}

By

Stdvm R, ClvLndg/im, Se.yUoA KddpeA
Tmcy kvAjoA-y, Salt Lake, City, UT

Most zoos in the western United States have a constant source for receiving I
injured golden and bald eagles. In many cases these birds are adults that '■
have most likely reproduced in the wild. For years these birds have been '!

kept in cages at the Tracy Aviary and have made no attempts to build nests ||
or breed. They were disturbed when keepers entered the cages.

Six years ago I decided it was not necessary to keep these birds in cages. i|

We had an unoccupied crane paddock into whose center I placed some logs and j|

dead trees for perches. When introduced to the new area the eagles took to l|
the perches immediately. The eagle exhibit measures 60 meters by 50 meters, '
and the perches are designed so the birds can jump from perch to perch, reach-!

ing the highest perch and nests which are about five meters high. i

Wild bald and golden eagles build nests on projections or ledges of cliff I:
faces or in trees and occasionally on the ground. Eagle nests are often ji

two to three meters across and one to one and one half meters thick or more. |

Tree nests tend to be deeper and more massive. Wild eagles commonly use Ij

alternate nests in different years. Some breeding pairs seem to use alternateft

nests in alternate years, others never use alternates, even though they spend '
time repairing all the nests, and birds that are unsuccessful in their nest-
ing attempt at one nest may choose an alternate site the following year. j

Eagle nest sites known as eyries are occupied each breeding season for' the jj

entire life of each pair. The lifespan of wild eagles varies greatly and I

is difficult to monitor. In captivity they can reach ages of 20 to 30 years, j
Nest sites of wild eagles have been known to be occupied for centuries. It
would appear that unoccupied nest sites must be magnets. The large nests
can be seen from considerable distances and when not being defended would li

draw in unattached eagles that may pass by. '

With this in mind, I set out to build several realistic looking nests to >,

place in the exhibit. The first nest was built using sticks no more than [j

one inch in diameter. Using wire the sticks were tied together until the |

nest was two meters by one meter deep. It was placed on the top of a dead
pine that was cemented in the ground. Both bald and golden eagles were in j;

the same exhibit and the latter were the dominate, keeping the bald eagles j

off the nests and high perches. It was apparent that the bald eagles must i,

be moved to another enclosure. The golden eagles discovered the nests and
began vocalizing and moving sticks to the nests. They spent so much time
on the nests that the sticks began to come loose and fall apart. I have :

now built six nests and putting them together securely is essential. Each
stick must be wired in two places, and every six inches a piece of chicken i
wire is placed and tied to the sticks, then continue adding sticks.

The completed nest may weigh 60-100 lbs. and should be strong enough to j

roll like a tractor tire. Fiberglass cloth cut in strips and woven through-
out with the resin poured over the cloth will give additional strength'.

160

CREATING PAIR BONDING AND INCREASING BREEDING POTENTIAL IN UN-FLIGHTED

GOLDEN AND BALD EAGLES, Cowtlnmd

Once placed in a tree, fill the bowl of the nest with loose bark, leaves
and twigs. When attaching the nest to the tree, drill several holes at
40° angles and place pieces of 1/2 inch rebar to help support the nest.
Plenty of perches must be placed so that the birds have easy access to the
nest. At least two nests should be provided, three is even better.

Despite the fact that the golden eagles spent considerablt time on the
nests adding sticks and vocalizing during the breeding season, after four
years no eggs had been produced. I had a feeling we had two males so a
laprascope was performed, sure enough both were males. We were able to
acquire a female from the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City. We are looking
forward to the upcoming breeding season and feel we have increased the
breeding chances for these species by creating a more natural captive
environment .

Bald Eagles have been produced at Northwest Trek in Eatonville, WA in a
open top exhibit where the birds built a nest on the ground!

Things to be aware of;

1. Make sure you have a pair! Sexual size dismorphism in eagles usually is
well pronounced with the female being one-third larger than the male. But
this rule does not always hold true with golden eagles, so if both birds
are similar in size it would be wise to have the birds surgically sexed.

2. Make sure eagles have easy access to the nests so food and sticks can
be easily carried there.

3. Increase feeding in February by giving smaller amounts twice a day,
morning and evening. (Food transfers are an important part of developing
a pair bond . )

4. Food - Golden Eagles: Rats, duck and chicken; Bald Eagles: Rats, duck,
chicken, mackerel, carp and bird of prey diet.

5. Reduce keeper interference during breeding season February through May.

6. Provide fresh pine sprigs for eagles like to place them in their nests.

7. During copulation the male must be able to maintain his balance. So it
is important that he has enough wing to do so. If one wing is severely
damaged it may be helpful to clip the primaries from the other wing so
both wings balance out.

161

THINK Safety!

SubmUXdd by 3Wi G/iade
Sa^eXy Column CooK-dinaton.

Beth Poff of the Mill Mountain Zoo, P.O. Box 13484, Roanoke, VA 24034,
is looking for articles, ideas, resources, etc. on safety for use in the
Safety Chapter of the Zookeeping Husbandry Fundamentals book. This will
be your book. Let’s all contribute what we can.

Is is really possible that absolutely nothing in regards to safety is
happening in your zoo? I have received contributions for this column
from Seattle, but nothing from other institutions. Is your zoo accident
free?

I hope to include in this column articles on accidents which have already
occurred, and ideas or ongoing programs for accident prevention. If one
person from each institution listed in the AAZK Directory sent in JUST
ONE bit of information, we would have enough material to run this column
for three years. You could save a life! Accidents are painful and cost-
ly, to say the least. As professional keepers, I believe it is our re-
sponsibility to aid our fellows in accident prevention. Constant remin-
ders to Think Safety! are a way to do that.

Articles need not be long and detailed. Cartoons and jokes are also good
reminders. A contribution to the Think Safety! column would make a good
Chapter project. Get together just once to put something together from
your zoo. Xerox a few pages of your safety manual or company rules for
safety. Think up a safety slogan. Remember, Keepers Care.

{EcLiton.^6 Mote: Cont^buttoyu to tlvu column may be 6ent to Jtll at:
intoAnattonal BtAdhoiL6e, 956 W. HuAon, Ckteago, JL 60622.)

Information Please

Information wanted. Anyone with information regarding breeding the
Crested Cara Cara {Polybo^uUi planeuA eho/uway) is urged to contact:

Kerry Hoffman, c/o Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Rt. 9, Box 900, Tucson,
AZ 85743. I am interested in breeding attempts as well as successful
breeding .

Information is requested from those who house or exhibit Htppo potumcu
amphtbtuU) regarding exhibit substrate and feeding procedures. I would
also like to hear from those who have experienced sand impaction in these
animals and the treatment used even if the treatment was not successful.
Please contact: Patricia Hook, Sr. Keeper of Large Mammals, Riverbanks
Zoo, 500 Wildlife Parkway, Columbia, SC 29210.

162

I Reptile Care; Relating To
The Inquiring Novice - Part 11

By

SiUan M. BoAna/id, Sdvujon. KddpeA
Vdpt. oi HoApatology
Atlanta Zoologtaal Vax\i, (^anta, GA

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS

A variety of nutritional problems arise when reptiles are kept in captiv-

ity. The incidence of these disorders should decrease as the reptile
owner gains knowledge about dietary needs. If diagnosed early, nutrition-
al deficiencies can be reversed through a change of diet. While nutrition-
al deficiencies can occur in strict carnivores not fed whole-body food
animals, they are more common in herbivores and insectivorous reptiles.

It is essential that keepers discuss feeds and feeding with inquiring
novices. Too often the novice will feed solely ground beef and lettuce
to a turtle, or only mealworms and crickets to their newly acquired pet
lizard. Furthermore, the pet may be offered its food at an ambient tem-
perature too low to permit adequate digestion. When a novice reports a
sick reptile, the keeper should encourage the caller to seek veterinary
care for his pet. It may also be necessary to have on hand a list of
veterinarians in the immediate area who are willing to receive reptiles as
patients.

Captive chelonians are the major victims of vitamin A deficiency because
they are often fed unsupplemented greens (eg. lettuce), muscle meat, ants’
eggs, or a strict diet of turtle foods sold in pet stores. Symptoms of
vitamin A deficiency are abnormal drowsiness, excessive hiding, loss of
appetite, swollen eyes, abnormal skeletal development, respiratory in-
fections, and reproductive problems. Palperbral swelling renders the
animal blind; consequently, it does not eat. Treatment consists of a
[veterinarian administering parenteral vitamin A in severe cases. In other
cases, diets should be supplemented with vitamin A, with a variety of
fruits and vegetables (Part 10, Table 1) .

Vitamin A toxicity may be confused with vitamin A deficiency because
s3nnptoms can be similar (eg. loss of appetite, swelling of eyelids,
hemorhaging, and spontaneous fractures). Treatment is the avoidance of
further vitamin A supplements and foods rich in vitamin A until symptoms
reverse. The keeper may wish to refer to Composition of Foods, Agricul-
iture Handbook No. 8., by B.K. Watt and A.L. Merrill, published by the
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Monotypic diets such as all-fish, all-muscle meat, and all-greens diet
can produce thiamine (Bl) deficiency. Clinical signs may include mus-
cular tremors or twitching of the extremities, reduced muscle mass, sink-
ing of the eyes, secondary infections, or loss of appetite. Parenteral
thiamine treatment by a veterinarian is indicated in severe cases. How-
ever, thiamine deficiency is easily avoided by feeding a variety of whole-
body animals to carnivorous animals, or an array of fruits and vegetables
to herbivores. It is essential to supplement diets of exclusively fish-
eating reptiles (piscivores) . This can be accomplished by feeding dead,
skinned rodents. Picivorous reptiles should never be fed furred animals
because fur may cause intestinal impaction.

163

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice, Part 11, Coyvtlnue,d

Biotin deficiency occurs in reptiles fed exclusively raw eggs. Since
raw egg white contains avidin which forms a stable complex with biotin
in the gastrointestinal tract, it renders biotin unavailable for absorp-
tion. Lizards in the genera UcUumu^, HeZodeAma, and Tup^nomb^ are often
subjected to raw egg diets by their novice keeper. Reptiles fed almost
exclusively raw eggs may exhibit muscular weakness. Treatment consists
of substituting small mammals and birds as a food source, and only offer
raw eggs as a treat with supplemental multivitamins.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency has been associated with mouth rot
(Ulcerative Stomatitis). Frye (1981) also reported spontaneous skin
splitting in giant boas. I feel this should be investigated further be-
cause some reptiles are capable of ascorbic acid synthesis (Vosburg ^ al ,
1982). Clinical signs of vitamin C deficiency are weight loss, edema,
and diarrhea. Food animals allowed to void their intestinal contents
prior to being offered to a reptile may be deficient in vitamin C. This
problem can be avoided by providing food for prey animals until they are
to be fed to reptiles. Herbivorous animals should be provided with a
small amount of citrus fruit in their salad as well as other food items
high in vitamin C. Parenteral vitamin C may be indicated during excessive
stress, prolonged antibiotic therapy, mouth rot, or skin splitting.

Vitamin E deficiency (Steatitis) was originally described by Wallach and
Hoessle (1968). Clinical signs are not always apparent and therefore the
disease is usually diagnosed at necropsy. Crocodilians suffer from this
nutritional disorder when fed exclusively oil-laden fish such as smelt,
mackerel, or herring. Frye (1981) reported snakes suffered from loss of
appetite, reduced skeletal muscle mass (atrophy), incoordination, or
paralysis when consistently fed obese laboratory rodents. In severe cases
of vitamin E deficiency, a veterinarian should administer parenteral vita-
min E. It is not expected that a novice would be keeping captive pisciv-
orous crocodilians. However, the reptile keeper should remember that
vitamin E supplementation should be given to piscivorous crocodilians fed
fish, or to snakes fed obese laboratory rodents. It is advisable to sub-
stitute lean, dead skinned rodents or dead chickens for fish when feeding
piscivorous crocodilians. Chickens are also an excellent food substitute
for obese rodents when feeding snakes.

In next month’s series, nutritional disorders will be continued.

References

1. Frye, F.L. : Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry,;
Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co., Edwardsville, KA 1981. \

2. Vosburg, K.M. , et al . : Ascorbic acid requirements of garter snakes:
Plains iThamnopJuA AacUxj and Eastern (T. 2>dJvtcLUj) ) . J. Zoo

An Mori 1QR9

164

Keeper Accommodations List

Submltte-d by OtivoA Cla.liQ.y
U2XA.0 Toronto loo AAIK CkapteA
Ton-owto, 0yvt(VLLO, Canada

K.A.L. was started late in 1979 with several aims, primarily to help pro-
vide inexpensive accommodations for keepers traveling all over the USA
and Canada. The project also promotes contact among keepers, fellowship
' in the AAZK, and information exchange at the keeper level.

K.A.L. is a list of keepers or other AAZK members who are willing to put
up a fellow keeper, with or without family, for one or more nights. Keep-
ers do travel a lot, not only to workshops and conferences, but to other
zoos on vacation. How does it work?

The Toronto Chapter maintains a list of contact persons, one per partici-
pating chapter or institution. Each contact person keeps a list of keep-
ers in their area who are willing to put up a traveler. Anyone wishing
to travel contacts the Toronto Chapter with a list of cities and zoos
which they wish to visit; we provide them with the relevant contacts if
we have them. It is up to the individual to then write to the contacts
and make his or her own travel arrangements. How can you help?

Appoint someone in your chapter as
the contact for your zoo or city.

Send that single name, address,

' zoo and home phone numbers to
the Toronto Chapter. Keep your
own list of colleagues who will
provide accommodations.

This system allows us to keep an
up-to-date list of institutions
I with contact people. The AAZK
Keeper's Membership Directory is
; now featuring an explanation of
K.A.L. and indicates which zoos
; have contact persons.

! Being a contact person doesn't
'entail much work. Traveler's
' budgets are stretched further
j where hotels and motels are by-
j passed. Both guests and hosts
i make new friends with different
, ideas, information, and outlook
on the zoo world, and it is a
good way of uniting AAZK members
I around the world.

‘ We now have 50 contacts in 29
i States and four Provinces.

Become a part of K.A.L. - help
it grow and enjoy its benefits.

New Release

GRANBY’S

PRIMATES

A Captive Life

A new film with truly remarkable footage
showing how environmental enrichment
eliminates frustration, anger and bore-
dom and allows captive primates to re-
vert to naturolistic behavior. Filmed ot the
Granby Zoo.

16mm, color, 28 min. Rental $55; sale
$500. Videocassette $450.

mm FILMAKERS LIBRARY, INC.

1 33 East 58th Street
New York, N.Y. 10022
(212) 355-6545

165

THE COCKROACH CONSPIRACY: WHO WILL ENDURE?

By

Sandn.a He^aZy-WWi
KeepeA, B^d HoiL6e
Lincoln ?a/ik loo, Chicago, IL

Dr. Frank M. Carpenter of Harvard University's Museum of Comparative
Zoology traces the cockroach back more than 320 million years. Fossil
imprints, dating back to the Upper Carboniferous times, show that roaches
have undergone very little change. They have survived ice ages, floods,
and all manner of catastrophes that have destroyed many other species,
including the dinosaur. Our own bestial origins (2) in Neanderthal man,
a race technically extinct, had its beginnings 70,000 years ago. Far
before homo sapiens were able to get a few cells to stick together, the
cockroach possessed ancient skills in survival. Adaption, the fitness of
an organism for a particular environment, is the key to the mystery of
evolution. An astonishing fact is that they are "fit" to live anywhere on
the planet except the polar regions. Three thousand-five-hundred known
species exist. They came from their ancestral homes in Africa and Cen-
tral Asia as stowaways on every means of transportation. At first they
traveled by caravans and ships, later they included airplanes and sub-
marines as a means of navigation.

That kind of resilience has brought them to the 20th century to face an
arsenal of chemicals designed to annihilate their particular phylum,
AjvthAopoda, Scientists began to study the roach because they were impres-
sed with its time-tested abilities. But then it was discovered that the
insect harbors bacteria causing typhoid, leprosy, plague, food poisoning, j
and a legion of other ills. Polio virus live in cockroaches as do the :

eggs of parasitic worms. Like flies, they spread disease organisms by j
walking on filth and depositing it whereever they go. (The American roach I
was found half a mile underground by Welsh coal miners. The Smokey Brown ,
can be seen buzzing streetlights in Houston, and the Oriental can winter
outdoors. Some cockroaches snorkel and prowl stream bottoms). The United
States houses about fifty-five species, the five most common are the Ger-
man [Blallclla geAmanlca} , Smokey Brown ( PeAlplancla pugllglno6a} , Maderia
[Luccophaca madoAg) , OrTental (Blalla onlcntaLUi ] , and the American (Pe^- jj
plan2la ambilcana) .

It is impossible for us to imagine that in our world of miracle "cures" {j
that an insect can manage to remain so indestructible. A closer study j

of their behavior gives us clues to the realities of the problem. The ^

roach is the truest of all omnivores being able to include in their diet j
wallpaper, electrical cords, stale beer, and will turn cannibal if the (:
need arises. The American roach can live for three months on water, one |j
month on nothing at all. A decapitated roach lived for several days. [i

Cosmopolite that he is, the roach is able to reproduce at the whiff of
another's pheromone, an aromatic chemical lure. "Prolific to a fault, j.

a pair of German cockroaches and their offspring could, in one year, ji

multiply to 400,000 insects" (1). After mating, most females carry the |i

egg case for twenty days before depositing it in a hiding place. The ji

German female protects her offspring against predators by drawing her egg i
case back into her body where it occupies a brood sac until hatching. The;
reproductive ability of the Surinam species has eliminated the male sex
altogether. They are an entirely female species that produce female roach |.

Robert Barth (4) of the University of Texas found a low incidence of
homosexuality in several species.

166

IFHE COCKROACH CONSPIRACY: WHO WILL ENDURE?, Co^nu^d

\nimals that feed on roaches are, for the most part, pests themselves.
Small rodents and birds are among the least exotic foes. Even the most
radical people who believe in using a natural means of extermination by
'putting predator and prey together are not willing to live with spiders,
scorpions, wasps, toads and hedgehogs. We continue to believe that there
nust be another way of curbing the "roach boom". One of the most primi-
tive means of extermination was to raise a foot over the crawling creature
and attempt to smash it by bringing the foot down hard. Then it was dis-
20vered that the roach, via his cerci or tail, picks up the air movement
(diich triggers a nerve impulse that sends him running in 54/thousands of
a second, faster than humans blink. Most poisons don't work on the roach
inless so much is sprayed that he is forced to stand in it. Otherwise,
lis maxillary palpi, tipped with 2,000 porus pegs allow him to pretaste
food and poison before he ingests it. They can tolerate many times more
radiation than man. Electronic gadgets, designed to upset local magnetic
fields thereby driving cockroaches away, were tested by Dr. Michael Rust
at the University of California. He placed sixty cockroaches next to one
af these devices "...and let it run — night and day. In half a year we had
3,000 insects."

iany chemicals have been created that will poison the cockroach. Carson
(3) states that "the production of synthetic pesticides in the United
States soared to 637,666,000 pounds in 1960. The whosale value of these
aroducts was well over a quarter of a billion dollars." Professional
exterminators make half a billion dollars yearly in repeat business,
rhe amateur do-it-yourselfers spend one-hundred and fifty million dollars
annually on dusts, sprays and Roach Motels? Three thousand compounds were
screened in 1980 by Raid® for use as roach pesticides. Many of these chem-
iicals have been used and have found their way into our food chain. Indeed,
[according to Rachel Carson, we live "intimately with these chemicals —
aating and drinking them, taking them into the very marrow of our bones —
are had better know something about their nature and their power." (3)

The cockroach is being analyzed in infinite detail by major universities
all over the world. An insepction of Biological Abstracts of papers pub-

Ilished in major scientific journals over a period of two weeks yielded
eight cockroach articles. The universities involved were: Stanford Uni-
^rersity; University of Oregon, Academy of Science, U.S.S.R.; Academia
Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Burdwan Medican College, Calcutta; Institute of
!luclear Medicine, Delhi, India; Abeille Insect Sociaux, France. A complete
list of these works are found in "Literature Cited.: (6)

I

rhose facts and figures seem impressive to humans, but to the beast who
has walked with mastadons, the data, as well as the poisons, find him
iLindaunted. In his book. The Outermost House, Henry Beston philosophizes,

"We need another and a wiser and perhaps more mystical concept of animals. We
patronize them for their incompleteness, for their tragic fate of having
taken form so far below ourselves. And there in we err , and greatly err.

For the animal shall not be measured by man. In a world older and more com-
plete than ours they move finished and complete, gifted with extensions of
the senses we have lost or never attained, living by voices we shall never
hear. They are not brethren, they are not underlings, they are other
nations. . . " .

Literature Cited

1. Boraiko, Allen A. 1981. The indomitable cockroach. National Geographic
130-142.

2. Rensberger, Boyce. 1981. Facing the past. Vol. 2 Science 81. p. 44.

167

THE COCKROACH CONSPIRACY: WHO WILL ENDURE?, Coyitcnu^d

3. Carson, Rachel. 1962. Elixers of death. As reprinted in The Example
of Science; An Anthology for College Composition. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

4. Evans, Howard Ensign. 1968. The intellectual and emotional world of
the cockroach. Life on a little-known Planet. New York: E.P. Dutton,
1968.

5. Boston, Henry. The Outermost House. New York: Reinhart, 1949.

6. As reprinted in
Biological Abstracts. 1981
Philadelphia: Biosciences Vol. 71, No. 9:

University of Oregon. "Leg reflexes and rotational locomotion."
p. 59895.

Camhi. "Discrimination of sensory signals from noise in the escape
system of the cockroach." p. 5933.

Fedin, A.N. Academy of Science U.S.S.R. "Role of cholinergis mechanisms
in central regulation of motor activity of the cockroach." p. 59882.

Chow and Wang. Institute Zoological Academia Sinica. Taipai, Taiwan.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, "Attraction responses of the American
cockroach to synthetic peroplanone. " p. 599911.

Yagodin, S.V. (Lab. Neurophys. Invertebrate. Institute Evol. Physiol.
Biochemistry, Academia Sci. U.S.S.R. Leningrad, U.S.S.R.) "Relation- '
ship of flight duration in the cockroach to temperature, air humidity, ^
and time of day." p. 59885. i

Chambille, Irene and Rospars. Abeille Insect. Sociaux, France.
"Qualitative study and morphologic identification of the glomeruae." ?
p. 52495. ;

Mukherjee and Sikdar. Burdwan Medical College, Calcutta, India, ■

"Antinicotine property of cockroach extraxt." p. 53997.

(Six people) Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Delhi, India - periplaneta
american. "Rearing of cockroach in the laboratory." p. 52465.

The Tucson AAZK Chapter is going to produce a 1986 Zoo-related calendar ,
and wishes to solicit photographs from the membership and the public for ,
this project.

The photographs must be horizontal format, 8 x 10 inch color prints of
zoo animals or zoo activities. Photo entry fee is $5.00 per photo, non-
refundable. Photos will not be returned unless requested and accompanied
by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Selected photos will be accompanie,
by a short biographical sketch of the photographer, so please include
pertinent data. Deadline for photographs is 31 July 1985.

We request from Chapters or members other information to include on the '
calendar such as: date of formation of your zoo, first captive births or
hatchings, formation date of your chapter and dates of upcoming events,
etc. Deadline for date of zoo facts is 30 June 1985.

Photographs and/or zoo facts should be sent to: ,

Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
Attn: Kerry Hoffman

Route 9, Box 900 I

Tucson, AZ 85743

168

FORT WORTH ZOO EXPERIENCES

HERP BABY BOOM IN 1984

By

Rick UucUon, SupeAv^o^

Ve.pt. oi HeApeXology. Vont WoAth loologtcjoZ PoAk
PoAt HJontk, TX

'The year 1984 was the most successful one yet for the zoo’s Herpetology
Department. In all, 43 taxa of amphibians and reptiles reproduced, some
rare and endangered, including 18 species which had never before been
bred at the Fort Worth Zoo.

Raising juveniles of this many diverse species was constantly demanding
and represented quite a challenge to the five Herpetarium staff members.
Many extra hours of time were required to keep up with such a prolonged
baby boom, for instance, within an eight-day period in October, three
species of boas (Brazilian rainbow, Malagasay ground and emerald tree)
gave birth, adding 60 babies to an already burgeoning population.

Regardless of how much or how little time and effort went into inducing
a species to reproduce in captivity, it often seems minor in comparison to
the work that lies ahead once the babies are hatched or born. Reproduc-
tive data (weights, dates, measurements) must be taken on each specimen
and recorded. Living quarters must then be set up which may be simplis-
tic or intricate, depending on the species and its individual requirements.
Once each specimen has had time to acclimate to its new surroundings, the
task of feeding begins. To the experienced herp keeper this usually pre-
sents little or no problem. However, there are always some exceptions -
those finicky feeders which constantly test the skill and resourcefulness
of the keeper. But persistence usually brings success, along with a sense
of accomplishment.

Of the 43 separate births and hatchings that occurred in the Herpetarium
this past year, we consider certain ones to be relatively significant
achievements. Here is a brief review of the 1984 highlights of the zoo’s
Herpetology Department.

In April, two helmeted iguanas ( CoA.ytophaneJ> ) hatched after a 125-day
incubation period, and of the five other iguanid lizards that reproduced
here this year, this one stands out the most, mainly because they have
traditionally been regarded as delicate and difficult to maintain in
captivity, and have been bred by only a few other zoos. But the young
proved extremely difficult to raise and eventually died, one after having
lived for nine months. Obviously there is much to be learned about the
requirements of the juveniles of this attractive lizard, and hopefully we
will get a second chance in 1985.

Of the ten species of Colubrid snakes that bred here this year, certainly
the most significant was the June birth of nine San Francisco garter
snakes. The parents were confiscated in California by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Department and then placed in four zoos, including Fort Worth,
in hopes that they would eventually breed. And proudly we were the first
zoo to accomplish this. Aside from being one of the most beautiful of
North American snakes, they are classified as endangered and strictly
protected in California where their last remaining habitat is being rapid-
ly destroyed. So it is important that a captive breeding group of this
rare snake become established in zoos to reinforce the total population,
just in case efforts fail to protect them in nature. The first step
towards this goal occurred at the Fort Worth Zoo.

169

FT. WORTH EXPERIENCES HERP BABY BOOM IN 1984, Coi^nued

Of the nine species of Crotalid snakes (pit vipers) that reproduced here
in 1984 which included red pygmy and ridge-nosed rattlesnakes, ornate
cantils and eyelash vipers, two others caused considerable excitement in j
the zoo's Herpetarium during July. The first was the beautiful Sri
Lankan (Ceylonese) tree viper, a species contained in only a few U.S. |

collections and rarely bred in captivity. And though extremely difficult |
to induce to feed, most of the nine babies are now feeding and doing well. ,,
The second was the critically endangered Aruba Island rattlesnake, one of
only four reptile species that is being cooperatively managed in captivity 'j
under the direction of the Species Survival Plan (SSP) . The parents of
the five babies were on breeding loan from the San Diego and Houston Zoos i
and represents yet another example of how zoos today cooperate with each |
other in attempts to improve the breeding potential and future outlook of j
rare species. And for the Aruba Island rattlesnake, zoos may hold its j

only hope for survival. ,|

July continued to be one of significant events as four yellow spotted <|

sideneck turtles ( PodocvLOMLi ) hatched. In 1983 the Fort Worth Zoo j

became the first to ever successfully reproduce this protected species in ,,
captivity and this has become our most noteworthy turtle breeding project, j
Though juveniles were frequently imported years ago for the pet trade, j

they are now protected and prohibited from commercial exportation. Still ij
a sizeable number of adults exist today in zoos, but the majority fail to
reproduce. Only one other zoo, Columbus, OH, has achieved breeding success^

Three species of boas produced babies in October, the most important being j
the emerald tree boa. This species has not reproduced at the Fort Worth y
Zoo since 1973, and we were long overdue for success. It came on 4 October p
a day which will long be remembered as the day that two females gave birth ij
within two hours of each other, producing a total of 15 healthy babies. p

There were four species of amphibians, all frogs, bred at the zoo this I

year, the most exciting being that of the giant Mexican leaf frog ( Pachy- [|
m(ldiL6a) . Named because of the peculiar reproductive mode of this species, p.
the females lay their eggs attached to a leaf of a plant overhanging the jj
water where the tadpoles later drop to complete their development . And ’
so it was one morning in August when we arrived to find our pair together ij
in amplexus producing a large, gelatinous mass containing hundreds of eggs.}*
The leaf with the attached egg mass was removed and suspended over water ,
in a jar where over 200 tiny tadpoles hatched out a few days later, many p
of which later metamorphosed into froglets, some of which are now one third,,
the size of the parents.

The year 1985 began on a high note as a baby Mexican beaded lizard hatched ,
in January, but unfortunately died after two days apparently from a rup- p
tured yolk sac that failed to absorb properly. Though the Mexican beaded „
lizard is widely kept in zoos, it is infrequently bred in captivity, un- ,,
like its closest relative, the Gila monster of the southwestern United
States. Today only four zoos have been able to hatch and successfully p
raise a juvenile of this species. i

1

And finally, eleven fertile eggs were produced in September by the zoo's ,
water monitors which are still incubating and are expected to hatch in ,
several months. If successful, the Fort Worth Zoo will become only the |
third zoo (San Antonio being the first in 1980) to breed this large liz-
ard. Perhaps of even greater significance is that our breeding male was |

one of those hatched at San Antonio, the result of a breeding loan with ,j

the Fort Worth Zoo which provided the female who laid the eggs.

® ■

170

YOUNG URBAN KEEPERS

By

hiickoIZz GhyLgoh-d, KeepeA
Tolddo loo, Tola.do, OH

EcUto^^-6 note: The i^olZoLO-ing wkinvUeoX look at the zookeeptnq p/Lo/\e^^ton
X6 tyu>ptn.ed by an a/ittele on Voang U/iban P^o{^e^6tonati) (Yuppies) Mhleh
ppeoAed In the Toledo Blade Sunday magazine. Keepen^ at the Toledo Zoo
\2Ae ^ha/Ung a laugh oven, that oAtlete lAjhen the tenm "YUK" was bo/in--
hey took the Idea and aan with It and this antlcle Is the aesult. )

UK. You might hear this word from the mouths of babes. It means they
islike what you just gave them. YUK also means something else entirely
n 80's terms. There are, believe it or not, bonafide Yukkies here in
oledo - and they all know what the word means. They want to enlighten
he rest of Toledo.

UK is an acronym for Young Urban Keepers, a special type of Toledoans
ound only at the Toledo Zoo. This word designates a group of dedicated
oung people, ages 19-42, who live for aspirations of spotless cages,
ealthy, happy animals and, of course, the weekly volleyball game.

ukkies have remained underground, rubbing elbows with other Toledoans
ho don’t realize their true identities. Inspired by the Complete Yuppie
rticle in the Toledo Magazine, they have decided to go public.

oledo is home to 24 YUKs, married and single, and all with the goal of
aking the Toledo Zoo one of the best in the country. Workaholics abound
mong Yukkies; 5 o'clock finds most YUKS still hard at work. But when the
;ast routine medical exam is finished, animal behavior observations com-
Teted and exhibit work finished, YUKS get together to relax. They move
n closely-knit groups among many of Toledo's night spots. You can often
pot them at the Nightime Lounge at Holiday Inn West in the typical YUK
ress: khaki shirt and pants, steel-toed shoes or duck boots and brown
acket. Tenney's is an important source for YUK power uniforms, both male
nd female. Only the Big Mac®^ label will do for discriminating YUKS.

ukkies often get together for dinner, drinks, birthdays, concerts or a
;Dawn of the Dead" party at the local drive-in. Trivial Pursuit is a
avorite pasttime when YUKS meet — but nothing can top the summer volley-
all games. All true YUKS love volleyball and you can find them on the
lOo court two or three nights a week.

UKS have their own language, and it revolves around their work. They
jan never leave work at work; it goes with them to their homes, to part-
ies , wherever they go. No out-of-town YUK vacation is complete without
fisiting the local zoo or aquarium. Families of YUKS have to learn to
jjdapt.

I

ijUKS agree, they aren't in the animal care business for the pay. They
lave found a career they enjoy and they take their job very seriously,
he future of many valuable, endangered species is entrusted to Yukkies
nd they are continually trying to expand their professional knowledge
bout the animals for which they care. It takes training and animal
ense to make a good YUK.

jhe Toledo Zoo Yukkies are a cosmopolitan bunch: they come from Calif or-
ia. New York, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Cleveland and Toledo. Some have
Ijollege degrees, while others have years of experience behind them.

Ijeet Wayne, the "oldest" Yukkie. He's been living, eating and drinking

II

171

YOUNG URBAN KEEPERS, ComXxnued

the Toledo Zoo for 14 years. Or mammal Yukkies who put in long hours
after work to train the elephants so they can be handled easily for
medical procedures. Bird House YUKS can be found hauling 501b sections
of trees into the building after work to create a dramatic forest setting
in a bare display cage. The two-legged creatures in the aquarium tanks
wearing aspirators are merely YUKS creating fiberglass coral reefs for
the new saltwater fish. Walk into a tropical forest as you view the new
crocodile pool - the result of long hours of work by the Reptile House
crew. If you stumbled by the Lion House in the wee hours of the morning,
you might see a YUK or devoted zoo volunteer involved in a 24-hour moni-
toring of the birth of an endangered species. Every YUK knows it takes
cooperation among YUKS, the hard-working staff and volunteers to keep the
zoo running.

On more Thursday evening dissolves as the last of the zoo visitors exits
and the gates are locked. You can still find YUKS doing last minute clean-
ups and daily reports. A few of them have started to gather in a pre-
selected spot: some in their YUK garb; others, who had the day off, in thei:
civies. More are coming, moving slowly and deliberately, talking over the
events of the day. YUKS have gathered here to purge themselves of the ten-
sion of the day, to socialize with others who share the same professional
goals and drive, but most of all - to play a mean game of volleyball!

TO THE MEMBERS: We regret to report that no job listings for the "Oppor-
tunity Knocks" section were received by deadline for this month’s edition.
We urge you to encourage those responsible for hiring at your institution
to send pertinent data on jobs available to AKF for publication.

AAZK REGIONAL COORDINATORS

Linda Rokn., W.V, Stone. MemonJjil loo -
{/acLancy

Ge.ne. P^e^^eA., Pkiladetpkia Zoo

AngeXa Ke.ppeX, National loo

Le.e. Payne., Vetiott loo

Lynne. UtlZeJU, IndUanapotu loo

LaJUiy Samma/Lco, Lincoln PaAk loo

Vtanc Knag, PlveAbank^ loo

Alan ShaAplej>, Atlanta loo

Candy CAo^t, Plo GAandc loo

LauAcncc Glcdkill, iiJoodland PaAk loo -

Joanlc Stin6on, Phoenix loo

Vacancy

NE,VT,NH,MA,RJ,CT

NV

PA,NJ,MV,VE

VA,W,VA,V.C,

MI

JN,0H,KV

m,jL,m,m,iA

TN,NC,SC

fL,AL,GA,AR,MS,LA

TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE,SV,NV

(JUA,0R,W,NT,WV,AK

CA,NV,AZ,UT,H1

Canada

IF YOU’RE MOVING, REMEMBER TO NOTIEV NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS IMMEDIATELY/ ||

172

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name Check here if renewal [ ]

Address

$20.00 Professional

• ValZ-timo, K2,Q,p2Xi>

$25.00 International

All. mmbeA6 ouuUZde, thu
U.S. and Canada

$15.00 Library

LibAo/iy i^abiiCAlptLon only

Directory Information : ZOO

Work Area Special Interests

Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE) ,
payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
quarters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to Animat Ke.e.peA^' Fonum. The member-
ship card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
U.S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animat Ke,e,peA^ ' Foxum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles for consideration.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size no more than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25i^cm) . Literature used should be
cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
; scientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

jArticles sent to Animat Kc^peA^ ’ Foaum will be reviewed for publication.
[No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
'tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
'submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
' addressed envelope. >

Telephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
jare accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
,be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AnXidoJi pointed do not n2,(i.QJ:>i)OAAJiy H-Z^^tdct the,
opinions o{^ tko. Animat KdupnAS ’ Fo^um e.ditoAiat
daii OK. tko. AmoAtcan A^^ociatton o^ loo /(eepcTti.

$15.00 Affiliate
OtkdK. ^tall and ootantudKA

$15.00 Associate
Jndividaati, not connected
witk an animat coAe {^acitity

$50.00 Contributing
OAganizattons and IndividaatA

Items in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
is requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

JUNE 1985

rum

Librnrie®

Dedicated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

JUNE 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER SIX

AyUmCit foA^um (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the

American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lishing costs of AvumaZ KQ,2,pQJU>' foA-Um. Second Class postage paid at
Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC,

NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V,, TOPEKA, KS 66606
Volty CloAk, AdmlvU^T/icutlve, SudAoXcuiy

BOARD. OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP /Conservation & Research Center PA2^Td^nt

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park \/Zc2.-PA.(l^Td(iyit

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C.

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

G^AoZd PdyvLd, VdtAoit loo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pout SommoAdO, Llncotn. PoAk Zoo
Awards Committee
MZkd CA-OdkoA, VTdkeAi) on PoAk
Book Reviews Coordinator
VTand foAy^ytk, AfzAon Zoo

PROJECT

Staff Exchange

ElandAa Aum, Woodland PoAk Zoo
Program Library
Annd M. Paynd, VdtAo-lut Zoo
Exhibit Design Form
Viand foA^yth, AkAon Zoo
Keeper Accommodations List
OtlvdA CZa^ldy, MdtAo ToAxnZo Zoo
Keeper Training Videotapes
Waynd Budkanan, Woodland PoAk Zoo
Library Resources
KadZ Thompson, Mill Mt. Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator

ConnZd Cloak, NashvZlld, TN

Research/Grants Committee

fA.ank Kohn, NcutZonaZ ZootogldoZ Pk.

Legislative Action Committee

AZidd iliueA, Topdka Zoo

Public Education Committee
Jay Ja6an, TuAtld Badk Zoo

HEADS

Animal Data Transfer Forms
BdAnZd fdldman, Topdka Zoo
Membership Directory
Pout SammoAdO, LZndoln PoAk Zoo
Diet Notebook

Bxdtt BannoA, South floAtda ChaptdA
Biological Values/Gestation
LoAAy BAoZnoAd, San fAandZ^do Zoo
Keeper Data Survey
MoAy Slaybaugh, San AntonZo Zoo
Reference Search

LZz MdLaughZZn, RogeA WZllZam-6 Pk.
ZooUdnny Rdnt^Aou),' Ma6on, MI

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS

States East of Mississippi - VZand Kajuq, RZvdAbank^ Zoo, Colu/nbZa, SC
States West of Mississippi - VdbAa StdtdhdA, Woodland PoAk Zoo, SoXittZd, 0

Individual RdgZonaZ CooAdZnatoAS and thd statd^ unddA thdlA ovdAJiZght
oAd ti^tdd oZ^QjAjhdAd In dadh Zj>i>ud oi Animal KddpdA^’ foAum.

THaJ) month' 6 aoveA cuitwonk by Vtant Hagny, a Btn.d KeepeA at the RtveA-
banlu Zoo In Columbia, 5C. The ^keteh l6 o^ a nine- day- old Blacked-
^ooted penguin chick iSphenl6ca6 demcAu^j . Sometimes called the Jaclza66
Penguin, tlvu 6pecle4> Zs J,ound on the lllandb oU cooubt oi South
k^Aica and the Cape Penblnula. k^tcA a 39-day Incubation period, the neuo-
ly hatched chicks matuAe quickly, leaving the colony ioA the open 6ea at
about 3 months o^ age. ThZb ^pecle6 has been ob^oAved ^walZovolng ^tone^
pAloA to going out to ^ea and It Zb speculated that thoAe may seAve as
ballast and assist the blAds In diving loA £ood. The ^Vist success {^ul
bAeedlng ol the Black- footed penguin was In 1905 at the London Zoo. Thanks,
Vlane!

Scoops

and

Scuttlebutt

ELEPHANT WORKSHOP ANNOUNCED

The Sixth Annual Elephant Management Workshop will be held October 6-8,
1985 at the Fort Worth Zoological Park, Fort Worth, TX. The workshop
theme will be "Conservation Through Management" and representatives of
the Asian Elephant SSP Group will meet. For further information, contact:
Elephant Workshop, Fort Worth Zoological Park, 2727 Zoological Park Drive,
Fort Worth, TX 76110.

MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORIES NOTE

Copies of the 1985 AAZK Membership Directory have been mailed to all
Professional members of the association. If you have not received your
copy, please notify National Headquarters in writing at 635 Gage Blvd.,
Topeka, KS 66606. Other membership categories may purchase this handy
reference tool from National Headquarters.

AAZK SAFARI REMINDER

All AAZK members are reminded that the Fourth Annual Off-The-Job Training
Safari to East Africa will depart 23 November for its 14-day adventure.
Your itinery will include stops in Nairobi, Meru National Game Reserve,
Samburu National Park, Lake Baringo in the Rift Valley, and the Masai Mara
Game Reserve in the Northern Serengeti. Cost of the trip is $2285 from
New York. If you have not received your Safari Brochure, drop National
Headquarters a note and we will send you one. Safari arrangements, with
World Famous Topeka Zoo Director Gary K. Clarke as your host, are being
made by Park East Tours.

V. I. P.'s VISITING M.T.Z.

Very Important Pandas will be coming to Metro Toronto Zoo for a 100-day
visit this summer. The Giant Pandas, Quing Quing and Quan Quan, are both
about six years old and will bring pandamonium to Canada. This will be
a first for Canada. Scheduled to arrive this month, the pair were found b
near death in a game preserve last March and now are in fine shape for
thfeir visit.

Births|^ Hatchings

PHILADELPHIA ZOO Both. BahneA

B&H for April 1985 include: Mammals - 1 Kangaroo, 3 Geoffroy's marmoset,

1 Ring-tailed lemur, 1.0 Chamois; Birds - 2 Palawan peacock pheasant (DNS),
1 Red & white crake (DNS), 2 Renauld's ground cuckoo (DNS), 1 Lilac-
breasted roller (DNS), 2 Brimstone canary; Herptiles - 1 Prehensile-tailed
skink (DNS) .

SEDGWICK COUNTY ZOO Scott CcuUeA

February through April 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Scrub wallaby,
0.0.1 Wallaroo, 1.1 Ossabaw Island swine (1.0 DNS), 2.0 Collared peccary,
2.3 Pygmy goat (0.1 DNS), 4.0 Four-horned sheep, 2.0 Karakul sheep (1.0
DNS), 0.0.1 Patagonian cavy, 1.1 Axis deer, 1.0 Damara zebra, 0.0.1 Arab-
ian sand gazelle, 1.0 Orangutan; Birds - 0.0.4 Cereopsis goose, 0.0.1 Nene
goose, 0.0.1 Rothchild's mynah, 0.0.1 Superb starling (DNS), 0.0.1 Kooka-
burra (DNS), 0.0.4 Black swan, 0.0.7 Elegant crested tinamou, 0.0.21 Emu
(0.0.7 DNS), 0.0.1 East African crowned crane, 0.0.1 Yellow-crowned night
heron (DNS), 0.0.1 Rainbow lorikeet (DNS), 0.0.1 Blue-capped conure, 0.0.1
Eclectus parrot (DNS); Reptiles - 0.0.5 Blue-tongued skinks and 0.0. 10 Re-
ticulated python.

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. StoddoAd

B&H for April 1985 included: Mammals - 0.0.5 White-toothed shrew, 0.0.1
Chinchilla, 0.0.1 Mandrill; Reptiles - 0.0.6 Poison arrow frog.

COLUMBUS ZOO stacy Katz

B&H for March and April 1985 include: Mammals - 0.1 Blackbuck, 0.1 Barba-
dos sheep, 0.3 Cavy (0.1 DNS), 2.1 Domestic goat, 1.1 Gemsbok, 0.2
Thomson’s gazelle, 1.0 Four-horn sheep, 1.2 Bengal tiger, 1.3 Pygmy goat
(0.1 DNS), 1.0 Red-fronted lemur; Birds - 0.0.1 Bald eaglet.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO CoAol J. Boyd

Reported B&H for 1 March-30 April 1985 include: 29.29 Domestic goat, 0.0.1
Red kangaroo, 0.0.1 Siamang, 0.0.1 Titi monkey, 0.0.6 Meerkat, 1.0 Caribou,
0.0.2 Canadian goose and 0.0.4 Barn owl.

WOODLAND PARK ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS HoAmony fAazteA-TayloA

January through March 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.2 Wallaroo, 0.0.3
African crested porcupine (0.0.1 DNS), 1.0 Vampire bat (DNS), 1.1 Cotswold
sheep, 0.0.2 Ring-tailed lemur, 0.0.1 Black and white colobus; Birds -
0.0.3 Small-billed tinamou, 0.0.1 Common trumpeter; Reptiles and Amphibians
4 Red foot tortoise, 4 Leopard gecko, 3 Orange and Black poison arrow frog.

DALLAS ZOO. TamoAa Jonc6

B&H for April 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Kirk’s dik dik, 0.1 Addax, 0.1
Sable antelope, 0.0.2 Emperor tamarin, 0.0.1 Serval, 0.0.1 Red kangaroo,

2.3 Spanish goat, 0.1 Suni, 0.1 Speke’s gazelle, 2.2 Pygmy goat, 0.1
Slender-horn gazelle, 1.1 Markhor; Birds - 0.0.2 Grey peacock pheasant.

174

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, CoyvUnue.d

0.0.3 Edward's pheasant, 0.0.3 Fulvous whistling duck, 0.0.2 Green-
winged king parrot, 0.0.3 Red-vented bulbul, 0.0.3 Red-legged serietna,
0.0.3 Pied crow; Reptiles - 0.0.1 Macquari turtle, 0.0.2 Sail-fin lizard,
0.0.9 Water python.

ASSINIBOINE PARK ZOO ,?hU King

\ March and April 1985 B&H include: 2 Yak (1 stillborn), 1 European bison
(aborted), 2 Parma wallaby (1 DNS), 3 Wolverine, 3 Gambian pouched rat,

1 Squirrel monkey, 2 Ring- tailed lemur, 1 Red-fronted lemur, 1.0 Lion-
tailed monkey, 1.1 Pere David's deer, 3 Common marmoset (1 DNS), 3.1
Pronghorn (1.0 DNS), 0.1 California bighorn sheep (DNS), 1 Black & white
ruffed lemur, 0.1 Llama; Birds - 1 Triangular-spotted pigeon, 2 Red-
whiskered bulbul, 1 Morning dove.

MINNESOTA ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN Bnlnl SpmceA

January through March 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 3.1 Nilgiri tahr, 0.0.1
Sugar glider, 0.1 Malayan tapir, 0.0.1 Celebes ape, 1.0.1 Flying fox
(1.0 DNS), 0.0.3 Woodchuck, 0.1 Przewalski (Aslan wild) horse; Birds -
0.0.6 White-crested laughing thrush (5 DNS), 0.0.1 Yellow-legged hemipode
(DNS), 0.0.2 Red spurfowl, 0.0.4 Grosbeak starling, 0.0.1 Bornean argus
pheasant (DNS), 0.0.2 Red-billed leiothrix, 0.0.4 Green avadavit, 0.0.1
Dhyal thrush, 0.0.2 Nicobar pigeon, 0.0.1 Pied imperial pigeon.

KANSAS CITY ZOO Dee (jUol^e

B&H for January through April 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.2 Giant fruit
bat (1 DNS), 1.0 Bison, 0.0.4 Capybara, 0.2 Caracal, 1.0 Impala, 1.0
Orangutan (DNS), 4.0.1 Maned wolf (1 DNS); Birds - 0.0.3 Grey-necked
wood rail, 0.0.6 Emu, 1.1 Hottentot teal, 3.1 Ringed teal, 0.0.2 Red-
vented bulbul, 0.0.1 Sarus crane.

MIAMI METRQZOO LoaX BmckhoJjm

April 1985 B&H include: Mammals 1.2 Nubian (pygmy) goat, 1.0 Ring-tailed
lemur, 2.0 Waterbuck, 0.1 Dama gazelle, 0.1 Thomson's gazelle; Birds -
0.0.4 Bamboo partridge, 0.0.6 Red-crested pochard, 0.0.13 Mandarin duck
(1 DNS), 0.0.2 Demoiselle crane, 0.0.5 Grosbeak starling (2 DNS), 0.0.2
Racket-tailed treepie (DNS), and 0.0.1 Yellow-billed stork (DNS).

SAN ANTONIO ZOO Vo^bl Reed

March and April 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.2 Grizzled grey tree kanga-
roo, 0.1 Topi, 3.2 Dama gazelle, 2.2 Arabian sand gazelle (1.1 DNS),

2.0 Dorcas gazelle (1.0 DNS), 2.0 Springbok, 3.5 Aoudad (0.1 DNS), 1.0
Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.0 Sable antelope, 1.0 Waterbuck, 1.0 Mouflon,

1.0 Llama, 1.1 Collared peccary, 0.0.1 Dama wallaby, 0.0.11 Dwarf rabbit

(9 DNS), 0.0.3 Four-toed hedgehog (DNS); Birds -1 Eyton's tree duck, 0.0.9
White-faced tree duck (5 DNS), 0.0.7 Red-billed tree duck, 0.0.4 Black-
necked swan (1 DNS), 0.0.4 Moluccan radjah shelduck, 0.0.8 Ringed teal
(2 DNS), 0.0.10 Rosy-billed pochard, 0.0.5 American goldeneye, 0.0.2 Green
junglefowl, 0.0.13 Elliot's pheasant, 0.0.3 Demoiselle crane, 0.0.4 African
spur-winged plover, 0.0.2 Slender-billed cockatoo, 0.0.1 Green-winged macaw,
0.0.2 Pygmy kingfisher (DNS), 0.0.2 Lilac-breasted roller (1 DNS), 0.0.2
Picathartes (DNS), 0.0.1 Arrowmarked babbler, 0.0.4 Red-billed buffalo
weaver (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Superb starling (DNS), 0.0.1 Painted conure, 0.0.1
Melba finch, 0.0.1 Diamond firetailed finch, 0.0.1 Duyvenbode's lory.

175

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, ConUnued

0.0.3 Roul roul (2 DNS), 0.0.1 Palawan peacock pheasant, 0.0.2 Kookaburra,
0.0.1 Owl finch; Aquarium - 0.0.20 Seahorse (2nd generation), 0.0.1 Sara-
toga Springs pupfish, 0.0.2 Four-eyed fish (1st time in collection), pupfish.
Lyretailed cichlid; Reptiles - 0.0.4 Pueblan milk snake, 0.0.8 Green tree
python (DNS), 0.0.7 Southern ridge-nosed rattlesnake (both species 1st time
in collection) .

TAMPA/BUSCH GARDENS Siuan RackZzy

April 1985 B6eH include; Mammals - 5.3 Thomson’s gazelle, 2.0 Dorcas gaz-
elle, 0.1 Uganda kob, 1.0 Kafue (Red) lechwe, 0.0.1 Cape buffalo, 1.1
Addax, 1.1 Scimitar -horned oryx, 1.2 Grevy zebra, 1.0.1 Grant’s zebra,
0.0.1 Guinea baboon, 0.1 Defassa waterbuck, 0.0.1 Blacked-capped capuchin
monkey; Birds - 0.0.5 Sun conure, 0.0.2 Forsten’s lorikeet, 0.0.9 Ringed
teal, 0.0.16 Mandarin duck, 0.0.4 White bellied and yellow- thighed caique,
0.0.1 Golden mantled rosella, 0.0.1 Bare-eyed cockatoo, 0.0.2 Mexican
military macaw, 0.0.3 Scarlet macaw, 0.0.6 Jandaya conure, 0.0.8 Orinoco
goose, 0.0.1 Red-necked ostrich, 0.0.2 Chattering (Yellow-backed) lory,
0.0.3 Golden (Queen of Bavaria) conure, 0.0.1 American flamingo, 0.0.2
Black-capped lory, 0.0.4 Mute swan, 0.0.5 Abyssinian blue-winged goose,
0.0.4 Indian peafowl (blue phase), 0.0.1 White-cheeked touraco, 0.0.2
Black-winged stilt, and 0.0.2 Black-necked stilt.

REFERENCE SEARCH PROJECT OFFERS SERVICES

The Reference Search Project Team is pleased to formally offer its ser-
vices to the AAZK membership. So that we can better provide you with the
information you want, please provide us with as much of the information
requested on the form as possible. We will then search through our com-
puter files and other bibliographic sources to find books, articles, etc.
that are pertinent to your area of interest.

At the present time we will be charging $0.25 plus $0.05 /page to cover
the cost of postage, paper, etc. Billing will be sent with the informa-
tion. Please be patient with us. This is a new service and not all of
our sources are on-line (most journal articles, for example, must be
referenced manually) .

We are always looking for new bibliographies, conference proceedings,
publications, etc. Remember, the item that you contribute may help a
colleague to be a better keeper. Keepers Care!!

Thanks for your continued support.

The Reference Search Team

176

i

AA^IC FJEF-EFCENGE ^EAECH E>EOJEOT

E I BE I OGE AF*H I G SEAEGH

EEQUTEST EOEM

DATE

YOUR NAME
ADDRESS

» Please fill out
» this forfii as

» completely as

* possible. Tnis is
» esoecially awport-

* arit if you are
» interested in

» journal articles.

PHONE (_ _ )

WHAT SPECIES ARE YOU INTERESTED IN GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT?
COMMON NAME(S)

SCIENTIFIC NAME < ORDER , GENUS , 6. SPECIES):

WHAT ASPECT OF THIS ANIMAL ARE YOU INTERESTED IN ?:

WHAT KINDS OF SOURCES WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE INCLUDED ?

1 Check as many as aoply

I BOOKS JOURNAL ARTICLES MAGAZINES

I CONFERENCE PAPERS ENGLISH LANGUAGE ONLY

I OTHER LANGUAGE (S) Please specify

I RECENT PUBLICATIONS <1975 - PRESENT)

OLDER PUBLICATIONS - BACK TO WHAT YEAR?

I

! Please send this completed form to : Jenny Rentfrow,

I 1951 Eden Rd . , Mason, MI 48854.

i

I

177

Coining Events

NINTH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL HERPETOLOGICAL SYMPOSIUM

ON CAPTIVE PROPAGATION AND HUSBANDRY

June 26-30, 1985 San Diego, CA

THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL OTTER SYMPOSIUM

August 6-10, 1985 Santa Cruz, CA

For more information, contact Judy Mitchell, Center for Marine Studies,
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.

1985 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION

OF ZOOLOGICAL PARKS AND AQUARIUMS

September 4-6, 1985 Toronto, Ontario

The Toronto AAZK Chapter will be taking an active part in this conference.
For more information, contact Toby Styles, Manager, Public Relations,

Metro Toronto Zoo, P.O. Box 280, West Hill, Ontario, Canada MIE 4R5.

1985 AAZPA ANNUAL CONFERENCE

September 8-12, 1985 Columbus, OH

The Columbus Chapter of the AAZK would like to cordially invite you to
attend this conference. Our Chapter will be hosting a variety of activit-
ies. We would also like to invite any national AAZK member who cannot
afford accommodations to contact Joe Ridler, accommodation coordinator
or Andy Lodge, Chapter president. Both can be reached at the Columbus
Zoo (614) 889-9471. Our Chapter can help arrange housing to ease your
financial burden.

THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL WILDLIFE

FILM-MAKERS' SYMPOSIUM

September 14-18, 1985 Bath Spa, Avon,

England

Held at Bath University, this Symposium will attract hundreds of delegates
who are professionally involved in wildlife film, television, home video
and sound recording. Extracts from, or full length showings of, the latest
and best wildlife films from the cinema and television will be introduced
by their makers who will also be ready to discuss their work. Further
details and registration forms are available from: Bill Pay, Symposium
Organizer, BKSTS 110-112 Victoria House, Vernon Place, WClB 4DJ England.

1985 NATIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida Chapter. Conference and Hotel Accommodations
Forms may be found on pages 91-92 of the March issue of AKF.

zoo AND AQUARIUM MONTH

PROCLAIMED FOR JUNE

Zoo * Aquarium Month

*»e

"Zoos + Aquariums = Life" has been proclaimed as the theme for Zoo and
Aquarium Month by the American Association of Zoological Parks and
Aquariums (AAZPA) . Since 1982 when President Reagan officially designat-
ed June as Zoo and Aquarium Month, the AAZPA and its 200 zoo and aquarium
member organizations have launched cooperative programs such as the
Species Survival Plan (SSP) to save wildlife.

Successful wildlife breeding in zoos has already saved from extinction
such species as the Arabian oryx, Hawaiian goose, Pere David’s deer,
whooping crane, and bison. Other species like the Atlas lions, Mongolian
wild horses, European bison, and ruffed lemurs survive only in protected
areas. Some zoo species, like the Siberian tigers and Indian rhinos, are
now rarer than Rembrandt paintings. And a few species, like the golden
lion tamarin and addax, have been so successfully bred in zoos that they
have been reintroduced into their original homelands. Increasingly, AAZPA
programs have turned zoos and aquariums into modern-day Noahs. By life-
saving efforts in breeding, conservation, research, and education, the
zoo-aquarium ark is saving species from extinction.

In most of the world's wild places, animal populations are declining.
Trends too far advanced to be reversed will cause the expected loss of
many creatures in the next century. At least 20% of some 4,000,000
species of animals are in danger of extinction. Some of them, such as
the whooping crane, black-footed ferret, tiger and Asiatic elephant may
well continue to exist only in zoos or in nature preserves.

Zoos are preparing for the next century by directing their efforts to the
propagation of their animals. The SSP program both strengthens and coor-
dinates captive programs so that zoos and aquariums can contribute to the
world-wide effort to preserve vanishing species. A major problem to be
solved is the lack of space. All the North American zoos combined con-
stitute less than 20,000 acres. The solution is cooperation, and breeding
loans among zoos are now common. The transferring of animals from zoo to
zoo is of benefit to the individual zoos from the standpoint of improved
exhibits; but, most importantly, breeding loans enhance the likelihood of
propagation of the species involved. Each species designated for the
SSP Program is managed by a committee drawn from the staffs of those zoos
exhibiting that particular species.

Roughly 5,000 animals representing 34 species in about 100 zoos across
the country are presently part of the program. Zoo managers hope that
by the end of the century, 1,500 species will ride the "zoo ark", says
Dr. Thomas J. Foose, AAZPA conservation coordinator.

Essential to captive management of large numbers of wild animals is the
keeping of accurate records. This is accomplished through another im-
portant program: ISIS, the International Species Inventory System. Here
captive animals are recorded on computer. Accumulated data is then cir-
culated to participating institution members. References to the 51,000
living mammals and birds that have been inventoried by this AAZPA program
help zoos locate proper mates or additional individuals for breeding pro-
grams. Through ISIS, the age, sex, parentage, place of birth or, for that
matter, circumstances of death of an individual is easily retrieveable.

179

zoo AND AQUARIUM MONTH PROCLAIMED FOR JUNE, CoyvUnue^d

As AAZPA President Elvie Turner explains "it’s clear that zoos and aquar-
iums aren’t just for kids anymore. Conserving the wildlife of the world
is what today’s zoos and aquariums must be about."

As the zoos and aquariums of America have joined forces in a collective
Noah’s Ark, it is important to remember that we, as members of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, contribute to this effort in a very
meaningful way. After all, we are the crew.

Celebrate life this month at your zoo or aquarium. Help to make visitors
aware of the important work being done by zoos and aquariums in the preser-
vation of the world’s wildlife and of the importance of providing a safe
harbor in the next century for our collective ark.

— -ExcoApto^d -in pant {^n.om ZIP
[loo I dm Pack) i^nom the.

Fntcnds ol the. NattonaZ Zoo

180

KEEPER

EDUCATION

The newly reorganized Library Resources
Project will focus on making zookeepers
aware of library resources and how to
locate printed sources of information.
The following is Part 2 of an article
by Kay Kenyon, National Zoological Park
Librarian. Part 1 of this article can
be found on page 150 of the May 1985
issue of AKF. This article is reprinted
here with the permission of the author
and the Special Libraries Association
from Special Libraries, Vol. No. 75
(no. 4): 329-334 (October 1984,

Copyright Special Libraries Association.

^ ZOO/AQUARIUM LIBRARIES: A Survey

Part 2

By

Kay A. Kmyon, CfUe.^ L^b/LO/Uan
Smitluoyilan Institution LlbKo/iles
National Zoological Pa/ik Llbn.a/iy, Washington, V.C.

Access

The challenge to any library is to provide access to its collection. This
is especially true of zoo libraries, yet many have not met this challenge.

The lack of professional librarians is one of the main reasons for poor

access.

Ten zoo libraries use the Library of Congress Classification System for
all or part of their collections. Nine collections are catalogued under
the Dewey Decimal System. Ten libraries have their own cataloguing systems.
For example, the Oklahoma City Zoo Library uses a taxonomic system develop-
ed by the director, Lawrence Curtis, and is known as the "LC” System to cata-
logue its almost 5,000 volumes (6). The remaining zoo libraries have no
system of cataloguing.

Another way to provide access is by indexing. Most of the serials in zoo
libraries can be found indexed in such publications as Wlldll{jC Rcvlcu),

Key- WoM- Index to WUdHic RcscoAch, VeXeAlnoAy Bulletin and on several
online databases such as Zoological Record, BIOSIS and CAB Abstracts. How-
ever, some valuable material is not easily available to users. Many con-
ference proceedings and most zoo/aquarium newsletters remain inaccessible
for lack of indexing.

Location

As for most libraries, space is a major problem. When competing with other
zoo departments for space, libraries often lose out. Recently, two zoo
libraries had their space reduced. In one case, the library was cut and
part of it became an office. In the other, the library was moved into a
smaller location and its original space was used for exhibits. However,
some zoos, such as the Des Moines Zoo and the National Aquarium at Balti-
more, are planning larger spaces for their libraries.

Deciding on the best location for the zoo library can be a problem. A zoo
can cover an area anywhere from 1 acre to 1,800 acres. Buildings are
scattered throughout the park. The veterinary hospital may be at one end
of the park, the administrative and education departments on the other end
and the keeper areas in between. All have need of library services.

181

ZOO/AQUARIUM LIBRARIES: A SURVEY. ConUnand

In reality, however, most libraries have been placed wherever there is
room. Some have been put in conference rooms, making them inaccessible
when the room is being used for meetings. Many are in the education de-
partment, especially when the department manages them. Others are found
in or near administrative offices. The Lincoln Park Zoo Library is tucked
into the Primate House. The Washington Park Zoo has two libraries, one in
education and one in research. Some of the larger zoo libraries, such as
the one at San Diego, Baltimore, Detroit and Washington, D.C., have a cen-
tral collection with satelite collections in various departments. At the
National Zoo, these smaller collections are charged to an individual in
that department on indefinite loan and can only be used as reference at
that location.

Services

Zoo libraries provide a variety of services. Staff members are usually
allowed to check out books. Less than half of the libraries allow volun-
teers and docents to borrow materials and those that do are generally
managed by docents. If there is a librarian on duty, he or she will
answer reference questions for the public, as well as for the staff. Some
libraries request material from outside resources (especially from larger
zoological library collections nearby) for their staff, but most libraries
photocopy materials on request from other places. Libraries at the San
Diego Zoo, the Bronx Zoo and the National Zoo circulate to their staffs a
current awareness bulletin (photocopied pages of major journals received).

A few libraries are part of the computer age. The Calgary Zoo is putting
its catalog on its zoo's microcomputer. The Baltimore Aquarium has access
to computer literature searching from a nearby library. The zoo libraries
at the San Diego Zoo, the Minnesota Zoo, the Bronx Zoo and the National
Zoo have their own microcomputer or have access to a computer terminal
to do bibliographic searches on DIALOG for their staffs. The National
Zoo Library plans to install another terminal by August 1984 to give users
online access to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries catalog. The cir-
culation system will be online soon after.

Budget

At this time there is not enough information on budgets to come to any
conclusions. Some libraries have money one year and none the next; many
use budgets which are part of other departments, especially the education
department; others rely entirely on donations.

Networking and Cooperation

Zoo librarians provide better service when they support each other through
cooperation and networking. Many zoo librarians are not members of a
special library group because they are not professional librarians. Some
that are have found that their unique needs are not satisfied by existing
library groups. To meet these needs, zoo librarians since 1980 have been
meeting together annually at American Association of Zoological Parks and
Aquariums (AAZPA) conferences as a special interest group. AAZPA repre-
sents almost every zoological park, aquarium, wildlife park and oceanarium
in North America and most of their professional staffs. It is concerned
with expanding their involvement in conservation, science and education
and striving for higher levels of professionalism in the zoo world. (7)

The most important function of AAZPA is to provide a channel of communica-
tion among zoos and zoo librarians. It is essential that zoo librarians

182

ZOO/AQUARIUM LIBRARIES: A SURVEY, Con^nuad

remain up to date on zoo goals, programs, research, and so forth, so that
they can plan for the support of these endeavors. At the same time, zoo
staffs need to be informed about what libraries are doing and what they
are capable of doing for them.

Although AAZPA plays an important role in improving communication and
cooperation, many zoo librarians have been unable to attend conferences.

A newsletter, Lih^jaAij Wew-6 loh. looi, and AqaanA.ujfrU> (8) has, therefore
been produced three times a year since October 1982 by zoo librarians.
Currently, the newsletter is sent to over 170 interested persons (librar-
ians, educators, curators, veterinarians, zoo directors, AAZPA Board Members)
in the United States, Canada and abroad. It has become invaluable as a
means of communication between librarians and zoo staffs and especially
between zoo librarians. The newsletter has encouraged its readers to
"discover" each other- — to share information, problems, experiences and
ideas. Hopefully, by cooperating with each other we can improve our ser-
vice to our users.

Future Trends

Zoo/aquarium librarianship is a new, developing field of special libraries
in North America. The changing goals of zoos into areas of recreation,
education, research and conservation have brought about an increased need
for organizing zoological materials and providing informational services.
One of the many challenges that face zoo librarians is to make zoos aware
that by supporting their libraries, they are helping themselves and ulti-
mately improving their zoos. There is a trend toward more trained librar-
ians in zoos, and, hopefully, this will continue, especially for zoos
seriously involved in research and conservation. Most collections of zoo
libraries are small and need to be developed. This is especially true of
serials collection. Access to collections, space, and money will continue
to challenge zoo librarians. It is hoped that more libraries in the fut-
ure will have access to computers to provide needed bibliographic informa-
tion. The most important goal of zoo librarians today is to continue to
increase networking. Sharing information and ideas is extremely important
in helping zoos establish new libraries and improving existing ones in
order to provide the best possible services to users.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Cora Yockers and Sharon Barry for their
review of the first draft, and to thank all the zoo/aquarium librarians
for the information and support they provided.

Literature Cited

1. Berridge, W.S./Zoo Anlmati> . London, Black, 1932. p. 6

2. Conway, William D./"Zoo and Aquarium Philosophy." In ZooZogi-CLOi Po/ik^
and AquaAyLum6 fundamental^ . Karen Sausman, ed.. Wheeling, W.V.

3. Miller, Gail D./"An Inquiry into the Role of Libraries in Zoos and
Aquariums." (M.S. Dissertation). University of Chicago, 1981. 58 pp .

4. Wagner, R./ "Executive Director's Report." AAZPA Newsletter, May 1981,
p. 3.

5.

Shaw, Joyce M./ "Lincoln Park Zoo Library. An introduction to the
Library and its Special Collections." Itid-nodj) (in press).

183

ZOO/AQUARIUM LIBRARIES: A SURVEY, CowUnmo^d

6. Ryan, Kathleen and Kay Kenyon/ "Zoo /Aquarium Libraries." SCA.-Te,cfi
38(2):33-34 (1984).

7. Linda Boyd, ed. /lool-ogZcaJi Pcuik^ and Aquo/Uum^ Zn tho, AmoAMca^ 19S2-S3,
Wheeling, W.V. , pp.7-11.

8. idJoh^y WeuJi6 ^oh. loo6 and AquxtJvum^ . Oct. 1982 - . Published triyearly,
by Smithsonian Institution Libraries, National Zoological Park, Library,
Washington, D.C. 20008. Kay Kenyon, ed.

NWRA Announces Grants and Awards Program

The Awards and Grants Committee of the National Wildlife Rehabilitation
Association would like to announce its small grants program. Funding is
available to support a single $1000.00 project or several smaller projects
that add up to $1000.00 for a project in the field of wildlife rehabilita-
tion.

Applicants must demonstrate financial need, and submit a typewritten
proposal which includes name(s) and resume of personnel involved, objec-
tives of the project, a brief statement of literature reviewed, a brief
description of how the work will be carried out, and an itemized budget.

An annual report on progress will be required.

The committee has also established two awards as follows:

Lifetime Achievement Award - This would go to an individual whose pri-
mary identification is that of a wildlife rehabilitator who has contribut-
ed to the field in a major way for many years. The awardee will receive a
plaque, $100.00 and free conference registration. The award will be pre-
sented at the NWRA conference.

Significant Achievement Award - This would be to a person who has con-
tributed something of significant merit to the field of wildlife rehabili-
tation within the last 2 years. Contribution can be a research finding,
publication, organization of a program, etc., as long as the major theme
is that of wildlife rehabilitation. The awardee would receive the same
benefits as for the Lifetime Achievement Award.

The deadline for the submission of proposals and award nominees is Dec-
ember 1, 1985. Suggestions of individuals who might be appropriate
awardees and proposals for grants should be submitted to:

Dr. Daniel R. Ludwig
Willowbrook Wildlife Haven
Forest Preserve District of DuPage County
P.O. Box 2339
Glen Ellyn, IL 60138
(312) 790-4913, Ext. 283

184

yiewpoimf

NATIONAL CONFERENCE COSTS

Smbmitto^d by the, Atlanta loo ChapteA o^ AAIK

We at the Atlanta Zoo Chapter of AAZK are concerned about the rising costs
of attending National AAZK Conferences. Many keeper, unfortunately, are
being "priced out" of the conference scene.

Delegates to the 1983 Conference in Philadelphia voted to accept the bid
of Miami to host the 1985 Conference. At that time there were two hotels
under consideration as conference sites. The Conference Committee sub-
sequently chose a site they considered to be the only safe lodging in
Miami, considered by some a very dangerous city.

Our lodging this year will be at the Coconut Grove Hotel, where special
conference rates will run $75 per night. The conference is five nights
long; to this add travel (especially for those traveling cross-country)
and other expenses, and the total cost could easily be over $1,000.

If Philadelphia delegates, as well as the rest of the AAZK membership,
had been fully informed during the bid presentation as to the high crime
rate and subsequently inflated prices of the site, perhaps a different
location would have been chosen.

How do you feel? Would you like to see more reasonably priced national
conferences in the future? We of the Atlanta Zoo Chapter of AAZK have
prepared some suggested guidelines for future conference hosts, and the
AAZK Board of Directors to consider.

1. All bids must appear in the AKF, so that the entire membership, and
not just those attending a particular conference, is able to vote. All
voting must be done via AKF so that the entire membership has access to
the decision making process. Only in this way will the whole membership
be fairly represented.

2. Bidding Chapters must prepare a list of projected expenses during their
presentation. This should include: current and projected rates at the
hotels under consideration, food prices at these hotels as well as price
and convenience of other nearby eating establishments. In this way prob-

I lems faced last year (and this year) will be avoided. For instance,
i members at last year’s conference had to walk several blocks (in the cold)

I to find affordable meals, the fare served at the hotel being too expensive
I for some delegates. Also, there was a steep hotel tax about which many
delegates had not been informed.

3. Accommodations should be chosen for convenience, safety, and afford-
ability. Frills are a bonus, but not at the expense of limiting keeper
participation. Remember that a conference schedule is very full and there
is little time to enjoy costly luxuries such as a heated, olympic-sized

; swimming pool and aerobics classes.

! 4. Bidding Chapters should make an honest presentation of the problems
I inherent in their cities, before the vote is taken, so that members may
j vote in an intelligent, enlightened manner, weighing all factors.

185

VIEWPOINT, CowUnand

5. Alternative lodging and dining areas should be made available ahead of
time, including KAL, campgrounds, and nearby facilities of varying price
ranges. Hosts should give as many keepers as possible the chance to par-
ticipate .

If AAZK strives to cater to the 'whole keeper’, this must include the
financial ability to attend national functions. This has to include
making national conferences universally accessible to all members in the
future. Your input is vital. AAZK needs to know the financial limits of
its members. Only in this way can the needs of the entire membership be
met in the future.

NATIONAL CONFERENCE COSTS - A RESPONSE
Smbmittdd by tkd South Vlontda CkaptdA oi AALK

In response to the concerns expressed by the Atlanta Zoo AAZK Chapter,
the South Florida AAZK Chapter would like to make the following points.

As keepers, we too are aware of the financial restrictions and consequent-
ly have tried to select a conference site which took into consideration
both cost and location. Location included safety, accessibility to other
Florida attractions, and over all a place that would provide an interest-
ing and exciting representation of our city.

Miami, unfortunately, has been given a bad reputation which for the most
part is untrue. Miami, like most large cities, has a crime rate and un-
desirable areas but not any more so or presenting any more of a danger to
its residents than any other large city. The South Florida Chapter has
taken this issue into consideration and chose our conference site accord-
ingly.

The Coconut Grove Hotel worked with our Chapter by first lowering its
rates by over 30% and even extended this lower rate until Saturday, Oct-
ober 26th check-out time. This is to enable delegates who wish to attend
the post-conference trip to the Everglades (or any other nearby Florida
attraction) to do so without searching for another place to stay. In
calculating costs, we feel that there are many ways for delegates to re-
duce their expenses considerably. We realize that the cost of transporta-
tion will vary for many delegates depending on what mode they use and
from where their trip originates. Researching low air fares, bus fares,
train fares, and arranging car pools can help tremendously. Delegates can
reduce hotel costs in half by just sharing rooms.

The advantages for delegates to lodge at the Conference site should be
considered before alternative lodging is chosen. If too many delegates
divide their lodging at different locations, it would be nearly impossible
to acquire proper conference accommodations (i.e. banquet rooms, lecture
rooms, etc...) at a reduced price. One is able to get a 'good deal’ when
a large number of people are promised at one location. Also the problem
of transporting all delegates to one meeting place would be encountered.
However, for those who are interested, the South Florida Chapter has an
active KAL (Keeper Accommodation List), This alternative does have its
limitations though, for there are not enough KAL participants to handle
our entire conference. Yet, should anyone need information on our KAL,
camping, or any other facilities we are more than happy to answer inquiries

186

VIEWPOINT, CoyiX^nue.d

Although many people do not think of this, most of a delegate's expenses
can be deducted at the end of the year on their income tax return. In
this manner one can recover most, if not all, money spent. Thus a con-
ference does not have to cost an excessive amount and most people can
attend if they just properly plan ahead.

The suggested guidelines for future conference hosts may sound reasonable
on paper, but it is apparent that the hardships and problems encountered
in planning a conference was not taken into consideration. The idea of
bidding through the AKF is unsound for the time it would take to enable
the entire membership to vote would be extremely lengthy. Also, it is
most likely that only a portion of the membership would vote and then the
whole membership would not be totally represented. This, in part, is
why the Board of Directors attend board meetings at conferences and listen
to Chapter bids in order to select the next year's conference site. If
anyone has questions or comments on these proceedings they should attend
these meetings or notify one of the Board Members so that the comments or
issue in question can be discussed at the meeting. One of the issues
brought before the Board of Directors by a bidding Chapter is projected
expenses and we brought ours up at 1983 's Conference Board meeting.

One extremely valid point brought up by the Atlanta Zoo Chapter is that we
all must work together to make changes for the better where conference
planning is concerned (as well as other issues). We hope that the creation
of a 'Conference Guidelines' manual can be accomplished soon in order to
help conference hosts in their planning. AAZK can be a very uniting factor
to all professional zoo keepers and we urge all Chapters to plan fundrais-
ing activities to support your fellow zoo keepers in attending conferences.
A National AAZK Conference provides not only an exciting time for everyone,
but a very special way for keepers to unite, exchange ideas, and further
their own education.

The Tucson AAZK Chapter is still planning to produce a 1986 Zoo-related
calendar and wishes to solicit photographs from the membership and the
public for this project.

The photographs must be horizontal format, 8 x 10 inch color prints of
zoo animals or zoo activities. Photo entry fee is $5.00 per photo, non-
refundable. Photos will not be returned unless requested and accompanied
by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Selected photos will be accompanied
by a short biographical sketch of the photographer, so please include
pertinent data. Deadline for photographs is 31 July 1985.

We request from Chapters or members other information to include on the
calendar such as: date of formation of your zoo, first captive births or
hatchings, formation date of your chapter and dates of upcoming events,
etc. Deadline for date of zoo facts is 30 June 1985 .

Photographs and/or zoo facts should be sent to:

Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
Attn: Kerry Hoffman
Route 9, Box 900
Tucson, AZ 85743

187

GETTING YOUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS
TO WORK WITH YOU

By

Anne, {fJ,igg-ln^, Mammal Ke,e.peA
Jaak^onvAlZe. loo, Jacks onvXZle,, fL

This past December the Jacksonville Zoo tried something a little differ-
ent in the way of improving Keeper /Board member relations. The Animal
Department invited the members of the Jacksonville Zoological Society
Board of Directors to spend a day with a keeper and work in the zoo as a
keeper would. They were taken around the zoo in the area of their choice
to see what is involved in running the zoo on the keeper level. It turned
out very well and we hope to continue it on a regular basis.

As this was the first time this had been tried, some skepticism was noted
but that did not discourage the plans for a day to be enjoyed by all.

After receiving approval from the administration, a letter of invitation
was sent to all board members. It was simply stated and included a date
by which to respond, the different areas of the zoo and the animals they
contain, a specific contact person, an itinery for the day (our daily work
routine), the fact that breakfast and lunch would be provided by the zoo,
and a form they could fill out and return.

Five board members responded that they would attend and since this was a
trial run, it seemed like a pretty good response. After the response date
had passed and it appeared that all the letters were in, a list of those
who had responded and which area they had picked was presented to the ad-
ministration along with a menu plan and the amount of money needed to pur-
chase the groceries. After all this was approved and the last minute
phone calls were made confirming attendance, the Jacksonville Zoo was fin-
ally ready for its first "Board Day".

As it turned out the date chosen was the coldest day of the year so far.
But, wrapped up in their warmest clothes, the board members assembled in
the break room at 7:30 a.m. for a much needed cup of coffee, orange juice,
blueberry muffins and a general getting to know each other session. The
first order of business was getting everyone fitted with rubber boots and
making sure everyone had gloves. After this was accomplished, we started
out at 8:00 a.m. with each board member heading out to the area they had
picked with their keeper /partner for the day.

While different keepers usually take different lunch hours, we had arranged
lunch time so that we could all eat together. The menu, including bar-
bequed chicken and all the trimmings, had been prepared the night before.

It was something like a slumber party with the board members each wanting
to tell what they had seen and done. It was interesting to listen to.

This time also gave keepers and board members a chance to share ideas thay
had had that morning.

As some board members had picked two areas in which they wanted to work,
we used this time to regroup anyone who wanted to change locations. Some
asked to change just for a few hours in order to experience another area.
One future consideration that came up was to have a half day for those who
wanted to work for only that time. The afternoon was just as much fun as
the morning and by quitting time, no one wanted to go home.

This experience was a very interesting one and fun for all involved. For

188

getting your board of directors to work with you, CowUvuuidd

those zoos run by zoological societies, this experience enables those who
make the major decisions about the zoo to see how things are run at the
keeper level. It also gives them a close-up look at the zoo and the ani-
mals in it. It was a time for idea sharing and future plans and hopes
about the zoo were discussed. We did not use this time to air our com-
plaints or voice any bad feelings about the zoo. That was not what it
was for. Our zoo, like any, does have its bad points and the board mem-
bers could see them. During this day they observed some of our problems
and I’m sure got a few things pointed out to them. But, most of all, it
was done for fun and it was fun. If your zoo is not run by a society, ask
members of your city council to come out for the day. It will be good
experience for everyone. Have fun!

ZOO News From Japan

Subinltte.d by Vo^hi, VoneXavU
Z00V2ZI loo Ve^^gn and EdiLcadUon Lab
Kobe,, Japan

JAPANESE ZOOS RECEIVE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES FOR EXHIBITION

Last October 26th, six male koalas arrived in Japan. The group was com-
prised of one subspecies from the state of New South Wales which were
sent to Tama Zoological Park, Tokyo and Higashiyama Zoological and Botan-
ical Garden; and another subspecies from the state of Queensland for the
Hirakawa Zoological Park, Kagoshima. The first subspecies is the same
as found at the San Diego Zoo while the second marks the first export of
this species outside its native country. Two males were distributed at
each of the three locations.

If all goes well with the male koalas at these institutions and pre-set
conditions for their captivity are met, it has been pre-arranged that
female koalas will join the males later this year. Both Tokyo and Nagoya
received their koalas from the Taronga Zoo, Sydney, and the koalas now
at Kagoshima came from the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Brisbane. The Tama
Zoo’s koalas are two and three years old; the Nagoya Zoo’s are three and
four years of age; and a two and four year old reside at the Kagoshima
Zoo .

Moreover, since this fall season, two other groups (2.4 for one place)
maybe sent to Yokohama-city and Saitama-pref ecture . Osaka municipal
Tennoji Zoo is also a candidate for a koala exchange with their sister
city of Melbourne. These animals will probably be from Victoria and
thus all subspecies of koalas will be represented in Japanese zoos.

Also in October, the Osaka Zoo received two pair of Tasmanian devils,
these being the first of their species to come to Japan. Besides them,
several other rare Australian marsupial have also come to Japan. Namely,

2.3 Southern short-nosed bandicoots, 2.3 Queensland ring-tails, 4.6 Sugar
gliders, and 4 Potoroos (1.3 plus 1 baby born this year). Within this
business year, Australian native cats and Brush-tailed possums will be sent
out and the Australian wombat is holding on the export-list for the zoo
collection. Except for the possum and wombat, the others will be the first
to be exhibited in Japanese zoos.

189

Book Review

Chicago and London.
159 pages

1983

Rcoiew by Ka/Un S, Newman
Mliwaakec, WI

Will Guppy takes a humorous look at the animal kingdom in his book How
to Attract the Wombat. The book is made up of short essays on an odd array
of animals from various groups in the phylogenetic scale. Each brief ex-
cerpt has biological information on that particular animal written in such
a way as to entertain as well as to inform the reader.

The cast of mammalian characters includes "Mammals for Beginners" (small
mammals), "Advanced Mammals" (larger mammals such as the llama, the yak
and the Giant Anteater) , and "Problem Mammals" (those curious marsupials).
Amphibians are featured in "Pleasures of Pond Life". The Mollusk family
is well represented in "Octopusses and Those Other Things". This chapter
even includes some little known fanciful facts about Sea Serpents.

Preceding the insect chapters is some important information on "How to Swat
a Fly". Presented as Ten Easy Lessons, the author has released his notes
on fly-swatting, compiled from many years of experience at his Long Island
beach cottage. "Birds Who Can’t Even Fly" and "Birds Who Can’t Sing and
Know It" introduce representative avian species.

Most of the information in the book is presented to tickle the funny bone
and those that know something about animals may appreciate the humor more
than those that do not. Although the information is generally correct,
there are some notable errors. For example, Mr. Cuppy classifies rabbits
as rodents. One must remember that this book was written in 1935 when
this designation may have been considered correct. Current research on
behavior and social structure in the various species mentioned may also
prove other points invalid. All the same, the book is very entertaining.
Although you may not learn how to attract the wombat, you will enjoy Will
Cuppy ’s view of the animal kingdom.

(EcLlCoA-'a Note: k^teA a tap^e oi many months Mttkomt book n.evtew6, the
AKF Ji>taii hopeJ> to h-ejavenate thtA column, you have a book you would
like to 6ee reviewed ok would like to Kevlew a book, contact Book Review
CooKdlnatoK Vlane Vouyth at the kkxon loo, 500 Bdgewood kve. , kkxon, OH
44307,)

190

This is the T-shirt design for the upcoming 11th Annual AAZK
National Conference, hosted by the South Florida AAZK Chapter.
The design will be in full color. More information on prices.
T-shirt colors, and sizes will be available in the July AKF.

191

Reptile Care; Relating To ^^^nwhibian .

The Inquiring Novice - Part 12 pOipOUrri

By

Siuan M. BaAnoAd, S2.yU.0A Keepe/i I

V2.pt. oi H2Ap2t.ology ]

Atlanta loologtcaZ PoAk, MUanta, GA ■

f

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS j

I continued) •'

In Part 11 of this series, I discussed vitamin A deficiency and toxicity, [:
thiamine (Bl) , biotin, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and vitamin E (steatitis) |
deficiencies. In continuance, I shall summarize several additional commonlVt
occurring nutritional problems. ij

Symptoms of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies include painful joints, loss |
of appetite, loosening or loss of teeth, crossed eyes, cataracts, bone de- ;
formities and fractures, and in chelonians, mishapen, soft and/or pliable [
shells. Ideally, a diet should contain a ratio of calcium to phosphorus of ji
1:1 to 2:1. Monotypic diets such as skeletal muscle meat, visceral organs, \\
many vegetables, mealworms, and crickets are low in calcium and high in ;
phosphorus: Table 1 lists reported calcium to phosphorus ratios (reprinted |
from Jackson and Cooper, 1981). Treatment of these deficiencies consists ,,
of short periods of ultraviolet light (Part 3, Table I), dietary vitamins |
C and D, bone meal supplement, or crushed egg shells. For aquatic species, k
cuttlebone or plaster of Paris blocks can be dropped into the water. t

Mealworms and crickets fed to insect ivores should be shaken in bone meal |
powder prior to feeding. Those raising their own mealworms will be able to f
provide a more nutritious diet for their reptiles if they add equal parts of
ground monkey chow or ground, dried dog food to the bran or oatmeal medium. |
This should also be fortified with a multivitamin powder.

f

While it is essential that the reptile keeper relate the importance of |

vitamins to the Inquiring novice, of equal importance is helping the novice [

understand that "more” is not necessarily "better". For example, vitamin j

D can be toxic, like all fat-soluable vitamins. Vitamin D toxicity has f

been reported by Wallach (1966) in the common iguana (Iguana Iguana) .
Clinical signs may be loss of appetite and lameness. Prevention requires 1
avoidance of excessive supplementation of dietary vitamin D or prolonged 1
exposure to ultraviolet light. I

Vitamin K deficiency primarily affects crocodilians . Frye (1981) reported 1
that this deficiency may be manifested by bleeding of the gums as deciduous j
teeth are shed. Occasionally, the crocodilian diet should be supplemented j
with synthetic vitamin K. Where clinical signs of deficiency are apparent, 1
a veterinarian should treat the animal with parenteral vitamin K.

Some reptiles such as herbivorous lizards and chelonians may inhabit eco-
systems rich in iodine. It seems reasonable that such animals may suffer
iodine deficiencies in captivity. Iodine deficiency may cause an inactive
and swollwn thyroid gland (goiter with hypothyroidism). In addition to a
natural requirement for iodine, Wallach (1969) reported that captive animals
fed monotypically iodine deficient (goitrogenic) vegetables will suffer this

192

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 12, Continued

Icondition (Part 10, Table I). Some of these foods include cabbage, kale,
.Brussells sprouts, broccoli, soybean sprouts, lettuce and spinach. Symp-
toms of this deficiency are loss of appetite, abnormal drowsiness, and
swelling of the subcutaneous tissues. Hypothyroidism can be prevented by
dietary iodine supplement in the form of iodized salt at a ratio of 0.5
per cent of the total diet, and by providing a well-balanced diet by vary-
ing the types of green leafy vegetables. In severe cases, a veterinarian
should administer sodium iodine orally or parent erally.

jChronically anorexic reptiles, or those fed an imbalanced diet, may exhibit
symptoms of protein deficiency such as steady loss of weight and depletion
of fat stores, resulting in skeletal protuberance. In addition to provid-
ing the deficient reptile access to its preferred temperature (Part 6,

Table 1) , the novice should immediately take their pet to a veterinarian
who is experienced in reptile husbandry and medicine. Treatment should
begin by balancing the reptile's electrolytes with parenteral 5% dextrose
and 0.3% potassium at 4% of the animal's body weight for 4 days, followed
by easily absorbed proteins, amino acids, and continued dextrose for 2 to
4 weeks. The reptile should then be physiologically ready for a rich diet
designed for debilitated animals (Table 2, adapted from Frye, 1981) for
Z to 4 more weeks. It can be reasonably expected that the reluctant feed-
pr will return to a normal dietary program after 6 to 8 weeks. At this
time, the veterinarian may decide to release the improving animal to its
Dwner .

Ml reptiles can suffer from gout (excesse uric acid in the blood with
aric acid salt deposits in the tissues) . Clinical signs are seldom appar-
i2nt in the visceral form, and the symptoms are common to many other dis-
eases. They may include abnormal drowsiness, excessive hiding, dehydration,
shedding problems, and swelling of the eyes. On the other hand, the arth-
ritic form may be recognized clinically, as the reptile may suffer from
swollen and painful joints. Cowan (1968) reported dehydration and metabo-
-ism of the body's own protein (endogenous protein metabolism) to be causes,
ilso, Cowan (1968) and Frye (1981) reported that high amounts of dietary
'^exogenous) protein may be responsible for gout in reptiles, but many ex-
lerts disagree. Aminoglycoside antibiotics used in treating reptiles was
reported by Bush (1978) to cause gout in these animals. Treatment consists
i'f reversing the causes by rehydrating the animal, nutritionally restoring
Litrogen balance, and the administration of parenteral vitamin A. Gener-
|illy, aminoglycosides should be avoided as antibiotic therapy unless no
ither drug is indicated from sensitivity testing.

jibesity can be a continuing problem with captive reptiles. It may be dif-
I icult to decide on an amount of food that an inactive, captive animal may
jequire. To properly judge the weight of a particular reptile, it is
elpful to observe many animals of the same species. Captive reptiles ex-
end very little energy to obtain food in captivity and will quickly be-
ome overweight if fed too often. Pet owners tend to overfeed their ani-
|ials to see how large they will grow, or are unfamiliar with their pet's
atural feeding habits.

suggest that keepers thoroughly review the subject of nutrition and
utritional disorders with their staff veterinarian. In doing so, zoo
.ersonnel will be able to provide the best possible nutritional care for
heir captives, and will be current on the subject when assisting the
nquiring novice.

193

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 12, Cont^nue,d

Table 1 . Calcium to Phosphorus Ratios of Some Foods Fed to Reptiles

Item

Ca:P Ratio

Vegetables

Broccoli tops

2.96:1

Carrots (boiled

2.21:1

Cauliflower (boiled)

0.69:1

Cucumber

0.95:1

Lettuce

0.86:1

Tomato

0.62:1

Watercress

4.27:1

Fruits

Apple

0.42:1

Banana

0.24:1

Cherries

0.95:1

Dates

1.06:1

Dried apricots

0.78:1

Grapes (white)

00

o

(black)

0.26:1

Melon (yellow)

1.59:1

Oranges

1.74:1

Pears

0.72:1

Raisins (dried)

1.85:1

Animal Products

Beef liver

0.02:1

Muscle meat (beef)

0.06:1

(chicken)

0.06:1

(horse)

0.04:1

194

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 12, Continued

I

!

I

Table 1. (cont * d)

Item

Ca:P Ratio

Animal Products (cont'd)

Locusts

0.13:1

Mealworms*

0.33:1

0.07:1

Sardines

0.02:1

*Vary in Ca:P ratio according to the

medium they are raised on

1

Table 2. Supplementary Diet for Debilitated/Anorexic Reptiles

Theraputic

Manufacturer

Dose

Adminis t r at ion/ Comment s

Canned Dog Food

3 Parts

Administer orally, via
stomach tube

Beaten Raw Egg

1 Part

Mix ingredients
thoroughly

Nutrical, or

EVSCO

Do not overdo this rich,

unnatural diet ; may

Pet Kalorie, or

Haver-Lockhart

1 Part

cause enteric bacterial

proliferation.

Convalescent Diet

Pedigree Pet
Foods

Water

1 Part

195

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 12, Continued

REFERENCES

1. Bush, M. ^ al , : Biological half-life of Gentacin in gopher snakes.

Am. J. Vet. Res., 39 ( 1) : 171-173 . 1978.

2. Cowan, D.F. : Diseases of captive reptiles. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
153:848-859. 1968.

3. Frye, F.L. ; Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandi
Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co., Edwardsville, KA. 1981.

4. Jackson, O.F. and Cooper, J.E.: Nutritional Diseases. In Diseases of tl
Reptilia, Vol. 2, Cooper, J.D. and Jackson, O.F. (eds.). Academic Press
New York, NY. 1981.

5. Wallach, J.D. : Hypervitaminosis D in green iguanas. J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 149:912-914. 1966.

6. Wallach, J.D. : Medical care of reptiles. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
155:1017-1034. 1969.

iPoAt 13 oi thtii 6QAyie6 u)-lZZ deal mXk Hygiene.}

Publications Available

Poisonous Snakes of the World - 220 ppgs, 1983 Reprint of 1968 Edition;
//008-045-00009-7; Price: $12.50.

This manual is intended to serve as a training aid and as an identi-
fication guide to the most widely distributed species of dangerous veno-
mous snakes. Geographic distribution of all currently recognized species
of venomous snakes is presented in tabular form. Information on habitat
and biology of important snake species has been provided. First aid pro-
cedures in case of snakebite and suggestions for the definitive medical
management of the snakebite victim are presented. There is also a table
of world sources for antivenins.

Pocket Guide to Pest Management - 112 ppgs, 1983 Reprint of 1980 Edition;
//008-045-00022-4; Price: $5.00.

This Pocket Guide was prepared as a source of information for Armed
Forces Pest Management personnel, military and civilian. Although intend'
ed primarily for certified professionals, this publication will also be
useful to public works officers and installation engineers in their plan-
ning and programming functions. This guide suggests uses of chemicals
and other integrated pest management (IPM) treatments for the control of
disease vectors and economic pests affecting the establishement and per-
sonnel. The use of any registered pesticides in a manner inconsistent
with labeling instructions is prohibited. Under the current law, penalit
ies may be levied against a purchaser who misuses a pesticide.

TO ORDER either of the above titles send check or money order made payabl
to: U.S. Government Printing Office, Dept. SSMC, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Please include both title name and identification number given above.

196

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Omnivore dry
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in Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

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Box 6307 Lincoln, NE 68506-0307

Legislative News |

U.S. DELEGATION REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL TRADE ISSUES AT CITES MEETING i

— I

Trade issues involving species as varied as Nile crocodiles, hooded seals, |
gyrfalcons, and green sea turtles were highlights of the fifth regular \
international meeting of member nations of the Convention on International |
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which was held
22 April to 3 May in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1

The U.S. delegation was made up up representatives from the Departments t
of Interior, State and Agriculture and the International Association of I
Fish and Wildlife Agencies. t

f

Foremost among items that were scheduled to be discussed at the CITES 1

meeting were proposals by Surinam, France, and the United Kingdom to t

change the trade status of certain captive-reared populations of green S
sea turtles. These proposals sought to transfer those populations of *

green sea turtles in Surinam, Europa and Tromelin Islands, and the Caymen t
Islands that qualify for a ranching exemption, from Appendix I to Appen- !
dlx II of the CITES agreement. If this measure is approved, it would be
the first step in the resumption of trade in green sea turtle products j
from ranching operations. t

Among other proposals considered at the CITES meeting were requests to* I

^Change the trade status of populations of the Nile crocodile, pro-
posed by Malawi and Mozambique by transferring those countries’ popula-
tions from Appendix I to Appendix II;

^Extend CITES status to the hooded seal, proposed by Sweden;

^Increase protection of the North American population of gyrfalcon,
proposed by Denmark and Norway. j

CITES is an international agreement among 89 nations to regulate inter- i
national trade in about 2,400 animal species and 30,000 plant species, |

in order to prevent their overexploitation. The U.S. joined CITES in j

1975, at the time the treaty became effective, '

---Vept, oi InteJvioK NejA)6 ReXeoAe. ^

HOUSE HOLDS HEARING ON ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT REAUTHORIZATION

1

The House Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the Environment Subcorami t tee'
held a hearing on the Endangered Species Act on 14 March. The Act ex- ^
pires on 30 September and Subcommittee Chairman, John Breaux, and the }
Ranking Minority, Don Young, have introduced a bill to reauthorize the !
Act for three years. i

t

The main topics discussed by the five panels of witnesses were western !
water problems, the establishment of a sea otter experimental population, 1
the falcon exemption and the budget. The most noted witness was British |
naturalist David Attenborough who stressed the problems caused by the loss
of particular kinds of environments. He asked that the U.S. spend more i
money on the protection of species stating that the U.S, serves as a I

world model for conservation and that presently the U.S. is perceived i

as "going backward on conservation, not forward."

The Colorado Water Congress testified on the conflicts between the admin-
istration of the Endangered Species Act and of water allocation and man- j
agement systems of the states. They are working with the Secretary of ^
the Interior to try to solve their problem.

198

EGISLATIVE NEWS, ConUnu^d

'irguraents for and against the establishment of an experimental population
if sea otters off the California coast were presented by several witnesses,
’he opponents believe the conflicts between man and sea otters will in-
crease with an additional population and that the population will not be
sasily contained. The proponents argue that another population is essen-
.ial because the existing one is so vulnerable to oil spills.

!he peregrine falcon exemption was discussed by a panel consisting of the
ludubon Society, the Peregrine Fund, the North American Falconers Associa-
tion (NAFA) and the Fish and Wildlife Service. Audubon proposes the re-
jieal of the special exemption which allows interstate transport and sale
|if peregrines that were held in captivity on 10 November 1978 or are the
>rogeny of such birds. They testified that the exemption has provided
;he opportunity for the creation of a large illegal interstate and inter-
lational commerce in peregrine falcons. NAFA and the Peregrine Fund con-
;end that there has been insufficient time to test the exemption. Al-
I'.hough the exemption has been a part of the Act since 1978, regulations
rere not issued until 1984. They also argue that the exemption has not
jieen abused.

[ichael Bean, Environmental Defense Fund, testifying on behalf of ten
nvironmental/ animal welfare organizations stated that the "Act is fail-
ng to meet its objectives." He suggested that (1) the budget for the Act’s
mplementation be increased at least two-fold; (2) that Candidate species
species that have been formally identified by FWS for future listing
liction) need interim protection during the lengthy listing process; and
3) that the present prohibition from "taking" listed plants on federal
ands be extended to include non-federal lands, unless the landowner has
;lven express consent for the "taking".

lubcommittee mark-up of the bill was scheduled for 2 May with full Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries Committee mark-up scheduled for 8 May.

AAZPA Mat/ I9S5

All FORM I A CONDOR SUFFERS FURTHER SETBACK

.ecent observations of the critically endangered California condor indi-
i ate a drop in the number of breeding pairs remaining in the wild. Nest-
ng activity should have begun several months ago, and biologists at the
';londor Research Center in Ventura, CA have observed only single adult
jcondors in the territories of three pairs that nested in 1984. At a fourth
j.errltory, one member of the breeding pair is missing, but its mate has
Ij.pparently formed a new pair bond with another bird. These birds were
bserved copulating early in the breeding season, but in recent weeks
nly the male has been seen. At the fifth site, the breeding pair has pro-
uced two eggs so far this season. Both eggs were collected for artific-
al incubation to supplement the captive population. One embryo died, but
he other egg hatched on 11 April.

i'n 9 April, a severely emaciated, barely alive male (which was not one of
he missing breeding birds) was found by a rancher and turned over to the
llondor Research Center biologists. Unfortunately, it quickly died. The
ij'ird showed no external signs of trauma and there was no lead in its giz-
lard. Tissue samples have been submitted to various laboratories for
j.nalysis to see if there were any diseases or toxic substances present
I hat would have caused the bird’s death.

199

LEGISLATIVE NEWS, CoyvUnae.d

Biologists are concerned that the missing birds, which may number as many
as six, reduce the wild population to as few as nine birds. A final countj
of the 1985 population will be made in September when distinct feather >
patterns are apparent, allowing biologists to identify individual birds.

Only one of the four missing breeding condors had been fitted with a radio
transmitter, and it is not sending a signal. Given the vastness of the
condor’s range, this lack of tracking ability will make it difficult for i
researchers to locate the carcasses (if in fact the missing birds have i
died) and to determine the cause of death. !

!

The California Condor Recovery Team - made up of Federal, State and pri- i
vate biologists - is reviewing the condor’s current status, and will i
reccoraend whether or not the planned recovery effort for this great bird i
needs modification.

The captive population numbers 17 condors, all but one of them (Topo Topa)i
too young for breeding. Biologists hope that this population will even- :
tually produce offspring that can be introduced into the wild. i

■EndangoAdd SpdcUdS Tdah/Ucal BuII.dtin f
l/ol. X, No. 4, 19S5

i

t

Thd Evotuutlon NcutlonaZ Law by Michael Bean of the Environ-

mental Defense Fund has been reissued in a revised and expanded version, t
It covers wildlife law from its beginnings to the present day, examines |
the conflict between federal and state control, and discusses recent
legislative programs for the protection of wildlife. First published p
in 1977 by the Council on Environmental Quality to wide acclaim, this l|

updated version will be greeted no less warmly. It can be ordered from; |
Praeger Press, 521 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017. The price is $12.95 I
paperbound and $39.95 clothbound. ||

AAZK REGIONAL COORDINATORS

L-lnda Roh/i. W.V. Stand Hdmonyiat loo - ME,l/T,WH,MA,RI,CT

Uodcincy

Gdnd VhJJiaddtphAXi loo

Angdla Kdppdl, National Zoo
Ldd Vaynd, VoJyiott loo
Lynnd i/ttleA6, Jndlanapolts loo
La/iAy SammoJtdo, Lincoln PoAk Zoo
Vtand Kmg, RlveAbanfi6 Zoo
Alan ShoApldS, Atlanta loo
Candy Cfioit, Rio G^andd loo
LauAdncd Glddklll, Woodland PoAk
Joawld Stinson, Phoenix Zoo
Vacancy

- NV

- PA,NJ,m,VE

- VA,W.VA,V.C.

- MI

- 1N,0H,KV

- W:,JL,N0,NN,7A

- TN,NC,SC

- rL,AL,GA,AR,MS,LA

- TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE,SV,NV
loo - WA,OR,JV,MT,wy,AK

- CA,NV,A1,UT,H7

- Canada

r

{i

I:

t|

I]

200

SNAKES DON'T EAT HAMBURGER!

By

Km Kmata, Gmvioil CuAoton.
M^Hwauke-e. County Zoo
MIlMauke.e, WI

■nake feeding at some zoos has long been an act performed behind closed
oors. The public is turned away on designated feeding days or for cer-
tain periods of those days, being allowed no access to reptile buildings,
the reason behind this may be that many people would find the consumption
f rodents, the mainstay of snake food in zoos, offensive. Or, perhaps,
jome zoo officials think that the people's banging on the glass partitions
ould stress "finicky eaters".

n the spring of 1983, the reptile keepers at the Milwaukee County Zoo
uggested that the Aquarium/Reptile Building be kept open on Monday after-
bons, the period set aside for snake feeding, during which the entire
uilding had been routinely closed. "We believe that the time has come

0 open those closed doors and allow the light of knowledge in," they
aid.

his statement was supported by a new trend in Milwaukee. Increasingly,
eepers have participated in public relations and public education activ-
ties. Keepers conduct elephant and camel demonstrations and reptile
|alks. Moreover, while caring for elephants, disciplinary actions are
lorcefully enforced if animals disobey keepers, in front of the public,
here is a small amount of risk involved in this; we have received ad-
verse publicity and angry comments from irate zoo patrons. Disciplin-
ry actions, however, are a necessary part of our elephant management pro-
ram. Instead of hiding our actions, both staff and volunteers try to
stablish dislogue with the public, to present a realistic view of the zoo
peration. In this respect, there is no sense hiding the fact that snakes
at rodents.

ever the less, public snake feeding was a new concept to us. It was
ecided first that a group of students be invited during snake feeding
'o test their reactions. On 31 October, 1983, Mr. Phillip Hosier, a
cience teacher at Bay View High School, brought in a vertebrate zoology
ilass to the building as part of their field trip. They were seniors
if about 17-18 years of age from urban areas of Milwaukee. After the
juilding was closed, keepers briefed the class on the feeding procedure,
rom the public area, students watched as mice and rats were being tossed
nto snake cages. Students were then asked to submit written comments.

jhis "experiment" proved to be quite interesting and rewarding. Of the
3 students, eight of them expressed varied degree of disappointment
ecause it "was not what I had expected...! had expected it to be excit-
ing, but it was a very calm process." Concerning the new experience
tself, they commented:

j__„I found myself very interested in the reactions of the different snakes
being fed. Seeing the feeding was. . .nowhere near as gruesome as I

1 had pictured.

i~— A lot of people would think not to watch a reptile feeding because
they would find it to be gross. But this isn't true, no blood is
shed and it happens in a quick manner.

201

SNAKES DON'T EAT HAMBURGER!, ConUnaed

It really was very educational.

I

Should the public be allowed to watch snake feedings? The opinions were
sharply divided:

They would probably complain to the zoo management for letting their J

little kids see it.

Some people may have very weak stomachs and may not be able to witness 'i

the eating of a fly by a frog. i!

Some people would be frightened, and thus frighten the animals. ii

n

Although some did not think that the general public was ready for it,
other suggested that the staff "keep the program".

I think most people would like to see the feeding of reptiles.

I really wish that the reptile feeding was open to the public.

The zoo should start a new policy and let the public enjoy this

amazing demonstration.

Admittedly, this "experiment" could not represent the reaction of the
general public. Not only was it based on a small sample size with biased
age and geographical distributions, but also it was a well-prepared, inf on;
ed and supervised group of people, interested in biology. Still, the
group's input was encouraging: 12 were in favor of opening the doors
(three of them recommended some type of pre-education), six were against,
one undecided and four had no opinion.

After more discussions, we elected to make preparatory steps toward ,

"opening the doors". We summoned assistance from members of Zoo Pride, !■
our volunteer organization, to communicate with the public and monitor i
their reactions. These volunteers were given training sessions by keepersfl
to become thoroughly familiar with the subject. Additionally, keepers *|
not directly involved in feeding were to be on the public floor . It was l|
also decided that only certain select animals, showing willingness to feed
in front of people, would be used (the rest would be fed in the rear ser-
vice area), and that no live rodents would be fed.

On 4 June, 1984, for the first time in the history of the building (which 1'
was opened in 1968), the Aquarium/Reptile Building was kept open during f
snake feeding.

Judging from the comments by staff, volunteers and my sporadic observe-
tions, the public’s response was overwhelmingly positive, which was in- '
deed a pleasant surprise. Occasionally we saw a few people who seemed ['
disturbed, but they just walked away with no really bad reactions. At
least the visitors were given the option of staying or leaving the build-
ing. The only exception thus far was a negative letter from a visitor:
"Much to our surprise, one of the King Cobras was being eaten by the
other". We use Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnakes as feed snakes. In f

spite of the differences between the two species and the label which
states that the diet consists of other snakes, the gentlemen mistook it f
for cannibalism.

At the end of the summer. Zoo Pride volunteers summarized their observe- t
tions. A few excerpts: .

.-People with small children showed a lot of Interest in having them ^

watch the feeding.

202

mKES DON'T EAT HAMBURGER!, ConUnmd

A few who initially did not care to observe, after hearing about the
program, did so and were apparently glad they did.
j—Children and adults alike were genuinely interested, no negative
j reaction. Comments heard i Interesting, educational, fascinating.
—Excellent response. People were very interested and asked many
j questions.

tie public snake feedings have become a part of the routine in the build-
ng. Programs like this will undoubtedly further the cause of realistic
nimal information dissemination to the public. After all, we should
3t give the impression that zoo snakes eat hamburger!

i ®

Information Please

le Aviculture Department of the National Aquarium in Baltimore is seek-
cig information on avian stroke victims and rehabilitation techniques,
i would appreciate any data concerning this. Send to: Rita J. Johnson,
iational Aquarium in Baltimore, Pier 3 / 501 East Pratt St., Baltimore,
21202 or call (301) 576-3800, ext. 3747.

am conducting research on the natural history of hutian, specifically
le Jamiacan hutia iGe,OC.ap^omgA b^ownll) , the Bahamian hutia iGe.oc.ap-
JffiyA L, AMQHjahOMA.] , the Cuban hutia [CapAomy^ pAJto/vldeA ) amd the Haitian
itia T ae,dAJjm] . I need information from any zoos or other
istitutions currently housing the remarkable rodents, including diet,
□using, where the animals were obtained from, etc. Any information will
s appreciated. Please send information to Brenda Brochstein, 3420 Pine
sadowRd., Atlanta, GA 30327.

ji January- February of 1986, I am planning to visit some American zoos.

Lth the limited time available, I can only visit a fraction of the
jological establishments currently open, so I would appreciate some help
rom AAZK members in selecting a fair cross-section.

I would be very grateful if members could send me a list of say 20 zoos
|iat not only are representative of current American zoological practices,

[lit also those that show the best in exhibit design, graphics, etc. My
hin interests are in Edentates, Small Mammals and Nocturnal House design
jid exhibit.

Ilease send suggestions to; Peter Merrett, Head Keeper, The Zoological Trust
i[E Guernsey, La Villlaze, St. Andrew's, Guernsey, Channel Islands.

T-yUitltiutLovU) waking to advoAtt^e. mploymdnt oppontuvuXte^ ojkl (uke.d to j
6md peAttyidnt data by tkd 1 5tk ol dack month to: Oppoatuntty Knoafu/AKf, (
635 Gage. Blvd. , Tope.ka, KS 66606. Pte,cu,e. tnatade. clo^tng dateA ^on. i

po^tttonA avaltabld. JheAd tA no chaage. ion. 6uah JtiAttng6 and phone.- tn i
tu>ttng^ oi po6ttton6 Mhlch become, avatlable clo^e to deadtine one accept-
ed.

ANIMAL KEEFER/BJRV VEPT... each candidate must have graduated from an
accredited high school and have one year of paid experience in the care
and handling of a variety of birds, excluding pets; or have graduated
from an accredited high school and have 6 months’ experience in the care
and handling of animals in a zoological institution; or have
a bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or univer-
sity in biology, zoology, animal science or veterinary tech-
nology. Eligibility for a driver’s license is required.

This is an entry level position under the direct supervision
of a Senior Keeper and/or Curator. Salary - $13,314. All
resumes to be sent to Fred Beall, Curator of Birds, Baltimore
Zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, MD 21217. Deadline for
applications is 1 July 1985.

ANIMAL KEEPER/ ANIMAL HOSPITAL. .. each candidate must have
graduated from an accredited high school and have one year
paid experience in the care and handling of a variety of
animals, excluding pets; or have graduated from an accredited
high school and have 6 months’ experience in the care and
handling of animals in a zoological institution; or have a
bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university
in biology, zoology, animal science or veterinary technology.

Eligibility for a driver’s license is required. This is an
entry level position under the direct supervision of the
veterinarian or other senior staff. Salary - $13,314.

All resumes to be sent to: Dr. Michael Cranfield, Veterinarian, Baltimore
Zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, MD 21217. Deadline for acceptance of
applications is 31 July 1985.

5

P

P

0

r

t

u

n

1
t

y

k

n

o

c

k

s

PUBLIC RELATIONS ASSISTANT. .. individual should have strong copy writing ;
skills, layout knowledge, special events planning experience necessary, j
and typing skills. Job will involve creative as well as clerical func-
tions. All resumes to be sent to: Jill Paulson, Director of Public j:

Relations, Baltimore Zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, MD 21217. Deadline[
for acceptance of applications is 1 July 1985. i

AVi/ERTISING SALES. . . individual (s) sought to obtain paid classifieds for
newsletter for animal professionals. 50% commission will be awarded.
Please write: NEW METHODS, P.O. Box 22605, San Francisco, CA 94122.

WILVLIEE EDUCATION. . .the Wildlife Discovery Program (a Houston I.S.D.
Magnet school) is taking applications for a position becoming available ,
August 1985 and continuing until June 1986 (10 mos.) The duties of this 1
position include planning and experiential instruction in an outside set-!
ting at the Houston Zoo to 3rd graders. Requirements are two or more of
the following: 1) high school diploma (required), 2) education experience!
3) wildlife biology background, 4) environmental /out door education exper-|
ience. Please send inquiries to: Karyl Watz, Coordinator, Wildlife Dis- j
covery Program, Doris Miller Center, 5216 Feagan, Houston, TX 77007. j

204

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name Check here if renewal [ ]

Address

$20.00 Professional

Vvitt-tAm<L KdOjpoMJi

$25.00 International

ktt mmbeA^ oats-lde tkd
U,S. and Canada

$15.00 Library

LlbnoLAy ^ub^cAlptlon only

Directory Information : ZOO

Work Area Special Interests

Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE) ,
payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
quarters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to AnZntot K2.2.p2A^' foAiun, The member-
ship card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
U.S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

knhnaZ KdOJptVtb ' Fo^um publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles for consideration.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size no more than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25iicm) . Literature used should be
cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

Articles sent to Animat KzQpeJU' Fonum will be reviewed for publication.
No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
addressed envelope.

Telephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AautlcZeJi paiwtzd do not ndaoJi^aaiZy thd

optntoai) o{i thz AnmaJi KtupeJU ' Foaum ^cUtoatal
6taa on. tkd Amantaan A^Aoctatton o{, loo Keepeas.

Items in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
is requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

$15.00 Affiliate
OtheA iital{^ and votunte.eA6

$15.00 Associate
Indio tdaaJU not conne^ctdd
with an animat dOAd {^acUtlty

$50.00 Contributing
OAgayilzattoyU) and lndlotdaaJU>

s

JULY 1985

Animal

S'

'Me

to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS* FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

JULY 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER SEVEN

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

AyUmal ' Fo^om (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the

American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lishing costs of kYUmaZ KeepeA^’ Von.um, Second class postage paid at
Topeka, KS. Postmaster; Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC,

NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V,, TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dotty CtoAk, AdmZvUjit/icutivQ, SucAdtaxy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP/Conservation & Research Center Pn.QA-idilYVt

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park {/■lac-PA.e^ZdenT:

Escondido , CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C.

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

GoAold Payne,, DoJyiott loo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pat Sammaxco, Ltncotn Paaik Zoo
Awards Committee
iVLcfec C/ioc.k2A, VtckoA^on Pank
Book Reviews Coordinator
DtaYin fonAyth, AkAon Zoo

PROJECT

Staff Exchange

Etandoia Aum, (nJoodland PoAk Zoo

Program Library

Anne. M. Paynn, DqXaoaX Zoo

Exhibit Design Form

VtavKL fonAyth, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accommodations List

OtivQA Cta^dy, MztAo Toh^owto Zoo

Keeper Training Videotapes

Wat/ne Buckanan, (toodtand Pa/ik Zoo

Library Resources

Kaat Thompson, MM Mt, Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator
CoYiYild Cloak, NaAkoTlZd, TN !

Research/Grants Committee
fH.ank Kohn, Nattonat ZoologtcaZ Pk,
Legislative Action Committee
Atldd MtieA, Topdka Zoo j

Public Education Committee ’

Jay Ja^an, TuAttd Back Zoo

HEADS

Animal Data Transfer Forms

BdAntc fctdman, Topeka Zoo

Membership Directory

Pat SammoAco, Lincoln Pank Zoo

Diet Notebook ;

Bnett Bannon, South flontda ChaptoA '

Biological Values/Gestation

LoAAy BnatnoAd, San PAanctsco Zoo

Keeper Data Survey

MoAy Staybaugh, San Antonio Zoo

Reference Search

Ltz McLaughlin, RogcA OJlttlam^ Pk,
Zoo! Jenny Rent^Aoiv, Ma^on, MI

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS

States East of Mississippi - Vtane KAug, RlveAbank^ Zoo, Cotuynbla, SC
States West of Mississippi - VebAa StetcheA, Woodland PoAk Zoo, Seattle, W

Individual Regional CooAdlnatonA and the 6tat2A unden. theln. ove/ulght
ane luted elAmhene In each lA^ue o^ Animal KeepenA’ foAum,

Tkl6 moyvth'6 coveA cwt -Im a. Mu/UqiU on. moly i>pldQA monkey IB/uichyteles
oAachnoXdes ) , the toAge^t Neu) WonZd monkey and among the mo6t endangered
p/umate6 tnthe wontd. It Li> the mo6t ape-tike Neotropteat pnJjnate ^peeiei
and ts ^ound onZy tn the Attantte i^oAest n.egton o^ southeastern BmzJJi, The
speeies has never bAed in captivity and pAesentty there is only one captive
individual in the world - in the San Paulo Zoo. It is believed there are
only ZOO-250 Huriquls in seven small remanant forest areas in Brazil. The
drawing is by Rose Palazzo oi the Bronx loo. Thanks, Rose!

Scoops

and 7T

Scuttlebutt

ELECTION REMINDER TO ALL PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS

All AAZK Professional members are reminded to send in your ballot for
' the election of new members of the AAZK Board of Directors to National
Headquarters. Please return the pre-addressed envelope marked "Ballot"
only - do not include any other correspondence to National in this envelope.
Ballots and biographical sketches on the candidates will be mailed this
month to all Professional members in good standing. Ballots must be post-
marked no later than 31 August 1985.

ZOO/UNIVERSITY LIST AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS

The AAZK Keeper Education Committee has compiled a list of colleges and
universities which offer courses and programs relevant to captive animal
care. This list originally appeared in the April 1985 issue of AKF under
the Continuing Keeper Education column. This list hopefully identifies
some of the institutions at which individuals may either receive initial
training for a career as a zoo keeper or can continue their education in
their chosen profession. This list is now available from National Head-
i quarters by sending a self-addressed, legal-size only envelope with 220
postage attached. If you are interested in obtaining a copy of this list
or you receive questions from the public on this subject, please pass on
the above information. List orders should be sent to: National Headquarters
AAZK, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606 Attention: Zoo/U List.

NEW AAZK ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE FROM ATLANTA AND SAN DIEGO CHAPTERS

i Baseball caps, black with a white front and featuring the official AAZK
logo are available from the Atlanta Chapter. The price per cap is $6.75,
which includes postage. Make checks payable to "Atlanta AAZK" and send
along with your name and complete mailing address to: AAZK Baseball Caps,
Atlanta AAZK Chapter, 800 Cherokee Avenue, S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315.

Solid brass belt buckles with the AAZK rhino logo are available through
the San Diego Chapter. These high quality belt buckles are guaranteed
for life by the manufacturer. Cost, including postage is $15.00 each,
prepaid. Make checks payable to "San Diego AAZK", and send to Debbie
Hewitt, 3059 Bonita Mesa Rd., Bonita, CA 92002. Please include complete
mailing address.

205

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT, CoyUZnued

EUGENE MALINIAK RETIRES FROM NATIONAL ZOO

Eugene Maliniak, small mammal specialist, retired at the end of May after
35 years of service (over 20 years with the Department of Zoological Re-
search) at the National Zoo. He specializes in the management and husbandry
of exotic small mammals. His expertise and knowledge helped to establish
captive colonies of such well-known zoo species as elephant shrews, tenrecs,
rock cavies, acouchies, short bare-tailed opossum, degus, golden lion tam-
arlns, tarsiers and many more. Eugene was voted the 1984 Keeper of the Year
Award at National.

A REPORT FROM THE AAZPA WESTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE IN ANCHORAGE, AK.

About 40 people attended this conference. Papers were given by various
AAZK members. Wendy Wienker, Laurie Gledhill, Laurie Marker, Nancy
Hollenbeck and Roger Hoppes are names we are all familiar with. Wendy
Weinker reports that the atmosphere was very friendly and communication
was open. The delegates visited the Alaska Zoo and went on a sightseeing
tour that included near-blizzard conditions complete with being stuck in
a snowbank. Some of the delegates went on a dog sled ride. Wendy would
like to recommend more AAZK members attend AAZPA Regionals and give papers;
it is a good way for keepers to participate in AAZPA. Next year, the AAZPA
Western Regional will be held at the Pt. Defiance Zoo in Tacoma, WA - so
plan to attend.

— SubnuXte.d by VabbeAa StecheA, (Woodland Pa/ik loo

From The Newly Appointed RC Co-Cordinators

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of the AAZK
Board for appointing me to the position of Head Regional Coordinator for
the Western Region. I am looking forward to working with long-time members
of AAZK and current R.C.s. Together Joanie Stinson, Laurie Gledhill, Candy
Kroft and myself will work to enhance the R.C. program. The role of the
R.C. is clearly defined as an out-reach position to aquire new members, to
help keep existing members, and to act as liasion between Chapters and their
administration. R.C.s also attend Regional AAZPA conferences to help spread
the word of AAZK. In some cases workshops are held, in other cases talks
are given and sometimes booths with AAZK information are set up.

If there is anyone interested in more information about the R.C. program
or who is interested in getting more involved, don't hestitate to contact
me; VebbeAa St^ahoA, He.ad Rdg^nal Coon.dinatoK ifJ^^teAn RegXon, ifJoodland
PoAk looloQ-loat Ganddn^, 5500 Pklnmy Ave. Nonjth, So^outtln^ WA 9S103,

1206} 625-5402 oA. (206) 745-9S1B,

I would also like to thank the AAZK Board for appointing me to the position
of Head Regional Coordinator for the Eastern Region. I will be contacting
the R.C.s in the region soon and look forward to working together to pro-
duce new ideas for the R.C. program.

If anyone is interested in working with the program, please contact me.

There is still a vacancy for an R.C. in New York. VZdnO. KAUQ, PQ,gX,OViCit
CooA,dinatoA. Ecu>tQAn Region, RlveAbanki, loolog^ical PoAk, 500 WiZcitlie. PoAk-
way, Columbia, SC 29210. ^

206

/*%

Births|^ Hatchings

DALLAS ZOO JamoAa A. Jone^

May 1985 B&H includes Mammals - 4,1 Markhor, 1.1 Suni, 0.1 Sable antelope,
0.0.5 Giant Indian fruit bat, 0.0.1 Spider monkey, 0.0.1 Red kangaroo,
0.0.1 Bactrian camel; Birds - 0.0.2 Pied crow, 0.0.1 Abyssinian ground
hornbill, 0.0.3 Spur-winged lapwing, 0.0.6 Fulvous whistling duck, 0.0.3
Red-vented bulbul, 0.0.5 Roseate spoonbill, 0.0.1 White-headed piping guan
Reptiles - 0.0.1 Philippine sail-fin lizard, 0.0.4 Surinam poison dart
frog.

METRO TORONTO ZOO Hanxy Ho^aueA

Recent B&H in Toronto include: Mammals - 0.0.3 Wood bison, 1.0 Domestic
yak, 1.0 Llama, 1.0 Alpaca, 4.5 Nubian ibex, 0.1 Mouflon, 6.2 Barbary
sheep, 1.2 European reindeer, 1.0 Malayan tapir, 1.1.2 Bennett’s wallaby,
1.0.4 Ring-tailed lemur, 0.0.1 Black lemur, 0.0.10 Common marmoset, 0.0.6
Slender-tailed meerkat, 2.2 Mara, 0.0.2 Plains rat, 0.2.6 Egyptian fruit
bat, 1.0 Indian fruit bat; Birds - 0.0.11 South African yellow-billed duck
0.0.2 Peach-faced lovebird, 0.0.2 South African ostrich, 0.0.2 Blackfooted
penguin, 0.0.2 Tawny frogmouth; Reptiles - 1.0 Green tree python; Amphib-
ians - 0.0.6 Green & black arrow poison frog; Invertebrates - 0.0.190
Brazilian giant cockroach.

SAN ANTONIO ZOO VebX Reed

B&H for May 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Grizzled-grey tree kangaroo,
0.0.1 Ruffed lemur (DNS), 0.0.1 White-handed gibbon, 0.1 Reeve's muntjac,
0.1 Beisa oryx, 1.2 Scimitar-horned oryx, 0.1 Topi, 0.1 Grant's gazelle
(DNS), 1.1 Arabian sand gazelle (1.0 DNS), 1.0 Thompson's gazelle, 1.2
Springbok (1.0 DNS), 1.1 Kirk's dik-dik, 1.3 Aoudad (1.1 DNS), 1.0
Himalayan tahr; Birds - 0.0.2 Sacred ibis (1 DNS), 0.0.5 Scarlet ibis,
0.0.2 Crested screamer, 0.0.26 Red-billed whistling duck, 0.0.6 Whooper
swan (2 DNS), 0.0.4 Bar-headed goose (1 DNS), 0.0.5 Orinoco goose, 0.0.2
Northern pintail, 0.0.17 Cinnamon teal, 0.0.6 Mandarin duck, 0.0.3 Hooded
merganser, 0.0.11 North American wood duck, 0.0.8 Ruddy duck (4 DNS),

0.0.1 Roul-roul partridge (DNS), 0.0.11 Elliot's pheasant, 0.0.2 Green
junglefowl, 0.0.2 Demoiselle crane, 0.0.1 Crested seriema, 0.0.2 Inca
tern, 0.0.3 Diamond dove (2 DNS), 0.0.1 Painted conure, 0.0.3 Sun conure,
0.0.5 Burrowing owl (3 DNS), 0.0.1 Speckled mousebird (DNS), 1+ Jackson's
hornbill (1st time in collection), 0.0.1 Toco toucan (DNS), 0.0.4 Dyhal
thrush (DNS), 0.0.1 Picathartes, 0.0.2 Owl finch (DNS), 0.0.1 Diamond
fire-tailed finch, 0.0.3 Red-billed buffalo weaver (2 DNS), 0.0.4 Rufous
treepie; Reptiles - 0.0.1 Yellow-headed twistnecked turtle (1st time in
collection), 0.0.2 Fan-footed gecko (possibly 1st time in North America),
and 0.0.1 Pueblo milksnake; Aquarium - 1+ Pupfish, 15+ Seahorse and 0.0.4
Four-eyed fish.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO B. BahmA.

May 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 1.- Echnida (DNS), 2 Acouchi, 0.1 Malayan
tapir, 1.0 Barasingha, 1.1. Himalayan tahr (0.1 DNS); Birds - 6 Aleutian
! Canada goose, 2.4.4 Mandarin duck (4 DNS), 6 Hooded merganser (4 DNS),
i 3 Common white-eye (1 DNS), 2 North American ruddy duck, 1 Palawan peacock
pheasant, 2 Red & white crake, 1 Victoria crowned pigeon, 2 Renauld's
ground cuckoo (DNS), 4 Red-billed hornbill,! Green wood hoopoe, 2 Hooded
pitta, 1 Orange-bellied euphoria (DNS), 1 Scarlet tanager, 2 Orange-
breasted waxbill, 1 Blue-faced parrot finch, 1 Emerald starling; Other -
1 Prehensile-tailed skink.

207

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, Continued

WOODLAND PARK ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS Hamony Vmzle^-Taylon.

B&H for April and May 1985 include: Mairanals - 2.1 Sika, 4.2 Springbok,

1.2 Llama (1.0 DNS), 1.0 Welsh pony, 0.1 Cotswold sheep, 1.1 Alpine dairy
goat, 2.1 Mountain goat, 0.1.1 Matchie's tree kangaroo (DNS), 0.0.1 Vam-
pire bat, 0.0.1 Elephant shrew, 0.0.1 Walaroo, 0.0.3 Black-tailed prairie
god, 0.0.1 Tree hyrax (DNS), 0.0.5 Domestic rabbit, 0.0.1 Ground CusCus,
0.0.1 Greater galago, 0.0.1 Cotton-top tamarin (DNS), 0.0.1 Patas monkey,
0.0.1 Lion-tailed macaque, 0.1 Lowland gorilla (being raised by the mother
within the troop. Binti is the mother and this is her first infant);

Birds - 2 Silver-throated tanagers (DNS), 3 Golden tanagers (1 DNS), 1
Common trumpeter (DNS), 12 Hooded merganser (1 DNS), 7 Brazilian teal, 2
Black-necked swan, 1 Greater curassow, 1 Common goldeneye, 4 Small-billed
tinamou (1 DNS), 6 Blue-winged teal, 4 Mandarin duck (1 DNS), 1 Snowy owl,

2.2 Bufflehead, 1.4 Cape Barren Geese (This was a first clutch for WPZ with
100% hatch and 100% survival over 30 days. They were parent-reared in an
outdoor enclosure) ; Reptiles/Amphibians - 2 Redfoot tortoise, 3 Leopard
gecko and 1 African fat-tailed gecko.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO CoAol J. Boyd

May 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 1.0 Dali sheep, 0.2.1 Canada moose, 0.0.5
Meerkat, 1.0 Mandrill, 0.0.1 Tree shrew, 0.0.2 Mountain fruit bat, 2.1
Domestic goat, 1.0 Waterbuck, 1.0.1 Caribou, 0.0.1 Jaguar, 0.0.1 Shetland
pony, 1.0 Impala; Birds - 0.0.9 Canada goose; Reptiles - 0.0.1 Indian cobra

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. Stoddard

B&H for May 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Mexican fruit bat, 1.0 Crab-
eating monkey, 0.1 Guinea baboon, 0.0.2 Spiny mouse, 1.0.6 European har-
vest mouse, 0.1 Okapi, 5.3 Siberian ibex; Birds (fledged) - 0.0.1 Kooka-
burra, 0.1 Scarlet-crowned barbet, 0.0.1 Red-crested cardinal; Reptiles -
0.0.4 Poison arrow frog; Other - 0.0.13 Emperor scorpion.

DENVER ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS Ann RademcLcheA

B&H from 15 March to 31 May include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Ring-tailed lemur,
1.0 Black lemur, 0.0.2 Patagonian cavy, 0.1 Harbor seal, 0.1 Grant's zebra,
1.0 Przewalski's wild horse, 0.1 Hippopotamus, 1.0 Llama, 0.0.1 Reeve's
muntjac (DNS), 2.1 Axis deer, 1.0 Pere David's deer (DNS), 5.0 Reindeer
(1.0 DNS), 0.0.1 Nyala (DNS), 0.1 Eastern waterbuck, 4.3 Springbok (1.0
DNS), 2.1 Dali's sheep (0.1 DNS), 0.0.1 Golden-rumped agouti (DNS); Birds
0.0.3 Double-wattled cassowary, 0.0.4 Emu, 0.0.4 Bar-headed goose, 0.0.2
Lesser snow goose, 0.0.3 Lesser snow goose (blue phase) (1 DNS), 0.0.5
Abyssinian blue-winged goose, 0.0.4 South African shelduck, 0.0.2 Mandarin
duck (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Bufflehead (DNS), 0.0.8 Barrow's goldeneye (6 DNS),
0.0.6 Hooded merganser (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Roul-roul, 0.0.1 Himalayan impeyan
pheasant (DNS), 0.0.3 East African crowned crane (1 DNS), 0.0.3 White-
fronted crake (1 DNS), 0.0.3 African spur-winged plover (2 DNS), 0.0.6
Speckled mousebird (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Kookaburra (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Blue-crowned
motmot, 0.0.3 Crested barbet (2 DNS), 0.0.1 D'arnard's barbet, 0.0.2 Fairy
bluebird, 0.0.2 Black-headed gondek, 0.0.2 Yellow-billed cardinal, 0.0.3
Bali mynah (2 DNS), 0.0.2 Indian hill mynah.

LAFAYETTE ZOOLOGICAL PARK Cyo/iy V. Ocfuenbeln

Recent B&H include: 1 Columbian rainbow boa (DNS), 2 Black swan, 20 Emu,

3 Red-crested pochard, 1.1 Reeve's muntjac and 1.0 Black-handed spider
monkey .

208

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, Contlna2.d

TOPEKA ZOO

BoAyile, Vuldman

From January to June 1985 the Keepers at the World Famous Topeka Zoo were
both expecting and surprised by many of the animal births. It has been
an exciting half year with new faces including: Sitatunga, Nene geese, two
Reticulated giraffe (one born on Valentine’s Day!), Darwin's rhea. Black
and white colobus. White-handed gibbon, American golden eagle. North Ameri-
can porcupine. Burrowing owl. Blue-crowned pigeon, Degu, Giant Indian fruit
bat, Dama wallaby. Rock hyrax. Brown-headed tamarin. Thick-tailed galago,
African pygmy goat. Bar-headed geese and Trumpeter swan. In early June,
we noted the birth of 1.1 Asian wild horses at the Zoo’s Conservation and
Propagation Center. These births bring to 10 the number of foals born
since May 1980.

SAN DIEGO ZOO

Jody CouAtnQ,y

Selected B&H for April and May 1985 from both the San Diego Zoo and Wild
Animal Park include: Mammals - 0.1 Bornean orangutan, 0.2 Przewalski’s
wild horse, 0.1 Jimela topi, 0.2 Addra gazelle, 2.3 Arabian oryx, 0.1
Masai klipspringer , 0.1 Forest buffalo, 1.1 Grevy’s zebra, 0.1 Southern
white rhinoceros, 1.0 Indian barasingha deer, 1.3 Addax, 1.0 Zulu suni,

0.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 0.2 East African bongo, 0.2 Ugandan giraffe,

1.2 Nubian ibex, 1.6 Persian gazelle, 2.0 Red ruffed lemur, 0.0.1 Goeldi’s
monkey, 0.0.2 Brazilian jaguar, 1.0 North Chinese leopard, 1.1 North
Chinese tiger, 2.0 Snow leopard, 4.0 Chinese water deer, 0.1 Alpine cham-
ois, 0.1 Formosan sika deer, 3.3 Russian saiga; Birds - 0.0.19 Elliot’s
pheasant, 0.0.1 Malay argus pheasant, 0.0.1 Malayan crestless fireback
pheasant, 0.0.6 Golden conure, 0.0.2 Blue and gold macaw, 0.0.3 Scarlet
macaw, 0.0.2 Duyvenbode’s lory, 0.0.2 Dusky lory, 0.0.2 Timneh grey par-
rot, 0.0.1 Toco toucan, 0.0.1 California condor, 0.1 Northern bald eagle,
0.0.1 Northern black vulture, 0.0.1 Brown-eared pheasant, 0.0.5 Himalayan
monal, 0.0.3 Mikado pheasant, 0.0.3 Palawan pheasant, 0.0.13 Temminck’s
tragopan, 0.0.1 Citron-crested cockatoo, 0.0.3 Bali mynah, 0.0.2 Blue-
crowned hanging parrot; Reptiles - 0.0.12 Common Indian cobra, 0.0.1 Maria
Island lizard, 0.0- 10 Cantil and 0.0.39 Tropical rattlesnake.

BABY'S NEW GENES

ifiom TJGERTALK
McitConal Zoo

Zoo efforts in captive breeding and careful keeper observation resulted
in the most recent acquisition at the Monkey House - a lion-tailed macaque
born 28 April 1985. The baby’ mother, "Mom", is closely bonded to her
current mate, "Gustav", who has sired 11 offspring in 26 years. Gustav's
productivity prompted concern that he was flooding the gene pool of cap-
tive lion-tailed macaques, but keepers wanted to preserve his close rela-
tionship with Mom. They decided to try an experiment. First, Gustav was
given a vasectomy in order to allow other males more opportunity for pro-
creation. Then, on 31 October, when Mom was sexually receptive, she was
moved to the cage of another male who had sired fewer babies. This en-
closure was covered to block Gustav’s view, and Mom successfully mated.
Shortly thereafter. Mom was moved back with Gustav. The Monkey House staff
waited in suspense through the female macaque’s six -month pregnancy to see
if Gustav would accept the baby as his own or attack it as the progeny of
another male. So far, Gustav has been gentle with the newborn. And, thanks
to the careful planning of the experiment. Mom and Gustav are still together
and the baby bears new genes that should strengthen the lion-tailed macaque
population.

209

Coming Events

THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL OTTER SYMPOSIUM

August 6-10, 1985 Santa Cruz, CA

For more information, contact Judy Mitchell, Center for Marine Studies,
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.

1985 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION
OF ZOOLOGICAL PARKS AND AQUARIUMS

September 4-6, 1985 Toronto, Canada

The Toronto AAZK Chapter will be taking an active part in this conference
For more information, contact Toby Styles, Manager, Public Relations,
Metro Toronto Zoo, P.O. Box 280, West Hill, Ontario, Canada MlE 4R5.

1985 AAZPA ANNUAL CONFERENCE

September 8-12, 1985 Columbus, OH

The Columbus Chapter of the AAZK would like to cordially invite you to
attend this conference. Our Chapter will be hosting a variety of activit
ies. We would also like to invite any national AAZK member who cannot
afford accommodations to contact Joe Ridler, accomodation coordinator, or
Andy Lodge, Chapter president. Both can be reached at the Columbus Zoo
(614) 889-9471. Our Chapter can help arrange housing to ease your finan-
cial burden.

1985 NATIONAL AAZK CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida Chapter. Conference Registration form and
accomodation information may be found on page 220 of this issue of AKF .

1985 INTERNATIONAL MARINE ANIMAL TRAINERS
ASSOCIATION (I MATA) ANNW~C0NFEREN^

Oct. 27-Nov. 1, 1985 Orlando, FL

Hosted by Sea World of Florida. For more information, contact Thad
Lacinak, Vice President, IMATA, Sea World of Florida, 7007 Sea World Dr.,
Orlando, FL 32821.

1986 AAZPA REGIONAL CONFERENCES

Southern Regional
Western Regional

Great Lakes Regional

Northeastern Regional

Central Regional

March 16-18, 1986
April 13-15, 1986

April 20-22, 1986

May 4-6, 1986

May 18-20, 1986

210

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Viewpoint

A national conference is an important function for any organization. It
is an excellent way to learn new things, share what you know with others,
see different facilities, see different parts of the country (or the world),
and have a enjoyable time doing it. In many ways it is an indicator of how
professional an organization considers itself to be. Any attempt to improve
a national conference so that is can more effectively serve its members
should be supported. To make intelligent choices, the membership needs ac-
curate information on which to base their decision.

No two conferences are ever alike (that’s partly why they are fun to attend).
Organizers in each city face their own unique problems, in spite of all the
advice from previous hosts. Change seems to be constant in the hotel indus-
try; prices change frequently, new taxes are added, new owners bring in new
staff and new rules and regulations, etc. The farther in advance that you
try to plan means a greater chance for major changes (and possibly greater
costs to delegates) . This is especially true for a conference of our rela-
tively small size. We don't have the same "pull" for getting good prices
and commitments as a larger conference.

AAZK now operates on a two year cycle for choosing conference sites. This
has proven to be a good system for a conference of our size. Local chapters
handle virtually all arrangements and cover costs through fundraisers and
fees. Staff burnout is kept to a manageable level (two years is long enough
for a project like this when you work full-time). Because of the extra time
needed, groups that vote on conference sites by mail are usually planning
at least three years ahead, often four or five. They are usually larger
groups (generally seating 500 delegates and up) , with a larger financial
base (through higher dues and registration fees ranging from $100-$150).

They often employ a professional conference planner (which many chapters
could not afford to do) .

Choosing a hotel is usually a question of trade-offs:

1. It's almost impossible to find the perfect combination of convenient

location, food services (in house or nearby), proper size of meeting and
eating space, adequate hospitality room, and affordability. i

2. Hotel contracts often won't allow food to be brought in by the group.

It must be supplied by the hotel. To reduce costs to individual delegates

it has become standard practice to include meals and/or coffee breaks in the :
conference package, whenever possible.

3. If the hospitality room is too close to guest rooms, complaints can be
expected.

4. If the hotel can't provide all the necessary space, delegates get shuttled,
around more than needed in an already crowded schedule.

5. If you can't guarantee a certain number of filled hotel rooms ahead of I
time, costs of other services can double or triple. Hotel rooms in medium

to large cities average $100 a night and up, making this year's rate of $75 !

a substantial savings.

An AAZK national conference is still one of the least expensive profession-
al conferences to attend. The effort and planning needed to attend a con-
ference is worth the investment. Ideas for future improvements to confer-
ence guidelines are always appreciated. Bring them with you! Let's all
rally together and meet in Miami, showing them our support and appreciation
for all their work towards such an important event!!

212

The Endangered Species Act an update

ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT ON COUNTDOWN TO REAUTHORIZATION

The House Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the En-
vironment held its mark-up on the Endangered Species Act on 9 May. Ap-
proved by the Subcommittee were four amendments; two of particular inter-
est. The first related to candidate species i.e. species identified by
the USFWS for future listing action under the Act. Testimony indicated
that a number of species have become extinct while awaiting their proposed
listing and this amendment would require the Secretary of Interior or
Commerce to implement a system to monitor the status of such candidate
species during the listing process and to use the emergency listing author-
ity when it is warranted.

A second amendment will encourage the establishment of an experimental
population of sea otters off the California coast. This population would
receive the full protection of the Act in the translocation zone. The
otters will also be managed, through non-lethal means, in areas adjacent
to the translocation site to reduce conflicts with fisheries.

Chairman of the Subcommittee John Breaux plans to offer an additional
amendment at the Full Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee mark-up
session to limit the take of endangered species by anyone. This amend-
ment is necessary due to a recent court decision which held that the
Endangered Species Act does not apply to American Indians on reservations.

The Endangered Species Act, which has been reauthorized four times since
it was enacted in 1973, established a comprehensive program for the con-
servation of endangered and threatened species. Currently, 831 animals
and plants are listed as endangered or threatened, 333 of which are found
in the United States. A total of 169 recovery plans have been approved,
setting goals and procedures for bringing listed species back from the
verge of extinction.

The Fish and Wildlife Service has requested a FY budget for 1986 of $27
million for administration of the endangered species program, approximate-
ly the same level of appropriations approved by Congress for FY 1985.

About $23 million would support listing, recovery, consultation, research,
and law enforcement programs; $4 million is requested for endangered
species conservation and restoration grants for the States. In 1985, 146
such cooperative projects were conducted in 37 States with the same level
of support.

{Note,- The. cu/iAe.nt EndangeAe.d Spe-cle^ Act uittt e,xpi/ie, on 30 Se.ptembeA
1985 anlet6 n,exJiixthontze.d by Cong^e^6. TheAe, a/ie, tho^e. who would tike,
to amend the Act aHowtng exemptions ^on. eentain pfiojects on. intene^ts
i.e. weste/in states watex. developexs and theJji dam^, I eneouxage all
AAZK membexs to contact theix State Repn,etentatioes and Congn.e^smen in
suppont oi the pn.e^ent Endangered Species Act without any amendments
intent on accomodating special interest groups or projects, - Alice
Ntser, Legislative Coordinator, )

213

HONOLULU AAZK CHAPTER

Chapter

News

Our Chapter participated in the
28th Hawaiian Science and Engine-
ering Fair held 9-13 April. Two
of our members. Tommy Higashino
and Wendy Kuhns, served as State
Fair Judges as well as choosing
our Chapter's award recipients.
We gave T-shirts and Annual Zoo
Passes to the following:

METRO TORONTO ZOO CHAPTER

Newly elected officers for the
Metro Toronto Chapter of AAZK
are:

Display Project #406 - "Heartworm:
How It Affects Dogs** - Daniel K.
Fuller & Kevin T. Johnson, 8th
graders, St. Ann School.

President Marilyn Cole

Vice Pres Oliver Claffey

Harry Hofauer

Treasurer Neville Pike

Sec Patsy Vandenbussche

LOS ANGELES ZOO CHAPTER

The Los Angeles Zoo Chapter
held a Marine Mammal Sympos-
ium on 25 May. The program
sold out and raised over
$300, not to mention the edu-
cational benefits.

A possible symposium on Aus-
tralian Mammals has been
discussed for January. We
are accepting papers for this
two-day symposium, all inter-
ested please write:

AAZK/ LA ZOO

5333 Zoo Drive

Los Angeles, CA 90027

The LA AAZK & Keepers are
challenging other local zoos
and AAZK members to a "Klash
of the Keepers, a picnic and
party. Events included are:
Tricycle Race, Obstacle Course,
Wheelbarrow Race, Tug of War,
Three Legged Race and Volley-
ball. The event is planned
for 12 July.

The LA Chapter is currently
selling T-Shirts featuring
artwork by Linda Paul. The
art is of a Zebra Duiker and
the shirts sell for $7.50 each.

Display Project #417 - "Life Cycle
of External and Internal Parasites
of Pigeons" - Scott Paiva, 8th
grader. Our Lady of Good Counsel.

Display Project #254 - "The Wild-
life/Wetland Refuges and Endanger-
ed Waterbirds of the Hawaiian
Islands" - Cathleen M. Tibayan,

11th grader, Farrington High School.

--ktldd P.S» RobeJitS

Cop-lz^ oi CkaptoA New6 itm^ should
be to ChapteA CooAdlna-

toA GoAoJid Vaynd at tkn VotAott loo,
A copy should aJUo be hcvit to the
AKV cdltoAiat ^ta{^i ioA tneZeuton
tn tht6 column.

214

CHAPTER NEWS, CoyvUnuzd

PUGET SOUND CHAPTER (Seattle, WA)

From birds of prey to Birds of
Paradise, both native and exotic
avians have benefitted from the
fundraising efforts of the Puget
Sound Chapter of AAZK in 1985.

In January, $1630.00 was raised
in one night at our annual Zoo
Bowl. Bowlers paid their own
expenses and found sponsors who
would pay a penny a point plus
lOc for each spare and 20c for
each strike. Prizes were given
for most money raised, high game
and high series. Over 40 door
prizes were donated and distri-
buted by the luck of the draw.

Proceeds from the 1985 Zoo Bowl
were used to purchase six radio
transmitters. Five of these
transmitters were used to track
rehabilitated Bald Eagles re-
leased in the Skagit area dur-
ing 1985 as part of Woodland
Park Zoo's Eagle Release Pro-
gram.

A rummage sale held on 30 March,
1985, raised $1040.00 which will
be used to pay airfare and living
expenses for keeper Gregg Thompson
to participate in the New Guinea
Salvage Project. Gregg has been
on a year-long exchange program
at Taronga Zoo in Sydney, Aus-
tralia, and had indicated his
desire to work on the Salvage
Project.

The New Guinea Salvage Project
is a cooperative zoo effort which
is trying to salvage birds , mam-
mals and plants which will be des-
troyed when the mountain where
they live is turned into a open-
pit mine due to the discovery of
gold and other minerals on the
site.

Keepers and other Zoo employees,
volunteers and docents gave both
time and material goods to make
the rummage sale such a success.
Some of the more unusual items
donated included a dishwasher,
an electric range and a station-
ary exercise bicycle.

We are very happy with the results
of our fundraising efforts, and
are most grateful to those people
who contributed in many ways to
the success of these projects.

--WaneXte Tanlguckl, SdCAiita/iy

TOPEKA zoo AAZK CHAPTER

The Topeka AAZK Chapter, after
re-activating in February 1984,
has had monthly meetings discus-
sing numerous fund-raisers and
other activities relating to the
zoo .

We've had volleyball & softball
games and have participated in
the Topeka Zoo's annual fund-
raiser, 'Animal Fair', held on
the Sunday prior to Labor Day.

We attempt to sell animal arti-
facts such as elephant footprints,
'Elephant Tea' (bagged elephant
manure for plant fertilizer),
feather earrings, bracklets, pens,
quills and other animal-related
items. We have profited quite
well from it.

We had attempted to secure a
grant from the Smithsonian Insti-
tution through the National Museum
Act for a Great Ape Workshop in the
spring of 1986, but were unfortunate-
ly denided funding. This activity
began to foster a vision for our
Chapter that we needed. It is al-
ways good to have a goal in mind
when attempting any project or fund-
raiser. We are now considering other
possible funding sources for this
project .

During the weekends of the month of
June, the Keepers gave spontaneous
talks about their animals from pre-
determined and posted areas of the
zoo, in honor of National Zoo and
Aquarium Month. The favorite of all
the Keeper Talks was The Elephant
Discipline talk.

--BoAVLin VoJidmavi, ?n.Qj>yid<ivit

%

215

Update From The AAZK Public Education Committee

Smbmlttzd by Jay Jcuan, Coordinator

Brochures, articles and pamphlets are being accumulated that deal with
educational programs in which keepers play a crucial role. The goal of
this Public Education Committee project is to develop a directory which
lists and briefly describes programs involving keepers. The directory
will be of use to zoos who wish to get their keepers involved in educa-
tional programming as well as providing ideas for AAZK Chapter activities.

Other projects to be worked on include a display which may be kept at
AAZK National Headquarters, representing the zookeeping profession. The
display may be loaned to zoos or Chapters for use in programs such as
"Career Days" at schools. A pamphlet dealing with frequently asked ques-
tions by zoo visitors and the best way to answer them.

If you have knowledge of public education programs involving keepers, or
would like to participate further in the Committee, please contact or
send descriptive information to: Jay Ja6an, CommiXtHQ, Coordinator, Staten
Inland Zoo, 614 Broadway, Statm Inland, NV 10310.

Publications Available

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A brief list of contents includes: Carnivora: Nutrition of the Dog. Diets,
Natural & Synthetic, Cats and other Felidae. Viverridae. Ferrets. Raccoon
and other Procyonidae. Rodentia: Sciurid Diets. Diets, natural & synthetic,
Geomidae. Castor idae. Mountain Beaver. Rats and Mice. Dormice, Hystrlcomorph
Rodents. Diets of Cricetidae. Food Habits for Aspodidae. Natural and semi-
purified diets for Guinea pigs. Digestive physiology & feeding of capybaras
Artiodactyla: Diets, natural and synthetic. Swine, Wild Pigs, Peccaries &
Hippopotamuses. New World Camelidae. Giraffidae. Diets for Caribou, Deer,
Beef Cattle, Sheep & Goats, Gazelle, Antelopes. Freely grazing reindeer/
Captive reindeer. Pronghorn diets, synthetic and natural. Diets for Zebu
cattle. Other mammals: Diets, natural and synthetic; Monotremata, Marsup-
ialia. Foods of wild and captive : Insectivora, Tupaiidae. Diets for
Chiroptera. Ecology and Dietary Habits of the Malaysian Flying Lemur.
Endentate Nutrition, natural and synthetic. Natural & synthetic diets for
Pholidota. Diets for Lagonmorphs. Diets, natural & synthetic: Tubulinden-
tata. Subhuman Primates. Horses. Nutrition of the Hyrax. Foods and Feed-
ing of Elephants. Diets for Marine Mammals. Diets for Germfree Mammals.

qr

216

CONFERENCE T-SHIRTS

We are selling conference T-shirts for $10.00 apiece if purchased at the
conference. However, a $1.50 savings is being offered for those who pur-
chase T-shirts before the conference. Shirts will be attached to your
registration packet when you arrive.

If you are not planning on attending the conference, T-shirts can still
be bought at a savings. We do ask for $1.25 postage and handling in
addition to the discounted price of $8.50.

Send your check or money order to:

South Florida AAZK Chapter
12400 S.W. 152nd Street
Miami, FL 33177

The design will be printed in 4 colors on the following choice of shirts:

White Lt. Grey Yellow_

(*please put your order of preference 1 to 3)

SIZE: Small Medium

Large Extra-1 drge_

Quantity of Shirts' Ordered: $8.50 each

Shirts will be printed by Harlequin Nature Graphics. Check your local
gift shop for other Harlequin designs. This discount is being offered
to establish an accurate quantity of shirts we will need to print

217

Conference *85

For those interested in attending the 1985 Annual AAZK Conference but wish
to find a roommate to share a double room and reduce costs, please contact:

Rachel Rogers

Conference Committee Chairman
South Florida AAZK
12400 S.W. 152nd Street
Miami, FL 33177

She will be happy to assist you. Please specify whether the roommate is
to be male or female, and any other important details deemed necessary.

Your promptness in registering early will be greatly appreciated and will
enable Rachel to have enough time to match people.

REMINDER - Registration Deadline is Thursday, 15 August 1985

FINAL CALL FOR PAPERS DEADLINE: 1 August, 1985

"Husbandry/Maintenance of Traditionally Difficult Animals"

There is still time for all interested delegates to share their unique
knowledge and experiences with others by submitting papers for presenta-
tion at the 1985 Conference. It is only by this sharing of information
that others may learn and advance in their specialized work.

Please submit your paper as soon as possible because presentation time is
limited. Even if it is just a brief summarized paragraph and the paper
is not completed, we need to get an idea of how many papers will be pre-
sented so we can properly schedule and prepare for them. If your paper is
accepted, you will receive a $15 refund from your registration. Remember -
all papers will appear in the special conference issue of Animal Keepers'
Forum at the end of the year so please arrange manuscripts according to
"Guidelines for Typing Papers for AAZK Conference Proceedings."

Presentations will be limited to 15 minutes plus an optional 5 minute
question/answer period. Please notify us of any equipment needed. If
you will be using video tapes, only VHS will be accepted. Please submit
an outline or abstract by 1 August, 1985. Send papers, information or
address questions to:

Brett Banner, AAZK Conference
South Florida AAZK Chapter
12400 S.W. 152nd Street
Miami, FL 33177

Those intending to make a presentation should send the following informa-
tion to Brett:

1 . Name of Presenter

2. Zoo or organization presenter is affiliated with

3. Presenter's position or title

4. Title of paper

5. Outline or abstract of paper

6. Equipment needed (please check all that you require)

Videotape player (VHS i" only) Standard cassette player

16mm movie projector Slide projector

218

EVERGLADES - Post-Conference Trio

The post-conference trip this year will feature an ecological area unique
to South Florida. On Friday, 25 October, we will visit the Everglades, a
fresh water river six inches deep and 50-75 miles wide. This river is
made up of a variety of habitats from fresh water sloughs to brackish water
mangroves. Our trip will give you a guided tour of the terrain and wild-
life in this natural wonderland.

Beginning the day with a 3-4 hour canoe trip, we will explore the coastal
prairies of the Everglades. After lunch and arriving back on shore, we’ll
make our way to several different types of environments.

The Pa-hay-okee Trail, highlighted by an observation platform, gives an
overview of the ’river of grass’ which is the true Everglades. From there,
we’ll move on to a local favorite, Anhinga Trail, named for the curious
’’snake bird”. During the drier months this is a thriving waterhole which
attracts quite a variety of wildlife.

Nearby Gumbo Limbo Trail is an excellent example of a tropical hardwood
hammock. This spot is ideal for viewing native plants such as royal palms,
gumbo limbo trees, wild coffee, ferns and wild orchids.

Although the end of October is only the beginning of the winter season and
more concentrated wildlife, you can expect to see many birds (ospreys,
anhingas, egrets, and purple gallinules) and reptiles (a variety of turtles,
snakes and of course - alligators) . Raccoons, deer and bobcats are less
obvious, but are occasionally seen also.

The cost of the trip somewhat varies depending on the number of interested
people; the more people the lower the cost. The expected cost will be
$29.50 which includes transportation, guides, canoe rentals, and lunch. We
would like to limit the number of participants to 50. In order to provide
us with the idea of how many people would like to see the Everglades, please
take a moment to fill out and send the following information. We will keep
you posted with more details. If you have any questions please don’t hesi-
tate to contact: Greg Sorini/Metrozoo, 12400 S.W. 152nd St., Miami, FI 33177.

EVERGLADES POST-CONFERENCE TRIP INTEREST FORM
Name :

Address:

Phone: ( )

Yes, I am interested in attending the post-conference trip to the

Everglades on Friday, 25 October 1985.

219

1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE REGISTRATION FORM

October 20 - 24. 1985

Please fill in and return this form with your
fee to:

Rac-kol. RogM
Con^eAmc-Q. Rug^At/iatlon
South Vlontda AAZK
12400 5.0/. 152yid StAdot
IMaml, Ft 33J77

CONFERENCE REGISTRATION

NAME :

ADDRESS: CITY:

STATE/COUNTRY: ZIP/POSTAL CODE:

ZOO AFFILIATION (if applicable):

AREA OF INTEREST:

VEGETARIAN: YES NO

WILL BE PARTICIPATING IN ZOO OLYMPICS: YES ^NO

BRINGING AN AUCTION ITEM? IF SO, BRIEFLY DESCRIBE:

WILL BE SUBMITTING PAPER: YES _NO

($15.00 will be refunded on acceptance of paper)

TRANSPORTATION: (car, plane, etc.)

AAZK MEMBERSHIP STATUS & FEE:

Member or Spouse .$55.00

Non-member $60.00

Late Registration Fee $15.00

TOTAL FEES ENCLOSED $

SINGLE EVENT RATES: Ice Breaker $10.00 Paper Session I $10.00

Sun. 20 Oct. Mon. 21 Oct.

Miami Metrozoo $15.00 Dreher Pk Zoo $20.00
Tues. 22 Oct. Wed, 23 Oct.

Paper Session II & Banquet $30.00
Thurs. 24 Oct.

Please make this check payable to: "SOUTH FLORIDA AAZK". The deadline
for registration is Thursday, 15 August, 1985.

220

Information Please

Information is requested on the diets and breeding of captive Macropods,
particularly the Bennett's wallaby (M. Aa^ogAAy&2LU} , the Dama wallaby
!(M. eugen/yc) and the Gray kangaroo {¥. g^ga^e.cU}T I am trying to in-
vestigate why we have sick animals (vitamin E related?), why others have
(died, and how it affects breeding. Please send any pertinent data to:
jCarl Gingerich, Houston Zoo, 1513 Outerbelt Drive, Houston, TX 77030.

We at the Cherry Brook Zoo have been invited to participate in the Atlantic
National Exhibition in the last week of August until the 1st of September.
An attendance of approximately 250,000 people will pass through the gates
and we hope to attract a high percentage of them. We have been given a
large building in which to set up our display and do not wish to promote
just our zoo, but all zoos and the whole idea of conservation and zoo-
keeping, and what is involved in this field. We would ask all AAZK members
to send any brochures, pamphlets, posters, etc. from their institution to
be included in this display. We, of course, are happy to pay any postage
and handling. Any interested parties are asked to contact Lynda Collrin,
Cherry Brook Zoo, R.R.# 1 Sandy Point Road, Saint John, New Brunswick,
Canada E2L 3W2.

The Elephant Management Committee at the Topeka Zoological Park is de-
veloping text for graphics concerning elephant handling and discipline
We are interested in examples presently used in zoos or ideas for this
type of graphics. Anyone having this information please send it to:
Elephant Management Committee, Topeka Zoological Park, 635 Gage Blvd.,
Topeka, KS 66606.

As part of the Topeka Zoo’s Diet Review Committee, I am interested in re-
ceiving information from other zoos about Polar Bear feeding (diets) and
other information relating to it. Please send any information to: Tim
Kurkowski, Lead Keeper Carnivores, Topeka Zoological Park, 635 Gage Blvd.,
Topeka, KS 66606.

I am interested in finding out how many zoos exhibit Kinkajous ( Pot06
^tcLVUA ) in hopes of getting a exhibit for our breeding pair not currently
on display. Anyone who does, please write a short description and send
it to: Debbie Evers, c/o Phoenix Zoo Education Dept., Box 5155, Phoenix,
AZ 85010.

Any institution having information on the use of ivermectin in reptiles
please send dosage rates and target parasites for each species of rep-
tile to: Connie Sweet, Lafayette Zoological Park, 3500 Granby St., Norfolk,
VA 23504.

221

Reptile Care: Relating To
The Inquiring Novice - Part 15

^ potpc

lan .
pourri

By

Sluan M. BoAnoAd, Se-nloA KeepcA
Ve.pt. oi HeApetology
Atlanta loologtcal ?an.k, Atlanta, GA

HYGIENE

Infectious diseases can quickly devastate an otherwise healthy collection
of animals. For this reason, all new arrivals should be quarantined for
one to three months prior to their introduction into an established rep-
tile collection. During this period, reptile novices should take their
newly acquired pet to a herpetologically experienced veterinarian for a
complete physical examination. The examination should also include se-
quential fecal examinations. Sick animals should be examined by a veter-
inarian, then quarantined until a cure can be effected.

To prevent the proliferation of bacteria, fungi, or parasites, all fecal I
material, uneaten food, and shed skins should be promptly removed from
cages. Avoid transferring cage contents, uneaten food, and other items i
from one cage to another: attend sick animals last. Substrate material, '
other than newspapers, should be replaced every 3 to 4 months or sooner ^

if unpleasant odors develop. Newspapers, as a substrate, should be re- i

placed when soiled. Water in bowls, aquariums, and other receptacles
should be changed 2 to 3 times weekly. Overcrowding of animals should be *
avoided; it is stressful and makes proper cage maintenance difficult. \

Cages should be disinfected immediately following the death of a reptile, f

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, all tools used to remove [
uneaten food, feces, and other items, including animals, should be dipped
in a strong disinfectant immediately after attending each cage.

The type of disinfectant and duration of application is important; the
longer applied, the more effective it is. Avoid using phenolic compounds v
because they are highly toxic to reptiles. Some safe disinfectants com-
monly used after enclosures have been washed are hypochlorite (Clorox® ) , ;

iodophore (Betadinef Purdue Frederick) , and quarternary ammonium (Zephiravj
Winthrop) . However, quarternary ammonia may not inhibit the growth of ,
certain bacteria such as V^Q.udomona^ ♦ Other cleansing methods for caging i

include scalding hot water and table salt. Fish oils, algae, and other i

deposits on aquarium siding can easily be cleaned away if salt is applied [I
with a damp sponge. j

Reptile handlers should wash their hands after working with each animal. '
Hexachlorophene (Phisohex, Winthrop) is excellent for personal hygiene.

Part 14 of this series is entitled "Preliminary Physical Examination"
and will deal with diagnostic considerations and some frequent complaints
of reptile owners with comments on possible causes.

222

An Encouraging Mrd.

REINTRODUCED GOLDEN LION TAMAR I NS REPRODUCE IN WILD

The captive-bred golden lion tamarins that were reintroduced at the Poco
das Antas Biological Reserve in Brazil have successfully produced three
offspring. On 19 December, 1984, a male offspring was born. The young
male has already begun foraging for his own food that includes fruits,
insects and small invertebrates. A set of twins (sex undetermined) were
born to another pair of newly-released parents on 15 February, 1985. The
twins are still nursing and typical of golden lion tamarins, the father
has been observed carrying the young and investing a great deal of effort
tin the care of the offspring.

iThe first births of these squirrel-sized, brilliantly colored monkeys are
important to the staff of the National Zoological Park who have been
Working on this project for many years. Over a decade ago when the species
became nearly extinct in the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forest, NZP under-
Itook a program under the direction of Devra Kleiman, to solve the problem
of breeding golden lion tamarins in captivity. More than 200 of these
monkeys have been born at NZP, and the active little mammals are now being
bred in many zoos around the world using techniques developed at NZP.

In 1984, 13 captive-bred golden lion tamarins were released in the 12,500-
^acre Poco das Antas Reserve. Considering births and deaths, it is esti-
mated that as a result of reintroduction efforts, seven new tamarins are
now living in the Poco das Antas reserve. While the adults have become
.somewhat acclimated to the forest, the youngsters should become so well
adapted that they will be indistinguishable from the remaining wild popu-
jlation.

'nZP/CRC reports birth of lOOTH PERE DAVID'S DEER

(Mammologist Larry Collins of the National Zoological Park's Conservation
sand Research Center in Front Royal, VA reports that the birth of a Pere
David’s deer on 20 March 1985 brought the total of these rare animals
born at CRC to 100. The milestone is significant because this deer ex-
,ists only in captivity; none remain in the original marshy habitat that
supported them in Northern and Central China. In fact, it is believed
that Pere David’s deer have not lived in nature for many centuries. For
at least 2000 years the species has been bred in captivity but in the
jlate 1800’s, due to several great floods, much of the captive stock
lescaped into the surrounding Chinese countryside. The escaped deer were
ihunted down for food during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. Fortunately, some
deer had been sent to zoos in Europe, and in the early 20th Century,
lEuropean zoo directors transferred their Pere David’s deer to the col-
lection of one of the most famous animal breeders of his time, England’s
Duke of Bedford. Their collaborative effort saved the species and today
many zoos have breeding herds of Pere David’s deer. The 100 births are
,3 testament to the research and management efforts of the Conservation
land Research Center staff.

— iKom TJGERTALK, ApUl 1985
National Zoological Vcuik

223

GIFT WILL BRING A BIT OF ASIAN RAIN FOREST
TO THE SAN DIEGO ZOO

By

Vebb-ie Hmltt, SunloK Ho^p^al Keepe/L
San V-lego Zoo, San V^ego, CA

Joan B. Kroc, president of the McDonald's Corporation, and owner of the
world champion San Diego Padres, has made a $3.3 million personal gift to
the San Diego Zoo, earmarked for reconstruction of the zoo's Cascade Can-
yon area. The largest single donation ever to the Zoological Society of
San Diego, Mrs. Kroc's gift will rebuild the nearly two-acre canyon to
house animals native to the Asian tropical rain forests. Including birds,
reptiles, primates, tigers and other mammals. Cascade Canyon will be re-
named in honor of the Kroc family.

Construction will begin as soon as the busy summer tourist season is over
and will take nearly a year to complete. Mrs. Kroc called on Monday, 22
April, after reading a story on the zoo's needs in the Sunday, 21 April,
edition of The San Diego Union. Mrs. Kroc's gift is a perfect example of
the people of San Diego coming to the aid of the zoo in a time of need.

The Asian Tropical Rain Forest complex will cover 77,000 square feet just j
inside the zoo's entrance, between the Reptile House and the Primate Ex-
hibits. The project has been on the Zoological Society's priority list j
for funding for nearly a year. Conceptual architectural drawings were
completed in February and working drawings will be finished late this sum-
mer. "Our goal with this area is to immerse the visitor completely in
the mood of the rain forest," said Executive Director Douglas L. Myers.

"The environment will be as complete as we can make it, with graphics and
other storytelling devices to explain the uniqueness and interdependence j
of all elements in nature." I

Mammal enclosures planned for the new area include exhibits for Babirusa, j
a wild species of swine; either Sumatran rhinos or Malayan tapirs; fish- [
ing cats; and Sumatran tigers. The tiger exhibit has been previously j

sponsored by an anonymous donor and will be named for a family member when |
opened next year.

I

Birds to be exhibited in the Asian Tropical Rain Forest complex include:
Rhinoceros horn bills. Green junglefowl, Clssas, Pittas, Bulwer's pheas- |i
ants. Parrot finches, and Black-necked storks and other marsh birds. Rep- [
tile exhibits will be built for false gavials, a kind of crocodile; and ,
pythons. The area will be lushly planted with species appropriate to each [
rain forest biome. Dense tropical vegetation featuring figs, ferns, palms, j,
and bamboos will extend into viewing areas to involve visitors in the sen-
sations of a tropical rain forest environment. I

Hidden barriers will separate people and animals, and animals from each |

other, in adjoining enclosures. Service and holding facilities will be ^

out of view of the public and designed to standards set by keepers for '
the best care of zoo animals. Pedestrian and tour bus paths through the
Asian Tropical Rain Forest exhibits will be separate and often not visible
to each other. A series of viewing shelters throughout the complex will i
allow for quiet, long-term observation and provide centers for presenta- |
tion of background information on the animals, plants and native habitats. ^
The stream which currently runs the length of Cascades Canyon will be re- ■
tained, but will be modified to serve the inhabitants of the new Asian
Tropical Rain Forest section.

224

po^a. M. Jacobs, SeiUoA HeApetcuiyCum Ke^peA
Jllo GA-andd loo, AlbuqaeAqae., WM

ONE OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING

Part I: To Do or Not to Do?

lere is much discussion in the zoo world and among those who keep domes-
ic animals concerning the validity of training animals. Among those who
gree that it is valid, there is further discussion about technique. What
am presenting here is my philosophy, not an effort to write a history or
I tactful overview. My opinions are based upon my subjective experiences
Lus observation and conversation with others. If your view is otherwise.
Lease write it up. There is a real need for animal handlers to know the
Iverslty of opinion and experience on such issues.

p begin with, I advocate the training of all animals kept in captivity,
jince doing nothing is a form of training, since it conditions habits, this
buld include captive animals intended to be returned to the wild state,
yen doing nothing can be planned to accomplish a goal. There are times
jlien all captive animals may have to be medicated or shipped, and I think
B owe it to them to teach them not to be stressed when touched or driven,
□me are just plain too hazardous to fraternize intimately with, but we
an at least get them used to our neutral presence in their territory.

□cial animals, by their very nature, are easier to communicate with than
□litary ones. Animals kept as domestic livestock in various parts of
jie world, such as elephants, yaks, camels, and reindeer, are relatively
jasy to control if trained and handled properly.

jliere is the further problem of unemployment among captive animals. Ani-
als which can exercise their bodies and minds, especially if they can
xert some control over what happens to them, are healthier and happier
aan those which are left to their own devices in a cramped, artificial
nvironment. Training to respond to commands or other signals reduces
he stress arising from random human interference imposed under captive
□nditions. Some animals futhermore enjoy interaction with people.

|n summary, I feel that we owe it to our captive animals to give them ways
!f responding to us, in order to maintain them in optimal physical, mental,
nd emotional health. Our safety should also be enhanced by this policy,
opefully, we can also gain some degree of mental stimulation and emotion-
1 satisfaction from living in harmony with the animals under our care.

bdJjton.' h note.: VoAt 2 o^ thLs ^abjdcttve, ^eJttdA on Antmal T/uLlyilng aj>
ntOLle.d "What To Vo" and wtUi appe.aA tn the. August ts^ue.. PoAt 3, e.n-
itled "What Not To Vo" votZZ Ann tn the. Se.ptembeA AKT. ]

225

THE VENOMLESS ALTERNATIVE FOR HERPETOZOOS

By

George H. Hanley, Reptile Keeper
Call^oA-nla Living Miueum
BakeA^^leld, CA

John Trestrail’s outstanding guidelines for dealing with venomous snakes, ■
completed in the March *85 issue of Animal Keepers* Forum, will be an
important reference for reptile houses and private collectors. It concise-^
ly establishes an ideal model for safe policy and practice. ’

Many small zoos and reptile houses, unfortunately, have not the funds, the
plant, or the paid personnel to implement the procedures outlined. At the ^
California Living Museum (CALM) we have chosen the venomless alternative ^
in which all rattlesnakes displayed have been rendered **safe** through an [
operation called a venomductectomy . Since all of our keepers are volun- ,
teers, the feeding and care of **hot** reptiles was deemed inadvisable.

Many of our collection* s reptiles were donated by local hereptologists ;
whose gifts had previously been **fixed** by this operation.

Mr. A1 Robbins of Bakersfield, who had detailed knowledge of reptile anat- !
omy, had worked with Dr. Lewis Larson, a local physician, to refine this -
operation back in the 1960s. These gentlemen have trained a number of !

other herpetologists in this procedure. Most venomous specimens in pri- J]

vate collections in Kern County had been operated on by the year 1981 when "
our living museum was established. These snakes through donation became ij
a large part of the collection at CALM. |

In the opinion of many herpetologists, a venomous snake needs its venom
to assist in the digestion of its food. This is a myth that has persisted j

for over 50 years. I know of no experimental research to justify this

belief. Mr. Robbins has a pet Indian cobra and a rattlesnake which were
venomductectomized 20 and 18 years ago respectively. Both feed well and j
are in good health. Local amateurs in Kern County have had many such
snakes made safe by this operation that seem to thrive. I am also aware
that zoo keepers worldwide prefer to feed valuable snakes freshly killed i;
or thawed rodents rather than live ones to avoid having the snakes injured
by the rodents. Rarely do these snakes envenomate the dead rodents, yet
they show no problem with digestion. Myths die hard. i

The procedure for feeding our snakes is simple. Initially they are offer- ^
ed live food at which they strike. The chick or rodent is then removed, !
killed, and returned to the snake. This is desirable since the snake can
no longer kill his own food. Most of the reptiles, however, soon learn
to b3T)ass step one and accept frozen chicks or rodents that have been
thawed without going through any preliminaries. Fresh road-killed mice
and rats are also well accepted and may be frozen for future use. Volun-
teer keepers can service these reptiles at no great risk. Keepers are
expected to maintain their tetanus immunity.

Basically the venomductectomy consists of removal of a small section of
the venom duct in the area just under the eye. The cut ends of the duct
are tied off with surgical silk. Preparation consists of anesthetizing
the serpent (ether), milking the venom glands, and sterilizing the incis- ■
ion site. Using sterilized surgical tools, the incision is made as a
short hoizitontal cut between scales while an assistant holds the snake's i
head on its side. The skin is drawn back to expose the duct which lies

226

IE VENOMLESS ALTERNATIVE FOR HERPEOZOOS, ConUnuzd

iar the surface, between eye and lip. The tissues must not be allowed
> dry out. A probe is slid under the duct, carefully avoiding nearby
iTves. The duct is teased out into an available position. Two sutures
Le off the duct on either side of the probe. The section of duct between
\e two ties is then snipped away. The skin is then pulled together. The
itire procedure is repeated on the other side. During the latter part
: the operation, the assistant gently massages the lung area to clear
me of the ether. A week or two of Isolation allows the mouth to heal,
iclsions sutured together seem to heal no better than those that have
sen gently pulled together unsutured.

check on the operations success consists of offering live food after
mplete healing. If the snake’s strike does not kill the mouse, you
ive succeeded. Until this test is made, we treat the snake as if it were
:ill "hot”. The venomductectomy requires considerable practice to obtain
rof iciency .

1. CALM we have learned much from working with devenomized snakes. Some
imain nervous, and we believe they would bite if given the opportunity,
my, however, are quite docile, and never offer to bite. Specimens of
|iy species may fall into either category. We have seen some individuals
I: each of the following species that could be safely handled: C/LOt(ltuJ>
‘Xch^Ztl, C. VAjildU oA,eganci6 and C. hdULoAl, C. atxox,

[ HuboJi^ C, 6cutuZatuJ> , and AgkAJt^odon p^clvo^iU, Other individuals of
)st of these species have continued to be strikers. The only two
iHAA,daA of which we have personal knowledge remain strikers as do three
ija naja.

)cile individuals are especially useful in a zoo to enable close-up photo-
[raphy to be performed; for ease of veterinary care; for educational use
1 studying the heat sensing pits, eye structure, scale counts, sex dif-
irences, etc.; and for ready access to cages for cleaning. Common sense
-Ctates that special caution be observed, even with docile snakes when
icently fed, when in "milky eye" preparatory to shedding, or after the
iindler has been working with feed animals. All cages are kept locked
idividually between servicings.

lanks to the venomductectomy CALM is able to provide an educational dis-
.ay of poisonous California species for our community using volunteer
jiepers who are free of risk. We have no need to stock expensive anti-

227

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT

i;

The goal of the AAZK Keeper Training Video Tape Project is to produce ji
quality video tape training programs suitable to supplement existing in- I
house training of entry level keepers. These tapes are not intended to j
be a complete training program in themselves. All proceeds generated
from the sale of training tapes will be used to finance production of j
future training tapes. Two tapes are currently available. I

Zoo Keeper Safety; An Attitude Adjustment ~ This 18-minute program does i|
not attempt to address the numerous variable specifics of this subject, j
It presents a safety approach to the job of zoo keeping, and promotes li
constant awareness and personal responsibility for safety. j

A Zoo Keeper's Introduction to Feeds and Feeding - A half hour introduc- j
tion to the complex subject of feeds and feeding of zoo animals. Topics |'
covered include what, when, and where to feed. ^

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PURCHASE AGREEMENT j

RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE BUYER [

1) The tape may not be duplicated or made available to any person or j|

institution for the purpose of duplication. J

2) The tape may not be utilized for any commercial purpose. i:

3) Should the buyer decide the tape will not be useful to their training i

program, the undamaged tape may be returned within 14 days of receipt 1
for a partial refund - $10 for BETA and VHS, $18 for 3/4 inch. ^

I, the undersigned, accept the responsibility for the restrictions list- j
ed above. |

(Type or Print) j

DATE S

0RGANIZATI0N/INSTITUTI0N__

SHIPPING ADDRESS C

NAME

SIGNATURE

ZIP

TELEPHONEJ I

TAPE TITLE

FORMAT: BETA VHS 3/4 INCH

$25 $25 $35 —

Make checks payable to AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT.

Mail to: B. Wayne Buchanan

Woodland Park Zoological Gardens
5500 Phinney Avenue North
Seattle, WA 98103

GORILLA ENCOUNTER AT LAST!

By

Atlc.e. Lmd Ke.ep2A

ViAc.ovQJvinQ Ape6 Compldx
Topeka loologleaZ PoAk, Topeka^ KS

GORILLA

ENCOUNTER

WORLD FAMOUS
TOPEKA ZOO

It was the culmination of years of planning and months of hard work. On
12 May 1985, the World Famous Topeka Zoo officially opened its new exhibit.
Gorilla Encounter.

Gorilla Encounter is part of the Discovering Apes Complex, completed in
two phases. Phase I, completed in July 1981, included Orangutan Impressions
(a four-story exhibit with free-standing gunnlte trees, and treetop-level
viewing of Bornean orangutans from a bamboo treehouse) , and 4000 square
feet of animal management and service area.

The animal management areas are two-story units, six for each species,
arranged in a circular pattern around a central core (see Diagram). All
controls for the units, pneumatically controlled doors, grated steel water-
ers, air flow and feed chutes are located at second-story level around a
clear acrylic keeper walkway. The walkway maximizes keeper visibility into
each unit or of animals as they are moved through a doorway. Ape groups
may be housed in two units, without giving access to the core area, via a
connecting clear acrylic door. Units have various climbing apparatus and
second-story viewing windows to the outside and keeper walkway.

Phase II includes ’’Apes In The Mind of Man”, a interior graphics area de-
monstrating man’s perception of apes through examples of movies, art, lit-
erature, etc. This is only partially completed at this time.

Gorilla Encounter, also part of Phase II, features Lowland gorillas viewed
through a visitor’s glass tunnel which bisects an outdoor exhibit. This
allows the visitor to get nose-to-nose with a 400 pound male gorilla or
look up as a gorilla walks b}^ overhead. The gorillas move up over the
tunnel at any one of three gunnite bridges linking the east and west halves
of the yard. The gorillas descend into the west half via a waterfall or
down the rock handholds of the end bridges.

The yard is moated on two sides with 30-40 foot high sculptured gunnite
walls at either end of the tunnel. Each moat is at least 15 feet deep on
its exterior wall. The yard is a 90% sand substrate with tall rye grass,
landscaped to a rolling terrain. The exhibit is of southern exposure for
winter heating and Includes an all-weather heated grotto in hopes of keep-
ing the gorillas outside most of the winter. Our gorilla entrance is
fitted with a double set of rubber door flaps to allow the animals access
to a portion of the off-exhibit area during foul or cold weather.

Gorillas have not been exhibited at the Topeka Zoo since July 1981. In
1982, our two gorillas. Max and Tiffany, were placed on loan to the Denver
and Buffalo Zoos respectively, having been housed in the off-exhibit area
|in the Discovering Apes Complex in the Interim. Max returned to Topeka
jin September 1984. Tiffany is still in Buffalo as part of the Topeka Zoo’s
jcooperation with the Gorilla SSP. By mid-November 1984, the number of

I

229

230

/ DISCOVERING APES

Topeka Zoologtoai Park. ^5 Gage Blvd. Topeka. Ks.

aORILLA ENCOUNTER AT LAST!, CoyvUnu^d

In the, Tope.ka ZooU new GontWi EncounteA zxhtbtt, lowland goAtlZcu, Aoam
{^Ae,eZy oveA ganviitz Aockwo^k and the, 6pe.ctal glcu>^ tunnel which bl^ect^
the outdooA ycuid. (Photo: GoAy K. CloAke]

apes housed in the building grew to 12 (3.4 Bornean orangutans and 4.1
(Lowland gorillas). Topeka temporarily housed 2.1 gorillas for the Henry
poorly Zoo of Omaha, NE while they renovated their ape facilities.

irhe Omaha gorillas returned to Henry Doorly on 14 May. We were fortunate
to have all the gorillas stay through our grand opening, including a fe-
nale on loan to Topeka from the Bronx Zoo. The various gorillas tested
the exhibit’s features to the fullest including running on the slanted
glass roof of the tunnel. Prior to the grand opening, we transferred
[gorillas on and off exhibit as many as three times a day to condition
them to come off-exhibit at the sound of a bell and also to maximize the
/arious gorillas’ experiences in the yard.

i^Cwo of the six gorillas, a male and female, were unable to go into the

Ijrard due to transfer and medical problems. They did, however, prove to
be a compatible pair off-exhibit.

[Ceremonies involving the Gorilla Encounter began one week prior to the
Grand Opening and included previews for various groups (including a special
picnic/preview for staff and their families), a formal dinner in the tunnel
ufor over 50 zoo colleagues, live television and radio broadcasts through-
Dut the week, a V.I.P night of dinner and dancing and the dedication by
[the mayor and officials of Topeka.

^rhe climax of this week was Gorilla Encounter Day, a free admission to the
[public event, sponsored by Hill’s Pet Products of Topeka. The day started
at 6:00 a.m. with a staff breakfast of eggs, bacon, juice and lots of
poffee. Work started at 7:00 a.m. in preparation for the crowd. The Zoo

231

GORILLA ENCOUNTER AT LAST!, Continued

gates opened at 9:00 a.m. and we had a steady crowd all day. The Topeka
Zoo’s last record, special event crowd numbered almost 15,000 people, but
who could have expected the visitor total at the end of the Grand Opening
day for Gorilla Encounter - 21,995!

Through the extraordinary efforts of various volunteer groups and a dedica
ed staff, we were able to keep the crowd moving, find lost children ( or
parents) and maintain our sanity. The public response to the exhibit was I
tremendous and visitor attendance since the opening has increased dramatic
ally.

We toasted our efforts and accomplishments of the day with champagne and
a heavy sigh of relief. We had survived a Gorilla Encounter at the World
Famous Topeka Zoo.

Keeper’s Alert

The Riverbanks Zoo AAZK Chapter is designing a zoo calendar for 1986. We
would like to request photographs of keepers with their animals. Photo-
graphs must be black and white. Photos will not be returned unless re-
quested and accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Deadline
for submission of photographs is 15 August 1985. Your help will be ap-
preciated! Please send photos to: Plane KAug, Rlvefibank^ loo, 500 IJJlJid-
tiie VoAkway, Columbia, SC 29210.

The Los Angeles Zoo Chapter is planning a fund-raising event in August.

We are planning an exciting style show with keepers as models and an
auction of Zoo T-shirts and patches. We would appreciate your donation
of these items from your Zoo to include in our auction. The Los Angeles
Chapter would like to thank you in advance for your support. Send donat-
ed items to: Michael Cunningham, Los Angeles Zoo, 5333 Zoo Drive, Los
Angeles, CA 90027.

AAZK REGIONAL COORDINATORS

Linda RohA, lnl.V. Stone Memorial Zoo - LIE, i/T, MH, MA, RI ,CT

{/aeancy

Gene P^e^^eA, Pktladelpkla Zoo
Angola Keppel, National Zoo
Lee Payne, VetAolt Zoo
Lynne l/tlleA6, JncUanapolts Zoo
LaJiAy SammoAeo, Lincoln PaAk Zoo
Plane KAug, RlvoAbanlu Zoo
Alan ShoAple^, Atlanta Zoo
Candy CAo^t, Rio GAande Zoo
LauAence Gledhtll, Woodland PaAk
Joanle Stinson, Phqenlx Zoo
Vacancy

- NV

- PA,NJ,MP,PE

- VA,H}.UA,P.C.

- MI

- JN,0H,Ky

- 0/1,11, MO, MW, lA

- TN,NC,SC

- fL,AL,GA,AR,HS,LA

- TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE,SP,NP

Zoo - WA, OR, IP, MT,Wy,AK

- CA,NV,AZ,UT,HJ

- Canada

232

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

By

KoAm M. Vvon-nldh, Vocdnt
Woodland Pa/ik Zoo, Sdottld, WA

\Edlton.' 6 notd: KoAm aj> a Vocdnt at WPZ and Li, aJii>o Involved tn n.d62.aAch
\n mall ^dltd^. Shd ahalAdd thd Small ¥dltdu> tn Captivity 6 2J,6lon at
Ckd 19S4 AA2K National Con^eAdnae. In Seattle.. Whlld KoAdn 6tatQJ> heA tAue
'.ove t6 animals and heA A^e^eoAch, 6he. al^o LV0Ak6 poAt-ttme, aj> a i>y6temi>
\'Malyy6t and telecommunications expert ^oA a pAlvate coApoAatlon. As the
ileld oi zookeeping becomes moAe high-tech, computeAs oAe becoming a big
^oAt ol ouA lives- - io A AecoAd keeping, management etc. HeA oAtlcle will
opeiully take some o^ the ^AustAotlon out o^ woAklng iolth computeAS,
specially II you oAe a novice.)

'e all hear that we need a computer. But most of you don't know why you
eed one, what it can do for you, or how It will make your job a lot
asier .

Trst of all, if you have to figure out diets, keep records, calculate a
udget, write memos, then a computer could be a very helpful tool. Com-
uters can store a lot of information, analyze it and create reports,
heir limitations are the programmers (you in many cases) or the software
purchased programs) .

omputers on a whole can do just about anything, but not all can do every-
hing. Let me explain the differences in computers and teach you some of
he lingo.

BM PC, Macintosh, Apple lie, Kaypro, etc are all microprocessors. Micro
leans small. From micros you can graduate up to min-computers and them
p to mainframes. Some micros are built so that their storage and memory
an be increased. Others are not and those are usually the ones people
utgrow very quickly.

icroprocessors vary in price. Think of them as you would a new car. The
dvertised list price doesn't include all the extras. What you want to
se them for will make the big difference. Don't listen to your friends
aying to get one brand or another. First, list out all that you would
ike the computer to do. Then think of growth. Do you eventually want to
!e able to swap information with another keeper at your zoo, another zoo
r ISIS? Do you want to use it at home for awhile then start doing work-
elated projects? Are you the keeper willing to learn about computers for
our zoo's about- to-be-purchased computer and will want a computer at home
io help you out?

nee you have made your list, you can walk into a computer store and talk
o a salesperson. Find one who is interested in what you would like to
o on the computer and let him know what you are initially willing to
pend. I will guarantee you that he or she will scare you to death with
sales pitch that you won't understand. Don't worry because you should
ever buy a computer the first time you go shopping for one. You are only
here to see what is on the market that will fit your needs and budget.
There are many computers available, but you can quickly shorten the list
|.f you have an idea of what you want to do on the computer.) Try to re-
jiember some of the words you didn't understand so you can look them up
i'hen you get home.

233

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS, Co^nued

In order to be prepared for your next visit to a computer stores let me |
explain what a computer is. i

Most of us are lucky enough to have a desk. Think of your desk as your |
computer. Every morning you come in and sit down in front of it ( a j

computer operator and/or programmer) and unlock the desk (turn the com- |
puter on, or boot it up) . '

On both sides of you are drawers containing your files. Disks or disk-
ettes also store files. The more drawers you have in your desk, the more||
you can store. The larger the drawers, the more you can store in them. ;
So, a computer with two disk drives has a better capacity to work than il
a computer with one disk drive and a double-sided disk can store more tha
a single-sided disk.

Your files are kept in manilla folders and you write labels on top so youjj
can find them easily. Each file on a disk has a label or file name and |
no two names can be the same. When you want a file from your desk, you j!
open the drawer, search for the file, take it out of the drawer, open it |!
up on your desktop. The exact same thing happens with your computer. Yoti
must put the disk containing the file in the drive, type or key in the ij
file you want to open and the file will appear on the screen.

If your desk is small and your folder large, you can either find a larger j
desk to work on or stay where you are. Then you will have to break the H
folder into little groups and work on them one at a time. And if you areil
in a hurry, you'll probably clear off the desk so you won't lose anythingj:!
But if it is a budget or the calculation of the amount of food an animal ji'
needs, you'll keep the calculator on the desk with you, along with the ji
phone thus reducing the amount of space you have to work with.

If you have a large desk, you can get your work done a lot more easily |i
and probably faster. Either way the work gets done, and the amount of |
time, and to a smaller extent accuracy, is the only difference. The |l
difference in the size of the desks is what RAM is to a computer. RAM li
stands for Random Access Memory. Memory is the key word. If, for examplr
you receive a letter from another keeper, the letter is on a hard copy |l
(something you can always pick up and read) . But thinking about the lett|!
as you go through your daily chores is done with your memory. (You "read:
in" your letter into memory.) So the greater the RAM, the more memory
your computer has to "think". Therefore, if you have a large program or I
file and 256K (RAM), you could probably read it all into memory. If you ||
have a 64K, you will probably get a "memory full" message when you try ton
read the same large file in. Most of the software (programs) you buy tel i
you how much RAM they need in order to run. But that only specifies the i
needs of the program. What about your data? (Data is the information you 1
enter into the computer.) The rule to remember iss Add 64K to whatever ^
the softwear requires! But, there are some programs such as Dbase II
that say they need 64K and can work effectively with data. I'

The calculator is a program or a tool, just as is the phone, your tele- (,!
communications link. They both take up memory as does the file you are
working on. A keeper is another zoo may have a different calculator or j:
phone but that doesn’t stop him from sending reports or talking to other j;
zoos. So, if one zoo has an IBM running on DOS and another has an Apple |:
running on CPM, they can talk to each other using their computer via a s
modem.

234

^TRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS, Con;Unued

a the preceding paragraph I used a lot of new words. So let's start
1th DOS and CPM, Both of these are operating systems. Every zoo has
its own management (operating system) , A keeper may move to another zoo
iid in time learn the new rules. But a diskette from a DOS machine cannot
js read by a CPM machine. The reason is the diskettes are not compatible,
ben you buy diskettes, they are blank. You format them on your machine.
{Drmatting tells the disk how to make the labels, and what commands that
iarticular computer will ask,

i

b the thing to remember is, IBM compatible machines (other brands said
!d be compatible with an IBM) are compatible ONLY is they are running on
lie same operating system. If they aren't, you need a modem to transfer
laports from one to another.

j modem is a modulator-demodulator. You don't need to know what that
pans except that it does something then undoes it. A modem is set up
ILth one computer and attached to a phone line. A program sends a report
iirough the modem over the telephone line. The modem just scrambles up
le data so it can be sent over phone lines. When the report reaches the
i:her computer, the other modem un-scrambles the back data into computer
language. Diskettes don't have anything to do with what came over the
jalephone lines. So to make a long story short: You don't need the same
imputers if you are willing to purchase modems,

['member, you can't really break a computer. So, don't be afraid of it.
computer consists mostly of electronic components and processes data
a very logical way. When I used to complain to my programming in-
ructor about the dumb computer, he would tell me to look in a mirror.
i_ was my logic causing the computer to create dumb reports.

I

Lways make a backup copy of everything you have. I know at first you
111 think that is a lot of extra work, but you WILL wipe out some of
pur programs or data one day and you WILL have to put everything back
jito the computer. If a backup is made, you will be more confident while
parning and be more willing to try something new.

b I say to my co-workers sitting down in front of a computer for the
llrst time: Go for it!

(eeper’s Alert

{..EPHANT MANAGEMENT VIDEO AVAILABLE

ie Dickerson Park Zoo in Springfield, MO, in conjunction with a local
ilevision station, has produced a video tape on Asian elephant manage-
jmt at Dickerson Park Zoo, The tape is not a step-by-step training
lide to working Asians but a presentation of the basic techniques and
leory used to manage the zoo's elephant herd. Copies of the tape are
Imilable from the zoo at $90 each for 1/2" VHS or Beta and $120 each
)r 3/4". Interested persons should contact Mike Crocker, General Curator,
Lckerson Park Zoo, 3043 N. Fort, Springfield, MO 65803 or call (417)
i53-1570 for more information.

I ®

235

lyUitituutloiU iv^fUng to advoAtJ^z zmploymzvit opponXuyUXtoJi axz cukzd to
6znd peAttnznt data by thz 15tk ol zack month, toi Oppontimlty Knocks/ AKf ,
635 Gagz Blvd. , Topzka, KS 66606. PlzoAZ tncladz zZo6tng datzi> ion.
po^dXloyUi avatlablz. Thznz U> no zhoAgz ion mzh tUtlngi, and phonz-tn
tu>ttng-i> ion poi>ttion^ (Ajklzk bzcomz avcUZabZz zlo^z to dzadtinz anz azzzpi
zd.

LARGE MAMMAL KEEPER. ♦ .responsible for care and maintenance of Large Mammal
Collection which includes three elephants (One Aslan and Two African) and
a variety of hoof stock species. Requires High School Diploma and one
year paid zoo experience with elephant handling experience preferred. Send
resume and references prior to 15 August 1985 to: Michael D. Tucker, Cura-
tor of Mammals, Caldwell Zoo, P.O. Box 428, Tyler, TX 75710.

CURAT OR / MANAGER . . .Willowbrook Wildlife Haven, a nature/wildlife exhibit
and rehabilitation center. Responsibilities include: supervision of per-
sonnel, capital improvement projects, facility care, educational programs,
animal care, exhibits and financial and budgetary programs for the center.
Desire applicant with Masters level in Zoology, Ecology,

Wildlife Management or similar, and 2 years administrative
experience. Salary $22,889 - $34,334 plus benefits. Mail
resume to: Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, P.O.

Box 2339, Glen Ellyn, IL 60138, ATTN: Personnel Department.

TEACHER. . . the Wildlife Discovery Program (a Houston Indepen-
dent School District Magnet School) is taking applications
for a teacher position becoming available August 1985 and
continuing until June 1986 (10 mos.). The duties of this
position include supervision of an instructional group,
planning, developing and implementing experiential lessons
at the Houston Zoo, and acting as a resource person in en-
vironmental/outdoor concerns. Requirements are at least two
of the following: 1. Teacher certificate (required) Master’s
Degree preferred; 2. Teaching experience; 3. Environmental/
outdoor education background; 4. Science background;

5. Strong leadership qualities. Please send inquiries to:

Karyl Watz, Coordinator, Wildlife Discovery Program, Doris
Miller Center, 5216 Feagan, Houston, TX 77007.

CURATOR/MANAGER (Watznjoijol) . . .non-profit organization with 310-acre wet- I
lands sanctuary on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Grasonville, seeking a self-
motivated, conscientious person to assume responsibility for captive water
fowl collection, rearing young, some managerial work. Can share house on
Sanctuary. Degree in zoology and teaching interests preferred but not re-
quired. Must have ability to meet and deal with the public. Send resume
immediately to: Wildfowl Trust of North America, P.O. Box 519, Grasonville
MD 21638.

ZOO i/ETERJNARV TECHNICIAN INTERNSHIP. . .requires two years of veterinary
technology or certification as a veterinary technician. Will work under
supervision of the staff veterinarian and technician, to assist in the
operations of the zoo hospital. To apply, send resume, transcript, and
three references to: Dr. Barbara Thomas-Baker , Staff Veterinarian, River-
banks Zoological Park, 500 Wildlife Parkway, Columbia, SC 29210. Applica-
tions will be accepted until 25 July 1985. The position is a full-year
program beginning 1 September 1985.

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236

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

[ame Check here if renewal [ ]

■i.ddress

$20.00 Professional

VaJil-timd Kdupun^

$25.00 International

kit oat^ldd tko.

U.S. and Canada

$15.00 Library

Ld,bnaAy 6ab6cAlptlon only

)irectory Information : ZOO

Jork Area Special Interests

fail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE) ,
)ayable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
}uarters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

lembership includes a subscription to Animal Ke,e-peA^' loKum. The member-
ship card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
J.S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animal Kee.peA^ ' FoAum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles for consideration.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
iLables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size no more than 6” x 10" (15cm x 25i$cm) . Literature used should be
eited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

Articles sent to Animal K^e,peA^’ fo^um will be reviewed for publication.
No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
Ition unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
Isubmitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
laddressed envelope.

Telephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

hvtlcZoJi pnlntdd do not n2.c-(i^^aJvLly n.(i{,l(ict tkd
opinions 0^ the Animal Keeper ' VoKim edutontal
iitall OK. the Amenlean Association 6^ Zoo KeepeKJ>.

Items in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
is requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

$15.00 Affiliate
Othen. 6ta(){^ and volantee/u

$15.00 Associate
Individuals not connected
with an animal ca/ie lacllJjty

$50.00 Contributing
On.Qanlzattons and Individuals

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Animal

Keepers

cated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM » 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

AUGUST 1985
VOLUME TWELVE

Executive Editor: Alice Miser NUMBER EIGHT

Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Bernie Feldman

AyUmaZ Ke,cpeA^' Vomm (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lishing costs of AnMnaZ K^epeA6 ’ Von.um, Second Class postage paid at
Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC.

NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dolly CloAk, AdmlyuJ>tn.cutiv2. SQ.cA2X.cu1y

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP /Conservation & Research Center
Front Royal, VA 22630
Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park
Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C.

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada

PK2.6ld2.yvt

\/lc2.-PK2^ld2.yvt:

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs
GoAcild PayyiQ., V2XA0IX. Zoo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pat SammoAco, Lincoln PoAk Zoo
Awards Committee
Mlko. CKOdkoA, Vtck2A60yL PoAk
Book Reviews Coordinator
Vlano. foA{>yth, AkAon Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator
Coyiyu.2. Cloak, Natkvtlto., TN 1

Research/Grants Committee
fKank Kohn, Nattoyial Zoological Pk
Legislative Action Committee i

Allc.2. McUqa, Top2.ka Zoo i

Public Education Committee

Jay Jcuan, Tu/itlo, Back Zoo

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

ElandAa Aim, Woodland PoAk Zoo

Program Library

Anno. M. Payyio., VotAolt Zoo

Exhibit Design Form

Vtano. foAiyth, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accommodations List

0Hv2A Cla^^2.y, MqXAjo ToAoyito Zoo

Keeper Training Videotapes

WayyiQ. Buckanayi, Woodlayid PoAk Zoo

Library Resources

Kacl Thompson, Mill Mt. Zoo

Animal Data Transfer Forms
BoAyvLQ. feldman, Top2.ka Zoo
Membership Directory
Pat SammoAco, Ltyicoln Pcuik Zoo
Diet Notebook

BA2tt BanyioA, South flonlda CkaptoJ
Biological Values/Gestation 1

LaAAy BAotyioAd, San fAanclsco Zoo
Keeper Data Survey ^

MoAy Slaybaugk, San Ayitoyvio Zoo
Reference Search

Liz McLaughlin, RogoA Williams Pk.
ZooUcymy Rcyit^Aooo^ Maton, MI

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS

States East of Mississippi - Vtayic Kaulq, RlvQAbayiks Zoo, Columbia, SC
States West of Mississippi - VcbAa StotchoA, {JJoodlayid PoAk Zoo, Soattlc, *

lyidivldLLol Rcgtoyial CooAdtyLatoA6 and the 6tatc6 undoA tholA ovoAttght
oAc luted olUQwheAe In each lj>6ue oi Animal KeepeAS* foAum.

rku month.' 6 covz/l {^zcutuAz^ tko, HawcoUan StUX ckiawn by feeepeA Gwm
Vo^klmuAo. oi the. Honolulu Zoo. Tkii> bln.d W(U one. o^ tho^e. ou>e.d In the,
HawcuMin StUU. bAe.e.dlng pAoject. Like. otkeA me.mbeA^ oi the. ^tllt {^armity,
the Hcaoculan ^ub^pede^ l!> easlZy dOitlngudhed lAom otkeA cocutal bln.dU>
by tkelA long and veAy 6lmdeA pink leg-6, ooklck oAe ^ome S-10 Inches In
Length. They have long ^Aont loe6, only slightly ooebbed at the bcue, and
kind toe l6 absent. The beak l6 long and 6tAalght and the wlng6 extend
{beyond the tail. StWU make theJJi neJ>t6 In oa neoA wateA and both i>exe6
\uieubate the egg-6 which oAe gAeenUh-buU, moAked wiXh black oa undeA-
kylng gAey and cuually numbeA ^ouA to a clutch. Thank6, Gwen!

Scoops

®04/Scuttlcbutt

ASSOCIATE EDITOR DEPARTS FOR NEW YORK

Bernie Feldman, Associate Editor for AKF since March of 1984, has resigned
tiis position with the publication and as a keeper at the Topeka Zoo to
take on new professional challenges at the Burnet Park Zoo in Liverpool,

SIY. Bernie will remain active in AAZK as Coordinator of the Animal Data
Transfer Form Project (ADTForm) and those wishing to obtain forms should
contact him at the Burnet Park Zoo (see related article this issue p. 252)
We wish to thank Bernie for his assistance on the Forum during his tenure
as Associate Editor. We will miss his enthusiasm and good humor.

DON'T FORGET TO VOTEl!!

All professional members are reminded to return their completed election
ballots, postmarked no later than 31 August 1985, to National Headquarters
This election is being held to fill the positions of Kevin Conway and Pat
iSammarco whose terms expire on 31 December 1985. Ballots should be sent in
[the special ballot only envelope and nothing else should be included as
[the ballots are not opened at National but are forwarded to Lynne Villers
■Elections Chairperson for count and verification by her committee.

^ELEPHANT WORKSHOP CALL FOR PAPERS

The Sixth Annual Elephant Management Workshop scheduled to be held from
6-8 October 1985 at the Fort Worth Zoological Park has issued a call for
'papers. The workshop theme is "Conservation Through Management’’ and papers
Ion conservation, management, husbandry, health and related subjects are
j solicited. Papers will be limited to 20 minutes, but if you have a brief
[presentation you would like to make, you may submit it under the heading
fof "Five Minute Paper". Special audio-visual equipment needs should be
noted when sending in your paper. Deadline for submission of papers is
26 August 1985. Those whose papers are accepted for presentation will be
'notified of date and time by return mail. Papers should be sent to:

Program Chairperson - Ralph Houy
Elephant Workshop
Fort Worth Zoological Park
2727 Zoological Park Drive
Fort Worth, TX 76110

&

237

FROM THE PRESIDENT

Dear Members:

This year's National AAZK Conference is now a short two months away. At
this time I would like to invite all of our members to come to Miami to
share ideas and information about professional animal care with your peers.

Miami conference delegates will have the opportunity to visit Metrozoo,
one of the country's premier zoos for exhibit of wild animals. The Miami
area also abounds with other animal facilities specializing in the breed-
ing and exhibit of marine mammals, primates, reptiles, fish and birds.

The variety of animal facilities in the Miami area acts to compliment this
year's theme for presentations which is "Husbandry and Maintenance of
Traditionally Difficult Animals". Delegates attending the conference from
outside Florida will return to their facilities with new ideas and informa-
tion about animal care particular to the species they work with or have
interest in.

I hope that everyone who attends the conference is able to stay for the
entire conference. If full attendance is not possible, I strongly suggest
one, two or three day attendance instead. Even reduced participation will
allow you to tour Metrozoo or Dreher Park Zoo, attend some social functions
or the paper sessions.

Our conference hosts have selected the Coconut Grove Hotel for conference
functions due to its location and ability to provide conference functions
in a relaxed and comfortable setting. Delegates planning to attend the
conference who want more information about activities in the Coconut Grove
area should contact the South Florida Chapter AAZK. All delegates at the
conference will benefit by staying at the host hotel since its central
location will allow for easy transportation to facilities we are scheduled
to visit.

Don't believe that the conference will be restricted to just sitting for
papers or walking through facilities! Delegates will be able to partici-
pate in Zookeeper Olympics at Metrozoo on Tuesday or the traditional volley
ball and soccer games Wednesday at Dreher Park Zoo. Our hosts also promise
a memorable Chinese Auction and closing night banquet at the host hotel.

For those delegates staying after the conference there will be the post-
conference tour of the Everglades hosted by the South Florida Chapter AAZK.

Make your plans now to join your friends and professional peers in Miami
in October for the 11th National AAZK Conference. I look forward to see-
ing you there.

Sincer^l V-

Kevin

238

Hatchings

SAN DIEGO ZOO Jody CouAtnzy

Selected B&H from the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park for June 1985
include: Mammals - 0.1 Blesbok, 0.0.1 West Mexican margay, 2.0 Indian
rhinoceros, 0.1 Pygmy hippopotamus, 1.0 Southern pudu, 1.1 Chinese water
deer, 0.1 Forest buffalo, 1.0 Wood bison, 1.0 Mhorr gazelle, 0.1 Persian
onager, 0.1 Eastern kiang, 0.1 Barasingha deer, 1.6 Formosan sika deer,
0.1 Slender-homed gazelle, 0.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.0 Uganda giraffe,
1.0 Brush-tailed bettong, 1.1 Ring-tailed possum, 1.0 Gemsbok, 1.1.1
California sea lion; Birds - 0.0.1 California condor, 4.0.1 Brown eared
pheasant, 0.0.1 Palawan peacock pheasant, 0.0.2 Elliot’s pheasant, 1.0.1
Himalayan monal, 2.0 Great black or palm cockatoo, 0.0.1 Green winged
macaw, 0.0.2 Gang gang cockatoo, 0.0.3 Toco toucan, 0.0.2 Bali mynah,

0.1 Andean condor , 0 .0 . 3 Manchurian or red-corwned crane, 1.0.1 Nicobar
pigeon, 0.0.1 Abyssinian crowned hornbill, 0.0.1 Southern yellow-billed

hornbill; Reptiles - 0.0.2 Mona Island lizard, 0.0.9 Horned viper.

REID PARK ZOO/TUCSON Ed Han6m

March to June 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Bobcat (DNS), 0.0.2
Agile wallaby, 1.0 Celebes crested macaque, 0,1 Lowland tapir (DNS),

0.1 Llama, 0.0.1 Reeve’s muntjac, 0.1 Blackbuck antelope; Birds - 0.0.7
Common rhea (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Luzon bleeding heart (DNS), 0.0.1 Goura pigeon,
0.0.7 Crimson wing parrot, 0.0.1 Blue and gold macaw, 0.0.1 Red crested
touraco, 0.0.2 Mute swan, 1.0,1 Blackneck swan, 0.0.2 Paradise shelduck,
0.0,1 Mandarin duck.

ARIZONA-SONORA DESERT MUSEUM G^o^ge. MontgomeA.y

B&H for April through June 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Bobcat (DNS),
0.0.1 Jaguarundi (2nd generation), 1.0 Desert bighorn sheep; Birds -
2.6 Wood duck, 0.0.4 Redhead, 0.0.1 Lilac-crowned Amazon, 0.0.1 White-
fronted Amazon, 0.0.1 Blue-rumped parrot let, 0.0.4 Common moorhen, 0.0.2
Harris’ hawk, 0.0.2 Golden eagle (DNS); Reptiles - 0.0.4 Leopard gecko,
0.0.3 Western collard lizard, 0.0.2 Twin-spotted rattlesnake; Fish -
0.0.25 Sonoran chub and 0.0.25 Mexican Chinchlid.

CENTRAL FLORIDA ZOOLOGICAL PARK Kcuthy Sp^afman

November 1984 through May 1985 B&H include: Mammals 1.2 African pygmy
goat, 0.1 Guinea baboon, 1.0 Black howler monkey, 0.1 Llama; Birds -
0.0.1 Medium sulphur-crested cockatoo, 0.0.1 Fischer’s lovebird (DNS),
0.0.4 Rhea (DNS), 0,0.6 Ringneck parakeet, 0.0.2 African gray parrot,

0.0.2 Scarlet macaw, 0.0.14 Peafowl (Judian?), 0.0.3 Wood duck; Reptiles -
0.0.24 Monocellate cobra and 0.0.10 Broad-head skink.

BRONX ZOO B/Lonx Zoo ChapteA

B&H for 27 May through 16 June 1985 include: Mammals - 1 Phyllostomus bat,
1 Lion- tailed macaque, 1 Common shrew, 1 Wisent, 2 Wild cavy, 1 Accouchi,

1 Large Malayan mouse deer, 1 Pudu, 2 Pere David’s deer, 1 Mouflon, 1
Blackbuck, 9 Himalayan tahr, 1 Yak, 2 Guanaco, 2 Mongolian wild horse, 4
Snow leopard; Birds - 2 White-naped crane, 3 Dhyal thrush, 3 Temminicks
tragopan, 1 White-browed robin chat, 1 Pale-legged oven bird, 1 African
pygmy goose, 1 White-quilled black bustard, 3 Hooded crane, 1 Red bishop,

1 Andean qull, 1 Scarlet ibis, 2 Mandarin duck, 2 Guam kingfisher, 3
European hoopoe; Reptiles - 2 South American big-headed turtle, 1 Reticu-
lated python, 2 Indian python, 10 Marbled newt and 1 Travancore tortoise.

239

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, CoyiZinu2.d

TAMPA/BUSCH GARDENS Su^an Rackle,y

B&H for June 1985 include: Mammals - 7.8 Impala, 6.1 Thomson's gazelle,

1.0 Gerenuk, 2.0 Grant's gazelle, 3.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.0 Sitatunga,
0.1 Myala, 0.0.1 Ghimpanzee, 1.1 Dorcas gazelle, 1.0 Blesbok, 2.0 Grevy
zebra, 1.0 Sable antelope, 0.1 Reticulated giraffe; Birds - 0.0.2 Cocka-
tiel, 0.0.1 Stone curlew, 0.0.3 Mandarin duck, 0.0.6 Indian peafowl (Blue
Phase), 0.0.2 Abdim's (white-bellied) stork, 0.0.7 Mexican military macaw,
0.0.7 Ringed teal, 0.0.5 Crested tinamou, 0.0.8 Scarlet ibis, 0.0.1 Red-
rumped parrot, 0.0.2 Hahn's macaw, 0.0.3 Black-necked swan, 0.0.4 Green-
cheeked conure, 0.0.1 Scarlet macaw, 0.0.2 White-cheeked touraco, 0.0.2
Lesser snow goose, 0.0.1 Blue & gold macaw; Reptiles - 0.0.58 Nile Croco-
dile.

DALLAS ZOO Tamaxa. A.

B&H for June 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Dusky leaf monkey, 0.1 Suni,

0.0.1 Red panda, 1.0 Yellow-backed duiker; Birds - 0.0.3 Spur-winged
lapwing, 0.0.1 Double-striped thick-knee, 0.0.3 Palawan peacock pheasAnt,
0.0.2 Himalayan impeyan pheasant, 0.0.3 Jandaya conure, 0.0.1 Roseate
spoonbill, 0.0.6 White-headed piping guan, 0.0.2 Society finch, 0.0.1
Nicobar pigeon, 0.0.5 Fulvous whistling duck, 0.0.1 Sacred x black-headed
ibis, 0.0.1 Bar-headed goose; Reptiles - 0.0.15 San Francisco garter snake,
0.0.8 Poison arrow frog [Vznd/LO better anAoXiU) , 0.0.3 Philippine sail-fin
lizard, 0.0.4 Plumed basilisk lizard, 0.0.1 Double-crested basilisk, 0.0.2
Honduran milksnake, 0.0.2 Arizona mountain kingsnake.

SAN ANTONIO ZOO V^bX Reed

June 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.4 Pygmy hedgehog tenrec (3 DNS),

0.0.2 Goeldi's monkey, 0.0.4 Spiny mouse, 0.1 Chapman's zebra, 0.1 White
rhinoceros, 0.0.2 Kusimanse (DNS), 0.1 Addax, 1.0 Schimtar-horned oryx,

1.0 Dama gazelle, 1.0 Greater kudu; Birds - 0.0.1 White ibis (DNS), 0.0.2
Scarlet ibis (1 DNS), 0.0.10 American flamingo (2 DNS), 0.0.4 Moluccan
rad j ah shelduck, 0.0.12 Rosy-billed pochard, 0.0.11 Red-billed tree duck,
0.0.9 White-faced tree duck, 0.0.5 Hooded merganser (2 DNS), 0.0.6 North
American ruddy duck (DNS), 0.1 Andean condor, 0.0.1 Greater curassow
(1st time in collection), 0.0.2 Roul-roul, 0.0.1 Elliot's pheasant, 0.0.1
Palawan peacock pheasant, 0.0.4 Ocellated turkey, 0.0.2 Inca tern, 0.0.1
Galah, 0.0.1 Sun conure (DNS), 0.0.4 Painted conure, 0.0.1 Red-crested
touraco, 0.0.1 Speckled mousebird (DNS), 0.0.6 Pygmy kingfisher (4 DNS),
0.0.3 Lilac-breasted roller, 0.0.? Jackson's hornbill, 0.0.2 Toco toucan,
0.0.2 Dyahl thrush (DNS), 0.0.2 Common shama thrush, 0.0.2 Picathartes
(DNS), 0.0.2 Diamond firetail finch (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Owl finch, 0.0.1 Red-
billed buffalo weaver (DNS), 0.0.1 Superb starling; Reptiles - 0.0.2
Fan-footed gecko, 0.0.6 Honduran night lizard (2 DNS); Aquarium - 0.0.?
Glass shrimp, ±65 Seahorses (2nd generation) and ±15 Lyretail cichlid.

MIAMI METROZOO LoaX Bxuckhe^

B&H for May and June 1985 include: Mammals - 0.2 Himalayan tahr, 0.1
Grant's zebra (DNS), 3.3 Impala, 0.1 Chamois (DNS), 1.0 Scimitar-horned
oryx, 1.1 Dromedary camel (1.0 DNS), 1.0 Kirk's dik dik, 1.3 Blackbuck,

1.2 Black & white ruffed lemur, 0.1 Addax, 2.1 Chinese water deer, 1.0
Slender-horned gazelle; Birds - 0.0.2 Yellow-billed stork (DNS), 0.0.2
Yellow-vented bulbul, 0.0.3 Stanley crane, 0.0.9 Mandarin duck, 0.0.3
Black-headed sibia (DNS), 0.0.2 Green wing dove, 0.0.3 Edward's fig
parrot, 0.0.6 Java tree duck, 0.0.1 Common hoopoe, 0.0.4 Bamboo partridge,"
b.0.1 Wattled crane, 0.0.1 Racket-tailed tree pie, 0.0.2 Demoiselle crane,
0.0.7 Red-crested pochard, 0.0.1 Chestnut-capped laughing thrush; Rep-
tiles - 0.0.3 Spiney-tailed monitors.

•:

240

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, ContLnu2.d

ASSINIBOINE PARK ZOO PhiZ King

B&H for May and June 1985 include: Mammals - 2.0 Pronghorn (1 DNS), 4.1
California bighorn sheep (+1 aborted), 4.1 Stone's sheep, 1 Parma wallaby,
3.3 Eurasian reindeer (1 DNS), 0.1 Pere David's deer, 0.1 Arabian camel,

4 American bison, 4.5.6 Chinese water deer (1.4.2 DNS), 5.3 Woodland cari-
bou (1.1 DNS), 2.0 Musk ox (1.0 DNS), 4.1.2 White-tailed deer, 2.0 Llama,
2.2 Elk, 3.1 Afghanistan markhor, 1.1 Mule deer, 1.0 Guanaco, 4.3 Alpine
ibex, 0.0.1 Lion-tailed macaque, 1.0.1 Squirrel monkey (0.0.1 DNS); Birds-
4 Raven (1 DNS), 1 Barn owl, 15 Indian peafowl, 1 Triangular-spotted pig-
eon, 2 Bald eagle, 2 Golden pheasant, 13 Ringnecked pheasant (1 DNS), 4
Silver pheasant (3 DNS), 3 Fulvous tree duck (2 DNS), 1 Screech owl, 3
Barnacle goose (1 DNS), 3 Wild turkey, 2 Snowy owl (1 DNS), 2 African spur
winged plover (DNS), 1 Emperor goose (DNS), 2 Mandarin duck (1 DNS); Rep-
tiles - 2 Girdled (Cordylus) lizard.

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. StoddoAd

June 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.3 Spiny mouse, 0.0.3 Degu, 0.0.4
White-toothed shrew, 1.1 Siberian ibex; Birds (Fledged) - 0.0.5 Hooded
merganser, 0.0.4 Red-crested cardinal, 0.0.4 Grey-headed kingfisher,

0.0.3 Trumpeter swan, 0.0.1 Inca tern; Reptiles - 0.0.2 Hing-back tortoise

PHILADELPHIA ZOO Bolk BahneA

B&H for June 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Western lowland gorilla, 0.0.2
Lesser panda, 1.0 Guanaco, 2.0 Springbok, 1.0 Himalayan tahr; Birds -
1 Hermit ibis, 3 Garibbean flamingo (1 DNS), 5 Trumpeter swan, 1 Common
white-eye, 9 Mandarin duck (4 DNS), 2 Hooded merganser (1 DNS), 2 Red &
white crake, 2 Scarlet-chested parakeet, 1 Hooded pitta, 1 Scarlet tanager
1 Emerald starling; Reptiles - 11 Uracoan rattlesnake (1 DNS).

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO CoAol J. Boyd

June 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 10.2 Piglets, 3.0 Dali sheep, 0.0.2
Zebra mouse, 0.0.1 Tree shrew, 1.0 Miniature horse, 0.0.1 Hoffman's sloth,
0.1 Waterbuck, 0.0.1 Vampire bat, 0.0.1 Mountain fruit bat, 1.0 South
American tapir; Birds - 0.0.1 Laughing gull.

HONOLULU ZOO Pete MoLane. S Ma/igo Lugm

B&H for 13 April through 11 June 1985 include: Mammals - 1.1 Hawaiian
sheep, 0.1 Toggenburg goat, 0.1 Water buffalo (DNS); Birds - 0.0.1 Grand
eclectus parrot, 0.0.1 Glossy starling, 0.0.1 Burrowing owl, 0.0.2 Crest-
ed pigeon, 0.0.2 Jackass penguin, 0.0.2 Green-winged king parrot; Rep-
tiles - 0.0.5 Day gecko (PheLsuma g, gulmbzaul) .

AFRICAN LION SAFARI (Cambridge, Ont. Canada) Ron Cawwn

B&H for April through June 1985 include: Mammals - 2.2.10 Spotted fallow,
1.0.1 Elk, 3.3 Bison, 1.3 Eland, 0.1 Grant's zebra, 1.5.3 Japanese sika,
1.1 Yak, 0.0.4 Mouflon, 1.4 Black fallow, 0.1 Bengal tiger; Birds - 0.0.3
Whooper swan, 0.0.2 Military macaw, 0.0.8 Lanner falcon, 0.0.6 Prairie
falcon, 0.0.1 Peregrine falcon, 0.0.2 Ferruginous hawk and 0.0.1 Harris

241

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, ConUnuad

WOODLAND PARK ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS Hcuunoni/ V/iazloA-Taylo^

June 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Vampire bat, 1.0 Straw-colored
fruit bat (being hand-raised), 0.0.1 African crested porcupine, 0.1 Hof-
fman’s sloth (DNS), 2.1 Red panda (0.1 DNS), 1.1 Snow leopard (DNS), 0.0.1
Reeve's muntjac, 1.1 Pronghorn (being hand-raised), 1.2 Olympic elk, 0.1
Springbok, 0.0.2 Golden lion tamarin, 1.0 Patas monkey (DNS after being
taken caesarean section); Birds - 0.0.6 Hooded merganser (0.0.3 DNS),

0.0.1 Snowy owl, 0.0.4 Black-necked stilt, 0.0.3 Common shoveler, 0.0.3
Northern pintail, 0.0.2 Patagonian crested duck (DNS), 0.0.2 Cardinal (DNS),
0.0.2 Common trumpeter, 0.0.3 Half-masked weaver, 0.0.4 Blue-crowned Mot-
Mot; Reptiles/Amphibians - 0.0.3 Leopard gecko (0.0.1 DNS), 0.0.4 Florida
Indigo snake (0.0.2 DNS).

The Florida Indigo Snakes, sexed as 1.1, have been sent to Dr. Dan Speakes
of the Alabama Cooperative Research Unit, Auburn University. They will
be part of a release project to take place in Georgia. There are plans
to feed them tiny radio transmitters and follow their behavior.

By the way, I’m sure you’re all wondering about the Prairie GODS, they
are doing quite well.

Information Please

For a field study of leopards ( VayutkeAa paA.dlLi> ) in Sri Lanka, photographs
of captive leopards are needed. Comparisons of such photos will allow
us to determine if leopards can be individually identified via pelage or
vibrissa spot patterns. We would appreciate photo/slides of spotted leo-
pards in Zoo collections: photos of both the face (frontal and side views)
and the entire animal (side view) are preferred. We will reimburse for
mailing costs. Please send photos/slides to: Ms. Sri Miththapala or Dr.
John Seidens ticker , Deptarment of Mammology, National Zoological Park,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008.

The Pheonix Zoo is getting ready to open their first major multi-species
exhibit in the form of an African veldt. The keepers, in an attempt to
head off any problems that might develop, are trying to research many of
the problems they forsee and would appreciate your help. We would like
any information or suggestions concerning the exhibition of similar spec-
ies, i.e. Thompson’s gazelle and Slender-horned gazelle. We would like
to research shade structures, hides and feeding techniques, introduction
times and methods. In addition to the gazelles, we will be exhibiting
giraffe, waterbuck and seven species of birds, the largest bird being the
ostrich. Any problems and procedures with multi-species exhibits would
be appreciated. Please send to: Joanie Stinson, c/o Phoenix Zoo, P.O.

Box 5155, Phoenix, AZ 85010.

I am interested in longevity of Polar Bears in captivity and would like
to hear from zoos with Polar Bears over 20 years of age. Send informa-
tion to: Tim Kurkowski, Lead Keeper Carnivores, Topeka Zoological Park,
635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

242

Coming Events.

1985 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION

OF ZOOLOGICAL PARKS AND AQUARIUMS

Septembei: 4-6, 1985 Toronto, Canada

The Toronto AAZK Chapter will be taking an active part in this conference.
For more information, contact Toby Styles, Manager, Public Relations,

Metro Toronto Zoo, P.O. Box 280, West Hill, Ontario, Canada MIE 4R5 .

1985 AAZPA ANNUAL CONFERENCE

September 8-12, 1985 Columbus, OH

The Columbus Chapter of the AAZK would like to cordially invite you to
attend this conference. Our Chapter will be hosting a variety of activit-
ies. We would also like to invite any national AAZK member who cannot
afford accommodations to contact Joe Ridler, accommodations coordinator, or
Andy Lodge, Chapter President. Our Chapter can help arrange housing to
ease your financial burden. Both can be reached at the Columbus Zoo (614)
889-9471.

THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL ZOO DOCENT CONFERENCE

October 3-5, 1985 Houston, TX

Hosted by the Houston Zoological Gardens Docent Council. The theme will
be "Space-Age Education". For more information, contact Gwen VanSickle,
14522 Broad Green, Houston, TX 77079.

THE SIXTH ANNUAL ELEPHANT MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP

October 6-8, 1985 Fort Worth, TX

Held at Fort Worth Zoological Park. The theme will be "Conservation
Through Management" and representatives from the Asian Elephant SSP Group
will meet. For further information, contact Elephant Workshop, Fort Worth
Zoological Park, 2727 Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth, TX 76110.

THE 1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida AAZK Chapter at the Metrozoo-Miami. For
more information contact Rachel Rogers, AAZK Conference, South Florida
Chapter, 12400 SW 152nd St., Miami, FL 33177.

1985 INTERNATIONAL MARINE ANIMAL TRAINERS

ASSOCIATION (IMATA) ANNUAL CONFERENCE"

Oct. 27-Nov. 1, 1985 Orlando, FL

Hosted by Sea World of Florida. For more information, contact Thad
Lacinak, Vice President, IMATA, Sea World of Florida, 7007 Sea World Dr.,
Orlando, FL 32821.

243

COMING EVENTS, CoyvUnue.d

THE RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM ON

THE MANAGEMENT OF BIRDS OF PREY

November 1-11, 1985 Sacramento, CA

For further information, contact Nancy Venizelos, Raptor Conservation
Office, San Francisco Zoological Society, Zoo Rd. & Skyline Blvd., San
Francisco, CA 94132 (415) 661-2023.

PA WILDLIFE ART FESTIVAL AND
NORTH AMERICAN SONGBIRD CARVING CHAMPIONSHIP

November 16-17, 1985 York, PA

Includes display of wildlife artists, carvers and photographers. A wild-
life art auction will be held on Sunday afternoon. Sponsored by the York
Chapter of Ducks Unlimited. For more information, please write to: Bill
Wright, Chairman, P.O. Box 54, Glen Rock, PA 17327.

1986 AAZPA REGIONAL CONFERENCES

- Greater Baton Rouge Zoo, 16-18 March, 1985: for more !

information contact: Barbara Gorman, Greater Baton ■

Rouge Zoo, Box 60, Baker, LA 70714 (504) 775-3877. j

- Point Defiance Zoo, 13-15 April, 1985: for more inf or- •
mation contact: Tom Otten, Director, Point Defiance ,
Zoo & Aquarium, Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, WA 98407
(206) 591-5337.

Great Lakes Regional - Milwaukee Gounty Zoological Gardens, 27-29 April, ,
1985 (note date change from that previously announced): |
for more information contact: Mary Beth Carr, Milwaukee t
County Zoological Gardens, 1001 W. Bluemound Rd., I

Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 771-3040. i;

Northeastern Regional - Mystic Marine Aquarium, 4-6 May, 1985: for more j
information contact: Laura Kezer, Mystic Marinelife !
Aquarium, Sea Research Foundation, Inc., Mystic, CT \
06355 (203) 536-9631.

Central Regional - Fort Worth Zoological Park, 18-20 May, 1985: for more i
information contact: Dudley Brown, Fort Worth Zoologi- j
cal Park, 2727 Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth, TX i

76110 (817) 870-7050.

Keeper’s Alert

OUR APOLOGIES — The Riverbanks Zoo AAZK Chapter apologizes to the Tucson
AAZK Chapter for duplicating their idea of a 1986 calendar. Instead,

Chapter members voted to use the photographs to have greeting cards print-
ed. We would again like to ask all members to submit black and white or
color prints. Size is not important as we can handle reductions and en-
largements. Those wishing to have their prints returned should send a
self-addressed, stamped envelope. Deadline for submission of photographs
is 15 September 1985. Please mail your prints to: Pat. Hook, RXveAbank^

Zoo, 500 ?an.kway, Cotumb-ia., SC 29210,

Southern Regional

Western Regional

244

Primatologists Conference

Underscores Importance

Member Participation

SiibmUtdd By Vat Samma/Lco
CooA^dinatoA. AAZK
Continuing Kee.peA Education

In June, in Niagra Falls, NY, the
American Society of Primatologists
met for their annual conference. This
is a multi-disciplinary group of
scientists and primate enthusiasts
who offer an amazing array of experi-
ences in every aspect of primate study.
Wild and captive, anthropology, behavior
and physiology, primate studies are
presented in papers and discussions,
available in the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF

The value of attendance and participation in conferences cannot be stres-
sed enough. We all can learn and share our thoughts and experiences with
each other for the good of our animals and for our continuing education.
Many Keepers are becoming specialists, and I highly recommend contact
with specialist groups. Sharing with other zoo professionals is satisfy-
ing and productive, but adding the scope of other studies opens us to new
awareness of our animals. As with any conference, these meetings also
allow us to establish contact with others who share our interests.

This is where I again ask for your help. If you are a member of a spec-
ialist group, ask the secretary of the organization to make the AKF
editors aware of conference dates. Going beyond this, please send me a
description of the group, and its goals, for publication in this column
and as information to our fellow Keepers. Help us all continue our pro-
fessional educations.

Manual Review Project Changes — submitted by Beth vou

VKojCct Coon,dlnatofi

Of

j The Manual Review Project has been renamed Keeper Training Materials
; Identification Project. This change is to reflect the new direction this
I project is going in now. The purpose of the project is to identify any
I type of training material and to let keepers know of the availability of
the materials. Right now the committee is focusing on training manuals
and videotapes/films. There will soon be a listing of training manuals
out informing you of each manual's contents, availability and in some
cases, price. In the near future there will be a list of videotapes/
films with the same information. If you know of any good training mater-
I ials, please let me know by writing to me at Mill Mountain Zoo, P.O. Box
13484, Roanoke, VA 24034.

1

I The following are the results from the questionnaire which was printed
! in the January 1985 Forum. After receiving only 10 responses; the com-
mittee sent out questionnaires to 87 zoos directly, we have received 41

245

CONTINUING KEEPER EDUCATION, ConUm^d

responses from the mailing, for a total of 51 responses from 49 different
zoos .

35

14

11

20

19

22

11

zoos have no formal keeper training program

zoos do have a formal keeper training program

zoos have their own manual or guideline/procedure booklet

zoos use the AAZPA Training Manual for reference or as a guideline

zoos conduct lectures (not always required attendance)

zoos have books or articles available to keepers

zoos have videotapes or films available

In addition six zoos commented that they use the AAZK videotape, other
tapes mentioned were Fowler’s Restraint and Capture and the Research
Methods tape put out by the Minnesota Zoo. Five of the zoos made a point
that only on-the-job training is used and that they felt more was needed.
Four zoos are in the process of writing their own manual /guideline booklet.
Training programs ranged from one to two-hour sessions, once a month to
once a week. Some zoos only had training for entry level keepers, while
other zoos would also have advance training for those who wanted to attend.
Anyone who would like more details from the survey may get in touch with

® i

Chapter

The Fresno Zoo AAZK Chapter would like to introduce their newly elected
officers: ]

(

President Alan Baker

Vice President Sally Becker

Treasurer Lorraine LoStracco

Secretary Betty Barkman

The Fresno Chapter has taken on the project of making and posting signs
for the zoo. Included are ’No Feeding’, ’Zoo Hours Are’, and ’Do Not
Tap On The Glass’ signs. One very individual sign we are creating is
our ’Senior Citizen’ sign. These signs will be displayed on or about
the enclosures of our oldest zoo residents. This will aid the public in
recognizing why some animals do look rather old as well as, hopefully,
create a bond between some of our older visitors and older animals within
our perimeter. Visitors may even go so far as to adopt such an animal
through our Adoption Program.

In our desire to increase interest and enthusiasm in our organization, we
have been enlisting a speaker for every meeting. Our speakers come from
every animal walk of life and have helped in our meeting attendance.

On 31 July, 1985, the Fresno Zoo Society held their annual Meeting Picnic
at the Zoo. Keepers opened up their sections to these Zoo Society members
and guests for one and one half hours. Keepers stood by to meet people
and answer questions about their sections and their animals. To close
out the evening, our Elephant Keepers/Trainers gave an Elephant Logging
Demonstration. These types of programs help to enrich the working rela-
tionship between the Zoo Society and the AAZK organization.

— SubnUJ:tQ,d by BoXty BoAkman

News I

J

246

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Frozen bird of prey diets
Frozen canine diet

Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts,
livers, rib, shank, and knuckle bones

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Primate canned
Marmoset canned

Omnivore dry
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Banana flavored primate, 1 5% protein
Banana flavored primate Pro-Plus, 25%
SPECTRUM protein

Omnivore dry
Polar Bear dry
Ratite dry

Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium

When you need a complete line of high-quality dry,
canned, and frozen animal diets for your feeding program,
call Animal Spectrum today.

In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

Animal SPECTRUM Inc.

Box 6307 Lincoln, NE 68506-0307

An Encouraging If^ord.

TOPEKA-BORN ASIAN WILD HORSE GOES TO CHINA

Marco, an Asian wild horse born at the Topeka Zoological Park's Conserva-
tion/Propagation Center at Forbes Field, was shipped by the Zoological
Society of San Diego to the Beijing Zoo in the People's Republic of China
on 7 July 1985.

Shipping Marco to China will enable the Beijing Zoo to intoduce a new gene
pool to their herd. The Beijing Zoo has the only captive herd in China at
this time.

Marco was born in Topeka on 8 May 1980. In 1983 he was placed on breeding
loan to the San Diego Zoo as part of the Species Survival Plan of the
American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums. He is a proven
breeder and sired a filly in April 1985.

To expedite the paperwork involved in shipping him to China, the Topeka
Zoo has relinquished ownership of the horse. Arrangements for his travel
were made by the San Diego Zoo with the approval of Topeka Zoo officials.

The Asian wild horse was thought to be extinct until 1874 when it was re- |
discovered by the Polish-Russian explorer, Przewalski. As of 1 January ,
1985, the total world population of this rare and endangered animal had i
risen to 600 specimens, all through captive propagation programs. i

On an additional note, another Asian wild horse born at Topeka's off- j

exhibit breeding facility resides at the Nature Park Lelystad in the [

Netherlands. Topeka officials were recently informed by Jan and Inge ;

Bouman of the Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the
Przewalski Horse in the Netherlands that this individual, a mare named f

Lory, had given birth to her first foal. The colt is called Lhagva, his |
Mongolian name which means Wednesday, the day of his birth. '

The arrival of 1.1 Asian wild horses (noted in last month's B&H section) i
brings to 10 the number of foals born at the Topeka Zoo's Conservation j

and Propagation Center since May 1980.

Publications Available

The 1985 AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings are now available for $20 >

member rate, $25 educational rate and $40 nonmember rate. Also, a few I

copies of the 1984 Regional and Annual Conference Proceedings are still
available at the same cost. To order, write: AAZPA, Oglebay Park, Wheeling.!
WV 26003. AAZPA pays postage and handling on all prepaid orders except
foreign. Checks should be made payable to "AAZPA". Be sure to include t
complete name and mailing address when ordering.

The first edition of the Geoffrey's Tamarin Studbook was recently pub-
lished by the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. This works contains much new
information on the species not readily available elsewhere. The studbook
is North American in scope, but inventory information on British collec-
tions is included. Data is current through 31 December 1984 and includes
pedigree information on 150 animals. For further information, contact
Mike Vitantonio, Cleveland Metroparks Zoological Park, 3900 Brookside
Park Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109.

Of

248

Conference

*85

AUCTIONS! AUCTIONS! AUCTIONS! AUCTIONS! !!!!!!!!!

HAVE YOU EVER PARTICIPATED IN A CHINESE AUCTION?

This year at the Conference, we are offering not one, but two auctions.

The first auction will take place Monday, 21 October, 1985, and is a
Chinese Auction. What is a Chinese Auction you say? It is a silent auc-
tion. The items to be auctioned will be on display all day Monday and
there will be boxes for your bids. You make your bid on a slip of paper,
which will be provided, and you put your name, the item number, size (if
applicable), and the amount you want to pay. The highest bid wins. You
can bid all day Monday and that evening you can pick up your winnings in
the Hospital ity Room. We think you will have fun with this, because com-
I petition can be fierce, and you will have to think of ways to outsmart
i the competition.

The second auction will be the night of the banquet and will be the regu-
lar auction with which you are all familiar. We hope to have a good se-
I lection of quality items for this auction. We have already received
from Seattle a hand-tooled, leather painting of a rhinoceros, mounted on
wood. This is a beautiful piece and a real collector's item.

; So please send in either the items you want to contribute to the auctions,
or send the forms which were a part of the registration packets, or just
put on a piece of paper a description of the item, the quantity (if more
than one), sizes (if applicable), the value of the item, and your name
and address. We need either the item or the written descriptions by
1 15 September, 1985, so we can get these auctions set up. We hope to have
the best auctions to date, and we need you to do it. Thanks and we are
looking forward to seeing you in Miami in October!

Hertz has been appointed the official car rental suppliers for our up-
coming conference. Special low rates have been negotiated for this event,
to help economize on travel costs. The special rates will be available
jone week before and one week after the Conference dates if you are plan-
ning on building in a vacation around the meeting. Rates include unlimited
'mileage, no drop charges if vehicle is turned in at Florida location other
jthan pick-up point. No advance reservations are required, but reservations
made at least two weeks in advance will help assure your choice of vehicle
jSize. For reservations and information call the Hertz Convention Control
(Center: 1-800-654-2240 and make sure and identify yourself with the AAZK
National Conference. Convention Discount rates are as follows:

CAR CLASS

1-4 DAY RENTALS

5-7 DAY RENTALS

Subcompact (A)
!Compact (B)
jMidsize (C)

Full-size (2-door/D)
Full-size (4-door/F)

$22.80/day

$25.80/day

$27.80/day

$30.80/day

$33.80/day

$69. 00/week
$89. 00/week
$99. 00/week
$129. 00/week
$159. 00/week

249

«)

Viewpoilif

CULTIVATING A PROFESSIONAL STAFF

By

Tom Rudolph

AyUmal ExklbTjU Englne.eA
NonXh Ca/iotina Moieonj o{, 6 Sclmcd

HMj>bon.o, NC

Zookeeping is a high profession similar in many respects to nursing.
Quality performance involves consistently taking care of thousands of tiny
details everyday. An ordinary day for a keeper is very undramatic and
yet the life, happiness and security of many animals rests most directly
on the Keeper. In fact, the less dramatic a keeper's day is the better
the job he or she is doing.

The smiling keeper who is lolling in front of his exhibit may appear to be
doing nothing, yet if he is a real keeper he is doing more than watching
the girls. He is observing his animals, acting as a guard, and talking
to the public.

The best public relations is the one to one contact each zoo employee has
with the public. This is why the director tours dignitaries through the
zoo, and this is also why the keeper should be taught to treat each person
as if he were the mayor.

When the keeper's enthusiasm rubs off on the general public, revenue and
support flows. The keeper both earns respect and insures his position
when he explains the intricacies of his job and the personalities of his
animals to the public.

Morale is extremely important in zoo work, even the newest volunteer must
be impressed that he is the first line of defense for the animals. The
most menial jobs of the zoo are the most important. Training is necessary
even for the jobs that appear childishly simple, so that the details and
order of events can be consistently repeated.

When training new employees it is important that the supervisor takes ex-
tra time to go beyond just showing them the mechanics of their job. Ex-
plaining the theory behind diet, cleaning, and observation techniques
helps promote the necessary understanding and respect for procedures. It
should also encourage the new keeper to ask many questions, and answering
the questions helps to polish the* supervisor ' s act.

Slowing down and telling the new keeper anecdotes about his savage charges
can help to promote genuine friendship and help to allay the fears any
person has towards wild animals. Constant watching, sharing stories and
observations helps to preserve a good attitude toward activities that on
the surface appear boring and menial.

The new keeper must be impressed that regardless of what activity he is
involved in, his first priority is observing the animals. New keepers
must be closely watched because the glamour wears off quickly. After he
or she has been bitten, snapped at and nipped, the new keeper might dis-
cover that he doesn't have the undying interest it takes to tackle boring,
dangerous or dirty jobs.

It is hard enough to attract good people. It is impossible to keep them

250

CULTIVATING A PROFESSIONAL STAFF, ConX^nue.d

unless a happy atmosphere of respect and morale is maintained. And by
good people I do not necessarily mean people of high intelligence. A per-
son who is so smart that he or she doesn't need to follow instructions or
ask questions is a danger to his or her animals.

The person who is cautious, follows instructions and asks questions will
always be a superior person. This keeper is the backbone of animal keep-
ing.

The Keeper I is the most precious resource of any zoo. The day when the
keeper was a menial slave badgered into doing the dirty work is passing -
just as the roadside menagerie and the cramped municipal zoo is passing.

The modern keeper is a person who has a sense of purpose and frequently
is highly educated. Such a person, cultivated, with careful training,
encouraged to question his superiors, and share observations, will work
like a dog for very little money and no recognition.

It is a sad fact that often just as a keeper begins to mature in his
trade, he or she is forced to leave the profession for economic reasons.

Any person who wants to own his own home or pursue the American Dream will
find this extremely difficult on a keeper's salary.

Many zoos cannot pay well, and often the city council, board of directors,
or even the zoo director fail to recognize the value of professional staff.

AAZK REGIONAL COORDINATORS

Linda Rokn., W.V, Stone, Uemo/Uat Zoo -
Vacancy

- ME, CT

- NV

- PA,NJ,MP,PE

- VA,{f},VA,V,C.

- MI

- IN,0H,KV

- WI,IL,MO,MW,IA

- TW,WC,5C

- FL,AL,GA,AR,M5,LA

- TX,m,CO,OK,KS,NE,SV,NV

Gene Vktladelpkla Zoo

Angela Keppet, hicutional Zoo
Lee Payne, Vetfiott Zoo
Lynne Vtlleu, Lnciianapotu> Zoo
LoAAy SammoAco, Lincoln PaAk Zoo
Plane Kauq, RiveAbanfi6 Zoo
Alan SkoAple^, Atlanta Zoo
Candy CAo^t, Pto GAande Zoo
LauAence Gledhtll, Woodland PaAk
1 Joanie Stinson, Phoenix Zoo
Vacancy

Zoo - WA,OR,rV,MT,Wy,AK

- CA,NV,AZ,UT,H1

- Canada

251

THE ANIMAL DATA TRANSFER FORM PROJECT

By

BeAnoAd Vol-dman, V/iojdcX. CooAdlnatoA
BuAneX PoAk Zoo, LivcApool, NV

In the fall of 1977, some of the keepers at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago

held a "rap session" with several other invited keepers from the Midwest

to talk about a Data Sheet that could be included with the shipment of ani-
mals. From that "rap session" was spawned a very successful Animal Data
Transfer Form project (ADT-Form) .

Throughout its history, during which time I have served as coordinator, the
ADTForm has been modified in various ways according to the input from keep-
ers via the AAZK Board of Directors and through two surveys, one of which

was published in the Animal Keepers’ Forum. It is a project that is totally

funded by AAZK; given to whomever requests it and is sent FREE, a profession-
al courtesy of AAZK. However, anyone who desires to support this worthwhile
project, please send contributions to the National Headquarters in Topeka,

KS.

The ADTForm is sent in the shipping process to the receiving institution
from the sending institution. The explicit purpose of the ADTForm is to
supply information about shipped animals to keepers, administrative staff
and veterinarians that is not normally found on health certificates or in
other papers required during the shipping process. The ADTForm is best
used when it is not duplicated on a copy machine which costs the user money.
It is a document that is made in a triplicate format on pressure sensitive
paper. Requests for shipment of a supply of ADTForms are made as soon as
the communication is received by me with delays held to a minimum.

It is hoped that all zoos, aquaria, animal parks and animal dealers use
the ADTForm as the standard data shipping form that accompanies health
certificates and other documents necessary for intra- and interstate travel.
This can be done by simply contacting me by postcard, letter, telephone or
telegram for a FREE supply of ADTForms. The most common request of ADTForms
is for 50 forms, with an occasional 25 or 100 to smaller or larger institu-
tions .

Anyone who uses the ADTForm has an opportunity to contact me directly for
any changes they may want to see incorporated in the Form pending the AAZK
Board of Directors' approval. I feel this offers a great chance for par-
ticipation in one of AAZK's projects.

This is one of those projects that an organization finds is beneficial to
so many people and animals that the organization wants to share it with
every institution that has a potential use for it. When it is not con-
sidered or used, all that usually remains is an animal shipped with many
questions about the animal on the receiving end unless private data ship-
ping forms are used.

The ADTForm project is now about 8 years old. During that span of time,

I've witnessed a professional development in the Form and a gaining accep-
tance of it on both national and international levels. Presently about
120 Zoological Parks, Aquaria and other animal parks are currently using
or have requested the ADTForm.

For an order of ADTForms please contact; Bernard Feldman, Burnet Park Zoo,

Box 146, Liverpool, NY 13088. Note: I have just moved from the Topeka Zoo, '
Topeka, KS to the Burnet Park Zoo in Liverpool, NY.

252

Reptile Care: Relating To ^^^Hwhibian .

The Inquiring Novice - Part 14 pOtpoUm

By

Silvan M. BoAnaAd, S2.yU.0n. Keeper
V2.pt. 0^ H2Ap2Xology
Atlayita Zoologtcal PoAk, A^ayvta, GA

PRELIMINARY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment of a debilated ani-
mal. Below is a checklist of some diagnostic considerations important in
evaluating the health status of a reptile, and Table I lists some frequent
complaints of reptile owners with comments on possible causes. A more in-
depth discussion about reptilian health problems will follow in this series.

LACK OF COORDINATION - may indicate a central nervous system disorder. Also,
Streptomycin is toxic to reptiles, and can cause incoordination if used in
their treatment.

LAMENESS - can be attributed to such conditions as calcium deficiency, a
birth deformity, gout (Part 12), metabolic bone disease, or trauma injury.

EYES - requires careful examination. Cataracts may indicate that a reptile
is suffering from vitamin D and calcium deficiencies. Cataracts are common
in aged animals. This problem may also be observed in young monitor lizards;
however, the cause in unknown. Swelling of the eyes (palpebral edema) in
chelonians indicates vitamin A deficiency or toxicity in these animals
(Part 11). However, tearing is normal in chelonians: tearing cleanses their
eyes. Sunken eyes in any animal may indicate starvation, dehydration, or
disease.

NASAL PROBLEMS - such as discharge, blockages, audible breathing, and short-
ness of breath (dyspnea) may indicate bacterial, fungal, or parasitic res-
piratory problems.

MOUTH - discharge may indicate pneumonia or mouth rot in reptiles. A con-
tinually gaping mouth could mean the animal has pneumonia or parasites
within its mouth. Also, snakes will gape if an old shed has been retained.

I Loosening or loss of teeth is normal in snakes, lizards, and crocodilians
unless nutritional deficiencies of vitamin D and calcium can be demonstrat-
1 ed. Ulcerations in the mouth is most probably attributed to mouth rot.

I SKIN DISORDERS - may manifest as cutaneous and/or subcutaneous swellings
or nodules in reptiles. For example, this integumental problem may in-
volve parasitism, tumors, bacterial or fungal disorders, or blister disease

Iin snakes. Furthermore, food animal wounds occur when the novice feeds
live prey to his pet reptile; therefore, it is important that reptiles be
offered only dead food animals. Minute, rounded spots of hemorrhage (pete-
: chiae) or varying sizes of red patches of the skin (erythema) indicate
I septicemia. Resiliance of a reptile’s skin indicates the state of hydra-
j tion/dehydration of the animal. Shedding difficulties are primarily a
I concern in snakes and will be discussed under commonly encountered dis-
j orders. Several shell disorders occur in chelonians such as fractures due

253

Table i . Frequent Complaints of Reptile Owners

REPTILE CARE: Relating To the Inquiring Novice, Continmd

254

Improper presentation of food (offering from over animal’s head, wiggling food too

Animal regurgitating Ambient or water temperature too

reptile CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice, Coyittnue^d

255

No shedding implement provided (log, rock, etc.

REPTILE CARE - Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 14, Contcnued

to trauma, necrosis from an accumulation of algae (some experts disagree
that algae causes shell problems), softness which occurs with malnutrition,
and ulcerations which may be due to Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease
(SCUD) or mycobacterial dermatitis (gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic
bacteria that affects the skin) .

SKELETAL DEFORMITIES - can be attributed to birth defects, malnutrition,
or improperly healed bones. Soft or fractured bones may be caused by
trauma, osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone and marrow), and malnurti-
tion .

GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS - are numerous! Constipation or intestinal ob-
struction could indicate parasitism, dehydration, a fur mass, or mycobac-
terial induced nodules. Causes of diarrhea and black stools can include
parasitism, bacterial infections, or poisoning. And lastly, regurgitation
of food or blood may also be caused by parasitism or poisoning. Other
causes of regurgitation may be from behavioral anorexia, speticemia, a
tumor, improper food, temperature, and/or handling.

EXCESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS - may be caused by nutritional deficiencies, malasap-
tion syndrome, mycobacteriosis , nutritional goiter, parasitism, pneumonia,
or mouth rot. Also, novices who are not familiar with a reptile's housing
and dietary needs may allow their pet to suffer retarded growth.

It is important that the preliminary examination also include sequential
fecal examinations. When no stool is available, the veterinarian should
administer a tepid water enema to aid in the collection of parasite eggs.
Expelled fluid can then be centrifuged and sedimented for microscopic ex-
amination.

KEEPER TO KEEPER - A Forum for Husbandry Problems |

and Solutions |i

i:

{EcUXoA-'s nott' kt thu ^ugge^tion Wdldtiio. Blolog.l6t Ste.ve. n

GAM.nd^cLtheA Mountouin, Lcnv-ctte,, SIC, toe. oAe. Xtiyitiatlng cotumn the.
hope, oi iantkeA ^ha/Ung the. v(Ut amount ol knoiAJledge. contained toitfUn the B
AAZK membeA^hip. Membeu oAe encouraged to tortte re^pom>eJ> to que6tioyi{> / p
probZem^ printed in thti> column. The {^otloioing month, the original queA- |
tion toilZ be restated along t^ith an^toeA^/^oluttovu submitted, 7^ you have ti
a que^tton on husbandry problems you have encountered and would IMie to p
hear Irom your fellow keepers on poMible ^olation6, submit it to: Keeper |
to Keeper, AKf OHice, 635 Gage Blvd, , Topeka, KS 66606.) Ij

This month's question is from Steve Miller, Wildlife Biologist at Grand-
father Mountain in Linville, NC:

"Has anyone had experience with a malady commonly called "Limberneck" |
in the larger cats? The symptoms usually are a weak neck, low-held head, j
abnormal gait and somewhat depressed appetite. The symptoms usually appear
in young or subadults. Vets I have consulted give differing causes and I
treatment."

9

256

RE YOU GOING BACK TO AFRICA AGAIN?

By

Ga/iy K, Cla/ikt^ VJji^cXoH,
b)onJid famoiu Tope.ka loo
Tope.ka, KS

ike many people I had always wanted to
go to Africa". After years of reading about
t, attending films and lectures, and dreaming...

thought it would be exciting to go over for two
eeks, view the animals, take some photographs, and
et my fill.

ell, after the first trip in 1974, Africa became a
art of me—and it became such an exciting aspect of
ly life that I wanted to return. As it happened, a second
afari developed, and then a third, and now I've been more than a dozen
imes. And I am ready to embark again in November™to Kenya with the
AZK.

3me people have asked; "Why don’t you go to South America, or Australia,
c the Galapagos? Why go back to East Africa again?"

/en though I have gone to many of the same areas of East Africa (some-
Lmes at the same time of the year) for more than a decade, it is not the
ame Africa. Things change: weather, people, animals, conditions. I
ave seen new things on each trip, even at the same places.

pu can read all the books, see all the films, hear all the stories, and
lalk to all of your safari-going friends, but you cannot comprehend Africa
Util you personally have been there— you have to experience Africa to
Uderstand it. Once you have it is virtually impossible to convey to some-
;ie else what Africa is all about. But, to use a meager form of communica-
Ton (words—especially in my limited vocabulary) , let me say that when I
jiink of Africa, I think of the big expanse of African sky. I have never
sen sky so wide anywhere in the world, even on the western plains of Kansas.
:rica is... well, you can’t get it all in, even with a wide-angle lens,
le cloud formations are ever-changing and the sunsets are glorious, as
;ce the sunrises. Africa is a beautiful, vast, natural area.

le rivers— such character to the rivers, twisitng and winding, with giant
Dulders in the center and steep banks rimming the edge. The mountains,
com the roof of Africa— the top of Kilimanjaro— down into the Great Rift
lalley, that huge natural gash in the earth that runs from the Red Sea to
ILmbabwe (and could be seen from the moon by astronauts) to the alkaline

Iakes; the forests (particualrly the mountain rain forest); the open plains
id savannahs— all are fantastic surprises.

le routine, the biological rhythm of the day. The sun comes up at 6:30
.m. and goes down at 6:30 p.m., every day. You're up with the sun, and
le birds in full song— Africa is alive and smiling and you don't want to
Lss out. You breathe clean air, you eat well, you sleep well, you feel
3od, you are living close to nature and sharing with a group an experience
lat is unique and unlike any other in the world.

lie people of Africa. I initially went over to Africa to see the animals.
It quickly became intrigued with the people. In fact, I was so impressed
1 the first trip that I now have as much interest in the people as I do
fi the animals. They are as much a part of Africa as the animals.

257

ARE YOU GOING BACK TO AFRICA AGAIN?, CowUnu^d

To see the various tribes, to learn a little Swahili, to communicate with
these people in their language; to learn something about their way of life,
to have them teach you (and they are anxious to teach you)— all of these
things are so significant, and so meaningful— things you will treasure
forever.

Revisiting some of the more familiar settings has its own special reward.

To go half way around the world and see an individual of a particular tribe
whom you first met years ago, and for their eyes to light up and break into
a big smile and remember you from previous safaris is an experience unlike j
any other. 1

I

If you are a photographer, Africa is a dream come true for both the pro- j
fessional and amateur. I don’t care how inexperienced you may be or how '
basic and limited your equipment may seem to you, you can’t help getting 1
fantastic pictures. Africa is Africa, the animals are close to you, the I
scenery is spectacular — the lodges, the trees — even the people in your i
group will be excellent subjects for photography. fi

A tape recorder also can be an important part of the trip. You can cap-
ture the mood and the spirit of the moment- — sometimes silence, sometimes |

laughter, and always the excitement when an animal is first spotted, and i

everyone is whispering excitedly ("Look at that!"), with cameras clicking 1:
and whirring. f

[

There is so much excitement each day. So many activities and events fill f
your mind and you heart and your soul — to the point that each evening you [
feel like a bottle of cola that is overflowing with effervescence. It
simply overwhelms you with sights and sounds, majesty and splendor. |

By the time you have finished the safari your brain £eels like scrambled |i
eggs because so many thousands of impressions have gone through your eyes ^
and into your mind and have become part of your system. f

When you are in Africa your whole likestyle changes. Your entire per- f
spective on life undergoes a great transformation and when you return j

home you will find that unconsciously you have undergone some permanent,
positive changes. You will view things differently and approach life 1

with a new awareness. Africa has a magical effect on you and your life. \

[

Certainly there are many other fantastic areas on earth but .. .nothing can t
compare with Africa, I don’t care what it is. *

[EdUtoK'^ not2.t TfvU kklK E(Ut k^^nJjim SdianA,, ltd by GoJiy K.

Cla/ikHf de.paAt New Sonk City on 23 NovembeA and fietafin on 6

Ve,(iejnbeA 19S5, Co6t New VoA.k aj> $2285 and Includes tnxLoeZ, lodging
me.at6, eta, Chaak tha exalting ItlneAy In the kklK Salaxl bfiockuoie.

you do not have a bn-oahuAep aall National HeadgaanteJU [913) 272-5821
and one will be ^ent to you. Time Is running out to pa/itlalpate In this
two -week k^Alaan adventuAe, eMpealally designed ^oK AAZK by PoAk East
Touas so make youA AeseAvatlon NOdJJ)

1

I'

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258

THE USAGE OF A FEEDER IN THE CARE OF

CENTRAL AMERICAN RIVER TURTLES

AT THE FORT WORTH ZOO

[ Bt/

I Kollye. Snydm and Ketty HXgktowe/i

i AqaaAl6-t&^ VoKt WoAth Zoological PoAk

f Fo/U WoAth, TX

i

i roper care of the Central American River Turtle [VeAmatemy^ mawi] can be
ifficult and often requires special feeding techniques. The Fort Worth
oo Aquarium has acquired a pair of these threatened turtles and the male
f the pair has lived up to the finicky reputation of this species.

ur female P. mowl was obtained from the U.S. government. The turtles
ere the subjects of tests comparing biopsies of their muscular tissue
ith those of sea turtles used in turtle soup. The goal was to be able to
ecognize the type of turtle meat in the soup in order to keep P. mau)l
[ff the dinner table. Unfortunately for V, moMlf its meat was described
s "quite good". When the female arrived, she was placed in a 2000-gallon
Isplay tank housing a variety of fish and turtles. After familiarizing
erself with her new home, she settled down and quickly learned to accept
'he assortment of fruits and vegetables. She not only ate from the bottom
f the tank (Campbell, 1972), but would also readily feed at the surface,
n time, she learned to accept horse heart strips fed by hand. She was by
o means hard to please from a dietary standpoint. When our male VeAmatemy^
'Ml arrived, our problems began.

he male was acquired from Houston. He was reported as having little or
o appetite. He had some abrasions on his carapace and it was felt that
’ period of rehabilitation might bring back his desire for food. When he

rrived, he was placed in the tank with the female and promptly went into

flding. He found a fortified position on a rock ledge and seemed to be

omewhat stressed. All efforts to persuade him to eat failed. The items

hat the female was accepting were offered — and more. There was no posi-
ive response.

i. ggressive behavior on the part of the Giant Gourami i06phAOyi&nii6 goAomy)
jas noted. The offender was removed and the male P. maWA^ began to venture
iorth from his hiding place. At that point, the female became the oppress-
or. She would chase him around the tank with her jaws agape and nip at his
hell and tail. Although her displays resulted in no damage to the male,

t was decided to remove her from the tank. The grounds were incompatl-
ility,

.t this point all aggressive tankmates had been removed, but the male still
lefused to accept the food offered. Using information obtained by Rick
i'udson of the Fort Worth Zoo Herpetarlum, a feeder (Fig. 1) was constructed
'o allow food to be dropped to the bottom of the tank. The feeder was made
f a plastic container measuring 3%" diameter by 5V' high, A 3" by 4"
^pening was cut in the side. A weight was attached to the underside of
he feeder, and a length of nylon string was tied across the opening to
„ revent food from floating out while still allowing easy access. Materials

j. sed in the construction of the feeder had to be soft enough to prevent the
lurtle from injuring himself while eating.

i'ruits and vegetables were placed in the feeder and dropped to the bottom
if the tank. He began to investigate immediately and to munch leisurely

259

THE USAGE OF A FEEDER IN THE CARE OF A CENTRAL AMERICAN RIVER TURTLE

AT THE FORT WORTH ZOO, CoyvUnaQ.d

on the food, much to our relief! He has continued to eat from the feeder
and has also accepted floating food.

In summary, we have found that often P. maWA, requires special feeding
techniques. Our experience and the literature points out the importance
of getting the food to go to the bottom of the tank, at least initially.

We also believe that a submersible feeder is a safe, easy way to "put the
food where the turtle’s mouth is". The feeder which we designed is very
functional and has proven a success. It is also recommended that a large
variety of food stuffs be offered. Foods that we have offered and that
have been accepted include: lettuce, cooked sweet potato, apples, bananas,
and turnip greens. In the time since, he has also been observed nibbling
algae off the rocks in the tank.

Once the crucial problem of diet is solved, other aspects of turtle culture
can be explored. If you are having trouble getting your VeAmcutOJfny^ moW-l
(or other turtles) to eat, consider building a feeder. It has certainly
relieved one of our big problems and possibly can for you as well. Good
luck!

References '

Campbell, Jonathan (1972). Observations on Central American river turtles ,
at Fort Worth Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, Vol. 12. ,!

Pritchard, Peter C.H. (1979). The Encyclopedia of Turtles. TFH Publicationfi

l|

I

Acknowledgement s I

We wish to thank Rick Hudson for all of his help in gathering useful infor-|
mat ion and to the Oklahoma City Zoo for giving us the suggestion which led j|
to the development of the feeder.

260

ONE OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING

By

VoA.a M. 3ac.ob6, Szviion, He/LpeXa/u.um KccpeA
Zio Gnandd. loo, AlbuqudAquo,, WM

Part II: What to Do

[raining an animal, any animal, including a child, consists of the follow-
ing procedure:

L. Get the animal’s attention. The method varies with the species and
:he individual. You can give a social signal common to the species or
)ut the animal under physical control. Collars work for carnivorous
lammals, halters for hoofstock. Addressing some animals by name is suf-
ricient. A two-by-four applied to the cranium, contrary to popular belief,
isually prevents learning. Restraint devices must not hurt unless deliber-
ite pressure is applied. They must be escape-proof and do no physical
iamage. Training is much easier if started in babyhood when the handler
Ls bigger than the animal.

!. Define the command. Physical demonstrations must be given for anything
:hat does not understand speech, and a physical demonstration in addition
:o or even instead of speech also works best for humans. Leverage and
;ravity can control an animal stronger than you are. Flight distance can
>e effectively used to control the movement of an animal if you are careful
lot to crowd it into a panic. This is the principle used for herding. For
;he most part, however, fear only paralyzes an animal and makes it incapable
)f thinking or responding.

1. Reward a correct response. The reward must be consistent with the
ipecies' culture in order to be recognized as such. A smack on the rump
;ould scare a horse half to death while a low word of praise would reassure
■t. Leaving some animals alone is the best praise. Food works for some,
lut only if they’re hungry and emotionally secure.

. Correct a wrong response. "Correct" means to cause the animal to revise
ts action until it makes a correct response. It does not mean hurting
t without explanation or terrifying it. Punishment just plain doesn’t
'ork; it only makes the animal afraid of you. Leverage and psychology can
e used to modify an animal’s actions. Never give a command you can’t en-
orce during the training period. The animal must be convinced that it is
hysically impossible to disobey you. Although corrections need to vary
ith the command, a general negative word such as "no" or "quit" can often
e used in an emergency situation. Some animals are influenced by verbal
orrection and some don’t care whether you approve or not. Deaf animals
re not influenced by verbal correction, or commands for that matter,
ome animals are influenced by personal correction, but some must exper-
ence a direct consequence of their own acts in order to be impressed. We
just gain personal dominance over some animals. The elephant ankus is our
atriarchal trunk. Pinning a dog to the ground by its throat gives us much
ore control than bellowing obscenities at it. A jerk on the halter rope
f a camel can back up a harsh word effectively until only the word is need-
d. Solitary animals such as many cats need a physical incentive to do any-
ihing. Bribery works to condition solitary species of felines.

L Drill a command with immediate enforced response until the animal’s re-
ponse is a conditioned reflex rather than a conscious choice. At this

261

ONE OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING: Part 2 - What To Do, CoyvUnua.d

point the animal obeys before it thinks. Deciding what to do next can
only be considered a form of thinking.

Once an animal clearly understands a command, it should be set up and
tempted to disobey, so that the correction can be taught. Even more
important, it will learn that obedience is always necessary. No tempta-
tion is unfair so long as the animal understands the command and is given
no conflicting commands by the handler. Male show dogs are often required
to be in the same ring as in-season females, and they learn to keep their
minds on their work. In an emergency is when you most need to be able to
count on obedience. Train for emergencies by drilling among distractions
in varied locations once the commands have been learned.

In a zoo, an animal is often required to obey several handlers, and to
transfer its obedience to new handlers periodically. For this reason it
is imperative to have a rigid training schedule and insist that all hand-
lers stick to it. Commands, routines, and enforcement must always be the
same no matter who the handler is. Authority must be transferred to a new
handler by having them watch an experienced one to get the formula down,
then work the animal in the presence of the experienced one, with the exper-
ienced handler backing up corrections at first if need be. Any animal will
test the limits of a handler, and push its luck further every time if allow-
ed to get away with an infraction, until it establishes its dominance over j
the handler or just plain disregards the handler's presence and does its
own thing. Maintain human control.

Untraining is always more difficult than proper training in the first place..
No animal should be allowed to practice improper responses. If there is |

not an effective correction available the animal should be physically pre- ■
vented from making the undesirable action or the routine should be changed,
omitting the command until a sabotage is devised or the animal forgets
and retraining can be started at the beginning. Reliability of response ||
is built up with repetition and effective control. f:

Species differences must be kept in mind during training. Horses and dogs i'
hear much better than we do. Yelling at close range can cause pain in
their ears. They can hear a clearly articulated quiet command much more
clearly than a loud one. A chain clanking near their ear will make them "
deaf to our commands. Hoofstock all spook easily if we fidgit around.

Visual static can also befuddle anything working at a distance on hand
signals. Snakes are deaf and can't learn commands. Parrots don't smell
so can't be taught scent discrimination. Hoofstock don't see at all behind;:
right in front of, or above them where they have blind spots. Old animals
often go blind and deaf. Many solitary wild animals hate to be touched. ;
Petting will only insult or frighten them. Staring many animals in the
eye frightens them. For others is is necessary in order to dominate them, j
Dogs can be conditioned to tolerate a direct gaze from a handler once they ;
accept dominance. Figuring out the proper correction for a particular ■

command for a particular animal can be tricky. It takes planning and fore-
sight, not to mention understanding and insight. Also patience.

As an example of the technique, suppose we want to teach a llama to lead.

We put a halter on it with a lead rope long enough to run a big loop over ‘
its back and behind its haunches. We pet it and speak to it to reassure
it. Then we give the command, say "Lead", in a clear voice all by itself, j
That instant, we look forward and step out briskly, holding the lead a :^ ||
ways beneath the llama's chin. If the llama keeps right with us, we praise
it softly. If the Hams doesn't follow, the lead rope will tug on its

262

ONE OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING, Part 2 - What To Do, CoyiUna^d

head and then its rear end. It will likely surge forward to get away
from the unseen pressure at its rear. As it comes forward, we praise it
softly. If the Hams braces its four feet and puts on the brakes, we let
up on the pressure long enough for it to lose its balance, then head off
to the side. Physics says it will have to follow. We move fast enough
to prevent its getting another grip on the ground, and when it is in the
proper position, praise it softly. We do not repeat the command in any
case, but once the command has been executed in a reasonable facsimile
of correctly, we stop and start over with a new command. If there was
resistance the first time, we prevent the repetition by casting directly
off to the side rather than straight ahead. We do not watch the animal
so as to prevent adjusting our actions to those of the animal. The ani-
mal is supposed to adjust its actions to ours.

If the animal gets into trouble, say by going the wrong way around a post,
we won't notice until it trips itself emphatically, and then we can quiet-
ly stop and wait until it untangles itself for a new start. In that case,
it would be a very good idea to make several trips past that very same
post in the course of the training session so that the animal can learn
to pass on the same side of it as we do and thereby avoid jerking on its
head. Praise heavily when it responds properly, and pay as little atten-
tion as possible when it trips itself. We can't be blamed if we're not
,even watching. The animal will learn to take responsibility for its own
i actions. Timid animals gain self-confidence that way, and dominant ani-
mals learn respect. If our llama is a biter, it would pay to deal with
[that problem separately by muzzling the animal for lead breaking. Notice
that at no point in the procedure did we beat, browbeat, or bully the
animal. Notice that we also never gave it any choice in whether or not
it obeyed a command. We made obedience necessary and not unpleasant. In
fact, disobedience was rather uncomfortable. As long as we hold the lead
[so that it will pull on the head before it is choked up enough to put
pressure on the rear (this may require two hands on the rope), the ani-
mal will learn that the most comfortable and untraumatic thing to do when
I'we say "Lead" is to follow swiftly wherever we go. As a bonus, there
I will be praise.

{Editon,'6 note.: Vant 3 oi thJjy 6ubje.cittve. ^e/LleJ> on Animat Tn.atnlng
e.ntttt&d "What Not To Vo" and wttt be pu.bJUj>he.d tn the. Se.pte/nbeA
oj AKF.)

263

By

^cwitynn. Lai/Xne., P^eA-6 R2,p^(U>(iyutcutLve,

The New VoA.k Zoological Society
Bn.onx, NV

JungleWorld, one the most ambitious indoor zoological exhibitions ever
created, officially opened to the public at the Bronx Zoo on 22 June,

1985.

On a grand scale and in minute detail, JungleWorld re-creates a Southeast
Asian rainforest, mangrove swamp, and scrub forest. These habitats are
home to a comprehensive cross-section of tropical Asian plants, animals,
terrains, and climates — econiches that contain a huge diversity of flora
and fauna. Animals ranging from the rare proboscis monkey, the 750-pound
Malayan tapir, and the black leopard, to the tiniest insects and aquatic
life forms may be viewed up close and in remarkably natural settings. '

JungleWorld ' s habitats occupy 37,000 square feet with an interior height
of up to 55 feet and an interior space of one million cubic feet. |

I

JungleWorld is a unique blend of organic life and meticulously reproduced ij
man-made landscapes. More than thirty species of living tropical trees,
and scores of shrubs, flowering orchids, vines, and tropical ferns have
been planted in these lush environments. The man-made aspects of the ex-
hibition include over 17,000 square feet of limestone, sandstone, lava ’
and granite formations, 23 major trees (some up to 50 feet in height and
eight feet in diameter) and more than 17,500 square feet of naturalistic ,
murals merged carefully with the terrain. These elements have been craft-
ed by an extraordinary group of specially skilled artists and artisans. ^
Cloud machines, five waterfalls, a complex of pools and streams that re- ^
circulates over 2,000 gallons on water a minute, almost 4,500 square feet
of tropical mudbank, and 27,000 square feet of skylights are also includ-
ed in the exhibit space. f

Entering JungleWorld, the visitor walks through an introductory gallery 'i
filled with giant Asian bamboo and colorful Indian and Balinese banners. '
Beyond this gallery is the Scrub Forest, where giant "dragon lizards" i
(monitors) sun themselves and dig burrows in grassy lava outcrops. '

The Mangrove Gallery introduces a unique habitat where trees grow into j
the salt water and fish (mudskippers) live on land. Proboscis monkeys
(a species noted for its fondness for swimming and also for the adult '

male's large pendulant nose) make their home on the rocky outcrops of i

man-made granite in the Mangrove Forest, which includes hand-sculptured
mangrove trees and many species of lithophytes.

264

lINTRODUCING Jungl eWorld, Covvtin.aQ,d

the Rain Forest Introductory Gallery » stressing the great value and pot-
sntial of these areas for human society in terms of medicines, foods,
jmd the study of evolution, is followed by the largest exhibit in Jungle-
Ifcrld. Three-hundred feet long, the rainforest is reproduced with in-
jiredible ver similitude, aided by one of the largest naturalistic murals
jm the world, and huge buttress-root trees that soar out of sight. Here,
silvered leaf monkeys, crested gibbons, white-handed gibbons, black pan-
thers (leopards), Malayan tapirs, giant turtles, great hornbills, and
ilsian leafbirds live among natural mosses, vines and Asian plants - many
[Ln bloom. Along the way, another gallery is devoted to the tremendous
diversity of rainforest life, including specially adapted rainforest rep-
tiles - vine snakes and flying geckos - amphibians, flying frogs, leap
frogs, insects and such phenomena as giant walking sticks.

[Ihe final exhibition area is a view of the Lower Montain Rain Forest —
actually the 300-foot-long Rain Forest Exhibit from a new angle. A river
jtumbles down the rocks, interrupted by a series of pools filled with
jgharials - a strange, rare, narrow-snouted crocodilian from India. Visi-
tors may walk down a short staircase to get a close-up look at the gharials
and clear glass makes it possible to see them underwater. A fossil skull
protruding from nearby rocks shows a 40-million-year-old gharial relative.

rhroughout JungleWorld are reminders that the world’s rainforests are
disappearing at an alarming rate. As the visitor exits JungleWorld, he
is confronted by a ’’jungle countdown” sign. It is a digital counter which
was started on opening day with the approximate number of acres of jungle
Jstill remaining. . .and the number will be decreasing at the rate of 50
iacres per minute thereafter; an enormously powerful conservation message
[to which JungleWorld is the build-up. The next sign is a ’’population
count-up”. This one began with the opening day’s human population and
Increases at the rate of 125 each minute... the current figure of human
population increase after substracting all deaths. The sign makes the
[point that over-population is the fuel for the fire of wildlife extinction.

rhe final JungleWorld sign reads;

”In the end, we will conserve only what we love. We will
love only what we understand. We will understand only what
we are taught.”

I Baba Dioum

JungleWorld is the product of an intensely collaborative effort by a
Large team of zoologists, designers, artists, horticulturists, and audio-
/isual experts, mostly from the New York Zoological Society’s own staff,
tt was supervised by Dr. William Conway, Zoological Society General Direc-
tor. The Larson Company of Tucson executed all the permanent elements
' Df the vast habitats.

|?unding for the interior work and the exhibitions in JungleWorld was pro-
i/ided primarily by Mrs. Enid A. Haupt, a strong supporter of the Zoolo-
gical Society since 1977, and a Trustee since 1982. The Nicholas Founda-
tion, The Chase Manhattan Bank, The Griffis Foundation, The General Foods
Fund, The Vincent As tor Foundation, The Charles A. Dana Foundation, The
Cleveland H. Dodge Foundation, The Starr Foundation, The J.I. Foundation,
irs. James Walter Carter, Frederick M. Alger, Shirley S. Katzenbach, The
Texaco Philanthropic Foundation, and Mrs. Landon K. Thorne also made sig-
lif leant contributions.

265

Legislative News

INTERIOR LEAST TERN, THREE GULF COAST BEACH MICE ADDED TO ESL

The interior population of the least tern, a Midwestern bird whose his-
toric abundance impressed explorers Lewis and Clark on their westward i
explorations, and three subspecies of beach mice found along the wind- ,

swept barrier island sand dunes of the Gulf Coast have been added to the Ij
U.S. list of endangered and threatened species.

The actions, announced recently by the Interior Department's U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, expand the list of imperiled species to 854, of .
which 356 are found in this country and 498 are found only in foreign
countries. One of these newly-added species — the small, secretive |

Perdido Key beach mouse — is considered the Nation's most critically ^

endangered small mammal, with an estimated population of only 26 indivi- j
dual mice.

The interior tern joins its relative, the California least tern, as a j
species receiving the protections of the Federal Endangered Species Act. f
(A third variety of least tern, the eastern or coastal least tern, found [
along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the U.S., is not endangered at this'
t ime . ) i

I

An estimated 1,400 to 1,800 least terns are believed to exist within the [
bird's historic breeding range, which includes Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, j;
Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New j
Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Tennessee and inland portions of j

Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. In many of these States, however, the [
least tern is virtually absent; in Louisiana, for instance, where it was |
a common breeding bird, it is now absent, as it is in Mississippi, and j;
only 30 terns have been counted in Arkansas and Illinois, respectively. [

The least tern's decline has been attributed to the flooding and destruc-
tion of its nesting islands by channelization projects and reservoir con-
struction along the Mississippi River and many of its tributaries. On t
many of the remaining nesting islands, alteration of river flows has I

caused unfavorable growth of trees and other vegetation, curtailing use ]
of these sites by nesting terns. |

The Perdido, Alabama, and and Choctawhatchee beach mice have been de~ (
dared endangered species and the recent addition by the USFWS also
designates 31 miles of Gulf coast sand dunes in Baldwin County, AL, and t
Escambia, Walton, and Bay Counties in Florida, as critical habitat for (:
these species. "Critical Habitat" for any species is that area consider-f
ed essential for its continued survival.

This section of the Gulf Coast is rapidly being developed as recreation- j
al and commercial property, and the major threat to beach mice habitat
continues to be destruction of coastal sand dunes. Loss of dune vegeta-
tion has led to extensive wind and water erosion, further destroying ^

beach mouse habitat.

Ve-pt, oi IvitoAlon. New6 Rele/ue

NEW EFFORTS TO HALT ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE ANNOUNCED

As part of a new "get tough" stance on illegal wildlife trade, the World
Wildlife Fund-U.S. has announced new efforts are being taken to help
curb the increasing numbers of endangered wildlife products being brought

266

■ EGISLATIVE NEWS, ConUnucd

into the U.S. Products made from sea turtle shell, crocodile leather,
and skins of spotted cats such as jaguars are still coming into the country
illegally in considerable quantities in spite of U.S. legislation prohibit-
ing such imports.

The USFWS will increase by 50 percent the number of inspectors at designat-
jed ports of entry to help intercept illegal shipments of wild animals and
plants and their parts and products. Commenting on the hiring of addition-
al inspectors, Clark Bavin, Chief of Fish and Wildlife’s Enforcement Agency,
said, "In 1982 alone, there were over 55,000 shipments of wildlife import-
jBd into and exported from the U.S. with a declared value of over $760 mil-
lion. Our investigations have determined that many shipments have been im-
'ported with fraudlant documents, and we are concerned that others may have
cleared without detection. Smuggled wildlife continues to be a problem.

By increasing the number of inspectors, the Service is enhancing its ability
to inspect wildlife shipments. This added impetus will benefit our enforce-
nent efforts and provide a deterrent that will serve to protect many species

Increased appropriations by Congress which led to the hiring were supported
3y World Wildlife Fund-U.S., the largest international conservation group
lommitted to the preservation of species and habitats. Said Russell Train,
.President of WWF-U.S., "As the world's largest consumer of wildlife, the
J.S. has recognized its responsibility to have strong wildlife import laws.
’^e have both a legal and moral obligation to help curb international illegal
wildlife trade. As the recognized international leader in conservation, our
efforts can favorably influence activities by other nations and, thus, have

Imormous significance around the world."

[n another "get tough" move. World Wildlife Fund, whose TRAFFIC (Trade
Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce) network monitors trade
In treatened and endangered wildlife all over the world, announced the
opening of TRAFFIC (South America) to be based in Montevideo, Uruguay and
:he only other office in this hemisphere outside of TRAFFIC (U.S.A.). The
lewly created office in Latin America joins a network of TRAFFIC offices
in Japan, Germany, Australia, Belgium, the U.K. , and the Netherlands.

According to Kathryn Fuller, head of TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), "The South American
Initiative has special significance because an estimated 35 percent of
rorld trade in endangered wildlife and wildlife products originates in
South America - over 33 percent of it illegally. TRAFFIC (South America)
should be of considerabe help to countries like Brazil who have seen their
iJildlife resources steadily diminish due to rampant poaching."

Che measures taken by the World Wildlife Fund and the USFWS follow in the
fake of heated discussion on the global illegal trade problem at the re-
lent meeting in Argentina of 88 countries party to CITES, the Convention
)n International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Joth TRAFFIC and the USFWS had the opportunity to express their shared
loncem about the problem at the meeting.

— {JJdJidLliQ. Fund-U.S,

News ReZcase

267

Exhibit

Options

CARE OF LEAF-CUTTING ANTS

[ktta. 4p. )

By

Milan K. Biu eking
Cu/iaton, oi lnv2Xtebn.at(LA>
Cincinnati Zoo, Cincinnati, OH

A display leaf-cutting ant colony consists of three main parts: the forag-
ing chamber (the above ground area), the fungus garden chambers (below
ground), and the debris pile.

Foraging Chamber

Generally, the larger the foraging chamber, the faster the colony will
grow. A convenient size in use at the Cincinnati Zoo is a cubical plexi-
glas box measuring 24 inches on each side. The display colony at the
Cincinnati Zoo is approximately pentagonal in shape, 6 feet x 5 feet by
4 feet high, and is made of plywood and glass with a plexiglas top.

The foraging chamber should have at least two ventilation panels. The
screen in the panels should be tight enough to prevent the escape of the
ants (some workers are very tiny) . The useful size is 40 x 40 mesh brass
or stainless steel strainer cloth. The use of ventilation panels will
help prevent fogging (moisture condensation) which would interfere with
viewing of the ants by visitors. The size of the ventilation panels will
depend on the movement of air in the building where the ants are housed.

If fogging still is a problem, two small, low velocity fans can be used
over the ventilation panels, one fan blowing in and one blowing out. The
fans might be set, using a timer, to run for only part of each day to
avoid drying out the foraging chamber too much.

The foraging chamber should have a door of a convenient size because leafy
branches and other vegetation must be added and defoliated stems must be
removed from the chamber daily. Ants can be prevented from escaping throug
the door while adding leaves by wiping a light barrier of oil ( a medium
weight household oil is satisfactory) or talcum powder around the inside i
edge of the door frame. These barriers need to be renewed periodically. i
A more permanent barrier, although more expensive, can be made by painting
liquid teflon or fluron around the door frame. I

I

The foraging chamber can be decorated with appropriate rocks, vines, tree |
stumps, etc. I

i

Fungus Garden Chambers I

I

Garden chambers used at the Cincinnati Zoo are approximately 6 inches x |
7 inches x 4 inches high and have proven to be a convenient size (see
diagram) . These dimensions can be modified to fit particular exhibit [

design criteria. Plastic boxes with tight-fitting lids are useful because |
holes can be easily drilled in these to accommodate ventilators and plas- j
tic connecting pipes. One inch (outside diameter) plastic pipes (7/8 |

inch inside diameter) are a useful size to accommodate ant traffic between
chambers and to build ventilators for garden chamber lids. Plastic pipes |
can be built to accommodate any arrangement of fungus garden chambers.
However, it is most efficient if no more than two or three garden chambers (i

268

:ARE of leaf-cutting ants, Coi^Unmd

.le in a series (where ants have to pass through several gardens to reach
listant chambers). A branching pipe pattern (see diagram) is recommended.
Intersections in plastic pipes can be glued using a plastic adhesive con-
paining methyl-ethyl-ketone. Ventilators can be built by cutting pieces
|)f the plastic pipe about one inch in length and gluing a disk of 40 x 40
lesh brass or stainless steel screen to one end of each piece of pipe.

’he ventilators can then be inserted into holes which have been drilled
j.n the lid of the garden chamber. Two ventilators per garden chamber are
isually adequate.

Jarden chambers are added to the colony one at a time as necessary (as
;he existing chambers become filled with fungus gardens) . It works well
';o furnish new garden chambers with a layer of moist sand on the floor of
i;he container and one or two platforms made of or mesh hardware cloth
It intervals above the sand. A platform of this type adds support to the
:ungus garden. In nature, tree roots, rocks etc. would extend through the
;arden chambers and add support to the gardens. Therefore, in a display
‘olony, roots or twigs could substitute for hardware cloth.

he optimum temperature for the growth of the fungus garden and the ants is
ibout 78® to 80®F and it is useful to keep a thermometer near the garden
ihambers for reference. The humidity inside the garden chambers should be
■airly high. The appearance of the fungus can be a good indicator as to
rhether the moisture level in the garden is too high or too low. A healthy
ungus garden should be gray or dark gray in color in the upper portion of
he garden and somewhat brownish in the lower portion. If the moisture
.evel is too low the sand floor will obviously be dry and the fungus will
ippear dry and papery. To correct this several things can be done? add
rater to the sand under the garden; close one or both of the ventilators;

|ir feed the ants leaves which have a high water level (like kale and let-
tuce) . If the moisture level in the chamber is too high the sand will
ippear saturated and there may be puddles of water on the floor of the
;arden chamber. Also, the fungus will appear whitish in color and rather
uzzy. To correct thisj ventilators should be uncovered and cleaned (the
lints may have clogged the ventilators with sand or plant fibers); the
eeding of high moisture plants to the colony should be discontinued; and
n extreme cases, air can be gently blown into a ventilator (a small
iiquarium air pump with air tubing and valves works well) . Care should be
sed when blowing air into a fungus garden and the chamber should be check-
id several times a day. One day is usually enough time to dry the garden
ihamber sufficiently.

leaf-cutting ant colony must be fed every day, or several times a day
j.f necessary. The leaves and branches are placed in the foraging chamber,
jlie ants accept a wide variety of plant species (see Appendix), However,
;ome plants are preferred over others and the preferences of the ants
hange from day to day. The change in preferences is most noticable when
. single species of plant has been given to the colony for several consecu-
ive days. The ants will then slow down or stop cutting that species of
lant. The method of feeding the ants at the Cincinnati Zoo which has been
lost successful is to offer three or four species of plants each day and
o switch to other species on the two or three following days before re-
I'eating the sequence. There are obviously numerous sequences of plant
Iipecies possible but the general plan is to avoid feeding the ant colony
:oo heavily on any one plant species.

>ebris Pile

if ter the fungus has utilized the necessary nutrients in the leaf pieces.

269

2. feef

CARE OF LEAF-CUTTING ANTS, ConXZnuad

A Possible. Floor - pi on for
o Leaf - cuHinQ Anf CoJong
{lop 'View')

( heiqhf Zfeef)

.iqorclen

chambers
plasfc pipe
|— 1 1— j inch ouiside

dia.)

P- rabber

stopper { more pJash'c
pipes and garden chambers
con be added fo ih/s end
as ihe Colorrp proves.

Noie * The foraging ahoryiber

aoujd be hrpar or some cFer shape. Also^ Ihe garden
channhers could be arranged differenllg depending
on convenience and csthei/cs.

Dioqronn of Leaf - cuffing
Colong (Affa)

Anf

go y go mesh brass
or sfoin/ess sfee!
Sfrainer v-

(Carden Chamber
(widih -^'/s inches)

7-^ inches

Nofe ' The garden chambers
Could be other Similar dimensions.
The chamber i Hus j rated has proven
fo be a convenient Size .

Ventilator f! inch dia ) Mag be
plugged '^ilh fope or replaced
v^iih # 5 rubber stopper fa
ebjusi huMidiig of chamber.

■Hole for plasiia fa be
Connectors between
box es (I inch die.)

Moist Sand

'''^Vg.orfz i''>ch galvanized
hardware clolh to help
Support fungus garden
(roofs or twigs can be
used instead for
esfhet/c re as ons)

270

CARE OF LEAF-CUTTING ANTS, Continued

certain ants clean the gardens, removing the leaf debris and carrying it
out of the garden chambers. This is a continuous process as is the cutting
of leaves. The debris, which resembles brown sawdust, is often piled in
the foraging chamber. Occasionally one or more of the garden chambers are
used by the ants to dispose of debris. In either case, the debris must
periodically be removed from the colony. If the debris pile is in the for-
aging chamber, it can be removed with a scoop or an industrial shop vacuum
cleaner (preferred method at the Cincinnati Zoo). Removal of the debris
is easier if the ants have piled it in what was intended to be a garden
chamber. Simple remove the chamber, dump it, and replace it. It is some-
times useful to plug the plastic ant tube with a #4 rubber stopped during
this operation. In either method of debris removal a number of ants are
lost. This does not appear to be a problem because new ants are continu-
ously being reared.

Appendix; Accepted plant foods of Leaf-cutting ants (Atta 6p. )

**Collected from Zoo grounds ;

Rose (leaves and flowers)
Bramble

Crab apple (leaves and flowers)

Purple-leaf plum

Crown vetch

Weeping willow

Honeylocust

Privet

Linden

Cottonwood

Leatherleaf Vibirnum
Manhattan Euonymus
i Dandelion (leaves and flowers)

1

Reared in the Greenhouse;

I Banana leaves
I Croton

Grapefruit leaves

I Obtained from the Supermarket ;

I Kale
|i* Spinach
1* Swiss chard
* Parsley

Rhododendron flowers

Boxelder

Catalpa

Forsythia flowers

Trumpet vine

Sumac

Smartweed

Lambsquarters

Ail an thus

Pyracantha

Japanese Honeyeuckle

English Ivy

Hibiscus leaves
Bouganvilla

Lettuce

* Possible; these have not been
tried at the Cincinnati Zoo.

'!■** Most of the plants collected from the zoo grounds can be kept frozen
in plastic bags for use during the winter. However, crown vetch does
not work well; it becomes mushy when thawed.

271

lyut^LitloyUi winking to advoAtt^o, mplogmzwt oppontu.yUttej> o/ie cu>kiid to
6md poAttnunt data by tkn 15tk o{, taoh month to: OppoAtuntty Knoalu/AKf,
635 Gage. Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606, Please Include closing dates ion.
positions avaltable. TkeAe Is no cha/ige ion. such listings and phone-in
listings ioA positions which become available close to deadline an.e accept

ed.

ZOOKEEPER, . ♦ society-operated facility. Diverse animal husbandry and zoo
operations responsibilities. $4. 75/hour plus benefits. Send letter and
resume by 26 August 1985 to: Binder Park Zoo, 7400 Division Drive, Battle
Creek, MI 49017.

SENIOR KEEPER. . .required to care for a collection of animals in private
zoo located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Three years' hands-on exper-
ience required with zoo animals, not domestic livestock. Ability to help
build and maintain animal enclosures a must. Some supervisory experience
helpful. Salary based on education and background. Call or send resume
to: Claws n' Paws Wild Animal Park, RD 1, Lake Ariel, PA 18436 (717)
698-6154.

ANIMAL KEEPER /Reptiles & Amphibians, , ,requires one year's
paid experience in the care of reptiles and amphibians. Re-
lated BS and additional experience desirable. Salary $13,000-
$15,000. Contact: David Raboy, Director, Burnet Park Zoo,

P.O. Box 146, Liverpool, NY 13088.

LARGE MAMMAL KEEPER, ., requires high school diploma and one
year of paid zoo experience. Elephant handling experience
preferred. Will be responsible for care and maintenance of
large mammal collection and a variety of hoofed stock species.
Send resume and references by 15 August to Michael Tucker,
Curator of Mammals, Caldwell Zoo, P.O. Box 428, Tyler, TX
75710.

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MAMMAL KEEPER, ,, requires two years' experience as a keeper,
with degree in zoology or related field preferred. Will be
responsible for daily feeding, maintenance, health and behavior-
al observation of animals in mixed exhibits. Contact: Sam
Winslow, Curator of Mammals, Audubon Zoological Garden, P.O.

Box 4327, New Orleans, LA 70178 (504) 861-2537.

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AQjJARIST/ ANIMAL TECHNICIAN 3... requires one year of expereince
with knowledge of aquarium management and maintenance. Will
be responsible for supervising establishment and maintenance
of exhibit tanks and off-exhibit holding tanks. Salary $16,218.
Submit resume to: Human Resources, Oklahoma City Zoo, 2101 N.E. 50th,
Oklahoma City, OK 73111.

CURATOR/MANAGER, . .desire applicant with MS in zoology, ecology, wildlife
management or similar area and two years' administrative experience. Will
supervise capital improvements projects, personnel, facility /animal care,
educational programs, exhibits and financial /budgetary programs. Salary
$22 ,889-$34 , 334, plus benefits. Mail resume to: Forest Preserve District
of DuPage County, Att: Personnel Dept., P.O. Box 2339, Glen Ell5m, IL
60138.

ANIMAL KEEPER II... assist Head Keeper as an animal keeper and supervisor
Requires high school diploma, some college courses, and experience with
animal field. Applicants within and outside this city are being consid-
ered. Equal Opportunity Employer. Contact: Steve Matthews, Sunset Zoo,
Manhattan, KS (913) 537-0063, Extension 278.

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name Check here if renewal [ ]

Address

$20.00 Professional $15.00 Affiliate

’ full- time. Keepe^u OtkeA and voluyvte.e/u>

$25.00 International

kit membeA6 outside the
U,S, and Canada

$15.00 Library

LibhjoAy ^ab^cAlption only

Directory Information : ZOO

$15.00 Associate
IndlvlduoLs not connected
with an animal coAe iacWity

$50.00 Contributing

Oh.Qay\lzatioYUi and Individuals

Work Area

Special Interests

Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE) ,
payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
quarters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to knlmol Keeper' foAum. The member-
ship card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
U.S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animal Keepers ' foAum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles for consideration.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size no more than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25J$cm) . Literature used should be
cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

Articles sent to Animal KeepeA^' foAum will be reviewed for publication.
[iNo commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
1 separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
!staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
jtion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
addressed envelope.

Telephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
ibe accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

I DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

Anttcles pAlnted do not necessanJJiy Ae^lect the
j opinions the Animal Keepe/u ' foAum edltoAlal

6ta^j^ OA the Amextcan As-soclatlon o^. Zoo KeepeA^,

Items in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
Is requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

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‘“orum

SEPTEMBER 1985

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ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

SEPTEMBER 1985 j
VOLUME TWELVE]

Executive Editor: Alice Miser NUMBER NINE]

Managing Editor: Susan Chan j

Associate Editor: Ron Ringer j

AnunciX K£.2.p£A-6 ' foA-CUn (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS ^
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub- |
lishing costs of AyUmoZ ' foA-Um, Second Class postage paid at

Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC,

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dotty Ctcuik, AdmTyiti)tn.cutlv(L SucA^tcuiy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP /Conservation & Research Center PAeAT.de.yit,

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park \/T.ce.-PAeATde,yUl

Escondido, CA 92025 -

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614 ]

Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C.

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada 'I

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS ^

■ - ■ - ' ■ P

International Affairs Coordinator i

CoyiyUe Cloak, NoAhvltte., TN [

Research/Grants Committee l!

fAank Kohyi, Natlonat loologTcat Pkr
Legislative Action Committee i

AlTce Ul6eA, Tope.ka loo j

Public Education Committee
3a.y doACLYi, Staten I^tayid Zoo ,

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs
GeAotd Payne., DeXAoTT. Zoo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pat SammoAco, Ltncotn Pa/ck Zoo
Awards Committee
' Mtfee CAockeA, DtdkeAAon PoAk
Book Reviews Coordinator
Dtane foAAyth, AkAon. Zoo

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

EtayidAa Aim, Woodtavid PoAk Zoo

Program Library

Avine M. Payne., DetAoTt Zoo

Exhibit Design Form

Dtane. foAAytk, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accommodations List

OtiveA Ctaile.y, HetAo ToAonto Zoo

Keeper Training Videotapes

(jJayne Buckanan, iJiJoodtand PoAk Zoo

Library Resources

Kact Thomp.6on, Mtlt Ut, Zoo

Animal Data Transfer Forms ■

BeAnte, feldman, BuAnet PoAk Zoo
Membership Directory ^

Pat SammoAco, Lincoln PaAk Zoo
Diet Notebook

BAett BannoA, South floAtda Chapte.>,
Biological Values/Gestation
LaAAy BAotnaAd, San PAandAco Zoo [
Keeper Data Survey ;

MoAy Staybaugh, San Ayitonlo Zoo
Reference Search

Liz McLaughlin, RogeA Wtltiam^ Pk.
Zoo I Jenny Rent^Aow, Mason, MI

t

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS ;

States East of Mississippi - Dtanc KAug, RtveAbankA Zoo, Columbia, SC
States West of Mississippi - DcbAa StetchcA, (Woodland PaAk Zoo, Seattle,

Individual Regional CooAdlnatoAA and the stateA undeA thelA oveAAlght
oAe liAted elsewheAe In each Issue oi Aviimal KeepeAA* foAum.

Tkl6 month' 6 aove/i ciAt tA oi "Vtamond Jtm" a zeb/to. at thd NIP CovUM-vatton
S Rd^tcumh CuntoA. tn Vn.ont PoyaZ, l/A and ivaj> -submitted £0^ publtcatton by
Rebecca Conway, wl£e o£ AAZK P^citdent Kevtn Conway, lebrioi, oJie cla^^t£ted
tn the oKden. PeAti^odactyla, £amtty Equtdae, genti6 Equcu. The^e ^elattve^
o£ the domestic houe axe known £ox thetx dt6ttncttve black and white
6tAtptng--no two altke, much tike human £tngexpxtnts. The^e animats txavel
the A£/u.can platns in gxoaps o£ £xom ten to ^evexat hundxed and o£ten join
hexds o£ othex animats, tike gazette ox wiZdebee^t. They can xeach a speed
o£ 40 mph on haxd-packed gxound, o£ten attempting to escape theix majox
pxedatox, the lion. lebxas may tive to be 28 yeaxs old and genexalZy do
well in captivity. Thanks, Rebecca!

Scoops

and

Scuttlebutt

CHANGE IN ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL ANNOUNCED

!lt is with deep regret that the Association announces the resignation of
lOolly Clark as Administrative Secretary for AAZK. Dolly is moving to
Florida to pursue other career opportunities. She has been with AAZK
isince February of 1980 and has proven a great asset to AAZK in her handling
of National Headquarters business matters. Her great enthusiasm for the
Association and the extra effort she always put into her job promoting the
goals of AAZK will be greatly missed. A heartfelt note of thanks to Dolly
for a job well done. We will all miss you.

After 1 October, 1985, Dolly may be reached at the following address:
woHy Claxk, do Abxaham, 11532 WW 23 St., Coxal Spxings, EL 33065 [305]
1755-4563.

(Replacing Dolly as Administrative Secretary for AAZK is Barbara Manspeaker.

native of Topeka, Barbara is married and has two children. Although new
jto the world of zoos and zookeeping, Barbara says she looks forward to the
[challenges of her new position and becoming better aquainted with the work-
ings of AAZK. We welcome Barbara to AAZK and look forward to working with
I tier to keep National Headquarters running smoothly.

I^EW ASSOCIATE EDITOR NAMED FOR AKF

Following the departure of Bernie Feldman, the AAZK Board of Directors has
(approved the appointment of Ron Ringer to fill this position. Ron is Lead
: Flephant Keeper at the Topeka Zoo and active in the local AAZK Chapter.

Ion will assist with advertising solicitation and conduct research into the
: ref ormatting of several regular AKF columns. We welcome Ron aboard!

1L986 ZOO CALENDAR TO BE AVAILABLE AT MIAMI CONFERENCE

Che Tucson Chapter of AAZK wishes to announce that the 1986 Zoo Calendar
yill be available for purchase at the National Conference along with order
forms for additional copies. They would like to take this opportunity to
thank all members and chapters who submitted photos and information for
!;his project.

[LEPHANT ROUND-UP TRIP PLANNED TO THAILAND

Elephant keepers and other elephant-oriented people interested in seeing
ilephants in training, at work and on exhibit in their homeland may have

273

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT, CayiUnae^d

that opportunity this November. A small group is being assembled to see
the Elephant Round-up in Surin, Thailand, the Lampang Elephant Training
Center, the elephant work camp in Chiang Mai, and the Dusit Zoo in Bangkok.
Other sites will also be visited. Departure will be from Portland, OR on
11 November 1985, and space will be limited. The tour is being arranged
through Bergstrom Travel and escorted by a member of the Washington Park
Zoo’s elephant management team. Further details may be obtained from;
Dottie Miner, (503) 292-8835, 6443 S.W. Beaverton Hillsdale Hwy., Suite
420, Portland, OR 97221.

FROM THE PRESIDENT

Notice is hereby given to the membership that the AAZK Board of Directors
will meet to conduct business in Miami, FL on 20 October. Reports from
all AAZK committees and projects will be received and discussed during the
board meeting. Committee/project members are expected to be in attendance
while their reports are being reviewed and members interested in particular
AAZK activities are invited to sit in on the meetings if they so desire.

The Board will make every attempt to conclude all necessary business by
Sunday evening or to establish study groups if further discussion is de-
emed necessary. Members wishing to address the board about a particular
interest or concern are asked to notify me by 12 October so that their de-
sire to address the board can be considered. Time restraints may other-
wise limit the number of comments the board may be able to answer from mem-
bers sitting in on the meeting.

The Board meeting will begin at 8:00 a.m. and continue throughout the day
until completion of business. The proposed agenda will be posted on the
door of the meeting room and will be updated as often as possible for those
interested in participating. The following serves as a preliminary agenda:

8:00 a.m.

National Headquarters

Chapter Affairs

International Affairs

Nomination and Election Committee

Regional Coordinator System

Keeper Education Committee

Zoo University Project

Library Resources/Reference Search

Public Education

AAZPA/AAZK Continuing Keeper

Education Committee Liaison
Zoo Keeper Husbandry Fundamentals
Program Library
Animal Keepers’ Forum
Diet Notebook
Membership Directory
Book Reviews
Zoonoses Notebook (AKF?)

Infant Development Notebook
AAZK History
Keeper Data

Professional Standards Committee
Research/Grants Committee
Awards Committee
Video Tape Project
Membership Brochure
Legislative Advisor

Annual Conferences (National/Regional)
KAL

ADT Forms

Exhibit Design Form
Staff Exchange
Logo Stickers
Logo T-Shirts
Keeper Care Buttons
Proposals

AAZK President

274

Births|^ Hatchings

JACKSONVILLE ZOO Anne. {JJlggln^

Since March, the Jacksonville Zoo has been very busy with its many Births
and Hatchings. In our Mammal Dept., we experienced the birth of a male
Southern White Rhino that unfortunately did not survive. However, we were
successful with the births of 4 Eland, 2 Sitatunga, 2 Grant's zebra, 1
Cape buffalo, 2 Cape hartebeest, 2 Guanaco, 2 Capybara, and 1 Thomson
gazelle (our first in many years). We also has three North American river
otter pups, which is another first. The Bird Dept, has been busy with its
usual spring and summer madness which includes Bobwhite quail, barheaded
geese. Golden pheasant. Wild turkey, Egyptian geese and several Kookaburra.

We did hatch out a Lead beater's ground hornbill. This is our second parent-
raised hatchling after three years of hand-raising. We've been real lucky
in the Reptile Dept, with this being the second consecutive year we've
hatched Aldabra tortoise (two so far this year) and our first Leopard tor-
toise hatchling.

SANTA BARBARA ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS VeXeA GUm

Recent B&H at Santa Barbara include: Mammals - 0.1 Long-nose rat kangaroo,

1.1 Black and white ruffed lemur, 0.0.1 Owl monkey, 0.0.1 White-handed
gibbon, 0.1 Giant anteater; Birds - 0.0.2 Chilean flamingo (DNS), 0.0.4
Laysan teal (0.0.3 DNS), 0.0.2 Moluccan cockatoo (DNS), and 0.0.2 Toco
toucan (0.0.1 DNS).

KANSAS CITY ZOO JaneUe: Vavli

B6iH for June and July of this year include: Mammals - 0.0.5 Meerkat, 0.1
Yak, 3.4 California sea lion, 1.1 Blesbok, 1.0 Himalayan tahr, 3.3 Eland,
0.0.1 Whitetail deer, 2.1 Gemsbok, 0.0,2 American elk, 4.1 Impala, 0.1
White-bearded gnu, 1.2 Kulan, 0.0.3 Red kangaroo, 0.1 Masai giraffe;

Birds - 0.0.4 North American wood duck, 0.0.1 Hooded merganser, 0.0.3
I Shama thrush, 0.0.8 Common pintail, 0.0.5 Canvasback, 0.0.1 Blue-winged
i teal, 1.0.4 Chiloe wigeon, 0.0.5 Dyhal thrush, 0.0.1 Silver-eared mesia,
0.0.2 Superb starling, 0.0.3 Bali mynah, 0.1.5 Gadwall, 3.3.3 Ring-necked
duck, 0,0.3 Tawny frogmouth, 1.2 Ringed teal, 0.0.? White cockatoo.

MINNESOTA ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN SpmceA

i May-July 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.3 Bison, 0.4 Miniature goat, 1.1
i Goat, 0.1 Przewalski wild horse, 0.0.5 Ermine, 0.1.4 Japanese macaque,

I 2.1.1 Musk ox, 2.0 Grey fox, 0.0.6 Degu, 2.4.1 Elk, 0.0.2 Puma (DNS),
j 8.8 Pronghorn, 0.0.4 Beaver, 0.1 Chevrotain, 1.0 Nilgiri tahr, 0.0.1
'Moose, 0.0.2 Sugar glider, 0.2 New Guinea wild dog (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Celebes
ape, 0.0.2 Small tooth palm civet, 1.0 Bat [hvtihzvJi 3amCLi(ie,YL6U> ) (DNS) ;

Birds - 0.0.4 Yellow-legged hemipode, 0.0,10 Blue-breasted button quail
(1 DNS), 0.0.3 Grosbeak starling, 0.0.1 Red-eyed starling, 0.0.7 Chinese
francolin, 0.0.5 White-crested laughing thrush (1 DNS), 0.0.4 Lady Amherst
pheasant (3 DNS), 0.0.2 Red-billed leiothrix, 0.0.2 Victoria crowned pigeon
(1 DNS), 0.0.2 Northern pintail, 0.0.7 Trumpeter swan, 0.0.30 North American
wood duck, 0.0.2 Red spur fowl, 0.0.2 Red-head duck, 0.0.2 Red-vented
i bulbul, 0.0.1 Pied imperial pigeon, 0.0.1 Indian peafowl, 0.0.1 Hooded
i merganser, 0.0.6 Crested wood partridge, 0.0.3 Spurwing lapwing, 0.0.1
iMorning dove, 0.0.1 Eastern bluebird, 0.0.5 Mandarin duck (1 DNS); Herps -
[0.0.2 Elongated tortoise.

I

275

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, CoyvUmi2.d

PHILADELPHIA ZOO BoXh BahneA

B&H for July 1985 include: Mammals ~ 0.0.4 Pygmy hedgehog tenrec, 1.1.1
Binturong (1 DNS)* 0.1 Guanaco (DNS), 1.0 Blesbok, 1.0 Gunther’s dik-dik;
Birds - 1 Hermit ibis, 2 Caribbean flamingo, 4.3 Aleutian Canada goose, 1
Palawan peacock pheasant (DNS), 1 Micronesian kingfisher, 4 Hooded pitta
(DNS), 1 Scarlet tanager (DNS), 1 Fairy bluebird; Reptiles - 12 False
water cobra (1 DNS), 12 Uracoan rattlesnake (DNS).

WOODLAND PARK ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. MoAmony VKazl2A~TayloK

July 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Vampire bat, 0.1 Damara zebra; Birds -
0.0.2 Golden tanager, 0.0.1 Half-masked weaver (DNS), 0.0.1 Black-necked
stilt, 0.0.3 Blue-winged teal, 0.0.3 Ringed teal (1 DNS), 1.1 Egyptian goose
(0.1 DNS), 0.0.1 Greater curassow, 0.0.6 Lesser scaup (2 DNS); Herps -
0.0.14 Leopard gecko.

TAMPA, BUSCH GARDENS .Sa6aH Raakl&y

B&H for July include : Mammals - 2.5 Grant's gazelle, 1.3 Impala, 0.1
Dromedary camel, 1.3 Thomson’s gazelle, 1.0 Blesbok, 0.1 Chimpanzee, 1.0
Nyala, 0.6 Greater kudu, 1.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.0 Gemsbok, 1.0 Munt-
jac deer, 0.1 Suni, 0.1 Grevy zebra, 0.1 Topi; Birds - 0.0.1 Scarlet ibis,
0.0.3 Mandarin duck, 0.0.10 American flamingo, 0.0.4 Scarlet macaw, 0.0.4
Jandaya conure, 0.0.9 Sun conure, 0.0.2 Mitred conure, 0.0.4 Blue & Gold
macaw, 0.0.2 Goldie’s lorikeet, 0.0.2 Violet-crested touraco, 0.0.9
Indian peafowl (blue phase), 0.0,2 Black-capped lory, 0.0.2 Red-fronted
macaw, 0.0.2 Sacred ibis, 0.0.2 Scaley-breasted lorikeet, 0,0.1 Superb
starling, 0.0.2 Crested tinamou, 0.0.3 Golden (Queen of Bavaria) conure
and 0.0.2 Red-crested touraco.

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. StoddoAd

July 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 European harvet mouse, 0.0.1 Spiny
mouse, 0.0,5 Degu, 0.0.13 White-toothed shrew; Birds (fledged) - 0.0.1
Scarlet ibis, 0.0.4 Red-crested cardinal, 0.0.2 Snowy owl, 0.0.3 Scarlet-
crowned barbet.

I

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO CoAol J. Boyd j

B&H for July include: Mammals - 0.0.3 Squirrel monkey, 1.0 Holstein calf, I
0.0.2 Cotton-top marmoset, 0.0.4 Meerkat, 0.0.4 Zebra mouse, 0.0.1 Spring-
haas; Birds - 0.0.5 Peafowl; Reptiles - 0.0.2 Yellow anaconda. i

MIAMI METROZOO. LoU BAuckheMn

July 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 1.0 Grevy ’s zebra; Birds - 0.0.1 Stanley |
crane, 0.0.2 Hartlaub’s duck, 0.0.3 Green junglefowl, 0.0.2 Falcated teal, I
0.0.1 Mandarin duck, 0.0.7 Java tree duck, 0.0.4 Ruddy duck (0.0.2 DNS),
and 0.0.1 Sarus crane.

DALLAS ZOO Sandy UpchuAch

July 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.1 East African oryx, 2.0 Greater kudu, ]
1.0 Slender-horn gazelle, 0.1 Addra gazelle, 1.0 Suni, 0.0.1 Grevy ’s i

zebra; Birds - 0.0.12 Fulvous whistling duck, 0.0.1 Scarlet ibis, 0.0.2 !

White-headed piping guan, 0.0.12 Roseate spoonbills were collected; i|

Reptiles - 0.0.7 Honduran kingsnake, 0.0.1 Arizona Mtn. kingsnake, 0,0.7 I
Grey-banded kingsnake, 0.0.1 Double-crested basilisk, 0.0.3 Jalisco i

kingsnake, 0.0.6 Emerald tree boa, 0.0,1 Lower California speckled rat-
tlesnake.

276

PITTSBURGH AVIARY

CuAt RobbXyu

Hatchings for April 1985 were: 0.0.2 Emu, 0.0.7 Elegant crested tinamou
(2 DNS), 0.0.2 Red & white crake (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Double-striped thick-knee,
0.0.1 Speckled mousebird, 0.0.6 African gray hornbill, 0.0.2 Levaillant's
barbet (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Many-colored chaco-finch (2 DNS), 0.0.2 Blue-gray
tanager. May 1985 hatchings included: 0.0.5 Emu (1 DNS), 0.0.3 Elegant
crested tinamou (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Scarlet ibis (DNS), 0.0.1 Ringed teal,

0.0.2 Northern bobwhite (DNS), 0.0.6 Japanese quail, 0.0.15 King quail -
silver - (6 DNS), 0.0.2 Lady Amherst’s pheasant, 0.0.2 Palawan peacock
pheasant (2 DNS), 0.0.4 Red & white crake (2 DNS), 0.0.1 Double-striped
thick-knee, 0.0.3 Tumbler pigeon (1 DNS), 0.0.1 Nicobar pigeon (DNS),

0.0.1 Blue crowned pigeon, 0.0.1 Pied imperial pigeon, 0.0.3 Goldie’s
lorikeet (1 DNS), 0.0.3 Princess parrot, 0.0.4 Blue-crowned motmot, 0.2
Magpie robin, 0.0.1 Blue-gray tanager, 0.0.2 Emerald starling, 0.0.2
Ruppell’s long-tailed starling, 0.0.1 Superb starling.

June 1985 hatchings included: 0.0.8 King quail - silver - (2 DNS), 0.0.8
Lady Amherst’s pheasant (5 DNS), 0.0.2 Palawan peacock pheasant ( 1 DNS),
0.0.2 Gray-necked wood-rail (DNS), 0.0.2 Red & white crake, 0.0.1 Double-
striped thick-knee, 0.0.3 Southern lapwing, 0.0.3 Tumbler pigeon (1 DNS),
0.0.3 Lilac-breasted roller, 0.0.3 African gray hornbill, 0.0.6 Levalliant’s
barbet (1 DNS), 0.0.4 Magpie robin, 0.0.2 Many-colored chaco-finch - probable
first successful hatching - (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Blue-gray tanager, 0.0.3 Emer-
ald starling (2 DNS), 0.0.1 Superb starling (DNS). Hatchings for July 1985
were: 0.0.3 Elegant-crested tinamou (2 DNS), 0.0.2 Green-backed heron,

0.0.2 Sacred ibis, 0.0.1 Palawan peacock pheasant, 0.0.6 Common peafowl,

0.0.2 Gray-necked wood-rail (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Red & white crake (DNS), 0.0.3
Common moorhen (1 DNS), 0.0.5 Gray-headed gallinule - 2 silver phase -
(2 DNS - 1 silver), 0.0.1 Southern lapwing (DNS), 0.0.8 Tumbler pigeon,

0.0.1 Citron-crested cockatoo, 0.0.2 Pale-mandibled aracari, 0.0.1 Magpie
robin, 0.0.3 Many-colored chaco-finch (1 DNS) and 0.0.6 Society finch.

SAN ANTONIO ZOO Reed

July 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.3 Lesser hedgehog tenrec (DNS), 1.1
Fennec fox (0.1 DNS), 0.1 Aardvark, 0.2 Greater kudu, 0.2 Common water-
buck (0.1 DNS), 0.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.1 Grants gazelle, 1.0 Arabian
sand gazelle, 0.2 Springbok; Birds - 0.0.2 White ibis (DNS), 0.0.8 Ameri-
can flamingo (0.0.3 DNS), 0.0.4 Red-billed whistling duck, 0.0.3 Coscoroba
swan, 0.0.16 Mandarin duck, 0.0.1 Great currasow, 0.0.1 Palawan peacock
'pheasant, 0.0.3 Ocellated turkey (0.0.2 DNS), 0.0.1 Inca tern (DNS), 0.0.1
Diamond dove, 0.0.1 Bartletts bleeding-heart dove (DNS - 1st time in col-
lection), 0.0.1 Dusky lory - 1st time in collection, 0.0.2 Red-billed
buffalo weaver (0.0.1 DNS), 0.0.1 Melba finch, 0.0.1 Crimson seed-cracker
(DNS), 0.0.4 Owl finch, 0.0.2 Rufous treepie; Reptiles - 0.0.4 Fan-footed
gecko (0.0.1 DNS), 0.0.1 Greer’s kingsnake - 1st time in collection, 0.0.1
Trans-Pecos copperhead - 1st time in collection; Aquarium - 52 Gulf toad-
fish “ 1st time in collection, 30 Seahorse, 1+ Saratoga Springs pupfish.

Our new Asian Cat exhibit will be open in August. Construction on the
Great Barrier Reef exhibit will begin after Labor Day, and a new exhibit
I for our pair of Guam kingfishers has been planned. In October, we will
,be hosting an APWS/IWWA joint conference. Hope to see some of you there!

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO John Se^jagcU

B&H for June and July 1985 include; Mammals - 0.0.4 Collared peccary,

0.0.5 English red deer, 0.0.2 Common marmoset, 0.0.1 Red brocket deer,

1 0.0.1 Tufted capuchin; Birds - 0.0.9 Straited heron; Reptiles - 0.0.9
jCommon iguana, 0.0.17 Red-ear slider (P. eI.e.gCLn6 ] , 0.0.31 Red-leg
tortoise, 0.0.1 Hinge-Galap {iCino^tQAnon) , 0.0.9 Red-ear slider (P. 6.
Q.CitlAJioiitKJj> ) ; Fish - 0.0. 100s CoAydoAll& ae.niL6 and 0.0.2 Knife fish
(G. caAapoj .

I 277

Coming Events

PRACTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

September 9-11, 1985 Hospitality House

Williamsburg, VA

October 16-18, 1985 Kona Kai Club

San Diego, CA

A two-day symposium presented by the University of Denver College of Law
and the Federal Publications, Inc. Cost of the course is $750 ($165 for
manual only). For further information contact: Miss J.K. Van Wykes,

Federal Publications, Inc., 1120 20th St., NW, Washington, DC 20036 (202)
337-7000.

THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL ZOO DOCENT CONFERENCE

October 3-5, 1985 Houston, TX

Hosted by the Houston Zoological Gardens Docent Council. The theme will
be "Space-Age Education". For more information, contact Gwen VanSickle,
14522 Broad Green, Houston, TX 77079.

FIFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF
ZOO VETERINARY TECHNICIANS

October 5-6, 1985 Scottsdale, AZ

Lecture topics will include data collection and computerization of labora-
tory records. Chlamydia in exotic animals, reptile necropsy techniques,
and Crypotosporidia straining procedures. A half-day session on avian
hematology is also scheduled. The meetings will be held in the Scottsdale

Hilton. Luncheons and a banquet dinner will be offered, as well as a tour

of the Phoenix Zoo. For registration information, please contact: Gail
Watts, Chicago Zoological Park, Animal Hospital, Brookfield, IL 60513.

(312) 485-0263.

THE SIXTH ANNUAL ELEPHANT MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP

October 6-8, 1985 Fort Worth, TX

Held at Fort Worth Zoological Park. The theme will be "Conservation
Through Management" and representatives from the Asian Elephant SSP Group j
will meet. For further information, contact: Elephant Workshop, Fort
Worth Zoological Park, 2727 Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth, TX 76110. j

THE 1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida AAZK Ghapter at the Metrozoo-Miami . For |

more information contact: Rachel Rogers, AAZK Gonference, South Florida j
AAZK Ghapter, 12400 SW 152nd St., Miami, FL 33177. *

1985 INTERNATIONAL MARINE ANIMAL TRAINERS j

ASSOCIATION (IMATA) ANNUAL CONFERENCE [

Oct. 27-Nov 1, 1985 Orlando, FL I

Hosted by Sea World of Florida. For more information, contact: Thad
Lacinak, Vice President IMATA, Sea World of Florida, 7007 SeaWorld Dr., i;
Orlando, FL 32821.

278

COMING EVENTS, CoyvUna^d

WILDLIFE SURVIVORS IN THE HUMAN NICHE

November 1-2, 1985 Washington, DC

Hosted by the National Zoological Park, this day and a half format brings
together scientists with diverse interests and gives them a chance to
discuss complicated wildlife issues that have controversial elements.

This year's symposium will emphasize the success and failure of wild species
in urban, suburban and rural environments. The topic will cover a number
of intriguing questions such as; Why do some wild animals adapt to city
life while others fail? How is it that black bears can live in people's
back yards? How has urban architecture and vegetation influenced the kinds
of wildlife that we are finding around our homes? What are the require-
ments for turning your backyard into a wildlife reserve? What kinds of
wildlife can we expect to see in our urban areas in the next century? And
what are some of the surprising wildlife inhabitants in the Washington area?
Tickets for the event are $12.00 and $6.00 for students. For additional
information, contact Kay Taub at the National Zoo.

THE RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM ON

THE MANAGEMENT OF BIRDS OF PREY

November 1-11, 1985 Sacramento, CA

For further information, contact Nancy Venizelos, Raptor Conservation
Office, San Francisco Zoological Society, Zoo Rd. & Skyline Blvd., San
Francisco, CA 94132 (415) 661-2023.

THE FIFTH ANNUAL DR. SCHOLL CONFERENCE ON

THE NUTRITION OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS

December 13-14, 1985 Chicago, IL

Held at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens. For further information

contact; Thomas Meehan, DVM, Staff Veterinarian, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200
N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614.

1986 AAZPA REGIONAL CONFERENCES

Southern Regional - Greater Baton Rouge Zoo, 16-18 March, 1986; for more
information contact; Barbara Gorman, Greater Baton
Rouge Zoo, Box 60, Baker, LA 70714 (504) 775-3877.

Western Regional - Point Defiance Zoo, 13-15 April, 1986; for more infor-
mation contact; Tom Otten, Director, Point Defiance
Zoo & Aquarium, Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, WA 98407
(206) 591-5337.

Great Lakes Regional - Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 27-29 April,
1986; for more information contact; Mary Beth Carr,
Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 1001 W. Bluemound
Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 771-3040.

j Northeastern Regional - Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, 4-6 May, 1986; for more
information contact; Laura Kezer, Mystic Marinelife
' Aquarium, Sea Research Foundation, Inc., Mystic, CT

‘ 06355 (203) 536-9631.

I Central Regional - Forth Worth Zoological Park, 18-20 May, 1986; for more

information contact; Dudley Brown, Fort Worth Zoological
Park, 2727 Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth, TX 76110
(817) 870-7050.

279

Keeper Education To Be Addressed

At National AAZPA Conference

Subnictte.d By

Vat SammoA-co, CooAdlnatoA.

AAZK Kecpe/L Educatton ComrrUtte.^

During the AAZPA National Conference
in Columbus, September 8-12, there will
be two separate opportunities to address
Keeper Education Programs in eoos. Dur-
ing the Education Workshop Sessions on
Sunday afternoon. Brandy Pound and Pat
Sammarco will address the role that
zoo educators can and do play in staff
training. On Tuesday at 4 p.m., there
will be a session for all delegates
which is labeled as an AAZK Meeting.
During this time we will try to address the need for staff training, and
how to solve problems in setting up a training program. This discussion
session is intended to work as a forum to present the various points of
view of all levels of zoo staff.

The schedule of events published in the August AAZPA Newsletter indicates
an exciting and productive conference. All those who are attending are
invited and encouraged to attend the AAZK Session on staff training and
to bring ideas. Think about all the things we should learn to do our jobs
better, reasons why training programs have not been set up, and ways to
eliminate those blocks.

During both of the Keeper Training sessions, the Keeper Training Video-
tape, FEEDS AND FEEDING, will be shown. KTV and other AAZK projects will
be presented to encourage their use by zoos. Since many of our projects
add to the body of professional knowledge, and the others identify resour-
ces for continuing our educations, this will present AAZK’s activity in
Keeper training. This will be a great opportunity to discuss our pro-
fessional development, and ways to improve captive animal care.

Zoo/U List Update

Harcum Junior College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 - Harcum Junior College offers
Associate Degrees in Animal Health Technology and Laboratory Animal Science
which have a practicum at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veter-
inary Science, and Animal Center Management which features practice at
the Philadelphia Zoo, the AARK Foundation and other area zoos and wildlife
facilities .

The Program Director to contact for more information is: Ms. Sherrill
Baumgartner (215) 525-4100. Toll free numbers to call : in PA (1) 800-
345-2606; in CT, DC, DE, MD, NJ, NY (1) 800-345-2600.

Thanks to input from members leading to new sources of entry level Keeper
Education opportunities, the Zoo/U List continues to grow. When the
public asks about where to go to learn to be a Zoo Keeper, we can now
recommend obtaining a copy of the list from National Headquarters. The
list is free for a self-addressed, legal-sized only, envelope with 22c
postage attached. ’

280

From The AAZK Public Education Committee

The Public Education Committee Needs Your Help!

Is there a question about your animals or exhibits that visitors consis-
tantly ask you?... And that you have a "perfect” answer for?

Is there one that you find exceptionally difficult to answer?

Are there some questions that you’d rather not answer?

Here are some examples: Are those two animals fighting?

Answering this may involve an explanation of
animal behavior.

Why aren't the animals doing anything?

Another animal behavior oriented answer.

Why can’t we feed the animals popcorn? .. .They
eat it!

This answer may include zoo diets and nutrition.
Why don’t you set the animals free?

SSP, habitat destruction and conservation may
be included in this answer.

Where are the bathrooms?

THIS ONE DOESN’T COUNT!

The Public Education Committee would like to put together a booklet on
frequently asked questions by zoo visitors and "perfect” answers to them.

If you have some answers you’d like to share with others, or have some
questions you’d like good answers for, write them down and bring them with
you to the Miami Conference, or mail them to: Jay Jai>an, Staten J^tand
loo, 614 Bn.oadiA}ay, Statm Inland, NV 10310.

SROUP SEEKS TO PRESERVE HISTORY
OF WILD ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY

The first meeting of THE BARTLETT
|S0CIETY was held in England on 27
jDctober 1984. Its purpose is to
further the study of the history
3f keeping wild animals in cap-
tivity. The membership is made
|ip of individuals who are con-
tributing to this base of know-
ledge, preserving Information
and other material pertaining to
the animals that have been kept
and to the facilities that have
cept them. If you are seriously
interested in this area of re-
search, contact me at the address
jelow and I will send you a photo-
copy of the Society’s first news-
ietter and other information:
/e/LKion W. ICuting, 3^., 1014
IW 14th kodmxd, Gainn^vilJtz, FL
i2601 .

WILDLIFE PUBLICATIONS, INC.

A SPECIALIZED BOOKSERVICE
for in-print fauna & flora management,
conservation and natural history titles.

Serving the zoological park and
aquarium community for over 13 years.

Write for information on our
services and for information on our
quarterly publication,

Wildlife Publications Review.

se-xxxx*

WE WILL BE AT THE 1985
AAZK CONFERENCE IN
MIAMI

Wildlife Publications, Inc.

1014 NW 14th Avenue
Gainesville FL 32601
904-378-7944

281

AAZK T-SHIRT PROJECT REVIEW

By

JooLYild Stinson, ?n,2J>yiddnt
Phodnlx AAZK ChaptoA
Pkodnlx Zoo, PkodvUx, AZ

In 1982, after the frustrations of being unable to obtain AAZK National
Logo T-shirts, the Phoenix Chapter was fortunate to be able to take over
that project. Since January of 1983 we have mailed over 350 T-shirts both
nationally and world-wide, with shipments going to Saudi Arabia, New Zealand,
Australia, Mexico and the Caribbean,

We have maintained our original price of $6.75 which included mailing.

To the best of our knowledge all shirts ordered in this period have been
delivered. Except for a brief period when we had trouble obtaining our
most popular dark brown from the distributor, shirts were usually shipped
within one to two weeks of ordering. We have made all shipments by 1st
class mail via heavy-duty mailing envelopes and plan to continue this policy.

We currently have three colors - tan, brown and light blue, available in a
50/50 poly-cotton blend, in four sizes. In order to keep the price down
we have maintained a low profit margin. To date, we have cleared $350.00
to be split with National. Because of increased mailing costs we feel it
is necessary to increase the shirt price to $7.00 (includes mailing) effec-
tive with this notice.

It would be possible for us to deliver orders of 1 dozen or more, assorted
colors and sizes, to one address at $6.50 per shirt. It would therefore
be beneficial for Chapters to place group orders. It would also be pos-
sible for us to supply colors of your choice (green, red, black, etc.) in
lots of three dozen or more, at the $6.50 price.

With the popularity of the T-shirt today we think the AAZK Logo T-shirt is
a great way to "show your colors". The Phoenix Chapter at this time has
an adequate supply of all colors and sizes and looks forward to filling
your future orders.

Information Please

Information and examples needed of Keeper-designed, written and/or pro-
duced signage and other public educational material. Bring information/
examples to the Miami Conference, or send to: Jay Jasan, Staten Island
Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island, NY 10310.

As part of the Topeka Zoo's Diet Review Committee, I am interested in
receiving information from other zoos about Polar Bear feeding (diets)
and other information relating to it.

I am also interested in information on the longevity of Polar Bears in
captivity and would like to hear from zoos with Polar Bears over 20
years of age.

Please send pertinent information on either of the above requests to:

Tim Kurkowski, Topeka Zoological Park, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

282

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Quality exotic animai diets
Fixed formuiation
Nutritionaiiy baianced
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Frozen bird of prey diets
Frozen canine diet

Chunk and chopped horsemeat, hearts.

livers, rib, shank, and knuckle bones

Zu/Rieem®

Feline canned Omnivore dry

Primate canned Primate dry

Marmoset canned

r Banana flavored primate, 15% protein
} Banana flavored primate Pro-Plus, 25%

STOCTRUM protein

Omnivore dry
Polar Bear dry
Ratite dry

Hoofstock supplement, with Selenium

When you need a complete line of high-quality dry,
canned, and frozen animal diets for your feeding program,
call Animal Spectrum today.

NE CALL DOES »T Ai i

In Nebraska, call collect 402/488-6492.

Animal SPECTRUM Inc.

Box 6307 Uncoln, NE 68506-0307

Reptile Care; Relating To
The Inquiring Novice - Part 15

Reptile , .

^ ‘Amphibian .
^ potpourri

By

Silvan M. BoAna/id, ShvlIo^ Ka^peA.
Vept. oi H^A-putology
Atlayuta Zoological VoAk, Atlanta, GA

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED DISORDERS

(Accepted for publication, August 1984)

Last month I discussed the preliminary physical examination and some pos-
sible causes of illness. I shall now discuss the more common problems
afflicting reptiles. From these discussions, the keeper should be able to
determine whether or not an inquiring novice's animal needs veterinary
attention. However, if there is the slightest doubt, the keeper should
always encourage the novice to seek veterinary assistance.

Ulcerative stomatitis, also known as mouth rot, is a disease of the mucous
membrane of the mouth. Such bacteria as Ac'iomoncU) and Pseudo mo noA have
been reported by Gray, (1966) and Page (1966) to be causitive organ-

isms of this condition. Symptoms include swelling and inflammation of the
mouth, minute, rounded spots of hemorrhage, cheesy material, nodules, and/ '
or ulcerations of the gums. Mouth rot can lead to loss of appetite, aspira-
tion pneumonia, septicemia, bone involvement such as osteomyelitis, and {

ultimate starvation. The causes of moth rot are variable, and include im-
proper hygiene, malnutrition, trauma, chronic low temperature and systemic
diseases. Prior to treatment, a tissue culture should be taken by a vet-
erinarian for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Gentle, daily scraping of
the cheesy material may be Indicated, followed by a Betadine® (Purdue
Frederick) solution irrigation. Many investigators agree that parenteral j
administration of vitamin A, B-complex, and/or vitamin C may be helpful j

as supporative therapy; however, there is no evidence that vitamins have
any theraputic effect in the treatment of canker. Parenteral antibiotic
therapy is usually indicated.

Marcus (1981) reported that if untreated, pneumonia in reptiles is usually '
fatal within 2 to 3 weeks from its onset. The symptoms vary with severity;
they include nasal and oral discharge (pneumonia can be confused with early
stages of mouth rot), gaping, audible and labored breathing, depression,
loss of appetite, and emaciation. As in mouth rot, the principal causitive :
organisms are AeAomonaA and P^CudomomLS . Sudden and chronic low tempera-
tures, and other forms of stress are major contributing factors of pneu-
monia in reptiles. Prior to treatment, a veterinarian should take a saliva
culture for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Many investigators administer
parenteral multivitamins as supportive therapy. It is essential that the |

affected animal’s preferred temperature (Part 6, Table 1) be met for about
12 to 16 hours per day, and nighttime temperatures should not drop below
29.5°G (85®F) during the treatment period. Ross (personal communication)
reported that some tropical species of snakes have been maintained at 35°C
(95°F) in order to effect a cure.

Although the snake mite, 0pkLOny^6LU> nat/LlCA^ , has not been shown to cause
pneumonia, Caimin (1948) reported it to be one means of transmission of
AeAomonCL6 . If snake mites are present, immediate eradication of these ecto- i
parasites is essential.

284

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 15, Coi^tcnued

Necrotizing dermatitis, also known as scale rot, is a disorder of the in-
tegument of snakes (can also occur in lizards) . Symptoms are retained
shed and/or focal lesions. These lesions may coalesce to involve large
areas. Causes include improper temperatures and/or humidity, malnutrition,
parasitism, gram-negative bacilli, or a variety of fungi. If possible,
retained sheds should be removed. This can be accomplished by soaking the
affected animal in a tepid water bath for 1 to 8 hours (overnight in some
cases), depending on the severity of adhered shed. Undiluted hydrogen
peroxide can be added to the water bath (Barnard, unpublished). Bring the
bath solution to a ratio of 1:1, hydrogen peroxide :water, to aid in sep-
arating the retained shed from the animal’s body, but only after it has
had plenty of time to consume pure, fresh water. Once the shed is removed,
Lugol’s iodine solution or Polysporin® ointment (Burroughs Wellcome) should
be liberally swabbed on the affected areas, or antifungal creams, such as
tolnaftate or miconazole nitrate, can be applied in cases where fungi have
been cultured. Based on a veterinarian’s culture results, Ross (personal
communication) recommends that injectable antiobiotic therapy be adminis-
tered. Lizards exhibiting this problem should also be exposed to an ultra-
violet lamp for about 2 to 5 minutes per day until the problem clears. If
direct sunlight is used, care should be taken not to expose the lizard to
its critical high temperature (Part 6, Table I).

Left untreated, blister disease in snakes can be fatal. Lesions may become
secondarily infected with gram-negative organisms or fungi. Blisters
under the animal’s scales are caused by a constantly damp environment. Treat-
ment includes the draining of the vesicles and application of an antiseptic
solution. Kiel (1974) recommends replacing aspirated fluid from vesicles
with a 2% iodine solution. However, Ross (personal communication) suggests
liberally coating the affected areas with Polysporin® ointment (Burroughs
Wellcome) and based on culture results, the use of injectable antibiotics.
Living quarters should be warm and dry. To hasten shedding, Zwart (1972)
suggested the administration of parenteral vitamin A. Water should be pro-
vided ad libitum in a small, heavy bowl, and parenteral fluids administered
if necessary.

Commonly encountered disorders will be continued in Part 16.

References

1. Barnard, S.M.: Unpublished

2. Caimin, J.H.: Mite transmission of a hemorrhagic septicemis in snakes.

J. Parasitol., 34:345-354. 1948.

3. Gray, C.W., £t Treatment of P-6 eudomo nCL6 infections in the snake and

lizard collection at Washington Zoo. Int. Zoo. Yearbook, 6:278. 1966.

4. Kiel, J.L.: A synopsis of some common bacterial diseases in snakes.

Southwestern Veterinarian, 27:33-36. 1974.

5 . Marcus , L . C . : Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians and

Reptiles . Lea & Febinger, Philadelphia, PA. 1981.

6. Page, L.A.: Diseases and infections of snakes: a review. Bull. Wildl.

Dis. Assoc., 2:111-126. 1966.

7. Ross, R.A.: Personal communication.

8. Zwart, P.: Ziekten van reptielen I: ectoparasieten, huidaandoeningen .
Lacerta, 30:41-48. 1972.

285

Viewpoint

ZOOKEEPING AS A PROFESSION: A REBUTTAL

By

Bvlc. M. RundqubUt
HeApoXioAlim, SegdeMJ-ick County loo
Wichita, KS

The August 1985 issue of Animal Keepers ’ Forum contained an article on
"Cultivating a Professional Staff". Although most of the points in the
article were relatively accurate, I had many problems with the thesis of
the article.

For one thing, I seriously doubt that zookeeping is a high profession that
is similar to nursing. The zoo business is a profession. I know very few
people in this business that are or would be content to remain at the keeper
level for the rest of their careers. For the vast majority, the one basic
credential necessary is a high school diploma. Although most supervisors
and curators require more than that and certain zoos do attempt to require
some college experience, until a basic academic core program is developed
for zookeeping, keepers ^ not begin at the professional level of nursing
or similar professions. A degree in biology or zoology do not make a zoo-
keeper.

I agree that supervision goes beyond merely explaining a routine to a new
keeper. It also goes beyond explaining theory. A good supervisor is
part cheerleader, part teacher, part taskmaster. This is a continuous pro-
cess. More than anyone else, a supervisor is responsible for maintaining
and improving morale in his given area. The supervisor is responsible for
making his people aware of the latest in information and techniques, ensur-
ing that his people have access to this information, and encouraging them
to use this information. The keeper's primary responsibility is to his
charges. The supervisor's responsibilities are to the animals under his
charge and to his people. In my view, these responsibilities are equal.

The supervisor is the buffer between his people and the often silly re-
quests and demands of management. He also is the buffer between his ani-
mals and the sometimes cockeyed notions of keepers.

I am not sure that it is necessarily good or necessary for a supervisor
to become friends with his staff. Personal feelings towards keepers can
frequently get in the way of proper management of a collection. Although
I realize that a close personal relationship between staff and supervisory
personnel can create a truly superior work and management situation, this
is an uncommon occurrence and requires an extraordinary sensitivity on the
part of all persons involved.

Although a supervisor does have a responsibility to allay unnecessary fears
among staff, he must also ensure that said staff does not become overly
familiar in a personal way with animal charges. Most of us are aware of
the 'cuddler syndrome'. Line keeping requires extraordinary sensitivity
to the current states and well-being of all specimens and becoming too
distant from or close to animal charges destroys that sensitivity; such
sensitivity being the mark of an excellent keeper.

On the other hand, line staff should and must maintain a healthy respect
for certain animals in their care. Keepers are killed every year and, in
my experience, these occurrences happen from improper training, improper
tools, poor supervision, and lack of respect. Crocodilians are still quite
capable of scaring the hell out of me, as are large pythons, certain veno-

286

/lEWPOINT, ConXZnaed

inous snakes, and the occasional large monitor lizard. I would demand from
liny staff that I might supervise that they share that same respect and
small portion of fear or they can start looking for another line of work.

:[n regard to the intelligence levels of keepers, it is my experience that

those people who do not follow instructions, do not question procedures,
and do not show ability to adapt to and create within unusual situations,
lire not particularly gifted with a high level of intelligence. Those
people that do these things, though, seem to be a step above the norm.

,ln the subject of monetary reward: the people that choose to stick with
this business are well-aware that they aren’t here to make money. I feel
«7e choose to seek our rewards in other areas. Many people in many other
professions are incapable of owning their own homes these days. That is
a socio-economic fact and has nothing to do with zookeeping. This does
lot mean that we will willingly work ("like a dog” was, I believe, the
phrase) for very little money and no recognition. If the pursuit of the

\merican Dream (whatever that is these days) includes the pursuit of per-

|3onal freedom, job satisfaction, peer recognition, and a wholeness within
jthe environment that we occupy, then each and everyone of us is fully
capable of that pursuit, whether we are zookeepers or carpenters.

Pandas Here And Abroad

iliant Pandas are making the news around the world. On 26 June, twin pandas
:Vere born to Mexico City’s female, Ying-Ying. National Zoological Park
j^eterinarian. Dr. Mitchell Bush, was invited to the Zoologico de Chapultepec
Ln Mexico City to assist with the smaller of the two offspring who was born
|./3 the size of a normal panda cub. Dr. Bush flew to Mexico with additional
jeeding tubes as well as a special milk formula for the small panda that
7as ignored by its mother. Unfortunately, the underweight cub did not
iurvive .

lalf way around the world, Tokyo’s female, Huan-Huan, who was artifically

i. nseminated , gave birth to a panda cub that survived only 43 hours. And
jadly, London’s 12-year-old female, Ching-Ching, died from peritonitis on
,10 July. On the homefront, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling (NZP’s panda pair)

"ored four times during Ling-Ling’s 11-day heat cycle. It’s too early to
i:now whether Ling-Ling is pregnant, but urine samples are being taken to
iletermine any changes in hormone levels. Panda births have followed breed-

j. ngs by periods of time varying between 97-168 days. If Ling-Ling is preg-
jiant, a birth could occur sometime in late September to early December.

TJGERTALK, WZP
JiLty 1985

287

Conference *85

Update On Everglades Post Conference Trio

We have made the final arrangements with the Everglades Canoe Outfitters I
for our trip. The trip price has been confirmed at $29.50 and will follow
the itinery described in the July AKF .

Those interested must register by Tuesday, 22 October. This can be done |
during conference registration in Miami on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday and j
will be limited to the first 50 paid registrants. ,

For those of you new to South Florida and Everglades canoeing, here is a
list of items you should consider bringing:

— Loose-fitting comfortable clothes, long pants and longsleeve shirts to
discourage mosquitos.

— Windbreaker or rain jacket
--Sneakers or boat shoes
--Hat and sunglasses

--Suntan lotion and/or sunblocks (tropical sun is even hotter in October!)
--Mosquito repellent [

These items are helpful whether you are planning on canoeing or not. |

Guest Speaker At General Fleeting j

t

The South Florida AAZK Chapter is proud to announce that Dr. Dan Odell will
be our guest speaker at this year's general meeting which will be held on
Thursday, 24 October. Dr. Odell is a marine mammologist and considered to'*
be one of the foremost experts in the world on manatees, which are our j
Chapter's logo.

Dr. Odell earned his undergraduate degree at Cornell University and went i;
on for his master's and Ph. D. at UCLA. He is now an associate professor al'l
the University of Miami's Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences located on Key Biscayne, where he teaches classes on marine mam- -|
mology and has been involved in serious research for over eleven years. ^

Dr. Odell's many responsibilities include serving on the Marine Mammal ^

Commission, being Chairman of the Department of Biology and Living Re- !

sources Academic Committee, and he also is in charge of the South Eastern j
Regional Stranding Network. This latter duty involves salvaging manatee
carcasses and performing various morphological and physiological studies
on them. His current interests lie in sea turtle research and effects of
oil spills on various sea creatures. ^

Again we are proud to have Dr. Odell as our speaker and look forward to |i
a most educational and interesting talk. We hope to see you there!

Notes To Remember

— If anyone is still interested in finding a roommate, please contact:
Rackol Roge/u, Coni^mcLd Commltte.2. CheuAmm, South. Vtontda, AAZK CkapteA^
12400 S.W. 152nd St., Mtaml, FL 33/77, BEFORE the Coconut Grove Hotel's
Registration deadline which is 20 September, 1985.

288

:ONFEREflCE ^85. Cowtinae-d

--If anyone wishes to rent a car before the conference, please contact
achel . She can arrange through Hertz to get conference rates any time
efore or after the conference during the month of October.

—Throughout the entire conference it will be greatly appreciated if all
elegates wear their conference nametags to all conference functions. Thi
iill prove to be invaluable for identification purposes. Thank you.

--For those who have not yet registered for the 1985 AAZK National Con-
erence: THERE'S STILL TIME. Registration will continue up to and through
ut the entire conference. For a nominal late fee you still have time to
egister for what promises to be one of the best conferences ever!

SO DON'T MISS IT!!! MIAMI AWAITS YOU!!!

CONFERENCE T-SHIRTS

e are selling conference T-shirts for
10.00 apiece if purchased at the con-
erence. However, a $1.50 savings is
eing offered for those who purchase
-shirts before the conference. Shirts
ill be attached to you registration
acket when you arrive.

f you are not planning on attending ^

!he conference, T-shirts can still be
ought at a savings. We do ask for "
i|l.25 postage and handling in addition
:o the discounted price of $8.50. Send
our check or money order to: South
ItoUdci AAZK CkaptQA, 12400 S.W. 152nd
k,, Mtami, ¥L 33177,

[he design shown at right will be printed in
jioice of shirts:

4 colors on the following

|nite Lt. Grey Yellow

|*'please put your order of color preference 1 to 3)

IIZE: Small Medium

!

I

i Large

jantity of Shirts Ordered:

X_Large

^0 $8.50 each

Tirts will be printed by Harlequin Nature Graphics. Check your local
lift shop for other Harlequin designs. This discount is being offered
p establish an accurate quantity of shirts we will need to print.

289

zoo News From Japan

ONE EXAMPLE OF A RENOVATED TROPICAL EXHIBIT

l|

By

Vohki. VoneXavil

looVEL, Zoo VeJiZgn S Education Lab
Kobe, Japan

At the Takarazuka Zoological & Botanical Gardens, part of the famous
amusement park, Familyland, we recently attempted renovation of their
exhibits for tropical zone species. It was an undertaking for the 15th
anniversary of the Panoramic Zoo which is the first flyover-styled, uniqu
exhibits in our country. This three-story building with a basement is
made up of some indoor and some outdoor exhibits including a nocturnal
house, reptile-house, hippo pool, antelope yard and so on. Among these,
the dome is the largest area (19m high x 16m across) and consists of ^

two level floors along a round-way. The Zoo attempted to restore the i

poor looking landscape in this dome. As a Zoo-designer, I accepted the
opportunity to establish a concept for this exhibit. During the planning
phase, I racked my brain upon a lot of limitations for this renovation.
For example, the effective space for animal display was very limited. *

I proposed that the theme for the dome's renovation would follow a Soubh ;
American motif. The Zoo staff and I managed to set up the marmoset's
colony, and we added squirrel monkey and capybara exhibits there recently
As was possible we utilized tropical plants native to South America. We I;
built an artificial rockwork waterfall (but it's of a small scale) up on i
the top deck. From it to the caiman's pool, a narrow river is followed
by circulation equipment. The observation pass for the public goes alongj
this stream. The above-mentioned exhibits and the bird cages (mainly ,
toucans and macaws) dot the ground level. Other small birds are free-
ranging in the dome, but to my regret they are not all species endemic i:

to South America.

On the partially glassed-in areas of the wall-side, a scene from the ;
Amazon was painted by artists on the basis of my concept drawings. I
suggested a keen idea for the exhibits, i.e. the use of stainless steel
in the lower spots of openings left by cages. By this, I hoped to show
the closed-in areas for exhibits would appear larger. In a sense, we had
to make a plan for renovation in the Zoo which can be compared to doing
a new building totally. Because many animals had to move to quarantine
during construction and some animals had difficulty adjusting to the
new exhibits, zoo-goers had to be stopped from passing through. After
we got over some handicapping problems, our Bio-dome, "The Jungle" was I
completed.

290

I One Bug-X application kills roaches,
flies, spiders for up to four years

Bug-X offers new, unique insecticidal technology. It is a clear, I

long-lasting acrylic coating impregnated with micro-encapsulated
; Chlorpyrifos, a broad-spectrum Insecticide widely used in the
i pest control Industry for years. Applied like a varnish, Bug-X kills
by contact as insects land on the coated surface and absorb a
lethal dose.

!

Bug-X is extremely safe around animals

As a dried, cured surface coating, Bug-X is extremely safe
around animals and humans with an extremely low LD50 toxicity
rating of 5000. Bug-X coating is colorless, odorless and washable
~ works on exterior as well as interior surfaces. Applied by
sprayer, brush or roller, Bug-X can effect substantial savings in
labor and cost of other insecticides applied repeatedly.

Get some experience this season with
Bug-X. See how it can play a major role
in your long-term insect control
program.

Effective kill for up to 4 years.
Guaranteed to work 2V2 years.

EPA & STATE REGISTERED
Call or Write NOW:

1-800-431 -2849

BARI^ER

\C0ATINGS ,Nc

200 East Main St. Port Jervis, NY 12771

NEW

Riddles Roacli
lions

Chapter

DALLAS ZOO CHAPTER

I have recently resigned my posi-
tion as Birdkeeper at the Dallas
Zoo and therefore have resigned
from the presidency of the Dallas
Chapter of AAZK. Although I
have thoroughly enjoyed my posi-
tion, there is one disappointment
I would like to express. I have
noticed there is a lack of enthus-
iasm and interest in many AAZK
Chapters across the U.S. I have
yet to understand this, because
AAZK is for the keeper and the
animals they care for. I hope in
the future AAZK will find a way
to pull everyone together and
really utilize the Association.

The Dallas Chapter is going to start
from scratch by having a membership
drive this fall. We have elected
temporary officers until the first
of the year election in 1986. The
new officers are:

President Joel Hamilton

Vice Pres Dave Luce

Sec/Treas Sandy Upchurch

I wish good luck to all of them
in the rebuilding of the Dallas
Chapter of AAZK.

— Tajmcum. Jone^

V(Ut VKd^lddwt VIKA

MILWAUKEE CHAPTER

During the months of April and May,
the AAZK Milwaukee Chapter received
designs from fellow employees for i;

the Chapter Logo. A number of at-
tractive designs were submitted and j

voted on by the entire zoo staff. 1

Tim Tews, vice president of the i

AAZK Milwaukee Chapter, submitted |

the winning design, the Malayan I

Tapir. The Tapir design will be
incorporated into the Chapter letter~f
head. !

CoAol J. Boyd ^

Co^e^ ponding SecAeXoAy 'I

News

METROPOLITAN BOSTON ZOO CHAPTER P

iii

Franklin Park Zoo and Stone Zoo "

have recently formed the Metro- i,

politan Boston Zoos Chapter of the
AAZK. A Consitution and By-Laws
have been accepted by the membership.]
The election of officers is as !

follows:

President Cheryl Cullion ,

Vice Pres Chris Garland j

Secretary Christine VanGemert j

Treasurer Robin Brockett j

n

The first project of our Chapter jj

was a Sheep Shearing Festival which !
included weaving, carding and knit- j
ting demonstrations. We are organ- j,
izing a newsletter, a keeper exchange ,
committee and a picnic. |

— C. l/anGmeAX
Sec/ieXcuiy

292

Legislative News

JVIRONMENTAL BILLS ON THE MOVE

ite on Thursday, 2 August, Congress adjourned for the month and its mem-
jrs returned home to talk to their constituents and catch up on what's
jen happening in their district or state.

i often happens just before Congress adjourns for an extended period of
.me, there was a flurry of legislative action. The Endangered Species
(:t kicked off the action when it passed the House by a voice vote on 29
tly. For next year, the bill authorizes about $39 million to protect red-
)ckaded woodpeckers, grizzly bears, and other endangered plants and ani-
ils. In 1987, the funds increase to approximately $45 million, followed
1' $54 million in 1988.

e House also was busy on 30 July, passing bills that would reauthorize
,'th the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Federal Nongame Act. The
iiastal Zone Management Act, which protects our shores from haphazard de-
clopment, expires this month. Until now, federal funds have played a
t.luable role in enabling states to fund coastal management programs. But
.e bill that passed the House, H.R. 2121, would cut the federal portion

ithe funds from 80 to 50 per cent, making it difficult for some states
maintain their coastal programs.

1

’ e Federal Nongame Act, a bill designed to aid robins, chipmunks, flying
I'uirrels, and other "nongarae" animals that are neither hunted nor fished,

, so passed the full House. But badly-needed funds were not included in
"e legislation, leaving wildlife managers without federal money to develop
Imprehensive management programs.

, — ExceApted w.ltk p2AmU6-ion {^n-om CoiuoAvcution'

j; NoutLonat EddoAotlon, 19S5

|fws lists changes on list of endangered/threatened wildlife

Ilwly listed as endangered on the U.S. List of Endangered Species are the
flowing: the Carolina northern flying squirrel [GZaudOmy^ 6abAxniU&
'’toACUtiji6 ) and the Virginia northern flying squirrel [GtciLiC0mg6 6(lbAdjui6
-6CU4 ) ; the Tar River spiny mussel ( EtLiptLo (= dayitkyKAjOi] ^tdxn^tan^ana) ,
jree subspecies of field mouse - the Alabama beach mouse, Choctawhatchee
llach mouse and the Perdido beach mouse; and the Modoc sucker iCiztO-6tomCi6
§lCAop6 ) , a fish native to California.

I'sted as threatened were: the Niangua darter {EtkdOi>toma nianquae) a
tive fish of west central Missouri; and the American alligator

) in Florida was reclassified from threatened to threatened
e to a similarity of appearance. This change, based on evidence that
Ts species is not biologically threatened, will enable Florida to ex-
ad harvest of alligators if desired.

— AAZPA Nm^loXtoA, August 19S5

293

ONE OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING

By

VoKd W. Jacobs, Soyiion. HeApetoAMm Ke.e,peA.
ZCo Gmnde Zoo, AlbaquoAque., WM

Part III: What Not To Do

There are some big no-no’s in animal training, either because they accom-
plish the opposite of what you want or because they put the animal under
unnecessary stress.

1. Do not tease or harass animals. This makes them suspicious of you,
and rightly so. Their behavior can only become predictable if yours is.
You need to be able to trust each other. Establish your dominance, en-
force it when necessary, and lay off.

2. Do not deliver a correction for a correct or neutral response, for
the same reason. If the animal is responding, but not quickly enough to
suit you, start delivering a bigger paycheck when the correct response
has been completed and motivate the critter to do it faster instead of
not at all.

3. Do not use illiogical corrections. Corrections should cause a correct
response, not an incorrect one. Hitting a horse on the head will not
make it go forward; it will make it back up or buck or turn or rear in
sheer fear.

i

4. Do not repeat commands like a parrot trained by a tape recorder. Each i
speaking of a command or giving of a signal should be arranged to be obey-'
ed. If the animal heard or saw and did not respond, correct it immediatel'
Interrupt right afterward with another command you feel sure will be obey-|
ed, reward the obedience, and give the contended command again. Reward !
obedience emphatically or correct disobedience in a way that will make an ^
impression. Repeated resistance calls for a vacation or variation in i
the routine to cause forgetting of the resistance.

5. Do not allow an animal to practice an erroneous response or to learn

something that will not be OK when it grows up. A hundred-and-f if ty pound^

St. Bernard is not cute jumping up on a hundred-pound arthritic old man ''

with a walker, even if it is only trying to kiss him. Sabotage poten-
tially uncute behavior, use the same technique to undermine resistance,

or teach a command for behavior that will be acceptable only under certairf
circumstances, then correct for spontaneous demonstration by using the ?
"no" or "quit" command. You don’t need a camel coming up behind you and

tipping you on your nose while you rake, but it might be a funny trick '

for a show.

6. Don’t let a trained animal lie fallow just because you have no immed-
iate use for it. Keep up training routines when someone is on vacation ^
or it isn’t the season for rides or the animal is old and retired from
exhibition. Unemployed animals become neurotic and sometimes mean. My j
elderly, obedience-titled Irish Setter became so deaf that she couldn’t '
distinguish one spoken command from another. I was going to retire her
from training at that point, but she kept cramming herself between me and
whatever dog I was training, so I gave her back her seniority and resumed I'
working her first and then letting her go inside and sleep on the couch 'i
while everyone elese waited their turn chained to a post. Fortunately,

294

; OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING, Part 3 - What Not To Do, CovvUyiue.d

m she was young I trained her to some hand signals for hunting. It
I easy to teach her a new set of hand signals along with shouted verbal
imands when she was only half deaf* and give her new hand signals by
Lng the old ones in combination with leash messages. You can teach an

I animal new tricks as long as its brain still works and you have some
T to communicate with it.

Don’t blame the animal for your own stupidity. Sometimes an animal
I't obey because it can’t. Check out a disobedient animal for health
)blems, A swollen elbow could keep it from lying down. Do the trick
irself to see if the conditions are right. I once saw a woman trying
make a dog lie while she had a death grip on the collar at her knee
iml. Only a sadist would make an animal lie down on ice, unless it's
;)olar bear. To ask a horse to lope on a slick surface can be hazardous
'the health of both of you. Check the situation for logic. Once I
It my Irish Wolfhound to bring me the goats (Patsy seemed to think she
> a Collie). Instead, she ran circles around them and kept them with
!‘ horses. My tiny mind finally perceived that she was trying to bring
the horses too, but they were too busy eating to heed her. I hadn’t
ight her to bring only some of the animals out there. She was obeying
to the letter, so I praised her and sifted out the goats myself. If
iiad browbeaten her, she might have lost her enthusiasm for herding.

Don’t use a training technique or correction inapropriate for the in-
/idual animal. If a technique isn’t working, try something else. Try
use one that makes the animal do what you want by itself. My first
:.sh Wolfhound would relax on the command "down” and wait for me to lift
: down until I took to bribing her with a piece of cat food in front of
i: nose. She learned after these bribes what a year of putting her down
ildn’t get across. A verbal reprimand may have the personal element
Iluired by some animals, but it may terrorize others. For the easily
;rrifled, use "no’ gently spoken only as a command, but enforce commands
^''sically and, if possible, impersonally. Screaming at an animal, "I
|.d ’down’, you fool" is not a correction. Pulling its head next to the
;>und with a leash or halter strap until it has to lie down is. But

II cannot legitimately use a correction until the command is clearly

iler stood and the response conditioned. Correction is for disobedience,
jii instruction.

!

I

[Don't use more than one command per action, or more than one action
* command. Subtlety of human speech is lost on animals. Make a list
'all the commands you ever want to teach an animal. Make sure none of
rh3niie or mean two different things. Commands don’t have to be
Lmmatical, but they should be short and clear. They can be in any
iguage. They shouldn’t rhyme with the animal’s name. By the way, don’t
>ect an animal to learn a different name every time it changes handlers.
: the name it was raised with whether you like it or not. If you must
mge it, use one that rh3mies closely ehough for the animal to recognize,
''e heard horses accused of being too stupid to learn their names. If
,iy were named when small, they know their names. If you don’t know
iir names, that’s your problem.

i Don’t push an animal. Different individuals, even of the same litter,
Ijirn different things at different rates and in different ways. If the
|.mal is learning slowly, let it learn slowly. Pushing will not make it
ijirn faster; it will only make it insecure and even perhaps develop a
jirning block. Animals, like poeple, should be treated with respect for
;j:ir individuality.

I

295

ONE OPINION ON ANIMAL TRAINING, Part 3 - What Not To Do, ConUna2.d

11. Learn how to teach before you attempt to teach an animal. Do the
trick yourself to learn its mechanics and psychology. Practice your
training sequence by yourself to coordinate your moves. If the animal
still doesn't learn, consider the possibility of a personality conflict
and try another trainer. Also try other training methods. Don't give
up easily, but sometimes it isn't worth it.

12. Whenever possible, use the same form of parental discipline as the
species being trained. Animals accept whatever form of correction their
own parents used on them. The elephant ankus duplicates the mother's trunk,
which she used liberally whenever the little one challenged her dominance.
Even hand-raised elephants should instinctively recognize the feeling.

Cats tap their cubs on the nose to wean them. We can do this for the same
purpose with a cat that persists in sucking, or transfer the gesture to
other situations. Dogs and wolves pin subordinates to the ground by the
throat. We can easily copy this maneuver with our hand. Crossing species
lines with social signals is meaningless and ineffective.

13. Don't use personal corrections for negative behavior. If an animal
is doing something inexcusable, a correction it associates with us will
only teach it not to do that to us or in our presence. If a dog raids
the trash, the only way to teach it not to raid the trash is to arrange
for the trash to attack it. A hot wire works admirably, and so does a
mousetrap under a piece of aluminum foil. All baby animals try biting at
some time, especially the ones that shed baby teeth and grow new ones.

No need to constantly nag them at that tender age. No need, either, to
let then shred your appendages. Just tuck the lips over the teeth (it's
less obvious if you use the bottom jaw) and let them bite themselves.

Of course it hurts! It hurts you, doesn't it? But if you make no issue
of it, they decide to take up a safer hobby, such as not biting human
beings. What's more, if this is done by all handlers as soon as biting
is attempted, it works fast, and it won't be necessary to stop playing
with a baby because it is dangerous.

14. Don't play rough with animals. Human beings are much more delicate

than most other animals. Our best defense is our brains. Let animals ji

play chase, bruise, and kill each other. Teach them to be gentle with
people. Don't play games with baby animals that you won't be able to j

handle when they grow up. Let them kill a feed sack dummy, but don't |

play tug-of-war with it. To exercise an animal and interact with it, i

teach it to respond to commands. So as to have control over dangerous or r
skittish animals, train them to respond to given stimuli from a distance, j
No matter how optimistic we are, there are going to be times when we'll
have to hand-raise zoo animals. Let's teach them to be successful tame
animals .

15. Don't overhandle potential breeding stock. As soon as possible, a

hand-raised animal should be returned to its own group. Sometimes a
domestic foster parent can prevent its becoming imprinted on poeple. The i
condor parent puppets used in San Diego serve the same purpose. Try to
teach animal babies the behaviors of their own species. Then introduce
them to other members of their own species as soon as it is feasible. |

However, if it is necessary to hand-raise an animal, be sure to handle it
sufficiently for its own culture. Baby apes need to be held most of the
time, and can't be successfully kept in cages and handled for half an

hour three times a day, provided the keeper has some spare time. !

16. Do not give inappropriate corrections, over- or under-correct. A j

correction should make the animal do what it didn't. If there is no way j

296

1E OPINION ON ANIFIAL TRAINING, Part 3 - Mhat Not To Do, Continued

||) do this directly, teach an indirect correction along with the command.
i|)me dog trainers use a leash jerk to correct all infractions. This only
I'jlls the dog that it did wrong; it doesn’t tell it what to do instead,
je a jerk up for the sit, down for the drop, forward if it’s lagging, back
: it forges ahead, etc. Overcorrection intimidates; undercorrection loses
)u your dominance. Use exactly as much force as is needed to cause an
lomediate correct response. One memorable correction is much easier on an
Itiilmal mentally than constant nagging. Easier on us too.

I'liimal training is rewarding because it makes control possible with mini-
|im stress. Social animals are given a language for interaction with their
indlers, and therefore some control over what happens to them. This leads
i) better mental health for us both.

WENVUM: MoAlne Mammals

arlne mammals, and indeed Individuals of other species as well, are cap-
ble of forming very close bonds with their handlers. They are best re-
arded with personal attention in addition to food. The personal attention
an come to be more important to them than the food. They positively enjoy
hysical contact such as hugging and petting. The most effective correction
lor such animals is withholding of attention. It is easy to withdraw from
n animal in a pool, but It is effective correction only if the animal
ares about you personally.

I ®

Information Please

iformation is requested on exhibit designs of outdoor owl enclosures,
iirticularly exhibits for burrowing, long-eared, snowy, and barn owls,
lyone with this information please send to: David P. Ford, Animal Care
ipervisor, Akron Zoological Park, 500 Edgewood Ave., Akron, OH 44307.

rer the past few years the Memphis Zoo and Aquarium, in conjunction with
le Lichterman Nature Center (Memphis, TN), has been working with a tech-
Lque for repairing turtle shell fractures. The use of fiberglass mat
id polyester resin enabled injured specimens to be repaired and released
:ter variable periods of recuperation. This technique has been used in
le past for shell defects in tortoises. Up to the present, we have re-
iired and rehabilitated approximately a dozen specimens of Red-eared
irtle {?&mdmgA AcAlpta elegam ) , Eastern box turtle (TeAAapme e.
.^^^TT'andThree-toed box turtle (T, c, tJuJungalA ) . We would like to
ike this opportunity to invite anyone with experience or interest in
lis topic to please correspond. WfUtt to ettheXi Vonna UoAttn^ RehablZlta-
-ow SpealatUt, Llahtexman Natuxe Centex, 5992 Quince Road, MempfuA, TN
111 9 OR Geon,ge Hetnxlch, Hmpetologg Vept. , Mempku loo S kquaxam,

100 GaMoway, MmpfuA, TN 36112,

297

Book Review

East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume I.

By Jonathan Kingdon

University of Chicago Press, 1984
456 pages $25.00

Reoi-ew by Paula M. Vavl6 j
Publlaatloyii) Coon-dlnatoaf <
Aac.klvAj>t, Toledo 2oologlccUi\
GaAdtm>, Toledo, OH

When the first of the seven-volume series East African Mammals was pub- I
lished over a decade ago, it was hailed as a "luxurious wonder" by I

Ame/uccan, The distribution of the hardcover publication was i
limited, however, due to the astronomical price tags, ranging from $75 I
to $99 per volume. Zookeepers, librarians, naturalists, scientists, and '
others will now welcome the availability in paperback of the first three i
volumes of this masterpiece; they are sturdy, sewn-bound editions and quitj
affordable at $25 each. |

Kingdon developed the series to make an agreeable, broad, and complete in-l
ventory and introduction to all the mammalian species of East Africa. Thi^
first volume is largely concerned with primates (including Homo and other I
hominids) , with the anteaters, the aardvarks, and the dugong completing i
the work. Since it is the first volume, it also has a set of introductory
chapters as background, treating the vegetation and the general environ- j
ment, the perspective of the long past of geologic time, and the founda- '
tions of the anatomy of mammals. '

j

The book has a very attractive appearance, combining hundreds of impressiv'
formal drawings, even anatomical ones, with a lively sketchbook from the I
field. Careful maps and diagrams are liberally distributed throughout the!
text, which is a thoughtful review of the literature in the context of ^
field experience, both anecdotal and experimental. Full-color plates of
related species and subspecies could prove invaluable to identifying sub- \
species based on fur coloration. I

In short, no person interested in primatology should be without this vol- t
ume, and mammologists and others will also want to add to their collection'
the other volumes in this classic series in modern natural history. !

Also available from the University of Chicago Press: '

Volume IIA (Insectivores and Bats), 404pp.; $25

Volume IIB (Hares and Rodents), 428pp.; $25

The remaining four volumes to be published in the future will include
carnivores; large mammals, including elephants, rhinos, and hippos; and
the wide variety of African hoofed mammals.

298

wX^klng to adveAtt^o, mptoi/rmnt oppoAtunttte^ oAz (Ukcd to
^nd poAtJjiZYVt data by the, 15tk e.ac.h month to: OppofitavUXy Knocfn/AKf,

35 Gage. Blvd, , Tope,ka, KS 66606. Please, tnatude. ci.06tng dateA ioA po6A-
wn^ available.. TheAz no choAge. ioA mch tUttng^ and phom-tn tut-
^g4 ioA po^ttlon^ uohtch become avcuZabte. cto^e, to de.adJilne. oAe, aa(ie,pte.d.

00 CURATOR. . .City of Atascadero, CA. population 18,200. Salary $1531-
1872 per month. (Salary negotiations are expected to result in an increase.)
ity paid PERF retirement, no Social Security deductions. Reports to Direc-
or of Parks and Recreation with responsibility of supervision of animal
are and zoo operation. BS in Zoology, Biology or related life science,
lus three years’ experience in custodial care of wild animals and main-
anance of grounds and facilities. Contact; Personnel, 6500 Palma Ave.

?.0. Box 747), Atascadaro, CA 93423. City application required. (805)
>6-8000. Closes 10-11-85. EOE/AA.

IPERVISOR/ BIRDS ... to supervise a diversified bird collection. Plans and
/ersees exhibits, assists in breeding/research projects and with acquisi-
Lons /dispositions . Knowledge of design and construction useful. Super-
.sory and bird experience required. Prefer zoological or related field
agree, experience may substitute. Send resume to: Jacob P. Yelverton,

)0 Director, Louisiana Purchase Gardens & Zoo, P.O. Box 123, Monroe, LA
.210-0123.

)0 ATTENDANT 1 /REPTILES. . .requires high school diploma
id one year of zoo reptile experience. Responsible for
ire and husbandry of Fresno Zoo’s reptiles and amphibians
id maintenance of environmental exhibit chambers. Knowledge

I rep tile breeding and recordkeeping and experience with
idangered and delicate species desirable.

>0 ATTENDANT I /GENERAL 100 /ELEPHANTS. . .requires high school
ploma and one year of general zoo animal experience and
i desire to work with elephants on a relief basis at the
lesno Zoo.

Ir either of the above positions: send for application
l,om Personnel Department, 2348 Mariposa, Fresno, CA
721. Phone (209) 488-1574. Closes 1 October, 1985.

(JARIUM BIO LOG! ST /EDUCATOR. . .reports to Director of Wild-

p

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s

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fe Biology. Develops and teaches a wide variety of
ijrine science programs for school groups as well as
immunity outreach programs; prepares pre and post-visit
ijterials for teachers; assists in care and maintenance of live animal
slllections and artifacts, and uses live animals and artifacts in programs,
iill be trained in non-marine animal care also. Maintains records and
tiports on living collections. Assists in development and preparation of
hibits. Assists in wildlife rehabilitation and answering public inquir-
es. May supervise aides and volunteers. Requires undergraduate degree
marine science, biology, or related field; prior teaching expereince
a relevant subject and with similar audiences; strong skills in written
d oral communication; strong background in marine sciences and/or aquar-
n operations, etc. Prior aquarium or museum experience preferred. Send
sume to: Personnel Office, Science Museum of Connecticut, 950 Trout Brook
West Hartford, CT 06119. No phone calls please.

299

OPPORTUNITY KNOCKS, CoyvUnLL2.d

ZOO DIRECTOR. . .requires degree or suitable experience compatible with Zoo
Administration. Will manage and direct full operations of zoo exhibiting
diverse exotic animal collection. Responsibilities include directing cura-
torial, administrative, development, marketing, and education depts. Send
resume to: Mr. Tom Nekota, Director of Parks and Recreation, 650 South
King Street, Honolulu, HI 96813. Salary and benefits given on request.

The City and County of Honolulu is an equal opportunity employer.

AVi/ERTISISJG/CLASSIflEV REPRESENT ATI \/E. . . wanted for New Methods, the
journal of Animal Health Technology. We seek experienced or very inter-
ested individual (s) to participate in sales. Some training provided.
Commission only. Expenses paid. Part or full time. Write: New Methods ,
P.O. Box 22605, San Francisco, CA 94122 or call (415) 664-3469. Attn: Ron
Lippert, AHT.

REPTILE /AMPHIBIAN KEEPER VI .. .requires high school diploma and one year
of zoo experience. More extensive education and experience preferred.
Salary $13,428-$18,972. Contact Lyndon Mitchell, Supervisor, Dallas Zoo, i
621 E. Clarendon Dr., Dallas, TX 75203 (214) 946-6898. ^

AAZK REGIONAL COORDINATORS

Linda Rohx, HJ.V. Stone, MmoAtal Zoo - ME, \JT, NH, MA, RI ,CT

Uacancy

Gme. PMieA, PhTJEadelphta Zoo
AngeZa Keppet, National Zoo
Lie. Payne., VetJto-it Zoo
lynnz \JWiexi, Indianapolis Zoo
Lanxy SammaA.co, Lincoln PaJtk Zoo
Vlanc Kn.ag, RlveAbanlzs Zoo
Alan ShoAple^, Atlanta Zoo
Candy C^oit, Rio Gfiandc Zoo
LauAcncc Glcdhlll, Woodland PoAk
Joanlc Stinson, Phoenix Zoo
Vacancy

- NV

- PA,NJ,MV,VE

- VA,W.VA,V,C.

- MI

- IN,0H,KV

- WI,IL,M0,MN,IA

- TN,NC,SC

- FL,AL,GA,AR,MS,LA

- TX,NM,C0,0K,KS,NE,SV,NV

Zoo - WA,OR,IV,MT,H}V,AK

- CA,NV,AZ,UT,HI

- Canada

300

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name Check here if renewal [ ]

Address

$20.00 Professional

VaJUL-tyimo. KzdpoAM

$25.00 International

kZt mmbe/u otvUXde thd
U,S, and Canada

$15.00 Library

LibKjOAy ^ab^cAlptlon only

Directory Information : ZOO

$15.00 Affiliate

OthoA &ta^ and volunt2.eA^

$15.00 Associate
IndUvldaaZ^ not (ionn2.ct<id
Mltk an animal oojiq. {^acJJiity

$50.00 Contributing

OAgayilzattoni and Individuate

Work Area

Special Interests

Mail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE),
payable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
quarters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to Animal Keeper' toAum. The member-
ship card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
U.S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animal Ke.epeA6 ’ foAum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles for consideration.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size no more than 6" x 10” (15cm x 25iicm) . Literature used should be
cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
scientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

Articles sent to Animal Kc.G.pC2L6 ' foAum will be reviewed for publication.
No commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
addressed envelope.

Telephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
are accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
be accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AntlalzZi pAlntdd do not n2.cQJ>6aAAJiy Ad^lzct thu
opinions o{i thd Animal KcdpeA^’ foAum ddltoAlal
etall oA thd AmoAlaan A^eoalatlon oi loo KeepeAe,

Items in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
jis requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

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§

OCTOBER 1985

Dedicated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser OCTOBER 1985

Managing Editor: Susan Chan VOLUME TWELVE

Associate Editor: Ron Ringer NUMBER TEN

AnimaL /Cccpc/Li ' foA.uni (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lishing costs of AvianoJi KeepeA4 ’ FoAu.m. Second Class postage paid at
Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Of ZOO KEEPERS, INC,
NATIONAL HEAVQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLUV., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dotty CtcUik, AdmTvuJ>TAatlvQ. S^cAoXcuiy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP /Conservation & Research Center PH.(l^Td<l¥Vt

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park \/T.CL2.-P^(l6Td(int f

Escondido, CA 92025 jj

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614

Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C. i!

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada L |

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

GeAoZd Pciynd, DeXAott Zoo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pcut SmmoAco, L-lncotn Pa/ik Zoo
Awards Committee
Rcfee CxookeA, VTckeA^on Pa/ik
Book Reviews Coordinator
VTam Tonj>yth, A\vton Zoo

International Affairs Coordinator '' ■

Conyilo. Cloak, Nashvtttn, TN |

Research/Grants Committee
Tn.ayik Kohn, Noutionat Zootog-lcaJt Pk. ^
Legislative Action Committee ^

AJU.C.Q, HUiQA., Topdia Zoo *

Public Education Committee i

Tay Jcu>cLn, Stcutm Inland Zoo

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

ElancUia Aim, Oloodtand PoJik Zoo
Program Library
AnvKi M. Paym, VoJiAott Zoo
Exhibit Design Form
V-layin Ton^yth, Ak/idn Zoo
Keeper Accommodations List
OtivQA Ctxilidy, MojtAo Toh.OYVto Zoo
Keeper Training Videotapes

Baokman, Wooditand Pa/ik Zoo
Library Resources
KacA. Thompson, Mitt Mt, Zoo

!

Animal Data Transfer Forms |<

BoAntu Fetdman, Bu/inut Pank Zoo ‘

Membership Directory |

Pat Sammaxco, Ltncotn PoAk Zoo I

Diet Notebook

BAiitt BannoA, South T to Alda ChapteA\

Biological Values/Gestation |

LoAAy BAotncuid, San PAancAJ,c.o Zoo 1
Keeper Data Survey
MoAy Slaybaugh, San Antonto Zoo ji
Reference Search

Ltz MaLaughtln, RogoA iJJtttlam^ Pk, J
ZooUmny R^yit^AOM^ Ma^on, MI

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS I

States East of Mississippi - Vtanc. KAug , RtvcAkanlzi Zoo, Cotimbta, SC I

States West of Mississippi - V2.bAa St^choA, Woodland PoAk Zoo, Seattle, I,

Individual Regional CooAcUnatoAS and the 6tate^ undoA thelA oveAi>lght
oAe tUted eZ}>2wheAe In eaeh If^^ue oi Avumal Keepen^' foAum,

'hyU month’ 6 wveA ant itatwt^ a C/tomed Cmno, and chick jBalmntca pavontna]
:nd uooA mbmlttcd ion. pabltcatton by Cathy Tatbbl, a KccpeA~dt the Atlanta
:oo, Attanta Gk, Occa&lonalZy buHding lt6 la/igc nc6t In low tn.cc6, the
'nowned Cnanc will deposit inom one to thn.ee, blaoUh-whlte egg6. kiten. an
Mcabatlon pentod oi approximately 30 day&, reddlth- brown chtckj> will emerge,
'he chtclu are capable oi walking irom the il/ut day and, In an emergency,

.an mlm. Thanks, Cathy i

Scoops

and

C'S TO MEET AT MIAMI

)ebra Stetcher, Co-Director for Che Regional Coordinator System, has an-
lounced that all EC's for the Eastern and Western Regions will meet at
:he Miami Conference on Sunday, 20 October from 8:30 to 10:00 a.m. in
^arlour A or B at the Coconut Grove Hotel. Everyone Interested in the
iC Program is invited to attend and to bring their ideas and suggestions
:or improving the functioning of this program.

Scuttlebutt

l-ROM THE ELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN

i

Slection Committee Chairperson Lynne Villers, Indianapolis Zoo, recently
notified AAZK National Headquarters of the results of the election to
I'ill the vacancies on the AAZK Board of Directors with the completion of
:he terms of Pat Sairanarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, and Kevin Conway, NZP Con-
iervation & Research Center, Elected to fill these two vacancies are:
iusan M. Barnard, Atlanta Zoo, and Kerry Hoffman, Arizona- Sonora Desert
luseum, Tucson, AZ. Susan and Kerry's terms of office will begin on
L January 1986 and continue through 31 December 1989. Other board mem-
bers continuing their terms of office are: Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild
Animal Park; Frank Kohn, National Zoo; and Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto
'oo.

I'

lAZK RECEIVES MEMORIAL CONTRIBUTION

I

IlAZK National Headquarters has received a $100 memorial contribution from
j)iana Culpepper, Thonotosassa, FL. Diana is the sister of Professional
lember Frankie James Saginson, who died on 15 July 1985 at the age of
|!9. Frankie worked in the zoo department of Nature's Classroom in Tampa,
'‘L. Our sincere condolences to his family and friends.

fational Headquarters has also been notified of the death of Carolyn E.
homas, wife of Gerald "Red" Thomas, on 19 August 1985. Gerald "Red"
homas, a keeper at the San Diego Zoo was one of the founders of AAZK in
.967 and served on its first board of directors. Our sincere condolences
;o her family and friends.

[•ROM THE EDITOR'S DESK

iecause I will be leaving on 19 October to attend the National AAZK Con-
ference in Miami, the November issue of AKF will have to be at the print-
:rs before my departure. Therefore it is important that individuals who
lave information they wish published in the November issue have such in-
|ormation to me by the October 15th deadline. Your cooperation is very
jiuch appreciated. ---Sasan V, Chan, Managing Editor

301

FROM THE PRESroENT

Dear Members,

Last month I attended the AAZPA National Conference where I acted as rep-
resen tat ive for the AAZK. The conference, hosted by the Columbus Zoo,
Columbus, OH, was attended by over 1200 delegates, several of whom came
from Australia and Europe.

As would be expected, sessions at the conference touched on numerous as- ■
pects of maintaining zoological parks and aquariums. The concurrent ses-
sions which occupied two days of the conference included: Small Zoos, i;

Aquariums, Mammals, Aviculture, Herps, Marketing, Development, Trustees, '
Conservation, the Zoo Image, Education, Animal Information Management, [
Exhibits and Design, and Docents. ij

Besides myself there were several AAZK administrative personnel in atten-
dance for part or all of the conference. They were: Pat Sammarco, board
member and Continuing Keeper Education Committee Coordinator; Larry
Sammarco, AAZK Historian; Alice Miser, Animal Keepers * Forum Executive
Editor; Connie Cloak, International Affairs Coordinator; Mike Crocker,
Awards Committee Chairman; and Diane Forsyth, Book Review and Exhibit
Design Form Coordinator; and Brandy Pound, AAZK Liaison to AAZPA, IZE.

Pat Sammarco 's AAZK video tape presentation to educators and the Public ji

Education Committee were well received and those present expressed great j|

interest in ordering copies of both AAZK training video tapes. Brandy i
Pound very successfully presented the whys and wherefores of the AAZK i'

liaison to the AAZPA Public Education Committee as well as supporting the i
concept of Staff Training. In addition, she allowed me time to speak on
behalf of AAZK and the liaison during the final committee meeting. Diane
Forsyth presented a poster explaining the Exhibit Design Form and made j!

available copies of the form for interested individuals. Diane reports j|

that interest in the form is increasing, especially regarding requests for ;
it from graphics departments and zoo administrators. Throughout the week
those persons mentioned above and other AAZK members attending the confer- j
ence acted as ambassadors for AAZK and we all feel there was genuine inter~l'
est in AAZK by the delegates with whom we spoke. The conference provided Ij
us with the opportunity to meet zoo administrators and share our views ;;
with them away from the tensions the work environment often produces. <

The Public Education Committee was not the only meeting I attended. On i.
Sunday I sat in on the AAZPA board meeting as an interested observer. ■

Later in the week I attended the AAZPA Legislative Committee meeting as ;
AAZK liaison. A brief meeting also occurred with Judy White representing ,
International Zoo Educators (IZE) and it was decided that we would meet ||
later at National Zoo to discuss areas of mutual Interest and cooperation.

On Tuesday all delegates toured the Columbus Zoo, attending workshops and 'i
participating in SSP meetings. In addition, the American Association of
Zoo Horticulturists held their conference at the zoo on Tuesday with all
papers being open to the AAZPA delegates. The Columbus Zoo is, of course, !
noted for its exceptional Lowland Gorilla breeding program; and fittingly |j
as the home of the first gorilla born in captivity had a spacious, new ■'
outdoor enclosure for the gorillas to show off to the conference delegates.!
The post-conference tour included the Cincinnati Zoo and King's Island j

Wild Animal Habitat. The Cincinnati Zoo highlighted several buildings ;!

and exhibits for the visiting delegates, those being: The World of Cats ['
and the World of Insects, the Red Panda Exhibit and the Joe H. Spaulding ,I
Children's Zoo. As a member of the Cincinnati Wildlife Research Federa- j
tion (other members being King's Island Wild Animal Habitat and the Uni- j
verslty of Cincinnati College of Medicine) , the Cincinnati Zoo has estab- |

302

FROM THE PRESIDENT, ConUnatd

lished the "Frozen Zoo", a repository for eland, cat and bongo embryos and
semen samples for various animals. The zoo is also the birthplace of "E.T."
the first exotic animal born as a result of an embryo transfer. At King’s
Island delegates took a monorail ride through the Wild Animal Habitat with
attention being paid to the Eland herd used in the embryo transfer research.

The members of the Columbus Zoo Chapter AAZK deserve special recognition
for their activities while the delegates were at their facility. During
the afternoon delegates were invited to a reception hosted by the Chapter.
Later in the day there was an AAZK meeting where the "Feeds and Feeding"
video tape was previewed again and those attending were able to meet with
Pat Sammarco and myself. The Columbus AAZK Chapter is also looking forward
to May 1986 when they will host the regional AAZK conference with many sur-
prises in store for those who attend.

In conclusion, I found attending the AAZPA Conference a very good way to
prepare myself for our upcoming conference in Miami. I look forward to
seeing all of you there and will be happy at that time to discuss the AAZPA
conference in greater detail. See you in Miami!

PeoA Dolly,

It Aj> iA)UtL n.zg^zt and 6omz Kz^oAvatton that tkz Boa/id oi VlAzcto^
azzzptM youJi K.zi>tgnoutLon 04 AAZK AdmtntJitAcutlvz SzzKztoAy . Voan. loan, and
a kail ol ^znvtzz ka6 6zzn tkz a^Aoctatton gn.oM tn -6tatuAz and

A-zzognltton. Mo6t mmbzn^ a/iz not cmoJiz koM majon. a n.olz younj^ kaj> bzzn
MkiZz you MZKz M-UJi AAZK. Zl an l^mz ol Animal Kzzpz/u ' fonum wa6 latz
oAAlvlng you kzoAd ln.om mzmbzn^, bat kouj many n.zallzz tkat yoa'vz kzpt
tnazk ol zlo-6z to 2000 mzmbzn^ and madz IX look za^y? Oan gn.zatz6t bznz-
Itt iA)a6 yoan ^tnzngtk ol Izzttng Ion. zoological lacllltlz^ and tkzih. puA-
po^z6 and Ion. tkz goal6 ol AAZK. VooA ^appont ol zoo6 tn gznznal and
AAZK tn panttcalan. iaxu plainly zvldznt to tko6z pzoplz Mko6z ItASt AAZK
contact MU yoa.

Voan. 6tnong i,appont ol AAZK aZloMzd tkz boan.d ovzn tkz la^t loan and a
kail y^cuu, to txinn tkztn attention to mattznj> othzn tkan tkz noatlnz
matntznancz ol tkz association. Stnez wz coaid nzly on yoa to kandlz tkz
olllcz datlzs wttk a mtntmam ol tnpat, wz Mznz ablz to dzvotz langzn
amoants ol ttmz to acktzvtng tkz association' s goats. Conszqazntly, oan
association Is monz Mtdzly pzncztvzd In tkz consznvatlon commantty today.

Tn tkz zoological commantty wz anz acczptzd as tkz soanez ol zookzzptng
zdacatlonal matenlats and canzzn. tnlonmatlon. In tnutk, AAZK kas bzcomz
an tntznnattonaHy nzcogntzzd onganlzatton Mttk namznous lonztgn mzmbzns;
kztptng to pnomotz and zstabltsk good nzlatlonsklps among pnolzsstonal
zookzzpzns Monldwtdz.

iJJktlz Mz atsk tkat yoa could nzmaln Mttk AAZK mz also andznstand tkat mz
canAzntly anz anablz to pnovtdz yoa Mttk all tkat yoa nzqalnz as an
zmployzz. Wz can nzmatn conltdznt, kowzvzn, tkat AAZK will contlnaz to
kavz a Inlznd and stnong sappontzn Mkzazvzn yoa will bz. Wz tkank yoa
Ion yoan zHonts on bzkall ol zoo pnolcsslonaltsm and wtsk yoa tkz best
ol luck with yoan latunz zndzavons.

Best Rzgands,

AAZK Pnzstdznt

&

303

1985 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPERS AWARDS

T/ie {^ottoM'ing awaAdii> mIZ be pA.ii6Qyvt(id at the. AAZK Mattonal Con^eAmce.
hdZd tn Mtaml, FL on OctobeA 20-24, 1985, The. ExcelZmce. tn loo Kee.ptng
and MeAttoAtoii6 Achte.v^ment AmoacU oah ^zZdctdd by the. AAZK AwoAcU Com-
mitte.e. iAom nomtnatton^ pn.opo6e.d by the. AAZK rmmbe/uhtp, Mtke. C^ockeA
o{i the. VtakeAion Pcuik Zoo tn SpAlng^^teZd, MO tj> chcuAman oi tkLs comnUt-
te.. The. ExceZZ^nca tn JouAnaZ^m A^oAds oAe. 6eZe,cte.d by the. zdttoAiaZ
-sta{^£ o{^ AntmaZ Keeper' Fo^um,

1985 EXCELLENCE IN ZOO KEEPING AWARD WINNERS
LoAAy Zolton, HonoluZu. Zoo, HonoluZu, HI
OttveA Ctai)^ey, MetAo Toronto Zoo, Ton.onto, Canada
Alan ShaApleJ>, Atlanta ZoologtcaZ PoAk, Atlanta, GA
Ro-6e.ann Gtambn.o, PhtladeZpkla ZoologtcaZ Soctety, PkHadelphta , PA
John Houck, WoJihtngton PoAk Zoo, Po^itland, OR
Beth Po^ii, Mill Mountatn Zoo, Roanoakc, l/A
Gene Noda, Lo6 Angeles Zoo, Lo-6 Angeles, CA

AAZK MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT AWARD WINNERS

In recognition of outstanding contribution in the field
of wildlife conservation and animal husbandry

Ken Howell, Mtamt MetAo-Zoo , Mtamt, FL
PatAccta Leon, Mtamt MetAo-Zoo , Mtamt, FL
Joan VanteZ.6, SAook^teZd Zoo, Bn.ook£teZd, IL

AAZK OUTSTANDING SERVICE AWARD

In appreciation for hosting the 1985 AAZK National Conference

Mtamt MetAo-Zoo
MtjomL, FL

1985 AKF EXCELLENCE IN JOURNALISM AWARDS

Outstanding Mammal Article: "Management and Husbandry
of the Western Tarsier at the National Zoological Park"

Fn.ank B, Kohn, MtZeA RobeAt6, AngeZa KeppeZ, Eugene Maltntak, Michael
Veal, all oi the HattonaZ Zoological PoAk, (ilcoshlngton, VC.

304

1985 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPER AWARDS, ConUnae.d

Outstanding Avian Article: "Husbandry and Breeding
of the Water Ouzel at the Washington Park Zoo"

John H. Houck ^ Ralph AnJilson and Janet ButkiAk^ all oi the WoAkington
PoAk Zoo tn PonXland, OR.

Outstanding Herpetological Article: "Captive Maintenance
of Tailed Frogs at Washington Park Zoo"

Stanley P. Held, Washington PoAk Zoo, PonXland, OR

Outstanding Exhibit Design Article: "Sliding Door
Nestboxes at Front Royal"

Kevtn Conway, NZP ConsoAvatton S RoseoAch CenteA,

PAont Royal, l/A

Outstanding Research Article: "An Ethogram Representing
the Behavior of a Captive Troop of Black-handed Spider Monkeys
at the Akron Zoological Park"

Viane C.M. PoAsyth, AkAon Zoological. PoAk, AkAon, OH

Outstanding Narrative Aritcle: "The Cockroach Conspiracy:

Who Will Endure?"

SandAa Healy-Will, Lincoln PoAk Zoo, Chicago, IL

Outstanding Management /Husbandry Article:

"Animal Introductions: Some Suggestions for Easing the Trauma"

Vebbie Hewitt, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA

Outstanding Educational Series: "Reptile Care: Relating to
the Inquiring Novice"

Susan M. BoAnoAd, Atlanta Zoo, Atlanta, GA

Outstanding Cover Art:

July 198As "Red Guenon"

Cathy Tatbbi, Atlanta Zoo, Atlanta, GA
HONORABLE MENTION AWARDS

"Establishing a Pride of Lions at the New Pittsburgh Zoo", Regina Grebb.

Pittsburgh Zoo, Pittsburgh, PA (Mammal Category)

"Hand-Raising Infant Insectivorous Bats", Susan M. Barnard, Atlanta Zoo,
Atlanta, GA (Mammal Category)

"Results of a Post-Release Telemetry Study Involving Barn Owls in Northern
Illinois", Joan M. Daniels, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL (Avian
Category)

"Breeding the Rockhopper Penguin at the St. Louis Zoological Park", Gary
A. Michael, St. Louis Zoological Park, St. Louis, MO (Avian Category)

305

Births|^ Hatchings

ASSINIBOINE PARK ZOO. King

B&H during the month of July 1985 included; Mammals - 0.1 Lion- tailed
monkey, 1.2.1 Formosan sika (0.1 DNS), 2.2 Mule deer, 2 North China
leopard (1 killed, 1 abandoned), 2.0 Addax, 1.0 California bighorn sheep,

1 Canada lynx, 0.1 Afghanistan markhor, 0.1 Vicuna, 1.0 Woodland caribou;
Birds - 1 Red-whiskered bulbul, 1 Mandarin duck and 1 Mourning dove.

METRO TORONTO ZOO MoAAy Ho^aueA

April to June 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 0.0.1 Brush-tailed bettong,

1.0.5 Egyptian fruit bat, 0.1 Ring-tailed lemur, 1.0.3 Black lemur, 1.0.1
Barbary ape, 0.0.1 Japanese macaque, 1.1.1 Hamadryas baboon, 0.0.1 Patas
monkey, 0.0.1 Douroucouli, 0.0.3 Sugar glider, 0.0.1 Plains rat, 0,1.7
Mara, 1.0.8 Slender-tailed meerkat, 0.1 South African fur seal, 2.2.1
Domestic bactrian camel, 3.1 Llama, 1.0 Alpaca, 1.1.3 Reeve’s muntjac,

0.1 Northern Indian barasinga, 3.2.1 American elk, 1.0 American moose,

2.1 American Woodland caribou, 5.3.2 White-tailed deer, 5.1 European
reindeer, 0.1 Pronghorn, 1.3.2 Wood bison, 2.0 Wisent, 2.2.1 Domestic yak,
0.1 Gaur, 0.0.1 River hippopotamus, 2.1 Greater kudu, 0.1 Grevy's zebra,

1.2 Sable antelope, 0.1 Gemsbok, 0.2 Scimitar-horned oryx, 6.4 Himalayan
tahr, 8.7 West Caucasian tur, 7.7.1 Dali’s sheep, 0.1 Barbary sheep, 0.0,2
Chinese leopard; Birds - 0.0.11 South African ostrich, 0.0.2 Mute swan,
0.0.7 Mandarin duck, 0.0.1 South African yellow-billed duck, 0.0.15 Hood-
ed merganser, 0.0.10 Indian peafowl, 0.0.1 Nicobar pigeon, 0.0.1 Pied
imperial pigeon, 0.0.4 Zebra dove, 0.0.2 Peach-faced lovebird, 0.0.2
Renauld’s ground cuckoo, 0.0.4 Star finch, 0.0.1 Tawny frogmouth; Reptiles-
0.0.2 Blanding’s turtle, 0.0.11 American chuckwalla, 0.0.1 Green tree
python, 0.0.36 Common boa; Amphibians - 0.0.18 Green and black arrow poi-
son frog; Fish - 0.0.8 White cloud mountain minnow; Invertebrates -
0.0.140 Brazilian giant cockroach.

DALLAS ZOO Sandy UpahuAch

August 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 1.0 Okapi, 1.0 East African oryx, 0.0.1
African porcupine; Birds - 0.0.3 Crested wood partridge, 0.0.1 Double-
striped thick-knee, 0.0.1 Fulvous whistling duck, 0,0.3 Spur-winged lap-
wing; Reptiles - 0.0.13 Neotropical rattlesnake, 0.0.3 Hybrid Mexican king-
snake, 0.0.4 California mountain kingsnake, 0.0.1 Gaboon viper and 0.0.1
Honduran milksnake.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO B. BahnoA

B&H for August 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Red kangaroo, 1.1 Springbok;
Birds - 4 Javan tree duck (DNS), 2 Red & white crake, 1 Renauld’s ground
cuckoo (DNS), 1 Green wood hoopoe, 4 Hooded pitta (2 DNS), 1 Blue-faced
parrot finch and 2 Rothchild’s mynah (1 DNS).

WOODLAND PARK ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN. Hcumony ¥mzleA~TayloA

August 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 1.0 Bison (DNS), 0.0.1 Hoffmann’s sloth,
0.0.2 Vampire bat; Birds - 2.3 North American ruddy duck (0.2 DNS), 0.0,9
Half-masked weaver (0.0.4 DNS), 0,0.2 Small-billed tinamou (0.0.1 DNS),
0.0.7 Cape teal; Herps - 0.0.5 Leopard gecko.

306

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, Contlnmd

ATLANTA ZOO

tZtm Bn.ad{i.leZd

B&H for the first nine months of 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Himalayan
black bear, 1.0 California sea lion; Birds - 0.0.3 East African crowned
crane (0.0.1 DNS); Herps - 0.0.12 Leopard gecko, 0.0.1 Beaded lizard,

0,0.8 Indigo snake, 0,0.18 Corn snake, 0.0.15 Reticulated python, 0.0.2
Belize wood turtle, 0.0.2 Spotted turtle, 0.0.10 Barbour’s map turtle,

0.0.1 Bog turtle, 0,0.24 Snapping turtle, 0.0.3 Loggerhead musk turtle.

BUSCH GARDENS/TAMPA. Siuan Ractzto^y

B&H for August 1985 include: Mammals - 1.1 Nyala, 5.6 Greater kudu, 0.1
Gemsbok, 1.0 Muntjac deer, 1.3 Thomson’s gazelle, 1.3 Impala, 0.1 Scimitar-
horned oryx, 0.2 Grant’s gazelle, 0.1 Grant’s zebra, 1.0 Sable antelope,

1.0 Sitatunga, 1.0 Kafue (Red) lechwe; Birds - 1 Jandaya conure, 5 Indian
peafowl (Blue Phase), 1 Crested tinamou, 3 Senegal parrot, 3 Scarlet ibis,

5 Sacred ibis, 2 American flamingo, 3 Mitred conure, 3 Sun conure, 2
Forsten’s lorikeet, 2 Blue & gold macaw, 1 Cockatiel, 2 Chilean flamingo,

1 Mexican military macaw, 1 White-headed buffalo weaver.

MIAMI METROZQO. LoU BKaakhelm

August 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.1 Nyala, 1.0 Sambar deer, 1.0 Eland,
1.0 Gibbon, 1.0 Greater kudu, 1.0 Nilgai, 0.1 Dama gazelle; Birds - 0.0.2
Stanley crane and 1,2 Ruddy duck.

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO. CoAol J. Boyd

B&H for August 1985 include: 0.1 Greater kudu, 0.0.1 Vampire bat, 0.0.10
Northern watersnake, 0.0.4 Laughing gull and 0.0.3 Wild turkey.

SAN ANTONIO ZOO. Reed

August 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 2.0 Gelada, 0.0.1 Three-banded arma-
dillo, 0.0.5 Meerkat (1 DNS) 1st time in collection, 1.1 Giraffe, 1.1
Greater kudu (0.1 DNS), 1.0 Blackbuck (DNS), 2.0 Dama gazelle, 0.1 Grant’s
gazelle, 1,0 Thompson's gazelle, 1.0 Springbok; Birds - 0.0.7 Ruddy duck
(5 DNS), 0.1 Andean condor (DNS), 0.0.1 Superb starling, 0.0.3 East African
crowned crane, 0.0.2 Sarus crane (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Great currasow, 0.0.1
Dusky lory, 0.0.1 Yellow-backed chattering lory, 0.0.4 Painted conure
(3 DNS), 0.0.2 Red-crested touraco (DNS), 0.0.1 Picathartes, 0.0.1 Crim-
son seedcracker (DNS), 0.0.2 Owl finch (1 DNS); Reptiles - 0.0.2 Fan-
footed gecko (DNS), 0,0.4 Amazon tree boa, 0.0.7 Honduran milksnake, and
0.0.1 Broad-banded copperhead (1st time in collection).

WILDLIFE SAFARI (Winston, OR). John A. Cooper

Sativa, a 10-year-old cheetah died 19 Sept., 1985 from birthing complica-
tions after giving birth to six cubs. Five of the six cubs were found dead
that day by the staff veterinarian. The sixth, a 9-ounce female, is being
cared for and is in guarded condition. Savita had given birth to 22
healthy cubs in four previous litters. The birth raises the total number
of cheetahs born at Wildlife Safari to 97 cubs from 22 litters, making
Wildlife Safari the third ranking center for the breeding of this endan-
gered cat in the world .

307

Coming Events

THE 1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

October 20-24, 1985 Miami, FL

Hosted by the South Florida Chapter at the Metrozoo in Miami. For more
information contact* Rachel Rogers, AAZK Conference, South Florida Chapter,
12400 SW 152nd St., Miami, FL 33177.

THE 1985 INTERNATIONAL WILD WATERFOWL ASSOCIATION
and

THE AMERICAN PHEASANT AND WATERFOWL SOCIETY

October 23-26, 1985 San Antonio, TX

Combined conference hosted by the San Antonio Zoo. For more information
contact; Mary Healy, Curator of Birds, San Antonio Zoo, 3903 North Saint
Mary's Street, San Antonio, TX 78212.

WILDLIFE SURVIVORS IN THE HUMAN NICHE

November 1-2, 1985 Washington, DC

The National Zoo's Fall Symposium for the Public. Lecture series. For
more information contact the National Zoo, Office of Public Affairs,
Washington, DC 20008 (202) 673-4866/4840.

THE RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM ON

THE MANAGEMENT OF BIRDS OF PREY

November 1-11, 1985 Sacramento, CA

For further information contact; Nancy Venizelos, Raptor Conservation
Office, San Francisco Zoological Society, Zoo Rd. & Skyline Blvd., San
Francisco, CA 94132 (415) 661-2023.

THE SIXTH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE ON

THE BIOLOGY OF MARINE MAMMALS

November 22-26, 1985 Vancouver, BC

Sponsored by the Society for Marine Mammalogy, it will address issues
concerning cetaceans, pinnipeds and other marine mammals. For informa-
tion contact; Sharon Proctor, Program Chairman, Vancouver Aquarium, P.O.

Box 3232, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3X8.

THE FIFTH ANNUAL DR. SCHOLL CONFERENCE ON

nmOITTRITION 0F'WmOnLF'MTMLS~

December 13-14, 1985 Chicago, IL

Held at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens. For further information ) i
contact; Thomas Meehan, D.V.M., Staff Veterinarian, Lincoln Park Zoo, 5

2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614. J

308

COMING EVENTS, ConUnue^d

1986 AAZPA REGIONAL CONFERENCES

Southern Regional - Greater Baton Rouge Zoo, 16-18 March, 1986: for more
information contact: Barbara Gorman, Greater Baton
Rouge Zoo, Box 60, Baker, LA 70714 (504) 775-3877.

Western Regional - Point Defiance Zoo, 13-15 April, 1986: for more infor-
mation contact: Tom Otten, Director, Point Defiance
Zoo & Aquarium, Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, WA 98407
(206) 591-5337.

Great Lakes Regional - Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 27-29 April,
1986: for more information contact: Mary Beth Carr,
Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 1001 W. Bluemound
Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 771-3040.

Northeastern Regional - Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, 4-6 May, 1986: for more
information contact: Laura Kezer, Mystic Marinelife
Aquarium, Sea Research Foundation, Inc., Mystic, CT
06355 (203) 536-9631.

Central Regional - Fort Worth Zoological Park, 18-20 May, 1986: for more

information contact: Dudley Brown, Fort Worth Zoological
Park, 2727 Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth, TX 76110
(817) 870-7050.

THE TUCSON CHAPTER OF THE AAZK
IS PROUD TO ANNOUNCE

THE PUBLICATION OF ITS CHAPTER PROJECT
A 1986 CALENDAR

Designed with the professional keeper in mind, the calendar is packed
with interesting information gleaned from Zoos across North America.
Combined with pleasing Black and White photographs, taken by AAZK mem-
bers, and large date blocks, the 12" x 20" wall calendar is both a use-
ful working tool and attractive Christmas gift. To order your copy/
copies, please clip and mail the following order blank:

Please rush copy/copies of the Tucson Chapter's 1986 calendar

@ $5.00 per copy plus 50(t postage and handling for each to:

Name

Address

City State Zip

Make check payable to the Tucson Chapter AAZK, and mail to:

TucAon Chapte/L AAZK
509 E. CaAe. khJjzoYia.

Tucson, AZ S5705

Or purchase your copy at the National AAZK Conference in Miami, FL.
SUPPORT YOUR FELLOW AAZK CHAPTER

309

HSUS Booklet On Careers Working

With Animals Available

By

?cWLL(ii.a E. SammoAdo, CooAcilnatoA
AAZK EduccuU-On ComtndJXdd

As you are all aware, the Zoo/U list
is a reference for you to use in
answering the questions that we all
get from the public asking where one
goes to learn to be a Zoo Keeper. The
number one place is, of course, the
zoo, with fellow Keepers and experience
being the best basic teachers. Soon
AAZK will produce a book, to act as
a basics text, but some young and
eager potential Keepers want some formal training to help them and, in-
deed, more and more zoos are requiring formal education and degrees at
entry level in our profession.

Remember that the Zoo/U list is available from National Headquarters for
a self-addressed, 220 stampled legal size envelope. As a Keeper you may
want to keep a list handy for reference, or keep the availability of the
list in mind as people ask for guidance.

To help those who are interested in all animal-oriented careers, I re-
commend obtaining The Humane Society's Guide to CAREERS WORKING WITH
ANIMALS, by Guy R. Hodge, Director, Research and Data, HSUS. In this
guide is Appendix 1 - Scholastic Programs, including a Directory of
Scholastic Programs, as copied below with permission of HSUS Assistant
to the Director, Captive Wildlife, Nancy Blaney.

Appendix 1 - Scholastic Programs

There are diverse educational options for the student contemplating a
career in animal welfare or conservation. Scholastic programs are offer-
ed by community colleges, universities, and vocational schools. Programs
of study vary in length from six months to nine years.

This appendix is presented as an introduction to unique curricula which
provide specialized preparation for a career in animal welfare, environ-
mental quality, or conservation. Programs of study, course offerings,
and degree awards are continuously revised by educational institutions.

The scholastic programs listed in this appendix reflect only a portion
of the educational options available to high school graduates. Excluded
from listing are common curricula in the biological sciences and other
programs of study routinely offered by educational institutions.

Several universities permit students to pursue independent study programs
which are specially designed to fulfill the educational requirements for
particular career fields. For detailed information on the programs of
study, coursework, or entrance requirements of an educational institution
consult the current school catalog or contact the Office of the Registrar^.

In preparing this appendix every effort has been made to avoid errors and
omissions. However, The Humane Society of the United States cannot
guarantee the accuracy of the information provided to our office nor can

310

CONTINUING KEEPER EDUCATION COLUMN , Contlnutd

the HSUS attest to the relative merits of courses offered by individual
educational institutions. Certain scholastic programs are accredited by
professional associations such as the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion and the Society of American Foresters. The reputability of an edu-
cational institution may also be determined by contacting one of the six
regional educational associations i Western Association of Schools and
Colleges, New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Middle States
Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, North Central Association
of Colleges and Schools, Northwestern Association of Secondary and High
Schools, or the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

In general, scholastic programs for which a certificate is offered upon
completion are one year in length. Associate degree programs are two
years in length. Bachelor degree programs are four years in length. A
master's degree requires two years of postgraduate study after obtaining
a baccalaureate degree and a Ph.D. requires an additional one or two years
of study.

Several scholastic programs do not directly result in a degree award. An
educational institution may require that a student transfer to a cooperat-
ing university after the second or third year of study. The appropriate
degree is awarded by the educational institution at which the student
completes his or her final year of study. The student entering a pre-
professional program may apply for admittance to a professional school
after his or her junior year. The undergraduate institution will award
such a student a baccalaureate degree upon successful completion of the
first year of study at the professional school. Some non-vocational pro-
grams of study are designed for the student who Intends to enter the job
market after one or two years of study. No degree is awarded to the stu-
dent enrolled in such a program.

DIRECTORIES OF SCHOLASTIC PROGRAMS

MBS ViJttcJ:on,g oi Bw6CA,mc.Q, Ve.paAtmQ,yvt6 and facuXtie^ In tho. United
States and Canada^ edited by Peter Gray. New York: Hals ted Press,

1976, $25.00.

UnlveA^lty Cu/utA.auZa am the. MoAtne. Satmcu and ’Reljote.d Vtetds; Acade.mlc
ye.aA6 1979-1980^ 1980-1981^ by the Interagency Committee on Marine
Science and Engineering of the Federal Council for Science and Tech-
nology, Rockville, MD: National Sea Grant Program of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1979, complimentary.

BaAon'6 PAo^tte. AmeAtcan Cotle.geJ>, AQ.vAAe.d e.dltA.on, by the College
Division of Baron’s Educational Series, Inc. Woodbury, NY: Baron’s
Educational Series, Inc., 1976. $15.25 ($5.95 paperback).

Compa/LOtlve Gutde. To AmeTtlaan Cotte.geJ>, by James Cass and Mac Bimbaum.

New York: Harper & Row, 1977, $17.50 ($8.95 paperback).

Love, joy* & Can.e,eA and Uoaottonal. Sahool Gutde.^ 5th Edition, by Clarence

E. Lovejoy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978, $9.95 ($4.95 paperback).

ViAe,ctoAy oi PAoieA^ional ?Ae,paA.atton PAogAojru in Ue.cAe.ation, PoaIu and
ReZate.d A/ie.a^, The National Recreation and Park Association, Arlington,
VA, 1973, $3.00.

These guides will help new zookeeping professionals enter the field.

Since a major portion of the Continuing Keeper Education Column's intent

311

CONTINUING KEEPER EDUCATION COLUMN, CoyuUnmd

is to guide us to ways to continue our learning experience, please write
to Coordinator Pat Sammarco relating your ideas and experiences in your
on-going professional development. Let me know about your in-house train-
ing programs, apprenticeships, formal education and other means of mid-
career development. AAZK has been developing many tools to share what
we learn, and this should include how we learn.

{Note.: The HSUS booklet CAREERS WORKING WITH ANIMALS may be puAeha^ed by
sending youA name and complete mailing add/Le^6 plus $6.95 pen. copy to:

The Humane SocyCety o^ the United States, 2100 L StAeet, NW, Washington,

VC 10051 . Makes checks payable to The Humane Society ol the United States.

oH-denlng {^on. a llbn.an.y, anlmal-iA)eliaAe on^anlzatlon, on. a dues-paylng
HSUS memben, the cost li $5.95. I^ on,denlng six copies on. mon.e, the pnlce
Is $4.80 pen. copy. Please note onganlzatlon al^^ltlatlon Mhen on.denlng
unden special neduced nates.)

Education

By Jay Jason, Coondlnaton

AAIK Public Education Committee

Many animal care personnel are becoming involved in educational program-
ming in zoos. Training demonstrations, behind-the-scenes tours and seg-
ments of college-level animal science classes are being conducted by
Keepers and other animal care staff members who know the animals they care
for best.

Sometimes, there is not much training offered Keepers in effective ways
of presenting information to the public, and this can result in a less
than rewarding program for the instructor as well as the audience. The
following outline has been used by the National Park Service to help their
interpreters evaluate the effectiveness of the programs they present, and
may be useful to everyone Involved in speaking to groups. It was passed
on to me by Judie Steenberg of the Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA. Thanks,
Judie!

SELF-APPRAISAL FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONS
(Adapted from National Park Service Training Aide -- public domain)

The purpose of this list is to encourage those speaking to groups to re-
view their performance— to be their own critic in detecting rough spots

that need polishing.

Preparation of the Talk

1. Do you schedule your time so that you have the opportunity to prepare
for your presentation?

2. Do your organize your thoughts so that the important points are covered
in an orderly, concise manner?

3. Do you vary the outlines of your talk with new concepts and new illus-
trations occasionally?

4. Do you find yourself using too much technical language?

5. Do you memorize your talk? (A practice that is generally not encouraged).

6. Do you have a planned beginning and a planned end to your talk, even
though it may l5e a brief and informal presentation?

312

TECHNIQUE NOTES, ConUnu&d

Delivery of the Talk

1. Do you use a friendly j conversational tone?

2. Do you speak loud enough to be heard with ease? How do you check this?

3. Do you talk with enthusiasm? Do you talk distinctly?

4. What words do you slur? Do you run your sentences together with "and
uh" or "ah" instead of having clean breaks between sentences?

5. Do you pause to emphasize important points?

6. Do you open your mouth and use the tongue and lips for clean enuncia-
tion?

7. How is your eye contact — front row, one or two people, or do you
cover the field and make everyone feel included?

8. Do you periodically check your rate of talking?

9. Do you vary the rate of talking (from 125 to 190 words per minute) as
a means of keeping audience interest and stressing important ideas?

10. Do you modulate your voice so as to avoid a monotonous tone?

11. Are you over-serious in your talk?

12. Is your manner friendly?

13. Do you use objects, or exhibits in your talks? If so, how effectively
do you use them?

14. Do you use a tape recorder periodically to check on your rate of
speech, enunciation and modulation?

15. Do you listen regularly to the better radio and TV speakers or other
outstanding speakers to note in particular their style of delivery?

16. Do you invite someone (fellow employee, friend, etc.) interested in
your self-improvement to give you candid criticism?

17. Do you conscientiously try to improve your use of the English language?

Attitude Toward the Audience

1, Do you enjoy speaking to people?

2* Do you enjoy talking about the features of the area?

3. Do you keep the attention of the audience? How can you tell?

4. Are you as interested in your audience as your subject matter?

General Appearance

1. Is your uniform (if applicable) well-fitting, clean, pressed and in
good condition?

2. Do you stand erect and poised before the group?

3. Do you have nervous mannerisam that distract attention?

It requires many hours of practice to incorporate all the skills implied
in this list. The interpretive talk is perhaps the severest test of an
interpreter's ability, so perfect your delivery by enlightened practice;
there is no other way.

Recommended Additional Reading

Barnlund, Dean C. 1968. Interpersonal Communication ; Survey and Studies ,

Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.

Bettinghause, Erwin P. 1968. Persuasive Communication , Holt, Rhinehart and
Winston, New York.

Boulanger, F, David, and John P. Smith. 1973. Educational Principles and
Techniques for Interpreters, USDA Forest Service General Technical
Report PNW-9, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Portland , OR.

Harrison, Randall R. 1974. Beyond Words, An Introduction to Nonverbal
Communication . , Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood, Cliffs, NJ.

Hovland, Carl I. Irving L, Janis and Harold H. Kelley. 1966. Communication
and Persuasion, Yale University Press, New Haven.

Eastman Kodak Company, 1974. Effective Lecture Slides. S-22, Rochester,

New York.

313

ELEPHANT SET

ELEPHANT COMMAND
SURVEY RESULTS

By

Ron RlnQdAf ChcuAman

Comnvctt^e. To StandoAdlzo. Etzphawt Commandi
Topeka Zoological Rcoik, Topeka, KS

Last December the Committee to Standardize Elephant Commands started a '

survey on zoo's elephant commands to try and establish a list of basic
commands that all zoos could share. At this time I am happy to report
that the survey has been completed and a tentative list of commands drawn ;
up. I would like to thank everyone who responded to the survey by sending |
in their commands and comments. For those of you who haven't yet respond- I
ed, please do so for our records. ^

When the committee started, we looked on the ISIS inventory for anyone who
exhibited elephants in their collections. We then sent out a survey to i|

all those who had not responded to my request in the January 1985 issue
of AKF . Out of the 78 zoos which exhibit either Asian or African elephants,

I have received command lists from 58 of them. That figures out to be

almost 68%. I also received command lists from two circuses and two pri- |

vate collectors of elephants. Again, I thank you all. ji

Accompanying this article is the results of the survey. The commands |:

which have an asterisk (*) by them are the ones we intend to use on our i

standard list of commands. These commands are tentative for we wish to i

present them for approval at the Elephant Workshop in Fort Worth, TX.

After the conference the members of the committee will be assigned a cer- j
tain region of the U.S. and Canada in which they will be responsible for j

contacting zoos in order to get these commands adopted for use. It will
be up to the keepers to help this project work. There are many qualified
elephant handlers in the U.S. and Canada who can be contacted for advise
on how to change your present commands to the new ones. I think most of
you will find that it isn't very difficult to accomplish and it will Ii

benefit keeper and elephant alike.

From here the committee hopes its work is not done. Many of you who re-
sponded to the survey said, "Why stop here?". There seems to be some
support in standardizing hook points, with the possibility of putting
together some sort of training manual which would outline the basic care
and maintenance of an elephant. I personally feel this type of idea is
long overdue.

SURVEY RESULTS

1) Sternal Recumbancy:

2) Laterial Recumbancy;

^stretch: 76%

’^down: 60%
over: 24%

down: 20%
crush; 2%

command not used: 8%

down square: 2%

roll in: 2%
stretch; 2%

die; 2%

314

ELEPHANT COMMAND SURVEY RESULTS, ConUnmd

3) Return to Standing Position:

*come up: 54Z
release command: 40Z
rise: 6%

5) Walk With Keeper;

*move up : 40Z
command not used: 18Z
lead out: lOZ
let's go: 8Z
follow: 8Z
come: 8Z
move out ; 4Z
pick it up: 2Z
forward: 2Z

7) Move Forwards;

* move up; 54%
come here: 16%
come in: 10%
command not used: 8%
forward: 6%

lead out: 2%
come out; 2%
front: 2%

4) Present Foot:

*foot: 96%
leg up; 2%
lift; 2%

6) Move Backwards;

*back: 58%
backup I 1 2%
command not used: 10%
Come back: 8%
move back; 8%
go back; 4%

*the key word in this
• group of commands is
back. It is used 90%
of the time.

8) Side Step Away

*get over: 40%
move over : 30%
command not used: 12%
over: 8%

side step: 4%
sideover: 2%

shy; 2%
cross; 2%

*the key word in this group
of commands is over. It
is used 80% of the time.

9) Raise Trunk:

10) Hold Command:

* trunk up: 60%
trunk: 40%

*steady: 70%
hold: 16%
hold steady: 10%
stay: 2%

there: 2%

11) Release Command;

12) Stop Unwanted Behavior:

*alright: 741
okay I 12Z

command not used: 8%
thank you : 4%

good: 2Z

*no: 78%
quit; 12%
command not used; 6%
leave it; 4%

315

Chapter

News

APPALACHIAN CHAPTER AAZK

Mill Mountain Zoo is pleased to
announce the formation of the
Appalachian Chapter of AAZK. This
is the first chapter to be formed
in the southwestern Virginia area.
Elected officers are:

President Beth Poff

Vice Pres/Treas Rosemary Jalink

Secretary Laurie J. Thomas

Our first fundraiser was a wildlife
art show, "All Creatures Great and
Small" held at the Mill Mountain Zoo
in July. Several local artists dis-
played their works for zoo visitors
to admire and purchase. We are
currently working on ideas for
future fundraisers.

— Lau/Un J. TkomoJ,

ATLANTA ZOO AAZK CHAPTER

On 21 August, 1985, nine Atlanta
Zoo staff and three Atlanta
Zoological Society members partici-
pated in the local PBS television
station's pledge drive. Dinner was
provided in exchange for answering
phones and taking pledges. The
pledge goal for the evening was
$23,600, but by the end of the
evening almost $28,000 was pledged!
We felt that everyone enjoyed being
involved in a community project and
we were given some positive public
exposure. We intend being a part
of the pledge drives in the future.

On 7 September, 1985, the Atlanta
Zoological Society had their annual
member's picnic. About 800 tickets
were sold, entertainment and food
was provided. In addition, "Behind
The Scenes" tours were given with

keepers standing by to explain
their areas and answer questions
from the members. These types
of interaction help to bridge the
gap between the zoo society and
the keeper staff, and we hope to
continue it also.

— Etldn

THE LOS ANGELES CHAPTER

The Los Angeles Zoo Chapter will
be holding an Australian Mammal
symposium in January. We are
accepting papers for this two-
day event. All interested please
write: kAlK/LA Zoo ^ 5333 Zoo VhAVd.,
Lo^ AngeXe^, CA 90011.

The LA Chapter also held a T-shirt
auction on 5 September. We would
like to thank all those who so
graciously donated shirts and patch-
es. The response and interest was
overwhelming. In fact, so many
shirts were donated, we had to
split the amount in half and will
have an additional auction in a
few months. THANKS! ! !

— Kay VauJUi, V^oj^ldo^vit

PENNSYLVANIA CHAPTER OF AAZK

The Pittsburgh Zoo and the Pitts-
burgh Aviary are happy to announce
the formation of the Pittsburgh,

PA Chapter of AAZK. Newly elected
officers are:

President Henry Kacprzyk

Vice Pres Kathy Robbibaro

Secretary. . . . .Margie Marks
Treasurer Raymond E. Bambrick

The first chapter project was a
very successful bake sale on the
zoo grounds. We raised close to
$200! The next fundraiser we are
planning is a Spaghetti Lunch on
Columbus Day, 14 October, 1985.

We are also participating in the
WQED (local PBS station) pledge
week by answering phones. We are
all excited about our new chapter
and our greater participation with
AAZK.

— MoAg-ie. MaAfi6

316

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NEW

WATCHING THOSE FLAMINGOS

By

JaneX Jacob^on^ KeepeA
BuAdh GoAdesu, Tampa, FL

The serious challenge to learn more about i
flamingos hit me when I was assigned to th«
on 8/3/83. Until this time, only hatching
were recorded. During the next year, I wo:
gather information for the following article.

For the focus of my study, I chose an older pair (specific age unknown)
that was easily recognizable and still sitting on an egg. Both seasons
they built their nest in the same spot, about six feet from the feed
trough which I visited daily. Unfortunately, the eggs this pair laid
were infertile.

Flamingo chicks hatch In late May or early June, so the 1983 season was
in full swing when I began my observations. Due to this reason, I was
unable to gather much pertinent data for 1983,

During the 1984 season, I walked through the flock and counted each egg
every day or two. The group accepted this practice as part of the routine
of feeding. Although there was an occasionally panic-stricken flamingo,
basically a pattern was established with the sight of me at the feeder.

As I walked at a slow pace toward the nest mounds I caused the group to
move to the other side of the pen. Towards the end of the incubation,
this was not always the case. Now, some would remain on nests while
others would charge and occasionally nip at me. Males and females guard-
ed with equal vigor and stood close to the mate or chick on the nest.

This time was filled with loud calling which quickly ended after I re-
treated. Since some nests were only inches apart, the bickering amongst
the birds continued throughout the day. They did fight and steal each
other’s nests, but this behavior ended When an egg was laid.

Here are my observations j

1/10/84— My first chance to observe complete breeding cycle. It was
signaled to begin with the parade of males, each one lining up and with
heads held high they strutted from one side of the pen to the other,
chattering and turning in unison. The females would stand together, off
to one side, in the typical "plastic flamingo stance", some with heads
tucked under a wing as if to exaggerate their indifference. How do these
birds stand with their legs stretched out in such awkward angles?

1/15/84— Mating followed, and, at this time, our work began i Draining of
the moat surrounding the nest area and adding of clay to the nest area
were the preparations necessary for a conducive breeding environment,

3/24/84— Our work was completed. It was obvious that the flamingo couples
were eager to lay because of the immediate nest building activity that
followed. March was a rainy and difficult time for the birds. Nests
appeared to be going up and down with each passing rainstorm. Some clay
washed out of one area, half filling the moat. This created a new nest
area near the feeding trough.

In 1983, some sand nests were built on the opposite side across the moat
in a sandy area. It appeared to be due to a lack of clay for nest build-
ing. This year, there were plenty of materials utilized in the building ')
of their nests, such as? clay, grass, sticks, feathers, and anything else

318

WATCHING THOSE FLAMINGOS, CorvUnutd

they could lay their beaks on! Both males and females worked constantly.
One would sit on the nest building it up while its mate would stay nearby
and pass it more building materials.

4/16/84 — The first egg was laid. Until this point, the chicks from the
previous year were still occasionally being fed by their parents. Soon
more and more eggs were laid on top of the clay mounds made especially
for them. Some nests were not quite complete and, as the parents con-
tinued to build, the eggs were buried. Most eggs were recovered by workers
and placed back on top of the nests with relatively little concern from
the parents.

4/30/84— There are now 8 eggs with about 20 nest mounds.

5/9/84 — An egg was found in the grass today. Its shell had an unnatural,
pitted texture to it; it was placed in the incubator but never hatched.

Two other eggs with the pitted texture were found in different nests, but
I was unable to determine if they hatched.

5/17/84 — At this point, there are 24 eggs. One other egg is believed to
have been buried or washed away in last night’s rainstorm. Rainstorms
were the major cause in the loss of eggs, although seagulls were observed
pecking at and destroying eggs. Some eggs were also crushed by the fla-
mingo parents getting on and off the nests.

5/24/84 — The first chick was observed pipping today, but it died before
it hatched.

5/28/84— Today was the first successful pipping and hatching. The pippings
average 48 hours and usually begins with a hole in the middle of the egg.
Chicks hatch with a covering of grey down. Chicks were pinioned at an
age of one day. Once again, the flock was in a uproar, but no rejections
occurred .

6/8/84 — The eggs have increased to 30 with 2 chicks already off of their
nests. This was the highest egg count. We began to lose some eggs and
others were known to be laid. The chicks averaged 6-8 days on the nest
after hatching. They would occasionally go back onto the nest if they
fell off during this time. After the chicks had left the nest, I observ-
ed them frequently climbing on their parents' backs when the parents
would lie on the ground.

6/19/84 — The 7th chick of the flock was hatched by a female with grey
legs. It is believed she is one of last year's hatch. Her chick lived
9 days and was then found stuck in the mud following a rainstorm. It
appeared weak and, despite the attention of the veterinary staff, it died
that afternoon.

6/28/84-"The chicks are growing rapidly, standing about 1 foot tall at the
end of one month, still covered with grey down,

6/30/84— The chicks are venturing further and further from their parents
and playing with other chicks. As they gain courage to nip at one
another, it appears that the younger ones are more aggressive.

7/10/84 — The oldest chick is 43 days old. It is beginning to get juvenile
plumage or actual feathers. It stands about 3 feet tall. Today I
noticed that one of the older chicks may be stunted and have leg problems.

319

WATCHING THOSE FLAMINGOS, ConUnuad

This has been a recurring problem over the past years but usually only
affects one or two chicks each year. Sometimes they grow out of this
problem.

7/16/84 — The final chick is hatched today. Nine eggs remaining, with those
adults continuing to build on their nests.

7/26/84 — Remaining eggs are past their due dates. When checked, they
proved to be infertile. First chick is 60 days old, adult plumage (pink
feathers) beginning.

8/2/84 — Chick that had looked stunted in growth died today. The body was
too decomposed to necropsy.

This ended the actual breeding and hatching season for this year. My
observations of infant development will continue throughout the winter.

ADDENDUM From AAZK Infant Development Project Avian Data Form

I . Reproductive History

1980— Hatched 12—4 died

1981 — Hatched 13 — 6 died — 1 runt euthanized

1982 — Hatched 14 — 2 runts euthanized

1983— Hatched 9—1 died

1984— Hatched 11 — 2 died

I I . Envi ronment

Clay nest area 40' x 15', surrounded in front by a 5' wide moat with
feed trough on one side. In front of this there is an area of sand
and grass, bordered by a hedge. Total enclosure is approximately
125' X 75' excluding the lake behind it. No shelter. Clay nest
mounds were about 2-21^ feet tall.

Dec-Jan H-60°F, L-30°F

Feb-Mar H-70°F, L-40®F

Apr-May H-80°F, L-65°F

Jun-Jul H-90®F, L-75°F

III. Raising The Young

Hatched covered with gray down and pink legs. Parents' diet — 3
(5 gal) buckets 1/2 flamingo flair, 1/2 dog kibble topped with 1
cup chopped carrots & beets. Roxanthin red is added for color.

Diet of the chicks is said to contain blood, but I never had the
opportunity to see what is fed. Feedings are quite lengthy, last-
ing as long a five minutes. No movement was noticed in either bird's
neck, but chick's crop would fill. Feedings begin with chick calling
and stamping feet. Chick walks in front of adult with head bent
backwards over its back. Adult stands behind and places beak into
chick's. They stay together until feeding is over. All feedings
ended with the adult walking away to take a drink of water. Feed
throughout the day. Chicks were seen eating from the trough after
29 days but continued to be fed by adult until they went to nest.
Averaged 6 to 8 days on nest. Parents stimulate chicks to stand and
feed in first few days.

320

SEE YOU SOON ! !

■AST MINUTE NOTES

- October 10th is the deadline date for those who wish to cancel their
registration at this year's conference, and to still receive full re-
funds. After this time no refunds will be available as reservations
for all conference activities will have been completed. Thank you.

- Please send in your auction items or a piece of paper which includes:
description of the item, quantity (if more than one), sizes (if applic-
a'ble), the value of the item, and your name and address. We need to
get these auctions set up and only you can help us do it! Thanks!! We
are all looking forward to seeing you very soon in Miami!

- Miami in October is lovely. The days are sunny, breezy and in the low
80's. It drops to the 70's in the evenings.

Dress is casual and comfortable. Comfortable walking shoes are a MUST,
and you'll want a sweater or jacket for air-conditioned places. The
hotel has a pool, and you are close to Biscayne Bay and several parks.

Shopping in Coconut Grove is within walking distance of the hotel. All
price ranges are available. State sales tax in Florida is b%. The
hotel has a lounge and disco on the 20th floor (Top-of-the-Grove) , and
the Cafe Brasserie is next to the pool area. There will be a cash bar
at the Ice Breaker and the Banquet.

There is valet parking at the hotel, but also free public parking along
the streets, and free night parking available for AAZK delegates across
the street from the hotel. Please contact Coconut Grove Hotel directly
at their toll free numbers: Outside Florida 800-327-8771, Within Florida
800-432-6155, if you have any other questions regarding hotel informa-
ti on .

321

CONFERENCE '85, CoyvUnmd

Fellow Keepers,

Do you feel strained, stretched, perplexed, vexed, entangled, burdened,
troubled, scourged, pressured, distressed, disconcerted, discombobulated,
discontented, discomposed, distraught, dismal, .

s

tracted, upset,
worried,
frustrated,
concerned,
confused,
harassed,
crazed,
demented,
shaky,
unbalanced
t
e

e,

blah??

Then, don't miss a minute of the STRESS WORKSHOP at the 11th Annual
AAZK Conference in Miami!

Experts from The Management Sciences Institute of Miami will work with us-
to discover ways of feeling good about ourselves and our work. ‘

The Workshop will be held at The Coconut Grove Hotel from 7:00 to 9:00
p.m. on Monday, 21 October, 1985.

Bring your troubles, come on, get happy! '

322

CONFERENCE T-SHIRTS

We are selling conference T-shirts for $10.00 apiece if purchased at the
conference^ However, a $1.50 savings is being offered for those who pur-
chase T-shirts before the conference. Shirts will be attached to your
registration packet when you arrive.

If you are not planning on attending the conference, T-shirts can still
be bought at a savings. We do ask for $1.25 postage and handling in
addition to the discounted price of $8.50.

Send your check or money order to: South Florida AAZK Chapter

12400 S.W. 152nd Street
Miami, FL 33177

IMPORTANT NOTE: The 1985 Conference T-Shirts will not be available in
the color yellow as previously advertised. This color has been replaced^
by tan colored shirt featuring the four-color design shown above. •

White Lt. Grey TAN

(*please put your order of preference 1 to 3)

SIZE: Small Medium

Large Extra-large

Quantity of Shirts Ordered: O $8.50 each

Shirts will be printed by Harlequin Nature Graphics. Check your local
gift shop for other Harlequin designs. This discount is being offered
to establish an accurate quantity of shirts we will need to print.

323

THE ATLANTA ZOO - An Update

By

Alan Sha/iple^, Ke.e.peA
Atlanta Zoologtcal VoAk, Atlanta, GA

After a long and troubled history, the ninth oldest continually operating
zoo in the country is being revitalized. The major turning point came I
when Dr. Terry Maple stepped into the melee as Director in June, 1984. I
Former Assistant Director of Audubon Park Zoo in New Orleans, currently
a Professor of Psychology at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and
Affiliate Scientist at the Yerkes Primate Research Center, Dr. Maple's
first move was to slash the miles of red tape that were strangling this
city-owned and operated park. To expedite smooth running of the zoo,

Susan Hood was hired to fill the newly created position of Assistant Dir-
ector of Operations. j

Next, full-time veterinarian. Dr. Rita McManamon was brought on board. A '
U.C. Davis graduate, "Dr. Rita" immediately won the confidence of the
keepers, proving to be both a highly competent animal practitioner and a Ij
friendly, caring individual. Dr. McManamon shares her office with Lorraine
Perkins, who fills yet another newly created position as Record Keeper.

The Atlanta Zoo has recently joined ISIS, and the old vet clinic is now
undergoing major renovations. At the same time, John Croxton, formerly «
Senior Keeper at the Riverbanks Zoo, SC, was recruited as Assistant Cura-
tor of Mammals .

In July 1985, Guy Famell from Audubon Park Zoo, New Orleans, became the |
first Assistant Curator of Birds in our zoo's history. Guy will have the |
fantastic opportunity of building our bird department from the ground up.

To our formerly token avian selection he plans to add a large waterfowl
collection, softbills, ratites, pheasants and more. Who knows what future j
plans may bring? '

In September we welcomed our latest addition to the zoo team. Dr. Deitrich
Schaff, formerly Curator of Mammals at the Philadelphia Zoo, who has be- ^
come our first General Curator. Already the Atlanta Zoo has experienced I
visible improvements not only in veterinary care, but in facilities, ani- |
mal management, employee relations, public image and keeper morale. .

Recent acquisitions include one pair each of the following: Bald Eagle, !
Sarus Crane, Sumatran Orangutan (on loan from Yerkes), Lady Amherst !

Pheasants, and Blood Pythons. Many more exciting plans are in the works. '

For instance, Yerkes Primate Center is holding 17 Lowland Goirllas and 12 !
Sumatran Orangutans for the Atlanta Zoo, in anticipation of our first !

major renovation and addition - a unique and progressive Great Ape complex.'
Ground-breaking is predicted for the summer of 1986, and completion of the j
Gorilla exhibit is forecast within a year. |

The master plan includes a variety of other naturalistic exhibits includ- !
ing an Okefenokee Swamp, East African savanna and polar-marine facility. i
A major breakthrough occurred this July when Fulton County commissioners j
voted unanimously to give financial and managerial support to the Atlanta i
Zoo, and $16 million was set aside for its development. Land acquisitions i
will enlarge the facility from 28 to 37 acres. ^

324

THE ATLANTA ZOO - An Update, Contina^d

While the schedule for keepers is more hectic than ever, the job is infi-
nitely more rewarding. A staff increase is planned to cope with the newly
created animal shows and demonstrations that are performed several times
weekly, not only for the public but as occupational therapy for the ani-
mals as well. Pay increases are also expected. Old cages are being re-
furbished and new quarantine areas built. Round-the-clock watches are
sometimes called for when births are expected (we recently had out first
California Sea Lion pup born and successfully parent-raised); when hand-
rearing is necessary (a Himalayan Black Bear has just been weaned); and
for special public events. In addition to all this, a small group of
talented keepers has undertaken a major graphics revolution, producing
highly professional, full-color, illustrated signage.

As you can see, we are really going places. By the time you read this,
the Atlanta-Fulton County Zoo will be on its way to becoming the nation's
next great zoo.

&

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325

Care: Relating To
The Inquiring Novice - Part 16

Su6an M. UoAncuid, Se,yUo/L KtzpoA
Ve,pt. oi He/ipetolog^

Atlanta Zoological Pa/ck, Atlanta, GA

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED DISORDERS (Continued)

fAccepted for publication, August 1984T”

In continuance of last month’s discussion on commonly encountered reptilian
disorders, mycotic dermatitis in aquatic turtles (White Spot Disease) appears
typically as multiple white and gray spots and shell pitting. This fungal
problem is primarily caused by improper husbandry. Turtles exhibiting this
condition should be removed from their water environment, kept in a warm,
dry place for about 12 to 16 hours, and then, daily returned to water for
hydration, excretory functions, and also when feeding. The affected area(s)
should be scraped and swabbed with Lugol’s iodine, tolnaftate, or miconazole
nitrate 1 or 2 times daily. It is helpful to expose the affected animal to
ultraviolet light. If a sunlamp is used, exposure times should be 5 to 10
minutes each day, or expose the animal to one hour of natural sunlight; be
sure the reptile does not reach its critical temperature (Part 6, Table 1).

Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) is primarily found in soft-
shelled turtles (family Trionychidae) . The causitive organism was reported
by Doyle and Moreland (1969) to be CltJW bactCH. {^XCandll, This gram-negative
rod is found in soil, water, and in the intestinal tracts of various animals,
including humans. The symptoms are loss of appetite, skin ulcerations and
hemorrhage, abnormal drowsiness, loss of digits, and paralysis. Death may ,
occur if lesions are not discovered in time for treatment. Abrasive sub-
strates and contaminated water are attributed to its cause. This condition j
can be avoided with proper hygiene (Part 13). Also, antibiotic therapy
should be administered by a veterinarian; according to Marcus (1981), speci-
fically Chloramphenicol IM (intramuscular) or IP (intraperitoneal) at an
initial dose of 8 mg/lOOg.of body weight followed by 4 mg/lOOg of body weightj
twice daily for 7 days. Supporative therapy with parenteral vitamin A, B, j
and C has been suggested by Frye (1981).

Ulcerative shell disease, also known as shell rot or spot disease, is a j

contagious and chronic problem affecting freshwater turtles. The disease '

has been reported by Marcus (1981) and Wallach (1976) to be caused by ;

Bmccka chltlnovo^a , a gram-negative bacillus. Transmission is possible |
from one turtle to another and by introducing such animals as crayfish, lob-
sters, and crabs into the captive's enclosure. This condition is character- j
ized by the loosening and shedding of shell plates. While the disease may j
be self-limiting, secondary infections can occur. Treatment by a veterin- i
arian should include parenteral Chloramphenicol at 40 mg/kg, local curettage
(scraping), and topical antiseptics.

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a disorder of crocodilians . Clinical
signs are upward gazing, dilitation of pupils, swimming in circles, tremors,
and loss of righting reflex. This condition has been described by Wallach j
e^ al (1967), and is most likely to occur in winter and in spring when blood I
glucose of crocodilians may be at the lowest level. Such stressful condi- j
tions as low temperature, overcrowding, excessive vibrations, loud noises.

Reptile

Reptile

Am

mhibi

potpc

lan .
pourri

326

Table 1. Common Causes of Accidental Injuries and Deaths in Captive Reptiles

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice: Part 16, ContinaQ^d

327

Trauma from food animal bites Can be avoided by pre-killing food animals before feeding to reptile

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice: Part 16, Coiitlnue.d

and excessive handling may bring on a hypoglycemic attack. It is essential |
to eliminate the stressful factors, provide the animal with its preferred
temperature (Part 6, Table 1), and have a veterinarian administer parenteral
or oral glucose when necessary.

As a direct consequence of captivity, reptiles suffer a variety of traumatic
injuries. While euthanasia may be the only solution for some injuries,
many can be saved. Inquiring novices should be advised to seek veterinary
care, and should not attempt to repair these injuries themselves.

Table 1 lists some common causes of accidental injuries and deaths in cap-
tive reptiles.

In Part 17 of this series, I shall discuss parasitism.

REFERENCES

1. Doyle, R.E., and Moreland, A.F.: Diseases of turtles. Lab. Anim. Digest,
4:3-6.

2. Frye, F.L.: Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry.
Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co., Edwardsville, KA. 1981.

3. Marcus, L.C.: Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians and
Reptiles . Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1981.

4. Wallach, J.D.: The pathogenesis and etiology of ulcerative shell disease
in turtles. Aquatic Mammals, 4:1-4. 1976.

5. Wallach, J.D., ^ : Hypoglycemic shock in captive alligators. J. Am.

Vet. Med. Assoc., 151:893-896. 1967.

328

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REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA
(Part I)

By

RobeAt BoAQhcbLQji^ S^yilo^ Ke,e.peA
PkltadeXphla Zoological GoAdcn
RkHadclphla^ PA

Late last year I had the opportunity to travel to Rwanda and the East Kivu j
province of Zaire. On this trip I visited three national parks in the
region. This article will relate my experiences plus try to provide advice
on how to travel in these two countries. I have also included comments on i
the parks' ecologies and their conservation status.

VIRUNGA NATIONAL PARK AND EAST KIVU

The city of Goma is located on Lake Kivu on the Rwandian-Zaire border. It
makes a convenient, comfortable base to visit the wildlife areas of easteri
Zaire. There are two accessible parks located nearby. Kahuzi Biega, whici
I did not visit, is a forest park famous for its Eastern Lowland Gorillas,
The other reserve, Virunga, has boundaries just minutes outside of Goma.
However, the major wildlife regions are several hours to the north.

Virunga National Park is probably the most ecologically diverse in all of
Africa. It stretches for three thousand square miles along the Zaire,
Rwanda and Ugandian borders. The southern portion of the park contains twe
active volcanoes located just to the north of Goma. These mountains have
erupted as recently as the seventies. As a result, vast cooled lava fields
surround Goma to the east, west and north. The southern section also con-
tains an area of forest behind the Volcanoes National Park of Rwanda - a
habitat used by the Mountain Gorillas. The northern sector is the most
interesting and was unfortunately to distant for me to reach. It contains
the famous Mountains of the Moon, the Ruwenzoris, along with a section of
equatorial forest, and a vast plain containing large herds of game. This
part of Virunga has a very diverse fauna: elephants, bongo, okapi, gorillas
chimpanzee, buffalo (forest and cape), lion, hippo, and several types of
antelope .

My travels were to take place in the central sector, the Rwindi plains.
Located two hours north of Goma, this part of the park is a grassy expanse
running along the western arm of the Great Rift Valley up to Lake Idi Amin.
The plains contain the highest recorded wild animal biomass per square
kilometer in the world. However, that figure is contrasted with a mammal
fauna that is less diverse than nearly all African grassland ecosystems.
Rwindi has its own version of the 'big five': Cape buffalo, kob, topi,
warthog and hippo. You see very few other herbivores. You especially see
many hippos. The Rwindi has the world's largest recorded population of
these creatures. Their paths, leading from the Rutshuru river to their
nocturnal grazing grounds, can easily be mistaken for roads. This mass
of 25,000 animals provides most of the biomass of the plains. Some other
species which I saw included lion, hyena, waterbuck, bushbuck, capehare,
elephant, olive baboon, and vervet monkey. A grand total of thirteen
species of large mammals in a four-day stay. In most other parks in East
Africa I would have spotted 20-30 species within the same time frame.

This should give the impression that Rwindi was a disappointment. I happei
to be fascinated by antelope behavior and the large herds of Uganda Kob wei
a treat. Kob are one of the best studied of the ungulates. Their group
structure and territoriality are classic examples of antelope behavior, I
observed the spacing of solitary males holding their own little piece of

330

EFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA, Part I» CoyvUvLU2.d

ome-ground . Interwoven within this territorial mosaic were groups of
emales, some with calves* along with occasional groups of bachelor males,
f a male stayed too close to the boundaries of another's territory, the
imer would charge up to the trespasser with head held back, horns strattl-
Eig its shoulders.

he presence of the Rutshuru River and Lake Amin along with the Rwindi plain
rovides for diverse bird life. I saw crowned crane, fishing eagle, goliath
eron, combed duck, egytain geese, pelicans, sacred ibis, maribou stork,
reyheaded kingfisher, harrier hawk, francolins, blackbellied bustard, black-
inged stilt, spurwinged plover, and Senegal coucal. These were some of
he more easily identified large birds with many smaller birds in abundance,

□cated in the Rwindi area is one of the world's more unusual examples of
luman/wildlif e coexistence. The Vitshumbi fishing village is positioned
long Lake Amin. BecAuse the village is located within the park's bound-
lies, wildlife cannot be molested. Maribous nest on nearly every rooftop,
elicans search for leftover scraps from the fishermen. Egytain geese graze
long the shore, ibis root for invertebrates, hippos float offshore. Ele-
hants, however, are the most surprising sight. The village usually has
hree or four elephants calmly strolling through it, stopping to eat grass
r take mud baths on the lake shore. This last behavior, I observed, was
jone within twenty feet of a group of women doing laundry. It was a bizzare
cene .

ccommodations for the area are provided by Rwindi Lodge. The facility
lurpasses nearly all the game lodges that I have previously stayed at in
ienya and Tanzania. The food is excellent and the rooms comfortable. They
Irovided me with the only hot shower that I was to have during my three-
eek stay in Zaire. Cheaper rooms can be found in the chauffer's quarters
■t the lodge complex.

here are other sights to see in East Kivu. Both volcanoes outside of Coma
an be climbed. The treks vary from one to three days. The Ruwenzori's
re open for hiking. Lodgings are provided at various elevations. To visit
he equatorial forest means mounting a minor expedition. If you want to
ee an okapi be prepared to work for it. From Bukavu, Kahuzi Biega Nation-
1 Park is a few hours away. Here you are guaranteed to see gorillas. The
rip is cheap and can be done for about a hundred dollars U.S. from Goma.
his includes transportation, lodgings and food.

ravel in Zaire is greatly facilitated by even a rudimentary knowledge of
jrench, Zaire being an ex-Belgium colony. The easiest way to reach Goma
!s via a flight from Kinshasa. One can enter the area by way of Gisenyi
Iwanda, as I did. The border post here can be a problem. The customs
jeople occasionally hassle tourists with threats of confiscation of cameras,
r other equipment. What the border guards are looking for is a bribe,
he equivalent of a few U.S. dollars works wonders. Remember that Zaire
s like no other country in Africa. It is politically and economically
nstable. Be cautious but not overly paranoid. Under no circumstances
ake photos in cities, and also avoid walking around them at night. The
ivu region has a strong American Peace Corps presence. This forms a nice
afety net if you have problems or need information. Offices are in Goma
nd Bukavu. A French-speaking person can use the mission network. Mones-
aries and churches will often provide lodging and food at low prices.

he most expensive travel item in Zaire is gasoline. Therefore the rent-
ng of vehicles is costly. It is possible to share expenses by getting on
■ackaged tours offered through the Amiza organization. Offices are in

331

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA, Part I, Co^nue.d

the main cities. The cheapest method of travel is hitchhiking. A fluency
in French is essential for this option. The major truck route of eastern
Kivu runs through Virunga so there is always transportation heading to and
from the park. Negotiate a price with the driver. Often you can ride
hundreds of miles for a few dollars. Food can be cheaply purchased in any
market place. If you carry a sleeping bag and a light tent, Zaire is
amazingly inexpensive to visit. The less adventurous should stick with the
more organized offerings from Amiza.

Because of Zaire’s instability its once-excellent parks system is hard pres
sed. The central government is short of funds, and often park rangers go
unpaid for great lengths of time. This, of course, lowers morale, effic-
iency and breeds corruption. As a result, some rangers poach game, or can
be bribed to allow others to do so. One reliable source told me that is
is common knowledge in Goma that the Zairian police and military will get
tourtist drivers to take them out hunting at night in the Rwindi area.

As confirmation of this, I noticed that the animals there were very jumpy
compared to other game parks I have visited. As I mentioned before,

Virunga park is one of the most ecologically diverse in Africa and there-
fore is important to world conservation. Hopefully the problems mentioned i
can be corrected and the park, which was until recently one of the best run
in the world, will reclaim that distinction.

An address for Zaire tourist information:

Centred Accueil Touristique

Building La Rwindi

Boulevard du 30 Juin I

B.P. 9502 Kinshasa, Zaire

IPoAt 2 ol on CentAoZ A^/Uca" mlt covoA Robz/vt'6

i.n Rwanda and thd Vaxc. \Jotc,avUi to otm tkd magnt^tce-nt /lealm ol tkn

MountcUn GonJJJia, ]

WHITE OAK PLANTATION: An Introduction

By

Mac MalntyK^, Hmd Ayiunat KmpeA
{jJkvte, Oak Plantation, SoJidd, PL

hite Oak Plantation is a unique rare animal breeding center located on
,000 acres in northeast Florida. It is bordered to the north by the
eautiful St. Mary's River which also serves as the boundary between
lorida and Georgia. White Oak Plantation is a private facility that is
I'Wned and operated by the Gilman Paper Company and supported through the
enerosity of Howard Gilman and the Howard Gilman Foundation. The rare
inimal breeding compound encompasses approximately 200 acres of the plan-
1, ation with several additional areas currently under development. At
Tiite Oak we are currently concentrating our energies on the breeding of
:ndangered ungulates. Maned Wolves and Cheetahs.

I'or years Howard Gilman has supported wildlife conservation and research
|n the national and international level. The animal program initially
legan at White Oak Plantation in 1975 starting with a pair of Greater Kudu
leveral animals were added in the insuing years and in 1982 Gilman's com-
litment to wildlife conservation was further expressed by realizing the
ecessity of professional management and the hiring of John Lukas as
lirector of Wildlife Conservation. From that point on the program has
iteadily progressed from one man's hobby to a scientifically managed pro-
i;ram that houses over 200 mammals and can boast an over 93% survival rate,
tranes and over 200 exotic ducks, geese and swans, as well as thorough-
bred horses, turkey, quail and peafowl are also raised at White Oak Plan-
tation.

'here are many features that are unique to White Oak Plantation and set
t apart from all other breeding centers; generous funding, scientific
management, seclusion, subtropical climate and, most important, space.

It is the combination of these that has made White Oak Plantation the
orerunner of all private animal breeding centers. Because White Oak is
LOt opened to the public, funds can be channeled directly into the animal
irogram. This allows the animals to receive optimal care while enabling
.he staff complete concentration on their responsibilities. White Oak
Plantation is located about 15 miles ^^rom the nearest town and about 4
miles from the nearest asphalt road. The animals are not exposed to many
>f the environmental problems that face many species in urban zoos - for
example, air pollution and noise pollution are practically nonexistent
mecause of its rural location. The privacy of White Oak offers the se-
I'.lusion that many captive animals are lacking. Besides these features,
Ifhite Oak also has the added advantage of a subtropical climate that is
I'^ery similar to that of the home ranges of many of the world's threatened
llmimals. Adequate space has always been a drawback to breeding programs
ij.n zoos, thus making it very difficult to maintain herd species as well
jis maintaining the genetic variability therein. We are able to provide
(ihe animals with more than adequate space which has resulted in the elicit
|.ng of more "natural" behaviors, or at least as natural as can be expected
)f captive-bred animals . Space is very important to many ungulates to set
jip and maintain territories. Space is very inportant for animals when
)irth is eminent, allowing them to separate themselves from the group in
irder to give birth is a less stressful environment. Our animals are
supplied with adequate enough space as to never be intimidated when their
)astures and corrals are entered by animal keeping personnel.

333

WHITE OAK PLANTATION- An Introduction, Con^tinued

In-depth records are maintained at White Oak Plantation as well as active
participation in the I.S.I.S. program and the AAZPA’a Species Survival
Plans. White Oak enjoys a reciprocity with many zoos and related insti-
tutions, thus allowing an exchange of information and animals through
breeding loans to further enhance the genetic varibility of our stock.

Captive propagation in conjunction with other conservation methods are
needed to save many animal species from extinction. Hopefully, through
scientific management, animals bred at White Oak Plantation will make ant
important contribution to the survival of their individual species. i

m

l

Keeper’s Alert

CHESAPEAKE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY SEEKS TO PLACE DISABLED RAPTORS

The Chesapeake Wildlife Sanctuary, a non-profit wildlife rehabilitation
center in Bowie, MD (15 miles east of Washington, D.C.), has a number of i!
permanently disabled raptors which are available for placement. The
following species are presently available: Great Horned Owl, Red-tailed j
Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Turkey Vulture, Black Vulture and (1) female
Golden Eagle. Inquiries should be directed to; Diane Pearce, Executive ''
Director, Chesapeake Wildlife Sanctuary, 17308 Queen Anne Bridge Road,
Bowie, MD 20716, phone (301) 249-1640. ^

AAZK REGIONAL COORDINATORS

1/aca.nc.^

- ME,VT,MH,MA,RJ,CT

{/aamey

- MV

Gmo. VhJJjddzZphJji loo

- PA,NJ,MD,VE

Angela Keppel, Motional loo

- VA,W.VA,V.C, P

Lee Payne, VetAolt Zoo

- MI l|

Lynne \Jill2AJ>, Indlanapolij> loo

- 1M,0H,KV II

LoAAy Sammanxio , Lincoln Pa/ik loo

- wj,LL,m,m,iA "

Vacancy

~TM,MC,SC P

Alan SkoAploJi, Atlanla loo

-FL,AL,GA,AR,MS,LA '

Vacancy

~TX, MM, CO, KS, ME, SV, MV

LauAence GledhUl, Woodland Va/ik loo

-WA,OR,W,MT,WV,AK 1

Joanle Stouon, Phoenix loo

~CA,MV,Al,UT,m >

Vacancy

-CAMAVA

334

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BREEDING COLONY

OF TREE SHREWS [TupcUa beJiangzAA,)

By

JmneXto, LdbM,

Btaii Re^eoAC-fi
Ve.pt, oi Btotogtcat ScU^nce^
UntveA^tty CaLiion.Yil(i, Santa BoAbofia,

CA

lee shrews iTupottdae] are small, squirrel-like mammals endemic to south-
|n Asia. These relatively obscure animals have received a lot of atten-

i. on in taxonomic circles because they share a number of characteristics
',th both primates and insectivores, and their official classification

j. scillates between these two orders. Regardless of the outcome of the

i assif ication controversy, tree shrews are interesting animals to study,
;;pecially with regards to their reproductive behavior.

the eighteen species of Tupaiidae , Tapata betangeAt has been the most
hmmonly studied species. Martin (1968), working with T. betangeAA-i
i;umbled upon an unusual pattern of maternal care. Newborn tree shrews
|irse immediately after birth; and this first feeding initiates the tree
iirews’ regular cycle of nursing only once every 48 hours. Each nursing
i»ut consists of the mother spending only 5-10 minutes suckling the young
L the maternal nest. The rest of the time the litter is left to fend for
!;self. This pattern continues until weaning, about one month after birth.
I. though this pecular cycle was first found in T. be.Z.angeAA., it is now
kown to also occur in other tree shrews as well.

•ee shrews are extremely high-strung, which makes breeding them in cap-
i.vity quite a challenge. Von Holst (1974) measured stress levels in

beJiangeAt using a Tail Ruffling Index (TRI) which he devised. He no-
Lced when tree shrews were under stress, the hair on their tails stands
[l end. When individuals are under stress for long periods of time (90%

>r 8 days) they die. At more moderate levels of stress (20-70%) success-
il breeding ceases, with the actual amount of stress determining at what
iiage the reproductive effort fails. Tree shrews with moderately high
;;vels (around 50%) do not copulate, whereas those with moderately low
jivels (20%) will successfully give birth to healthy litters which the
irents promptly cannibalize.

ii order to breed tree shrews in captivity it is necessary to identify
id minimize potential sources of stress. Potential sources of stress
lin be divided into those from physical environment (including climatic
matures, diet and cage design) and those from the social environment
Including both intra and inter-specific interactions) . The specific
irameters involved can be readily examined and manipulated in the con-
rolled environment of a research lab (this study was conducted in the
jiimal care facility at UCSB) . Despite the ease with which the para-
j^ters can be controlled, these animals’ stress levels were high enough
b result in a non-breeding colony of tree shrews. After one and a half
liars of constant effort to lessen their stress as well as the instiga-
|Lon of a hand-rearing regime, the tree shrews were breeding successfully;
he population has tripled in size.

le best way to eliminate stress from the physical environment in captiv-
:y is by duplicating the natural physical environment as closely as
issible. Components of the physical environment, such as climatic
iatures, can be easily simulated. The rooms which house the tree shrews
ce kept at a temperature of 25 ± 1°C, a relative humidity of 70 ± 10%

335

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BREEDING COLONY OF TREE SHREWS, ConUnu^d

and a 12 hour dark/light cycle. There is some question about tree shrews ^
breeding seasonally in the wild, but in captivity (under proper condition&j
they breed year-round, so there were no adjustments made for seasonal
changes in climate. j!

Diet is another aspect of the physical environment which can usually be j
accurately recreated in captivity. In nature, tree shrews eat mostly i
fruit and insects. In the lab, they are successfully maintained on a diet
of dry cat chow (they are not finicky), canned cat food (Kal Kan® ), fruit]
(bananas and oranges), meal worms, and a vitamin supplement (Vionate® ). |
Although this is not a strict duplication of their diet from the wild, it |
is apparently an adequate duplication of their nutritional need^ while als]
being palatable to the tree shrews. ]

In the past the tree shrews lived on a different diet. They were fed j
monkey chow (Purina®) instead of cat chow, and canned dog food (Kal Kan ®J
instead of canned cat food. They were fed the same fruits, worms and vitc'
mins that they p'resently eat; and in addition, they were also given pea- j
nuts. This diet was sufficient for basic maintenance; but while they were]
on this diet, the tree shrews did not breed successfully. However, over jj
the same time period in which the new diet was implemented, a number of j
other changed occurred as well. As a result, it is not possible to state ^
whether the old diet was inadequate for breeding or simply more expensive
(which is what prompted the change) . |

n

Providing captive housing which adequately simulates the natural environ- j
ment of tree shrews is a complex and difficult task. First, it is neces- j
sary to have a thorough understanding of the demands an animal makes on ||
its natural physical environment. Unfortunately, little is known about
tree shrew behavior in nature because being so shy and elusive makes them^j
difficult to study in the field. Second, it requires the ability to desi^^j
and create a physical environment in captivity which can fulfill these de-|
mands. Financial and spatial concerns usually set the limits on the degree^
to which that fulfillment can be attained. Finally, it requires creativiijj
to overcome the problems inherent in attempting to create a microcosm of j
a tropical forest of southern Asia in a small room in southern California jj

An animal enclosure can be divided into two components; (1) whatever
functions to actually enclose and (2) the furnishings within an enclosure i)
In our facility, the enclosures are stainless steel wire mesh cages. We ^
are currently using two rather different sized cages for housing tree d
shrew breeding pairs. The larger cages are 1 meter deep, 2 m tall and .
5 m long; the smaller cages are 2/3 m deep, 1 m tall and 1 m long. Other,
design differences exist simply as a result of the size differences; the
larger cages are furnished with more of everything that is found in the
smaller cages. There appears to be strong correlation between ultimate
breeding success and cage size. Cage size obviously infuences physical j
environmental stress, and therefore breeding success; however, there werei,
other variables which confound this perceived correlation which will be j
discussed later. ^

Good interior decorating means the effective combination of the practical j|
with the aesthetic, and it can make the difference between a cold cage |.|
and a happy home. When furnishing a tree shrew enclosure it is necessary j!
to accomodate the full range of the behaviors which will occur in the ,,
cage, while keeping everything simple enough to be cleaned without unduly I
stressing the animals. Creativity is needed to balance the natural needs,
of the tree shrews against the more practical concerns of life in captiv-
ity. I

336

IE DEVELOPMENT OF A BREEDING COLONY OF TREE SHREWS, ConUnue,d

ieping the emphasis on simple, there are four major furniture items in
le tree shrew enclosures. First, there is at least one horizontal wooden
lelf attached to the back wall of each enclosure. Captive tree shrews
.splay an interesting pattern of daily activity with morning and evening
lergy peaks separated by a mid-day period of relative inactivity. They
cefer to spend this "resting period" on such shelves. Second, each en-

tosure has an angled tree branch extending from the cage floor to the
ge ceiling. These branches are used as perches from which the animals
fecate, and for scent-marking. In addition, the animals often use these
anches as formal staircases to and from anywhere in the cage. Since
1 six sides of the enclosure are wire mesh, the tree shrews are able to
avel freely throughout the inside perimeter of the cage; the branches
low access to the area of the cage interior proper. Third, each en-
iLosure has a minimum of two cardboard tubes. These tubes are 10cm in
Lameter, 30cm in length, and closed at one end. The tree shrews seem to
3e these for hiding places. The last major piece of furniture is the nest
iDX, of which each breeding cage has at least two. Each box is 15cm high,
>cm wide and 25cm deep, with a small circular opening at one end. The
>ttom of the box is lined with a light layer of cedar shavings on top of
lich the tree shrews build their nest of leaves. They are periodically
Lven fresh leaves which are quickly incorporated into their nests (ava-
ado leaves are their favoriet) . Both the male and female tree shrew
Leep in the same nest (parental nest) . About 10 days before giving birth
le female builds the maternal nest for her litter, in another box. If
ily one nest box is provided, the cannibalism rate increases significantly
iartin 1968).

le former non-breeding status of these tree shrews was probably due more
jD stress from their social environment, rather than from their physical
Wironment. Social stress in captivity occurs because the tree shrews
|i:e no longer free to leave unpleasant social situations. These unpleasant
ituations arise in interactions with a mate, with other tree shrews, or
3 is most frequently the case, with humans. Each of these sources of
bcial stress must be minimized for successful breeding.

he effects of social stress on reproductive behavior are most obvious when
jne source of the stress comes from within the "breeding pair". This is
specially true for species, such as tree shrews, which pair bond. Schwaier
jl973) noticed in her captive colony, that certain pairs of tree shrews
[ere simply incompatible. She found that some individuals were of such
[ifferent dispositions that they refused to even copulate. When these
ree shrews were paired with more compatible partners, they were good
jreeders. It is important to be continually aware of the emotional well-
leing of potential breeding individuals and pairs, and to make the neces-
hry changes when partners are incompatible.

Interactions with unfamiliar tree shrews can be stressful to breeding pairs.
|artin (1968) noticed that intrasexual encounters created more stress,
hereas intersexual interactions had a minimal effect. To minimize stress,
dult tree shrews should never be housed with more than one breeding pair
n a cage, and physical contact with other individuals should be avoided,
hen other animals must be kept in close proximity, it is necessary to
imit their potential for interaction. In this regard, visual contact is
he most stressful, and the easiest to eliminate. Green flowery shower
urtains between cages create sufficient visual isolation, and a "tropical
[orest" ambiance. Auditory and olfactory interactions are unaffected by
Ihese curtains, yet neighboring tree shrews pairs breed successfully with

;ust that minimal level of separation.

I

DEVELOPMENT OF A BREEDING COLONY OF TREE SHREWS, ContZna&d

Given the ease with which intraspecific social stress can be alleviated,
that leaves interactions with humans as the greatest single source of !

social stress for the tree shrews. Fortunately, following a few simple
guidelines can lessen the negative impact of these necessary interactions.
First, as few people as possible should come in direct contact with the
animals, especially in the weeks preceeding and following a birth. Second,
anyone dealing with the tree shrews should concentrate on behaving innoc-
uously; loud noises and sudden movements must be eliminated. When a major
disturbance is unavoidable, for instance when cleaning a cage, the dura-
tion of the disturbance should be minimized, and avoided completely short-
ly before and after birth. Third, as time and energy permit, it is pos-
sible to tame tree shrews. Besides being rewarding to the personnel in- I
volved, this acclimation allows for non-stressed interactions with humans
which translates into a greater likelihood of successful breeding.

Hand-reared tree shrews tend to be easy-going and relatively unsusceptible
to social stress from humans. These animals would be expected to breed
more readily in captivity than their high-strung, wild-caught counterparts.
This is the main confounding factor in our correlation between ultimate
breeding success and cage size. Due to space limitations, it made sense
to pick breeding pairs with the highest liklihood of success for the proto-
types of the larger cages; the hand-reared tree shrews were the logical
candidates. However, at present it is not worth disturbing the breeding
pairs to ascertain whether the hand-reared individuals would breed in the
smaller cages which currently house the wild-caught pairs and vice versa.
Without further experimentation, it is impossible to tease apart the re-
lative breeding value of living in larger cages verses being hand-reared. |
Although this would be interesting to examine at some point, it is irrele- ]
vant to the ultimate goal of this research project. |

Although tree shrews are not currently endangered, Thailand now prohibits |
their exportation. This is consistent with the general trend against
removal of animals from their natural habitat. Research facilities must
recognize and accept their share of responsibility by, at least, discon-
tinuing the practice of taking animals from the wild. Recently tree shrews
have become more popular in research as a model animal for studying human
physiological phenomena. As such, it is heartening to note that although
breeding them in captivity is difficult, it is certainly not impossible.

It simply requires the same methodical approach needed to answer any other
scientific question, and some common animal sense.

Literature Cited

Holst, D. von. 1974. Social stress in the tree shrew {Tapcuia belong eAA.} ,
its causes and physiological and ethological consequences. In
"Prosimian Biology" Martin, R.D., G.A. Doyle and A.C. Walker (Eds.)
Duckworth, London.

Martin, R.D. 1968. Reproduction and ontogeny in tree shrews iTupOAIL betangei
with reference to their general behavior and taxonomic relationships
Z.F. Tierpsychol. 25: 409-595.

Schwaier, A. 1973. Breeding tupaias iTapaXa. beI,cmgeAA,] in captivity.
Zeitschrift Fuer Versuchstierkunde 15: 255-271.

338

^innouncing . . .

AAZK is pleased to announce
the availability of its new
publication ZOONOTIC DISEASES.
This 56-page booklet details
the most common zoonotic di-
seases, offers guidelines for
preventive control and covers
personal hygiene and disin-
fection procedures.

The booklet, a cooperative
effort produced by the AAZK
Keeper Education Committee,
is produced in a 8i" by 11"
format hole punched for in-
sertion in a standard three-
ring binder (not included).

Copies may be purchased by
completing the order form
below. Prices are: $2.00
for Professional AAZK Mem-
bers; $3,50 for other AAZK
membership categories and
$5.00 for non-members. This
prices includes postage and
handling. Order from: Zoo-
notic Diseases, c/o AAZK
National Headquarters, 635
Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.
Make checks payable to "AAZK".

I ZOONOTIC DISEASES ORDER FORM

‘’lease send _________ copy/copies of the AAZK Zoonotic Diseases Handbook

to:

lAME:

\DDRESS:

:iTY: STATE: ZIP:

MEMBERSHIP CATEGORY: P AF AS INST NON-MEM

fOTAL AMOUNT INCLUDED: $

’LEASE ALLOW 4-6 week delivery at Book Rate. NOTE: THOSE ORDERING FROM
lUTSIDE THE U.S. AND CANADA SHOULD INCLUDE AN ADDITIONAL $2.00 FOR AIR
'MAIL SERVICE.

|5END ORDER FORM AND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MADE PAYABLE TO "AAZK" TO:

ZOONOTIC VISEASES
c/o AAZK National HmdqiiaAteA^

635 Gage, Blvd,

Tope.ka, KS 66606

339

M-iAfUng to adveAtt^e. mptoymoMt oppoAtunttieA cuio, cuked to
-6^nd peAtlmnt data by tkn 15tk o{^ mak month, to: OpponJuvUty Knocks / KKT ,
635 Gagz Blvd. , Topeka, KS 66606. Please tncZade eloping datoA ion. po64.-
ttoAi avattabte. Then.e t6 no choAge ioA ^uck Lutings and phone- tn tU>t-
tng ion. poi>iJ:A,oni> Mhteh become available clo-6e to deadline oAe accepted.

KEEPER. . .needed for full-time job in private zoo in Northeast Pennsylvania
Two years' hands on experience required as a paid full-time keeper in a
zoo. Some college training desired. Good opportunity to learn all phases
of zoo operation. Call or write: Vince Hall, Claws n' Paws Wild Animal
Park, RD 1, Lake Ariel, PA 18436 (717) 698-6154.

ZOOLOGY CURATOR. . .for nature and science center expanding into a "living"
museum. Integral in implementation of live exhibit habitats; responsible
for management and husbandry of live animal collection ranging from in-
vertebrates, fish (salt and fresh water), herps, birds to small mammals
and deer native to Virginia. Requires BS in zoology, wildlife management
or related field. Masters desirable; 2-3 years paid experience in captive
management of native wildlife. Salary $17,500 plus benefits.

State date 1 December, 1985. Resumes by 31 October to:

Patricia Gordon, Peninsula Nature and Science Center, 524
J. Clyde Morris Blvd., Newport News, VA 23601.

O

P

P

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r

t

u

n

1
t

y

k

n

o

c

k

s

ZOO CURATOR. . .each candidate must have a Bachelor’s Degree
in an animal related field and a minimum of 3 years respon-
sible supervisory experience at an administrative level. Ex-
perience is required in the following: personnel supervision,
animal collection management, budgetary and financial man-
agement, public relations skills, and educational program
development. The Curator will also work directly with non-
profit zoo society on capital improvement development.

Salary is $17,965 ($18,773 in 1/86), plus excellent benefits.

Send resume by 21 October to: John Plonski, Borough Manager,

Borough of Norristown, 235 East Airy St., Norristown, PA
19401.

TRAYELING ZOO INSTRUCTOR. . .to work under the direction of
the Staten Island Zoo’s Education Department staff in plan-
ning, scheduling, conducting and evaluating off-site zoo education pro-
grams for school classes and other groups. Qualifications include abil-
ity to relate to and teach elementary school children using live animals.
Must be experienced driver with good driving record. Paid and unpaid
positions available. Internship period from 9/85 to 6/86; possible ex-
tension through 8/86; minimum of two days per week. Must possess skills
for confident handling of a variety of live animals, incluidng ferrets,
rabbits, chickens, and non-venomous snakes. Send resume to: Bob Szita,
Traveling Zoo Coordinator, Staten Island Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island.
NY 10310 (718)442-3174.

WJLVLIEE SANCTUARY INTERNSHIPS. . .wildlife rehabilitation center in Bowie,
MD is accepting applications for student internships. Program involves
working directly with the wildlife patients as well as educational pro-
grams and other special projects. Internships offered year-round. Quali-
fications: a college student or recent graduate, studying wildlife habitSs
veterinary medicine, or related field; some experience with people and
animals; a respect and sincere concern and interest in working with ani-
mals. Both paid and non-paid internships offered. To apply, submit
resume, statement of goals and three references to: Diane Pearce, Execu-
tive Director, Chesapeake Wildlife Sanctuary, 17308 Queen Anne Bridge Rd..
Bowir, MD 20716, or call (301) 249-1640 for more Information.

&

340

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

'^ame Check here if renewal [ ]

Address

i $20.00 Professional

’ $25.00 International

! Att mmboA^ 0LuU>^de, thu

I U.S. and Canada

$15.00 Library

Libnjviy ^ub^c/Up-tlon only

Jirectory Information ; ZOO

■Jork Area Special Interests

lail this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE) ,
Dayable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
quarters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Membership includes a subscription to Animal Ke.e,peA^' fonum. The member-
ship card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
J.S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Animal ' fonum publishes original papers and news items of inter-

est to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
articles for consideration.

Articles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
tables should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
size no more than 6*' x 10" (15cm x 25%cm) . Literature used should be
cited in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
iscientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

Articles sent to Animal Ke,2.peA^’ fonum will be reviewed for publication.
'}o commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
lish articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
staff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
tion unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
submitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
laddressed envelope.

iCelephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
ire accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
oe accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AjvtlcZoJi pfLlvvt2,d do not mco^^anAJiy nuildot the.
opinions 0^ the. Animal Ke.e.peJU ’ Ton.im e^ditontal
\ ^tall OK the. Amexlaan A^i^ocAjoutlon oi loo KtejpeMJ>,

items in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
jis requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

i PRINTED IN U.S.A.

$15.00 Affiliate
OtheK 6ta{^{^ and volunte.e/u

$15.00 Associate
Jndlvtdaats not c.onne.(ite.d
LOtth an animal aoKe, iacJJUty

$50.00 Contributing
OKganlzcutloni) and JncUvtduali

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NOVEMBER 1985

Animal

Keepers'

Forum

kated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606

Executive Editor: Alice Miser
Managing Editor: Susan Chan
Associate Editor: Ron Ringer

NOVEMBER 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER ELEVEN

kvimaJi Ke,e.p2A^’ Fo/ium (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lishing costs of kvujnaZ FoAum. Second Class postage paid at

Topeka, KS. Postmaster; Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPERS, INC.
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLi/V., TOPEKA, KS 66606
Dotty Ctaxk, AdmiyuAtAcutlvo, SucAoXcuty

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP/Conservation & Research Center PA2^ldz.nt

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park Dton-PAQ^tddWt

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
Frank B. Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C.

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

GoJiald Pay no,, DqJJloaX loo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pcut SammoAdo, Lincoln Pcuik loo
Awards Committee
Nukd CAOdkoA, Dtdke/uon PoAk
Book Reviews Coordinator

DTand FoHMyth, AkAon loo

International Affairs Coordinator i

ConyUd Cloak, NcukvTUid, TN :

Research/Grants Committee
FAank Kohn, NcotlonaZ Zootogldot Pk. r

Legislative Action Committee I

AJU-dd liUdA, Topdka Zoo j

Public Education Committee j,

Jay JcLSavL, Statdn Inland Zoo \

PROJECT

Staff Exchange

EtandAR Aum, Woodland PoAk Zoo

Program Library

Annd M. Paynd, DoXAolt Zoo

Exhibit Design Form

Dland FoA6yth, AkAon Zoo

Keeper Accommodations List

OtiodA Cla{^(,dy, NdtAo ToAonto Zoo

Keeper Training Videotapes

Waynd Budkanan, Woodland PoAk Zoo

Library Resources

Kadi Thompson, Mitt Mt. Zoo

HEADS

Animal Data Transfer Forms
BdAnld Feldman, BuAndt PoAk Zoo
Membership Directory
Pat SammoAdO, Llndoln PoAk Zoo
Diet Notebook

BAdlt BannoA, Sooth FloAlda ChaptdA
Biological Values/Gestation
ioAAy BAotnoAd, San FAancJj>do Zoo
Keeper Data Survey
Ncuiy Slaybaugh, San Antonio Zoo
Reference Search

Liz MdLaughlln, RogeA Williams Pk,
ZooUdnny Rdnt^Aou)^' Mai>on, MI

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS

States East of Mississippi - Dland KAog, RlvdAbanlz6 Zoo, Colombia, sc
States West of Mississippi - DdbAa StdtdhdA, Woodland PoAk Zoo, Sdottld, WA

Indlvldoal Rdglonal CooAdlnatoAS and thd 6tatd6 onddA thdlA ovdAslght
oAd tti>tdd oJUmhdAd In dadk li>6od ol Animal KddpoA^' FoAum.

TfbU month’ 6 cove/i cuit ol a. n-kmocoAoiu t6> by Ctndy feAguAon, a lance,
onttAt oi both domestic and exotic animate. All Apcclc6 oi ahlno axe
endangexed both ^xom habitat de^txactlon and the commexclal 6ale oi theln.
hoxvu iox elthex daggex 6heatlu and, In the powdexed iom, oji a medicinal
^ub^tance which enjoys paxtlculax populaxlty In the lax Ea^t. Enlaxge-
mentd oi Cindy ’6 woxk {waitable iox ixamlng] axe available by wxitlng to
hex att Box 340, Camel, NV 10512. Thanhs, Cindy!

Scoops

and

Scuttlebutt

DECEMBER AKF TO CONTAIN CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

The December 1985 edition of Animal Keepers ' Forum will again be expanded
to include the proceedings from the AAZK National Conference which was held
in Miami, FL from 20-24 October. Along with some of our regular features,
this special issue will contain the report on the Board of Directors meeting
at the Conference and the papers which were presented at Miami. All members
who are current as of 20 November 1985 will receive this special issue as
a membership benefit. Other wishing to purchase a copy may do so by send-
ing a check or money order for $7.00 to: 1985 AAZK Conference Issue, 635
Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

ZOONOTIC DISEASES HANDBOOK AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL

The AAZK Keeper Education Committee's Zoonotic Diseases is now available
from National Headquarters. This 56-page booklet details the most common
zoonotic diseases, offers guidelines for preventive control and covers
personal hygiene and disinfection procedures. Produced in an by 11"
hole-punched format, the booklet fit easily into a standard three-ring
binder and will be compatible with the Zoo Keeper Husbandry Fundamentals
manual which will hopefully go to press in early 1987. A order form for
the zoonoses booklet can be found elsewhere in this issue of AKF.

GREAT LAKES REGIONAL ISSUES CALL FOR PAPERS

The planning committee for the AAZPA Great Lakes Regional Conference to
be held in Milwaukee in April 1986 have issued a Call For Papers. The
conference theme will be "Animals as Marketing Tools; Pros and Cons".

Also planned are concurrent sessions on such topics as elephant management,
keeper training and education, as well as a film/videotape session. Inter-
ested persons are asked to submit even a preliminary plan for a paper,
videotape or filmclip. For information, please contact Ken Kawata or Bill
Kopp, Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 West Bluemound Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226.

341

Births^^ Hatchings

BROOKFIELD ZOO John S. StoddoAd

B&H for August and September 1985 include: Mammals - 2.0.3 White-toothed
shrew, 0.1.6 Goeldi’s monkey, 0.0.1 Capuchin monkey, 0.0.1 Siamang, 1.3.2
Spiny mouse, 0.0.2 Degu, 0.0.2 Meerkat, 0.2 Collard peccary, 0.0.2 Golden
lion marmoset, 1.0 Tonkeana macaque, 0.1 Grant’s zebra, 1.2 Greater kudu;
Birds (fledged) - 0.0.6 Grey-headed kingfisher, 0.0.2 Humboldt penguin,
and 1.1 Scarlet-crowned barbet.

ASSINIBOINE PARK ZOO Pklt King

August and September 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.4 Llama (0.1 DNS),

0.1 California bighorn sheep, 1.0 Addax, 0.1 Vicuna, 0.1 European bison,
0.0.1 Parma wallaby; Birds - 4 Indian peafowl, 2 Luzon bleeding-heart

pigeon (1 DNS), 1 Crested pigeon.

SEDGWICK COUNTY ZOO (Wichita, KS) TeAA^e CoaaM

Recorded B&H for August/ September 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Matschie's

tree kangaroo (DNS), 1.0 Axis deer, 0.1 Fringe-eared oryx (DNS), 0.2
Tayra, 0.0.1 Patagonian cavy (DNS), 0.0.2 Accouchi, 0.0.6 Ossabaw Island
pig (2 DNS); Birds - 0.0.1 Little blue heron (DNS), 0.0.1 Bali mynah,
0.0.2 Piping guan (1 DNS), 0.0.4 Ringed teal, 0.0.1 Speckled mousebird;
Herptiles - 1.1 Leopard gecko and 0.0.7 Banded krait (1 DNS).

TAMPA/BUSCH GARDENS .Siuan Packl2.y

B&H for September 1985 include: Mammals - 2.1 Greater kudu, 0.1 Blesbok,
3.3 Nyala, 0.4 Thomson’s gazelle, 0.1 DeBrazza monkey, 1.0 Sable antelope,
1.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.0 Addra gazelle, 2.0 Muntjac deer, 1.2 Grant’s
gazelle, 0.1 Congo buffalo, 0.0.1 White-handed gibbon; Birds - 9 Scarlet
ibis, 2 Blue & gold macaw, 2 Sacred ibis, 3 Chilean flamingo, 1 Eyton’s
tree duck, 2 Superb starling, 2 East African crowned crane and 1 Red-
crested touraco.

COLUMBUS ZOO Stacy Katz

July-September 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 1.0 Greater kudu, 1.0 Reeve’s
muntjac, 3.2 Cheetah (1.0 DNS), 0.1 Dromedary camel, 1.1 Blackbuck, 0.2
Barbados sheep, 1.0 Damara zebra; Birds - 0.0.3 Black-footed penguin,

0.0.4 Road runner, 0.0.3 Black-necked swan, 0.0.2 Egyptian geese, 0.0.4
Mute swan; Herptiles - 7 Yellow-blotched map turtles, 9 Salvin’ s giant
musk turtle, 12 Giant musk turtle, 1 Ceylon hill turtle, 1 Costa Rican
ground turtle, 1 Red-cheeked mud turtle, 8 Leopard gecko, 2 African fat-
tailed geckos, 12 Florida water moccasin, 10 Japanese rat snake, 2 Cali-
fornia king snake, 27 Yellow rat snake, 4 Northern black-tailed rattle-
snake, 7 Southern black-tailed rattlesnake, 11 Malay spitting cobra, 10
Egyptian cobra, 23 Red-spitting cobra, 5 Taiwan beauty snake and 74 Cassa-
bel rattlesnake.

342

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, Continued

BIRTH OF A HARBOR SEAL AT THE SEATTLE AQUARIUM

SubmdJXo^d by Judy A. VhaXz, ^d.otoQlc.aJi kiAfil WjJllviq, MajT?)naZ6 Unit

\ Recently, The Seattle Aquarium announced the birth of its first harbor seal
pup; a healthy and precocious male given the name "Barney". The pup arriv-
ed on Saturday, 14 September at 7:30 p.m. and weighed 20 lbs. at birth.

} Staff at the aquarium were aware for three months that "Clydie", mother
1 of the pup, was pregnant. She steadily gained weight, her teats became
: swollen, and finally, three weeks prior to delivery, fetal movement was
observed. The length of the labor is unknown but, following the last stages
of dilation, the actual birth took approximately two minutes. Although
this was a first at The Seattle Aquarium, harbor seal births are not un-
common events at facilities housing this species.

The Seattle Aquarium currently houses four harbor seals (including the new
pup). "Clydie" came to the aquarium in 1979. "Ohlde" (nicknamed ’Doc*)
arrived in 1977, and "Decatur" in 1979. All three were pups when brought
■ to the aquarium by ’well-intentioned* citizens convinced the pups had been
abandoned by their mothers. As normal gestation in this species is approxi-
mately 11 months and sexual maturity is reached between 3-5 years, it is
not known why it took seven years for the first birth to occur.

Following the birth, an around-the-clock ’Harbor Seal Watch’ was establish-
ed wherein volunteers monitored and recorded group behavior and interactions.
"Clydie" has proven to be a very protective mother; having been removed
as a pup from her own mother seems not to have interfered with her instincts
for mothering. It has also been noted that "Clydie" is much more tolerent
of "Doc’s" curiosity towards the pup than she is of "Decatur’s" similar
behavior. For this reason it is presumed that "Doc" is the father of the
pup.

The Seattle Aquarium has been very successful in its marine mammal breeding
program. It currently houses sea otters ( Enhyd/Wi tuJjuJy ) , northern fur
seals ( CoLtonklnubi a/U>lnu6 ) , and harbor seals {VKoaa vltullna] . All three
species have now bred and given birth to viable pups at this facility.

Both the northern fur seal and sea otter pups were ’firsts’ for a North
American facility. This unusually successful record is the result of very
intensive efforts on the part of Marine Mammal Biologist C.J. Casson and
a large group of trained volunteer assistants.

The Seattle Aquarium is equipped to house only three harbor seals. To date,
no decision has been made as to the final disposition of "Clydie" and her
new pup "Barney"; other accommodations are being sought.

PHILADELPHIA ZOO B. BahneA

September 1985 B&H include; Mammals - 3 Geoffrey’s marmoset (1 DNS), 0.1
Reticulated giraffe, 2 Prevost’s squirrel (1 DNS); Birds - 2 Southern
lapwing, 1 Superb fruit dove (DNS), 1 Renauld’s ground cuckoo (DNS), 1
Lilac-breasted roller, 2 Rothchild’s mynah (DNS); Reptiles - 9 Emerald
tree boa.

&

343

Coining Events

THE SIXTH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE ON

THE BIOLOGY OF MARINE MAMMALS

November 22-26* 1985 Vancouver, BC

Sponsored by the Society for Marine Mammalogy, it will address issues
concerning cetaceans, pinnipeds and other marine mammals. For informa-
tion contact! Sharon Proctor, Program Chairman, Vancouver Aquarium, P.O.
Box 3232, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3X8.

THE FIFTH ANNUAL DR. SCHOLL CONFERENCE ON
THE NUTRITION OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS

December 13-14, 1985 Chicago, IL

Held at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens. For further information
contact: Thomas Meehan, D.V.M., Staff Veterinarian, Lincoln Park Zoo,
2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60614.

SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT

FOR ZOO AND AQUARIUM PERSONNEL

February 2-6, 1986 Wheeling, W. VA

Held at Wilson Lodge, Oglebay Park. Contact Dora Shell, North Carolina
State University, Division of Continuing Education, P.O. Box 5125,
Raleigh, NC 27650 (919) 737-2261.

THE FIFTH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM OF
THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REHABTLITATORS ASSOCIATION

February 19-23, 1986 Boston, MA

Hosted by the New England Wildlife Center, the symposium will be held at
the Park Plaza Hotel. Symposium will include paper sessions, workshops
and open panel discussions. For further information contact: Dr. Vaughn
R. Pratt, Executive Director, New England Wildlife Center, 146 A Justice
Cushing Highway, Hingham, MA 02043 (617) 749-5387, 749-1248.

1986 AAZPA REGIONAL CONFERENCES

Southern Regional - Greater Baton Rouge Zoo, 16-18 March, 1986: for more
information contact: Barbara Gorman, Greater Baton
Rouge Zoo, Box 60, Baker, LA 70714 (504) 775-3877.

Western Regional - Point Defiance Zoo, 13-15 April, 1986; for more infor-
mation contact: Tom Otten, Director, Point Defiance
Zoo & Aquarium, Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, WA 98407
(206) 591-5337.

Great Lakes Regional - Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 27-29 April
1986: for more information contact: Mary Beth Carr,
Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 1001 W. Bluemound
Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 771-3040.

Northeastern Regional - Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, 4-6 May 1986: for more
information contact: Laura Kezer, Mystic Marinelife 7>
Aquarium, Sea Research Foundation, Inc., Mystic, CT
06355 (203) 536-9631. _

344

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FROM THE ED I TOR DESK

Dear Readers*

Animal Keepers' Forum is your journal. The primary thing that makes it
a successful publication is the input from the membership. I could type*
edit, lay-out and paste-up till I'm blue in the face, but without the
supportive contributions of you, the members, AKF would cease to exist.

The working relationship between the editorial staff and contributors is
based on trust - our trust in what members contribute to the pages of the
Forum. We trust that information sent to us for publication is accurate,
acknowledges original sources, and in no way attempts to circumvent the
avowed goal of promoting professionalism among all those involved in the
care of captive exotic animals.

This trust has been violated and, to make the situation even worse, was
so done to satisfy a personal grievance by some unknown individual who
I hope is reading this editorial as you are. AAZK has struggled long and
hard throughout its eighteen year history to receive acceptance as a pro-
fessional association within the zoo community. It is incidents such as
the following which tend to besmirch our credibility and make our full
acceptance even more difficult.

While preparing the September issue of AKF, our office received a job
listing for inclusion in the "Opportunity Knocks" section. As you know,
this section is run as a service to you, the members. We do not charge
a fee for these classified listings nor do we benefit in any other way.

It is strictly a service we provide to let the membership know of avail-
able jobs within the zoo community. This particular listing was for an
opening for a zoo director at the Honolulu Zoo. The ad insertion arrived
by mail, in a Honolulu Zoo letterhead envelope and, at the time, we had
no reason to question its authenticity.

On 4 October, I received a long-distance phone call from a Honolulu radio
station asking about the ad. It seems there was no vacancy for a zoo
director position at Honolulu. A second phone call that evening with a
reporter from a Honolulu newspaper shed a bit more light on the situation.

I was told that there had been some problems at the zoo relating the the

deaths of several animals and while I do not claim to know the scope of

the entire situation, obviously some dissatisfaction did exist both with-
in the community and among zoo staff. It became rather clear that person
or persons unknown had used the ad as a way to show this dissatisfaction
and perhaps to 'get back'' at either the City of Honolulu or the Zoo Admin-
istration. It bothers me greatly to think that an AAZK member would be

responsible for such a hoax, but since the readership of AKF has a fairly
specialized audience, I find it difficult to believe that the average
citizen would know about the job listings or even the Forum for that matter.

Letters explaining our unwitting participation in this hoax have been sent
to both the Honolulu Zoo Director and the Director of Parks and Recreation
for Honolulu. Apparently, according the the radio show host, the City had
received a number of applications for this position which lets us know that
AKF is certainly being read. However, this does not diminish the feeling
XiWd its accompanying anger) that we were used to perpetrate a cruel hoax
which appears to have been based on a personal vendetta.

AAZK and AKF have always stood for the promotion of professionalism among zo
keepers and will continue to support this goal. The individual responsible
for the bogus ad certainly cannot count him or herself a professional.

Susan D, Chan
Managing Editor

346

ELEPHANT SET

SKIN CARE IN ELEPHANTS

By

Alan RoocAoit

AyUmal Tnjiuiinq Sa.pQAVyUoA/El2,pkayuU
San Vltgo Wlid Animal Pa/ik, San Vl^go, CA

Take a good look at your elephants' skin, are you proud of how it looks?
From the tip of its trunk to the end of its tail, every elephant needs
skin care. Access to water and sand are fundamental needs for an elephant.
Roaming the plains of Africa or in the deep jungles of Asia, elephants can
be found at certain times of the day in the vicinity of water. The purpose
of this article is to bring to mind an essential part of an elephant care
program which is very often overlooked.

ELEPHANTS IN THE WILD STATE

Elephants in the wild state are their own keepers. They are not restricted
to a small enclosure and their skin treatment doesn't depend upon the vary-
ing experience of the staff around them.

Depending on the season, both African and Asian elephants usually have
enough water in which to bathe; although there have been times on both
continents where the lack of water has taken its victims. In the early
70 's in a major National Park in Kenya, an estimated 5000-6000 elephants
died of starvation following a particularly severe drought.

Mud and sand are an addition to their daily cosmetic treatment; large rocks
and termite mounds are also used to scratch the inaccessible places the
trunk and tail cannot reach.

This skin care takes the same form for the wild elephants it has taken
over the past million or more years . The elephant has its own natural
skin care - driven by instinct and necessity.

Elephants in their own habitat usually become the color of the region.

For instance, in Kenya East Africa, the wandering herds in the Tsavo Nat-
tional Park have taken on a deep red color and look quite peculiar moving
across the plains with the evening sun on them.

WORKING ELEPHANTS IN ASIA

In Sri Lanka the mahouts (name given to an elephant person) are extremely
proud of the appearance of their charges. Before work the elephant will
be bathed for anything up to two hours. Having the elephant lie first on
one side till the excrement stain on its flanks has been completely sub-
merged for a good period of time, the mahout gives the animal the command
to raise and lie down again on the opposite side. At this point the mahout
will begin to scrub the stain which has been soaking with the rough edge
of a coconut husk. For those of you who are not familiar with the coconut
fresh from the tree, they have a green, fiborous husk covering the nut
inside. This fiborous husk is cut into handleable shapes and used to scrub
and massage the skin of the elephant. Every inch of the animal will be
scrubbed and massaged with coconut husk, leaving the skin clean and supple.
The mahout then leads his animal off to do a day's work. Returning in the
early evening, the elephant receives the same treatment before retiring for
its evening meal. (See Diagram 1)

347

ELEPHANT SKIN CARE, ConUnmd

In the Asian lands where the elephant must work In harness or carry a
saddle for long periods, the greatest threat and problem are abcesses
caused by ill-fitting equipment. Left too long, an abcess can cause an
elephant great pain and make him very aggressive. The mahouts are usually
very observant where the health of his animal is concerned, but even out
in the land of the elephant where our trade has its foundations, interest
and experience varies from mahout to mahout. In Thailand the mahout or
ozzie as he is called in that area, uses a creeper plant that is found in
the Thai jungle to scrub his elephant. When in contact with water this
particular plant foams like an expensive piece of soap.

So in all those different lands where the elephant is used as a beast of
burden, no particular treatment is offered for the elephants' skin except
good old-fashioned water and elbow grease.

Let's take a leaf out of their book and care a little more about the ap-
pearance of our elephants.

ELEPHANTS IN ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS

Water, sand, a mudbath, objects with a rough surface against which they
can scratch and shade — -these are the ingredients for an elephant skin
care program in a Zoo.

If you then throw in a person with an interest in and dedication to his
animals, the scene is set; of course, providing an elephant training pro-
gram is underway and in control. The elephants will be the pride of the
zoo and the envy of other zoos and elephant people.

Very few zoological gardens would be able to accommodate an elephants'
every wish and need, but there are a few essential things an elephant does
need in captivity. Adequate water, for instance, would be a good start;
a pool where the elephant can completely submerge. A mud bath is also
very important for the daily skin care of the elephant. A mud coating
will protect the animals' back from the hot sun and also keep irritating
insects at bay. Providing a mud bath for your elephant would, of course,
take up too much room in a small enclosure. If mud is not available, sand
can be used to dust their bodies down. Shade from the sun or even a corner
where the elephant can retreat when cold winds and rain blow across the
enclosure must be available.

Skin diseases in the African elephant are a fairly unknown quantity; but
its needs in a zoological collection are exactly the same as its Asian
cousin.

The Asian elephant has been domesticated for over 3000 years and thus man
has had time to study and treat skin and other ailments which arise. This
is not to say that all is known about diseases in elephants.

Large objects such a rocks, bolted-down tree trunks will be used after
bathing or a bout in the mud bath, to scratch against. The combination
of water and sand act like sandpaper on the elephants' skin as he scratch-
es against the objects provided, revealing a healthy skin as the old skin
is rubbed away. Past experience in other zoos has shoi-m that if these
objects are too rough the elephant will not use them for fear of hurting
itself .

In hot climates without shade or water an elephant can very easily become
sunburned with large blisters forming on the back and neck. Heat exposure
can be a very serious problem in hot climates, especially in young animals.
Access to water should always be available.

348

ELEPHANT SKIN CARE, ConUnuzd

I Elephants kept in a cold climate face much more of a problem. Sub-zero
temperatures are not an elephants’ natural environment. Of course, there
are people among us who would argue that acclimatization of elephants is
; possible; but this point has not yet been proven because, I suppose, the
elephants die of exposure before the experiment is completed. Seriously
though, any temperature lower than 13-14®C for long periods can cause dis-
comfort in the animal and even serious illness in later life.

One can well imagine the effects on an elephants' stomach from drinking
cold water every morning throughout the winter months, then being forced
to stand outside for long periods. It must be very uncomfortable; only,
we wouldn’t know because we are back in the staff quarters drinking coffee.

Cracking around the eyes and feet caused by cold wind are just one of the
problems your elephant may face in cold climates. Then the extreme problem
with cold climates can be frostbite, attacking mostly the ears and tail.

This condition is tremendously painful for the elephant. Not all elephants
can retire at night to a warm barn; high electricity bills in many zoos
force the temperature down in the elephant house. Through the winter months
a good temperature in an elephant house is between 19-21 ®C; this, of course,
is expensive. Chaining in a house where there is a draft is just another
of an elephants’ cold weather ordeals.

Bath time in winter can still be practical with a good supply of warm
water, allowing the elephants (restricted only by the back chain) to
scratch their bodies against each other or the back wall of the stall.

It’s occupational therapy for the elephants plus giving them a good appear-
ance through the winter. Also advisable is to keep the elephants inside
after a winter bath since their heat loss will be greater with wet bodies.

EXCREMENT AND URINE STAINS

How many elephants have you seen in zoos with what looks like a large,
unfinished painting on their sides and flanks?

These are, of course, dark brown excrement stains caused by the elephant
lying in its own droppings. I, myself, have seen many such elephants,
even in zoological parks with a reputation in elephant breeding and
so-called elephant management programs. The animals are presented to the
public with these ugly stains on their sides.

Seeing elephants in this condition, one can easily judge the caliber of
the staff responsible. In some cases it can be put down to inexperience,
but in others laziness is the offender. All the blame should not be
pushed upon the elephant people; the administration itself carries a
great deal of the responsibility for giving little encouragement to its
elephant staff.

Regular scrubbing with a good hard brush and water will soon change the
appearance of your animals. This part of elephant care you cannot find
in the books— it takes hard work and a routine that is adhered to everyday.
These stains have eaten their way into the elephants’ skin rather like a
tatoo.

Urine can also do alot of damage to the inside legs and feet of the ele-
phant. Urine stains, just like excrement stains, should be scrubbed off
everyday.

349

ELEPHANT SKIN CARE, Contlnmd

CHAIN MARKS ON LEGS

Chaining elephants at night is a good practice, but there are certain '

rules to follow. Obviously the chains must be strong enough to restrain
the elephant. If the animal can break its chains it can cause serious
injury to itself or other elephants in the night stall.

You may be saying, what has chaining an elephant properly got to do with i
skin care? Let me explain. i

The sensible way of chaining an elephant is to alternately chain opposite j
legs front and rear. This method allows adequate movement for sleeping I
at night. The front leg chain should not be tight around the ankle because j
in most cases the chain is secured while the animal is in the ’lift* posi- j
tion. When the foot is placed back on the floor it will spread making the
chain even tighter. This can damage the bones in the feet and ankle. j

Leave enough room between the chain and foot of the elephant; a good test -
is to place your hand between the chain and foot. (See Diagram 2); if your ;
hand will not pass between the chain and foot, you have the chains too tighj

The rear leg is a different matter. In this case the chain should be just 'f
below the knee and reasonably tight, but not so tight that it interferes !|
with the blood circulation. If possible, cover this section of chain |

that is in contact with the leg with rubber hose (See Diagram 3). If the 'i
chain is not covered with rubber hose, the straining motion of the elephant ||
will sometimes cause severe abrasion and discomfort. !|

j|

l|

The circumference of the rear foot is not as great as the front so if the
chain is not placed high and tight on the rear leg it will be easy for the
animal to slip its chain. Check the legs everyday where the elephant has
been wearing the chain. Abrasions and small abcesses can sometimes go
unseen.

THE BUILD-UP OF OLD SKIN

In order to stay in the best possible condition, an elephant must loose j
the old skin that builds up on its body and allow the new skin to come to ji

the surface. This is in no way similar to a reptile. If the elephant is ji

not given what nature requires for this process (water, sand, mud and ,

rough-surfaced objects against which to scratch) there becomes an un- |:

healthy build-up of old skin all over the animals body. Long, claw-like 1
pieces of skin develop on the elephants' legs, resembling warts. The !;

skin becomes dry and lifeless at this stage and the elephant certainly
lives up to its nursery book name - hugh grey object. Under that grey jj

exterior lies anything from a gun barrel blue to a pinky rose colored skin.lj

That build-up of old skin can harbor disease and infection and is downright i
unhealthy for your elephant. j|

OILS AND OTHER PREPARATIONS J

It was an old establishment practice many years ago to oil the elephant
completely. This practice should be avoided because the application of
oil opens the pores of the skin and allows the heat to escape; in cold
climates this treatment can be fatal.

In parts of India they use coconut oil on the forehead of the elephants
thus having the opposite effect of keeping the animals’ head cool. A
little vaseline may be applied to the hair on the tail. This induces
the growth of the hair giving the elephant a better appearance.

350

ELEPHANT SKIN CARE, CoyvUnued

THE TAIL OF YOUR ELEPHANT

Yes, the tail is also covered in skin and needs occasional care. All
sorts of nasty things can happen to your elephant's tail - the worse being,
of course, bitten off by another elephant. Looking around at captive
elephants, one wonders whether they wouldn’t be better off without tails.
Some tails resemble wooden clubs hanging from the back of the animal, lit-
tle use they would be for swishing away pestering insects. Regular bath-
ing in warm soapy water can help the hair growth and bring back the blood
circulation to the tip of the tail. Add a small amount of disinfectant
to the water to kill any infection there may be. After bathing, rub the
tail liberally with vaseline, filling the hair sockets. Repeat this after
every bathing.

TREATMENT OF WOUNDS ON HEAD AND RUMP CAUSED BY RUBBING ON CONCRETE FLOORS
WHILE SLEEPING

The cheek and hip bones of an elephant take particularly hard treatment
when the animal is sleeping in a lying position. While sleeping the ele-
phant will sometimes shift its position and cause rubbing of these points
on the hard concrete. Splitting of these callous areas sometimes occurs
and infection takes hold. If the wound should become infected it usually
takes a long time to heal, owing to the continual rubbing and irritation
while sleeping. Wash and clean the wound daily, sprinkling it with a
disinfectant powder after washing. This will keep the wound dry. A little
vaseline around the rest of the affected callous will help to keep it
supple.

In elephant care and management there are many aspects to be considered.
Nutrition, housing, foot care, a training and control program — the list
is endless. None the less important is skin care. Let’s give our ele-

(Diagram One) Showing position of elephant in water and outer

husk of coconut which is used to scrub and massage
the skin.

(Diagram Two)

Leave enough room between chain
and leg as arrow indicates .

Rubber hose
hind leg to
abrasion.

covering chain on
protect against

351

Information Please

I am conducting a survey on the husbandry and management of De Brazza's
monkeys iCeAcopXthec.UA negZectuA ) in captivity. I wish to contact those
zoos or individuals that have previously worked with this species. Any-
one with information on the husbandry, behavior, medical treatment or
nursery care of De Brazza's monkeys is asked to contact: E. Jean Brennan,
Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 205 Prospect
Street, New Haven, CT 06511.

The Dierenpark Wassenaar Zoo in the Netherlands is seeking information on
captive Roloway Guenons ( C eACOpXtkecuA dtcLm. Aotom.y ) .We had developed a
successful breeding program for this subspecies, producing several female
and one male offspring. However, breeding ceased when our older male died.
Our young male is currently breeding with unrelated females at the Parc
Zoologique des Minieres, Done la Fontaine, France. We located a single
male at a small zoo in France, but so far he has shown no sexual interest
in our females. Another male is currently in private hands in Munich and
we are attempting to secure him for our captive propagation program. Those
with information on the location of captive Roloway Guenons are asked to
contact: John Rens, Assistant Director, Dierenpark Wassenaar Zooj Rijks-
straatweg 667, 2245 CB Wassenaar, Netherlands.

In 1980, the occurence of encephalo-myocarditis virus (EMCV) was reported
at three zoological parks. Since January 1985, EMCV has been confirmed
as the cause of death in six primates and is suspected in other cases at
Audubon Park Zoo in New Orleans . Deaths from EMCV are usually acute and
can occur in young or old animals. Pulmonary edema or congestion and
cardiomyopathy are the most consistent necropsy findings. Serum samples
from elephants, cats and primates which will be used to measure antibody
levels and determine the incidence of exposure in the zoo animal popula-
tion can be submitted to either of the labs assisting in this study.

Tissue samples from suspect cases will also be accepted for virus isolation.
Samples will be accepted through September 1986. For submission forms or
more information, contact: John Olsen, DVM, Busch Gardens, P.O. Box 8158,
Tampa, FL 33674 (813) 988-5171 or Andrew Gutter, DVM, or Susan Wells, DVM,
Audubon Park Zoo, 6500 Magazine St., New Orleans, LA 70118 (504) 866-5819.

352

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ons

NOTES ON A METHOD FOR MOUNTING SNAKE SKINS

By

CkcuiteA F. Smith
Zoo VdpoAtmdnt
^on.(iQj>tQA Sdlmce. Co^ntoA
{jJo^CQJ>t£A, MA

The following method for preserving and mounting dried snake skins is used
by myself privately for display and educational purposes. It is not neces- ]
sarily a better way of preserving them, only another option for doing so. j
The materials are inexpensive, readily obtained and can be utilized in the J
most primitive workshop. The advantages of this type of mount are that the ■
skins are easily displayed and stored. They are odorless, clean and hope-
fully permanent. The disadvantage is that they cannot be removed from the j
mount without destroying it.

Basically, the mount is a sandwich of plexiglass with the dried snake skins I
between. Preparation of the skin is similar to most other skins. After it j
is removed from the animal, it is stretched, and left out to dry as would '
be done with a mammal skin. After drying, a damp, rough sponge is run up
the outer surface of the skin to remove any loose skin or scales. The skin |
is again left to dry. After complete drying, I will usually trim a small j
amount of skin from the outer edges as this area curls, and completely flat i
skin is necessary for mounting. j

The plexiglass is next cut to fit the skin, using one-quarter inch plexi
for the top cover and one-eight inch for the lower. The reason for the j
difference is that the plexiglass must flex to accommodate the skin, using I
one-quarter inch top and bottom would place too much strain on the bonded j
edges. j

'i

When measuring for size, leave at least one to one and a half inches excess
of plexiglass around the skin, to further reduce stress on the bond. The |
skin is next placed between the two layers of plexi, matching up the edges |
of the plastic as closely as possible. If desired, a label may be placed I;
with the skin for identification. The mount is clam.ped in this position j
and a plexiglass solvent, such as Plextic® , is run around the edges using '
a small paint brush. The solvent will be drawn into the seam by capillary |
action. It is then allowed to sit and dry for 15 minutes. The unit is j:

then undamped, and the edges are sanded smooth, preferably with a disc |

sander, but it is possible to do so by hand. After sanding, more solvent I
is applied to the edges to seal the mount and further strengthen the bond. '
The mount can now be considered complete, although I will usually place j
two grooved pieces of hardwood along the upper and lower edges to further i
strengthen it and to add a more appealing look to the display. Although I jj
am unaware of such, I would like to apologize to anyone having previously [
described this method.

354

li

NOTES ON A METHOD FOR MOUNTING SNAKE SKINS, ContlvLae.d

a

355

&

U.S. POSTAL SERVICE

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION
{RQ.quuAm2.nt oi S2.cjtion 448,51 Vomo^tic. HcuZ Manuat}

Title of Publication: Animat K2.2.p2A^' foAum

Publication Number: 425390

Date of Filing: 27 September 1985

Frequency of Issue: Monthly. Number of issues published annually = 12
Annual Subscription Price = $20.00

Location of Known Office of Publication: Topeka Zoological Park, 635 Gage
Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Publisher: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Topeka Zoological
Park, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Executive Editor: Alice Miser, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606
Managing Editor: Susan D. Chan, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606
Owner: American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., Topeka Zoological Park,
635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

The puApo^e, Sanation, and nonpAo^tt ^tatuM tkl6 oAganlzatton and the
exmpt ^tatiU ioA VedenaZ Income Tax poApo^e^ hcu, not changed duAtng the
pAecedtng 12 months.

EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION

Average No. Copies

Each Issue during
Preceding 12 months

Actual No. Copies
of Single Issue
Published nearest
to Filing Date

Total Number

Copies Printed

1923

1950

Mail Subscriptions

1850

1871

Copies Not Distributed

(Office use, left-over)

33

36

Exchange, Complimentary

Copies distributed

40

43

TOTAL

1923

1950

I c2Att{,y that the ^tatmonts made StgnatuAe and title o^ EdUtoA

by me above oAe cohAect and complete.

JTdnagtng EdUtoA

(

356

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA
(Part 2)

By

RobeAt BoAghoA^eA, ScnAO^ Keeper
Vkitaddiphla lootogldoZ. GoAdm
Phltadel-phyia, PA

i RWANDA

!

I Rwanda is a small nation squeezed between Zaire, Uganda, and Tanzania. It
; has the highest population density in Africa. Even though population
pressures are extreme, the country has two excellent national parks. The
two parks preserve radically different habitat and species. Akagera is a
typical eastern African park with large herds of plains game. Volcans
National Park is the forested home of the Mountain Gorilla.

PARC DES VOLCANS

The Volcans are now well known as the area where Dr. Dian Fossey has done
her gorilla studies. The park contains the southern slopes of five extinct
volcanoes. It contains five major vegetation types ranging from bamboo
forest to Afro-alpine vegetation. Mountain gorillas are the most famous
resident mammals, but the park protects other forest species. During my
six-day stay, I saw, along with gorillas, bushbuck, blackbacked duiker,
tree hyrax, giant gambian rat, and saw sign of buffalo and genet.

The gorillas, however, are the main attraction. There are four groups
habituated to tourists. Group Nine is a family of nine animals - complete
with males, females, and youngsters ranging from one to four years old.
Group Eleven is a sort of aberration: an association of six males - a
silverback, a blackback and four younger males. Group Thirteen is a
family group of eleven animals similar in composition to Group Nine.

Susa Group is the largest with twenty individuals including two silverback
males, several females with many youngsters.

The gorillas in the Volcans park can only be observed on a reservation
system. A limit of six tourists per group with a one-hour viewing time
is imposed. These restrictions allow the habituated groups to function
as normal gorillas since the stress of tourist contact is kept to a mini-
mum. The restrictions seem to work since comparative studies of tourist
and nontourist groups show no measureable differences in behavior.

I saw two groups. Nine and Susa. I do not hesitate to state that gorilla
watching is the ultimate in wildlife viewing. I've previously spent hours
stalking howler and titi monkeys in Peru, driven through the Serengeti
plains seeing at least a million head of game in three hours. But nothing
can compare to sitting in a forest, surrounded on all sides by gorillas —
some not more than five feet away.

Susa Group was my favorite. It took an hour and a half walk up the slopes
of Karisimbi until we found the group. No other visitors had registered
for Susa that day so it became a party of three — myself and two Rwandian
gorilla guides. During the climb we passed bushbuck tracks and buffalo
droppings. We entered an area of matted down vegetation. The presence
of familiar shaped dung boluses showed that gorillas had spent the night
here. As we climbed further an obvious pathway became apparent. A group
of gorillas moving through a forest leave quite a trail of smashed vege-
tation. The guides, sensing that the gorillas were near, stopped and

357

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA, Continued

started vocalizing that deep, gutteral gorilla grunt. It is a sort of
hminimn sound, familiar to gorilla keepers. We slowly entered a small open
area and made contact. The gorillas, only youngsters at first, stared
curiously. The little ones would even advance to get a better look. They
moved off and we followed. The main body of the group then came into view,
several females and one of the males. The guides laid down and motioned
for me to do the same. They both started pretending to eat vegetation.

At the time, both males appeared to be feeding but were also glancing side-

ways to see what we were up to. The males quickly relaxed and the guides
motioned that it was alright to stand up and take pictures.

I ran out of film within the first half hour. The remainder of my alotted
time I just sat and watched the group's activity. The adults would casually
grab branches, stalks or plants and just munch away. The males would tear
out whole bushes, eat a few leaves, throw the rest aside and move on to
another. It was rather awesome to see just how effortlessly that was done.
The groups seemed unconcerned with our presence. Once we accidentally cut
off a female with a baby in a tree from the main group. She emitted some

short, sharp coughs, and we stepped aside. She climbed down and hurried

away. Occasionally an infant would scream and one of the males would give
the hmmmm sound, and reassured, the infant became quiet. My hour time
limit ran out all too quickly and we slowly withdrew.

Besides the gorillas, Volcans park offers excellent hiking opportunities.
Several treks exist. While walking the Lake Negezi trail, I saw tree hyrax,
coots, several smaller birds, and observed gorilla group eleven for a short
time. A trail system linking all of the volcano peaks exists. The tops
of these contain the alpine vegetation and support different bird species
than the lower slopes. The mammals which could be seen on such a walk in-
clude blue monkey, golden monkey, and buffalo. The trails offer a visitor
a much different picture of Africa than the usual van safari.

Your options for accommodations for the Volcans park are varied. Camping
sites exist at park headquarters. Tented sites also exist at the foot of
Mt. Visoke. All campers must bring their own food, but that is easily pur-
chased in native markets. Water is available at all sites, but charcoal
must be brought since no wood gathering is allowed. Hotel accommodations
are in Rhungeri and range from $25 a night at the Mutubura Hotel to $5 a
night for quarters in a mission. You will need transportation to the park
if you stay in Rhungeri. Renting a vehicle is expensive, but other tourists
will be traveling through town to see the gorillas. It is possible to
negotiate a lift. Reservations to see gorilla groups can be arranged in
Kigali. Weekends and the months of June through August are usually fully
booked. Other times of the year, if you are on a flexible time schedule,
are underused and you will have your choice of what groups to see.

Before visiting the Volcans park I had serious doubts that the mountain
gorilla could be saved. I came away impressed with the park and the
Mountain Gorilla Project (M.G.P.). My stay at the Visoke tented site
allowed me to meet Jeff Towner who had a cabin nearby. Jeff is an Ameri-
can on contract to the M.G.P. to help train the Volcan rangers. Jeff and
I spent several night talking about the past, present, and future of the
gorillas .

The effectiveness of the park patrols has lowered the mortality rate of
young gorillas. These youngsters will often become caught in snares set
for antelope. The gorillas usually break out of the traps, but the wire
snares slowly tighten around their legs or arms cutting off circulation.

Loss of limb or fatal gangrene often results. The silverback male of

358

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA, CowUnazd

Sroup Eleven lost a hand at an early age in such a manner. The Volcans
'park has an area of fifty square miles with fifty rangers for patrolling
'duties. It is an unheard of ’man to land' ratio for a Third World national
park. For example, Akagera park has thirty rangers to cover 970 square
miles. Each of the Volcans’ rangers are paid a bonus for every snare they
find in addition to their regular salary. Jeff’s role is to improve the
ranger force’s effectiveness by starting week-long patrols.

^At present, approximately one hundred and twenty-five gorillas inhabit the
Rwandian side of the volcanoes. These animals use only 3/4 of the Volcans
[park available to them because the western slopes of Karosombi have been
abandoned by the gorillas due to poaching activity. This year anti-poaching
patrols will be expanded to include this area and an increase in the gorilla
population there is expected.

More important to the long-term viability of the gorillas is the status of
[the Zairian side of the volcanoes. This habitat is considerably larger
than the Rwandian side and is, on paper, protected as part of the Virunga
National Park. I have previously mentioned Zaire’s conservation problems.
The lack of effective patrol work has lowered the population there to an
estimated one hundred and fifty individuals. A project, sponsored by the
Frankfurt Zoological Society, is attempting to address the situation. If
the Zairian park service can get organized and the small area of Uganda
follows, the gorilla population will expand. It could easily reach the
level recorded for the area in the 60 ’s of five hundred individuals. That
should be a viable enough gene pool to insure the mountain gorillas’ long-
term survival.

The M.G.P. is also responsible for the habituation of gorilla groups for
tourism. This aspect of the project is a great success. Tourism in
Rwanda has become the leading source of foreign exchange. The gorilla
visits form the backbone of this industry. This endeavor has its critics,
however, the M.G.P. has shown that the park is a proven money maker. As
long as tourists visit, the area will remain parkland. Rwanda is a very
poor nation with heavy population pressures. In 1968, 55% of the Volcans
park was excised for cropland. In the late 70 ’s more land was to be re-
imoved to be used for cattle grazing. The success of the M.G.P. ’s habitua—

1 tion of gorillas for tourists has halted those negative trends, and the
I government is very supportive of the park.

Another threat to the gorillas exists and it is unfortunately caused by
certain unscrupulous zoos. M.G.P. personnel strongly believe that there
are several European zoos on the lookout for mountain gorilla infants to
add to their collections. These zoos let it be known that they will pur-
chase young gorillas. As a result, poachers in either Zaire or Rwanda will
enter the protected areas to take infants. This process almost always re-
I suits in the destruction of the targeted gorilla groups. Silverbacks and
often the infants’ mothers are killed. With the silverback gone, group
! cohesion breaks down. The females are absorbed by other gorilla bands.

The infants that they carry are usually killed by silverbacks in the new
group. It is theorized that this is done so that the females will enter
estrous more quickly. The result of this type of poaching is the destruc-
tion of the entire gorilla family group .

I personally see no reason for any zoo to keep mountain gorillas. If the
Volcans park was going to be turned into farmland I would be all for an
operation that would set up captive breeding groups. However, such actions
against the park will not take place in the immediate future. A handful
of mountain gorillas in captivity in no way constitutes a viable gene pool.

359

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA, ConUnued

The mountain gorilla belongs in the wild. Any gorilla breeding projects
should concentrate on lowland gorillas, a species not as endangered and
with a large captive population. Any zoo which involves itself in pur- 5
chasing mountain gorillas is engaged in an obscenity. i

An address for further information: i

Office Rwandais Tourisme et des Parcs I

Nationaux

P.O. Box 905 !

Kigali, Rwanda |

I

[Editor' 6 Yiot2,i PoAt 3 0^ on CzntAal A{^Alc.a." wM coueA

PoboJiZ'^ vLi,AJ: to tko. Akag^MCL National Vaxk tn Rwanda.)

® ■

Education

ZOO CONSERVATION EFFORTS HIGHLIGHTED AT ATLANTIC NATIONAL EXHIBITION

Cherry Brook Zoo would like to thank Animal Keepers ' Forum and all those
who sent posters, pamphlets, books, etc. to the zoo to include in our
display at the Atlantic National Exhibition.

We feel that the week was a success and that many people have learned a
great deal about the conservation efforts of zoos and what is involved
in this field. The exhibition gave us the opportunity to talk with a
great many people on a one-to-one basis and many left better aware of
what role zoos play in today’s society. We were very careful to avoid
the circus type atmosphere and approached it from an educational aspect.
Many were interested in what went on behind-the-scenes at our zoo and
gave us the chance to discuss nutrition, breeding, animal acquisitions,
the sale of animals, etc. and some were surprised to find that most zoos
have a code of ethics that they work by. I am sure that some left with
concern for the animals that are in our care in zoos and parks around the
world. When told of the troubles that some animals encounter in their
native habitat and that zoos are a major factor in the survival of some
species, many people were unaware of this.

Many hours of work went into this project and it would have been impos-
sible to put it together without the help of enthusiastic staff and vol-
unteers who gave so freely of their time. To these people we send our
deep appreciation. It was a long week, for people and animals, but we
feel the effort was well worth it. We hope to do it again next year and
do an even better job.

— Submitted by Leonard CollAtn, CuAotoa, Chotuiy Baook
Zoo, Saint John, Mm BmnAwtck, Canada
and Lynda CoVOitn

360

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT

The goal of the AAZK Keeper Training Video Tape Project is to produce
quality video tape training programs suitable to supplement existing in-
I house training of entry level keepers. These tapes are not intended to
! be a complete training program in themselves. All proceeds generated
from the sale of training tapes will be used to finance production of
I future training tapes. Two tapes are currently available.

Zoo Keeper Safety; An Attitude Adjustment - This 18-minute program does
not attempt to address the numerous variable specifics of this subject.
It presents a safety approach to the job of zoo keeping, and promotes
constant awareness and personal responsibility for safety.

A Zoo Keeper's Introduction to Feeds and Feeding - A half hour introduc-
tion to the complex subject of feeds and feeding of zoo animals. Topics
covered include what, when, and where to feed.

AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PURCHASE AGREEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS OF THE BUYER

1) The tape may not be duplicated or made available to any person or
institution for the purpose of duplication.

2) The tape may not be utilized for any commercial purpose.

3) Should the buyer decide the tape will not be useful to their training
program, the undamaged tape may be returned within 14 days of receipt
for a partial refund - $10 for BETA and VHS, $18 for 3/4 inch.

I, the undersigned, accept the responsibility for the restrictions list-
ed above.

NAME (Type or Print)

SIGNATURE DATE

ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION

SHIPPING ADDRESS

ZIP

TELEPHONE ( )

TAPE TITLE

FORMAT: BETA VHS 3/4 INCH

$25 $25 $35

Make checks payable to AAZK KEEPER TRAINING VIDEO TAPE PROJECT.

Mail to: B. Wayne Buchanan

Woodland Park Zoological Gardens
5500 Phinney Avenue North
Seattle, WA 98103

An Encouraging Mrd.

FEDERATION WINS REPRIEVE FOR EAGLES

The National Wildlife Federation has won a major victory for the endanger-
ed bald eagle. Late in August, the Federation was granted a court injunc-
tion requiring that nontoxic steel shot be used instead of lead in 22
counties within five states. If the switch is not made, these areas will
remain closed to waterfowl hunting during the upcoming season.

"This is a major step forward on the lead poisoning/steel shot issue,"
says Scott Feierabend, a Wildlife Resource Specialist for the Federation
who has worked on this issue for five years. "This injunction should ex-
pedite reductions in use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting."

Restrictions will go into effect immediately in selected counties in
Illinois, Oklahoma, California, Oregon, and Missouri. The result should
be a dramatic decrease of lead shot in critical eagle habitat. I

It is estimated that waterfowl hunters deposit more than 3,000 tons of
lead shot into the environment annually. Waterfowl deaths attributed to I
lead poisoning number in the thousands. Bald eagles are poisoned when I
they eat waterfowl that have either ingested lead shot or have shot im- I
bedded in their bodies. At least 102 bald eagles have died from lead |
poisoning since 1966. I

i

Since the early 1970’ s, the NWF has pressured the Interior Department to I
require hunters to shift from lead to steel shot in problem areas. To
date, however, only two states - Iowa and Nebraska - require the statewidl
use of steel shot, and the Department has done little to ensure the ac- i
quiesence of other states. |

As a result of the Federal government’s refusal to address the problem of!
lead poisoning in bald eagles, the NWF sued the Department of the Inter- 1
ior in June for violating the Endangered Species Act as well as several
other Federal environmental statutes.

On 26 August, a District Judge granted the Federation’s injunction. It
is a positive step forward for conservationists concerned with the pro-
tection and recovery of our national emblem. (B^ LduAa LomboAdj

— NcutionjCil VgdoAjcutioYi'

COSJSERi/ATJON’85, Uol, 3, No. 13
13 SzptmboA 1985 t

362

'iEPTlLE CARE - Relating To
j’he Inquiring Novice - Part 17

By

Sman M. Ba/LnoJid, So^nA^on. Keeper
Vzpt. oi HeApeXology
Atlanta Zoologtcal VoAk, Atlanta, GA

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED INTESTINAL PARASITES

(Protozoans)

(Accepted for publication, August 1985)

)f the many species of parasites that constitute the intestinal fauna of
•eptiles, some cause disease when the host animal is removed from its
latural environment and placed in captivity. Once an infected reptile is
laptive, those parasites having direct life cycles predominate over para-
sites requiring intermediate hosts. Factors predisposing captive animals
;o parasitic diseases are stress, improper diet, temperature, light, and
lumidity, and overcrowding. Symptoms of intestinal parasitism include
■estlessness , loss of appetite and weight, regurgitation, diarrhea, and
)lood and/or mucus in stools. Depending upon the parasite in question,
some pathogenic effects are loss of nutrients, anemia, respiratory dis-
;ress, chronic enteritis, ulcerations, necrosis, and ultimately death.

.’here is no known treatment for some types of parasites; but, fortunately,
lost can be successfully treated. Keepers should always urge inquiriers
;o have a veterinarian perform an examination on newly acquired reptiles;
:his should always include a fecal examination. If a stool sample is
inavailable, the veterinarian can administer a tepid, saline enema.

lost protozoans are relatively harmless. However, a few are highly patho-
genic, including Entamouba tnvadm^. This intestinal ameba is transmitted
)y ingestion of infective cysts passed in feces. Flynn (1973) and Marcus
^981) reported E. tnvade.n6 cysts measure ll-20u in diameter, and they
contain one t6 four nuclei. Geiman and Ratcliff e (1936) reported that
tnuadcn6 trophozoites range in length from lOu to 34u, in width from
3u to 30u, and have a nuclear diameter of 3.5 to 7u. Several investi-
i;ators have reported success in treating amebiasis with human amebacides
[such as metronidazole. Meerovitch (1961) suggested increasing the ambient
lemperature to 35°C (95°F) during the treatment period. CAUTION: do not
illow infected animal to dehydrate. Control of cockroaches and flies
;Yill help prevent these mechanical vectors from spreading amebae within
1 reptile collection.

'Jhile EtmeAMl is the primary coccidian found in reptiles, CaAyo^poaa ,
\Uo6pona, SaA(10C,y6ta> , and several others are also common. Transmission
bccurs when an animal ingests sporulated oocysts from contaminated feces
br soil. The size of these protozoan oocysts vary. Sodium sulfamethazine
iias been successfully used in treating coccidiosis; however, Frye (1981)
bautions against putting the drug in the animal’s drinking water. He
{reported that administration should be via stomach tube to insure delivery
of an effective dose.

Young reptiles, and those with other ailments are more likely to suffer
effects of intestinal flagellates than healthy adults. Transmission is
by ingestion of the organism passed in affected feces. Diagnosis is best
made by direct smear since their movement is easily observed. Treatment
has been successful with metronidazole. However, the best defense against
spreading any parasite is proper hygiene.

363

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 17, Continued

Although mainly found in tortoises, ciliates also affect lizards and snakes.
The most common ciliates found in reptiles are BaZayiXU.diLm and NyctotkoAu^ .
BaZayitidLium has the potential for being pathogenic, especially when in
combination with other parasites or diseases. NycXotkoAuJi has not been
reported to be pathogenic. Transmission is through ingestion of the para-
sites in affected feces. Soulsby (1968) reported treating BoZanX^dlurn
infections with an amebacide and tetracycline.

In next month's issue, discussions on endoparasites will be continued.

Those keepers wishing diagnostic photomicrographs of intestinal Protozoa
are requested to contact the author.

REFERENCES

1. Flynn, R. J. : Parasites of Laboratory Animals. Iowa State Univ. Press,
Ames, lA. 1973.

2 . Frye , F . L . : Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry.
Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co., Edwardsville, KA. 1981.

3. Geiman, Q.M. , and Ratcliffe, H.L.: Morphology and life cycle of an amoebc
producing amoebiasis in reptiles. Parasitology, 28: 208-228. 1936.

4 . Marcus , L . C . : Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians and

Reptiles. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1981. '

I

5. Meerovitch, E.: Infectivity and pathogenicity of polyxenic and monoxenixi
Entcunodba ^vadc,yi6 to snakes at normal and high temperatures and the
natural history of reptile amoebiasis. J. Parasitol., 47:791-794. 1961.1

6. Soulsby, E.J.L.: Helminths, Arthropods, and Protozoa of Domestic
(Monnig) . Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1968.

!

Keeper’s Alert |

I

I

Animals ,

OPPORTUNITY FOR EXCHANGE IN AUSTRALIA

^abnfuJXdd by ?cut SammcULCo, Education Committee Coon.dlyiatoK j

I

Some lucky AAZK keeper may be the winner of a chance to go on a no-expenses |
paid trip to Australia and work at the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens
as an exchange keeper. |

Mr. Steve Wilson, a keeper at that zoo, has sent word to the Staff Exchange''
Team that he wants an opportunity to do an exchange in the Unites States. jj
I have no details except the bare fact that there is this opportunity. i;

Interested keepers should write to: Steve WlX^on, The Royal Metbou/ine |

Zoological GoAden^, ?ank.vlZle, SJIcJlokJjx 3052, Au^t/iaUja. jj

t

® '

364

zoo TOURS OF THE U.K.

■a are currently engaged in a feasibility study for a tour agency that
buld provide an organized and informed service for people visiting Great
ritain who have a particular interest in zoos and captive animal manage-
jant. It is our belief that we can offer an inexpensive package consist-
hg of several zoo visits, comfortable overnight accommodations, easy
raveling arrangements of relatively short duration between zoos and per-
pnal service from a very well informed driver /guide. There would be
wo kinds of tours on offer and these are outlined below.

bur I - 14-day Round-Trip Visiting Nine Zoos

jtarting out from London where a driver/guide would pick up your tour
arty (we estimate an average of six persons per tour although carrying
apacity is twice that number) from one of the two major airports, Gatwick
|r Heathrow. From there you would be taken to your accommodations to
;ettle in and rest from your flight. We would hope to provide a fairly
jlexlble timetable to allow for sightseeing, but the basic running order
if zoo visits would be first beginning with Howletts Zoo Park in Kent,
ben the London Zoo, Harwell Zoo, Bristol Zoo, Slimbridge Wildfowl Trust,
nester Zoo, Twycross Zoo, Cotswold Wildlife Park and finally, Whipsnade
oo. All traveling would be done first thing in the morning after break-
ast and we have devised a route that ensures no more than two or three
ours traveling time each day between locations. Included in the trip
Imost certainly will be at least one day at a nature reserve or wildlife
ite of special interest. This is an all-in-one package and the cost in-
jludes all overnight accommodations, all transportation and admission to
111 zoological establishments. The price per person is about $730.00 U.S.
nd does not include your flight to the U.K. It may be that we will choose
p employ a charter service with an independent airline and this would
lake the price per person around $1080 U.S.

I our II - 7-day Tour Based in or Near London Visiting Four Zoos

orking from the Capital or one of its suburbs, this tour is not a round-
rip as such and involves traveling from a home base in a hotel each mom-
ng to return in the evening. The four collections in question are:
owlett’s Zoo Park in Kent, London Zoo, Whipsnade Zoo and Harwell Zoo.
o more than two hours traveling for each zoo is anticipated and the tour
ould be structured to allow for traditional sightseeing in addition to
be zoo visits. Also, there are wildlife sites worth seeing and the
pssible inclusion of a trip to the Natural History Huseum is something
0 consider. Certainly, we would wish to provide a degree of flexibility
bat would accommodate the needs and wishes of each tour party. The all-in-
ne cost per person including accommodations, transport and admissions is
380.00 U.S. and does not include the cost of your return flight. Should
charter operation be involved the price would then be around $730.00 U.S.

'oo Tours - Finding Out Hore

he purpose of this announcement is to assess the demand for an all-in-
ae package tour of zoos and we would very much like to hear from you if
n organized trip of this nature attracts you. Please write to us with
ny suggestions or comments you have so that we can adjust our plans
ccordingly. If the response to this announcement is suitably encourag-
ng, we would make booking forms available in January or February 1986
nd the first available tour would begin on 2 April 1986. The zoo tour
eason would run from April to September /October taking advantage of the

365

zoo TOURS OF THE U.K., ConUnu^d

relatively mild spring and autumn we enjoy in Britain, A deposit of one 1
third of the total cost would be mandatory for each tour but PLEASE DO
NOT SEND MONEY with your initial inquiry.

Contact ;Mike Clark (Mark your envelope ZOOTOURS) |

228 Okebourne Road, Brentry, Bristol '

BSIO 6RA U.K, I

j

ZOOTOURS would be run jointly by two experienced zookeepers, the above
formerly of Edinburgh, Frankfurt and Jersey Zoos, and Doug Richardson, ji
formerly of Edinburgh, Bronx and Howletts Zoos. |

ENDANGERED BIRDS OF GUAM: A Major Focus at NZP

The National Zoo is taking a leading role in saving two fast-disappearing
bird species from the Pacific Island of Guam. At the Front Royal Conser- ‘
vation Research Center, enclosures have been made available in the new ;
Small Animal Facility for breeding Micronesian kingfishers and Guam rails.'

Scott Derrickson, Curator of Birds at CRC said, "The problem began when '
the brown tree snake was inadvertently introduced to Guam in the late ’

1940’s. The current population estimate of this snake is as high as three'
million. So far, several bird species native to Guam - the Guam broadbillj'
the rufous fain tail and the brindled white-eye - have already become ex- *
tinct. Other species, such as the Guam rail and the Micronesian king- ^
fisher are rapidly approaching extinction,"

In response to this grave situation the Guam Division of Aquatic and
Wildlife Resources (GDAWR) and several U.S. zoos, including Philadelphia, ’
Bronx, and the National Zoo, initiated the Guam Bird Rescue Project. The
goal of this program is to capture the remaining wild rails and kingfish- '
ers before they are killed by the snake in order to establish a captive
breeding population. The ultimate goal is to reintroduce the birds to '
the island when conditions warrant. Only 14 kingfishers remain in the
wild, and they are being collected by GDAWR and Philadelphia Zoo personnel J

1

At the CRC New Animal Facility, 13 Guam rails have already hatched. Al-
though the rails make a very simple nest on the ground, the Micronesian
kingfisher must be supplied with rotted palm logs for nesting. Adult
birds excavate nest holes in these logs. Derrickson recently reported
that two of the three pairs of kingfishers nested successfully. One
pair fledged a check on 2 September, another pair fledged a chick on 14
September, and over the weekend of 21-22 September, two additional king-
fishers hatched. The Micronesian kingfishers normally lay 1-2 eggs; the
incubation period lasts about 23 days. The chicks are fed in the nest
until they are able to fly at about 30-35 days.

I

— TIGERTALK

Se,ptmbeA 1985

&

366

OTTER SPECIALISTS MEET IN SANTA CRUZ

8^

Judy A. V^bltz

BI-O-A^dzfMa/LlnQ, MammoLs Uvilt
Tkn Smttte, AqaaJuum, Smttte., 'JJA

le Fourth International Otter Symposium was held at the Porter College
jampus of the University of California at Santa Cruz from 4-10 August,

)85. The conference was coordinated and hosted by the Institute of
arine Sciences (UCSC) , formerly the Center for Marine Studies (UCSC) .
ipughly 150 delegates from ten countries attended the S3nnposium including
|apresentatives from countries as distant as Norway, Chile, India and
japan. The symposium began with a reception on Monday and ended with a
anquet at the Monterey Bay Aquarium on Friday evening. During the week
le delegates attended six sessions and five workshops, as well as a num-
2r of informal slide and film presentations on current otter research,
lere were two sessions on sea otters, one each on North America, South
nerica, and European river otter populations, as well as a session on
aptive otter management. The workshops consisted of group discussions
1 captive studies, surveying methods, radio telemetry, re-introduction
Bchniques and results, and public education. Recommendations from the
jJCN Otter Specialists Group brought the sessions of the S3anposium to a
Lose on Friday. The delegates also participated in a nature walk at
Dint Lobos Wildlife Reserve, boat excursions on Monterey Bay, and tours
f the Long Marine Laboratories and the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

c the 30 papers given at this symposium, only five reported on captive
bter populations. Research was presented on captive population studies
^ iJUutn.CL, HydAictls mac.LitLcolJil6 , and Aonyx CLAMOAm: none of the

Deakers reported on captive sea otter populations. This lack of captive
tudies reaffirms, once again, the need for more research on captive pop-
Lations — - a point anticipated and much discussed at last year's AAZK
titional Conference in Seattle. The papers given at this symposium gener-
iLly dealt with at least one of three major themes: distribution and
:atus, behavior and energetics, and telemetry and translocation studies,
le sea otter papers were thematically diverse and were generally of a
Dre technical nature than those on river otters. The North American
iLver otter papers focused on physiology and management, and translocation

I id reintroduction programs. South American contributions were dominated
r distributional studies. The European papers emphasized non-interf erent
ssearch techniques and the effects of pollutants and habitat destruction
1 the management of already reduced populations.

pveral of the papers were of interest regarding the captive management
jf sea otters. Dan Costa (UCSC) spoke on "The Ecological Energetics of
lea Otters". He compared daily gross energetic requirements of wild and
aptive sea otters and dealt with the 'profitability' of several food
terns for Enhyd/ia luJtAlA^ He also presented comparative data on the 'time
lergy budget' of the sea otter. Terrie Williams (Hubbs Marine Research
ist.), in a paper entitled "Sea Otter/Oil Spill Mitigation Study", spoke
ji finding an effective treatment and technique for removing crude oil
rom the pelage of sea otters. Among the many commercial products tested
/ the Hubbs group, common dishwashing detergent (specifically 'Dawn'®)
jive the best results. The Hubbs' technique involves careful monitoring
E repeated washings and rinsings, but it too involved to detail here.

Lven the virtual certainty that zoo and aquarium workers on the West
Dast of North America will eventually be faced with oil-fouled marine
ammals, this research, in anticipation of the problem, should be seen as
Dth valuable and timely.

367

OTTER SPECIALISTS MEET IN SANTA CRUZ, ConUnaed

Pat Foster-Turley (Marine World Africa-USA) presented results from her
recently completed studbook on Asian Small-Clawed Otters (Aont/Xx (idjiQAQ,(l) .
Data from the studbook emphasized the high incidence of urinary stones in
this captive species; an obvious problem in need of further research. Joe
Davis (Brookfield Zoo) spoke on "Reproduction in African Spot-Necked Otters
( Hyd'LLCtdJ) m(lCLUiZd.(lolZAj> ) " . Davis has devised an otter breeding procedure
which has produced successful births each year since 1974. Cynthia Bennett:
(Santa Barbara Zoo) gave a paper on "Activity Profiles and Reproductive
Behavior in a Pair of Asian Clawless Otters [Aonyx C-lnaCAa} " . She spoke |
on the social activity, feeding regimen, and common occurance of urinary |
stones in this species of otter.

Pat Foster-Turley acted as chairperson for this symposium: the papers,
workshops, and field trips were well organized and were of a uniform high
quality. Regrettably, the same cannot be said for the daily business
coordination of the symposium; for example, promised pre-symposium mail-
ings failed to arrive, events and schedules were poorly publicized, room
and board allocations were muddled, and finance coordination was chaotic
at best. The sum of these, at times, contributed to a frenzied atmosphere. j
Even so, this symposium was vital, informative, and stimulating. No zoo
and/or aquarium that houses otters should fail to be represented at future j
meetings of this group. Publication of the symposium proceedings was |

discussed and details (date and press, etc) should be announced in the i

future. The Fifth International Otter Symposium, held biennially, is j

tentively scheduled for India in 1987.

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EXPEDITIONS PROGRAM

University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
y {415)642-6586

AMNQUNCENENT

The University of California Research
Expeditions Program (UREP) is current-

ly recruiting members for December field v

teams slated to investigate ant /plant
relationships in the pristine rainforests
of Costa Rica and to study the behavior

of Vlzcachas, a ground-burrowing cousin i \\,

of the chinchilla in the frontiers of

Patagonia. No previous experience is needed to join the expeditions,
which are led by University of California scholars. Contributions to
join the expeditions vary and are tax-deductible. People interested in
obtaining a free catalog describing these and other expedition offerings
in 1986, should contact University Research Expeditions Program, Univer-
sity of California, Desk D-10, Berkeley, CA 94720 or call (415) 642-6586.

Expeditions are generally two weeks in duration. Contribution for the
Costa Rican trip is $1135; Patagonia is $1285. A limited number of
scholarships are available to students. Contribution covers research
equipment and supplies, meals, lodging and ground transportation during
the project, preparatory materials, and a portion of the overall costs for
program planning and implementation. In February, March and May of 1986,
expeditions will journey to the Sea of Cortez to study the brown pelican.^

368

Research

hixon Griffis Fund For Zoological Research Awards Six Grants

’he Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research (NGFZR) , established in 1984
)y New Your Zoological Society Trustee Nixon Griffis, awarded six research
Irants on 25 September 1985.

|che recipients were:

Emil Dolensek, D.V.M. and Stephanie Combs, Ph.D., New York Zoological
Society: "Vitamin E status of certain ruminants at the Bronx Zoo".

Betsy L. Dresser, Ph.D., Cincinnati Zoo: "Embryo transfer between great-
er kudu and eland antelope".

Udo Ganslosser, Ph.D., Zoological Institut, Erlangen: "Social ethology
of captive macropods".

Katherine A. Houpt, V.N.D., Ph.D., Cornell University: "An international
study of social relationships of Przewalski horses".

Mary Kathryn Izard, Ph.D., Duke University Primate Center: "Hormones
and reproduction in female mongoose lemurs".

Christine D. Sheppard, Ph.D. and Stephanie Combs, Ph.D., New York
Zoological Society: "Determining nutritional requirements of exotic

birds".

lixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research grants are available to members
yf the zoo and aquarium community. Fund recipients may be keepers, cura-
;ors, veterinarians, or research and consulting biologists. Grants, not
;o exceed $3000, are awarded semi-annually. Closing periods are January
Lst and July 1st. For information about the Fund and grant application
srocedures, contact John Behler, Coordinator, Nixon Griffis Fund for
Zoological Research, c/o New York Zoological Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx,

n 10460.

NATURE'S WONVER

(jJmvQ. mb6 oi gold
CL6 natuAQ, un^olcU
ZYibcLYiXd youA pKlzz
with a cAyptlc gttue

CaptuAQ, with question- -

how i^ci6t? how much?
Powe/L6 ofj ^uggoJiHon--

Tlne. o-ltoA lime,

A,e,dli>c.oveA. youA. ^Ind

evolve, a new loach.

we o^ten ignore

Hie' 6 peAiecl deilgn.

(ileb oi amazement

each 6hand moAe compelling
a conlinaouA thread

VouA ta^k li Immense
cAeale wondeA,

oi the i>loAjy youA telling.

^UApAJjye

neveA Hop spinning the

wheAeioAe and whyi.

By NoAman GeA^henz, Animal KeepeA
San FAanclsco Zoo

369

Chapter

News

TOPEKA ZOO AAZK CHAPTER

The World Famous Topeka Zoo AAZK Chapter is pleased to announce the fol-
lowing newly elected officers:

President Becky Rogers Vice President .... .Valkyrie Kimball

Treasurer Alice Miser Secretary Michael A. Yznaga

The past few months have been busy for our Chapter. A Keeper garage sale
was held in August in our Zoo's public parking lot. During the annual
AnimalFair" this past Labor Day weekend, the Chapter had a booth set up
and manned by our AAZK Chapter members. A soft-sculpture "Keeper Doll"
was offered in a drawing with a suggested donation of 50c per chance.

Also offered during the day’s activities were 10 "Asian Elephant" acrylic
paint footprints for auction (on 15" x 20" composition poster boards).
Happily we recouped all costs on all the aforementioned activities and we
were able to add monies to our Chapter’s bank account.

— Sabm-i^ed by Ulckael- A. Vznaga, SecA^toAy

AAZK REGIONAL

COORDINATORS

i/acanay

- ME,VT,NH,MA,PJ,CT

l/aaancy

- NV

Gem Pftiladelph^a. loo

- PA,NJ,MV,VE

Angela Keppel, National loo

- VA,W,VA,V.C.

Lee Payne, Vet^iott Zoo

- MI

Lynne l/llle/L6, J ncUanapolt6 Zoo

- IN,0H,Ky

LoAAy SammoAco, Lincoln PoAk Zoo

- wr,n,M0,MN,JA

Vacancy

- TNMC,SC

Alan SkoAplcs, Atlanta Zoo

- EL,AL,GA,AR,MS,LA

Vacancy

- TX,NM,CO,KS,NE,SV,NV

LauAence Gledhlll, Woodland PoAk

Zoo - WA,0R,W,MT,WV,AK

Joanle Stinson, Phoenix Zoo

- CA,NV,AZ,UT,HL

Vacancy

- CANAVA

&

370

=innoancing . . .

including disinfection,
personnel hygiene and bibliography.

AAZK is pleased to announce
the availability of its new
publication ZOONOTIC DISEASES
This 56-page booklet details
the most common zoonotic di-
seases, offers guidelines for
preventive control and covers
personal hygiene and disin-
fection procedures.

The booklet, a cooperative
effort produced by the AAZK
Keeper Education Committee,
is produced in a 8i" by 11"
format hole punched for in-
sertion in a standard three-
ring binder (not included).

Copies may be purchased by
completing the order form
below. Prices are: $2.00
for Professional AAZK Mem-
bers; $3.50 for other AAZK
membership categories and
$5.00 for non-members. This
prices includes postage and
handling. Order from: Zoo-
notic Diseases, c/o AAZK
National Headquarters, 635
Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.
Make checks payable to "AAZK"

ZOONOTIC DISEASES ORDER FORM

lease send copy/copies of the AAZK Zoonotic Diseases Handbook

o:

mE:

DDRESS:

ITY: STATE: ZIP:

EMBERSHIP CATEGORY: P AF AS INST NON-MEM

OTAL AMOUNT INCLUDED: $

LEASE ALLOW 4-6 week delivery at Book Rate. NOTE: THOSE ORDERING FROM
UTSIDE THE U.S. AND CANADA SHOULD INCLUDE AN ADDITIONAL $2.00 FOR AIR
Ml SERVICE.

END ORDER FORM AND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MADE PAYABLE TO "AAZK" TO:

ZOONOTIC VISEASES
d/o AAZK Ncutlonat He.adqucULti2A6
635 Gage. Blvd,

Tope.ka, KS 66606

JmtltuutloyU) Making to advoAti^^ mploymznt oppoKtuLvuttoA oaq. (Ukdd to I
-6 end p2AtJjiQiLt data, by thu 15th o{i mck month to: OppontuyUty Knocks / AKV ,
635 Gage. Blvd. , Topeka, KS 66606. TheAe Tj> no choAge ^ok mch LUttng^ I
and phone- tn iUAttng^ ^oA po^ttlon^ whteh become avoUZable cto^e to dead-
line oAe accepted. VleoAe Include closing date6 ioA po^ltlovu available. '

ASSISTANT CURAT OR/ BIRDS . . . responsible for daily management of bird collec-
tion and supervision of keepers. Requires degree and demonstrated super-
visory experience. Will assist in all departmental operations. Salary
$25,399-$31 ,674. Send resume/references by 15 November to Personnel Of-
fice, Zoological Society of San Diego, P.O. Box 551, ^

San Diego, CA 92112. ^

PACHVVERM KEEPER. . .requires several years' experience in
handling /training of elephants. A degree is preferred,
but experience will be considered in lieu of education.
Will work as part of five-person team and participate in
training/demonstrations. Additional duties include main-
tenance of the hippo/rhino/tapir collection. Salary com-
mensurate with relevant experience. Send resume to: Ann
Petrie, Assistant Curator/Mammals, Chicago Zoological
Society, Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Blvd., Brookfield, IL
60513.

MAMMAL KEEPERS. .. requires two years' keeper experience.
Degree in zoology or related field preferred. Positions
available for hoofed stock and primates. Responsible for
daily feeding, maintenance, health and behavioral observa-
tions. Contact: Sam Winslow, Curator of Mammals, Audubon
Park & Zoological Garden, P.O. Box 4327, New Orleans, LA
70178 (504) 861-2537.

p

p

k

o

n

r

o

t

c

u

k

n

s

y

BIRV KEEPER. . .requires minimum of two years' avicultural experience with j|
zoo or other major collection. BS preferred. Starting salary commensur- a
ate with experience, plus benefits. Send resume to: Larry Shelton, Curatoj
of Birds, Philadelphia Zoological Garden, 34th Street & Girard Avenue, |
Philadelphia, PA 19104. jj

EVUCATION COORDINATOR. . . (position available December 1985) responsible for
planning/ imp 1 emen t ing education program for all ages, participating in the
development of interpretive graphics, Zoomobile and training/coordinating
docents, also provide care of Education Department's animal collection.
Send resume to Executive Director, Ross Park Zoo, 185 Park Avenue, Bing-
hampton, NY 13903. .

MOVING????

To insure uninterrupted delivery of AKF
please send address changes as soon as
possible to: ^

BoAboAa Man^peakeA, AdmlntstAotlve SecAetoAy
AAIK National HeadquoAteAA
635 Gage Blvd.

Topeka, KS

372

iime

ildress

I $20.00 Professional

I VuZt-tmo.

$25.00 International

Atl mmboA^ ouuti-ldz. tkz.

U.S. and Canada

$15.00 Library

Libna/iy -sub^cAlp-tCon only

Irectory Information : ZOO

)rk Area Special Interests

lil this application and check or money order (U.S. CURRENCY ONLY PLEASE) ,
lyable to American Association of Zoo Keepers, to: AAZK National Head-
larters, Topeka Zoo, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

jmbership includes a subscription to Animal Ke.C.peA^' Vo^um. The member-
lip card is good for free admission to many zoos and aquariums in the
, S. and Canada.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ilmal Ke.2.peA^ ’ VoKum publishes original papers and news items of inter-
3t to the Animal Keeping profession. Non-members are welcome to submit
rticles for consideration.

rticles should be typed or hand-printed. All illustrations, graphs and
ibles should be clearly marked, in final form, and should fit in a page
Lze no more than 6" x 10" (15cm x 25iicm) . Literature used should be
Lted in the text and in final bibliography. Avoid footnotes. Include
:ientific names. Black and white photos are accepted.

rticles sent to Animal K2.£.p2JLi>’ foA-um will be reviewed for publication.
) commitment is made to the author, but an effort will be made to pub-
Lsh articles as soon as possible. Those longer than three pages may be
iparated into monthly installments at the discretion of the editorial
raff. The editors reserve the right to edit material without consulta-
Lon unless approval is requested in writing by the author. Materials
ibmitted will not be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-
idressed envelope.

slephone contributions on late-breaking news or last minute insertions
:e accepted. However, phone-in contributions of long articles will not
2 accepted. The phone number is (913) 272-5821.

DEADLINE FOR EACH EDITION IS THE 15TH OF THE PRECEDING MONTH

AaIU.cI.qj> pAUnte.d do not nQ.c.QJ>^aAUly A-diluct tko.
optnloni) oi tko. Animal Kq.qjpqaj> ' foAum e.dltoAUal
^ta^i) oA. tko. AmoAtaan A^^ocUatUon ol loo /CeepeAA.

terns in this publication may be reprinted. Credit to this publication
s requested. Reprints may be ordered from the editor.

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

$15.00 Affiliate
OtkoA i>tall and volantQ.QAJ>

$15.00 Associate
Jndlvlduati, not conno-cto-d
Mlt-k an animal coAe ^acUllty

$50.00 Contributing
0A.ganlzatlon6 and Jndlvtduati>

AAZK MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Check here if renewal [ ]

NATl zoological park

L A 5 H I N G T 0 f'i z’ j C 2 0 0 0 8

NAr/Oyy_^-^

Animal

Keepers'

Forum

SPECIAL EDITION
December 1985

'icated to Professional Animal Care

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM, 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS 66606.

Executive
Managi ng
Associate

Alice Miser
Susan Chan
Ron Ringer

DECEMBER 1985
VOLUME TWELVE
NUMBER TWELVE

Editor:
Editor:
Edi tor:

AyUmaZ KeepeA.6’ VoAum (ISSN 0164-9531) is a monthly journal of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 635 Gage Blvd., Topeka, KS
66606. Five dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual pub-
lication costs of AyUmat Keepe^u’ foAiun, Second Class postage paid at
Topeka, KS. Postmaster: Please send address changes to:

AMERICAN/ ASSOCIATION/ OF ZOO KEEPERS, IN/C.
N/ATION/AL HEADQUARTERS, 635 GAGE BLl/D., TOPEKA, KS 66606
BaAbaAjCL UayupmkoA., AdmZyu^tnatlvo. S<i(iA.2XcULy

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kevin Conway, NZP Conservation & Research Center PKQ^ZdQ,yit

Front Royal, VA 22630

Jean Hromadka, San Diego Wild Animal Park (/Tce PH.(Li>Zd(Lyit

Escondido, CA 92025

Pat Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614

Frank B, Kohn, National Zoo, Washington, D.C. 20008

Oliver Claffey, Metro Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

Coordinator for Chapter Affairs

GoAoJid Payn^, VeX/ioTt loo

Continuing Keeper Education

Pat Samma/Lco, LtyicoZn Pcuik loo

Awards Committee

Rachel RogeAA, dlamt MctAo loo

Book Reviews Coordinator

VZanc PonAytk, A\uioyi loo

International Affairs Coordinator

VacayxX.

Research/Grants Committee

Ehmk Kohn, Natloyial loo

Legislative Action Committee

Becky RogeA6, Topeka loo

Public Education Committee

Jay JoAayi, Staten Inland loo

PROJECT HEADS

Staff Exchange

Elayid/ia Aum, Woodland Pa/ik loo

Program Library

Anyie M. Payne, VetAolt loo

Exhibit Design Form

Vtane Eon^yth, AkAon loo

Keeper Accommodations List

OtlveA Clayey, Metao Toaonto loo

Keeper Training Videotapes

iJJayne Buchanan, {JoodZand Pan.k loo

Animal Data Transfer Forms

BeAnte EeZdman, BuAnet PoJik loo

Membership Directory

Pcut SammoAco, Lincoln PoAk loo

Diet Notebook

BAett BannoA, Sooth floAlda ChapteA

Biological Values/Gestation

LoAAy BAolnoAd, San pAonclico loo

Library Resources ^

Kacl Thomp.i>on, Mitt MT. loo

Infant Development Notebook

Steven (JJlng, Hllwaokee loo

Keeper Training Materials Identification

Beth Pofjf), Mill Mountain loo

Reference Search

Liz McLaughlin, RogeA Williams P/^. loo! Jenny Renti^AoM, Mason, Ml

CO-DIRECTORS REGIONAL COORDINATORS

States East of the Mississippi - Vlane KAug, Ufilte Oak Plontcitaon, Vutee, FL
States West of the Mississippi - VebbeAa StecheA, Woodland PoAk loo , Seattle, (

Individual Regional CooAdlnatoAS and the states undeA thelA oveAslght oAe
listed elsewheAe In each lASue o^ Ayilmal KeepeAS’ FoAum.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conference '85 - Final Reflections 373

Scoops and Scuttlebutt 374

I Births and Hatchings 375

Coming Events 377

' Regional Coordinator's Report from Miami 378

Overview of the 1985 AAZK Board of Director's Annual Meeting 380

,! EluphayUiiluUi at the National Zoological Park 392

Chapter News/ Information Please 397

i

Educating the Public with Small Mammals 398

Reptile Care: Relating to the Inquiring Novice, Part 18 399

Reflections on Central Africa--Part 3 401

Evaluating Animal Exhibits & Husbandry with Day-Long Observations 403

Asian Small Clawed Otters at the Santa Barbara Zoo 410

Establishing a Wolf Pack at the Fresno Zoo 413

A Tamandua Reproduction Project: Further Progress ...417

Hand-Raising a Himilayan Black Bear 420

Hamadryas Baboon Research at Riverbanks Zoological Park 425

Polar Bear Reproduction at Riverbanks Zoological Park.... 427

Euthanasia as a Management Tool: A Case History 429

Asian Elephant Breeding Program at the San Diego Wild Animal Park 432

Successful Semen Collection from a Hand-Reared Cheetah 436

Utilizing the Handicapped in the Zoo 440

Breeding the Tawny Frogmouth at the Metro Toronto Zoo 444

Husbandry & Breeding of the Two-Colored Giant Squirrel at the

Wassenaar Zoo, Holland 448

Practical Aspects of the Husbandry & Maintenance of Magellanic

Penguins at the San Francisco Zoo 451

A Method of Analysis of the Activity Patterns of Lowland

Gorillas at the Miami Metro Zoo.. 465

Methods of Determining Estrus in a White Rhinoceros 472

Animal Care at the San Diego Zoo Hospital - A Generalist's

Approach to Specialized Animal Care 478

Management Problems with Maned Wolves at the Riverbanks Zoo 492

List of Regional Coordinators for AAZK 495

Opportunity Knocks 497

Index for Vol . XII, Nos. 1-12. 1985 498

From The Editor's Desk

Dear Members, j

The Editorial Staff of Animal Keepers' Forum is pleased to bring you f

this expanded December issue which contains some of our regular features j

as well as the proceedings and papers from the 1985 National AAZK Confer-
ence held this past October in Miami, FL. An overview of the annual meet- j
ing of the AAZK Board of Directors may be found on page 380. We encourage'
you to read this overview to become familiar with what the Association has
been doing during the past year. Should you find areas which are of par-
ticular interest to you, we would also encourage you to contact the person |
in charge of that project or committee and volunteer your time and talents.
Keepers working for the betterment of keepers, encouraging professional
growth and information exchange, is what AAZK is all about. This can only f
continue to be a reality when the membership contributes in a positive and i
productive way. Make this your year to become involved in an AAZK project.!!

We would also like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have f

contributed material to AKF during the past year. Without your support )
and willingness to share information, the Forum cannot grow and mature. t
In the January 1986 issue of AKF an article on "How To Write An Article ij
For AKF" will be published. We hope this will encourage those of you who ij

have been hesitant to submit material to do so in the future. A number of ti

changes are anticipated for AKF during 1986 - as the journal expands and ,,
membership input becomes greater, the staff is continually looking for waysj
to improve the way information is presented; ways which will hopefully make*
such information more useful to you. Your suggestions and comments are I
always welcome and we enjoy hearing from you. ^

This Special Edition will be sent to all members whose membership was
current as of 26 November 1985. A limited number of extra copies have ^

been ordered and may be purchased from National Headquarters for $6.00 I

each. I

Once again, our sincere thanks for your participation, encouragement and
continued support. We wish you all a wonderful holiday season and a New I
Year that is prosperous and fulfilling.

Sincerely,

SiJui>an V. Chan
Managing Editor

Atlce. l\lueA
Execatlve. E diton.

Ron Rtngen
A-6-6octatc EcUton

Final Reflections

:ONFERENCE ^85

CONFERENCE GROUP PHOTO

he South Florida AAZK Chapter is processing the group photo. When the
est shot is picked we will calculate the cost of reproducing the film
nd sending it out to the participating delegates. Anyone wishing to re-
eive a photo (if you are not in the picture) can send requests to:

South Florida AAZK - Group Photo
' 12400 S.W. 152nd Street

Miami, FL 33177

■AST CHANCE TO BUY MIAMI CONFERENCE T-SHIRTS

f you missed purchasing a T-shirt while A'f'
ttending the 1985 AAZK Conference in
liami, or would like another shirt -
lECEMBER 31 1985 will be the last date y
,0 order one. After this date no more ^
fill be available for sale. The design
,hown at right is printed in four colors x
m the following choice of shirts: ^

iolors Available: White, Lt. Grey and ^

•t. Tan.

lizes : Small, Medium, Large, and X-Large.

Cost: Shirts are $8.50 each plus $1.25
'or postage and handling.

~o Order: Send you name and complete mailing address, number of shirts
lesired, colors desired and sizes needed along with a check or money
)rder made payable to "South Florida AAZK Chapter" to: South. Vtontda AAZK
:kaptQA, 12400 S.W. 152nd. St., Wiaml, FL 331 77.

REMEMBER NO ORDERS TAKEN AFTER DECEMBER 31 1985

lelZo i^om (jUtnntpeg,

bQ,kaZ{^ oi the, A^^tntbotne. Pa/tk Zooke,e,peA' 6 A66ocMitlon, we mutd Itke,

'10 (Longnatatoite, the. South FloAtda AAZK ChapteA on theJji 4acee64 wfX/t ho^t-
',ng the. 19S5 AAZK Hatlonal ConieAe,nc.e. tn Ulamt. In poAtlculoA, deZe.gate^
i-^om A^^tntbotne. Pcuik Zoo app/ie.cJ,ate. and applaud Mtamt'6 ivoAk and e.iioHt.

',n ofigantztng and ho6ttng th^ tmpontant annual e.ve,nt.

'he. A^^tntbotm PoJik Zoofeeeep^'4 Ai^hoetatton, A66tntbotm ?an.k Zoo and
'ihe. Ctty oi (iltnntpe.g aon-dlally Invite, you and ^etloiv zoofeeepeAZ> and ahi>oc,-
'joteA to make, plan6 nouj to atte.nd the, 1986 National Con^etience. AAZK
l^xt Se.ptembeA In luJlnntpeg .

Je. lnte.nd to ho^t the, Con^^/Lence with the, heme, gKe.at e.nthuAlahm and hplnit
ih Ih the. tnaditlon oi paht AAZK Conie.n.e,nc.eA . (nJlnulpeg and ith pe,ople, have,
nuch to oiieA vlhitlng deZe,gateA, and with youJi help and ouAh, we, will tAuly
uLve, a gK.e,at "AhhocJjxtton oi Zooke.e.peAh>" . Be huA^ and watjah ^on. a hpe.ctal
oull-out eon^cAenee huAve,y In the, January 1986 ihhue. o^ AKF. Sy filling thlh
fut S ^etuAnlng it to uh, you can make youA deAiAeA and huggeAttonh ^on. 1986
lon^eAcncc actlvitleA known and ahhlht ua In ouK. planning.

— 1986 Con^eAcncc Committee

373

Scoops

and

Scuttlebutt

FROM THE 1985 AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

The South Florida AAZK Chapter sincerely wishes to thank all those who
attended the 1985 AAZK National Conference held in Miami. A total of 200
delegates representing 56 institutions from 24 states, 2 provinces and
3 delagates from the Netherlands were in attendance. It was a great suc-
cess and it was your presence that made it one of the best conferences
ever! Thanks again, and we look forward to seeing you all next year in
Winnipeg !

NEW ADDRESS FOR 'THINK SAFETY' CONTRIBUTIONS

All contributions for the 'Think Safety' column should be sent to Jillian I
Grade, 1850 W. Wabansia St., Chicago, IL 60622. Mail which was sent to "
the International Bird House after October 1984 was held there and was ]
neither forwarded nor returned to senders. Please note in membership \

directories that Jillian Grade is no longer employed at the International 1
Bird House. The Wabansia address is her current residence. '<■

(1

1986 AAZK REGIONAL SITE ANNOUNCED

I

Andy Lodge, President of the Columbus Chapter AAZK, has announced that
the 1986 Great Lakes Regional AAZK Conference will be held in Columbus, |
OH from 4-7 May. They are already working on their program, and with the j|
help of their excellent staff and volunteers, plan to make this an out- f
standing conference. More information about this conference will appear
in upcoming issues of AKF.

FROM THE LIBRARY RESOURCES COORDINATOR

I

Library Resources Coordinator Kaci Thompson has brought to our attention j,

that Recent Literature of Mammology, a special publication of the American|j
Society of Mammologists , ceased publication last month. This quarterly f
bibliography of recent journal articles has proven to be a valuable tool jj
for many keepers. Kaci encourages those who wish to protest the demise j
of this publication to contact Gordon L. Kirkland Jr., Secretary-Treasurer |
Vertebrate Museum, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg , PA 17257. Per- |
haps if enough of us speak up, the publication will be continued. I

BOARD OF DIRECTORS ANNOUNCES MEMBERSHIP FEE INCREASES !

Inflation is a fact of life, even for non-profit organizations. During j
the past couple of years price increases for printing, postage, etc. have 'ii
continued to take a bigger and bigger bite out of the AAZK budget. Due |
to the increased costs of maintaing the Association at its current level, |
and hopefully increasing the quality of services offered members in the
future, the Board of Directors voted at the 1985 annual meeting to increaslj
the membership dues as follows: After 1 J anuary 1986, Professional annual I^j
dues will be $25.00; Affiliate annual dues will be $20.00. Associate feesii
were already increased earlier this year from $10.00 to $15.00 and will |
remain at $15.00 annually. Contributing member annual dues remain at i
$50.00. International member fees, regardless of membership category, are 1
$25.00 annually. It is hoped that members will recognize the necessity |j
for these fee increases and continue to support AAZK. As a professional ||
organization working hard to achieve the stated goals of AAZK in educa-
tion and communication, the Association must also live with the economic
facts of life and your continued support and commitment are greatly ap-
preciated.

374

Births|^ Hatchings

ITTLE ROCK ZOO Vcbby Nagel

huly through September 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.3 Rock cavy, 1.2
feoffroy*s cat, 0.0.1 Brown lemur (DNS), 1.3 Bobcat, 1.0 Blackbuck, 0.1
iinturong, 0.0.1 Patagonian cavy (DNS), 0.1 Guanaco; Birds - 0.0.4 Ringed
;eal (2 DNS), 0.1.6 Roul roul (3 DNS), 0.0.11 Wood duck, 0.0.6 Rhea (6 DNS),
).0.9 White-face whistling duck (8 DNS), 0.0.1 Umbrella cockatoo; Reptiles -
).0.3 California kingsnake, 0.0.2 Day gecko, 0.0.2 Cantil, 0.0.1 Cottonmouth,
).0.16 Corn snake, 0.0.1 Red spitting cobra.

"ULSA ZOO. Jcunlae Johnson Sho^e^

s&H from 21 May to 17 September 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Squirrel
lonkey, 1.1 California sea lion, 5.1 White-tail deer, 1.0 Diana guenon,

-.0 Giraffe, 0.1 Sicilian donkey, 1.0 Greater kudu, 1.0 Mandrill baboon,

).l Grant's gazelle; Birds - 0.0.3 Plush-crested jay, 0.0.2 Eastern wild
:urkey, 0.0.9 Gambel's quail, 0.0.6 Peafowl; Herptiles - 0.0.1 Cascabel
rattlesnake, 0.0.18 Green basilisk lizard, 0.0.1 Arizona mountain kingsnake,
).0.13 Western diamondback rattlesnake, and 0.0.7 American alligator.

iOODLAND PARK ZOO Hanmonij VnazleA-Tayton.

September 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Wallaroo, 0.0.1 Sloth; Birds -
).0.3 Monk parakeet, 0.0.4 Blue-crowned motmot, 0.0.2 Silver- tbraoted
ranager (DNS): Herptiles - 0.0.3 Leopard gecko.

^0UST0N ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.... Hago LakeJia

J&H for September 1985 include: Mammals - 1.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.1
lyala, 1.0 Besia oryx, 1.0 Nubian giraffe, 1.0 Spectacled langur, 0.0.2
^esser galago, 0.0.1 Tree shrew, 1.0 Llama; Birds - 0.2.1 Gray's curassow,
).0.3 Red-crested touraco, 0.0.2 White-cheeked touraco, 0.0.1 Violaceous
iouraco, 0.0.1 Schalow's touraco, 0.0.2 Green-winged dove, 0.0.3 Java
sparrow, 0.0.5 Ringed teal, 0.0.3 Fulvous whistling duck; Herptiles -
3.0.4 Elaphe jlavlnaia poAdotina and 0.0.3 laaeAJja leplda,

^lAMI METROZOO LoaI Bmckhejjn

September 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 2.0 Dama gazelle, 0.1 Nilgai, 1.0
Nyala, 1.1 Eland, 0.1 Sable, 0.1 Slender horned gazelle, 0.1 Cape buffalo,
13.1 Scimitar-horned oryx, 0.1 Bongo (DNS) , 1.0 Malayan sun bear; Birds -
3.0.1 White-faced tree duck, 0.0.1 Abyssinian ground hornbill, 0.0.1 Sarus
prane, and 0.0.3 East African crowned crane.

m ANTONIO ZOO Vtbl Reed

IB&H for September 1985 include: Mammals - 0.0.1 Gelada, 0.1 Three-banded
(armadillo, 0.1 Kinkajou, 1.1 Collard peccary, 1.0 Giraffe (DNS), 1.0 Cape
buffalo, 1.1 Addax, 0.1 Brindled gnu (DNS), 0.3 Blackbuck (0.2 DNS), 1.0
iiSpeke's gazelle, 0.1 Springbok, 1.1 Aoudad, 1.0 Mouflon; Birds - 0.0.2
ijSacred ibis, 0.0.2 Scarlet ibis (1 DNS), 0.0.2 Diamond dove (DNS), 0.0.1
:!Bartlett's bleeding heart dove, 0.0.2 Lilac-breasted roller (DNS), 0.0.1
jiloco toucan (DNS), 0.0.1 Diamond fire-tailed finch (DNS); Reptiles -
0.0.2 Chinese crocodile lizard (DNS - 1st time in collection), 0.0.2
Idonduran milksnake; Invertebrates - 0.1 Tarantula, 0.0.1 Atlantic star-
ifish (DNS).

375

BIRTHS AND HATCHINGS, Contlyiu2.d

Work has begun on our Great Barrier Reef Exhibit, the last phase of the
Children’s Zoo. It will be ready for our 1986 summer season. The 1985
IWWA/APWS conference that was hosted by the zoo in October went very well,
with approximately 150 attendees. Our AAZK chapter sold T-shirts at the
conference and made a respectable profit. We would recommend this as a
fund-raiser to other chapters and would be glad to provide information.

BUSCH GARDENS/TAMPA Siuan Racklzy .

October 1985 B&H include: Mammals -2.3 Thomson's gazelle, 4.1 Nyala, 1.0
Grant's gazelle, 1.0 Scimitar-horned oryx, 1.0 Muntjac deer, 0.0.2 Chim-
panzee; Birds - 0.0.3 Chilean flamingo, 0.0.2 East African crowned crane,
0.0.2 Scaley-breasted lorikeet, 0.0.1 Triangular spotted pigeon, 0.0.1
Superb starling. I

DALLAS ZOO Sandy UpckuAch

B&H for September and October 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Suni, 0.1 Grevy'i
zebra, 3.3 Serval, 0.1 Addra gazelle, 1.0 Cape buffalo, 1.0 Addax, 1.0 |

Klipspringer , 1.0 Greater kudu; Birds - 0.0.1 White-headed piping guan;
Reptiles - 0.0.9 Pueblan kingsnake, 0.0.11 Sinaloan kingsnake, 0.0.7 Grey- i
banded kingsnake, 0.0.3 Jalisco kingsnake, 0.0.1 Poison dart frog, 0.0.5 '

Trans-Pecos ratsnake, 5.3 Green tree python. ;

SEDGWICK COUNTY ZOO TeAAxe CoJViM ‘

October 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 2.1 Guanaco, 0.0.1 Northern waterbuck, .j
0.1 Alpaca, 0.0.1 Goeldi's monkey; Birds - 0.0.1 Bali mynah; Reptiles - ^

0.0.2 Sunberg's day gecko. Acquisitions included: 1.0 White-lipped tree
viper, 0.0.2 Lilford's crane, 2.2 Red spurfowl, 0.1 Moluccan cockatoo, !;

0.2 New Zealand gecko, 0.0.2 Blue- tongue skink, 0.4 Snake-necked turtle, |

0.0.2 Red-crested cardinal and 1.0 Boa constrictor. ‘|

MILWAUKEE COUNTY ZOO Ccuiol J. Boyd

B&H for September and October 1985 include: Mammals - 1.0 Springhaas, , 0.0.!
Vampire bat, 0.0.1 Diana monkey, 0.0.1 Mountain fruit bat, 0.0.2 Grass j
mouse, 0.0.3 Bat-eared fox, 0.0.1 Kangaroo; Birds - 0.0.1 Speckled mouse-

bird. I

VIRGINIA ZOOLOGICAL PARK Gary D. Ochsenbein ;

July through October 1985 B&H include: Mammals - 0.2 Gambian giant pouched |
rat, 2.1 Aoudad (1.1 twins), 2 Bennett's wallaby, 0.1 Muntjac, 0.0.7 Nutrij
Birds - 11 Common rhea; Reptiles - 8 Honduran milk snake.

376

Coming Events

SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT

FOR ZOO AND AQUARIUM PERSONNEL

February 2-6, 1986 Wheeling, W. VA.

leld at Wilson Lodge, Ogelbay Park. Contact Dora Shell, North Carolina
state University, Division of Continuing Education, P.O. Box 5125, Raleigh,
1C 27650 (919) 737-2261.

THE FIFTH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM OF
THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REHAB ILITATORS ASSOCIATION

February 19-23, 1986 Boston, MA

losted by the New England Wildlife Center, the symposium will be held at
:he Park Plaza Hotel. Symposium will include paper sessions, workshops
md open panel discussions. For further information contact: Dr. Vaughn
ll. Pratt, Executive Director, New England Wildlife Center, 146 A Justice
lushing Highway, Hingham, MA 02043 (617) 749-5387 or 749-1248.

1986 AAZPA REGIONAL CONFERENCES

Southern Regional - Greater Baton Rouge Zoo, 16-18 March, 1986: for more
information contact: Barbara Gorman, Greater Baton
Rouge Zoo, Box 60, Baker, LA 70714 (504) 775-3877.

’/Western Regional - Point Defiance Zoo, 13-15 April 1986: for more infor-
mation contact: Tom Otten, Director, Point Defiance
Zoo & Aquarium, Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, WA 98407
(206) 591-5337.

Ireat Lakes Regional - Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 27-29 April
1986: for more information contact: Mary Beth Garr,
Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, 10001 W. Bluemound
Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 771-3040.

Slortheastern Regional - Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, 4-6 May 1986: for more
information contact: Laura Kezer, Mystic Marinelife
Aquarium, Sea Research Foundation, Inc., Mystic, CT
06355 (203) 536-9631.

Central Regional - Fort Worth Zoological Park, 18020 May 1986: for

I more information contact: Dudley Brown, Fort Worth

Zoological Park, 2727 Zoological Park Dr., Fort Worth,
TX 76110 (817) 870-7050.

1986 AAZK GREAT LAKES REGIONAL CONFERENCE

May 4-7 1986 Columbus, OH

Hosted by the Columbus Zoo Chapter of AAZK. Watch upcoming issues of
AKF for further information and details.

12TH ANNUAL AAZK NATIONAL CONFERENCE

; Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 1986 Winnipeg, Manitoba

jHosted by the Assiniboine Park Zookeeper’s Association, a chapter of AAZK.

377

Regional Coordinator's Report From Miami

f/Lom: VXam Khag - R,C, VAjinctoA. the, EcuteAn Re,gton

Ve,bbeAa Ste-cheA - R.C. 'DtAe,cXoA oi the, We^toAn Re,gton

During the Miami Conference we got together and discussed the R.C. posi-
tions and what changes could be made to improve the system and create a
more involved program for all who participate. The following proposals
were formulated:

1. Print-outs of current membership lists will be sent out to all RCs with
the following information: (a) name, (b) mailing address, (c) membershi]
category, (d) expiration date for those members in their region.

The print-outs will be sent in the mail to be received by all RCs no
later than 1 July and 1 December.

2. RCs will be responsible for two reports due to their directors on

1 February (starting 2/1/86) and 1 August. Reports are to contain the
following: (a) what contacts have been made in the last six months;

(b) assessments of print-outs (new members /drop-out rates); (c) local,
chapter projects and activities.

3. Director reports will be due 1 March and 1 September. Each director
will receive a copy of the other’s report at this time. RCs will
receive both reports from Eastern and Western regions some time after '
30 March and 30 September.

4. All RCs and directors will receive pre-paid postcards from National

Headquarters to be used for easy RC program coorespondence . j

5. Animal Keepers* Forum - all RC work phone numbers will be listed in

the AKF is a designated area each issue. Home phone numbers will be
listed by consent only. j

The Directors of the R.C. Program will continue to inform the AAZK
membership of current and present changes in the system by placing
articles in future issues of the Forum.

6. AAZPA Regional Conferences - RCs or Directors must attend these func-
tions to give a AAZK State of the Association Report and to manage
an AAZK membership display table.

The following are the addresses and phone numbers for the Directors of
the AAZK Regional Coordinator System:

EcUitoAn Reg ton - Vtane Knag

Whtte Oak Rlantatton
Route 3, Box 226
Vulee, EL 320%1

hornet (972) 729-5726
mnkt (972) 225-9559

WeJiteAn Regton: Vebbena SteeheA

hornet [206] 745-8T9S
mnkt [206] 625-5402

Woodland PoAk loo
5500 Phtnney Aue. hJonth
Seattle, WA 9S103

378

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OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK
BOARD OF DIRECTOR'S ANNUAL MEETING

Scuan Chan, Managing Editor
and

Jean Hn.omadka, AAIK U-lce. ?/ii2J>ld^nt

SubmdXt^d by

The meeting was called to order on 20 October 1985 at 8:25 a.m. by Presi-
dent Kevin Conway. Board members present were; Pat Sammarco, Frank Kohn,
Jean Hromadka and Oliver Claffey. Susan Chan served as recording secre-
tary. An additional wrap-up meeting was held on 21 October 1985 with
all members present.

It was voted that written reports submitted by proj ect /committee heads
would not be read at this meeting but would be accepted into the minutes
as submitted by the chairpersons. All Board members received copies of
these reports prior to the annual meeting.

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS - report submitted by Dolly Clark

While membership continue to increase at a modest rate, it was suggested
that AAZK mount some type of major membership campaign in 1986. The
expansion of projects and their scope entails larger monetary needs and
since membership dues are the single most important revenue source, such
a drive to increase memberships would allows the Association to pursue
it projects with greater financial solvency. National will pursue a
follow-up on members who have dropped in recent years to determine why
they dropped and encourage their rejoining. The membership count at the
time of this report (8-28-85) was 1,883. Avenues for increasing member-
ships will be pursued utilizing the RC System, zoological society mailings
and a possible colleges/university membership and career bulletin board
project. While favoring a membership campaign, Jean Hromadka stressed
that current projects should be completed before new ones are taken on.
National will be pursuing AAZK’s reclassification with the IRS so that
we may receive fund donations in a manner which will allow the donor to
receive a "tax deductible contribution”. Barbara Manspeaker was hired
in September 1985 to replace Dolly Clark as Administrative Secretary for
the Association.

On recommendation from National, the Board of Directors increased the
membership fees as follows: Professional from $20 to $25; Affiliate from
$15.00 to $20. The Associate fee, which was raised previously to $15
remains the same as does Contributing ($50) and International ($25) .

These revised fees go into effect as of 1 January 1986.

The Board voted to continue the insurance policy to cover loss of equip-
ment at National. A more efficient bookkeeping system is being set up
and will ease filing required forms with the IRS. The Board voted to
assess a $10 charge for all returned checks to National.

The Board voted to increase the wages for Managing Editor Susan Chan from
$5.50 to $6.00 per hour. Barbara Manspeaker was hired at a starting
salary of $5.00 per hour.

Discussion on whether the AAZK logo should be redrawn thus offering a
clearer, sharper image for reproduction concluded that this project should
be investigated by the Board with assistance from National.

380

\!^ OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, ConUnu^d

In appreciation for her years of service to AAZK, a suitably inscribed
, plaque was prepared for Dolly Clark. Since she was not in attendance at
the Conference, Jean Hromadka will mail it to here with a note of thanks
I from the Board.

CHAPTER AFFAIRS - report submitted by Lee Payne

There are currently 42 Chapters listed in the active file and chapter
formation packets have been sent out to eleven other zoos. Lee has
suggested having Chapters pay their renewal fees either in January or
I July of each year (i.e. A-L in July and M-Z in January). This would
make for easier bookkeeping and maintenance of current chapter files.

1 Lee plans to publish a list of current Chapters in an upcoming issue of
' AKF, to continue reporting Chapter News for the publication, and to try
and get input from keepers/chapters on how they handle keeper apathy and
! what to do about it in regards to participation in AAZK and the local
chapter. Expenses of approximately $25 were logged for 1985 which Lee
! has donated to AAZK. A budget for $50 for 1986 was requested and approved.
President Conway stressed the need to coordinate mutual goals and concerns
of Chapter Affairs Coordinator and the Regional Coordinators.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS- no report submitted

Connie Cloak has resigned a International Affairs Coordinator and replace-
ment candidates for this position were suggested. Kevin will contact the
proposed individuals to ascertain their interest and commitment. This
project's primary function is to keep in contact with our international
members and to coordinate the exchange of information and mutual assistance
between AAZK and our sister organization ABWAK and ASZK. A copy of this
State of the Association statement will be sent to these organizations.

A budget of $50 was approved to cover postage and miscellaneous expenses.

NOMINATIONS & ELECTION COMMITTEE - no report submitted

Lynne Villers served as chairperson for this committee during 1985. The
committee solicitated nominations for the election of two new board mem-
bers and coordinated the mailing of ballots to all professional AAZK
members. The committee then tabulated the ballots, which were notarized,
and announced Kerry Hoffman, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Susan M.
Barnard, Atlanta Zoo, as the newly elected members. A lack of nomina-
tions by the 1st deadline proved a problem this year and it was decided
by the Board that the N&E committee should be instructed to allow for
more lead time for individuals to place their nominations prior to an
election. The need for a more standardized form to be used by nomina-
tors was also discussed and Pat Sammarco will check into one which had
been used in the past and advise the committee of its content in prepara-
tions for the 1987 election. This should alleviate the problems of
discrepancy of information provided National for ballot preparation.

Frank Kohn suggested that a new N&E committee be selected and become
active 1 January 1986. This committee will consist of four members and
a chairperson. This committee needs to be in close contact with both
the AAZK President and National. They will be required to notify the
president with the election results no later than 9/20/87 and to submit
a full report to the Board no later than 10/1/87. By having the committee
activated in a non-election year, much of the ground work for the upcoming
election can be completed allowing more time for verification of the
qualification of candidates etc. It was approved by the Board to have
at least a chairperson in place by 1 January 1986. The following would
be the proposed schedule leading to the 1987 election: June '86 - call

381

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, CowUnazd

for nominations in AKF; December *86 - second notice for nominations;
January *87 - final notice for nominations; Candidate verification by
April *87; voting in June *87; notification of winners by 1 August *87.
This timetable would hopefully allow for newly elected board members to
make plans to attend the national conference where they could sit in on
the meetings prior to taking up their posts effective 1 Jan. 1988. A
budget of $50 for 1986 was approved to cover correspondence and postage
costs .

REGIONAL COORDINATORS - report submitted by Debbera Stecher

The Regional Coordinator system is being reorganized under the co-chair
of Debbera Stecher and Diane Krug. Debbera is coordinator for those states!
west of the Mississippi and Diane for those states east of the Mississippi.
Debbera stressed the need to set yearly obtainable goals and to have a
defined list of responsibilities for regional coordinators to follow. |

Lack of communication between RCs and members in their regions was cited |
as a major problem. Debbera requested a twice-yearly print-out from |

National showing members names, addresses, zoo affiliation, years as a
member, renewal date, chapter offices held, etc. While this information
is not all currently available on the computer. National will attempt to
process such and make it available to the RC coordinators. Pre-metered
postcards will be made available to RCs to use in contacting members in
their areas. RCs will be required to submit semi-annual reports to both
the Board of Directors and the RC Coordinators. Debbera is checking into
obtaining a low-cost long-distance package to enable coordinators to
handle some business by telephone. The RC co-chairs have requested that j
the listing of RCs in AKF be standardized and will include both the work |
and home phone numbers of participants unless an RC requests that this |

not be included. Nearly all the RC positions are filled and an updated
listing should appear by the January AKF . Regional Co-Chairs will en- !
courage AAZK participation in regional AAZPA conferences and at President ;
Conway *s suggestion will maintain close contact with Chapter Affairs :

Coordinator Lee Payne. A budget of $150 was approved for 1986.

CONTINUING KEEPER EDUCATION COMMITTEE - report submitted by Pat Sammarco '

Board members continue their oversight of the various projects within
this committee and Pat Sammarco continues as Coordinator.

Zoo/U List - the list currently stands at 35 institutions offering j

classes or courses directly related to captive wild animal care. This I

list is now available from National for a 39C, legal-sized, self-addressed Ij

envelope. Updates are printed in AKF. Budget request of $22 for 1986
approved. Pat also asked that a volunteer be found to continue this
project with occasional updates now that it has been established. 1

Staff Exchange - Coordinator Elandra Aum reported that 54 institutions jj
are now enrolled. This committee plans to complete during 1986: (1) |

a survey of the registered institutions to' discover what exchanges have
taken place; (2) update the registration of member institutions; and ||

(3) send out a solicitation mailing to those institutions not already i,

registered. The Board stressed the need for the Staff Exchange Program j

to be made highly visible through AKF to let members know what it is, how
it works and to get reports of keepers who have participated in exchanges
published. Elandra was instructed to send updates on the project both to i
the Board and to National, including upcoming survey results. Elandra had
proposed trying to get Australian zoos into the registry but it was suggest]
ed by Pat Sammarco that the Australian zoos should set up and maintain

382

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, Continued

their own staff exchange system independently and then both groups could
share information and results of their efforts. A budget of $250 was
tentatively approved if priority guidleines are followed as per Board
request .

AAZK/AAZPA Liaison ~ has been valuable and productive with Brandy
Pound leading AAZK to contact with the International Zoo Educators and
the Zoo Library Group. Again this year there was an AAZK session schedul-
ed within the AAZPA National Conference to present our staff education
efforts and materials, and to encourage the development of staff training
programs at zoological institutions. We received a good response and
much interest from the showing of the "Feeds and Feeding" videotape.

Brandy has been in communication with AAZPA about coordinating our efforts
in staff training so that we compliment rather than duplicate each other's
projects. No budget was requested for 1986.

Continuing Keeper Education Column - submissions have been fairly
regular to AKF and have been used to keep our members aware of committee
activity, and the availability of educational opportunities. She will
continue to solicit individuals to write articles on continuing education

for this column.

Manual Review - Chairperson Beth Poff reports that this committee has
been renamed to more accurately reflect the scope of its activities. It
will henceforth be known as the Keeper Training Materials Identification
Project. The committee is currently working with gathering materials
including manuals, video tapes and films on keeper training. Through
direct correspondence and a survey printed in AKF, the committee has
identified what types of materials are available and what these materials
cover. The whole committee reviews each piece of material and then one
committee member is selected to maintain updates etc. on that particular
phase of the project (i.e. manuals, video tape etc.) As different phases
of the project are completed information on them will appear in the Forum .
A budget of $75 for postage and copying fees was requested and approved.

Library Resources - Chairperson Kaci Thompson reports that this
project has been expanded from maintaining a list of special interest
libraries to making keepers more aware of how to utilize libraries and
locate printed sources of information. The AAZPA Librarians Group will
work cooperatively with the AAZK Library group on future projects which
will benefit both groups. The committee is also working on compiling
a recommended personal library book list for keepers. The final list
jwould then be published in AKF. Plans for the future also call for
larticles on Inter-Library loans and specific zoo library collections.
iThe Library Resources Project and the Reference Search Project will now
I serve as cooperative liaisons for making information sources known to
j members. A budget of $350 was tentatively approved and will be available
to this committee if justification for the expenditures can be shown.

[If not, a $50 budget to cover correspondence and postage will be given.

j Zoo Keeper Husbandry Fundamentals - Co-editor Pat Sammarco reports
jthat this project is taking longer than originally anticipated to complete
but is progressing well. Associate editors are continuing to research
■and to write their sections. Expanded outlines for the various sections
[are being fleshed out and it is hoped within the next year that the
lassembled material will be ready to put into manuscript form in prepara-
jtion for publication. The proposed manual has been retitled An Approach
j To Zoo Keeping and is intended to present basic concepts, attitudes and
techniques of the profession. Pat reported that Mike Coker, Topeka Zoo,
has resigned as associate editor for the small mammals section and a re-

383

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, ConjUnaad

placement for this position will be solicited. Pat reported that Santa [

Fe Teaching Zoo has expressed interest in the manual once completed and
this could prove a ready made market for its distribution. The possi-
bility of distribution through a zoo book service will also be considered.

A budget of $150 was approved to cover costs of postage and miscellaneous
expenses related to the project.

In final remarks concerning the Keeper Education Committee, Pat Sammarco
reported that CAUZA (the Consortium of Aquariums, Universities and Zoos)
has requested an endorsement by AAZK. Until research of what the im-
plications of such a statement of endorsement may mean for AAZK, Pat ,

suggested a letter of support be sent them and that we maintain a liaison i
with this group. The Board voted to approve Pat as liaison with CAUZA.

A general expenses budget of $50 was approved for administering the |

Keeper Education Committee. !

Public Education Committee - this project has been moved out of the ;
Keeper Education Committee oversight and into that of Information and {

Related Services. Chairperson Jay Jasan proposed the names of those i

individuals to serve on the committee and they were approved. The |

purpose of this committee remains to explore, define and promote the role
of keepers in formal education programs for the public. Projects which
the committee is currently working on include: (1) a Zoo Question Booklet
which would provide answers to commonly asked questions; (2) a Zookeeper
Display to be used at career fairs; (3) a Program Directory which would !
list and briefly describe programs involving keepers in public education.

Jay stressed the need for information input from the membership for the
successful completion of these projects. Frank Kohn proposed that the
Public Education Committee work with the RC program in promoting member-
ship in AAZK. He suggested the use of some type of membership display 1

bulletin board at colleges and universities. Jay will investigate the
possibilities of this proposal. Kevin Conway suggested that the proposed ^
Zookeeper Display might be more effective if done in a videotape format
rather than a static display. He encouraged Jay to confer with Wayne
Buchanan, AAZK Keeper Training Video Tape Coordinator, to explore the^
possibilities for such a video. A budget of $52.80 to cover the committee i
postage expenses was proposed and approved.

Program Library - according to Program Librarian Anne Payne, the pur- !
pose of this project is to collect programs (scripts, slides, videotapes) j
and have them available for rental to Chapters and others wishing programs
for meetings. There are currently eleven programs in the library and more ^
are due to be added soon. Anne also reported that she will be contacting
those individuals presenting papers at the Miami conference to encourage
them to supply a copy of their program to the Library. She has set up j
a special checking account to handle reimbursements to such individuals
for copying fees. Rental fees for programs are $5.00 plus postage fees.

A complete list of available programs can be received by contacting Anne
at the Detroit Zoo. She anticipates publishing a list of these programs |
in an early 1986 issue of A budget of $75 to cover reimbursement f

costs was proposed and approved.

Keeper Training Videotape Project - project coordinator Wayne Buchanan
reported that this project has been very successful with many requests for
both the Safety and Feeds and Feeding tapes. Orders for 14 copies of the .
Safety tape and 33 copies of the Feeds tape have been filled as of 8-15-85.,
Funds generated by the sale of these videotapes is available to f inanciall};!
assist others in producing more tapes. A video program, on How To Make A j

384

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, CoruUnu^d

Training Video Tape" is being prepared and will be available for a rental
fee of $5.00 to assist those who would like to try their hand at this
medium. Wayne reports that the project is financially sound and no budget
for 1986 was requested.

In a related matter. Bob Debets of the 1986 Winnipeg Conference Committee
lis proposing that the proceedings of that conference be videotaped. These
tapes could then be used by Chapters for programs. Distribution would
imost likely be through the Program Library. Bob reported that he was
[seeking technical assistance and hoped that this project could be funded
iby either chapter or conference revenues. Wayne Buchanan suggested that
funds from the Keeper Training Video Tape Project could be used if Winni-
peg needs financial assistance. The Board approved this project and has
asked to be kept informed on costs as conference time approaches.

Professional Standards Committee ~ Chairperson Jan McCoy reported that
this committee has completed its initial goals and have completed a final
report on survey results. This will be published in a upcoming issue of
AKF . The committee’s response from institutions surveyed was very good
and the results have been made available to those institutions. No budget
was requested for 1986. President Conway proposed that this committee now
be dissolved since its work has been completed but that it still be main-
tained on the AAZK Administrative List as an information resource. This
was approved by the Board.

Infant Development Notebook - under the new chairmanship of Steven
Wing, this project is redefining its goals and methods for completion.

Kaci Thompson has been appointed to the committee and others will be
added as the work load necessitates. Pat Sammarco, in relaying the
history of the project’s original intent, noted that the notebook was
ho be formated in a loose-leaf binder so that periodic updates could be
easily added. It would Include primarily keeper observations on techniques
of mother-rearing. The Board approved a bulk mailing of a data collection
form to institutions and individuals to gather needed inf ormation . Steven
will draw up a composite form to get the project started and a sample of

this form will appear in AKF. Since costs for this project are unknown at

this time, no budget was requested, but the Board approved an Initial
$50 budget to cover postage and miscellaneous expenses.

Membership Services Brochure - the initial printing of this brochure
Aas been completed with copies sent to National and made available at
the Miami conference. A major problem with the brochure is that infor-

nation on project heads, prices etc. is in constant flux and this makes

It difficult to keep it up to date. Because of this factor, the general
Intent of the brochure will be changed before the next printing. It will
low cover only a general description of projects and committees giving
their scope and projected goals and will not include specific names,
addresses etc. It will reference National as a source of this specific
information, Beth will be submitting an article to AKF explaining the
irochure, where to get it and cutoff dates for revisions. A budget of
?200 was approved for 1986.

AAZK Logo T-Shirts - this project is handled by the Phoenix Chapter
if AAZK and the report was submitted by Chapter President Joanie Stinson,
rhe project is going well and continues to prove a popular accessory item.
In the three years since Phoenix took over the project, they have sold
350 shirts and have split after-expenses profits with National. Due to
cecent price increases the shirts will now sell for $7.00 rather than
?6.75. This price includes postage. The Chapter is also able to provide

385

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, ConUnuad

"large order" service on orders of one dozen or more for the reduced ;

price of $6.50 per shirt. In addition they are able to custom order the i
Logo T's in assorted size lots of three dozen in a wide range of colors j
and it is hoped that Chapters will make use of this added service. This |
project is self-sustaining and no budget was requested. I

AAZK Logo Stickers - no report submitted by the Memphis Chapter which j
handles this project. Susan Chan reported that $56.11 had been sent to ’
National as its 50% profit split for the preceding nine months. President !
Conway noted that there have been some recent problems with orders being |
placed and not filled and correspondence concerning this problem remaining |
unanswered. He suggested that the Board investigate whether Memphis Chaptej
wishes to continue this project or whether it should look for another ,

Chapter who wishes to handle this accessory. |

Keeper Care Buttons - no written report submitted but Larry Sammarco !
was in attendance. Larry noted that since the Lincoln Park Chapter has
been basically inactive, it might be better to have either another Chapter j
or National handle the sale of this item. If the Lincoln Park Chapter i
does not reactivate, these options will be explored. National will contact
Larry on obtaining a supply of buttons to fill orders until this decision i
can be determined. j

AAZK Logo Baseball Caps - Atlanta AAZK Chapter President Alan Sharpies
reports that 22 caps have been sold and that the Chapter needs to sell at
least 25 to cover their initial outlay. Unless sales Increase, the
Chapter plans to discontinue the project. More exposure in AKF was request]
ed to boost sales of caps. i

AAZK Logo Belt Buckles - this accessory is being handled by the San
Diego AAZK Chapter. Jeff Turnage reported that the original lot of 49 !

brass belt buckles have been sold and another lot of 50 ordered. It was
decided by the Board last year that the 50-50 split with National would
not take place until after all initial costs to the Chapter were met.

It was determined that the San Diego Chapter and National will split
profits on this project on s semi-annual basis now that a profit is being ,
achieved. President Conway praised the project for offering such a high
quality item to the membership and encouraged its advertisement and/ or
availability at AAZPA and AAZK regionals. This item will be added to the
AAZK Accessory Order Form which National sends out. Debbie Hewitt is
currently in charge of this project for the San Diego Chapter.

ADTForms - a written report submitted by project coordinator Bernie
Feldman shows another positive and productive year for the ADTForms. They
are being requested and used by more and more zoological institutions and
this gratis service of AAZK remains available to all interested parties.
Bernie runs regular notices of the Form's availability in both AKF and the.
AAZPA Newsletter. He reports he has had many first-time requests during |
the past year. It should be noted that Bernie is no longer at the Topeka f
Zoological Park but has moved to the Burnet Park Zoo in Liverpool, NY and
orders for the forms should be sent to him there. A budget of $600 was
approved for printing of forms as needed and to cover postage expenses.

The Board praised Bernie for his excellent handling of this project and
for the positive image it has achieved for AAZK.

Exhibit Design Form - project head Diane Forsyth reported that the i

form went into distribution in 1985. The following is a list of the
means of distribution: announcement of availability in AKF and the AAZPA
Newsletter; distribution by Turtleback Zoo to all participants in the

386

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, Continued

Otter Symposium; presentation of a paper at the Great Lakes Regional
discussing the Exhibit Design Form, and therefore paper publication in the
Regional Conference Proceedings, AAZPA, 1985; poster presentation at the
Annual AAZPA Conference in addition to distribution of form during special
AAZK sessions. Requests for the Exhibit Design Form are now coming in at
a rate of about eight per month, a modest but steady beginning for the
project. Goals for 1986 include continued distribution of the form with
quarterly reports to AKF ; follow-up letters to 1985 Exhibit Design Form
users asking them to critique the form; continued presentation of articles
to AAZPA Newsletter; contact of several architectural organizations to
inform of the Exhibit Design Form’s availability. A budget of $375 for
reprinting of the forms in 1986 was requested and approved.

Awards Committee - a written report was submitted by chairperson Mike
Crocker. Mike has expressed his desire to resign as chairperson since
he has been promoted at his facility and is no longer in the Professional
membership category of AAZK. This was accepted by the Board and Jean
Hromadka recommended Rachel Rogers as the new chair for this committee.

She has accepted the position. President Conway sees the Awards Committee
being revamped and to be made up of all Professional AAZK members (i.e.
full-time keepers) . This suggestion received Board approval and the Board
will work with Rachel on staffing the committee. It was also decided that
the Board member with oversight for the Awards Committee should serve as
an ex officio member of the committee. Guidelines for nominations have
been established and the committee was instructed to set controls on
qualifications of recipients. Although no budget was requested, the
Board approved $100 to be used for certificate preparation and framing
of awards for 1986. This expense had previously been paid by National.

Diet Notebook - report submitted by Brett Banner of the South Florida
AAZK Chapter. Brett reported that Anita Cramm is the new coordiantor of
the mammal diet collection center at the Sedgwick County Zoo. Approxi-
mately 200 responses have been received thus far and more are anticipated.
The committee hopes to have enough material gathered by summer 1986 to
publish a first edition. Like the Infant Care Notebook, the Diet Notebook
will be in loose-leaf format so that updates and revisions may be added
as warranted. A budget of $50 was requested to cover postage and mis-
cellaneous costs. This was approved. President Conway requested a
breakdown of what areas data has been collected in and also for a cost
projection on the project's proposed publication. Frank Kohn, who has
Board oversight for this project, has been instructed to work with Brett
on securing this data and will coordinate with National.

!

j Membership Directory - editor Pat Sammarco submitted a written report
land was present at the meeting. She proposed a three-tier pricing struc-
ture for the 1986 directory: free to Professional members, $3 for other
membership categories, and $5 to non-members. This was approved. While
National had requested a price-breakdown for the various aspects of the
Directory, this appears impossible under the present typesetting arrange-
ments but Pat will attempt to keep track of time logged etc. for such a
breakdown. The importance of members filling out completely the Directory
Information portion of their renewal cards was stressed. This and keeping
National and Pat informed of changes in zoological affiliation will help
to make the Directory more up to date and current upon publication. This
year, an attempt will be made at a January information cutoff date with
publication in early spring. President Conway suggested that members
be listed with last name first in the index for ease of reference. Pat
will incorporate this change in the upcoming edition. The Membership
Directory is funded through the Publications Budget.

387

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK Board of Directors Meeting, Con^nued

ANIMAL KEEPERS* FORUM - Managing Editor Susan D. Chan submitted a written
report and was present at the meeting. Susan reported that all is going ,
well with AKF as continued membership support provides more material for
publication. Suggestions from the AKF survey taken last year are being |
implemented as possible and will include in 1986 the following: a revamped j
B&H section, publication of biographical sketches of board members, re- j
structuring of the Legislative News section to cover more conservation and !
ecology issues since keeping current on many aspects of pending legislation
without an onsite stringer are impossible. Staff changes during 1985 i

included the replacement of Bernie Feldman as Associate Editor with Ron j
Ringer of Topeka Zoo. Becky Rogers, also of the Topeka Zoo, will help
coordinate conservation/environmental news. Because of some problems dur-
ing the past year with articles submitted by persons who were not the true
authors, an article explaining the strict guidelines for article submission
will be published in the January issue of AKF. Two proposals were suggeste;
by National /AKF: (1) that all project heads who anticipate a publication
coming from their project/committee submit a proposal to Susan on the an-
ticipated completion date and projected costs and; (2) that profits realize
from publications currently in distribution be earmarked to assist in the
production costs of future publications. Since some of the costs of I

other AAZK publications have been coming out of the 50% of membership fees i
which was originally designated for AKF production, this has put a strain ,
on maintaining the level of the monthly journal. The proposed profit-to- J
future publications proposal should lessen this problem. These were appro^vli
by the Board. j;

In other related publications matters: i|

Zoonoses Handbook - this publication is now available from National j!
Headquarters for $2.00 for Professional members; $3.50 for other AAZK ,
membership categories and $5.00 to non-members. An initial printing j:
of 1000 copies was done and reprints will be completed as needed. This i
publication was funded by a grant from the Research Grants Committee ancj
put together by Bruce Clark under the auspices of the Keeper Education
Committee. !

Biological Values for Selected Mammals - the first edition of this |j

publication has sold out. The Second, expanded and revised edition i|

has been received by National and anticipated publication is set for j;
January or February 1986. Details of its availability will be made I
available through OT. This project was put together by keepers,
volunteers and other staff at the San Francisco Zoo under the direc- [i
tion of Larry Brainard. ‘

Zookeeping As A Career brochures - this four-color brochure continues [
to be a very popular item and has gone into its fourth printing. Thesej
are distributed by National to RCs, Chapters, Career Counselors etc. t:
for use in promoting the profession and AAZK. This publication has i-
probably done more than any single item to get AAZK’s name and purposes|
out to the general public.

RE SEARCH /GRANTS COMMITTEE - a written report was submitted by Frank B.

Kohn and accepted. Frank was also at the meeting and reported the follow-
ing: (1) grant given to Kathy Wallace for research on elephant nutrition .
has been abandoned due to time and resources not being available; (2) [
a one year extension has been granted to Harmony Frazier-Taylor to completj
research findings preparation on orangutan parasites; (3) the Seattle^ I
Plant-Animal Interaction project has been completed with results publisheci

388

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, ConUnuad

(4) the Committee has taken the Reptile Parasite Atlas project (Susan
M. Barnard, Atlanta) as far as the established guidelines will allow.
Portions of Susan’s research are currently being published in AKF ; (5)
Biological Values II as per AKF report.

Frank has proposed the redevelopment of the research grant proposal forms
to insure that adequate information is obtained by the committee before
grants are approved. This was approved by the Board.

Frank also requested that a co-chair be established to handle the work of
the committee. Kaci Thompason was proposed and approved for this position.

Frank also proposed offering two $500 grants per year instead of 4 $250
grants as has been the practice in past years. He feels having a larger
amount available may be advantageous to certain types of proposed research.
This was approved by the Board.

Frank remains as the liasion with ZOO BIOLOGY, receiving the journal gratis,
reviewing manscripts and being listed in the masthead. He feels this is
an important recognition factor for AAZK.

A budget request of $1100 to cover grants and postage and miscellaneous
expenses was proposed and approved.

KEEPER DATA SURVEY - no report submitted by Mary Slaybaugh, chairperson.
Jean Hromadka suggested that this project be put on the back burner until
the Board can find someone who will really work on it. The Board voted
to inactivate the committee at this time.

AAZK HISTORY - no report submitted by project head Larry Sammarco but he
was in attendance at the meeting. Larry expressed his desire to resign
from this position and recommended that a new historian be found. Pat
Sammarco suggested the San Diego Chapter take this on since AAZK had its
origins in San Diego and much of the necessary records and information
remain there with the original founders. 1987 will mark the 20th anni-
versary of the Association and the Board would like to see as complete
ja history as possible put together by that time. Jean Hromadka will
pursue this with the San Diego Chapter. No budget was requested at this
time as there is no way at this time to anticipate expenses.

REFERENCE SEARCH - no written report submitted by co-chairs Liz McLaughlin
and Jenny Rentfrow. Pat Sammarco, who is Board overseer for this project,
reported that Jenny has purchased a printer for generating reference
search requests. This project compiles and stores bibliographies of
printed material and makes such lists available to the membership. Pat
reported that they have lots of information on line and members are en-
ouraged to write to them on their specific needs. A budget request of
?100 to cover the cost of computer paper was approved.

BOOK REVIEWS - a written report was submitted by Diane Forsyth. This
project has once more been activated and Diane is contacting publishers
to acquire books to review and also individuals are being solicited to
review the books. It is hoped that this will once again become a regular
feature in AKF . A budget request of $70 to cover cost of mailing books,
postage and miscellaneous expenses was proposed and approved.

389

AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, CowUnu^d

NATIONAL CONFERENCES - Steven Wing of the Milwaukee Conference Committee |
proposed that the bids presented by the Chapters vying to host a national |
conference should be presented early during the conference schedule to |

allow members to consider the information presented before voting takes f
place during the Annual Membership Meeting. Board member Oliver Claffey |
proposed that the bid presentations should be early in the conference
schedule and the vote should be by secret ballot rather than a show of |i
hands as has been done in the past. Alan Sharpies of Atlanta proposed thatj
the bids should be conducted through AKF allowing all members, not just !
those attending a particular conference to vote. The Board voted to
approve the proposal that bids be given on the first day of each annual
conference and that the vote be taken by secret ballot. |

Jean Hromadka presented the Board with a proposed list of guidelines for
conference planning committees. She proposed a "Conference Book" be
compiled with guidelines/suggestions for future conference committees. ;
It is hoped to have such a book completed within a year. A committee to '
compile this book was approved and will consist of: Jean Hromadka, Oliver |
Claffey, Frank Kohn, Debera Stecher and Phil Pennock. A $50 contingency }
budget was approved for this project. |

Alan Sharpies of the Atlanta Zoo AAZK Chapter made a number of comments j
to the Board on how conferences are selected, the problem of rising costs t
for conference attendance etc. The Board suggested that the Atlanta Chapt'l
submit a bid to host a national conference with suggested ways to cut cost
and still secure the needed facilities for meetings, banquets etc. The
possibilities for alternate, less expensive lodging for delegates needs toj
be explored. Frank Kohn noted that AAZK needs to maintain our profession-!
alism in our conference demeanor and committees need to plan accordingly. |
President Conway thanked Alan for his input noting that the Board operates|
for the good of the membership and needs input such as Alan’s in making
decisions that affect the entire Association. !

PROPOSALS - President Conway, noting the ever-increasing amount of businesi
which the Board is required to deal with, proposed that the Board of
Directors should meet both Saturday and Sunday prior to the conference |
to conclude all necessary business. This will hopefully alleviate the
need for wrap-up meetings during conference week which keeps Board mem-
bers from fully participating in conference activities. This was approved
and the Board of Directors will be directed to reconvene on the Saturday
prior to the 1986 annual conference in Winnipeg (i.e. 27 September 1986). i

The Detroit Zoo Chapter of AAZK has proposes the sale of AAZK license plat
as a Chapter project. The plates will sell for $2.00 each. Approved.

The Milwaukee Zoo Chapter of AAZK proposed the sale of AAZK logo coffee t
mugs as a Chapter project. Approved.

The Board of Director's has requested a budget of $350 for 1986 to cover
costs of administering the business of the Association. Approved.

The President has requested a budget of $250 to administer the duties |
of this office for the Association. Approved.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS - Jean Hromadka was elected to succeed President |
Kevin Conway as President of AAZK effective 1 January 1986. Frank Kohn ,
was elected to serve as Vice President of AAZK effective the same date. |

390

OVERVIEW OF THE 1985 AAZK BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING, CoviUnuzd

Retiring Board Members include Kevin Conway and Pat Sammarco. New mem-
bers taking up Board positions effective 1 January 1986 are: Kerry Hoffman,
\rizona-Sonora Desert Museum and Susan M. Barnard, Atlanta Zoo. Board
members Frank B. Kohn, Jean Hromadka and Oliver Claffey will continue
service on the Board of Directors until the 1987 election. Retiring
Board members and former Board members Mike Carpenter and Verona Barr
(who resigned prior to completing their terms of office) were presented
with pewter AAZK logo paperweight inscribed with their terms of office
in appreciation for their dedication and hard work on behalf of the Associa-
ition.

iinutes of the 1985 AAZK General Membership Meeting

This meeting was held on 24 October 1985 and was called to order by
President Kevin Conway at 2:30 p.m. President Conway gave an overview
of the Association's status and commit tee /project head gave brief reports
Dn their activities and future plans. These reports are covered in more
detail in the Overview of the Board of Directors Meeting. Greetings to
■liami delegates and a State of the Association from the Australian Society
>f Zoo Keepers was read by President Conway. The dates for the 1986 AAZK
National Conference to be held in Winnppeg, Ontario Canada were announced
is 28 Sept, to 2 Oct. The Riverbanks Zoo in Columbus, OH will host an
AAZK Regional 4-7 May 1986. New officers for the Association were announc-
:5d: Jean Hromadka, president and Frank B. Kohn, vice president effective
L January 1986.

[lids to host the 1987 AAZK National Conference were presented by San Diego
md Milwaukee AAZK Chapters. The membership voted to accept Milwaukee's
:)id to be host in 1987.

Dhe 1985 AAZK Excellence in Zoo Keeping and Meritorious Achievement Awards
irere presented by newly-elected Awards Committee Chairperson Rachel Rogers.
Che AKF Excellence in Journalism Awards were presented by Managing Editor
Jusan D . Chan .

'’resident Conway addressed the issue of professionalism in relation to
ictivities by AAZK members. Several incidents occurred during the past
^ear which do not meet the standards of professionalism espoused by AAZK.
Individuals Involved in these activities will be contacted by the Board
’:or possible disciplinary action. President Conway stressed the importance
)f maintaining the high level of prof essionalsim for which AAZK has always
itood and how such incidents reflect poorly on the image of AAZK within
j;he zoological community. AAZK has come a long way it in nearly 20 years
,)f existence and as projects reach fruition the goals of the Association
:ontinue to be reached and expanded. The future of AAZK as a professional
issociation for all those involved in captive exotic animal care is bright
ind with the membership's support will continue to provide essential ser-
'rices and avenues of communication and professional growth for all zoo
:eepers .

Ihe meeting was adjourned at 4:30 p.m. to reconvene in Winnipeg in 1986.

391

Ettphawtaliu nuldybcM

AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

By

Angola Keppol

Vo-poAtmont oi Zoological. RciCOAck
Ncutlonal Zoological PoAk, liJcu, king ton, VC

There are fifteen species (four genera) of elephant shrew, ten of which
are long-eared elephant shrews. ElcpkantulcU Aa^ c&ccn^ belongs to this
group. It is native to East Africa, living in dry woodland and grassland
areas. Its range is from southeast Sudan and northeastern Somalia to cen-
tral Tanzania (Koontz and Roeper, 1983). This monogomous elephant shrew
is very small and is active during the day. An adult’s head and body are
approximately 130mm and the tail length is approximately 100mm. They can
weigh between 50 and 90 grams, with each animal maintaining about the same
weight, with a one to three gram fluctuation, on a weekly basis. The soft
fur on their backs is grey-brown and they have a light colored underbelly.
Their most distinguishing feature is their long, narrow, flexible snout
with nostrils at the tip. They produce two audible sounds: foot -drumming ,
which is made by stamping their feet rapidly when they are disturbed; and
a scream which they make when roughly handled.

HISTORY

It has been very difficult to breed elephant shrews in captivity in the
past, although several extensive attempts were made. In 1948, the U.S.
Navy caught 104 ^ Aa{^C6CCn^ in the Sudan to use as laboratory animals tc
study malaria and found it was impossible to get them to breed (Hoogstraal
1950). H.R.H. Tripp captured four species of elephant shrew, but was also
unable to establish a colony (Tripp, 1972).

In the 1970s, Galen Rathbun did a field study on elephant shrews in East
Africa and felt justified in attempting to establish a captive breeding
colony at NZP since he knew how they lived in the wild. In 1976, he cap-
tured 29 Ej_ ALL^O^ccn^ in Kenya and shipped 24 of them in cloth bags tied
to the sides of woven baskets to NZP. Five animals died during the adjust
ment period in Kenya and two died on the trans-Atlantic flight (Rathbun
et al . , 1981). The remaining 22 settled down and bred well in captivity.
We have now had over 358 births and seven generations of elephant shrews
from the original stock.

HUSBANDRY AND MANAGEMENT

In Kenya, elephant shrews establish territories and construct a complex
system of trails through the underbrush. They use specific spots in theii
territory for sandbathing and scent-marking (Rathbun et al . , 1981). At
DZR, a single animal lives in a wooden cage with a screen lid that is 91cn.
long, 61cm wide, and 46cm high. Pairs occupy double that amount of floor-i
space. We provide singletons and pairs with a nestbox, tunnel, and sand
pan apiece. We use wood chips and hay for ground substrate which the ele-
phant shrews rearrange to make pathways. The sand pans are used for defe-l
cation and urination. The nestboxes and tunnels become hiding places dur-ij
ing the day, although in Kenya wild elephant shrews do not build any form*
of shelter or burrow.

A wild elephant shrew's diet consists mostly of insects. At DZR we feed
them a varied diet. In the morning, each animal gets ten mealworms and a

392

El2.phantul.uj> niL(\2^(LQ,YUs AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, Cowtlnund

jfresh bowl of spring water. In the afternoon, each animal gets a mixture
of finely chopped kale, carrot, and sweet potato; a little bit of apple;
some crumbled Marmoset diet; a teaspoon of meat mix which consists of
jcooked horsemeat and \ Feline diet; and two crickets in a petri dish. A
teaspoon of \ condensed milk and spring water is provided in a separate
dish.

Some of our elephant shrew pairs have been housed in stainless steel cages
with wire mesh fronts and tops which measure 114cm wide, 122cm long, and
122cm high. These were located in a room with large windows to let in
fresh breezes and natural lighting. Some of our elephant shrews have lived
iiln wooden cages in a climate control room. Right now our collection of 18
Elephant shrews live in our main holding room in the basement of the hos-
pital. Our light system is set up to give the animals 12 hours of day and
:i.2 hours of night. From 3:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. it is daytime with fluores-
cent lights on. From 3:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. it is nighttime with blue lights
pn simulating moonlight.

We weigh the elephant shrews once a week, putting them in a cloth bag dur-
ling the procedure to keep them calm. The bag enables us to hold an ani-
mal securely while examining different parts of its body. We also use cloth
pags for shipping, putting crickets and mealworms in the bag with the ele-
phant shrew and attaching it to the side of a wooden crate.

REPRODUCTION

An introduction between a male and a female elephant shrew is a gradual
process at first. Since they are monogamous, it is important to find a
pair that is compatible. Sometimes a pair will be getting along well to-
gether, but the female does not get pregnant. By exchanging the male for
a different one, breeding success usually ensues. We first set the ele-
phant shrews up in adjoining cages and let them get used to their new en-
closures for a week or so. Then we remove the barrier between the cages
and let them explore each other's territories and meet each other. This
takes place during the day so we can keep an eye on them. We separate
them for the night when they are fed, around 2:30 p.m. After a week to
ten days of this, if there are no signs of aggression and there is no sig-
aificant weight loss (more than a couple of grams), they are allowed to-
Igether overnight. They are still checked visually daily, but now there's
the possibility of a pregnancy. If there is a significant weight loss after
Ithe first week they are together, we separate the elephant shrews and leave
ithem apart until they return to their normal weight and then try the intro-
duction again.

I

jrhe gestation period for E. au{j2JC.2.nJ> is from 57 to 60 days. We usually
laotice a significant weight gain (five grams or more) twenty days before
jbirth. As the female's appetite increases we give her additional meat mix
[with her afternoon feed. At this stage we also increase the number of
lestboxes in the enclosure, giving the female time to get used to them and
ijseveral places for her young to hide. The female does not build a nest

for her young. We use three different nestboxes: a closed tunnel where

the animal can see out and be seen; an L-shaped nestbox where the animal
hcan see out but cannot be seen; and a rectangular nestbox with an opening

on the long side which enables the animal to hide and not see out or be

seen.

rhe female gives birth to one or two precocial young which they hide. New-
borns weigh around ten grams. Parents do not stay with their young, and
aursing is limited to short periods, with minimal contact between mother

393

Ele.phantLilu-6 AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, ConUnu^d

and offspring (Rathbun and Redford, 1981). Parental aggression toward
their young can be very serious. Each newborn is inspected closely by
the keeper to make sure its tail and/or legs are not being chewed on.
Topozone, a topical antibacterial spray, applied on a chewed tail tastes
bad and may be a deterrent to further abuse. Increasing the cage space
and the number of nextboxes helps to eliminate this aggression by keeping
the young out of sight. If a female has harmed previous offspring we take
extra precautions, removing the male before the birth so she will have few-
er distractions.

Hand-rearing a baby elephant shrew is a delicate, time-consuming job, but
it has been done successfully (E. Maliniak, per. comm.). Juvenile elephant
shrews are weaned around the 25th day, and we move them to a cage of their
own at 30 days. This is the time when they would be chased out of their
parents' territory in the wild (Rathbun and Redford, 1981).

We have had wild— caught as well as captive-born elephant shrews that have
given birth to over 24 offspring in a period of five or six years (Fig. 1) .
They started producing young when they were six months old and kept pro-
ducing until they died.

HEALTH PROBLEMS

We have had problems with ears and tails over the years. In some elephant
shrews their ears and/or tails become inf lammed and necrosis occurs (Hoopes
and Montali, 1980). In an effort to control the condition our veterinariar
trim the crusty, hard ear tips and amputate the dead tail tip. We found
that improving the air circulation in the cages helped reduce these prob-
lems, so we modified the cages, replacing the plexiglass with screen to
allow better air flow. We also found that increased humidity and tempera-
ture helped to alleviate the problem so we moved the elephant shrews to
the end of our large main holding room closer to the warm air vent. We
had a humidifier installed in the center of the toom to raise the humidity
to an acceptable level. Our humidity now stays around 60/ and the tempera-
ture is between 75° and 85°F .

We have also had a number of elephant shrews developing cataracts in one
or both eyes. This does not seem to greatly affect their lives. Even
when they have cataracts in both eyes they move around their enclosures
confidently once they get used to the change in their sight, although they
are almost blind.

RESEARCH

Much research has been done with ^ /m^e2>ce)l2> at DZR. Galen Rathbun stud-
ied elephant shrews in the wild and in captivity and got his Ph.D. Fred
Koontz did his Ph.D. dissertation on elephant shrew biology. Nancy Roeper i
got her Masters degree studying elephant shrews. Drs. Hoopes and Montali
studied the ear and tail problem and published their findings. Rathbun
and Redford found that young elephant shrews, from 12 hours to 30 days old
climbed on their parents' backs and proceeded to rub their feet vigorously
in the fur. Their study led them to believe that this initial scent ex-
change may function in "olfactory imprinting". There have been other pape
and studies done on elephant shrews at DZR.

I certainly enjoy working with elephant shrews and find them fascinating. ,
They seem rather nervous, the way they scurry around their enclosures, but;
they are very curious just like most other animals, wiggling their noses
to take in all the variety of odors wafting through the air.

394

NZP BIRTHS

ElephayUuliu miQAczYvb hi THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, Contlnazd

c\j

o

C\J

O)

S31VLAj3d dO HdaiAinN

395

NUMBER OF OFFSPRING

EZephantatu^ ^u/)e^aayu> AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, Continued

Products mentioned in the text:

Zu/Preem Feline Diet and Zu/Preem Marmoset Diet: manufactured by Hill’s
Pet Products, Inc., PO Box 148, Topeka, KS 66601, USA.

Topozone (Topical Antibacterial) : manufactured by Norwich-Eaton Pharma-
ceuticals, Division of Morton-Norwich Products, Inc., Norwich, NY
13815, USA.

Acknowledgements :

I am thankful for the assistance of E. Maliniak and M. Roberts in prepar-
ing this paper.

References :

Hoogstraal, H. ( 1950) : Mission : Malaria. Nat. Hist . Mag . 59 ; 104-1 1 1 ; 140-141

Hoopes, P.J. & Montali, R.J. (1980); Tail lesions in captive elephant shre
In The comparative pathology of zoo animals . Montali, R.J. (Ed.). (Symp
natn. zool. park). Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Institution Press:

425-430.

Koontz, F.W. & Roeper, N.J. (1983): ElephantulcU> Mam. Spe.

204: 1-5.

Rathbun, G.B., Beaman, P., Maliniak, E. (1981): Capture, husbandry, and
breeding of rufous elephant shrews, Et(ipkantiLtuJ> .

Int. Zoo. Yb. 21: 176-184.

Rathbun, G.B. & Redford, K. (1981): Pedal scent-marking in the rufous
elephant shrew, EZtpkcLyitiituJ) . J . Mamm . 62: 635-637.

Tripp, H.R.H. (1972): Capture, laboratory care and breeding of elephant
shrews (Macroscelididae) . Lab. Anim. 6: 213-224.

^ SATISFACTIONGUARANTEED!

SHARE THE EARTH!

Environmental T-Shirts

JIM MORRIS P.O.BOX 2308 DEPT CM5 BOULDER. CO 80306 (303)444-6430

396

Chapter

RIVERBANKS ZOO AAZK

The Riverbanks Zoo AAZK Chapter is
pleased to offer their Polar Bear
Safety Poster for sale. Measuring
10" by 15", it is a good size for
your bulletin board at work. The
price per poster is $2.00 plus 50c
postage. Send your orders to:

Pat Hook

Riverbanks Zoo AAZK
500 Wildlife Parkway
Columbia, SC 29210

News

PUGET SOUND CHAPTER (Seattle, WA)

Officers for the coming year were
announced at our September meeting.
They are:

President Phil Pennock

Vice Pres Harmong Taylor-Frazier

Sec/Treas Nanette Taniguchi

We are also in the process of doing
a survey to find out how people feel
about our chapter, and what they
would like to see the chapter do in
the future. We are looking forward
to seeing the results of the survey
and taking steps to make our chapter
even more effective by implementing
the best of the suggestions.

Information Please

The Reid Park Zoo is looking for information regarding thyroid normals
(specifically T3 and T4 results) in Malayan Sunbears. Thyroid normals
in any Ursidae species would also be of help. Please send any informa-
tion to: Ed Hansen, Reid Park Zoo, 900 S. Randolph Way, Tucson, AZ 85705.

The Columbus Zoo will be doing some landscape renovations on its hoof stock
yards within the next year. We would like information on any type of
vegetation (grass, trees, shrubs, flowers, weeds, etc.) that have been
successfully maintained in any type of hQof stock exhibit. We are par-
jticularly interested in mixed-species exhibits, but we would also welcome
information on single species displays. Please send to: Carl Gyarmaty,
c/o Columbus Zoo, 9990 Riverside Dr., P.O. Box 400, Powell, OH 43065.

Anyone with experience in the treatment of heartworm disease in big cats
jis asked to contact Lynn Moredock, Director of Animal Collections at the
'N.C. Museum of Life and Science, 433 W. Murray Ave., Durham, NC.

397

EDUCATING THE PUBLIC WITH SMALL MAMMALS

By

MeZba M. ShleZdU,

SmoZt MammaZ KddpoA.

HaXZovLoZ looloQl(i.cii Pcuik, (jiJcuhZngton V.C.

In my presentation today I would like to share with you an ongoing attempt i
by the staff of the Small Mammal House at NZP to enlighten the public on
the valuable contribution of small mammals. Through informal classes held
at the SMH we demonstrate with live animals, pictures and animal artifacts'
the conservation and preservation of small mammals.

We call our demonstration "Meet A Mammal". It is an outgrowth of the
District of Columbia school program put on by the education department at j
NZP. "Meet A Mammal" is organized and orchestrated by keepers. We feel |
that it is a good educational tool because it enables the general public \
to have close contact with an animal keeper. Animal keepers are often t
the first impression of zoos. "Meet A Mammal" gives the public the oppor-i
tunity of interactive education as opposed to undirective education such I
as signs and non-animal persons who may give out misinformation. 2

The "Meet A Mammal" demonstration is relatively simple. The equipment
consists of a large cabinet with several drawers for holding artifacts.

On top of the cabinet is a large, 3-foot by 2-foot acrylic holding area J
for the larger, more active animals. For the less active, smaller mammals^
we use small plastic carrying cases in which the animal may be viewed at ]
close range. We have an attached microphone so that our hands are free 'j
and we can be heard over large crowds. During the summer months "Meet A f|

Mammal" is moved outside under a tent. At this time of year there are ^

also Bird and Reptile demonstrations held at this central location. |

Of those animals that are considered for the program, some have been hand-:
reared, some have not. For those that have been hand-reared it is usuallyij
unintentional due to being abandoned or for reasons of health. The non
hand-raised animals are handled so little that there is little reason to
acclimate them. The same animals are generally used, but only one or two

times a week. These animals are used to crowds and noise. We try to j

make it less stressful for the animals and never do we allow the public [

to touch the animal. Normally three animals are used per demo. The

animals we have to use in the demo are: A Fennec Fox (Fe.Hg.CCt5 Z2A.d(l) , p
House shrew [SunCLLU) mctiCHCi^ ) , Spiny mouse [Acomy^ dJjnAXAJXZix^] , Tenrec
( EchZnop-f) toZiaMiZ] , Chinchilla [ChZnckZlZa ZayUgoA] , Hairy-footed ham- tj
ster [Pkodopul] and Three-banded armadillo ( T oZyp<luit(L6 tAlcZncXuA ) . Dur-
ing the demonstration we talk about what makes a mammal a mammal, social ,
structure, habitat and what it may eat - basically its role in the eco-
system. \

Why do it? For one, it allows the public, especially children, to learn t

first hand about a very interesting and diverse group of animals. It

allows the keeper to interact with the public and also allows the public |
to ask questions about not only small mammals but other aspects of the
zoo .

While "Meet A Mammal" has been in operation only one year we have seen it
become more sophisticated. Keepers are able to present themselves in a
professional manner and we feel the public comes away with a better under-
standing of the role of the small mammal.

398

REPTILE CARE; Relating To

Rep+'’*"

ibian .
pourri

The Inquiring Novice - Part 18

By

SiMan M. BoAm/td, Stnio/t Ke.epeA
Vept. oi HeApejtology

loo ktl-CLYlta^ kttdYVtCL, GA

COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED INTESTINAL PARASITES

(accepted for publication, August 1985)

iCn review of last month's discussion on protozoans, it must be emphasized
that keepers should always urge inquirers to have a veterinarian perform
k physical check-up on newly acquired reptiles, including a fecal examina-
tion. Remember, some parasites cause disease when the host animal is re-
jnoved from its natural environment and placed in captivity. Good hygiene
practices, reduced stress, proper nutrition, environment and housing can
offer wildlife a chance for a relatively long, healthy life in captivity,
zoo keeeprs, it is our professional duty to promote this concept to
the public, as well as practicing it ourselves.

Two types of trematodes affect reptiles, those requiring only a single host
(the monogenic flukes), and the more numerous digenic flukes. Digenic
trematodes must parasitize two or more hosts before completing their life
lycle. The monogenic flukes primarily inhabit the host animal's urinary
oladder, but may also be found in the oral cavity, pharynx, nasal passages.
Lungs, esophagus, stomach, and intestine. Digenic flukes may inhabit the
lost's lungs, liver and gall bladder, circulatory system, genital tract,

IT may be found free within the coelomic cavity; however, they are pri-
aarily found within the intestines. Larval forms locate in the host animal's
muscle, bile duct, skin and various other tissues. Transmission of flukes
yith indirect life cycles occurs when the reptile ingests Intermediate
losts such as amphibians and crayfish. Digenic fluke eggs are gold to dark
jjrown in color, and Kiel (1975) reported that they measure 20u to 40u long.
iCo avoid transmission of digenic flukes, intermediate hosts should be
frozen prior to feeding to reptiles. When adult flukes are observed in
the host's mouth, they should be mechanically removed. Jacobson (personal
communication) suggested the use of praziquantel in the treatment of some
fluke infections (spirorchids and the renifers) .

farcus (1981) reported that cestodes (tapeworms) affecting reptiles are herma-
3hroditic. Frye (1981) reported these parasites to be non-host specific
md stated that some species can infect humans when contaminated material
from their hands are rubbed into their eyes. Transmission to the reptile
|Ls by ingestion of such intermediate hosts as ticks, copepods, fish, frogs,
cadpoles, and other reptiles. Also, cockroaches have the potential to be
intermediate hosts as well as mechanically transferring cestode infections,
^arval cestodes can cause subcutaneous and intramuscular lumps ( spargan-
isis) , and the only means of treatment is surgical removal of the larvae
by a veterinarian. The eggs vary greatly in form and size. Common treat-
nents have included bunamidine, and niclosamide.

fenatodes vary in pathogenicity from virtual harmlessness to severe illness
and death. Many compete for the host's nutrients, can produce necorsis in
the brain, lung, intestine, and skin, and can cause secondary bacterial

399

REPTILE CARE: Relating To The Inquiring Novice - Part 18, ConZlnae^d

infections as they migrate through the host's body.

Based only on egg size and description, the nematodes in the genera RhabduL
(lungworms) and StnjOYiqijloi.dQJ) (threadworms) are impossible to tell apart
solely on microscopic examination of the feces. Positive identification
for RkabdlcUi may be made by observing the eggs microscopically in wet
mounts from bronchial washings. Both genera have direct life cycles (re-
quire only a single host), and transmission is by the host 'ingesting the
eggs, infective third stage larvae, or possibly by penetration of the
infective larvae through the host's skin. Both genera can survive for
several generations outside of the host animal. Therefore, it is impor-
tant that cages be thoroughly disinfected during and after treatment.
RhabdlcU infection causes respiratory distress; StAO ng ytoZdoJi infection
primarily causes diarrhea; however, larval forms can also cause respira-
tory disease as they migrate through the host's lungs. Both can reduce
the host's appetite, and may cause death. The eggs are thin-walled,
larvated , and vary in size. No treatment to date for RkcibcUcU has been
positively successful. However, StAongylo^d(2J> has been successfully treat-
ed with thiabendazole.

Hookworms affect reptiles worldwide, and their appearance is similar to
those affecting other animals. Most, if not all, may have a direct life
cycle, but life cycles are unknown for most of these parasites. KcLti.CL2.phR-
tubi> is a very common hookworm affecting reptiles, and it is transmitted
through ingestion of the eggs, infestive third stage larvae, or possibly by
penetration through the host animal's skin. Symptoms of hookworm infec-
tions may vary, but anemia and intestinal obstruction is always a threat.
Hookworm eggs are thin-walled, but generally larger than the previously
discussed nematode eggs. Ortlepp (1923) reported that K(ltA.C.2.ph.aZLLS eggs
measure from about 55-lOOu in length by about 42-50u wide. Treatment for
hookworms includes dichlorvos, f enbendazole , mebendazole, pyrantal pamoate,
or thiabendazole. Thiabendazole is the treatment of choice for reptiles
at the Atlanta Zoo.

Generally, oxyurids are non-pathogenic . However, heavy pinworm infections
may cause intestinal impaction and death. Some herpetologists have ques-
tioned the possibility that pinworms may cause intestinal irritation.
Oxyurids have a direct life cycle and inhabit the host's colon. Adults
may be observed in the stool, but more frequently diagnosis is based on
microscopic demonstration of eggs. Usually, no treatment is indicated;
although, thiabendazole has been the treatment of choice at the Atlanta
Zoo.

Discussions on nematode parasites will be continued in Part 19.

References

1. Frye, F.L.: Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry
Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co., Edwardsville , KA. 1981.

2. Jacobson, E.R. : Personal communication.

3. Kiel, J.L.: A review of parasites in snakes. Southwestern Veterinarian,
28(3):209-220. 1975.

4. Marcus, L.C.: Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians
and Reptiles. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1981.

5. Ortlepp, R.J.: Observations on the nematode genera KcitiC-ephcilLiS ,
VdcLphRnoC2.pkaliU , and Oa(UpZtodontlU g.n., and on the larval development
of KcLtic2.phatLL6 phdtO(Pu/a.ckL6 sp. n.T j* Helminthol., 1:165-189. 1923.

400

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA

Part 3

Robe/U BeA.ghcUe.A., Seiu.oA. Kccpe/i
Pklladelphla Zoological Gaadm
PhlladeJiphia, PA

KAGERA NATIONAL PARK

kagera park is located in Eastern Rwanda along the Tanzanian border. It
s predominately a savanna park. However, it also con tails a gallery forest,
apyrus swamps and several large lakes. The park is 970 square miles in
ize and, unlike other African parks, encompasses a complete ecological unit.

Dcated next to the northwest sector of the park is the Mutura hunting area.

.1 this zone of 115 square miles, sports hunting is allowed. Only eighty
anters are licensed a year. They are held to a bag of one each of male
affalo, impala, waterbuck, topi, and zebra. The hunters are allowed to
sep their trophy head, plus the animals' hide. The Rwandian safari cor-
Dration keeps the meat which is sold locally. The hunters are charged a
200 license fee for the privilege of using Mutura. The concept of having
hunting area next to a national park is a sound one. The habitat of Mutura
istead of being turned into farmland, is preserved. The licensing fee pro-
ides the economic justification for this. The sacrifice of the targeted
irplus males is a small price to pay.

le wildlife of Akagera is as varied as its habitats. There are some note-
ble gaps compared with other East African parks. Giraffes are not found
ere. Rhinos and elephants are being reintroduced and their numbers are
Lowly building up. Vast herds of other ungulates abound. Large herds of
iffalo of over a hundred head are common. Topi and zebra were often in
Lght. The buffalo and zebra found in Akagera are some of the largest re-
;)rded in Africa. Impala number in the thousands. Reedbuck, waterbuck.

Land and bushbuck are sure to be seen in a visit of one or two days. Other
itelope found here include roan, oribi and sitatunga and these are not
:ten seen in other East African parks. Hippos are common in the lakes of
lie park. I saw all of the above-mentioned antelope and the hippos in a
Ive-day visit. All the major African carnivores are present but I only
iw lion. I did, however, hear hyena every night, plus leopard on one
I'casion. Smaller mammals that I saw were: African civet, side-striped
ickel, cape hare, banded and dwarfed moongoose, vervet monkey and baboon.

.‘cause Akagera is so varied, birdlife is prolific. The larger birds I
ijjticed were darter, longtailed cormorant, hammerkop, heron; purple, grey,
:|.ackheaded and night, cattle and snowy egrets, bittern, glossy ibis, open-
|.lled stork, spurwing and eygtian geese, hooded vulture, eagles; fish,
jimgcrested and martial, helmented huineafowl, crowned crane, hoopoe, silver
j)uraco, lilac-breasted roller, grey hornbill, kingfishers; pied, grey-
saded and blue-breasted. I also saw crocodile and nile monitor.

)cated in Akagera is Lake Ihema. You can take boat rides on this large
ike on a vessel that looks rather like the "African Queen". Along the
ike shore I saw during my trip not only aquatic bird life, but also impala,
'ishbuck, zebra and baboon. It was a novel method of viewing mammals.

Iiere are two types of accommodations in Akagera for visitors. Two ex-
, silent hotels are there - The Gabiro Lodge in the north and the Akagera
■•tel in the south of the park. The Akagera Hotel is situated on a hill-

401

REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL AFRICA, ConUnue,d

top which overlooks one of the most beautiful vistas in all of Africa. On
one side is Lake Ihema and views the hills on the Tanzanian border. On the
other side is the game-filled Nyamwashama Valley. With a good pair of
binoculars you can watch game by the hundreds move across its expanses.

One the hotel's grounds is a saltlick that nightly attracts impala, zebra
and waterbuck. A baboon troop roams about during the day along with the ,
occasional crowned crane and fish eagle. Since the hotel sits up so high,
raptors riding the thermals at your eye level are a common sight. Packaged ||
tours to the lodge or car rentals are easy to arrange in Kigali, the capital I
It is possible to camp in the park. One must be self-sufficient in food,
plus have a rented vehicle for this. To drive in Rwanda a knowledge of ,

French is essential. 1

Except for some recent rhino poaching, Akagera National Park is doing well.
Its chief conservator, a Belgium national, is performing a fine job. Game ^
numbers are good and the animals are easily approached by vehicle. The
elephant reintroduction project has recently produced its first baby elephanj
A potential future problem may result from Ugandian refugee camps encroach-
ing on the northern borders of the park. i'

An address for further information is: li

Office Rwandais Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux
P.O. Box 905
Kigali, Rwanda

402

EVALUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS AND HUSBANDRY

WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS

By

Kacl Thompson

Ve.paAtm2.vit oi Zoologtcat RoAe.oAck
Motto vial Zoological VoAk
bJoAklvigtovi, VX,

oos are continually striving to improve the quality of captive care, and
bo research is an invaluable tool for evaluating the adequacy of husban-
ry techniques. However, large-scale, detailed investigations involving
great deal of manpower and specialized equipment are unfeasible for many
bos. Still, zoos with limited resources have a need to assess their ani-
al management and exhibit design. Utilizing volunteers to conduct con-
inuous, day-long observations of animal exhibits is a simple, inexpensive

Iethod of gathering preliminary information on animal husbandry.

nitially, day-long, ad-lib observations were begun at Mill Mountain Zoo-
ogical Park in Roanoke, VA as a way of gaining familiarity with the daily
ctivities of various animals. Volunteers were recruited to keep constant
latch over a group of animals and to record their observations in an in-
ormal , unsystematic manner. Observations were typically conducted between
a.m. and 5 p.m. At 5-minute intervals, the observers were instructed to
ecord the behaviors of the animals and their positions in the exhibit,
ihe observers were asked to make their notes as specific and descriptive
s possible. An excerpt from an observation sheet detailing white-nosed
oati (Moaou vioAlca) behavior follows:

8:30 a.m. - Iggy bit Maggie’s back legs and sniffed her.

Iggy and Hershey swatted each other for a few
seconds, then Hershey sat down and Iggy climbed
the tree. All engaged in snapping, chasing
and barking. Then Iggy and Maggie were swatting,
barking and twittering. Iggy climbed the tree
and rubbed his belly.

.nanalyzed, the observations provide very general information which is of
limited usefulness. However, simple analytical techniques can be applied
o extract more detailed information concerning animal activity, spacial
references and behavioral problems.

iCTIVITY

ctivity was analysed by grouping behaviors into various functional cate-
ories. For example, observations on rainbow lorikeets ( TAtchoglo 6 6 iL6
aematodiuj were categorized into vocalizing, preening, feeding, court-
hip and aggression. In addition, an "other" category was created for
ehaviors which could not easily be assigned to a functional category,
ehaviors which could be considered single events, such as aggression,
jere analyzed by counting the number of occurrences per hour for each
,nimal. The duration of behavioral states, such as resting, was estimat-
d by determining the number of 5-minute intervals in which the behavior
ccurred.

ctivity cycles for behavioral events were constructed by graphing the
requency (number of occurrences per hour) by the time of day (Figure IB) .
limilarly, behavioral states were plotted as the percent of time spent
ijngaged in that activity by the time of day (Figure lA) .

403

EVALUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS & HUSBANDRY WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS. Cont’ d

Figure 1. The percentage of time spent resting (A)
and the frequency of feeding (B) by time of day
in coatis.

o

o

M

<

Q

w

W

W

o

TIME OF DAY

The timing of husbandry routines was then evaluated by comparing the time
at which certain behaviors were most likely to occur to the times at which
daily keeper routines were carried out. The frequency of eating among
coatis at Mill Mountain Zoo tended to decrease throughout the morning, with
a sudden sharp peak at 2 p.m. when the animals were fed their daily ration
(Figure IB). However, during these afternoon hours, the coatis were other-
wise spending virtually 100% of their time resting (Figure lA) . This in-
dicates that the feeding peak at 2 p.m. did not reflect a true increase
in interest in feeding but rather was an artifact of introducing food at
this time. The coati feeding time was subsequently adjusted to more close-
ly coincide with their activity rhythms.

404

EVALUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS & HUSBANDRY WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS, Coin’d

This approach can be extended to constructing time budgets for individuals
)r groups of animals. In this case, the number of 5-minute intervals in
jhich categories of behavior occurred throughout the day was divided by
;he total number of 5-minute intervals in the observation day to get per-
centage of time spent engaged in each activity:

% of time engaged # of 5-minute intervals where behavior A

in behavior A " is exhibited

(total // of hours observed) (12)

ihe result can then be visually expressed as a pie diagram where the per-
centage of time engaged in each behavior is indicated by the width of
each wedge (Figure 2) .

VOCALIZE

SPACIAL PREFERENCES

Special preferences were evaluated by recording the amount of time spent
in each area of the exhibit. Again, time was estimated by determining
the number of 5-minute intervals spent in each location by each animal.
For example, within the coati exhibit (Figure 3), the observer recorded
when each animal was on the platform, in the nestbox or climbing on the
branches. The amount of time on the floor was then obtained by substrac-
tion. As for activity, spacial preferences are easily expressed as pie
diagrams (Figure 4) or graphs (Figure 5) .

Spacial preferences for each animal were used to determine whether exhibit
furniture was being utilized and whether areas of the exhibit were being
monopolized by particular animals. In the coati study, all three animals
were utilizing exhibit furniture, however there were clear individual
differences in spacial preferences (Figure 4) . This indicated that some
exhibit features, particularly the platform and nestbox, were perhaps
|being monopolized. Graphs of animal locations over the course of a day

405

EVALUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS & HUSBANDRY WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS, Cont'd ||

showed no monopolization of the platform (Figure 5A) . When platform
utilization was high, all three animals were sharing the platform. How-
ever, one animal apparently was being excluded from the nestbox, showing |
consistently low levels of nestbox usage (Figure 5B) . This problem was ■
remedied by adding a second nestbox to the exhibit. ;

Figure 3. Diagram of coati exhibit at Mill Mountain Zoo.

Figure 4. Coati spacial preferences.

IGGY (d*)

MAGGIE (5)

HERSHEY (J)

406

-mUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS & HUSBANDRY WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS, Cant'd

Figure 5. The percentage of time spent on the
platform (A) and in the nestbox (B) by time
of day in coatis.

TIME OF DAY

(BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS

Another potential use of this technique is the identification of behav-
ioral problems. Time budgets and spacial preferences can be evaluated
to determine whether the animals are exhibiting behaviors appropriate for
their species, age and reproductive condition. In addition, the extent
of sterotypic behavior patterns can be determined. For example, coati
spacial preference diagrams (Figure 4) indicated that two of three coatis
were spending far too little time climbing on branches than would be ex-
pected for a species with arboreal tendencies.

407

EVALUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS & HUSBANDRY WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS, Cont'd I

The problem of sterotypic behaviors is further indicated by a comparison
of the amount of time spent resting with the frequency of pacing (Figure !
6A,B). During the times of day when the coatis were active, two of three
coatis spent a great deal of time pacing. This suggests that further ex- i
hibit modifications might be necessary to alleviate boredom. In this j
case, a "sandbox" filled with loose dirt was added to the enclosure. |

Crickets were periodically scattered on the dirt to encourage exploratory I
behavior.

Figure 6. The percentage of time spent resting (A)
and the frequency of pacing (B) by time of day in
coatis .

A

100

T — 1 — ^ — r

B

10

Sam 10

12pm 2

4

TIME OF DAY

408

EVALUATING ANIMAL EXHIBITS & HUSBANDRY WITH DAY-LONG OBSERVATIONS, Conf d

DISCUSSION

Analysis of informal observations is a simple, inexpensive technique for
obtaining information useful in making husbandry improvements, but it is
not without its limitations. First, it must be assumed that the observa-
tion day was a "typical” day for the animals. Therefore, when scheduling
observation sessions, care should be taken that the day selected is rep-
resentative of what the animals normally experience. No departures from
the typical daily routine should occur on this day. Second, an assumption
must be made that the presence of an observer has no effect on the behav-
ior of the animals. In a zoo setting, where animals are constantly being
.viewed by the visiting public, this is generally not a problem. Species
i particularly sensitive to the presence of observers, such as primates,
often begin to ignore the observer after a brief acclimation period.
Finally, the technique lacks the precision of rigorous scientific investi-
gations.

These limitations considered, this type of informal observation analysis
has broad applicability. It is adaptable to a wide variety of species
and exhibits, and can be used to answer many different types of questions.

: It is inexpensive, requiring only a minimum of personnel, time and equip-
iment. It does not require specially trained observers or complicated
[analytical techniques. In addition, it can be used as a starting point
I for further in-depth investigation. The analysis of ad-lib, day-long
observation is a very useful method of investigating basic questions about
i the adequacy of animal exhibits and husbandry.

i'start The Year Off Right With

A Calendar Just For Zoo Keepers

j'Do you know when and where the first captive Black Rhino was born? Do you
|'<now when the Little Rock AAZK Chapter was formed? You will if you pur-
bhase the Tucson Chapter's 1986 calendar. These and other interesting facts,
combined with unique Black and White photographs are now available in a
|12" X 20" staple-bound wall calendar. Designed for the zoo professional, or
the interested animal person, the calendar will help you plot a tight sched-
jiile, or a long gestation period. Plus it will make a great gift for that
i"hard to buy for" person. To obtain your copies, refer to the handy order
Dlank in the October issue of Al^, or send $5.00 plus 50(t postage per copy
ito: Tucson Chapter AAZK, 509 E, Calle Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85705. Support
|/our fellow AAZK Chapter!

I

409

ASIAN SNALL-CLAWED OTTERS j

I

Bf/

StL6i.e 'Wcutti), Ayumal KecpeA -

Santa BoAbcuia Zoo, Santa BoAboAa, CA |

j

The Asian small-clawed otter {Aonyx atneA^a) is the focus of current re-
search at the Santa Barbara Zoo.

We know very little about the Asian small-clawed otter. Yet this otter
species will play a vital role in the understanding and preservation of
endangered otter species as well as in the improved husbandry and manage-
ment of otters in general.

The smallest of the world's otters, the Asian small-clawed otter rarely 1
reaches a weight of ten pounds. These otters have hand-like paws with
reduced nails and are remarkable for their manual dexterity. It appears I
that very strong pair-bond relationships are formed. Gestation is approx-|
imately 60 days with litters containing one to six young. |

This otter does not seem to be very well represented in either the wild
or captivity. The wild status is virtually unknown and captive animals
in the United States are represented by only 58 specimens (25.26.7) in 14
facilities. i

In 1982 the status of the Asian small-clawed otter in captivity was chang-
ed by its adoption to the Species Survival Plan SSP of the American Assoc-
iation of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) . This otter was adopted j
as a model species because of its similarity to endangered or threatened |
otter species such as the Giant Brazilian otter (PleaonuAa
and the African smooth otter (Aonyx aapm^tj> congtca] In reproductive j

physiology and social structure. |

The importance of keeping, maintaining and reproducing these animals have
prompted the Santa Barbara Zoo to take a great interest in them from dif-
ferent aspects such as, exhibit design, behavioral and medical research
and husbandry.

The Santa Barbara Zoo Asian small-clawed otter exhibit had been built in
1973 with a total donation of $500.00 which was spent on materials. The
actual construction was done by staff and volunteers. This original ex-
hibit was inhabitated by one pair of Asian small-clawed otters. Behavior-'
ally, the otters had some bad habits there. They seemed to spend a great
deal of time in a upright stance which was interpreted as a begging behav-
ior (from their exhibit they can see the kitchen where the keeper picks
up the diets) . On hot days they would occasionally swim but also spent a
lot of time either in the moat or in the next boxes, off-exhibit.

The original exhibit was a simple, circular structure measuring approxi-
mately 40' in diameter. It was surrounded by a 6' block wall with a 3'
deep planter on the front half of the circle. Attached to the rear by
short tunnels were two 3' x 3' block den boxes with pl3nfl;ood tops. The
otters used one to sleep in and one to defecate in.

In the center of the exhibit was an irregular shallow pool. The pool was
attached to an inactive sand filter. Flagstone sections paved the exhibit
broken up only by a few large sandstone boulders.

410

\SIAN SMALL-CLAWED OTTERS, ConUnu2,d

)espite the shortcomings of the old exhibit and because the otters are
laturally curious and active when visible, it was a favorite among zoo
/isitors. When drawings of our "dream” renovation were made public, late
Ln 1983, the otters* foster feeder became Interested and pledged $10,000
for the renovation.

lie did not have alternative housing for the otters during construction,
iior did we want to take these popular animals off exhibit for any longer
|:han necessary. Temporary den boxes were placed Inside the exhibit and
construction began in the back area by taking out the original boxes and
ijuilding a series of four new block den boxes measuring 4* x 4* x 4*.

They are set 4* below the grade of the exhibit and are connected upward
to the display by two 4" PVC pipes. All four dens have connecting guillo-
tine doors. Each has a sliding roof section allowing access to any box
ind two have plexiglass skylights.

In additional block wall was built around the rear of the exhibit creat-
ing a 12* wide service area where the den boxes are. A 10* x 10* struc-
ture was built on the west side of the exhibit to hold a deep pool.

fhen everything that could be done with the otters on display was finish-
id, they were moved into the den box system to await the completion of
:heir new habitat. They spent a total of about months in the back area

Che new deep pool was connected to the original pool by a shallow stream.

\ waterfall feeds the deep pool which in turn overflows the shallow pool,
ihat pool overflows directly into the moat drain which is then sand filter
id and pumped back into the waterfall with a turnover of 12 minutes.

ill the structures were covered by artificial rock. Two 3* x 2* glass
sections to allow small children to look into the exhibit without climb-
ing on the railing and allowing the otters to look out without being con-
stantly in an upright stance, were fitted into the front moat wall. A
>* X 6* sheet of laminated glass forms a viewing window for the large pool

Che flagstone was removed and replaced with top soil and St. Augustine
jrass. Sandstone boulders were placed in the stream and a large log was
ingled down into the deep pool to give the otters a gradual descent into
[;he water.

In September 1984, the exhibit officially opened. For over an hour the
liters spent most of their time huddled together at the mouth of the
:unnel, taking short journeys to the grass, stream and shallow pool.

Jithin a day they were exploring the exhibit, but only within the boundar-
ies of the original. It took a few weeks for them to venture into the
jiew area and much longer before they would go into the new deep pool.

■Che behavior of the otters noticably changed in the renovated habitat,
kost of their old bad habits diminished although they were not extinguish-
ed, The otters spent a great deal of time foraging in the rocks and grass
md seemed to spend more time swimming or just laying in the stream. Be-
Core renovation, the otters would usually retreat to the den boxes to
sleep during the day, now they seemed- to enjoy napping comfortably on the
Ijrass. The den boxes are used for defecation and urination (one of two
|ien boxes) and the other two are used for nest boxes,

Che renovation of the exhibit, the fact that the otters are listed as
3SP animals, and the problems they have with kidney stones prompted the
3oo to apply for an Institute of Museum Services Conservation Grant in

411

ASIAN SMALL-CLAWED OTTERS, CoyvUnaz.d

1984. A grant of $11,700 was awarded with matching funds being provided
by staff and volunteer time.

This long-term research project, conducted by our veterinarian. Dr. Donald
Gillespie and our research curator, Cynthia Bennett, was designed to:

(1) Catalogue behaviors and develop activity profiles for the pair of I

otters; (2) Determine the estrus cycle of the female through urinalysis; I
and (3) Identify behaviors indicative of estrus by correlating behavioral ;
and hormone cycling data. !

I

Using a stenograph, the otters’ behavior in sequence and duration was re- |
corded for two/30 minute sessions, five days a week for an eight month !
period. The behaviors were catalogued and activity profiles constructed j
from approximately one million data points. |

Approximately 70 urine samples were collected over a six-month period. j
Estrogen and progesterone levels were analyzed and estrus cycles charted, j

Three key behaviors (mounting, female solicitation and female initiating |
contact), were used to identify behavioral estrus.

Results from this research have revealed some correlation between behav-
ioral and hormonal fluctuations that hopefully will be helpful in the
captive breeding of these otters.

The husbandry of this otter is fairly straight-forward. Our basic hus-
bandry is daily cleaning of exhibit and den boxes (the two nesting boxes
are cleaned and material replaced at keeper’s discretion). Pools are
maintained as needed. Our feeding schedule has been increased from two
to four times daily (which has seemingly reduced begging and aggression
levels) . Our diet has had various changes but now includes commercial j
dry cat food, thawed fish with vitamin supplement. Occasional commercial ,
carnivore diet is also given. Foods such as eggs, fruit and crustaceans
are also occasionally given and are usually played with more so than eaten

In July of 1985, it was decided that removal of our otters’ kidney stones
should be undertaken. Unfortunately during the closing of the surgery
our male died. Our female recovered nicely and in August we received
another male and introduced the two with virtually no problems.

Within months we plan on acquiring two additional pairs of otters. With
these otters we would like to involve mate selection, additional urine
studies and repeating the behavior research under the same and different
conditions .

Although much is still unclear about the reproduction of Asian small-
clawed otters, the situation seems much more optimistic today than it
has for many years. It is hoped that the research, both medical and
behavioral being done, will provide some much needed answers and the
successful breeding of this SSP animal will be the ultimate outcome.

Many thanks to Cynthia Bennett, Donald Gillespie, Nancy Hollenbeck, Susan
Engfer and Fred Marion for all of their written and spoken input.

412

ESTABLISHING A WOLF PACK
AT THE FRESNO ZOO

By

Ucuiy L, Sivayuon, Zoo Attmdant II
f/ie^no Zoo, F/ie^no, CA

len we opened our new Wolf Woods exhibit in Oct-
>er 1984, we did not know if we could put all
Ine of our wolves in together. They were all
ilated, but had been housed separately for over
70 years so we knew there might be trouble. The
.rst year of the wolves* residence in the new exhibit
.d prove difficult for both the wolves and the staff.

'ter a year of juggling individual wolves in and out of the exhibit, we
;el we may always have problems managing these wolves.

B began on the morning of 11 October 1984, by putting Willie and Tala,
le parent wolves, into the exhibit. In the afternoon, we added their two-
2ar-old daughters, Virginia and Neka. For a few hours. Tala retained a
Dsition as alpha wolf. Then Neka challenged her, backed up by Virginia.
ao days later, at the official dedication, the public saw one bloody-faced
Dther wolf, ursurped by her equally bloddy daughter, Neka.

le struggles for dominance took place mostly at night unseen by us. By
le fourth day, Virginia, the wolf who had hung back, gained her confi-
2nce and took over completely. In the process she left Neka bloody and
3rn. We had to remove her and stitch her up. Neka healed well, but
Bver returned to the exhibit again.

Dr the next week. Tala and Virginia fought occasionally. We had hoped
lat Tala, as the oldest wolf, age seven, and the mother, would be the
Lpha wolf. But Virginia was too strong and established herself at the
Dp of the social order. Willie just stayed out of it, often hiding be-
Lnd trees when the females fought.

1 24 October we added Virginia's sister, Lucy, who has not seen her sis-
2r or her parents since she was six months old. Virginia quickly put
icy in her place. But Lucy was able to dominate Tala and achieve beta
tatus. By now Willie and Virginia were a team and were equally top dogs.

t the same time, we has a vasectomy performed on Homer, half-brother to
Lrginia. (Willie had been vasectomized immediately after the birth of
le litter of ten that he had sired.) We chose vasectomy in order to
Btain normal breeding behavior without more births. We were later to
Bgret encouraging normal breeding behavior.

pmer was introduced into the exhibit. Willie and Virginia immediately
aamed up to dominate him. Whether they were the ones who injured him
javerely, or whether Homer tore open his original incision himself, we
are never to know. But he had to be removed to save him. Five days
ater, in his hospital cage, Homer ripped himself open and had to be
titched again. This led us to speculate that maybe he had done it to
imself the first time, making himself very vulnerable to Willie and
lrginia *s attacks.

t the end of November we added the female. Jumper, to the exhibit. This
rought the total number of wolves in the exhibit to five. We did not
now it then, but five would be the largest number we would ever reach in
olf Woods, and would prove to be too many wolves.

amper had always been the most nervous of all the wolves and was easily

413

ESTABLISHING A WOLF PACK AT THE FRESNO ZOO. Continued

relegated to the bottom of the social order. Tala moved up one rung on ^
the ladder. Soon each wolf staked out its own territory. Tala paced |

the moat at the east end. Jumper had the south end of the moat, sneak- '!
ing up to the pool for occasional quick drinks. Lucy had the northeast j|
corner and the den. Willie and Virginia took the top of the hill — - a |
sort of "king-of-the-hill” social order. I

In order to maintain status as top dog, Virginia had to keep harrassing i
the lower-ranking females. Lucy got bitten in the foot, requiring treat- i
ment. Because we did not want to disturb the precarious social order by f
pulling wolves out unless absolutely necessary, we treated her in the ll

exhibit with oral antibiotics. I

Willie and Virginia worked well as a team. Virginia would bite Lucy or j

Jumper on the left hip, and Willie would bite the right hip at the same |

time. Tala remained off to one side, occasionally getting a few facial f

cuts. She did challenge Lucy sometimes, once dragging her across the I

exhibit by her back leg.

Meantime, we had put the brothers Bruno and Eric in the two, old wolf
cages. We had, to our embarassment , thought Eric was female and he had i

previously been named Ethyl. Both Eric and Bruno would play very aggres- '
sively. Eric showed obvious tendencies of aggression toward male staff !
members. Since we enter the exhibit daily to clean, we decided none of
us wanted to face Eric or Bruno in there. ‘

Luckily, about this time, we finally found zoos that wanted wolves. Bruno'
and Neka were placed at Applegate Zoo, Merced, CA. Three other wolves !
were to go to Zaconga Zoo in Toluca, Mexico. This would bring our popu- ■
lation down to manageable numbers. i

In addition to dealing with battles for dominance, we had other difficultly
establishing routine in the new exhibit. Within a month of the opening,
the wolves had destroyed all the new landscaping. We had to replant trees
and install protective cages around them. The wolves kept digging up the
sprinkler system repeatedly. Until repairs could be made, we often had to'
drag 200 feet of hose in to hand-water trees. When the sprinklers work, I
the wolves enjoy playing in the water. I

They dug holes everywhere. Most were minor, but some were major tunnels.
They couldn’t dig through the floor of the metal conduit pipes that were
the base of the two dens. So they bypassed it, digging under the rock
next to the north den. They dug their own den twelve feet long and three
feet deep, exposing water pipe and major tree roots. We finally thwarted \
that by filling it with dirt and rocks. Then they tried to tunnel into
the hill next to the south den, undermining a huge rock. Eventually we !
had to dig down and collapse the rock into the hole.

Next they started a tunnel next to the west wall. In four days they
tunnelled nine feet horizontally and nearly four feet down. Fortunately, ,
the moat walls are buried seven feet. But this taught us we couldn’t "

allow a day to go by without refilling such holes.

In spite of these spurts of digging their own dens, the wolves do use the !
dens we built which is gratifying. Too often wolves do not use the dens
provided in new exhibits.

In their running around the exhibit, the wolves managed to shift over two
feet of depth of dirt from the top of the hill down the sides. This underj

414

STABLISHING A MOLF PACK AT THE FRESNO ZOO, ConUnii^d

.ined new trees * and worse, undermined two huge boulders at the top of
jhe north den. These rocks collapsed, blocking the den entrance — the
ocks were later shifted aside. But we were very fortunate that the rocks
id not collapse on a wolf, or on us going into the den to clean.

;S a result of this massive change to the contours of the hill, we had to
elandscape the exhibit. In late summer of 1985, we used most of our staff
nd many hours to terrace the hill with logs to retain soil, and we re-
planted more trees. This greatly improved the appearance of the exhibit
jnd made maintenance easier,

ally maintenance of the exhibit requires two keepers so there is emer-
ency back-up. Cleaning is done in the early morning, and feeding in the
fternoon. At first, one keeper would guard and the other did the work,
ow we find that one can pick up feces while the other cleans the pool,
e have found that only a few of our staff feel comfortable working with
he wolves, and these are the primary keepers.

ur methods of feeding have changed with the circumstances. At first we
ut each wolf’s ration of meat on different rocks so each had its own
erritory in which to eat. But in December 1984 they started burying
heir meat In large amounts. If we didn’t find the caches, flies quickly
ecame a problem. Now we feed each wolf small amounts of meat at a time so
hey are inclined to swallow all of it. Jumper catches hers in mid-air.
ucy gets hers on a rock by her den, and Homer eats by the pool. When
hey start to bury any meat, we assume they are full and discontinue feed-
.ng that wolf.

ecause they were getting fat, we had to restrict the males’ intake. When
ihey got extra hungry, they got dangerously bold, so all the wolves are
ow fed from above, outside the exhibit.

ur biggest continuing problem has been the establishing of the wolves’
•ocial order. The first few months the challenges and fighting occurred
ilmost daily. When breeding season began in February, we called a con-
lerence of wolf keepers, zoo management, and veterinary staff to discuss
he problem. We called Hal Markowitz, animal behaviourist, and consulted
|ith him. We consulted with other zoos. The final result was a decision
o spay all of the females, starting with the most aggressive, Virginia,
e hoped it might subdue her some and give Tala a chance.

|t the same time we reintroduced Homer, hoping that having another male
n the exhibit would distract Willie from harassing the females. Homer
mmediately challenged Willie for male hierarchy supremacy. Homer spent
is time walking stiff-legged with his hackles up, and soon Willie acquir-
jd a wound in his side and had his back legs bitten.

ala then came into heat and challenged Lucy, wounding her severely. Lucy
[as removed for stitching and was spayed. She went back into the exhibit
ilthin two weeks. It was decided that, even spayed, Virginia was still
•oo aggressive, so she was kept out.

lEantime, Homer had taken over as top male dog, and Tala was now top fe-
[ale. Willie was so intimidated he couldn’t drink water unless we guard-
d him from Homer. Tala solicited both Homer and Willie which caused
hem to fight even worse. So on 27 February, we pulled Tala out to spay
er. Unfortunately, by one of those freak accidents that are always a
isk, the tranquilizer dart hit an artery. Tala’s death was a severe
hock to all of us.

415

ESTABLISHING A WOLF PACK AT THE FRESNO ZOO, ConUnucd

Jumper was spayed in March and returned to the exhibit in early April. I

Willie continued to be harrassed by Homer. At the end of April his leg I
was wounded so badly the tendons were exposed and he had to be removed. !
(Remarkably, after weeks of application of scarlet oil to his wounds, the I
flesh filled in so well that you can hardly tell he was ever injured.) \

]

This left three wolves in the exhibit. Lucy and Jumper challenged each |
other often, but without major injury, until both received facial wounds i
in May. Over the next three months the situation remained remarkably
peaceful. It was unclear at this point as to whether Lucy or Jumper was ;
top female. By August the subtle differences disappeared and it was evi- |
dent that Lucy had become alpha female. In fact, by October, Lucy became
very dominant over the other wolves, male or female.

We intended to return Willie to the exhibit when he was healed. Willie i
was a favorite of zoo visitors and staff. But it was obvious that the |
two males could not get along together. Many of the staff felt Homer was I
aggressive. So in late August the two were switched. Willie quickly ;i
dominated the group. Willie and Lucy together harassed Jumper who retreat]
ed to the front den as her defense point. Within two weeks. Jumper re- i
ceived a four-inch slash in her side, requiring her removal for stitching. [

Willie has been hand-raised and was extra bold with people. After being !i
put on food restriction in Mid-September, Willie startled the keepers by ]
charging when he was very hungry. His actions were the reason we started'
feeding from outside the exhibit walls. ]

[i

Again we had to re-evaluate the situation. It was felt that either male I
tended to be bold. We considered the fact that past experience with ij

Homer indicated he might be less likely to interfer in the females’ J

squabbles. So, concensus of staff and management was that Homer might be :
the more manageable of the males. Homer was returned and Willie removed.

Shortly afterward. Jumper was returned to the exhibit and again some (

jockeying for position took place. It is still too early to judge if we |
have chosen the right grouping of wolves, but this is our final choice f
and we will have to do our best with it. ‘

Now that we are down to three wolves, it may be presumptuous to say that
we have established a wolf "pack". But three wolves seems to be all that i|
we can handle in the exhibit with any degree of peacefulness. However, ]
we do not believe that even then, we will ever have a static or stable i

situation. We know that their behavior can change at any time. It is '

fascinating and educational to watch these changes. But the most impor- ^
tant aspect from a keeper’s standpoint is that we must maintain constant 1
vigilance of each individual whenever we are in the exhibit. 3

We have achieved our original desire — that of taking our wolves out of
their skimpy, scattered pens into decent new homes. Our remaining three [;
wolves dig in the dirt, sleep in their dens, relax on their hill, or howl ;

in the night. They finally have their beautiful open exhibit. i;

Bibliography !

Mech, L. David. The Wolf : The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered

Species . Natural History Press, 1970. |

Zimen, Erik. The Wolf, a Species in Danger. Delacorte Press, 1981. f

416

A TAMAN DUA REPRODUCTION PROJECT: FURTHER PROGRESS

By

Vat SammoAco, Zoofeeepe/t
Ltncoln VoJik loo, Cklcago, JL

Jery little is known about the reproduction of Tamandua tetAadactlya . The
jesser, or Collared Anteater is native to the forests of Mexico, Central
ind South America, and apparently lives singly. In captivity they have
jroven that it can be at best dangerous and sometimes fatal to house a
)air together in limited space on a permanent basis. Little is known of
,:heir reproductive cycles and behaviors and captive births are rare.

[n April of 1984 a formal research project was started in the Edentate Lab
In Lincoln Park Zoo to try to determine the female tamandua ’s reproductive
tycle, and to further develop the husbandry techniques necessary for long-
term captive propagation. Observation of behaviors and physiological chang-
es are being noted, and urine is being collected for hormone analysis. The
joo’s consulting reproductive physiologist. Dr. Nan Schaffer, is coordinat-
ing the urine collection and analysis that will include a full hormonal
assay to determine which components may indicate the ovulatory cycle and
pregnancy.

Since its beginnings, the Edentate Lab has produced valuable information
on the biology and husbandry of various armadillos, sloths, and anteaters.
These studies have reflected the committment to these and other Tropical
\merican animals by Lincoln Park Zoo, and especially our Assistant Director,
Dennis Meritt, who has been studying them in native habitats as well as in
captivity. Successes in the Lab have produced a number of rare births, one
of these yielding twin tamanduas. Nutritional research has led to the de-
velopment of diets to allow these specialized feeders to thrive in captiv-
ity, and the current study should enhance reproduction.

jThe Edentate Lab now holds 2.5 tamanduas, and data for the study includes
a sixth female, now deceased. Both males are four years old; Jose is the
surviving twin of our birth of 17 February 1982; Coletto was found in the
vild in October 1982 as a ten-day-old infant, hand-raised for nearly a
year, then donated to the zoo. Coletto has been used as the focal male in
ithe study since his quarters are large enough to allow introductions of
females. He has been shown to have viable sperm, and he is interested in
the females. So far, Jose has shown no interest in the females, and has
only recently moved into a cage that is large enough to allow proper intro-
ductions. Four of the females are eight years old, one is over fifteen
years of age, and the sixth was less than three years old at death. All
jof these are wild caught, except the last, who was born at Seattle's Wood-
jland Park Zoo. Two of the females have produced young, one being the
mother of Jose. All are housed singly, except for periods of observed in-
itroductions that last for up to eight hours per day.

The project is dependent upon keeper routine, and time available for ob-
servations. Data is taken ad libitum, mostly during the cleaning routine,
since the cages are positioned so as to be seen during the first two hours
of run work, and are within earshot of the entire Lab. The project has
evolved, using what has been learned to adjust procedures to enhance the
future of the study. Initially, notes were taken only on female vaginal
appearance, in hopes of finding a simple indicator of sexual status.
Tamanduas show amber and rusty-colored vaginal stains, but recording these
suggests no pattern that would be useful. Some females' genitalia are
nearly always clean, others are normally dirty, and the colors of the stain

417

A TAMANDUA REPRODUCTION PROJECT: FURTHER RESULTS, Continued

are not predictable. However, daily inspection, with manipulation of the
labia, shows that there is cyclicity of approximately 35 days (± 3 days)
to the discharge of true bloody secretions.

Tamanduas tend to be, but are not exclusively, nocturnal. They are usuall]
observed sleeping throughout the day, but females show periods of increasec
activity and restlessness that coincide with their bloody periods. A large
part of this study is observing interactions between male and female taman-
duas, hoping to be able to relate behavioral receptivity to ovulation then
proved through hormone analysis of urines.

Because these animals have the potential for doing a great deal of damage
to each other with claws and strength designed for tearing trees and ter-
mite nests apart, initial contact was limited and carefully observed. The
male, Coletto, is housed in a wood framed mesh cage measuring 3' x 6* x 6'
(.9m X 1.8m x 1.8m) and appointed with branches for climbing, and tree-
tearing displays, as well as a hanging bucket sleeping chamber. Since this
is an off-exhibit area, it allows for putting smaller "howdy cages" adjacen
to the male’s home, and provides for female contact through the mesh walls.
This sort of contact is allowed almost daily, keeper routine permitting, an
notes are taken on interaction between Coletto and the females. Initially,
one female at a time was used. Later three cages and three females were
given simultaneous access to the male, allowing him to choose the females
most appealing to his attention. Female activity and interest in the male
is somewhat cyclical; male Interest was drawn to female activity, and re-
turned interest, but most dramatically to urine. Tamanduas urinate, then
roll in the fluid, scenting themselves with what seems to be a bodily flulc
rich in pheremones. Males and females show this behavior with their own
urine, and will roll in a cage previously anointed by another tamandua,
even after the cage has been washed. Coletto responds similarly to female
urine scent as well as to the urine of the other male, Jose. Time of
female cycle seems to have no effect on this behavior nor on its intensity.

After six months^ of watching "howdy cage" Interactions, the first barrier-
less introduction was tried. Coletto and the female, Henrietta, were
mutually interested at the mesh of the cages, and the introduction in
Coletto ’s cage proved peaceful and stimulating. The encounter consisted
of gentle mutual inspection, independent rubbing of cage furniture, and
alternating leaders in trailing each other, as well as gentle boxing, and
cuddling in various positions, including a laidback ventro-ventral positior
that may have been breeding. This first encounter lasted for about an houi
ending as the pair started to wander the cage separately, and time was no
longer available for continued observation, and possible intervention
should behaviors become hostile.

Since that time, each of the females has been allowed access to the male
on a regular basis. Decisions to try introductions have been based on !
mutual interest, or excitement, exhibited at the howdy cage, and later in
the confidence that behaviors could be predicted. Coletto is apparently
flexible and responsive to the moods and needs of the females. He is
always interested in contact, sniffing, grooming or following the female
as she allows. If the female is willing, play develops, often at female
initiation, sometimes in response to the male. If the female is unwilling
to accept Coletto ’s intentions, she will exhibit hostile behaviors, rang-
ing in intensity. The male retreats from any hostile act. To illustrate
the range of aggression, Henrietta, the gentlest female, when unwilling
to accept Coletto *s attention, taps him on the nose, and each tamandua
then wanders the cage independently, avoiding contact, she often going to
his nest to sleep. Henrietta may be left in the male's cage while hers

418

, TAMANDUA REPRODUCTION PROJECT: FURTHER RESULTS, ConUnued

.s being serviced, confident in the knowledge that each will ignore the
)ther and injury is unlikely. Terry is the most aggressive female. Ex-
cept for receptive days, she immediately roars, slashes at and chases the
lale. At introduction, the keeper retains hold of her tail for the first
•ew seconds which tells the mood of the day. Even on receptive days,

’erry is very rough, and Coletto has received scratches from her in play,
rhen this female proves aggressive, she is immediately removed. All of
;he females seem to become very restless during the bloody period of their
tycle, and are most receptive of the male at the end of this week-long
period.

To learn more about the tamandua’s potential as a social animal, multiple
females have been simultaneously introduced into the male's cage. All
)ut Terry interact peacefully, usually ignoring each other, sometimes en-
gaging in grooming and play, often centered around the male. Frequently,

;wo or three females curl up together in the nest and sleep. Play may
ievelop between the male and any of the females; the presence of the others
loes not seem to inhibit breeding activity, nor has female competition for
:he male's attention been seen thus far.

Che collection of behavioral data has been time consuming, but relatively
iasy; urine collection has proven to be the challenge. Three females are
loused in cages with stainless steel floors and straw bedding. Urine
.collection in these is easy on days when food and water have not contamin-
ated urine samples. Tamandua food is the equivalent of a meat milkshake,
feeding behavior includes tearing at the container, and spillage results.
Using clips to hold food bowls in place has helped somewhat. Urination
often occurs in the early morning, and is often lost to the animal's body
as she perfumes herself by rolling in it. Tilting the cages, and drilling
small holes in the floors has allowed collection of the urine as it drips
through. Two of the females are in cages with necessary substrate that
does not allow for colleciton, and samples are obtained from these ani-
nals only as they urinate in the howdy cage, and when the keeper is quick
enough to get it before the tamandua anoints herself.

Samples are collected by syringe or pipette, transferred to plastic vials,
[refrigerated immediately, and soon frozen for storage. The samples of
leighteen months of collection are now at the University of Tennessee, Knox-
(7ille, for analysis by Dr. Clinton D. Lothrop, Jr. Hopefully, a way to
track the ovulatory cycle will be found, and the laboratory results will
correlate with the behavioral observations. This information will then
'help us plan introductions of tamanduas for breeding success. If an
accruate pregnancy test can also be found, we can then prepare for the
remaining challenge of additional predictable successful births and mater-
nal care.

Suggestions for those caring for Tamanduas:

'l) Watch for cyclic, restless periods in females.

■2) Note vaginal discharge; manipulate labia if possible.

3) Expect females to be receptive at the end of the bloody period.

4) Allow plenty of room for introductions; observe carefully; be
prepared to intervene.

419

HAND- RAISING A HIMILAYAN BLACK BEAR

By j

Ettm BnadiloZd^ Kee^peA i ,

loo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA

The Himilayan Black Bear (S el motet 0-6 ThtbetanuA ) palr^ Bill and Maude*
at the Atlanta Zoo had produced several cubs* but none had survived
longer than 68 days. Most of the cubs died within four days of birth as
a result of maternal abuse. It is believed that maternal abuse results
largely from improper cubbing facilities. Ideal facilities would include
isolation from the male, with special attention being paid to olfactory
cues. Since ideal facilities were not available, it was decided that
future cubs would be removed immediately after birth.

The newborn cub, Tenzing, was first noticed at 1540 hours on 24 December
1984 when Maude was seen carrying him in her mouth. He was estimated to
be less than two hours old. The cub was taken from its mother, cleaned,
and given a general examination by the veterinarian. The cub then re-
ceived 5cc of American Black Bear Serum subcutaneously. An additional
10.6cc of serum was added gradually to equal parts of boiled water and
evaporated milk and fed until gone. Tenzing weighed 232 grams and was
in good physical health. His stomach, lower lip and anal area were red-
dish and tender, so baby oil was applied. This condition had diminished
within a week. His umbilical cord detatched after five days; also, at
about this time. Tensing began making vocalizations described as ’'motor-
boating” and "putting”.

A bear team was established which consisted of four keepers under the
guidance of the assistant mammal curator and the veterinarian. A quar-
antine situation was maintained which consisted of minimal handling of the
cub, Betadine® (Purdue Frederick Company), washing before, and after handl-
ing, and sterilization of all feeding apparatus after use.

DIET

A basic formula was chosen that consisted of boiled water, evaporated
milk and cream. The cub was fed on an ad lib schedule until six weeks

of age. Then it was decided that the cub should be fed once every five

hours, and that he should be wakened if necessary. An ad lib schedule
resulted in twelve feedings on Day One. At the end of the two weeks,
Tenzing was receiving eight feedings per day. The amount of formula
offered at each feeding depended upon weight gain and consumption. If
Tenzing's stool was irregular or dry, then corn syrup was added to the
formula. Vitamins were included after the first week in the first feed-
ing each day. Liquid pediatric multivitamins such as Poly Vi Sol®

(Mead Johnson) and Vi Daylin® (Ross Laboratories) were used. At ten weeks
of age Tenzing began to lose some weight. Strained beef was added to

the formula to supply more protein to his diet. At fourteen weeks,

ZuPreem® Omnivore (Hill's) biscuit powder was added. This addition help-
ed acclimate Tenzing to a later diet of Omnivore alone. A few days later
C/D® dietary animal food (Hill's) was added. This was chosen as a balanc-
ed food that would also add more solidity to the formula. Omnivore pow-
der was later replaced by whole biscuits. Gradually the biscuits were
increased so that by seven months of age Tenzing was receiving only dry
Omnivore biscuits. Apples were used as treats and rewards.

Although Tenzing had a low birth weight in comparison to other cubs i

(Roeding Park, Houston Zoological Gardens, personal communication), his i

420

HAND-RAISING A HIMILAYAN BALCK BEAR, Continued

daily volume intake was comparable. A sample of Tenzing's volume Intakes
are shown on Graph One and his weight gain can be seen on Graph Two. The
I numbers used in the monthly averages seen on Graph Two are: February 20,
j March 20, April 10, and May 3.

BEDDING AND PLAY AREAS

I The size of Tenzing's bedding and play areas depended upon two factors.

(To keep Tenzing warm, smaller areas were used. But of course, as he grew,
li the size of his enclosure was increased. Secondly, as he became more active
[’his play area grew.

‘ Tenzing was placed first into an incubator, but it appeared that he was

r not staying warm enough. He was then placed in a round container (dia-

t meter 25.4cm) with several sheets of fleece and a heating pad to central-
1 ly locate the heat. After a few days, he was moved to a larger area
, (.3m X .5m). When Tenzing was able to climb out of this container at four
‘weeks of age, he was moved to a wooden playpen (Im x Im) . The sides were
j fitted with plywood and styrofoam-filled mattress pads to prevent him from
I getting through the original wooden slats. At eleven weeks of age, he
6 was able to climb up the sides, so the mattress pads were removed. After

a few days, however, Tenzing could climb up the plywood and get out of

the playpen. He was then moved to a larger wooden enclosure measuring
4m X 3m. At four and a half months of age, he could get out of this en-
closure and was then placed in a room which measured 6.6m x 9.3m. At
this time Tenzing was also spending a couple of hours a day in the Child-
ren's Zoo in a 5.3m diameter Behlen cage. At five months of age he was
moved to a larger (8m x 4.3m) Behlen cage for these sessions, but still
spent the rest of his time in his inside room. After a month of commut-
ing between the two areas, Tenzing was left in his Children's Zoo area
; full-time.

Tenzing's earliest playthings were a variety of plastic toys, balls, a
swinging "dummy" made of fleece, and other objects. These were discon-
tinued in favor of more naturalistic objects such as logs, straw, and
pine cones. A standard animal carrier was used as a "nesting" area and
I as a transport box.

j

HEALTH

Tenzing had few health problems. He had to be stimulated to urinate and
defecate until he was capable of having regular bowel movements on his
own. This was done by gently patting on his lower back. His bowel move-
ments were carefully monitored in order at assess if changes in the diet
were necessary. His teething periods (6 weeks and 8-10 weeks) were mild-
ly disruptive to his feeding schedule. Children's Cherry Tylenol® syrup
was administered if signs of pain were evident. Pacifiers and teething
rings were of little interest to Tenzing. At three and a half months of
age, Tenzing developed a fairly common penal sheath infection. Treat-
ment involved an intensive routine consisting of stimulating to urination,
rinsing with hydrogen peroxide, and applying Betadine® ointment. This
infection reoccured periodically. At four months, Tenzing developed some
bone pain/s train. This was also considered to be quite common in young
growing animals. His formula consisted of strained beef, corn syrup,
water, evaporated milk, cream. Omnivore powder, C/D® , and liquid vita-
mins at this time. The beef was eliminated and the amount of C/D® was
increased. The liquid vitamins were also eliminated in favor of tablets
such as Uni Pet® (Upjohn). In addition, Tenzing began to spend time
outdoors.

421

Volume Intake

HAND-RAISING A HIMILAYAN BLACK BEAR. ConUnuzd

GRAPH ONE

o o o o

0) 0) <U 0)

P Q Q Q

a c

cd CO

h-, »-}

OJ «

ft. s

Date

422

Apr. 24
May 23

HAND-RAISING A HIMILAYAN BLACK BEAR, ConUnued

a>

Date

423

HAND-RAISING A HIMILAYAN BLACK BEAR, Continued

Although Tenzing’s size and weight fall behind those of other cubs, his
physical and motor development seem to be on schedule (Little Rock Zoo,
Roeding Park Zoo; personal communication). Table One shows Tenzing's
physical and motor development.

AGE

5 days
39 days
6i weeks

7 weeks
7i weeks

8 weeks

9 weeks

13i weeks

TABLE 1

EVENT

First "motorboating"

Both eyes fully open
First teeth breaking in
Lift up on legs
1st bear "swat"

Upper canines in

Four-legged walk, lower jaw
teeth, upper teeth, lower
canines all in

Standing upright

Currently Tenzing is ten months old and his weight is estimated to be
50kg. He eats 2kg of Monivore a day, and is a healthy, playful bear. A
search for a new home for Tenzing is underway, where it is hoped he will
have a companion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Terry Maple for the opportunity of helping to
raise a Himilayan Black Bear, Dr. Rita McManamon and John Croxton for
their guidance and support, and Ruth Visscher and Gary Roesinger for their
observations and input. Special thanks to Constance Noble and Sue Barnard
for their advice and dedication, and to Jeanette Griggs for her patience.

PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT

Betadine Manufactured by Purdue Frederick Company,

Norwalk, CT, 06856, U.S.A.

C/D Manufactured by Hills' Pet Products, Inc.

Topeka, KS 66601, U.S.A.

Poly Vi Sol Manufactured by Mead Johnson and Co.,
Evansville, IN 47721, U.S.A.

Tylenol Manufactured by McNeilab Inc., Fort

Washington, PA, 19034, U.S.A,

Uni Pet Manufactured by Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI

49001, U.S.A.

Vi Day lin Manufactured by Ross Laboratories, Columbus,

OH

ZuPreem Omnivore

43216, U.S.A.

Manufactured by Hill's Pet Products, Inc.
Topeka, KS 66601, U.S.A.

424

HAMADRYAS BABOON RESEARCH
AT THE RIVERBANKS ZOOLOGICAL PARK

By

Tony {/tochTo

CaAnlvon.eJ?nJjncutii KeepeA
RTveA-banfi^ looZog-lcat Pa/ik
CotumbAji, SC

I com February 1982 through December 1983, the hamadryas baboon ( Vap-Lo
i^OLdAyoU)] group at the Riverbanks Zoo was the subject of a keeper-run
iasearch project. This research focused on many aspects of hamadryas soc-
al behavior; two of which will be discussed in this paper.

tie first question to be examined is whether or not the presence of the
. Ipha male has an effect on the female dominance hierarchy and, if so,

|[iat is this effect. To answer this question we had to perform some man-
pulations on the group. After getting an idea of the dominance hierarchy
'f studying grooming preferences and the outcomes of aggressive encounters
a removed the male baboon from the group. For seven weeks we again re-
Drded grooming preferences and the outcomes of aggressive encounters to
Btermine the new hierarchy. At the end of this seven-week period the
ale was returned to the group and observations carried out for six more
aeks .

lis experiment yeilded some startling results. With the male present,
le females’ perception of their own hierarchy was very similar (though
Dt identical) to the male’s perception of their hierarchy. After his
'amoval there were some dramatic changes. One of the low ranking females
Dved up in the hierarchy and became the dominant female. Not only did
le begin to receive more grooming than any other female, she also began
inning all agonistic encounters in which she was involved. Upon the re-
am of the male this female returned to her original lower status not
ily in the eyes of the male, but also in the eyes of the other females.

pparently, this very aggressive female is suppressed by the presence of
le male. With her unable to force her dominance on the other females,

■ley consider her of lesser status and groom her accordingly less. With-
it the male to suppress her she begins to dominate the other females
id they respond by making her their preferred groomee. So, from the
, rooming preferences and the outcomes of agonistic encounters, it is ob-
lous that the male exerts a strong influence on the females’ hierarchy.

le second question to be examined is much more speculative in nature,
ne hamadryas social system is different from that of the other Papio
pecies. Hamadryas display a one-male harem type of social organization,
lat we attempted to determine was whether or not the hamadryas social
y^stem evolved from the typical baboon troop system.

asearchers studying troop-forming baboons and macaques have found that
lese animals have evolved an interesting system to handle the natural
impetition for mates that would occur in a group with many males and
emales. When females come into estrus, males attempt to form a consort
elationship with them. This involves leading the female away from the
ore of the troop and keeping her around by placating her with increased
rooming. The male attempts to maintain close proximity with the estrus
emale while keeping other males away.

425

HAMADRYAS BABOON RESEARCH AT THE RIVERBANKS ZOO, ConUnuad

Obviously, a male hamadryas, not having to worry about competition with |
other males, would not need to form consort relationships with his female:
Also, hamadryas researchers have found that when more than one male is '
present, they respect each others’ ownership of females and they do not |
attempt to steal each others' females. With this knowledge available, we’
speculated that if hamadryas do form consort relationships it could be
taken as evidence that this behavior is a remnant behavior that was nec- |
essary in their earlier troop-like social system.

To determine whether or not hamadryas form such relationships we recorded
grooming preferences and also monitored the states of the females' estrus
cycles to see if there was any correlation. We also used nearest-neighbo:
maps to study the proximity of the male to estrus females to see if this
too might correlate positively.

The results of this study were quite striking. The male had a favorite
female that he grommed only slightly more when she was in estrus than
when she was in anestrus. For the other three females the vast majority
of male grooming that they received came when they were in estrus (83%,
89%, and 91%). The nearest-neighbor data also showed a strong correlatloi
between proximity and the state of the females' estrus cycles. The male
spent the most time in contact or within one meter of estrus females;
females that were greater than five meters from the male were usually in i
anestrus. Both of these results offer compelling evidence that hamadryas
males do attempt to form consort relationships with estrus females. The
formation of consort relationships can be taken as evidence that the hama-
dryas social system has evolved from the more common troop social system.

Two important aspects of primate behavior were discussed in this brief
paper. This project shows that the zoo can be an ideal place to do ser-
ious ethological research. The results from such research may not only
be valuable to zoo personnel but may help researchers who are studying
similar phoenomena in the field or in the lab.

Acknowledgements :

This research was supported in part by an AAZK grant and in part by a
Sigma Xi grant-in-aid-of-research . The Riverbanks volunteer staff was
an invaluable aid in securing much of the data that were used in this stud

426

POLAR BEAR REPRODUCTION AT
THE RIVERBANKS ZOOLOGICAL PARK

By

Tony [/eaafUo

BcjjmTooH.(ilVnAMciJiz KmipizA.
RTveA-bank^ Zoolog Teal PoaJz

loo managers, in general, consider zoo animals to fall into one of two
pategories: those that breed readily in captivity and those that are dif-
I'icult or impossible to breed in captivity. Most animals fit easily into
|)ne category or the other. There is, however, a third category; some
inimals breed regularly at some zoos yet the same species will not breed
.t all in other zoos or will breed at irregular, unpredictable intervals
ij.eaving zoo personnel to wonder what they did right or what they had been
.oing wrong.

|he polar bear (U/L6ct6 moJuJumuJ>] is one of these puzzling species . Though
olar bear births are not terribly uncommon, the captive population has
een declining precipitously for the past several years. Deaths greatly
utnumber births and there are many zoos that have had little or no suc-
ess in breeding this species.

or the first ten years of its history, Riverbanks was one such zoo.
here were cases of aborted, stillborn, mother-killed, and mother-rej ect-
,d cubs, but no successful births. Finally, in 1980, after the death of
ne of our female bears in the cubbing dens, the staff got together for
soul-searching meeting. Riverbanks 's director, mammal curator, zoologist,
veterinarian, and carnivore keepers sat down and debated whether or not
e should continue to exhibit polar bears and, if so, whether or not we
hould attempt to breed them. It was at this meeting that Riverbank's
irector. Palmer Krantz , expressed his conviction that "as long as polar
ears are being removed from the wild and numbers are declining in cap-
ivity Riverbanks has an obligation to make every possible effort to breed
hem."

ith this fiat in mind, the staff attacked this problem with renewed vig-
|r. We approached this challenge in two ways. First, we re-examined the
cientific literature to evaluate what was known of polar bear behavior
n the wild and in captivity. Secondly, we had to re-examine what we knew
bout our individual female to perhaps understand why she had not been
uccessful to this point.

Ihe literature search brought out some interesting facets of polar bear
lehavior. Female bears den in incredibly inhospitable areas, sometimes
jundreds of miles from their normal hunting grounds. When the hungry
emale and her cubs do emerge from the den in early spring, they do not
'o off immediately in search of food. Instead, the mother spends two
eeks watching over her cubs as they romp and play in the immediate vic-
lity of the den.

tiese puzzling aspects of female polar bear behavior, denning far from
Dod and not immediately going in search of food, can be explained simply
[lough. The biggest threat to young polar bears is the adult male bear,
y breeding far from good hunting grounds the females lessen the likeli-
ood that males will encounter their dens. By giving the cubs two weeks
0 grow, strengthen, and improve their speed and coordination, the female
laar increases the likelihood that her cubs will be able to keep up with
ar when a male bear threatens.

427

POLAR BEAR REPRODUCTION AT THE RIVERBANKS ZOOLOGICAL PARK, Cont’d

We were already aware that the male is a threat to cubs, but we may have
been underestimating the seriousness of that threat. Riverbank's cubbing]
area is in the same barn as the daily used back-up cages and, though in-
dividual dens are made of concrete, the cubbing area is separated from j
the rest of the barn only by 2*' steel mesh cage work. So a bear in the ’
back-up cages could easily be seen, beared and smelled from the cubbing
area. The solution to this problem involved a mammoth undertaking by our
maintenance department. Using the old steel cagework as support, they
built frames and poured concrete to construct a solid wall between the
two halves of the barn. In essence, they built a barn within an already
existing barn to truly isolate the cubbing den area.

The next problem that we needed to overcome was not one that was discover
ed in the literature but one that was uncovered by keepers having a good
knowledge and understanding of their individual animals. The keepers
noticed that our female bear had never settled down when locked in the
den. Though we went to great pains to construct dens the same size as
natural dens, our high-strung female did not seem to appreciate this fact
But now, after the construction of the concrete walls, this became an eas
problem to overcome for now we could allow the female to have access to
the entire area and still have her effectively isolated.

So, in 1984, we incorporated these two major changes into our normal man-
agement routine. In August we began increasing the female's diet so that
she would gain enough weight to survive a several month fast. In Novem-
ber we moved the female into the new concrete cubbing area; but now, in-
stead of locking the female bear in a den, we allowed her access to the
entire cubbing area. She wandered freely in this area without showing
signs of stress until the last day of November. At that time she moved
into one of the dens and did not come back out. On 1 December, after ten
years of waiting, we heard the unmistakable sound of baby bears crying.

The next few months were to bring many problems; each day brought us into
territory that we were totally unfamiliar with. Through common sense
and relying heavily on the female bear to solve most of her own problems
with as little interference as possible we were able to exhibit, in
April, Riverbanks’ first mother-raised polar bear cubs.

Many people and departments at Riverbanks (not to mention the bears them-
selves) can share the credit for this important success. Yet more impor-
tant than any one idea or contribution was the management technique itsel
blending research and knowledge of the species with an empathy and under-|
standing of the individual animals. With this technique no animal-relate
problem in the zoo will be unsolvable.

428

EUTHANASIA AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL:

A CASE HISTORY

By

Anm Paym, ZookeepcA
Ve^o-lt Zoological PaJik, VctAoiX, MI

[Che Detroit Zoo has euthanized seven Siberian tigers in the past three
^•ears .

[n the fall of 1982 a decision was made at a meeting, which included the
[iirector, veterinarian, curators of mammals and education, zoo registrar,
md tiger keepers, to euthanize four of our eight Siberian tigers. Three
3f these tigers were in poor health, and the fourth was of such an ag-
gressive temperment that she could not be allowed physical contact with
my of the other tigers. Another meeting was held the next day, and the
iirector advised the keeper staff of the decision to euthanize these four
:igers. Euthanasia was not new to our zoo, but the fact that the tiger
ceeper was involved in the decision and that such a decision was then
relayed to the staff by way of a meeting were two things that were new
;o our zoo.

Che decision to euthanize these tigers was then picked up by a reporter
:rom a local newspaper which had recently published a portion of an inter-
riew with our director which dealt with culling overcrowded herds of
loudads and sika deer.

iChe article on the tigers did mention the fact that three of the tigers
lad serious health problems but placed the major emphasis on the earlier
5tatements about culling overcrowded animals. The news of the planned
euthanasias brought about a very negative response from the general pub-
.ic, due in large part to the information that was given in the newspaper
irticle, which led them to believe these tigers were going to be killed
jecause there was no room for them.

"he phone calls came nonstop for two days following the article, all in
)rotest of the euthanasia. Many callers became much more reasonable when
i:he health conditions of the tigers were explained to them. Letters also
istarted pouring in, many of which were from out of state, as the wire
services carried the story without mention of the health problems. All
setters with names and addresses were answered. Several persons wrote
jack apologizing for their actions after receiving complete information
m why the decision had been made.

V Detroit resident filed a million-dollar lawsuit against the zoo, on
l>ehalf of the tigers, accusing the director of acting in an arbitrary,
’.apricious, and malicious manner. An injunction was then issued by a
circuit Court judge barring the zoo from carrying out the euthanasias
iintil a court hearing could be held. By the time the hearing date came
'ip, the plaintiffs also included The Fund for Animals headed by Cleveland
'tmory. At the hearing the judge allowed the plaintiffs to call in out-
side veterinarians to examine the tigers, after y^hich he would make his
lecision.

Ihe next six weeks were stressful. The director made several local TV
md radio appearances to explain the decision and answer questions from
:he general public and media. Some favorable responses were starting to
iimerge locally as well as out of state. Some of the media personnel were
>eginning to respond in support of the zoo.

429

EUTHANASIA AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL: A CASE HISTORY, Contlna^d

Responses pro and con were starting to even out. Considering that people |
are more likely to make an active negative rather than positive response* j
it was felt that the majority of the local response was in favor of the 1
zoo. Most of these responses were turning around because the public was
getting a chance to learn of the reasons behind the decision: three of
these animals were in poor health; two of the tigers had severe hip dys-
plasia and the other had a chronic debilitating kidney problem.

On 3 November 1982, the final court hearing was held with both sides pre™
seating their arguments. The judge then reached his decision: the zoo
had not acted in an arbitrary, capricious or malicious manner. Whether
or not the tigers were ill was immaterial. What mattered was that the
euthanasia decision, which was made by professionals in the field, was
reached through a reasonable process. The decision made by the zoo was
made in a reasonable manner and therefore the court decided not to set
that decision aside.

Though the injunction was lifted for the three ailing tigers, the injunc-
tion on the fourth riger was left intact. A curator who had not attended
the first meeting suggested that we exhaust all possible alternatives to
euthanasia. The zoo had decided to cancel euthanizing her, at least tem-
porarily, and the decision was made before the lawsuit, so the injunction d
not affect her. In light of the lawsuit and the judge's final decision, ho
ever, the feeling of the general public was that she had been "saved" by th
public outcry and the zoo was only being allowed to euthanize the three ail
ing tigers.

On 10 December 1982, the judge reaffirmed his earlier decision. He made
clear that as long as the zoo's management decisions were made in a
reasonable manner, their professional judgement could not be challenged
in court. The injunction barring euthanasia of the fourth tiger was also
lifted. ^

Letters to the editor continued from time to time but died out as time
went on and attention was turned to more current matters.

The zoo was left with five tigers. Only one, a female, had lineage that
could be traced and was accepted in the Siberian Tiger SSP program.

The Detroit Zoo only has holding capacity for two breeding pairs. The
decision to be made now was whether to utilize that space for two breed-
ing pairs or to continue exhibiting non-reproductive animals.

Beginning in April 1983, efforts began to relocate the four non-SSP ani-
mals. These animals were advertised in the AAZPA Animal Exchange "gratis"
17 times with no suitable relocation sites being found.

In May 1983, a male in the SSP program was brought to Detroit on breeding
loan to be paired with our SSP female. Unfortunately, our female died
of a heart condition in September 1983; she was then replaced in April
1984 with a breeding-loan female.

A decision was made to obtain a pair of 1984-bom cubs designated by SSP.

If the four non-SSP animals could not be relocated, the decision to
euthanize them would be more easily accepted if younger, reproductive
animals were already in the collection.

In February and March 1985, year-old cubs from two different zoos were '
brought to Detroit on breeding loan. ¥e now had eight tigers and the
crowded conditions were undesirable for both the animals and the staff. j

430

EUTHANASIA AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL: A CASE HISTORY, ConUnuzd

All options for relocation of the four non-SSP animals appeared to have
jeen exhausted and on 27 March 1985, they were euthanized for management
reasons. Prior to the euthanasia date the SSP coordinator was informed
3f the decision and final recommendations were made for tissue and organ
>lacement into research projects affiliated with SSP.

|)ue to the previous experience with the planned euthanasia of three ail-
ing tigers, staff involvement was kept to a minimum. Only the director,
lurator of mammals, head veterinarian, and one head zookeeper were aware
)f the decision. Although the keeper staff was generally aware of the
:ollection changes and the ultimate goal of the zoo, only four staff mem-
)ers and the exhibit keeper (who became aware of the impending date a
:ew days in advance) knew of the planned euthanasia date.

The inevitable news leak did occur and late in the afternoon on the day
if ter the euthanasia, the director began to receive phone calls from the
iiedia. He emphasized to all callers that the tigers had been healthy and
:hat this euthanasia was quite different from that involving the three
seriously disabled tigers in 1982. He stressed the zoo's desire to once
igaln take part in the effort to breed Siberian tigers, both to provide

;he public with tiger cubs to see and to help stave off the possible ex-

tinction of Siberian tigers.

Dnly one major Detroit newspaper and one suburban newspaper reported the
‘uthanasia. Two TV stations also reported it. All media reports pre-
sented the facts in an unbiased manner and quoted the director on the
•easons for the euthanasia. Maybe even more important in showing support
»f the zoo by the media was that one of our two major Detroit papers and
,»ne of our three major TV stations did not even report on the euthanasia.

his was in great contrast to the 1982 euthanasias where the zoo received

lundreds of angry phone calls and more than 150 letters within two weeks,

he 1985 euthanasias brought approximately 15 phone calls and five letters
.n the first weeks that followed.

'.ducation of media personnel plays a tremendously important role in how
Euthanasia at a zoo is presented to the public, which in turn has a
Etrong impact on the public’s reaction. The media have to understand
he zoo’s position on euthanasia as a management tool and the reasons
ehind the decision. When the 1985 euthanasias were carried out, the
sedia gave the zoo the opportunity to present its reasons and thus the
motional outburst against the zoo was avoided.

Ihe Detroit Zoo is proud to present one of the newest additions to our
lollection: the first Siberian tiger cub born at our zoo in 11 years
.rrived on 19 September 1985.

References

pplebaum, D. 1982. Euthanasia of 3 Siberian Tigers at the Detroit Zoo.
AAZPA Newsletter, Vol. 23, No. 12:4-7.

‘ , K. Latinen, and A. Lewandowski. 1985. Euthanasia of Four

Healthy Tigers at the Detroit Zoo Reported. AAZPA Newsletter , Vol.
26, No. 6:14-15.

431

ASIAN ELEPHANT BREEDING PROGRAM
AT THE SAN DIEGO WILD ANIMAL PARK

Jmn HKomadka, Elephant Keeper
San Vtego WAP, Escondido , CA

Primarily due to habitat loss in its natural habitat, the Asian elephant’s'
numbers are rapidly declining. A status report issued in the late seventiej’
indicated that between 25,000 to 36,000 Asian elephants remain in wild
populations but there is no indication that the numbers have increased ,

since. Not only have herds been fragmented which makes it impossible for ,
them to socially interact with other herds, but migration routes have also ^
been disrupted. Due to economic and agricultural needs of an ever-increas-j
ing human population, not to mention the continued isolation and f ragmen- |
tation of the herds, the future of the wild population remains grim. [

I

In May 1984, the San Diego Wild Animal Park began the construction of its |
long-awaited Asian elephant breeding facility. By October 1984, the com- j
pletion of the $360,000 facility was made possible through private donors
and members of the Zoological Society of San Diego. The construction of {
the isolation yards and barns for the Asian and African bulls had previous-j
ly been completed in the first phase of this project. Besides providing j
seclusion for male elephants in musth, the specially constructed bull yard:
can be used to regulate births by isolating the male from females at ap- j
propriate times. I

With a square footage of 3,745, the new breeding facility can comfortably j
accommodate ten cows. The barn is divided into four main areas. The j

isolation stall allows for sick or new animals to be housed separate from j
the herd. The largest area of the new barn is the center stall which holds j
the majority of healthy animals not yet impregnated. At the south end of j
the barn is the maternity stall. This stall will be equipped with three |
video cameras which will assist in monitoring all future births. Three ,
observation windows were also included in the construction so that keepers
could survey the animals from staff quarters without disturbing them. To
prevent the calf from venturing from its stall, the steel pipes surround-
ing the maternity stall were installed eleven inches apart. Throughout
the rest of the barn the pipes are set at twenty-four inches apart. Di-
rectly behind the maternity stall is the access chute. This stall can be
used to offer additional space to both mother and calf, but also serves as
an access to the combined bull and maternity yards located on the opposite
side of this stall. Flehmen or sniff tests can be conducted here as well.j

On 25 February 1985, the breeding program was under way with the intro- |
duction of our eighteen-year-old cow, Carol, to our nineteen-year-old bull [
Ranchipur. Out of a total of eight Asian cows, Carol was chosen because j
of her aggressive approach towards the male which was noted months before j.
the introduction. These observations were made possible by removing two ^
metal plates on the gate that separates the bull from the cow yard. t

Ranchipur took up residence at the Wild Animal Park in 1981 but, since {
he had no previous exposure to a herd of females, we were uncertain of his^
reaction. At first both animals were very inquisitive of each other which;
later led to Ranchipur eventually attempting to mount Carol on numerous [
occasions. Unfortunately, due to lack of experience and the unacquainted
status of their relationship, an air of frustration and anxiety inevitably;
turned into aggression. Although Carol and Ranchipur to this date have
not successfully bred, a stable relationship between the two gradually is j
taking shape and changes in their daily behavior are recognized and recordj
ed.

432

SIAN ELEPHANT BREEDING PROGRAM AT SDWAP, CoyvUnued

1 8 April 1985, the second phase of this project initiated the intro-
iction of a second cow» Cookie, a thirty-year-old female was chosen for
le project because of her secure disposition towards the bull. It is
ir hope that if the bull was exposed to more than one cow, it would in-
ace an additional sexual stimulus. Curiosity was Ranchipur's initial
aaction towards Cookie, but his attachment to Carol remained steadfast.
Ltimately, as weeks passed, numerous mountings were observed between
3okie and Ranchipur but, once again, no successful intromissions.

|/ery May for the past few years, Ranchipur has come into his annual musth
jariod which usually lasts about three months. Whatever the explanation
ly be for the state of musth, it is not a condition directly associated
Lth sexual activity, for elephants with inactive glands are frequently
)served copulating and bulls in musth do not necessarily show interest

I females. There is, nevertheless, a marked increase in the level of
sstosterone, the male sex hormone, in the blood of elephants in musth.
btitude and approach remained comparable towards both cows during this
ipredic table time. It has been suggested from certain researchers that
ily captive bulls become aggressive while in musth. Ranchipur, on the
bntrary, displayed very little behavioral change to what even may be
msidered an apathetic presence around the females on countless occas-
ions .

Lnce the bull demonstrated that he could be trusted while still in musth,
TO new cows were admitted on 23 July. Carol and Cookie were released in-
|) the cow yard from the bull yard by eleven o’clock in the morning,
[mediately following the removal of those two cows, Cindy and Jean were
jLlowed to enter. Due to her frantic reaction to the male, Cindy was
xtracted from the bull yard only an hour after the introduction. In-
cantly, Jean and Ranchipur established a healthy attraction for each
cher. Less than a week later it was decided to test the bull out in the
')w yard. Investigation of other captive breeding programs led us to
ilieve that it is imperative that the male and females are given the
iportunity to familiarize themselves with each other before actual copu-
ition can successfully occur. Most all of the known propagation projects
lat have produced Asian elephant calves also have a history in which the
iiimals breeding were practically raised together or at least had time to
iicome comfortable around each other.

jpefully by allowing the bull access to the cow yard on a regular basis,
le elephants will slowly build natural bonds between each other and, in
iirn, encourage spontaneous breeding. Initially when the bull was first
jit out with the cows, it ignited a series of hysterical repercussions
lich were shortly followed by affectionate rumblings. Originally, Ranchi-
:ir visited the cow enclosure two to three times a week during which time
i spent the majority of his visit exploring the exhibit. Eventually each
)w was inspected before the day was concluded with the bull being coaxed
lick into his enclosure by the keepers. At this point, a bucket of apples
5 enough to entice him back into his yard. Although there was a period
lere we found ourselves baiting him back home with a favorite cow and

II occasion it took as much as a harem to get him to cooperate. Present-
r, he is out in the main exhibit which expands over a acre and a half
Lve days a week. Fortunately, we are able to enter and exit the yard
Ithout any interference from the bull. Retrieving show and ride animals
\i his presence is easily accomplished. Additional caution was exercised
round the bull after mid-August which marked the decline of his musth
jriod. Ranchipur *s behavior changed from a lacksdaisical , often oblivious
rtitude, to his typically alert, overwhelming personality.

433

ASIAN ELEPHANT BREEDING PROGRAM AT SDWAP, Continued

Those few days a week spent in his exhibit are usually shared with Jean
and occasionally with Cha Cha, who was recently introduced. Ranchipur
continues to attempt to mount Jean in his yard, but due to Jean's lack
of maturity, she misinterprets his advances as innocent roughhousing.

From the very first day in the cow yard the bull was frequently perform-
ing flemen test on every female he encountered on a daily basis. Some-
times the test initiates a precopulatory chase with the desired female
which in turn stimulates him to strive for copulation. Mary, Jean and
Carol appear to be his favorites, but interest is displayed towards the
other females on specific days. Most of the bull's attention has been on
Mary during the latter part of September. The majority of the behavior
observed resembles mostly courtship in nature which involves leaning
against each other, entwining each others trunks together and laying theii
trunks across the top of each others heads and backs.

Finally, on 29 September, after eight months of manipulating animals and
exhibit space, Ranchipur successfully mounted Connie whereupon full pene-
tration was witnessed. It is interesting to note that Connie was the onl)
female to actively pursue the bull on the first day of introduction and
had continued to present herself to him by constantly backing into him.
During the first couple of weeks of Connie's persistent attention toward
him, Ranchipur, for the most part, ignored but tolerated her unceasing,
obnoxious flirting. Quite a few weeks passed before any concrete inter- l|
est was directed from the bull to Connie. At the young age of twelve, she
posses a remarkable insight into the mating procedure. Possibly her ex-
posure to a male that previously was housed at the Wild Animal Park years
ago helped her to obtain an instant composure towards Ranchipur. |

On that eventful Sunday the bull exhibited unequivocal excitement when-
ever he was in close proximity to her. Startled by his uncontrollable
badgering, Connie hastily sought refuge among herd members. Provoked by
her actions, Ranchipur retaliated with the induction of the precopulatory
chase. Desperately she managed to elude the bull for only a short time,
using the herd animals as shelter and clusters of tree stumps which suf-
ficiently obstructed him from achieving the necessary stance for a suc-
cessful mount. After the fourth and final race across the length of the
enclosure, Connie stopped suddenly and stood patiently as if she had re-
signed herself to the fact that there was no escaping him. As she calm-
ly stood with her body facing downhill, without hesitation the bull po-
sitioned himself behind her and gracefully mounted her with very little
effort. Of course inserting the penis into the urino-genital canal for
the first time in his life took some practice. From start to finish the j
whole procedure took less than two minutes. Actual penetration required ^
less than thirty seconds to complete but, with this being Ranchipur 's
first intromission, only about a fourth of the length of the penis was
allowed to penetrate. Full penetration is imperative for the copulation
to be considered successful. Immediately following the first intromis-
sion, both animals gently probed each other with their trunks especially
around the genital area. Slowly they moved off together to another part
of the enclosure as they continued to display courtship-like behavior.
Several cows kept an inquisitive vigil on the breeding couple with Nita
and Jean showing the most concern. Almost a half an hour later, the bull
once again mounted Connie, this time on top of a dirt mound. Unlike the
first mount, the second attempt was obviously executed on a poor site
which not only caused Connie to buckle slightly under his tremendous
weight, but, due to overexertion, prevented Ranchipur from regaining
momentum to correct his awkward position. Earnestly, Ranchipur and Connii
strolled to the far end of the yard next to the entrance of the show ring
work area. Since the ground was a bit more level and the bull positioned

434

SIAN ELEPHANT BREEDING PROGRAM AT SDWAP, Continued

imself more accurately, the third attempt resulted with Ranchipur ac-
omplishing his first successful copulation. Full penetration lasted
nder a minute which was postdated with affectionate gestures between the
iwo elephants.

efore the animals were separated and brought in for the evening, three
Intromissions were recorded. Two of them occurred in the afternoon while
[he last interaction took place late in the evening. Since activity be-
ween the two elephants remained intense, we purposely kept them together
,s long as possible to encourage them to continue their courtship. Blood
ras taken from Connie that afternoon and a semen sample was collected after
f;he third copulation. These were turned over to the park's hospital for
tvaluation. That evening, after sharing a few hours in the bull barn so^
;hat we could make sure both animals were eating, the pair were once again
•eleased, this time in the bull yard. During those extra four hours al-
.otted them, Ranchipur mounted Connie a final time before we separated
;hem for the evening.

lopefully in three months we will be able to determine if Connie is preg-
jiant. If she is, the bull will be kept isolated from the herd for six
lonths. Then once again he will be allowed to interact with the cows and
pontinue to propagate our Asian herd.

[n order to obtain a clear understanding of the female elephants' estrous
:ycle, behavioral research is presently being conducted. For the first
;hree months of the breeding project, 20 cc's of blood was taken three
"imes a week from both Carol and Cookie. Also collected on a daily basis
Is 5 milligrams of urine from the same two cows. Presently the only
iefinite way of determining estrous is by way of serum testing or radio-
immunoassay. Zoo endocrinology is also conducting daily urine tests from
:he samples collected to look for rises in progesterone/estrogen levels.
Recently, by the samples collected, we have been able to pinpoint esti—
nated times when the two individual cows were ovulating. By examining
Cookie's and Carol's hormone profile, we have discovered that Cookie was
Dvulating at the end of June and Carol was ovulating during mid-July.

/Jhat ' s even more exciting is that it was also the same time when mating
^as attempted by the bull. Much is still unknown about captive breeding
of Asian elephants, but hopefully through concentrated efforts we will be
able to ensure the status of these magnificent mammals in today's zoos as
well as in the wild populations.

&

Keeper’s Alert

ZOOLOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER USER'S GROUP BEING FORMED

Purpose of the group is the exchange of ideas and techniques used in
nicrocomputing. Plans are for on-line bulletin board and newsletter.
'\11 interested parties should contact: Richard Mazza, 46 Barrington
Road, Bronxville, NY 10708.

435

SUCCESSFUL SEMEN COLLECTION FROM
A HAND-REARED CHEETAH (AcUnon^x jubaMu)

By

TeA/U SchaeAman, SdviioA knimoJi HandZoA
San VZzgo l^-ltd KnjjnaZ PoAk
E^aondldo , CA

INTRODUCTION

The South African cheetah [AcZnonyx jabatLU> ] is an endangered species i
whose wild population is reported at 5,000 to 10,000. Recognizing the
cheetah as a species in trouble, zoological facilities worldwide have *
been attempting to create viable breeding populations that might offer a
stronghold of cheetahs in captivity so their future existence is ensured.
Although there has been limited success at a few facilities, the cheetah
remains a very difficult species to breed in captivity, and researchers
are looking for new methods to increase the captive reproductive success.

Artificial insemination is one method that may offer hope. One potential j
means of achieving this, being pursued at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, '
involves the collection of semen from a male cheetah, regularly and with- j
out sedation. A second possible means involves the freezing of the semen, !
producing a viable sample when thawed for use in future artificial insem- |
inations. These procedures are being done by animal handlers and research-®
ers with the cooperation of a hand-reared cheetah. n

!

One important aspect of this entire project was the recognition by his |
keepers and handlers that the possibility of semen collection even exist- |
ed. Certainly, other requirements in implementing the project were the ^
researchers’ knowledge and expertise, the creativity to try different tech!
niques and the patience to see it through. *

t

PARTICIPANTS

Pesach, the cheetah used for semen collection, is a three and a half-year-
old male, born at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, rejected at birth, hand-
raised as the sole survivor of the litter, and placed in the care and
training of animal handlers for use in various education programs offer-
ed by the Wild Animal Park. He is a tractable, command-trained, leash-
trained cat and works with the aid of positive food reward of beef heart
and Monterey jack cheese. Hand-raising was chosen for Pesach due to the
fact that he was the only one in the litter to survive and had no siblings
with which to grow up. As a result, he was not considered a favorable cat
for breeding. To our knowledge, no hand-reared cheetah has ever produced
offspring .

(I

There have been a total of six handlers, all female, who have worked with i
Pesach during his first three and a half years. Four of these handlers ||
have been with him two years or more, and two have worked with him less j
than one year. Of the six, five have participated in the semen collection (j
to date. It should be noted that only his handlers have physical contact J
with him and perform the collection procedure. |

Dr. Barbara Durrant, a reproductive physiologist and a member of the Zoo- j
logical Society of San Diego Research Department, is the lead researcher ||
on the project. Dr. Durrant processes each sample, determines the impor- (j
tant data, develops the diluent, the medium in which the semen is frozen, |i
and executes the freezing of the sample. She is assisted by Susan Millard, ||
a research behaviorist.

436

CCESSFUL SEMEN COLLECTION FROM A HAND-REARED CHEETAH, CoYvUniiQ,d

[ITIATION OF PROJECT

•om the age of four to five months, Pesach started exhibiting displaced
!xual behavior. The recipients of this behavior were one of his handlers
L small woman with very light blonde hair), and certain of his toys
irdboard boxes and rubber tires. Periodically, when in contact with this
iindler or offered these specific toys, he would attempt to mount them,
lis was an off-and-one sexual arousal continuing until he was about a year
: age, at which time the tire and box became the primary stimuli to elicit
jxual behavior. This occurred whenever they were in his cage, and Pesach
)uld carry out the proper vocalizations associated with breeding activity,
ich as chirping and stutter-barking, mount the objects and even achieve
)mplete ejaculations. Steps were taken with Pesach to discourage sexual
jhavior toward the blonde handler and results were favorable, although to
lis date he still exhibits sexual arousal in the presence of small, blonde
jomen in uniform.

1 October of 1984, after realizing the potential present with Pesach 's
shavior. Dr. Durrant set out to devise a method by which his semen could
j collected. Many ideas and avenues were pursued, the most elaborate be-
ig the construction of a cheetah dummy made of a carpeted foam with sturdy,
lort metal-pipe legs and equipped with an artificial vagina (AV) . This
IS a most impressive model to our eyes, but did nothing to elicit sexual
ahavior from Pesach. He simply enjoyed chewing on it.

lOCEDURE

1 February 1985, we achieved success with Pesach by manual manipulation
sing the AV. The AV device is constructed of a short length of rigid
Dse, lined with surgical tubing folded back over each end of the hose.

second length of tubing lines the first, with one end folded over the
Dse (serving as a vagina) and the other end connected to a collection
3ttle. This method works best when two of Pesach 's handlers perform the
trocedure. One handler enters his cage with a food reward, positioning the
at in such a way that the second handler is able to position the AV and
timulate him to achieve ejaculation.

ace collected, the sample is turned over to Dr. Durrant for analysis and
reezing. Analysis includes recording the volume and pH of the sample and
xtraction of a small amount to later determine the sperm concentration,
n addition, preparation and examination of a slide of the semen sample
s performed to determine both motility and the speed of progression (SOP)
f the sperm. The sample is then divided into vials in preparation for
reezing. The diluent, which acts to protect each sperm while it is fro-
en, is added to the vials, which are then frozen in liquid nitrogen at
|196°C. When freezing is complete, the sample is added to the "frozen zoo"
n the Research Department at the San Diego Zoo.

iESULTS

he accompanying chart illustrates the results of the individual semen
ollections, showing the data for many parameters important when consider-
ng the semen sample as possible artificial insemination material.

omparison of these semen collections (Durrant, 1985) with a limited num-
er of cheetah semen collections accomplished with electro-ejaculation
Wildt £t al . , 1983) shows that Pesach’s average sample volume is less,
verage concentration of sperm per ml is higher, and average motility and
OP are similar.

437

CHEETAH SEMEN COLLECTION RECORD: PESACH

Date

(ml)

Vol ume

(x 10®)
Cone.

Moti 1 i ty

SOP

pH

1) 2-12-85

.54

30

3% (cooled)

2

2) 2-15-85

.20

10

10%

3

8.7

3) 2-19-85

.33

0

-

-

8.7

4) 2-27-85

.20

30

50%

2

8.7

5) 3-3-85

.20

15

15%

2

8.8

6) 3-25-85

.60

50

70%

3

8.6

7) 4-11-85

.60

35

70%

4

8.8

8) 5-9-85

.40

12.5

65%

5

8.8

.30

10

30%

3

8.8

9) 5-21-85

.60

25

70%

5

8.5

10) 6-13-85

.95

25

90%

5

8.5

11) 7-11-85

.50

2.5

-

8.5

"

.10

10

90%

5

8.9

12) 7-24-85

.60

22

65%

5

8.9

13) 8-1-85

.20

10

75%

4

-

14) 8-22-85

.70

25

0%

0

8.7

II

.80

2.5

0%

0

7.7

15) 9-5-85

.70

57.5

70%

4

8.4

II

.60

37.5

50%

3

8.4

16) 9-24-85

.10

20

0%

_

8.6

n

„35

20

0%

-

8.6

11

.35

2.5

0%

-

8.7

17) 10-17-85

.85

-

50%

3

8.5

438

JCCESSFUL SEMEN COLLECTION FROM A HAND-REARED CHEETAH, Continued

isach's value as a sperm donor is increased many times because we are
jle to collect on demand* two to three times a month with little or no
:ress to the cat. Because the procedure is done the same way each time,
issach quickly learned to associate the collections with the presence of
c, Durrant and/or Susan Millard, even though they have never made any
|iysical contact with him. His association manifests itself in normal
jale cheetah breeding behavior directed toward them.

Lectro-ejaculation is never used and therefore no means of restraint or
isdation are needed in fact, the cat is not even leashed, and the col-
ections are carried out in his own cage.

f

jLthough we do not really consider Pesach's performance to be a trained
Ishavior, the food reward has been an excellent means of control in posi-
ioning the cat properly for the easiest and best collection, and it adds
jD the routine nature of the procedure.

JMMARY

Irtificial insemination may become a realistic process benefitting the
aptive cheetah population, but only after many factors are examined and
achniques perfected. By using the behavioral and physical data obtained
torn the collections, our researchers hope to:

1) Determine the normal parameters of cheetah sperm.

2) Accomplish the successful freezing of semen samples
to facilitate their storage and transport.

3) Duplicate the process with other hand-reared male cheetahs

I (this has been accomplished twice to date) .

|| 4) Accomplish successful artificial insemination.

n submitting this paper, it is hoped that our success will inspire keep-
rs who may see the potential that exists within their own animal collec-

ions .

EFERENCES

Durrant, B. 1985. Non- Invasive Semen Collection in the Cheetah

[Aetnonyx jubatLU> ) . Annual Proceedings of the
American Association of Zoological Parks and
Aquariums. 1985.

Wildt, D.E., Bush, M. , Howard, J.G., O’Brien, Meltzer, D., Van Dyk, A.,
Ebedes, H., and Brand, D.J., 1983. Unique Seminal Quality in the South
African Cheetah and Comparative Evaluation in the
Domestic Cat. Biol. Reprod. 2^: 1019-1025.

439

UTILIZING THE HANDICAPPED IN THE ZOO

j

By i*

Jan McCoy, KccpcA |

(n)cu>hJ.ngton Pa/ik loo j

PonXtand, OR tj

Washington Park Zoo’s Education Division has an extensive adult volunteer j
program that runs year-round. There is a small percentage of the volun- j
teers who are handicapped in some way, but wish to volunteer in some cap-;
acity and have their work considered useful and helpful to the community. |
Most are not capable of going out to schools, nursing homes or shopping
centers with the various zoomobiles. The Education Division uses their
abilities in various ways: stuffing envelopes and placing address labels
on the many mailings that the department sends out each quarter are non-
stressful tasks that stroke victims and the mentally retarded are capable
of doing. Other activities include making footprint rubbings, cutting f

out items for classes, and making buttons that the volunteers sell. We |
used a few mentally handicapped persons in the Dove Walk-through Aviary
to watch that birds did not get out, and to tally the number of visitors |
that entered the exhibit. This does not sound very exciting, but the f
mentally retarded couple who worked the dove exhibit enjoyed their time
there; not losing any birds during the ’spring rush’ was a plus for the
zoo.

Since the Children’s Zoo is under the Education Division, I have made use
of an epileptic, an amputee, stroke and cerebral palsy victims, mentally
retarded, emotionally handicapped, and the deaf. I must admit that teach-
ing school for ten years has helped in working with the disadvantaged.
Patience is essential!

The Children’s Zoo with its domestic animals is a place where the handi-
capped can help with basic animal care without it being extremely physical
ly demanding. In the beginning, I place all animals in holding cages and
give step-by-step cleaning instructions. All are capable of doing dishes
sweeping up straw, scrubbing and hosing - it just take some longer than
others. When assigning cleaning chores, you must allow plenty of time
for them to finish the job. For example, a cerebral palsy volunteer took
three times as long to complete a cage as I did. You should also be care-
ful where hoses and tools are kept in case any have difficulty walking.
You need to check their work every so often to make certain that things
are proceeding smoothly. I have found that some will clean an area for
several months with no problems, and then leave a grate off a drain, or
add twice as much straw as needed because it is cold outside.

Eventually, I give each person an animal handling session. Due to nerve
problems, several have been unable to hold anything but a small animal,
such as a guinea pig, for any length of time. I have them move the guinei
pigs and dwarf rabbits into holding cages. I move the larger animals
such as the French lop-eared rabbits , whose females average 12 pounds.
Several of the stroke victims have been a help in the Children’s Zoo
during spring rush by holding animals for kids to pet, and making certain
that the goats don’t eat nametags.

I know of one instance where a handicap was not a hinderance but an asset
in dealing with our ’’attack parrot”, who had been abused. I had an amput<
who had lost his forearm and had acquired a mechanical hook. This par-
ticular parrot liked to attack anyone, other than the bird keeper, who
ventured to change her food, water, or cage papers. The amputee simply
held the metal forearm above his good hand. The parrot, of course

440

iTILIZING THE HANDICAPPED IN THE ZOO, ConUna^d

'mmediately tried to bite the metal hook. After several weeks of no re-
ponse from the amputee, she gave up biting his "arm” and let him clean
er cage. During this time period, I was feeding the bird her treats
hrough the cage screening. I was not a threat to her, and the amputee
r bird keeper cleaned her cage. By the time the amputee left in three
onths, the bird was accustomed to my feeding her and never tried to
ttack me if I cleaned her cage. This year the parrot is being used in
!he educational programs and allows several people to handle her.

t is not necessary to know sign language to work with the deaf. The
wo deaf boys were high school students. I had their counselors come
he first day so that clear instructions could be given. Basic signs are
jasy to learn and the deaf are most helpful in showing them to you. One
lets their attention by touching their arm, or hitting the countertop if
jheir hand is resting on it. There are illustrated sign language books
hat can be of use to you. I found one with animal signs that was a help.

also have a chart showing how to sign the alphabet. Since Children's
joo volunteers must be at least fourteen years old, the deaf students can
lead your instructions or write questions. To avoid problems, I have them
ork in the same area as me.

he Children's Zoo has also served as a half-way work situation for the
anis program drug-abuse kids. These are teenagers who are "clean" and
eed a chance to prove to themselves that they can handle a job situation,
f you decide to assist with a program such as this, you must set up rules
nd expectations beforehand with the counselor. Even though they volunteer,
i treat their work as if it were a paid position and have them clock in
,nd out. After the second week, together we select a specific chore that
hey will do each time they come in to work. Eventually, they have three
lipecific chores to accomplish along with a variety of others that need to
>e done on that day. Of the four Janis program teenagers, only one did
iot work out. In this instance, we dismissed the person because we were
lever certain when he would show up.

he volunteer coordinator has pointed out the fact that many adult handi-
:apped have been dealt with too tenderly or have been yelled at in a
liemeaning manner. Those who are emotionally or mentally handicapped
, usually have not been in a routine where if they do something wrong they
jiust suffer the consequences. Many in the Janis program have not had a
iiealthy relationship with adults where they laugh, argue and follow
hrough with commitments in a constructive manner. There will be times
jhen one must speak sharply to them, not to demean them personally, but
;o make them realize they do have responsibilities and must follow through
yith them. For example, it's best not to say, "You dumb kid, can't you
f:ell time?". Instead say, "I expected you here at 11:00 a.m. and the goats
i/ere waiting for their feed. Since you were not here, I had to find some-
pne to fill in for you. Lois, (our volunteer coordinator), really had
jjome reshuffling to do. In the future, please make certain you call and
|Let us know you'll be late or can't come in." Smile as you add, "We do
Ireally depend on you! Your substitute will be glad you're here so he can
do his own job." It is not necessary to show malice, but the sharpness
of one's tone will gain their attention and show them your concern about
>:heir error. Luckily, it takes a lot of agitation to raise my temper,

)ut once I raised my voice and speak my mind, it is all over. There-
fore, I can provide an environment where if an error is made and I do
speak sharply, the error is corrected and the volunteer can continue to
io a good job with appropriate "good strokes" the rest of the day. I
anlist the aid of the volunteer coordinator to help reinforce their impor-
tance in our program.

441

UTILIZING THE HANDICAPPED IN THE ZOO, Continued

I would like to give you a case history of a 17-year-old boy in the Janis
program. 1*11 call him J.P. (for the Janis program). J.P.'s counselor
and I agreed that he would come one-half day, three times a week. The
first two times, he did not show up using the bus schedules as an excuse.
The counselor felt he would be productive if he could get him to the zoo,
so he brought J.P. the next week with the understanding that he would los
house privileges if he didn’t show up on his own accord after that. J.P.
was extremely withdrawn and would barely acknowledge anything said to him
The first week, I worked along with him. The second week I worked in the
same general area and gave cleaning tips as he went along. An important
part of his rehabilitation was to tell him when he did a good job and how
it helped me in my work. At coffee breaks, where he drank 24 packets of
sugar in each cup of coffee, our volunteer coordinator would mention how
glad we were to have his help, or ask him what he was doing that day. The
first three months he invariably answered, "Really, 1 do help?". Over
time, other educational staff members would reinforce his importance in
the program or just stop to chat with him. The third week we agreed that
he would be responsible for cleaning the ducks everytime he came in. Al-
though still withdrawn, he requested that he come in every day. I agreed

About the third month, J.P. was carrying on conversations and tentatively
telling jokes. 1 laughed at them, weird or funny, or said some were
"gross". He asked the relief keeper, who he thought a '*fox", why we kept
our purses in a locker where he could steal from them. She replied that
we trusted him and besides he was the only other person there. I was
surprised and pleasantly pleased when he informed me of this conversation
with her and that he felt amazed that we trusted him. I confirmed the
fact that we were treating this as a job situation, and yes, he could be
tempted, but we also trusted him to respect our property as we respected
his. \lhen he left us several months later, he very proudly announced tha
this was the first place he ever worked and never stole from anyone.

At this time, the bird keeper, Ralph, whose area is next to mine agreed
to show J.P. how to clean the bird cages. As Ralph so aptly put it, J.P.
testosterone was beginning to poison his system. While cleaning cages or
doing dishes, Ralph would listen to his jokes and discuss girls with him.
These added duties in the bird area, and a positive contact with a male
adult in Ralph, really helped J.P.*s progress. Because of his progress,
his counselor arranged for J.P. to work at the zoo through the CETA pro-
gram so he could receive pay for his work. He did have occasional lapses
where he wouldn't clock in and received the appropriate "chewing out".

A preset consequence was that his pay was docked for not clocking in ever]
day he was present. He also knew if I was not pleased with his work and
would tell Ralph that "He was in trouble today".

When he was here four months, I acquired another handicapped student whoss
mind was sharp as a tack when it came to facts and figures, yet he had
great difficulty coordinating movements. I taught him to wind up a hose
by "drawing" the hose around its hooks. Sweeping took a great deal of
time because he would lose straw from the dustpan to the garbage can. By
this time, J.P. was feeling secure in his duties and took it upon himself
to teach the new boy how to clean the barns. I was surprised at J.P.'s
patience, because it took about a month to teach the other boy how to tie
a knot in a garbage bag. J.P. would say, "Now watch me", and show him
repeatedly how to tie the knot and then come into the kitchen and vent
his frsutration to me. This provided the opportunity to discuss another's;
shortcomings and how he really was helping the other boy. By now, J.P.
knew 1 kept his confidences, so he told me about movies he'd seen, records
he wanted, girls he'd talked to or dated, and asked about clothes he wantc

442

TILIZING THE HANDICAPPED IN THE ZOO, ConUnu^d

0 buy. We also had long discussions on his going back to school to ob-
ain his GED. We also worked on slowly getting him to decrease his sugar
atake from 24 packets to four per cup of coffee. I took him out to lunch
or his eighteenth birthday. J.P. stayed with us until our high school
ummer Children's Zoo program began. By then, he still had a few minor
iapses in responsibility, but was outgoing and could relate to adults in
j positive way.

!he test of the program is when you are trained, yelled at if necessary,
lO on working but feel good about yourself, come back the next day, smile
‘nd say you like to be here. Many of our volunteers express those feel-
ngs. It is worth the effort when the Janis boy comes back a year later
ust to help for the day and because he wants to tell you he is studying
o take his GED and was still down to four packets of sugar in his coffee,
he latest mentally retarded boy got a job this summer after working in
he Children's Zoo this past winter.

ach zoo is different, but if there is a way to use any of the disabled
!r help with a half-way house, I suggest you give it a try. One morning
week can give someone a sense of well being that he or she helped you
n some way. One just has to plan one's schedule to allow time for them
ecause in the beginning they need more supervision than regular volunteers.
:ell them what to wear, what time to meet you and what is expected of them,
hey should have a current T.B. test and a tetanus shot within the last
en years. It is best to schedule one person per day. I have had three
andicapped persons at a time, but again, I've worked with them for sev-
ral years. The younger generation of handicapped are being expected to

0 more with their lives and are not treated with tender gloves as were
any of the older generation of handicapped. At break time, we have cof-
ee or tea for our volunteers in the volunteer office. This is a place
here they can discuss upcoming events or news with other volunteers or
taff. At our annual volunteer banquet, they are given a calendar and a
eacock Award thanking them for their help during the past year. I feel
e, in turn, help give them an added dimension to their lives that they
''ould not normally have by providing a service to their community. The
atchword is patience!

1

1

I

443

BREEDING THE TAWNY FROGMOUTH

(PodoAgcu 6t^go/.de^}

AT THE METRO TORONTO ZOO

By

B2vQAl<i.y CoAtoA, FoA.&peA6on
OtlvQA CloL^ny, SzYiion. Ke^peA
GeoAge Rcuon, CnAotoA oi BAjidi>
MedAo ToAonto Zoo, OwtoAlo, Canada

Tawny frogmouths are members of the nocturnal family Podargidae of which,
there are twelve species. They are widely distributed throughout forested
regions of South East Asia and Australia, with two species occurring in
New Guinea. They have soft, cryptically-colored plumage resembling bark
or deadwood and are about 47mm in length.

In June 1983, the Metro Toronto Zoo received 2.2 captive-bred tawny frog-
mouths ( PodoAgiU ^tAZgo-ide^ ) from Adelaide Zoo. Initially, they were
housed in a diurnal exhibit (approx. 4m x 2.6m x 2.4m) and settled in well
Their diet consisted of three dead mice each daily offered by hand. The
mice were supplemented with vitamin E and Rogar SA-37 capsules inserted
via a small incision in each animal.

It took only a short time for the birds to display individual personalit-
ies. One appeared unfriendly and gaped aggressively whenever a keeper
approached - he was named "Oscar the Grouch". The second male was more
placid and a good feeder and was called "Tony" frogmouth. The females
were named after female keepers in the area: Beverley and Rebecca. Bev
was flighty and often refused her mice while Rebecca ate well and was a
quiet bird. Both of our males are larger and grayer in color while the
smaller females are much browner in their feathering especially head, nape
of neck and wings.

On 12 December 1983, after six months in their temporary exhibit, the
frogmouths were moved to a newly completed display in the nocturnal wing
of the Australian Pavilion - "The Edge of Night". The light cycle was
set to simulate the Australian summertime - 14 light/lO dark. On 30 Dec-
ember and again on 1 January, Oscar was observed copulating with Rebecca.
He was then observed on 4 January 1984, gathering twigs and attempting to
build a nest on top of a large root system in the aviary. More nesting
material was added to the exhibit but the birds were very poor at nest
building. So a nest was constructed around a metal food bowl holder by
the keepers and on 6 January this was placed in the exhibit approximately
1.5 meters above the ground. The area in which the nest was situated was
bounded by two walls and the solid door into the display - the effect of
being enclosed on three sides appeared to give the birds a sense of secur-
ity.

Tony was observed sitting on the nest on 7 and 9 January while Oscar was
busy gathering twigs. On 10 January, Oscar was observed sitting on his
twigs piled on the stump so a second prepared nest was installed on the
opposite side of the exhibit. Some thirty minutes later, Rebecca was on
the new nest, rearranging twigs. However, the second nest was never ful-
ly accepted by the birds due, in part we feel, to the fact that it was
enclosed on only two sides and, possibly, too open. Tony remained on the
original nest but flew to Rebecca’s nest occasionally.

Copulation between Oscar and an undetermined female was reported by a
volunteer on 21 January. On the next day, Tony was copulating with Rebecc.

444

deeding the tawny FROGMOUTH at the metro TORONTO ZOO, ConUnu^d

id was observed rearranging the original nest. However, 23 January found
scar on the nest. Two days later, one broken egg was found in the pool
jiring the morning servicing and on 26 January, Oscar was sitting tight.

1 the 27th, there were two eggs in the original nest and all birds were
ither sitting or trying to sit on the nest throughout the day. From 27
fanuary to 29 January the incubating duties were shared by all birds but
\a 30 January just the males were observed on the nest. All four were
gain involved in sitting on 31 January and 1 February.

;t was decided to separate the birds into pairs to try to avoid eggs being
roken as birds jostled for a position on the nest and to give us an idea
f which birds were the parents of future clutches. As Oscar had been ob-
erved treading Rebecca more frequently, they were left in the display,
lony and Bev were removed to a holding area of much the same dimentions.
See Chart I)

ihe pair in the display continued to share nesting duties but on 10 Feb-
uary both eggs were found broken below the nest. One had a developing
mbryo , the other appeared to be infertile. It was suggested that the
est was too high (1.5m) and it was lowered to .8m (approximately knee
evel when the keepers were working in the display) . Oscar and Rebecca
tarted to construct a new nest on a stump, abandoning the lowered nest
mmed lately .

n 20 February both females were sitting on nests - Rebecca on the stump,
n 7 March one egg was found in the nest in the holding and Tony was sit-
ing tight. A second egg was observed on 18 March - the birds had been
isturbed as little as possible so a laying date is unknown.

wo dummy eggs were placed in the display to attempt to induce egg laying -
ne in the lowered nest and one in the stump nest - but were removed three
ays later as the birds showed no interest in the nests.

n 31 March, 0.0.1 chick hatched to Tony and Bev in the holding, 24 days
fter discovery of the egg. The second egg was candled on 2 April and
iound to be infertile. A bed of camel hair was spread under the nest to
'ushion the fall in case the chick fell out.

CHART I

Original Exhibit

New Exhibit

Holding

ength

4 m

3.7 m

3.8 m

|lidth

2.6 m

1.8 m

1 m

ieight

2.4 m

2.4 m

2.5 m

'lay/Night Hours

10/14

10/14

14/10

lest Height

-

1.5 m

1.8 m

)n 1 April, the chick had a good gape reflex and was offered two small
)ieces of mouse flesh via tweezers. Pieces of mouse were left on the
iiest to allow the parents the opportunity of feeding the chick. The next
ilay, the chick appeared less active with no gaping action but did eat
ijeveral pieces of skinned and dismembered mouse from tweezers. Again,

445

BREEDING THE TAWNY FROGMOUTH AT THE METRO TORONTO ZOO, CoivUnuzd

food was left on the nest but it appeared the parents were not inclined
to offer food to the chick. Actually, the male was the only bird observ-
ed sitting on the eggs or chick.

Day 3 found "Tiny" weaker and it took some effort to get his mouth open.
Once stimulated, however, he ate 1/3 of a pinky while held in the keeper'
hand. (Prior to feeding he weighed in at 30.6gm). The chick's eyes were
still closed but he was using his claws to grip. The down on the back wa
a very light brown, the rest white. Slight vocalizations were heard whil
handling "Tiny". After receiving five drops of water from the fingers, h
sat up and flapped his wings in an uncoordinated fashion. For the first
time "Tiny" was offered, and took, more food in the afternoon - not trust
ing the parents to feed him. On the 4th, "Tiny" was much stronger - gapi
as soon as Tony was moved off the nest. He ate 1/2 minced mouse trunk
(skinned and dismembered) in the morning, refused food mid-afternoon, but
ate again in the evening two pinky trunks, gaping for both. Slight weigh
loss was evident when he was weighed, 28gm.

Day 5 and "Tiny" was stronger. Both eyes were beginning to open and a
fecal sac was found under the nest. Food was offered and accepted three
times during the day. Weight up to 32.4gm.

On the 6th, "Tiny" was fed in the nest after moving Tony off and he ate I
whole pinkies for the first time. There was a noticeable improvement in I
strength (good gripping action of feet) and activity and weight 38.7gm. |
Feather cones were evident on the wings and starting to develop along the|
spine.

On 8 April "Tiny" weighed 50.35gm. Tony was observed holding half a mous
in his beak while "Tiny" gulped and tore at it. When the chick gave up,
Tony swallowed the rest. A second fecal sac was found under the nest.

Until the lOth day, the female appeared indifferent but on this day she
became aggressive toward the keeper, vocalizing and snapping her beak whe
the chick was being fed. A VCR and camera were set up outside the cage
with a monitor being installed in the pavilion kitchen. With the help of
the VCR we were able to observe the interaction of the chick and his par-
ents, saw him develop preening techniques, saw the parents feeding the
chick and vocalizing.

On 13 April, "Tiny" weighed 114.15gm. He was now eating six pinkies a da
at 3-4 feedings (half-mice were also accepted) from the keepers and food
was also being left on the nest - some of which disappeared. He spent
some time preening his new grey feathers along the back and wings. The
white down on his head was being replaced with grey as well.

A week later, 20 April, "Tiny" was eating whole mice (with vitamin supple
ments added) and his weight was up to 180. 9gm.

By the 28th day, "Tiny's" weight was 243. 5gm and he was now observed
"posing" as frogmouths do and displaying threats with wings spread and
a fierce look in his eyes. Via the monitor, it was noted that "Tiny"
spent more time daily exercising his wings, stretching and flapping. As
the nest became too small to accommodate an exercising juvenile and an
adult, both parents spent more time on the wooden railing approximately
Im down from the nest, calling softly to "Tiny". On the morning of 3
May when the keepers did their morning rounds, "Tiny" was found sitting
on the rail with his parents. When returned to the nest, he promptly fie
down to the rail again. He continued to fly back and forth over the next.

446

DEEDING THE TAWNY FROGMOUTH AT THE METRO TORONTO ZOO, CoyvUnatd

2W days gaining strength. Food was now being offered twice a day, vitamin-
zed in the morning and hand-fed, while the afternoon/evening meal was just
2ft for the birds to eat if they were so inclined.

3t to be outdone, Oscar and Rebecca had not been idle once the nest was
aised to the original height. On 12 May, one egg was laid and a second
bund on the nest on 16 May. Interestingly, the pair on display shared
icubation duties and on 8 June one egg hatched an apparently strong and
balthy chick. Although he ate mouse parts and pinky pieces on 9 June, he
as found dead on the camel hair below the nest on the morning of the 10th.
fie remaining egg was pipping and hatched overnight. Two days later the
nick weighed 17.95gm.

lis chick **Big Bird" was raised in much the same way as "Tiny" was; the
act that the public had access to view the aviary had no apparent effect
.1 the birds. Nor did the fact that the light cycles were reversed i.e.
be birds on display were subjected to 14 dark/10 light while in the hold-
ig it was more like 14 light /lO dark.

1 1 July, Rebecca held a mouse in her beak and offered it to "Big Bird" -
3 our surprise he ate the whole thing. This happened again on 6 July.

1 9 July, "Big Bird" left the nest.

ince then we have bred five more tawny frogmouths: Oscar and Rebecca pro-
iiced "Woodstock" on 11 October 1984; Tony and Bev hatched "Gibson" on
7 February 1985; Oscar and Rebecca hatched a pair of chicks "Ewok" and
Nopoke" on 19 May and 23 May 1985; and Tony and Bev again produced a single
dick "Anzac" on 23 May 1985.

e have found that the parent birds are becoming more adept at "parenting",
ad more aggressive towards the keepers with each rearing. The pair of
hicks raised by Oscar and Rebecca are especially "wild". It is quite
onceivable if we can offer a supplement to the initial diet by way of
oft bodied insects (as would be the case in the wild), the parents would
bke over total rearing. It is not known whether the color variation is
dimorphic characteristic, but we are finding that the chicks are show-
ag color and size variations similar to their parents.

hr goal is the rearing of a second generation from these Canadian born

irogmouths .

hanks to all staff at Metro Toronto Zoo who helped out, one way or another,
n the Tawny Frogmouth project.

HUSBANDRY AND BREEDING OF THE !

TWO-COLORED GIANT SQUIRREL
AT THE WASSENAAR ZOO, HOLLAND !

By

Hoefuma, ZookeapeA. :

(jilcu>-6maaA Zoo, Holland I

Since 1975 the Wassenaar Zoo has exhibited the Malay or Two'-colored Giant'
Squirrel (Rcitu^a blcoloA phazopoZa) ♦ In 1980 we made changes in the hus-‘
bandry techniques for this species and from that time on young squirrels '
were born one after another. To date, seven squirrels have been born and|
reared at Wassenaar, probably more than in any other zoo. j

Besides the Malay Giant Squirrel the genus Ratufa has another three sub-
species which are all approximately the same size (340-350 mm. including
tail); only the color of the pelt is different. All species live in Asia
in India, Nepal, North Vietnam, High Burma, South China, Thailand, Malays;
Laos, Sumatra, Java and Bali.

The squirrels at the Wassenaar Zoo have a shiny black-colored back and a
gold-colored belly. The long black tail is longer than the body at about
30 cm while the body measures about 25 cm in length. Each subspecies can'
also be very different in color. The number of subspecies is not certain
yet .

Hardly any research has been done concerning the life and behavior of
these animals in the wild. This is not so strange since the squirrels
live in tropical and sub-tropical forests, high in the trees and they
seldom come down to the ground.

The first Giant Squirrels arrived at the Wassenaar Zoo in 1975 and in the
first years two of three specimens were kept in mixed-species exhibits wil
Phillipine Slender-tailed Cloud Rats and other small tropical squirrels.
Their small cage was kept very tidy and cleaned every day. Furthermore,
small wooden nestboxes were hung in the cage and some branches were pro-
vided as additional furniture. At first everything seemed to go well,
but at times the animals became very aggressive towards one another and
had to be separated. There were also no breeding results and this was
what we hoped to achieve with this species which rarely breed in captivit]

In 1980, Paul Wisse, one of our zookeepers at that time, suggested a
totally different approach to the husbandry of the Giant Squirrels and
the directors of the Wassenaar Zoo agreed. The cage was enlarged to
twice its former size and leaves were thrown all over the "sterile” floor,
Several branches and tree trunks were placed here and there in the cage.
Various kinds of trees were used including birch, maple, oak, willow,
poplar and beech. The squirrels were excited and remained constantly bus)
building nests. The male as well as the female marked the large trunks
with urine.

Because of all this vegetable material the diet of the squirrels changed
radically. Seeds and leaves were especially welcome additions to the
normal diet which consists of rodent mixture, parrot mixture, mixture
for soft-billed birds, sanovite and some monkey pellets together with
vegetables, fruits and eggs supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Pea-
nuts and bananas are favorites. The food is given once a day.

Because the squirrels kept busy building nests and also ate a part of the
branches and leaves, fresh branches and leaves were brought into the cage
regularly. The large trunks were not removed so as not to disturb the
animals .

448

^USBANDRY & BREEDING OF THE MALAY GIANT TWO-COLORED SQUIRREL, Contact

nils and feeding the animals was the only direct contact between the zoo-
ceepers and the animals. The squirrels were now less aggressive towards
5ach other until one of the females built a large nest on the floor ( Im
iiameter) . This female behaved aggressively towards the other two squir-
rels (1.1) as soon as they approached her nest.

fflE FIRST YOUNG: Although none dared to believe, it seemed as if a squir-
rel had been born. Checking the nest was difficult as it was very large
md there was the risk that it would collapse and that the mother would be
disturbed. It was decided to leave the mother alone.

If ter several weeks of waiting a rather large young was seen near the
jiest on 4 May 1981. The back of the animal was brown-colored and later
:he age was determined to be six weeks. Three weeks later the little
jiquirrel was less shy and stayed out of the nest nearly the whole day,
)uring this time the second female had, to be removed from the cage because
she was under continual attack by the male.

Jntil this birth the only other successful breeding results had occurred
fit the Nandankanan Biological Park in Orissa (India) and in the London
^oo. But also in these zoos the breeding results were not satisfactory,
lin the N.B.P. of Orissa only three of the six young lived longer than two
lays (in the period 1972-75) and in the London Zoo only two of the - pro-
bably - four young grew up (in the period 1976-78). According to the
[nternational Zoo Yearbook of 1978, Giant Squirrels were born in the
Iristol, Saarbrucken and Rotterdam Zoos. All these squirrels died at a
rery young age.

[oping for more success, the zookeepers at the Wassenaar Zoo began to re-
organize the enclosure by bringing in fresh material and placing bamboo
[laskets hanging from the walls and ceiling. The animals, at this time
[WO adults and one young, were now able to make nests in the trees. In
lecember 1981, a four-week-old young was discovered near one of the nests.

kt that time a large outdoor exhibit was created measuring 6 x 7.50m
/hich the squirrels enjoyed very much. They also built nests there. In
ikpril 1982 a third young was born - a female of about four-weeks of age
It the time of discovery. To make more room for the animals it was de-
cided to send the two eldest offspring (1.1) to the Copenhagen Zoo in
)enmark on breeding loan.

Jntil that first birth no mating of Giant Squirrels was ever recorded at
jihe Wassenaar Zoo and the only sexual activity the animals exhibited was
thasing each other. There are no details about the length of pregnancy,

>ut in the N.B.P of Orissa there were only 94 days between the two births
'.n 1974. In the Wassenaar Zoo the period between the two births in 1982
i?as a few months longer. In October 1982 another four-week-old female
ras discovered. It was also discovered that when the young becomes more
j.ndependent , it breaks down the birth-nest together with its mother and
luilds a new nest elsewhere. The mother does not use this nest but builds
mother one for herself (and the next young).

it this time it was decided to check all the nests daily during feeding
limes. A lamp was used for the nests were very dark inside. The animals
jere not disturbed and each received a tidbit to make them less shy.

’he fifth young was discovered on 2 March 1983 near the nest of the mother,
[t was very small, only two or three days old, and it had little hair.
Jowever it was already two-colored; dark-blue on top and beige underneath.

449

HUSBANDRY & BREEDING OF THE MALAY GIANT TWO-COLORED SQUIRREL, Cont' d

The length of the body was about lOcm and the length of the tail Scm. j
When approached the squirrel appeared very frightened so it was decided
not to weigh or measure the animal. In the N.B.P. of Orissa the average
weight and length of the squirrels right after birth was respectively
75.5 grams and 27,3cm (including a tail of 12.1cm). The first young there
opened its eyes after 22 days and the second young after 27 days. At the
Wassenaar Zoo the squirrel opened its eyes after 15 days but they were
still covered with a blue mist. As the mother got very nervous and start-
ed to drag the young from one nest to another, it was decided not to dis-
turb the animals anymore but the young was still seen in the rather open
nest .

Because the birthdate of the last-bom squirrel (a male) was now knowm,
the ages of the other four young could be determined. Two other squirrels
were born in August 1983 and May 1984. The reason for the long period
between the two births is not clear. Surplus population could possibly
be a cause. In the period before the last birth, two males and four fe-
males lived together in one cage and they sometimes fought each other.

In the summer of 1984 the indoor and outdoor cages were enlarged. The
indoor cage ro.easures 100 cubic meters and the outdoor cage 180 cubic t

meters. In spite of the large cage the squirrels were fighting a lot.

The breeding male especially fought regularly with his eldest daughter.

On 19 December 1984, the breeding pair was separated from the young ones
and everything was quiet again. Matings were observed sporadically, but
unfortunately no young have since been born.

On 15 March 1985, a pair of Giant Squirrels arrived from the Saarbrucken
Zoo in West Germany. These squirrels have never bred successfully althoug
the female has had several miscarriages. As the condition of this female
is not very good, we are considering placing the male together with one
of the eldest daughters of our breeding pair. |

GONGLUSION:

Giant Squirrels are kept only rarely in zoos. The ISIS computer system, I
in which mainly American Zoos are being listed, shows that only five zoos
in America house this species. Although not considered an endangered
species, the Two-colored Giant Squirrel is listed on Appendix II of CITES.

It is of great importance that zoos which possess this species cooperate '
together, as explained in this lecture. Breeding the Giant Squirrels is !
certainly not impossible provided the necessary precautions for the right 1
accommodations for them are taken. .

I hope that this lecture has contributed to enlarge the preservation of !
Giant Squirrels in zoos. ^

With thanks to:

My colleagues Ria Bakker, Leo Hulsker, Ellen van Kerpel and Paul Wlsse. j
Our Assistant Director John Rens

Our secretary Bertie Hatef, who took care of the translation. |

My joint-editor of the HARPIJ , Koen Brouwer. The HARPIJ is the Dutch j
professional journal for zookeepers, in which a summary of this lecture ;
was published. jl

Our photographer, Oscar den Bogert, who took the slides for this lecture.

® I

450

I

!

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE

OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS {Sph^yLUCLuS magManlca^ )

AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO

By

lQj>t(L(i kvQAy-Bm.iLbotiilt

and

ElAJ>abQJ:h A. Ryan
knJmaJi KezpeA^, San f/ianc^uco loo
San VnRncJj>co , CA

'igellanic penguins iSphenAJ>CLiL6 mag 2Ltanlc.LLi> ) are found along the coasts
: Chile and Argentina, throughout the islands of the Cape Horn region,
id in the Falkland Islands off the Patagonian coast (Boswall and Maciver
T75). Although numerous in the wild, there have been few colonies exhib-
ted in zoos and, therefore, little information has been available on their
isic care.

lis paper details the husbandry and maintenance of a colony of wild-caught
agellanic penguins. In Section I we describe the exhibit, the arrival of
le penguins, and their subsequent adjustment to our facility. In Section
E we cover the routine procedures of caring for the penguins (i.e., food
reparation and feeding, exhibit maintenance, environment, handling tech-
iques, diseases and mortalities). Section III describes the chronology
f the first breeding season in captivity. The Appendix suggests a hand-
earing protocol.

SECTION I: ARRIVAL AND ADJUSTMENT

;he Exhibit. A remodeled outdoor reflecting pool was an ideal habitat for
'aintaining and breeding a colony of penguins. The exhibit consisted of
i rectangular pool 57m x 11.4m x 0.8m (188 ft x 37.5 ft x 2.5 ft) and a
isntral island 29m (95 ft) long and 5.8m (19 ft) at its widest point (Fig.

) . This configuration allowed the penguins to swim at top speed and per-
orm other aquatic behaviors (porpoising, bathing, etc.) without encounter-
ing obstacles (Gailey-Phipps 1978; Todd 1978).

jOur raised hills of earth (average height 0.5m or 20 in) were formed on
he island. Thirty-six fiberglass half-cylinders were embedded in the
dlls to start and support the burrows that the penguins would dig and
|se as nesting sites (Fig. 2 and 3). In the wild, Magellanics (as well
s other SphcyUciidi ] dig burrows which provide shelter from the sun and
|rotection from predators. Magellanics excavate burrows in flat ground
jUt prefer tunneling into the banks of hills (Boswall and Maciver 1975) .

nitially, the earth hills were covered with sod, but this coating deter-
iorated rapidly and was replaced with cement. Large carpets of artificial
urf were placed over the cement and provided a dry, non-abrasive surface
hich reduced foot problems. Two thick plantings of pampas grass Ca/uta-
2Ala ^ol-bana) at either end of the island provided windbreaks and nest-
ing materials. The other predominant plant on the island was cordyline
aim [CoH-dytinQ, cwd^tAOLLUi ) .

high-pressure jet supplied the pool with fresh, non-chlorinated water
rom an underground well which was occasionally treated with small amounts
f cooper sulfate to retard algae growth. We drained and cleaned the pool
hree times weekly and, although the water was not filtered, quality tests
etermined that it was pure (coliform count of less than 2.2 ppm).

'riginally, decorative volcanic rock functioned as haulouts for the birds.

451

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY & MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUIN

AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ~~

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452

Map of island showing burrow locations.

RACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

T THE SAN FRANCISCF ZOO, CoyvUnutd

e found, however, that the porus rocks harbored debris and algae, and we
I'ave temporarily replaced them with stacks of cinder blocks.

lenguins’ Arrival. On 11 May 1984, 67 adult Magellanic penguins of unknown
lender arrived at the zoo. They had been wild-caught off the coast of Chile,
ind had been quarantined in New York for approximately one month. Upon their
rrival, we weighed the birds, took random blood samples, and noted any un—
jsual conditions. Weights ranged from 3.4kg - 5.2kg (7.51b - 11.51b). We
assigned each bird a number and banded it with a hospital- type plastic
fdent-A-Band® fastened around the base of the flipper. We then released
:he penguins into the exhibit and closely monitored them for several weeks,
ileven birds were surplussed in June 1984.

Shell

by penguins

Fig. 3 Cutaway of burrow (side view).

ijustment. At first, the penguins were shy and fled from the keepers,
le regular keepers spent a great deal of time with the birds to accustom
iiem to people. After a few days they became more relaxed and allowed close
)proach .

: is essential to hand-fed penguins and to maintain individual consumption
jcords (Fig. 4). While there are two normal periods of fasting (molt and
|:e~breeding season), prolonged loss of appetite is generally indicative of
j-lness. Birds should be fed by their regular keepers to insure that each
,iceives sufficient food and the prescribed nutritional supplements (Fowler
178; Lensink 1978). Penguins learn to recognize people and are more like-
f to eat if consistently fed by the same keepers. Daily hand-feeding pro-
i.des an excellent opportunity to monitor each bird's overall condition,
lid it also encourages positive interaction between penguin and keeper,
iter much trial and error, we developed a successful hand-feeding technique,
irst, it was helpful to get a bird's attention by waving a fish up and down,
iien the fish was tossed to the penguin or placed headfirst in the bird's
imth. The penguins were encouraged to approach the keepers as closely as
issible. Birds that did not eat within a few days were isolated away
rom the exhibit until they took fish from the keepers.

i important part of the adjustment process was the birds' adaptation to
le six-month difference in seasons between the southern and northern hemis-
leres. This shift was most obvious in its effects on the penguins' breed-
ig and molting cycles. Before their capture, the birds presumably molted
i March 1984, and they were in good feather when we received them in May.

! we anticipated, most did not molt again in the fall of 1984, although
.X birds did complete a second molt and 15 molted partially. By August
>85, those penguins that did not molt twice in 1984 had brittle, faded
-umage, and a few suffered severe feather loss. All of our original birds
>lted completely during September 1985.

453

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY & MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ContlniM ^ “

Prior to the molt, which followed the breeding season, appetites increases
dramatically and some birds doubled their weight. This additional weight |j
is necessary to sustain them during the molt fast. Bare facial skin arounc
the eyes and beak yellowed, and began to slough. Following the period of
gorging, the subcutaneous mass of new feathers and increased vasculariza- '
tion caused the body to swell and the flippers to double or triple in |
width (Gailey-Phipps 1978). At this time, we checked their flipper Ident-
A-Bands® frequently for signs of constriction, and bands that were too *
tight were removed and replaced. The new feathers supplanted the old witl
in 7 to 10 days. During this period the birds were aloof and lost interei
in food; however, we attempted to feed them to maintain their good health
(Todd 1978).

Fig. 4 Sample daily feed chart. (15 fish per kg)'

454

mCTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

r THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, Covutim^d

SECTION II: HUSBANDRY

pod Preparation and Feeding. Initially the penguins were fed both Pacific
jarring {CuI.pe.CL haAmgu.6 patZcLSi.) and whitebait smelt [AlZo^mOAiL^ eZoviQoXuub )
p provide them with a variety of fish sizes. [According to Boswall and
jiciver (1975), wild Magellanics eat small fish and squid.] Once the penguins
|are taking food out of hand they could eat fish up to 22cm (8.5 inches) in
[angth. Herring was chosen as the primary diet because of its superior
jitritional value, containing more protein, fat, vitamin A and calories
er pound than other commonly fed species (Fowler 1978; Todd 1978). Smelt,
Pwever, is lacking in two essential fatty acids and was phased out (Penney
;I78) .

prepared the fish immediately prior to feeding, since thawed fish degen-
rates rapidly and the buildup of thiaminase can cause serious vitamin de-
jlciencies (Fowler 1978) . Frozen blocks of fish were immersed in cool run-
|ing water, and as individual fish were thawed they were separated and re-
Irlgerated. Any fish not used within three hours was discarded. We close-
f monitored the quality of the fish and any that were mushy or broken were
pt fed out (Todd 1978) . Food containers were cleaned daily with Roccal®
pd then thoroughly rinsed,

[though herring is very nutritious it is still necessary to supplement
le diet with vitamins and minerals. Prior to each feeding, pills or cap-
iles were inserted into the fish through the gills (see Table 1 for sup-
Lement regimen). These "medicated*' fish were given to the penguins before
ley were fed plain fish. We fed the birds twice daily, but we tried not
,) overfeed in the morning so that they would be more likely to take their
liternoon supplements. After the birds had received both morning and after-
)on supplements,' they were fed as much fish as they wanted.

lice a week each penguin was given lOmg of ketoconazole as a preventative
id control for aspergillosis. This was administered as a liquid suspen-
[Lon made by dissolving tablets of Nizoral® in sterile water, with two
rops per tablet of 0,2% hydrochloric acid to maintain an even dilution.
j>r each 20 doses, one 200mg Nizoral® tablet was dissolved in 10ml water,

I #0 gelatin capsule (0.5ml) was filled with the liquid suspension using

eyedropper, and inserted into the fish. This procedure worked well with
JO people: one to make the capsules and the other to quickly insert them
itto the fish before the capsules became soft. Our penguins do not appear
j have suffered any toxic effects from this dosage of ketoconazole.

iring the first year, one-fourth (3.5mg) of a Primaquin® tablet was added
lily to the supplements as a prophylaxis for avain malaria. In addition,
jjrrous gluconate was added twice weekly to minimize anemia. To date,
ilaria has not been a significant problem, and on 1 August 1985 we remov-
l Primaquin and iron from the regimen to avoid hemosiderosis.

'ills ( LaAUL& oc,cJ,dmtalAJi f L, oAgtyutatiU and coitl£o/inlcu^ ) caused prob-
,ims at the exhibit by stealing fish and harrassing the penguins. We
;rung wires over the exhibit to discourage them, and we added more lines
iiring the breeding season to protect eggs and chicks. No eggs or chicks
lire lost to gulls.

:liibit Maintenance, The penguin island was hosed and scrubbed daily,
ice a week we removed the artificial turf carpets from the exhibit and
loroughly cleaned them with a disinfecting agent such as Roccal® or
ilvasan®' . We drained and cleaned the pool three times a week, using
ilorine bleach or Bactichlor as needed. The birds usually remained on

455

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS
AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ConUniM

the island during cleaning, and we were careful not to use any chemicals |
near them. |

Environment. The marine climate of the San Francisco Bay Area (average |
maximum and minimum temperatures of 66°F (19°C) and 50°F (10°C)' is similarj
to that of northern Chile where Magellanics reside year round (Boswall and,
Maciver 1975). When the weather was warmer, the birds were inactive, spen;
relatively little time in the water, and showed signs of thermal stress.
Overheated penguins panted, extended their wings from their bodies, and ,
exposed the soles of their feet to radiate excess heat. When we observed .
these behaviors, we cooled the penguins with a sprinkler, or herded them ,
into the pool and turned on the high pressure jet to stir and cool the .

water. These "rapids" also stimulated natural aquatic behaviors. Feed |

totals generally decreased during hot weather. |

I

Handling Techniques. Magellanic penguins are deceptively strong and power |
ful , and caution must be used when handling them. Penguin bites and blowsj
from the flippers can cause serious injury, so we usually wore heavy '

leather gloves and protective eyewear. A bird was caught by approaching
it from behind and either grabbing the head or holding the beak closed. '

Then the bird was picked up and held against the keeper’s body; the free
arm secured the flippers. We always used caution regardless of how calm j|
a bird seemed, as even ill birds can be extremely agile and strike with- ^
out warning. i

Table 1 Adult supplement regimen.

MORNING FEEDING

Daily:

Twice weekly add:

1 Sea Tal@

1 DiCal Caf@ (dicalcium phosphate)

250 mg vitamin

5 gr ferrous gluconate^

10 mg ketoconazole

5

AFTERNOON FEEDING \

f

Daily: 7.5 gr brewer's yeast

1 capsule cod liver oil j

(1250 lU vitamin A, 135 lU vitamin E) jjj

7 gr salt tablet^* J

“5 tablet Primaquin^ Ij

Once weekly add: 600 lU vitamin E p

500 mg vitamin C

^ omitted as of 1 August 1985.

since the birds were kept in fresh water; they may excrete ij

excess salt by sneezing. !!

456

lACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY & MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ConMna2,d

jseases. Some of our birds contracted aspergillosis* a common penguin
sease. We observed a variety of unusual behaviors in these birds, in-
iding anorexia unrelated to molt or breeding cycles; isolation from
> group; inactivity; apparent difficulty swallowing; increased thirst;

|i labored breathing. We also noted a pale or bluish tinge to the skin
)und the eyes. Penguins exhibiting these symptoms did not recover. To

Iiuce the incidence of the disease, we cleaned the Island daily (as des-
Lbed previously) , regularly removed ‘fallen vegetation and debris which
lid harbor KApoJiQ-LttaM spores, and we administered ketoconazole twice
ikly. We were successful, perhaps in part, because our penguins congre-
:ed on the Island hilltops and were not confined to low areas where
i)res can accumulate (Smith 1985 pers. comm.).

[ler penguin ailments include avain malaria, bumblefoot and internal para-
:es. To date, avian malaria has not been a significant problem in our
Lony. A few of the birds were afflicted with mild cases of bumblefoot,

: the installation of artificial turf has ameliorated this problem. We
[’■e not seen cases of internal parasites since the birds were treated
r avian tapeworm with ivermectin shortly after their arrival.

irtalities. Nine adult penguins died during the first 17 months. Asper-
.losis was present in seven of these birds. A pathology report on
iither bird that died showed evidence of malaria. The necropsy of the
ith bird revealed a large uric acid stone (urolith) in the cloaca.

SECTION III: 1985 BREEDING SEASON

iiavior. Breeding activity occurred during the fall of 1984, but the
‘•St true breeding cycle in captivity began six months later, after the
liguins adjusted to the northern hemisphere photoperiod. Magellanlcs
the wild come ashore to breed in September (Boswall and Maciver 1975);
isequently, our penguins began to nest in the spring of 1985. Courtship
lavior was contagious and the actions of the early pairs seemed to stimu-
;e the others (Todd 1978) . By the end of March, 42 birds were paired
i. nesting.

ceding activity began with courtship and nest-building throughout Feb-
.ry and March. Appetites declined sharply during the period, and lengthy
■ts of up to 25 days were not uncommon. As the days grew longer, court-
j.p behavior intensified. The males gathered in groups on the hilltops,

■0 their ecstatic displays, and competed for prime nest sites. Bill
.eking (parrying), threat displays, and chasing characterized this rit-
ized fighting. After the birds paired, mates defended their territor-
sang duets, mutually preened, and spent a great deal of time excavat-
; their burrows. The exhibit design, which allowed for natural construc-
n of burrows, may have strangthened pair bonding, resulting in greater
•ental success (Todd 1978). (However, as the parents could dig without
litations, some burrows became too deep to allow easy access to the
Icks.) Primarily the males provided the nesting material, carrying leav-
and other vegetation to their burrows. Nest building continued through-
the breeding season.

'.er we observed copulation, we checked the nests daily, and found the
St egg on 3 April. By the beginning of May, the 21 pairs produced 41
s: all but one nest contained the typical two-egg clutch. In most
es, the second egg was found two to three days after the first. Eggs
,6 parent-incubated except for one found cold and outside the nest. This
was artificially incubated but proved infertile.

457

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS
AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ConUnu^ ^ ^

I

I

We observed males piling additional nesting material at the burrow entran
ces for the few days preceding hatching. After a 39-day incubation -
typical in the wild (Boswall and Prytherch 1972) - the first chick hatche
on 15 May* and by 11 June, 27 of the 41 eggs had hatched. Both eggs hate
ed in 11 of the nests. Incubation periods varied from 35 to 45 days, wit
39 days as the mode (Venizelos et.al. 1985). Eggs that did nothatch afte
60 days of incubation were removed from the island.

Chick Rearing. Males and females shared the brooding and feeding of thei
young. Generally one parent remained in the nest while the other stood
guard at the burrow entrance, and parents exchanged places at least once
every two days. Either parent fed the young. Chicks solicited for food
by cheeping incessantly and tapping the parents’ bills, and the adults
responded by regurgitating fish. The parents increased their own food
intake to accommodate the needs of the chicks. Consequnetly , we provided
additional feedings throughout the day, and fed adults on the nest when-
ever possible. However, there was not a significant rise in feed totals
until the chicks were approximately one week old.

In the wild, Magellanic penguins are rarely able to raise both chicks
(Croxall 1985) . Some of our second chicks began to decline as their
parents ceased to respond to them. Chicks were monitored daily, and
those with signs of dehydration, obvious weakness, medical problems or
insufficient weight gain were pulled for hand-rearing (Appendix). We con
tinned to weigh the chicks and measure specific morphological features on
a weekly basis. We compared the development of the 12 hand-reared chicks
with the 12 parent-reared chicks (Fig. 5) . Two chicks were found dead in
their nests at ages 1 and 4 days, and a hand-reared chick died of unknown
causes at 42 days.

Some birds allowed us to handle their young without protest, while others
attacked when we walked near their burrow entrances. Before examining a
chick, we waited for the more gentle adult to take its turn brooding. If
a parent was particularly high-strung, we watched from a distance until w
could determine that the chick was strong and healthy.

week

Fig. 5 Average weight gain comparison.

458

iRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

T THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, Continued

hen we removed an adult from its nest to check the young, we grasped the
larent's beak with a gloved hand and pulled the bird out by the head.
iThe neck muscles are very strong and this does not injure the adult.)
te avoided causing parents to make sudden, violent movements which might
larm the delicate chicks. If the chick was so young (i.e. under four weeks)
hat its parents were not yet leaving it unattended, we held the adult and
feturned it to the burrow after we replaced the chick.

he enormous food requirements of growing penguin chicks (up to 2 lbs of
Ksh per day at five weeks of age) can undermine the parents’ health,
wo adults from different nests became debilitated and succumbed to asper-
illosis while rearing young. When the chicks were five weeks old, we
egan feeding them an amount of small whole fish equal to 10% of their
lody weight, twice a day, to reduce strain on their parents. We included
he adult supplements in these fish, except that chicks received only a
alf-dose of ketoconazole until they reached adult weight (4kg or 91b) .

'hile under their parents’ care the chicks ignored our hand-feeding at-
tempts and had to be force-fed. We continued to force-feed the chicks
ntil they fledged. We then removed them from the exhibit to teach them
|o take food willingly from the keepers (Gailey-Phipps 1978; Healy 1978;
.ensink 1978; Penney 1978). If the parent-chick bond is not broken, par-
ints, unable to refuse the solicitations of their young, can become under-
'eight and will not be able to withstand the stress of molt (Penney 1978).
'he chicks were healthy and had fat keels when we pulled them from the
xhibit, and they were able to tolerate several days without food while
learning to take fish from us. We offered them food twice a day but we
id not force-feed them except to administer their biweekly dose of keto-
lonazole. Within three weeks, all parent-reared chicks were eating out
Ilf hand. The presence of a younger, hand-reared chick intensely soliclt-
.ng the keepers for food seemed to stimulate the other chicks to follow
:uit and expedite the process. We returned them to the exhibit after all
:;he chicks had been hand-feeding for at least one week. The juveniles
iipent several days at the exhibit before they resumed taking fish from
i;heir keepers, but they no longer solicited their parents.

[usbandry. We ceased hosing the island to avoid disturbing the birds and
|;o prevent flooding of the burrow, but we continued to clean the pool as
iiefore. We went onto the island only to feed, check nests and replenish
lesting material. Anticipating that the chicks might wander out of their
ourrows, we placed a cinder block barrier six inches in height around the
.sland perimeter to prevent them from falling into the pool (Healy 1978).
j’his may not have been necessary, as we found only one chick away from
Its nest before it was old enough to swim. After the chicks had fledged,

Ii7e cleaned the burrows, removed accumulated debris from the island, and
isteam-cleaned the entire exhibit.

! SUMMARY

lie husbandry and maintenance program that we developed for our Magellanic
)enguin colony incorporates several features which may have led to our
breeding success in 1985. The key factors included:

.) the exhibit design, especially the large pool which allowed natural
tquatic behaviors, and the central island with naturalistic nest sites
j/hich encouraged reproductive behavior;

i;) a critical mass of birds and a fortuitous ratio of males to females,
jhich stimulated reproductive behavior;

i) a labor-intensive husbandry program requiring two full-time regular
.eepers, careful fish preparation and quality control, daily nutritional

459

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ConUnd^ ~~“i

supplements, preventative medication, hand-feeding, maintenance of indivi-
dual consumption records and daily monitoring;

4) and a propagation management program founded on both parent-rearing
and hand-rearing to minimize losses.

In the future, we plan to improve the exhibit to avoid the possibility of
burrows flooding, to prohibit excessive digging by the nesting pairs, and
to create a more asethetic environment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Gail Hedberg, A.H.T. , for her continued support and
guidance. We also thank Craig Machado, D.V.M., his staff, and Nancy
Venizelos for developing the husbandry and breeding programs, and for the
excellent care the penguins received. Special thanks go to zoologist Mike
Sulak for the burrow design; keeper staff Tony Colonnese, Robin Taha and
Scott Bentall; raptor program staff members Lesley Salmans, Ann Sheldon
and Steve Marks; and the zoo volunteers whose dedicated service helped
make this project so successful. We also express our sincere appreciation
to the staffs of Sea World, the Baltimore Zoo, the Detroit Zoo, and Stein-
hart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences for their technical
assistance .

APPENDIX: HAND-REARING PROTOCOL

This appendix describes a general protocol for raising Magellanic penguins
including feeding, basic husbandry, and crisis intervention. For more
detailed information see Todd (1980) or Venizelos et. al. (1985), or call
the San Francisco Zoo veterinary hospital.

Birds under one week of age were brooded in isolettes with an ambient tem-
perature of 35°C (95°F) . We placed a heating pad under one half of the
isolette to provide a temperature gradient so that the chick could seek
the more comfortable zone. When the birds began to thermoregulate , we
decreased the temperature a few degrees per day until the ambient temper-
ature in the isolette equaled room temperature. The heating pad was stil
offered as an option. Extreme caution should be used when monitoring
temperature and humidity: signs of overheating included panting, drooping
wings, and lethargy, while shivering was a signal of chill. (Panting and
lethargy were also signs of over-feeding.)

We fed the chicks formula (herring, kril^ and nutritional supplements),
filleted or whole herring, and Pedialyte*^ , in varied amounts based on
body weight (Tables 2 and 3) . The amount of food given at each feeding
approximately equaled 10% of the chick’s weight. The formula was kept
refrigerated and not warmed prior to feeding to prohibit bacterial growth. i
Both the formula and the Pedialyte® were delivered into the stomach by a
rubber feeding tube, lubricated with surgical jelly. (Penguins do not
have crops.) Catheter-tip syringes, sizes 35cc and 60cc, contained the
formula. The largest tube appropriate was used, ranging from 5 fr. for
very young chicks to 18 fr. for chicks lOOOg or larger. A separate tube
was used for each bird and feeding equipment was meticulously cleaned.
Chicks removed from the exhibit in a state of crisis (underweight, de-
hydrated, listless and without feeding response) were given a rehydrating
solution of Pedialyte® and aminoplex. This was administered in small
amounts (up to 10% of body weight per tubing) as necessary. Chicks that
were especially distressed, showed signs of vomiting, or had ’’sour mouth".

460

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

T THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, Continued

isponded quickly to antibiotic therapy. Improvement was obvious after
ily one treatment of fluid replacement with Pedialyte , tetracycline
f-rup, aminoplex and LactobacJJitcLS . All the birds responded extremely well
) the first aid and were usually entered into the hand-rearing routine
iie next day.

Itamin B-avitaminosis was present in some parent-reared and hand-reared
licks. The symptoms included loss of motor control, head-shaking, and
iicoordination . The therapy was l/4cc corticosteroid and l/2cc B-complex
llministered IM for three consecutive days, and then the above was given
Lth the formula, once per day, until remission of symptoms occurred,
le parent-reared chicks were successfully treated at the exhibit and re-
ained in their nests.

Table 2 Penguin chick formula.

i Ingredients for one batch (approximately 600 cc):

I 330 g krill (frozen, cut into chunks)

330 g herring (frozen, cut into chunks)

I 8 oz Pedialyt^

?? 8 oz half and half dairy cream

vitamin supplements (below)

Directions: Blend thoroughly; keep chilled; use within 24
! hours.

!

s;

I Vitamin Supplements for each batch:

1 1-J Sea Tab#

j -| tsp predigested protein powder

375 mg vitamin B,

i 9 DiCal Cap# (dicalcium phosphate)

45 gr brewer's yeast
1500 lU vitamin E

Suggestion: Pulverize tablets with mortar and pestle before
adding to blender; break vitamin E into blender and discard
I capsules.

461

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY & MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

AT THE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ConUna^r’

Table 3. Suggested feeding regimen

for hand-reared penguins.

462

When both fish and formula are fed, formula plus fish equals approximately 10% body weight per feeding.
Formula and Pedialyte ® are blended in a 3:1 ratio.

For convenience of using a syringe to measure formula: 1 g (formula or Pedialyte®) = 1 cc.

Formula and Pedialyte (B) fed 1-2 times per day.

TACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY & MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

IPTHE SAN FRANCISCO ZOO, ConUnao^d

PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT

ictichlor (a chlorine-bearing disinfectant): distributed by Industrail
initation Consultant Products, FOB 1037, Danville, CA 94526.

LCal Caps (dicalcium phosphate with calcium gluconate and vitamin D) :
inufactured by Rugby Laboratories, Inc., Rockville Centre, NY 11570.

ient-A-Band (Animal Care): manufactured by Hollister Inc., 833 New
rleans St., Chicago, IL.

)lvasan (chlorhexidine diacetate disinfectant): manufactured by Aveco
Inc., 800 Fifth Street, N.W., Fort Dodge, lA 50501.

iLzoral 200mg (brand of ketoconazole) : manufactured by Janssen Phrama-
iutical, NJ 08854.

jdialyte (brand of oral electrolyte maintenance solution): manufactured
r Ross Co., Columbus, OH 43215.

rimaquin phosphate 14mg: manufactured by Winthrop-Breon Laboratories,
iw York, NY 10016.

)ccal-D (disinfectant): manufactured by Winthrop Veterinary: a division
If Sterling Drug, Inc., New York, NY 10016.

ia Tabs (vitamin mineral supplement formulated for marine mammals) :
inufactured by Pacific Research Laboratories Inc., FOB 1877, El Cajon,

I 92022.

REFERENCES

>swall, J; Maciver, D. The Magellanic penguin (Sphe.yuJ>ciU magManlcLU) .
conehouse, B. ed. Biology of Penguins. Baltimore, MD: University Park
:ess; 1975: 271-305.

>swall, J.; Prytherch, R. Some notes on the birds of Point Tombo,
irgentina. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 92: 118-129; 1972.

roxall, J. Penguins. Perrins, C.; Middleton, L. eds. The Encyclopedia
E Birds. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 1985: 34.

bwler, M. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Dmpany; 1978: 568-569.

liley-Phipps , J. Breeding Black-footed penguins {Spke,yiJJiC(M6 ddmoA^ii^ ) at
le Baltimore Zoo. Olney, P. ed. International Zoo Yearbook 18. London:
le Zoological Society of London; 1978: 28-35.

ialy, M. Breeding the newly established exhibit of Black-footed penguins
IphoyiLbCU^ dme^ULU) at Columbia Zoo. Olney, P. ed. International Zoo
larbook 18. London; The Zoological Society of London: 1978; 40-42.

msink, B. and Dekker, D. Management of Black-footed penguins iSphe,llAJ>CiU>
ime/L6LL& ) at Artizoo, Amsterdam. Olney, P. ed. International Zoo Yearbook
1. London: The Zoological Society of London; 1978: 35-40.

inney, R. Breeding Adelie penguins [Vygo^coUji ddoLaiz] in captivity.

Iney, P. ed. International Zoo Yearbook 18. London: The Zoological Society
if London; 1978: 13-22.

laith, G., D.V.M. ; Personal communication, 10 August 1985.

odd, F. Penguin husbandry and breeding at Sea World, San Diego. Olney,

L ed. International Zoo Yearbook 18. London: The Zoological Society of
Dndon; 1978: 72-77.

463

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE HUSBANDRY AND MAINTENANCE OF MAGELLANIC PENGUINS

AT THE SAN FRNACISCO ZOO, ConUnue.d

Todds F. Controlled environment maintenance and propagation of penguins.
Sea World Publications; 1980.

Venizelos, N.; Ryan, E. ; Hedberg, G. Preliminary Results of the San
Francisco Zoological Gardens Magellanic penguin (Sph^nAJ) cii6 mag 2Z£.ayu.cu6 )
program. Paper presented at the American Association of Zoological Parks
and Aquariums National Conference; 1985 September 8-12.

A MagelZattlc pengcucn poAcnt -its chick In the ^a^cty one oi the

ntme/LOiU buAAom the penguin exhibit at the San fmnd&co Zoo. Thc6e
natu/iaLUttlc ne6t 6ltes have encou/iaged success ^ul reproductive behavior.
(Photo credit: Brian Klacher]

464

METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF

OF LOWLAND GORILLAS (GonMa goKllla goMla]

AT THE ■MIA'MI METRO ZOO

By

KuAt Mannchm
Se.yUo^ K&e.peA Alcan Apc6
MctAo loo f Miami, FL

BSTRACT

ive gorillas were observed at the Metro Zoo over a period of one year,
ach gorilla was observed one hundred times for a period of fifteen min-
:es each time. A Hansen’s one-zero checklist was used to record behaviors
1 an ethogram that consisted of 60 different behavior patterns. A distri-
ition was arrived at from the data collected in the ethogram. Analysis of
ariance was then used to prove that there were significant differences
t the 0.01 level between the activity patterns of the five gorillas. A
Lsher's Least Significant Difference test was used to demonstrate activ-
ty differences at the 0.01 level within the group of gorillas at the
2tro Zoo. The results indicated that the juvenile male was the most ac-
Lve and the adult female gorilla was the least active. The other three
5fillas, two adult males and a young adult female, were grouped together
1 having similar activity patterns.

JTRQDUCTION

le Metro Zoo in Miami acquired its first gorilla, named Ramar, in Novem-
‘r of 1981 from the North Carolina Zoo in Ashboro by way of the Phila-
ilphia Zoo on a breeding loan. The Metro Zoo was interested in how this
lult male gorilla's behavior might change through time with acclimation
> his new environment. The zoo brought Dr. Terry Maple, a primate behav-
>rist, in to discuss the observation of the new male gorilla. Dr. Maple
Lve the zoo an ethogram on behaviors to observe that might be the most
laningful in showing a changing pattern of behavior over time. The
•rilla was observed using a diary format (Bramblett, 1976) from Novem-
ir, 1981 through September, 1982. In March of 1983 the zoo received
lur gorillas from NIH in New Iberia, LA. This group of gorillas includ-
an adult male, Jimmy; an adult female, Josephine; a young adult female,
'pe; and a juvenile male, Jimmy Junior. I decided to observe all of the
jirillas to see if there would be any differences in their behavior. Dur-
g the study period a successful introduction of the young female Hope
th the male Ramar occurred, and Josephine gave birth to a male infant
10 March 1984 who was named Moja. This paper examines the overall
Itivity patterns of the gorillas.

TERIALS AND METHODS

ere were five gorillas used for collecting data for this study (Table
. The ethogram. Figure 1, contains five broad areas of behavior pat-
rns: normal day-to-day activities, social interactions, sexual responses,
otionally aggressive and submissive behaviors, and abnormal behaviors,
so, there was a common section where behavior patterns could be more
oroughly discussed. The ethogram was constructed from four sources:

) Dr. Maple's original adjustment ethogram, (2) diary format records
lorn the first male gorilla at Metro Zoo, (3) The Mountain Gorilla
challer, 1963), and (4) continued expansion of the ethogram due to new
haviors being observed during the study period. This ethogram contains
total of 60 different behavior patterns. The ethogram also includes

465

A METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF LOWLAND GORILLAS

FIGURE I

APRIL, 1983 - KARCK,1984

D&te

liBB of Day.

ACTIVITY

Weather

(100) (too) (180) (100) (180)

i\ JJ JO HO RA

Ob qrouod-OG

99

100

94

99

100

cl iBbino-CL

5

30

20

22

15

eievated>E

5

30 .

24

23

11

waikiBO'W

93

91

46

90

92 _

ruaniao-R

40

42

5

25 .

43

ai tttB<|-SI

99

94

95

98

98

ataodiaq on al 1 fours-ST

84

81

26

56

85

koeei inq oo elhows-K

3

3 ..

20

stands bipedaiiy-SB

37

54

11

47

30

lyinq dowo-LA

42

73

45

42

36

yawniBO-Y

3 _

6

6

11

10. _

sleeoiAO-SL

3

13

7

9

6^

nanipulat iflo with hands-KPH

89

93

59

92

77

aaBipuiatioo with aouth-MPH

13

32

17

23

20

wearioo soaethino ob head-HA

_

5

21

7

3

driakiBO-O

7

17

2

13

21 _

uriflatiao-U

2

3

4

4

eatiao-EA

78

80 ..

30

80

41--

bowel aoveaent-BIt

2

2_

2__

9

nestifiO-N

4

1

—

SrooaiBg seif-GRS

48

60

79

80

66

SOCIAL

qrooaiBfl another-GRA

5

contact oassive-CP

31

13

18

16

7

contact active-CA

8

50

6

16

12

olayiao-PL

23

36

1

1Q.._

I-

traasoort-TR

2

2

2

oursiog-HU

-

-

1

-

-

SEXUAL

aasturbation-N

oreseatina-PR

2

coDulatioB-C

_

eiacuiatioa-EJ

-

L-

iaitiating seiua! encounter-ISE

1

2

466

OP OF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF LOWLAND GORILLAS. Cant'd

FIGURE 1, CONTiliUED
APRIL, 1S83 - MARCH, 1984

uotiomal JI jo ho

thiijfc beatia()-TB

1

7

3

20

1

chfist beaiia<|-CB

29

56

1

18

27

chargifl^ (^ispiay-CD

13

—

-

-

15

tight iips-TL

37

5

1

4

48

strutting iaIk-SW

31

8

2

4

29

beating on objeets-B

13

28

11

14_..

15

tbrowina nbiects-T

11

1

grindina teeth>GI

_

4

saasbes nbiect-SO

1

2

pucker hnotinu-PH

_

uruable-S

5

stariau-SIA

3

Ji-

chasinu-CH

bittino-HI

1

1

...1.-

arannl ino-GA

Buck bitiiO-HB

1_

bi iina-B!

screasina-SC

coal i tions-CS

1

iurainu of head>TH

1

1

bead shakina-HS

1

cower inu-CW

6

dosinant suDolantina-DS

22

3I..-

subordinate supplanted-SS

2

7

29

SNGRMAL

stereotvned rockinu-SR

cooroohauv-CO

reouroi tatioB reinuestion-R

pacing-PA

1

lOMMEHTS.

467

A METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF LOWLAND GORILLAS. Cant'd

all behaviors in a one to three-letter code from which I was taking data
in the diary method, which allows for quick recording of behaviors. The
ethogram sheets have a place at the top for the date, time, and weather
conditions. A Hansen's checklist (Altman, 1974) was employed for the
gathering of the data on the ethogram. I was more interested in quality
than quantity and the Hansen's checklist requires one to only check a
behavior off once if it has occurred or to leave a blank if a particular
behavior is not observed during a time sequence. The gorillas were ob-
served one at a time for fifteen minutes each. This type of observing is
called focal animal observation (Bramblett, 1976) and allows one to con-
centrate on one individual at a time. Each individual gorilla was observ-
ed 100 times from April 1983 through March 1984.

Table 1 Metro Gorillas

Name

Code Name

Sex

Birth Date

Jimmy

JI

male

1966

Jimmy Junior

JJ

male

7/1979

Josephine

JO

female

1967

Hope

HO

female

10/1974

Ramar

RA

male

1968

RESULTS

A distribution calling for a series of measurements to be made (Schefler,
1969) is performed (Table 2). From the measurements taken in the above
distribution an analysis of variance can be accomplished. The analysis
of variance allows one to observe the differences between groups. In thisi
case the groups refer to the total number of behaviors that each indivi-
dual gorilla was observed exhibiting during the course of the study.

Table 3 gives the summary for the analysis of variance. From this summary
table a comparison of the between-group variance with the within-group
variance could be determined to find if the between-group variance is
significant or not. An F-distribution test is then performed that allows
one to find whether or not there is significance from the above measure-
ments. The F-test value is also given in Table 3 and is calculated by
dividing the mean squares within by the mean squares between. Examining
the F values in a statistical book table with 499 degrees of freedom at
the 0.01 significant level, it is found that there is significant differ-
ence between the groups because the F-value is greater then 3.36. A
Fisher's Least Significant Difference (Roscoe, 1975) is now used to find
if there is significant difference within the groups of gorillas. T-tests
are performed on all combinations of gorilla pairs. Table 4 gives the
results of all the different T-tests. Checking a statistical book table
of T-values with 499 degrees of freedom at the 0.01 significant level for
a two-tailed test, it is observed that there is significant difference if
a T-value of 2.62 or greater is obtained.

JJ shows a significant difference in activity pattern from all the other
gorillas except for RA when checking the results of the T-tests from
Table 4. JI shows significant differences in behavior from JJ and JO
with JJ being more active and JO being less active that JI. JO, when

468

method of analysis of the activity patterns of lowland gorillas. Conn'd

ompared to all of the other gorillas, is significantly different in
ctivity with a low activity pattern. Ho, as with JI, is also significant-
y different in behavior activity when compared to JJ and JO. RA’s activ-
ty pattern is only significantly different from JO.

ISCUSSION

t was predicted from my hypothesis that the different gorillas in the
tudy would show a different pattern of activity. The hypothesis was
roven correct in 12 out of 20 cases when the gorillas were paired in
11 possible combinations (Table 4). Using the ethogram checklist (Fig-
re 1) one can observe how the gorillas differed in their behavior pat-
lerns from one another.

Table 2 Distribution

I

JI

JJ

JO

HO

RA

N

100

100

100

100

100

ZX

958

1122

657

982

1040

X

9.58

11.22

6.57

9.82

10.40

Zx

20

0

0

0

0

Zx^

859.52

1083.32

686.02

836.52

1021.68

8.60

10.83

6.86

8.37

10.22

s

2.93

3.29

2.62

2.89

3.20

c

.31

.29

.40

.29

.31

Me

9

11

6

10

11

Mo

6

11,14

5

8

11

N number of the distribution
ZX sum of members of the distribution
X mean

Zx sum of signed deviations from the mean

Zx^ sum of squared deviations from the mean

variance

S standard deviation

C coefficient of variation

Me median

Mo mode

he juvenile male gorilla, JJ, was observed to be the most active of all
;he gorillas at Metro Zoo. JJ was the most inquisitive of all the gorillas
nd showed the highest score for manipulating objects with his hands and
louth. JJ could go from being the most active gorilla with the highest
cores for climbing and being elevated above the ground to being the least
ctive with the highest scores for lying down and sleeping. These extremes
if behavior often occurred within the same 15-minute time span in which
Observational data was collected. This pattern of activity allowed more
iifferent behaviors to be recorded during the observational period. JJ

469

A METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF LOWLAND GORILLAS, Cant’d

would most often actively seek contact with other gorillas and was observ-
ed playing with others and by himself the most often. JJ beat his chest
the most, because it was part of his play routine and he would imitate the
other gorillas.

Table 3 Summary of Analysis of Variance

Source of

Variation

Degrees

of Freedom Sum of Squares Mean Squares

F-Tes

between

groups

4

1246.05

311.51

within

groups

495

4487,06

9,06

total

499

5733.11

34.3

Table 4

Summary of T-

-Tests

JJ

JI

JO

HO

RA

JJ

3.81*

10.81*

3.26*

1.91

JI

3.81*

7.00*

0.56

1.91

JO

10.81*

7.00*

7.56*

8.91*

HO

3.26*

0.56

7.56*

1.35

RA

1.91

1.91

8.91*

1.35

^significant >. 2.62

The adult female gorilla, JO, was the least active of all the gorillas.

Her low activity pattern can be seen by her showing the lowest scores
for walking, running, and standing bipedally. JO even scored the lowest
when it came to eating. Her social behavior showed an inactive role by
her high score of passive contact. JO was the calmest when it came to
emotional bursts of activity.

The other three gorillas, the two adult males JI and RA and the young adul
female HO, showed similar overall activity patterns, but different behavio
were incorporated in their overall activity patterns. The two adult male
gorillas beat their chests more often than HO did, but HO beat her thighs
much more than did the adult males. JI and RA showed more aggressive beha'
ior while HO was more submissive in her behavior. HO climbed more than thil
two adult males. JI and RA were seen running more often than HO.

Some behaviors seemed to be sex-linked in their pattern of observation.
Female gorillas were seen 3.5 times more often wearing something on their
heads than were males. Nesting behavior was only observed in female
gorillas. Females would groom themselves more often than would males.

Male gorillas would most often beat their chests, while females would beat;
their thighs. Only males would throw objects around and do other overtly
aggressive behaviors. Males would stand motionless on all fours much more!
than females would. Also, only males were observed kneeling on elbows. I

470

METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF LOWLAND GORILLAS. Coyif d

J was the most active of all the gorillas because he was still in a stage
f growth and learning and was seen playing and being more inquisitive
lhan the other gorillas, JO was possibly the least active of the gorillas
lecause she was pregnant for most of the period that the observational
itudy was being conducted. Also, JO showed the most composure when it
ame to emotional outbursts of behavior. The two adult males, JI and RA,
|ere similar in their activity patterns, especially when it came to their
Uotionally aggressive behaviors. HO, the young adult female, was just
!S active as the two adult males were, but differed in showing more emo™
lionally submissive behaviors than aggressive behaviors.

CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

: wish to thank Dean Crouch, who also takes care of the African Ape sec-
ion, for volunteering to observe the gorillas. Without Dean's help it
buld have taken me a lot longer to collect the 500 observations on the
Tve gorillas, I also wish to thank Dr. Catherine Morris and Dr. Marcia
[elcher of the Institutional Research Office at the Miami-Dade Community
iollege for help with the statistical methods used in this study. Drs.
orris and Belcher gave me invaluable assistance in choosing what statis-^
leal methods would be the most useful in proving whether there is a sig-
Ificant difference in activity between and within the group of gorillas
h this study.

iFERENCES

Ltman, 1974. Observational Study of Behavior j Sampling Methods.

Behavior 49: 227-267.

:ramblett, 1976. Patterns of Primate Behavior. Palo Alto, CA:

Mayfield Publishing Company.

)scoe, 1975, Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences .
, New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.

jihaller, 1963. The Mountain Gorilla. Chicago, IL: The University of
: Chicago Press.

iihefler, 1969. Statistics for the Biological Sciences. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

471

METHODS OF DETERMINING ESTRUS
IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS
{CoMutothoAlim 6mtm]

By

Kathleen RobbtbaJio , Animal Keeper
Pttt6buA.gh loo, PtttsbuAgk, PA

In 1977, the Pittsburgh Zoo received a pair of Z^^-year-old white rhinos.
They were housed together in our old zoo building for six years. Upon
the opening of our new African Savannah Exhibit in October of 1983, the
two rhinos, named Deano and Kid, were moved to a more modern and more
natural habitat. It was at this time that I became their keeper and con-
sidered some far-ranging plans for the pair. Deano and Kid have adapted

well to their new surroundings. They are both well-behaved when being |
routinely handled by myself or the veterinary staff. Neither animal has
had any serious illness or parasite problem. I had hoped to see signs of

mating activity now that they were both eight years old. However, the

male never showed any interest in the female or made any attempts at
mounting her. During the summer of 1984, Dr. Wagner, our staff veterinar-
ian, and I discussed the problem of our non-breeding rhinos and in the
fall we decided to begin a lengthy work-up on her estrus cycle. |

The reason behind studying and charting her cycle was because, like us, I

many zoos only have one pair of white rhinos. We know this is not likely
to produce offspring. If we could find an alternative to housing a large!
number of animals in order to produce young, we could possibly have off-
spring in zoos like ours where only a pair is kept. After our study is
more complete, we will try artificial insemination. Since there is not
a great deal published about white rhino's estrus we feel our study will
be useful in that respect alone.

Our zoo currently has a holding facility for two adults and possibly one
immature or compatible animal. The two adults are kept separated at nigh
to give each more room and to regulate food intake. There is a central I

area between the two cages that serves both as a transfer cage and an 1

access to the outdoor exhibit. It is in this transfer cage that I could 1
see housing for a possible third animal. In the future we may be able to
expand our holding area but what we need now is a solution of sorts towar<|
which to work. What our plan consists of is careful monitoring of the
female's estrus cycle and eventually an attempt at artificial inseminatioi
during peak receptivity.

We have four methods of determining what stage of estrus our female is in
They are behavior, vaginal smears, rectal palpation, and urinalysis. The
first we will discuss is behavior. This is quite dependent upon keeper
observation. As a heat approaches (proestrus), the female become aggres-
sive with the male. She initiates minor battles. These fights are more
intense while the animals are indoors in close quarters. The fights occu:!
as soon as the animals are put together in the morning. After being put j
outside in the exhibit the battles are less frequent. The fights consist
mainly of jousting and slashing with the horns and a few head-down charge
If this behavior occurs in my absence, I have only to look at Deano 's ;
face and sides to see the superficial wounds she's dealt him. This be-
havior starts about 5-7 days before what we call "Full Heat".

The second method of determining estrus is by vaginal smears. These are
done nearly every day to keep tabs on their accuracy in relation to the
other methods. In doing a vaginal smear we first steady the animal and

472

^THODS OF DETERMINING ESTRUS IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS, Continued

roke her sides and rear legs until her tail curls up and out of the way.
I'metimes this is very difficult. If she is uncooperative we may try again
ter or attempt to hold her tail out of the way. After the tail is up,

I wipe the vulva with a disinfecting solution called Virosan® . Next,
cotton swab is inserted three inches into the vagina, removed and rolled
ntly onto a clean slide to be stained after it is dry.^ We do two sep-
late slides. What we examine on the slides are epithelial cells. They
^11 either be cornified or noncornif led. We count 100 cells to get a
,,tio of how many cornified cells there are in relation to noncornified
11s. The higher the number of cornified cells, the closer the animal is
being in heat. We also note white cells and debris. In some animals
|i:ogs) this also is indicitive of heat. We really do nothing more than
te the presence and number of white cells. We haven't tried to corre-
'te this into the rest of our data yet. When we count the number of cells
the two slides and the ratios are nearly the same, we take the average,

the two slides are greatly different from each other, we must redo them

[cause one may have been improperly done and this could cause the results

be off. If the female is showing behavioral signs of heat and the epi-

elial cell slides don't agree with this, it may be because as the estrus
cle developes all physiological changes don't occur simultaneously. As
;e hormone levels increase, changes happen one by one. Therefore, an
imal behaving as if in heat may have a cell ratio that is nonsupportive .

it is rechecked in 2 or 3 days the cell ratio may have changed quite a
t. There can, however, be results that aren't correct due to contamina-
lon as I mentioned before or from improper technique (i.e. not getting
e swab in far enough) . That is why we use a three- inch insertion as our
andard. When someone other than the veterinarian takes a swab we seme-
mes get confusing data.

sse vaginal swab epitelial cells are taken from a dog, but will show
2 differences between a cornified cell and a noncornified cell.

6. Dog; Vaginal Smear; Early Estrus; Wright's Stain
The epithelial cells are cornified. Nuclear detail is apparent.
Leukocytes are absent.

,'iure 6

Dog; Vaginal Smear; NMB Slain
le large cells are noncornified epithelial cells. Numerous
utrophils are present.

Figure 2

AW

473

METHODS OF DETERMINING ESTRUS IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS, Continued

The third method is rectal palpation. This is done at least weekly and
more often when we expect heat is nearing. Again, we get Kid to raise
her tail and to steady. The veterinarian inserts his arm, covered with a
glove, Virosan® , and lubricant into the rhino's rectum and feels the
shape of the uterus and fallopian tubes through the rectal walls. He
then rates them by tone, length, and diameter. A tone of //I indicates th
the animal is not in heat (diestrus) . A //2 could be approaching or dimin
ishing heat (proestrus or metestrus) . A #3 is full heat. During the mos
receptive periods the animal has a shortened and enlarged uterus, enlarg-
ed fallopian tubes, and a good tone. She will stand patiently for the
exam and will slightly spread her rear legs and brace herself. We have
found the rectal exam to be the most conclusive way of determining which
part of the estrus cycle the animal is in.

Our final method is urinalysis. This is a very unreliable test for us at
this point for two reasons. First, there are not standard hormone levels
for white rhino urine established. This is currently being worked on.
Second, sample collection is often infrequent. Our female tends to urin-
ate at night, into her food, or the minute I leave the building. Urine
taken from the floor is probably contaminated. We have taken steps to
get a more frequent, free-catch sample by having one of our docents simpl
stand by all morning, cup in hand, waiting for urine. This has helped us
to obtain one or two samples a week which is better than we had been doin
The samples are then frozen and when we get an adequate number they are
sent to a laboratory^ for hormone analysis. Once we get the results we
can see how and if they agree with the other data we have collected.

None of the four methods I’ve mentioned can be used exclusively to deter
mine estrus yet. There are too many variables. However, used together
we can get a much better idea of what is going on in our rhino's estrus
cycle.

Our findings over the past year have been interesting. I have drawn
graphs comparing cell ratio with tone. It shows that the summer months
produce some very confusing, data. It seems that the female doesn't have
a true cycle. Dr. Wagner thinks that an egg begins to form in the cvarie
and instead of developing and traveling through the fallopian tubes, it
is instead reabsorbed and the symptoms of approaching heat disappear (See
Graph 1). The reason behind this is as yet unknown, but I understand the
same thing can occur in horses during the summer in the Northern Hemis-
phere. From the graph you can see the slightly elevated cornified cell
count and tone measurement, but the numbers never reach a sufficient leve
to indicate a receptive period. We call these slight increases "mini hea
The winter graph shows just the opposite (See Graph 2). There are very
obvious peaks and valleys that show a cycle pattern of estrus. We want t
plot out another year of cycles so we can validate what we have found so
far. We also would like to collaborate with other zoos that have a simi-
lar light and dark cycle and similar temperatures to see if our findings
are due in any part to geographical location.

We keep a running log book and in it is recorded the daily cell ratios,
other cellular findings, behavior, urine collection, tone rating, and
anything else of note.

One important thing to keep in mind when acquiring this data is that this
has been obtained from a single animal and should not be anything more
than a guideline to go by, not a definite rule to be found with every otlj
female rhino.

474

lone

ETHODS OF DETERMINING ESTRUS IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS, ConUnumd

475

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HEAT

METHODS OF DETERMINING ESTRUS IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS. ConUnu^d

THODS OF DETERMINING ESTRUS IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS, ConXXnued

c us this is just the start. When we are confident that we know the ap-
Dximate date of a heat and seasonally which heats are the strongest, we
aid like to try artificial insemination. We are going to try to insert
i equine catheter into our female routinely to get her used to the sensa-
on. After that, the next step will be to acquire rhino semen. We are
ying to get a sample from our male. We have managed to get two small
mples that did indeed contain sperm and we are encouraged by this,
though we are trying to produce rhinos the hard way, it is the only way
an to us at this time. Hopefully our efforts will be successful and we
LI have opened new doors into rhino research and reproduction for our-

iLves and for other zoos

NOTES

Slides are stained with DIFF-QUIK. Given five 1 second
dips in Fixitive Solution, Solution 1 and Solution 2.

Urine is being sent to Dr. Clint Lothrop, University of Tennessee.

477

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL
(A Generalist's Approach To Specialized Animal Care)

By

Jdii TuAnage., Snyilon. Ho^p-itaZ KddpoA
San VZcgo Zoo, San VZzgo, CA

INTRODUCTION

The animal collections of the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park contain
approximately 7,000 specimens of over 800 species or subspecies represent
ing some 120 families of vertebrates. An integral part of the care of tl
large and diverse collection are the Veterinary Services Department of ei
facility. They manage the primary health care, preventative medigin
nutritional and quarantine requirements ot the collections. As part of
the Veterinary Services Department, the role of the San Diego Zoo hospitJ
keepers is unique in that they must be able to provide highly specializec
care not only appropriate to each species within the collections of the
Zoo and Wild Animal Park, but any new species that may be acquired as we;
They must also be able to provide care appropriate to the medical, physl
and psycological needs of any Individual animal in their care. Clearly
no group of four keepers anywhere could duplicate the specialized, and
sometimes idiosyncratic care provided by the 150-plus animal care person-
nel in the San Diego work force, let alone know the "personalities" of
every animal in the collections. However, they have worked out a few
techniques which help them approximate the specialized care many individ-
uals require.

This paper will deal primarily with problems of housing a wide variety o:
animals, each with individual requirements, and fine tuning the daily
activities of many animal care personnel in response to an animal's reac-
tion to hospital housing and routines. This is not intended to be a les-
son in hospital design or operations. For discussions of those topics,
with examples drawn from the San Diego Zoo hospital, see Robinson 1982a
and 1982b. The cage types discussed are fairly generalized, and the exa^
dimensions or layouts are not important. Anyone can come up with a betti
cage design for a specific purpose, given enough time and money. To one
degree or another, a keeper is always in a position of having to use wha
is at hand to provide immediate care for the animals someone else has ;
selected. The ability to identify important differences between cages ai
animals, and take advantage of those differences is what is important,
of the discussion will concern specific problems or capabilities of the
eration of the San Diego Zoo hospital, but it is hoped that many of the
eral concepts can be of use at other facilities.

THE HOSPITAL FACILITY

The Jennings Center for Zoological Medicine, the hospital complex for th
San Diego Zoo, includes 2704 m^ (29,084 ft^) of floor space, over one- |
third of which, 988 m^ (10641 ft^) is devoted to animal holding areas. |
The animal holding areas are divided into bird wards, raptor pens, phea-j
sant pens, mammal wards, quarantine wards, hoofed stock pens, barns, iso
lation rooms, recovery and intensive care rooms. Some of the major cage
types used are: glass and fiberglass terraria; wire bird cages which can
be hung from wall brackets; indoor and outdoor concrete and wire (or ste
bar) cages, some of which include deep or shallow pools; squeeze cages i
which can mechanically restrain or move animals, larger ones are perman~|
ently built into cage systems, while smaller ones are portable; pens sui
rounded and covered with wire or chain-link with a decomposed granite su'
strate; barns and cages equipped with a permanent rubber floor, some wit

478

IIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, Continae.d

ibber-padded walls as well; and incubators equipped for the regulation of
:mperature, humidity, and oxygen therapy. Obviously on the basis of cage
isigns alone, the hospital keepers have a great deal to work with in se-
jscting animal housing. The hospital keepers also have access to all for-
;e items used in the zoo, most foods served in the zoo restaurants, and
.ny other foods available on the open market on a "special order" basis.
>netheless, the hospital cannot provide elaborately planted enclosures
[lecific to certain species, complex social groupings or even the space
ch animals enjoys on exhibit. Although each animal holding area and
ch cage type at the hospital has a basic function, such as housing hoof-
stock or quarantining primates, from a pragmatic standpoint, there is
'great deal of overlap between the different areas. The housing require-
nts for a marmoset are essentially more like those of birds than they
e those of baboons. Consequently marmosets are generally housed in the
ird cages" in the bird wards. Also, crowding in one area of the hospital
y mean a raptor cage has to be modified in order to accommodate a flock
lesser flamingos. Thus, the requirements of sanitation for a relative-
dense animal population and versatility in caging means having to modify
:ther stark cages to suit the most critical needs of each animal.

E HOSPITAL POPULATION

e numbers of animals and the types of animals housed at the hospital can
ry drastically from day to day, month to month. This would include all
imals housed for routine examinations or to treat medical problems, in-
Iming animals held in quarantine prior to their introduction to the gener-
!i zoo population, and animals being held prior to shipment to the Wild
|imal Park or another facility. A single incoming shipment can send the
|spital bird population from five to fifty. Figure 1 depicts graphically
e changing size and character of the hospital population during a six-
jnth period in 1983. The number of animals housed each day was averaged
|r each week from 4 February to 4 August 1983. Separate counts were
intained for birds, primates, ungulates, other mammals, and amphibians
d reptiles. The different shaded areas of the graph represent the por-
on of the total population made up of the five groups of animals. From
e graph you can see that from 25 February to 3 March, the average daily
pulation was 56 individuals, made up mostly of birds and "other mammals",
jring the week of 15-21 April, the average daily population had almost
iibled to 91, this time made up mostly of birds and primates. The hospi-
1 populations of ungulates and amphibians and reptiles dwindled to zero
f several weeks during the six-month period. Weekly averages were used
calculate the data points in Figure 1 because the daily fluctuations
the numbers of animals at the hospital were so drastic that a graph
3wing each day's changes would be impractical to fit into this journal.

estimating a long-term average, the animal holding areas of the hospi-
1 ran from half to three-quarters full during the period represented
Figure 1. Through not occurring during the period represented by
gure 1, the total number of animals housed at the hospital at any one
ne has been known to approach 200.

pE SELECTION PROTOCOL

e data showing the dynamic nature of the hospital population under-
ores the fact that the varied and constantly changing clientele at the
spital make it impossible to reserve a particular area or a particular
ge to a single use, or for housing a single group of animals. To deal
th this fact of life, while still maintaining certain standards of

479

Area Graph of Average Hospital Population

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, Coi^nued

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480

^IMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL,

iarantine, isolation of infectious animals and providing caging appre-
ciate to each individual, the hospital keepers have developed a list of
riorities in cage selection for a new animal. When presented with an
limal to be housed at the hospital, or group of animals that may be housed
Dgether, a number of factors are considered.

1. Does the animal show signs of an infectious disease? Does the ani-
mal have a history of chronic infectious disease, such as tubercu-
losis or Salmonella? If so, the animal and its wastes should be
isolated as much as possible in an easily disinfected environment.
This includes temporary disinfectant footbaths, gowns and possibly
masks for personnel entering their enclosures.

2. What are the physical capabilities or limitations of the particular-
individual(s) involved? The cage must not only prevent escape and
minimize potential injury to animal and keepers, but should also
provide for any special locomotory patterns/problems; the need for
supplementary heating, cooling or humidity; any substrate, bedding
or hiding requirements; pools for feeding or exercise; and reverse
light cycles for those animals coming from or going to a reverse

I lightcycle housing on the zoo grounds.

3. Is the animal going to require special attention or enforced peace
I and quiet? Special attention includes medical problems requiring

frequent monitoring or acute care as well as species whose normal
husbandry requires a great deal of keeper time and attention. The

I need for close observation may be met simply by housing the animal
where it will be seen frequently throughout the day during routine
activities. Situations requiring a great deal of keeper or clinician
activity may necessitate a cage big enough to accommodate the animal
and one or more people.

For some animals the best therapy is simply to be left alone. If
an animal is extremely flighty, it is often best to house the ani-
mal away from high traffic areas, strictly limit human access to
the area, and satisfy any need for observation by the use of sight
barriers with peepholes. A mirror may be set up beforehand to look
I into a nest box from a remote location. Individuals recovering from

I broken limbs usually require enforced peace and quiet.

4. Is the animal going into routine incoming quarantine? The hospital
facility only has a few areas that meet California Department of
Public Health standards for the quarantine of primates. If a room
already contains a quarantined primate, the introduction of another
primate for quarantine will set back the release date of all pri-
mates in the room until the last primate has been quarantined for
the minimum period, usually thirty days between administration of
two TB tests. Consequently it is preferable to schedule several
incoming primates to arrive withn a few days of each other, or ar-
' range housing for them in different rooms. For other species attempts
are made to at least keep quarantine animals separated from similar
species as much as possible.

I During quarantine, an attempt is also made to limit human access to
j the animal and enclosure. Personnel likely to contact the general

^ zoo animal population are encouraged not to contact animals in quar-

antine.

5. What is the likely length of stay at the hospital? If the animal
is only going to be in the hospital for a few days, we may be more
inclined to use a cage which only allows marginal daily cleaning.

481

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, ConXlnu^d

but is better suited in other respects. Animals only staying the
night, especially smaller species, may be left in their transfer
crates as long as provision is made for security, food, water,
drainage, warmth, and ventilation. As a general rule, if the length
of stay at the hospital is unknown, it is assumed to potentially
involve the length of time required to fund and construct a new
exhibit on the zoo grounds.

6. What are the medical limitations on housing? Such considerations
not already discussed above include substrates or cage materials
that prevent the animal from abrading or contaminating sutures,
dressings or foot/hand lesions. Animals with dressings or casts
must be housed indoors at least when rain threatens. Water may
need to be provided in a way that is not likely to soil the dress-
ing, such as by a ball point tube drinker or by an unspillable con-
tainer too small to stand on, located above floor level.

Animals suffering from intestinal pathogens need housing that mini-
mizes their ability to defecate on their food and water. For most
large animals, feeders which keep the food above ground level gene
ally work well. Sometimes the choice of food may be dictated by
what will stay off the ground. Smaller animals, unless they natur
ally keep their stool and food separate, may be difficult to preve;
from soiling their food, as anything big enough to hold food and
still be accessible to the animal can also be used as a perch. ,
Sometimes feeders suspended outside the cage can be used for pri-
mates, as long as they leave the food in the feeder until they de-
cide to eat it. For some animals the only solution is to use a ca
with a wire or barred floor which at least allows the stool to fall
through, if not food as well.

The problem of providing water to animals with intestinal pathogen
is even harder than for animals with dressings or casts. If the i
animal cannot or will not use a tube-type drinker and insists on |
spoiling an elevated container, a constant trickle of water near
the cage drain or through the wire cage bottom can generally solve
the problem. This method has been successfully used to water capy
bara who would practically stand on their front legs alone in orde|
to put their hind legs into a tall bucket and defecate. A hose j
carefully arranged out of reach, and a metal nozzle firmly anchore
to protrude just inside the cage can generally increase the populaj
ity of this technique. !

7 . What are the considerations for minimizing stress to the animal ar
keepers during uncrating, routine cleaning and feeding, medicating
or handling, and eventual crating upon discharge from the hospital
Up until now, most of the considerations have been for the animalsj
needs. As a matter of practicality, the animal must also be house
to suit the keepers* needs as much as possible. On one extreme, :
the animal is so fractious as to fling itself headlong against caj;
sides or ceilings at the slightest disturbance, setting the animal
up in a cage away from the hubbub of daily activity with plenty ol
water and enough food to last for several days without spoiling m<
be the only way to go. Cages with enough length or height to all(|
the animal to get comfortably away from people can go along way t(
ward minimizing stress for all concerned during routine cleaning
feeding activities. In any event, even "calm" animals can get in
trouble if their cage does not allow for the animal's typical fli{
reaction, whether it be actual flight, hiding, running or jumping
The cage must allow for cleaning without the keeper having to ent

482

IMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, ConUnu^d

the cage with the fractious animal. This can most easily be accom-
plished if the cage can be divided into two separate cages, such as
closing a remotely operated guillotine door between indoor and out-
door areas of the same cage, or by allowing the animal to run into
an adjacent cage with an intervening remotely operated door. Cages
that can be hosed clean from the outside can be used so long as the
animal can and will avoid the spray, and satisfactorily tolerates
the intrusion.

Uncrating procedures can be handled most safely for the dangerous
or unruly individual if the crate is equipped with a sliding or
guillotine door that can be securely opposed to a similar door on
the cage. The same doors can make future crating procedures safer.

If one wall of the cage can be mechanically moved to "squeeze" the
animal between two surfaces through which an injection can be given,
the animal can be safely restrained for sedation or medication, if
necessary. If properly designed, the squeeze mechanism can also be
used to force an animal into a crate. One of the hazards of squeez-
ing large carnivores is the potential for dental fractures result-
ing from cage biting.

Nest boxes equipped with sliding doors can sometimes be used to
capture and even transport animals at a later date.

8 . In what kind of cage and location in the hospital is the animal like-
ly to be the most comfortable? What cage is the most easily modified
to suit the animal's needs? This item is the "comfort" counterpart
of the "necessity" considerations described in item 7. Perching
birds and arboreal mammals generally seem to be more at ease if they
can spend most of their time above the ground, preferably in a posi-
tion higher than people. Therefore tall cages which can be fitted
with perches or elevated platforms are well suited, even if they are
in relatively busy areas. At the hospital there are several cages
overlooking a wooded canyon where the animal may actually enjoy the
illusion of being higher than it really is. Strictly terrestrial
species (keepers included) will frequently find perches to be a use-
less hazard if they are inclined to jump or run in response to a per-
ceived threat. Thus perches left from a previous tenant should also
be easy to remove when not needed. Again, even if the animal is not
likely to injure itself in a flight response, certain accommodations
should be made in the form of sight barriers or nest boxes where the
animal is likely to use them. Nest boxes equipped with ventilation
holes will frequently provide privacy while also giving the animal
and keeper peepholes to keep tabs on each other. Burrowing animals
will frequently adopt appropriately sized PVC pipes, drain tiles,
bath towels or even rolled newspaper as their hiding place.

Whenever possible, animals such as waterfowl, penguins, flamingos
and otters should be provided with some sort of pool, if only for
the feeling of security they seem to provide. Hopefully item 2
will already have provided pools for marine mammals and aquatic
reptiles and amphibians.

Many primates and hand-raised individuals will frequently benefit
if they are housed, not necessarily amongst it all, but at least
where they can watch the routine hospital comings and goings, if
they desire such entertainment.

483

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, ConUnazd

Generally, if the animal is a runner or a large bird, the larger
the cage and the quieter the location the better. Otherwise, as
long as the particular need for that species to feel safe is met,
whether it’s a nest box, pipe, pool, high perch, or simply a towel
to crawl under, the furnishings of the cage can to a great extent
make up for a small cage or a busy location.

9. Are there special state or federal limitations on the type of hous
ing this animal may be kept in? Certain species in our collection
are considered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to
have a high potential for becoming pests if they were to escape
into verdant, warm Southern California. Meerkats, a relative of
mongoose and flying foxes, a form of fruit bat, are two examples.
For these animals special provision for housing them in cages with
cages and/or with safety cages are made. Safety cages are utilize
as much as possible for other animals, but particularly so for re-
stricted species.

10. Should the animal be housed where it can see a comforting companio
Should the animal not be housed near certain other hospital reside
This is as simple as housing social animals where they can at leas
see conspecif ics , keeping solitary or competitive animals away fro
similar species, and avoiding housing predator and prey species ne
to, or even within earshot of each other.

11. Is the animal a "star"? Though last of the considerations for hor

ing from the standpoint of the well being of the animal and the ir.
tegrity of hospital care, one must admit the requirements of "star
animals can easily transcend all other considerations. The rare
species a curator has spent three years trying to acquire will cer
tainly be visited during "quarantine" by curators, managers and
keepers. If the director has expended a great deal of effort or
money in acquiring the animals, the visitor list will probably als
include administrators, donors and members of the media. Therefoi
the animal will have to be housed in a highly accessible location,
an attractive cage. When this can be done without compromising ot
animal care requirements, the extra attention is simply a time cor
suming annoyance. |

Sometimes "star" animals come complete with dictates from above asj
to where and how the animals will be housed and managed in the hosH
pital. Sometimes these dictates are based on sound husbandry. |
Sometimes these dictates are based simply on the cost of the animcjj
and must be followed, even if they conflict with infectious isola-;
tion or quarantine practices, or force more "needy" animals into J
less appropriate cages. This causes the hospital to cease functic!
ing like a hospital. Sometimes, if the star quality of the animal
is low enough and the interested staff member is unlikely to make
a return visit, the dictates can be satisfied with, "We'll do our
best." Of course, the hospital keepers will do their best to equs
ly meet the needs of all the animals under their care, regardless
of the animals' cost or public relations value. ,

12. What if the "right" cage for the new animal is already occupied?
Many times the present occupant does not really need to be in the
hospital, but was acquired for the collection without a definite
place to go following quarantine, or just needs a quiet place to i
recuperate off-exhibit. An excellent time to pressure a depart-
ment to pick up their animal (s) simply being held at the hospital j
is when that department wants to bring in something else. This

484

I

^IMAL care at the SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, Continued

is where the problems of Inadequate off-exhibit holding facilities
on the zoo grounds can force the hospital to compromise their qual-
ity of care.

If the present occupant cannot be moved out of the hospital, repeat
the preceding considerations for the present occupant. Weigh the
housing pros and cons for the two animals to see if it is worth
the stress of shifting the present resident to another, perhaps
less appropriate cage. Sometimes due to chance vacancies, an ani-
mal may be housed in a cage more "luxurious" than its real needs
require. If the process of moving an animal to another cage is
not too stressful, a certain amount of shifting may occur to make
room for someone new.

te twelve steps in selecting appropriate housing from a variety of op
,_ons are arranged more-or-less in the order of their importance. Obvious-
satisfying one priority is bound to conflict with one or more of the
:her priorities, and trade-offs will have to be made. Generally higher
iinking priorities will take precedence over lower ranking ones, but often
ipmpromises can be reached. Housing may not be perfect in any one respect,
[it provide the best possible blend of all the important factors.

AGE MODIFICATIONS

is previously suggested, the cage with the best shape, design and location
lay not be properly furnished for the animal to be put there. The perman-
Ij^t features of a cage can either help or hinder certain types of modifi-
[jlations. Wire or chain-link sided cages make the installation of wooden
|.;3rches fairly easy. Poles can be nailed to the wire or pushed through
lain-link and held in place with bailing wire. A more modular variation
I this theme can be used in cages with a strong wire or bar ceiling and
,t least one wire side. Poles or planks are permanently fitted with a
D.9 - 1.2m (3-A ft) length of chain at one end and two strong screw-eyes
jt the other. The screw-eyes are poked through the cage wire side from ;
]tie inside and secured to the wire with snap fasteners or locks. The free
'hd of the chain is then secured to the ceiling of the cage with a snap
^fastener or lock. By varying the length of the chain and the attachment
pint to the wire side, the height and slope of the perch can be adjusted
b suit, and the same perch is reusable in different cages. This also
aves poles from wear and tear of nailing. Gages with concrete walls
'an make the placement of perches difficult. Many of the concrete-sided
iages at the hospital have been fitted with notched, horizontal two-by-
lours bolted to the walls to allow for the attachment of perches to the
therwise smooth surface.

erches need not always be horizontal poles extending from one side of
he cage to the other. By scouting tree-trimming operations, sections
f forked trunks and bent branches can be selected which will act some-
hing like a freestanding tripod. These can be used as freestanding low
jerches for cormorants or scratching posts for small cats. Freestanding
erches with sloped elements can be incorporated into more eleborate ar—
angements where animals must climb from the floor to higher perches,
ections of thick tree trunks can be stood on end to provide pelican per-
hes or feeding platforms for raptors.

aong the lines of perches for terrestrial primates or medium sized cats,
•enches come in handy. The hospital keepers utilize wooden benches with
letal pipe legs ranging from stool, to picnic bench, up to heavy 1.5 x
!.6m (5 X 2 ft) size, each standing about 30cm (1 ft) off the ground. Of
jourse, the bench should not only be big enough to hold the animal, but

485

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, Continued

at least make it difficult for the animal to topple or throw it as well.
Sometimes a bench can be wired to a cage side for stability, but some ani-
mals will thwart this measure as well. Unless the cage is large enough
to incorporate a permanently placed bench or shelf, some animals may
simply have to do without.

Sight barriers can be constructed by attaching a piece of plywood to the
cage wall or hanging a piece of burlap from the ceiling. Care must be
taken with the use of burlap and other loose-weave fabrics. Trailing
threads from unhemmed edges can entangle a bird or cause intestinal im-
paction if swallowed. Ground dwelling birds such as quail will generally
hide under a leafy branch propped upside-down in a corner of the cage.

If available, palm fronds are good cage furnishings as they don't drop
their leaves when they dry out.

One step beyond a sight barrier is the nest box. Wooden crates in which
animals are shipped sometimes make good nest boxes if the materials and
workmanship are sturdy enough, (Some shipping containers were surely in-
tended to spontaneously collapse at the final destination.) Some of the
features that make a good versatile nest box are: removable sliding doors!
adequate ventilation when the doors are closed, feet of some kind which |
keeps the bottom off the ground, drainage for urine, a lip at the door |
opening to help retain bedding, materials and construction which allow |
for cleaning between occupants, and for larger boxes carrying handles. I
The size of the nest box should be adequate to allow the animal to stand,!
turn around and lie down in a variety of natural positions. Nest boxes
with doors can make capture and transport of certain animals easy. They
also give the keeper a place to temporarily hold an animal while he gives
the cage a thorough scrubbing.

The hospital keepers maintain a wide assortment of nest boxes. Bird nest
ing boxes with hinged lids make great nest boxes for small marmosets,
lorises and small rodents. Bushel boxes or plastic airline animal crates
make good hiding places for partridge or small pheasants. For canids or
medium-sized cats, square, short boxes about 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.25m (48 x 48 x|
10 inches) with no top can be used. To slow down chewing, the top edges |
of the boxes should be covered with galvanized sheet metal. Those same j
boxes, with the addition of corn cob bedding or towels, can house hedge- I
hogs or echidnas. I

Apart from nest boxes and perches, other portable cage furnishings can be
used. Housing terrestrail or water birds on concrete floors can lead to :
major problems with their feet. Whenever possible, pheasants are housed ;
in pens with a dirt substrate, but in concrete pens, the addition of dirt I
becomes a time-consuming sanitation problem. Covering the floor with a !
piece of outdoor carpeting has some benefits, but the best product so far I
discovered is a rubber carpeting made by 3M called Nomad . This material
is about 1cm thick, is easily washable with sodium hypochlorite solutions;
(bleach) and drains rapidly. Nomad® remains reasonably soft and pliable ;
unless repeatedly exposed to the phenylphenol disinfectant One Stroke
Environ ® , which causes it to become hard and somewhat brittle.

The use of artificial turf carpets can be used to soften concrete floors i
as they too drain and wash well. Care must be taken to watch for trail- .
ing threads from the backing. Ratites will frequently eat anything that )
they can swallow, and have been known to suffer intestinal impactions
from consuming the fibers of artificial turf carpeting or particles of
other deteriorating floor coverings.

Also of concern for waterfowl is their access to a pool. Four hospital
cages have built-in pools, two about 20cm (8 in.) deep and two about

486

NIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, ConZinuLtd

,5m (5 ft) deep. If these cages are occupied, plastic children's wading
?ols have been added to raptor cages to accommodate pelicans and flamingos,
ibber hoofed stock food tubs and shallow metal pans, about 76 x 76 x lOcra
iW X 30 X 4 in) at least provide a place to bathe and a psychological
jiafe area” for waterfowl housed on concrete.

ipplemental heating can be accomplished by the cautious use of portable
'jidiant heat lamps or forced air heating units. Extreme care must be
iken to insure a safe distance between the heating unit and any combus-
Lble material, including the animal. If the unit is attached to a wall
[racket or other elevated site, a secondary attachment should be provided
j) prevent the unit from falling into the animal's reach or into bedding
lould the first attachment fail. Often this can be accomplished in a
iiy such that the unit will have to pull free of the electrical plug be-
jire it can fall. Of course, extreme care must also be taken to prevent
kposing appliances or plugs to water or urine, and to prevent the animal
|:om contacting an electrical cord.

I

i;ireful monitoring is critical if the animal is unable to move away from
|ipplemental heat. Otherwise healthy amphibians and reptiles should never
|; housed where they cannot get away from supplemental heat. These anl-
,ils regulate their body temperatures by moving in and out of warm areas
id require daily changes in their body temperature in order to express
aeir normal behavior patterns.

[ipplemental cooling can be provided by the use of shade cloth awnings,
Iximizing cross ventilation, or even housing the animal in an air

I'mditloned building.

imidity can be raised by sprinkling the ground as needed. Indoors,
i.milar techniques can be used. There are also a variety of Inexpensive
jichanical and ultrasound humidifiers on the market that can be used in-
|)ors .

|iverse light cycle situations can be set up in any room that can be com-
.etely darkened and is equipped with electricity. The red or blue "night”
.ght can be left on all the time. The white "day” light can be controlled
^ a simple plug timer of the type sold as home security devices. By
•lifting the night cycle to start an hour or two after the beginning of
le work day allows for cleaning and feeding without disturbing the noc-
lirnal animal ,

le requirement of on-demand cage modifications makes it important for a
Lcility like a zoo hospital not to put too many permanent specializations
ito cages which limit the kinds of animals that can be housed there,
jing able to move a variety of nest boxes, benches or perches in and out
' a cage as needed maximizes versatility. A moderately sized concrete
‘.n with a heated floor may be perfect for canids or medium sized cats,

It a waste of space or even a hazard to large bears. Retrofitting heat-
jig units into some of the hospital enclosures has been done in a manner
jiat when not needed, the heating apparatus Is not in the way or in danger
" being ripped-out by destructive tenants. Permanent wooden shelves in
iirger cages must be constructed to withstand the attentions of the most
listructive species likely to be housed there. The heavy planks forming
‘ shelf in one large carnivore cage held up well until a large bear de-
j.ded to chew them up, resulting in splinter abcesses. The new shelf is
‘otected on all exposed edges with heavy angle iron bolted and welded
i place.

487

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, ConUnaed

COMMUNICATION

Just as the hospital keepers have a large selection of cages to work with,
staff at the hospital complex is equally varied and numerous. From veter-
inarians, pathologists, researchers and their secretaries, on through
laboratory technicians, animal health technicians, interns, externs, stu-
dents, janitors and keepers, the hospital staff numbers in excess of 16
individuals. Moreover, hospital keepers find themselves in the position
of caring for animals otherwise under the jurisdictions of the many dif-
ferent animal departments of the zoo and Wild Animal Park. They must als(
include among their duties the impossible task of simultaneously satisfy-
ing the personel requests of six animal care managers and their assistant}
four curators and their assistants, plus animal trainers, researchers,
members of the education and public relations departments as well as film |
crews, members of the media, the occasional tour group of potential donors
and keepers simply interested in their hospitalized friends. Each of thoi
people has a particular job to do. Each has their own set of priorities i
and blind spots. This situation of no-win diplomacy has caused the hos- ;
pital keepers to develop the ability to cut to the point and talk fast.

The only thing that keeps the hospital from flying off in 20 different
directions is communication in large doses.

From the view of the hospital keeper, communciation revolves around keep-
ing up with the day to day changes in care of each of the hospitalized
animals. The first order of business each, day is for the keepers to walk
through the whole facility together to check on every animal. During
"keepers’ rounds" the keeper who worked a particular section of the hos-
pital the previous day will evaluate each animal’s food consumption, stool
quality, and general vitality, and inform the other keepers of any new
developments that have taken place in that section. Keepers who had work
ed the previous few days fill in a keeper just coming back from his days-
off on recent changes in food preferences, diet changes, health trends,
and any expected new arrivals. Keepers coming back from their days-off
can frequently spot changes too gradual for the day-to-day eye to pick up
such as changes in weight. The results of experiments with new food item
for reluctant eaters are frequently discussed during keepers’ rounds. At
this time the keepers also check every empty cage just in case a late nig
delivery or emergency has presented the hospital with a new occupant.

Following keepers’ rounds, the keepers will pass through the hospital
treatment room, the center of hospital activity, to check the vets^ cal-
endar for any exams or treatments scheduled for the day. The vets’ cal-
endar is an erasable acrylic board marked with boxes for the days of the
week for the next four weeks. Here exams, surgeries and treatments are
scheduled so that, supposedly, the elective work load doesn’t inadvert-
ently all end up on the same day. This scheduling calendar gives the
keepers a source to double check verbal instructions about which animals
are scheduled for work.

Now, anywhere from 30 to 45 minutes into the day, the keepers check theii
own board in the keepers’ kitchen for the schedule of medications they
are to give out. This erasable whiteboard has a list of every prescrip-
tion to be administered to an animal by a hospital keeper. The animal s
identification, medication, amount, frequency, dates to be given, and thsf
prescribing doctor are written on this board for quick reference. This i
board also keeps track of grocery items that have been or need to be i

ordered from the forage warehouse, fecal samples that need to be collect-t
ed, and animals to be held off food/water prior to scheduled sedation. |

After the veterinarians and animal health technicians have arrived for i
work and gotten a chance to walk around the hospital on their own, anot ^

488

mi CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, CoyvUnu^d

3unds'* takes place, this time with the vets, AHT's and keepers together,
ery hospital case is discussed, with each person at the meeting having
3 opportunity to add their own observations in order to develop a clear-
I picture of how each animal is doing. Problem cases are discussed so
it the particular concerns of vets, AHT’s and keepers can be taken into
fisideration in formulating any new plans of treatment. This is also
Ijare the vets discuss their plans for the day, and any animals expected
■ move in or out of the hospital are mentioned so that everyone will
j'-DW what to expect.

Ir each animal in the hospital, a paper tag is attached to the outside of
iE cage which has blanks to fill in the species, individual identification,
c, weight, date of arrival and status (quarantine, patient, or normal)
the animal. This helps to prevent several individuals of the same
2cies from being confused. The cage tag also has blanks to fill in the
te fecal samples were collected. As part of routine quarantine procedur-
, at least two fecal samples are collected from all new animals to screen
r enteric parasites. Of course, fecal analysis is also done for animals
owing signs of enteric parasitism. The cage tag is a handy, on-site
cord of if and when fecal samples were collected, without having to re-
c to medical records. There is also a blank for the initials of the per-
1 collecting the fecal sample in case a question about the quality of
•2 sample comes up later.

ITS

chaps the biggest problem with caring for so many different kinds of
imals is keeping all their diets straight. Verbal communication between
spital keepers helps to make day to day changes known, but a file is
50 kept of diets for most of the species that have passed through the
l^pital. A record is not only kept of the latest diet for a species, but
livious diets successfully fed are also retained. That way if an animal
jcuses the usual fare, there is a ready reference of alternate diets to
l1 back on.

jiding a newly acquired animal is usually made easier when they are ac-
lapanied by an 4^imal Data Transfer Form, sometimes it isn’t. Diets
j.ch call for a "scoop", a "slice", or provide enough food to feed 30
ilmals in a mixed-species exhibit are great sources of amusement. When
j is known in advance that a new animal will be arriving, an attempt is
jle to get the curator concerned to fill out a Quarantine Arrival Form,

Lch asks for the animal’s diet, housing and health history. Quarantine
rival Forms filled in with "standard diet" are also great sources of
isement, as the same species within the zoo’s collection may be fed
feral different diets if cared for by different keepers in different
libits. Often the blanks are filled in with "info to accompany ship-
It". Frequently the only thing that accompanies the shipment is a
ilth certificate. So the hospital keepers are often left the task of
^ing to come up with a diet from scratch for a species they have never
m before, or for an animal that may have been fed entirely differently
its previous facility compared to our "standard diet".

1 library is the obvious source for dietary information, except when
searching a new species and only the common name is known. Many times
j, animal has refused to eat what the book says it should because the
Ijicies was not properly identified in the beginning. Often the diet the
i|.mal would consume in the wild is impossible to provide in captivity,
jits captive diet is currently out of season in this hemisphere. You
ji imagine how much it costs to buy New Zealand cantaloupe in our winter,
-king with other keepers who may have cared for that species in the past
I also a possible source of diet information.

489

ANIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, ConX^nucd

The starting point for developing a diet from scratch is to try to gen- i
eralize from the diets of related species or species which fill similar i
ecological niches. Sometimes the only choice comes down to offering a i
bit of everything to see what the animal selects. A great deal of cautlcl
has to be exercised in this approach. An animal should not be allowed tc!
gorge itself, especially not on a single food item. In the short run th;j
can lead to bloat in many species, and in the long run can spoil the aniij
for a single food and lead to malnutrition. There is a certain safety ii
providing small amounts of many foods so that if one or two of them caus(
indigestion, at least they will have been diluted by the other food itemJ
A variety of different foods will also tend to balance the nutrient defi
iencies' in any one item. Also, attention has to be paid to basic nutriei
in the diet. There must be adequate sources of protein and fiber in the
diet and not too much carbohydrate. If the diet in the wild is all ther(
is to go on, at least that should indicate what the sources of protein ai
(such as meat, seeds, insects, grasses, or leaves) and the relative leve!
of fiber in the diet.

Over the course of several days, the animal's reactions to the foods pre-
sented should be carefully observed, if not recorded, so that adverse
patterns can be identified. Remove a suspect food for a week, and then
reintroduce it to see if it does in fact cause problems. A similar tech-
nique can be used if the animal refuses a food it "should” eat. Some-
times taking the food away for a while and then reintroducing it can spa]
new interest. At other times a food may have to be offered each day evei
if refused before the animal will get used to it and finally pick it up.

Of course sick animals will test the true culinary creativity of a keepe:
Recalcitrant eaters at the hospital have necessitated the invention of
such entrees as scrambled eggs flavored with cherry syrup, and seedless
grapes stuffed with ratite pellets.

CONCLUSION

Basically the generalist’s approach to specialized animal care is to lool
at an animal as a collection of many different characteristics. Some of
the characteristics can be considered apart from the others in formulatii
some aspects of animal care, as long as the final evaluation takes the
whole animal into consideration. For example, if the animal is arboreal
it is likely to prefer perches above the ground and may not even go to
the ground for food or water. If the animal relies on an innate reflex
to rapidly run from perceived danger in the wild, it is not likely to do
well in a small pen, nor would it be wise to try to manually capture sucl
an animal if it may take more than one try. A Patagonian cavy is a largi
(8kg) grassland dwelling rodent with relatively long thin legs. From iti
habitat and general build its locomotory behavior is a lot like a small
antelope, but being a rodent will take advantage of nest boxes to hide j
in more readily than hoofed stock, will handle a more varied herbivorous
diet without upset, and are accomplished burrowers. Marmosets are small
mammals (thus require nest boxes), are small primates (thus have some
insects or small animals in their diet), are arboreal (thus require per-
ches), and being primates, their quarantine quarters must conform to the
same California Department of Public Health regulations that quarters fo;
apes do.

It is hoped that by writing this type of article, not on a specific breei
ing success or new exhibit, but on everyday aspects of animal care, that
keepers will be encouraged to share the expereinces and decision-making
processes which simply help to get the job done.

490

NIMAL CARE AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOO HOSPITAL, Continued

RODUCTS MENTIONED

omad brand surfacing material. 3M Company, 3M Center, Saint Paul,
Minnesota, 55101.

ae Stroke Environ , phenylphenate germicidal detergent. Ceva
Laboratories, Overland Park, Kansas 66212.

|ITERATURE CITED

bbinson, Phillip T., 1982a. Design features of veterinary services.

In, Karen Sausman, editor. Zoological Park and Aquarium Fundamentals.

j Wheeling, West Virginia; American Association of Zoological Parks and
Aquariums.

obinson, Phillip T. , 1982b. Operating procedures for veterinary medical
services. In, Karen Sausman, editor. Zoological Park and Aquarium

^ Fundamentals. Wheeling, West Virginia; American Association of Zoo-
logical Parks and Aquariums.

491

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS WITH MANED WOLVES
AT THE RIVERBANKS ZOO

By

V-lano, Kmg, Ke.^peA ll
R-lve/ibank^ Zoo, Cotumb.ia, SC

GhAy^Ocyon b^C.kyuALU>, the maned wolf, is a rare, interesting, and most
unusual member of the canid family inhabiting the open pampas and swampy
mangrove forests from north-eastern Brazil to northern Argentina. In
the Sierra de Canastra National Park, Brazil, maned wolves mate monogamc
ly, share a common home range throughout the year, but avoid contact ex-
cept during breeding season.

Due to its shy nature, very little is know about the natural behavior ol
this species. Although classified as a wolf, in appearance it resemblej
a very large fox. Standing approximately .915m, most of it is long, sle
der legs, not adapted for swift running, but rather for efficient visioi
and travel in tall vegetation. Large, rounded ears help detect prey lo-
cated in the grass where they usually stalk and pounce on their prey 111
a fox. Long, reddish-orange hair cover their lanky frame. Down the naj
of the neck and across the back, a long black mane stands erect when ex-
cited. The extremely long legs, black in color from the middle down,
cause the animal to move in a distinctive swaying walk or gait, an adapi
tion for moving through open, tall grasses.

Females are monestrus with births occurring in July and August in South
America and in January and February in the Northern Hemisphere. Heat
lasts approximately five days and the gestation period is sixty-two to
sixty-six days. The litter size is usually two to five pups with each
weighing approximately 350 grams at birth. The pups open their eyes afi
eight or nine days, consume regurgitated food at about four weeks of ag<
and are weaned by fifteen weeks of age.

Due to habitat destruction and concentrated hunting by local farmers, tl
maned wolf is an endangered species on the decline throughout its range,
High-strung and shy, until the last two decades, there were no successfi
births in captivity and as such it has joined the list of difficult ani-
mals to manage in captivity.

On 24 October, 1984, Riverbanks Zoo received a pair of young maned wolv<
from the National Zoo's Conservation Research Center. The exhibit to b<
used as their enclosure had previously held 3.2 African cheetahs, koJjiOS
jubcUili) . The exhibit, approximately 30.5m long and 9.1m wide, was enclo!
from behind and on both sides with gunite structured walls. The substrj
consisted of sand with some grass and a few shrubs for shade. The publ:
was kept at a distance by a 4.575m wide and 6.1m deep moat. Two wooden
pupping dens 1.2 x .915 x .915m high and spaced 1.5m away from each oth(
were located towards the back of the exhibit for privacy.

After a quarantine period of approximately ten days, the wolves were
crated, moved from the hospital, and introduced to the exhibit. Burlap I .
skirting was placed around the top of the moat for a few days to preven|i
them from falling or jumping down into it. It did not take the animals ^
long to discover that they could avoid visitors and staff by climbing
down into the moat. The problem was that they could not climb back out^^^
A wooden ramp was constructed and placed in a position to allow them j'
access in and out. ij

492

NAGEMENT PROBLEMS WITH MANED WOLVES AT THE RIVERBANKS ZOO, ConX:'d

en not in the moat, they mainly confined themselves to the wooden boxes
1 the rear of the exhibit. Visitors to the park rarely got a glimpse

the "new arrivals".

order to make the animals more visible, morning and evening feedings
;re delayed to the times when visitors at the park were most numerous,
e musk odor, which greeted people as they entered the park, created
other problem. Even though signs explaining it as a territorial marking
:ent were placed in front of the exhibit, complaints became numerous.

:rly on it was apparent to the staff that these maned wolves may not be
sirable exhibit animals.

2 March 1985, the female became quite aggressive and would not allow
epers to enter the exhibit. She was observed spending most of her time

one of the pupping boxes and chasing the male away when he came too
lOse to the den. Many facilities are now allowing the male to remain in
e exhibit with the female and pups. It has been observed that the male
,|lps rear the pups. Such was the case with the wolves at Riverbanks.

|x days after the pups were born, one of the adults was seen carrying a
p around the exhibit. Wolf pups, at this stage, appear dark grey in
lor with white-tipped tails. They resemble German sheperd pups with
ort little snouts and legs.

ring the next few weeks the pups were transfered from one den to another,
fen the pups were three weeks of age, the female and young disappeared,
ter a thorough search they were found within a gunite wall. The female
d dug through the sand substrate and placed the pups in a opening in the
nite structure. The mother and three pups were removed, unharmed, and
turned to one of the dens .

I the time the pups were four weeks of age, they had already begun ex-
oring the exhibit with both parents always close by them. The young

■ps began eating Nebraska Canine Diet® at five weeks of age.

8 April 1985, after separating the parents, the pups received their
rst physical exam. All three pups were sexed, weighed, and then in-
Iculated. Weights at seven weeks were approximately 2.5kg and the sex
Itio was 3.0. A dosage of .5cc Pittman-Moore, Quantum 6 ,® modif ied-live,
Inine origin was administered. The adults, released back into the ex-
bit, immediately picked up the pups and placed them back into one of

e dens.

!p activity continued to increase every day as they adjusted to keepers
Id visitors. However, on 2 May 1985, at 0900, two weeks after their
Iccinations, two pups were observed stumbling and biting at the air.
jl three were removed and taken to the hospital. Two pups showed clini-
1 signs of distemper. The third pup, through able to stand, appeared
:ak. Blood samples were taken from all three pups. The two pups became
•thargic and began to show stiffening of the legs. On 4 May 1985, one

the two pups showing clinical signs of distemper died. The second pup
■gan labored breathing and was placed in an oxygen therapy unit. Attempts
:re made to exercise the stiffening limbs, but no signs of improvement
;re seen. On 15 May 1985, the second pup was euthanized. Further blood
irk was done on the dead pups and tissue samples were taken. Final diag-
isis was clinical distemper.

jie third pup developed a pecular blue film over both eyes impairing his
Lsion. Hepatitis was diagnosed and treatment was begun. Drops were
llministered several times daily. Treatment involved several months.

493

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS WITH MANED WOLVES AT THE RIVERBANKS ZOO, Cont’d

After a few months, the pup was returned to an area located behind the
exhibit where the adults were housed. The pup was placed in a sky kenne
and the adults were given access to the backup area, beginning a reintro
duction process. Unfortunately, aggressive behavior developed in the
male and it became obvious to the staff that the male would eventually
kill the pup. After all the wolves were innoculated with another dis-
temper vaccine, Fromm D® , the pup was sent to the National Zoo for fur-
ther observations.

Further investigation found that canine distemper vaccines causing din
cal disease in exotic carnivores have usually been of canine origin such
as Quantum 6.® Facilities such as the Conservation Research Center and
Oklahoma City, which house maned wolves, use a modif ied-live, canine dis
temper vaccine of avian origin named Fromm D.®

Unfortunately, at Riverbanks Zoo, the maned wolf may not be accepted by
the public as a successful exhibit animal. However propagation did occu
The dilemma arose as to which is more important— public entertainment oi
propagating an endangered species. Perhaps the propagation of this spec
ies should be carried out in off-exhibit facilities at a zoo or at a prl
vate breeding center with more emphasis on the acclimation and condition
ing of young animals for exhibit purposes. These conditioned animals wl
then allow more institutions to exhibit and hopefully breed maned wolves
increasing the captive carrying capacity for the species.

The American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) has
recently assigned the maned wolf to its Species Survival Plan (SSP) pro-
gram. Currently the U.S. population is at 38.29 with 35 institutions
worldwide holding a captive population of 201 animals. Since 1980 the
U.S. maned wolf population has grown 20% each year. There are nineteen
founder animals of which ten are the most represented. I

Within the next year, husbandry techniques will be discussed with all
institutions housing maned wolves. New guidelines will be developed
concerning medical problems, housing requirements, and diets.

Due to its tenuous status in the wild, the need to propagate the maned
wolf in captivity is great. If zoos are to continue in increasing the
captive population, work must continue in the improvement of husbandry e
exhibition techniques for this rare and unusually beautiful animal.

Bibliography

Brady, Charles, and Melissa K. Ditton. "Management and Breeding of Manec '
Wolves." International Zoo Yearbook, Vol. 19, 1979.

Dietz, James M. "Ecology and Social Organization of the Maned Wolf."

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 392, 1984.

Montalis, Richard J., Lyndsay Phillips, Mitchell Bush, and Max Appel.
"Canine Distemper Vaccine Trials In Non-Domestic Carnivores."

Cornell University.

Walker, Ernest P. Mammals of the World . Baltimore: The John
Hopkins University Press, 1983.

Products Mentioned

Grafton, WI

Fromm Laboratories, Inc. Animal Spectrum Inc

Fromm D

Nebraska Brand Canine Diet

5801 Locust St.
Lincoln, NE 68516

Quantum 6

Pit tman-Mo or e , In

P.O. Box 344

Washington

Crossing, NJ

08560

494

AAZK Regional Coordinators

Co-Pi rectors Regi onal Coordi nator System

!;ates East of Mississippi - Diane Krug, White Oak Plantation

Route 3, Box 226

I Yulee, FL 32097

(904) 225-9559 (work)

I (912) 729-5126 (home)

:ates West of Mississippi - Debbera Stecher, Woodland Park Zoo

5500 Phinney Ave. North
Seattle, WA 90603

(206) 625-5402 (work)
(206) 745-8198 (home)

Regional Coordi na tors

:ihn Linehan, Franklin Park Zoo, Boston, MA (617) 442-2005 (w)

I for the states of ME,VT,NH ,MA,RI ,CT

iter Buchholz, Bronx Zoo, New York (212) 220-5100 (w)
j for the state of NY

ine Pfeffer, Philadelphia Zoo, PA (215) 243-1100 (w)
for the states of PA,NJ,MD,DE

icancy - for the states of VA,W.VA,D.C.

je Payne, Detroit Zoo, MI (313) 398-0903 (w)
for the state MI

/nne Vi Hers, Indianapolis Zoo, IN (317) 547-3577 (w)
for the states of IN,0H,KY

irry Sammarco, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chiacgo, IL (312) 294-4660 (w)
for the states of WI,IL,M0,MN,IA

it Hook, Riverbanks Zoo, Columbia, SC (803) 779-8717 (w)
for the states of TN,NC,SC

|an Sharpies, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (404) 624-1235 (w)

' for the states of FL ,AL ,GA,AR,MS,LA

, icancy - for the states of TX ,NM,C0,KS,NE,SD,ND

iiurence Gledhill, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA (206) 625-5497 (w)
j for the states of WA,0R,ID,MT,WY,AK

icancy - for the states of CA,NV,AZ,UT

Uolulu AAZK Chapter (Dan Zitiello, Pres.) (808) 923-4772 (w)
for the Hawaiian Islands

icancy - for Eastern Canada which includes the Provinces of

I Ontario and Quebec

icancy - for Western Canada which includes the Provinces of

Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia

you maid be. ^nteAeJited Zn poAtlcA^pcitlng Zn AAZK (U a. Reg-lonaZ Coon.-
ivwLton. ovKL oi the, aAe,cu lifting "l/acanc^", pl&ue contact the, RC
b-Coo^cUnatoA, tn choAgc o^ that oxea. EtthoJi Vtanc oa VcbbeAa ivttl be
ippy to cxplatn the duties o{j an RC and dtscus^ the po6ttton evtth you.

495

ImtiXwtioYib MAjiifbiviQ to advoAtt^Q. QjmploymQ^yit oppoAtxjLnJXLoA cvtz cuked to
6md p2Attyie.nt data by tho- 15th o^ mok month to: Oppontuntty Knoc,lu/AK¥
635 Gage. Btvd. , Topeka, KS 66606. Please, tnclude cZo^tng datoA ioA
ttonA avattabtd. TheAt t6 no ohoAge ioA ^ach tlAttng^ and phom-tn List-
tng^ ioA po6-cttonA Loklah become avattabld. aZoi^z to dmdltnn clA£. accepted.

ZOOKEEPERS . . ♦requires one year of experience with exotic mammals and/or
birds in a zoo or major animal collection. BSc preferred. Salary com-
mensurate with experience. Send resume and letter of intent by 31 Dec-
ember to: C. Dietrich Schaal, General Curator, Zoo Atlanta, Inc., 800
Cherokee Avenue S.E., Atlanta, GA 30315.

ANIMAL HEALTH TECHMICIAM. . .position available at the new medical facilit;
in the Baltimore Zoo. Applicant must have an A.H.T. certificate, or
equivalent. Zoological park experience preferred. Responsible for com-
plete inventory of hospital, aiding in anesthesia and medical procedures
minor treatments under the direction of the veterinarian.

Must be familiar and competent at all routine lab procedures.

Salary - $15,000 plus benefits. Send resume to: Dr. Michael
Cranfield, Baltimore Zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, MD
21217.

O

r

t

u

n

c

FUTURE ANIMAL KEEPER POSITIONS. . .in the coming years, the New
York Zoological Society is expected to expand its operation at
a rapid rate. This expansion will create a need for qualified
and expereinced animal keepers. In order to meet this need,
the NYZS is attempting to create an active file of resumes of
experienced keepers who are interested in working for the Bronx
Zoo, New York Aquarium or one of several proposed new facilities
within New York City.

Job requirements include two or more years' paid experience, a
college degree in an animal science related field, (Bachelor's
preferred), ability to perform physical labor in all weather
conditions, complete dedication to the concepts and ideals of
conservation biology. The job would carry the title "menagerie ^
keeper" and the starting salary at this time is $18,656 per year
with a projected 6% increase on 1 July 1986. Four weeks paid vacation,
full employer-paid major medical and hospitalization, pension, life in
surance, and a generous tuition assistance program. Successful applican
would receive partial relocation assistance.

1

t

Those keepers interested in being considered for future openings should !
submit their resume to: The PeAAonneZ O^^tce, New VoAk ZooZogtcaZ Soctet \
BAonx Zoo, BAonx, NV 10460. Resumes must be typed and limited to one pa:
in length. No phone calls please. All resumes will be kept on file fori
three years. Applicants will only be contacted when a position requirln i
their skills is open.

MOVING????

To insure uninterrupted delivery of AKF
please send address changes as soon as
possible to:

BoAboAa ManApeakeA, AdmintstAottve SecAetoAy
AAZK National HeadquoAteAA
635 Gage Blvd.

Topeka, KS

496

INDEX FOR VOLUME XII, NUMBERS 1-12, 1985

llERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPERS

I

,om the President — upcoming

AAZK Awards Deadline is

Board elections

Jan

1

1 June

Ap 110

itice to Members on Biologi-

1985 Conference -

cal Booklet

Jan

1

Logo/Conference Hdqts

Ap 121

et Notebook Project

Jan

2

Convenience Page/Hotel

Ap 122

IZK Keeper Training Videotape

1985 Regional Registration

Order Form

Jan

6

Form

Ap 139

Feb

66

Two Appointments Made to

Ap

129

AAZK Board of Directors

May

141

Jul

228

Co-Directors Named for

Nov

361

R.C. System

May

141

'.E - Manual Review Project fi

From the Membership Direc-

Zookeeping Husbandry Funda-

tory Editor

May

142

mentals Project Updates

Jan

8

Update on Collection Centers

inference ’85 - 1st notice

Jan

15

for Diet Notebook

May

142

ite to Canadian Members on

Public Education Committee

Membership Renewal

Feb

33

Change of Command

May

143

•lephone Tips for Reaching

Library Resources Project

Nat’l Hdqts. Staff

Feb

33

Head Named

May

143

et Notebook Collection

Final Call for AAZK Awards

I Centers

Feb

34

Nominations

May

148

E - Workshop Participation

CKE - Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

1 Encouraged

Feb

38

A Survey, Part I

May

150

ntative Schedule/lst Call

Second Call for Papers

for Papers Conference ’85

Feb

42

for Conference ’85

May

157

inference ’85 Registration

Keeper Accommodations List

May

165

1 Form

Feb

43

AAZK Regional Coordinators

Mar

92

Listing

May

172

Jul :

220

Jul

232

i-eat Lakes Regional

Aug

251

1 Registration Form

Feb

67

Oct

334

i

Mar

103

Nov

370

'w Fee for Associate Category

Dec

495

Established

Mar

69

Membership Directory Note

Jun

174

w AAZK Accessories Available

AAZK Safari Reminder

Jun

174

(Belt buckle/Caps)

Mar

69

Reference Search Projedt

Jul

205

Offers Services/FORM Jun 176-

quest for Nominees for

177

i 1985 AAZK Awards

Mar

73

CKE - Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

action ’85 - Nominations

A Survey, Part 2

Jun

174

for Board of Directors

Mar

75

Conference T-Shirt Design

Jun

191

port from Research/Grants

Election Reminder to All

' Committee

Mar

82

Professional Members

Jul

205

85 Conference Information -

Zoo/U List Available from

1 Tentative schedule. Zoo

Nat’l Hdqts.

Jul

205

1 Olympics

Mar

88

From the Newly Appointed

1 Discount Travel Info

Mar

89

RC Co-Coordinators

Jul

206

1 Metrozoo/Wings of Asia

Mar

90

Viewpoint on Conference

r Hotel Reservation Form

Mar

91

Costs from Puget Sound

Jul

212

Ap

122

Update from AAZK Public

'w Regional Coordinator

Ap

105

Education Committee

Jul

216

y High at Detroit Regional

Ap

105

Conference T-Shirt Order

om the Election Committee

Ap

105

Form

Jul

217

|'85 Safari Brochure Mailed

Ap

105

Sept

288

|,om the President - Detroit

Conference ’85 Information

Jul

218

Ij Regional

Ap

106

Election Reminder

Aug

237

j'E - Update of University

From the President - Miami

1 Listings

Ap

111

Conference

Aug

238

497

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO KEEPERS

(Cont'd)

ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM

CKE

Primatologists Confer-

Computer List ’clean-up’
Should Relieve Delivery

ence /Manual Review Update Aug

245

Problems

Jan li

Conference ’85 - Auction

AKF Survey Results, Part

1 Feb 391

Car Rentals

Aug

249

Opportunity Knocks to

The ADTForm Project

Aug

252

Hopefully Expand

Mar

69t

Change in Administrative

AKF Survey Results - A

1

Personnel Announced

Sept

273

Commentary from the

1

From the President - Miami

Editors, Part 2

Mar

93

Board Meeting Agenda

Sept

274

AKF Anniversary T-Shirts

CKE - Keeper Education to be

No Longer Available

Ap

105'

Discussed at AAZPA Confer

Associate Editor Departs

ence

Sept

280

for New York

Aug

237:

The Public Education Committee

Keeper To Keeper - a

Needs Your Help!

Sept

281

forum for Husbandry

AAZK T-Shirt Project Review

Sept

282

Problems & Solutions

Aug

256!

Conference ’85 - Everglades

New Associate Editor Named

1

Update, Keynote Speaker

for AKF

Sept

273i

Announced, Notes

Sept

288

From the Editor’s Desk -

i

Sept

289

Deadline Reminder

Oct

3011!

RCs to Meet In Miami

Oct

301

1985 Excellence in

Election ’85 Results

Oct

301

Journalism Awards

Oct

3041

AAZK Receives Memorial

December AKF to Contain

Contribution

Oct

301

Conference Proceedings

Nov

341|

From the President - Review

From the Editor’s Desk -

of AAZPA Conference

Oct

302

editorial on profes-

Letter to Dolly Clark

Oct

303

sionalism in AAZK

Nov

346

1985 AAZK Award Winners

Oct

304

U.S. Postal Permit

f

CKE - HSUS Booklet on Careers

Statement of Ownership

Nov

356|

Working with Animals

Oct

310

From the Editor’s Desk -

Public Education Committee -

Year-end Thoughts

Dec

i

Technique Notes

Oct

312

Miami ’85 - Last Minute NotesOct 321
Conference Stress Workshop Oct 322
AAZK Announces Publication of

Zoonoses Booklet Oct 339

Nov 341

Zoonoses Order Form Nov 371

Dec 496

Conference ’85 - Final

Reflections (Group Photo,

Last Chance to order T-
Shirts, Greetings from
Winnipeg Conference
Committee Dec 373

1986 AAZK Regional Site

Announced Dec 374

Board of Directors Announces

Membership Fee Increases Dec 374

Regional Coordinator’s Report

from Miami Dec 378

Overview of 1985 AAZK Board
of Director’s Annual
Meetings in Miami Dec 380

SCOOPS AND SCUTTLEBUTT

Notice to Members on

Biological Values Book Jan ]
Computer List ’clean up’

Should Relieve Delivery
Problems

From the President -

Upcoming Board Election Jan 1
Note to Canadian Members on

Jan 1

Membership Renewal
Telephone Tips for Reach-
ing Nat’l Hdqts Staff
From the President - New
Appointments
Diet Notebook Project -
Collection Centers
New Fee for Associate
Category Established
Opportunity Knocks to
Soon Expand

New AAZK Accessories Now
Available from Atlanta
San Diego Chapters
New Regional Coordinator
Named

Feb 3:

Feb 3:

Feb 3:1;

Feb 3'v

Mar 6!'i

Mar 6!

Mar 6'!

Ap 10.'

Fly High at Detroit Region Ap 10*

498

COOPS & SCUTTLEBUTT (Conf d)

atch the Mails for Your

1985 Safari Brochure Ap

rom the Election Committee Ap
:KF Anniversary T-Shirts No

Longer Available Ap

;rom the President - Detroit

Regional Ap

wo Appointments Made to AAZK
Board of Directors May

o-Directors Named for
: RC System May

rom the Membership Directory
Editor May

pdate on Collection Centers
I for Diet Notebook. May

iublic Education Chairperson

Change of Command May

library Resources Project

Head Named May

|;iephant Workshop Announced Jun
ifembership Directory Note Jun

iAZK Safari Reminder Jun

l.l.P’s Vivit M.T.Z. Jun

Election Reminder to all

Professional Members Jul

■oo/U List Available from

Nat'l Hdqts. Jul

few AAZK Accessories Available
from Atlanta/San Diego
Chapters (Belt buckles/caps)

Jul

ilugene Maliniak Retires from
National Zoo Jul

i Report from the AAZPA

Western Regional Jul

Yom the Newly Appointed RC
Co-Coordinators Jul

|i.ssociate Editor Departs

for New York Aug

)on't Forget To Vote! Aug

■illephant Workshop Call
: for Papers Aug

lhange in Administrative
I Personnel Announced Sept

lew Associate Editor Named
' for Sept

(.986 Zoo Calendar To Be
j Available at Miami

I Conference Sept

l|2lephant Round-up Trip

Planned to Thailand Sept

ICs to Meet In Miami Oct

i^ZK Receives Memorial

Contribution Oct

j’rom the Editor's Desk -

Deadline Reminder Oct

December AKF to Contain

Conference Proceedings Nov
Zoonotic Diseases Booklet

Available from Nat'l Nov

Great Lakes Regional Issues

Call for Papers Nov 341

From the 1985 AAZK Nat'l

Conference Committee Dec 374

New Address for 'Think

Safety' Contributions Dec 374

1986 AAZK Regional Site

Announced Dec 374

From the Library Resources

Coordinator Dec 374

Board of Directors Announces
Membership Fee Increases

Dec 374

CONTINUING KEEPER EDUCATION COLUMN

Manual Review & Zookeeping
Husbandry Fundamentals

Updates

Workshop Participation

Jan 8

Encouraged

Update on University

Fet

. 38

Listings

Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

Ap

111

A Survey, Part 1
Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

May

150

A Survey, Part 2

Jun

181

Primatologists Conference/

Manual Review Update
Keeper Education to be
Addressed at AAZPA

Aug

245

Conference

HSUS Booklet on Careers
Working With Animals

Sept

280

Available

Oct

310

KEEPER NEWS/ZOO NEWS

From the President - upcoming

Board Elections Jan 1

New Himilayan Tahr Exhibit

Opens at Metro Toronto Jan 8
Chapter News Jan 13

Rare Chinese Monkeys Go on

Exhibit at San Diego Jan 22

Think Safety! Feb 48

Chapter News Feb 54

A Haven for Injured Birds

at Audubon Zoo Feb 62

He Wanted To Be A Keeper Feb 63

Keeper's Alert - AAZK Great

Lakes Regional Feb 67

New AAZK Accessories

Available (belt buckles,
caps) Mar 69

Metro Zoo Experiences

Gorilla Death/Orangutan
Birth Mar 75

Chapter News Mar 81

105

105

105

106

141

141

142

142

143

143

173

173

173

173

205

205

205

206

206

206

237

237

237

273

273

273

273

301

301

301

341

341

499

KEEPER NEWS/ZOO NEWS (Cont’d)

River Otter Symposium Scheduled

at Turtle Back Zoo Mar

Valentine Flower Sale at

the L.A. Zoo Ap

Chinese Guests at the

L.A. Zoo Ap

Donations Paint the Interior

Green - Woodland Park Ap

Chapter News Ap

Attention All AAZK Chapters! Ap

Speke’s Gazelle at L.A. Zoo May
Assistance for Lodging at

AAZPA National Offered May

Think Safety! May

Chapter News May

VIPs Visit M.T.Z. Jun

Zoo & Aquarium Month

Proclomation ’85 Jun

Zoo News from Japan Jun

Eugene Maliniak Retires from

National Zoo Jul

Chapter News Jul

Gift Will Bring a Bit of Asian
Rainforest to San Diego Zoo

Jul

Gorilla Encounter At Last! Jul

Keeper’s Alert - Calendar/

Style Show Jul

Elephant Management Video

Available Jul

Elephant Workshop Call

for Papers Aug

Keeper’s Alert - Calendar

Duplication Aug

Chapter News Aug

Topeka-born Wild Asian Horse

Goes to China Aug

Cultivating a Professional

Staff (Viewpoint) Aug

Introducing JungleWorld Aug

Elephant Round-up Trip Planned
to Thailand Sept

1986 Zoo Calendar to be

Available at Miami Sept

Group Seeks to Preserve
History of Wild Animals
In Captivity Sept

Viewpoint —Zookeeping As

a Profession ; A Rebuttal Sep
Pandas Here and Abroad Sept

Zoo News from Japan -
Tropical Exhibit
Renovation Sept

Chapter News Sept

Chapter News Oct

The Atlanta Zoo-'- An Update Oct
Keeper's Alert - Disabled

Raptors Available Oct

Birth of Harbor Seal at

Seattle Aquarium

Nov

34:

Keeper’s Alert - possible

Australian exchange

Nov

361

Chapter News

Nov

37(

Chapter News

Dec

39;

Computer Users Group

Forming

Dec

431

LEGISLATIVE NEWS

Leatherback Turtle Nesting
Beach Becomes Wildlife
Refuge Feb 5'

Two Native Fish Listed

As Endangered Feb 5'

USFWS To Review Status of

Eight Foreign Turtles Mar 8C

1984 Additions Brings
Endangered Species
List to 828 Mar 8(

U.S. Delegation Reviews

International Trade Issues
at CITES Meeting Jun 19J

House Holds Hearing on ESA

Reauthorization Jun 19?

California Condor Suffers

Further Setback Jun 19?

Endangered Species Act
on Countdown to Re-
authorization Jul 21?

Interior Least Tern/

Three Gulf Coast Beach
Mice Added to ESL Aug 26(

New Efforts to Halt

Illegal Wildlife Trade
Announced Aug 26(

Environmental Bills on

the Move Sept 292

USFWS List Changes on
List of Endangered/

Threatened Wildlife Sept 292

BOOK REVIEWS

How to Attract the Wombat Jun 190
East African Mammals: An
Atlas of Evolution in
Africa s Vol. I Sept 298

EDUCATION (Includes Continuing

Keeper Education CKE)

AAZK Keeper Training Video

Tape Project Jan 6

CKE—Manual Review & Zoo-
keeping Husbandry
Fundamental Updates Jan 8

• 82

115

118

132

133

134

153

159

162

158

173

179

189

206

214

224

229

232

235

237

244

246

248

250

264

273

273

281

286

287

290

292

316

324

334

500

:DUCATI0N (Cont'd)

:KE— Workshop Participation

Encouraged Feb 38

JkAZK Keeper Training Video

Tape Order Form Feb 66

Ap 129
Jul 228
Nov 361

KE— University List Update Ap 111

Jildlife Preservation Trust

Training Program Ap 116

^ublic Education Committee

Names New Chairman May 143

ibrary Resources Project

Head Named May 143

Viewpoint - Education in

Zoos May 149

IKE— Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

A Survey, Part 1 May 150

3KE — -Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

A Survey, Part 2 Jun 181

National Wildlife Rehabilita-
tors Association Announces
Grants /Awards Program Jun 184

Jpdate from the AAZK Public

Education Committee Jul 216

introduction to Computers Jul 233

CKE — Primatologists Conference/

Manual Review Update Aug 245

Public Education Committee

Needs Your Help! Sept 281

CKE — HSUS Booklet on Careers
Working with Animals
Available Oct 310

Public Education Committee -

Techniques Notes Oct 312

Public Education - Atlantic
I National Exhibition Nov 360

Educating the Public Dec 398

I iirith small mammals

CONSERVATION

fniform Commands Needed for

Captive Elephant Mainetnance

Jan 21

Second Caribbean Green Turtle

Tagging Trip Announced Jan 20
firus Blamed for Whooping

Crane Deaths Feb 50

Tou Can’t Tell This Bird

By Its Cover Feb 51

^ Haven for Injured Birds

at Audubon Zoo Feb 62

^n Encouraging Word Feb 65

treating Pair-Bond ing and
Increasing Breeding
Potential in Un-flighted
Golden and Bald Eagles May 160

California Condor Suffers

Further Setback Jun 199

Endangered Species Act on

Countdown to Reauthorization

Jul 213

Reintroduced Golden Lion
Tamarins Reproduce
in the Wild Jul 223

NZP/CRC Reports Birth of

100th Pere David's Deer Jul 223
Topeka-born Asian Wild

Horse Goes to China Aug 248

Federation Wins Reprieve

for Eagles Nov 362

Endangered Birds of Guam:

A Major Focus at NZP Nov 366

Asian Elephant Breeding Program
at the San Diego Zoo Dec 432

Successful Semen Collection
from a Hand-reared Cheetah

Dec 436

A Method of Analysis of the
Activity Patterns of
Lowland Gorillas Dec 465

Methods of Determining
Estrus in a White
Rhinoceros Dec 472

RESEARCH

Research Update: Plants

in Primate Exhibits Jan 16

Black Spider Monkey

Ethogram Jan 23

The Underground Zoo Feb 55

You Can't Tell This Bird

By Its Cover Feb 51

From the Research/Grants

Committee Mar 82

Planting Indoor Exhibits Mar 84

Donations Paint the

Interiors Green Ap 132

Seasonal Patterns of Food
Consumption in Two
North American Felids Ap 135

Nixon Griffis Fund for
Zoological Research
Announced 7 Grant
Recipients May 159

Elephant Command Survey

Results Oct 314

Watching Those Flamingos Oct 318

The Development of a Breed-
ing Colony of Tree Shrews

Oct 335

Research Expeditions

Program Nov 368

Nixon Griffis Zoological

Research Grants Nov 369

501

RESEARCH (Cont'd)

Elo^pkanXiitiu at

the National Zoo Dec

Evaluating Animal Exhibits
and Husbandry with
Day-long Observations Dec

A Tamandua Reproduction

Project: Further Progress Dec
Hamadryas Baboon Research

at Riverbanks Zoo Dec

Practical Aspects of the
Husbandry & Maintenance
of Magellanic Penguins
at the San Francisco Zoo Dec
A Method of Analysis of the

Activity Patterns of
Lowland Gorillas Dec

Methods of Determining Estrus
in a White Rhinoceros Dec

INFORMATION REQUESTS

Jack Lynch/Plains Wolves Mar

Male/Infant Interaction in

Non-human primates Ap

Himilayan Black Bear Ap

Ruddy Duck Ap

Bali Mynahs Ap

Breeding of Crested Cara-

Cara May

Sand Impaction in Hippos May

Avian Stroke Victims

Rehabilitation Jun

Hutian Jun

American Zoo Itinery Jun

Captive Breeding of

Macropods Jul

Elephine Discipline Graphics Jul
Polar Bear Diets Jul

Kinkajou Exhibits Jul

Use of ivermectin in

Reptiles Jul

Leopard Photographs for

Field Study Aug

Multi-species Exhibits Aug

Polar Bear Longevity Aug

Keeper-designed signage/

public education materials

Sept

Polar bear diets/longevity Sept

Outdoow Owl Enclosures Sept

De Brazza's monkey Nov

Roloway Guenon Nov

EMCV Tissue Request Nov

Thyroid Normals in

Malayan Sunbears Dec

Vegetation for Hoofstock

Exhibits Dec

Heartworm Disease in

Big Cats Dec

PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE

New Trade Law Report for

Latin America Feb 4i!

Zoological Parks of the f

U.S. & Canada Feb 4{

White-tailed Deer: I;

Ecology & Management Feb 4

Poisonous Snakes of 1

the World Jun 19

Pocket Guide to Pest f

Management Jun 19;

The Evolution of National I

Wildlife Law Jun 20i'

Mammal Nutrition & Diet f

Handbook Jul 21 1

1985 AAZPA Regional I

Conference Proceedings Aug 24 1
Geoffrey's Tamar in |||

Studbook Aug 24|j

Handbook of Zoonotic ||

Diseases Nov 37[!

1985 CONFERENCE INFORMATION |

Initial Announcement/

Dates Jan 1

Tentative Schedule/Call

for Papers Feb 4

Conference Registration

Form Feb 4

Mar 9
Jul 22

Tentative Schedule/Zoo

Olympics Mar 8

Discount Travel Info Mar 8

Miami Metrozoo/Wings

of Asia Mar 9

Hotel Reservation Form Mar 9

Ap 12

Conference Logo/Site Ap 12

Second Call for Papers/

Conference Notes May 15

Viewpoint - National

Conference Costs Jun 18

Viewpoint - a response to
National Conference Costs
from Puget Sound Chapter

Jun 18

Miami Conference T-shirt

Design Jun l^i

T-Shirt Order Form Jul 21

Sept 28i
Oct 32

Final Call for Papers Jul 21

Everglades - Post Conference
Trip Jul 2]

Auctions /Car Rentals Aug 2A

Everglades Update/Keynote

Speaker Announced Sept 28

From the President - Miami |

Board Meeting Agenda Sept Til

392

403

417

425

, 451

465

, 472

■ 104

I 140

^ 140

i 140

: 140

162

• 162

I 203

. 203

. 203

. 221

221

221

. 221

221

; 242

; 242

; 242

; 282

; 282

: 297

352

352

352

397

397

397

502

1985 AKF PAPERS INDEXED BY MONTH

985 CONFERENCE (Cont'd)

last Minute Notes /Reminders Oct 321
onference Stress Workshop Oct 323
jonference *85 - Final

Reflections (group photo,

! last chance to order T-shirts)

Dec. 373

|lSCELLANEOUS

‘ew Himilayan Tahr Exhibit Opens
at Metro Toronto Zoo Jan 8

I.V. Worth Watching - Marty
I Stouffer*s Wild America

1 Begins Third Year on PBS

Jan

19

econd Caribbean Green Turtle

: Tagging Trip Announced
lare Chinese Monkeys Go on

Jan

20

I Exhibit at San Diego Zoo
BA Conference Scheduled for

Jan

22

1986/Call for Papers Issued

e Wanted To Be a Keeper

Feb

52

(Viewpoint)

V Worth Watching -

Feb

63

"The Living Planet"
•Innesota Zoo Monorail

Mar

76

Financing in Default

Ap

126

e’s Got A Song In His Heart
!he Cockroach Conspiracy:

Ap

138

! Who Will Survive?

May

166

oung Urban Keepers
i^ucson Chapter Plans 1986

May

171

i Calendar

Jun

187

iewpoint - Conference Costs
A response from the Puget

Sound Chapter
line Opinion on Animal

Jul

212

! Training, Part 1

Viewpoint - Cultivating a

Jul

225

' Professional Staff

Are You Going Back to Africa

Aug

250

Again?

!>ne Opinion on Animal

Aug

257

1 Training, Part 2

Aug

261

i'ntroducing JungleWorld
j^iewpoint - Zookeeping As

Aug

264

1 a Profession: a Rebuttal
ilephant Command Survey

Sept

286

I Results

Oct

314

Che Atlanta Zoo: An Update
^Ihite Oak Plantation:

Oct

324

1 An Introduction

Oct

333

'oo Tours of the UK

Otter Specialists Meet in

Nov

365

1 Santa Cruz

iJC Research Expeditions

Nov

367

j Program Announcement

Nov

368

I

i

I

Rehabilitation of a Red Kangaroo
with Downroo Syndrome Jan 10

Reptile Care: Part 7 -

Environment (Lighting) Jan 12

Treatment of "Mouth Rot"

in Python moluAuJ> btvtttatubS

Jan 14

Research Update; Plants in

Primate Exhibits Jan 16

Uniform Commands Needed for

Captive Elephant Maintenance

Jan 21

An Ethogram Representing the
Behavior of a Captive Troop
of Black-handed Spider
monkeys Jan 23

Reptile Care: Part 8 -

Humidity and Water Requirements

Feb 44

Insect Displays and Rearing at

the Cincinnati Zoo

Feb

45

The Underground Zoo, Part 1

Feb

55

The Underground Zoo, Part 2

Mar

77

Planting Indoor Exhibits

Mar

84

Elephant Round-up in Surin

Mar

86

Reptile Care: Part 9 -

Feeding Carnivores

Mar

92

Chinese Guests at the

LA Zoo

Ap

118

Reptile Care: Part 10 -

Nutrition: Feeding Herbivores

Ap 123

Personal Reflections on the

Management Program at Seneca
Park Zoo (Elephant Set) Ap 127
Seasonal Patterns of Food Con-
sumption in Two North American
Felids Ap 135

Zoo/Aquarium Libraries; A

Survey, Part 1 May 150

Small Felids. . .They Have

a Friend May 153

The Greening of the Zoo May 155
Creating Pair-bonding and Increas-
ing Breeding Potential in Un-
flighted Golden and Bald Eagles

May 160

Reptile Care: Part 11 -

Nutritional Disorders May 163

The Cockroach Conspiracy:

Who Will Endure? May 167

Ft. Worth Zoo Experiences

Herp Baby. Boom May 169

Young Urban Keepers May 171

Getting Your Board of Directors

to Work With You Jun 188

Reptile Care: Part 12 -
Nutritional Disorders
(continued) Jun 192

503

1985 AKF PAPERS INDEXED BY MONTH

iSnakes Don’t Eat Hamburger
Reptile Care: Part 13 -

Jun

201

Hygiene

Jul

Gift Will Bring A Bit of Asian

Rainforest to San Diego

Zoo

The Venomless Alternative

Jul

224

for Herpetozoos

Jul

226

Gorilla Encounter at Last!

Jul

229

Introduction to Computers
Reptile Care: Part 14 -
Preliminary Physical

Jul

232

Examination

Are You Going Back To

Aug

253

Africa Again?

Aug

257

The Usage of a Feeder in the
Care of Central American
River Turtles at the Fort
Worth Zoo Aug 259

Care of Leaf-Cutting Ants Aug 268

Reptile Care: Part 15 -

Commonly Encountered Disorders

Sept 284

One Opinion of Animal

Training, Part 1 Sept 294

Watching Those Flamingos Oct 318

Reptile Care; Part 16 -

Commonly Encountered Disorders
(Continued) Oot 326

Reflections on Central Africa,

Part I Oct 330

The Development of a Breeding

Colony of Tree Shrews Oct 335

Skin Care in Elephants Nov 347

Notes on a Method of

Mounting Snake Skins Nov 354

Reflections on Central Africa,

Part II Nov 357

Reptile Care: Part 17 -
Commonly Encountered
Intestinal Parasites Nov 363

El^phantuZiiA at the

National Zoological Park Dec 392

Educating the Public With

Small Mammals Dec 398

Reptile Care: Part 18 -
Commonly Encountered
Intestinal Parasites
(continued) Dec 399

Reflections on Central Africa,

Part III Dec 401

Evaluating Animal Exhibits &
Husbandry with Day-long
Observations Dec 403

Asian Small Clawed Otters at the

Santa Barbara Zoo Dec 410

Establishing a Wolf Park at

the Fresno Zoo Dec 413

A Tamandua Reproduction Project
Further Progress Dec 4r|

Hand-Raising a Himilayan

Black Bear Dec 42l

Hamadryas Baboon Research

at Riverbanks Zoo Dec 42.1

Polar Bear Reproduction

at Riverbanks Zoo Dec 42

Euthanasia as a Management f
Tool: A Case History Dec 42'!
Asian Elephant Breeding ;

Program at the San Diego
Wild Animal Park Dec 43;?

Successful Semen Collection t

from a Hand-reared Cheetah

Dec 43'*

Utilizing the Handicapped

in the Zoo Dec 44n

Breeding the Tawny Frogmouth
at the Metro Toronto Zoo

Dec 44*'

Husbandry & Breeding of the *

Two-Colored Giant Squirrel
at the Wassenaar Zoo, Hollani
Dec 44i

Practical Aspects of the

Husbandry & Mainetnance |

of Magellanic Penguins ;

at the San Francisco

Zoo

Dec

45!

A Method of Analysis of

the Activity Patterns

of Lowland Gorillas

Dec

46,:

Methods of Determining

Estrus in the White

i

Rhinoceros

Dec

47:;

Animal Care at the San

Diego Zoo Hospital: I

A Generalist’s Approach
to Specialized Animal Care I

Dec 471;

Management Pfoblems with r

Maned Wolves at the i

Riverbanks Zoo Dec 49 1

504

PAPERS INDEXED BY SUBJECT

imMMALS

Mar 86

Ap 118

Ap 127

Ap 135

May 153
Jul 229

'jlehabilitation of a Red Kangaroo

with Downroo Syndrome Jan 10

jjJniform Coirmands Needed for
’ Captive Elephant Maintenance
I Jan 21

An Ethogram Representing the
j Behavior of a Captive Troop
of Black-handed Spider Monkeys

Jan 23

iiSlephant Round-up in Surin
Chinese Guests at the
LA Zoo

;i?ersonal Reflections on the
' Management Program at the
j Seneca Park Zoo
(Elephant Set)

Seasonal Food Consumption in
Two North American Felids
Small Felids. * .They Have
A Friend

Sorilla Encounter at Last!

Che Development of a Breeding

Colony of Tree Shrews Oct 335

Skin Care in Elephants Nov 347

'l2,phantiitLL6 Aa^mAc.e,vi& at the

National Zoological Park Dec 392
Educating the Public With

Small Mammals Dec 398

ksian Small-Clawed Otters

at the Santa Barbara Zoo Dec 410
Sstablishing a Wolf Pack at

the Fresno Zoo Dec 413

k Tamandua Reproduction Project;

Further Progress Dec 417

land-Raising a Himilayan

Black Bear Dec 420

lamadryas Baboon Research

at Riverbanks Zoo Dec 425

olar Bear Reproduction at

Riverbanks Zoo Dec 427

Isian Elephant Breeding Program
at the San Diego Wild Animal
Park Dec 432

Successful Semen Collection
from a Hand-reared Cheetah

Dec 436

lusbandry & Breeding of the
Two-Colored Giant Squirrel
at the Wassenaar Zoo, Holland

Dec 448

L Method of Analysis of the
Activity Patterns of Lowland
Gorillas at Miami Metrozoo

Dec 465

lethods of Determining Estrus

in a White Rhinoceros Dec 472

Management Problems with Maned
Wolves at the Riverbanks
Zoo Dec 492

BIRDS

Creating Pair-bonding and
Increasing Breeding
Potential in Un-flighted
Bald and Golden Eagles May 160
Watching Those Flamingos Oct 318
Breeding the Tawny Frogmouth
at the Metro Toronto Zoo

Dec 444

Practical Aspects of the
Husbandry & Maintenance
of Magellanic Penguins at
the San Francisco Zoo Dec 451

HERPETILES

Reptile Care: Part 7 -

Environment (Lighting) Jan 12

Treatment of "Mouth Rot" in

Python moluAuA btvtttatiu

Jan 14

Reptile Care; Part 8 -
Humidity and Water
Requirements Feb 44

The Underground Zoo -

Part 1 Feb 55

The Underground Zoo -

Part 2 Mar 77

Reptile Care: Part 9 -

Feeding Carnivores Mar

Reptile Care: Part 10 -

Feeding Herbivores Ap 123

Reptile Care: Part 11

Nutritional Disorders May 163
Ft. Worth Zoo Experiences

Herp Baby Boom May 169

Reptile Care: Part 12 -
Nutritional Disorders
(continued) Jun 192

Snakes Don’t Eat

Hamburger! Jun 201

Reptile Care: Part 12 -

Hygiene Jul

The Venomless Alternative

for Herptozoos Jul 226

Reptile Care: Part 13 -
Preliminary Physical
Examination Aug 253

The Usage of a Feeder in the
Care of Central American
River Turtles at the Fort
Worth Zoo Aug 259

505

HERPETILES (Cont'd

Reptile Care: Part 14 -

Conunonly Encountered Disorders

Sept 284

Reptile Care: Part 15 -

Commonly Encountered Disorders
(Continued) Oct 326

Notes on a Method for Mounting

Snake Skins Nov 354

Reptile Care: Part 17 -
Commonly Encountered
Intestinal Parasites Nov 363

Reptile Care: Part 18 -
Commonly Encountered
Intestinal Parasites
(Continued) Dec 399

INVERTEBRATES

Insect Displays and Rearing

at the Cincinnati Zoo Feb 45

Che Cockroach Conspiracy:

Who Will Endure? May 167

lare of Leaf-Cutting Ants Aug 268

IDUCATION

Introduction to Computers Jul 233

lotes on a Method for

Mounting Snake Skins Nov 354

Educating the Public With

Small Mammals Dec 398

ftilizing the Handicapped

in the Zoo Dec 440

'.ESEARCH

.esearch Update: Plants in

Primate Exhibits Jan 16

n Ethogram Representing the
Behavior of a Captive Troop
of Black-handed Spider Monkeys
at the Akron Zoo Jan 23

lanting Indoor Exhibits Mar 84

easonal Patterns of Food
Consumption in Two North
American Felids Ap 135

valuating Animal Exhibits &
Husbandry With Day-long
Observations Dec 403

amadryas Baboon Research at

Riverbanks Zoo Dec 425

ractical Aspects of the Husbandry
and Maintenance of Magellanic

Penguins at the San Francisco

Zoo Dec 451

Method of Analysis of the
Activity Patterns of Lowland
Gorillas Dec 465

Methods of Determining Estrus I
in a White Rhinoceros Dec 472

CONSERVATION

Uniform Commands Needed for
Captive Elephant Management

Jan 21

Elephant Round-up in Surin Mar 86
Creating Pair-bonding and
Breeding Potential in
Un-flighted Bald and Golden
Eagles May 160

Reflections on Central

Africa, Part I Oct 330

Reflections on Central

Africa, Part 2 Nov 357

Reflections on Central

Africa, Part 3 Dec 401

Euthanasia as a Management

Tool: A Case History Dec 429

Asian Elephant Breeding Program
at SDWAP Dec 434

Methods of Determining Estrus

in a White Rhinoceros Dec 472

MISCELLANEOUS

Zoo/Aquarium Libraries:

A Survey, Part 1 May 15C

Young Urban Keepers May 171

Getting Your Board of

Directors to Work With You

Jun 188

Gift Will Bring A Bit of Asian
Rainforest to San Diego Zoo

Jul Ilk

i You Going Back to

Africa Again?

Aug 257

; Opinion on Animal

Training, Part 1

Jul

Part 2

Aug

Part 3

Sept

Euthanasia As A Management

Tool: A Case History Dec 42S

Utilizing the Handicapped

in the Zoo Dec 44(

Animal Care at the San Diego Zoo
Hospital: A Generalist's
Approach to Specialized
Animal Care Dec 47?

506

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