wc, eee ee ee eS ee ee Sas a > ae ee a oe Sa Ss ae en ee aN NY VASES AA HA we ramen vi aun ut NN Nv gel Dering ; ies Pepcatla ayes : NON ER Reeth eh Petunia i Xi bua) LA na htine At eh aR! . ' ‘ 3 pat t is ; een g + ¥ oa. v ‘ 3 Sy ¥ a v . . } - rf ‘ ‘ Wns . ee 8 Emer et a . BE ’ a Pes ine * ae ™ ‘ \ , ro 7 3 &e » ‘ v ’ ¥ , “I . ' fi } < i ; ' nS y if ie y “aaa THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON CUVIER, PERPETUAL SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC. THE CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES AND INSECTA, BY P. A. LATREILLE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY\ He: M’MURTRIEB, M:D. &c. &e. IN FOUR VOLUMES, WITH PLATES /~ Tea ff, =e Ae VOLUME IIL. ba a: \Z- NEW YORK: G. & Clg a CAR VILL. MDCCCXXxXI. Entered according to the act cf congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by G. & C. & H. Carvill, in the clerk’s office of the southern district of New York. Philadelphia ; Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co. Printers to the American Philosophical Society. No. 4, Minor Street. PREFACK(1). OvERWHELMED with scientific labours, and yielding, perhaps too easily, to the impulse of friendship and to my desire to serve him, M. Cuvier has confided to me that portion of this work which treats of Insects. These animals were the objects of his earliest zoological studies, and the cause of his connexion with one of the most celebrated pupils of Linneus, Fabricius, who in his writings gives him frequent assurance of his high esteem. It was even by various interesting observations on several of these ani- (1) This preface is the same which stood at the commencement of the third volume of the first edition of this work. Having there confined myself to an ex- position of the general principles, upon which my arrangement of the animals composing the Linnzan class of Insects was effected, and having in the present edition made no change in that respect, the same observations are still applicable. Considered however with regard to the details, or to the secondary and tertiary divisions, that is to say, Orders, Families, Genera and Subgenera, this edition will be found to present a remarkable difference. It was impossible to place it ona level with the actual state of the science, without modifying several parts of my former system, and without considerable additions, which, such has been the pro- gress of Entomology, are so numerous, that even by filling two volumes instead of one, I have been barely enabled to give a very summary view of the multitude of generic divisions effectuated within the last ten years, and which are frequently founded on the most minute characters. This branch of Zoology has gained much from other and more positive sources, those of Anatomy. These observations I -was the more imperatively bound to notice, as they formed part of the plan of the illustrious author of the ‘*Régne Animal,” and as they serve to confirm the stability of the divisions I have established. By a perusal of the general remarks which precede them, the reader will be better able to appreciate the motives which have determined these changes, and to feel the importance of the addenda that enrich the entomological portion of this edition. A simple comparison between it and that of the former will show, at a glance, that it has been entirely remouldea, or that it is a new work which we now present to the world, rather than a new edition. iv PREFACE. mals—Journal d’ Mist. Nat.—that M. Cuvier commenced his career in natural history. Entomology, in common with all the other branches of Zoology, has derived the greatest advan- tage from his anatomical researches, and the happy changes he has effected in the basis of our classification. ‘The internal or- ganization of Insects is now better known, and this study is no longer neglected as was previously the case. He has placed us on the way to the Natural System(1), and greatly will the public regret that his numerous occupations did not allow him to superintend this portion of his treatise on animals. Perhaps the desire of associating my name with his in a work like this, which, by the multitude of researches on which it rests, and by their application, has become a precious literary monument of the age, has deceived me and thrown me into an enterprize beyond my powers to accomplish. The responsibility is great, and I have imposed upon myself a task, in which the boldness of the plan is only equalled by the dif- ficulty of its execution. To unite within a very limited space the most interesting facts in the history of Insects, to arrange them with precision and clearness in a natural series, to pour- tray with a bold pencil the physiognomy of these animals, trace their distinguishing characters with truth and brevity, in a way proportioned to the successive progress of the science and that of the pupil, to indicate useful or noxious species, and those whose mode of life interests our curiosity, to point out the best sources from which the knowledge of others may be obtained, to restore to Entomology the amiable simplicity which it possessed in the days of Linneus, Geoffroy, and of the early writings of Fabricius, but still to present it as it now is, or with all the wealth of observation it has since acquired, yet without overloading it; in a word, to conform to the mo- del before me, the work of M. Cuvier, is the end I have striven to attain. This savant, in his ‘¢'Tableau Elémentaire de l’Histoire Na- turelle des Animaux,”’ did not restrict the extent given by ae (1) Tableau Elément. de Hist. Nat. des Animaux, and the Leg. d’Anat. Compar. PREFACE. Vv Linnzus to his class of Insects; he however made some necess- ary ameliorations, which have since served as the foundation of other systems. He distinguishes Insects, in the first place, from other invertebrate animals, by much more rigorous cha- racters than those previously employed, viz. a knotted medul- lary spinal marrow, and articulated limbs. Linnzeus termi- nates his class of Insects with those which are apterous, although most of them, such as the Crustacea and the Ara- neides, with respect to their organization, are the most per- fect of their class or are the most closely approximated to the Mollusca. His method, in this respect, is then exactly the inverse of the natural system, and by transporting the Crus- tacea to the head of the class, and by placing almost all the Aptera of Linnzus directly after them, Cuvier rectified the method in a point where the series was in direct opposition to the scale formed by Nature. In his Lecons d’ Anatomie Comparée, the class of Insects, from which he now separates the Crustacea, is divided into nine orders, founded on the nature and functions of the or- gans of manducation, the presence or absence of wings, their number, consistence, and the manner in which they are reti- culated. It isin facta union of the system of Fabricius with that of Linnzus perfected. The divisions made by our savant in his first order, that of the Gnathaptera, are nearly similar to those I had established in a Memoir presented to the Société Philomatique, April 1795, and in my Précis des Caracteres Génériques des In- sectes(1). M. de Lamarck, whose name is so dear to the friends of natural science, has ably profited by these various labours. His systematic arrangement of the Linnean Aptera appears to us to be that which approaches nearest to the natural order, and, with some modifications of which we are about to speak, is the one we have followed. (1) 1 there divided the Aptera of Linnzus into seven orders: 1. The Sucronrta. 2. The Tuysanouna. 3. The Parasira. 4. The AcurwaLa (Arachnides pal- pistes, Lam.). 5. The Exromosruaca. 6. The Crusracka. 7. The Mynraropa vi PREFACE. I divide the Insects of Linnzus, with him, into three classes: the Crustacea, Arachnides and Msecta; but in the essential characters which I assign to them, I abstract all the changes experienced by these animals, prior to their adult state. This consideration, although natural, and previously employed by De Geer in his arrangement of the Aptera, -is not classical, inasmuch as it supposes the observation of the animal in its different ages 3 it is, besides, liable to many ex- ceptions(1). The situation and form of the branchie, the manner in which the head is united to the thorax, and the organs of man- ducation, have furnished me the means of establishing seven orders in the class of the Crustacea, all of which appear to me to be natural. I terminate it, with M. de Lamarck, by the Branchiopoda, which are a sort of Crustacea Arachnides. In the following class, that of the Arachnides, I only in- clude the species which in the system of Lamarck, compose the order of his Arachnides palpistes, or those which have no antenne. Beyond this, the organization of these animals, external as well as internal, furnishes us with a simple and rigorous rule that is susceptible of a general application. Their organs of respiration are always internal, receiving air through concentrated stigmata, sometimes possessing func- tions analogous to those of lungs, and consisting at others of radiated trachez, or such as ramify from their base; the an- tenn are wanting, and they are usually furnished with eight feet. I divide this class into two orders: the Pulmonariz and the Zracheariz. Two parallel trachez, extending longitudinally through the body, furnished at intervals with centres of branches corres- (1) These considerations, however, have not been overlooked, and I have used them advantageously in grouping families, and arranging them in a natural order, as may be seen by a reference to the historical sketches which precede the expo- sition of those families. I have even been employed ona work respecting the metamorphosis of Insects in general, which has not yet been published (see article ‘* Insectes,” Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Ed. 2d), but which I have long been matur- ing, and which I have communicated to my friends: I have made use of it in the course of my general remarks. ; PREFACE. vii ponding to the stigmata, and two antenne, characterize the class of Insects. Its primary divisions are founded on the three following considerations : 1. Apterous Insects which either undergo no metamorpho- ses, or but imperfect ones ; the three first orders. 2. Apterous Insects which experience complete transfor- mations ; the fourth. 3. Insects having wings which they acquire by metamor- phoses, either complete or incomplete; the last eight. I begin with the Arachnides antennistes of M. de Lamarck, which are comprised in this first division, and which form our three first orders. ‘The second is composed of the fourth order, and contains but a single genus, that of Pulex: it would appear, in some respects, to be allied to the Diptera by means of the Hippobosce ; other characters however, and the na- ture of its metamorphoses, remove this genus from that of the Hippobosce. It is very difficult in some cases to distinguish these natural filiations, and when we are fortunate enough to discover them, we are frequently compelled to sacrifice them to the perspicuity and facility of the system. To the known order of winged Insects, I have added that of the Stresiptera of Kirby, but under a new denomination, . viz. that of Rhipiptera, as the former appears to me to be founded on a false idea. Perhaps we should even suppress this order, according to the opinion of Lamarck, and unite it with that of the Diptera. For reasons elsewhere developed(1), and which I could easily strengthen by additional proof, I attach more conse- quence to characters drawn from the aerial locomotive organs of Insects, and to the general composition of their body, than to the modifications of the parts of the mouth, at least when their structure is essentially referable to the same type. ‘Thus I do not commence by dividing these animals into Grinders and Suckers, but into those which have wings and wing-cases, and such as have four or two wings of the same consistence. The form and uses of the organs of manducation are viewed (1) Consid. Génér. sur Vordre des Crust., des Arach., et des Insectes, p. 46. Vill PREFACE. ina secondary light. My series of Orders relative to the winged Insects is, consequently, nearly similar to that of Linneus. Fabricius, Cuvier, Lamarck, Clairville and Duméril, con- sidering the difference of the functions of the parts of the mouth of primary consequence, have arranged those divisions otherwise. In accordance with the plan of M. Cuvier, I have reduced the number of families which I established in my previous works, and have converted into subgenera the numerous divi- sions that have been made of the genera of Linnzus, notwith- standing their characters may otherwise be very distinct. Such also was the intention of Gmelin in his edition of the Systema Nature. ‘This method is simple, historical and convenient, as it enables the student to proportion his instruc- tion to his age, his capacity, or to the end he has in view. All my groups are founded on a comparative examination of all the parts of the animals I wish to describe, and on the observation of their habits. Most Naturalists stray from the natural system by being too exclusive in their considerations. _ To the facts collected by Réaumur, Reesel, De Geer, Bonnet, the Hubers, &c. respecting the instinct of Insects, I have added several ascertained by myself, some of which were hitherto unknown. M. Cuvier has added to them an extract of his anatomical observations(1); he has even devoted himself to fresh researches, among which I will mention those whose object was the organization of the Limuli, a very singular genus of the Crustacea. Being necessarily restricted in the description of species, I have always selected for that purpose the most interesting and common ones, and particularly those mentioned by M. Cuvier in his Tableau Elémentaire de Histoire Naturelle des Animaux. LATREILLE. (1) Those added to the present edition are from Messrs Léon Dufour, Marcel de Serres, Straus, Audouin and Milne Edwards. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ARTICULATA wir artt- CULATED FEET. ; CLASS I. CRUSTACEA Their division into orders MALACOSTRACA a. Eyes placed on a mova- ble and articulated pe- dicle DECAPODA BRACHYURA | Cancer Pinnipedes Matuta Polybius Orythyia Podeopthalmus Portunus Platyonichus » Arcuata Cancer proper Clorodius Carpilius Xantho(1) Pirimela Atelecyclus Thia Mursia Hepatus Quadrilatera Eriphia Trapezia Pilumnus Thelphusa Gonoplax Macropthalmus Gelasimus Ocypode Mictyris Pinnotheres Uca Cardisoma Gecarcinus Plagusia Grapsus Orbiculata Corystes Leucosia Iva L[phis Nursia Arcana Ilia Persephona Myra Leucosia Phylira Ebalia Trigona Parthenope Lambrus Mithrax Acanthonyx Pisa Pericera Maia Micippe Stenocionops Camposcia Halimus Hyas Libinia Doclzxa Egeria Leptopus Hymenosoma Inachus Achzus Stenorhynchus Leptopodia (1) Those genera which we mention accessorily, either because they are but slightly or not at all known to us, or because we unite them with others, are printed in italics. Vout. WL—(2) SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Pactolus Lithodes Cryptopoda Calappa 7Ethra Notopoda Homola Dorippe Dromia -Dynomene Ranina MACROURA Astacus Anomala Albunea Hippa Remipes Birgus Pagurus Ceenobita Pagurus — Prophylax Locustz Scyllarus Thenus Tbacus Palinurus Astacini Galathea Grimotea Munida /Eglea Janira Porcellana Monolepis Megalopus Gebia Thalassina Callianassa Axius Eryon ~ Astacus proper - Nephrops Carides Penzus Stenopus Atya Crangon » Processa Hymenocera Gnathophyllum Pontonia Alpheus Hyppolite Autonomera Pandalus Palemon Lysmata Athanas Pasiphea Mysis 49 49 AQ 49 49 oul Cryptopus ttf Mulcion (4 STOMAPODA 77 UNIPELTATA 81 Squilla 82 Squilla proper 82 Gonodactylus 83 Coronis 83 Erichthus 83 Alima 84 BIPELTATA 84 Phyllosoma 84 £. Eyes sessile and immov- able 85 AMPHIPODA 87 Gammarus 87 Phronima 88 Hyperia 88 Phrosine 89 Dactylocera 89 Tone 90 Orchestia 91 Taliprus 91 Atylus on Gammarus proper 92 Melita 92 Mera 92 Amphithoe 92 Pherusa 92 Dexamine 93 Lencothoe 93 Cerapus 93 Podocerus 93 Jassa 93 Corophium 94 Pterygocera 94 Apseudes 95 Typhis 95 - Anceus 95 Praniza 96 Ergine 96 LHAMODIPODA 96 Cyamus 97 Leptomera 97 Naupredia 98 Caprella 98 Cyamus proper 98 ISOPODA 99 Oniscus 100 Bopyrus 101 Serolis 101 Cymothoa 102 Ichthyophilus 102 Nerocila | 102 Livoneca 102 Canolira 102 ZEga 103 Rocinela 103 Conilira 103 Synodus 103 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xi Nelocira 103 Dichelestium 153 Eurydice 103 Nicothoe 154 pena io4 | TRILOBITES 155 uzara 105 Sphezroma 105 Agnostus 157 Nesa 1035 ; Calymene 157 Campecopea 105 Asaphus ML 157 Cilicea 105 Ogygia 157 : Sia Ue Paradoxides 15% ynamene 106 Anthura 106 ABTS Idotea 106 | ARACHNIDES 159 Stenosoma 107 PULMONARIA 162 Arcturus 107 ARANEIDES 164 Asellus 107 Mygale 173 Oniscoda 108 Mygale proper 174 Jera 108 Cteniza 175 Tylos 108 Atypus IZ. Ligia | 109 Erioden 178 Philoscia 109 Dysdera 179 rice ¢ proper “a Filistata 179 Porcellio : Armadillo 110 eres on ie ENTOMOSTRACA 112 Patina A BRANCHIOPODA 114 | Hieseus 182 Monoculus 115 || Segestria 183 Lophyropa 115 Clubiona 183 Zoea 117 Aranea proper 184 Nébalia 117 Argyroneta 184 Condylura 118 Inequitelze 184 Cyclops 119 Scytodes 185 Cythere 122 Theridion 185 Cypris 122 Episinus 186 Sida 125 Pholcus 186 Latona 125 Orbitelz 186 Polyphemus 126 Linyphia 187 Daphnia 127 Uloborus 187 Lynceus 132 Tetragnatha 188 Phyllopa 132 Epeira 188 Limnadia 33 Laterigrade 191 Artemia, 13 Micrommata 191 Branchipus 134 Senelops 192 Eulimene 137 Philodromus 193 Apus 138 Thomisus 194 Lepidurus 141 Storena 195 PHCILOPODA 141 Citigrade 196 XYPHOSURA 142 Oxyopes 196 Limulus 142 Ctenus 196 Tachypleus 145 Dolomedes bet SIPHONOSTOMA 146 ae a _ CALLIGIDES 146 sper wine 202 Argulus ae ts Tarantula 202 Caligus 150 Phrynus 202 Caligus proper 151 Thelyphonus 203 Pterygopoda 151 Scorpio 203 Pandarus Role TRACHEARLE 206 Dinemoura 151 ehiocoma 152 PSEUDO-SCORPIONES 207 Cecrops 152 Galeodes POS. LERNEIFORMES 152 Chelifer 209 Xil SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PYCNOGONIDES 210 Pycnogonum 211 Phoxichilus 211 Nymphon pret Ammothea 211 HOLETRA 212 PHALANGITA 212 Phalangium 23 Gonoleptes Jus Siro 214 Macrocheles 214 Trogulus 214 AcARIDES 214 Acarus 214 Trombidium 215 Erythreus 215 Gamasus 215 Cheyletus 216 Oribata 216 Uropoda 216 Acarus proper 217 Bdella 217 Smaridia 217 Ixodes 218 Argas 219 Eylais 219 Hydrachna 219 Limnochares 220 Caris 220 Leptus 220 Aclysia 220 Atoma 221 Ocypete 221 CLASS III. INSECTA 229 MYRIOPODA 245 : CHILOGNATHA 247 lulus 249 Glomeris 250 Julus proper 250 Polydesmus 251 Pollyxenus 251 CHILOPODA 251 Scolopendra 251 Scutigera 253 Lithobius 253 Scolopendra proper 254 THYSANOURA 255 LEPISMENE 255 Lepisma 255 Machilis 256 Lepisma proper 256 PODURELLE 256 Podura 251 Podura proper 257 Smynthurus 257 PARASITA 258 Pediculus 258 Pediculus proper Hzmatopinus Ricinus Trichodectes Gyropus Laotheum Philopterus Goniodes Triongulin SUCTORIA Pulex COLEOPTERA Pentamera. CARNIVORA TRIBE I. CIcINDELETE Cicindela Manticora Megacephala Oxycheila Euprosopus Cicindela proper Ctenostoma Therates Colliuris Tricondyla TRIBE II. Carasicr * Carabus Truncatipennes Anthia Graphipterus Aptinus Brachinus Corsyra Casnonia Leptotrachelus Odacantha Zuphium Polistichus Helluo Drypta Trichognatha Galerita Cordistes Ctenodactyla Agra Cymindis Calleida Demetrias Dromias Lebia Plochionus Orthogonius Coptodera Bipartiti Enceladus Siagona Carenum Pasimachus 258 260 260 261 261 261 261 262 262 262 263 264 266 269 269 26S 270 270 270 270 272 272 273 273 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 277 278 278 278 279 279 279 280 281 281 281 282 282 282 283 283 283 283 284 284 284, 284 285 285 286 287 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Acanthoscelis Scarites Oxygnathus Oxystomus Camptodontus Clivina Dischirius Morio Ozena Ditomus Aristus ~ Apotomus Quadrimani Acinopus Daptus Harpalus Ophonus Stenolophus Acupalpus Simplicimani Zabrus Pogonus Tetragonoderus Feronia Amara Pecilus Argutor Omaseus Platysma Pterostichus Abax Steropus Percus Molops Cophosus Cheporus Myas Trigonomota Pseudo-morpha Cephalotes Stomis Catascopus Colpodes Pericalus Mormolyce Sphodrus Ctenipus Calathus Taphria Patellimani Dolichus Platynus Agonum Anchomenus Callistus Oodes Chlenius Epomis Dinodes Lissauchenus Rembus Dicelus 287 288 289 289 289 290 290 290 290 291 291 291 291 292 293 293 294 294, 294, 294. 296 296 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 299 300 300 300 301 301 501 301 301 302 302 303 303 303 303 304 304 304 305 305 305 305 306 306 306 306 307 Xi Licinus 307 Badister 307 Pelecium 308 Cynthia 308 Panageus 308 Loricera 309 Patrobus 309 Grandipalpi 310 Pamborus 310 Cychrus 310 Scaphinotus 311 Spheroderus 311 Tefflus 311 Procerus 311 Procrustes 312 Carabus proper 312 Plectes 312 Cechenus 312 Calosoma 313 Pogonophorus S15 Nebria 315 Alpzus 315 Omophron 316 Elaphrus 316 Blethisa 316 Pelophilus 316 Notiophilus B17 Subulipalpi 317 Bembidium 318 Tachypus 318 Lopha 318 Notaphus 318 Peryphus 318 Leja 318 Trechus 319 Blemus 319 TRIBE III. HypROCANTHARI $19 Dytiscus 320 ha Dytiscus proper Sep h Colymbetes 323 Hygrobia 324 Hydroporus 324 Noterus 325 Haliplus 325 Gyrinus 325 BRACHELYTRA 327 Staphylinus 327 Fissilabra 328 Oxyporus 329 Astrapzus 329 Staphylinus proper 329 Xantholinus 330 Pinophilus 330 Lathrobium 330 Longipalpi 331 Pederus 331 Procirrus ‘Sok Stilicus 331 Evesthetus 331 Stenus 332 XiV SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Denticrura Oxytelus Osorius Zyrophorus Prognatha Coprophilus Depressa Omalium Lesteva Micropeplus Proteinus Aleochara Microcephala Lomechusa Tachinus Tachyporus SERRICORNES SECTION I. SPERNOXI TRIBE I. BUPRESTIDES Buprestis Buprestis proper Trachys Aphanisticus Melasis TRIBE Xt. ELATERIDES Elater Galba Eucnemis Adelocera Lissomus Chelonarium Throscus Cerophytum Cryptostoma Nematodes Hemirhipus Ctenicera Elater proper Campylus Phyllocerus SECTION II. MALACODERMI TRIBE I. CEBRIONITES Cebrio Physodactylus Cebrio proper Anelastes Callirhips Sandalus Rhipicera Ptilodactyla Dascillus Elodes Scyrtes Nycteus Eubria c oo to 09 Go oo oo 69 69 Go WD 09 Dorr Gr HB TRIBE II. LaMPYRIDES Lampyris Lycus Dictyoptera Omalisus Amydetes Phengodes Lampyris proper Drilus Cochleoctonus — Telephorus Silis Malthinus TRIBE III. MeELyRIDES Melyris Malachius Dasytes Zygia Melyris Pelocophorus Diglobicerus TRIBE IY. CLERIL Clerus Cylidrus Tillus Priocera Axina Eurypus Thanasimus Opilo Clerus proper Necrobia Enoplium TRIBE Y. PTINIORES Ptinus Ptinus proper Gibbium Ptilinus Xyletinus Dorcatoma Anobium SECTION III. TRIBE I. XyYLOTROGI Lymexylon Atractocerus Hylecetus Lymexylon proper Cupes Rhysodes CLAVICORNES SECTION If. TRIBE I. PALPATORES Mastigus Mastigus Scydmenus SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV TRIBE It. TRIBE It. HIsTEROIDES 372 MaAcroDactTyLa 390 Hister Bi) Dryops 391 Hololepta 373 Potamophilus 391 Hister proper 374 Dryops proper 391 Platysoma 374 Elmis 392 Dendrophilus 374 Macronychus 392 Abreus 374 Georissus 392 Onthophilus 374 PALPICORNES 392 TRIBE Ill. TRIBE I. SILPHALES — 375 Hypropuinit 393 Silpha 375 Hydrophilus 393 Spherites 375 Elophorus 594 Necrophorus 376 Hydrochus 394 Necrodes 377 Ochthebius 394 Silpha proper 378 Hydrena 393 Thanatophilus 578 Spercheus 394 Oiceptoma 379 Globaria 395 Phosphuga 379 Hydrophilus proper 396 Necrophilus 379 Limnebius 397 Argyrtes 380 Hydrobius 397 TRIBE Iv. Berosus 397 ScAPHIDITES 380 TRIBE II. Scaphidium 380 SPHERIDIOTA 398 Scaphidium proper 380 Spheridium 393 Choleva 381 Cercydion 398 TRIBE V. LAMELLICORNES 399 NITIDULARIZ 381 Se Nitidula 381 ScaRaBmIDES 401 . Colobicus 382 Scarabzus 401 bth ay oe Coprophagi 402 Mtidula proper 38 ee esa ae ‘Gymnopleurus 404 fe cam sce Sisyphus 405 ene car cs 383 Circellium 405 ENGIDITES ae Coprobius 405 Dacne 384 Cheridium 405 Dacne proper 384 Hyboma 405 Cryptophagus 384 Eurysternus 405 a i é Oniticellus 406 DERMESTINI 385 Onthophagus 406 Dermestes 385 Onitis 407 Aspidiphorus 385 Phanzus 407 Dermestes proper 385 ; Copris 407 Megatoma 386 Aphodius 408 Limnichus 386 Psammodius 408 Attagenus 387 Euparia 408 Trogoderma 387 Arenicoli 409 Anthrenus 387 Egialia 409 Globicornis 387 Chiron 409 TRIBE VIII. Lethrus 410 ByRrRait 388 Geotrupes All Byrrhus 388 Ochodzus 412 Nosodendron 388 Athyreus 412 Byrrhus proper 388 Elephastomus 412 Trinodes 389 Bolbocerus 413 SECTION II. Hybosorus — 413 TRIBE I. Acanthocerus 414 AcANTHOPODA 390 Trox 414 Heterocerus 390 Phoberus 414 XVI ‘ Cryptodus Mechidius Xylophili Oryctes Agacephala Orphnus Scarabeus proper Phileurus Hexodon Cyclocephala Chrysophora Rutela Macraspis Chasmodia Ometis Phyllophagi Pachypus Amblyteres Anoplognathus Leucothyreus Apogonia Geniates Melolontha proper Rhisotrogus Amphimalla Ceraspis Arcodes Dasypus Serica Diphucephala ~“Macrodactylus Plectris Popilia Euchlora Mimela Anisoplia Lepisia Dicrania Hoplia Monocheles Anthobii Glaphyrus Amphicoma Anthipna Chasmopterus Chasme Dicheles Lepitrix Pachycnemus Anisonyx Melitophili Trichius Platygenia Cremastocheilus Goliath Inca Cetonia Gymnetis Macronota TRIBE Il. LucanNIDES Lucanus SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 414 414 415 413 416 416 417 417 A418 418 A19 419 419 419 420 420 421 421 4.22 422 422 422 423 425 425 A425 426 A426 426 426 427 427 427 427 427 427 427 428 428 428 429 429 43 43 430 431 431 451 431 431 432 Sinodendron JEsalus Lamprima Ryssonotus Pholidotus Lucanus proper Ceruchus Platycerus Nigidius igus Figulus Syndesus Passalus Paxillus Heteromera. MELASOMA Pimelia Pimeila proper Trachyderma Cryptocheile Erodius Zophosis Nyctelia Hegeter Tentyria Akis Elenophorus Eurychora Adelostoma Tagenia Psammetichus Scaurus Scotobius Sepidium Trachynotus Moluris Blaps Oxura Acanthomera Misolampus Blaps proper Gonopus Heteroscelis Machla Scotinus Asida Pedinus Opatrinus Dendarus Heliophilus Eurynotus Isocerus Pedinus, Dej. Blaptinus Platyscelis Tenebrio Cryptichus Opatrum Corticus Orthocerus Chiroscelis Toxium 438 438 438 439 439 439 440 440 440 440 440 440 441 441 442 444 445 446 446 44.6 446 447 447 447 448 448 449 449 450 450 450 450 450 451 451 452 453 453 453 453 454 454: 455 455 455 456 456 456 456 456 456 457 357 AST 458 458 458 459 459 459 459 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Toxicum Boros Calcar Upis Tenebrio proper Heterotarsus TAXICORNES TRIBE I. DIAPERIALES Diaperis Phaleria Diaperis proper Neomida Hypophleus Trachyscelis Leiodes Tetratoma Eledona Coxelus TRIBE It. CossYPHENES Cossyphus Cossyphus proper Helzus Nilio STENELYTRA TRIBE I. HELopitr Helops Epitragus Cnodalon Campsia Spheniscus Camaria _ Acanthopus Amarygmus Sphzrotus Adelium Helops proper Lena Stenotrachelus Strongylium Pytho Pelmatopus or ra- ther Scotodes TRIBE Il. CISTELIDES Cistela Lystronichus Cistela proper Mycetochares Allecula TRIBE III. SERROPALPIDES Dircea Orchesia Eustrophus Hallomenus Dircea proper Melandrya Hypulus Serropalpus Vo. III.--(3) 459 460 460 469 460 461 461 4.62 462 463 463 463 464 464, 4.64 464, 465 465 465 465 4.66 466 466 466 468 468 469 469 469 469 469 470 470 470 470 471 471 471 472 472 472 472 A72 473 473 473 474 474, 47 4 474 475 475 475 A475 476 476 Conopalpus TRIBE Iy. GEDEMERITES Cidemera Nothus Calopus Sparedrus Dytillus C&demera proper TRIBE Y. RayYNcHoOsTOMA Mycterus Stenostoma Mycterus proper Rhinosimus TRACHELIDES TRIBE I. LAGRIARIE Lagria Lagria proper Statyra Hemipeplus TRIBE II. PYROCHROIDES Pyrochroa Dendroides Pyrochroa TRIBE III. MorvDELLONE Mordella Ripiphorus Myodites Pelocotoma Mordella proper Anaspis Ctenopus TRIBE Iy. ANTHICIDES Notoxus Scraptia Steropes Notoxus proper TRIBE v. HORIALES Horia Horia proper Cissites TRIBE VI- CANTHARIDIZ Meloe Cerocoma. Hycleus:- Mylabris Lydus Gnas Meloe proper Tetraonyx Cantharis Zonitis Nomognathus Gnathium XVil 476 477 ATT 477 478 478 478 478 478 479 479 * 479 480 480 480 481 481 481 481 482 482 482 482 482 483 483 484 484 484 485 485 485 485 485 486 486 486 A87 - 487 487 487 A87 488 489 489 489 490 491 492 492 495 493 493 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Camptorhynchus 507 Sitaris 493 Onyctenus 493 Apalus 493 Tetramera, RHYNCOPHORA 494, Bruchus 496 Anthribus 496 Rhimaria 496 Bruchus proper 496 Rhebus 497 Xylophilus 497 Attelabus 497 ) Apoderus 497 Attelabus proper - 497 Rhynchites 497 Apion 497 Rhinotia 498 Eurhinus 498 Tubicenus 498 Brentus 498 Brentus proper 498 Ulocerus 499 Cylas 499 Brachycerus 499 Curculio 500 Cyclomus 500 Curculio proper 501 ; Leptosomus 502 | Prostomus 502 Leptocerus 502 | Cratopus 502 Lepropus 502 Hadromerus 502 Hybsonotus 502 Othiorhynchus 503 Omias 503 Pachyrhynchus 503 Psalidium 503 Thylacites 508 Syzygops 503 Hyphantus 503 Myniops 503 Liparus 503 Hypera 503 Hylobius 504 Cleonus 504 Lixus 504 Rhynchenus 504 Tamnophilus 505 Bagous 505 Brachypus 505 Balaninus 505 Rhynchenus proper 505 Sybines 505 Myorhinus 506 Cionus 506 Orchestes - 506 Rhamphus 506 Amerhinus 507 Baridius 507 Centrinus 507 Zygops 507 Centrorhynchus 508 Hydaticus 508 Oribitis 508 Cryptorhynchus 508 Tylode 508 Calandra 509 Anchonus 509 Orthochetes 509 Rhina 509 Calandra proper 509 Cossonus 510 Dryopthorus 510 XYLOPHAGI 510 Scolytus 511 Hylurgus S11 Hylesinus S11 Scolytus proper 511 Camptocerus 512 Ploiotribus 512 Tomicus 512 Platypus 512 Paussus o13 Paussus proper 513 Cerapterus 513 Bostrichus 514 Bostrichus proper 514 Psoa 514 Cis 514 Nemosoma 514 Monotoma 515 Synchita 515 Cerylon 515 Rhyzophagus 515 Monotoma proper 516 Lyctus 516 Lyctus proper 516 Diodesma 516 Bitoma 516 Mycetophagus 517 Colydium 517 Mycetophagus pro- per 517 Triphyllus 517 Meryx 518 Dasycerus 518 Latridius 518 Silvanus 518 Trogosita 518 - Trogosita proper 519 Prostomis 319 Passandra 519 PLATYSOMA 519 Cucujus 520 Cucujus proper 520 Dendrophagus 520 Uleoiota 520 LONGICORNES 520 TRIBE I. PRIONII 522 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Parandra Spondylis Prionus TRIBE It. CERAMBICINI. Cerambyx Lissonotus Megaderus Dorcacerus Trachyderes Lophonocerus Ctenodes Phenicocerus Callichroma Acanthoptera Stenocorus Purpuricenus Cerambyx proper Hamaticerus Gnoma, Dej. Callidium Certalium Clitus Obrium Rhinotragus Necydalis Stenopterus Necydalis proper Distichocera Tmesisternus Tragocerus ‘ Leptocera TRIBE III. LAMIARIE Acrocinus Lamia Acanthocinus Tapeina Pogonocherus Tetraopes Moncochamus Mesosa Lamia proper Dorcadion Parmena Saperda Gnoma, Fab. Adesmus Apomecyna Colobothea Thyrsia TRIBE Iv. LEPTURETE Leptura Desmocerus ‘Vesperus Rhagium Rhamnusium Toxotus Stenoderus 523 523 524, 525 526 526 527 527 527 927 528 528 528 529 529 529 530 530 531 532 532 532 533 533 533 533 534 534 535 535 535 536 536 536 536 536 537 537 537 537 537 538 538 558 538 539 539 539 539 540 540 541 541 542 542 542 542 Distenia Cometes Leptura proper EUPODA TRIBE I. SaGRIDES Sagra Megalopus Sagra proper Orsodacna Psammechus TRIBE It. CRIOCERIDES Crioceris Donacia Hemonia Ptauristes Crioceris proper Auchenia Megascelis CYCLICA TRIBE I. CassIDaRim Hispa Alurnus Hispa proper Chalepus Cassida Imatidium Cassida proper TRIBE II. CuRYSOMELINE Cryptocephalus Clythra Chlamys Lamprosoma Cryptocephalus proper Choragus Euryope Eumolpus Chrysomela Colaspis Podontia Phyllocharis Doryphora Cyrtonus Paropsis Apamxa Timarcha X1X 542 542 543 543 544, 345 545 545 545 546 546 546 546 547 547 547 548 549 549 550 551 551 551 552 552 552 552 553 Dots 554 554 555 555 555 555 556 556 556 556 557 557 5357 557 557 558 Chrysomela proper 558 Phzedon Prasocuris TRIBE III. GALERUCITE Galeruca Adorium Luperus Galeruca proper Altica Octogonotes 559 559 559 560 560 560 560 560 561 XX SYSTEMATIC INDEX. (Edionychus 561 Psylliodes 561 Dibolia 562 Altica proper 562 Longitarsus 562 CLAVIPALPI 562 Erotylus 563 Erotylus proper 563 Triplax 564 Languria 564 Phalacrus 564 Agathidium 564 Trimera. FUNGICOL 565 Eumorphus 565 Eumorphus proper 565 Dapsa 566 Endomychus 566 Lycoperdina APHIDIPHAGI Coccinella Lithophilus Coccinella proper Clypeaster PSELAPHII Pselaphus Chennium Dionix Pselaphus proper Bithynus Arcopagus Ctenistes Byraxis Claviger Claviger proper Articerus 566 566 567 567 567 568 568 569 569 569 569 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 THIRD GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, AND INSECTA: OR ARTICULATED ANIMALS WITH ARTICULATED FEET(1). These last three(2) classes of the Articulata, which were united by Linneeus under the general name of Insecta, are distinguished by at least six(3) articulated feet. Each articu- lation is’ tubular, and contains the muscles of the succeeding one, which always moves by gynglymus, that is, in but one direction. The first articulation, tick attaches the foot to the body, (1) For the sake of brevity, I have designated them by the term Condylopes. This series of articulations, of which their body is composed, has been compared by some Naturalists to a skeleton, or the vertebral column. But the use of this denomination is so much the more fallacious, in as much as these articulations or pretended vertebrz are mere portions of thickened skin, and as this skin is continu- ous, simply being thinner, and almost membranous at intervals or at the joints. A general character, which serves to distinguish these animals from all other Inverte- brata, consists in their ewwviability, or habit of changing their skin. ‘The situation of the encephalon, pharynx, and eyes, as in the more elevated animals, establishes the limits of the back and abdomen, and of their respective appendages. (2) Dr Leach forms a separate class of the Myriapoda. The Arachnides Tra- cheariz, considered anatomically, might also constitute another, but they are so closely allied to the Pulmonariz in so many other particulars, that we have not thought proper to separate them. ‘yf (3) Hexapoda. Those which have more than six, are termed by Savigny the Spiriopoda. 1 designate them more precisely by the appellation of Hyperhexa- ' poda, (more than six feet). Vout IIL—A 2 CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, INSECTA. and which is composed of two pieces(1), is called the coxa, or hip; the following one which is, usually, nearly in a hori- zontal position, the femur, or thigh; and the third, generally vertical, the ¢ibia or leg. ‘To these ensues a suite of small ones which touch the ground, forming the true foot, or what is denominated the tarsus. ; The hardness of the calcareous or horny(2) envelope of the greater number of these animals, is owing to that of the ex- cretion, which is interposed between the dermis and epider- mis, or what is termed in man the mucous tissue. "This ex- cretion also contains the brilliant and varied colours with which they are so often decorated. They are always furnished with eyes, which are of two kinds: simple or smooth eyes(3), which resemble a very mi- nute lens, generally three in number, and arranged in a tri- angle on the summit of the head; and compound eyes, where the surface is divided into an infinitude of different lenses called facets, to each of which there is a corresponding filament of the optic nerve. ‘These two kinds may be either united or separated, according to the genera. Whether their functions be essentially different in those cases where they are found to exist simultaneously, i is a problem that remains to be solved 5 but vision is effected in both of them by means differing ania ‘from those which produce it in the eye of the Vertebrata(4). (1) In many of the Crustacea the second portion of the coxa seems to form part ofthe thighs. The tibia, as in the Arachnides, is divided into two joints. (2) According to M. Aug. Odier, Mém. de la Soc. d’ Hist. Nut., 1823, t. 1, p. 29 et seq., the substance of this envelope is of a peculiar nature, which he calls Chz- tine. He states that the phosphate of lime forms the great mass of all the salts - contained in the teguments of Insects, while that in the shell of the Crustacea is but trifling, though it abounds in the carbonate, which is not found in the prece- ding animals. Other observations, those of M. Straus in particular, demonstrate that the teguments here replace the skin of the Vertebrata, or that they do not form atrue skeleton. Those of M. Odier also militate against all the analogies attempted upon this subject. (3) Ocelli stemmata. (4) See the Memoir of Marcel de Serres on the simple and coenend eyes of Insects, Montpellier, 1815, 8vo. Also the observations of M. de Blainville on the eyes of the Crustacea, Bullet. de la Soc. Philomatique. We shall return to this subject at another period. . CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, INSECTA. "4 oe Other organs which for the first time are here presented to us, and which are found in two of these classes, the Crustacea and the Insecta(1), the antenne, are articulated filaments, va- rying greatly in form, and frequently according to the sex, attached to the head, appearing to be peculiarly devoted to a delicate sense of touch, and perhaps to some other kindof sen- sation of which we have no idea, but which may refer to the © state of the atmosphere. These animals enjoy the sense of smell and that of hearing. Some authors place the seat of the first in the antenne(2), others, M. Dumeril for instance, in the orifices of the trachex, and Marcel de Serres, &c. in the palpi; neither of these opinions, however, are corroborated by positive and conclu- sive facts. As to the second, it is only in the Crustacea Deca- poda and some few of the Orthoptera, that we can find a visi- ble ear. . The mouth of these animals presents a great analogy, which, according to Savigny(3), and at least with respect to the Hex- apoda, extends to those which can only feed by the suction of liquid aliment. _ Those called J'ritores or Grinders (broyeurs), on account of their having jaws fitted for triturating their food, always. . present them in lateral pairs, placed one before the other; the anterior pair are Sspecunly called mandibless the pieces which (1) And even in the Arachnides, but under different forms, and with different functions. — ; (2) As regards insects, and when they are claviform, or terminate in a club more or less developed, or furnished with numerous hairs. According to M. Robineau Desvoidy, the intermediate antenne of the Crustacea Decapoda are the olfactory organ, Bullet. des Sc. Nat.; but he adduces no one direct experiment in proof of his opinion. It would, if this were so, seem probable that in the highly carnivorous Crustacea, such as the Gecarcini and others, we should find this organ in a comparatively greater state of development, whereas the fact is directly the reverse. His ideas respecting the external composition of the Crustacea Decapoda suppose the existence of a skeleton. He should haye commenced, however, by establishing the connexion of these animals with the Fishes, and not by admitting, as a positive fact, what is at least a‘matter of doubt. (3) Mémoire sur les animaux sans vertebres.. The original idea was thrown out, but undeveloped, in my Hist. Gen. des Insectes. * 4 CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, INSECTA. cover them before and behind are named dabia(1), and the front one, in particular, dabrum. The palpi are articulated filaments attached to the jaws or to the lower lip, and appear to be employed by the animal in recognizing its food. The form of these various organs determines the nature of the re- gimen with as much precision as the teeth of quadrupeds. The figula, or tongue, commonly adheres to the lower lip(2). Sometimes, in the Apes and other Hymenopterous insects, it is considerably elongated, as are also the jaws, forming a sort of false proboscis (fpromuscis) at the base of which is the pharynx, and frequently covered by a sort of sub-labrum, styled by M. Savigny the epipharynz(3). At other times, (1) We here more particularly allude to Insects with six feet, or to the Hexa- poda. (2) Or rather labium, since the other is termed labrum. It is protected, before, by a horny production formed by a cutaneous prolongation, and articulated at the base with an inferior portion of the head called the mentwm or chin. | Its palpi, always two in number, are distinguished"from those of the maxille by the epithet labial. When the latter amount to four they are designated as external and inter- nal, they are considered as a modification of the external and terminal division of the maxille. This production, which, in his Ulonates or the Orthoptera, Fabricius termed the Galea, is still the same maxillary division, but more dilated, arched, and . fitted to cover the internal division which, here, on account of its scaly consistence and of its teeth, resembles a mandible. In the last insects, and particularly in the Libellulz, the interior of the buccal cavity presents a soft or vesicular body, dis- tinct from the lip, and which, compared to the Crustacea, appears to be the true tonguc—labium, Fab. ‘This part is perhaps represented by those lateral divi- sions of the ligula termed paraglosse. (See the Coleoptera Carnivora, Hydro- phili, Staphylini, the two pencil-shaped pieces that terminate the lip of the Lucani, Apiariz, &c.) The above mentioned Insects, the Orthoptera and the Libellule of Linnezus, evidently demonstrate that this membranous and terminal portion of the inferior lip, which projects more or less between its palpi, and is particularly elon- gated in several of the Hymenoptera, is very distinct from that internal caruncle which I consider the tongue properly so called; notwithstanding this, nearly all Entomologists designate this external extremity of the lip by the name of ligula, or languette. To say, however, that the tongue properly so called, is usually so intimately connected with the lip that at the first glance they seem to be con- founded, is correct. The pharynx is situated in the middle of the anterior face of this lip a little above its root, and in the Coleoptera proyided with paraglosse, at their point of union. In order to understand well the primitive composition of the under lip, it must be studied in the larve, and chiefly in those of the Aquatic Carnivorous Coleoptera. See General Observations on Insects. (3) There isa membranous production beneath the labrum, in many Coleop- CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, INSECTA. 5 in the Hemiptera and Diptera, the mandibles and maxilla are replaced by scaly pieces in the form of sete, which are re- ceived in an elongated tubular sheath, that is either cylin-. drical and articulated, or formed with more or less of an elbow, and terminated by a kind of lips. In this case they constitute a true proboscis. In others that also live by suction, the Le- pidoptera, the maxille alone are greatly elongated and united, producing a tubular setiform body, ses a long, slen- der, and spiral tongue (or the spiritrompe, Lat.); the re- maining parts of the mouth are considerably reduced. Some- times again, as in many of the Crustacea, the anterior feet approach the maxilla, assume their form, and exercise part of their functions—the latter are then said to be multiplied. It may even happen that the true maxille become so much re- duced, that the maxillary feet supply their place in toto. Whatever be the modifications of these parts, however, they can always be recognized and.referred to a general type(1). tera, which appears to me to be analogous to the epipharynx. The labrum is to it, what the mentum is to the labium. (1) It is only by a comparative and gradual study of the mouth of the Crus- tacea, that we can acquire correct and exact ideas respecting the various trans- formations of these parts, and the means of establishing, if not a certain, at least a probable general concordance between these various organs in the three classes. The mandibles, maxille, and the labium, are in fact, a sort of feet appro- priated to the masticatory or buccal functions, but susceptible of being so modified as to become organs of locomotion. This principle even extends to the anten- nz, or at least tothe two intermediate ones of the Crustacea. By adopting it, we* are enabled to reduce the composition of these organs to one general type, and we shall hereafter see that, in this respect, neither the Arachnides nor Myrigpeds present any anomaly. CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. The Crustacea are articulated animals, with articulated feet, respiring by means of branchie, protected in some by the bor- ders of a shell, and external in other s, but which are not in- elosed in special cavities of the body, and which receive air | from openings in the surface of the skin.. Their circulation is double, and analogous.to that of the Mollusca. The blood is transmitted from the heart, which is placed on the back, to the different parts of the body, whence it is sent to the bran- chiz, and thence back again to the heart(1). These branchiz, sometimes situated at the base of the feet, or even on them, and at others on the inferior appendages of the abdomen, either form pyramids composed of lamine in piles, or bristled with sete or tufted filaments of simple ones, and even appear in “some cases to consist wholly of hairs. Some of the Zootomists, Baron Cuvier in par sich had already made known to us the nervous system of various Crus- tacea of different orders. ‘The same subject has lately been thoroughly examined by Messrs Victor Audouin and Milne Edwards in their third Memoir on the Anatomy and Physio- logy of these animals—Ann. des Se. Nat. XIV, 77,—and all that is now wanting to complete their researches, is the pub- lication of those made by M. Straus on the Branchiopoda and the Limuli in particular, which they have not noticed. —. (1) See the order Decapoda. CRUSTACEA. 7 «