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GREAT IMPROVEMENTS, \ By Proressorn GMELIN of Goerrincen. TOGETHER MW it H NUMEROUS ADDITIONS FROM MORE RECENT ZOOLOGICAL WRITERS, AND ILLUSTRATED WITH COPPERPLATES: ; my ROB FE ROT) KE R de Voie Gok ao. be / MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, AND OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY, H ; AND SURGEON TO THE ORPHAN HOSPITAL OF EDINBURGH. ATR Ege (epinpuRGH: if pe | (9 PRINTED For A. SrRAHAN, AND T. Carr, eo ee ei AND ; Se W. Creecu, Epinsurcn. e_), CS 79 2 2 \ ee ROR RN SME lia mes Fe es Bera HEL ha Seera) Peer AE OBS Se ea a Wie / Peat £5 ys TO THE | getoe Orage anaone Covaaare aire Oe To ftudy the works of Creation with intelligence, is the exclufive privilege of man, and highly exalts his dignity above that of all other animated beings. When he looks around among created objects, he is prefented with innumerable inftances of the moft admirable contrivance in the ftruGture of every being, for fulfilling the wifeft purpofes, Wifdom, Power, and Goodnefs, are manifefted in the form and deftination of every natural body. How then can man be more honourably employed than in ftudying the works of his. Creator?) Every means, therefore, which can facilitate the acquifi- tion of this vaft-and noble objet of human knowledge, muft cer- tainly be conducive to promote the moft rational happinefs of man- kind, we _For the attainment of this Philofophy of Nature, it is neceffary to poffefs fome knowledge of the objects of creation, as they are connected with each other in one vaift chain of being, and as natural- ly arranged under greater and lefler links of mutual relation. With- out an acquaintance with thefe, the pleafing and highly important: fluds,- toes) fiudy of Nature, as a great Science, muft, if not utterly impoflible, be extremely difficult and embarrafling. Method and arrangement, like the clew of Ariadne, ferve to lead the otherwife wandering mind through the devious mazes of Nature’s labyrinth. Hence, in all ages, numerous attempts have been made to reduce the apparently endlefs confufion of natural bodies, under fuch a fyftem of arrangement, adefcription, and nomenclature, as might render the acquirement of thefe general views as eafy and as familiar as poflible. Ir is not neceflary to give any comparative view of the merits of ‘the different fyftems which have been devifed for anfwering this ufeful purpofe; as it will be readily granted, that the palm of excel- lence has been almoft univerfally allowed, by the learned of every country in Europe, to the arrangement of the great LINN Us, as con- tained in hisjuftly celebrated work the Sy/ema Naturae. To the genius and induftry of that illuftrious Naturalift, the world is indebted for the improvement of Natural Hiftory; and, to his indefatigable zeal, and example, the aftonithing progrefs which this branch of know- ledge has lately made is principally owing. If not the father of the {cience, he may juftly be held as its fecond founder; and had he, like Ariftotle, been aided by the power and riches of an Alexander, it is hardly poflible to conceive to what degree of perfection our knowledge of Nature might by this time have advanced. As his admirable work, which has already gone through thirteen editions, is ingthe Latin language, it is {hut up from many who might derive great pleafure and advantage, from profecuting the ftudy of Nature, This tranflation, therefore, of a work of fuch ge- neral importance, and which contains-{o much interefting informa- tion, will not, it is hoped, be deemed an unprofitable employment. By this publication, a vaft and fertile field of fcience will be opened fo many who are now precluded from the cultivation of Natural Hiftory, ( vi J Hiftory, merely by the language in which its principles are deliver- ed. To the intelligent inhabitants of the country, and to thofe who are employed, either at home or abroad, in the purfuits of com- merce, navigation, or agriculture, this fcience will open a new and never failing fource of rational amufement. Every walk in the woods and: fields, affording an infinite fund of agreeable relaxation from profeffional bufinefs, may thus be employed in pleafing ftudy ; and that time, which now too often drags heavily on with thofe who are idle, more from want of an object of rational employment than from inclination, may be filled up with a conftant and eafy in- veftigation of the beauties of creation. ‘To many perfons, this ftudy may be rendered an object of pecuniary advantage, by enabling them to felect and preferve the more valuable fpecimens, which are in great requeft, and bear a high price among colleCors of cabinets. Even the ladies may be induced, from the interefting nature of the ftudy, to prefer the purfuit of Natural Hiftory to thofe frivolous publications, which have too often a hurtful, and never any beneficial tendency. One part of this great Syftem of Nature, the arrangement, def- cription, and nomenclature of vegetables, has already been moft laudably given to the public in Englifh by the Litchfield Botanical Society, and with deferved.applaufe. It is now propofed to tranflate the ANIMAL SysTEM of the fame celebrated author, which. ar- ranges, defcribes, and names the whole known Species and Varieties of Quadrupeds, Birds, Amphibious.amimals, Reptiles, Serpents, Fifhes,, Infects, and Worms. By this means, the mere Englifh reader will. be enabled to contemplate, with facility and pleafure, the number- lefs beauties which Nature every where prefents to the attentive ob- ferver. The defcriptions given by Linnzus are fo admirably adapt- ed to the fubje€, and are exprefied in fuch clear and diftin&. terms,. that any perfon, by a very fmall degree of attention, may difcover b. 2 the: ‘( vit) ‘the name, place, habits, and ufes of any animal that occurs, elthez in cabinets or collections, or in their native haunts ; and may at once afcertain whether the fpecimen prefented, be already known; or.a non-defcript fpecies or variety, Tue tranflator was particularly induced to undertake this edi- tion, by a recommendation from very refpeétable literary authority, the Authors of the Monthly Review, who, in the November num- ‘ber of the year 1787, warmly advife:the publication of a-Zoological Synopfis in Englith : For this purpofe, nothing. can be better adapt- ed than the work now -offered to the public, at leaft fo far as the merit of the original is concerned; of the prefent edition it be- comes its editor and tranflator to {peak more modeftly. The tranf- ‘ation has been, and fhall-continue to be, carried on with the ute ‘moft poffible attention to accuracy and fidelity of verfion, and to uniformity and perfpicuity of language. He has fhunned as much as the nature of the fubjeét would allow, the employment of tech- nical terms, having yet endeavoured to ufe Englifh words in fo precife and definite a manner as to ferve every ufeful purpofe of more -recondite technical expreflions. It is taken from the laft edi- tion of the Sy/ema Naturae of Linnzus, as lately publifhed, by the learned Profeflor Gmelin of the Univerfity of Goettingen; and has received large and numerous additions, which have been collected ‘by the tranflator, from the writings of fuch Zoclogifts, Voyagers, and Travellers, as had not fallen under the obfervation, either of the great Linnzus, or of his excellent fucceflor, As the publication of fo very extenfive a work muft neceffarily ‘be attended with confiderable expence, the mode of fubfcription has been adopted; and, encouraged by a highly refpectable lift of fubfcribers, the tranflator has ventured to publifh this Fu, half-volume of the LINNZAN SysTEM of ZooLtocy. He trutts greatly ( ix j ‘greatly to ‘the intrinfic value of the original work, when it thall, ‘by means of this tranflation, become more generally known, for fupport in carrying through his arduous undertaking. By this, as a fpecimen, the public opinion may be guided, refpeding the merit of the whole work, which in the original is undoubted ; and a judgment may be formed of the fidelity with which it has been tranf- lated, and of the value and propriety of the numerous additicns that have been made to it in this edition, A vERY curfory infpeGion will fhew at once, to fuch readers as ‘are in any degree acquainted with the original, that what is now fubmitted to the public, is not, by any means, a mere tranfla- tion; for, although every thing that is contained in Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Sy/fema Naturae be retained with the moft fcrupulous exaétnefs, and confequently a great deal more than is in any of the Linnaean editions, very large additions have been made to the prefent tranflation, from zoological writers of eminence, whofe works the laft learned editor had then no opportunity to confult. How far thefe ad- ‘ditions may be ultimately found to have improved the work, it be- longs to others to difcover; all that can, with any propriety, be faid ‘on this fubje&, is, that for the putpofes of improvement alone, they have moft feduloufly been employed. Though the tranflator does not prefume to have executed his tafk in fuch a manner, as even com= pletely to fatisfy his own ideas of a perfe& zoological fyftem, he can with juftice affert, that neither labour nor expence have been withheld, to render it as free from faults, as the nature of the fubje&, and the prefent flate of zoological knowledge, fo far as it has reached him, would admit. Having earneftly endeavoured to do juftice ‘to this important branch of fcience, and faithfully to execite his duty as editor and tranflator, he humbly ventures, with fome degree of confidence, to claim the patronage of the public, to a work im a gBreat meafure national, as it is intended to make the fyftematic part of NATURAL (=! )) Naturat History, through the whole Anima, Kincpom,, fpeak the language of Britain. Accorp1nc to the reception which this fpecimen of the fubje@, and of the manner of its execution, may meet with from a difcern- ing public, the editor will be direéted whether to proceed in the pu- blication, or reluctantly to defift; for, from the great expence which unavoidably attends the production of fo extenfive a work, it is evidently impoflible, prudently to go on, without a. fubfcription that fhall be fully adequate to indemnify againft all rifk of lofs: He is, however, determined to proceed with the work, fhould a fuffi- cient number of fubfcribers appear, barely to defray the coft of pu- blication, even if no views of profit fhould arife from the fuccefs of the fubfcription. At any rate, however, the clafs of Mammalia fhall be completed, that, even if the work fhould not eventually be continued, this firft part may not remain a. mutilated and ufelefs fragment. . | Since the original profpeétus and propofals were publithed, im May 1791, fome alterations of the plan of the work have been adopted: Thefe are partly owing to the vaftly larger additional in- formation, which has been derived from various fources, than there was any reafon at firft to have expected ; and they partly proceed from the advice of feveral refpectable fubfcribers, and valued literary friends. In confequence of the former it is now found, that the work will neceflarily extend, when completed, to four volumes ; and, by the latter, the editor has been induced to add a feries of ac- curate engravings, which have been executed by an excellent artift, Thefe will be found highly ufeful, for illuftrating the fyftematic me- thod of the celebrated Linnzus, and for conveying more perfec ideas, of feveral rare and curious animals, than any verbal defcrip- tion could poffibly communicate, As this. latter addition greatly enhances. C x ) senhances the expence of publication, it has been found neceflary to deffen a little the otiginally propofed fize of the volumes, though in a degree that is far from being fufficient to compenfate for the addi- tional expence arifling from the engravings ; and, purpofely to diminifh, as much as poflible, the magnitude of the work, a {maller type, and a much larger page, have been Sole ee than are ordi- narily ufed in works of this kind. THE conditions, as now finally fettled, are thefe :—-The work, as mearly as can be calculated, will confift of four volumes ; to be pu- blifhed in fucceflive half volumes, as faft as the neceflary attention ‘to correctnefs will allow :—Each half volume will be illuftrated with feveral plates, and will be delivered in boards, to fubfcribers, at half a guinea :—A general introdudtion, giving a view of the tubjedt, and of the various fources from which the additional information has been derived, together with proper title pages, will be delivered along: with the laft-half volume; and copious indexes will be affixed ‘to each clafs, As, fromm the uncommon nature of the mechanical part of the _ swork, and the yet uncertain extent of the additions, in its prefent unfinifhed ftate, it has been found impofhible to divide it properly, the fubfcribers are requefted not to bind up the feveral parts, till the whole is completed, when proper inftructions will be given for the bookbinders. Tuose who are difpofed to give their countenance and patronage to this undertaking, are requefted to tranfmit their orders for fub- {cription, to the editor, as foon as poffible, with directions how their copies are to be forwarded; and bookfellers, or others, in pofleflion of fubfcriptions, are entreated to do the fame, that no delay may oc- cur in taking the neceflary fteps for carrying on the remaining parts of ( xii ) of this extenfive work, with all the defpatch that is confiftent with: the accurracy and material improvement which have been adopted,. as rules for conducting every part of the intended plan. EDINBURG ae ~ February 1792. SYSTEMATIC | li reget Meas siaptasie 2 iki 9 aiidasl By Di GMELIN. H E tranfcendent merits of the illuftrious Author of the fol- lowing Work, and his high fame as the Reftorer and Refor- mer of the Science of Natural Hiftory, notwithftanding the malevo- lent oppofition, and many violent attacks, of numerous detractors, are fo fully known and acknowledged by the public, as to render any ftudied panegyric on him or his writings totally fuperfluous, Even the novice in Natural Hiftory muft be fully aware of the many and great advantages he derives from a Catalogue of all the known natural objects, properly arranged into Claffes, Orders, and Genera; at one glance, with fuch affiftance, he is immediately led to the par- ticular fubje@t he is in queft of ; while, on the contrary, he muft ne- ceflarily fpend much time and labour, if he is obliged to fearch amid the almoft inextricable confufion of numerous and verbofe defcriptions which are difperfed through the voluminous writings of unfyftema- tic Naturalifts. Although this facility to the ftudent be confidered as the principal excellence in the labours of the great Linnaeus, by fuch as have chofen to ftigmatife him with the contemptuous title of a mere Nomenclator, it is by no means the chief merit of his won- _derful work; what really conftitutes its great fupereminence, and which can be claimed by no other author, is, that it contains defcrip- tions of all the natural objects which were in any degree known at Vou, I. A the Poa.) the time of its publication. Thefe defcriptions were moftly derived from the accurate and perfonal obfervations of the fagacious and indefatigable author, or from the communications of his numerous difciples, who have travelled over various parts of the world in fearch of natural knowledge; fome of them, indeed, are collected either from tie works of authors of acknowledged reputation, or from the rivate communications of refpeSiable correfpondents. Pp Pp Human ingenuity is not expected to produce any work that is completely perfe&t: The field of fcience which Linnaeus had to ex- plore is immenfe; and it was not to be fuppofed that, from fuch a furvey, the traveller, however entightened and induftrious, fhould re- turn with perfea defcriptions of all its parts; he is not therefore juaft- ly to be blamed for having fometimes been miftaken, or occafionally deceived by erroneous information; neither is he too haftily to be condemned for having fometimes given imperfect characters of the genera and fpecies, or for having failed in a few inftances to diftin- euith, with fufficient accuracy, the limits between the fpecies and varieties of natural productions. Indeed there are fcarcely two wri- ters who have agreed on the diftin@ion between what fhould be con- fidered as the characters of fpecific difference, and fuch marks of dif- crimination as ought to belong only to difference of variety. We fhould not certainly condemn, as ignorant, that archite&t who, ha- ving laid firmly the foundation of an admirably contrived edifice, almoft of infinite magnitude and variety in the number, difpofitions, and ufes of its parts, and who, having raifed the fuperftruGure, even in his own lifetime, worthy of the wonder and admiration of the world, fhould leave to pofterity a few {mall parts yet unfinifhed, or the pofhibility of fome additions, alterations, and improvements, which future wants, and increafing knowledge, might render necef- fary: We certainly ought rather to admire the talents and ingenuity which could confrud@ the original edifice in fuch a manner as to fuf- fer tf 3 4 fer thefe neceflary additions, 2‘tcrations, and improvements, with- out injuring its ftrengtt manency, or fymmetry. Let it not, therefore, be prefiimed that the immortal author wandered from the province al/oitcad ‘or his talents when he undertook this great work, and aceomplithed it fo far as the ftate of human knowledge would allow. His greate{t enemies may be filenced by this confide- ration, that fuch alterations, additions, and improvements, as the SysTEM OF NaTureE has nitherto required, have been made by the difciples of that great mafter, inftru€ted almoft for the exprefs pur- pofe of carrying forward and completing his arduous undertaking. Many years * have now elapfed fince the twelfth edition of this work was given to the public by its immortal author; and the joint labours of the many unwearied inquirers into nature which have appeared fince that period, both of his difciples and others, have greatly enlarged our ftock of knowledge, by making’ us acquaint- ed with numerous facts and objects before unknown, and by in- creafing and correGling our knowledge of fuch as were already known, though imperfe@ly. Hence it is evident that, when thefe are referred to their proper places in the general fyftem, it muft necef- farily become, both more extended, and more comprehenfive than in its former ftate. I truft, therefore, from thefe confiderations that, in preparing and publifhing this new edition, I have been employed ufefully and agreeably to the public, as well as fatisfaQorily to the bookfellers, who have long found that a new editien of the Linnaean fyftem was moft anxioufly folicited by their employers. In this edition the original work is not materially changed in its general plan; though fome particular paits have undergone a few A 2 alterations, * Dr Gmelin fays more than four luftres; the twelfth, or laft Linnaean edition of the Sy/fema Naturae was publifhed in 1766, and that of Gmelin in 1788, making an: interval of twenty-two years.. Bie alterations, perhaps immaterial in themfelves, but which the increafed ftate of our knowledge on the fubje@t feemed to render neceflary: It is enlarged by inferting, in their proper places, fuch genera and {pe- cies as have been lately difcovered: It is enriched by the addition of many accurate defcriptions of new obje€ts, which have been obfer- ved by later naturalifts either for the firft time, or with greater ac- curacy than formerly: It is augmented with additional fynonimes from the works of feveral authors, which had either not occurred to the illuftrions Linnaeus, or which have been publithed fince his time: And, finally, the whole is corrected by means of the lateft communications from refpectable obfervers. In the profecution of this arduous undertaking, I have felected and arranged, with great attention, all that appeared fubfervient to my views of improvement, from the great collection of books with which the royal munificence of our prefent Sovereign, the King of Britain and EleGor of Hanover, has enriched the Library of the Univerfity of Goetingen,; and I have been greatly affifted in this labour by the gentlemen who have the dire€tion of that eftabliih- ment. If I have any merit in the execution of this work, it is chiefly to be attributed to the affliftance I have derived from the works of Schreber, Pennant, and particularly Erxleben, with regard to the clafs of Mammalia; to Latham, in the clafs of Birds; to Fabricius and Goetz, in the Infe€@ts; to Schroeter, in Shells; and to Muller, for the other Worms: For additions, alterations, and improvements in the Vegetable Kingdom I am greatly indebted to the younger Linnaeus, and in a very eminent degree to Murray my illuftrious coadjutor in this work: In the Mineral Kingdom, I[ have largely pro- fited by the labours of Cronftedt, by thofe of his commentator Vel- theim, and by the works of Gerhard, Kirwan, and Bergman. The rS ] The following work, therefore, contains a Sy {tematic Catalogue and defcription, not only of fuch obje&s as were known to the illuftrious Linnaeus, but likewife of all thofe which have been difcovered fince his death by the many excellent difciples * which were trained un- der his learned inftruGion, and formed by his great example; and of every thing that has been obferved by other great naturalifts , who, though not favoured with the inftrudtions of that great mafter of this fcience, have followed his footfteps, and thofe of his worthy {cholars. Nor muft thofe writers { be paffed over in filence who; -by their ftri€tures and inveétives, have endeavoured to depreciate the immortal labours of our illuftrious author; even from their works I have derived information which has contributed toward the perfec- tion of this edition. But, after all the pains that have been taken, I am far from fup- pofing that the prefent edition is fo perfet as not to require many corrections, amendments, and additions, from the labours of my con- temporaries, * As Falk, Solander, Dryander, Forfkahl, the two Fabricii, Muller, Brunnich, Bjerkandr, Retz, Rothboel, Schreber, Murray, Ferber, Pajkuhl, &c. + Pallas, the Forfters father and fon, Jacquin, Sonnerat, Scopoli, Lefk, S. G. Gme- lin, Lepechin, Georgi, Hablizl, Guldenftaedt, Koelreuter, Gaertner, Houtujn, Storr, Bowles, Molina, Seftini, Cetti, Count de Borch, Dolomieu, Fortis, Andrea, Schranck, the two Hermanns, Carofo, Gilies, Clavigero, Bancroft; Aublet, Merrem, Gowan, Gott- wald, Zimmerman, Walbaum, Bloch, Goetz, Werner, Batfch, Brouffonet, Meidinger, Laicharting, Bergftraeifer, Schaller, Fueflin, Knox, Herbft, Cramer, Drury, Seppi, Stoll, Schaeffer, Harreri, Geofroy, Fourcroy, Chemnitz, Martin, Walch, Spengler, Oeder, Weifs, Weber, J. Miller, Schmiedel, Gifek, Roth, F. Hoffmann, Hedwig, Curtis, VHeritier, Gloxin, Sage, Monnet, Burtin, Sauffure, Voigt, Bruckmann, Giraud-Sou- lavic, Genfan, Pine, Abildgaard, Palaffo, Peiroufe, Wulfen, Klipftein, Trebra, Dietrich, Count Rafoumow‘ki, and others. t Particularly the Count de Buffon, Adanfon, Camper, Laurence, Hacquet, the anos nymous author afluming the name of Medicus, and others. Lé | temporaries, and from the obfervations of my fucceffors in the plea- fing employment of cultivating the fcience of Natural Hiftory; for it muft be evident to fuch as have maturely confidered its particular parts and divifions, that our fcience is ftill far removed from a ftate of perfection. The difficulty of inveftigating permanently diftinc- tive marks for difcriminating natural bodies from each other, muft be evident to every inquirer into the fubje&: One great caufe of this difficulty arifes from the luxuriant variety which, as regulated or in- duced by various circumftances, nature has employed in giving co- lours to animals; thefe fuffer variations from the feparate or concur- rent effects of many caufes; fuch as, whether the animals happen to be in a wild or domeftick ftate, or varied by the intermixture of nearly allied kinds, producing what are called hybrid races, or al- tered by the influence of different climates.. At the fame time, it is well known, in diftinguifhing the fpecies of many kinds of animals, particularly Birds, that there are no other marks of difcrimination to be found except what are derived from difference of colour; while it unfortunately happens that the fame fpecies are apt to put on dif- ferent appearances, and to be cloathed in different colours, at diffe- rent times of the year; according as they are either wild or tame; in various ftages of their life; in the different fexes; as they happen to feed on diflerent foods; owing to the particular climates which they inhabit; and from various other circumftances. It is likewife obvious that many animals and vegetables, efpecially of marine pro- duétion, have not hitherto been accurately obferved through all their changes of age and fex; or have only been defcribed or pictured from dead fpecimens, either dried, or ftuffed, or preferved in fpirits, or falted, or diftorted and even maimed by various means, either ac- cidental, or intentionally, for the purpofes of deceit; this laft is moft evident in fhells, which are frequently rendered colourlefs, or are otherwife altered from their natural appearance. While: [@ § While this edition was at prefs, fome information has been ob- tained, by which it might have been amended in fome inftances, and augmented in others. Thus, Camper, the greateft comparative ana~ tomift of the age, having lately an opportunity to difle@& the Szren *, has difcovered that, on each fide’of the head, it is furnifhed with three true gills, feparated from each other by membranes having tooth like appendages; that the mouth is armed with ftrong and firm- ly planted teeth; that.the heart has only one ventricle; and that the abdomen is filled with very long and capacious inteftines: From all thefe-circumftances, he concludes that this animal ought to be con- fidered as a fith of the order Branchioffegi; while in other refpets it is more nearly allied to the genus Murena, of the order dpodes ; although it differs materially from the other fpecies of that genus, by having only three notched bones in the gills, and from the pecto- ral fins being each divided into four finger-like appendages. Two apparently new fpecies of fifhes, frequenting the fhores of the ocean near Bahus, have lately been difcovered, and defcribed in the Stockholm TranfaCtions, Vol. xii. 1ft quarter, No. 9. One of thefe, which was found at Khuedefholm, is by Ruthenfparr, named Euprafes ; it is a {pecies of Gobius, about an inch long, and fpotted _ with black, having a diftin@ black fpot on each fide at the bafe of the tail; the fecond dorfal fin has eight pointed, and eleven blunt rays; the firft dorfal fin feven rays; the petoral fins fifteen rays each; the ventral fins, which are united, have eight rays; the anal fin eight rays; and the tail twelve: The other, which was found at Kyrkefund, is a fpecies of Cottus, named Bubalis; it is brown on the back, and has a white belly; it is fmaller than the Cottus fcorpius, or feather-lafher; has a rough thorny head provided with two horns; the * The Siren Jacertina of the Linnaean, and Jfurena Siren of the prefent edition: This animal, which lives in muddy places and feeds on ferpents, was lately paeier bed by Ellis in ~ Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. lvi. 189. E38, ] the membrane covering the gilis has fix rays; the firft dorfal fin eight; the fecond dorfal thirteen; the petoral fins fifteen each; the ventrals four each; the anal eight; and the tail ten rays. A new fpecies of Ape has likewife been lately difcovered, and of which a particular defcription may fpeedily be expe&ted from the pen of the celebrated Daubenton; this animal is faid to refemble mankind more nearly than any formerly known fpecies, and has received the name of Sima nafalis, from the elegant figure of its nofe, GoETTINGEN, J. FRID. GMELIN. March 16.1788. S.2 R.m M.iti1s suMM# Fiper VIRO, CELSISSIMO ILLUSTRISSIMOqus Coy Moh Poe Ak: GG. TE 5:5 IN. REGIS REGNIque SUIOGOTHICI SENATOR], REGIZ CANCELLARIE PRESIDI, AD AULAM REGIARUM CELSITUDINUM SUPREMO MARESCHALLO, LDU CeAow ON ok kek Ne bern Co GC Us fA VOL PR air Bic 1h O; CANCELLARIO ACADEMI# ABOENSIS, ORDINIS $6.4 RR. MAJ. SERAPH. EQUITI-AURATO ET COMMENDATORI, EQUITI AURATO DE AQUILA NIGRA, NEC NON OMNIUM S.4E R.# MAJ. SUECICH ORDINUM CANCEELARIO, Si Aln Comer sn ivi Co quivis auctor fperet fe apud pofteros gratiam habere, et pofle fecum duratura nomina educere, AucToRI meae fortunae Libellum ultimo nunc offero. ILLE me, peregrinum in patria, reducem excepit ; Ine mihi ftipendium ab ordinibus Regni expetiit ; Inve mihi fpartam Medici claflici procuravit, Ite mihi Munus, quo fungor, conciliavit ; Inve mihi Titulum, quo diftinguor, paravit ; Ite me ad Sereniflimos Reges introduxit ; ItLe me cufo Numifiate pofteritati commendavit ; ILLE meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipfum ludere quae vellem calamo permifit agre/ti ; quare cana prius gelido defint abjinthia ponto, _ guam noftro illus labatur pectore vultus. TANTI MACENATIS Upfalize 1766, Cultor devotiffimus, d. 24. Maii. Ga Linwné, Vou, I. B O LORD, How manifold are thy works! in wifdom haft thou made them all: The earth is full of thy riches.----PSALM CIV. 24. Great is our GOD, and great is his power, And his power is not to be fathomed. ber NON AN DPN hee (Oo Due be 7a) TQ» AN. AN, when he enters on the theatre of this world, naturally inquires, Who he is; whence he comes; whether he is bound; for what purpofe he exifts; and, by what bounteous means he is preferved? He finds himfelf de- {cended from the anceftry of creation; he looks towards the enjoyment of a bleffed immortality; he fhould employ himfelf while here, in contemplating the wonders of Nature, and ought, in humble gratitude, to acknowledge the continually fupporting arm of Providence. Curiofity is natural to man, in com- mon with the reft of animals: Thefe feaft, and amufe themfelves; they en= gender, take reft when weary, and provide convenient habitations according to their kinds; they ftudy the prefervation and fupport of their young, and exert their talents in providing for their own fafety; they enjoy the faculties of the bodily fenfes, and are capable of feveral mental perceptions. But Man, more noble in his nature, and far fuperior to all other animals in the faculties of the mind, is poflefled of infinitely greater capacity for obferving and in- quiring into thofe things which lie within the fphere of his intelligence; from thefe he is enabled to draw much jufter inferences, through the powers of rea- fon; and his exclufive and ineftimable privilege is, that from all thefe he is Jed humbly to admire the infinite perfection which is every where difcoverable in the works of the allwife Creator. B2 How $2 LINNZAN INTRODUCTION. How defpicable a being were man, did he not raife his thoughts above thofe things which are merely human! Wherefore fhould 4e rejoice at being made one among living creatures? Not, furely, that he fhould gorge himfelf with food, on purpofe to cram this body which is about to perifh. Affuredly man was not placed in this Jower world that he fhould forget the end of his crea- tion, and be unmindful of his nobler expectations. This is true Wifdom, that a man fhould confider the ends and pupofes of all things; and I am convinced that many might have poffefled this wifdom, had they not, by being puffed up with the pride of their poor attainments, vainly confidered themfelves as wife already. ‘* The end of creation is, that Gop may be glorified in his works by Man © alone.” Hence it becomes of the greateft importance that we fhould be acquainted with the works of Nature, than which no ftudy can poflibly be more noble, neither can any thing exift more interefting to the human mind; for, while many things remain concealed for future inveftigation, that which at prefent, by its grandure, occupies our attention is more to be efteemed for its intrinfic worth, than on account of any recompenfe, however large, which may accrue to us from the ftudy. Though a very large and magnificent portion of the wonderful works of Nature is laid open to our views, a much greater ftill lies hid from our eyes; for God hath not permitted all things to be within the reach of human capacity. There are many things of which we have learned the exiflence; but of thofe which may exift without our knowledge we can have no conception. How many things are there of which we have acquired our firft knowledge in this age, and even within a few years? and a ftill lar- ger portion of fcience, of which we are now entirely ignorant, will belong to our fucceffors. A vaft field of inquiry is referved for future ages, when even the remembrance of this paffing’ generation fhall be entirely obliterated ; and the time will come when the indufiry and experience of thofe who are to follow us fhall have made many difcoveries which now lie concealed; for Nature does not communicate all her fecrets at once. _ We vainly believe our= felves among the favoured number of the initiated, while we ftill remain only il. LINNEAN INTRODUCTION, rg in the porch of Nature’s temple; for the holy myfteries are not indifcrimi- nately revealed to all her votaries; they are concealed in the facred recefles of the cell, or interior chamber, where truth lies veiled, and is only to be attained by patient perfeverance. ‘‘ If temperate youth, mindful of his Creator, would ** follow thefe refearches, if thefe noble views were inculcated by the aged ‘* and liftened to by the young in years, fcarce even then fhould we reach the ** depth where truth lies buried, which we now, with carele(fs ftudy, fearch ** for on the furface *.”—‘‘ It is certainly of great importance to penetrate ** into the hidden receffes of Nature, and, not remaining contented with out- ward appearances, to dive into the facred myfteries of the divine opera- “gions “fi.” Influenced by thefe confiderations, and eager to clear the way for difcover- ing her fecret operations, I have dared to enter the almoft impenetrable foreft of Nature, not difmayed by the thorny brakes with which it is environed: Thefe I have carefully avoided, fo far as was practicable or proper; though I have learned by experience, that no degree of circumf{pection can preferve even the greateft diligence from error and miftake. I have therefore fubmit- ted with patience to the {cofls of the ignorant and the malicious, who have either contemned the objects, or envied the fuccefs, of my laborious purfuits ;, defpifing thofe grinning apes and chattering baboons whom I have encounter- ed in my journey, with perfevering and laborious patience I have followed the road which fortune and the limits of my abilities have pointed out: And, though far from meeting with that fuccefs which the greatnefs of the fubje& deferves, and my attachment to the fcience of Nature has caufed me eagerly to defire, I yet have reafon, with the Pfalmift, devoutly to exclaim, O LORD! : flow great are thy works! A brutifh man knoweth them not, Neither doth the fool underfiand them. , LIST * Preface to the Muf. Worm. p. 1.. + Seneca. 14 LINNZAN INTRODUCTION. LIST OF THE SEVERAL EDITIONS OF THE SYSTEMA NATUR. 1. Leyden, 1735. Imperial folio, confifting of 12 pages; publifhed under the infpetion of J. F. Gronovius at my defire. This is only a view, or general outline, of the work; like a geographical map, which gives only a general idea of a country to be afterwards more particularly delineated in a topographical plan. 2. Stockholm, 1740. O&tavo, 80 pages. Revifed by myfelf, and with the addition of the nomen- clature and characters of animals. 3. Hall, 1740. Oblong quarto, 70 pages. Publifhed by J. J. Langen. The fame as No. 1. with the addition of a German tranflation. 4. Paris, 174c. Oétavo, 180 pages, and 1 plate. Publifhed by B. Juffieu. The fame as No. 2. with the addition of French names. 5. Hall, 1747. Octavo, 88 pages. Publifhed by M. G. Agnethler. The fame as No. 2. with the German names added. 6. Stockholm, 1748. Odtavo, 232 pages, and 8 plates. Augmented by myfelf with the addition of the effential charaéters of vegetables, and the fpecies of animals and minerals. 4. Leipfig, 1748. OGtavo, 232 pages, and 8 plates. Publifhed by the bookfellers. The fame as No. 6. with the addition of German names. 8. Stockholm, 1753. Octavo, 136 pages. ‘The vegetables edited by J. J. Haartman; and the mineral kingdom, in octavo, by H. Moller. g. Leyden, 1756. O&tavo, 226 pages. Publifhed by Gronovius. The fame as No. 6. with fome very fmall additions refpe@ting birds and fithes. 10. Stockholm, 1758, OGtavo. Publifhed, with very large additions, by mytelf. 11. Leipfig, 1742. OGtavo. A faulty pirated edition, with no improvements. 12. Stockholm *. In this edition, publifhed by myfelf, are inferted, All the fpecies of animals which have come to my knowledge, with their differential characters, fynonimous terms, places, and trivial names; the whole Method and Arrangement of the Animal Kingdom being improved in confequence of more extenfive obfervation. The clafs of Fithes is firft arranged in a new method, taken from the rays of the fins. The charaéters and differences of Plants are improved and amended. The fpecies of Minerals are augmented with additional obfervations and trivial names. To the whole is prefixed new obfervations on the Kingdoms of Nature, with an introductory dif- courfe concerning Nature t. In * There is no date given of this edition, which is Ryled his wtima penultimaque editio —T. + In this lit may be added, 13. Leipfig 1788. Publithed by Profeifor Gmelin, with very large im- provements, derived from all the Zoological writers and travellers fince 1706; from which edition this tranflation is taken, with feverel additions from fources that have net occurred to the learned Profeflor, which will be noticed in their proper places.—T, LINNZ AN INTRODUCTION. 15 In this undertaking I have been affifted by the following collections: 1. The Mufeum of King Adolphus Frederic: The firft volume of a defcriptive catalogue of which was publifhed, in folio, at Stockholm, 1754; and a profpectus of the fecond volume, in o¢tavo, at the fame place in 1764. Both volumes are rich in exotic animals. 2. The Mufeum of Queen Louifa Ulrica: Publifhed, in oftavo, at Stockholm, 1764; very rich in fhells and infects. 3- The Mufeum of Count Teffin; Publifhed, in folio, at Stockholm, 1753; rich in minerals and thells. 4. The Mufeum of C. de Geer; rich in amphibious animals, infects, and other rare productions of nature. 5. The Mufeum of the Academy at Upfal; ftored with animals collected from every part of the world, 6. The Mufeum of the Academy of Sciences of Stockholm; containing many fine natural pro- duétions. For the advancement of this fcience, I have made journeys to examine the natural productions of the following countries : Lapland, in 1732. Unpubtithed. Dalekarlia, in 1784. Unpublifhed. Oeland, in 1741. Publifhed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm in 1745, octavo. Gothland, in 1741. Publifhed along with the preceding. Welftgothland, in 1746. Publithed, in Swedith, at Stockholm in 1747, o¢tavo. Scania, in 1749. Publifhed in Swedifh, at Stockholm in 1751, octavo. With the fame views I publifhed the Fauna Suecica at Stockholm in 1746, which was republifhed, with large additions, in 1761, both in otavo. And TI have written on the fame fubjects in the Ameenitates Academicae, fix volumes oétavo ; publifhed at Stockholm in 1749—1763, the 7th vol. in 1769, and the 8th and oth volumes, publifhed under the infpection of Mr Schreber at Erlang, in 1785 *. I have likewife employed the information received from the following {cientific journeys, under- taken by my former pupils. C. Ternfiroem, into Afia in 1745: He died at Pulocondore. P, Kalm, through Penfylvania and Canada, 1747. i His journey in N. America was publifhed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm, 1753—1750, in 3 vols.. octavo. q ZL... Moutinus, into Lula Lapmark in 1749. F. Haffelquif, through Egypt and Paleftine in 1749. His journey through Paleftine was publifhed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm, in 1757, oftavo. * This latter circumftance muft neceffarily be an addition to the Linnzan enumeration by Dr Gmee lin.—T, x6 LINNEAN INTRODUCTION, O. Torenius, to Malabar and Surat in 1750. P. Ofbeck, to China and Java in 1750. His journey to the Eaft Indies was publifhed, in Swedith, at Stockholm, 1757, octavo. P. Loeflingius, to Spain and America in 1751. His journey through Spain was publithed, in Swedifh, at Stockholm in 1758, o¢tavo. P. F. Bergius, to the Mle of Gothland in 1752. AL, Kachler, into Italy and Apulia in 1752. s D. Solander, through Piten and Tornao Lapland in 1753. D. Rolander, to Surinam and St Euftatius in T7150 A. R. Martin, to Spitfbergen in 1758. {. Alfroemer, through the fouth of Europe in 1760. JF. Falk, to Gothland in 1760. EE ee The purpofe of this work will be fully accomplifhed if it fhould hence forwards induce travellers, and curious inquirers, to examine carefully after known facts in natural hiftory ; to ftudy fuch ca- binets of natural hiftory as are acceflible; and tb infert all new and not infignificant fatts in the journals or tranfaGtions of their country: By thefe means the {cience of Nature will more readily be advanced, and vulgar errors be expofed; the generic and trivial names will be rendered more fixed; the foundations of economy, derived from this {cience, will be eftablifhed ; and the elements of a true Theology will be formed. In the mean time, till thefe things can be perfected, by a more extenfive and fuller knowledge of Nature, the following work is offered to the public. Thou haft taught me,O GOD, from my youth up, and even until now I will tell of thy wondrous works. UpsaL, 1766. THE Bi MeP: ERE yy. QoF wNs A T. Ui RE. WAKENED, as if from a dream of ignorance, I have feen darkly, as he pafled, the Eternal, Infinite, Omnifcient, Almighty Gop, and am amazed! I have read of him in fome traces of his wondrous works, the {malleft of which, though compara- tively infignificant, even to a degree of nothingnels, evinces the moft incomprehenfible perfe€tion of Power and Wifdom. I have obferved that the animal world depends for exiftence on the vegetable kingdom, that the vegetables draw their fuftenance fiom ter- reftrial matter, and that this laft originates from the Earth. The world moves in an undifturbed orbit round the Sun, from which it is fupplied with genial heat, the foun- tain of life: The Sun itfelf revolves round its axis, accompanied by the planets; and the whole fyftems on fyftems of the ftars, in inconceivable vaftnefs of number and di- menfions, fufpended on nothing, all move through free fpace, by the mediation of a force derived from “ the great firft Mover; the Being of Beings; the Caufe of all ** Caufes; the Preferver and Governor of the Univerfe; the Lord and Archite@t of “¢ this vaft mundane fyftem *.”?—** Should we to this incomprehenfible power give the DN “© namie of Fate, we fhall not err, for on this every thing that is depends: Shall we ** call it Nature, we are right, for from this every thing derives its being: If we fay ** that it is Providence, we fay truly, for by its guidance the Univerfe accomplithes all n “* its operations +.”’—‘: All is fenfe, all eye, all ear, all mind, all foul; every thing is ** in Him, and He in all things. Beyond this, even the conjectures of fancy are be- ** wildered in their attempts to inveftigate }.”—‘* The Deity is equally eternal and “* beyond conception infinite, neither begotten nor created ||.”’—‘* Hr, withour whom ¢ n there is nothing, who hath begun and completed every thing that is, who both fills “* our eyes with wonder, and eludes our utmoft obfervation, Hz is only to be feen by ““ humble * Arifotle. t Seneca, Quaelt, ii. 45. On this fubje&, however, we muft Le cautious not to aflume the effe@ for the caufe, { Exodus, xx. 4. || Pliny’s Nat. Hilt. ii. 7. Moz, 1. Cc 38 Te Hit E EM Pe DR ** humble contemplation of his perfections; for His Glory fhines in the fplendour of “* holy and impenetrable retirement, to which only the foul hath accefs *.” The univers includes every thing that exifts under Gop, and which can come under our obferyation by the agency of our fenfes. Thefe are the ftars, the elements, and the world, whirling round with never ceafing and unerring velocity.. ‘‘ We per- ‘© ceive that the fteady motions of thefe bodies muft depend on the power of eternal “* laws, and that the order of their apparently wandering courfe cannot proceed at ** random; neither have the other orbs been colleéted with fuch infinite contrivance “* that the vaft mafs of our world might remain immoveable, on purpofe only to view . ‘* the heavens revolve around +.” The ftars are the moft remote lucid bodies of the creation which revolve in a perpetual motion: They either fhine by their own proper light, as the Sun, and the other more remote fixed ftars; or they are planets deriving light from other ftars. Of thefe latter bodies, the primary planets, belonging to the Solar Syftem, are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Earth, Venus, and Mercury {. Some of thefe primary planets have fecondaries, or fatellites, which follow the motions of the primary round which they revolve; as the Moon round the Earth, and feveral others of a fimilar kind. ‘* Neither can fo vaft ** a machine fubfift without a preferver, nor can the regular courfe of the {tars be ‘¢ produced by the impetus of a fortuitous caufe ; for whatever is fet in motion by the “¢ effe€t of chance will frequently have its progrefs difturbed, and muft fpeedily be ‘* jumbled together ||.’ The elements are the moft fimple natural fubftances; of them the atmofpheres of the planets are compofed ; and by them, in all probability, the {paces between the ftars are filled. “FIRE, is luminous, refilient, warm, evolant, vivifying. AIR, tranfparent, __ elaflic, dry, encircling, generating. WATER, diaphanous, _ fluid, moift, gliding, conceiving. EARTH, opake, fixed, cold, quiefcent, barren. “¢ Thus the whole order of this world is formed from confufion §.”’ The * Seneca, vii. 31. 7 [bid, { To thefe add the Georgium Sidus, difcavered by. Herfchel.—T. | Seneca. § Helmontius. O98 1 RN M Or Ul RES “19 The Earth is a planetary fphere, which turns round its axis once every twenty-four hours, and which revolves in an yearly orbit round the Sun; it is furrounded by an elementary atmofphere, and covered by a ftupendous cruft of natural bodies, the mere furface of which forms the whole object of our f{cience. This globe is terraqueous, or compofed of land and water; its more deprefled parts are overflowed with water, and gently prefled together by the fea; the more elevated parts are deferted by the water, and gradually enlarge into dry and habitable continents. This dry land is fprinkled by vapours, which, rifing from the water, are gathered into clouds by the action of the air; by this means the higheft Alpine mountains, covered with eternal fnows, furnifh rivulets which unite to form perpetually flowing rivers: Thefe, pervading the thirfty earth, afford moifture to the produétions of the ground, which ferve as food for the living inhabitants : At the fame time the motion of the winds excites a genial fire, which fupplies vivifying heat to natural bodies. ‘‘ The revolutions of the elements are “¢ alternate, and the changes among all things are reciprocal; fo that whatever is loft %* 9) - by one is received by fomething elfe *. ‘¢ Nature is the immutable law of Gop, by which alone every thing is, and adts, *¢ and is appointed to aét }.”’ This artificer of all things, taught by its own laws, by none inftructed, never aéts by ftarts; it works filently, following what is moft proper in all its operations ; nothing is performed in vain, and nothing done fuperfluoufly ; ‘each objeét receives what is neceffary to its well being, and all are uniformly provided, while Nature unremittingly purfues an undeviating tract, ‘* All things affift Nature, ‘¢ that all her works may be perfectly accomplithed {.” Natural bodies confift of every thing that fprings from the hand of the Creator, and which enters into the conftitution of this world: Thefe are divided into the three kingdoms of Nature, the boundaries of which meet together in the order of Zoo- phites l|- MINERALS, are concrete bodies, neither living, nor fentient. VEGETABLES, are organized, living, and fentient bodies. ANIMALS, are organized, living, and fentient bodies, poffefling the power of {pone taneous loco-motion. C 2 Nature * Seneca, ili, 10. + Helmontius. |. Seneca, iii. 29. || Or flone-plants, fuch as coral, coralines, &c, 20 EE TUPED? EO At OR oR ‘* Nature does not confine her operations to one form, but delights in variety; fhe ‘* renews one figure out of another, not contented with uniformity in procedure, and “ rejoices in undiminifhed power *.” The earth, as has been already obferved, is compofed of the three kingdoms of Na- ture, which conf{titute what may be called her Empire; thefe are, Tue Minera Kinepom, which in rude maffes occupies the interior parts; being generated from falts, it is accidentally mixed together, and fafhioned by chance in the ground. Tur VecETABLE Kinepom, clothes the furface of the earth with verdure, imbibes moifture through bibulous roots, breathes the air by its quivering leaves, celebrates nuptial feftivities in a genial metamorphofis, and continues its various kinds by the difperfion of feeds within proper limits. Tue Anima Kincpom, adorns the external parts of the earth with fentient beings ; thefe have voluntary motion, they refpire, produce eggs by means of generation, are impelled to action by the cravings of want, by the delights of love, and by for- _rowful pain. They likewife reftrain, within proper bounds, the numbers of animals and of vegetables by preying on both. Man, endowed with wifdom, was formed by his Creator the moft perfe&t, laft, and nobleft of all his works on this earth; clothed with wonderful marks of the Divine Majefty, he judges, according to the limits of his fenfes and capacity, of the amazing contrivance evident in creation; he admires its aftonifhing beauties and confummate perfeGions, and, from thefe, is led humbly to adore the glorious author of all. Car- rying his views through the multiplied generations which have pafled away, he afcendg to the knowledge of the Creator ; and, looking forward to the conftant perfervation of all things, he difcovers the never failing watchfulnefs of Nature over all her works. On one hand, the Divine power is feen to enoble the earth by the production of vege- tables, and to give honour to the vegetable kingdom in its ufefulnefs to animals; on the other hand, man evidently reflects back the radiant beams of reafon towards the glorious and majeftic fountain of all perfe& wildom. ‘ Thus the whole world is full ‘© of the divine glory, while in man all his works praife God +.” Man, formed by the quickening hand of God out of the fluggifh ground, contemplates the majefty of his * Seneca, vil. 27+ + Pfalms.. 0 WN PAU.” Un Reg ee 2r his Author through the ends of creation; he is appointed a fit inhabitant of the earth, that he may fhew forth the praifes of the moft high. ‘ This contemplation of Nature “‘ may be juftly confidered as a celeftial pleafure efcaped from the porch of the ban. *¢ queting houfe of heaven; and the mind which partakes of it, though encumbered *¢ with the darknefs of human nature, enjoys a part of the celeftial light, and fpends ** this life below as if in a terreftrial paradife *.’”-—‘** Neither can true piety, nor the “¢ full meafure of gratitude which is due to God, be perfectly comprehended without «* a knowledge of Nature: Man was made for the contemplation and admiration of ‘¢ his God; and to this noble object the beft and readieft courfe lies through the ftudy “* of natural knowledge +.” ; Wifdom, an emanation of the Divine Spirit, is man’s higheft perfection; by it he forms proper conclufions concerning fuch things as prefent themfelves to his fenfes, which can only take cognifance of fuch natural objects as are immediately around, and within reach of their fpheres of action. Hence the firft {tep towards the attainment of wifdom is to know natural bodies, and to diftinguifh them from each other: This diftin@iive knowledge requires that juft ideas be formed of each particular body, and of all the marks imprinted. on them by Nature, whereby they may each be difcrimi- nated from every other body ; and, that this knowledge may be communicable, diftin& proper names muft be affixed to each individual object; for, unlefs the name of any object is known, it becomes impoffible to apply fuch knowledge as may be already dif- covered on the fubject to its proper objeét. Thefe are the elements and alphabet of the Science of Nature, which cannot poflibly be ftudied to advantage by any one who is ignorant of this neceflary preliminary knowledge. ‘* When the proper genus of ** any object is unkown, even the molt accurate and elaborate defcription cannot “ convey any certain knowledge of what is meant, but muft for the moft part remain n * vague and uncertain }.’” Methodical * A&. Holm. + Cicero.—After the death of Marcus Aurelius, the foldiers eleSted feveral Emperors who hardly knew how to write their names; thefe illiterate princes, confidering learned men as !azy and ufelefs drones, left learning entirely to the cloifters; The Monks at firft held the fludy of Nature in contempt ; they next afperfed it as unattainable; and, laftly, they perfecuted its followers as forcerers: From this time natural knowledge, and the revealed will of God, came to be confidered as contradidtory to each. other; and, from the influence of this error, many bigots, even to this day, Mill perfit in fanGtified igno- rance. Suhim, AG. Nidrof. 1763. t Caefalpinus.. 22 HE! OF WP TR & Methodical arrangement, which is the foul of fcience, indicates evety natutal body at firft fight, fo that it may be known by its own name; and this name points out whatever the induftry of the age has difcovered concerning the body to which it be- longs: Thus, amidft the greateft apparent confufion of things, the order of Nature is feen to retain the higheft degree of exattnefs. This fy{tematic arrangement is molt conveniently divided into branches, fubordinate to each other, which have received va- rious appellations ; thus, Clafs, Order, Genus, Species, Variety. Highelft genus, Intermediate genus, Proximate genus, Species, Individual. Province, Diftria, Parifh, Ward, Hamlet. Legion, Batalion, Company, Mefls, Soldier. — «For, unlefs natural bodies be reduced under regular order, and diftributed as in ** the divifions of a well regulated camp, every thing that is known concerning them *% 49 ** muft remain in confufion and uncertainty *. The names and characters employed in fyftem mutt apply accurately to the order of arrangement, and are therefore to be divided, as above, into Claffes, Orders, Genera; Species, and Varieties. The differential characters, which diftinguifh thefe divifions and fubdivifions from each other muft likewife occupy a principal part in fy{tematic arrangement ; for it is indifpenfibly neceffary to the knowledge of any individual, that its name may be readily known and difcovered from among the reft; ‘ for if the ** names of things.be confufed, the whole {cience muft fall into inextricable perplexi- “* ty +.”? Hence one great employment of man, at the beginning of the world, mutt have been to examine created objects, and to impofe on all the {pecies names according to their kinds. The fcience of Nature is founded on an exaét knowledge of the nomenclature of natural bodies, and of their fy{tematic arrangement; this, like the clew of Ariadne, enables a philofopher to travel alone, and in fafety, through the devious meanderings of Nature’s labyrinth. In this methodical arrangement, the Clafles and Orders are the creatures of human invention, while the divifion of thefe into Genera and Species is the work of Nature. All true knowledge refers finally to the fpecies of things, while, at the fame time, what regards the generic divifions is fubftantial in its nature. One * Caéfalpinus. + Ibid. ns Oe RF Ae Te UNR OB 23 One order of things originates from the Creator, while the other is the work of man, and is the fubject of our prefent labour. God, beginning from the moft fimple terref- trial elements, advances through Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals, and finifhes with Man. Man, on the contrary, reverfing this order, begins from himfelf, and proceeds downwards to the materials of the earth. The framer of a fy{tematic arrangement be- gins his ftudy by the inveftigation of particulars, from which he afcends to more uni- verfal propofitions; while the teacher of this method, taking a contrary courfe, firft explains the general propofitions, and then gradually defcends to particulars. Springs unite together into rivulets, and thefe conjoin to form rivers; through thefe the {kill- ful navigator afcends fo far as his art allows, but is never able to reach the original fountains. A diftin& knowledge of things being given us, we mu(t endeavour to pe- netrate farther into their particular properties, and to inveltigate, as far as we are able, their phenomena, their myfterious operations, their natures, their virtues, and their ufes. In the fcience of Natural Hiftory, through its feveral departments of the three kingdoms of Nature, lies the only fure foundation of Regimen, Medicine, and Econo- my, both that which regards the arts of life, and that which is followed in the opera- tions of Nature. ‘‘ Happy are thofe who cultivate this fcience, if they know and em- 199 ** ploy juftly the bleflings which they enjoy ! All created things are proofs of the Divine power and wifdom, and fertile fources of human happinefs; in their proper ufe the goodnefs of God is manifefted to man; from their beauty and fitnefs the wifdom of the Creator fhines forth; and, from the admirable economy which appears in their prefervation, their juft proportions to each other, and in the means employed for their perpetual renovation, the power of the Divine Majefty is moft clearly fhewn: Therefore the difcovery of thefe things has in all ages been highly efteemed and earneftly profecuted by the wife and truly learned ; while this ftudy hath only been defpifed by the ignorant and the foolifh. ~ [will declare thy wondrous works, O Lord! and all the generations of the earth Shall Speak of the might of thy terrible ads. FHE THE SAN OMS ACE! 8 Tae) D4OONE NIMALS poffefs fenfation through the powers of a living organization, which is animated by the action of a medullary fubftance; they perceive by the energy of nerves, and move themfelves from place to place by the exertions of their will. The life of their animated, and perpetually moving, hydraulic machines, is fuftained by an eleétrico-etherial lambent flame, which originates in the brain; and in it is the refi- dence of the will, the incomprehenfible caufe of voluntary motion. Nature, munificent in the multiplication of her works almoft to prodigality, has or- dained that animal life fhould originate in minutenefs beyond conception; it is gene- rated in a fluid, and begins to exift in the liquid matter of an egg; for, as has long ago been obferved by Ariftotle, ‘* every living thing arifes from an egg.” The egg within its coats, which often contain the white or glutinous matter, is always compoled of a yolk; floating on the upper furface of this 1s inferted the pulfatory fpeck, or pundtum faliens ; this enlarges, by a {pecies of vegetation, into an embryo, which, like a plant by its ftem, is attached by the umbilical chord, and rooted in the placenta of the yolk. The prolific mother, before conception, produces a living medullary abridgement of a new animal, perfectly refembling her own-kind, fimilar to the p/ume in vegetable feeds, which has been called the carina of Malpighius. This, through the male in- fluence, analogous to the action of the farina foecundans, or pollen of plants, affumes to itfelf a heart, which ramifies through the whole of its minute body ; for it is oblerved that the pulfatory {peck, or pundium faliens, of the hatching egg, firlt prefents to view a beating heart, and a brain, with its medulla oblongata. ‘This little heart, which {tops when cold, is excited to action by the influence of genial heat; and into this the gra- dual expanfion of the air bubble preffes the nourifhing liquors, through proper vafcular canals prepared for their conveyance. ‘The firlt rudiment, therefore, of life in living animals is only a medullary ramification continued from the firft creation of each {pe- cies; hence the egg may be confidered as a living medullary bud, exiting from the very THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 2.5 very origin of the mother, though it does not affume its own proper exiftence till it be furnifhed, by impregnation, with the paternal heart. From this it follows, that equivocal generation is an impoflible abfurdity. The hydraulic animal machine refembies that of vegetables, but is exclufively con- joined with a vaft number of faculties which are lodged in, or are dependent on the ftruture of, the brain. The foft internal medullary pith ftretches out from the brain, as from a bulbous root, into a fimple /fem, which is infinitely fubdivided in its courfe, and fends out nervous filaments, fimilar to itfelf, for the fupply of every part of the body. The hardened inward woody matter, which, covering the former, arifes from the fkull as from a root, elongates into the vertebral /?cm, is articulated by moveable joints, and branched with oppofite boughs ; to thefe are attached the fibrous, flefhy, and con- tractile mufcles, analogous to /eaves, {preading in determinate order, and having their extremities fixed to the neareft joints. The external cortical fubftance is rooted inter- nally in the lacteals, meets together in the heart, as a bulb, and fpreads out in a double and fimilar vafcular /lem, which branches fimilarly into infinitely ramified double ‘wigs ; from the extreme bifurcation of thefe arife the genital parts of frudtification. The interior faculties of the animal machine are, 1ft, The animal, electric, motive faculty, or artifan of its divine life; this, acting fecretly within the organized bulbous brain, wills and thinks, and, fpreading its influence through the eleétrical threads of the nerves, rules and governs the whole machine. 2d, The vital pneumatic faculty, which, refiding in the lungs, abforbs the vital principle from the air for fupporting animal heat, and for preferving the living principle. 2d, he natural hydraulic facal- ty, which refides in the vafcular fyftem, and originates from the perpetually moving heart ; this alternately receives the fluids from, and propels them to, every part of the machine, adding or taking them away according to neceflity, and perpetually guarding again{t deficiency or redundance, 4th, The digeftive faculty, which, refiding in the alimentary canal, prepares proper juices for being taken up by the laéteal veffels, which carry them into the fy{tem, for the nourifhment and fupport of the whole. 5th, The genial fpermatic faculty, which is placed at the extremity of the trunk containing the animal and natural faculties; this conjoins the influence of the nervous and vafcular organs, and gives origin to a diftin& animalcular machine, in every refpect fimilar to the parent {tock. The inftruments of the fenfes are phyfical organs, placed at the extremities of nerves derived immediately from the brain: Through the influence of thefe the animal, by a igi Le. D Divine 26 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. Divine contrivance, is enabled to perceive external objects.—The rve is a camera ob- fcura, which paints external objects in their juft forms, proportions, and colours.— The ear is a drum, compofed of a tight membrane ftreached over the cochlea, which gives perception of found, in confequence of tremulous motions excited by the air.— The nosz is a broad, convoluted, humid membrane, which arrefts the volatile effluvia which float in the air—The Toncur, befet with little {pongy papillae, attraéts fuch fubftances as are applied to it in a ftate of folution.—The fenfe of roucu relides in foft papillae, which are {pread every where over the fkin, and which readily affume the figure of fuch bodies as come into contact with them. Moft animals enjoy the ufe of thefe fenfes, though all are not poffeffed of every one of them: They might have employed additional fpecies of perception, if it had plea- fed the Creator to endow them with a greater number of fenfative organs; as the magnet perceives the prefence of iron, and as amber indicates the exiftence of electri- cal phenomena: Antennae are only given to infects, and: the ufes of thefe organs are _as.much unknown to us as thofe of the Ears muft neceffarily be to that tribe of ani- mals, The Eye aéts by the agency of light; the Ear through the influence of air; the ’ fenfe of Touch is produced by the contact of folid bodies; the Nofe examines volatile fubftances by means of its nerves; and, laftly, the Tongue, by its fibrils, attracts fo- luble things, that we may be enabled to judge if they are agreeable, permitted, and fit for ufe; or whether they be difagreeable, forbidden, and noxious; and refletion induces us to choofe fuch as are grateful to our fenfes, rejecting thofe which are dif agreeable. JOY; is childifh, fanguineous, red, oily, fpongy, warm, freely pulfing, breathing eafily, laughing, tran{piring, alert, Life. FEAR, youthful, phlegmatic, pale, watery, lax, chilling, weakly pulfing, breathing fhort, fuffocating, purging, trembling, Difeafe. ANGER, manly, choleric, yellow, {piritous, firm, hot, ftrongly pulfing, afthmatic, fnorting, urining, agitating, Medicine. GRIEF, aged, melancholic, atrabilious, acid, rigid, cold, flowly pulfing, breathing difficultly, fighing, coftive, quiefcent,, Death. Thus, THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 27 Thus, Joy fills itfelf with the good things of this life; Fear efcapes from danger by flight; Anger defends itfelf by refiftance; and Grief mourns for the lofes and mi- feries which are incident to this mortal ftate. The policy of Nature is equally manifefted in all its kingdoms: For, as nations até not created for the fake of their rulers, but as governors are appointed to watch over the interefts of the governed, fo herbivorous animals are created for fubjecting vege- tables under proper reftriction, and carnivorous for preventing the exuberance of thofe animals that live on vegetables; and of thefe laft the greater keep the leffer within proper bounds. Man, in his character of an animal, is intended for preferving order over all, but chiefly on his own account; excited by a favage inflinct, he exercifes tyrannic rule, that juft proportions may be perpetually preferved among the members of the natural commonwealth. ‘* Many individuals, in their turn, among the citizens of “ this great republic, vainly confpire again{ft the majefty of rational Man, their ap- © pointed chief magiftrate, whofe great employment is to acknowledge the high Au- “ thor of the whole *2? As water collects from multitudes of {mall {fprings, through enlarging rivulets, {treams, and rivers, to flow into the immenfe ocean, fo the com- monwealth of Nature, beginning from the vaftly numerous plebeian rank of animals, afcends, through lefs numerous patricians, and by a {canty nobility, to Mau, the em- peror and ruler of the whole ; while even the fmalleft animals, which, by their infinice number, poffefs vaft power and energy, contribute to the wellfare of the larger; and the lefs active give place to fuch as are more excellent: Thus Nature is never greater than when it feems compofed infinitely of little things. ‘The agents of this natural police, each appropriated to its proper department, are equally numerous with the fpe- cies of animals; all being prompted to the proper difcharge of their duty,. becaufe their own prefervation depends on that being accurately fulfilled, that nothing may be neglected, and nothing done in vain. And, le(t any one fhould encroach on the pro- vince of another, and thereby deprive his neighbour of the reward appointed to his actions, the Law of Poifon is eftablifhed, under the pain of capital punifhment, and re- corded even in the animal fenfes, chiefly thofe of tafte and fmell, left tranfgreffors, by pleading ignorance, fhould efcape. The principal occupations of the inhabitants of Nature are:—Yo multiply their [pe- cies, that every thing may remain in juft quantity and proportion :—To prelerve equi- librium among the fpecies of animals and vegetables, that a juft proportion may for ever be continued ; this end is accomplifhed in various ways; 1{t, by annually cutting ; 1D) down * Amoen. Acad. vi. 17. 28° THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. down the vegetable crop, that the yearly growth may be renewed ; 2d, by reftraining the numbers of fuch as become erroneous, left any of the proper fpecies be expelled ; 3d, by deftroying languid, dead, nalty, defiled, ftagnant, acid, and putrid matters, that the elegance of Nature may be preferved:—Laftly, Yo defend themfelves from ex- tin€tion, left the execution of Nature’s laws fhould be neglected. The economy of Nature is employed in the Generation, Prefervation, and Deftruc- tion, of things; and all Nature confpires together that the works of the Creator may continue unimpared. Animals are generated in the genial influence of warm blood, having need of the care of others for their education; and, as the Creator, who could not be rewarded, took care of the firft race of individuals, this truft pafles, in the de- fcending line, to their offspring, who do not repay the labours of their parents. Pre- fervation is to be accomplifhed by the provifion of daily food, which, being widely {cattered, is therefore to be fought after with diligence; thus, want fcatters thofe over the face of the earth whom love gathers together. ‘The deftruction of one individual is neceflary for repairing the wants of another; life muft be fuftained by conftant and laborious fearch after the carcaffes of objets fit for food, and thefe do not abundantly occur : Thus, a continual devaftation of all things is produced; the more alert efcape the danger by their bravery, by defences, and by various contrivances; while the more languid fink under the perpetual warfare; the moft aéctive haften on in their courie, that Nature may perpetually rejoice in the conftant renovation of all her works. The incentives of Nature, which are implanted in all her works, that they may readily perform their duty, are—Love, which kindly convocates the fexes, and excites to the multiplication of their kinds ;—-Craving Hunger again difperfes them, that they may labour for their prefervation; and—Horrible Pain ftirs them up to deftroy, and caufes them to avoid deftru€tion. In all, the wifdom of Gop is made manifeft. The THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 79 The natural Divifion of Animals into Claffes, may be formed from a knowledge of the Internal Structure: . and two ventricles ; A heart with two auricles ¢ Viviparous. I. se and red blood: 5 Oviparous. and one ventricle ; Cold red blood *: A heart with one auricle ¢ Voluntary lungs. 2. External gills. and one ventricle ; A-heart with one auricle ( Having antennae. Cold colourlefs fanies : Having tentacula. Cl. 1. Mammalia. Cl. 2. Birds. Amphibia. Fifhes. Cl. 3: Cl. 4. Cl. 5. Infects. Cl. 6. Worms. CHARACTERS * Haller, Element. Phyfiol.i. 305. 307. informs us, that in all the cold blooded animals which he had diffected, he uniformly found the heart to have but one auricle and one ventricle; it is therefore furpri« fing that Haffelquift, tix. Pale. 293, fhould afcribe two of each to the crocodile, more efpecially as Borichius, Herm. Sap. Egypt. 276, had before declared its heart to have only one of each.——Lin, THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. CricElit AL CARA PRS eS OF THE GLASSES ORs EAE CAINE NA Toe Ten Gib Ovi: I. MAMMALIA. Il. The heart has two auricles and two ventricles ; the blood is warm and red. The lungs refpire regularly alternate. The jaws are horizontally incumbent on each other, and covered with lips; within which the teeth are, for the moft part, included. They procreate by an intrant penis; are viviparous and la@tiferous. Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noitrils, eyes, ears, and the cutaneous pa- pillae. They are covered with hair; which is thin on the animals of the warmer regions, and very fcanty on aquatic animals. Their motive organs are four legs and feet; except thofe which are ¢ entirely cons fined to the water, whofe hind legs are wanting. Mboft have tails. BIRDS. The heart has two auricles and two ventricles; the blood is warm and red. The lungs refpire regularly alternate. The jaws are horizontally incumbent, naked, flretched out, and without teeth. The penis is fubintrant; they have no fcrotum; and are oviparous, the eggs being covered with a calcareous fhell. Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noftrils, eyes, and ears, without external auricles. They are covered with incumbent, imbricated feathers, lapping over each other like flates on a roof, Their extremities are, two legs and feet, two wings, and a heart-fhaped rump. III. aE THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 31 AMPHIBIA. The heart has one auricle and one ventricle; their blood is cold and red. The lungs refpire according to the will of the animal, The jaws are horizontally incumbent on each other. The penis, in many fpecies, is double; the eggs of moft are membranous. Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noftrils, eyes, and ears. They are covered with a naked {kin. ‘Their motive organs are various in different animals, and wanting in fome. IV. FISHES. VI. The heart has one auricle and one ventricle; the blood is cold and red. They have comprefled external gills inftead of lungs. The jaws are horizontally incumbent on each other. The penis is wanting in moft. The eggs have no white. Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, noftrils? eyes, and ears. They are covered with imbricated fcales. Their motive organs are fins fitted for fwimming. VEN SE) GTS. The heart has one auricle and one ventricle, propelling, cold, colourlefs, fanies. They breathe by pores on the fides of their bodies. Their jaws open laterally. They copulate by means of an intrant penis. Their organs of fenfe are, the tongue, eyes, antennae on the head, which is defti- tute of brain, and neither ears nor noftrils. They are covered by a boney coat of mail. Their motive organs are legs in all, and wings in a great many. WORMS. The heart, for the moft part, has one ventricle without any auricle, and propels a cold colourlefs fanies. Their breathing pores are obfcure and uncertain. Their copulation and penis are various; fome are pe eats: having both male and female parts in one individual. Their organs of fenfe are tentacula in all, and eyes in moft; the brain, ears, and noftrils, are wanting. They are covered with calcareous fhells, or have no covering except fpines. They have neither feet nor fins. Thus: * 32 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. Thus Nature, in her Menagerie, preferves Animals in fix different forms : = 4 Mammatia, _ covered with hair, walk on the earth, Birps, ~ _ covered with feathers, fly in the air, AMPHIBIA, covered with fkin, creep in warm places, FIsHEs, covered with {cales, {wim in the water, INsEcTs, covered with armour, {kip on dry ground, Worms, without tkin, crawl in moift places, fpeaking. finging. hiffing. {macking. buzzing. filent.. CLASS ANIMAL KINGDOM. ANIMALS WHICH GIVE SUCK TO THEIR YOUNG. SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE Niet MM A Ih Tr A*. f MAN. Sapient Man. Wild Men. Americans. Europeans. Afiatics. Africans. Montters. Au Pep x Dwarfifh. Gigantic. Mutilated. Beardlefs. Sharp- headed. Flat-headed. APE. 7 ATE ES. . Chimpanzee. Ourang-Uutang. Pongo. Jocko. . Great Gibbon. ~ . Leffer Gibbon. PRIMATES. i HOMO, 1. Homo Sapiens. «, H. Feri. s. H. Americani. vy. H. Europaei. > H. Afiatict. H. Afri. é H. Monttrofi. 1. Alpini. . Patagonici. - Monorchides. . Imberbes. ro e Ww bd - Macrocephali. . Plagiocephali, Hu $f il SIMTIA. Divided into SIMI #. 1. Simia troglodytes. 2. Simia Satyrus. & §. Satyrus Pongo, y- 5. Satyrus Jocko. 3. Simia Lar.. 8,8. Lar minor. ; 7 * The figures before the Englifh names exprefs the running number in the clafs, thofe preceding the Latin names denote the fpecies in each genus, and the Greek letters denote the varieties in each {pecies. WD 8. Qe id. TA, C AT TAML2O G gUe &. Silvery Gibbon. Pigmy. Magot. Hog-faced Ape. -* (BAB OOS. . Maimon. . Little Baboon. . Great Baboon. Mantegar. . Mandril. . Hoggifh Baboon. . Wood Baboon. . Yellow Baboon. . Cinereous Baboon. | . Blue-faced Baboon. . Brown Baboon. . Crefted Baboon. sae ONCE Vics « Dog-tailed Monkey. . Tartarin. . Urfine Tartarin. . Lowando. : - White-bearded Lowando. . Wanderu. vinieesbearded black Wanderu. . Tie-tie Wanderu. . Purple-faced Wanderu. . Malbrouck. . Macaque. . Dog-headed Monkey. . Spotted Monkey. . Green Monkey. I ouftache. . Mangabey. y S. Lar argentea. 4. Simia Sylvanus. 5. Simia inuus. 6. Simia Suilla. PAPIONES. 1. Papio nemeftrina. 2. Papio apedia. _ 3. Papio Sphinx. 4 Papio Mormon. 5. Papio Maimon. 6. Papio porcaria. 7. Papio fylvicola. 8. Papio variegata. g. Papio cinerea. 10. Papio livea. 11. Papio platypygos. 12. Papio criftata. CiE RG, O Pel Tarices Gol 1. Cercopithecus cynoturus. 2. Cercopithecus Hamadryas. ¢. C. Hamadryas urfinus. 3. Cercopithecus veter. & C. veter albibarbatus. 4. Cercopithecus Silenus. &. C. Silenus albibarbatus. y €. Silenus Tie-tie. ®, C. Silenus purpuratus. . Cercopithecus Faunus. . Cercopithecus cynomolgus. . Cercopithecus Diana. . Cercopithecus fabaeus. 5 6 7. Cercopithecus cynocephalus. 8 9 . Cercopithecus cephus. 11. Cercopithecus aethiops. 39: or THE MAMMALIA, 39. Collared Mangabey. 40. Egret. 41. Monea. 42. Nodding Monkey. 43. Bearded Nodding Monkey. 44. Rillow. 45. Bonneted Rillow. 46. Douc. 47. Monina. Patas. 48. Black-banded Patas. 49. White-banded:Patas. 50. Talapoin. gle Black Talapoin. 52. Agile Monkey. 53. Negro Monkey. 54. Roloway. 55. Long-nofed Monkey. 56. Prude. 57. Yellowifh Monkey. 58. Tawny Monkey. 59. Greenifh Monkey. 60. Hircine Monkey. 61. King Monkey. 62. Bay Monkey. 63. Annulated Monkey. *** SAPAJOUS. 64, Guariba. 65. Arabata. 66. Quato, 67. Exquima. 68. Sajou. 69. Grey Sajou. 70. Horned Sapajou. 71. Brown Sapajou, 12. 8, C, aethiops torquatus. Cercopithecus aygula, 8 C. aygula Monea. - Cercopithecus nictitans, & C. nictitans barbatus, Cercopithecus finicus. 8. C. finicus pileatus. Cercopithecus nemaeus, Cercopithecus Mona. Cercopithecus ruber. z, C. ruber nigrofafciatus. & C. ruber albofafciatus. Cercopithecus Talapoin. 8 C, Talapoin niger. . Cercopithecus petauriftus. . Cercopithecus maurus. 1. Cercopithecus Roloway. . Cercopithecus nafuus. . Cercopithecus capiftratus. » Cercopithecus luteolus. . Cercopithecus fulvus. . Cercopithecus viridens, . Cercopithecus hircinus. - Cercopithecus regalis. - Cercopithecus badius. . Cercopithecus fufcus. SAP AFI. » Sapajus Beelzebub. » Sapajus feniculus. . Sapajus panifcus. . Sapajus Exquima. . Sapajus trepidus. 6. S. trepidus fulvus. - Sapajus fatuellus. . Sapajus apella. CATALOGUE 72. Sale 73. White-throated Sai. 74, Saimiri. 75: 76. 77° Chefnut Saimiri. Magu. Variegated Sapajou. eeeee SAG ODNS. Saki. 79. Sanglin. 80. Yellowith Sanglin. 81. Pinche. 82. 83. 84. Tamarin. 78. Marikina. Mico. MAUCAUCO, . Loris. » iaillefs Maucauco, 7. Indri. - Potto. . Mongous. . Black-faced Mongous. gi. Black Mongous, . White-handed Mongous. : Brown Mongous. . Grey Mongous. Vari. . Black Vari. . Brown Vari. . White Vari. . Pied Vari. g. Ring-tailed Maucauco. 100. Wiurine Maucauco. 101. American Maucauco. . Curley Maucauco. 8. Sapajus Capucinus. — Io. Il. do 26 30 4. 5° 6. ill Pel Uk w& »B Oe Ne eS 4. S. Capucinus albulus. - Sapajus fciureus. é. S. feiureus mortus. Sapajus fyrichtus. Sapajus variegatus. SAGOINI. Sagoinus pithecia. Sagoinus Jacchus. g. S. Jacchus mofchatus. ~ Sagoinus Oedipus. Sagoinus rofalius. Sagoinus argenteus. Sagoinus Midas. LEMUR. . Lemur tardigradus. - . Lemur ecaudatus. . Lemur Indri. . Lemur Potto. . Lemur Mongoz. 8 L. Mongoz maurus. y. L. Mongoz negro. °, L. Mongoz albipes. . L. Mongoz fufcus. — ¢ L. Mongoz cinereus. . Lemur Macoco. %, BL. y L. Oelas Macoco niger. Macoco fufcus. Macoco albus. Maccco variegatus. . Lemur Catta. Lemur murinus. Lemur bicolor. . Lemur laniger. 103. or THE M‘A°M M ALT A 163. Podje. |. 11. Lemur Podje. 104. Prehenfile Maucauco. 12. Lemur prehenfilis. 105. Coluga. 13. Lemur volans. Bear iv VESPERTILIO. A. With four foreteeth in each jaw. Vampire. 1. Vefpertilio Vampyrus. 106. Rouffet. «, V. Vampyrus niger. 107. Rouget. @, V. Vampyrus fubniger. 108. Leffer Vampire. y V. Vampyrus helvus. 109. Spectre. 2. Vefpertilio Spectrum. 110. Spear-nofed Bat. 3. Vefpertilio perfpicillatus. 111. Heart-nofed Bat. 4. Vefpertilio Spafma. 112. Javelin Bat. 5- Velpertilio haftatus. 113. Leaf-nofed Bat. 6. Vefpertilio foricinus. 114. Hare-lip Bat. 7. Velpertilio leporinus. 115. Chop-fallen Bat. 8. Vefpertilio labialis. B. With four foreteeth above, and fix below. 116. Long-eared Bat. g. Vefpertilio auritus. 117. Common Bat. 10. Vefpertilio murinus, 118. Nodtule. 11. Vefpertilio Noétula. 119. Serotine. 12. Veflpertilio Serotinus. 120. Pipiftrelle. 13. Vefpertilio Pipiftrellus. 121. Barbaftelle. 14. Vefpertilio Barbaftellus. 122. Bearded Bat. 15- Vefpertilio hifpidus. C. With four foreteeth above, and eight below. 123. Striped Bat. 16. Vefpertilio pictus. 124. Reddifh Striped Bat. — g. V. pictus rubellus. D. With two foreteeth above, and fix below. 125. Senegal Bat. 17. Vefpertilio nigritia. E.. With two foreteeth above, and four below. Bull-dog Bat. 18. Vefpertilio Moloflus, 126. Greater Bull-dog Bat. - #, V. Moloflus major. 127, 127. 128. 129. 130. F316 132. 133. 134. 135- 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145; 146. 147+ 148. C AUT (AIL ONG © UE Leffer Bull-dog Bat. 8. V. Moloffus minor. F. With two foreteeth above, and none below. Cephalote. 19. Vefpertilio Cephalotes. Straw-coloured Cephalote. g. V. Cephalotes melinus. G. With no foreteeth above, and four below. Purfe-winged Bat. 20. Vefpertilio lepturus. Horfe-fhoe Bat. 21. Vefpertilio ferrum-equinum. SY. Larger Horfe-fhoe Bat. # V. ferrum-equinum major. Lefler Horfe-fhoe Bat. 8. V. ferrum-equinum minor. H. With no foreteeth in either jaw. New-York Bat. 22. Vefpertilio noveboracenfis. I. The teeth uncertain. Broad-winged Bat. 23. Vefpertilio lafcopterus. Broad-tailed Bat. 24. Velpertilio lafiurus. Claytons Bat. 25. Velpertilio Americanus: i .B Rous Tea. SLOTH. v BRAT PO ss. Al. 5 1. Bradypus tridactylus. Unau. : 2. Bradypus-didaétylus. Five-toed Sloth. 3. Bradypus pentadactylus. ANT-EATER, vi MYRMECOPHAG A Two-toed Ant-eater. 1. Myrmecophaga didadtyla. Three-toed Ant-eater. 2. Myrmecophaga tridaétyla. Great Ant-eater. 3. Myrmecophaga jubata. Short-nofed Great Ant-eater. 8, M. jubata fima. Tamandua. 4. Myrmecophaga tetradactyla. Five-toed Ant eater. 5. Myrmecophaga pentadadtyla. Little Tamanoir. 8, M. pentadaétyla minor. Cape Ant-eater. 6. Myrmecophaga capenfis. MANIS. Vii MANTS. Pangolin. 1. Manis pentadactyla. 149. of tHE MAMMALIA. 649. Phatagin. ARMADILLO. 150. Apara. 151. Four-banded Armadillo. 162, ncouberto. 153. Seven-banded Armadillo. 154. Eight-banded Armadillo, 155. Nine-banded Armadillo. 156. Leverian Armadillo. 157. Kabaflou. 158 Largeft Armadillo. 159. Cirquingon. 160. Long-tailed Armadillo. RHINOCEROS. 161. One-horned Rhinoceros. 162. Two-horned Rhinoceros. SUKOTY RO. 163. Javan Sukotyro. HEP EA INT, 164. Great Elephant. 165. American Elephant. WALRUS. 166. Morfe. 167- Dugon. Fifh-tailed Walrus. 168. Lamentin. 169. Manati. 170. Sea-aper 2. Manis tetradactyla. vill DASYPUS. 1. Dafypus tricinGus. 2. Dafypus quadricin@us. 3. Dafypus fexcinctus. 4. Dafypus feptemcinctus. 5. Dafypus otocinctus. 6. Dafypus novemcinctus. 6. D. novemcinétus leverianus, 7. Dafypus duodecemcingtus, 8. Dafypus maximus. g. Dafypus novemdecemcinétus, 10. Dafypus longicaudatus. 1X RAINOCE ROS. 1. Rhinoceros unicornis. 2. Rhinoceros bicornis. x SU KOT IR OG, 1. Sukotyro indicus. vo Rl Ei Tis Pd AS 1. Elephas maximus. 2. Elephas americanus. XI1 TRICHECHUS, 1, Trichechus Rofmarus, 2. Trichechus Dugon. 3. Trichechus Manatus. #, TY. Manatus auftralis. @ ‘TY. Manatus borealis. v T. Manatus Siren. 171. 172. 173s 174. 175. 176. 177 D7. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 18g. 190. 1g. 192. 193- 194. 395. 196. 197. 198. 199- G A, Ti ADT. OW GisDe Es Ill. Dw GAWIE: Urfine Seal. Bottle-nofed Seal. Maned Seal. Common Seal. Bothnic Common Seal. Siberian Common Seal. Cafpian Common Seal. Hooded Seal. Swartfide. Bedlemer. Neitfek. Newfoundland Seal. Klapmus. Great Seal. Little Seal. : Chilefe Seal. Long-necked Seal. Falkland Seal. Parfons Seal. Harnefled Seal. Wooly Seal. Speckled Seal. Spotted Seal. Black Seal. DOG. Faithful Dog. Shepherds Dog. Pomeranian Dog. Siberian Dog. iceland Dog. Great Water Dog. FER &. xiii. P HO Cds 1. Phoca urfina. 2. Phoca leonina. 3. Phoca jubata. 4. Phoca vitulina. g. P. vitulina botnica. y P. vitulina fibirica. ®, P. vitulina cafpica. 5. Phoca monachus, 6. Phoca groenlandica. 6. P. groenlandica niger, 7. Phoca hifpida. g. P. hifpida quadrata. 8. Phoca criftata. g. Phoca barbata. 10. Phoca pufilla. 11. Phoca chilenfis. 12. Phoca mutica. 13. Phoca auttralis. 14. Phoca teftudo. 15. Phoca fafciata. 16. Phoca laniger. 17. Phoca pun¢tata. 18. Phoca maculata. 19. Phoca nigra. XIV Gd RN his: 1. Canis familiaris. #, Canis domefticus. 8, Canis pomeranus. y. Canis fibericus. ®, Canis iflandicus. ‘, Canis aquaticus major. or THe M A MM A L’'I A. 200. Leffer Water Dog. 201. Pyrame. *, King Charles’s Spaniel. **, French Pyrame. 202. Spaniel. 203. Shock Dog. 204. Lion Dog. 205. Little Danifh Dog. 206. Baftard Pug Dog. 207. Pug Dog. a. Artois Dog. b. Alicant Dog. - 208. Bull Dog. 209. Maltiff. 210. German Hound. 211. Hound. 212. Blood Hound. 214. Pointer. 215. Barbet. 216. Grey-hound. 217. Irifh Grey-hound.. 218. Turkifh Grey-hound. 219. Common Grey-hound. 220. Rough Grey hound. 221. Italian Grey-hound. 222. Oriental Grey-hound. 223, Naked Dog. r 224. Lurcher. 225. Rough Lurcher. 226. Boar Lurcher.. Turnfpit. 227. Straight-legged Turnfpit. 228. Crook-legged Turnfpit. 229. Shaggy Turnfpit. Alco. ¢, Canis aquaticus minor. x, Canis brevipilis. *, C. brevip. regalis. **, C. brevip. gallicus. 9, Canis extrarius. » Canis melitaeus, x. Canis leoninus. ae Canis variegatus. wv, Canis hybridus. » Canis fricator. a. C. fricator gallicus. b. C. fricator hifpanicus. z. Canis Moloflus. e. Canis anglicus. a. Canis fagax. e- Canis gallicus. c. Canis fcoticus. 7. Canis venaticus. v Canis avicularis. g. Canis aquatilis. ye Canis curforius. y. C. curforius hibernicus, #. C. curforius turcicus. az, Canis Grajus. pg. CG. Grajus hirfutus, vv. C. Grajus italicus, **, C. Grajus orientalis. 2, Canis aegyptius. «« Canis Laniarius. ég. C. Laniarius aprinus.. ai C. Laniarius fuillus. $9. Canis Vertegus. a. C. Vertegus rectus. b. €. Vertegus valgus. c. C. Vertegus villofus, « Canis americanus. 230. 2yailte 292. 2336 234. aire 236. 227. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243 244. 245- 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 25 26 253. . Grey Fox. o tn aS b&b b L th ta th ann AN bm wp OV ta Un O 0 UA PALO mG wd ie, Fat Alco. Techichi. New-Holland Dog. Wolf. Yellow Wolf. White Wolf. Black Wolf. Striped Wolf. Mexican Wolf. White Mexican Wolf. Surinam Wolf, Striped Hyaena. Abyflinian Hyaena. Spotted Hyaena, Jackal. Cape Jackal. Barbary Jackal. Black Fox. Common Fox. Brant Fox. American Brant Fox, Coal Fox. Corfac Fox. Karagan. Silvery Fox. Artic Fox. . White Arctic Fox. . Bluifh Arétic Fox. . Crofs Fox. . Chilefe Fox. ; Antartic Fox. Gerda a. C. americanus obefus. b. C. americanus plancus. 2, Canis antarticus. 3. Canis Lupus. CoN DN Q- 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. #. C. Lupus flavus. 6. C. Lupus albus. ». C. Lupus niger. se C. Lupus fafciatus. . Can. Lupus mexicanus. 8, C, Lupus mexic. albus. . Can. Lupus Thous. . Canis Hyaena. . C. Hyaena aethiopicus, - C. Hyaena Crocuta. Canis aureus. Canis Mefomelas. Canis Adive. . C. Vulpes Lycaon. C. Vulpes vulgaris. C. Vulpes Alopex. «. C. Vulp. Alopex americanus, @. C. Vulp. Alopex europaeus, C. Vulpes Corfac. C. Vulpes Karagan. C. Vulpes cinereo-argenteus. C. Vulpes virginianus. C. Vulpes Lagopus. #, C. Vulp. Lagop. albus. 8. C. Vulp. Lagop. cerulefcens, . C, Vulpes cruciger. - C. Vulpes chilenfis. . C. Vulpes auftralis, » Canis Cerdo, CAT. or toy MAMMALIA. C, Ak. 261. Lion. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274+ 275. 276. 277% 278, Tiger. Panther. Ounce. Leopard. Jaguar. Ocelot.. Guepard. Jaguarete. Puma. Couguar. Margay. Manul. Serval. Common Cat. Wild Cat. Domettic Cat. Angora Cat. 279+ 280. 281. 282. 2.33. 284. 285. 286. 287. Blue Cat.- Red Cat. Chinefe Cat. Saca. XV FELIS, * With long tails, and plain ears. 1. Felis Leo. 2. Felis Tigris.. Leffler Leopard. Mexican Tiger-cat. H Bengal Tiger-cat. 1 Cape Tiger-cat. 16. . Felis Manul. . Felis Serval. - Felis Catus. . Catus ferus. . Catus domefticus. Tortoife-fhell Cat. Long headed Cat. me LY IN 2 Bis. With fhort tails, and pencilled ears, 288. Cafpian Lynx. 289. Mountain Lynx. . Felis Pardus. . Felis Uncia. . Felis Leopardus. » Felis Leopardalis. . Felis Onca. » Felis Pardalis, - Felis jubata. . Felis difcolor. . Felis concolor. » Felis Couguar. . Felis tigrina. . Felis mexicana. . Felis bengalenfis.. Felis capenfis. a, 8, Le bef bey) ey yey tf dy - Catus angorenfis. - Catus hifpanicus. . Catus caeruleus. . Catus ruber. . Catus finenfis. . Catus aureus. . Catus madagafcarenfis.. LY NCES, 1, Lynx Chaus. d. 2. 2, Lynx montana.. 2903 i ee tv pt (= wom G WO a v EN} (SS) AUS (oS) SE] = WY) GSS Go COAST VANL JOKE A © . Perfian Lynx. - Bengal Lynx. - Booted Lynx. - Barbary Lynx. - Common Lynx, White Lynx. . Yellow Lynx. Thibet Lynx. Canadian Lynx. . American Lynx. Fid C.4.EoT, .. Egyptian Ichneumon. . Indian Ichneumon. . Cafrarian Ichneumon. . African Ichneumon. Zenik, . Surikate. . Coati. . Coati-mondi. ; ‘Goatles » Quasje. . Striped Skunk. . White Skunk. . Conepatl. . Zorilla. . Mapurito. . Grifon. . Ceylon Fitchet. . Cape Fitchet. », \Givets . LAibet. , Hermaphrodite Fitchet. . Spanifh Genet. . St Germains Genet. . Leyerian Genet. Io. Lynx Caracal. Lynx bengalenfis. . Lynx nubienfis. Lynx lybienfis. Lynx vulgaris. & Lynx vulg. alba. y. Lynx vulg. melina. ®. Lynx vulg. maculata. . Lynx canadenfis. Lynx rufa. VIVE RRA, . Viverra Ichneumon. . Viverra Mungo. . Viverra cafra. . Viverra Nems, . Viverra Zenik. . Viverra tetrada¢tyla. Viverra nafua. Viverra narica. . Viverra vulpecula. .Viverra Quasje. . Viverra Putorius. . Viverra Mephitis. . Viverra Conepatl. . Viverra Zorilla. . Viverra Mapurito. . Viverra vittata. . Viverra zeylanica- . Viverra capenfis. . Viverra Civetta. . Viverra Zibetha. . Viverra hermaphrodita. . Viverra Genetta. . Viverra gallica. . Viverra annulata. 224. 224. 525. 326. 327: 328. 329+ 330. QT. 232. 333° 334- 335° 336. 337° 338. 339> 340. 34l. 342. 343° 344. 345° 340. 347: 348. 349+ 350 351. 3526 353° OF Foffane. Bizaam. Poto. Kinkajou. Ratel. Striped Fitchet. Malayan Fitchet. Spotted Fitchet. WEASEL. *“ OTTERS. Sea Otter. Brafilian Otter. Saricovienne. -Chilefe Otter. Common Otter. Canadian Otter. Lefer Otter. Cayenne Otter. Minx. ** WEASELS. Tayra. Galera. Vanfire. Pekan. Vifon. Common Martin. Pine Martin. Guiana Martin. Cayenne Martin. Sable. White Sable. American Sable. Black Sable. THe M AM 25. 26. a7. 28. 29. 30. Kine aa. XVil MA LI A. Viverra Foffa. Viverra tigrina. Viverra caudivolvula. Viverra prehenfilis. Viverra mellivora. Viverra fafciata. Viverra malaccenfis. Viverra maculata. MUST ELA, Divided into OO OoN Ata Po db = Il. 12. 00 oN AH foo HY w LUTR AR . Lutra Lutris. . Lutra brafilienfis. - Lutra paraguenfis. . Lutra chilenfis, . Lutra pifcatoria. . Lutra canadentfis. . Lutra fulva. - Lutra guianenfis. . Lutra Minx. MUSTEL &, . Muftela barbara. . Muttela Galera. » Muttela afra. - Muftela canadenfis. - Muftela Vifon. . Muftela Foina. Muftela Martes. . Muftela guianenfis. - Muftela laniger. . Muftela Zibellina. @. M. Zibellina alba. M. Zibeliina americana. M, Zibellina nigra, 3948 C ALT AIL OE QE 354. Polecat. 355. Ferret. 356. Sarmatian Weafel. 357. Siberian Weafel.. Ermine. 358. Stoat. 359. White Ermine. 360. Common Weafel. 361. Snow Weafel. 364. . Brown Bear. . Grey Bear. . Variegated Bear. . White Bear.. 369. 37.2: 374s Siiee a7 3" 3/4 375° 376. 3/7: 378. 379: 380. 381. 382. 383. . Yellow Weafel: . Chilefe Weafel. BE AR. Common Bear.. Black Bear.. Polar Bear. American Bears. Sand Bear. Common Badger. White Badger. Spotted Badger. American Badger.. Indian Badger. Racoon. White Racoon. Wolverene. Glutton. White Glutton.. OPOSSUM. Amboina Opoffum.. Brafilian Opoffum, 13. Muftela Putoria.. 14. Mutftela Furo. 15. Muftela farmaticas. 16. Muftela fibirica. 27. Muftela Erminea. ae M. Erminea aeftiva,. 6. M. Erminea hyberna.. 18, Muftela vulgaris. B. M. vulg. nivalis. 1g. Muftela melina: 20. Muftela Quiqui. XViil OOR S US. 1.. Urfus Arétos.. #, U. Arctos niger.. &.. U. Arétos fufcus.. y- U. Arctos grifeus. & U.. Arctos variegatus.. « U. Arétos albus.. 2. Urfus maritimus.. 3. Urfus americanus. 4. Urfus tetradactylus.. 5. Urfus Meless & U. Meles alba. vy. U. Meles maculata:. 6. Urfus labradorius.. 7. Urfus indicus. 8. Urfus Lotor. s-. U. Lotor melinus.. 9: Urfus lufcus. to.. Urfus Gulo. &. U. Gulo albus; DTD EL PUATS 1. Didelphis marfupialis. 2. Didelphis Philander, 3545 OF Tw: . Sarigue. - Molucca Opoffam. . Virginian Opoffum. » Cayopollin. . Murine Opoffum. . Guiana Opoffum. . Surinam, Opoffum. . Cayenne Opofium. New-Holland Opoffum. Short-tailed Opoffum. . Oriental Opoffum. Javan Opoflum. . Kanguru. Phillips Opoffum, . Vulpine Opoflum. Spotted Opoffum. . Flying Opoffum. MOLE, European Mole. . Black Mole. . Variegated Mole. . White Mole. . Grey Mole. American Mole. Crefted Mole. . Long-tailed Mole. . Brown Mole. . Red Mole. . Gilded Mole. SH R.BoW. . Minute Shrew. . Muiky Shrew. . Water Shrew. . Javan Shrew. M AM M ALA, io. TEs 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. . Didelphis Opoffum. . Didelphis molucca. . Didelphis virginiana. . Didelphis Cayopollin. Didelphis murina. - Didelphis guianenfis. . Didelphis dorfigera. Didelphis cancrivora. Didelphis caudivolvula. Didelphis brachyura. Didelphis orientalis. Didelphis Brunii. Didelphis gigantea. Didelphis tridaétyla. Didelphis vulpecula. 18. Didelphis maculata. 19. XX Didelphis volans. Di Ay EF od, x. Talpa europaea. «, Talpa europ. nigra. & Talpa europ. variegata. yw Talpa europ. alba. ®, Talpa europ. cinerea. 2. Talpa flava. 3. Talpa criftata. 4. Talpa longicaudata. 5. Talpa fufca. 6. Talpa rubra. 7 . Talpa aurea. XX1 I, 2. 3. 4, SO REX: Sorex minutus. Sorex mofchatus. Sorex fodiens. Sorex murinus. 415. AIS. 416. 417. 418, 419. 420. 421. Ho, 423. 424. 425. A26, 4276 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 434+ 435° 436. 437- 438. 439: 440. 44l. CAXZUE OO C VS Fetid Shrew. Labradore Shrew. Grey Labradore Shrew. Surinam Shrew. Timid Shrew. Brafilian Shrew. Pigmy Shrew. Blue Shrew. Mexican Shrew. White-footed Shrew. Square-tailed Shrew. Carinated Shrew. Uniform Shrew. URCHIN. Common Urchin. Guiana Urchin. Malacca Urchin. Siberian Urchin.. Tendrac. Tanrec.. XX 5. Sorex Araneus. 6. Sorex ar€ticus. &. Sorex arét. cinereus: 7. Sorex furinamenfis. 8. Sorex pufillus. g. Sorex brafilienfis. To. Sorex exilis. 11. Sorex cerulaeus. 12. Sorex mexicanus. 13. Sorex albipes. 14. Sorex. quadricaudatus.. 15. Sorex liricaudatus.. 16. Sorex unicolor. . Erinaceus europaeus. . Erinaceus inauris. . Erinaceus malaccenfiss. . Erinaceus auritus. . Erinaceus fetofus. . Erinaceus ecaudatus.. Aw Kw DN Meek I ROE S. PORCUPINE. Crefted Porcupine. Italian Porcupine. Indian Porcupine. Brafilian Porcupine. Larger Brafilian Porcupine. Leffer Brafilian Porcupine. Mexican Porcupine. Canadian Porcupine. White Canadian Porcupine. Long-tailed Porcupine. 442. Brawny Porcupine, XXill AY SGROEX 1. Hyftrix criftata. «, H, criftata europaeas. & H. criftata indica. 2. Hyftrix prehenfilis. ¢. HH. prehenfilis major. é. TH. prehenfilis minor. 3. Hyltrix mexicana. 4. Hylftrix dorfata. 6, H. dorfata alba. 5. Hyftrix macroura.. 8. Hyftrix torofa. ERINACEUS, CAV Y. or THE MAMMALTIA., CAV Y. XXIV CA Pei: 443. Paca. 1, Cavia Paca. 444. White Paca, é. C, Pata albar 445. Akouchy. 2. Cavia Acufchy. _ AGOLER 3. Cavia Agouti. 446. Leffler Agouti. z, C, Agouti cunicularis. 447. Larger Agouti. ®, C. Agouti leporina. 448. American Agouti. y. C. Agouti americana. 449. Aperea. 4. Cavia Aperea, 450. Black Aperea. 8, C, Aperea nigra. 451. Cobaya. 5- Cavia Cobaya. 452. Patagonian Cavy. 6. Cavia Magellanica. 453- Capibara. 7. Cavia Capybara. BEAVER, XXV CASTOR, 454. Common Beaver. 1. Caftor Fiber. 455. White Beaver. «, C. Fiber albus. 456. Terrier Beaver. 8. C. Fiber folitarius. 457. Chilefe Beaver. 2. Caftor huidobrius. MURINE QUADRUPEDS. xxvi MT, oS. Divided into * BEAVER-RATS. MYOCASTORES. 458. Webbed Beaver-rat. 1. Myocaftor Coypus. 459. Mufquath, 2. Myocaftor zibethicus. ** RATS anp MICE, MURES. ; Subdivided into + Mysfari.—Having naked round tails. Piloris. 1. Mus Pilorides. 460. White Piloris. «, M. Pilorides albidus.. 461. Black Piloris. 8, M. Pilorides fulvus.. 462. Caraco. 2. Mus Caraco. 463. American Rat. 3. Mus americanus. 464. Brown Rat. 4. Mus decumanus.. 465. Black Rat. 5. Mus Rattus. 466. Small Rat. 8. M. Rattus minor. 467. Common Moufe. 6. Mus Mufculus. 468. Varieties of the Com. Moufe. &. M. Mulfculi varietates, e 4D Q>- 469. 4706 471. 47 2 473: 474+ 475> 476. 477° 478. 479: 480. 481 482. _ 483. 484. 485. 486, 487. 488. 489. 4.90- 4gle 492. 493. 494. 495- 496. 497 49%. 499- 500. 501. 502. 503. 504: CATALOGUE Field Moufe. White Field Moule. Harvelt Moufe. Ruftic Moufe. American Ruftic Moufe. Minute Moufe. Yellow Minute Moufe. Shrew-like Moufe. Wandering Moufe. Beech Moufe. Dwarf Moufe. Striped Moufe. Cherofo. Barbary Moufe. Mexican Moufe. 7. Mus fylvaticus. 8. M. fylvaticus albus. 8. Mus mefforius. | g- Mus agrarius. 8. M. agrarius americanus. 10. Mus minutus. é. M. minutus flavus. 11. Mus foricinus. 12. Mus vagus. 13. Mus betulinus. 14. Mus pumilio. 15. Mus ftriatus. 8. Mus mofchatus. 16. Mus barbarus. 17. Mus mexicanus. tt Cuniculariii—Having hairy round tails. Virginian Moufe. . Rock Moufe. Blue Moufe. Water Rat. Meadow Water Rat. Marfh Water Rat. Black Water Rat. Spotted Water Rat. Garlic Moufe. Red Moutfe. Leffer Red Moufe. Gregarious Moufe. Economic Moufe. Laland Moufe. Wooly Moufe. Meadow Moufe. Blackifh Meadow Moule. Social Moufe. Rambling Moufe. Collared Moufe. Lemming. 18. Mus virginianus. 19. Mus faxatilis. 20. Mus cyanus. _ 21. Mus amphibius. 8, M. amphib. terreftris. y- M. amphib. paludofus. >. M. amphib. niger. ) « M. amphib. maculatus. 22. Mus aliarius. 23. Mus rutilus. @ M. rutilus minor. 24. Mus gregalis. 25. Mus oeconomus. 8 Mus glareolus. 26. Mus laniger. 27. Mus arvalis. 8. M. arvalis nigricans. 28. Mus focialis. 29. Mus lagurus. 30. Mus torquatus, 31. Mus Lemmus. 508. oe 506. 57- 508. ao. 510. Sil. 512. «513 514. 515. 516. Sine 5i8. o2o- 520. 521. 522. 323: 524. 5a5- 526. cee 528. ooo" aac: 531. 532° * CLIMBING SQUIRRELS. eo Mee A EO Dy A, Siberian Lemming. Labradore Moufe. Lena Moufe. Kamtfchatka Moufe. *** HAMSTERS. Siberian Hamfter. German Hamfter. Black German Hamfter. Sand Hamfter. Rice Hamfter. Songar Hamfter. Baraba Hamfter. XEXX MOLE-RATS., Ruffian Mole-rat. Black Ruffian Mole-rat. Cape Mole-rat. African Mole-rat. Daurian Mole-rat. Blind Mole-rat. MARMOT. Common Marmot. Monax. Bobak. Canadian. Marmot.. Hoary Marmot. Souflik. Zifel. Zemni. Gundi. Hudfon’s-Marmot. Chilefe Marmot. SQUIRREL, XXVIi XX VIL 8 M. Lemmus fibiricus. 32. Mus hudfonius. 33. Mus lenae. 34. Mus Tfchelag. CRICETI. 1. Cricetus Acredula. 2. Cricetus germanicus. 4, Cricetus german. niger. 3. Cricetus arenarius. 4. Cricetus phaeus. 5. Cricetus Songarus. 6. Cricetus Furunculus. MYOTALP EL. 1. Myotalpa talpina. 6. Myotalpa talpina nigra. 2. Myotalpa capenfis. 3. Myotalpa maritima. 4. Myotalpa Afpalax. 5. Myotalpa Typhla. ARCFOMYS: 1. Arctomys Marmota. 2. Arctomys Monax. 3. Arctomys Bobac. 4. Arctomys Empetra. 5. Arctomys pruinofa. 6. Arctomys Suflica. 7. Arctomys Citillus. 8. Arétomys Zemni. g- Arctomys Gundi. o. Arctomys hudfonia. 1. Arctomys maulina. LG LGR, S. Divided into, SCIURI SCANDENTES:. Which have no flying membranes. Common Squirrel. e2 532, 1. Sciurus vulgaris. SSP 534 555. 536. 537° 535. 539+ 540. SAl. 542: 543° 544. 545° 546. 547° 548. 549 550° 55te 552. 55.3 554 555 556. Souk 559: $59: C AT 24 et Red Common Squirrel. White-tailed Common Squirrel. Varying Common Squirrel, Black Common Squirrel. White Coninon Squirrel. Silvery Common Squirrel. White legged Squirrel. Black Squirrel. White-nofed Black Squirrel. Vulpine Squirrel. White Vulpine Squirrel. Grey Squirrel. Labradore Squirrel. Carolina Squirrel. Virginian Squirrel. Perfian Squirrel. Georgian Squirrel. Javan Squirrel. Ruddy Squirrel. | Ceylon Squirrel. Malabar Squirrel. Abyflinian Squirrel. Bombay Squirrel. Fair Squirrel. Palm Squirrel. Barbary Squirrel. Plantain Squirrel. Ground Squirrel. . Afiatic Ground Squirrel. . American Ground Squirrel. . Brafilian Squirrel. . Striped Brafilian Squirrel. . Carnatic Squirrel. . Varied Squirrel. . Smaller Varied Squirrel. . Chilefe Squirrel. . Mexican Squirrel. 22. O1uG Wak S. vulgaris rufus. S. vulgaris leucourus, AS . 5. #e S» vulgaris albus. vulgaris varius. vulgaris niger. ¢. S. vulgaris argenteus. . Sciurus albipes. . Sciurus niger. 8. S. niger albiroltro. - Sciurus vulpinus. é. S. vulpinus aibus. . Sciurus cinereus, . Sciurus hudionius. - Sciurus carolinenfis. . Sciurus virginianus. . Sciurus periicus. - Sciurus anomalus. Sciurus bicolor. . Sciurus erythraeus. . Sciurus macrourus. - Sciurus maximus. Sciurus abyflinicus. . Sciurus indicus. . Sciurus flavus. » Sciurus palmarum. . Sciurus getulus. » Sciurus Badjine. Sciurus ftriatus. «, §. ftriatus afiaticus. 6. S. firiatus americanus. Sciurus aeftuans. @ §. aeftuans faiciatus. . Sciurus dfchinfchicus. 4. Sciurus variegatus. é. S. variegatus minor. . Sciurus Degus. . Sciurus mexicanus. 569. oF THE M g69- American Squirrel. 570. Guiana Squirrel. 71. Cayenne Squirrel. 572. Madagalcar Squirrel. 573- Cape Squirrel. «* FLYING-SQUIRRELS. AMMALTIA. 27. 28. 29. 30. aE. Sciurus fcrotalis. ~ Sciurus bancrofti. Sciurus guajanenfis. Sciurus madagafcarenfis. Sciurus capenfis. PETAURI. Have an extended flying membrane. 574 American Flying-Squirrel. 575. Virginian Flying Squirrel. 576. Labradore Flying-Squirrel. 577. European Flying-Squirrel. 578. Java Flying-Squirrel. Indian Flying Squirrel. Red Indian Flying-Squirrel. Black Indian Flying-Squirrel. Southern Flying-Squirrel. Philips Flying-Squirrel. DORMOUSE. Hoary Dormoufe. Wood Dormoufe. Garden Dormoufe. Common Dormoufe. JERBOA: Common Jerboa. Arabian Jerboa. Egyptian Jerboa. Siberian Jerboa. Great Siberian Jerboa. Middle Siberian Jerboa. Smaller Siberian Jerboa. Pigmy Siberian Jerboa. Cape Jerboa. Cafpian Jerboa. Marth Jerboa. Labradore Jerboa. Circaffian Jerboa. 579- 580. 581. 582: 583. 584. 585. 586. 587- 588. A. B. 589. 590. 591- 592. 593° 594 595: 596. 597- 7. 8. Petaurus norfolcenfis. XXIX w. 2. 3. . Petaurus volucella. » Petaurus virginianus. . Petaurus hudfonius. I 2 3 4. 5 6 Petaurus volans. . Petaurus fagitta. . Petaurus petaurifta. «, P. petaurifta caftaneus. 8. P, petaurifta niger. Petaurus auttralis. MYOXUS. Myoxus Glis. Myoxus Dryas. Myoxus Nitela. 4. Myoxus Mufcardinus. XXX I. 26 DIPUS. Dipus jaculus, Dipus fagitta. A. Dipus aegyptius. B. Dipus fibiricus. ae te Ss 6. a. D. fibiricus major. b. D. fibiricus medius. c. D. fibiricus minor. d. D. fibiricus pumilio. Dipus cafer. Dipus meridiaaus. Dipus tamaricinus. Dipus labradorius. 7+ Dipus circaflicus. HARE. C ANT pA 0,4 Ale HARE, 598. Peruvian Hare. 599. Common Hare. 600. Horned Common Hare. 601. Yellow Common Hare. 602. Varying Hare. 603. Spurious Varying Hare. 604. Black: Hare. 6es. American Hare. 606. Baikal Hare. 607. Chilefe Hare. 608. Cape Hare. Rabbit. ; 609. Wild Rabbit. 610. Black Tame Rabbit. 611. White Tame Rabbit. 612. Pied Tame Rabbit. 613. Silvery Tame Rabbit. 614. Hooded Rabbit. 615. Angora Rabbit. L Bebo bs XXXI * With fhort tails. 1. Lepus Vifcaccia. 2. Lepus timidus. @ L. timidus cornutus. vy L. timidus melinus. 3. Lepus variabilis. & L. variabilis hybridus. . Lepus niger. . Lepus americanus. . Lepus Tolai. Lepus minimus. . Lepus capenfis. . Lepus Cuniculus. io co AM - « L. Cuniculus ferus. @ L. Cuniculus domefticus niger. — v. L. Cuniculus domefticus albus. ®, L. Cunic. domeft. variegatus. «, L. Cunic. domeft. argenteus. zo. Lepus faccatus.. 11. Lepus fericeus. ** Having no tails. 616. Brafilian Hare. 617. Calling Hare. 618. Mountain Hare. 619. Ogotona Hare. ASHKOKO. 620. Cape Afhkoko. 621. Syrian Afhkoko. 12. Lepus brafilienfis. 13. Lepus pufillus. 14, Lepus alpinus. r5. Lepus Ogotona. TOR AN, 1. Hyrax capenfis. 2. Hyrax fyriacus. XXXII yhip iC ORS. CAMEL. 622. Arabian Camel. 623. Swift Camel. 624. Baétrian Camel. 625. Mixed Camel. 626. Glama, SXX1i1 GA ME LE Oss. 1. Camelus Dromedarius. &. Camelus dromos. a. Camelus bactrianus. 4. Camelus hybridus. 3, Camelus Glama. 627- 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 622. 633- 634. 635: 636. 637. 638. 639: 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645+ 646. 647. 648. 649- 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656. or THE M AMM ALT A. Guanaco. Chillihueque. Vicugna. Pacos. M U S K. Thibet Mufk. Indian Mufk. Pigmy Mutk. Striped Pigmy Mutk.. Memina. Javan Mufk. Brafilian Mufk. Formofan Mufk. Die EAR. 4: Camelus Huanacus. 5- Camelus arcucanus. 6. Camelus Vicugna. 7. Camelus Paco. XXXIV I. 2. 3: 4 5 6. 7° XXXV MOSCAUS. Mofchus mofchiferus. Mofchus indicus. Mofchus pygmaeus. g. M. pygmaeus leverianus. Motfchus Memina. Mofchus javanicus. Mofchus americanus. Mofchus finenfis. COE TeV S. * With palmated horns. Elk. Irifh Elk. Rein Deer. Common Rein Deer. Greenland Rein Deer. Canadian Rein Deer. Fallow Deer. Stag. Maned Stag. . Corfican Stag. Canadian Stag. Chinefe Stag. Virginian Deer. AXIS. Spotted Axis. Middle Axis. White Axis. Large Axis. Porcine Deer. Spotted Porcine Deer. I. 3. _'** With rounded horns. 4 Cervus Elaphus. Cervus Alces. g. C. Alces foffilis, . Cervus Tarandus. # C. Tarandus Rangifer. é. C. Tarandus groenlandicus. y. C. Tarandus Caribou. Cervus Dama. 8, C, Elaphus Hippelaphus. y» C. Elaphus corficanus. ®, C. Elaphus canadenfis. :. C. Elaphus minutus. 5. Cervus virginianus. 6. Cervus Axis. 2 CC, Axis maculatus. g. C. Axis unicolor. y. C. Axis albus. ® C, Axis major. ' 7. Cervus porcinus. & C. porcinus maculatus. 657, 657. 658. 659. 660 661. 662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 68i. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686. 637. 688. 689. cATALOGUE Muntjac. Roe. White Roe. Aha. Mexican Deer. 8. Cervus Muntjac. g- Cervus Capreolus. @ C, Capreolus albus. ro. Cervus pygargus. 11. Cervus mexicanus. *** Uncertain fpecies. Tema-magame. Cuguacu-apara. Cuguacu-ete. Biche des bois. “Biche des puletuviers. Mazame. Cariacou. . Barallou Hind.. Wood Hind. Savanna Hind. Indian Deer. Squinaton. Grey Deer. Unknown Deer. GIRAFFE. Camelopardalis. ANTELOPE. Blue Antelope. Lerwee. Chamois. Nanguer.. Nagor. Biggel. Nylgau.. Saiga. Tzeiran. Perfian Antelope.. White faced Antelope: Springer Antelope. Barbary Autelope. XXXVI XXXVI1 e, Cervus Temama. & Cervus Cuguapara. y Cervus Cuguete. ® Cervus fylvaticus. « Cervus paludofus, 2, Cervus Mazame. a Cervus Cariacou. 6, Cervus Barallou. a. Cervus nemorofus, x, Cervus pratenfis. ‘a, Cervus indicus. zw. Cervus Squinaton. » Cervus guineenfis. _ & Cervus anomalus. CAMELOPARDALIS, 1. Camelopardalis Giraffa. ANT FOO PE . Antilope leucophaea. . Antilope Lerwia. . Antilope Rupicapra. . Antilope Dama. . Antilope redunca. . Antilope Tragocamelus, . Antilope picta. . Antilope Saiga. . Antilope gutturofa. . Antilope fubgutturofa.. . Antilope pygarga. . Antilope faltans. » Antilope Dorcas. © CONT Dw fo HW = = ss me N = O ie i» 690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697.. 698. 699- 700. 701. 702. 703. 74> 705- 706: 707. 708. 709. 710. 7116 712s 713 714. 715. 716. CLT 718. Z19- 720. 721% 7226 er THE MAM Kevel. 14 Corine. 15 Bubalis. 16 Koba. 17. Gnou. 18 Pafan. 19 African Antelope. 20 Algazel. 21 Leucoryx. 22 Coudous.. 23 Guib. 24 Grimm. 25 Guevei. 26 Wood Antelope. 27 Condoma.. 28 Lidmee.. 29. GOAT. XXXVIli Wild Goat. I. Common Goat.. MALIA, . Antilope Kevella. . Antilope Corinna. . Antilope Bubalis. Antilope Koba. . Antilope Gnu. . Antilope Oryx. . Antilope Oreotragus. . Antilope Gazella. . Antilope Leucoryx. . Antilope Oreas. . Antilope f{cripta. . Antilope Grimmia. . Antilope pygmaea. . antilope fylvatica. . Antilope Strepficeros. Antilope Cervicapra.. CAPRA Capra Aegagrus. Capra Hircus.. Angora Goat. 3. Capra angorenfis. Syrian Goat. 4. Capra mambrica. African Goat. 5- Capra depreffa. Whidaw Goat. 6. Capra reverlfa. Juda Goat, 7. Capra nana. Capricorn. 8. Capra Capricornis.. Cabonas Goat.. g. Capra mutica. Ibex. to. Capra Ibex. Caucaffan Goat.. 11. Capra caucafica. SHEEP. EXK1X OV TIS. Common Sheep.. 1.. Ovis Aries, Hornlefs Sheep.. Dwarf. Sheep.. Rutftic Sheep.. Spanifh Sheep. Many-horned Sheep.. African Sheep. 723. Wattled Sheep.. «. O. Aries anglica, @. O. Aries nana. vy QO. Aries ruftica. % O. Aries hifpanica.. :. O. Aries polycerata.. g..O. Aries africana. a O. Aries guineenfis. 72s. CuAP PIA VOeG TU YE . Broad-tailed Sheep. . Fat-rumped Sheep. . Bucharian Sheep. . Long-tailed Sheep. . Cape Sheep. » Bearded Sheep. - Morvant. . Cretan Sheep. . Argali. . Corfican Argali. - Pudu. O X., Common Ox. . Wild Ox. . Urus. - Bonafus. . Bifon. » Domefltic Ox. . European Ox. . Indian Ox. . Zebu. . Surat Ox. . Abyflinian Ox. . Boury. . Tinian Ox. peleanite . Arnee. . American Bifon. . Mafk Ox, . Grunting Ox. . Ghainouk. . Sarlyk. . Hornlefs Grunting Ox. . Buffalo. . Naked Buffalo. . Anoa. . Guavera. s. O. Aries laticaudata. 1. O. Aries fteatopyga. x, O. Aries bucharica. a. O. Aries longicaudata. we O. Aries capenfis. y ©. Aries barbata. g. O. Aries jubata. 2. Ovis Strepficeros. 3. Ovis Ammon. g. O. Ammon europaea. 4. Ovis Pudu. xl BOS. 1. Bos Taurus. — A. B. Taurus ferus. «. B. Taurus Urus. 8. B. Taurus Bonafus. y. B. Vaurus Bifon, B. B. Taurus domefticus. ® B. Taurus europaeus. « B. Taurus indicus major, . g. B. Taurus indicus minor. x. B. Taurus indicus minimus. 3, B. Taurus abeffinicus, « B. Taurus madagafcarenfis.. x, B. Taurus tinianenfis. a. B. Taurus africanus. 2. Bos Arnee. 3. Bos americanus. 4. Bos mofchatus. 5. Bos gruniens. 8 B. gruniens Ghainouk. y. B. gruniens Sarlyk. >. B. gruniens ecornis. ; 6. Bos Bubalus. — 8 B. Bubalus feminudus. y B. Bubalus Anoa. — », B. Bubalus Guavera. (yk OF 4757. Cape Ox. 7 758. Baas. 8 759. Dwarf Ox. 9 4) anand 5a Daal DD HORSE. xii Common Horfe. Wild Horfe. Domeftic Horfe. Dfhikketai. Afs. Onager. Domettic Afs. Mule. Bardeau. Zebra. Hybrid Zebra. 769. Quacha. 770. Chilefe Horfe. HIPPOPOTAMUS. 771. Amphibious Hippopotamus. Avr: ker. American Tapir. POG, Common Hog. Wild Hog. Domeftic Hog. Single-hoofed Hog. Chinefe Hog. Guinea Hog. Siam Hog. Pecary. Leffer Pecary. Patira. African Hog. Engallo. Babyrouffa. 760. 7616 762. 763: 764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 77% es (ies 115° 776. Eke 778. 779+ 780. 781. 782. 783. 784. 5 6. xii I. xliit I. xliv re 2 (Ss) nH roe M AM MALIA. . Bos caffer. . Bos barbatus. - Bos pumilus. 1 IN 0B De EQUUS. » Equus Caballus. w, E. Caballus ferus. & E. Caballus dometticus, . Equus Hemionus. . Equus Afinus. e«. E. Afinus ferus. 6. FE. Afinus dometticus. vy. E. Afinus Mulus. >, E. Afinus Hinnus. . Equus Zebra. g. E. Zebra hybridus. Equus Quagga. Equus bifulcus. IE TO POA US, Hippopotamus amphibius. WM Pay Eee Tapir Americanus. MAS) Sus Scrofa. 2. S. Scrofa ferus. & §. Scrofa domeftticus. y- S. Scrofa dometticus unifulcus, ®. S. Scrofa domefticus finenfis. Sus Porcus. g. S. Porcus fiamenfis. - Sus Tajaffu. é. S. Tajaffu minor. y. S. Tajaffu Patira. . Sus africanus. - Sus aethiopicus. » Sus Babyrufla. VIL NARVAL. xiv MONODON. 785. Horned Narval., 1. Monodon monoceros. W HAL E. xivi BALE NA. Common Whale. 1. Balaena Myfticetus. 786. Greenland Common Whale. «. B. Mytticetus groenlandica. 787. Iceland Common Whale. & B. Myfticetus iflandica. 788. Larger Common Whale. y- B. Myfticetus major. 789. Fin Whale. 2. Balaena Phyfalis. 790. Scrag Whale. 3. Balaena Boops. Humped Whale. 4. Balaena gibbofa. 4gt. Single-humped Whale.. #, B. gibbofa gibbo unico. 792. Six-humped Whale. 8. B. gibbofa gibbis fex. 793: Broad-nofed Whale. 5. Balaena Mufculus. 794. Beaked Whale. 6. Balaena roftrata. CACHALOT. xl vil PES iE Dele 795. Leffler Cachalot. 1. Phyfeter Catodon. Blunt-nofed Cachalot. 2. Phyfeter macrocephalus.. 796. Black Blunt-nofed Cachalot. | «. Phyfeter macroceph. niger. 797. White Blunt-nofed: Cachalot. g. Phyfeter macroceph. albicans. 798. Grey Blunt-nofed-Cachalot.. y- Phyfeter macroceph.. cinereus. Sharp-nofed Cachalot. 3. Phyfeter microps. 799. Hook-toothed Sharp - nofed. \ Cachalot. «. Phyfeter microps falcidentatus.. Soo. Straight-toothed Sharp-nofed. Cachalot. &, Phyfeter microps re@tidentatus. 801. High-finned Cachalot.. 4, Phyfeter Turfio. DOLPHIN. xlvill DELPHINUS. 802. Porpoife. 1.. Delphinus Phocaena. | 803. White Porpoife. 8, D.. Phocaena albus. 8o4. Brown Porpoife. yD. Phocaena fuicus.. 805. True Dolphin. 2. Delphinus Delphis, 806. Grampus. 3. Delphinus Orca. 807. Swor. Grampus, 8 DD. Orca enfidorfatus.. CoAT At Le OinGs Un ES Ren VIL CET E, . Beluga. 4. Delphinus leucas.. Oy se OA Oath oe NE ue Neo Ae ee AEN The rivers with their dry banks, and the retiring mountains, refound with the bleating of flocks, and the frequent lowing of the herds.—VirRGiL. - HE Mammalia are fuch animals as nourifh their young by means of lactiferous teats or paps. In their flrudture, both external and internal, and in their various organs, they refemble man. © They are for the moft part quadrupeds, or having four legs and feet; and, along with us, they inhabit the furface of the earth, environed with cruel enemies: The largeft in fize, though by far the fmalleft in number, being furnifhed with fins, inhabit the ocean. The clothing of quadrupeds is compofed of foft, feparate, flexible hair, little fubject to injury, which is more plentifully beftowed on the inhabitants of cold regions than on thofe which live in the warmer parts of the earth. This hair coalefces together, on ‘Urchins and Porcupines, to form fpines or prickles; on the Manis thefe are flattened into fharp pointed fzales ; and they are united into a fhelly coat on the Armadillo: The fur is often divided by diftinct ridges, as in the Dog and Horfe; and thofe ridges, on the Horfe and Hog, are fometimes elongated into a mane. In aquatic quadrupeds the hair is altogether wanting, lelt it fhould abforb the wet; except in fuch as are fometimes obliged to live on fhore. The face of animals is frequently furnifhed with briftly warts; the * The term Mammalia, here ufed, fignifies fuch animals as feed their -young by milk derived from proper glands fituated on the mother, and furnifhed with teats or paps. “Dere is no fingle Englifh word by which this can be tranflated; Quadrupeds would exclude the Cetaceous order, which, from giving milk, are arranged by Linnzus in this clafs.—T. Vou, 1, E 34 M A -M M A+h 1 A, the lips with whifkers; the chin, as in Man, Apes, and Goats, with a beard ; and the legs and breaft, as in the Horfe and Camel, are often provided with callofities. The fulcra, {upporters, or inftruments of motion, are intended for more expeditioufly efcaping from enemies by flight, or for purfuing after prey. ‘erreftrial animals, of this clafs, are furnifhed with four legs and feet ; of thefe the anterior pair, or fore legs, have fometimes a hand divided into fingers, with a diftant oppofed thumb, as in the Primates and Oppoflums: The hinder feet are more united, that they might ferve bet« ter for fupporting the weight of the body; thele are either palmated or webbed, having the toes joined together by an interpofed membrane, for the purpafes of {wimming ; or fifile, having the toes feparated, for running quickly ; or fupported by heels, as in Man and the Bear, for ftanding firmly: Befides thefe, that the toes, during flight, may not be torn in rugged places, they’are either fortified with a thick fur on the foles of the feet, as in the common Hare, Artic Fox, and Sloth; or they are hoofed, having the toes fur- rounded by horny nails in the manner of a fhoe, as in the orders of Pecora and Belluae; in fome of which animals the heel is included in this manner inftead of the toes, which are then wanting: The more fierce animals have their feet armed with claws placed on the extremities of their toes, for feizing their prey, tearing their enemies, and dig- ging the ground; in moft of thefe the claws are pointed and crooked; a {mall num- ber of lefs ferocious animals have the claws flattened, and of an oval fhape, while the rapacious order of Ferae, or beafts of prey, have bent fharp pointed talons: The flying animals of this clafs either mount into the air by the affiftance of palmated fore feet,’ - having the toes much elongated, and connected by an interpofed membrane, as in Bats; or they float in the air by means of a membrane ftretched out between the fore and hinder legs, as in the flying Macauco and failing Squirrel: Aquatic animals are defti- tute of claws and hoofs, having, inftead of feet, pectoral fins, which are formed by the fhoulder blade, arm, fore arm, wrift, hand, and fingers, all jumbled together, as in the order Cete. ‘The offenfive arms of the animals of this clafs, befides the claws and hoofs already taken notice of, and the teeth, which will be mentioned afterwards, are chiefly horns of a cartilaginous or boney nature, which are placed on their heads: Thefe are either folid and perfiftant, as in the Rhinoceros; or folid and annually deciduous, being, while growing, which they do from their outer ends, covered with a hairy fkin which. falls off when they are full grown, as in Deer; or, as in the Ox, Goats, and Sheep, they are hollow and perfiftant, covering a central cavernous boney flint, and growing by addi- tions at their bafes; with thefe weapons animals attack, gore, and {trike their adver- faries. AE AY erie (AC SE. on 7A 35 faries. They thus are enabled in various ways to elude or refift the force of enemies, by fighting, biting, tearing, kicking, ftriking, running, leaping, climbing, and digging ; or by {wimming, flying, urining, ftinking, roaring, and terrifying. The eae for maltication of food are the teeth, which are of three kinds: The fore teeth, which are fometimes in the form of compreffed wedges, and called incifors ; thefe ferve for plucking, gnawing, and cutting the food: The tutks are longer than the other teeth, their form is conical and pointed, and they have no oppofites which direct. ly meet them on clofing the mouth; their ule is for tearing the food: The grinders, or back teeth, are of a broad form for chewing the food; thefe, in animals which live on vegetables, are obtufe, and in carnivorous animals are furnifhed with fharp conically pointed protuberances on their upper furfaces. he Ant-eaters and Manis alone, of all the clafs, have no teeth. The tails of animals are compofed of an elongation and multiplication of the latter vertebrae of the back, and ferve for concealing the unclean parts: In a few animals, as in Man, fome of the Apes, and a few of the Murine tribe, this is wanting; in fome it is fhort, in which cafe it is only the length of the thigh, or fhorter, as in the Hare, Satyr, Mole, and Urchin; in others it is long, being at leaft the length of the leg down to the feet, as in Dogs, Mice, and others; it is fometimes naked, as in Mice; or pre- henfile, that is, capable of lapping round an object and ferving the purpofe of a fifth hand, as in fome fpecies of the Ape, Porcupine, and Qpoflum ; fometimes it is covered with flowing hair, as in the Horfe and Ox; fometimes tufted, the extremity being fhaped like a brufh, as in the Sea Lion and Jerboa; or, laftly, it is fhed laterally, both fides being hairy, as in the Squirrel and Ant-eater, ‘The fenfes of animals are intended as guardians for protecting them from danger :— The external ears, which are wanting in aquatic animals, are either rounded, or oval, or pointed, or fharp, or divided; and are erect, or pendulous :—The pupils of the eyes: are either round, for ufing during the day; or contracted into a line, which is either tran{verfe or vertical, for nocturnal ufe; in fome there is a membrana nidfilans, ta pre- ferve the eyes from the glare of light without fhutting the eye-lids ; all have moveable eye-brows; in man and apes both eye-lids are moveable, but in moft of the reft the upper eye-lid only is capable of being moved :—The nofe is either compreffed, flatten- ed, crooked upwards, or bifid; or, it may be fhorter than the lips, as in Apes; a little Jonger, as in moft of the order of Ferae ; or it is elongated into a probolcis, or flexible cartilaginous trunk, as in the Elephant; the noftrils are either oval or rounded :—The EH 2 tongue 36 MA™M M'A‘L t A! tongue in moft animals is fimple; in fome fringed with jags at the edges, as in the Dog; befet with papillae on its upper furface, as in the Feline tribe ; or long and flen- der, as in the Manis and Ant-eater ; it is fometimes bifid, as in Seals :—The upper lip in moft has a furrow in the middle running downward from the nofe; in a few, as in the order of Glires, it is bifid, or divided. An attentive inveftigation of the genital organs might offend, though from the va- tious ftru€tures of the clytoris, nymphae, ferotum, and penis, confiderable fervice might be derived in forming a natural arrangement of animals. For the moft part animals. of this clafs ufe tranfient venery, when the males fight together for the enjoy- ment of the females, and the ftronger prevail, as beft fitted for the procreation of a4 more lively offspring: The impregnated females bring forth their young alive, and fully formed, the foetus being excluded from the egg within their own bodies; when dropped, they fuckle them with milk, from laétiferous glands or mammae, excreted through teats or paps; they defend them while young, taking care of them till the time of another litter, and fometimes even to a more advanced age :—Some animals are polygamous, as Seals, the male preferving to himfelf, by force, a feraglio of females which he has affociated with him :—A very {mall number, as fome Apes, the Macauco, the Bat, and Urchin, pair together ; a fingle male and female entering into a monoga- mious fociety, and rearing their young ones by a joint concern. The mammae, or lattiferous dugs of the female animals of this clafs, are always in pairs, and in a determinate number for each fpecies; and, except the Horfe genus, the males have always the rudiments of thefe organs, fimilar in number and arrange- ment with thofe of the females of the fame fpecies :—Thele are either pectoral, being placed on the breaft, as in the orders Primates and Cete ;—or they are abdominal, that is, fituated on the belly, as in Oppoflums and Seals ;—or inguinal, which are placed in the groin, as in the orders Pecora and Belluae;—or both pectoral and abdominal at the fame time, as in moft animals of the order Glires ;—fome animals, as the Hog and others, have them arranged longitudinally ;—and, laftly, there are generally two teats on the mother for each young one produced in ordinary births. The ufes of the animals of this clafs to man are various :—The order of Pecora are bred for fupplying flefh, milk, cheefe, butter, leather, tallow, and for their fleeces ;— the Horfe, Ox, Camel, and Elephant, are employed for draught and for carrying loads ;— feveral animals of the order of Ferae are ufed for hunting or deftroying other ani- mals that are troublefome or noxious, fuch as Mice and Serpents:—The rarer ani- mals. MAM M‘A’L I Ae 37 mals are preferved, for curiofity and obfervance of their manners, in vivaria or mena- geries. The authors to be confulted refpecting this clafs of animals are Gefner, Aldrovan- dus, and Jonfton, of the laft age ; and, in the prefent century, Ray, Briffon, Houttuyn, Buffon, Pennant, Pallas, Schreber, Klein, Cetti, Erxsleben, Blumenbach, Camper, and Storr. ‘The f{cience is to be treated of properly by giving a defcription of each animal in its form, diet, economy, and manners, that from fuch hiftory the intention of the Creator in forming them may be difcovered ; examples of fuch defcriptions of the common Dog, Rhein Deer, Guinea Pig, or reftlefs Cavy, common Hog, and domeftic: Sheep, may be found in the Ameenitates Academicae. The Ordinal Characters of the Animals of this Clafs may, in the firft place, be cho- fen from particulars refpecting the Teeth ;—thus, MAMMALIA, having, The fore teeth are wanting in both jaws ; Bruta. 2. [ane incifive fore teeth in both, and no tufks; Guirzs. Ae -| Four incifive fore teeth in both, and one tufk 1. Toes and claws; 4 PRIMATES. Io. on each fide in each jaw ; par two, or ten, conical fore teeth in both jaws, ia ER e 7 and one tufk on each fide in both; § 3 nui Fapfed facts Auirns teeth in pou FERED 0h BeELLuz. 6. Fore teeth only in the lower jaw ; PECORA. 5 3. No feet; The teeth are various in the different fpecies; CrTz. Te CHARACTERS 38 MAM M*AG kL A Co A ReA Ch EGS OF THE O2R DoE OR io SOK IVE AM EAS ae I, PRIMATES. _ Their fore teeth are incifive wedges, of which there are four, parailel to each other, in the upper jaw; except in fome f{pecies of Bats, which have either two only, or none: They have one tufk on each fide in both jaws.x—The females have two pectoral milk teats.— The two fore feet refemble hands, having fingers, for the moft part, furnithed with flattened oval nails.—They live moftly on fruits and feeds, a few only ufing ani- mal food. ; I. BRUTA. Thefe have no fore teeth in either jaw.—Their feet are fortified with ftrong, blunt, hoof-like nails. —They are of a clumfy make, and are flow in their motions.— They, moftly, live on vegetables, which they only bruife in maftication. IW. FER Z. Their fore teeth are conically pointed, and of thefe moft have fix in each jaw: They all have tufks, longer than the other teeth: Their grinders are furnifhed with conical projections. - Their feet are divided into toes, which are armed with fharp hooked claws.—They live on animal food, either devouring dead carcafles, or preying on other animals, IV. GLIRES. Have two incifive fore teeth in each jaw, and no tufks.—Their feet, which are form- ed for bounding and running, are provided with toes and claws.—They feed on vege- tables, gnawing the barks, roots, and other parts of plants. Va PE COR A. Thefe have feveral blunt, wedge like, incifive fore teeth in the lower jaw only.— Their feet ate armed with cloven hoofs.—They live on vegetables, which they twitch or pluck ; and they all ruminate or chew the cud. They i SM MA A ay 39 They have all four ftomachs: 1ft, The Rumen or Paunch, in which the food is ma- cerated for fome time, to be afterwards brought up tothe mouth and chewed more fully ; this aétion is called ruminating : 2d, The Reticulum, Bonnet, or Kingfhood, of a cellular texture, receives the food after rumination: 3d, The Omaffus, or Manyplies, compofed on its inner furface of numerous folds, digefts the food: 4th, The Aboma- fus, Caille, or Red, divided into bundles, gives acefcency to the food, to prevent putres faction. VI. BELLU A. Have obtufely truncated fore teeth.—Their feet are armed with hoofs.—Their mo- tions are flow and heavy.—They live on vegetable food, from which their digeftive organs draw a tincture without diffolution. Vii CE TE. Inftead of feet, the animals of this order are provided with pectoral fins and a hori- zontally flattened tail fit for fwimming.—They have no claws or hair.—The teeth, in fome fpecies, are cartilaginous, and boney in others.—Inftead of noftrils, they have a filtulous opening on the anterior and upper part of the head.—They live entirely in the fea, feeding on fea-blubbers and fifh. CHARACTERS * This order, though nearly allied in manners and form to fifhes, is neceflarily ranked with the clafs of Mammalia from fimilarity in ftruture.—Their heart has two auricles and two ventricles, which pro- pel warm, red blood :—They have regularly alternate lungs:—Their eye-lids are moveable :—They have open ears, which receive impreflions of found from the motions of the air:—They have feven ver- tebrae of the neck, lumbar bones, and a coccyx:—They procreate with an intrant penis :—Avnd, laftly,. the female fuckles her young with milk by means of teats.. : PP MAMMALIA « i Hy As By A Cet ORAS ‘ OF THE GE N'E RAY O-F > MA M M/A LUA : I. PRIMATES. rz. MAN. 1. HOMO. 1. Walks erect. The female menftruates, and has a hymen. 2, Ape. . 2. Simia. 2. Have tufks, diftant from the other teeth. * Apes. Simiae. - No tails. ** Baboons. Papiones. Short tails. *** Monkeys. Cercopitheci. Long, not prehenfile, tails, cheek-pouches, and naked but- tocks. HEX Sapajous. Sapaji. Long prehenfile tails,no cheek- pouches, the buttocks clothed. ¥eee* Sagoins. Sagoini. Long, not prehenfile, tails, no cheek-pouches, the buttocks clothed. 3. Macauco. 3. Lemur. 3. Have fix fore teeth in the lower jaw. 4. Bat. 4. Vefpertilio. 4. Their fore feet are palmated, for the purpofes of flying. A. Four fore teeth in each jaw. j B. Four fore teeth above, fix below. 2) Four fore teeth above, eight below. Two fore teeth above, fix below. Two fore teeth above, four below. Two fore teeth above, none below. . No fore teeth above, four below. anay . No fore teeth in either jaw. The number and arrangement of the teeth unknown. mth a Lee | ie Note—The figures preceding the Latin names exprefs the order of the Genera, as arranged by Dr Gmelin; thofe which follow the Latin names are prefixed in his edition, apparently to mark the or- der followed by Linnzus in the former edition; fuch as have no numeral after the Latin names are new Genera adopted by Dr Gmelin. The figures which precede the Englifh names fhow the order ob- ferved in this edition.—T. I. BRUTA. 5. Sloth. 5. Bradypus. 7. 6. Ant-eater. 6. Myrmecophaga. 8. 7. Manis. 7. Manis. 9. 8. Armadillo. 8. Dafypus. 10. g. Rhinoceros. 9. Rhinoceros 36. 10. Sukotyro. Sucotyro. 11. Elephant 10. Elephas. 5. 12. Walrus. 11. Frichechus. 6. ll. FER &. 13. Seal. 12. Phoca. 11. 14. Dog. 13. Canis. 12. 15. Cat. 14. Felis. 13. * With long tails, and plain ears. ** With fhort tails, and pencilled ears. 16. Fitchet. 15. Viverra. 14. 17. Weatel. 16. Mufela. 15. * Otters, Lutrae. ** Weafels. Muftelae, 18. Bear. 17. Urfus. 16. Vou.. I. - Mm AM MMA TLL OB es Have no fore teeth or tufks; the anterior grinders are longer than the reft. The body is hairy. Have no teeth. The body is hairy. Have no teeth. The body is covered with {cales. Have grinders, but no tufks or fore teeth. The body is covered with a cruftaceous fhell. Has a horn on the middle of the fore-head. Has horns on each fide below the eyes. Has tufks and grinders, but no fore teeth. The fnout is elongated into a flexible trunk. Has tufks in the upper jaw; rough boney excrefcences for grinders. Hind legs and feet ftretched backwards. Six fore teeth above, four below. Six fore teeth in each jaw;.the intermediate ones, above, lobed. Six fore teeth in each jaw; the lower ones: equal. The tongue prickly. Lynxes. Six fore teeth in each jaw ; the intermediate ones, below, fhorter than the reft. Six fore teeth in each jaw; the lower ones crowded together ; two, alternate, ftand- ing within the reft. The feet webbed. The feet divided. Six fore teeth in each jaw; the upper ones: hollowed. The penis contains a crooked’ bone. F 1Q>. 42 19. Opoffum. 20. Mole. a1. Shrew. 22. Urchin. MAM MTA Eel At i8. 10. 20 21. IV. GLIRES. 23. Porcupine. 24, Cavy. 25. Beaver. 26. Murine quadrupeds. * Beaver-rats. ** Rats and Mice. %***® Flamfters. %&** Mole-rats. 27. Marmot. 28. Squirrel. * Climbing Squirrels. *® Flying Squirrels, 29. Dormoufe. 2260 23. 24. 25. 26. 27° 28, Didelphis. 17. Talpa. 18. Sorex. 19. Erinaceus. 20. Ayfirix. 21. Cavia. Cafor. 23. Mus. 24. Myocaftores. Mures. + Myofuri. 44+ Cunicularii. Criceti. Myotalpae. Arctomys. Sciurus. 25. S. Scandentes. S. Volitantes. Myoxus. 26. Ten fore teeth above, eight below. Six fore teeth above, eight below. Two fore teeth above, four below. Two fore teeth in each jaw. The - body is befet with prickles. The body is covered with long fpines. The fore teeth are wedge like; four grinders on each fide. No col- lar bones. : The upper fore teeth wedge-like; four grinders on each fide. Has collar bones. The upper fore teeth wedge.like ; three grinders on each fide. Has collar bones. The tail is flattened at the end. The tail is round. With naked tails. With hairy tails. Having cheek- pouches. Have no external ears; fmall eyes; and a very fhort tail, or none. Have two wedge-like fore teeth in each jaw; five grinders above, and four below, on each fide. Have collar bones. r Have two wedge-like fore teeth above and two, fharp pointed, below; five grinders above, and four be- low, on each fide. Have collar bones: Hair on the tail fhed fide ways: Long whifkers. Have long whifkers ; and a round tail, thick at the extremity. 30. 30. Jerboa. 29. Dypus. 31. Hare. 30. Lepus. 22. 32. Athkoko. 31. Hyrax. V. PECORA. 33. Camel. 32. Camelus. 27. 34. Mutk, 33. Mofchus. 28. 35. Deer. 34. Cervus. 29. 36. Camelopard. 35- Giraffa. 37. Antilope. 36. Antilope. 38. Goat. 37. Capra. 30. 39. Sheep. 38. Ovis. 31. 4o. Bull. 39. Bos. 32+ j VI. BELLU &. 41. Horfe. 40. Equus. 33. 42. Hippopotamus. 41. Hippopotamus. 34. 43. Tapir. 42. Tapir. 44. Hog. 43. Sus. 35- VE C EEE: 45. Narval. 44. Monodon. 37. 46. Whale. 45. Balaena. 38. 47. Cachalot. 46. Phyfeter. 39. . Dolphin. . Delphinus. 40. F 2 MAMMAL TIA. 43 Have very fhort fore, and very long hind legs. The upper fore teeth double. Have broad upper fore teeth. No tail. Hornlefs. Has feveral tufks on each fide of each jaw. Hornlefs. Solitary tufks; thofe in the upper jaw project from the mouth. Has folid, branchy, deciduous horns. No tufks in either jaw. Very fhort horns. The fore legs are much longer than thofe behind. Has folid, fimple, perfiftent horns. tufks in either jaw. Has hollow, erect horns. Has hollow reclined horns. Has hollow extended horns. No No tufks. No tufks. No tutfks. Has fix fore teeth in each jaw. Has four fore teeth in each jaw. Has ten fore teeth in each jaw. Has four fore teeth in the upper, and fix in the lower jaw. Has two extended boney teeth in the up- per jaw. Has horny teeth in the upper jaw. Has boney teeth in the lower jaw only. Has boney teeth in both jaws. PRIMATES. 44 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. LPR Aus eS) 8 Their fore teeth are wedge-like, intended for cut- ting; thofe in the ‘upper jaw are parallel, and four in number. ‘They have two paps fituated on the breatft. 1 MAN—A0 MO. Know thy felf 7. Sapient Man.—1.—Z. Sapiens. Man feems a native of the countries within the Tropics, and dates were probably his original food. He has, however, become accuftomed to the lels genial climes without the Torrid Zone, and now fupports his exiftence by means of agriculture, adding ani« mal food to that intended him by Nature. This is the only fpecies; he is endowed with wifdom far fuperior to, or rather in exclufion of, all other animals. He varies from climate, education, and habits. Lin nzeus enumerates the following varieties. / Wild Men.—a.—H. Feri. Walk on all fours, are dumb, and covered with hair j. i. A youth found in Lithuania, in 1761, refembling a bear, 2. A youth found in Heffe, in 1544, refembling a wolf. 3> * The name of this order may be tranflated Chiefs, as being the principal animals, becaufe it contains Man, and thofe animals which refemble him, efpecially in the circumftances of the teeth and mammae, or teats.—T. + This noted faying of Solon is the firft ftep towards the attainment of true wifdom, and was for- merly written, in letters of gold, on the temple of Diana. £ Thefe inftances of wild men, and their fimilitudes, are partly to be attributed to impofture, and in part to exaggeration. Moft probably idiots who had flrayed from their friends, and who refembled the above animals only in imitating their voices.—T. MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. 45 3. A youth in Ireland refembling a fheep, Tuip. O}/ iv. 9, . A youth in Bamberg refembling an ox. Camerarius. . A wild youth found, in 1724, in Hanover. . Wild boys found, in 1719, in the Pyrenees. . A wild girl found, in 1717, in Overyfel. . A wild girl found, in 1731, in Champagne. Oo Os Que Bb . A wild lad found near Leyden. Boerhaave, American.—@.—H, Americant. OF copper coloured complexion, choleric conftitution, and remarkably erect. Their hair is black, lank, and coarfe; their noftrils are wide; their features harfh, and the chin is fcantily fupplied with beard. Are obftinate in their tempers, free, and fatisfied with their condi- tion ; and are regulated in all their proceedings by traditional cuftoms.—Paint their fkin with red ftreaks. Europeans.—y.— AH, Europaez. Of fair complexion, fanguine temperament, and brawny form. The hair is flowing, and of various fhades of brown; the eyes are moftly blue.—Of gentle man- ners, acute in judgment, of quick invention, and governed by fixed laws.—Drefs in clofe veft- ments, Afiatic.—d.—A. Afiatici. Of footy complexion, melancholic temperament, and rigid fibre. The hair is ftrong, black, and lank; the eyes dark brown.—Of grave, haughty, and covetous manners. Governed by opinions.—Drefs in loofe garments. African—e—H. Afri. Of black complexion, phlegmatic temperament, and relaxed fibre. The hair is black and frizly ; the fkin foft and filky; the nofe is flat; the lips thick; and the female has a natural apron *, and long lax breafts.—Of crafty, imdolent, and carelefs difpofitions, and are governed in their actions by caprice.—Anoint the fkin with greafe. Monfters.—7C:—H, Monftrofi. Of thefe there are feveral varieties; the firft and fecond of which, in the following lift, are occafioned by peculiarity of climate, while the reft are produced by artificial management. Io ~ * This circumftance is rather doubtful. 46 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. _ Man. 1. Alpini. The inhabitants of the northern mountains; thefe are {mall in ftature, active, and timid in their difpofitions. 2. Patagonici. ‘The Patagonians of South America; of vaft fize, and indolent in their manners. 3: Alonorchides. ‘The Hottentots; having one tefticle extirpated. 4. Imberbes. Moft of the American nations; who-eradicate their beards, and the hair from every part of the body except the fcalp. 5. Macrocephali. The Chinefe; wo have their heads artificially forced into a conical form. 6. Plagiccephali. The Canadian Indians; who have the fore part of their heads flattened, when young, by compreffion. The following arrangement, of the varieties in the human {pecies, is offered by Dr Gmelin as more convenient than that of Linnzeus. 1.- White.—a.—H. Albus. Formed by the rules of fymmetrical elegance and beauty; or, at leaft, what we confider as fuch.— This divifion includes almoft all the inhabitants of Europe; thofe of Afia on this fide of the Oby, the Cafpian, Mount Imaus, and the Ganges; likewife the natives of the north of Africa, of Green- land, and the Efquimeaux. Brown.—b.—H. Badius. OF a yellowifh brown colour; has feanty hairs, flat features, and {mall eyes.—This variety takes in the whole inhabitants of Afia not included in the preceding divifion. Black.—c.—H. Niger. Of black complexion ; has frizly hair, a flat nofe, and thick lips—The whole inhabitants of Afri- ca, excepting thofe of its more northern parts. Copper coloured.—d.— Hi. Cupreus. The complexion of the fkin refembles the colour of copper not burnifhed. ‘The whole inhabi- tants of America, except the Greenlanders and Efquimeaux. Tawny.—e.—H. Fu/fcus. - Chiefly of a dark blackifh brown colour, having a broad nofe, and harfh coarfe ftreight hair.— The inhabitants of the fouthern iflands; and of moft of the Indian iflands. DESCRIP. MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man, “47 Dreotie Le ETON. OF Mea N, The body, which feldom reaches fix feet in height, is erect, and almoft naked, ha- ving only fome fcattered diftant hairs, except in fome fmall {pots of the body, to be af- terwards noticed, and when firft born is entirely naked. The head is fhaped like an ege; the fcalp being long, and covered with hair; the forehead broad; the top of the head flat; and the hind head protuberant. The face is naked, having the brow, or forehead, flattened and quadrangular ; the temples are compreffled, with peaked angles pointing upwards and backwards towards the hairy fcalp. The eye brows are prominent, and covered with hairs which, fhedding outwards, cover each other like tiles; and, between the inner extremities of the two eye-brows, there is a fmooth, fhallow furrow, or de- preffion, in a line with the nofe. The upper eye lid is moveable, but the lower one hardly moves, and both-are planted, at their edges, with a row of ftiff recurved hairs, named eye-lafhes. ‘The eye-balls are round, having no fufpending mulcle as in thofe of moft quadrupeds; the pupil, or opening of the fight, is circular; and the eye has no membrana nitlitans *. ‘he upper parts of the cheeks are prominent, foftifh, and co- loured with a red blufh; their outer parts flattened ; the lower parts are hollowed, lax, and expanfile. The nofe is prominent and comprefled at the fides; its extremity or point is higher than the reft, and blunt; the noftrils are oval, open downwards, with thickened edges, and are hairy on their infides. The upper lip is almoft perpendicu- lar, and is furrowed on the middle, from the divifion between the noftrils to the edge of the lip; the under lip is erect, thicker and more prominent than that above; both have a f{mooth red protuberance, furrounding the mouth, at their edges. The chin is prominent, blunt, and gibbous. In males, the face, all round the mouth, is covered with hair, called the beard, which firft appears, a: cut puberty, in patches on the chin. ‘The teeth in both jaws may be diftinguifhed into three orders ; the fore teeth are erect, parallel, and wedge like, of the kind named incijors, or cutting tecth ; they iiana clole to each other, and are more equal and rounder than in other animals; the ¢w/fs, called, in man, eye teeth and corner teeth, of which there is only one on each fide of the fore teeth in each jaw, are a little longer than the fore teeth, but much lefs fo than in other ani- mals, and they are placed clofe to the other teeth; the grinders, of which there are five on each fide in both jaws, are blunt, and divided on their upper furface into pointed eminences; but thefe are not fo remarkable as in other animals. The ears are placed on the fides of the head, are of an oblong rounded figure, with a femilunar bend on | their * This membrane is a half tranfparent fereen, ferving the purpofe of eye-lids in fome degree; fome- times along with eye lids, and fometimes without them. It will be afterwards defcribed.—T. 43° MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. their anterior edges ; they lie flat to the head, are naked, arched at the margin on their upper and pofterior edges, and are thicker and foft at the under extremities. The trunk of the body confilts of the neck, breaft, back, and belly. The neck is roundifh, and fhorter than the head; its vertebrae, or chine bones, are not, as in moft animals, connected by a fufpenfory ligament; the nape is hollowed; the throat, im- mediately below the chin, is hollowed at its upper part, and protuberant in the middle a little lower down. The breaft is fomewhat flattened both before and behind; on the fore part there is a cavity or depreflion where it joins with the neck; the arm-pits are hollow and hairy; the pit of the ftomach is flat: On the breaft are two diftant, round, protuberant mammae, or dugs, each having a cylindrical obtufe wrinkly projecting nipple, which is furrounded by a darker coloured circle called the areola. The back is flat, having protuberances on each fide at the fhoulder blades, with a furrow or depref- fion between them. The abdomen or belly is large and protuberant, with a hollow at the navel; the epigaftric region, or fituation of the ftomach, is flat; the hypogaftric regions, or fides of the belly, are protuberant ; the groins flattifh and hollowed. The pubis is hairy; the pelvis, or bafon, is wider above, and grows narrower below; the male parts are external and loofe; the penis cylindrical; the fcrotum roundifh, lax, and wrinkled, being divided in the middle by a longitudinal ridge or fmooth line, which extends along the whole perinaeum: ‘The female parts are compreffed and pro- tuberant, having labia, nymphae, clytoris, and hymen; and, in adults, fecreting the catamenia, ‘here is no external tail. The limbs confift of arms and hands, inftead of fore legs, and of thighs, legs, and feet. ‘Lhe arms are placed at a diftance from each other; they are round, and about a foot in length, from the joint of the fhoulder to the elbow; the fore-arm, or cubit, contains two bones, and is obtufely prominent ; the w/a, which forms the principal thicknefs of the member, is round, and fomewhat flattened on the infide. The hands are broad, flat, and rounded; convex on the out fide, or back of the hand, and con- cave on the infide, or:palm. Each hand has five fingers, one of which, named the thumb, is fhorter and thicker than the reft, and is placed at fome diftance from them ; the others are near each other, and placed parallel, the outer or /ittle finger being the fmaileft ; the fecond, named index, or fore finger, and the fourth, called the ring finger, are next in length and in fize; and the third, or middle finger, is the longeft ; the point of this laft, when the arm and hand hang down, reaches to the middle of the thigh. ‘the nails are rounded and oval, being flatly arched, or convex upwards, and each has a femilunar whitith mark at the root or lower extremity. The MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man, 49 The lower limbs are placed clofe together, having brawny mulcular haunches, and {welling flefhy hips; the knees are obtufe, bend forwards, and have hollow hams be- hind. ‘he legs, which are nearly of the fame length with the thighs, are of a mufcu- lar make behind, where they fwell out into what is called the ca/f; they are lean, and free of flefh on the fhins, or fore parts, and taper downwards to the ancles, which have hard hemifpherical projeétions on each fide, named the ankle bones, or malleclac. The heel is thick, prominent, and gibbous, being longer and broader than in other ani- mals, for giving a firm fupport to the body; it joins immediately with the fole of the foot. The feet are oblong, convex above, and flattened on the foles, which have a tranfverfe hollow about the middle. Each foot has five toes, fomewhat bent down- wards, and gibbous, or {welled, underneath at their extremities; they are all placed clofe together, the inner, or great toe, being thicker, and fomewhat fhorter, than the reft; the fecond and third are nearly of equal length; and the fourth and fifth are fhorter than the others, the laft mentioned, or little toe, being the fhorteft and {malleft. The toe nails refemble thofe on the fingers, which are already defcribed. Thus man differs from the other animals in his erect pofture and naked fkin, having a hairy fealp, being furnifhed with hair on the eye-brows and eye-lafhes, and having, when arrived at puberty, the pubis, breaft, arm-pits, and the chin of the males, covered with hair. His brain is larger than that of any other animal, even the moft enormous; he is provided with an wvu/a, and has organs of fpeech. His face is placed in the fame parallel line with his body; he has a projecting compreffed nofe, and a prominent chin. His feet, in walking, reft on the heel. He has no tail; and, laftly, the fpecies is di- ftinguifhed, from other animals, by fome peculiarities of the female conftitution, which have been already mentioned. OBS Ey ROV AST FOUN Ss ON, KAUN ©: § 1. PuystotocicaLLy.—Tecum habita / Man is a frail machine, chiefly compofed of nerves and fibres interwoven with cach other. Ilis moft perfect flate is during youth; and he is endowed with faculties more numerous * In the original thefe are contained in a note, but are here thrown into the text for greater conve- nience.—T. Vou, I. G ao. MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. numerous, and in higher perfection, than thofe of all other animals. ‘ Man, intended “« for exercifing dominion over the whole animal creation, is fent, by Nature, Be) the ** world naked, forlorn, and bewailing his lot; he is then unable to ufe his hands or “* feet, and is incapable of acquiring any kind of knowledge without inftru@tion ; he ** can neither fpeak, nor walk, nor eat, nor do any action whatever by natural inftine.” Pliny.—** We may judge what kind of life is allotted to us by Nature, fince it is or- ‘* dained, as an omen, that we fhould come weeping into the world.’? Seneca.— It ‘* is humiliating to the pride of man, to confider the pitiable origin of this moft arro- <* gant of all the animals.” Pliny. § 2. DigTaticaLLy.—Cura valetudinem / Bodily health and tranquillity of mind are more to be defired than all the riches, pomp, or glory, of a Crefus, a Solomon, or an Alexander. Health is to be preferved by moderation, it is deftroyed by abftinence, injured by variety of delicacies, weaken- ed by unufual things, and {trengthened by the ufe of proper and accuftomed fare. Man, learned in the pernicious art of cookery, is fond of many difhes, rendered palatable by the injurious effects of fire, and by the baneful addition of wine. “* Hunger is fatified ‘* with a {mall quantity of food, luxury demands overabundance. Imagination requires ** valt fupplies, while Nature is contented with a moderate quantity of ordinary food, “« and is burthened by fuperfluity.”? Seneca.—According as thou liveft, fo fhall thy life be enjoyed. § 3. PATHOLOGICALLY.—Memento mori / The life of man refembles a bubble ready to burft; his fate is fufpended by a hair, and is dependent on the uncertain lapfe of time. ‘* The earth contains nothing more- *“* frail than man.” Homer.—‘* Nothing is weaker than human life: To what dangers,. ** and to how many difeafes, is it not expofed? Hence the whole period of a man’s * life is but a fpan: Half of it is neceffarily {pent in a ftate refembling death ; without “« socluding the years of infancy, wherein there is no judgment, or the period of old ** ae, fertile in fufierings, during which the fenfes are blunted, the limbs become ftiff, ** and the faculties of fight and hearing, the powers of walking, and the teeth, the in- “ firuments of nourifhment, fail before the reft of the body. Pliny.—‘* Thus a confi- * derable part of death is fuffered during life; and death poflefles all that belonged. to “ the times which are paft. Finally, Nature will {peedily recal and deftroy all the bes ** ings MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Man. gt * ings which thou feeft, and all that thy imagination can fuppofe: to exift hereafter ; ‘¢ for death calls equally upon all, whether they be good, or whether they be evil.” Seneca, it. 59. § 4. NaturaLty.—Innocuo vivite, Numen adeft ! ‘Man, the Prince of animated beings, who is a miracle of Nature, and for whom all things on this earth were created, is a mimic animal, weeping, laughing, finging, ipeak- ing ; tra€table, judicious, inquifitive, and moft wife; he is weak and naked, unprovided with natural weapons, expofed to all the injuries of fortune, needful of afliftance from others, of an anxious mind, folicitous of protection, continually complaining, change- able in temper, obftinate in hope, and flow in the acquifition of wifdom. He defpifes the time which is paft, abufes that which is prefent, and fets his affections on the un- certain future; thus, continually neglecting winged time, which, though infinitely pre- cious, can never be recalled: For thus the beft and readieft time, in every age, flies on with miferable mortals; fome it fummons to attend their daily and burthenfome labours ; fome it confines to luxurious inaction, pampered, even to fuffocation, with fuperfluities ; fome it folicits in the ever reftlefs paths of ambition; fome it renders anxious for the acquifition of wealth, and diftrefles by the pofleffion of the thing de- fired ; fome it condemns to folitude, and others to have their doors continually crouded with vifitors ; here one bewails the conduét of his children, there one grieves their lofs : Tears will fooner fail us than their caufes, which only oblivion can remove. ‘‘ On “© every hand our evils overbalance our advantages ; we are furrounded with dangers; ** we rufh forwards into untried fituations; we are enraged without having received © provocation; like wild beats, we deftroy thofe we do not hate; we with for favou- *€ rable gales, which lead us only to deftru€tion; the earth yawns wide, ready for our ** death.” Seneca.—‘‘ Other animals unite together againft enemies of a kind different “* from their own, while man fuffers moft injuries from his own fpecies.” Pliny. § 5- PoLiTicaLLy.—E/io antiqua virtute et fide! Man, inftead of foliowing that which is right, is fubje@ed to the guidance of mani-. feft error; this envelops all his faculties, under the thick veil of cuftom, as foon as he is born; according to its diftates he is fed, educated, brought up, and directed, in all things ; and by its arbitrary rules his honefty, fortitude, wifdom, morality, and reli- gion, are judged of; thus, governed by opinion, he lives conformably to cuftom, ins G2 ftead y2 “MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Man. ftead of being guided by reafon. Though fent into the world a perifhable being, for all are evidently born to fuffer, inftead of endeavouring to fecure thofe things which are moft advantageous and truly beneficial, he, infatuated by the {miles of fortune, anxioufly collects her gawdy trifles for future enjoyment, and neglects her real bene- fits; he is driven to madnefs by envious {narlers; he perfecutes with hatred the truly re- ligious for differing from himfelf in fpeculative opinions ; he excites numberlefs broils, not that he may do good, but for a purpofe that even himfelf is ignorant of. He waftes his precious and irrecoverable time in trifles; he thinks lightly of immortal and eter- nal concerns, while regulating the fucceflion of his pofterity ; and, perpetually enter- ing on new projects, forgetful of his real condition, he builds palaces inftead of pre- paring his grave; till at length, in the midft of his f{chemes, Death feizes him, and then, firft opening his eyes, he perceives, O Man! that all is delufion. ‘‘ Thus we live as «* if immortal, and firft learn in death that we have to die.” Seneca. § 6. MoraLty.—Benefac et laetare ! Man is compofed of an animated medullary fubftance, which prompts him to that which is right, and of a bodily frame liable to impreffions, which inftigates him to the enjoyment of pleafure. In his natural ftate he is foolifh, wanton, an inconfiderate fol- lower of example, ambitious, profufe, diflatisfied, cunning, peevifh, invidious, mali- cious, and covetous; by the influence of juft morals he is transformed to be attentive, chalte, confiderate, modeft, temperate, quiet, fincere, mild, beneficent, grateful, and contented. ‘* Sorrow, luxury, ambition, avarice, the defire of life, and anxiety for « the future, are common to all animals.” Pliny. § 7. THEoLocicaLLy.—Memento Creatoris tui? Man, the ultimate purpofe of creation, and mafterpiece of the works of Omnipo- tence, was placed on earth that he might contemplate its perfections ; he was endowed with fapient reafon, and made capable of forming conclufions from the impreffions of his fenfes, that, from a confideration of created objects, he might know their Creator as the Almighty, the Infinite, the Omnifcient, the Eternal Gop: That we may live morally under his governing care, it is requifite that we have a thorough conviction of its exiftence, and muft have it ever in remembrance.—Other revealed matters on this fubject are left to be explained by the Theologians. Sa nee! MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Man. > 53 «* There are two things which lead to a knowledge of Gop; Creation and Revela- “¢ tion.” Augu/tine.—‘ Gop, therefore, may be found out by the light of Nature, but “¢ is only to be known by the affiftance of dottrine.” Tertullian.—‘* Man alone has “¢ the ineftimable priviledge of contemplating the perfections of Gop, who is the au- ‘¢ thor both of Nature and of Revelation.” Ibid.‘ Learn that Gop has both ordered ** you to exift, and that you fhould ftudy to act that part properly which is allotted for *¢ you in life.” Perf. Sat. iii. 71. i, 4 - MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Apes. Il. APE—2, S7MTZ, 2. Has four clofe fet fore-teeth in each jaw; fingle tufks on each fide in both jaws, which are longer than, and fomewhat re- mote from, the other teeth; and obtufe grinders. The feet are formed like hands. This genus refembles man in the ftructure of the paps, clitoris, nymphae, uterus, uvula, eye-lafhes, hands, feet, fingers, toes, and nails. It is really wonderful that, with fo much external refemblance to man, efpecially in fome of the fpecies, this ftupid race of animals fhould differ fo widely in the total want of reafon *. Between the Tropics, in India, there are numerous fhady groves of trees, the branches of which, hanging downwards to the earth, again take root to form columnar trunks, whote thick and lofty tops, interlacing each other, overfhadow the earth, and protect it from being burnt up by the torrid influence of an ever vertical fun; under covert of this umbrageous thicket, along with parrets and other birds, the race of apes chiefly inhabits. This is a fufpicious race of animals, and is endowed with a very retentive memory: They are fore- avard, fond of imitation, and full of gefticulations ; are with difficulty brought to learn any thing ; ufe threatening geftures, chatter with their teeth, and feem to laugh: They moftly macerate their food in their cheeks for fome time before they chew and fwallow it; are fond of hunting after fleas in their own fur and that ef their neighbours; have a very delicate fenfe of feeling, ufe their arms in fwimming, and void their faeces in a very filthy manner, when terrified. In fome fpecies the females have a diftinct urinary paflage. ‘They are libidinous when pregnant: They live moftly on vegetable food: They all fuckle their young; but very few of the fpecies are hitherto either fully known or accurately defcribed. Apes, and parrots, the apes among birds, are more numerous in their fpecies than any other ani« mals. ‘They are mofily confined to the Torrid Zone, a fingle fpecies only being found beyond that line, in Barbary: They are lively, agile, full of frolic, chatter, and grimace; and, from the ftructure of their members, have many actions in common with mankind, but no fuperiority over moit other brutes in fagacity.. Moft of them are fierce and untameablé; yet fome are of a milder nature, and thew a degree of attachment to thofe who are kind to them; but, in general, they are endowed with mifchievous propenfities. ‘They are filthy, obf{cene, lafcivious, and thieving ; feed on fruits, leaves, grain, and infects; inhabit the woods, and live in trees; are moftly gregarious, and go together in vaft companies; but the different fpecies always keep apart, and in feparate quarters, never mixing with each other. They leap with vaft agility from tree to tree, even when loaded with their young, “which cling tothem. ‘They are the prey of leopards, and other fpecies of the feline tribe, and of ferpents, which purfue them to the fummits of the trees, and fwallow them entire. The principal marks by which the fpecies of this genus are diftinguifhable from each other, are derived, rft, from the tail, which is either long, fhort, or altogether wanting, or is ftraight, or pre- henfile; 2dly, from the buttocks, which are naked, and furnifhed with callofities, or are covered with hair; 3dly, from the nails, which are flat and rounded, like thofe of man, or fharp pointed, like * Simia quam fimilis turpifima beftia nobis.—Ennius. ING a TE POR ee og th I. trcher Se. r MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes. igs like the claws of beafts in general; 4thly, from the prefeace or abfence of a beard on the chin; and, sthly, from the cheeks being provided with, or wanting, pouches in their under parts *. For greater convenience, the fpecies of this genus, which are very numerous, are arranged under five fubordi- nate divifions, confidered as diftinét genera by fome authors, and not without reafon : Three of thete fubdivifions were adopted by Linnzus; but Dr Gmelin, following Buffon, has added other two, taken from the third divifion of his great precurfor. * APES —SIMI. Have no tails. The vifage is flat; the teeth, hands, fingers, feet, toes, and nails, re- femble thofe of man; and they walk naturally erect. ‘This divifion includes the fimiae or apes, properly fo called, of the ancients, which are not found in Ame- Ticas 1. Chimpanzee.—1. Szmia troglodytes. 34]. Has-no tail. The head is conical; the whole body is of a robuft brawny make; the back and fhoulders are covered with hair, and the reft of the body is‘naked. Blu- menbach, comp. hift. nat. 1. 65. et de gen. hum. var. nativ. 37. Y Satyrus indicus. Tulp. obf. med. 284. tab. xiiiiChimpanzee. Scotin, Nov. aét. Er. Lipt. m. Sept. 1739. tab. 5. p. 564.—Great ape. Penn. H. of Q. n. 72. Inhabits Angola, and was firft brought to Europe in the year 1738, being exhibited as a {how in London in the month of Auguft that year. What is faid by Linnzeus of the homo troglodytes t feems partly of fabulous origin, partly to refer to fome monftrous or morbid individual of the human race, and partly to belong to the above fpecies of ape. To the firft fource we muft evidently afcribe what is reported of his faculties of {peech, of thought, and of reafon; the fecond fuppofition is clear from. the fynonimous name kakurlacke, which he has cited; and to the third the remainder of the defcrip--, tion, and what is extracted from Bontius, may be referred. What our author has faid of Lucifer,, or men with tails, may likewife be confidered as fabulous.. * There is great difficulty in arranging the feveral divifions, fpecies, and varieties, of this genus; indeed, there are ftrong grounds for fufpeiing, that, as in dogs, the feveral fpecies intermix with each other, and produce an almoft endlefs variety, by which great confufion in the opinions and defcriptions of naturalifts have been occafioned, and’ which would require a much more minute attention to extri- cate than can ever be given to fo ufelefs a race of animals. Many apparent varicties have likewife been formed by the arts of {how-men, to impofe on the ignorance and.credulity of the curious, which has added to the difficulties of the natural hiftorian.—T. : + The various numerals ufed in this edition to the fpecies and varieties-are to be underflood thus: The marginal number on the leit hand fhews the running number of the fpecies in each clafs of this edition ; the number preceding the Englifh name is the running number of the fpecies in the genus; that preceding the Latin name fhews the arrangement of the {pecies in-Gmelin’s edition; and that which follows the Latin name is the number prefixed by Gmelin from the laft Linnzan edition, or referring to that ar- rangement.—T. , t This paragraph, which is a note in the edition by Dr Gmelin, refers to the laft Linnzan edition of the Syftema Nature.—T. as) 56 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes. 2, Orang-outang.— 2. Szmia Satyrus, 1. Has no tail. Is of a rufty brown colour; the hair on the fore-arms is reverfed, or ftands upwards 4 and the buttocks are covered with hair. Amoen. acad. vi, 68. tab. lxxvi. f. 4, Homo fylveftris, or wild man of the woods. Edwards, av. v. 6. tab. 213-—Orang-utang. Cam- per, kort beright, &c. Amfterdam 1788. p. 8. Inhabits the ifland of Borneo.—Is about two feet high, and walks moftly erect. The body and iimbs are univerfally covered with brown hair, about an inch long, which is thinly-interfperfed with reddifh hairs; the hair on the fore-arms, towards the wrifts, is reverfed, or lies with its points turn- ed towards the elbow; the buttocks are covered with hair: The head is round, having a naked fore- head; the margin of the mouth is hairy; the eye-laihes are black, the upper being longer and thicker than thofe below ;.and 4 range of tranfverfely placed hairs occupies the place of eye-brows: The nofe is very fhort, and is covered with down: The palms of the hands are fmooth, and the thumb is fhorter than the palm; the feet refemble thofe of man, except that the great toes are confiderably fhorter than the others, which are very long. Much as this fpecies refembles mankind, even poffeffing the os hyoides, it muft ftill be referred to the genus of Ape, with which it agrees in wanting the flat round nail on the great toes, and in the firucture of the larynx; befides thefe circumftances, it is evident, from the direction of the mufcles, and from the whole figure of the fkeleton, that this animal is not defigned by nature for an erect pofture. B. Pongo.—Simza Satyrus Pongo, Has no tail, no cheek pouches, and no callofities on the buttocks ; walks always erect; and is between five and fix feet high. Sm. Buff. viii. 77. Homo fylveftris, f, Orang-outang. Bontius, Jav. 84. tab. 84. Thabits the ifland of Java, and the interior parts of Guinea—Has no pouches within his cheeks, no tail, and no callofities on the buttocks; which laft are plump and flefhy. All the teeth are fimi- lar to thofe of man. ‘The face is flat, naked, and tawny; the ears, hands, feet, breaft, and belly, are likewife naked; the hair of the head defcends on both temples in the form of trefles; the hair on the back and loins is in {mall quantities. It is five or fix feet high, and walks always erect on the two hind feet. It has not been afcertained whether the females of this fpecies, or variety, are fubject to periodical difcharges, but analogy renders this almoft unqueftionable. ‘This animal is, by Dr Gmelin, confidered only as a variety of the crang-outang. y. Jocko.—Simza Satyrus Focko. Refembles the former, but is only two feet and a half in height. Sm. Buff. viii, 86. tab. cclii. Cyolock. De Vifme, Phil. Tranf. xiv. 73. tab. 3.—Homo fylveftris, Orang-outang. Tyfon, anat. of a pigmy. 108. fig. 1. and 2. The one feen by the Count de Buffon was about two feet and a half high; and, by the informa- tion of his proprietor, was only about two years old. He walked always erect; his air was melan- choly, his gait srave, his movements meafured, and his difpofitions gentle, without any of the mif- chievous tricks, impatience, malicioufels, or extravagance, of other apes, baboons, and monkeys. He MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes. 57 He was remarkably docile, and imitative of the actions of mankind, requiring only figns and words to make him aét, while other apes require to be managed with blows; would prefent his hand to vifitors; fat down at table, unfolded his napkin, wiped his lips, ufed a fpoon or a fork, poured his liquor into « glafs, which he made to touch that of the perfon who drank along with him; would bring a cup and faucer to the tea table, put in fugar, pour out the tea, and allow it to cool before he drank. He eat almoft of every thing that was offered, but preferred ripe and dried fruits, and fweet-meats; drank a little wine, but fpontancoufly left it for milk, tea, or other mild liquors. He was troubled with a teazing cough; lived one fummer in Paris, and died in London the following winter. It is probable that this young animal, if pofleffed of liberty in its native climate, would have acquired, with age, the fame heights and dimenfions which travellers have afcribed to the Pongo, or great Ourang-outang : Of courfe, till better informed, thefe two animals muft be confidered as con- ftituting but one fpecies. In Mr Pennant’s Synopfis of Quadrupeds, the two laft animals, and the Chimpanzee, are con- fidered only as one fpecies, of which he gives the following defcription, under the name of great ape. Tas a flat face with a deformed refemblance of the human countenance; ears exactly like thofe of man; the hair on the head longer than on the reft of the body; the body and limbs are covered with reddifh fhaggy hair, which is longeft on the back, and thinneft on the fore-parts ; the face and paws are fwarthy; the buttocks are covered with hair. 3. Great Gibbon.—3. Simia Lar. 35. Has no tail. The arms are naked, and as long as the body; the buttocks are naked. Homo lar. Mantiff. pl. ii. p. 521. Miller on var. fub. of nat. hift. tab. xxvii. A. B—Grand gibbon. Sm. Buff. viii. 113. tab. ccliti—Long armed are: Penn. H. of Q. n. 74.—Simia longi-. mana. Schreber, i. 66. tab. iii. 1. Tnhabits India, particularly Coromandel, Malacca, Sumatra, and the Molucca iflands.—Of a mild and flothful difpofition, impatient of cold and rain; is about four feet high, of a black colour with a fwarthy face, and approaches nearer to the manners of mankind than even the Orang-outang, be- ing more inclined to the erect pofture. It is named Go/ok in India. There are flight callofities on the buttocks. The face is flat, brown, and {urrounded with a circle of grey hairs; the canine teeth are proportionally longer than thofe of man; the ears are naked, black, and round; the eyes are large and funk; the arms are fo- enormoufly long, that, when walking erect, he can reach tke \ ground without bending the body. The female has the catamenia. This animal is about three feet high when ftanding erect, but fometimes grows to be as tall as a man; it is of a tranquil difpofi- tion and of gentle manners, receiving mildly what is given to it, and feeding, at leaft in confinement, moftly on bread, fruits, and almonds. B. Leffler Gibbon.—Simia Lar minor. Refembles the former, but is much lefs, being only about a foot and a half high; the body and face are of a brown colour. Small gibbon. Sm. Buff. viii. 113. t. ccliv.—Leffer long-armed ape. Penn. H. of Q. in. 74. ae. Miller’s plates, xxvii. Schreber, 8o. t. iii. f. 2. Lev. muf. Fnhabits Malacca. VoL. I. H 58 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. - Apes. y-» Silvery Gibbon,—Szmza Lar argentea. The body and arms are covered with filvery hairs; the face, ears, crown of the head, and hands, are black. Penn. H. of Q. n. 74. 2. Inhabits the forefts of Devat in the interior parts of Bengal.—This animal refembles the great Gibbon, except in colour, but is more elegantly made; it is about three feet high when erect, very frolickfome and good natured. Was in the poffeffion of the late Lord Clive fome years ago. 4. Pigmy.—4. Simia Sylvanus. 2. Has no tail, The buttocks are naked; the head roundifh; and the arms fhorter than the body. Simia. Gefh. quad. 847.—Briff. quad. 188.—Cercopithecus. Jonft. quad. t. 59. £ 1.—Pi- theque. Sm. Buff. viii. 106.—Pigmy-ape. Penn. H. of Q. n. 73.—Tiénxos. Ariftotle.—Its ana- tomy: EE. N. C. d. 2. a. 7. obf. 40.7 Inhabits Africa and Ceylon.—The face is {hort and flat, having a tranfverfe projection at the re- gion of the eye-brows ; the fur is harfh, and is reverfed on the neck and fore-arms. It has a deep furrow in the middle of the fcrotum, which hides the penis; the tefticles increafe in fize towards the autumnal feafon; the female fundament is much fwelled. This animal ufes threatening geftures when angry, and chatters when pleafed; {alutes paflengers after the manner of the Caffres, and fips its drink from the palm of the hand. The tufks, or canine teeth, are not proportionally larger than thofe of man; the face is Mat; and the nails are flat and rounded like thofe of mankind. It walks erect on two feet, and is about a foot and a half high; of a mild difpofition, and eafily tamed. The female has the menftrual difcharge, according to the ancients, and analogy forbids us to doubt the fact. The ears are like thofe of a man; the body is about the fize of a cat; the general colour is an olive brown on the upper parts of the body, and yellowifh on the lower. 5. Magot.— 5. Szmia mmuus. 3. Has no tail. The buttocks are naked; and the head is oblong. Simia cynocephala, dog-headed ape. Briff. quad. 191.—Cynocephalus, 1. and 2. Alpin. Avgypt. 241. tab. 15. £. 1. et tab. 16.—Magot. Sm. Buff viii. 117. pl. cclv. and cclvi—Barbary ape. Penn. H. of Q. n. 76.—Simia inuus. Schreber, 1. 71. tab. v. Is found in Tartary, Arabia, /Ethiopia, Barbary, Mauritania, all Africa, as far as the Cape of Good Hope, and in India.—Refembles very much the Simia fylvanus and cynocephalos, but has a longer fnout, and is of a paler colour than either; it muft not, however, be confounded with the Pigmy, or former of thefe fpecies. All the nails are rounded. There is a fmail portion of {kin at the rump, which has the appearance of a tail; the cheeks are furnithed with pouches; the tufks are proportionally longer than thofe of man, and the under part of the fnout is turned up like the muzzle of a bull-dog; the face is downy; the hair on the body is of a greenifh brown colour, and that on the belly of a whitith yellow. He walks fometimes erect, but oftener on all four; is from three, to three and a half feet high: The females menftruate, and are fmaller than the males. It is fond of being in the open air, and by no means delicate, even in the.climate of Europe; of an ugly afpect, melancholy, and dirty; chatters and grinds the teeth when irritated, or when hungry; has 10 ri £2 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Apes, 59 has prominent callofities on the buttocks. The Count de Buffon thinks that there are feveral varie- ties of this fpecies, though he has only defcribed one. 6. Hog-faced Ape. —Simia Suilla. Has a blunt truncated nofe, exactly refembling that of a ee Penn. H. of Q. p. 17 pl. xx. fig. 1. The engraving of this animal, given by Mr Pennant, is from a copy of a drawing in the Britifh Mufeum, but along with which there is no account to enable us to trace its hiftory. Mr Pennant fuppofes it may be the yosgorstaxesy or Simia porcaria of Ariftotle; as, at any rate, in his opinion, that animal muft be an ape, and not a baboon, according to the Count de Buffon’s idea; becaufe the zidqxor, or apes of Ariftotle, had no tails, and the baboons have.—So far as I can pretend to judge of Mr Pennant’s figure, it feems a bad reprefentation of the Mandril, or Simia maimon, though, from refpect to the authority of that great naturalift, it is here inferted as a diftinét fpecies of ape.—T. ** BABOONS.—PAPIONES. Have fhort tails; a long face; a broad high muzzle; longifh dog-like tufks, or canine teeth; and naked callofities on the buttocks. ‘They are only found in the Old World; and are the Papiones and Kyvazegeax of the ancients. 1, Maimon.—6. S. Papio nemeftrina. 4. Has a fhort tail, and a thin beard: Is of a brown grey colour; the eyes are hazel, and the buttocks are naked. Short tailed ape. Edwards, av. v. p. 8. t. 214.—Maimon. Sm. Buff. viii. 137. pl. cclxii.— Pig— tailed baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 85. Inhabits Sumatra.—Has cheek-pouches, callofities on the buttocks, and a naked curled up tail, from five to fix inches in length; the tufks are not proportionally longer than in man ; the orbits of the eyes are prominent; the eyes are chefnut coloured, with black eye-lids; the face is naked and tawny, the muzzle very large, the nofe flat, and the lips thin, with fome ftiff hairs, which are too fhort to form whifkers; the ears, hands, and feet, are naked and tawny; the hair on the body is of an olive black colour, and reddifh yellow on the belly; the male organs are concealed under the fkin. It fometimes walks erect, but moftly on all fours; and, when erect, is from two to two and a half feet high. he female menftruates. ‘This is a vivacious, gentle, tractable, and even earefling animal, without any of the immodefty and impudence of moft baboons; and is very im- patient of cold. 2. Little Baboon.—7. S. Papio apedia. 5. The tail is fhort: The thumbs of the hands ftand clofe to the fingers, having oblong nails on the fingers, and rounded nails on the thumbs; the. buttocks are hairy. Amoen. ac. L.278. Little baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 83.—Petit Papion. Sm. Buff. viii. 121. pl. cclviii. HL 2: Tnhabits: I Oo 14 6a MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Baboons, Inhabits India.—The head is roundith, with a proje&ting muzzle, and roundifh naked ears; the hair on the body is yellow, tipt with black; the face is brown, and almoft naked, having only a few fcattered hairs; the nails are all compreffed and oblong, except on the thumbs and great toes, the nails of which refemble man; the tail is very thort, being hardly an inch long ; the body is about the fize of a cat.—It is uncertain if this animal fhould be confidered as a diftinét fpecies, or only as a variety of the Simia {ciurea ?—Gmel. 3. Great Baboon.—8. S. Papo Sphinx. 6. The tail is fhort ; the mouth is furnifhed with whifkers; the nails are fharp pointed and narrow; and the butiocks are naked. Papio. Gefner, quad. 252. t..253. Aldrov. dig. 260. Jonft. quad. 145. t. 61. f. 1. Ral. quad. 158. Briil) quad. 192.—Papion. Sm. Buf. viii. 121. pl. cclvii.—Simia fphinx. Schreber, i. 80. tab. vi—Great baboon. Pen. H. of Q. n. 76. pl. xvii. and xviii. Inhabits Borneo, according to Gmelin; Buffon and Pennant fay the hotter parts of Africa—A ftrong, fierce, and libidinous animal, very apt to offer violence to women. The head is oblong, and refembles that of a dog, but more obtufe; the tail is fhort and ereét; the buttocks are naked, and of a blood red colour; the cheeks have pouches; and there are large naked callofities on the but- tocks, of a blood red colour edged with purple; the muzzle is thick and long; the ears are naked ; the body is mafly and contracted, with thick, fhort, ftrong limbs; the male parts are large, naked, fleth-coloured, and pendulous; the hair is long, bufhy, of a reddifh brown colour, and pretty uni- form over the whole body. It walks oftener on all fours than ere€t; is from three to four feet high when ftanding on the hind feet. This is a brifk, ferocious, difobedient, mifchievous, and nafty animal; and infolently falacious, even to the ufe of manuftupration. ‘The female menftruates, and brings only one young at a time, which fhe carries in her arms fixed to the pap. It lives chiefly on fruits, roots, and feeds, gathering in crowds to rob gardens and cultivated lands, which it does with sreat dexterity.—The Count de Buffon confiders this and the former fpecies as only varieties of one fpecies; which he thinks contains many varieties of different fizes, but agreeing in their general fisure and manners. The individual feen by Mr Pennant, and referred by him to this fpecies of the Linnean fyf{tem, was five feet high.—T, 4. Mantegar.—9. S. Papio mormon. 36. Has a fhort tail, and is thinly bearded; the cheeks are tumid, naked, of a bright blue colour, and obliquely furrowed ; the buttocks are naked, and of a blood-red colour. Alftroemer, Act. Holm. 1766, vol. 27. p. 138. Short tailed, and bearded ape, fimia, having fharp claws, and the top of the head furmounted with an erect tuft of hair, like a mitre. Kramer, anim. auftral. 310—Mantegar. Phil. Tranf. n. 290.—Chloras. Breflauer Natur. Kunftgefch. xv. Verf. 177.—Tufted ape. Penn. H. of Q. p. 174. pl. xvi. f. 2.—Simia mormon. Schreber. i. 65. tab. viii. {inhabits India.—The forehead is crowned with an ereét pyramidal tuft of grey hair; the fnout is long and naked, with the nofe of a blood-red colour; the cheeks are naked, furrowed obliquely, and of a blue colour; the hair on the throat, and under part of the neck, is yellowifh, gray on the aypper paxt of the neck, brownith gray on the back, and whitith on the belly; on the loins the ‘kin, which 16 .7 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Baboons, Gt which is of a violet colour, fhines through a thin covering of hair; the buttocks have naked pro- jeGting callofities of a blood red colour; the middle of the belly is naked longitudinally, and of a blood red colour; the tail is very fhort; the claws of the fingers and toes are fharpifh and compref- fed; thofe on the thumbs and great toes are flat and rounded.—I fufpe& that this is the fame fpe- cies with the Mandril, or Papio maimon, and that the pyramidal tuft on the fore head is the effect of art, for the purpofe of impofition.—T. 5. Mandril.—t1o. S, Papio Maimon, 7. Has a fhort tail, and a thin beard on the chin; the cheeks are blue, and ftriped; and the buttocks are naked. Cynocephalus. Gefner, quad. 93. t. 93. Cluf. exot. 370. Jonft: quad. t. 59. f. 4.—Dog- faced cercopithecus, having long hair on the fore part of the body, and the nofe violet coloured and naked. Briff. quad. 214.—Mandril, or ribbed nofe baboon. Sm. Buff. viii. 131. pl. cclix. cclx. cclxi.—Rib-nofed baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 77.—Simia maimon. Schreber, i. 74. tab. vii. Inhabits Guinea.—Refembles the former in its blue, ribbed nofe, but wants the tuft of hair on the fore head. It is an ugly and difzufting animal, ‘of a fullen deformed afpect, with a fquat body, very large head, long muzzle, and flat nofe, perpetually diftilling a nafty fnot, which, with his - tongue, he licks into his mouth. It has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks, which are of a blocd red colour; the anus is confpicuous, and placed very high; the tail is not above two or three inches long; the tufks are much thicker and longer than in man; the muzzle is very thick, very long, and furrowed on each fide with deep longitudinal ribs or wrinkles; the face is naked, and of a bluifh or violet colour; the ears, palms of the hands, and foles of the feet are naked; the hair is long, reddifh brown on the body, and gray on the breaft and belly: This fpecies walks of- tener erect than on four feet ; and, when ere¢t, is from four to four and a half feet high, fome in- dividuals or varieties being ftill larger: The females menftruate: It is larger, and perhaps ftronger, than the great baboon, or Papio {phinx, but more peaceable, and lefs ferocious; is found on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, and other fouthern parts of Africa, where it is called Boggo by the negroes; it weeps and groans like mankind, and has a violent paflion for women, whom it frequently attacks, and forces, when at a diftance from relief. 6. Hoggifh Baboon.—r1. S, Papio porcaria. 48, Has a fhort tail,.and coloured buttocks; the head is like that of a hog, with a naked ‘ fnout ; the body is of an olive brown colour; the nails are fharp and comprefled. Bodaert. Naturf. 22. p. 17. t. I. 2. Kesgomionxoc. Ariftotelis, Inhabits Africa, and is about three feet and a half high when ftanding erect.—This, in all pro- bability, is the fame animal with the hog-faced ape, adopted from Pennant as the eighth fpecies of the fub-genus ape in this edition. —T. 7. Wood Baboon.—S. Papio /ylvicola. The face, hands, and feet, are naked, black, and fmooth, with white nails. Wood baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 78. tab. xix.—Leverian mul. Inhabits 18 62 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. —-Baboons. Inhabits Guinea, where it is called man of the woods by the Englifh.—Has a long dog-like face, covered with a fine grained, fmooth, glofty, black fkin; the hands and feet are naked, black, and sloffy, like the face, and have white, flat, rounded nails; the body, head, limbs, and tail, are uni- verfally covered with longifh clofe fet hair, elegantly mottled with black and tawny; the ears are almoft hid in the fur. It is about three feet high, when erect, and the tail is not three inches long. 8. Yellow Baboon.—S, Papio variegata. Of a bright yellow colour, mottled with black; having a long black naked face, and the back of the hands are covered with hair. Leverian Muf. Penn. H. of Q. n. 79. This animal ftrongly refembles the wood baboon, except in fize, and having hairy hands: The face is long, black, and naked; the ears are hid in the fur; over the eyes are feveral long duitky hairs; the backs of the hands are covered with hair. It is about two feet high, and is probably a native of Africa; but its place, age, and hiftory, are obfcure. g. Cinereous Baboon.—S. Papio cinerea. Has a dufky face, with a pale brown beard; the body and limbs are of a cinereous brown colour; and the crown of the head is mottled with yellow. Leverian Muf. Penn. H. of Q. n. 80. : Its place and hiftory are uncertain; but it probably eomes from Africa; and is about two feet high. 10. Blue-faced Baboon.—S. Papio livea. Has a bluifh face; two very broad flat fore-teeth ; and a pale brown beard. Leverian Muf. Penn. H. of Q.n. 8. This animal is about three feet high; has Jong hairs over the eyes; and a tuft of hair behind each ear; the hair is black, mixed with cinereous, and dull rufty brown. Its place and hiftory are un- known. 1. Brown Baboon,.—S. Papio platypygos. Has a dirty white face, furrounded with fhort ftraight hairs; and a broad large muzzle. Penn. H. of Q. n. 82. pl. xx. fig. 2. Simia:platypygos.. Schreber, 89. tab. v. B. The place and hiftory of this animal are uncertain—The upper parts of the body are brown, and- the under parts afh coloured; the tail is about four inches long, tapers to.a point, is almoft bare, and quite naked on its under part.—Mr Pennant refers to this fpecies an animal which he inferted in the firft edition of his work on quadrupeds, under the name of New baboon. 12. Crefled Baboon.—S, Papio criftata, Has very long and difhevelled hair on the crown of the head and cheeks. Leverian Muf Penn. H. of. Q. n. 84. Tuhabits 24. MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. 63 . -Inhabits Africa.—Is about two feet high; and the tail, which is flender and taper, is about feven , inches long; the body and limbs are covered with long, black hair; that on the head and cheeks is long, difhevelled, and of a dufky colour; the breaft is whitifh; the face, hands, and feet, are black and naked. *t* MONKEYS—CERCOPITHECL Have long tails, which are not prehenfile; the under parts of their cheeks are furnifh- ed with pouches, in which they can keep their victuals; the partition between the noftrils is thin, and the apertures are, like thofe of man, placed in the under part of the nofe; the buttocks are naked, and provided with callofities. ‘Thefe animals, which are never found native in America, are the Cercopitheci, and Kvgo, of the an- cients. 1. Dog-tailed Monkey. 12.—S. Cercopithecus cynofuros. 37. Has a long tail and no beard : The face is long, with a footy coloured fore-head, and a whitifh band over the eyes; the male parts are highly coloured ; the nails are convex. Scopoli delic. flor. et faun. Infubr. P. 1. p. 44. tab. xix. This animal is about the fize of a middling dog, being near two feet high when erect; it is deceit- ful, reftlefs, and libidinous. Its country is unknown. 2. Tartarin.—13. S. Cercopithecus hamadryas. 8, Has a long tail, and naked blood-coloured buttocks ; the ears are hid in the hair; the nails are fomewhat pointed. Egyptian ape, having a long tail, and naked prominent buttocks. Hafelquift, it. 189.— Ape, fimia, having the upper part of the ears very hairy. Alpin. hift. nat. A'gypt. 242. tab. 17.-19.— Cynocephalus. Gefner, quad. 252. f. p. 253.—Dog-faced baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 86.—Simia hamadryas. Schreber, i. 82. tab. x.—Le Tartarin. Belon. portrait. 102. Inhabits Africa, Arabia, and Afia.—The tail of this fpecies is {carcely fo long as the body; long hair hangs down on each fide, from the ears, like a flowing wig; the buttocks are naked, and of a blood-red colour: This fpecies is about five feet high when erect; the head and face refemble a dog, the muzzle being long, thick, ftrong, and prominent, with a fmooth red nofe; the face is na- . ked; and the ears are pointed, and hid in the hair; the hair on the fides of the head, and on the “body, as far as the waift, is long and fhaggy ; on the top and hind part of the head, the limbs, and the body below the wailt, it is fhort; the nails of the fingers are flat, but thofe of the toes are fharp and narrow. @. Urfine Tartarin.—S. Cercopithecus hamadryas urfinus. That part of the head immediately above the fore-head is prominent, and terminates in a ridge. Urfine dog-faced baboon. Penn. H. of Q. n. 86. 4. Kolben. ii. 120. La Caille, 296. Tnhabits 26 27) 29 64 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—This fpecies, or variety as Mr Pennant confiders it, has a great head, long thick nofe, and fhort ears; the crown is covered with long upright hairs; the part of the head immediately above the fore-head is prominent, and terminates in a ridge; the whole body is covered with long dufky hair, fo that, at firft fight, the animal appears like a young bear ; the body is thick and ftrong, with fhort limbs; is four feet high when fitting, and as tall as a middle fized man when erect; the tail is half the length of the body, ftraight at the beginning, and arched at the end; the nails are flat and rounded; the buttocks are of a bloody red colour. The animals of this fpecies are very numerous, and go in large troops in the mountains, where they fet up an univerfal and horrible cry, for about a minute, when they fee any one approach, and then conceal themfelves in their faftnefles, keeping a profound filence: They fometimes defcend into the plains, to pillage gardens, and then place centinels to guard againit furprife. 3. Lowando.—14. S. Cercopithecus veter. 9. Has a long tail, and is bearded: The body and limbs are white, and the beard is black. Bearded white cercopithecus, with a black beard. Briff. quad. 147.—White or hoary ape, with a flowing black beard. Raj. quad. 158.-- Lowando, or Elwandu. Sm. Buff. viii. 133. @. White-bearded Lowando.—S. Cercopithecus veter albibarbatus. 5 This variety refembles the other in every thing, except in having a white beard. Sm. Buff. viii. 133. “Inhabits the Ifland of Ceylon.—This animal has all the characters of a baboon in figure and dif- poiitions ; it is wild and ferocious, and fo mifchievous that, when not tamed, it muft be kept in an iron cage, where it is frequently agitated with vaft fury; but, when taken young, it may be tamed ea- fily: In a ftate of liberty it is extremely wild, and keeps always in the woods; is violently fond of women, and fo ftrong as to ravifh them, when found alone, and often injures them fo as to prove fatal. It has cheek pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; the tail is feven or eight inches long; the tufks are longer and larger than in man; the muzzle is thick and long; the head is environed with a broad mane, and a large beard of white or black coarfe hairs; the body is longifh, and thin behind: It walks oftener on all fours than erect, and is from three to three and a half feet high: The females menftruate.. 4. Wanderu —15. S. Cercopithecus filenus. 10. Has a long tail, and is bearded: The body and flowing beard are both black. Bearded black cercopithecus, having a bufhy beard all round the face. Briff? quad. 209.—Ape; with a flowing beard, of the fize of the large dog-faced kind. Alpin. Aigypt. 242..t. 21. @. White-bearded Black Wanderu.—S. Cercopithecus filenus albibarbatus. Refembles the former, but the beard is white. Simia filenus, having a black body and limbs, and a bufhy white beard. Lin. Syft. nat. edit. x. p- 26.—Bearded black cercopithecus, having a flowing hoary beard. Raj. quad. 158.—Ouande- rou or Wanderu. Sm. Buff. viii. 133. pl. cclxiii—Lion-tailed baboon. Penn.. H. of Q. n. 88.— Simia filenus. Schreber, i. 88. tab. xi. Inhabits: 3° 31 33 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. 65 Inhabits Ceylon and the reft of India.—The two laft fpecies, the Lowando and Wanderu, are confidered only as varieties of the fame fpecies, differing chiefly in the colour of their bodies and beards, and as Baboons, both by Mr Pennant and the Count de Buffon; and the defcription givem by the latter naturalift may therefore be applied to all the four varieties.—T. . y. Tie-tie Wanderu.—S. Cercop. filenus Tie-tie. Is about two feet high, and as black as jet, with a long white beard. Variety } of the Long-tailed Baboon. Penn. H. of Q.n. 88. %—Little bearded men. Barbot, voy. Guinea, 212. Bofman 242. Inhabits Guinea.—This fpecies is much valued by the negroes on account of its beautiful fkin, which fells for eighteen or twenty fhillings, being ufed to make caps for their Tie-ties or public criers. &. Purple-faced Wanderu.—S. Cercop. filenus purpuratus. Has a great triangular-white beard, which is fhort and pointed on the chin, and extends on each fide, like wings, far beyond the ears. Purple-faced monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 89. pl. xxi. fig. 2. Tnhabits Ceylon.—This is a very harmlefs animal, which lives in the woods, feeding on leaves and buds of trees; and, when taken young, is eafily tamed: The body is black, amd the face and hands purple; the tail is much longer than the body, and is terminated by a dirty white tuft. 5« Malbrouck.—16. S. Cercopithecus faunas. 11. Has a long tail, and is bearded: The tail is bufhy at the extremity. Bearded cercopithecus, of a white colour on the belly, having a hoary pointed beard, and thé tail bufhy at the extremity. Briff. quad. 209.—Firft bearded cercopithecus. Cluf. exot. p. 371.— Malbrouk. Sm. Buff. viii. 148. pl. cclxviii.—Simia faunus. Schreber, I. go. tab. xii. Inhabits Bengal.—This fpecies has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; the tail is near ly as long as the body and head; and it is a miftake of Clufius that it terminates in a tuft; the face is of a cinereous grey colour, avith a large muzzle, and large eyes, which have flefh-coloured eye lids, and a grey band crofs the fore-head in the place of eye-brows; the ears are large, thin, and flefh-coloured ; the upper parts of the body are of a uniform yellowifh brown colour, and the lower of a yellowifh grey: It walks on all fours, and is about a foct and a half from the muzzle to the extremity of the tail. Che females menftruate. 6. Macaque.—17. 8. Cercopithecus cynomalogus. 15. Tas no beard: The noftrils are thick and divided; the tail is long and arched; and the buttocks are naked. Cercopithecus cynocephalus, having thick, bifid noftrils, and naked buttocks. Briff. quad. 213.— Larger cercopithecus from Angola. Raj. quad. 1§5.—-Macaque. Sm. Buff. viii. 149. pl. cclxiv.— Hare-lipped monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 91.—Simia cynomologus. Schreber, I. gt. tab. xiii. Vo. I. I Inhabits 34 35 66: MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. Inhabits Africa.—This animal has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; the body and head are about eighteen or twenty inches long, and the tail is of the fame length; the head is large; the face is naked, livid, and wrinkled, with a very thick muzzle; the ears are covered with hair; the body is fhort and fquat; and the limbs are thick and fhort; the upper parts of the body are of" a greenith afh colour, the breaft and belly are yellowifh grey: It walks fometimes erect. Of this fpecies there appear to be varieties much larger than the one here defcribed, and others much fmall- er. Its difpofitions are mild and tractable ; but it is dirty, ugly, loathfome, and difgufting. - 7. Dog-headed Monkey.—18. S. Cercopithecus cynocephalos. 16, Has no beard, and is of a yellow colour; the muzzle is long; the tail long and ftraight ; and the buttocks naked. Dog-headed cercopithecus, having its hair of a mixed greenifh and yellowith colour. Brifl. quad. 213.—Cercopithecus. Jonft. quad. t. 59. f. ult. Inhabits Africa.—This animal has a ftrong refemblance to the Simia inuus, or Magot baboon, ex- cept in having a long tail, while that of the formerly defcribed animal is fhort. 8. Spotted Monkey.—1g. S. Cercopithecus Diana. 17. Has a beard, and a long tail: The hair on the fore-head and the beard are pointed. A&. Stockholm. 1754, p. 210. tab. 6. : Bearded cercopithecus, of a brown colour, fprinkled with {mall white fpots, and having a white beard. Briff. quad. 148. n. 23.—Bearded cercopithecus from Guinea. Raj. quad. 159.—Second bearded cercopithecus. Cluf. exot. 371.—Spotted monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 92.—Simia diana. Schreber, I. 94. tab. xiv. Inhabits Guinea and Congo.— When young, this animal is exceedingly playful ; it falutes paflen- gers by nodding with its head, and, when angry, it chatters its teeth, holding its mouth wide open ; when full grown, the tufks grow long, and the animal becomes ill tempered and fond of biting; it keeps its bed or neft very clean; when called, anfwers greck ; is about the fize of a middling cat ; of a black or dark brown colour, {patted with white; the back is of a rufty brown colour, the inner parts of the thighs pale red, the throat and breaft white; the beard is black at its upper part, the lower part is white, long, and pointed, and refts on a fatty protuberance; the hair on the fore-head is white, erect, and pointed, having a white tranfverfe line, or band, in form of a crefcent; a white line pafles along the outfide of each thigh from the anus to the knee; the tail is long, ftraight, and: of a black colour, as are the face, ears, belly, and feet. 9. Green Monkey.—20. S. Cercopithecus fabaeus, 18. OF a yellowith green colour, and beardlefs: The tail is long and afh-coloured; the face black, and the buttocks naked. Yellowifh afh-coloured cercopithecus, having the cheeks furrounded with long white hairs. Briff. quad. 145. n. 17.—Cercopithecus from St Jago. Edw. av. v. 210. t. 215.—Callitrix. Sm. Buf. viii. 160. pl. celxxiih—-Green monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 95. Inhabits oa 37 39 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. 67 ‘ < Inhabits the Cape de Verd iflands, the Cape of Good Hope, and the neighbouring countries in the fouth of Africa; likewife in Senegal, Mauritania, and India.—This animal is much of the fame fize with the Simia diana and Aygula, being as large as a middle fized cat; the upper part of the body i is of a mixed afh, green, and yellowifh colour ; the throat, breaft, belly, and thighs, are white; the face is naked and black ; the temples are covered with long, reverfed, yellowifh-white hairs; the eye-brows are black and hairy; the tail is white, ftraight, and much longer than the head and bo- dy; the feet are afh-coloured; the nails, on the toes, are rounded, and thofe on the fingers are oval; it has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; the head is fmall, with a long muzzle; inftead of eye-brows, a band of black hairs runs along the bottom of the front; the body is of a vivid sreen colour, mixed with a little yellow: It walks on four feet, and is about fifteen inches from the nofe to the origin of the tail: The females menftruate. 10. Mouftache.—21. S. Cercopithecus cephus. 19. Has a beard on the cheeks; the crown of the head is yellowifh; the feet are black; and the tip of the tail is of an afh colour. Blackith cercopithecus, having long yellowifh-white hair on the cheeks and ears, and a bluith mouth. Briff. quad. 206.—Other bearded cercopithecus from Guinea. Raj. quad. 156.—Mout- tache. Sm. Buff. viii. ay pl. cclxxiv. Penn. H. of Q. n. 97. Simia cephus. Schreber, i. 102. tab. xix. Tubapits Guinea.—This is about the fame fize with the Simia diana: The upper parts of the bo dy are of a-brown colour, and the under parts of a bluifh white; the hair on the head is whitith and erect, having a white femilunar tranfverfe line on the eye-brows; the upper eye-lids are white ; the hair on the cheeks fheds outwards; the mouth is bluifh; the body is fhort and fquat ;, the lips below the nofe are of a bright white, and the reft of the face is of a blackifh or dirty blue colour, and naked, except a border of black hairs which furrounds the margin of both lips; there are two large tufts of yellow hairs under the ears, one on each fide, in form of large whifkers or muftachios, which give the animal a fingular appearance, and from which the trivial or fpecific name is derived; there is likewife a tuft of curled hair on the top of the head; it has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks ; walks only on all fours, and is about eighteen inches in length from the muzzle to the origin of the tail, which is an inch or two longer. The body is of a greenifh afh colour, and the belly and breaft of a whitifh afh: The female menftruates. 1. Mangabey.—22. S. Cercopithecus aethiops. 38. Has a white ereét fore-top, and a white femilunar arch on the fore-head; is beardlefs. Lin. Syft. nat. ed. x. p. 28. n. 14. Mangabey. Sm. Buff. viii. 154. pl. cclxx.— White eye-lid monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 96.— Simia aethiops. Schreber, i. 105. tab. xx. xxi. 8. Collared Mangabey.—S. Cercopithecus aethiops torquaius, Has a broad collar of white hair which furrounds the neck and cheeks. Sm. Buff. viii. 154. pl. cclxxi. I 2 Inhabits 49 4 68 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. Inhabits Madagafcar.—Thefe two animals are varieties of the fame fpecies, and were both fent to the Count de Buffon, as apes or monkeys, from Madagafcar : They both have cheek-pouches, and callofities on the. buttecks ; they have a thick, broad, long muzzle, and a prominent ‘ring round the eyes; but their characteriftic mark of difference from other monkeys is, that the eye-lids are naked, and of a very {plendid white colour; the eve-brows confit of fift, crifped hair; and the ears are black, and almoft naked: They walk on all fours; are nearly a foot and a half long from the muz- zie to the rump, and the tail is about the fame length, is carried arched over the body, and is co- vered with iong bufhy hair: The females menftruate. In the firft variety, the hair on the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, is of a yellow brown colour, and that on the belly is white or grey: In the collared Mangabey, the hair on the head and body is lighter coloured; and this va- riety is diftinguifhed by a broad collar of white hair which furrounds the neck and cheeks, in the form of a beard. 12. Egret.—23. S. Cercopithecus aygula. 21. Of a grey colour, and almoft beardlefs; having an ereét tuft of hair on the top of the head, ftanding longitudinally backwards. Ofbeck. iter. go. Black ape, Simia, of a middle fize. Edw. av. 221. t. 311.—Egret. Sm. Buff. viii. 140. pl. cclxv. Penn. H. of Q. n. 101.—Simia aygula. Schreber, i. 106. tab. xxii. Inhabits India, and chiefly the ifland of Java.—The upper part of the body is of a grey colour, much like that of a wolf; the throat, breaft, and belly, are whitifh; the tail is longer than the bo- dy, and is of a pale afh colour; the face is of a dirty white, naked, and flattifh; the nofe is flat, very fhort, at a diftance from the mouth, and has two furrows on the upper lip; the cheeks have a thin beard, which is fhed backwards; the fore-head, above the eyes, is protuberant, and has hairy eye-brows; the feet are black, and have {hort membranes which connect the under parts of the toes with each other; the nails on the thumbs and great toes are rounded; thofe on the toes and fingers are oblong; the ears are pointed; a curved ridge of hair runs from the ear, on each fide, behind the eyes to the bafe of the lower jaw; there is likewife a longitudinal feam or ridge of hair on each fore-arm. ‘The Count de Buffon confiders this animal as a variety of the Macaque, or Simi Cyno- mologus, No. 22.; from which, according to him, it only differs m being about one third lefs in alf its dimenfions ; in the petuliar form of the creft, or egret, from which the trivial name is derived ; in the fore-head hair being black inftead of greenifh, which it is in the Macaque; and in the tail of the Egret being proportionally longer.. 2. Monea.—S. Cercopithecus aygula Monec. Dr Gmelin, the learned editor of the Syftem of Nature, adds, that he has feen a monkey of this fpecies, which he confiders as a variety = The head was more rounded, the face lefs black, and the colour of the body lefs on the rufty brown: This animal, while chained, was continually jumping zbout.—Mr Pennant, in his Hiftory of Quadrupeds, No. 102. defcribes a monkey from Java under the name of Monea, as being tufted like the Egret, having the upper parts of the body of a rufty brown colour, and the under parts whitifh. Both of thefe are probably cither the fame, or {lightly differing varieties of the Egret.—T.. 42 43 44 45 46 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys, 69 13. Nodding Monkey.—24. S. Cercopithecus nictitans, 23. Is of a black colour, mottled with paler fpots, and having a white nofe: The thumbs are very fhort; the buttocks are covered with hair; and the chin is beardlefs. 5 Another cercopithecus from Angola, of a black colour, mottled with blackifh grey fpots all over the body, and having a white nofe. Marcgr, Braf. 227.—White-nofed monkey. Penn. H, of Q. n. 98. @. Bearded Nodding Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus nictitans barbatus. Exactly like the former, except that it has a long white beard onthe chin, Penn. H. of. Q.n. 19.1. Inhabits Guinea. —This is a playful animal, which continually nodded with its head: It was feen by Dr Alftraemer, who has given a defcription, in the poffeffion of Profeffor Burman of Amitterdam: It is nearly of the fame fize with the Pigmy, or Simia fylvanus ; has a fimall mouth, hairy face, yel- low irides, and is naked round the eyes; the lips and chin are whitith ; the tail is black, ftraight, cylindrical, and longer than the body; the feet are black, and the thumbs are not longer than te. the firft joint of the fore-fingers. 14. Rillow.—25. S. Cercopithecus finicus. 39. The hair on the top of the head is parted circularly, and lies flat, fhading the whole head: Has no beard. Mantiff. pl. ii. p. 521. Chinefe bonnet. Sm. Buff. viii. 148. pl.cclxix.—Rillow. Knox’s Ceylon. 26.—Chinefe monker. Penn.. H. of Q. n. 104. @. Bonneted Rillow.—S. Cercopithecus finicus pileatus, The hair on the top of the head ftands ereét, and forms the appearance of a round black bonnet: The body is of a brown colour; the legs and arms are black: Is about the fize of a {mall cat. Penn. H. of Q. n. ros. Inhabits India.—The tail is much longer than the body ; the nails of the thumbs and great toes are rounded, thofe on the fingers and toes are oblong ;. the muzzle is long, fmooth, and of a dufky colour; the upper parts of the body are of a pale brown colour mixed with yellow, and the under parts are whitifh.—This animal is probably a variety of the Malbrouck, or Simia faunus, from which it differs by having rather a longer tail, and by the particular difpofition of the hair on the top of the head, which lies flat, and is parted circularly like a Chmefe bonnet, from which circumftance- its vulgar name: is derived. 15. Douc.—26. S, Cercopithecus nemaeus. 40. Has a beard on the cheeks, and a white tail. Miantiff. plant. ii. p. 251. Adh-coloured cercopithecus, having thee cheeks furrounded with long, yellowifh-white hairs, and a. purplifh-brown collar round the neck. Briff. quad..146.—Douc, or Sifac. Sm. Buff. viii. 168. pl. cclxxvi.—Cochin-China monkey, or Sifac. Penn. H. of Q. n. 107.—Simia nemaeus. Schreber, i.. rro.. tak. xkiv.. Tnhabits 70 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. _. Monkeys, Inhabits Cochin-China and Madagafcar.—Is about two feet high, according to Dr Gmelin, though the Count de Buffon fays that this {pecies is from three and a half to four feet in height; and Mr Pennant informs us that he is as tall as a man. The fkin of the face and eats is almoft fearlet, with a band of a darker brownifh colour’on the fore-head; and thefe parts have a blackifh hair or down; the face is furrounded with hair of a whitith colour, intermixed with yellow; the collar, on the upper part of the neck, is of the fame colour with the band on the fore-head ; the {houlders, upper parts of the arms and thighs, and the toes, are black; the hands and groins are whitifh; and the feet and legs, as far as the knees, are brown: The Bezoar of the Ape is chiefly procured from this fpe- cies. ‘This animal is allied to the monkeys by the length of the tail, to the baboons in fize, and to the apes by the flatnefs of the face; and feems to form a fhade between the monkeys and fapajous, as, like the latter, the buttocks are hairy, and the muzzle Qat ; but, befides the circumftance of this fpecies being an inhabitant of the old world, the tail not being prehenfile, and other effential cha- ratters, feparates the Douc from the fapajous, and fixes the fpecies among the monkeys. There are n0 callofities on the buttocks; the tail is not fo long as the head and body; the face is red, and co- vered with a reddifh down; the ears are of the fame colour, and naked ; the lips and orbits of the eyes are dark brown, or black; there is a purplifh-brown collar round the neck ; and a whitifh- yellow beard furrounds the cheeks; the top of the fore-head, and upper part of the arms, are black; the fore-arms, and under part of the fore-head, whitifh; the top of the head and the body are grey; the breaft and belly yellow; the lower parts of the legs are whitifh; the upper part of the thighs black; and the tail, under part of the loms, and infide of the thighs at the top, are whitifh. It walks as often on two feet as on all fours. It is uncertain whether the females menftruate. 16, Monina *.—27. S. Cercopithecus Mona. 41. Has a prominent, femilunar, whitifh-grey, arch over each eye; and is bearded. Cercopithecus, covered with variegated black and tawny hair; having black feet, and an afh- coloured tail. Briff) quad. 141.—Mona. Sm. Buff. viii. 156. pl. cclxxii—Varied monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 106.—Simia mona. Schreber, i. 97. tab. xv. Inhabits Morocco, and the warmer parts of Afia.—This is the moft common of the monkeys, and agrees beft of any with the climate of Europe: “It is found in Barbary, Perfia, Arabia, and many places of Afia, where it was known to the ancients under the name of Kebos, Cebus, or Coephus, on account of the variety of its colours. ‘The names Mone, Mona, Monina, and Mounina, are ufed in the Morefk, Spanith, and Proveng¢al languages, for all long tailed monkeys; and from thefe the barbarous Latin Monichi, and Englifh Monkey, feem derived. ‘This fpecies has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; is about a foot and a half from the muzzle to the rump, and the tail is about two feet long; the head is fall and round, the face is a bright tawny brown, the muz- zle thick and fhort; there is a kind of grey beard, formed by the hairs on the throat, and the cheeks are furrounded with a beard of white, yellow, and black, hairs interfperfed; the hair on the top of the head is a mixture of yellow and black; there is a grey band over the fore-head; and a black * Ihave, in general, preferred fingle names for the feveral fpecies, as much as poffible; ufing the appellations given in the countries. where the animals are found, in imitation of the Count de Buffon: The name he gives to this fpecies is Mona; but, as this comes rather too near Monea, which is formerly employed for a variety of the Egret, No. 41. I have ufed, for this fpecies, a fynomime,’given likewife by Buffon.—T. 48 49 5° gt MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. 7 black band extends from the eyes to the ears, and thence to’ the fhoulders and arms; the hair on the body is a reddifh black ; the belly and infides of the thighs are whitith; the outfide of the legs and feet are black; the tail is greyifh-brown, with two white fpots on each fide of the rump:. It walks on all-fours, and the females menftruate. One kept by Buffon, for feveral years, was very tractable, and became much attached to his acquaintance, but was fhy, and even ill tempered,. to ftrangers; it eat of every thing, roafted meat, bread, and particularly fruits, and fearched for fpi- ders, ants, and other infects. ; 173 Patas.—28, S. Cercopithecus ruber. 42. Has a beard on the cheeks: The top of the head, back, and tail, are of a blood-red colour. ; Patas, or red monkey. Sm. Buff. viii. 144. pl. cclxvi. cclxvii—Red monkey. .Penn. H. of Q. n. 103.—Simian rubra. Schreber, i. 98. tab. xvi. . a. Black-banded Patas.—S. Cercopithecus ruber nigro-fafciatus. Has a black band over the eyes, and a yellow beard. B. White-banded Patas.—S, Cercopithecus ruber albo-fa/ciatus. Has a white band over the eyes, and a white beard. Ihhabits Senegal, Congo, and the other hot parts of Africa—Thefe two animals are only varie- ties of the fame fpecies: Both have cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; the top of the head is flat, and the muzzle, body, and legs, are long; in both, the hair on the upper parts of the body is of a brilliant red colour, fo vivid as to appear painted; and that on the under parts, as the throat, breaft, and belly, is of a yellow grey colour ; both have long hair under the chin and round the cheeks, forming a fine beard, which is yellow in the firft variety, and white in the fecond. In all> probability there are other varieties of this fpecies, fome of them a good deal larger than thofe now defcribed. In the firft variety, a black line extends over the eyes from ear to ear; and in the fe- cond this line is white. This fpecies walks moftly on all fours, and is about a foot and a half, or two feet, in length from the muzzle to the origin of the tail, which is longer thau the body. The females menftruate. | 18. Talapoin.—29. S. Cercopithecus Talapoin. 43. Has a beard on the chin and cheeks: The ears, nofe, and foles of the feet, are black. Talapoin. Sm. Buff. viii. 165. pl. cclxxv. Schreber, i. tor. tab. xvii. Penn. H. of Q. n. 99. Inhabits India.—This {pecies is about a foot long from nofe to rump, and the tail is near eighteen inches in length; it has cheek-pouches, and callofities on the buttocks; is of a beautiful figure, and brownifh green colour, with the tip of the nofe black. & Black Talapoin.—S. Cercopithecus Talapoin niger. Like the former, but of a black colour. Edw. gleanings, 231, Bofinan’s voyage, 258. The 52 Gna Go 55 72 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Monkeys. The head, back, arms, legs, and tail, are covered with longith, loofe, dufky, black hair; the breaft, belly, and infides of the thighs, are of a dufley flefh colour, and almoft naked; the head is roundith ; the fkin of the face is tawny, and thinly covered with black hair; the ears are like thofe of man; the four paws are covered with foft black fkin, having very little hair. This variety is about the fize of a large cat, and is gentle and playful in its manners. 19. Agile Monkey.—30. S. Cercopithecus petaurifius. a4. Is bearded: The back, upper part of the tail, and outer fides of the legs, are of a very dark blackifh olive colour; and the face is black, having a triangular white {pot on the nofe. Blanc-nez. Allamand, ed. of Buffon, xiv. p. 141. t. 39.—Simia petaurifta. Schreber, i. 103. tab. xix. B. Inhabits Guinea.—A gentle and docile animal, about thirteen inches long from the muzzle to the rump, and having a tail near twenty inches long. 20. Negro Monkey.—31. 8, Cercopithecus MOAUrUS. 45. The cheeks, and the whole face, are bearded, except the eye-brows, the {pace between the eyes, and the point of the nofe: The body is of a reddifh-brown colour. Middle fized black monkey. Edw. av. 3. p. 221. t. 311.—Small ape, fimiolus, from Ceylon. Seba, thef. i. 77. t. 48.—Negro monkey. Penn. H. of Q. n. 100.—Simia maura. Schreber, i. 107. tab. xxi. B. Inhabits Ceylon and Guinea.—This is an active little animal, about the fize of a finall cat, being only feven inches high, when fitting, and the tail is longer than the body: It has a round head, with a fharp muzzle, and a tawny flefh-coloured face, having a few fcattered black hairs; the body, limbs, and tail, are black and hairy; the breaft and belly are of a tawny flef-colour, and almoft naked; the feet and hands are black, naked, and foft-—This fpecies feems to agree very much with the black variety of Talapoin, No. 51.5 infomuch that there can be little doubt of both defcrip- tions referring to the fame animal, or at leaft to different varieties of the fame {pecies—T. 21. Roloway.—32. S. Cercopithecus Roloway. 46. Has a beard: The head, back, and outfides of the hands and feet, are black; the in- fide of the hands and feet, the belly, and a circular beard round the triangular face, are white. Palatine, ot roloway. Allamand, ed, of Buffon, xv. 77. t. 13. Pen. H. of Q.n. go. Inhabits Guinea.—A gentle animal, about a foot and a half from muzzle to rump, with a tail nearly of the fame length; the face is triangular, black, naked, and is bordered all round with hairs ; and the chin is provided with a long forked beard, 22. Long-nofed Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus nafuus. Has a long, flender, naked, and fleth-coloured, projecting face and muzzle, and no beard. Peon. H. of Q. n. 93. pl. xxiil. fig. 1. S oy 58 ap 60 MAMMALIA. - PRIMATES. Monkeys. 73 ‘Tts place is uncertain, but believed to be from Africa.—The face is long, naked, and flefh colour- ed, with a projecting flender muzzle; and the head is covered with thick longifh hair, which falls backwards, through which the ears, which are fmall, pointed, and fomewhat naked, project; the hair on the upper part of the body and limbs is long, and of a pale rufty brown colour, mixed with black, as is the hair on the head; that on the breaft and belly is of a light afh colour; when fitting, the height is about two feet, and the tail is very long: This is a good natured animal, ha- ving a face very like that of a long nofed dog, but is very little known: The defcription is taken from a drawing by Mr Paillou, a painter of animals. 23. Prude.—S. Cercopithecus capiftratus. Under this name Mr Pennant has figured a long tailed and long vifased monkey, which he thinks may poflibly be related to the former animal, but of which he gives no defcription. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 187. pl. 23. f. 2. 24. Yellowifh Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus luteolus. Has very large tufks; large, black, naked ears, and long pale yellow locks on the cheeks fhed backwards. Leverian Muf. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 94. Is fuppofed to inhabit Guinea.—The face is black, having long hairs above each eye; the throat and breaft are of a yellowifh white; the crown of the head, upper part of the body, arms, and thighs, of an afh colour, mixed with yellow; on the lower part of the arms and legs, and on the tail, the afh colour prevails; the hair on the body is coarfe} and the tail is as long as the body: It as about the fize of .a fox. 25. Tawny Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus fulvus. ‘Has long tufks in the lower jaw; the vifage is long and flefh coloured, with flefh co- loured ears, and a flattifh nofe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 108. inhabits India.—This is a very ill natured animal, about the fize of a cat; it was lately in the pof- feffion of Mr Brook, an animal merchant and exhibitor in London: The upper parts of the body are covered with apale tawny coloured fur, which is afh coloured at the roots; the hinder part of the back is orange coloured, the legs afh coloured, the belly white, and the tail fhorter than the body. 26. Greenifh Monkey.—S- Cercopithecus viridens. Has a black face, long black hairs on the cheeks, a pale green coloured body, grey limbs, and a dufky coloured tail. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 197. Its place unknown. —This animal, which Mr Pennant confiders as a variety of the Tawny Mon- key, was communicated to that celebrated naturalift by Mr Paillou. 27. Hircine Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus hircinus. Has a naked blue face, obliquely ribbed ; a long, goat-like beard, and a long tail; the body and limbs are of a deep brown colour. Goat monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 109. Vou. I. K The 61 62 a4 - MAMMALIA. PRIMATES, Monkeys. The place and hiftory of this animal are unknown.—The above defcription is taken from a draw- ing, in the Britifh Mufeum, by Kikius, an excellent painter of animals. 28. King Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus regalis. Has no thumb on the hands; the head, cheeks, throat, and fhoulders, are covered with long, flowing, coarfe hairs. Leverian Muf. ss Full-bottom monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. rro. pl. xxiv. Tnhabits the forefts of Sierra Leone in Guinea, where it is called Bey, or King Monkey.—It is above’ three feet high when erect: The head is fmall, with a fhort, black, naked face; and the head, cheeks, throat, neck, and fhoulders, are covered with long, coarfe flowing hairs, of a dirty yellow- ith colour, mixed with black, and refembling a full bottomed wig; the body, arms, and legs, are eovered with fhort hairs, of a fine glofly black colour; the hands are naked, and have no thumbs; the feet have five very long ilender toes, which are armed with narrow, pointed claws; the tail is very long, and is covered with fnow white hairs, having a tuft at the end; the body and limbs are very flender: Its fkin is held in high eftimation by the negroes for making pouches and gun cafes. 29. Bay Monkey.—S. Cercopithecus badius, Has no thumbs on the hands; the tail is very long, flender, and black; and the body and limbs are very flender. Leverian Muf. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 111. Tnhabits Sierra Leone in Guinea, from. whence this and the former fpecies were brought over to Britain, and prefented to Sir Afhton Lever’s mufeum.—The body and limbs are very long and meagre; with a very long, flender, black tail; the crown of the head is black; the back of a deep bay; the outfide of the limbs are black; the cheeks, under part of the body, and the legs, are of a very bright bay colour; the feet have five long toes on each. - 30. Annulated Monkey.—S. Ce: copithecus fufcus. The tail is fhorter than the body, and is annulated with alternate rings of darker and lighter brown. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 112. Its place and hiftory unknown.—It has a flat face, with long hairs on the fore-head and cheeks; the upper parts of the body and limbs are of a tawny brown, and the belly of an afh cclour; the hands are black and naked. Mr Pennant defcribes this fpecies from a drawing in the Britifh Mu- feum, and refers it to the Simia apella of Linnzus, which it cannot poffibly be, as that fpecies has a long prehenfile tail, and belongs to the fubgenus of Sapajous, under which it is arranged in this edition, by the trivial name of Capuchin; befides, Mr Pennant has inferted, in his excellent work, another fpecies of Sapajou, which he names Weeper, and refers to the fame Linnzan fpecies.—T. BELEOS NS PAP OMS ode A ale ave prehenfile tails, and no cheek-pouches. Thefe animals have long tails, which, at the extremity, is generally deprived of hair on the under fide, and covered with a fmooth tkin; this part they can fold, extend, curl up, and unfold at plea- fure ; MAMMALIA. . PRIMATES. Sapajous. 75 fure; by whieh they are enabled to hang upon branches, or to lay bold of any thing which is be- yond the reach of their hands, ufing the extremity of the tail like a finger or hand; the partition between the noftrils is very thick, and the apertures are fituated on the fides of the nofe; the but- tocks are clothed with hair, and have no callofities; the cheeks have no pouches; the females of this fubeenus do not menfiruate; and this race of animals is only to be found in America: This fubdivifion of the genus is made, with great propriety, by Dr Gmelin, in imitation of the Count de -Buiton. tr. Guariba.x—33. S. Sapajus Beelzebub, 12. Is of a black colour, with the extremity of the tail and the feet brown; and has a beard. Black cercopithecus, with brown feet: Briff. quad. 194.—Guariba. Marcg. Braf. 226.—Howl- ing baboon. Baneroft Guiana, 133.—Ouarine. Sm. Buff. viii. 176.—Preacher monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 114. 2. inhabits South America.—This fpecies wanders in flocks, moftly at night, making the woods con- tinually refound with hideous howlings: It is a fierce animal, about the fize of a fox; having the body covered with long, black, fmooth, and very fhort hair; and has a round black beard on the the chin. According to Marcgrave, it has a large fquare face; black and brilliant eyes; and fhort roundifh ears: The hair on the whole body is black, long, fmooth, and luftrous; that on the chin and throat is longer, and forms a kind of roundifh beard; the hair on the hands, feet, and ex- tremity of the tail, is brown: The female refembles the male in every thing, except in being fmaller: Zt is fo wild and mifchievous, as neither to be conquered nor tamed; bites cruelly; has a frightful voice, produced by means of a large concave bone in the throat; and a ferocious afpect: It generally walks on four feet ; and feeds only on fruits, pot-herbs, grain, and fome infects; and its fleth is rec- ‘koned very good eating. 2. Arabata.—34. S. Sapajus feniculus. 13. Ts of a duiky red colour ; and has a beard on the chin. Bearded cercopithecus, of a full red colour. Brifl. quad. 206.—Alouata, red ape, or largeft beard- “ed cercopithecus, of a-rufty colour, and having a ftrong founding voice. Barrere, Fr. equin. 150.— Arabata. Gumilla Oronoko, ii. p. 8.—Alouate. Sm. Bui. viii. 176.—Royal preacher monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 114. 8. Inhabits the woeds near Carthagena, in Cayenne, and on the river Amazons.—This fpecies {a- ‘lutes paflengers, from the trees, with loud cries in a difagreeable hoarfe voice; the herd fcarcely al- lowing themfelves to be looked at till the whole flock begins to roar all at once. It lives mofily on the fruit of the banana tree. The body is of a middle fize, and of an uniform red colour; the mouth is fituated on the anterior part of the face, having a large dependent chin, much like that of mankind. The Arabata only difers from the Guariba, by having a larger beard, and the hair of a reddifh-brown colour; fo that thefe two Sapajous may be confidered as varieties of the fame fpecies : It is a favage animal, of a reddifh-bay colour, 2s large as a calf; and, by means of a fin- _ gular boney ftruéture in the throat, makes a terrible noife, which is heard at a great diftance. K 2 2. 66 68 76 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Sapajous. \ 3. Quato.—35. S. Sapajus panifcus. 14. Has no thumb on the hands; is of a black colour; and has no beard. Larger dark brown ape, having only four fingers on the hands; and the tail naked on the un- der fide at the extremity, and prehenfile. Brown Jamaica, 489.—Cercopithecus, wanting the thumb on the hands, and having the under fide of the tail naked at the extremity. Briff. quad. 211. Coaita. Sm. Buff. viii. 184. pl. cclxxviii—Quato. Bancroft’s Guiana, 131.—Simia panifeus. Schre- ber, i. 115. t. xxvi.—Four-fingered monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 115. Inhabits South America.—An attive, bold animal, fond of freedom, full of gambols, and impa- tient of cold: It is about the fize of a maftiff, and of a black colour, fometimes dark brown; the limbs and waift are long and flender; thefe, and the farther half of the tail, are fometimes brown coloured, and fometimes black, like the reft of the body; it has four fingers only *, without any evident thumb on the hands, and five toes on the feet; there is, however, a very fmall thumb on the hands, at fome diftance from the reft of the fingers, which is concealed by being placed much inwards; the nails on the fingers are rounded ; thofe on the toes are fomewhat oblong and fharp- ifh; the face is red, and naked, with bare ears; it has a very long prehenfile tail, and wants the offeous pouch in the throat by which the two former fpecies of Sapajous make their harfh noife; the fkin is black, and covered with rough black hair, very thin on the under parts of the body; the face is naked and tawny, with naked ears refembling thofe of man; it is about a foot anda half long from the muzzle to the rump, and walks on four feet : This is a familiar and tractable animal.—There feem to be fome varieties of this fpecies, as Briflon defcribes one which had whitith hairs on all the under parts of the body; and Edwards Gleanings, 222. mentions two varieties, one- black and the other brown. 4. Exquima.—S. Sapajus Exquima - Is of a variegated black and yellow colour on the back; the throat and beily are white; has a beard. Sm. Buff. viii. 184. Bearded cercopithecus from Guinea, called Exquima in Congo. Marcgr. hift. nat. Brafil. 227. fig. p. 228. Inhabits South America.—This animal is nearly of the fame fize with the Coaita or Quato, laft defcribed, but differs in the colour, and in having a beard; it is, however, very nearly allied to, and perhaps only a variety of that fpecies, which it refembles in difpofition, fize, and prehenfile tail. 5. Sajou.—36. S. Sapajus trepidus. 20. Has an ereét tuft of hair on the fore-head, and no beard; the hands and feet are blue; the tail is long and hairy. Butfh- * Tt is fingular that the accurate Count de Buffon fhould, in his defcription of this animal, feveral times infilt on the want of thursbs, while the plate given in his Natural Hifory diftin@ly delineates the fmall fhort thumbs mentioned in the foregoing defcription from Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Syllema Naturae.—T. 7° 71 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. /.° — Sapajous. as Buth-tailed monkey. Edw. av. t. 212.—Brown variety of the Sajou, or Capuchin monkey. Sm. Buf. viii. 193. pl. cclxxviii.—Fearful monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 116. B. Grey Sajou.—S. Sapajus trepidus fulvus. The hair round the face is grey, and of a brownifh yellow on the body. Sm. Buf viii. 193. pl. cclxxix. Inhabits Surinam.—The body is brown on the upper, and rufty coloured on the under parts; the hair of the head forms a:black, ereét, hemifpherical tuft; the tail is hairy, and the nails are all rounded,—Perhaps only a variety of the Simia apella, or Capuchin, No. 71.? Gm.—The face and ears are flefh coloured, and fomewhat downy; the eyes are chefnut coloured, and fituated near each other; the tail is prehenfile, naked below at the extremity, and very bufhy every where elfe; the lands are always black and naked: It walks on four fect, and does not exceed a foot in length from the muzzle to the origin of the tail. here are two varicties of this {pecies, the brown and the grey, which differ in colour only: They are both of the fame fize, and have the fame figure and difpo- fitions ; are both very agile, nimble, dexterous, and amufing. Buffon had them both alive; and, of all the Sapajous, their conftitution feems to be beft adapted for the climate of Europe: If kept in a chamber during winter, they will live comfortably for feveral years; and there are feveral ex- amples of the fpecies producing in France. ‘The females are apt to be miftaken for males from a remarkable prominence of the clitoris. It is a whimfical animal in its tafte and aifections, being fond. of particular perfons, and difcovering the greateft averfion to others. 6. Horned Sapajou.— 37. S. Sapajus fatuellas. 28. Has two tufts of hair on the head, refembling little horns: Is beardlefs. Briff. quad. 195. _n. 3. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 120. Inhabits South America.—The face, fides, belly, and fore parts of the thighs, are brown; the. top of the head, middle of the back, tail, legs, and pofterior parts of the thighs, are black; the: nails are long, and rather blunt; the tail is prehenfile and twifted fpirally. Perhaps of the fame. fpecies with the Simia apella, or Capuchin?) Gm.—This, in all probability, is one of the fa¢titious fpecies, purpofely deformed, by exhibitors of wild beafts, to impofe on the public.—T. 7. Brown Sapajou.— 38. S. Sapajus apella. 29. Has a long {ub-prehenfile tail, and no beard: The body is brown coloured, the legs black, and the buttocks hairy. Brown cercopitheeus, having the top of the head black: Briff. quad. 137. n. 1.—Simia apella. - Schreber, i. rrg. tab. xxviii. Weeper. Penn. hift. of quad. n: 118. {nhabits South America.— An. a&tive animal, conftantly looking about. on all fides, and is not much incommoded by cold weather ; its cry refembles that of a hungry turkey pout; the circumfe- rence of the face has the appearance of having been fhaved.—This and the Sajou, or Simia trepida, , are probably the fame fpecies, and even the fame variety, called Brown Sajou by the Count de- Buffon.—_f. 85. 92 78 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. | Sapajous. 8. Sai —39. 8. Supajus CAPUCINUS. 30. Is of a brown colour, with ereét black hair on the top of the head, and black limbs: Has a fhagey prehenile tail ;.and is beardlefs. y tail and yellowith fece. Muf. Ad. Fr. 2. t. 2.— ardlefs biack ape, Simia, witha long thagey 9. n. §.—Sai, or Weeper. Sm. Buff. viii. 196. ay Cercopithecus entirely black. Brill: quad. 13 pl. cclxxx.—Capucin. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 117.—Simia capucina. Schreber, i. 120. t. xxix, @. White throated Sai.—S. Sapajus capucinus albulus. Has white hair on the breaft, throat, and round the ears and cheeks. Sm. Buff. viii. 196. pl. cclxxxvi. This animal differs from the other variety, befides the circumiftances mentioned in the charaCter, by having lefs hair round the face; but, in every other article, and in difpofitions, fize, and figure, they perfectly refemble each other. Both inhabit South America.—This animal walks gravely, and does not fkip about; it is continually -erying in a wailing and lamentable voice, and repels its enemies by horrible clamours; often fhriek- ing like the cricket; and, when teazed, yelps like a whelp; carries the tail rolled up fpirally, and very often wrapped round the neck: It fmells rank of mufk; is about the fize of a cat; the body ‘being of a dark brown colour, with the head, limbs, and tail, black; the fore-head is fometimes black, and fometimes red, having a black, wrinkled, and moveable fold of the fkin, juft before the hair; the nofe, near.the eyes, is furre woe and the tufks are placed near the other teeth; the tail is long, prehenfile, and always rolled up, and is covered with very long hair; when fitting, the -feet are placed in fuch a manner that the hind are always more advanced than the fore paws; the ace is round and flat, and the ears are almoft naked; on the upper parts of the body, the hair is of a blackifh brown colour, and,-on the inferior parts, of a pale yellow, or dirty whites; it does not exceed fourteen inches in length, from the muzzle to the.rump, and the tail is longer than the body and head; it walks on all fours; is a mild, docile, and timid animal, whofe common cry re- fembles that of a rat, and becomes a kind of groaning when threatened with danger. In Europe it eats May-bugs and fnails, but in Brafil lives chicfly on grains and wild fruits. ‘g. Saimiri.—ao. S. Sapajus fciureus. 21 PY. Has no beard; the hinder part of the head is prominent; and the nails, on the four toes of the hind paws, are narrow and pointed. Beardlefs ape, Simia, having a long tail, a gibbofity on the back of the head, and the toe mails” oblong, Mul. Ad. Fr. 3.—Cercopithecus, having its hair variegated with yellowifh and whitih brown, and the legs of a reddifh yellow or ofange colour. Brifl. quad. 197.—Small halt= bearded American ape, with a long tail, having a bluifh black muzzle, and oblong nails. Wagner Muf. Bareuth. p. 1. t. 1.—Lefler yellow cercopithecus. Barrere fr. equin. 15 1.— Caitaia. Marcer. Braf. 227 Nn. 119.— Simia feiurea. Schreber, i. 121. tab. xxx. Saimiri. Sm. Buff viii. 199. pl. cclxxin—Orange monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. ie Inhabits South America.—A pleafant animal, which ufually refts by lying cn its belly » ftares in the face of fuch as fpeak to it; and is very delicate in the climate of Europe: Its body is about the fize ~ ZS FR “ MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. — ; Sapajous. 79 fize of a fquirrel, and, when fitting, it is about feven inches in height; the upper parts of the body are of a greenifh-grey. colour, and the under parts whitifh; the legs and. arms are ruity-brown; the tail is hairy, having a black tip, and is twice the length of the body; the nails of the thumbs and. great toes are rounded; the muzzle is of a bluifh brown colour; the eye-brows are furnifhed with briftly hairs ; and the ears are covered with a thin whitifh down. This is the moft beautiful of all the Sapajous ; its movements are graceful, its fize {mall, its colour a brilliant yellow, its vifage round, with large vivacious eyes, furrounded by flefh-coloured rings; it has hardly any fore-head; the nofe is. elevated at the baie, and flattened at the point; the mouth is fmall, the face flat and naked, and the ears are garnifhed with hair, and a little pointed; the tail is only half prehenfile: It ftands with eafe on two feet, but commonly walks on all four. @. Chefnut Saimiri.—41. S.-Sapajus feiureus mortus, 32. Of a chefnut colour, with a brown muzzle, and no beard, having a naked fcaly tail. Leffler American cercopithecus, called Monkie. Seba Muf. 1. 22. t. 33. £ 1.--Cercopithecus with a chefnut coloured back, a fmooth belly, and having a tail like a-monfe. Briff. quad. 201. Inhabits America. —This animal feems only to differ from the Saimiri by its !efler fize, and from being younger ; for which reafon it is only ranked as a variety of the Saimiri, though, by Dr Gme— lin, it is placed as a diftinct fpecies, in his edition of the Sy{iema Naturae.—T. 10. Magu.—42. S. Sapajus fyrichtus. 33. Is beardlefs, and has the mouth and orbits furrounded with long hairs. Long tailed, beardlefs, cercopithecus, having a brown muzzle, and a naked fcaly tail. Gronov: Zooph. 21.—Smalleft cercopithecus, from the Philippine iflands. Pet. gaz. 21. t. 13. f. 11.—Phi-- lippine monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 113.—Simia fyrichta. Schreber, i..152. t. xxxi. Said to inhabit the Philippine iflands.—This is an obfcure fpecies, which is-mentioned only by. Petiver, who fays that the Indians call it Root, ar Magu. 11. Variegated Sapajou.—S.. Sapajus variegatus. The hair on the fides and back of an intimately mixed. orange and black colour. Antigua monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 121.. Its place uncertain.—A lively good natured animal, full of tricks: The body is abont eighteen inches long, including the head, and the tail, by which it frequently hangs, is twenty inches Jong; the face is black, having a fhort-nofe, and long hair hanging down on each fide of the cheeks; the back and fides are orange and black intimately mixed; the belly white; the outfide of the legs black, and the infides ath coloured; the tail a dufky afh.. This animal was brought from Anti.- gua; but its native place is uncertain. 80 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Sagoins. +r SAG OINS.—S4COINT Have long tails, which are-proportionally longer than thofe of the Sapajous, ftraight, flaccid, entirely covered with hair, and not prehenfile; that is, incapable of laying hold of any objet: ‘The cheeks have no pouches; and the buttocks, which are co- vered with hair, have no callofities: The partition between the noftrils is very thick, and the apertures are placed on the fides of the nofe. The females do not menftru- ate. ‘This race of animals. is only found in America. p 78 1. Sakii—q3. S. Sagoinus pithecia. 22. Is beardlefs, and the body is thickly covered with long hairs, which are black at the points; the tail is covered with very long hair. Very {mall whitith ape, of a deep brown, almoft reddifh, colour on the back, having the tail very hairy. Brown. Jam. 489.—Cercopithecus, covered with black hairs, black at the points, and having the tail clothed with very long black hair. Briff. quad. 195.—Saki. Sm. Buff. viii. 201. pl. cclxxxiii—Sakkawinkee. Bancroft. Guiana. 80—Simia pithecia. Schreber, i. 125. tab. xxxii. — Fox-tailed monkey. Penn. hift..of quad. n. 122. inhabits South America.—An exceedingly amufing animal, and eafily tamed: The body is black, all the hairs having white points, and is fometimes a foot and a half in height; the face has fome very fhort white hairs; the throat and belly are covered with dirty whitifh hairs; the nails are long and blunt; the face is tawny, and covered with a fine, fhort, whitifh down; the hair on the upper parts of the body is blackifh brown, and ‘that on the belly and other inferior parts is reddith white; the hair on the tail is fo long as to hang near two inches beyond the point. There are varieties of this fpecies, at leaft in colour; fome having the hair on the body and tail of a reddith yellow colour. The fore-head, and fides of the face, are furrounded with whitith and pretty long hair; the hands and feet are black, with claws inftead of nails. 79 2. Sanglin —44. 5. Sagomus jacchus. 24. ‘The ears are large, open, and very hairy ; the tail is crooked, and very thickly covered with hair; the nails on the thumbs and great toes are rounded, while ele of the fingers and toes are fharp and narrow. Cercopithecus, variegated with alternate tranfverfe bands of brown and whitifh grey, having the ears furrrounded with white hairs. Briff. quad. 202.—Sagouin, or third cercopithecus from Brefil. Cluf. exot. 372. t. 372.—Galleopithecus, called Sagoin by the Brafilians. Gefn. quad. 369. rcagui. Marcer. Graf. 227.—Sanelin, or leffer cagui. Edw. av. v. 15.{ 218.—Oiftiti, or firiated monkey. Sm. Buff. vill. 205. pl. cclxxxv. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 124. s 72 0p ‘ : 2 ae I, 30 @. Yellowith Sanglin.—S. Sagoinus jacchus mofchatus, - Of a whitifh yellow ae and fmelling ftrongly of mufk. Bri quad. 197, “Fict cercopithecus from Brafil. Ciuf. exot. 371 Tnhabits MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. | Sagoins. 81 Inhabits Brafil—An active, reftlefs animal, which climbs trees like the fquirrel, having a curved, ‘but not prehenfile, tail; it gnaws wood like the moufe, and lives on infects, fruits, milk, bread, tea, and fmall birds; is not tameable, and is fond of biting; a great enemy to cats, on whom it fixes it~ felf under their bellies; emits a hiffing kind of cry, and fmells ftrongly of mutfk; ,is fmaller than a f{quirrel, {carcely meafuring eight inches from the muzzle to the rump, and the tail is confiderably longer than the body; the ‘head is very fimall, and of a black colour; with a white fore-head and white lips, the {pace between the eyes being of a yellowifh colour; the fore part of the ears are co- vered with a long white fur, which excludes the wind; the tail is furrounded with white circular bands ; it has four fore-teeth, the two outer ones being broad and parallel, and thofe on each fide fharp pointed, and approaching each other ; the tail is flaccid, very bufhy, annulated with alternate bands of black and white, or rather brown and grey, and is twice as long as the body and head, which laft do not exceed fix inches. the face is naked, and of a tawny flefh colour, having two tufts of long white hair before the ears, which conceal them when the animal is viewed in the face; the ears are roundifh, flat, thin, and naked; the eyes are of a reddifh chefnut colour; the top of the front is covered with black hair; and above the nofe there is.a white naked fpot ; the body is covered with grey afh coloured hair, interfperfed with a little yellow on the throat, breaft, and belly: The found emitted by this animal is articulate, and refembles the word owi/fiti, which is adopted as its name. 3. Pinche.—45. S. Sagoinus Oedipus. 25. Ts beardlefs: Has a flowing head of hair, which hangs down on each fide; a ted tail, and fharp claws. Cercopithecus, covered with mixed red and brown hair ; the face, as far as beyond the ears, is black and naked, and the top of the head is covered with long white hair. Briff. quad. r5o. t. 28. —Little lion-monkey. Edw. av. 3. p. 195. t. 195.—Larger cagui, from Brafil. Marcgr. Braf. 227. —Pinche. Sm. Buff. viii. 211. pl. cclxxxviiiRed-tailed monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 126. pl. xxv. Inhabits South America.—A brifk active animal, which imitates the motions of the lion: Refem- bles the former fpecies a good deal in fize, but is rather larger, and, like it, fmells of mufk: Its voice refembles that of a moufe: The body is fmall, about fix inches long, of a grey colour on the upper parts, and white below; the face, as far as beyond the ears, is black and naked, with a few {cattered white hairs, and having a wart on each cheek; the eyes are of a rufty brown colour; the ears are roundifh, black, and naked; the claws are all narrow and fharp, except thofe on the fhort thumbs of the fore paws, which are rounded ; the tail is twice the length of the body, is red at the bafe, and the-reft of it black ; the region of the anusis red. The figure of this animal is fingular, though beautiful; it is rendered remarkable by a kind of fmooth white hair dependent from the top and fides of the head, ‘efpecially as the colour is wonderfully contrafted by that of the face, which is black, and interfperfed with a grey down ; the tail, from its origin to near the middle, is of a lively red, the reft of a brownifh black; the hair, on the fuperior parts of the body, is of a yellow ith brown colour, _that on the breait, belly, hands, and feet, is white; the whole fisin is black 5 the Coat is naked and black, like the face; the muzzle is broad, and the face round; the voice is foft, and refembles the chirping of a {mall bird: It is about nine inches long from the muzzle to the rump, and wallss on four feet; is extremely delicate, and difficult to tran{port from. naey ica. dase Vox. I. L i 4. oa) bo 83 84 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Sagoins. co to 4. Marikina.—46. S. Sagoznus rofalius, 26. ° Is beardlefs: Has a very hairy head: ‘Vhe circumference of the face and the feet are red; and the claws are fharp and narrow. Yellowifh elite cercopithecus, having the circumference of the face of a deep red colour. Briff. quad. 200.—Lefler cercopithecus, of a pale olive colour with a fmall head, called Acarima at Cayenne. Barrere Fr. equin. 151.—Marikina. Sm. Buff. viii. 209. pl. eclxxxvi.—Silky monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 125.—Simia rofalia. Schreber, i. 130, tab. xxxv. Inhabits South America.—A briflk animal, lefs impatient of cold than the reft of this race: The body is of a yellowifh white colour; the nails on the thumbs and great toes are rounded; the ears are naked, but are hidden beneath the fur: It has a round head, and a brown face, which is fur- rounded with a kind of mane of a bright red colour; the hair on the body and tail is long, filky, and of a pale, but vivid, yellow colour, almoft white, with a confiderable tuft at the extremity of the tail : It walks on four feet, and is eight or nine inches in length, from the muzzle to the rump; and the tail is above thirteen inches long. This fpecies has the fame manners and vivacity with the other Sagoins, but is more robuft in conftitution, as an individual lived five or fix years in Paris, being kept in a warm room during winter. - 5. Mico.—47. S. Sagoimus argentatus. 47. Is beardlefs ; of a filvery white colour, with a red face and brownifh tail. Mant. pl. 2. p- 521. Cercopithecus of a filvery white-grey colour, having a bright red face and ears, and a chefnut coloured tail. Briff. quad. 142. n. 103.—Mico. Sm. Buff. viii. 214. pl. cclxxxviil.— Fair monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 127.—Simia argentea. Schreber, i. 131. tab. xxxvi. Tnhabits the country near the river Amazons in South America.-—This is a very rare fpecies : The body is about feven or eight inches long, including the head, and is covered with long beautiful filve- _ ry white hair; the tail is about one half longer than the body, and is clothed with glofly brown hair approaching to black; the face, muzzle, and ears, are naked, and of a lively vermilion colour, as if painted; the muzzle is fhort, and the partition between the noftrils is thinner than in the other Sa- coins; the eyes are diftant, and the ears large; the claws on the thumbs, fingers, and toes, are crook= ed, narrow, and pointed, but the great toes have flat rounded nails. 6, Tamarin.—48. S. Sagoimus midas. 27. Is beardlefs; the upper lip is cleft; the ears are naked and fquared; the claws are fharp and narrow; and the feet are of a faffron colour. Muf. Ad. Frid. 2. p.4. Very fmall, black, Hon-headed cercopithecus, with ears like the elephant. Barrere Fr. equin. 151.—Very fimall, black cercopithecus, with faffron coloured paws. Edw. av. 196. t. 196-—Black cercopithecus with faffron coloured feet. Gronov. zooph. 20.—Cai. Raj. quad. 15 5.—Tamarin. Sm, Buff. viii. 203. pl. cclxxxiv.—Great-eared monkey. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 123. Inhabits Surinam.—The body is of a black colour, and about the fize of a fquirrek; the tail is black, and twice the length of the body; the ears are large, naked, and blunt; the hands and feet are 85 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Maucauco. 83 are of a faffron or orange colour; the claws on the thumbs, fingers, and toes, are narrow and fharp pointed, and thofe on the great toes are flat and rounded. This is a beautiful, lively animal, and eafily tamed, but too delicate for the climate of Europe ; its body and limbs are finely proportioned ; it walks on four feet, and the body and head together are only feven or eight inches long, with the tail of double that length: The head, body, and tail, are covered with foft, blackifh-brown hair; and the hands and feet with fhort orange coloured hair; the face is of a dudky flefh colour, having the upper lip divided, nearly like that of a hare; the ears are fquare, large, naked, and of the fame co- lour with the face. Ill, MAUCAUCO—3. LE MU R. 3. Has four cutting teeth in the upper jaw, wich a {pace between the two foremoft and the other two; in the lower jaw are fix, which are longer than thofe in the upper; they are ex- tended forwards, compreffed, parallel, and clofe fet; on each fide in both jaws there are fingle tufks, which ftand clofe to the other teeth; there are feveral grinders, which are fomewhat knobbed, and the foremoft of thefe are longer and fharper pointed than the others. The feet are formed like hands. This genus forms a kind of link between the race of Apes and the ferocious quadrupeds, having the flat nails of the former, combined with the crooked claws of the latter; and, except in the hand- like ufe of the paws, having no refemblance to mankind. All the fpecies of this genus, except one which is very little known, inhabit the torrid regions of Afia and Africa. 1. Loris.—1. Lemur tardigradus, 1. Has no tail, and is of a pale rufty brown or tawny colour. Schreber, i. 134. tab. xxxviii. Ape, fimia, having a long, crooked, fharp, claw on the tee of each hind paw next the great toe. Briff. quad. 190. n. 3.—Dog-headed ape, having a long, fharp, crooked, claw on each index, or fore finger, and toe. Briff. quad. 191. n. 2.—Little dog-headed animal, named Sloth in Ceylon. Seba Muf. i. 55. t. 35.—Ceylon cercopithecus, or, as it is called, Larger Sloth. Seba Muf. i. 75. t. 47. f. 1.—Loris. Sm. Buff. vii, 231. pl. ccxxx. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 129. Inhabits the ifland of Ceylon.—An ative animal, having a moft acute fenfe of hearmeg: It is about the fize of a fquirrel; of a pale brown or rufty colour, with a whitifh throat, and having a white line on the head pointing to the fpace between the eyes; the face is covered with hair; the ears are large, thin, rounded, and garnifhed on the infide with two auricles; the palms of the hands and {oles of the feet are naked; the nails are rounded, except on the index of the hind paw, which has a fharp L2 pointed 86 84 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. ‘Maucauco. pointed claw; it has no tail; there are two paps on the breaft, and two on the upper part of the belly: It is a monogamous animal, or lives in focieties confifting of only one male and one female, taking a mutual charge of the young ones: It is fmall, and remarkable for the elegance of its figure, and the fingularity of its conformation; having nine lumbar vertebrae, whil{t all other quadrupeds have only five, fix, or feven; the head is entirely round, and the muzzle almoft perpendicular to this fphere; the eyes are very large, and are placed very near each other ; the ears are large, rounded, and garnifhed. with three auricles on the infide, fo as to refemble a turbinated fhell: The moft re- markable circumftance, which is perhaps peculiar to this animal, is, that the female clitoris is perfo- rated by the urethra, fo that this organ has a perfect refemblance, both in figure and fize, to the pe- nis of the male ; the hair on the body is fhort, and very foft, of a tawny colour on the upper parts, and whitifh on the under parts; the limbs are very tong and flender, and the thumbs and great toes are remarkably diftinét, and much feparated from the other toes. ‘Though named a Sloth by fome writers, it is remarkably agile m climbing trees, and has the actions of an Ape. 2. Taillefs Maucauco.—Lemur ecaudatus. Hfas no tail: A dark rufty line, from the rump, runs along the middle of the back to: the fore-head, where it becomes forked; anda blackith circle furrounds the orbits.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 128. pl. xxvi. Lever. Muf.. Lemur ecaudatus, Taillefs Lemur. Nat. Mifc. pl. xxix.. Inhabits Ceylon and Bengal.—The head is fmall, round, and broad at the fore-head ; the muzzle: pointed; the orbits light coloured, and: furrounded. with. a black circle, and the {pace between them white; the ears are fmall; the fingers and toes naked, having flat rounded nails, except the inner- toes of the hind paws, next the great toes, which have long, crooked, fharp claws : The length of the body and head is about fixteen inches; and the whole body is covered with fhort, foft, filky, afh coloured and reddifh fur. It lives in the woods, is fond of fruits, eggs, and {mall birds; is very in- active, creeping flowly on the ground ; very tenacious of its hold, and emits a plaintive cry.—There is fome confufion among authors in their defcription of the two lait animals ; for-this ought to be the Lemur tardigradus of Linnzus and others, at leaft in its manners: ‘This edition is guided, however, in referring the Loris to that fpecies by the high authority of the Count de Buffon. 3. Indri.i—2. Lemur Indriu gy. Has no tail, and is of a black colour.’ Sonneret, It. ii. 142. t. 88: Enhabits Madagafcar.—This animal is about three feet: and a half high ; is eafily tamed, when caught young, and is employed in hunting by the natives: Its voice is plaintive, like that of an infant ; it has eight tufks, or canine teeth, in each jaw, only two cutting, or fore-teeth, in the upper jaw, and four, clofe fet, in the lower; all the feet have five toes, furnifhed with flattened fharp nails, and the great toes are very large; the hair is filky and thick fet, white and curled on the rump, grey on the face and between the hind legs, and black over all the reft of the body and limbs ;. The HUE TENS of a tail are fenfible to the touch, but not vifible through the for. > 88 ic go gl 92 93 94 Seapetce MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Maucauco, 85 4. Potto.—3. Lemur Potio. 6. Has a tail: Is of a pale rufty brown colour, with the tail of the fame colour with the body. Bofman’s Guinea, ii. 30. f. 4. Inhabits Guinea.—This animal is very like the former fpecies, except in colour, and by having a tail. 3 5. Mongous.—4. Lemur Mongoz, 2. Of a grey colour, and having a tail of the fame colour with the body. Schreber, I. 132. tab. xxxix. B. Mongooz. Edw. av. v..12.t. 216. Walch, Natur. viii. 26.—Woolly maucauco.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 130.—Mongouz. Sm. Buff.. vii. 226.. pl. ccxxviii. The body is grey, or rather brown, on the upper parts, and white on the lower, having a black circle round the orbits : ‘The hands are of a pale afh colour. B. Black-faced Mongous.—z2. 8. Lemur Mongoz maurus. The body is grey or brown, and the face and hands are black. Edw. av. v. 13. y. Black Mongous.—2. y. Lemur Mongoz negro. The body is black, or dark grey, with a black fpot near each eye. Brown woolly fquirrel-ape, Simia-fciurus, from the ifland of Johanna; perhaps the Indian cere copithecus of Ray, called Bugee. Petiv. gaz. 26. t. 17. f. 5. &. White-handed Mongous.—2, ». Lemur Mongoz albipes, The body is brown, and the muzzle and hands are white. Brown Profimia, or ape-like animal, having the muzzle, throat, and paws, white. Brifl. quad. LI(Oe Tak. in ¢ Brown Mongous.—2. ¢. Lemur Mongoz. fufcus. The whole body is of a uniform brown colour. Simius-zambus. Nieremb. hift. nat. 176.—Brown profimia. Briff. quad. 156. n. 1.—Variety of the mongous, of the fize of a cat, and totally brown. Sin. Buff. vii. p. 226. ¢. Grey Mongous.—z2. @. Lemur Mongoz cinereus. The body is grey, with a black face, and tawny yellow hands. Schreber, i. 138. tab. xxxix. A. Profimia, of a brown colour, mixed with red; having 2 black face, and tawny yellow paws. Briff- quad. 157. n. 3. The oS a7 ‘Oo [e2) 86 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. ~ - Maucauco. The Mongous inhabits the iflands of Madagafcar and Johanna, and the neighbouring countries of Africa.—The feveral varieties of this fpecies, which are enumerated from Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema Naturae, feem all to refemble each other very much, and to differ chiefly in fize and colour from each other. In all of them the toes next the great toes, on the hind paws, are furnifhed with long narrow {harp claws. : The variety which the Count de Buifon defcribes, enumerated above under the name of Brown Mongous, had long filky hair, rather thort, and fomewhat curled, and entirely brown; the eyes are yellow, the muzzle black, and the ears fhort; the tefticles are very large, and the tongue very rough: It was extremely brifk in its movements, petulant, very nafty, and fond of fruits, fugar, and fweet- c meats; while in confinement, it eat of four or five joints from its own tail; it emitted almoft perpetu- ally a low grunting voice, and, when tired of folitude, cro vy loudly like a frog: The tail is very long and bufhy, carried erect, and curved fomewhat im the manner of the fquirrels. The one repre- fented in pl. ccxxviii. of the Count de Buffon’s work, feems to have a whitifh or grey throat; the -muzzle, from between the eyes to the point, is long, black, and narrow, with a number of long hairs over the eyes, and on each fide of the mouth. 6. Vari.—5, Lemur Macaco, 3. Has long hair round the fides of the neck and throat, like a ruff; anda long tail. Ruffed maucauco. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 132.—Vari. Sm. Buff. vii. 228. pl. ccxxix. a. Black Vari.—3. @. L, Macaco niger, The whole body is of a uniform black colour. Schreber, i. 142. tab. xl. A, Black maucauco. Edw. av. v. t. 217. 8. Brown Vari.—3. 6. L. Macaco fufcus, The whole body is uniformly brown. ; Brewn lemur, having a buthy tail. Gronov. zooph. 22, y» White Varii—3. 9 L, Macaca albus. Of a uniformly white colour. Antavarre, entirely white. Cauche, Madagafe. 127. 3. Pied Vari. 3. 2 LZ, Macaco variegatus. The body is mixed with black and white in patches. Schreber, i. 142. tab. xl. B, Vericafli, or Varicofii. Flacourt, voy. 153.—Wari. Sm. Buff, vii. pl. ccxxix. The feveral varieties of this pecies inhabit the fame countries with the Mongous.—The variety, reprefented in the plate of the Count de Bufton’s Natural Hiftory, is moftly white in the body; all tlre paws, the fore-head, the tail, the infides of the thighs, a large blotch on each fhoulder, and a long narrow patch on the loin before che upper part of the thigh, are black; the nail on the inner toe of the 99 100 “MAMMALIA,- PRIMATES. Maucauco. 87 the foot is fomewhat narrow and pointed, like a claw. ‘The vari is fond of fun-fhine, yet always choofes to fleep in a dark place, and preferves its neft very clean. In confinement, it refufes to feed on eggs, flefh, or fifh; and, when eating, growls, with a voice like that of a lion: In a wild ftate it is very fierce, and even dangerous, but when tamed is very gentle and good natured ; it has a prodi- gioufly ftrong voice, like the roaring of a lion, fo that two of them in the woods, by their noife, may be miftaken for a hundred ; this feems owing to a fingular enlargement of the wind-pipe, juft before it fplits into two branches to enter the lungs; the muzzle is long and thick, the ears very fhort, and fringed with long flowing hairs, which join the collar, or hairy rnff, on the neck, cheeks, and throat; the eyes are of a deep orange colour, almoft red. 7. Ring-tailed Maucauco.—6. Lemur Catta. 4. Has a long, erectly arched, bufhy tail, annulated with alternate bars of black and white. Afh-coloured Profimia, having the tail furrounded with alternate rings of black and white. Briff. quad. 222. Muf. Ad. Frid: ii. 5. Schreber, i. 143. tab. xli. Herman, naturf. xv. 159.—Madaga{- car fquirrel-ape, fimia-fciurus, or maucauco. Edw. av. iv. 197. t- 197.—Maucauco. Sm. Buff. vii. 225. pl. ccxxvii.-—Ring-tail maucauco. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 131. Inhabits the iflands of Madagafcar, Mauritius, and Johanna, and the neighbouring continent of Africa.—A gentle animal, living in flocks, which climbs trees, by means of its four paws, like the Apes: It lives on fruits, pot-herbs, and roots, holding its food with the hands; is rather flow in its motions ; purrs like a cat when pleafed and at reft: Dr Gmelin adds, that the individual in his pof- feflion had a fingular ftructuwre of the eyes, which he is uncertain whether to confider as natural or accidental; the pupil of the right eye was contracted into a perpendicular flit, like that of a cat, while the left pupil was circular and wide *. All the nails, both of the feet and hands, are flat and round- ed, without the fharp claw on the index. ‘This is a beautiful animal, of an agrecable afpect, an ele- gant figure, and gentle manners ; having a great refemblance to the Monkeys, but without any of their malicious and mifchievous difpofitions ; it has very large eyes, very long hind legs, and a large handfome tail, which is always erect, always waving about, and is ornamented with thirty alternate rings of black and white: When at liberty, it lives in confiderable focieties; is very filent, uttering only a fhort acute cry when furprifed or irritated; it fleeps in a fitting pofture, with the muzzle reft- ing on the breaft; the body is not thicker than a cat, but is coniiderably longer; the hair, though foft, ftands erect; the male parts are very {mall and concealed. ‘This, and the two former fpecies, have an aukward, oblique gait, but leap well, like all the handed animals. 8. Murine Maucauco.—7. Lemur murinus. 7. Is of an afh colour, with a rufty brown tail. Miller, var. fubj. of nat. hift. tab. xiii. A. B. Inhabits the ifland of Madagafcar.— All the toes and fingers have flat rounded nails. g. American Maucauco.—8. Lemur bicolor. 8, Has a tail: The upper parts of the body are of a blackith grey, and the under of a dirty white colour; with a heart fhaped dirty white {pot on the fore-head, Miller, var. fubj. tab. xxxii. A. Inhabits * Probably the left eye was blind ?—T, 103 LO4 88 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Maucauco. Inhabits South America.—The head refembles that of a bull-dog; and all the toes and fingers have narrow fharp claws. 10. Curly Maucauco.—g9, Lemur laniger, 10. Has a tail: Is of a reddith-yellow brick-duft colour on the upper parts of the body, and white on the under parts; and the tail is of a uniform tawny red. Macquis a bourres. Sonneret, It. ii. 142. t. 89. Inhabits Madagafcar.—The body and head are about twenty-one inches long, and the tail nine; the hair is very foft, and curled; the loins are of a reddifh tawny colour; the face black; the ears are f{mall; the eyes large, and of a greenifh grey colour: It has only two fore-teeth in the upper, and four in the lower jaw; the paws have all five toes, of which the thumbs and great toes have flat rounded nails, and all the reft pointed claws. t1. Podje.—Lemur Podje. Has remarkably long and flender ‘hind legs, efpecially from the heel to the toes; and a long flender tail. Tarfier. Sm. Buff. vii. 171. pl. ccxvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 133. Inhabits the remoteft parts of India, efpecially in the ifle of Amboina.—Has a long pointed vifage, with a flender muzzle, which is two-lobed at the end; the eyes are large and prominent ; the ears erect, broad, naked, femitranfparent and long, having a tuft of long hair between them on the top of the head; on each fide of the nofe, and on the upper eye-brows, there are long hairs; it has only two fore-teeth, and two tufks, in each jaw; there is a diftin€t thumb, and four flender toes, on each foot ; the great toes are broad, and furnifhed with flat rounded nails, but all the other toes and fin- gers have fhort {harp claws; the penis is pendulous, and the fcrotum very large; the length, from muzzle to rump, is fix inches ; thence te-the ground, when ftanding, eleven inches and a half; the tail is nine and a half inches long; the hair on the body is long, foft, and woolly; the ‘head is afh- coloured, the reft of the body tawny, mixed with afh colour; the hair on the legs is fhort, white, and thin; the tail is almoft naked and fealy for the greater part of its length, and is tufted at the end. This animal is defcribed by Mr Pennant from two f{pecimens in the mufeum of Dr Hunter, and in the Leverian Mufeum. 12. Prehentile Maucauco.—Lemur prebenjilis. Has a long prehenfile tail. Little maucauco. Penn. hit. of quad. n. 134. Brown’s illuft. of zool. 108. tab. xliv.—Madagaé car rat. Sm. Buf. viii. 284. pl. ccxcv. Inhabits the ifland of Madagefcar.—Is rather lefs than a common black rat; the head is rounded, with a {harp muzzle, and long whifkers; the ears are large, roundifh, naked, and thin; the eyes are £ large and full; the toes are long and unequal, with round ends, and {hort rounded nails, and a fharp long claw on the inner toe of the hind paw; the tail is hairy, as long as the body, and preheniile ; the upper part of the body is cinereous, the lower parts are white, and the fpace round the eyes is dark 105 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Maucauco. 89 dark coloured. It is a lively animal, which rolls itfelf up when afleep, and carries its food in its hands; it bites feverely, has a weak voice, and cannot be tamed: It is fuppofed to live in the palin trees, and to feed on fruits. Perhaps the fame with the Murine Maucauco, fp. 8. ?—T. ‘ 13. Colugo.—10. Lemur volans. 5. Has a membrane fitted for flying, which is extended from the fore-legs, along the fides, all round the body. | Pallas, Act. Petrop. 1780, p. 1. Schreber, i. 146. tab. xiii. Cato-fimius volans, of Camell. Petiv. gaz. 14. t.g. f. 8. Phil. Tranf. 277. n. 1065.—Wonderful bat. Bont. Jav. 68. t. 69.—Flying cat, of the Ifle of Ternate. Seb. Muf’ i. 93. t. 58. f. 2. 3.—Fly- ing maucauco. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 155. pl. xxvii.—Leverian Mut. Inhabits Guzurat, and the Philippine and Molucea iflands. —'This fingular animal is gregarious, and goes abroad only in the evening and during night, living on fruits: It has a membrane fitted for fly- ing, fimilar to that of the flying fquirrel, which extends on each fide, from the head, to the fore- legs, from thefe along the fides to the hind legs, and thence to the extremity of the tail; the toes, on all the paws, have fharp claws: The female has two paps fituated on the breaft, which circum- {tance renders it probable that this little animal fhould be arranged with the Matcaucos, or the ge- neral race of Apes; but the above defcription, and generic character, muft remain imperfect until a more recent fpecimen be brought to Europe. According to Mr Pennant,-it has a long head, a little mouth, and {mall teeth, with fmall, round, and membranous ears; the body, and outfide of the mem- brane, are covered with foft, hoary, or black and afh-coloured, hairs; the inner fide of the {kin is naked, with veins and fibres difperfed over it; the lower fides of the legs are covered with foft yellow down ; each paw has five toes, furnifhed with flender, crooked, and very fharp, claws, by which it ftrongly adheres to any thing: It is about three feet long, from nofe to rump, and nearly the fame breadth when expanded; and the tail is flender, hairy, and about a foot in length. IV BAT —4 VESPERT TLIO, 4. All the teeth are eredt, {harp pointed, and ftanding contiguous to each other; the fore-feet are divided into very long, flen- der, extended toes, which are connected together by a membrane, which likewife furrounds the body, and by “means of which thefe animals are enabled to fly. The animals of this genus, as its Latin name implies *, never go abroad but during the night or evening, when they fly about, in fearch of food, by means of the expanfile membrane mentioned in the above generic character. They have all fmall, obfcure, covered eyes, ill formed noftrils, and large mouths, ——— Lucemque perofie, Node volant, feraque tenent a _ velpere nomen.—Ovid. Met. iv, 12. Vor. I.. M 106 { ge - MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Bat. mouths, extending almoft from ear to ear: Their motion in flying is a kind of defultory fluttering ; during which they quicken, relax, or direct their flight, in a very bungling and imperfect manner 5 catching, however, as they pafs, flies, gnats, and particularly moths, which laft are their principal food: Their pectoral mufcles are much ftronger, and more flefhy, than in other animais of this clafs, being fimilar to thofe of birds, for the purpofe of flying; and they crawl aukwardly on the ground, from which they rife to flight with great difficulty: The penis is loofe and pendtilous, which is pecu- liar to mankind, monkeys, and this genus. In cold countries they remain in a torpid ftate during winter; being gathered together in dark holes and caverns, or vaults, where they either ftick clofe to. the walls, retire into holes, or fufpend themfelves by the hind legs, fome of them wrapping up their bodies in their membranous wings. As the fpecies of this genus are numerous, and more efpecially as the teeth in the various fpecies are confiderably different in their numbers and arrangement, Dr Gmelin has, with great propriety, fubdivided the Linnzan genus into fubgenera, the diftin@tions of which are founded on the number of fore-tecth in the two jaws.—T. A. Having four fore-teeth in each jaw. 1. Vampire.—1. Ve/pertilio Vampyrus. 1. Jas no tail: The nofe is fimple, like the muzzle of common quadrupeds; and the membrane is divided, between the hind legs, quite to the rump. Ternate bat. Penn. hift. of quad. 393. This fpecies, of which there are feveral varieties defcribed below, inhabits the weft of Africa, the fouth of Afia, and the iflands in the Indian Ocean and South Seas.—The fore-teeth are rather blunt; it has only one tufk on each fide in the upper jaw, which is furrowed by the aétion of the lower teeth; there are two tufks on each fide in the lower jaw, having a {mall obtufe kind of incifive teeth placed between them; and there are feveral bluntifh grinders on each fide in both jaws. ‘The nof- trils are fearcely divided. ‘The body is about the fize of a fquirrel, and varies from five to nine inches in length. The firft toe of the fore paws is feparate from the membrane, and is furnifhed with a claw, but the fecond is enveloped in the membrane. The hind legs have feveral toes, and the heels fend off a taper cartilaginous procefs which is united to the membrane. The eyes have each a membrana nictitans, placed at the inner corner. The uterus is fimple. - a. Rouflet.—1. a. Ve/p. Vampirus niger. Is moftly of a black colour. Schreber, i. 153. tab. xliv. Black Pteropus, or wing-footed animal, having fhort, and {omewhat fharp, ears. Briff. quad. 153-—Vefpertilio ingens. Cluf. exot. 94. Bont. Jav. 68. t. 69.—Flying-dog, Chien volant, from Ternate. Daubenton, Act. Parif. 1759, p. 384. Seb. Muff. i. or. t. 57. f. 1. 2-—Rouflette, or Ter- nate bat. Sm. Buff. v. 281. pl. cxxxiv. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 548. This fpecies, or variety, is of a dark reddifh-brown colour ; is nine inches long from muzzle to rump; and the wings are three feet, from tip to tip, when extended; it feeds on bananas, peaches, ond other fruits; is not gregarious, yet is found in great numbers on the fame tree, by accidentally meeting in queft of fuod: Often flies by dty, which is different from the cuftom of other bats, and fometimes 107 108 109 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. ° Bat. ot fometimes to great heights, and to a confiderable diftance. It has large tufks, a fharp black muzzle, and large naked ears; the tongue is pointed, and garnifhed with fharp reverfed prickles. This fpecies varies in colour, fome being dufky, and others of a reddifh brown; and fome individuals are found more than a foot long. B. Rouget.—1. 6. Vefp. Vampyrus fubniger. The body is of a brownifh black colour. Dark-brown Pteropus, having {hort ears, fomewhat pointed, and the upper part of the neck of a red colour. Brifl. quad. 154.—Bat from the Ifle of Sabuda in New Guinea. Dampier, voy. v. Sr. t. s.—Great bat. Edw. av. iv. 180. t. 180.—Rouffette. Daubenton, Act. Parif. 1759, p. 385.— Rougette. Sm. Buff. v. 281. pl. cxxxv. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 549. This variety is of a cinereous brown colour, having a half collar on the upper part of its neck of a lively red mixed with orange; it refembles the former very much in fhape, but is much lefs, being only about five and a half inches long, and about two feet in extent. “This fpecies never flies abroad in the day, and lives in focieties, of more than four hundred, in the hollow trunks of large decaying trees ; among which vaft flock, it is generally believed, there is never more than one male. ‘This ani- mal becomes very fat, and is reckoned good and wholefome food. , y. Leffler Vampire.—Ve/p. Vampyrus helvus. The body is of a pale yellow, or ftraw colour. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 393. ¢. Leverian. Muff. This variety has a head made like that of a greyhound, with large teeth; the ears are long, broad, and naked; and the whole body is covered with fhort, ftraw-coloured hair. ‘It is about eight inches and a half long, and the wings are two feet two inches in extent; being very much like the two for- mer animals, but its place and hiftory are unknown. 2. Spectre. —2. Vefpertilio Spectrum, 2. Has no tail: The muzzle has a funnel fhaped membrane, bent inwards at the end. Schreber, i. 159. tab. xlv. Pteropus, with long open ears, and having a membrane, bent inwards at its fore part, joined to the muzzle. Briff. quad. 154.—Flying-dog, Canis volans, with very large ears, from New Spain. Seba, Muf. i. 92. t. 58. f. 1.—Horned bat, or Andira-guacu. Pifo, Brafil. 290.—Vampire. Sm. Buff. v. p. 283.—Spectre. Penn. hit. of quad. n. 394. Inhabits South America.—The fore part of the noftrils. refembles a funnel, turning upwards and in- wards, and terminated by a membrane, fhaped like a leaf; the ears are oval, having a narrow pointed flap on the infide, as long as the external ear ; the tufks are very large and folitary ; the anterior grin- ders are blunt, and fhorter than the reft; the wings are fubtended on four toes, of which the firft and fecond are connected together; and the fore legs have each a detached thumb, armed with a hooked claw; the hind feet have each five equal toes, which are provided with hooked claws; the rump fends off, on each fide, a narrow tapering tendon, along the margin-of the membrane between the hind legs; but thefe do not reach fo far as to meet. This animal is extremely uggly and hideous; the head is ill M2 fhaped, 92 MAMMALIA- PRIMATES. Bat. fhaped, with large, open, very erect ears; and the nofe is much deformed. It is faid to open a vein with great dexterity in horfes, mules, and even men, while they fleep, and to fuck the blood, fo as to debilitate, or even to kill them, fanning the air all the time with its wings. It is about the fize of a-pigeon, according to Seba’s figure, the body and head being feven and a half inches long, and the extent of the wings two feet two inches. 110 3. Spear-nofed Bat.—3. Ve/pertilio perfpicillatus. 3.. Has no tail: The nofe has a flat, pointed, leaf-like membrane at its extremity. Muf. Ad. Frid. 7. Schreber, i. 160. tab. xlvi. A. Common American bat. Seba, Muf. i. go. t. 55. f. 2. Inhabits South America.—Has five toes on the fore feet, which are fpread out in the membrane. 1It 4. Heart-nofed Bat.—q. Ve/pertilo fpafma. 4. Has no tail: The nafal membrane is heart fhaped. Schreber, i. 158. tab. xlviti. Taillefs bat, having a foliated nofe, and very large ears with flaps in the infide. Gronoy. zooph. i. 5.n. 27.—Reddifh bat, having the ears and nofe double. Brifl. quad. 161. n. 4.—Glis volans, from Ternate. Seb. Muf. i. go. t. 56. £. 1.—Cordated bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 397. Inhabits Ceylon and the Molucca iflands.—The fore feet have each five toes fpread out in the membrane; the colour of the body is a very pale reddifh, and that of the face a little darker; the hind legs are connected by the membrane. 112 5. Javelin Bat.—5. Ve/pertilio haftatus. 7. Has no tail: The nafal membrane refembies a leaf of trefoil. Schreber, i. 161. tab. xlvi. B. Fer de lance, or Javelin bat. Sm. Buff. vil. 235. pl. ccxxxi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 395. inhabits South America.—Is of a dark brown or black colour, about the fize of a common bat ; and very much refembles the fpear-nofed bat. 113 6. Leaf-nofed Bat. —6. Ve/pertilio foricinus. 8. Has no tail: The muzzle is much lengthened, and the nafal membrane is of a heart fhape. Pallas, fpecileg. zool. iii. 24. t. iti. Schreber, i. 161. tab. xlvii. Short-tailed bat, having a fharp muzzle furmounted with a leaf-like membrane, and rounded, almoft fimple ears. Grenov. zooph. 7. n. 26.—Common American bat. Edw. av. v. 201. t. 201.—= Leaf bat. Sm. Buff. vii. 235. pl. ccxxxiti. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 396. Inhabits South America, Jamaica, Surinam, and Senegal.—Has a very fhort tail; and the tongue is furnifhed with fharp pointed papillae: It is about the fize of a common bat; the ears are {mall and rounded; the hind legs are connected by the membrane; the fur is of a moufe colour, tinged 114 iyi 116 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Bat. . * tinged with red; the tongue is very long, and fecms adapted for fucking blood like the Vampire and Spectre. : 7, Hare-lip Bat.—7. Ve/pertilio leporinus. 9. Has a tail; and the upper lip is divided. Sy/t. nat. ed. x. p. 32... 4. Schreber, i. 162. tab. Ix. American night-bat, Nottilio Americana, having a warty under lip. Syft. nat. ed. xii. p. 88. n. 1.—Dufky-red American bat. Briff. quad. 227.—American bat. Seba, Muf. i. 89. t. 55.—Bat from the Valley of Ylo. Feuille, obf. i. p. 623.—Peruvian bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 398. Inhabits South America. —This {pecies is about the fize of a rat, and lives on fruits; it is of an iron- prey colour; the head is like that of a pug-dog, with large pointed ears; the tail is inclofed in the membrane, which is alfo fupported by two long cartilaginous ligaments; and the wings extend two feet two inches. 8. Chop-fallen Bat.—Ve/pertilio labialis. Has a fhort tail, and hanging lips; the nofe is two-lobbed, and the upper lip di- vided. Variety @. of the Peruvian bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 398. @. Inhabits Peru, and the Mufquito fhore.—The head is large, with hanging lips, like thofe of a maf tiff; the nofe is two-lobed; the upper lip is divided, and the ears are ftraight, long, and narrow; the tail is fhort, having a few of its extreme joints ftanding out from the membrane, which includes its lower part, and projects far beyond it, in an angular form, ending in a point; the colour of the head and back is brown, of the belly afh coloured, and of the membrane, which is very thin, dufky: It is about five inches long, and twenty inches in extent *. 4. B. Having four fore-teeth in the upper, and fix in the lower jaw. g. Long-eared Bat.—8. Ve/pertilio auritus. 5. Has a tail: The lips and muzzle are fimple; but the ears are double, and larger than the head. Faun. Suec. 3. Great-eared bat. Frifch. av. t. 103. Edw. av. v. t. 201. f. 3.—Bat, having a tail, a fimple* nofe, and very large ears without any pendicle. Gronoy. zoop. 23.—Moufe-coloured bat, with double ears. Briff: quad. 160.—Bat, with quadruple ears. Jonft. av. 34. t. 20.—Long-eared bat, or Oreillar. Sm. Buff. iv. ad fpec. p. 322. pl. xc. fig. 2.—Long-eared bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 412. Brrr. zoot. i. 129. Lev. Muf. Inhabits Europe, and is found in Britain. —This is much fmaller than the following fpecies, or com- mon Bat, than which it is perhaps more numerons; its wings are fhorter, its muzzle fmaller and fharper, and its ears are of an immoderate fize. 10. * By /ength is meant the meafure from the tip of the nofe to the rump; and by extent the meafure between the extremities of the wings when firetched out,—T. 117 94 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES, Bat. 10. Common Bat.—g9. Ve/pertilio murinus. 6. Has a tail: The lips and nofe are fimple; and the ears are fmaller than the head. Faun. Suec. 2. Moufe-coloured bat, with fimple ears. Briff quad. 158. n. 1.—Bat. Aldrov. ornith. 575. f. p- 576.—Small eared bat. Frifch. ay. t. 102. Edw. av. iv. t. 201. f. 2.—Chauve fouris, or bat. Sm. Buff. iv. 380. 1ft fpec. p. 322. pl. Ixxxix. fig. 1. and 2.—Common bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 411. Brit. zoOL. i. n. 40.-—Its anatomy. 5S. N. C. d. 2. a. 1. obf. 48. Tnhabits Europe, and is found in Britain.—This animal flies only during the night, living chiefly on moths: When it lights on the ground it is unable to rife again till it has crawled to fome height : It hybernates, or remains torpid, as if dead, during winter, revives in the beginning of the fpring, and comes abroad in the grey, or dufk, of the evening. ‘This fpecies is two inches and a half long, when full grown, and about nine inches in extent; the fur is of a moufe colour, tinged with red- difh; it generally fkims near the ground, with an uneven jerking flight ; and often, feeking for gnats and other aquatic infects, flies clofe by the furface of water. It breeds in the fummer feafon, and is preyed on by owls. The European fpecies of bat pafs the winter in a torpid ftate, without food cr motion, fufpended in fome dark place, in old ruinous houfes, or caverns, or in the hollows of decayed trees: This is called Aybernation ; and, during this ftate, moft of the animal functions are fufpended, or at leaft fo greatly diminifhed in their activity as to be {carcely perceptible: The action of the heart and arteries becomes fo exceedingly languid, that the pulfe can fearcely be felt, and the natural number of ftrokes, during any given time, is vaftly leflened; if refpiration be at all carried on, it is fo very flow as fcarcely to be difcoverable; the natural temperature, or animal heat, likewife gets greatly below the ufual ftandard; digeftion becomes altogether fufpended, for, during hybernation, no food whatever is taken into the ftomach; all the excretions, except, perhaps, the infenfible perfpiration, and that by the lungs, both of them in a much lower degree than ufual, are at a ftand; and none of the functions feem to go on excepting a very flow degree of nutrition, and interchange of old for new matter in the depofitory cells or the body :.'That this laft actually takes place is evident, becaufe all hybernating animals enter into the torpid ftate extremely fat, and revive again exceflively emaciated ; and from this it appears that the oil, in the fatty follicles of the cellular membrane, is gradually taken up by the abforbent veilels into the languid circulation, to fupply the proportionally gradual waite, occafioned by the more than half fufpended action of the emunctories. Bats are very voracious, it proper food is to be had; and, though moths and other infects be their natural and common food, yet if flefh, whether raw or roafted, freth or corrupted, comes in their way, they devour it with greedinefs. In this country they appear abroad early in ipring, flying about only in the evenings; but are fometimes roufed from their torpidity by a warm day or wo during winter, and will then venture out in queft of food, but recommence their ftate of hyber= nation whenever the cold returns: They retire at the end of fummer into caves, ruined houfes, or the roofs and eaves of houfes, where they remain fufpended by the hind legs, and enveloped in their wings, generally in large numbers. Bats may be caught by means of the flower cups of bur-dock, whitened and thrown up in the way of their flight; they are attracted by the whitenefs, and the hooks of the bur, fticking to their membranous wings, make them fall to the ground. 118 119 120 ‘121 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Bat. 95 11. Noétule.—10. Ve/pertilio noctula, 10. Has a tail: The nofe and lips are fimple; the ears are oval, and provided with a very {mall valve, or fecondary ear. Schreber, i. 166. tab. Iii. Bat. Gefner, av. 694. & pl. Aldrov. ornith. 575. f. p. 576.—Nodtule. Sm. Buff. iv. 317. 3d fpec. p. 322. pl. xci. fig. 1. Perm. hift. of quad. n. 407.-—Great bat. Brit. zoo. i. 128. and D°. illuft. tab. cili. Inhabits France, Germany, Britain, and Ruffia.—The nofe is flightly two-lobed; the ears are {mall and rounded; the chin has a fmall wart; the length of the body is near three inches, the extent of the wings about thirteen, and the tail one inch feven tenths long. ‘This fpecies has been found in great numbers at Cambridge. It never fkims along the ground, but flies high in fearch of food; is fometimes larger than the above meafures: Like the former it breeds in fummer. 12. Serotine.—11. Ve/pertilio Serotinus. \t. Has a tail: Is of a yellowith brown colour, having fhort ears with thickened edges. Schreber, i. 167. pl. lili. Serotine. Sm. Buff. iv. 317. 4th fpec. p. 323. pl. xci. fig. 2. Penn. hift. of quid. n. 408. Inhabits France, Germany, and Siberia, beyond Lake Baikal.—This fpecies is about two inches and a half long: The ears are fhort, and broad at the bafe ; the body is of a brown colour, mixed with rufty yellow, the belly paler, and the wings are blackith. 13. Pipiftrellee—12. Ve/pertilio Pipifirellus, 12. Has a tail: Is of a brownifh-black colour; having a funk fore-head, and oval, thick. edged ears, fearcely fo long as the head. Schreber, i. 167. tab. liv. Pipiftrelle. Sm. Buff. iv. 317. sth fpec. p. 323. pl. xcii. fig. 2. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 409. Inhabits France, more rarely in Germany, and is common in the mountainous parts of Ruffia and Siberia. —This is the fmalleft and leaft uggly of all the bats: The upper lip is turgid, the eyes are fmall and much funk, and the fore-head is covered with longifh hair. It is not above an inch and a quarter in length, and fix inches and a half in extent: The upper parts of the body are of a very dark yellowith brown, and the lower parts of a dufky brown or black colour, with yellow lips. 14, Barbaftelle.—13. Vefpertilio Barbaftellus, 1 Has a tail: The cheeks are tumid and hairy; and the ears are large and angular at their lower parts. Schreber, i. 168. tab. lv. Barbaftelle. Sm. Buff. iv. 317. 6th fpec. p. 323. pl. xcii. fig. 1. Penn. hift. of quad. n.-4r0. Inhabits Burgundy in France.—This fpecies appears to have large whifkers, owing to the turgid- nefs of the cheeks, which form a kind of pudding, on each fide, above the lips: The muzzle is very thort, the nofe much flattened, and the eyes are placed near the ears; the ears are very broad, fo that 123 96 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Bat, that their lower edges touch each other and conceal the face; the upper part of the body is of a dufky brown, and the lower of a mixed afh and brown colour: It is about two inches long, and ten and a half in extent. 15. Bearded Bat.—14. Ve/pertilio hi/pidus. 14, Has a tail, and is covered with a rough fur: The noftrils are open, all up the nofe, like a gutter; and the ears are long, erect, and narrow. Schreber, i. 169. tab. lvi. Campagnol volant. Daubenton, act. Parif. 1759. p. 388.—Bearded bat. Sm. Buff. v. 305. ‘pl. cxxxviii. fig. 1. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 402. Tnhabits Africa, near the river Senegal.—This fpecies has a longifh beard under the chin: The nofe has hardly any cartilage, and the noftrils are placed on each fide in a fmall open gutter, which reaches the whole length of the nofe, and is terminated, at the lower part of its external edge, by a fmall button; the external edges of this gutter unite above the upper lip, and form a large furrow, which extends to the fore-head, and ends in a deep naked pit edged with long hair: The hair is long- ifh and rough; on the top and hind parts of the head, on the neck, fhoulders, back, and rump, of a veddith brown; the reft is whitifh, tinctured with yellow; the ears and membranes have different fhades of blackifh and reddifh brown; the tail is inclofed, to its tip, in the membrane; the claws are yellowifh: The length of the body is about one inch and a half, and the extent of the wings fever imches. C. Having four fore teeth in the upper, and eight in the lower jaw. 16. Striped bat.—15. Ve/perizlio pictus. 15. Has a tail: The muzzle is fimple; the ears are funnel fhaped, and provided with a little appendage on the infide. Gronov. zooph. 7. n. 25. Pallas fpecil. iii. 7. Schreber, i. 17¢. tab. xlix. Ternate bat. Seba, Muf. i. gi. t. 56. £. 2. 3.—Mufcardin volant. Daubenton, Act. Parif. 1759, p- 388.—Striped bat. Sm, Buff. v. 306. pl. cxxxviii. fig. 2. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 404. Inhabits Ceylon, where it is named Kirviwoula by the natives—The nofe-is very fmall; the ears are broad, fhort, and pointing ferwards ; the front, top of the head, neck, fhoulders, back, and rump, are of a whitifh yellow colour; the under jaw, breaft, and belly, are bluifh, tinged with yellow; the membrane and tail are mixed yellow and brown, ftriped with black: It is about two inches long from the muzzle to the rump. Bg. Reddith ftriped Bat.—Ve/p. pictus rubellus. Exaétly like the former, but having the upper parts of the body of a clear reddith — brown, and the lower parts whitifh. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 558. }). Having two fore-teeth in the upper jaw, and fix in the lower. | 125 126 127 MAMMALIA, | PRIMATES. Bat. o7 17, Senegal Bat.—16. Vefpertilio nigritia, 16, Has a tail: The anterior part of the head is of a yellowifh brown colour; and the feet and tail are black.. Schreber, i. 171. tab. lviii. Marmotte volante. Daubenton, act. Parif. 1759. p. 385.—Senegal bat. Sm. Buf v. 302. pl. cxxxvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. goo. Inhabits Africa, near the river Senegal.—The head is longifh, with a fomewhat pointed nofe; the ‘ears are rather fhort, and pointed; the body and head are of a tawny, or yellowifh, brown, mixed with afh colour; and the belly is paler; the length is about four inches, or rather more, and the “membrane meafures near twenty-one inches when extended. E. Having two fore teeth in the upper, and four in the lower jaw. 18, Bull-dog Bat.—17. Ve/pertilio Moloffus. 17. Has a tail: The tail is long, and reaches beyond the membrane which connects it with the hind legs; and the upper lip is pendulous. Pallas, f{pecileg. iii. 8. Bull-dog bat. Sm. Buff. v. 303. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 390. Inhabits the Weft India iflands.—Of this fpecies the two following varieties are known. a, Greater Bull-dog Bat.—17. «. V. Mol. major. Is of a brown-afh colour, on the upper parts of the body, and afh coloured on the un- der parts, having the middle of the belly of a brown colour. Schreber, i. 171. 172, tab. lix. fig. infer. Mulot volant. Daubenton, act. Parif. 1759, p. 387—Bull-dog bat. Sm. Buff. v. 303. pl. cxxxvii. fig. I. i The muzzle is very thick, with long lips, and a handfome nofe. The ears are broad, and round, with their edges touching under the fore-head, having a fold forwards below the place of contact, ‘and a concavity within the ear, on each fide of this fold: The crown and hind part of the head, the top and fides of the neck, the fhoulders, the back and the rump, are of a brownifh afh colour; the middle of the belly is brown, and the reft of the belly, the breaft and throat, are of an unmixed afh colour ; the fore legs and toes are cinereous, and the membrane and tail are black: Five falfe verte- brae of the tail extend beyond the membrane: The iength, from the muzzle.to the rump, is about two inches. @ Leffler Bull-dog Bat.—17. 8. V. Mol. minor. Is of a mixed brownifh and ath colour, on the upper parts of the body, and a dirty white on the lower parts. Schreber, i. 171. 172. tab. lix. fig. fup. Sm. Buff. v. 304. pl. cXxxvil. fig. 2. ( This animal feems to be of the fame fpeciés with, the preceding, but is fmatler, being about an inch and two-thirds long. The head is lefs plump, the muzzle finaller, and the nofe more elegant+ 129 130 98 MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Bar.. ly fhaped ; the whole upper parts of the body are yellow, with an afh coloured tinge; and the un-. der parts are of a dirty white, inclining to a yellowifh afh colour; the membrane and tail are of a: mixed brown and yellow; and the tail projects beyond the membrane in the fame manner with the. former variety. F. Having two fore-teeth above, and none below.. 19. Cephalote.-—18. Ve/pertilio cephalotes. 18. ~ Has a tail: The head is large, having tumid lips, fpiral noftrils, warts below the or- bits, and {mall ears, without any lid or operculum. Pallas, fpecileg. iii. 10. t. 1. Schre+ ber, i. 172. tab. Ixi. Sm. Buff. vii. 236. pl. ccxxxii. Molucca bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n, 405., Inhabits the Molucca iflands.—This fpecies is about three and’three quarter inches long, and fi teen inches in extent; the tongue is furnifhed with prickly papillae; the hair on the upper part of the body is afh coloured, and on the under parts whitifh; the head is very large, in proportion to the body, with a broad, blunt, fimple nofe; the noftrils are open, fpiral gutters; the ears are fmall, fimple, and ftand a little backwards; the neck is very diftinct, and feems longifh, being thiniy co- vered with hair; the tufks of the upper jaw have two {mall intervening teeth, which are wanting. in the lower. jaw: The female feems only to:produce one at a birth. 8. Straw-coloured Cephalote.—Ve/p. cephalotes melinus. Refembles the former, except in colour, being of a fine ftraw. colour, with a dull white: belly. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 558. Lev. muf.. G. Having no fore-teeth above, and four below: 20. Purfe- winged Bat.—19. Ve/pertilio lepturus. 19. Has a tail: The noftrils are tubular; the ears are long, blunt at the extremity, and! furnifhed with a lid; the membrane, which conneéts the legs, has a purfe, or pouch, on the infide, on each fide of the body. Schreber, i. 173. tab. lvii. Pouch bat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. gor. Inhabits Surinam.—The nofe is fomewhat. produced, thick at the end, and befet with whifkers ; the chin is divided by a perpendicular furrow; the ears are long and rounded at the ends; the.tail is only partly inclofed in the membrane: The body is about an inch and a half long, being of a cis nereous brown colour on the the upper, and paler on the under parts. 3 ZI. X3t 32 MAMMALIA. - PRIMATES. Bat. 99 a1. Horfe-fhoe Bat.—20. Ve/pertilio ferrum-equinum. 20. Has a tail: The nofe refembles the figure of a horfe fhoe; the ears are of the fame length with the head, and have no lid; the tail is about half the length of the body. Horfe-fhoe bat. Sm. Buff. iv. 317. 7th fpec. p. 324. pl. xciii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 406. Brrr. ZOOL. i. 129. Inhabits France, and Franconia in Germany, has lately been difcovered in Kent, by Mr Latham ‘of Dartford, and is found about the Cafpian.—This fpecies was firft obferved by the illuftrious Daubenton, and defcribed very accurately in his account of the various kinds of bats. The counte- nance is remarkably deformed, and its moft ftriking feature is a membrane, which, fhaped like a thorfe fhoe, furrounds the nofe and upper lip; the ears are large, broad at the bafe, fharp pointed, and incline backwards, having no lid, or little internal ear; the upper parts of the body are of a deep cinereous colour, and the lower parts are whitifh. There is a greater and lefler variety, which are very fimilar in form. «. Larger horfe-fhoe Bat.--20. «. Ve/p. fer.-equ. major. This variety is about three inches and a half long, from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail; its extent is above fourteen inches. Schreber, i. 174. pl. Ixii. ‘upper fig. @. Leffler Horfe-fhoe Bat.—20.. 6. Ve/p. fer.-equ. minor. The particular fize and differences of this variety are not mentioned by authors, only that it is lefs than the preceding. Schreber, i. 174. pl. xii. lower fig. H. Having no fore teeth in either jaw. 22. New-York Bat.—21. Ve/pertilio noveboracen/is. Has a long tail: The muzzle is fhort and fharp pointed; and the ears are fhort and rounded. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 403. Arétic. zool. n. 82. Leverian muf. Forfter’s voy. 189. Inhabits North America, and is alfo found in New Zeland.—The head is fhaped like that of a moufe, having the top of the nofe a little divided; the ears are fhort, broad, and rounded; the tail is very long, and is inclofed in the membrane, which at that part is covered with long, and very foft hair, of a bright tawny colour; the head and body are of a bright tawny colour, lighteft on the head and beginning of the back; the belly is paler; and there is a white fpot at the bafe of each wing; the membrane is thin, naked, and of a dufky colour; and the hind legs are very flender: The length is about two inches and a half, the tail near two inches long, and the extent of the wings ten and a half inches. ING 2) I. 134 aS) EOO MAMMALIA, PRIMATES. Bat, I. Of which the number and circumftances of the teeth are unknown. 23. Broad-winged Bat.—21. Vefpertilio lafcopterus. 21. Has a tail; and the membrane is extremely broad. Schreber, i. tab. Iii. B. Its place and hiftory unknown. 24. Broad-tailed Bat.—22. Ve/pertilio lafiurus. 22. Has a very broad tail; and the lips are tumid. Schreber, i. tab. lxii. B. The place and hiftory of this and of the former fpecies are not mentioned. 25. Clayton’s Bat.—Ve/pertzlio americanus, Is of a large fize; has great ears, and long ftragling hairs. Phil. Tranf. abrid. iii. 594. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 557. note. Arct, zool. n. 83. Inhabits North America.—This fpecies is not fufficiently defcribed to enable it to be referred to any of the former fpecies, or to afcertain whether it be diftinct from them: It is placed here, in the mean time, to point out the neceffity of farther inquiries to naturalifts.—T. iL. - MAMMALIA. ~~ BRUTA. Sloth. rox iB Rea Te Have no fore-teeth in either jaw. Vi SLOT R—j. BRADY PUTS. 7, Has no fore-teeth in either jaw: Has fix grinders on both fides of each jaw, which are cylindrical, and obliquely cut off at the ends; the two foremoft in each jaw being longer than the reft, and far diftant from each other. ‘The body is covered with hair. 137 1, Ai.—1. Bradypus tridactylus, 1. Has three toes on all the feet; anda fhort tail. Muf. Ad. Fr. 4. Curled. bradypus, having three toes on the feet, armed with hooked claws. Brown. Jam. 489.—Tardigradus tridaétylus, having three toes both on the fore and hind feet. Bri. quad. 21.—Arctopithecus. Gefn. quad. 869.—Ignavus. Cluf. exot. 372.—Luyart. Nieuhof, Brafil. 27 —Pigritia, or Haut. Nieremb. hift. nat. 163. 164.—Sloth. Edw. av. t. 220.—Ai. Sm. Buff. vii. 150. pl. ccxiii. and ccxiv.—Pareffeux. Gautier, obf. fur Phift. nat. i. part 2. 81. t. A.—Three- toed floth. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 359. pl. xlix. Nat. mif. pl. 6. Inhabits the warmer parts of South America.—Lives in trees, and feeds on frefh leaves, efpecially” of the Cecropia; never drinks, and is afraid of rain: Climbs trees with great readinefs, but walks with great difficulty, and very flowly, fcarcely being able to travel fifty paces in the courfe of a whole: day; turns its head often about as if aftonifhed: The voice is in afcending hexachord, or fix fuc- ceffively rifing notes, making a moft horrible clamour, accompanied with tears, and every mark of mifery: The body is very hairy, and of a grey colour, having a naked face; the throat is yellow ; there are no external ears: The tail is extremely fhort, and fomewhat egg-fhaped: The fore legs are longer than thofe behind, and are placed at a great diftance from each other: The toes, of which there are three on each foot, are very clofe fet, and have all exceedingly ftrong, ae hooked claws. ‘There are two paps fituated on the breatt.. This animal, according to Nieuhof, grows to the fize of an ordinary fox.. The nofe is blunt,. and of a black colour; the face and throat are of a dirty white colour; the hair on the body is long, very uneven, of a brownith afh, or grey, colour, with a black line along the middle of the back, and a rufty fhade on the fhoulders; the back and limbs being irregularly fpotted with black: The mouth: is never without foam: Its manners are fluggifh to an exceffive degree; its general appearance dif- gufting; and the voice plaintive, piteous, and even horrible.. It can live a prodigious time without. food,, 229) 149 102 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Sloth. food, Kircher fays forty days: Has vaft ftrength in the paws, and faftens its claws into any thing with fuch force that they cannot be difengaged; hence, when beafts of prey attack this animal, it faftens on them fo ftrongly, that both are often found dead in each others grafp. 2. Unau.—2. Bradypus didactylus. 2. Has two toes on the fore feet, and no tail. Muf. Ad. Fr. 4. Schreber, ii. 200. tab. Ixv. | Bradypus didaétylus, having two toes on each fore foot, and three on the hind feet. Briff. quad. 22.—Tardigradus, from Ceylon. Seb. muf.i. 54. t. 33. f. 4. andt. 34. f-1.—Unau. Sm. Buff. vii. 150. pl. ccxii.—Twos-toed floth. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 360. Inhabits South America, and, according to fome writers, is likewife found ‘in India,—Lives on fruits and roots; has a weak fenfe of fmelling, and its fight is better adapted for night than day : ’ The body is covered with rufty-brown undulated hair; the head is round, with ue ears; and it has two paps fituated on the breatft. The Count de Buffon infifts that this animal is confined to South America, while other authors inform us that it is likewife found in India and in Guinea. Mr Pennant’s authority for faying that it is found im the mountains near Madras, and the information of Bofman and Barbot, that floths are met with in Guinea, are not to be doubted ; but, from the general analogy of the South Ameri- can animals not having been difcovered in the other quarters of the world, I am ftrongly inclined to Buffon’s opinion, and fufpeét that the Sloth of Madras, mentioned by Pennant, and the Sloth of Guinea, defcribed by Bofman and Barbot, are different fpecies from the Unau, or two-toed Sloth from South America. The hair on the body is long and rough, on fome parts curled and woolly, in fome of a pale red above and ath coloured below, on others of a yellowifh white below and brown above. The length of the fpecimen in the Britifh Mufeum, which Mr Pennant fuppofes young, is eleven inches. This fpecies has forty-fix ribs on each fide, and the Ai only twenty-eight. The Unau, though heavy, and very awkward in his gait, is much more agile than the Ai, and is able to mount and difimount the higheft trees feveral times a-day. There is one very fingular circumftance in thefe two animals, that, inftead of diftin&t excretory apertures, there is only one common canal, as in» birds. 3. Five-toed Sioth.—Bradypus pentadactylus. Tas five toes on all the feet; anda fhort tail. Hitherto non-defcript. Bradypus urfinus, Urfiform floth. Natur. mifc. pl. 58. 59. There are no fore-teeth in either jaw: Ta each jaw are two tufksy which are included by the lips; thofe below are about-an inch and a half long, of a.conical or tapering form, ftand forwards, and are a little bent backwards at their ends; the upper tuiks are about an inch longer, are more crooked, and are larger than the lower: There are two principal grinders above, and three below, on each fide; thefe are fhort, flat, broad, and obtufely knobbed ; befides thefe, on each fide of the vpper jaw, is one conically pointed fimall grinder, and on each fide of the lower jaw are three fuch, which gradually diminifh in fize and length as they advance forwards: All thefe fingle pointed grin- ders, in both jaws, ftand before the large principal grinders formerly defcribed. ‘The body is large, thick, clumfy, and highly arched in the back, and is univerfally covered with long, harfh, black hair, — N?139. Uy i N°137. a trcher SC. eel MAMMALIA, BRUTA. Sloth. 103 hair, which fheds to every fide from the fummit, or ridge of the back: The head, at the top of the face, is large and broad, having {mall dufky eyes, with round pupils; the lower part of the face is narrow and projecting, with the mouth placed at the extremity of the fnout or muzzle; the neck is {hort and thick, and the ears are fhort, erect, hairy, and hid in the fur ; the mouth opens pretty largely, and, when fhut, the upper lips receive the lower within their edges; at the fore part of the fnout the lips are thin, and meet together without overlapping, the lower lip being rather longer ; and they form occafionally a projecting tube for fucking 5 the tongue is.long, flat, broadifh, and ra- ther thin at the extremity, which is fquared ; the noftrils are covered by a lengthened flap, like a fecond upper lip, which lies flat over them, extending as far forwards as the upper lip, and feparated from it by a horizontal flit on each fide, above an inch deep; the fore part of the upper jaw and fnout, for about’ four inches, wants bone, and its place is fupplied by a moveable cartilage, feemingly articulated to the fore part of the upper jaw bone ; by raifing this upwards, the animal can open its mouth without feparating the jaws, and it employs this method when fucking in drink or foft food ; the tail is very fhort, and is covered with the fame black hair as the reft of the body; the legs are diftant, fhort, ftrong, and covered with the fame kind of hair as the body; the fore legs are fome- what arched outwards, and allow of confiderable lateral aftion; the feet are fmall, and hairy on the upper parts, but have naked black foles; each foot has five fhort toes, fet clofe together, and fur- nifhed with long, narrow, hooked, white claws, about three inches long, and not retractile. The whole length of the animal is about four feet and a half, meafured from the origin of the tail, along the arch of the back, to the end of the fnout: It is about three feet high to the middle of the back when ftanding, and near five feet in circumference. The general afpect of this animal, which is a female, is lurid, heavy, clumfy, and forbidding, though not of a ferocious appearance; having a-general refemblance to*a mixture between the Bear, the Sloth, and the Hog. In its ftate of confinement it always keeps a groveling pofition, on its bel- ly, with its fnout lying on the ground; and, even when forced to rife, {till keeps the head exceed- ingly low and flouching. When irritated, it gives one fhort, harfh cry, between a grunt and a roar, which it does not repeat but on a fecond provocaticn. It catches at any thing prefented to it with one or both fore feet, carrying the fubftance to its mouth, and biting hard with the grinders on one fide. The general colour is black, except the face, which is dark grey, and a few grey {pots between the legs, and on the breaft and belly. Tn its prefent ftate of confinement, the keeper fays that it feeds on bread, and is fond of fruit, raw eggs, fat, and marrow, but will not eat roots.. When any thing fluid is prefented, it fucks {trong- ly through a tubular opening of the lips, already defcribed. ‘The keeper fays, that this animal was dug out.of a fand hill near Patna in Bengal; and that, on feveral occafions, when. loofe, it has im- mediately endeavoured to burrow inthe ground. I am inclined to think, however, that the fect are formed for climbing trees, and by no means for digging; as ‘he foles, efpecially of the fore feet, are narrow, and.as the claws are narrow. and hooked :. Befides, it is fond of fruits which grow on trees, and rejects roots which are dug out of the ground.. This animal is hitherto a non-defcript, at leaft fo far as can learn, and: was lately exhibited in Edinburgh, under the foolifh name of Lisn-mon/fer ; but by what name it is. known, in the language: of the country from whence it came, the keeper is not informed; neither does he know any thing. of its hiftory or native manners. It comes neareft in generic charaéters to the Sloth, with which I have arranged it; and the foregoing defcription will give a general idea of the animal to naturalifts,, until its hiftory can be inveftigated more accurately when its place comes to be known.. Since> I4t difting claws. The form of the head in thefe two figures is likewife very different; but in both Lod. MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Ant-eater. Since writing the above, I have feen a defcription of the fame individual, accompanied with a very accurate wooden cut, by Mr Bewick of Newcaftle, Gen. Hift. of Quad. 2d ed. p. 266, who fuppofes it congeneric with the Bear: To. this opinion I cannot fubfcribe, as all the generic charaéters of that genus are entirely wanting in the animal under confideration. The fame individual is defcribed, un- der the name of Urfine Sloth, in the Naturalift’s Mifcellany; and I am happy to find that the ingeni- ous author of that ufeful publication has referred it to the fame genus in which it has been placed, ir the manufcript of this work, ever fince its appearance in Edinburgh. —T. MAL ANT-EATER.—6. MYRMECOPHAG 4. 8. Has no teeth: The tongue is round, and capable of being ad- vanced very far out of the mouth, which is very narrow, and placed at the extremity of the fnout. The body is co- vered with hair. This genus feeds on ants, the nefts of which they dig up with their claws, and draw out the infects by inferting their long tongues into the nefts. They may be tamed, and will live for a long time without food. ‘They fleep during the day, with their heads reclined under the fore legs, and go out in the night, in queft of food. Their fur is exceedingly thick fet. 1. Two-toed Ant-eaten—1. Myrmecophaga didactyla. 1. Has two toes on the fore paws, and four on the hind feet; and a bufhy tail. Muf Ad. Fr. i. 8. Two-toed ant-eater, with a fhort fnout, having two toes on the fore, and four on the hind feet. Briff, quad. 98.—Tamandua, or White coati, from America. Seba, Muf. i. 60. t. 37. £ 3.—Little ant-eater. Edw. av. t. 220.—Fourmiller. Sm. Buff. v. 352. pl. cxlviiia—Leaft ant-eater. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 372. pl. |. Tnhabits South America.— Walks very flowly on the heels. The body is of a yellow colour. This Ipecies is fimaller, and has a fhorter muzzle than the other fpecies of the genus. According to Mr ela Borde, this animal is of a bright reddifh colour, bordering on golden yellow, and is about the fize of a fquirrel: The tongue is fpiral, and like a worm: It has no cry, and feeds only in the night. By Mr Pennant, this fpecies is defcribed as having a conical nofe, a little bent downwards ; fmall ears hid in the fur; the body and head being feven inches and a half long, and the tail eight and a half; the head, body, limbs, and upper part and fides ef the tail, are covered with long, foft, filky hair, or rather wool, of a yellowith brown colour; the tail is thick at the bafe, ard tapers to a point; bemg naked for the laft four inches, on the lower fide, and prehenfile. The figures of this animal, as given by the Count de Buffon and Mr Pennant, differ remarkably from each other: In the former, the fore paw has only one claw, and the hind paws are fo confufed, that only a flat, broad, palmated mafs can be difcovered, with a kind of thumb or falfe toe on each fide of each paw; while, in the latter, the fore paws have each two, and ‘the hind paws each four, the 141 343 MAMMALIA. BRUTA,: Ant-eater. 10s Re) the tail is prehenfile. Where two fuch great naturalifts differ fo very materially, I do not pretend to afcertain which is right; but it feems probable that thefe are two diftinc fpecies; and, if fo, that the fpecies defcribed by Buffon fhould be called the Myrmecophaga monodaftyla: Perhaps his figure might be taken from a mutilated dry fkin,—T. 2. Three-toed Ant-eater—2. Myrmecophaga tridactyla. 2. Was three toes on the fore, and five on the hind feet; and a bufhy tail. Three-toed ant-eater, with a very long fnout, having three toes before and five behind, and Iong flaccid ears. Briff. quad. 27.—Tamandua-guacu. Seba, Muff i. 60. t. 37. f. 2. Inhabits India. —Travels very flowly; climbs trees; defends itfelf with its broad tail againft flies, ufing it as a fly-flap; has two paps on the breaft and fix on the belly; the back has a-longi- tudinal mane, and there is a biack {tripe on each fide; the tail is flat, and covered with long hairs, which are black on the under fide and white at the top. Dr Gmelin is uncertain if this be a diftinét fpecies ? 3. Great Ant-eater.—3. Myrmecophaga jubata. 3. - - Has four toes before, and five behind; the tail covered with flowing hairs. Schreber, ii. 203. tab. Ixvii. Four-toed ant-eater, with a very long fnout, having four toes before, and five behind, and the tail covered with very long hairs. Briff. quad.24.—Tamandua-guacu. Marcer. Braf. 225.—Tamanoir. Sm. Buff. v. 333. pl. cxlvii-—Great ant-eater. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 369. Inhabits South America, and the kingdom of Congo in Africa.—This animal covers itfelf with the tail when afleep, and to guard againft rain; it has a black ftripe on the fide and breaft; the tail is very thickly covered with long hair, and the hairs are not round but flat. The flefh of this animal is eaten by the natives of America. From the end of the muzzle to the origin of the tail, it is about four feet long ; the head is about fifteen inches, and the tail about two feet and a half; this laft being covered with coarfe hair above twelve inches long; the muzzle is immoderately long, the neck fhort, the head narrow, the eyes fmall and black, the ears roundifh, the tongue thin, above two feet long, and, when not ftretched out, is folded up in the mouth ; the legs are about a foot long; thofe before are a little longer and thinner than the hind legs; the feet are round, having four claws before, the two middle ones being longeft, and five fhort claws behind: The hair on the body and tail is mixed black and white; the hair on the tail is difpofed like a feather, and the animal, when he wants ‘to defend himfelf from rain, or the heat of the fun, turns it on his back, and covers his whole body; there is a black ftripe on the breaft, which ftretches along the fides, and terminates on the back near the thighs; the hind legs are nearly black, and thofe before are almoft white, with a black {pot about the middle. f. Short-nofed Great Ant-eater—Myrm, jubata fima. This animal, which was fent from Guinea to the Count de Buffon, has a fhorter muzzle than the- former; the diftance between the eye and ear is lefs, and the legs are fhorter ; the claws are fimilar : The muzzle, to the ears, is covered with {hort brown hairs; about the ears the hairs begin to grow Vou. I.. re} longer :) 144 145 147 106 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Ant-eater. longer; and on the fides of the body it is two inches and a half long, and as hard as that of a wild boar: It is of a mixed deep brown and dirty white colour: The length of the body and head is three feet eleven inches. Sm. Buff. v. 347. 4. Tamandua.—4,. Myrmecophaga tetradattyla, 4. Has four toes before, and five behind; with a naked tail. Schreber, ii. 205. tab. Ixvi. Ant-eater, with a very long fnout, having four toes before and five behind, and the tail almoft naked. Briff. quad. 26.—Tamandua. Sm. Buff. v. 344. : Inhabits South America.—Goes out only in the night, and fleeps during the day: When irritated, feizes on a ftick, or other object, with his fore claws, and fights on end, fitting on his hind legs: The extremity of the tail is naked and prehenfile, by means of which he is enabled to fufpend himfelf from the branches of trees: Has a black ftripe on the breaft and fide. 5. Five-toed Ant-eater.—Alyrmecophaga pentadactyla. Has five toes on the fore paws; and a long flat tail entirely covered with hair. Sm. Buff. v. 350. pl. cxlix. : x Striped ant-eater. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 731. The head is thick, and the upper jaw and {nout are very long, having the mouth placed far from the extremity; the eyes are very fmall; the ears fmall, rounded, and fringed above with large black hairs; the hair on the whole body is long; on the back, head, and legs, it is tawny, and ftriped with black or dufky, and on the belly it is of a dirty white colour ; the tail is wholly covered with long tawny yellow hair, barred acrofs with rings of a blackith tinge: The body, from the tip of the nofe to the rump, is thirteen inches long, and ten inches in height; and the tail is feven inches long. 6.—Befides this animal, which the Count de Buffon fuppofes only a variety of the Tamandua, he mentions another from the information of Mr de la Borde, under the name of Little Tamanoir, which has whitifh hair about two inches long, weighs above fixty pounds, has no teeth, and very long claws; having the fame manners with the other animals of the genus, feeding only during the. night, and frequenting the great forefts: But this account is by no means fufficient to afcertain whe- ther it be a diftinét {pecies, or, if only a variety, to what fpecies it fhould be referred. 6. Cape Ant-eater.—5. Myrmecophaga capenfis. 5. Has four claws on the fore paws; a long fnout; large pendent cars ; and a tail, which is fhorter than the body, and taper at the point. Pallas, Mifc. zool. n. 6. -) Inhabits the country at the Cape of Good Hope.—This animal is much larger than the other fpe- cies of the genus, fo that Kolben compares it to the fize of a hog, and afferts that it weighs a hun- dred pounds: It burrows in the ground, fleeps during the day, and only goes abroad at night. VIL. MAMMALIA. | BRUTA. Manis. 107 VI. MANIS—y7. MANTIS. 9. Has no teeth: The tongue is round, and very extenfile; the mouth is fmall, and is fituated at the extremity of the fnout; the upper parts of the body are covered with move- able bony fcales. The animals of this genus live on ants, worms, and lizards; they have no voice; they walk flowly, burrow in the ground, and go out only during night in fearch of food: When irritated, they erect their fcales on end; and; when in danger from enemies, they contract themfelves into a globular figure, the head and tail being drawn together under the belly, fo that nothing appears but a globe, all prickly with erected fharp feales; the tail is fat, and greatly efteemed by epicures; the whole upper parts of the body are clothed with fcales, which are chanelled at their bafes, and ftand fufficiently diftinét from each other to allow of motion; they are laid over each other like tiles, a good deal re~ fembling the calyx of an artichoke; the belly, breaft, and infides of the legs and thighs, are hairy; and the tail is covered on every fide, even below, with fcales; the ears are rounded and naked; tht middle claws of the fore paws are larger than the reft, and thefe are bent under the foot in walking. Thefe animals have a {trong affinity with the Ant-eaters, from which they chiefly differ in the cover- ing of the body. 148 1, Pangolin.—1, Manis pentadactyla, 1. Has five toes on all the feet. Ad. Stock. 1749, p. 265. t. 6. f. 3. Schreber, ii. 210. tab. Ixix. Philodotus pentadactylus, having five toes both on the fore and hind feet, and roundifh feales. Briff. quad. 29.—Indian fcaly-lizard. Bont. Jav. 60.—Lefler fealy-lizard, having briftles interfper- fed. Petiv. gaz. 32. t. 20. f. 2.—Larger fcaly-armadillo of Ceylon, called Diabolus tajovanicus. Seba, Muf. i. 88. t. 54. f. 1. et 53. f. 4.—Scaly ant-eater, Myrmecophagus fquamofus, or Daemon thebaicus. Herm. Muf. 295.—Pangolin. Sm. Buff. v. 355. pl. cl.—Short-tailed manis. Penn. hitt. of quad. n. 368.—Five-toed manis. Nat. Mifc. pl. 11. Inhabits Guinea, China, India, and the iflands of the Indian Ocean. —This is the larger fpecies of the genus: The fore feet are covered with fcales to their extremity; the fcales are large, thick, con- vex, not much chanelled, rounded, and fharp at the edges; the under parts of the body have no hair; but, between the fcales on the back, are a few long thick hairs, like hogs briftles: When full grown, it is from fix to eight feet long, including the tail, which is almoft as long as the body. 149 2. Phatagin.—2. Manis tetradactyla. 2.. Has four toes on all the feet. Schreber, ii. 211. pl. lxx. Philodotus tetradadtylus, having four-toed feet, pointed fcales, and a very long tail. Briff. quad. "31.—Foreign ‘fealy lizard. Cluf. exot. 374.—Indian lizard, of the fame genus with the Yvana. Aldr. ovip. dig. 668. t. 667.—Scaly-lizard. Grew’s rarities, 46.—Phatagin. Sm. Buff. v. 355. pl. cli. —Long-tailed manis. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 367. O 2 Tohabits 150 108 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Armadillo. Inhabits India.—This fpecies is much lefs than the former: The fore feet, and even 2 part of the fore legs, are deftitute of fcales and covered with hair; the f{eales are much ftriated, or chanelled, and are each armed with three fharp points; the lower parts of the body are covered with hair, and there are no briftles among the fcales: One, formerly in the Britifh Mufeum, was a yard and a half long, of which the tail was a yard and half a quarter, the body, including the head, being only four- teen inches. ‘Thefe animals roll themfelves up like a clue, the tail forming a belt round the body, with all its fcales erected: In this ftate they brave the fury of their enemies, even of the tigers, which ‘endeavaur in vain to devour them. VUILARMADILLO.—8. DASYPUS.~ to. Has no tulks: The grinders are fhort and cylindrical, and of thefe there are feven on each fide in the upper jaw, and eight on each fide of the lower; the body is covered with - a teflaccous bony coat of mail, which is interfeéted by circular bands of the fame kind. The animals of this genus * live on roots, melons, potatoes, flefh, fifh, infects, and worms; they burrow in the ground, remain in their holes all day, and only go out during the night; are of mild and gentle difpofitions, and defend themfelves from their enemies by rolling themfelves into a globular form, prefenting their {hell or armour on all fides. ‘They chiefly inhabit South America. The fe- males bring forth every month.—As very confiderable confufion feems to have crept into the ar= rangement of the fpecies of this genus, I have preferred the arrangement of the Count de Buffon, to that of Linnzus, in the following enumeration of fpecies; but the characters and fynonimes of Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema Naturae are preferved.—T. All the fpecies of this genus are covered on the head, neck, back, flanks, rump, and tail, even to its extremity, with a cruft refembling bone, which is itfelf covered with a thin, fmooth, tranfparent, fkin: The only parts which want this cruft are the throat, breaft, and belly, which have a granu- lated fkin, like a plucked fowl, on which, by accurate infpection, the rudiments of fcales, fimilar to the cruft, are difcoverable: ‘The cruft is divided into feveral bands or girdles, connected together by membranes, which allow a certain degree of movement to this armour. All the fpecies have two bony fhields, one covering the fhoulders, and another on the rump, except the Cirquincon, or eigh- teen banded {pecies, which has only that on the fhoulders. They are hunted with little dogs, which give notice, by the fcent, of their haunts, whence they are dug out; being very good to eat. 1. Apara.—3. Dafypus tricinctus. 2. Has three moveable bands or girdles, and five toes on all the feet. Hutt. mat. ii. 280. t. 16. f 2; Schreber, ii. 216. tab. Ixxi. A. and Ixxvi. 1. 2. Cataphractus tricinétus, having two fhields and three belts. Briff. quad. 24.—Tatou, or Arma- dillo. Red. exper. gt. t. 92. Seba, Muf.i. 62. t. 38. f. 2. 3.—Tatu-apara. Marcegr. Braf. 232. Sm. _ Buff. v. 366.—Armadillo, or another kind of Tatou. Cluf. exot. 109. Grew, Muf. 17.—Three- banded armadillo. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 361. Inhabits * The Iron-pigs, and Sheild-hogs, of fome writers.—T. 151 152 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Armadillo. 109 Inhabits Brafil.—Lives on melons, potatoes, and poultry. The middle belt, in the armour of this fpecies, is very narrow; and each feale, of which the fhields are compofed, is knobbed on the fur- face: The head is oblong and almoft pyramidal; the eyes are fmall; the ears fhort and rounded ; and the top of the head is covered by a helmit of one piece: All the feet have five toes; the two middle claws on the fore feet are very large, the claws on each fide of thefe are fmaller, and the fifth, or exterior claw, is very fmall; the claws on the hind feet are fmaller, and more equal in fize, than thofe before: The body is a foot long, and eight inches broad; the tail is not above two inches long, and entirely covered with cruft: The fhields, on the fhoulders and rump,- confift of five cornered pieces, very regularly arranged ; the three moveable girdles are compofed of fquare or oblong pieces, having a number of lenticular feales, of a yellowifh white colour, on each. 2. Four-banded Armadillo.— 4. Da/ypus quadricinétus, 3. Has four moveable bands. Cataphractus quadricinétus, having two fhields and four belts. Briff. quad. 25.—Chelonifcus. Fab. Columna, anim. aqu. et ter. ii. 15. t. 16. Its place uncertain. —Dr Gmelin is uncertain whether this fhould be confidered as a diftinét {pecies, or merely as a variety of the Apara? He is likewife at a lofs whether the Four-banded Armadillo of Molina, Hift. Nat. Chil. lib. iv. 270. be the fame with this, or if it fhould be confidered as a diftinét {pecies.—The Count de Buffon is very angry with Linneus for admitting this four-banded {pecies on the authority of Columna, who did not know the name of the animal, and had only feen a dried fpe- cimen contracted in form of a ball, pafted clumfily together, and even fome pieces of it wanting. Buffon even peremptorily infifts that a Four-banded Armadillo has no exiftence in nature: The cir- cumftance, however, of fuch a fpecies being mentioned by Molina, though not with fufficient accu- racy to enable Dr Gmelin to give a fyftematic defcription, flows how much even Buffon ought to have been guarded im animadverting on Linnzus. 3. Encouberto.—5. Dafypus fexcinclus. 4. “Has fix moveable girdles, and five toes on every foot. Muf. Ad. Fr. 7. Schreber, ii. 218. tab. Ixxi. B. Cataphractus fexcinétus, having two fhields and fix belts. Briff. quad. 25.—Firft Tatu, or Ar- madillo of Marcgrave. Raj. quad. 233.—Tatu, or Tatu-paba, of the Brafilians, Armadiilo, of the Spanifh, and Encouberto, of the Portuguefe. Marcgr. Braf. 231. Olear. Muf. 7. t. 6. f. 4. Cluf. exot- 330.—Encouberto. Sm. Buff. v. 369. pl. clv.—Six-banded armadillo. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 362. Inhabits South America.—Lives on melons and other fruits, and on potatoes and other roots, be= ing exceedingly troublefome to the plantations: Is very good eating. The penis is very confpicuous and fpiral, having a flat compreffed glans, with thickened edges; the back of the neck is covered by a particular little fhield. This is larger than the former fpecies. The top of the head, the neck, body, limbs, and tail, are covered with a very hard cruft, compofed of pretty large pieces, moft ele- ~ gantly placed; on the fkin of the joints are feveral whitith hairs, fimilar to thofe on the throat, breaft, and belly; the fhield on the rump has a fringed border; all the inferior parts of the body are cover= ed 153 154 110 MAMMALIA, BRUTA. Armadillo. ed with a granulated fin; the cruft on the head is long, broad, and confifts of one Piece, reaching as far as the moveable band, or fmall {hield, on the neck; the muzzle is fharp, and, with the head, refembles a pig; the eyes are fmall and funk; the tongue is narrow and pointed; the ears are fhort, brown, and naked: There are eighteen teeth in each jaw; the tail is thick at the rump, narrowing to the point, where it is thin and rounded; the body is of a reddifh yellow colour, and is commonly very plump and fat. ; 4. Seven-banded Armadillo.—6. Dafypus feptemcinctus. 5 Has feven moveable bands; the fore feet have each four toes, and the hind feet five. Amoen. acc. i. 281. Schreber, ii. 220. t. lxxil. Ixxvi. £ 3. 4. Tatus, a foreign quadruped. Gefn. quad. 103. Inhabits South America.—Dr Gmelin adds, that it inhabits India, and that, in reality, there are only fix bands. ‘The fhield on the fhoulder is notched on its anterior margin. The Count de Buffon, vol. y. 369. in a note, quotes Marcgrave as faying, “ In dorfo feptem funt “© divifurae, cute fufca intermedia.” He applies this to the Encouberto, or fix-banded {pecies, and makes the following obfervation, which feems intended as a reflection againft the great Linnzus : « The word divifurae, as well as commiffurae, and juncturae, fignify the intervals between the bands, «* and not the bands themfelves; feven intervals are neceflary to make fix bands.” This criticifm might poffibly be juft, though, even then, I fhould fcruple to fubferibe to it, if the former part of the fentence, feven divifions on the back, were not followed by the latter, having a brown fein between each. It is very evident that the brown _/kin could not be interpofed between the intervals of the bands, but in the intervals, and between the divi/urae; there muft therefore have been in the animal, as defcribed by Marcgrave, and as underftood by Linnzus, feven folid bands or divifions of the fhell, produced. by means of eight intervals. —T. 5. Eight-banded Armadillo.— 7. Da/ypus odfocinéfus. 8. Has two fhields and eight bands. Schreber, ii. 222. Ixxiii. Ixxvi. f. 5. 6. Cataphractus oétocinétus, having two fhields and eight bands. Briff. quad. n. 27.—Aiatochtli. Hernand. Mex. 314.—Tatouete. Sm. Buff. v. 371.—Eight-banded armadillo. Penn. hift. of quad. H. 363. Inhabits Brafil.._.Dr Gmelin is uncertain whether this and the D. Septemcin¢tus, may not be the fame animal, and whether it differs from the eight-banded fpecies defcribed by Molina in his Natural Hiftory of Chili, book iv. p. 271. which has five toes on each hind foot ? The head is fall, and covered with a helmet; the muzzle is fharp; the ears are about two inches long, and erect; the eyes are {mall and black; there are four toes on the fore, and five on each hind foot. It is about ten inches long, from the tp of the nofe to the rump, and the tail is nine inches long, being covered with moveable rings, divided into nine joints by interpofed flexible fin ; the cruft on the back is of an iron-grey colour; the flanks and tail are whitifh grey, {potted with iron-grey; and the belly is covered with a whitifh granulated fkin, interfperfed with a few hairs ; the legs are about three inches long; the cruft of the fhields is interfperfed with prominept white knobs, about. the fize of fmall peas;, and MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Armadillo, iif arid the moveable bands are marked with triangular figures: The crutft is eafily penetrated, even with fmall fhot; and the flefh is very white, and reckoned extremely delicate eating. 155 6. Nine-banded Armadillo.—8. Da/ypus novemcinétus. 6. “Has nine belts ; the fore feet have four claws, and the hind feet five. Muf. Ad. Fr. 6. Houtt. nat. ii. 284. t. 16. f. 3. Schreber; ii. 223. tab. lxxiv. Ixxvi. f. 7. 10. Cataphractus novemcinctus, having two fhields and nine belts. Brifl. quad. 42.—Tatus. Gefu. quad. 935.—Tatu-ete. Marcgr. Braf. 235.—Tatu, or American Armadillo. Seba, Muf. i, 45- t. 29. f. 1.-~Armadillo, or Aiatochtli. Nieremb. hift. nat. 158. upper fig.—Pig-headed armadillo. Grew, Muf. 18.—Cachichame. Sm. Buff. v. 373. pl. clii—Nine-banded armadillo. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 364. Inhabits South America, being particularly common in Guiana.—The flefh is very good eating. Dr Gmelin exprefles his uncertainty whether the eleven-banded Armadillo of Molina, having four toes on the fore-feet, and five behind, Hift. Nat. Chil. book iv. p- 271. be a diftinét fpecies, or if it fhould belong to this place as a variety ? The Count de Buffon thinks it probable that this nine- banded Armadillo is the male of the former, or eight-banded fpecies. The head is five inches long, the body eighteen, and the tail a foot, or perhaps more; as in another fj pecimen, confiderably fmaller, the tail was eleven inches, while the body was only feven and a half; the head is long and narrow, with a long fharp pointed muzzle, and longifh blunt ears; the cruft on the fhoulders, rump, and head, is marked with fix-fided figures; and the divifions of the belts with tranfverfe, wedge-like marks. I 56 6.—In the Leverian Mufeum is a fpecimen of the fame form, proportions, and number of bands 5 but the crufts on the head and other parts are covered with large feales feribed figures. Penn. hift. of quad. p. sor. » Which want the above de- 157 7. Kabaflou.—Da/ypus duodecemcindlus. Has twelve moveable bands and five toes on all the feet. Sm. Buff v. 375. ple cliil. Dafypus unicinétus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmelin. p. 54. G. to. fp. 1.—Cataphraétus duodecemcinétus,. with two fhields and twelve belts. Briff: quad. 43. Schreber, ii. 22 5. tab. lxxv. Ixxvi. f. 11. 12.— Tatu, or African Armadillo. Seba, Muf. i. 47. t. 30. £. 3. 4.—Armadillo. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 365. : Inhabits South America.—In the Syftema Naturae, mifled by the miftake of the editor of Seba’s Mufeum, it is faid to come from Africa. The covering of the fore part of the back is made up of feven feries of little fhields, and on the hind: part of nine. The head is thicker and broader, and the muzzle lefs flender than in the other fpecies; the legs and feet are alfo thicker ; the fhield on the fhoulder is made up of four or five rows, compofed of large four- fided pieces; the moveable bands are alfo compofed of almoft fquare and large pieces; thofe of the rump fhield are fimilar to the fhoulder fhield; the helmit is made up of large irregular pieces: Between the joints, and in other parts of the armour, are fome briftly hairs; on the breaft, belly, legs, rI2 MAMMALIA. . BRUTA. Armadillo, iegs, and tail, are the rudiments of feales, which are round, hard, polifhed, and furrounded with fmali tufts of hair: The head is feven inches long, the body twenty-one inches, and the tail is fhorter than the body. 8. Largeft Armadillo.—Da/ypus maximus. The legs and tail are covered with a fkin which is divided into regular lonzenge fhaped fcales; the fheil has twelve moveable bands. Sm. Buf. v. 377. pl. cliv. Penn. hift. of quad. Pp. 50%. Inhabits Cayenne.—This has likewife twelve moveable bands; is of a black colour, and much the largeft fpecies of the genus, being two feet ten inches in length, from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, which is one foot eight inches long; the tail is thick at the rump, and tapers to a point, being covered with a fkin divided into regular lozenge fhaped fcales, as are the legs; the head and muzzle are longifh, and the ears are {mall and ereét: The female brings forth eight, and fometimes ten, at a litter, in very deep holes. It feeds, during the night, on worms, wood lice, and ants; and the flefh is good, refembling that of a pig in flavour. g. Cirquincon.—2. Da/ypus novemdecemcinétus. 7. Has no fhield on the rump, and eighteen bands cover the back, from the fhield on the fhoulder to the origin of the tail. Sm. Buff. v. 377. Dafypus novemdecemcinétus, or having eighteen bands, with a fimple covering. Syft. nat. ed. Gmelin, p. 55. n. 7. Syft. nat. ed. vi. n. 12. 1. 8.—Cataphractus novemdecemcinctus, having only one fhield and eighteen belts. Brifl. quad. 37.—Tatu muftelinus, or Weafle-like Tatu. Raj. quad. 225.—Weafle-headed armadillo. Grew, Muf. 19. t. 1. Inhabits South America.—Dr Gmelin is uncertain if this be really diftin&t from the four-banded fpecies, and from the eighteen-banded, defcribed by Molina, Hift. Nat. Chil. book iv. p. 271. which has four toes on the fore legs ? All the other armadillos have two fhields, one on the fhoulders, and. another on the rump; but this fpecies has only one, which is on the fhoulders. ‘The body is about ten inches long, the head three, and the tail five; the legs are two or three inches long; the head refembles that of a weafel, having a large flat forehead, {mall eyes, and the éars about an inch long; the armour of the head and legs is compofed of round fcales, about a quarter of an inch diameter; that of the neck, in one piece, is formed of {mall fquare fcales; the fhield on the fhoulders is formed of rows of fimilar fcales, adhering firmly together; from thence to the tail are eighteen moveable bands, of which the anterior are larger, and are formed of {quare and oblong pieces, and the pofte- rior {maller, and compofed of round and fquare pieces mixed ; all thefe bands are united by a flexible. fkin ; the firft half of the tail is covered with fix rings of fmall fquare pieces, and, the reft, to the point, with irregular feales; the breaft, belly, and ears, are naked. ro. Long-tailed Armadillo.— Da/ypus longicaudatus. Has nine moveable bands, and a very long jointed tail. Sm. Buff. v. 390. pl. clvi. American armadillo. Dr Watfon, Phil. Tranf. liv. pl. 7. Tnhabits Bat AREY ‘in ata ILA VE i bs N° 163 MAMMALIA, | BRUTA. Rhinoceros. 113 _ Inhabits America,—Is about the fize of an ordinary cat, and weighs feven pounds: Was fed on Aleth and milk, and refufed grain or fruits. IX. RHINOCEROS.—9. RHINOCEROS, 36. Has a folid, perfiftant, conical horn, fituated on the nofe, and not adhering to the bone. nOX 4. One-horned Rhinoceros.-1. Rhinoceros unicornis, 1. Has only one hora. =~ Gefn. quad. $42. Raj. quad. 122. Klein, quad. 26. Grew, muf. 29. Worm. muf. 336. Briff: cstees 78. Parfons, in phil. tranf. xlji. 523. Edw. av. tab. 221. f. 2. Plin. 1. viii. c. 20. Knorr, ~ delic. ii. rro. t. K. X. Albin. tab. mufc. 4. 8. Schreber, ii. 44. tab. Ixxviii. Br. muf. Afhm. muf. “Lever. muf. Sm. Buff. vi. 92. pl. clxiv. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 67. Inhabits between and néar the Tropics, in marfhy places, being found in Bengal, Siam, Cochin- China, Quangfi in China, in the iflands of Java and Sumatra, and in Africa.—This animal is men- tioned in the book of Job under the name of Reem, and was not unfrequently exhibited in the pu- blic fights of animals in the Roman games; yet was unknown in Europe during a long feries of years, no fpecimens having been feen before the fixteenth century. It lives on thorns and other {pinous plants, -and is fond of wallowing in the mire; may be tamed in fome degree, and becomes mild, un- lefs when provoked; but, when enraged, will even overturn trees with its violence. The male voids his urine and copulates backwards: The fight of this animal is weak, but its hearing, and fenfe of fmelling, are remarkably acute: In ftature and magnitude of body, except that the legs are fhorter, this animal equals the elephant, but falls vaftly behind in fagacity and docility: In form, in manners, and in its grunting voice, it comes nearer to the Hog genus, efpecially the Ethiopian fpecies. The fin is fo hard that it refifts the effect of arrows, fwords, or even of mufket balls, which rebound from it without doing injury; it is ¢ntirely naked, except the tail and ears; it is divided by feveral folds, or tranfverfe plaits, which are very confpicuous and regular ix their fituation; 1{t, behind the head; 2d, on the fhoulders; 3d, from the back down the loins, before the thighs, and along the belly ; 4th, crofs the thighs: 'Thefe: allow of motion to the fkin, which is hard and inflexible like a fhell or coat of armour; the infide of the plaits being compofed of a very foit pliable fkin; the fkin on the belly is foft, like that within the plaits; the flefh is coarfe, fpongy, and hardly eatable ; the tongue is foft and fmooth; the horn is fibrous in its texture, furrounded with coarfe hair at the root, is conical, and tapers to a fharp point, and is fometimes three feet long: In adults there are no fore-teeth, but, in young animals, a few folitary ftraggling cutting teeth are found, which ftand at confiderable diftances from each other; the fect havé each three hoofs, which are placed on the fore part; the tail is s fmall, narrowing towards the pout; and. only reaches to about the middle of ie hind nae te Vor. I. P gt 162 114 MAMMALTA, BRUTA.. Rhinoceros. 2. Two-horned Rhinoceros. 2. Rhinoceros bicornis, 2. Gas two horns. Syft. Nat. ed. x. p. 56. n. 2. Sparman, act. Holm.. 1778; trim. 4. n. ¢. D°. voyage to-the Cape- ef Good Hope, ato, London, 1784, vol. 1. 96. pl. 3.. Martial, fpect. epig. 22. Phil. tranf. abr. ix. 100. & xi. gro. Phil. tranf. lvi. 32: t. 11. Kolben, it. 101. Flacourt, Madagaf. 395. Lobo, Abyf£ 230. Bruce, Abyf. v. 85. & fig. Penn. hift. of quad. n..66..pl. xv.. TInhabits Africa. —The bones.of this animal, as we are lately affured by Pallas, are often found bu ried even inthe north-of Ruffia. This fpecies or variety, is formerly mentioned by Paufanias and Martial, is reprefented on the Preneftine pavement, and on a coin of the Roman-Emperor Domitian, and is defcribed by Cofmas /Egyptius, who travelled. into Ethiopia, in the fixth century, under the ~ reign of Juftinian. The difference between this and the former fpecies can fcarcely be attributed to- age or fex; though Dr Gmelin feems hardly to confider them as different fpecies. The flefh re- fembles that of the hog; and the vifcera are fimilar to thofe of the horfe; it has no gall-bladder, and: no fore-teeth; the fecond horn is fituated. above the firft, or nafal horn,, nearer, the fore-head. A. variety of this fpecies, having three horns, occurs very rarely ; the third horn being only a kind of- excrefcence from one of the other two. If both Sparrman and Bruce are faithful in their reprefentations of the Rhinoceros with two horns, the animals they defcribe are by no means of the fame fpecies: The figure given by Mr Bruce ex— addy correfponds with the defcription already given of the one-horned Rhinoceros in every thing but the additional horn, fo-that, mutatis mutandis, it may ferve for. either; on the contrary, the figure given by Sparrman differs totally from that. af the one-horned fpecies, for the remarkable folds on: the {kin are entirely wanting: Sparrman has the good fortune to have the authenticity of his repre=- fentation not a little ftrengthened by the figures of two Rhinocerofes, each with two horns, one: on the Preneftine pavement, and another on a medal of Domitian, in both of which the kin is. fmooth. Iam therefore forced to believe that the Abyffinian Rhinoceros, as reprefented by Mr Bruce, is only a variety of the Affatic, or one-horned kind, while that of Sparrman is a diftinétly dif— ferent fpecies. —T.. X."SUKOTYRO—SUKOTYRUS. Has a horn on each fide of the head clofe to the orbits... 1. Javan Sukotyro.—Swkoiyrus indicus Has a fhort, narrow, upright mane, along the back, from the back of the head to the: rump. Niewhoff, voy. to India, in Churchill’s coll, ii. 360..& fig... Inhabits the Ifland of Java.—The Sukotyro, as the Chinefe call it, is a very odd fhaped beafts it is of the bignefs of a large ox, witha fnout like a hog, having two long rough ears, and a thick bufhy tail; the eyes are placed upright in the head, quite different from other. beafts ; on the fides. of the head, next to the eyes, ftand two long horns, or rather teeth, not quite fo thick as thofe of the Elephant; it feeds on herbage, and is but feldom takeni- This is the defoription given by Mr me { t i hoff MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Elephant, 11g hoff. By the figure, this animal is very thick and clumfy, with ftrong thick legs and feet ; which aft are each armed with four knobs, or half hoofs, on their fore parts; the nofe is very broad and -*truncated; the ears are very large and flouching; the tail is covered with flowing hairs, and reaches Jower thanthe middle of the hind legs; the-kin is f{mooth, and is entirely free from plaits, like thofe -on the one-horned Rhinoceres. XI. ELEPHANT 10. ELEPAHAS. $. Has no fore-teeth in either jaw, and no tufks in the lower jaw; the tufks of the upper jaw are very long, and ftretch far out of the mouth: Has a long, exteniile, and flexible, cartilaginous trunk, or probofcis, on the nofe, which is ca- pable of laying hold even of very minute cbjects. The body is almoft naked. £64 : 1, Great Elephant.—1. Elephas maximus. 1. There is only one known fpecies of this genus. Elephas. Briff quad. 45.- Raj. quad. 131. Seba, Muf.i. t. iii, £ 1.—Elephantis. Gefn. quad. 377. Aldr. quad. 1. i. c.g. Jonft. quad. 30. t. 7. 8. 9. Edw. av. t. 221. f. r—Elephant. Sm. Bui. vie 1. pl. clxilii—Great Elephant. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 70. Schreber, ii. 60. tab. Ixxviii, Br. muf. Afhm. muf. Lever. muf. Hunter’s muf. Petr. G. Camper, Elephantographia, Lipf. 1723. P. Gilius, nov. defc. Eleph. at the end of Elianus de anim. Lugd. 1565, viii. 497-525. Fr. Serao, “op. de fific. Napol. 1766. v. 1.—62. t. 1.—Its anatomy. Bibl. med. Dublin. 1681. Inhabits the Torrid Zone, in Afia and Africa.—This wonderful animal is principally found in fwampy places, by the fides of rivers: It lives on the bark, leaves, and branches, of young trees and fhrubs; being principally deftructive to plantains, or the Mu/a paradifiaca, Cocco palins, and the Gwi- fandina femina, devouring even the wood of the muia; and feeds voracioufly on grain, doing vaft da- mage in corn fields. It is a gregarious animal, remarkably long lived, very docile, and exceedingly Yagacious, notwithftanding that the brain is extremely fmall in proportion to the bulk of the body. The probofcis, which is compofed of a gteat number of cartilaginous rings, is very long, and is ca- pable of extenfion and contraction in every direction ; it is fmocth below, and truncated at the ex- tremity, where it is provided with a moveable hook, which ferves the purpofe of a hand, and with which the animal can lift the fmalleft objects from the ground with great accuracy; this trunk is an extention of the canals of the nofe, and is divided, through its whole length, by a continuation of the feptum; by means of this, the animal is delicately fenfible of fimells; by it, likewife, he carries foo. and drink to the mouth, fucking up liquids, through its canals, into receptacles within the head, 2» > afterwards injeGting them into the mouth; this is likewife a chief inftrument of offence again? e>. mies, and is fo very neceflary, that, when the trunk is cut off, the animal unavoidably dies exceedingly afraid of mice, left, when afleep, they fhould get through the trunk into the wind Lae 116 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Elephant. ‘The male difcharges his urine backwards; and the female has to lie on her back in copulation, and: goes a year with young. The young fucks the mother by means of its lips applied to the teats, not by the trunk. This is the largeft of all the race of quadrupeds, fome having been found which weighed four thoufand five hundred pounds. It carries vaft loads on the back, fometimes even houfes, and is guided by a keeper, named Cornack in the eaft, who rides on the animal’s neck. He marches on with a tolerably quick pace, and fwims with great dexterity: Is armed, and employed in war, by the In- dians; and, of old, was ufed in the fame way by the Romans, being armed with crooked fcythes ;. but, fince the invention of gun-powder, this animal has become greatly lefs proper for the purpofes of war. When exceedingly furious, and dangeroufly ungovernable, they are readily killed by means of a {mall wound, between the firft and fecond vertebrae of the neck, which, penetrating to the fpinal marrow, inftantly deprives them of motion. ‘The body is afh coloured, feldom reddifh or white, having only a few fcattered hairs. The fkin is exceedingly thick, hard, and tough, yet may be pier-. ced by a mufket ball, and is even, fenfible to the punctures of flies. The: eyes are fmall; the-tufks, which are only in the upper jaw, are ftretched out from the mouth to a great length, refembling herns, and are marked with fibrous grains; thefe are the ivory of the fhops, and are often fo large that each weighs a hundred and fifty pounds; the ears are very large, broad, long, pendulous, and. fomewhat notched, or dentated; the head is large and clumfy, and the neck is fhort ; the female has two {mali dugs near the breaft, a little behind the fore legs; the knees, contrary to vulgar opinion, are flexible ; the feet are covered with a very tough and thick fkin, which may be ftriped off entire, like the hoof of a horfe; from which circumftance the animal might, with no great impropriety, have been arranged under the order of Belluae; although, as the feet have the appearance of claws or- ails, five on each fore foot, and: four on each behind, it feemed more proper to arrange him in this. order, more efpecially as the-female has two dugs placed in the axillae, or arm-pits, as they may be called. ‘The bones of Elephants have very frequently been found under ground in the temperate, nay even: in the. frigid Zones, and in America. Wide Pallas, Nov.-com. Petrop. xiii. & xvii. Merk, fur les os foffiles d’Elephans et de Rhinoceros, &c. Darmft. 1786, 4. Lettres 1.—3. 2. American Elephant.—Elephas americanus. In America, on the banks of the Ohio, are found, feveral feet below the furface, ina marfhy place ealled Big-bone-fwamp, great numbers of tuiks and grinders, fuppofed by many to belong to the Ele— phant: But the grinders are totally different, being covered uniformly with enamel, and furnifhed with a double row of high conic procefles, like thofe of carnivorous animals; whereas thofe of the Elephant are compofed of alternate perpendicular layers of bone: and enamel, and are ribbed tranf-. verfely on their upper furfaces, like thofe of graminivorous quadrupeds: Hence the fpecies muft be entirely different ; and Mr Pennant has chofen to fuppofe that they have belonged to an unknwn fpe- cies of this genus, which he names the American Elephant. Hift. of Quad. n. 71. Thefe teeth and- bones are likewife found in Peru and Brafil: Mr Pennant and Dr Gmelin affert, from various au- thorities, that the foffile bones and tecth, fo often found in, Siberia, muft be referred to the true Ele-- phant; and various hypothefes have been devifed, to explain in what manner this inhabitant of the Torrid Zone fhould have wandered to the fixtieth degree of north latitude for a grave. Where fuch great authorities are on one fide, my feeble voice will fcarcely be heard on the other 5 but I can fafe- ly 166: eae. MAMMALIA. BRUTA. - Walrus. 117 ly affert, that all the grmders engraved in the fupplemental vol. ix. of Smellie’s tranflation of Buffon, and all thofe which I have feen in various cabinets, under the name of foffile, from America and Afia, exactly refemble thofe which Mr Pennant attributes to the American fpecies of Elephant, and muit, from the circumftances already pointed out, have belonged to an animal not in the leaft degree congeneric with the elephant. What this animal is, or has been, I pretend not to determine; but the opinion of the great Linnzus, that it is the Morfe, or Trichechus Rofmarus, is, I think, extremely probable; efpecially when it is confidered that thefe bones have all been found by the fides of rivers, in places where, in all probability, the fea once flowed, though, by its gradual decreafe, they are now become dry land : If not arms of the fea, thefe may have been vaft inland lakes, like thofe {till in America, and other places, which have broken through their lower banks and run out their waters. Many vait valleys, at great diftances from the fea, ftill bear evident marks of this revolution; and éven tradition, in fome places, as in Cafhmire, points out the era. ‘This remarkable circumftance of the converfion of an inland lake into a fertile vale is in no part of the world more evident than in the valley in Virginia, which is bounded at its lower extremity, following the water courfe, by the Rock bridge; here the waters have dug themfelves a fubterraneous paflage, more than a hundred feet beneath the level of the cataract over which they muft formerly have flowed.—T. XI. WALRUS.—11. 7R ICHECHUS. 6. Has no fore-teeth, when full grown: Has two great tufks, in the upper jaw, which point downwards: Has grinders on each fide in both jaws, which are compofed of furrowed bones. ‘Fhe body is oblong; the lips are doubled; and the hind legs are ftretched backwards *, and, as it were, bound together, forming a kind of tail fitted for fwimming. All the fpecies of this genus inhabit the fea, and feed on fea-weeds, corallines, and teftaceous ani- mals, or fhell fifth, never eating fleth.. tr, Morfe.—rz. Zrichechus Rofmarus. 1. The tufks, which extend far out of the mouth from the upper jaw, are diftant from each: other. Houtt. nat. ii. 7. t. 11. f. 1. Schreber, ii. 262. tab. Ixxix. Odobenus. Syft. nat. ed. x. 38. Briff. quad. 48:—Rofmarus.. Jonft. pife. t. 44: Worm. mof.. 289. Olear. muf. 38. t. 23. f. 3. Bonnon. muf. 269. f. 27. Gefn. aquat..211.—Sea-horfe, Equus marinus, improperly called Hippopctamus. Raj. quad. 191.. Ellis, Hudfon’s Bay, t..6. f. 3.— Wallrofs. Martin’s Spitfbergen, 78. t. 1. f. B.—Morfe, or Walrus. Sm. Buff. vii. 354. tab. ccl.—: Arctic Walrus. Penn. hift. of quad..n. 373. Arét. zool. n. 71. Br. muf., Afhm. muf. Lev. muf.. Tnhabitss * This is termed pedes compedes, or fettered legs, and takes place in aquatic quadrupeds.—T 167 118 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Walrus. Inhabits within and near the Arctic Polar Circle, chiefly at the mouths of rivers, in Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Hudfon’s Bay, the Gulph of St Laurence, the Icy Sea, all along the northern coafts -of the Ruffian empire, both in Europe and Afia, but does not extend to the iflands between Kamtf- -chatka and America.—This is a gregarious animal, being found in herds even of fome hundreds+ They are very fhy, and avoid the haunts of mankind; are very fierce, defending themfelves againft their enemies with great obftinacy, and, if wounded inthe water, will.attempt-to fink the boats of their affailants, either by rifing under-them, or by ftriking their great tufks into:their fides: They _roar very loud, like bulls, and {nore while afleep, which they often do in iflands of ice, when it fs dangerous to approach, as they throw-themfelves with great impetuofity into the fea when difturbed. The youger animals have two fimall fore-teeth in the upper jaw; and both young and old have twe fharp tufks, very diftant from each other, which ftand much out of the mouth, pointing direétly downwards, and alittle bent inwards; thefe are a very fine grained ivory, -and fometimes weigh thirty pounds; they are compofed of delicately interwoven fibres, of-a very fine white, and not rea- dily becoming yellow, but the nucleus, or inner central part, verges towards a brownifh colour ; on each fide of each jaw there are four {mall fharp grinders, having a fmeoth pit, or hollow, worn out of each, near the apex or fummit: The lips are very thick, and are-garnifhed with long tranfparent _ briftly whifkers, as thick as ftraws; the noftrils are of a femilunar form; the head is round; the mouth fmall; and the eyes are {mall and fiery; the neck is very thick; there are two {mall orifices to the organ of hearing, without any external ears; all the feet have five toes, which-are provided with fhort claws; the fore legs are loofely articulated with the body, and fhort; and the hind legs are much extended backwards on a line with the body, ftanding clofe together, and ferving more as a tail fin, for fwimming, than as feet; the tail is very fhort: The penis of the male is long. The Ruffians have long been in ufe to make traces for carriages of the fkin, which has of late been em- ployed in France for the fame purpefe. This animal is very fat, and is much hunted for the fake of the oil, as one Morfe will frequently produce halfa ton. The fkeleton of this animal, thrown on fhore by ftorms, or left in the mud on the banks of rivers, during inundations, by the death of the animal, is in all probability the Mammouth of the Ruffians. It is fometimes eighteen feet long, and ten or twelve in circumference at the thickeft part. ‘This animal was known to King Alfred of England, fo long ago as about the year 890, from the information of Oéther the Norwegian, who made a voyage beyond the North Cape of Norway to hunt Hor/e-whales, which have teeth-of great value, fome of which he brought to that King *. 2. Dugon.—2. Lrichechus Dugon. 3. The tufks, which extend out of the mouth from the upper jaw, are placed near each other. Dugon. Sm. Buff. vii. 370. Schreber, ii. 963.—Indian Walrus. Penn. hift. of quad. n 374. Inhabits the feas lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Philippine iflands.—This animal, fo far as can be know n, refembles the Morfe very much: The head is, however, more lengthened and narrower; the noftrils are larger, and placed higher; like the former fpecies, there are no tufks in the under jaw, but thofe in the upper jaw are placed near each other, are bent outwards, and refemble cutting teeth, only that they are near fix inches long; there are four grinders on each * See Hakluyt’s Voyage, i. 5.5 and Forfter’s Account of Voyegc> \» ‘he North.—T. { ros MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Walrus. 11g each fide in the upper jaw, and three in the lower; thefe laft are diftant from the tufks, and are Broader than thofe of the Morfe: The female has two teats on the breaft. The chin has a briftly beard; the ears are fhort; the feet broad; and the legs fo fhort that the belly trails on the ground. When full grown, the animal is fix ells in length; the male being rather larger than the female, which has breafts like a woman: It feeds on a green fea mofs, or weed, which grows near the fhore. The figure, manners; and hiftory, of this animal, are very imperfectly known; but we are informed that its flefh eats like beef. 3. Fifh-tailed Walrus.—3. Zrichechus Manatus. 2. Has no tufks, and no hind feet. Art. gen. 79, fyn. 107-. Of. this fpecies.the following varieties are noticed by Zoological writers, a. Lamantin.—2. «, Zrich, Manatus auftralis.. Is hairy; having three toes, provided with claws, on the fore paws. Manatus. Rondel. pifc. 490. Gefn. pifc. 213. Hern. mex..323. Briff. quad. 49. Cluf. exor, - 733. Aldr. pife..728. Raj. quad. 193.—Lamantin.. Sm. Buff. vii. 374. pl. ccli—Round-tailed Manati. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 391.. Inhabits the African'and American feas, particularly near the mouths of rivers; which they fre-- quently enter, feldom.going far from the fhore. The Lamantin varies in fize from eight to feven- teen feet long, is fix.or feven in circumference, and from five hundred to eight hundred pounds weight : The fkin is of a.dark or black afh-colour; there are nine fquare fhaped grinders on each fide in each jaw, which are covered with a glafly cruft of ename!; the back bone has fifty joints, or vertebrae :-It is a thick, clumfy animal, having no properly diftinct neck, as the body continues al- moft of an equal thicknefs to the head, which is fomewhat of a conical fhape, with-a cylindrical muz- zle and thick flefhy lips, the upper one hanging down at the fides like the. chops-of a hound; the eyes are very fmall, not larger than a pea; the orifices leading to the internal ear are exceedingly minute, and there are no external ears; the feet:are placed at the fhoulders, and confift of three ar-- ticulations, the foremoft being flat, having five complete toes-beneath the fkin, hardly decernible on the outfide, and three or four flat rounded. nails-externally of a fhinning reddifh brown colour; the tail is long, horizontal, broad, flat, and-rounded at the end, thick in the middle, and thinner: at’the- edges: The female has two teats, placed near the arm-pits.. ‘This animal never comes on fhore, but frequents the mouths of large rivers, brouzing on the grafs. which grows clofe to the water. There: feems to be two varieties, differing confiderably in fize: The larger frequents the feas near the mouths. of large rivers; and the fmaller is found higher up the fame rivers, and.in inland. frefh-water lakes, but never goes to the fea. We are told that this animal is. often tamed by the native inhabitants of America, and that-it de-- lights in-mufic; hence, according to fome authors, it is probably the Delphinus, or Dolphin, of. the: ancients;, and fome believe, that what has been written concerning Mermaids and Sirens muft be re- ferred tothis animal. It.has.a voracious appetite, and is perpetually eating: It is monogamious, or lives in:families of one male, one female, a half grown, anda very {mall young one; copulates in the fpring, the female at firft flying in various playful circles, and then throwing herfelf on her back to receive the. male; When pafturing on the aquatic plants, the back is often above water; and, as the Skis bed “I 120 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Walrus, fkin is full of a fpecies of loufe, numbers of fea fowls perch on them to pick out the infects: "They bellow like bulls: Their fight is very weak, but their hearing extremely acute; the fore feet are pal- mated and fin-fhaped, almoft like thofe of a fea turtle; and inftead of hind feet they have a horizon- tal tail; they have no external ears; the noftrils are diftinét, and at a diftance from each other; the females have two teats about the breaft; the upper lip is full of fharp, prickly, rigid briftles. This animal has great affinity to the Whale and Seal tribes. The flefh is very good eating. f. Manati.—2. B. Lrich. Manatus borealis. Has no hair, and the feet have neither toes nor nails. Manati, called by the Ruffians Morikuia Korowa. Steller, Nov. com. Petrop. il. 294. Schre- ber, ii. 95. Hift. of Kamtfchatka, 132. Whale-tailed Manati. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 390. Arétic zool. n. 8I. ‘Inhabits the north-weft coaft of America, the north-eaft of Afia, and the iflands which lie between thefe two coafts.—This animal very often enters the mouths of the rivers; is fometimes twenty-three feet long, and weighs eight thoufand pounds; the fin, while wet, is of a brown colour, but becomes black when dry. Inftead of grinders, this fpecies has, on each fide of each jaw, a large rugged bone. The back bone has fixty vertebrae or joints: The body is very clumfy, and much deformed ; its cir- cumference at the fhoulders is twelve feet, at the belly twenty, and near the tail only four; the neck is near feven feet round, and the head only thirty-one inches; the head is very flouching, oblong, and almoft fquare, with a fmall mouth, double lips, which are full of ftrong briftles that ferve the purpofe of fore teeth to cut the fea plants on which they feed; near the junétion of the jaws, the infide of the mouth is full of white tubular briftles, which are fet in fuch a manneras to prevent the food running out along with the water; the eyes are very {mal!, not larger than thofe of a fheep; and the orifices which lead to the internal ears are very minute ; near the fhoulders are two feet, or rather fins, about two feet two inches long, concave beneath, and covered, with hard briftles, having neither toes nor nails; the tail is thick, ftrong, and horizontal, ending in a ftiff black fin, like whale- bone, much fplit at the fore part, and flightly forked; the flkin is very thick, black, full of inequali- ties like the bark of a tree, fo hard as {carcely to be cut with an ax, and is deftitute of hair. y. Sea-ape.—Trich, Manatus Siren. Has fharp erect ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 392. Arét. zool. i. 181. I have placed the Sea-ape in this place on the authority of Mr Pennant, though it feems rather a Seal. This animal was feen by Steller on the north-weft coaft ef America; was five feet long, with a head refembling that of a dog, having fharp ereét ears, large eyes, and a fort of beard on both lips: The body was thick, round, and tapering; thickeft near the head, and fmalleft at the tail, which was divided into two unequal lobes, the upper one longer than the other, and neither feet nor paws could be obferved. ‘This creature was full of frolic and monkey tricks, fwam round the dhip, looking at it with sreat amazement, fometimes raifing its body a third part out of the water, and ftanding ereét for a confiderable time; at other times dived, and brought up a fea plant like a gourd, which it tof= fed about, playing numberlefs fantaftic tricks. From this animal, more probably than from either the Lamantin or Manati, the fables concerning Sirens and Mermaids have taken their rife. —T. Til. MAMMALIA. FER. Seal. 12 L a Ee ge ke kee Have fix fharp-pointed fore-teeth in the upper jaw; and fingle tufks on each fide in both jaws. SST eS Ei Aa eh Oe Arey: Has fix fharp-pointed fore-teeth in the upper jaw, which are parallel to each other, the two outermoft being larger than the reft; and four rather blunt fore-teeth in the lower jaw, which are parallel to each other, and equal in their fize: The tufks, of which there is one on each fide in both jaws, are twice the length of the fore-teeth, ftrongly made, and fharp-pointed; of thefe the upper are diftant from the fore- teeth, and the under from the grinders: The grinders, of - which there are five on each fide above and fix below, are clofe fet, and have three knobs on their grinding furfaces: Has no external ears, and the hind legs are ftretched much . backwards, and, as it were, bound together, or fettered. The Seals are a dirty, inquifitive race, courageous and quarrelfome among themfelves, yet may be tamed. They are polygamous, one male having many females. heir fleth is juicy and delicate eating; and their fat and hides are ufeful. They inhabit the waters, and fwim readily, moftly un- der water. They walk, or rather crawl, with great difficulty, when on land, on account of their fore paws being retracted, or much fet backwards, and the hind legs being clofely united. They live on fifh, and other marine productions. The Sea-ape, of Pennant, appears to belong to this genus. al. 1. Urfine Seal.—1. Phoca urfina, 1. Was external ears. Schreber, iii. 289. tab. Ixxxii. Urfus marinus. Steller, Nov. aét. Petro. ii. 331. t. 15. Briff. quad. 166.—Sea-cat. Hift. of Kamtfchatka, 123. Muller. exped. 59.—Urfine Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 387. Arét. zool. Nn: 79. Vou. I. Q Inhabits. 122 MAMMALIA. _ FERZ. Seal. Inhabits the fea coafts near Kamtfchatka, and in that latitude both in Afia and America, particu- larly in Bering’s Ifland; is found alfo in New Zeland, Staten-land, New Georgia, and Falkland’s Iflands.—This fpecies fwims with great impetuofity ; is polygamous, one male living in family with many females and their young ones, fometimes in one flock amounting to a hundred and twenty ; copulates on fhore, the female lying on her back for the purpofe: It fcarcely fears the approach of mankind, and will even bite a ftone, if thrown at it. The old males, which are deftitute of females, and become very fat, live apart from the reft. Each animal has a particular ftone, which ferves for its bed, and which it never deferts. The males are exceedingly fierce and quarrelfome, fight- ing bitterly on account of their females, and for their particular ftations: Thefe battles are always fingle combats, and fair play is preferved among them: When one is beaten another comes up to his affiftance and takes his place, and fo on in fucceflion, never two againft one, until the whole flock of a particular landing place gets involved in a general battle. When grieved, they hed great floods of tears. 2. Bottle-nofed Seal—2. PAoca leonina. 2. Of a brown colour: The fore part of the head, or fnout, of the male, has a creft or long projection. Schreber, ili. 297. tab. Ixxxiii, Sea-lion. Anfon’s voy. tab. 100. Ellis’s Hudfon’s Bay, tab. 6. f. 4. Sm. Buff. vii. 347.—Sea- wolf, Loup marin. Pernetty, voy. ii. go. t. 11. f. 1.—Bottle-nofed Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 388. Inhabits the fhores towards the South Pole, the coaft of Chili, New Zeland, Juan Fernandez, Falkland’s Hlands, and New Georgia.—The male has a hairy projection at the bafe of the fnout, which hangs five or fix inches below the lower jaw; the upper part of this confifts of a loofe wrink- led fkin, beginning on the fore-head, which the animal can blow up into the appearance of a creft, whilft he eludes the blows of a cudgel. The female has a blunt nofe, which is tuberous or warty at the root. The two fore-teeth, in the lower jaw, ftand out a little way from the mouth; the eyes are large; and the mouth is furrounded with large coarfe whifkers, the briftles of which are white, and furrounded with reddith rings; all the feet are webbed, having five toes both before and behind, which are furnifhed with flat, oblong nails, fomewhat pointed at the extremities; the hind feet are much ftretched backwards, and fettered, forming a flat horizontal tail, like two great bifurcated, or two-lobed, fins, the outermoft toe being thicker than the reft; between the hind legs is a very {mall tail, only two inches long. ‘The animals of this fpecies {wim in great flocks, and the males fight def- perately with each other on account of the females: When fleeping on fhore, they fet centinels round the flock, to give alarm in cafe of danger. The male of this fpecies is often twenty feet long, and fifteen feet in circumference; the female is only twelve feet long, and feven or eight feet round: The fkin is very thick, and is covered with dun or ruft coloured hair; which, on the neck of the male, is.a little longer than on the reft of the body: They are of a very lethargic difpofition, and fond of wallowing in miry places, tumbling over each other like fwine; they fometimes grunt like hogs, and at other times fnort like horfes; are very lazy, fat, and inactive, feeding on fith and fmall feals; but grow very lean during the breeding feafon, at which time they abftain almoft entirely from food for two months.. The fleth is, eaten by failors, who, long confined to falt meat, think it is tole- cable beef. 473 174 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Seal, 12 we 3. Maned Seal. —3. Phoca jubata. 4. The neck of the male is covered with a long flowing mane. Schreber, iii. 300. tab. lxxxiii. B. Seal, having a mane behind the head. Molin. hift. nat. Chili, book iv. p. 250.—Sea-lion, Leo marinus, and Lion marin. Steller, Nov. act. Petrop. ii. 360. Pernetty, voy. ii. 47. t. 10. Cook’s * voy. ii. 203- Forfter’s voy. ii. 513. —Leonine Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 389. Arét. zool. n. 80. Inhabits the fea on the coafts of the northern Pacific Ocean, the weft coaft of America, Falkland’s Iflands, Patagonia, Kamtfchatka, and, more efpecially, the iflands which lie between Kamtfchatka and America, and the Kurile iflands.x—The colour of the male is reddifh, the young animals being more dufky, and the females brighter in colour. It is larger than the laft {pecies, as the males fome- times are twenty-five feet long, and weigh fifteen or fixteen hundred pounds. The voice is like the bellowing of a bull: The head is large, having a fhort nofe, fomewhat turned up at the end, and large, long, thick, and ftrong whifkers; the eyes are large: On the neck and fhoulders of the male is a great mane of coarfe, long, flowing hair; the reft of the body is covered with a fhort, fimooth, glofly fur; the fore feet are black, and refemble flat leather-like fins, without any appearance of toes; the hind feet are very broad, having very finall nails, with a long, narrow, {tripe of membrane beyond each ; the tail is very {hort ; the hinder parts are very large, much fwelled, and exceflively fat. This fpecies lives in families, each male having many females; they have a fierce look, but fly the approach of man; the males are very lazy, and exceedingly quarrelfome about their females and refting places ; they faft in breeding time for three or four months, {wallowing great quantities of {tones to keep their ftomachs diftended. 4. Common Seal.—4. Phoca vitulina, 3. Has no external ears ; the neck is {mooth; and the body is of a dark brown colour. Schreber, ili. 303. tab. Ixxxiv. Phoca, f. Vitulus marinus, Seal, Sea-calf, Phoque, Veau marin, Loup de mer. Gefn. aquat. 702: Aldr. pife. 722. Jonit. pife. 44. Dodart, 191. Raj. quad. 189. Steller, Nov. act. Petrop. ii. 290. Sm. Buff. vii. 330. pl. cexlviii. Rondel. pife. 458. Belon, poifl. 25. f. 26. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 375. Arct. zool. n. 72. Oedman, act. Steck. nov. an. 1784. trim. I. n. t0.—The anatomy, E. N. C. d. 1. a. 9. obf. 98. d. 3. a. 7. app. 15. Tnhabits the feas near the coaft in moft parts of the globe, chiefly in the north, near the Arétic Circle, and in the lower parts of South America.—It fleeps generally on fhore, on a ftone ftanding a confiderable height above the water. The head and nofe are flat, with large waved whiflers, and oblong noftrils; the eyes are large, having a fpherical criftalline humour, as in fifhes, and a membrana nittitans ; the tongue is cloven ; the toes have ftrong fharp claws; and the foramen ovale 4 of the heart remains open, even in adults; the body is covered with thick, fhort hair, lying {mooth; and is of various colours in different parts of the world, conftituting, perhaps, diftin& varieties of the fpecies: It is dufkky, afh coloured, white or pearl coloured, grey, black, or varioufly fpotted, or brindled with white or with yellow. " The females, in autumn, bring forth moftly two young at a time, which are at firft white and woolly; they fuckle thefe by means of teats which are fituated on the belly, for fix or feven weeks, Q2 in LIS ¥76 aT 178 124 _ MAMMALIA, — FER. Seal, verns, or hollow places of rocks, and then take them to fea. This animal cannot remain long water, but muft rife often to breathe: It fleeps, in the fummer, on rocks or fand banks, preci- pitating itfelf, when furprifed, into the fea; or, if at too great a diftance to get there, it fcrambles along, ‘linging up the fand and gravel very forcibly with the hind feet, making a piteous moaning ; and; if overtaken, makes a vigorous defence with the feet and teeth : Is eafily killed by a blow on the nofe, but bears numerous wounds on other parts: Swims with great ftrength and fwiftnefs, and {ports without fear round fhips and boats; is of a gentle nature, very docile, and may be tamed, and taught to obey a keeper almoft like a dog: It never goes far from the land; feeds on all kinds of fifh, and gets enormouily fat during the time that herrings are on the coait. ‘The fleth is very good food; the fkin is ufeful, making good fhoe leather, and the oil ferves many valuable purpofes. . Befides the common feal, on all the coafts of the north of Europe, imcluding the Britifh iflands, the following varieties are enumerated in Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema Naturae. B. Bothnic common Seal.—PA, wit. botnica. 3. B. Differs from the preceding variety by having a broader nofe, and longer nails or claws, and being of a darker colour. Linn. faun. Suec. p. 2. Inhabits the Gulph of Bothnia, in the Baltic. y. Siberian common Seal.—P/h. vit. fibirica, 3. y. Is of a filver white colour. Inhabits the lakes Baikal and Orom, in Siberia. S. Cafpian common Seal. —PA. vit. cafpica. 3. &. Is of a mixed or mottled colour. Inhabits the Cafpian, and the rivers which fall into that fea. 5. Hooded Seal.—s. Phoca monachus. 5. Has no external ears; only four cutting teeth in each jaw; the fore paws are not di- vided, and the hinder paws have no nails. Herman. A&. nat. ferut. Berolin. iv. 456. t. xii. xiiii—Mediterranean Seal. Penn. hift. of quad.. n. 376. Inhabits the Mediterranean, chiefly on the coaft of Dalmatia.— When this animal is placed on its back, the fkin of the neck folds into the fimilitude of a Monk’s hood. The head is fmall, having a Tonger neck than in the common fpecies; the orifices of the ears are very fmall ; the hair is fhort, rude, and of a dufky colour, {potted with afh colour, and having a tawny {pot above the navel: The whole body is eight feet feven inches long, and five feet round.. W79 180 18t 182 MAMMALIA. FERZ. LéaiiaSeal. 125 6. Swarthde.—6, Phoca groenlandica, 6. The head is fmooth, and has no external ears; the body is grey, with a black moon- like mark on the fide. Erxleben, Syft. mam. 588. Swartfiide. Egede Greenl. fig. p. 62.—Attarfoak. Crantz Groenl. 163.—Harp Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 385. pl. li. Arét. zool. n. 77.—Krylatca, of the Ruffians. Lepechin, act. Petrop. part i. 259. tab. vi. vii. Inhabits Greenland, Newfoundland, Iceland, the White Sea, the Frozen Ocean, and as far as Kamtfchatka.—The head is black and pointed, having fhort whifkers on both lips, and on the nofe; the body is thick, of a whitifh colour; and, when the animal is five years old, it gets an irregular femilunar black mark on each fide, the horns of the crefcent pointing upwards: Both the fore and hind paws have diftinét nails ; and there is a fmall fhort horizontal tail between the hind legs: It is nine feet long when full grown. This animal is called Harp, or Heart Seal by the Britifh fithers, who call the black mark its /add/e. It is much efteemed on account of the goodnefs of its fkin, and large produce of oil. B. Bedlemer.—Phoca groenlandica nigra. This is a blackifh variety, which is fuppofed by the fifhers to be a young animal of the Swartfide, or Harp fpecies, laft defcribed. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 525. Inhabits the Greenland and other northern feas. 7. Neitfek.—7. Phoca hi/pida. 7. The head is fmooth, and has no external ears; the body is of a pale brown colour, having rough briftly hair. Erxleben, mam. 589. Schreber, iii. 312. tab. Ixxxvi. Phoca foetida, or Stinking Seal. Muller. zool. 8.—Neitfek. Crantz Groen]. 164.—Rough Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 383. Arét. zool. n. 74. Inhabits Greenland and Labradore.—Has a fhort nofe, a fhort round head, and teeth like the Common Seal; the body is of an eliptical form, and very fat almoft to the hind feet; the hair is long, erect, and clofe fet, having curled wool intermixed: It is of a dufky colour, ftreaked with white ; fometimes white, with a dufky line along the back; never exceeds four feet long; feldom goes out to fea, but lives on the fixed ice near the fhore, where it couples in June, and brings forth in Janu- ary ; feeds on fhrimps and fmall fifh ; fleeps often on the furface of the water, and hence frequently falls a prey to eagles: The fleth is red, fetid, and naufeous, efpecially that of the males. | @. Newfoundland Seal.—Phoca hifpida quadrata. Is of a large fize, and has a rough hairy fur. . Square Phipper. Arét. zool. i. 161. Inhabits Newfoundland.—Seems allied to the former by its coat, which refembles that of a Water’ Dog, but is vaftly larger, weighing five hundred pounds. 8. 126 MAMMALIA. FER. Seal. 8. Klapmus.—8. Phoca crifiata, 8. Has a creft on the fore part of the head; and the body is of a grey colour. Erxleben, mam. 590. Kap-myffen. Egede Groenl. 62. t. 6.—Bladrufelus. Olaffen, Ifl. i. 283.—Neitfer-foak. Crantz Groenl. i. 164.—Hooded Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 384. Arét. zool. n. 76. Inhabits the fouth coafts of Greenland, the weft of Iceland, and Newfoundland.—Is of a large fize, having the fkin covered with a thick coat of black wool interfperfed with white hairs; has a ftrong folded fkin on the fore-head, which falls over the eyes and nofe, protecting it from ftones and fand in ftormy weather. The hunters alledge that it is neceflary to remove this {kin before they are able to kill the animal. 9. Great Seal.—g. Paoca barbata, 9. The head is fmooth, and without any external ears; and the body is biackifh. Muller. zool. 8. Utfelur, Wetrarfelur. Olaf. Hl. i. 260.—Utfuk. Crantz Groenl. i. 165.—Lachtak. Steller, Noy. com. Petrop. il. 290.—Sea-calf. Parfons in Phil. Tranf. ix. 74. tab. v.—Great Seal. Penn. hitt. of quad. n. 382. Ar. zool. n. 73.—Grand Phoque, or Large Seal of the northern ocean. Sm. Buff. vil. p. 342. ° ) Inhabits the coafts of Scotland, the fouth of Greenland, and is common about Iceland.—In No- vember or December, the females bring forth generally two young ones, which are of a white colour: In adults, the flkin is thiek, and is covered with blackifh hair. This animal refembles the Common Seal, but is much larger, as that dozs not exceed fix feet long, while the prefent fpecies grows to twice that length. 10. Little Seal.--Phoca pujfilla. The head is fmooth, and has the rudiments of external ears; the body is brown. Schreber, iii. 314. tab. lxxxv. Vitulus marinus. Belon. aquat. 19. t. 21.—Vitulus Mediterraneus. Rondel. pifc. 453.—Veati marin, or Sea-calf. Dampier, voy. i. 116.—Loup marin, or Sea-wolf. Ulloa, voy. ii. 2.? 26.2— Vitello marino picciolo. Aleff. quad. iv. t. 171.—Petite phoque, or Small Seal. Sm. Buff. vii. 337. pl. ccxlix. Little Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 386. Inhabits the coafts of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Chili, and Juan Fernandez.—This is the @axy of Ariftotle and Vitulus marinus of Pliny. The four middle cutting teeth of the upper jaw have each two points, and the two middle cutting teeth of the lower jaw are flightly divided into three points; the webs of the feet extend far beyond the nails; the hair is fmooth, longer than in the Common Seal, of a dufky colour on the head and back, and brownifh on the under parts of the body. The body and head meafure about two feet two inches in length. 186 188 189 190 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Seal. 127 11, Chilefe Seal.— Phoca chilenfis. Has a longifh fnout, and longifh external ears. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 9. 11. fp. 9. note. Phoca porcina. Molin. hift. nat. Chili, iv. 248. Inhabits the coafts of Chili and Juan Fernandez.—Dr Gmelin is uncertain whether this may not be a variety of the little Seal, laft defcribed : It differs, however, by the marks in the fpecific charac- ter, and by having five toes to each foot-—T. 12. Long-necked Seal.—Phoca mutica. Has a flender body, and no claws on the fore feet. Grew’s muf. 95. Long-necked Seal. Penn. hift, of quad. n. 377. Parfons in Phil. Tranf. xlvii. tab. vi. Its place and hiftory are unknown.—The length, from the nofe to the fore legs, is ay much as from thence to the tail. The fore feet refemble fins. 13. Falkland Seal.—Phoca auflralis. Has fhort pointed external ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 378. Brit. Muf. Inhabits the Falkland ifles, and probably about Juan Fernandez.—lIs of a cinereous colour, the hairs being tipt with dirty white; the nofe is fhort, and befet with {trong black briftles; the external ears are fhort, narrow, and pointed; the upper fore-teeth are tranfverfely furrowed, and the lower longitudinally; on each fide of the tufks is a fmaller fecondary tooth; the grinders are conical, ha- ving a fmall procefs on one fide of each, near the bafe: The fore feet have no claws, but five diftinét toes may be felt within the fkin, which extends far beyond their extremities; the hind paws have each four long ftraight claws, and the fkin ftretches far beyond them: The head and body meafure about four feet in length. 14. Parfons Seal. —Phoca teftudo. The head refembles that of a Tortoife, having a flender neck; and the feet are like thofe of the Common Seal. Tortoife-headed Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 379: This fpecies or variety is very little known. Mr Pennant fays that it is defcribed by Dr Parfons, but does not inform us where to find his defcription, and that it is found on the fhores of many parts of Europe,. 15. Harnaffed Seal.— Phoca fafciata, Is of a blackifh colour, and marked acrofs the neck, along the fides, and crofs the haunches, with yellow ftripes refembling harnefs. Rubbon Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 380. pl. at p. 513. Arét. zool. n. 78. Inhabits 1Qt ig2 193 194 128 MAMMALIA. FIR. raga. _ Inhabits the Kurile iflands.—The ‘kin is covered with very fhort, fine, glofly and briftly hair, of an uniformly blackifh colour ; and is marked along the fides, and acrofs the neck and crupper, with regular narrow ftripes of a yellow colour, refernbling a ribbon or harnefs laid on by art; the ftripe on each fide is a {mall fection of a large circle, the points ftanding downwards; that crofs the fhoulders is two portions of circles pointing forwards and meeting on the middle of the back ; that acro{s the rump is in a regularly waved form, and has two obliquely diverging proceffes, apparentiy intended to run down the hind legs. ‘The fize is unknown, as the defcription was taken from a fquared {kin received by Dr Pallas from the Kurile iflands, 16. Woolly Seal.—Phoca laniger. Has four cutting teeth in each jaw; a thick upper lip, with long thick whifkers; and foft uneven fur. Phoca leporina. Lepechin, act. Petrop. part i. 264. tab. viii. ix.—Leporine Seal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 381. Arct. zool. n. 75. Inhabits the White Sea, the coaft of Iceland, and the Frozen Ocean from Spitfbergen to T{chut- koinofs, or the north-eaft extremity of Afia.—The head is long, with a thick upper lip, having long whifkers, fo that the animal feems bearded; the fur is foft, upright, interwoven, and like that ofa hare. This fpecies has nails both on the fore and hind feet; is fix feet and a half long, and five feet two inches round. F 17, Speckled Seal.—Phoco punéfata. Is elegantly fpeckled all over the body, head, and limbs. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 523. Inhabits the feas about Kamtfchatka and the Kurile iflands. 18, Spotted Seal.— Poca maculata. The body is {potted with brown. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 523. Inhabits the coafts about the Kurile iflands.—This fpecies is very fcarce. 19. Black Seal.—Phoca nigra. Has a peculiar conformation of the hind legs. Penn. hift of quad. p. 523. Inhabits the coaft about the Kurile iflands.—This and the two laft fpecies are mentioned by Mr Pennant as being obfcurely defcribed in the manufcripts of Steller. What the peculiarity in the con- formation of the hind legs, in the Black Seal, confifts of, is not faid. XIV. Ear MAMMALIA, ; FERZA. Dog. 129 sy WO GL. Cue Ss: Has fix cutting teeth in each jaw; the outermoft of thofe above are longer, and at fome diftance from the reft; the intermediate ones are lobed; the outer ones in the lower jaw are likewife lobed: Has one curved tufk on each fide in both jaws; fix grinders in the upper, and feven in the lower jaw on each fide, being more than in any other genus of the order. This genus is naturally rapacious and greedy; bites very hard, and tears what it bites; it is very fwift, and fitted for the chace, but does not climb trees: The head is in general flat on the crowny with a narrow lengthened vifage and fnout; the trunk of the body is thickeft in its fore part, or at the cheft; the fore feet have five toes, except the Hyaenas, which have only four, and the hind feet only four *; while the genera of Cat, Seal, Bear, and Weafel, have five toes on all the feet: The male penis has a large knob at its middle: The female brings forth a confiderable number in each litter, and has generally ten paps, of which four are placed on the breaft and fix on the belly. 1. Faithful Dog.—1. Canis familiaris. 1. The tail bends upwards, and towards the left fide. Faun. Suec. 5. Amoen. acad. iv. 43. t. 1.f. f. Canis. Gefner, quad. 91. Aldr. dig. 482. Jonft. quad. 122. Raj. quad. 176.—Faithful Dog, Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. Sm. Buff. iv. 1. Inhabits chiefly in fociety with man, though often found in a wild ftate; it is uncertain whether the fpecies be native in the Haft Indies.—'This fpecies is univerfally attached to mankind. It feeds on flefh, dead bodies, and farinaceous vegetables, refufing greens, and even digefts bones: When fick, it eats fome kind of grafs which ferves as an emetic; drinks by lapping with the tongue; dungs on a ftone, and urines fideways, holding up the leg, the female fquating; fmells to the anus of other dogs; is very delicate in the fenfe of {melling; runs obliquely, refting on the toes in walking; fearce- ly fweats when warm, but lolls out the tongue, and foams at the mouth; when about to lie down, often goes round the place; and when afleep has a very quick fenfe of hearing, and frequently feems to dream: The female, when in heat, receives the embraces of various males, who flock about her; and are very quarrelfome among themfelves, while fhe is equally ill humoured, biting and fnar- ling at all around her; fhe goes fixty-three days with young, and litters from four to eight puppies ; of which the males generally refemble the father, and the females the mother, This “ In a domeftic fate, many varieties of the Dog have five toes on the hind feet, the fifth being much fmaller than the reft, very loofe, and placed far up the infide of the leg; this is ufually called the Deaw- claw.—T. ' : Wor. 'l.. R 130 MAMMALIA, FER Z. Dog. This is the moft faithful of all animals, and perhaps the only one which is really attached to man, being hardly ever found wild, except in places where they have loft their mafters, and had no oppor- tunity of finding others: It fawns at the approach of its mafter, and will not allow any one to ftrike him; runs before on a journey, and, on coming to a divifion of the road, ftops, and leoks back, as if aiking which to choofe; is very docile, and may be taught to feek for any thing that is loft; is very watchful by night, and gives notice of the approach of ftrangers, and guards faithfully any thing committed to its charge; drives cattle home from the field, and is employed to keep flocks and herds within due bounds, and to proteét them from the attacks of wild beafts; points out game to the fportfman,: by means of its acute fenfe or fmelling, creeping “with great caution to {pring upon the game, and brings it when killed to its mafter, without deftroying any; is employed in France, and fome other countries, to turn fpits; in Siberia is made to draw fledges; begs when his mafter is at table; and, when it has ftolen any thing, flinks away, flouching its tail between the hind legs; eats envioufly with oblique eyes; and is always defirous of domineering over its fellows; is the enemy of all beggars, and often attacks ftrangers without any provocation; will lick wounds, and often by fo doing relieves ulcers and the gout ; howls at certain notes in mufic, and fometimes urines on hearing them; bites a ftone when flung at it; grows fick at the approach of ftorms; is often afflicted with the Laenia, or tape-worm, in its bowels; fometimes becomes mad, which diforder it communicates to its kind, to other animals, and to man, by biting; makes a violent hollowing when empyreumatic oils ace rubbed on the tail; is often infected with gonorrhoea. Dogs are banifhed from their houfes, as unclean, by the Mahometans, who notwithftanding endow hofpitals for their maintenance ; is the vic- tim of anatemifts, for demonftrating the circulation of the blood, the lacteal veflels, and for experi- ments on transfufion, cutting of nerves, and other cruel purpofes ; but has been made an ufeful mar- tyr by fome, for difcovering the effects of remedies againft poifon. The top of the head is flat, and has a projecting longitudinal ridge; the edges of the lower lips, at the fides, are divided into dentated, or tooth-like, projections, which are concealed by the upper lips; has five or fix rows of whifkers on the fnout; the upper margin of the external ear is reflected; the pofterior one has two lobes, and the anterior three; the noftrils are in form of a femilunar fur- tow turned outwards at the lower end; the face ufually has feven hairy warts; and the fur has eight ridges or whorles, on the neck, the breaft, the fore legs, the belly, the eyes, the loins, the ears, and near the arms: The female has ten paps, of which four are on the breaft: ‘The feet have {mall mem- branes connecting the roots of the toes with each other, or are called fub-palmated. This animal is fubject to more varieties than any other: Each of thefe wiil reproduce, and, mixing with cthers, produce varieties almoft without end; yet certain kinds are more numerous and more permanent than others, perhaps from their ufefulnefs, having more attention paid to their breed. t is perhaps jmpoffible to enumerate or defcribe all the varieties, but the following catalogue includes the moft remarkable and beft known. Various conjectures are formed concerning the original or parent ftock; fome deriving all dogs from the Sheep-dog, and fuppofing that, by the influence of climate, and the crofling of breeds with the Shakal, Wolf, Fox, and Hyaena, all the forms and fizes have been produced. See Smellie’s tranflation of Buffon, iv. p. 1. and plates from xxiv. to xliv. in- clufive. a. Shepherd’s Dog.—C, domeflicus, Has erect ears, and the tail is woolly underneath. Canis sizovges, five domefticus. Raj. quad. 177. n. 8. Sm. Buff. pl. xxvii. Or, noo MAMMALIA, FERZ. Dog. 131 @. Pomeranian Dog.—C. pomeranus. Has long hairs on the head,’ erect ears, and the tail is much curved upwards on the ‘rump. Chien-loup, Wolf-Dog, or Pomeranian Dog. Sm. Buf. iv. pl. xxviii. y. Siberian Dog.—C. fibiricus. Has erect ears, a curled up tail, and the hair on the whole body is jong. Chien de Siberie, or Siberian Dog. Sm. Buff. iy. pl. xxix. d. Iceland Dog.—C. iflandicus. The ears are erect, with pendulous points; and the hair is univerfally long, except on the fnout, which is fhort. Fiaar-hund. Olaff. If, 1. 30.—Chien d’Iflande, Iceland Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxx. e. Great Water-Dog.—C. aquaticus major. The hair is long and curled, like the fleece of a fheep. Canis aquaticus fagax, or Sagacious Water-Dog. Aldr. dig. 556. Gefu. quad. 256. Raj. fyn. 177. n. 6.—Grand barbet, or Great Water-Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxvi.—Budel. Redinger, t. 18. ¢. Leffler Water-Dog.—Canis aquaticus minor, Is of a fmall fize, with long curly hair, which, about the ears, is longer, and hangs downwards. Petit barbet, or Small Water-Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxvii. lower fig. a. Pyrame.—Canis brevipilis. Has a fmall rounded head, with a fhort fnout, and the tail is turned up on the back. Canis parvus melitaeus, or Small Maltefe Dog, with fhorter hair. Aldr. dig. 541.—Gredin, or King Charles’s Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxviii. fig. 1.—Pyrame, of a black colour, with flame co- loured fpots. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxviti. fig. 2.—King Charles’s Spaniel. Penn. hit. of quad. n. 136. iii. ¢.—Pyramg. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 136, iil. 2. Dr Gmelin has evidently confounded two diftin&t varieties of the fmail cocking Spaniel in this place: 1ft, The King Charles Spaniel is entirely black, and has a black palate: 2d, The Pyrame is likewife black, but is marked on the legs, and above each eye, with red or flame colour. —T. 9. Spaniel.—Canis extrarius. Has long pendulous woolly ears. Canis hifpanicus, or Spanifh Dog, with hanging cars. Aldr. dig. 561. 562.—Epagneul, or Spa- niel. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxvii. fig. 1. Ri 2 £ 203 204. | 205 206 207 208 132 ( MAMMALIA. FERZ., Dog. 2, Shock Dog.—Canis melitaeus. _ Is about the fize of a fquirrel, having very long foft filky hair all over the body. Canis melitacus pilofus, or Hairy Maltefe Dog. Aldr. dig. 542. Raj. quad. 177. n. 9.—Bichon, or Shock Dog. Sm. buff. iv. pl. xxxix. fig. 1. x. Lion Dog.—Canis leoninus. Is exceedingly fmall, with long hair, like the foregoing, on the fore part of the body; that on the hind parts being fhorter and {mooth. Chien-Lion, or Lion Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxix. fig. 2. a. Little Danith Dog.—Canis variegatus. Has {fmall, half-pendulous ears, a {mall pointed nofe, and thin legs. Petit danois, or Small Danifh Dog. Sm. Buff. ix. pl. xl. fig. 1. ) u. Baftard Pug Dog.—C. hyéridus. Has {mall, half pendulous ears, and a thick flattifh nofe. Roquet, or Baftard Pug Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xl. fig. 2. Dr Gmelin thinks that this variety is perhaps produced by a crofs between the Little Danifh Dog, var. a. and the Pug Dog, var. ».? y, Pug Dog.—Canis fricator. The nofe is crooked upwards, the ears are pendulous, and the body f{quare built. Doguin, or Pug Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xliii—Cane muffolo. Alep. quad. iii. t, 103.—Pug Dog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. v. £. This variety has a refemblance to the Bull Dog, but is much fmaller, and entirely wants his fa- vage ferocity. Of this there are two fub-varieties, viz. a. The Artois Dog, of Buffon, produced between the Pug Dog and Baftard Pug Dog. b. The Alicant Dog, of Button, produced between the Pug Dog and Spaniel. é. Bull Dog.—Canis Moloffus. Is as large as a wolf, having the fides of the lips very pendulous, and the body very ftrong and robutt. Canis fagax fanguinarius, or Sagacious fanguinary Dog. Gefner, quad. 251.—Dogue, or Bull Dog. Sm. Buff iv. ph xlii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. v. ¢.—-Baerenbeifler. Ridinger, t. 3. The Bs. 21 (212 213 ee MAMMALIA, FERZ. Dog. 133 ' The nofe of this variety is fhort, and the under jaw is longer than the upper; this kind is ex- ceedingly fierce and cruel ; attacks without warning, but with little judgment, and never quits its hold. It is peculiar almoft to England for baiting bulls, which practice, and confequently the kind of Dog, . is now much lefs frequent than formerly. ‘There are feveral varieties of this in fize and colour. o. Maftifi.—Canis anglicus. Of very large fize, having a very robuft body, and the lips are pendulous at the fides, _or chops. Canis bellieofus anglicus. Aldr. dig. 559.—Canis maftivus. Raj. quad. 176. n. 1.—Mattiff. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. iv. 9. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xliv.—Englifche Docke. Ridinger, t. 1. 2. Is very thick and ftrongly made, having a large head, and great lips, which hang down on each each fide. ‘This Dog is peculiar to England, and grows to a great fize, being ufed principally as a watch Le dae duty he fulfils with great fidelity, and even judgment: Some will permit a ftranger to come info the yard, or place which he is appointed to guard, and will go peaceably along with him through every part of it, fo long as he touches nothing, but the moment he attempts to meddle with any of the goods, or endeavours to leave the place, he informs him, firft by gentle growling, or, if that is ineffectual, by harfher means, that he muft neither do mifchief nor go away; and never ufes violence unlefs refifted; will even, in this cafe, {eize the perfon, throw him down, and hold him there for hours, or until relieved, without biting. ’ a. German Hound.—Canis fagax. Has pendulous ears, and a {purious toe, ufually called a deweclaw, on each hind foot. Teutfcher Jagdhund. Ridinger, T. v. two figs. at the right hand. p» Hound.—Canzs gallicus. Is of a whitifh ground colour ; has pendulous ears, and a deweclaw on each hind foot. Canis fagax venatorius, or Sagacious hunting Dog. Raj. quad. 174. n. 4.—Chien courant, or Hound. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. ii—TFranzofifcher, and Englifcher Parforcehund. Ridinger, T’. v. two figs. at the left, and T. vi. c. Blood- hound.—Canis /coticus. Canis fagax fcoticus, or Sagacious Scotch Dog. Gefn. quad. 250.—Blood-hound. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. ii. Raj. quad. 174.—Schweis-hund. Ridinger, T. x. r. Canis venaticus, Leit-hund. Ridinger, T. iv—I am uncertain what particular variety of Hound is here meant, as no def{cription is given by Dr Gmelin.—T. 214 PA 216 217, 218 219 134 MAMMALIA. - FERA, Dog. v. Pointer.—€anis avicularis, The tail is fhort, and has the appearance of having been cut. Canis fagax panterinus, or Sagacious Dog, fpotted like a panther, for catching quails. Ald. dig. 535-—Pointing Dog, or Field Spaniel ; Canis aviarius, feu hifpanicus campeftr's. Raj. quad. 177. n. 5.—Huner-hund. Ridinger, T. xiv. ¢. Barbet.—Canzs aquatilis, The tail is truncated, or feems cut off in the middle, with long coarfe hair. Ridinger, t. 42. ‘ This feems the fame with the Canis aquaticus major, Great Water-Dog, or Grand Barbet of Buffon, already mentioned at «.—T. -- y. Grey-hound.—Canis curforius. Has a long narrow head, with a {trong lengthened fnout, and fmall half pendulous ears ; the legs are long, and ftrongly made ;.and the body is long and thin. Curs-hund. Ridinger, T. 13. ~). Irith Grey-hound.— Canis curforius bibernicus. Is nearly as large as a maftiff, having an arched body, and narrow projecting fnout. Schreber, iii. 327. tab. Ixxxvii. Raj. quad. 176. n. 3. Sm. Bufh. iv. pl. xxiv. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. iv. a. wo. Turkifh Grey-hound.—Canis curforius turcicus. Is of the fize of a maftif, with an arched body, and narrow {nout; and having the fur fomewhat curled. Ridinger, t. 9. Ald. dig. 550. ea. Common Grey-hound.— Canis Grajus. About the fize of a wolf; having a curved or arched body, and narrow fnout. Scotch hunting Dog, Canis feoticus venaticus. Gefn. quad. 249. Aldr. dig. 545. —Grey, Greek, or Scotch hunting Dog, canis venaticus grajus, { graecus, nonnullis fcoticus. Raj. quad. 176. n. 2. —Levrier, or Grey-hound. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. iv. ¢.— Windjpiel. Ridinger, t. 7. ee. Rough Grey-hound.—Canis Grajus hirfutus. Same fize, body and fnout, with the laft, but having the hair fomewhat longer, and curled. Aldr. dig. 549.—Zotiger Wind-hund. Ridinger, T. 1. f. 1. } | YYe 222 2.23 224 225 226 MAMMALIA, FERZ, Dog. 135 yy. Italian Grey-hound.—Canis Grajus italicus. Of a fmall fize, but the fame form of body and fnout with the laft. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. iv. 4. 1.—Kleines Windfpiel. Ridinger, T. 15. ** Oriental Grey-hound.—Camnis Grajus orientalis, Tall, flender, with very pendulous ears, and very long hairs on the tail, hanging down a great length. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. iv. @. 2. 8 Naked Dog.—Canis aegyptius. Has no hair on the body. Aldr. diget. 562.—Small Indian Dog, with a naked ikin. Brown. Jamaic. 486. ?—Chien-turc, or Turkifh Dog. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xli. f. 1.—Naked Dog. Penn. hift. of quad. n, 136. v. 0. es. Lurcher.—Canis /aniarius. The body is narrow, and covered with fhort thick-fet hair; the legs are ftrong, and the tail is thick and ftraight. CC. Rough Lurcher.—Canzs Janiarius aprinus. In body, legs, and tail, refembles the laft, but is covered with long harfh hair. Saufinder. Ridinger, T. 11. mm. Boar Lurcher.—Canis laniarius fuillus. The head and fnout are ftrongly made; the hind part of the body is lank; the legs are long; and the hair is long and harfh. Sauruden. Ridinger, T. 12. 99 Turnfpit—Canzs Veriegus. Has fhort legs; and a long body, which is moftly fpotted. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 136. ii. y.—Dachfschliefter, or Dachfwurger. Ridinger, T. 16. _a. With ftraight legs. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxiv. fig. 1. b. With crooked legs. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xxxiv. fig. 2. c. With long thagey hair. ae 136 _ MAMMALIA. FFRZ. Dog. os ie Alco.—-Canis americonus. About the fize of a {quirrel: having a fmall head, pendulous ears, a curved body, and fhort tail. Sm. Buff. viii. 261. Of this animal there are two kinds mentioned by authors. 230 a, Fat Alco.—Canis americanus obefus. Is prodigioufly fat; the head is very fmali, and the ears are pendulous; the fore part of the head is white, and the cars are yellowifh; the neck is fhort ; the back is arch- ed, and covered with yellow hair; the tail is white, fhort, and pendulous; the belly is large, and fpotted with black; the legs and feet are white: The female has fix confpicuous paps. Michuacanens. Fernand. anim. nov. hifp. 7.—Ytzcuinte-porzotli, Canis americanus, or American Dog. Hernand. hift. Mexic. 466. 231 . b. Techichi.—Canis americanus plancus. Is like the {mall dogs of Europe, but has a wild and melancholly air. Peps Fernand. an. nov. hifp. ro. — 232 2. New-Holland Dog.—Canis antarticus. The tail is bufhy, and hangs downwards ; the ears are fhort and ere; and the muzzle is pointed. Dog of New-South-Wales. Gov. Phillips voy. 274. pl. xlv. Inhabits New-Holland.—This animal is rather lefs than two feet high, and about two feet and a half in length: His head refembles that of a fox, having a pointed muzzle, garnifhed with whifkers, and fhort erect ears; the whole body and tail is of a light brown colour, growing paler towards the belly, on the fides of the face, and on the throat; the hind parts of the fore legs, the fore parts of the hind legs, and all the feet, are white: On the whole, it is a very elegant animal, but fierce and cruel; from which, its figure, and the total want osgthe common voice of the Dog, and frem gene- ral refemblance in other refpects, it feems more properly to belong to the Wolf than Dog kind. 233 3. Wolf.—z2. Cams Lupus. 2. Has the tail hahging down, and bent inwards. Yaun. fucc. 6. Schreber, iii. 346. tab. Lxxxviii. , Yellowith brown Dog, Canis grifco-flavefcens. Briff. quad. 170.—-Lupus. Gefn. quad. 634. Aldr. dig. 144. Jonft. quad. 89. Raj. quad. 173.—Loup, or Wolf. Sm. Buff. iv. 196. pl. lxiv.— Wolf. Penn. hift. of quad, n. 137. Brrr. zoon.i. 61.t. 1. Ard. zool. n. 9. Ridinger, t. 21.—The Anatomy, E. N. C. d. 2. a..9. obf, 71. and Cent. 10. app. 450. Tnhabits WTO 436, / N° 230 ah N© 2%¢ SS — iN HA AArcher Sc. N°? 242 IN? 2600 iets 234 235 236 237 MAMMALIA. FER. Dog. 137 . Inhabits Europe, Afia, Africa, and America, and as high as the Arétic Circle. —Has long been ex- tirpated from the Britith ifles: The laft mention of Wolves in England is in 1281, when they were numerous in fome of the counties; Sir Ewen Cameron of Locheil killed the laft Scotch Wolf, in Lochaber, in 16803; and the laft in Ireland was killed in 1710.—They are chiefly found in forefts, even in the colder regions of the north; they hunt in packs, and deftroy cattle, fheep, horfes, fwine, and even dogs: They are very fufpicious animals, and are fearcely to be heard in the woods; and fo fearful of fnares, that they even avoid a little bit of rope dragging on the ground: When attacking folds, or fields, they always avoid the door and leap over the fence; and dread the found of a trum- pet: They have very nice fenfe of hearing and of fmell: They copulate in winter; the female goes a hundred days with young, and brings forth from three to nine whelps; thefe come to their full growth in the third year, and live for fifteen or twenty years. When exceffively pufhed by cold and hunger, they attack mankind, and will even prey on their own fpecies; though they can fupport fa- mine for along time. They are deftroyed by means of the mofs named Lichen vulpinum. The Wolf is as tall as a large Grey-hound: The head is long, with a pointed nofe, and fharp erect ears; the tail is bufhy, hangs down, and is black at the tip; the legs are long, and the teeth large ; the hair, in general, is longifh, though not fhaggy; the head and neck are ath coloured, and the body is of a pale brown, tinged with yellow. Befides the above defcribed, which may be termed the Common Wolf, there are feveral varieties of this fpecies, differing chiefly in colour, perhaps occafioned by climate: The following are the moft remarkable, and beft defcribed ; for the Wolves of fome authors are evidently Hyaenas.. B. Yellow Woif.—C. Lupus flavus. Of a yellow colour. Sm. Buff. iv. p. 207. This is found in France and Germany, having a thicker fur, and of a more yellow colour than the common kind: It is more wild, though lefs deftructive, and never troubles the flocks, or the habi- tations of man. y. White Wolf.—C. Lupus albus. Of a white colour. Muller. Ruff. Sam. iii. 527.. This variety is found near the Jenifea, in the eaftern parts of Afiatic Ruffia, and is much valued on account of its fur. ®. Black Wolf.—C. Lupus niger. Of a uniform black colour. Sm. Buff. iv. 212. pl. Ixv. Inhabits Canada.—This variety is not fo large as the common kind; the ears are larger, more erect, and more diftant; but in every other circumftance, and in difpofitions, it refembles the com- mon European Wolf. s. Striped Wolf.—C. Lupus fafciatus. Of a grey colour ftriped with black. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 232. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Vou, L. Sac. pe Ae 138 MAMMALIA, FER, Dog, 238 4. Mexican Wolf.—3. €. Lupus mexicanas, 8. The tail is {mooth, and bent downwards; the body is afh coloured, variegated with dufky ftripes and tawny fpots. Canis cinereus, or Afh-coloured Does fpotted with tawny. Briff. quad. 237-—Quauhpecotli, or American Mountain-cat. Seba, muf.i. 68. t. 42. f. 2.—Xoloiteuintli, or Mexican Wolf. Hernand. Mex. 479.—Cuatlachtli, Lupus indicus, or Indian Wolf. Fernand. nov. Hifp. 7.—Mexican Wolf. Sm. Buff. viii. 258. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 138. Inhabits the warm parts of Mexico and New Spain.—The body is afh coloured, with dark brown ftripes, and having tawny yellow fpots on the fore-head, neck, breaft, belly, and tail; the head is very largé, with great jaws, and ftrong teeth; above the mouth there are fome briftles, as large, but not fo hard, as the {pines of a Hedge-hog; the neck is very thick. ‘This animal agrees with the Wolves of the Old World in its ravenous manners, and in its general form, except as: above de~ feribed. 239 @. White Mexican Wolf.—C. Lupus mexicanus albus. Of a uniform white colour. Fernand. hift. anim. nov. Hif. 7. Accor ding to Fernandez, who defcribes the animals of New Spain, the Mexican Wolf is fome- times found of a uniform white colour, but agreein 8 in every other particular pa the Striped Mexi- can Wolf juft defcribed. 240 5. Surinam Wolf.—4. C, Lupus Lhous. o. The tail is fmooth, and bent downwards; the body is grey on the upper, and white on the under parts. Surinam Wolf. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 147. Inhabits Surinam.—The body is grey above, and entirely white on the under parts; the ears are erect, and of the fame colour with the body; the face has a wart over each eye, on each cheek, and under the throat; and the tomgue is fringed at the fides. It is about the fize of a large Cat. 241 6. Striped Hyaena.— 5. Canis Hyacna, 3. Has a fhort flraight tail; ereét hair, like a mane, on the neck; naked ears; and only four toes on all the feet. Schreber, iii. 371. tab. xcvi. Miller on var. fubj. tab. xix. A. Taxus porcinus, f. Hyaena antiquorum. Kaempfer, amoen. exot. 411. t. 417. f. 4.— Lupus mari- nus. Bellon. eure 33- t. 34. Jonft. quad. t. 57. Get. 359.—Hyaena. Brit. quad. 169. Sm. Buff. v. 226. pl. cxxv.—Striped Hyaena. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 149.—Indianifcher Wolf. Ridin- ger, allerl. Inhabits the eaf% crn and fouthern parts of the Old World, Mount Caucafus, and the Altaic Chain, Afiatic Turkey, Syria, Perfia, and Barbary.— This animal is the ‘Yaiwe, Keexodar and Keonova , of the ancients, and is likewife named P20. by Ariftotle.—It burrows.in the ground, and dw Ge in caves, being 242 243 MAMMALIA. ~ FER EZ, Dog. 159 e being capable of living for a long time without food: It frequents burying grounds, in which it digs up the graves of the dead, and feafts on the half putrid carcaffes of mankind. Whateyer fubftance is prefented to it, when angry, it feizes in its teeth, and holds firmly with the moft unconquerable obftinacy, not quitting its hold but with its life; and from this circumftance it becomes an ealy prey to the hunters. It is about the fize of a large Dog, and refembles a wild Boar in its countenance. The hair on the ridge of the back is erect, near a fpan long, and black at the points; che eyes are placed near the fnout; the ears are naked ; the tail is generally variegated with black rings, and has the hair long and furrounding it in a radiated bufh at the extremity ; the body is of an afh colour, marked with tranfverfe ftreaks, from the back downwards to the belly. —This animal is appa- rently allied to the Bear and Badger; having, like the latter, 2 tranfverfe orifice, or fack, which fe- cretes a foetid matter, fituated between the tail and the anus. Mr Pennant, with confiderable propriety, feparates this animal, and the two next, from the genus of Dog, making them two fpecies of a diftinét genus, under the name of Hyaena. The diitinguith- ing marks are, the fhort tail, the tranfverfe orifice under the tail, the having fix fore-teeth in the lower jaw, and only four toes on each foot. 7, Abyflinian Hyaena.—C. Hyaena aethiopicus, The tail is bufhy; and the body is marked with curved flripes. Bruce, Abyfl. v. 107. and fig. Inhabits Abyffinia, and the north-eaft of Africa. —Whether this animal, as defcribed and figured by Mr Bruce, be a diftinét fpecies, I do not pretend to determine. In magnitude, ferocity, and man- ners, it refembles the following fpecies; but its body, which is of a yellowifh brown colour, is marked with curved ftripes of black, in form of a reverfed Italian /; the muzzle is black; the legs are ftriped acrofs with black; and the bufhy tail is of a reddifh brown colour.—T. 8. Spotted Hyaena.—6. C. Hyaena Crocuta, 10. Has a ftraight tail; four toes on all the feet; and the body is {potted with black. Erxleben, hift. mam. 578. Hyaena, or Crocuta, congeneric with the former animal. Ludolf. Aithiop. B. i. c. 10. n. 50.— Quumbengo. Barbot, Guin. 486.—Jachhals, or Bofhund. Boffin. Guin. 291.—Spotted Hyaena. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 150. pl. xxix. fig. 2. Inhabits Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyflinia, the Cape of Good Hope, and all the intermediate countries of Africa.— Lives in holes of the ground, and clefts, or caverns, among rocks. Preys, by night, on cattle, fheep, and horfes, even attacking mankind, and digs up graves to feed on dead bodies: Has a terrible howling voice. The upper part of the head, and the face, are black; the mane is fhort and black; the body and limbs are covered with fhort, foft, hair of a reddifh brown colour, marked with round black fpots; the tail is fhort and bufhy. This fpecies is confiderably fuperior in fize, ftrength, and ferocity, to the former, infomuch that it is able to carry off, and with great fpeed, a full grown man. The head is large and flat, having fome long hairs above each eye, and very large whifkers on each fide of the nofe. ; B 2 > ay Oe 140 MAMMALIA. FERA. Deg, 2 244 g. Jackal.—7. Canis aureus. 7. Has a ftraight tail, and the body is of a pale tawny yellow colour. Schreber, iii. 365. tab. Xciv. U Canis flavus. Brifl. quad.—Lupus aureus. Kaempfer, am. exot. 413. t. 407. £3. Raj. quad. 174. Klein, quad. 70.—Vulpes indicus. Valent. muf. t. 452.—Adil. Belon. obf. 167.—Schakall. S. G. Gmel. it. Ruf. iil. 80. t. 13. Guldenftedt, nov. com. Petrop. xx. 449. t. x. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 145. Sm. Bui. vii. 255. Inhabits the warmer regions of Afia, and in Barbary : According to Mr Pennant, it is found in all the hot and temperate parts of Afia, and in moft parts of Africa.—This animal is the @w-: of Ariftotle and Aelian, the Avzos £2190, and yeueses of Cppian, and the Thves of Pliny. It lies hid, during the day, in the forefts and mountains ; and feeks for prey, in the night, in packs of two hundred, or more: It is much given to theft, walking flowly and cautioufly with the head louching, but runs off with great fwiftnefs when deteéted: Will not attack adults of the human fpecies, but fometimes devours chil- dren: Preys on fmall quadrupeds and birds, and eats of various kinds of food, fuch as roots and ripe fruits, and will even dig up the ground im fearch of dead carcafles: Copulates, like dogs, in the fpring ; and the female brings from five to eight cubs, after going about a month with young. It goes about only during the night, making a hideous noife; for, when one begins to howl, every one within hearing joins in the difmal cry, which refembles the howling of Dogs imtermixed with a kind of barking: By this barking and noife the other beafts of the foreft are fet in motion, and join in the chafe of Stags or other anjmals; in the mean time, Lions and Tigers lay in wait for the flying game, and, feizing it by furprife, devour the prey which was roufed and followed by the pack of Jackals; and thefe are forced to wait around till the tyrant of the foreft, having fatisfied his appetite, leaves the remains of his feaft to them, who, from this circumftance, have been named the Lion’s provider. The head is fomewhat fhorter than that of a Fox, with a blunter nofe; black lips; fomewhat loofe, fhort, ereét, pointed ears, which are white, and hairy within; the whole animal has a general refem- blance to the Fox, but the body is rather thinner, and comprefled, and the legs are longer; the tail is thickeft of hair in the middle, and tapers both ways; each foot has four toes, which are covered with hair, even to the claws, and a fifth toe, or dew-claw, placed high, on the infide of each fore foot ; the colour of the upper part of the body is a dirty yellow, or tawny, which is mixed with black on the back; the lower parts are yellowith white ; the tail is of the fame colour with the back, and is tipt with black; the legs are of an unmixed tawny brown, having fometimes a black fpot on the knees: It is twenty-nine inches long from the nofe to the origin of the tail; and eighteen or nine- teen inches high at the fhoulders. ‘The Jackal has much the nature of Dogs, with a ftrong mufky fmell ; when taken young, it acquires the fame affe@tionate manners ; and is by fome late authors fup- pofed to be the original ftock of all ovr various kinds of Dogs, which have been altered by climate, and intermixture with fome cther fpecies. See Penn. hift. of Quad. 244. 10, Gripe Jackal.—8. Canis Mefomelas. 11. Has a ftraight tail, and a rufty coloured body, with a black band on the back. Erxl. mam. 574. Schreber, iii. 370. tab. xcv. 3 as (ry Jackhals. Kolben, Cape. 150.—Capefch, Tenlie, or Kenlie, of the Hottentots. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 146. Is 246 MAMMALIA. FER Z. Dog. 14 Is common at the Cape of Good Hope.—This fpecies has very much the appearance of a Fox, and is about twenty-feven inches long from nofe to rump; the tail being a foot long: ‘The ears are erect, of a yellowifh brown colour, mixed with a few black hairs ; the head is yellowifh brown, mixed with black and white, and growing darker towards the back part; the fides are pale brown, varied with dufky hairs; the upper part of the body, and back of the legs, are yellowifh brown; the throat, breaft, and belly, are white; the tail is bufhy, and yellowifh brown, with a longitudinal black ftripe on its upper part, having two black rings towards the end, and is tipt with white; on the neck, fhoulders, and back, is a large black patch, broad at the fhoulders, and growing narrower towards the tail; when the hairs are {mooth, this patch feems marked with white bars on the neck, and with concentric curved lines on the fhoulders ; but, when the hairs are ruffled, thefe regular marks change to a general hoarinefs. 11. Barbary Jackal.—Canis Adive. Has a ftrait bufhy tail, furrounded with three broad black rings. Jackal-adive. Sm. Buff. vii. 266. pl. ccxxxviii.—Barbary Jackal. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 144. By the Count de Buffon, on the authority of Mr Bruce, this animal is faid to be common in Bar- bary, and named Thaleb, which, Mr Pennant obferves, is the Arabick name*for the Common Fox. The colour of this animal is a pale brown, having a black line behind each ear, which, dividing into two, extends to the lower part of the neck; the nofe is long and flender; the ears are fharp and ere€t; and the tail is long and bufhy, being furrounded with three broad black rings. This animal is very much of the fame fize and form with the Common Fox, but has fhorter legs. 12. Black Fox.—g. C. Vulpes Lycaon. 12. Has a ftraight tail; and the body is entirely black. Erxleb. mam. 560. Schreber, iii. 353. tab. Ixxxix. Miller on var. fubj. tab. xix. B.—Vulpecula nigra. Scheff. Lappon. 340.*-Schwarze Fuchfe. Steller, Kamtfchat. 124.—Black Fox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 139. y. Arét. zool. n. ii. 2.—Lupo nero. Aleff. quad. i. t. 24. Inhabits the colder regions of Europe, Afia, and America. ~This is the moit cunning animal of the genus: It is exceedingly like the Wolf, and is of an intermediate fize between that animal and the Fox. ‘The colour is entirely black; fometimes, however, variegated with greyifh, or by having the tips of the hairs of a filvery whitenefs. The fur is reckoned very valuable; being preferred in Ruffia to the fineft fables; one fkin fometimes felling for four hundred roubles: Thofe of America are inferior in beauty.—The above defcription refers diftin¢étly to a variety of the Fox; and yet Dr Gmelin quotes, as a fynonime, the Black Wolf of Buffon, with the plate and defeription already re- ferred to in fp. 3. 0. of this genus.—T. 13. Fox.—:0. C. Vulpes. 4. Has a ftraight tail with a white tip. Schreber, iii. 354. tab. xc. Vulpes. Gefn. quad. 966. Aldr. dig. 195. Jonft. quad. 82. Raj. quad. 177.—Renard, or Fox. Sm. Buff. iv. 214. pl. Ixvi.—Fuchs. Riding. jagd. thiere. t. 14.—Fox. Penn. hitft. of quad. n. 139- Brir. zoor. i. 58. Arct. zool. n. 11. : Inhabits 249 ta Gy (@) 142 MAMMALIA. FER E. | Dog. Tnhabits Europe, Afia, Africa, and America, as far as Chili.—Is the Anorn of Ariftotle and Aelian, and the Kezdw of Oppian. - This animal is very cunning, and dwells in holes of its own digging ; it preys on lambs, geefe, ducks, poultry, and fimall birds, and even eats the dung of other animals; be- comes fat in France by feeding on grapes in autumn, and at this time his flefh is reckoned very good eating ; it does not readily commit thefts in the immediate neighbourhood of its haunts; is much affraid of fire arms, and even flies from the {mell of gun-powder, and may be chafed away by means of fmoke: The body is of a deep tawny-red colour, with black fore feet, and tips of the ears; the ears are erect, and the lips are white: It emits a {trong rank odour from the bafe of the tail. 14. Brant Fox.—11. C. Vulpes dlopex. 5. ‘The tail is ftraight, and has a black tip. Schreber, iii. 358. tab. xci. Fox, having a thicker fur than the common kind, and of a blackifh colour. Gefn. quad. 967. Inhabits Europe, Afia, and Chili.—This animal is lefs frequent, {maller, and of a darker colour, than the Common Fox, to which it is very fimilar in all other refpects. Since it is found both in Chili and the Old Continent, it ought alfo to inhabit the intermediate regions in the north of Ame- rica; and, accordingly, that defcribed by Mr Pennant came from Penfylvania. Authors do not feem properly agreed about the animal to which this name is given; at leaft the Coal Fox of Buffon, and the Brant Fox of Pennant, are confiderably different, though quoted by Gmelin as fynonimous; they are therefore in this edition fubjoined as varieties.—T. a. American Brant Fox.—C. Vulpes Alopex americanus. The tail is black above, red beneath, and cinereous on the fides. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 139. 0. Arét. zool. n. 11. Inhabits Penfylvania.— This animal is hardly half the fize of the Common Fox ; the nofe is black and very fharp; the fore-head, back, fhhoulders, fides, and thighs, are afh coloured, mixed with red nd black, and having a hoary look; the belly is yellowith. B. Goal Fox. —C. Vulpes Alopex europaeus. § Has remarkably black feet. Charbonnier, or Coal Fox. Sm. Buf iv. 221. Inhabits Burgundy, where it gets the name of Renard Charbonnier, or Collier Fox, from the blacknefs of his feet and legs, as if they had become fo artificially by working among charcoal duft. ‘This variety is of a filver grey colour; having the tail tipt with white, like the Common Fox. 15. Corfac Fox.—12. C. Vulpes Corfac, 13. Has a ftraight tawny tail, which is black at the root and tip. Syft. nat. ed. xii. app. 3- p. 23. Schreber, iii. 359. tab. xci. B. Korfaki. Rytfchkow, Orenb. i. 232. Pallas, neue nord. Beytr. i. 29.—Corfak Fox. Penn. hift- of quad. n. 139. . Arét. zool. n, 11. % Sm. Buff. vil. pl. ccxxxix. Inhabits 252 253 254 “MAMMALIA. FER&. Dog. ¥43 Inhabits chiefly in the great defert between the Ural and the Irtifh, in Afiatic Ruffia.—This fpecies, or variety, is lefs than the Common Fox, but, in other refpects, is very fimilar ; it is greedy of birds, has a bad fell, and howls and barks exaétly as they do; the ears are upright, the hair is foft and downy; the tail is bufhy, and as long as the body; the fur is of a pale tawny colour in fummer, grow- ing grey in winter, with a white throat; the tail is cinereous, except the bafe and tip. Forty or fif- ty thoufand of the {kins of this variety are annually fold by the Kirghis Khaiffacks to the Ruflians; being caught by means of Falcons and Grey-hounds. 16. Karagan.—13. GC. Vulpes Karagan. 14. The tail is ftraight ; the body is of a grey colour, and the ears are black, Karagan, Steppen fuchfe, or Defert Fox. Pallas, it. 1. 199. 234. Inhabits the deferts belonging to the Kalmucks and Kirgifes. 17. Silvery Fox.—14. €. Vulpes cinerco-argenteus. 15. The tail is ftraight; the body is of a filver grey colour, with the fides of the neck of a yellowifh brown. Erxl. mam. 567. Schreber, ili. 360. tab. xcii. A. Silvery Fox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 143. Arét. zool. n. 13. Inhabits North America.—This animal is fmaller than the Common Fox, with which it agrees in t figure and manners. 18. Grey Fox.—15. C. Vulpes virginianus, 16. Has a ftraight tail; and the body is of a whitith afh colour. Erxl. mam. 567. Schrebar, iii, 361. tab. xcii. B. Briff quad. 174. Klein, quad. 71. Grey Fox, Catefby, Carolina ii. 78. tab. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 142. Arct. zool. n. 12. Inhabits Carolina, and the warmer parts of North America.—Lives in the hollow trunks of decayed trees, and is eafily tamed. 19. ArGic Fox.—16. C. Vulpes Lagopus. 6. Has a firaight tail; and all the feet are remarkably hairy. Erxleb. mam. 568. Canis f. vulpes, with a ftraight tail, having the tip of the fame colour with the reft. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 59. Schreber, iii. 362. tab. xciti.. Brill, quad. 174. Inhabits the countries on the Frozen Sea, and in North America, extending as far as Kamtfchatka, and the iflands between that and America; is found in Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zem- bla, and Lapland, and even fo far fouth as Chili—This animal keeps moftly oh the naked mountains, and is feldom found in forefts, living in burrows under ground, or in clefts of rocks; it feeds on inice, and the young of geefe, ducks, &c.; and, when preffed by famine, eats berries or fhell ffh: It barks like the Fox, but has not the fame fetid fmell: The female goes nine weeks with young‘ The fur is reckoned valuable. Of this fpecies there are two varieties. ; ! = 535) 258 259 260 144 MAMMALIA. | FERZ. Dog. a. White Ar@ic Fox.—Cv/Vulpes Lagopus albus, Is of a white colour. Kalm. Bahus. 236. Ifatis, or Arctic Dog. Sm. Buff. vii. 268. J. G. Gmelin. nov. com. Petrop. v. 1760, 358. Pens. hift. of quad. n. 140. Art. zool. n. 10. @. Bluith Aric Fox.—C. Vulpes Lagopus caerulefcens. Is of a bluifh colour. Faun. Suec. 14. 20, Crofs Fox.—C, Vulpes crucigera, Has a black crofs on the fhoulders. Vulpes crucigera. Briff. quad. 241. n. 6.—Kors-raef. Faun. fuec. 4.—Crefs Fox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 139. 6. Arct. zool. n. 11. £. Inhabits the coldeft parts of Europe, Afia, and North America.—Has a black mark along the back to the tail, and a tranfverfe black band crofs the fhoulders; the fur is thicker and fofter than that of the Common Fox, and is reckoned valuable. This variety of Fox is paffed over with hardly any notice by Dr Gmelin, but is placed here on the authority of Mr Pennant. 21. Chilefe Fox.—C. Vulpes chilenfis. Has a ftraight and very long tail, which is {mooth, and the tip is of the fame colour with the reft. Canis culpaeus. Molin. hift. nat. Chil. i. iv. 259. Inhabits Chili. 22. Antartic Foxx—C. Vulpes auftralis. The tail hangs down, is bufhy, and is tipt with white; the ears are fhort, erect, and ‘ pointed. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 141. Coyotl, Vulpes indicus, or Indian Fox. Fernand. Mex. 4. Loup-renard, or Wolf Fox. Bougain- ville’s voy. Eng. tranf. 58. Inhabits America and Falkland’s iflands:—This fpecies or variety is about a third larger than the Common Fox, and has much the habits of the Wolf, in the ears, tail, and ftrength of limbs. It lives near the fhores in Falkland’s iflands, in kennels like Foxes, and has regular paths from one part of the fhore to another for furprifing the fea-fowl, on which it chiefly feeds. It is very tame, barks like 2 Dog, and fmells very fetid. ‘The head and body are covered with woolly hair of a cinereous brown colour; the legs are dafhed with ruft colour; the tail is dufky, and tipt with white; the in-! fides of the ears are lined with white hair.. 23. Zerda—17. Canis Cerdo. 17. Is of a pale yellowifh brown colour; having along, ftraight, fmooth tail, and very long, erect, rofe coloured ears. Cerdo. MAMMALIA, FER Z. Cat. 145 Cerdo. Skioldebrand, act. Suec. an. 1777, trim. 3. art. 7. t. 6—Zerda. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 148. t. xxviii— Anonymous animal. Sm. Buff. viii. 283. pl. ecxciv.—Fennec. Bruce’s Abyfiinia, vol. v. 128. and pl. Inhabits the great African defert of Zaara, and in Lybia, on the fouth fide of a lake, formerly called Palus Tritonites.—This animal is fmaller than the other {pecies of the genus: It is very fwift of foot, climbs trees, and lives on locufts and other infects; it barks, or rather yelps, like a young Dog. Dr Gmelin is uncertain whether this animal fhould belong to this genus; and, from Mr Bruce’s ac- count, it certainly fhould not, fince it has retractile claws; but, as that adventurous traveller has not given a defcription by which the naturalift can refer it to any particular part of fyftem, with a tol- lerable degree of certainty, it may remain here until a fpecimen be brought to Europe for examina- tion. It is between nine and ten inches long; the ears are nearly five inches long, and proportion- ally broad; the muzzle refembles that of a Fox; the toes have fhort retractile claws; the tail is long, round, and pointed at the end; the colour is white, mixed with a little grey and bright yellow; the ears are naked on the infide in the middle, but the reft of the infide is garnifhed with long white hairs: the outfide is covered with brown hair, mingled with yellow: It lives on the palm trees, of which it eats the fruit. RV Cua Trae Feo Le St z Has fix cutting teeth, all equal, and two tufks in each jaw, and three tufks on each fide in both jaws: The tongue is befet with rough papillae, which point backwards: The feet are provided with {harp hooked claws, which are lodged in a fheath, and may be extended or drawn in at pleafure: The head is moftly round, and the vifage fhort. This genus is rather temperate in its natural appetite, though ferocious: It is tollerably fwift of foot, very agile in climbing trees, and has the remarkable property of alighting on the feet, when acciden- tally thrown, or falling, from a height, by which the danger, ufually attendant on fuch falls, is pre- vented. The toes are all provided with very fharp hooked claws, which are retra¢tile, and are always kept inclofed in their fheaths to preferve them from injury, except when neceflary to feize on prey, or for climbing: Almoft all the fpecies of this genus feize their prey by furprife, lying in wait till it comes within reach, and then fuddenly fpringing forewards at one leap; and, while the prey is in fight, they have a cuftom of waving the tail from fide to fide: They moftly fuck the blood of fuch animals as they catch before devouring them: They do not ufe vegetable food except from necefli- ty*. ‘The females bring a confiderable number at a birth, and have all eight paps, whereof four are fituated on the breaft, and four on the belly. This genus: is very conveniently arranged, by Mr Pennant, in two fubdivifions, having /ong and. fbort tails, which are adopted in this edition._-T. Vout. I. T * * Glans penis muricatus retrorfum.—Gmm.. 261 262 146 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Cat. © With long tails, and plain ears. 1. Lion.—-1. Felis Leo. Of a pale tawny colour. Schreber, iii, 376. tab. xcvii. A. B. . Lion, or Felis Leo, having a long tail bufhy at the end, and the breaft and neck covered with a long fhaggy mane. Syft. nat. ed. vi. p. 4. n. 1. Brifl. quad. 134. Gefner, 572. Aldrov. 2. Jonft. quad. 72. Dodart, i. t. 1. and vii-t. 7. Raj. quad. 162.—Lion. Sm. Buff. v. 64. pl. cvii. and cviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 151.—Anatomy. E.N.C.d. t. a. 2. obf. 6. Bartholin. act. 1671. n. 17. Noy. com. Petrop. 1771. tab. xvi. Inhabits Africa, efpecially its interior parts; and is found, though not in fuch numbers, in the de- ferts of Perfia, India, and Japan: In ancient times it was likewife to be met with in all the warm re- gions of Afia, in Paleftine, Armenia, and Thrace. —This animal preys on horfes, and other large ani- mals, and feldom attacks mankind, unlefs when urged by famine : -It is afraid of fame, and may even be kept in awe by means of dogs; is fond of fleeping in the fun’s heat ; of a lazy and thievifh difpo- fition, and flow of foot, but catches its prey by leaping on it at unawares; and ufually eats as much at once as will ferve for three days; it has a ftinking breath, and weak fenfe of {melling; when young may be rendered tollerably tame: The general colour is a pale tawny yellow, though fometimes of a darker hue; the head is large, and of a rounded form, with a fquared fore-head, and large eyes; the lips are pendulous at the fides of the mouth; the heart is faid to be very large: The male is near a third part larger than the female, and is fometimes eight feet long, from the end of the muzzle to the origin of the tail; his breaft is covered with rough hair; and the head and fides of the neck are furnifhed with a flowing yellowilh brown mane, the hair of which is about two feet long, the reft of the body is covered with fmogth fhort hair, and the tail is a little bufhy at the ex- tremity. The female is confiderably lefs than the male, and is entirely fmooth in the fur. The voice of the Lion, when irritated, is a horrible roar, proceeding from the wind-pipe being compofed of entire cartilaginous rings, which overlap each other like tiles. The flefh of Lions is eaten by fome inhabitants of Africa. 2. Tiger.—2. Felis Tigris. 2. The body is marked with long dark coloured ftreaks. Schreber, iii. 381. tab. xcviii. Felis tigris. Briffl. quad. 195. Ludolf. hift. Authiop. 151. Gefn. quad. 936. Aldrov. dig. ror. Jonit. quad. 84. t. 54. Bont. Jav. 53.—Tiger. Sm. Buff. v. 153. pl. cix. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 152.—Anatomy of the Tiger, E. N. C.d. 1. a. 2. obf. 7. and a. 9. obf. 194. 5. G. Gmelin, it. Ruff. iii. 483. Inhabits the hotter regions of Afia, as far as China and Japan; is likewife found on Mount Ararat, in Chinefe Tartary, about lake Aral, and in the Altaic mountains; but is largeft and fierceft in In- dia, efpecially Bengal, and the Indian iflands.—This animal lives in woods and thickets, moftly by the fides of rivers; is exceedingly cunning, very cruel, immentfely ftrong, and of vaft fwittnefs: It is the preateft enemy of man, even laying whole diftricts wafte, efpecially in India. Though tamed al- moft from the birth, it will evince its native ferocity, and efcape from its chains as foon as an oppor- tunity offers. The Tiger is almoft cs large as the Lion, and, like him, has a foetid breath. The male 263 264 MAMMALIA, FERZ. €at. 147 male deftroys his own progeny when he can get to them. Has a moft acute fenfe of feeing : Lies in wait for his prey, and feizes it by a fudden bound. This is the moft beautiful of all wild beats. This animal, though immenfely cruel and ferocious, is yet exceedingly cowardly ; and, though he feems to prefer mankind to any other prey, when he can procure fuch by furprife, will hardly attack * openly even the fmalleft animal that is capable of making refiftance. Like the Cat, with whiclr his manners agree very much, he lurks among bufhes, crawling flowly on his belly towards fuch prey as appears, until he thinks he has got within reach, then fprings forward from his ambufh with an im- menfe bound; but, if he mifles his object, makes off without repeating the attempt: When he fuc- ceeds, though the animal be a large Buffalo, fo vait is his ftrength, he carries it off with the utmoit eafe into the recefles of the foreft: If undifturbed, he plunges his head into the body of the flaugh- tered animal, and fucks the blood, before he devours the carcafe, as if delighting in ferocious flaugh- ter. ‘The head and body are fmooth; the general colour is pale yellow, very beautifully marked with long ftripes of black, which point downwards, along the fides, from the back to the belly, and are tranfverfe on the thighs; is often larger than the Lion, fome having been found fifteen feet long, including the tail, which is about two-thirds the length of the body and head. 3. Panther.—3. Fels Pardus. 3, The upper parts of the body are marked with circular fpots, and the lower with ftreaks, Schreber, iii. 384. tab. xcix. Felis Pardus. Briff. quad. 194.—Panthera, Pardus, Pardalis, Leopardus. Gefn. quad. 824. Raj. quad. 166.—Pardus. Ludolf. Aithiop. 511.—Panther. Sm. Buff. v. 167. pl. cx. and cxi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 153. Inhabits Africa, from the Barbary coaft, as far as the fouthern parts of Guinea, and is likewife faid to be found in Afia.—This animal is of a ftrong make, and is next in fize to the Tiger, meafuring fometimes near feven feet from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, which is about three feet long. The Panther is probably the Magdaass weifav of Oppian. Though a very fierce and cruel.ani- nial, it is lefs apt to attack mankind than the Tiger, and confines its depredations-chiefly to animals, unlefs when irritated, or much preffed with hunger. It is faid fometimes to enter houfes in the night time, and to prey on domeftic Cats. The general manners of this fpecies are very fimilar to thofe of the Tiger, already defcribed. It is quite untameable, and always ratains a fierce malevolent afpect, perpetually growling or murmuring. The general colour of the hair, which is {mooth and fhort, is bright tawny, having the back, fides, and flanks, elegantly marked with black fpots, which are of a circular form, each being compofed of four or five lefler fpots, with a fingle fpot in the center; the fpots on the face and legs are fingle, and the top of the back has a row of oblong fpots, the longeft of which are next the tail; the cheft and belly are white, the former being marked with tranfverfe dufky ftripes, and the latter, as is the tail, with large irregular black {pots ; the end. of the nofe is. brown, and the ears are {hort and pointed. 4. Ounce.—4. Felis Uncia 9. The body is of a whitifh colour, marked with irregular black f{pots. Erxleben, mam. 508. Schreber, ili. 386. t. c. i The Ounce, Sm, Buff. v, 167. pl. cxii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 157. ARG Tnhabits: 265 266 148 MAMMALIA, FERZ. Cat. Inhabits the northern parts of Africa, in Perfia, Hyrcania, and China, and in Siberia, about. the Altaic and Bucharian mountains, and to the weft of Lake Baikal.—This animal is probably the Panthera of Pliny, and the Megdwars odvyorsee of Oppian. It is confiderably lefs than the former fpecies of this ge- nus, being about three feet and a half long, and the tail above three feet ; it is likewife of milder dif- pofitions, may be tamed, and is even trained to the chafe of Antelopes and Hares, becoming as trac- table as a well bred Pointer. The huntfman carries him to the field on the crupper of his faddle, making him defcend after the game and jump up again at command. The ground colour is a whitith grey on the back and fides, and {till whiter on the belly; the head is marked with fmall round black fpots, having a large one behind each ear; the upper part of the neck has large fingle fpots; thofe on the fides of the back are longitudinally oblong, and compoted each of feveral {mall fpots, almoft - touching each other, and leaving a void in the middle; the reft of the fpots on the body are large, irregularly figured, compofed of fmaller fpots, and filled in the middle; on the legs they are fmall, and thinly difperfed ; the tail is full of hair, and irregularly marked with large black fpots. 5. Leopard.—5. Fels Leopardus. 10. Of a yellow colour, marked with black fpots, which are almoft contiguous to each other. Erxleben, mam. 509. n. §. Schreber, ili. 387. t. ci. : Uncia. Caj. op. 42. Gefn. quad. 825.—Leopard. Sm. Buff. v. 167. pl. cxiii. -Penn. hift. of quad. n. 154. Inhabits the warmer regions of Africa, efpecially on the weft fide, in Senegal and Guinea; is alfe found in Afia, on the mountains of Caucafus, and all the way from Perfia to China, and in Arabia,— ‘This fpecies is not much larger than the laft defcribed, being about four feet long, and the tail from two to two and a half feet. ‘The manners and difpofitions. of the Leopard refemble thofe of the Ounce, being greatly more mild and gentle than thofe of the Panther. ‘The ground colour of the hair on the back.and fides is.yellow, beautifully, marked with numerous fmall annular, or rofe-like, black fpots, fituated clofe to each other, each being compofed of four or five fingle {mall fpots; the {pots on the face and legs are fingle ; the breaft and belly are covered with longer hairs than the reft of the body, which are of a whitifh colour; the tail is marked with large oblong fpots, and is of an equal thicknefs from the origin to the extremity. The flefh of this {pecies is eaten by the Negroes, and 1s faid to be as white as veal, and very well tafted. 6. Leffler: Leopard.—Felis Leopardalis. Like the former, but much fmaller, and having a large black {pot on each fide of the upper lip. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 155. This fpecies was kept, fome years ago, in the Tower of London, and was faid to have come from the Eaft Indies.—The fize is very fmall, not being half fo large as the Leopard; the tail is like- wife fhorter, in proportion to the fize of the animal, and tapers to a point ; the back, fides, and rump, are covered. with bright yellow hair, marked with fmall circular compound {pots ; the belly is: white, and fpotted with black ; the face is fpotted, having a white chin; and the breaft is marked with {mall fpots, ~JI 267 268 | MAMMALIA. _ FERA Cat, 149 7. Jaguar.—6. Felis Onca. 4. Of a yellowifh colour, marked with cornered annular fpots, which are yellow in the middle. Schreber, iit. 388. t. cii. Felis onca. Briff. quad. 196. Brown’s nat. hift. of Jamaica, 485.—Brafilian Pardus, or Lynx, called Jaguar by the natives, and Onza by the Portugueze. Maj. quad. 168.—Tlatlauhqui ocelotl, or Mexican Tiger. Hernand. Mex. 498.—Jaguara. Marcgr. Brafil. 235. Pif. ind. 103.—Large ‘Tiger, named Royal Tiger, by the Portugueze. Perr. anim, ili. 287.—Jaguar. Sm. Buff. v. 187. pl. cxiv.—Braiilian ‘Tiger. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 158.. pl. xxxi. fig. 1 Inhabits the hotteft parts of America, from Mexico to Buenos Ayres.—This fpecies grows to about the ize of 2 Wolf, or large Dog, and femetimes larger. In manners and cruelty, though not in courage, te refembles the Tiger, ‘lying in wait for its prey and leaping on it, by furprife, with three vatt bounds. It faftens on the fhoulders of horfes, and other large ai uimals, and is of fuch amazing ftrength as to carry off animals three times its own fize. It is faid to be fond of human fle efh, and that, when it has once tafted of this, it is rapacious of it for ever after; and is believed to prefer Ne- groes to Europeans, euil thefe to American Indians. It even preys on fifhes, and is faid fometimes to attack the Alli igator, fattening its claws into the eyes of that reptile, which inftantly plunges into the water, ‘where both ufually perifh. The Jaguar is much afraid of fire, and is very cowardly, be- ing eafily put to flight, even by fhepherds dogs; it makes a great noife in the night, like the howling of a hungry dog. The ground colour of the upper part of the body is yellowifh, and marked with eye-like black fpots, compof=d of fmaller fpots arranged in a circular figure, many of which are open in the middle, while others have a fingle {pot in the center ; the belly is white, and {potted with black, as are the legs with fmaller {pots ; the tail is only half the length of the body, and is marked with long black {pots. —Dr Gmelin fuppofes that the animal named Guigna in Chili, which is de- feribed as of the Feline kind, having a long tail, and marked on the body with circular fpots, a be confidered as a variety of this {pecies. 8. Ocelot.—7. Felis Pardalis. 5." The upper part of the body is marked with long ftripes, and the fides and lower parts with round fpots. Schreber, iii. 390. t. ciii. Felis Pardalis. Briff. quad. 199.—Tlacoozelotl, or Tlalocelotl. Hernand. Mex. 512.—Ocelot, or Mexican Cat. Sm. Buff. vii. ae pl. ccxxxv. and ccxxxvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 159. pl. xxxi. fig. 2. Inhabits the hotter parts of America, particularly Terra firma, California, and New Spain.—The Ocelot, when full grown, is about two feet and a half high, and four feet long. He is a cruel and voracious animal, which cannot be tamed, yet fo cowardly that he flies from dogs and from men, running up trees for fafety. Is faid to extend himfelf, as if dead, on the boughs of trees, to deceive the monkeys, which, prompted by curiofity, approach fo near as to get within reach of his claws, The upper parts of the body are of a bright tawny colour, and the lower parts whitifh; all the up- per parts being beautifully marked with black fpots and ftripes difpofed horizontally, while the legs and belly are only {potted ; the fides are firiped with broad tawny and white lines; the ears are thort, and are double at the edges, but without pencils ef hair; there are five claws on the fore, and four 50 MAMMALIA. FER. Cat. four on the hind paws; the tail is marked with circular bars; the mouth is ornamented with four rows of long whifkers, having from: three to five hairs in each row; thefe are as long as the head, of a white colour, but black at the roots. g. Guepard.—-8. Felis jubata, 11. Of a tawny brown colour fpotted with black, having a mane on the neck, Erxleb. mam, 510. Schreber, iil. 392. t. cv. ~ Felis jubata. Briff. quad. 271. n. 10.—Tyger-Wolf. Kolben, Cape.—Guepard. Sm. Buff. vii. 251.—Hunting Leopard. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 156. pl. xxx. fig. 1. ; Inhabits the fouth of Africa, and India.—This fpecies is of a long make, with a narrow cheft and long legs, and is about the fize of a large Grey-hound. The neck is provided with a mane four or five inches long; and the hair on the belly is about the fame length: The fur is of a pale yellow colour, and fpeckled with fmall, fingle, black fpots. In India, this animal is tamed, and bred to the chafe of Antilopes, being carried to the field, in waggons, chained and hoodwinked, till it is let loofe upon the herd, which it attacks at unawares, ftealing along, and concealing itfelf till it gets a proper opportunity, then darts forwards, with aftonifhing velocity, for five or fix vaft leaps; but if this does not fucceed it becomes breathlefs and gives up the purfuit, returning peaceably to its mafter. 10. Jaguarete.—g. Fels difcolor. 12. The body is moftly of a black colour. Schreber, iii. 393. t. civ. B. Felis nigra. Erxleb. mam. 512. n. 8.—Jaguarete. Marcgr. Braf. 235. Pifo Ind. 103. Raj. quad, 169.—Once. Des Marchais, voy. iii. 300.—Black Couguar. Sm. Buff. v. 201. pl. cxx.—Black Tiger. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 161. pl. xxx. fig. 2. Inhabits South America.—This is a fierce, ftrong, and rapacious animal, which, when full grown, is as large as a calf of a year old. The hair is fhort, very fmooth, and of a brownith black colour; the lips, the feet, throat, breaft, belly, and infides of the legs and thighs, are whitifh. This animal is moftly of a uniform colour, but is fometimes marked with fpots of a full black colour. 11. Puma.—10. Felis concolor. g. The body is of a reddifh tawny colour, without fpots. Mantiff: pl. ii. 722. Schreber, iii. 394. t. civ. A. Felis fulvo-rufefcens. Briff. quad. 272. n. 11.—Puma, or American Lion. Hernand. Mex. 518. —Cuguacuarana. Marcer. Braf. 235. Raj. quad. 169.—Cuguacuara. Pifo Ind. 103.—Panther. Lawfon, Carol. 117. Catefby, app. xxv.—Brown Tiger. Barrere, Fr. equin. 166.—Couguar. Sm. Buff. v. 497. pl. cxvil. and cxviii.—Puma. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 160. Arct. zool. n. 14. Inhabits America.—This animal is nearly of the fame fize with the Jaguar, being about as big qs a large Wolf: It is fierce and cunning, but will hardly venture to attack mankind : It climbs trees, from whence it drops down on fuch animals as happen to pafs. The fur is of a uniform lively red colour, tinged with black, and having no fpots; the chin, throat, and inferior parts of the body, are whitith ; “7 274 MAMMALIA. FERZ, Cat. 151 whitith; the head is very fmall, with large eyes, and fomewhat pointed ears; the teeth are very large; the claws are white, the outmoft claw on each fore foot being larger than the reft; the body is long, being five fect three inches from the nofe to the tail, which is two fect eight inches long. - 12, Couguar.—Felis Couguar. The body is remarkably thin and long. Couguar of Penfylvania. Sm. Buff. v. 200. pl. cxix. Inhabits the mountains of Penfylvania, Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia, in North America.—The body, from the nofe to the tail, is five feet four inches long; the tail two feet fix inches; the fore part of the body is one foot nine inches high: It is of a reddifh tawny colour above, and whitifh om the lower parts of the body. 13. Margay.—11. Felis tigrina. 13. The body is tawny on the upper parts, and marked with black ftreaks and {pots ; the lower parts are whitifh. Erxleb. mam. 517. n. 11. Schreber, iii. 396. t. cvi. Felis grifeo-flavefcens, of a yellowifh grey colour marked with black fpots. Brifl. quad. 193.— Wild Tiger-Cat. Barrere, Fr. equin. 152.—Maraguao, or Maracaja. Marcgr. Braf. 233.—Tepe Maxtlaton. Fernand. nov. hifp. 9.—Margay. Sm. Buff. vii. 249. pl. ccxxxvii.—Cayenne Tiger-Cat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 163. Inhabits South America.—Is about the fize of a Common Cat, and has nearly the fame voice, but is not capable of being tamed : It lives much on trees, preying on birds, and is very active, going by ieaps or bounds. 14. Mexican Tiger-Cat.—Felis mexicana. “Of a blue grey colour, marked with fhort black ftreaks. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 167. Inhabits New Spain. —This animal is about four feet long, from nofe to tail, and three feet high; the tail is fhorter, in proportion, than any of this divifion of the genus; the eyes are {mall ; the hair is very ftrong. 15. Bengal Tiger-Cat.—Felis bengalenjis. The upper parts of the body are of a pale yellowifh brown colour, having three rows of fhort black ftripes along the back, and a black perpendicular ftripe behind each fhoulder. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 164. * 3 Inhabits Bengal.—This is a very elegant animal, which is rather lefs than the Common domettic Cat : The head, upper jaw, fides of the neck, the back, and the fides, are of a beautiful pale yellowith brown colour; the head and face are ftriped downwards with black; three rows of fhort black ftreaks run along the back pointing towards the tail; a black line is placed behind each fhoulder pointing downwards ; the chin and throat are white, and furrounded with a black femicircle; the breaft, to NI nr 277 278 162 MAMMALIA. TERA, Cit breaft, hee and infides bf the limbs, are white, and thefe, with the legs and rump, 2 are marked with round black fpots ; the ears are large, and of a dufley colour, having a white {pot on the middle of each on the outfide; between each eye and the nofe is a white line, and another beneath each eye; the whifkers are white; the tail is long, full of hair, of a brown colour, and annulated with black. This animal fwam on board a thip at anchor off the coaft of Bengal, and produced young afterwards with female Cats in England. 16, Cape Tiger-Cat.—13. Felis capenjfis. 14. The body i is of a bright tawny colour, marked on the back with oblong black ftreaks, and on the fides with numerous fmall round black {pots. Cape Tiger-Cat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 162. Forfter, Phil. Tranf. vol. lsxi. p. I. n. 1. t. 1.—— Nfufi. Labat, Atthiop. i. 177. Inhabits the woody mountains at the Cape of Good Hope.—The fpecimen feen and defcribed by Mr Pennant was near three feet long from the nofe to the origin of the tail; the face was marked with black ftripes pointing downwards ; the belly white ; the tail long, of a bright tawny colour, and fpotted with black ; the ears are marked with a femilunar white fpot: This animal is of mild difpofi- tions, and is eafily tamed ; its manners refemble thofe of the Common Cat; and, in its native woods, it preys on hares, jerboas, and antilopes. 17. Manul.—14. Felis Manul. 15. The tail is furrounded with black rings; the head is {potted with black, and has two very diftiné black flreaks on each fide. Pallas itin. iii. 692. n. 2. Inhabits the waftes of Mongul-Tartary, efpecially in the vicinity of the Selenga and Dfchida rivers, and all the middle of northern Afia, from the Ural to the Amur.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Fox, and preys chiefly on the Daurian hare, and other {mall quadrupeds ; it loves open, woodlefs, and rocky countries : The general colour of the body is tawny, mixed with a few white and brown hairs ; the head is large, and is fpeckled on the crown with black ; the cheeks have two dufky lines running obliquely downwards from the eyes ; the feet are ftriped obliquely with black lines ; the tail is of an equal thicknefs, and is furrounded with ten black rings, the three outermoft of which are al- - moft contiguous ; the limbs are very ftrongly made. 18 Serval.—15. Felts Serval. 16. The upper part of the body is tawny, with white round the eyes ; the belly is white; the tail fhort; and the whole body is {potted with black. Erxleb. mam. 523. Schreber, iii. 407. t. CViii. Chat-pard, or Tiger-Cat. Perr. anim. i. 108. t. 13.—Serval, or Mountain Cat. “Sm. Buff. vii. 240. pl. ccxxxlv. Inhabits India and Thibet.—This animal is chiefly found in trees; it flies from mankind, unlefs when, attacked, and cannot be tamed. The eyes are extremely brilliant ; the whifkers are long and fitt ;. 279 MAMMALIA. — FERZ. 3 Cat. 153 tiff; the tail is very fhort, reaching only to about the middle of the hind legs. The Serval inhabits the mountains of India, remaining almoft- always on trees, where he makes his neft, leaping with great agility frota tree to tree, and preying on birds: The inhabitants of Malabar call this animal Ma- rapute or Maraputa. 19. Common Cat.—12. Felzs Catus. 6. Has a long annulated tail. Felis, or Cat, having a long tail and fmooth rounded ears. Faun. Suet. 3. Inhabits the woods of Europe and Eaftern Afia, and is domefticated almoft every where.—When tranquil the Cat makes a peculiar noife, called purring, and eretts the tail, waving it about 5 it is ex- ceedingly active in all its motions, and climbs trees with great facility ; when irritated, it makes a pe- ‘culiar hiffing noife, {pits, and {trikes with the fore feet, at which time the breath finells ftrongly of mufk : The eyes fhine in the dark, and, during the day, the pupils are perpendicularly oblong and narrow, but, in the dark, they are round and very wide; the claws are hooked, ftrong, and vety fharp pointed, but, being retractile, are always kept in their fheaths when the animal walks: The eructations of this animal are extremely fetid ; the urine of the male is corrofive, and has a very dif- agreeable odour ; and it always buries the excrement. The amours of the Cat are carried on with ftrange quarrellings, and a horrible mewling noife ; but it is very playful with its kittens, which it fummons by a peculiar cry, or with any thing trailing along the ground: When watching for prey, it moves the tail from fide to fide; it preys moftly on mice and rats, and, when in the wild ftate, on many kinds of {mall quadrupeds, and on birds; it eats all kinds of flefh and fith, but rejeéts hot things, falted meat, and vegetables, and drinks fparingly. On the approach of ftormy weather, the Cat wafhes its face with its fore paws, licking them with its tongue. The fur is ele¢trical, when rubbed in the dark, efpecially when placed on filk; and it is not infefted with fleas. It engenders in the beginning of {pring ; the female goes fixty-three days with young, and brings forth from three to fix kittens, which are blind for nine days after birth. It is particularly fond of Marum, Valerian, and Catmint. When thrown from a height, the Cat always lights on its feet, and is proverbially tenacious of life, being faid to have nine lives. The Cat is a uféful but deceitful and thievifh animal, of which many people have a {trong but unaccountable diflike. There are many varieties found in different parts of the world, which will not admit of any fyfte- matic defcription; but the following are thofe which are beft marked. a. Wild Cat.—Fel, Catus ferus. 6. a. Has a long tail, annulated with brown bars; the body is marked with blackifh ftripes, of which three are difpofed longitudinally on the top of the back, while thofe on the fides are perpendicular or fpiral. Schreber, iii. 397. t. cvii. A. a. Cat, Felis, variegated with yellowifh brown and whitifh; the tail being barred alternately with blackifh and dirty white. Briff quad. 192.—Felis fylveftris, Catus fylveftris, Chat fauvage, or Wild Cat. Aldrov. 582. fig. p. 583. Jonft. quad. 127. t. 72. Gefn. quad. 352. Klein. quad. 75. Sm. Buff. iv. 49. pl..xlvi—Wild Cat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 166. Brir. zooL. i. 67.—Wilde Kaze. Ridinger, wild. th, t. 240. © Vou. L U fe MAMMALIA. FERZ. Cat. 154 280 B. Domeftic Cat—Fel. Catus domefficus. 6. 8. Is of a fmaller fize than the wild varieties, having the hair fhorter and thicker. Schreber, iii. 397. t. cvii. B. 1. Felis domeftica, Felis, Catus, Chat domeftique, or Domeftic Cat. Briff. quad. 191. Aldrov. 564.. Gefn. quad. 344. fig. p. 345. Jonft. quad. 126. t. 72. Raj. quad. 170. Sm. Buff. iv. 49. pl. xlvii.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 266. Brit. zooL. i. 69. “This is fubject to endlefs variety in colour, like moft domeftic animals. 281 y. Angora Cat.—Fel. Catus angorenfis. 6. y. Is covered with long, filky, filver coloured hair, which is longeft on the neck: Schreber, iii. 398. t. cvii. B. 2. Briff. quad. 266. n. 4.—Chat d’Angora. Sm. Buff. iv. 49. pl. 1—Angora Cat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 166. a. This variety is exceedingly beautiful, but degenerates, after the firft generation, when brought to. Europe, from Angora, in Afia Minor, which is. its native country.. 282 &. Tortoife-thell Cat.—fel. Catus hifpanicus. 6. Is variegated with black, white, and orange coloured irregular blotches. Sm. Buff. iv. 49. pl. xlviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 166. 6. tnhabits Europe, chiefly in Spain:. 283 e. Blue Cat.—Fel. Catus cacruleus. 6. ¢ The whole fur is of a blue grey. Chartreux Cat. Sm. Buff. iv. 49.. pl, xlix.—Blaue Kaze. Kolbe, Vorgeb. 153.—Blue Cat.. Penn. Rift. of quad. n. 166. y.. Inhabits Europe and Siberia.—This is commonly called the Cyprus Cat. 284 C. Red Cat.—Fel. Catus ruber. 6. ©, Has a red ftripe along the back, beginning from the head.. Rotte Kaze. Kolbe, Vorg. 153. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 285 . Chinefe Cat.—Fel. Catus finenfis. The ears are pendulous, and the hair is bright, fhining, and variegated with black and yellow. Sumxi. Sm. Buff. iv. 60. and. 64; {ohabits China.. by MAMMALIA, FERZ. Cat. 155 286 4, Long-headed Cat.—Fel, Catus aureus, Of a reddith yellow colour, having a long fhaped head with a fharp fnout, fhort legs with weak claws, and round, flat ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n, 166. 9. Seba, muf. i. 76. tab. xlvii. fig. 1. Inhabits New Spain. 287 4 t. Saca.—Fel. Catus madaga/carenfis. Has the tail twifted. Sm. Buff. iv. 65. This is a beautiful variety, which inhabits the ifland of Madagafcar. LYNXES—LYNCES., ** Having fhort tails, and the ears pencilled at the tips. 288 1, Cafpian Lynx.—16. I. Lynx Chaus. 17. The tail is annulated near the end, and tipt with black; the body is of a brownith yel- low colour; the ears are reddifh on the outfide, and tipt with a pencil of black hairs. ‘Guldenftedt, Nov. com. Petrop. x. 483. t. xiv. and xv. Schreber, ili. 414. t. cx. B. Cafpian Lynx. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 172. Inhabits the reeds and woods, in the marfhy places on the weftern fide of the Cafpian, particularly on the river Terek, near the caftle of Kiflar; in the Perfian provinces of Ghilan and Mafenderan, and about the mouth of the Kur.—This is a very ferocious animal, about two and a half feet long, and nineteen inches high, the tail being eleven inches in length: In manners, voice, and mode of feeding, it refembles the Wild Cat very much; it never comes near inhabited places, and feldom climbs trees 5 it conceals itfelf in the day, and wanders about during the night through the fields and fwamps, feeding on fifh, mice, rats, and birds, which it feizes by furprife. 2. Mountain Lynx.—F. Lynx montana. Has upright pointed ears marked with two brown tranfverfe bars. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 168. Chat-pard. Mem. pour fervir a ’hift. nat. i. 110.—Catus pardus, Catus montanus, or Cat-a- ‘mountain. Raj. quad. 169. Lev. muf. Ard. zool. n. 17. Inhabits North America.—This {pecies is of mild and gentle manners, and grows very fat : It is about two feet and a half Jong from nofe to tail; the head and whole upper parts of the body are of .a reddifh brown colour, with long narrow ftripes on the back, and numerous {mall round {pots on the fides and legs; the belly is whitifh; the chin and throat are pure white; the tail is eight inches long, and is barréd with black. Wiz iS) 290 to is) 292 225 156 MAMMALIA. - FERZ. Cat 3. Perfian Lynx.—17. F. Lynx Caracal. v8. The body is of a pale reddifh brown colour; the ears are black, and tufted with black hairs. Schreber, ili. 413. t. cx.. Siyah-ghufh. Carleton, ex. 21. t.p..23. Raj. quad. 168. Phil. Tranf. li. p. 2.648.t. 14. Klein uad. 77.—Caracal. Sm. Buff. v. 221. pl. cxxiiii—Perfian Lynx. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 173. pl. Xxxil. fig. 2. (ohabits Perfia, Barbary, Arabia, and India.—This animal is about the fize of a Fox, but much: ftronger and more ferocious, having been known to attack a middle fized dog, and tear him to pieces, in fpite of every refiftance; it is difficult to tame, but, when taken young, is bred to hunting, in which it is very expert, catching hares, rabbits, and even large birds, which it furprifes with great addrefs : It is faid to follow the Lion, to feed on his offals; but dares not do the fame with the Panther, which is cruel after being gorged; whereas the former does no injury unlefs when hungry. The head is fmall, and the face long, having long flender black ears, which are white on the infide and at their bafes, and are terminated with a long pencil of black hairs; the nofe is white; the eyes are fmall; the : upper part of the body is of a very pale reddifh brown; the tail darker; and the breaft and belly whitifh ; the hind part of each foot is marked with black. The three following animals are by fome authors confidered as varieties of this fpecies, under the- general name of Caracal. 4. Bengal Lynx.—F. Lynx bengalenfis. The tail is as long as the hind legs. Bengal Caracal. Sm. Buff. v. 225. pl. cxxiv. {nhabits Bengal.—The drawing of this animal was fent by Mr Edwards to the Count de Buffon, who- gives no farther information refpecting it, than that the tail and limbs are much longer in proportion: than thofe of the former fpecies. 5. Booted Lynx.—F. Lynx nubienfis. The back parts of all the legs are black, and the extremity of the tail has four black rings. Nubian Caracal. Sm. Buff. v. 224.—Lybian Lynx. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 173. ¢.—Booted Lynx.. Bruce, Abyff. v. 146. and fig. Inhabits Lybia, Barbary, and Ras-el-Feel m Nubia. —This animal is only twenty-two inches long, from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail; the back, neck, and legs are of a dirty grey colour; the belly is of a dirty white, with undefined red marks or ftains : It feeds much on Guinea fowls, and. on the offals of beafts left by the hunters, or by other beafts of prey. 6. Barbary Lynx.—F. Lynx lybien/is, Has a white tail, furrounded with four black rings near the extremity. Lybian Caracal. Sm. Bul. v 224. oe Tnhabits MAMMALIA, FERZ. Cat. 157 Inhabits Lybia near the ancient Capfa.—The infides of the ears are white, the outfides are covered with bufhy hair of a lively red colour, and the points are tufted with thin fhort black pencils ; the feet have black patches behind like thofe of the Booted Lynx: It is about the fize of a Common do- meftic Cat, and does not appear to differ very much from the former fpecies. 7. Common Lynx.—19. £. Lynx vulgaris. 7, The tail is obfcurely annulated and black at the tip; the head and body are of a grey- ith colour tinged with red, and obfcurely maked with dufky fpots. Schreber, iii. 408. t. cix. Felis Lynx, having a fhort tail with a black tip; and tufted ears. Syft. Nat. ed. xii..1. p..62. n. 7. —RHaving a fhort tail, and the body of a reddifh colour with dufky fpots. Faun. Suec. i. n. 4. It. Wryoth. 222.—Having the ears tufted at their tips with very long hairs, and a fhort tail. Briff. quad. 200.—Dafypus pinuum. Nieremb. hift. nat. 153.—Lupus Cervarius. Gefn. quad.677. Tour- “nef. voy. ii. t. 193-—Luchs. Ridinger wild. thiere. 22.—Lynx. Aldrov. go. Raj. 166. Jonft. 83. t. 71. Sm. Buff. v. 206. pl. cxxi. Penn. hift.. of quad. n. 170. Arét. zool. n. 15. B. White Lynx.—fF. Lynx vulg. albus, Of a white colour, with dufky fpots. Faun. Succ. i. 2. n. 5. and ii. 5. n. 11. Klein, quad. 77. Briff. anim..274. n. 14. = y. Yellow Lynx.—F, Lynx vulg. melinus, Of an uniform: whitith yellow on the upper parts and white beneath; the ears tipt with: black. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 279: d, Thibet Lynx.—F. Lynx vulg. maculatus. Of a yellowith white colour with dufky fpots. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 280. Inhabits Europe, America, the north of Afia, and Japan.—The Lynx keeps moftly in the recefles of the thickeft forefts, preying on deer, martins, and various kinds of weafels, cats, {quirre = 25, birds, and even on its own kind, when prefled with hunger, and attacks fheep and goats er Ic and cots: It is a very cunning animal, poffefled of very acute fight and fmell, and atiac. furprife.. It engenders in February, and, after nine weeks, the female brings three < es ones at a litter: It. is about the fize of a Tox, though fome are confiderably larger, and of Wulf-luchs from the Germans; the fecond variety, or White Lynx, is rather {malicr : 8. Canadian Lynx.—f. Lynx canadenfis. Of a greyifh: colour mixed with white, and diflingtiy fpotted with blact. 217. pl. cxxii.- a wo 158. MAMMALIA. FERA. Cats | Inhabits Canada.—This animal is only about a foot high ; the general colour is greyifh, mixed with white ; the head is in fome places ftriped with black, and the whole body is fpotted, in fome places darker than others; the tip of the nofe, margin of the lower jaw, and outer edges of the ears are black; the tail is thick, very fhort and bufhy, of a reddifh white colour at the root, and black on the outer half; the under part of the belly, the hind legs, infides of the fore legs, and the feet, are of a dirty white. 9. American Lynx.—18. F. Lynx rufa. 19. The lower fide and tip of the tail are white, and the upper fide is barred with black ; the body is of a deep bay, obfcurely marked with dufky fpots. Schreber, iii. 412. t. cix. B. Bay Lynx. Penn. hit. of quad. n. 171. pl. xxxii. fig. 1. Arét. zool. n. 16. {nhabits the inner parts of the ftate of New York.—This animal is about twice the fize of a Com- mon domeftic Cat : The fore-head is marked with perpendicular ftripes ; the upper lip, on each fide, has three rows of minute black fpots; the cheeks are marked with feveral crooked ftripes; the whole under parts of the body and infides of the legs are white, except the upper part of the fore legs, on the infide, which have two black crofs bars. OV TCE kai aay ee dt, Has fix fore-teeth in each jaw; of thofe in the lower jaw the intermediate teeth are fhorter than the reft: On each fide of cach jaw is one tufk, longer than the other teeth: There are more than three grinders on each fide of each jaw. The tongue, in feveral fpecies, is befet with {harp pointed papil- lae, which ftand backwards. The claws are not retractile: The animals of this genus have long bodies of an uniform thicknefs, with fhort legs; which, for the moft part, have five toes on each foot, armed with claws which are not retra¢tile. ‘The ears are thert and fmall, and the fnout is produced and fharp. Between the anus and genitals, is an orifice, which leads to a follicle, or receptacle, containing a fetid unctuous matter. All the fpecies are active and nimble; fome walk on a lengthened foot as far as the heel, fome climb trees, and fome dig in the earth. The females have all numerous litters.—Perhaps the Suricate, and the two Coatis, together with the Poto, ought to be arranged along with the Badger. 1. Egyptian [chneumon.—1. Viverra Ichneumon, 1. The tail is very thick at the root, and tapers gradually to the point, which is tufted; the inner toes are fomewhat remote from the reft. Schreber, iii. 427. t. cxv. B. Mutftela 301 go2 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Fitchet. 159 Muttela variegata, or Weafel, variegated with black and white. Briff. quad. 181.—Badger, Meles, having the middle toes longer than the reft, the outer ones of an equal length, and the claws near- ly equal. Haflelq. it. 191.—Ichneumon, called Pharaoh’s Rat, by the Egyptians. Belton. obf. 95.— Ichneumon, or Egyptian Citer, Lutra aegyptiaca. Aldrov. 298. fig. p. 301.—Ichneumon. Gefn. quad. 566. Alpin. hift. Agyp. 234. t. 14. f. 3. Maillet defc. de Egypt. go. t. 88. Schaw’s tray. i. up- if per fig. p. 74. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 211. 2.—Great Mangoutte. Sm. Buff. vii. 210. pl. ccxxili. Inhabits Egypt on the banks of the Nile, and retires to the fields and gardens during the inunda- tion of that river.—This is a fierce and cunning animal, but may be tamed, and is often kept in hou- fes inftead of cats: It fteals towards its prey, and {feizes it by furprife, living on mice and rats, poultry, worms, infects, feveral kinds of amphibious animals, ferpents, frogs, lizards, the eggs of. the crocodile, and even the young of that animal; it is a great enemy to weafels and cats, both of which it deftroys when they come in its way. From its great utility in deftroying various noxious reptiles, and efpecially from its greatly diminifhing the number of crocediles, by feeding on their eggs, this a- nimal was worfhipped by the ancient Egyptians as a deity. The Egyptian Ichneumon is about the fize of a Common domeftic Cat, but is longer in the body, and has fhorter legs in proportion; the fore- head is flat; the ears, fmall, rounded, and almoft naked; the nofe is long and flender, with a fmall mouth, having a fingle row of whifkers at the margin of both lips, towards the cheeks ; the upper lip is prominent, and the tongue is rough ; the tail is about the fame length with the body ; the hair is coarfe, rough, and often curled, and is barred alternately with white and dufky : Under the tail, both the male and female have a remarkable aperture, leading to a kind of pouch where an ordorite- rous liquor is fecreted ; which paflage they are faid to open when too warm. 2. Indian Ichneumon.—2. Viverra Mungo. 7. The tail.is very thick at the origin, and tapers to a point which has no tuft; the inner toes are fomewhat remote from the reft. Schreber, iii.'430. t. cxvi. A. and B. Viverra Ichneumon. @. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 1. 63.—Muftela glauca. Syft. nat. ed: v. Amoen. ac. ii. 109.—Reddifh-grey Viverra. Briff. quad. 177.— Muftela, or Viverra Mangutia, fo called by the Indians. Kaempf. amoen. 574.—Quil, or Quiopela. Garcias, arom. 214. Raj. quad. 197.—Mon- cus, Serpenticida, or Serpent-killer. Rumpf. herb. amboin. 69. t. 72. f. 2. 3.—Indian Ichneumon. Edw. av. 199. t. 199. Voefmaer defe. Amft. 1772-4. S. G, Gmelin it. iii. t. 30. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 21r. 8.—Lefler Mangonfte. Sm. Buff. vii. 210. p. cexxii. Tnhabits Bengal, Perfia, and other hot countries in Afia.—This animal is fmaller and fmoother than: the Egyptian fpecies, but agrees with it m manners, form of body, and way of living. It gives battle to ferpents, and even attacks the naja, or cobradi capello, one of the moft deadly cf that poifonous race ; and, when bitten by their poifonous fangs, it is faid to prevent the deadly effect by eating the root of the Ophioriza. It is very much affraid of wind, and impatient of celd ; is a cleanly animal, which may be tamed, and taught to follow his mafter like a Dog. The Count de Buffon confiders:. this and the former as the fame {pecies of animal, only differing in fize.. i 3, Cafrarian Ichneumon.—3. Viverra cafra. 8. Fhe tail is thick at the origin, and gradually tapers to a point, which is black. Schreber, iii. 434. n. 9.. Tnhabiits- Ga Say 160 MAMMALIA. iy FERZ. Al Fitchet. | {nhabits the country at the Cape of Good Hope.—This animal is fimilar in form to the Poalecat, -but larger, being near two feet long: The ears are very {hort and hairy; the mouth is garnifhed ' with a fingle row of blackifh whifkers; the hair is coarfe, fhining, and is mixed with yellow, brown, and black colours; the feet are black. 4. African Ichneumon.—Viverra Nems. The tail is thick at the bafe, and tapers to a point, of the fame colour with the reft. * Neipfe, Nems, or Nims. Sm. Buff. vii. 221. pl. ccxxiv. Inhabits the eaftern part of Africa. epi {pecies is about thi h inches long, from the muzzle to the origin of the tail, which is twelve inches in length; the fore parts of the body are five and a half, and the hinder parts fix and a half inches high; ibe muzzle is very iharp, and has no whifkers; the ears are fhort and naked; the whole upper parts of the body are covered with long coarfe hair, of a mixed dark brown and dirty white colour; the belly is of a bright yellow; the head and fpace round the eyes are yellowifh; the nofe and cheeks are covered with fhort brown hair of various fhades; the legs are covered with fhort hair of a deep yellow colour; on each paw are four toes, with a fmall one behind the reft, and the claws are {mall and black. 5. Aenik.—4. Viverra Zenik. 27. Has only four toes on each foot: The body 3 of a grey colour, having ten tranfverfe black ftreaks; the tail is of a dark reddifh brown colour, and is black at the point. Sonner. it. ii: 145. t. 92. {nhabits the country of the Hottentots:—The Zenik is about the fize of the Water Rat, being about feven inches long: The claws on the fore feet are very long, and almoft ftraight ; thofe on the hind feet are fhort, and hooked; the tailis flender; the fnout long; and, according to Souuerat, there are only two fore-teeth in each jaw, together with fix tufks. - 6, Surikate +5. Viverra tetradattyla, 9. Has only four toes on each foot; the nofe is long and flexible. Schreber, iii. 434. t. cxvii. Four-toed Weafel. Miller, on var. fub. T. xx. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 212.—Surikate. Sm. Buff. vii. 166. pl. ecxv.—Klapper-maus, Meer-Rat, or Suracatje *. Pallas, Mucel. zool. 59. 60. Inhabits the fouth of Arrica, and the ifland of Java.—Is about a foot long from nofe to tail, which is about eight inches long: It feeds on animal food, and eats raw flefh; being particularly fond of chickens, eggs, and fifh; it burrows in the ground, digging the earth with its fore feet; is eafily tamed, and in that ftate is cf gentle manners. The head is deprefied; the muzzle is very {harp pointed, the upper jaw being much longer than.the lower, and the tip of the nofe is black; the cheeks are inflated ; the mouth is furrounded with black whifkers, which grow from warty tuberofities; the ears are black, fmall, rounded, and flat; the back is broad and rounded ; the belly broad and flat 5 the % Vide note to the Palm Squirrel. —T. 306 MAMMALIA. FERZ. - Fitchet. 161 the legs are fhort, with {mall feet, having long claws before and fhort behind ; the hairs on the up- per part of the body are brown near the bottom, black on their upper parts, and hoary at the tips; the hair on the back is undulated ; the infide of the legs is yellowifh brown ; the tail is thick at the bafe, ends abruptly, and is tufted with black: It makes a grunting noife, is much in motion, and often fits upright, with its fore legs hanging down; and when pleafed makes a noife like that of a fall rattle rapidly turned. . 7. Coati.—6. Viverra nafua. 2. Of a dark brown colour; the tail is furrounded with alternate white and brown rings; the nofe is long and flexible. Schreber, iii. 436. t. cxviii. Long-nofed Bear, having a long flexible nofe, and the tail variegated with different coloured rings. Briff. quad. 190.—Vulpes minor, Lefler Fox, or Quachy, having the upper jaw and nofe confiderably lengthened, and the tail variegated with dark brown and white alternate rings. Bar- rere, Fr. equin. 167.—Coati. Marcgr. Braf. 228.—Coati-mondi. Act. Parif. iii, P. 3. p. 17. t. 37. Raj, quad. 180. Houttuyn, zamenftel ii. 238. t. 15. f. 2.—Black Coati. Sm, Buff. v. 53. pl. civ.— Brafilian Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 215.—Guiana Badger. Bancroft, Guian. 141. Lev. Muf. Inhabits South America.—The Coati is about the fize of a Hare, being eighteen inches long from the point of the nofe to the origin of the tail, which is thirteen inches: The general colour of the hair is dark brown, like that of a Fox, having white {pots above, below, and at the fide of the eyes 5 the hair on the back is fomewhat harfh, but on the reft of the body it is fmooth, foft, glofly, and clofe fet ; on the belly, the breaft, and under the jaws, it is whitifh; the ears are {mall, rounded, and black on their upper parts ; above the upper eye-lids, below the eyes, on the cheeks, and below the chin, are wattles or hairy warts; the muzzle is lengthened into a long, black probofcis or fnout, which is moveable in every direction, having the point as if cut off in an oblique direction inwards, and wanting the ufual furrow on the upper lip: Of the fore-teeth, the lateral ones in the upper jaw are larger than the reft, and the middle ones below are convergent 5 the tongue is divided by fiffures in- to lobes, like an oak leaf; the tail is carried high, is almoft as long as the body, is of a brown colour, having ten pale or whitifh rings, is flattened fo that the hairs fhed a little outwards, and is narrowed or comprefied at the point ; the feet reft on the heel, which is broad: It is by no means nimble, but readily climbs trees; each foot has five toes, the pollex, or inner toe, being in the fame line with the — reft, and the claws are comprefled and fharp pointed: This animal digs remarkably well, fearching for earth worms, on which it feeds, as likewife on mice, apples, bread, eggs, and poultry ; when irri- tated it gives out a moft intolerably ftinking odour. 8, Coati-mondi.—7. Viverra narica. 3. Of a hoary brown colour; having the tail of the fame colour with the body, and the fnout long and flexible. Schreber, iii. 438. t. cxix. Long-nofed Bear, having the {nout long and flexible, and the tail of a uniform colour. Brift quad. 190.—Dufky Brafilian Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 215. @.—Brown Coati. Sm. Buff. v. 53- pl. cv.—Coati-mondi. Marcgr. Braf. 228. Vou. I. x Inhabits $29) 310 162 MAMMALIA. SMreR ER, Fitchett Inhabits South America.—This animal is rather larger than the former, from which it differs prin- cipally in colour ; fometimes the tail of this fpecies, or variety, is ob{curely annulated: The hairs on the back and fides are dufky at the roots, brown in the middle, and tipt with yellow; the chin, throat, fides of the cheeks, and belly are yellowifh ; the feet are black and naked: The Coati-mondi digs fo deeply as to bury the whole body, except a fmall part of the tail; it likewife climbs trees, and even takes the water in fearch of food, living on worms, bread, fruits, roots, egos, fimall animals, and birds. 2 s$ ’ 5) 5) 9 &85%9 5) g. Coafle.—8. Viverra vulpecula. to. Is entirely of a brown or chefnut colour, having a long fmout. Schreber, iii. 440. t. cxx. Yzquiepatl, or Little Fox, which refembles the colour of roafted Maize or Coffee. Hernand. Mex. 332. Raj. quad. 181.—Coafle. Sm. Buff. vii. 295. pl. ccxli. Inhabits the foutherm ftates of North America, Louifiana, New Spain, and Mexico:-—The Coaffe is about fixteen inches long from the nofe to the origin of the tail; the head is of a conical form, with a projecting fnout of a moderate length, having black whifkkers; the whole body is covered with long, thick, and coarfe hair, which is of a uniform brown or chefnut colour; the tail is longer than the hind legs, bufhy, and of the fame colour with the body; the legs are fhort; the feet are large and naked, having four toes on the fore feet; the claws are black and fharp pointed: When irri- tated or frightened, this animal emits a moft fetid odour; and the urine ftains and infects whatever it touches, almoft indelibly, with this abominable fcent: It lives in the holes and clefts of rocks, feed- ing on beetles, worms, and fimall birds. 10. Quasje —g. Viverra Quasye, 11. Of a chefnut colour above and yellowifh underneath ; having a long fnout, and the - tail being furrounded with different coloured rings. Syft. nat. ed. x, i. 44. Meles fpadiceo-nigricans, or Badger, of a deep blackifh chefnut colour, having a dufkcy tail va- riegated with yellowith rings. Briff. quad. 185.—Ichneumon, called Yzquiepatl. Seba, Muf. i. 68. t. 42. f. 2.—Tamandua mexicana, Yzquiepatl, or Little Fox. Seba, Muf. i. 66. t. 4o. f. 2.2— Stiflng Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 216. Inhabits Surinam.—This animal is probably the fame with, or a variety of, the preceding: Its ge- neral figure, colour, and manners, are the fame; it digs in the ground, feeds on worms, infects, and fruits; may be domefticated, and is very fetid. 11. Striped Skunk.—10. Viverra Putorius. 4. Of a blackifh colour, having five parallel white ftripes, from the head along the back and fides to the tail. Schreber, iii. 442. t. cxxil. Muftela nigra, or Black Weafel, having white ftripes on the back. Briff. quad. 181.—-Polecat, Skunk, or Fifkatta. Catefby Carol. ii. 62. t. 62.—Conepate. Sm Buff, vii. 295. pl. ccxliii.—Striated Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 217. Arét. zool. 1. 32. Inhabits 311 312 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Fitchet. 163 J Inhabits North America—This animal is about the fize of a domeftic Cat, but longer bodied, and fhorter in the limbs; the head is round, with a lengthened fnout, and naked nofe, having three rows of whifkers round the mouth, which has but a fhort opening, or rictus ; the neck is very fhort ; the head, neck, body, legs, and tail are black, aving five white ftripes beginning behind the head, one on the middle of the back, and two on each fide, which go fome way up the tail ; this is cover- ed with very long hair, is carried horizontally over the back, like that of a Squirrel, and has a white line running along the under fide from the anus to the tip, which is white ; the lower parts of the body are variegated with black and white; the fore legs are fhorter than the hind legs; the hind feet are long, and, in walking, reft on the heel; both hind and fore feet have five toes, thofe before hav- ing very long and comprefled claws, while thofe on the hind feet are much fhorter, and are hollowed underneath : The fore-teeth of the upper jaw are parallel, funk inwards, and equal to each other ; the lower fore-teeth are likewife equal in fize, are comprefled in their fhape, and two of them are placed on the infide of the reft ; there are five grinders on each fide in both jaws ; the tufks in both jaws ftand clofe to the reft of the teeth, but more fo in the lower jaw. This animal digs holes, in which it conceals itfelf, and fleeps during the day, going about only in the night, feeding on worms and infects, and is fond of flefh, poultry, and eggs: When attacked by dogs it briftles up the hair on its back, and throws its body into a round form ; and when irritated or frightened, like moft of the fpecies of this genus, it emits a {hockingly offenfive fetid vapour, and ftinking urine, which renders dogs or clothes perfectly intolerable ; and it is faid, that the only way to get this abominable fmell from clothes is to bury them, for a day or two, in the earth. 12. White Skunk.—12. Viverra Mephitis. 13. The whole back and tail are white, except a longitudinal black line which commences at the root of the tail and reaches to about the middle of the back. Schreber, iii. 444. t. CXXi. Chinche. Sm. Buff. vii. 295. pl. cexlii—Skunk. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 218. Arct. zool. n. 33. Inhabits America from Chili to Canada.—This f{pecies is about fixteen inches long from the nofe to the tail; the head is black, with a lengthened fnout, and having a longitudinal white line from the nape of the neck to the nofe ; the upper part’ of the neck, the whole of the back, except a lon- gitudinal black line along the middle of its pofterior half, and the whole tail is white ; the tail is co- vered thickly with very long coarfe hair, in fome varieties, it is of a blackifh colour, and is fome- times tipt with white; the fides, belly, legs, breaft, and throat are black ; all the toes are furnifhed with long claws ; the hair on the whole body is long, fhining, and coarfe: This animal is very fond of eggs; it defends itfelf, like the laft defcribed, by means of an intolerable fetor, yet may be tamed. 13. Conepatl—it. Viverra Conepatl. 12. Of a blackifh colour, having two white lines running along the back, which are con- tinued to the end of the tail. Vulpecula puerilis, or Conepatl. Hernand. Mex. 232. Tnhabits New Spain.—This animal is probably a variety of the Skunk. XGA T4- 314 315 316 164 MAMMALIA. FERRE. Fitchet. 14. Zorillaa—13. Viverra Zorilla, 14. The body is mottled with black and white. Schreber, iii. 445. t. cxxiii. Mafutiliqui, or Mapurito. Gumilla Grencque, ili. 240.—Zorille. Sm. Buff. vii. 295. pl. ccxliv: Penn. hift. of quad. n. 219. Inhabits South America.—Is about fourteen inches long from the muzzle to the origin of the tail; the {nout is fhort and blunt; the head and body are variegated with black and white in irregular longitudinal and tranfverfe bands; the hair is long and fhining; the tail is covered with very long coarfe hair, being black at the rump and almoft to the middle, the reft white; the legs and belly are black; ‘This animal emits the fame abominable odour with the Skunks, fo as even to ftupify and over- come the Jaguar, or American Panther. 15. Mapurito.—14. Viverra Mapurito. 15. Of a black colour, having a white line from the fore head to the middle of the back. Viverra Putorius. Mutis, act. Holm. 1769, p. 68. Inhabits New Spain, near the mines of Pamplona.—Is about twenty inches long, from the fnout te the tail, which is nine mches long, and whitith at the tip; the head is fmall, with a long muzzle, fmooth tongue, and no external ears ; the feet reft on the heel, and have each five toes armed with long claws : ‘This animal lives in deep holes, fleeping all day, and going about during the night 5 it is fwift of foot, and feeds on worms and infects.— Probably a variety of the Skunk.—T. 16. Grifon.—15. Viverra vittata. 16. Has a white fillet from the fhoulders acrofs the fore head. Schreber, iii. 447. t. cxxiv. Grifon, or Grey Weafel. Sm. Buff: iv. 266. pl. lxxviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n, 207.—Chinche. Feuille voy. i. 272.?-—Yaguane, and Maikel. Falkner, Patagon. 158. 159.? Inhabits Surinam, and probably the whole of South America.—This animal is very little known, having only been defcribed by Mr Allamand in his Dutch edition of Buffon; and, what is fingular, the remarkable fillet acrofs the fore-head and-down the fhoulders, though engraved by the Count de Buffon for the improved edition of his Natural Hiftory, and given by Dr Gmelin, from Schreber, as the {pecific diftinétion of the animal, is not in the fmalleft degree noticed in Buffon’s account of the animal, as quoted from Allamand. ‘The head is very large, with {hort femicireular ears, and large eyes ; there are fix cutting teeth in each jaw, four of them hardly rifing above the gums; all the feet have five toes, with yellowifh claws ; the body is about feven inches long; the whole upper parts are covered with deep brown hair, having white points; under the head and neck the hair is bright grey, the white parts of the hair being as long as the brown; the muzzle, the under parts of the bo- dy, the legs, and tail are black; the tail is about half the length of the body, and terminates in a point. 17. Ceylon Fitchet.—16. Viverra zeylanica. 17. Is of a mixed grey and dufky colour on the upper parts of the body, and whitifh un- derneath. Schreber; iii, 451. Philippine 317 318 MAMMALIA. FERZ, Fitchet, 165 Philippine Martin. Camel, Phil. Tranf. xxv. 2204.? Inhabits Ceylon, and prohably in the Philippine ifles.—In fize, manners, and appearance, this ani- mal refembles the Pine Martin: The feet have five toes, and the claws are fomewhat retractile; the tail is as long as the body, and is fomewhat thickened at the origin; the mouth is furnifhed with five rows of whifkers, and the lower lip is jagged on the edges ; the lateral fore-teeth, in the upper jaw, are fomewhat longer than the reft, and conically pointed ; the reft of the fore-teeth in both jaws are blunt ; the tongue is warty. 18. Cape Fitchet.—17. Viverra capenjis. 18. Of a black colour, with a grey back, which is edged on each fide with a white line. Erxleb. mam. 493. Schreber, ili. 45. t. cxxv. Muftela fubfufca, or Brownifh Weafel, having a longitudinal white line along each fide. Brown; Jamaic. 486. n. 1.?—Stinkbinkfem, Kolb. Cape of Good Hope, i. 167.—Blaireau puant, or Stink- ing Badger. La Caille voy. 182.—Ratel Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 220. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and Guinea.—Is fond of feeding on wild honey, and, like feve- ral fpecies of this genus, defends itfelf againft enemies by emitting an intolerable ftench: ‘This animal is about two feet long from the muzzle to the root of the tail, which is eight inches in length; it has no external ears; the fur is long and harfh.—Dr Gmelin thinks this quadruped may be allied to the Glutton: Mr Pennant fuppofes it the fame with the Ratel of Sparrman, defcribed afterwards as a diftinét fpecies of this genus, under the name of Viverra Mellivora. 19. Civet.—18. Viverra Civetta. 19. The tail is fpotted on its upper part, and dufky towards the point; the back has a chefnut coloured mane, and is marked with grey and dufky fpots. Schreber, iii. 418. t. cxi. Badger, Meles, variegated with white, black, and reddith ftreaks and fpots. Briff. quad. 186.— Civet, or Hyaena, of the ancients. Belon, obf. 208. f. p. 209.—Civetta. Cluf. cur. poft. 5 7.—Civet- Cat, Felis zibethi. Gefn. quad. 836. Aldrov. 342. Olear. 7. t. 6. f. 3.—Civet. Sm. Buff. v. 239. pl. cxxvil. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 223. Inhabits Ethiopia, Guinea, Congo, and the Cape of Good Hope.—In general appearance and man- ners, this animal refembles the Cat, having a head fomewhat like that of the Indian Ichneumon ; the face is {potted under the eyes, and the back has numerous chefnut coloured {pots, both round and angular, which change into ftreaks towards the thighs; the legs are of a very dark blackifh brown colour ; in each jaw, on each fide, are fix grinders; the head is long, with a fharp muzzle, which is black at the tip, and fhort rounded ears ; the fides of the face, chin, breaft, legs, and feet, are black; the reft of the face, and part of the fides of the neck are white, tinged with yellow, having three black ftripes from each ear, ending at the throat and fhoulders ; the back and fides are cinereous, tinged yellow, and marked with rows of dufky fpots ; the hair is coarfe, and ftands up on the back like a mane ; the tail is fomewhat buthy, fometimes wholly black, and fometimes fpotted near the bafe ; the body is about two feet three inches long from nofe to tail, which is fourteen inches in length : 319 166 | MAMMALIA, FERE. Fitchae lenoth: The perfume, named C7ver, is produced by this fpecies and the next in a ‘fack, or aperture, which is fituated between the anus and the privities, in both fexes: The Civets are kept in cages for this purpofe, having the perfume, which is about the confiftence of foft pomatum, {craped out with a {mall {fpoon two or three times a-week, and yield about a dram each time. In a wild ftate this animal is ferocious, and preys on birds and {mall quadrupeds; but may be domefticated, and will feed on Mil- let pap, raw flefh, and fifh. 20. Zibet.—19. Viverra Zibetha. 5. The tail is marked with coloured rings, and the back is variegated with waved black and white ftreaks. Schreber, iii. 420. t. cxii. Felis zibethi, Civet-Cat. Gefn. quad. 837.—Animal zibethi, Civet animal, or Hyaena of the ancients, according to Belon. Aldrov. 343. Raj. quad. 178.—Mufk animal. Att. Parif. 1731, Pp: 443.—Zibet. Sm. Buff. v. 239. pl. cxxvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 223. ¢.—Odorifefous Hyaena. P. Caftellus, Francof. 1698, p. 8.—Its Anatomy. Bertholin. cent. 4. n. 1. and cent. 5. n. 49. Inhabits Arabia, Malabar, Siam, and the Philippine iflands.—This is a ferocious animal, which is fcarcely tameable, yet may, with difficulty, be domefticated, and very readily returns to its original ftate of ferocity: When irritated, it ere¢ts the hair of the back, and defends itfelf by biting; it lives on fimall quadrupeds, birds, and fifhes, and even on fruits and roots; and is very a¢tive both in run- ning and in climbing trees. The body of the Zibet is two and a half feet long, and of a ilender make; it is larger than the Civet, having a longer and more flender muzzle, which is fomewhat concave on the upper part, while that of the Civet is rather convex; in the upper jaw are fix paral- lel fore-teeth, of which the intermediate ones are fomewhat lefs than the reft; in the lower jaw are likewife fix fore-teeth, whereof thofe in the middle are a little fhorter than the others, being alter- nately placed within the genera] line of the teeth; in each fide of each jaw is one tufk, which ftands at fome diftance from the other teeth; the grinders are fharp, pointed, and acutely knobbed, and of thefe there are five on each fide in the lower, and fix in the upper jaw; the ears are proportionally fhorter than thofe of the Civet, and are hid in the hair; the head and lower part of the neck are mixed dirty white, brown, and black; the face being of a pale cinereous grey colour; the fides of ‘the neck are marked with black ftripes, which begin near the ears, and end at the breaft and fhoul- ders; the hair on the body is rather coarfe, clofe fet, and waved, of a cimereous grey and black co- lour; a black line reaches along the ridge of the back, from the middle of the neck fome way up the tail, having two others on each fide; the fides are {potted with black and ath colour; the tail is barred with alternate black and white rings, the black bars being broader on the upper than they are on the lower fide; the legs are dufky, and black at their lower extremities; the tail is longer than that of the Civet, not bufhy, though thickly covered with hair, rounded, and marked with alternate rings : The Zibet, in both fexes, is provided with a follicle, or aperture, exactly in the fame fituation with that of the Civet, and furnifhing the fame kind of perfume. 21. Hermaphrodite Fitchet.— 20. Viverra hermaphrodita 20. Has a long tail, black at the tip, and three black ftripes along the back. Schreber, iii. 426. n. 6. Inhabits 321 322 MAMMALIA. FER &. - Fitchet. 167 Inhabits Barbary.—This animal is of an intermediate fize between the Civet and the Genet: The fnout, from the tip to above the nofe, is black, having a white {pot among the whitkers below the eyes; the hair is long, being afh coloured at the roots, and black at the points; the tail is longer than the body; the claws are yellow: Between the penis and anus is a naked part of thet fkin of the perineum, having a double fold, from which the trivial name is derived —Pallas. 22. Spanifh Genet.—21. Viverra Genetta. 6. Has a long tail marked with coloured ings HF and the body is covered with dutky blackifh fpots. Schreber, iii. 423. t. cxiii. Muftela, Weafel, having the tail variegated with alternate black and white rings. Briff. quad. 186.—Genette. Belon. obf, 73. Gefn. quad. 549.—Genith kaze, Chat d’Efpagne. Ridinger, illum. thier. t. Q.D.S. xxvilii—Genet. Sm. Buff. v. 254. pl. cxxviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 224. Inhabits about Conftantinople, in weftern Afia, Spain, and the fouth of France.—This animal re- fembles the Zibet a good deal, but is confiderably {maller; being feventeen inches in length from nofe to tail, which is above a foot in length; like the Zibet and Civet, it is provided with an aperture, or fac, which fecretes a very weak perfume ; the muzzle is fharper, the feet are fhorter, and the tail is longer in proportion than in the Zibet : The Genet frequents moift places, and the neighbourhood of brooks; it is of gentle difpofitions, and eafily domefticated; and, like the Cat, is ufeful for catching mice ; the body is long, with {hort legs, a flender head, and fharp muzzle; the hair is foft, fhining, and of a greyifh afh colour, marked with black fpots, which are round and detached on the fides, but unite on the back, fo as to form the appearance of continued black longitudinal ftreaks ; on the neck and ridge of the back is a black lift of long hair, forming a mane ; the black fpots on the neck form bars or ftreaks; and the tail has feven or eight black, and as many whitifh rings, alternating with each other; on each fide there are iix grinders in each jaw. 23. St Germains Genet.—Viverra gallica. Has a long bufhy tail, the firft third part of which is whitifh grey, mixed with black hairs, and ob{curely marked with blackifh rings, and the other two thirds are black. Sm. Buff. v. 256. pl. cxxix. The country of this quadruped is unknown. It was fhown at the fair of St Germains in 1772.— ‘The body and head are twenty inches long, and the tail fixteen ; the head is long and flender, with a long muzzle, round black ears, large eyes, and long black whifkers, lying flat on the cheeks; the nofe is black, and the noftrils are much arched ; a black line, beginning above the nofe, extends to be- tween the eyes, having a white line on each fide of it; there is a white fpot above each eye, and a white line below each; the hair on the body is of a whitifh grey, mixed with large black hairs, which form a kind of blackifh undulations; the upper part of the back is ftriped and {potted with black, and the reft of the body is very obfcurely {potted with the fame ; the belly is whitifh, the legs and thighs black; the paws are fhort, having five toes on each, armed with white crooked claws; the hair on the upper part of the neck is fomewhat bufhy ; the tail is thick at the origin: This is a fierce, biting animal, which feeds on flefh; and has the phyfiognomy and principal characters of the Spanith Genet. 24. 348) 324 eS 168 MAMMALIA, FER A. Fitchet. 24. Leverian Genet.—Viverra annulata, The tail is very long and annulated; and the muzzle is marked with a white fpot on each fide of the nofe, and another on the outer fide of each eye. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 225. f. pl. xxxvii. fig. 2. Lev. muf. ‘The place of this animal is unknown, it being defcribed by Mr Pennant from a fpecjmen in the Leverian Mufeum.—It is about the fize of the Spanifh Genet, to which it bears a great refemblance ; for which reafon I have given it the name of Genet, inftead of Foflane, with which animal it is in fome degree confounded by Mr Pennant. ‘The fides, thighs, rumps, and, upper parts of the legs are cinereous, having many long black hairs on the back; the fhoulders, fides, and rump are marked with fome difperfed black fpots; the tip of the nofe, the cheeks, and the throat are black; the fore- head, upper parts of the cheeks, and ridge of the muzzle, einereous; the ears are large, upright, round- ed, thin, naked, and black; and a black line runs from behind each to the fhoulder; the tail is as long as the body, of a cinereous colour, mixed with tawny near the bafe, and annulated with black. 25. Foflane.—22. Viverra Foffa. 21. The tail is obfcurely annulated ; the body is cinereous grey, and fpotted with black. Erxleb. mam. 498. Schreber, i ili, 424. t. cxiv. Foffane. Sm. Buff. vii. 219. pl. ccxxv. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 225.—Berbe. Bofman, Guin. 239. Inhabits Madagafcar, Guinea, Cochin-China, and the Philippine ifles.—This animal comes neareft in fize and form to the Genets, but has not the perfume bag, or aperture: The body is flender, and it and the legs are covered with cinereous hair mixed with tawny, and obfcurely fpotted with black ; from the hind part of the head four black lines extend to the back and fhoulders; the tail is thick, not near fo long as the body, ends abruptly, and is obfcurely annulated ; the belly is of a dirty white colour; the eyes are large and black: It is very wild and difficultly tameable, of ferocious manners, and mifchievous afpect; it feeds on flefh and fruits, but prefers the latter, efpecially Bananas. 26. Bizaam.—23. Veverra tigrina. 22. The tail is annulated and tawny at the tip; the body is cinereous, {potted with dufky brown, and having a black lift along the back, from the head to the origin of the tail. Schreber, ili. 425. t. cxv. Chat bizaam. Voimaer, defcr. d’une efp. fing. de chat afric. Amft. 1771.—Blotched Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 222. Tnhabits the country at the Cape of Good Hope.—Is about the fize of a domeftic Cat; having a round head, a fhort nofe, with white whifkers, and pointed ears; the nofe and cheeks are yellowifh white, having a round black fpot on each fide of the former, and a dufky line down the middle of the fore-head ; the back and outfide of the limbs are of a reddifh brown colour; the fides and thighs are yellowifh white, blotched with deep brown; the tail is as long as the body, of a reddifh brown colour, and annulated in a fpiral direction with black near the end. This animal is of a tolerably mild difpo- fition, 326 327 MAMMALIA, FERZ. Fitchet. 169 fition, has no mufk or civet odour, and feeds on flefh, preferring that of birds: Dr Gmelin fufpects it to be the fame with the Foffane, defcribed above. 27, Poto.—24. Viverra caudivolvula, 23. Of a mixed yellow and black colour, with along prehenfile tail. Schreber, iii. 453. t. exxv. B. and i. 145. t. xlii. Yellow Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 213. pl. xxxvi. —Potto. Sm. Buff. vii. 293. pl. 4th, ccxl.— Yellow Maucauco. Penn. fyn. quad. n. 108. This animal is faid to inhabit the mountains of Jamaica.—It is of mild and playful difpofitions ; it ales the end of its tail to lay hold of any object, or to fufpend iis body, in the fame way with the Sa- pajous; and, when afleep, lies with its head under the belly, and rolled up like a ball: The head is broad and flat, with {welling cheeks; it has a fhort dufky nofe; fmall eyes; Short, broad, flapping, and diftant ears; and a very long tongue ; the body is about nineteen inches long, and the tail feventeen ; the fur is fhort, foft, gloffy, and clofe fet; on the head, back, and fides, it is of a mixed black and yellow colour; the cheeks, infide of the legs, and the belly are yellow; a broad dufky ftripe runs a- long the middle of the back from the head to the tail, and another, of the fame colour, from the middle of the belly to the tail; the tail is round, and of a mixed tawny, or chefnut brown, and black colour; the legs and thighs are very thick and fhort, having five toes, all ftanding forwards, on each foot, armed with large flefh coloured claws, which are fomewhat hooked. ; 28. Kinkajou.—Viverra preben/jilis, Of an olive yellow colour, mixed with grey and brown; having a long prehenfile tail. Sm. Buff. vii. 289. pl. 3d, ccxl. " Mexicafi Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 214. Tnhabits Mexico and New Spain.—This animal, which the Count de Buffon thinks to be the fame with the Poto, is about two feet and a half long, and the tail is one foot three inches: It refermbles the Poto very much, but is greatly larger in all its dimenfions ; its manners are gentle, and lively, having many of the actions of the Monkey, and ufes its tail like the Sapajous; it fits up, and ufes its fore paws to catch any thing, or to eat with, like a Squirrel; it is fond of fugar, and all fweatmeats, fruits, and vegetables; will likewife attack and kill poultry, fucking their blood from under the wing, but does not eat the flefh: The nofe is dufkky; the tongue is very long; the eyes are fmall; the ears are fhort, rounded, and duifky; the fides and under part of the throat, and infides of the legs, are of a lively yellow colour; the belly of a dirty yellowith white; the under part of the paws is naked, and: of a vermilion colour, having five toes armed with white hooked claws, which are guttered beneath, 29. Ratel.—25. Viverra mellivora. 24. The back is of a dark grey colour, with a black ftreak along each fide; the belly is _ black; the claws are long, hollow underneath, and fitted for digging. Blumenbach Naturg. 97. Ratel. Sparrman, act. Stock. 1777, t. iv. f. 3. Vou. is ¥ Tnhabits: 170 MAMMALIA, FERZ. Fitchet. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hop2.—This animal lives on wild honey and wax, which he digs from the holes of Porci:pines, Jerboas, Rabits, Jackals, and other animals, in which the bees form their hives ; thefe he difcovers by obferving the flights of the bees, or is led to them by following the Cucuius indicator, or Honey-guide Cuckoo, which feeds on bees, and points out their places of abode. The fur of this animal is very thick fet, and the fkin is extremely lax, though exceedingly thick and ftrong. i 329 30. Striped Fitchet.— 26. Viverra fafciata. 25. The body is of a grey colour above, having fix longitudinal black flripes, and is white on the under parts; the tail is covered with long black and reddifh hairs. Tndian Wild-Cat, having black ftripes. Sonneret, it. ii. 193. t. go. Inhabits India.—The body of this fpecies is about two feet nine inches in length; the feet have each five toes, armed with ftrong hooked claws; and the eyes are very vivid. According to Son- neret, there are fourteen tufks, and only two fore-teeth, in each jaw. Gs 30 & 31. Malayan Firchet.—27. Viverra malaccenjis. 26, The tail is very long, and marked with black rings; the body is of a grey colour, be- ing fpotted with black on the upper parts, having four round {pots above the eyes, and three black ftripes on the neck and back. Malayan Civet. Sonneret, it. ii. 144. t. 91. Inhabits the peninfula of Malacca.—It is of the fame fize with the Domeftic Cat, which it refem- bles in its manners, being very wild, and living on prey: It is extremely agile, and leaps with great facility from one tree to another; has a ftrong odour of .mufk or civet, and retains its urine for a great length of time, on which account it is held in great eftimation by the Malays as an aphrodifiac, and ftrenethener of the ftomach: The body is of a pearly white colour, marked with fix rows of fmall black fpots, feven in each row; the upper part of the head, the thighs, and legs, are black; the ears are very {mall and rounded; the eyes are {mall and of a black colour; the feet are provided with five claws, which are armed with fharp, hooked, and retractile claws. —On account of the re- tractile nature of the claws, this quadruped might be fuppofed to belong to the genus of Fe/is, but is excluded from that tribe by the fharpnefs of the muzzle and length of the body.—T. AL 32. Spotted Fitchet.—Vzverra maculata. The body, legs, and ta'l, are black, irregularly blotched with white. Spotted Martin. Philips, voy. to New-South-Wales, p. 276. and pl. Inhabits New-South-Wales.—The body and head are about a foot and a half long; the ety is long and pointed, with large, blunt, ere¢t ears, and numerons long reverfed whifkers; the tail is Jon taper, and of the fame lex ngth with the bedy; the legs are of a moderate length, with very long fee: refting on the heels, and having five toes on each foot, the inner toe on the hind feet being feparated from the reft, and is very fmail, and fhort. 332 MAMMALIA. “FERZ. Otters. r51 RVI WRASH L167 MUST EL Als. Has fix cutting teeth in each jaw; thofe in the upper jaw are erect, fharp-pointed, and diftiné; in the lower jaw they are blunter, huddled together, and two are placed within the line of the reft: The tongue is {mooth. Tn many circumftances the Otters and Weafels agree together ; the body is very long, and of an equal thicknefs ; the legs are fhort, with fmooth {fhining hair ; the claws are not retrattile; they dig holes, or burrows, in which they refide ; and they chiefly go about, in fearch of prey, during the night : But the Otters live almoft conftantly in the water, fwimming with great readinefs, both on the furface and below it, and fubfift chiefly on fith ; they do not climb trees, neither do they leap, with a crooked body and ftretched out tail, in the manner of the Weafels; the head of the Otter is larger and thicker ; the tongue is covered with foft papillae ; they have five grinders on each fide of each jaw: The Weafels have four grinders above and five below, or five above and fix below, on each fide. From all thefe circumftances, and from the peculiar conformation of their feet, perhaps it were proper to feparate them into diftinét genera; but as they are placed in the fame genus by the great Linnaeus, thefe animals are here only divided into two fubordinate fections. * Ok TER S.—L Od A Having the toes of the hind feet webbed, or connedted together by a membrane. t. Sea Otter. 1. MM. Lutra Lutris, 1. The hind feet are webbed and hairy; and the tail is only a quarter of the length of the body. Lutra marina, or Sea Otter, having hairy feet, and a hairy tail, which is only a quarter of the length of the body. Erxleb. mam. 445. Schreber, iii. 46. t. cxxviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 230. pl. on the title of vol. ii. Arct. zool. n. 36.—Kalan. Steller, nov. com. Petrop. ii. 367. t. 26. Inhabits the coafts of North-weft America and Eaftern Afia, and the intermediate iflands.—The head is flat, having {mall, roundifh, hairy ears; an obtufe muzzle, with a black nofe, the upper jaw being longer and broader than the tower, and having numerous {tiff whifkers, above and at the fides of the eyes, near the corners of the mouth, on the fides of the under lip, and under the throat ; in each jaw are fix fore-teeth, thofe above being equal in fize and appearance, while of thofe in the low- er jaw, the two outermoft are divided into two lobes, and two alternate teeth of thofe in the middle are fet within the line of the reft; the legs are thick and fhort, having five toes on each foot, all of them connected by membranes ; the tail is flattened and confiderably fhorter than the body. This animal is, from nofe to tail, about three feet long, and the tail is about thirteen inches ; the whole body and the limbs are black, except the fore part of the head, which is white or grey; the largeft individual weighs from feventy to eighty pounds ; the fur is very thick, long, black, and glofly, fome- Gee times 338 334 B35) 336 172 MAMMALIA. FER A. Otters. times varying to filvery, with a foft down beneath. The Sea Otter lives moftly in the fea; is exceed- ingly harmleis, and very affectionate of its young; it runs fwiftly on the land, and fwims with great facility, frequenting fhallows which abound in fea weeds ; 3 it zeeds on lobfters, fifh, Sepiae or Cuttle- fith, and fhell-fith ; it breeds once a-year; the female brings forth but one at a time, which fhe fuckles near a twelvemonth, The tkins are much in requeft, being fold at a very high price to the Chimefe. The trade for this fur at’ Nootka had lately almoft produced a war between Great Britain and Spain. 2. Brafihan Ouwer—r1.) 6. M4. Luira braflienfis. Ofa black colour, with a yellow fpot below the chin; the tail is flat, naked, and reaches only to the feer. Lutra nigra, or Black Otter, with a yellow fpot below the chin. Eriff. quad. 202.—Brafilian Otter. Raj. quad. 189. Klein quad. gt. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 227.—Lutra nigricans, or Blackifh Otter, having a naked flattened tail. Barrere Fr. equin. 155.—Jivay or Carieueibeia, ot the Brafi- lians. Marcgr. Braf. 234. Jonft. quad. t. 66. Des Marchais, iil. 306.—Guachi. Gumilla, hit. de VPGreneque, ii. 239. : Tnhabits Brafil, Guiana, the Cronoko, and other rivers of South America.—Is about the fize of a middling Dog, and weighs from forty to a hundred pounds: ‘The head is round, and reiembles that of a Cat, as do the teeth; the eyes are imall, round, and black; the muzzle has large whiikers; the, ears are round; the feet are like thofe of a Monkey, having each five toes, the inner one shorter than the reft, armed with fharp claws ; the hair is fhort, foft, and entirely black, except the head, which is dufky, and the throat, which is yellow: It lives on fith and cruftaceous animals, robbing the fifh- ermen’s nets and wears, with great dexterity ; is very fierce, but may be tamed when young ; it bur- rows on the banks oi rivers, and lives in fociety, going together in large troops. 3. Saricovienne.—M. Lutra paraguenfis. About the fize of a cat; of a mixed grey and black colour ; and having webbed feet. Saricovienne. Sm. Buff. vii. 321. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 229. Inhabits along the Rio de Ja Plata.—This animal lives more in the water than on land; the fur is as fine as velvet; the flefh is reckoned very delicate eating. 4. Chilefe Otter.—M. Lutra chilenjis. Has hairy webbed feet; and a long round tail. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 1. iv. 252. Inhabits the coafts of Chili Dr Gmelin only mentions this fpecies in a note of his edition of the Syftema Naturae, and feems uncertain whether it ought to be coniidered as an Otter, refembling the Brafilian fpecies, or as a fpecies of Weafel, allied to the Cat tribe, Mu/fela felina : The defcription of the feet is certainly a fufficient mark of its belonging to the tribe of Otters. Common Otter.—2. M. Lutra pifcatoria. 2. The hind feet are webbed and naked; and the tail is about half the length of the body. Muitela Bo/ MAMMALIA. . FERZ. Otters. 173 Moufela Lutra. Syft. nated. Gmel. 1. p..93. n. 2. Faun. Suec. 12. 5. G. Gmel. It. iii. 28. 373. Erxleb. mam. 448. n. 2. Schreber, ili. 457. t. cxxvis A. B.—Lutra, or Otter, with equal toes. Faun. Suec. i.n. ro. Gefn. quad. 775. fig. p. 776. Gefh. aqu. 608. Aldrov. 292.'f. p. 295. Jonft..quad. 150. t. 68. Raj. quad. 187. Sm. Buff. iv. 232. pl lxviii.— Greater Otter. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 226. Brit. zoor.i.n. 19. Brit. zool. illuft. tab. c. Ardét. zool. n. 34.—Fiichoitter. Ridinger, wilde thier. t. 28.—Its Anatomy. E. N.C. d. 1. a. 3. obf. 195. and d. 2. a. 10. obf. 112. and cent. 10. app. 468. Inhabits Europe, North America, and Afia, as far fouth as Perfia. .. This animal frequents frefh water rivers, lakes, and fifh ponds, but is mever found in the fea; it preys on fifh, frogs, and frefh wate cruftaceous animals, being exceedingly deftructive to fith ponds; it lives in holes under ground, which always open under the furface of water; thefe-are conftructed with great care to prevent their being overflowed, and are carricd upwards fo as to,have a fimall air-hole opening in the middle of fome buth. "The Ctter procreates in February, ‘and brings forth three or four young ones in May; the male calls the female by a foft murmuring noife; it is a crafty, and cruelly biting animal, yet may be tamed, and even employed to catch {ith for its mafter: It is in general about two feet long, from the tip of the nofe to the bafe of the tail, which is fixteen inches in length; the male weighs from eighteen to twenty-fix pounds; the female from thirteen to twenty-two: The fur is of a deep brown colour, with two fmall white fpots on each fide of the nofe, and one beneath the chin; the throat and breaft are cinereous ; the head is broad and flat, with a {hort broad: nefe, thick lips, and large whifkers ; the ears are fhort; the neck is fhort and thick; the legs are fhort, thick, and loofely connected to the body, having on each foot five toes, which are conneéted together by webs. 6. Canadian Otter.—M. Lutra canadenjis. Of a black colour and {mooth fur; with a long taper tail. Sm. Buff. vi. 324. pl. ccxlvii. Inhabits Canada, and other parts of North America.—The Count de Buffon, inftead of defcribing this animal, gets into a long difquifition about the Latax of Ariftotle, which he finally determines is not the {pecies in queftion. In a note, he quotes Dennis, who fays, that the Otters of North Ame- rica are commonly much larger and blacker than thofe of Europe, fome being as black as jet; and that their fur is finer. By the plate, the throat and lower parts of the face feem of a whitifh or grey colour. 7. Lefler Otter. —3. AZ. Lnird fulwva. 3: Cc The feet are webbed and very hairy, having toes of an equal length; and the mouth is white. . Faun. Suec. 12. Lepechin, It. i. 176. t. 12. _ Maftela Lutrecla. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel- 1. p. 94. n. 3-—Lutra minor, or Leffler Otter. - Erxleb, mam. 451. nm: 3. Schreber, ili. 462. t. cxxvii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 228. pl. xxxviii. Ar&. zool. 35-—Dutky Weafel, Viverra fufca, having a white mouth. Leche, a&t. Holm. 1759, P. xxi. 202. t. 11.—Viverra Lutreola. Pallas, fpicil. zool. xiv. 46. t. 8. f. 1.—Noerza. Agric. de anim. fubter. 39- Inhabits Germany, though rarely, Poland, Finland, Ruffia, and Siberia.— Lives in marthy places, _ preying on fith and frogs: Seldom exceeds a foot in length: The body is of a tay my and duiky co- lour 339 340 174 MAMMALIA. FER &. Otters. lour mixed together, the fur having two feries of hairs, the fhorter of which are yellowifh, .and the long ones black; the top of the head is hoary; the chin white; the feet are broad, webbed, and co- vered with hair; the tail is dufky, and becomes broader and darker coloured towards the end. This is a moft exceflively fetid animal, but its fur is very valuable, being efteemed next in beauty to that of the Sable. : 8. Cayenne Otter.—M. Lutra guianenjis. The hind feet are webbed; the toes on the fore feet unconnected ; and the tail is long, taper, and naked. Small Guiana Otter. Sm. Buff. iv. 236. pl. Ixix. Inhabits Cayenne, and probably in other parts of South America.—Is only about feven inches long, from the nofe to the rump; the tail is near feven inches long, of a brown colour, has no hair, is thick at the origin, and gradually diminifhes to the extremity, which is white, it is round above and flat below, and is covered with a rough granulated fkin; the upper parts of the head and body are marked with large brownifh black fpots, exactly correfponding on both fides, and the intervals are of a yellowifh grey colour; all the under parts of the body and head, and the fore parts of the fore legs, are white, and there is a white {pot over each eye; the ears are large and round; the mouth is gar- nifhed with long whifkers. The Count de Buffon informs us that there are three fpecies of Otters in Cayenne: 1ft, Black, which weighs from forty to fifty French pounds. 2d, Yellowifh, weighing twenty or twenty-five pounds. 3d, The fmall greyifh kind, above defcribed, which only weighs three or four pounds. The other two are not defcribed ; but they are faid to appear in numerous troops, to be very fierce and dangerous, and to defend themfelves againft dogs, biting very cruelly; they litter in holes which they dig on the banks of rivers; are often tamed and brought up in houfes. The fame great naturalift, on the authority of two gentlemen who refided in Cayenne, mentions a large animal, under the name of Otter, weighing near ‘a hundred pounds, which lives in the large unfrequented rivers, often fhowing its head above water; its cry is heard at a great diftance; the hair is foft, fhort, and of a dark brown colour; it lives on fifh, and fuch grain as falls into the water from the bank.—I fhould rather fufpect this laft animal to belong to the Seal genus.—T. 9g. Minx.—4. Mi. Lutra Minx. 5. The feet are webbed; and the whole body is of a uniform full chefnut colour. Schreber, iii. 463. tab. cxxvii. B. Muftela Vifon. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 1. p. 94. n. 5.— Muftela caftanea, Weafel, having the whole body covered with dark chefnut coloured hair. Brifl. quad. 178. n.6.—Minx. Lawfou Carolin. 121- Kalm. it. iii. 22. Tnhabits North America.—This animal lives on the banks of the rivers, preying on fifhes, birds, and mice, and fometimes frequents the farm-houfes. Mr Pennant confiders this as being the fame animal with the Leffler Otter already defcribed, though the colour of the two are certainly different, Dr Gmelin quotes an animal from the Count de Button, as a fynonime to this, under the name of Vifon, which has a much greater refemblance te a Weafel than to an Otter, and cannot therefore be the 341 342 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Weafels. 175 the fame with the animal in queftion: For this reafon, and on the authority of Mr Pennant, the Vi- fon is removed to the divifion of Weafels. m WEASELS.-MUSTEL &. Having the toes unconnected. 1. Tayra.—1. Mujtela barbara. 4. Of a black colour; having a three lobed fpot on the under part of the neck. Muftela maxima, or Largeft Weafel, of a black colour, having a ftrong {cent of mufk, called ‘Tayra. Barrere, Fr. equin. 155.—Guiana Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 209. Inhabits Guiana and Brafil.—Is about the fize of the Martin, having coarfe black hair; the ears are rounded and downy ; the {pace between the eyes is afh coloured; the white fpot is placed under the middle of the neck, not under the throat: The female has four teats, which are fituated on the middle of the belly, near the navel. It is faid that this animal, by rubbing itfelf againft trees, leaves a kind of unctuous matter which has a {trong odour of mufk. 2. Galeraa—2. Mu/ftela Galera,, 2. Of a uniform dufky brown colour. Erxleben, mam. 453- Galera fubfufca, or Brownifh Galera, called Guinea Fox; having a long tail, black eyes, and flat, almoft naked ears. Brown, Jamaic. 485. t. 29. f. 1.—Guinea Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 208.—Galera, or Tayra. Sm. Buff. vili. 265. Inhabits Guinea.—This fpecies is about the fize of a fmall Rabbit, and is fhaped like a Rat; the upper jaw is much longer than the lower; the eyes are placed midway between the ears and tip of the nofe; the ears refemble thofe of mankind ; the tongue is rough; the tail hangs downwards, and tapers to the point; the feet are ftrong and formed for digging ; the fur is rough. This animal is very common about the Negro villages, burrowing like a Rabbit ; is very fierce and deftructive to poultry. Dr Gmelin confounds this and the following animal together, but, on the authority of the Count de Button and Mr Pennant, I have ventured to feparate them.—T. 3. Vanfire.—Mu/tela afra. ‘The colour of the upper parts of the body is brown; that of the under parts pale yel- low; the tip of the tail is blackifh. Viverra javanica, ‘or Java Weafel. Briff. quad. 245. Seba, Muf. 1. 77. t. 48. f. 4.—Vanfire Sm. Buf. vii. 221. pl. ccxxvi.—Madagafcar Weefel. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 203. Tnhabits Madagafcar and the interior parts of Africa.—The length, from the tip of the nofe to the rump, ts fourteen inches, of the tail near ten; the hair is brown at the roots, and is barred above with 176 MAMMALIA. FERZ, - Wealels. with black and rufty brown; the ears are fhort; in the upper jaws are twelve grinders, fix on each fide, and ten in the lower. 344 4. Pekan.—3. Mujtela canadenjis. 13. The fur is of a blackifh tawny, or bay, colour; having a white {pot on the breaft. Erxleb. mam. 455. Schreber, iii. 47.2. t. cxxix. Pekan. Sm. Buff. vii. 307. pl. ccxlv. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 204. Arét. zool. n. 28. Inhabits North America.—This animal, in its form, is like the Pine Martin; the body and head are near two feet long, and the tail above ten inches; the hair on the head, back, and belly, is very foft and glofly, cinereous at the roots, and of a bright bay at the ends; the fides are tinged with grey; the legs and tail are black; there is a white {pot between the fore legs; the toes are thickly covered with hair, and are armed with {harp claws; the ears are a little pointed; the mouth is ‘gar- nifhed with very long and ftrong whitkers. 345 §: Vifon.— Muftela Vifon. Of a bright and glofly tawny brown colour; the tail dufky. Sm. Buff. vii. 307. pl. ccxlvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 205. Arét. zool. n. 29. Inhabits North America.—Refembles the Martin: The body and head are above feventeen inches long, and the tail nine; the legs are very fhort ; the ears are rounded; beneath the hair is a thick foft down, of a cinereous colour tipt with rufty brown, 346 6. Common Martin.—4. Mujtela Foina, 4. Of a blackifh cheMmut colour; the throat and breaft white. Erxleb. mam. 458. Schreber, iil. 472. t. CXXIx. Weafel, Muftela, having the hairs whitifh at the roots, and chefnut coloured at the extremities; the throat white. Briff. quad. 178.—Martes domeftica, or Common Martin. Gein. quad. 765. Al- drov. 332. Jonft. quad. 156.—Martes, Foyna, Martlet, or Martin. Raj. quad. 200.— Martin. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 199. Sm. Buff. iv. 239. pl. Ixx.—Marder. Ridinger, klein. thier. t. 85. Inhabits Britain, Germany, France, and moft parts of the fouth of Europe ; and is found even in the warmer parts of Ruflia. - Goes about during the night in queft of prey, living on fmall quadru- peds, frogs, and birds, being particularly greedy of poultry and eggs, even devours ripe fruits, and is a great enemy to cats; may be tamed, if catched young. The female, when young, brings three or four, and, when full grown, as far as feven at a birth. The body and head are a foot and a half long; the tail ten inches; the body, fides, and legs are covered with hair, which is afh coloured-at the bot- tom, bright chefnut in the middle, and black at the tips; the throat and breaft are white; the belly deep brown; the tail is dufky and full of hair; the feet are broad, covered at the bottom with thick down, and armed with white claws; the head is brown with a reddifh tinge, having broad rounded ears, and lively eyes. It is a moft elegant, lively animal, very good natured, fportive, and ‘capable of being 347 349 MAMMALIA. Bt oe FERIA, iar Weafels. 197 being tamed ; lives in.woods, breeding in hollows of trees, and is often, im. winter, found in magpies nefts. , The fkin and excrements have a mufky fmell. », Pine Martini—5. Mujflela Maries. 5. The body is of a dark or blackifh chefnut colour, with a yellow breaft and throat. Erxleb. mam. 455. Schreber, iil. 475. t- cxxx. Muttela, or Weafel, having hair‘of a cinereous grey or whitifh colour at the roots, and chefnut at the extremities, with a yellow throat. Brifl. quad. 179,—Martes fylveftris. Gefn. quad. 766.— Pine Martin, Martes abietum. Raj. quad. 200. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 200. Arét. zool. n. 27.— Yellow-breafted Martin. Brrr. zoo. i. 8r. Sm. Buff. iv. 245. pl. Lxxiiii—Martes. Aldrov. dig. 331.—Marder. Ridinger, wilde thiere. t..30. Inhabits the north of Europe, Afia, and America; and is more rarely found in Britain, France, Germany, and Hungary; and as far as Tonquin and China.—Lives in large woods or forefts, keeping in the day time in the hollows of trees, occupying fquirrels nefts, efpecially for their young, and only -goes about by night: It preys on fquirrels, mice, rats, and {mall birds; eats likewife berries, ripe fruit, and honey; and, in winter, goes in queft of pigeons and poultry. It procreates in February, and is faid, after nine months, to bring forth feven or eight young ones: ‘The head is fhorter, and the legs are femewhat longer, than inthe Common Martin. The fur of this fpecies is far fuperior in finenefs to that of the common kind, and is a prodigious article in commerce; Thofe about Mount Caucafus, with-an orange throat, are more efteemed by furriers than the reft. 8. Guiana Martin.—Muftela guianenfis. ‘Of a dark brown colour, with a white fore-head, and along narrow {tripe along the fide of the neck. Sm. Baff. iv. 243. pl. bxxi. Inhabits Guiana.—The body and head are near two feet long, and the tail is only about five cckes es: The fur is fprinkled with black and white; the muzzle is much lengthened, and black, which colour extends above the eyes, paffes under the ears along the neck, and lofes itfelf in the brown hair of the fhoulders; the top of the head is whitifh grey; the neck is brown, interfperfed with ath coloured hairs ; ; the hairs of the body are grey and afh coloured at the roots, brown in the middle, and black and white at their extremities; the under part of the jaw is blackifh brown, which colour extends.under the neck, and vanifhes towards the belly, which is bright brown or chefnut ; the legs and feet are covered with thining reddifh black hair; the tail is more bufhy at the root, and “is of a bright brown mixed with black. g: Cayenne Martin.—Muflela laniger. Is covered with woolly hair; and the tail is long and taper. “Small Guiana Martin. Sm. Buff. iv..244. pl. Ixxii.— Woolly Weefel: Penn. hitt. of f quad. Nl. 210. Inhabits Cayenne. The body and head are near fixteen Bigs long, and the tail near nine; the nofe is very long and flender , the upper jaw being longer than the under; the ears are {hort and round- Vou. I. Z ed; 359 go 352 178 MAMMALIA. “FER, ”" Weafels, ed; the legs are fhort.—The Count de Buffon, though he gives this animal from the life, does not inform us of its colour or manners: ‘The belly, lower part of the neck, and a fpot behind the eye,, feem, from the figure, to be whitifh or grey. Though Mr Pennant makes two diftinét fpecies of this and the American Fitchet, Hift. of quad. n. 194. I am inclined to think that both defcriptions. refer to the fame animal.—T. 10. Sable.—6. Muftela Zibellina. g. ‘Of a dark tawny brown or blackifh colour, with a very white fore-head, and cinereous throat. Schreber, iii. 478. t. cxxxvi.. Pallas, fpicil. zool. xiv. 54. t. 3. £2. - Muftela, or Weafel, of a dark tawny colour, with a grey throat. Brifl. quad, 180.—Sobela, Zo-- bela, or Zibellina, Gefn. quad. 768. Aldrov. dig. 335. Jonft. quad. 156. J. G. Gmelin, nov. com. Petrop. v. 338. t. 6.—Sable. Sm. Buff. vii. 309. Penn. hift. of quad.n. 201. Arét. zool. n. 30.. @. White Sable —M. Zibellina alba. Of a {nowy white colour. Strahlenberg, hift. ruff. 442. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 322.- Inhabits the northern parts of Afia and America, Siberia, Kamtfchatka, and the Kurile iflands,. and. formerly in Lapland; being found in Afia as low as 48°, and in America even to 40° of latitude: —This fpecies is much infefted by wild-eats: It preys on fmaller animals of the Weafal tribe, fquir= vels, and hares; during winter on birds, efpecially partridges; and in winter eats hurtle-berries, crane-berries, and the berries of the fervice tree, or mountain-afh; it fleeps in the day time, going. about only in the night; procreates in January, and brings forth, about the end of March, from three. to. five young ones. This animal: has a great. refemblance to the Martin; from which it differs in ha= ving a longer head, longer ears, furrounded by a yellow: margin,. longer- and more elegant fur, the feet more thickly clothed with hair, and the tail is fhorter than the hind legs when extended, while: that of the Martin is mucli longer. ‘The colour of the hair is cinereous at the bottom, and black at the tips; the chin is cinereous, fometimes white, yellowifh, or {potted ; the mouth is garnifhed with Yong whifkers ; the feet are large, with white claws. In fpring, after fhedding the coat, the fur is. fometimes of a tawny caft, and fometimes varies to fnowy whitenefs. The blackeft are reputed the beft, and fometimes fell, even in Siberia, from one to ten pounds Sterling each. The white variety is very rare; and fome, as-rarely, are found which have a collar of white or yellow fpots round the neck. The Sable is probably the Zaécerov, or Satherius, of Ariftotle, Hift. an. lib. viii. c. 5.3; which. he clafles with the animals that are converfant among waters; fuch.as the Beaver and Otter.. tz. American Sable.-—M. Zibellina americana: Of a light tawny colour, with whitifh head and ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 201..£, Inhabits North America, efpecially in Canada.—Is twenty inches in length, from nofe to rump ;: the trunk of the tail is five inches long, but to the end of the hairs eight ; the ears are more pointed than the former; the feet are very large, of a brown colour, and hairy both above and below, having. five toes with white claws on each. We 353 355 MAMMALIA, FER ZA. j Weafels. 179 12. Black Sable-—M. Zibella nigra. The back, belly, legs, and tail, are black ; the fides are brown ; the tail is very bufhy. Fither Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 202. Ar&. zool. n. 31. Lev. muf. Inkfabits North America, particularly New York and Penfylvania.—Is two feet four inches long from nofe to rump, and the tail feventeén inches; the hairs on the back, legs, belly, and tail, are brownifh atthe bafe, and black at the ends; the fides .are brown;-the face, and fides of the neck, are pale brown, or cinereous; the nofe is black, with ftrong, {tiff whifkers ; the ears are broad, rounded, dufky on the-outfides, and edged with white. the feet are very broad, and are covered with hair both ‘above-and below, having five toes before, and four, fometimes five, behind, armed with ftrong, fharp, crooked claws; the tail is full and bufhy, but fmaller at the extremity. Though called the Fither Weafel, it is not amphibious, but preys-on all lefler quadrupeds.: It has fix {mall fore-teeth in each jaw; fix large tufks in all; four grinders on each fide of the upper jaw, three of which are fharp pointed and the fourth flat ; fix grinders-on each fide of the lower jaw, the fartheft back being flat, the next three pointed, and the other-two having two points. ‘This fpecies fometimes varies in co- lour. 13. Polecat.—7. Muflela Putorius. 7. Of a blackifh yellow or chocolate colour, with white muzzle and‘ears. Fauin. Succ. 16. Schreber, iii. 485. t. cxxxi. Muttela, or Weafel, having its hair of a whitifh grey colour at the roots and black-at the tips, and with a white muzzle. Briff. quad. 186.—Yellowifh-black Weafel, Muftela flavefcente-nigri- ‘cans, with a white muzzle, and yellowifh collar. Syft. nat. ed. vi. 5. n. 3.—Putorius. Gefn. quad. 767. Aldroy. dig. 329. fig. p. 340. Jonft. quad. 154. t. 64. Raj. quad. 199.—Fitchet, or Polecat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 195.—Putois, or Polecat. Sin. Buff. iv. 248. pl. lxxiv. Brrr. zoor. i. 77.— Titnis. Ridinger, wild. thier. t. 20. Tnhabits moft parts‘of Europe, and in the temperate climates of Afiatic Ruflia.— Dwells in rocky, ftoney, and gravelly places; about ftables, barns, and dwelling-houfes ; in hollow trees, and in fhal- low burrows, of feveral yards long, terminating under the roots of large trees; fleeps moftly during the day, and goes about in the night in fearch of rabbits, rats, Mice, ‘moles, poultry, and other birds, -in winter it feeds likewife on fifh and frogs, aid is very deftruétive to bee-hives. The head of the Polecat is thicker, the muzzle fharper, and the tail fiorter, than in the Martin, from which animal it chiefly, however, differs in colour. In the deferts of Afiatic Ruffia, Polecats are fometimeés found, efpecially in winter, of a white colour; they are likewife found beyond lake Baikal with white or yellowifh rumps, bounded with black. It is exceedingly fetid, like feveral other {pecies of this genus, ef{pecially the Martin and Sable, giving out from the anus a moft exceffively fetid vapour, when frightened: The male is moftly of a yellowith tinge, having a whitifh muzzle, while ‘the muzzle of the female is commonly of.a yellowith dirty white. 14. Ferret.—8. Muffela Furo. 8. Has remarkably red and fiery eyes. Z 4 ' | ' Muftela, Go Sy QQ a57, / 180 _ MAMMALIA. FER R. “i NVeafeted Muftela, or Weafel, of a pale yellow colour: Erxleb. mam. 465. Schreber, iii. 488. t. cxxxiii.— Muittela viverra, Furo, or Ferret, the male having yellowith fur, intermixed with long hairs which; are tipped with chefnut colour; the fur of the female being of a whitith pale yellow colour. Briff. quad. 177.—Mufiela fylveftris, Viverra, Furo, or Iétis. Aldrov. dig. 327. Jonft. quad. 154. Raj. quad. 198. Gein. quad. 762—Ferret. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 198. Brir. z0oL. i. 78. and ii. 498.—- Furet, or Furet putois. Sm. Buff. iv, 252. pl. Ixxv. and lxxvi. ~ Inhabits Africa.—From thence this animal was brought into Spain, in order to free that country from rabbits, and from Spain the reft of Europe has been fupplied : It is domefticated, and is em- ployed for hunting rabbits. It procreates twice a year, bringing forth from five to eight young at a birth, very rarely nine. In this country it is apt to degenerate, for which reafon wareners crofs the breed, procuring an intercourfe between a female Ferret and a male Polecat, by leaving the for- mer, when in feafon, near the haunts of the latter: The produce is of a much darker colour than the- Ferret, having a great refemblance to the Polecat. The Ferret is much fmaller than the Polecat, the head and body being about fourteen inches long, and the tail five; the head is narrower, the muzzle fharper, and the whole body-more lengthened and thinner; the colour likewife differs confiderably;. the Ferret being ufually of a very pale yellow, though that circumftance is variable, as in all domeftix cated animals. It is very fetid, 15. Sarmatian Weafel.—g. Mufela farmatica. 15. The upper part of the body is of a brownifh black colour, fpotted and ftriped irregu- larly with obfcure yellow. Pallas, It.i. 453. and Spicel. zool. xiv. 79. t. iv. f. 1. Ersleb. mam.. 460. Schreber, iii.. 490. t. CXXXii. Muftela Pereguf{na, or Weafel; called Peregufna, by the Ruffians; the head, and under parts of: the bedy,. being of a full black, the upper part of the body variegated with dark brown and yellows. the mouth and ears, and a band on the fore-head, white. Guldenftaedt, nov. com. Petrop. xiv.. 441. 445.t. 10.—Muftela praecinéta, Girdled Weafel, or Perewiafka. Rzaczyntki, hift. nat. Po-. lon. 328. and 222.—Vormela, or Wormlein. Gefn. quad. 768.—Sarmatian Weefel.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 196. Inhabits Poland, efpecially Volhynia, in the deferts of Ruflia between the Volga and ‘Fanais, the mountains of Caucafus, Georgia, and Bucharia.—This is a moft voracious animal, which feeds on Mar-- mots, rats, mice, jerboas, birds, and other fmall animals. It procreates in fpring, and, after eight: weeks, the female, which has eight teats, brings forth from four to.eight young ones: It refembles. the Polecat, but has a narrower head, a more lengthened body, a longer tail, and fhorter hair, except on the feet and tail. It lives in holes, fometimes of its own burrowing, but. moftly in thofe which have been made by other animals, and is exccedingly fetid, The head and body are about fourteen inches, and the tail fix inches in length. 16. Siberian Weafel.—10. Muflela fibirica. 16, Of a deep yellow colour, having the foles of the feet exceedingly hairy. Sibirian Weefel, called Kolonok by the Ruffians.. Penn. hift.. of quad..n. 197. Pallas, It. ii. 7or- and Spice]. zool. xiv. 89. t. iv. f. 2, Erxleb, mam: 471. Inhabits MAMMALIA, — RAGERZ Weafels, 981 . Inhabits. Siberia. —This animal is nearly of the fame fize with the laft, being about twelve inches long from nofe to rump, and the tail fix: In manners it refembles the Sable, and in general appear- ance comes neareft to the Ermine, but has longer legs and:a longer tail: The tail is very full of hair, and of a deeper colour than. the reft of the body; the fur is in general long and loofe; the face is black, the noftrils are furrounded with whitifh, and.fpotted about the eyes; the throat is fometimes fpotted with white.. The chief refidence of this animal is from the Altaic mountains to the river Amur and lake Baikal: It lives moftly in the forefts, but is fo greedy that it will even venture into the huts of the peafants, to devour their meat and butter. 17, Ermine.—r1. Muftela Erminea. 10. The tail is tipt with black. Faun. Suec..17. Houttuyn, nat. ili. 206. t. 14. f. 5. Muftela, or Weafel, which is white in winter, being in fummer of a reddifh colour on the upper parts of the body, the belly white, and the point of the tail black. Brifl. quad. 176. OF this {pecies the two following varieties are diftinguifhed by Dr Gmelin.and other authors, though the difference feems chiefly to depend on climate and the feafon of the year; the Stoat of a pale tawny brown, or reddifh yellow, colour in fummer, becoming the white Ermine of winter in cold. countries. i a. Stoat—M. Erminea aeftiva. Has a reddifh tinge, and the tail is tipt with black. Schreber; iii. 496. t. cxxxvii. A. Rofelet.. Sm.. Buff. iv. 262. pl. bexix.—Stoat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 193. Arct. zool. n. 26, Brit. zoo. i. 84.—Wiefel. Ridinger, jagdb. thier. t. 19-. B. White Ermine.—M: Erminea hyberna, Of a white colour, with.a blackifh: tip: to the tails Aldrov.. dig. 310. Schreber, ii.. 496- t. cxxxvil.. B. % Maftela candida, White Weafel, Animal-ermineum, or Ermine. Raj.-quad. 198.—Hermine, or Ermine. Sm. Buff. iv. 262. pl.lxxvii. f. 2:, Penn.-hift. of quad..n..193. @.. Brrr. zoo. i. 84.— Hermelin. S..G;.Gmelin, It. ii. 192: t. 23.- Inhabits the north of Europe, Aiia, and America, and as far as the northern parts of Perfia and: China.—Lives in heaps of ftones, on.the banks of rivers, in the hollows of trees, and particularly in» forefts, efpecially thofe of beach, preying on fquirrels and lemmings. In manners and food it refem-- bles the Common Weafel, but does not frequent houfes ; haunting chiefly in woods and hedges, efpe-- cially fuch as border on brooks or rivulets.. In general appearance it comes very near to the Martin, , but is fhorter in the body, being fcarcely ten inches long from nofe to rump, and the tail about five and a half; the hair is likewife fhorter and lefs fhining than in that animal. In the northern regions,, the fur of the Ermine becomes entirely white during winter, except the outer half of the tail, which. remains black. The flim is reckoned valuable, and fells in Siberia from two to three pounds Sterling: a hundred; but in ancient times it was in much greater requeft than now. In fummer, the upper- part of the body is of a pale tawny brown colour; the edges of the ears, and ends of the toes, are” yellowithe 60 182 MAMMALIA. ¥FERZA. ‘Weafels. yellowifh white ; the throat, breaft, and belly are white: In winter, in the more temperate regions, it is fometimes, mottled with brown and white ; but in more fevere winters becomes entirely white; the-farther north, and the more rigorous the climate, the white is the purer ; thofe of Britain gene- rally retain a yellowifh tinge. -In Perfia-and other more fouthern parts, it.is.brown the whole year. me 18. Common Weafel.—12. Muftela viilgaris. 11. : The upper parts of the body are of a pale reddifh brown, the lower parts white; the tail of the fame colour with the body. Erxleb. mam. 471. Schreber, iii. 498. t. cxxxviii. Muttela, or Weafel, reddith abeve;and white below. Brifl. quad. :175.—Common Weafel, Muf- tela vulgaris. Aldrov. dig. 307. Jonft. quad. 152. t. 64. Gefn. quad. 752.—Weafel, Weefel, Fitchet, Foumart, or Foulimart. Raj. quad. 195.—Whitret, ‘or Whitred. Sibald, Scor. ili. 11.— «Common Weefel. Sm. Buff. iv. 297. pl. xxvii. f. 1. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 192. .Arét. zool. n. 25. Bair. zou. i. 82. De. illuft. tab. ci.—Wiefel. Ridinger, wilde thier. t. 30. @. Snow Weafel—M. vulgaris nivalis, Having a white fur, and -fcarcely any black hairs at the point of the tail. -‘Syft. nat. ed. _ Ril. 69. n. 11. Muttela, or Weafel, having: the tail of the fame colour with the body, and-appearing as if cut off in the middle. Hellenius, act. Stockh. 1785, trim. 3. n. g. t. 1.—Sno-mus. Faun. Suec. 18. Jnhabits the temperate and northern parts of Europe, Afia, and America, and as far to the fouth= wards as the northern provinces of Perfia, and is faid to be found eyen in Barbary.—In the more northern parts of Ruffia and Sweden, particularly in Weitbothnia, it becomes white in winter ; even in this ftate it is eafily diftinguifhable from the Ermine, being a great deal fmaller; the body and head not exceeding feven inches'long, and the’tail two inches and a haif. It is very deftructive to chickens, birds,.qand young rabbits ; eats fifh, flefh, mice and rats, eggs,.and mufhrooms, but no other vege- table; it is very greedy, killing and carrying off great quantities of {mall animals at a time, above eighty field mice having been found in one Weafel’s hole; it is very fetid, dirty in its habits, and drinks much 3 preys moftly by night, and is a-great enemy to the tribe of tice, entering their bur- rows, and eating their whole bodies, only leavmg them teeth undevoured : It is killed by-cats with great difficulty ; is very watchful, looking round with great caution, when running about ; is faid to be feized with epileptic fits, or convulfions, when much terrified ; when tamed is very playful and cunning : In fpring the female brings forth fix, eight, or more young ones at a birth. The whole up- per parts of the head and body are of a pale tawny, or reddifh brown, colour; the under parts are entirely white, with a brown fpot, on each fide, beneath the corners of the mouth; and the ears ate {mall and rounded : It is a very active animal, which in confinement is in perpetual agitation, always endeavouring to conceal itfelf; its motions confift moftly of unequal and precipitant leaps; it runs up the fides of walls, or up trees, with great facility, making at firft a fudden bound feveral feet high, and feizes its prey in the fame manner; it deftroys pigeons, fparrows, ferpents, water-rats, moles, field-mice, quails, partridges, and every other {mall animal it is able to mafter; is very fetid when ir- xitated or frightened, and feems not incommoded even by the moft intolerable fmells, as there are in- ftances of the female making her neft and littering her young in exceffively putrid carcafles. It may be 362 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Weafels. 183 Be tamed, and even trained to follow a perfon any where, by gentle treatment combined -with proper chaftifement. 1g. Yellow Weafel.— Mujftela melina. The back and’ belly are of a pale cinereous yellow; the face, crown, legs, and tail, black. White-cheeked: Weefel. Penn. hift. of quad. n..206.. The native country of this animal is unknown; it having been defcribed by Mr Pennant from a living fpecimen in poffeffion of an animal-merchant in the year 1774.—It is eighteen inches long from nofe torump; the tail is of the fame length, and covered with long hair; the head is flat, with rounded ears, broad blunt nofe, dufky coloured eyes, white cheeks and chin, anda rich yellow coloured throat. , 20. Chilefe Weafel.—13. Mujflela Quiqui, 17. The body is of a dark brown colour; having a wedge fhaped muzzle. Quiqui.. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. lib. iv. 258. Inhabits Chili.—Lives in burrows under ground ; is of a ferocious difpofition, and preys on murine animals. Befides thefe {pecies, Dr Gmelin mentions two, that-he is uncertain how to»arrange, as their cha- racters are not fufficiently marked by the authors who treat of them: 1ft, The Javan Weafel, or Muftela Favanica, of Seba, i..77. t. 48. f.-4.3 and, 2d,, The Sardinian Weafel, or Boccamele of the Sardinians, Cetti, hift. nat. Sardin. i. t. 5. having the tail tipt with black, and a lengthened body ; it follows mankind, lives’on flefh and vegetables; is fond-of honey, and frequents the vineyards.. XVI. BEA R.—17.UR SUS, 16; Has fix cutting teeth in each jaw, which are hollowed on the infide;. of thefe im the lower jaw, the two outermoft on each fide are longer than the reft, and are lobbed: Each jaw has one tufk on each fide, with very fmall fecondary teeth at their pofterior bafes, placed more inwards than. the prin- ciples: In the upper jaw are five, and in the lower jaw fix grinders on each fide, which are placed near the tufks. The tongue is {mooth: The eyes are provided with a membrana nictitans:. The fnout is lengthened *, * YPenis featens offe curvato, 364 365 184 -MAMMALIA. 5 ne FERZ. Bear, _ The animals of this genus have five toes on each foot, which are all contiguous to each other; the fole of the foot is long, and extends to the hecl, giving a very firm tread; they are all capable of climbing; and fome ufe their fore feet in the manner of hands. 1, Common Bear.—1, Urfus Aréfos. 1. Of a blackifh brown colour, with a very fhort tail. Erxleb. mam. 156. Urius niger, or Black Bear, with the tail of the fame colour. Briff. quad. 184. Gefn. quad. 14. Aldrov. dig. rr7. Jonft. quad. 123. t..55. Raj. quad. 171. Klein, quad. 82.—Black Bear. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 174.—Bear. Sm. Buff. v. 1. pl. c.—Baer. Ridinger, wilde thicre. t. 32. Of this animal the following varieties are mentioned. a. Black Bear.—U, Arétos Niger. Of a {mall fize, and entirely black. Schreber, iii. 502. t. cxl. Ard. zool. n. 19. @. Brown Bear.—U. Ardfos fujcus. Of a brown or rufty colour. Schreber, iii. 502. t. cxxxix. ; Brown Bear of the Alps. Sm. Buff. v. 2. Ard, zool. n. 20. y. Grey Bear.—U. Arélos gryeus. Of a black colour, interfperfed with white hairs. Ard. zool. n. 20. % &. Variegated Bear.—U, Arctos variegatus. The bocy is variegated with different colours. « White Bear.—U. Aréios albus. The body is of a white colour. White Land-Bear. Sm. Buff. v. 1. pl. ci. Arét. zool. n. 20. y Inhabits the north of Europe and Afia, and in Arabia, the Alps, Japan, and Ceylon. The Grey and Variegated varieties are found in Iceland; the Black and Brown kinds inhabit the marfhy woods in the north of Europe and Afia; and the Brown Bear is likewife found in the Alps, the Pyrenees, Caucaffus, the Carpathian mountains, in Poland, Greece, Paleftine, Egypt, Barbary, Ceylon, India, Jepan, China, and Perfia,—The Black Bear lives entirely on roots, berries, and other vegetable fub-= ftances; befides thefe, the Brown devours various kinds of infects, efpecially ants and bees, with their combs, and feeds on the dead carcafles of fheep, goats, cattle, deer, and horfes, which they even at- tack and deftroy. In general they blow up the carcafles of fuch animals as they kill, and hide the re-= mainder of what they cannot devour in the marfhes; they commonly wath their food; and, when confined 359 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Bear. 185 confined to their dens, during the winter, they fuck their paws. The Brown Bear procreates about the.end of June,-and the Black about the end of October, and both kinds, going about a hundred and twelve days, bring forth one or more at a birth. In the colder regions the Bears hybernate, or pafs the winter in a ftate-of torpidity, retiring into dens in the clefts of rocks, or in the hollows of-old trees, where they remain wrapt up in warm foft beds of mofs, ufually from the middle of November to the breaking up of the winter froft, and abftain from food during all that period: They go into their winter retreats extremely fat, but, as they eat nothing during that feafon, they are exceflively lean in {pring, and are commonly forced to come out by extreme hunger. They generally walk about with great gravity and compofure, except when attacked or irritated; on which occafion they become " very active, and, rifing upright on their hind legs, ftrike with both fore feet; they feldom attack mankind, except when irritated, and on thefe occafions the female obliges her young ones to climb up trees, if at hand, before ‘fhe ventures to fight ; they always defcend trees with their hinder parts foremoft, of which they are very careful. Bears are not infefted with fleas; and it is faid that they are frightened by mufic: They ftand upright, naturally, on their hind legs, and fim with great fa- cility ; in confequence of the membrana niétitans, their afpect is cruel, furly, and unpleasant : The thumb, or inner toe, on each foot is fmaller than the reft; the female has four dugs; the fkull is lefs than that of the Lion, though the brain is larger; their tendons are in great requeft among the Lap- landers for making thread; their flefh is reckoned delicious food, efpecially when fat ; their gall is exceflively bitter, and is efteemed a valuable medicine in epileptic cafes; and their preafe or fat is ‘much valued as a cofmetic, efpecially for caufing the hair to grow. 2. Polar Bear.—2. Ur/us maritimus. 5. Of a white colour, with a very fhort tail; and having a longifh neck and head. Erxleb. mam. 160. Schreber, iii. 513. t. cxli. Urfus marinus, or Sea Bear. Pallas, It. ili. 6g1. and Spic. zool. xiv. 1.--24. t. 1.—Urlus albus, or White Bear, having the tail of the fame colour. Briff. quad. 188.—Urfus maritimus albus, Ur- fus major arcticus, Larger Arctic Bear, or White Sea Bear. Martin, Spit. 73. t.O. f C—Ur- fus albus, or White Bear. Jonft. quad. 126. Muf. Worm. 319. Klein, quad. 82. Sm. Buff. viii. 216. pl. cclxxxix.—Polar Bear. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 175. pl. xxxiil. fig. r. Arct. zool. n. 18.— Weifie Baer. Ridinger, Baeren. t. 3. Ed. Col. Muf. Weir's Muf. Tnhabits within the Arctic circle, being found chiefly in Greenland, Spitzbergen, about Hudfon’s Bay, Nova Zembla, and from the river Ob, in Siberia, to the Jenifei and Lena.— Polar Bears are found in great abundance on the ice-iflands of thefe northern feas, preying on filhes, feals, and cetaceous a- nimals ; they feldcm penetrate into the inhabited ‘countries farther fouth, yet are fometimes found in Newfoundland, Iceland, and the more interior parts of northern Ruffia and Siberia, into which they penetrate either from extreme.neceffity, or from having loft their way during fogs, and on thefe oc- cafions they are fometimes neceffitated to feed on vegetables. ‘The female goes fix or feven months with young, and ufually brings forth two cubs in the month of March. In manners and appearance this fhecies refembles the former ; which has, however, a larger head and a thicker muzzle. The flkin of fome individuals of this fpecies is thirteen feet long; the head and neck are long, with fhort round ears, and the nofe is tipt with black; the feet and legs are of vaft fize; the teeth are very large; the fur is long, foft, fhagegy, and generally of a yellowifh white colour: This fpecies feems ex- Vou. I. Aa tremely oye 186 MAMMALIA. FERZA. Bear.. tremely fond of human flefh, is very bold and fearlefs, attacking bands of armed men, and boarding fhips ; and even diggs up human carcaffes. It has fometimes terrible combats with the Morfe or Walrus, which is its greateft enemy. It is: very impatient of heat, and when brought into the more temperate regions, mut be frequently refrefhed by means of cold water thrown over the body. The flefh is very white, and is reckoned to refemble mutton. 3. American Bear.—3. Urjus americanus. 6. Of a black colour, the throat and cheeks being of a rufty brown colour. Pallas, Spicel! zool. xiv..6. n. 26. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 174. .. Inhabits the whole of America, except Chili and Patagonia, and is found in Kamtfchatka.—This: {pecies rejects animal food, though preffed by hunger, confining itfelf entirely to vegetables, and is: remarkably greedy of Maize and Potatoes; Dr Gmelin fays that it feeds on fifh. The head is more lengthened than inthe European Bear, the ears are longer, the hair is more {mooth and gloffy, black-. er and fofter; the whole body is much fmaller.; the nofe is longer and more pointed, and of a yel- lowifh or rufty brown colour. It is very cowardly, and never attacks mankind unlefs when provoked, or in defence of its young; it fometimes bites the natives of Kamtfchatka, when afleep, but never devours them. 4. Sand Bear.—U7r/fus tetradactylus.. Has only four toes.on each foot. Bewick, Gen hift. of quad. ed. 1791, p. 257- and fig. This animal is rather lefs than the Common Badger: It is almoft deftitute of hair, extremely fen-- fible of cold, burrows in the ground, and is of a yellowifh. white colour: The eyes are fmall; the- legs are fhort; the feet are armed with fharp white claws. and the tail is confiderably longer in pro- portion than in the three former fpecies, which have only a ftump in place of a tail. The place of this animal is uncertain: It is engraven by the ingenious Mr Bewick of Newcaftle, on wood, from a drawing of a fpecimen in the Tower of London._ -5. Common Badger,—4. Urfus Meles. 2. Has a fhort tail of the fame colour with the body, which is dark ath coloured on the upper: parts, and black below; the face is whitifh, with a pyramidal longitudinal black band including the ears and eyes. Faun. Suec. 20. Schreber, iii. 516... cxlii. Meles, or Badger, having very long claws on-the fore paws. Syit. nat. ed. vi. 6.—Meles, or Badger, covered with a mixed black and dirty whitifh fur, having the head marked with alternate white and black ftripes. Briffl. quad. 183.— Meles, Taxus, Vaflus, Blerellus, Jazwiec, Borfuk. Rzac-- zinfki, Polon. 233.—Grey Coati, Short-tailed Coati, Taxus, Meles, Tax. Klein, quad. 73.—Bad- ger, Blaireau, or Taiffon. Sm. Buff..iv. 226. pl. lxviiCommon Badger. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 179. Brit. zoor. i. 64. De. illuft. tab. lii. Weir’s Muf—Tachs. Ridinger, jagd. thier. t. 17. Its Anatomy. E. N.C. d. 2. a. 5. obf. 32. and d. 3. a. 3. obf. 163. The tio following varieties are mentioned by authers. ; ° a7 5 MAMMALIA, FER A. Bear. 187 . White Badger.—U. M CE: alba. ‘Of a white colour on the upper parts, and yellowifh white below. Briif. quad. 185, y. Spotted Badger.—U. Meles maculata. Of a white colour, marked with reddifh yellow and dufky fpots. Ridinger, aller]. thier. t. 24. Inhabits Europe and the north of Afia, as far as the northern provinces of Perfia and China, and in Japan.—The White Badger is faid by M. Briffon to have been brought from New York; it has very {mall eyes,-and very fhort legs, and is only one foot nine inches leng, with a tail of nine inches: This variety, or fpecies, is by Mr Bewick fuppofed to be the fame animal with the Sand Bear, already :defcribed. The {potted variety is very rare, nor is it mentioned from what country it was brought. The Badger lives in woody places, in the clefts of rocks, or among ftones, and in burrows or holes, ‘of its own digging, but from which he is often driven by the Fox, which is not fo well adapted for ‘burrowing in the earth. It is very cleanly, and always allots a particular place for its excrement: The ‘male and female live together in pairs, propagate in November, or the keginning of December, and, after nine weeks, the female brings forth from three to five young ones at a birth: It lives on infeéts, “eggs, roots, fruits, the leaves of Secale, Lathyrus, and other vegetables, and on rabbits; keeps in its hole all day, and only goes abroad during night: It is very indolent, and fleeps much, yet grows pro- ‘digioufly fat- During the fevere weather of winter, it remains in a torpid ftate in its hole, fleeping on a commodious bed made of dried grafs. The Badger is furnifhed-with a tranfverfe orifice, about an inch deep, between the tail and anus, which difcharges a fetid white matter, which the animal is fond ‘of fucking ; the fore-teeth are fix in each jaw, equal, fimple, and parallel to each other; the eyes are provided with a white membrana ni¢titans, capable of covering the whole ball; the female has fix teats, two on the breaft, and four on the belly; the feet are fhort, and are furnifhed with five claws, thofe on the fore feet being very long and ftraight : The Common Badger is about two feet and a half in length, and the tail fix inches; it is‘of a very clumfy make, weighing from fifteen to thirty- four pounds; it runs very flowly, defends itfelf again dogs with great vigour, biting very ae rely, -and being very tenacious of life. It may be tamed, if caught young; and the fefh, when well fed, makes excellent hams and bacon. 6. American Badger.—5. Urfus labradorias. ee - The tail is covered with long dirty yellow hairs, tipped with white, having the end dufky; the throat, breaft, and belly, are white; the fore feet have ouly four toes. Schreber, iii. §20. t, cxlii. B. American Badger. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 179. 8. Ar&. zool. n. 23.—Carkajou. Sm. Buf. vii. 2oiGarpla2.ecxl. Inhabits Labradore, and the country about Hudfon’s Bay, in North America.—This animal, which has a very firong refemblance to the Common or European Badger, is fomewhat fmatler, and the hair is longer, more foft, and filky; the ears are fhert, and of a white colour edged with black; the head is white, with a black line on each fide running from the fore-head, clofe to the inner corner of Aa2 the 3 = 76 / 188 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Bear. the eye, down to the nofe; the hair on the back is four or five inches long, bright brown for the: under half, then bright yellow, above that black, and white at the tips; the legs are fhort, and of a dark bsown colour, having five claws behind and only four before, which are confiderably longer and larger ; but the want of the fifth claw on the fore feet, being defcribed from a dried fpecimen, may have been owing to accident. It is uncertain whether this animal poffeffes the orifice under the tail. In each jaw there are fix fore-teeth, one tufk on each fide of each jaw, and four grinders on. each fide in both ; in all thirty-two. 7. Indian Badger.—U7/fus indicus, Has a black face; the crown of the head and. upper parts of the body are white, and the lower parts blec’x. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 180. Tnhabits India.—This fpecies is deferibed, by Mr Pennant, from a fpecimen in the collection of Mr John Hunter, Surgeon General to the Army. It is playful, lively, and good natured ; feeds on flefh ; fleeps rolled up; and climbs with great readinefs: The head is fmall, with a pointed nofe, and a prominent oval rim inftead of ears; the nofe and face, to a little beyond the eyes, are black; the crown of the head, upper part of the neck, back, and upper part of the tail, are white, inclining to. grey; the legs, thighs, breaft, belly, fides, and.under part of the tail, are black; it has five toes on: each foot, the inner one fmaller than the reft, all armed with very long ftraight claws; the hair is fhort and fmooth ;, the head and body are about. two feet long; the tail four inches. It refufes any commerce with the Common Badger. Ne-notice'is taken of the orifice near the tail. 8. Racoon.—6 Urfus Lotor, 3. The tail. is furrounded with different coloured rings; and a black band croffes the face, including both eyes. Schreber, iii..521. t. cxliti. Urfus cauda elongata, or Long-tailed Bear. Act. Stock..1747, t. 9. f. 1. Houttuyn, nat. ii. 237: t.15. f 1. Briff. quad. 189.—Mapach. Fernand. anim. ii. 1. Nieremb. hift. nat. 175. Jonit. quad, t. 74.—Coati.. Raj. quad. 179. Catefb. Carol. 121.. Sloan, Jamaic. ii. 329. Worm. Mnf. 319. Ma- jor, Moth. 30.—Racoon. Kalm, It. ii. 228. 327. and in. 24. Lawfon, Casol. 121.. Penn. hift. ef quad, n. 178. Arét. zool. n. 22. Sm. Buff. v. 46. pl. ciii,— Wilde ziberthartige Kaze. Muller. del. nat. ii. 99. t. K. 1. £. 2. Inhabits America, efpecially the northern divifion, and the Weft India iflands.—The Racoon lives in holes of trees, bringing forth two or three young ones in the month of May: It eats eggs, poul- try, and fhell-fith ; wafhes its food in water, and ufes the fore paws to carry it to the mouth ; it has very delicate fenfations of fmell and touch 5 and a moft tenacious memory, efpecially of injuries; it fleeps commonly from midnight till mid-day ; and is faid to have an averfion at hags briftles ; it climbs with great facility. The body is cloathed with hair of a grey, or afh colour, at the roots, white in the middle, and tipt with black, which gives the fur the appearance of being fhaded with dufky tranfverfe waved rings ; the head is of a dufky colour, with a fharp black pointed nofe, a black band acrofs the face furrounding both eyes, and croffled with a dufky line from the nofe to the fore-head ; the tail is very bufhy, and is furrounded with black rings*; is eafily tamed, active, good natured, * Penis off incuryato fcatet. 378 380 MAMMALIA. FER A, Bear. 189 natured, and fportive, but unlucky and inquifitive like a Monkey ; fits up to eat on the hind feet, which are very long, ufing the heel to reft on 5 ufes the fore paws like hands, with which it opens oyfters, and is fometimes caught between the fhells, and held till the tide flows and drowns it ; is very fond of fweet things, and even of ftrong liquors, with which it fometimes gets very drunk. ~ B. White Racoon.—U. Lotor melinus, Of a cream colour or yellowifh white. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 265. Levers Muf. The place and hiftory of this animal is unknown. It is barely mentioned by Mr Pennant, as res fembling the Common Racoon in every thing but coleur. g. Wolverene.—7. Urfus lufcus. 4. Has a long tail; the head, back, and belly, are of a-reddifh’ brown ; the face black ; and the fides of a yellowifh brown colour. Urfus caftaneus, or Chefnut Bear,. the tail being of a uniform colour with the body; the fnout and legs black. Briff. quad. 188.— Quickhatch, Carcajou, or Wolverene. Catefby, Carol. app. xxx. Dobbs, Hudfon’s Bay, 40. Ellis, Hudfon’s Bay, 42. Edw. av. ji. 103, t. 103. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 176. pl. xxxiil. f. 2. Arct. zool..n. 21. Inhabits the country about Hudfon’s Bay, and‘in Canada.—Refembles the Wolf in fize, and the Glutton in the-figure of its head; the hair: is long and harfh; the tail-is of a chefnut colour, fome- what darker at the extremity.; it has only four toes before and five on the hind feet; the muzzle, to half way between the eyes and ears, is black, and conically: pointed; the ears are fhort, rounded, almoft hid in the hair, and edged with white; the fur on the head, back, and belly, are reddith, with black tips, fo-as to appear almoft black ; the fides are yellowifh brown, and a band of this colour croffes the back near the tail; there are fome whitifh fpots on the throat and breaft; the legs are very ftrong, thick, fhort, and black, having five toes on each foot, not deeply divided, armed‘with {trong fharp claws, which are white at the ends; the foles of the feet are thickly covered with hair, and reach as far’as the heel, on which the animal refts in walking ; the back is highly arched; the tail is covered with long coarfe hairs, near fix inches in length, of the fame colour with thofe on the body ; the length of the head and body is two feet four inches ; and of the ftump of the tail feven inches, but the hair reaches fix inches farther. The colour of this animal varies according to the feafon of the year ; it is exceedingly voracious, and being flow of foot, has to take its prey by fur- prife ; it watches for Beavers, whicki it takes as they come from their houfes, and fometimes forces its way into their habitations; it is very fierce, and is even a terror to Wolves and Bears; it burrows under ground ; is very fetid; fometimes lurks on trees, and drops down on deer pafling below, faft- ening on them till they are quite exhaufted.. ro, Glutton.—8. Ur/us Gulo. 8, The body and tail are of a gloffy black, or dark brown colour, with a tawny line all down the middle of the back. Schreber, iii. 525. t. cxliv. Muftels 190 MAMMALIA. FERZ. : Bear. Muftela rufo-fufca, or Reddith-brown Weafel, with a black lift along the middle of the back. Syft. Nat. ed. xii. 67. Faun. Suec. 14. Houtt. nat. ii. 189. t. 14. £. 4. Gunner, act. Nidrof. iit 123. t. 3. £.5.—Gulo. Georgi, it. 160. Pallas, Spicil. zool. xiv. 25. t. 2. Gefn. quad. 554. Aldrov. dig. 178. Jonft. quad. 131. t. 67. Scheffer, Lap. 339. Rzacynik. Pol. 218. Klein, quad. 83. t. 5. Zimmermann, Spec. zool. geogr. 309.— Vielfrafs, Roflomaka, Jarf, Jxerven, Ficldfrofs. Genberg, act. Stockh. 1773. 222..t. 7. 8. Bell’s trav. 1. 235. Pontopid. Norw. ii. 22.—Glutton. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 177. Sm. Buff. vii. 274. pl. ccxl.—The Anatomy. Barthol. Cent. 4. obf. 30. Inhabits America, Adfia, and Europe, in the more northern parts ; is rarely found in Poland and Courland ; and very rarely in Germany.—Dwelis chieily in the mountains, and in large forefts; pro- creates in January, and brings forth one, two, or three young ones in the month of May; the female retiring for this purpofe into the clofeit recefles of the woods: It is a cunning and voracious animal, and climbs with great facility ; feeds on hares, murine quadrupeds, rein-deer, birds, dead carcaffes of all kinds ; even on fifh, cheefe, and almoft every kind of eatable ; it never attacks mankind, un- lefs forced in its own defence; it defends itfelf againft dogs by its mtolerable fetor, which however be- comes lefs: unfupportable after death. When young it may be tamed ; and the fur is reckoned valu- able. It is larger than the Badger, and thinner in the body; which is fometimes three feet eight inches in length from the nofe to the rump, and nineteen inches high; the tail is fix inches long; the legs are very thick, short, ftrong, and hairy, having five toes.on each foot, fome authors fay only four; -the tail is fhorter thanthe hind legs, and very hairy; the female has fix teats; there are fix fore- teeth in each jaw, the middle four in the upper jaw being equal in fize, and as if lobed on both fides; the outer one on each fide is longer, and ftronger than the reft, its fore fide rifes into a conical point, while the back half of the tooth is lobed; the lower fore-teeth are blunted, as if cut through the middle, two alternately are placed within the general line, thofe in the middle are rather {maller, and the outer ones are larger and thicker than the reft; the tufks are thick, conical, very ftrong, and fome- what blunt, thofe of the upper jaw being larger than thofe below, flanding at a diftance from the fore- _ teeth, and are furrowed on the outer furface; the lower tufks are placed near the fore-teeth and grinders; there are five grinders on eaclifide above, and fix below, all knobbed, the firft and laft be- ing very fmall: he head is round, with a thick lunt nofe, and {hort rounded-ears, a little poimted at the tips; the back is firaight, and has a tawny lift along the middle of its whole length; the tail is fhort and very full of hair; the whole body is ef.a fine glofly black, watered or damaiked like filk, fometimes varying to brown. Bg. White Glutton —U, Gulo albus. Of a white colcur, fometimes. tinged with yellow. | Penn, hift. of quad. p. 293. This variety is fometimes found in Kamtfchatka, where the fkins are very highly efteemed. KER OP OSS Ul Mie, oe LP ay Ss. 17. The fore-teeth are very {mall and rounded; of thefe. there are ten in the upper jaw, with two intermediate ones longer than ‘MAMMALIA. FER A. Opoffum. rQi than the reft; in the lower jaw are eight, with two inter- mediate broader than the reft, and very fhort: The tufks are long; the grinders knobbed: The tongue is furnifhed with a fringe of pointed papillae. In moft fpecies the female has a pouch or falfe belly, within which the teats are placed. In general, the tail is long, flender, and naked. This genus is chiefly confined to America, at leaft moft of the known fpecies, till lately, were of that country ; none have hitherto been difcovered in Europe, or Afia, except one fpecies; and lately fome fpecies have been found in the vaft ifland of New Holland. They moftly dwell in burrows, or holes, in woody places, of their own digging, and frequent trees, which they climb with great facility, often by thé help of their tails, which, in many fpecies, are prehenfile ; their gait is generally rather flow; they feed on birds, particularly poultry, infects, worms, and vegetables; for the moft part, their feet are completely divided into five toes, feveral of them having a diftinét thumb, on the fore paws, at fome diftance from.the other toes: ‘The male penis is moftly very much concealed, and has a di- vided glans ; in many fpecies the females are provided with a kind of purfe, or falfe belly; in fome there are two, or even three, diflinct cavities, which can be fhut or opened at pleafure, being provided with two bones for that purpofe, and in this the teats are fituated, and the young ones are kept there after birth as in a neft, hanging perpetually to the nipples, till they grow large enough to run about; even the males of thefe fpecies are faid to be furnifhed with this fingular provifion. 1, Amboina Opoflum.—r. Didelphis marfupialis. 1, Has eight teats within the pouch. Schreber, ili. 536. t. cxlv. Amboina Philander, of a blackifh red brown colour on the back, the belly of a pale yellowith afk colour, and having a dufky brown {pot over each eye. Briff. quad. 201.—Philander orientalis maxi-- mus, or Largeft Oriental Philander. Seba, Muf. i. 64..t. 39. Klein, quad. 59.— Greater Molucca Opoffum. Penn. hift. of quad. n..182..«.. Tnhabits Amboina, according to Pennant, or Surinam, according to Gmelin.—This fpecies is about the fize of a large Cat or Martin: The noftrils are half-moon fhaped, and perpendicular; the muzzle is furnifhed with five rows of whifkers; at each angle of the mouth are cight long briftles, and five under the throat ; the ears are oval, loofe, of a black colour, and tipt with white; the back grinders are knobbed, and the fore ones fingle pointed, the foremoft being very fimall; the lower parts of the legs are black and very fmooth; the tail is as long as the body. / 2. Brafilian Opoflum.—2. Didelphis Philander. 2. Has four teats; the tail is hairy at the bafe, and the ears are pendulous. Schreber, iii. 541. t. cxlvii. Brafilian Philander, having the fur of a whitifh colour at the roots and blackifh at the tips:.. Briff. quad. 210.—Tlaquazin, or Tai-ibi of the Brafilians. Seba, Muf.i. 57. t. 36. f. 4.—Faras, or= Ravale, Gumilla, Orenoqu. iii. 238. Tnhabitss 384 Go iy Loz MAMMALIA, FERZ. ‘Opoffum. Inhabits South America.—The body and head are about nine inches in length, and the tail four- teen; the muzzle has fix rows of whifkers; the orbits are furrounded with a brownifh circle; the legs are whitifh ; and the naked part of the tail is whitifh, with brown {pots. 3. Sarigue.—3. Didelphis Opoffum. 3. The tail is hairy near the bafe; over each eye is an oblong white fpot. Schreber, iii. 537- t.cxlvi. A. B. Philander fpadiceus, -of a dark chefnut colour on the back, the belly yellow, and having a yel- lowith {pot over each eye. Briff. quad. 207. Seba, Muff. i. 56. 57. t. 36. f. 1. 2. 3.—Vulpes major putoria, Larger ftinking Fox, or Acuary, having a round naked tail. Barrere, Fr. equin. 166.— Semivulpa. Gefn. quad. 870. Aldrov. dig. 223.-—Tlaquatzin. Hernand. Mex. 330.—Tai-ibi, of the Brafilians. Marcgr. Braf. 223.—Carigueia. Marcgr. Braf. 222. Pif. Braf. 323. Tyfon, Phil. ‘Tranf. n. 239. p. 105. Cowper, Phil. Tranf. n. 290. p. 1565.—Opoffum. Catefby, Carol. 120.— Sarigue, or Virginian Opoflum. Sm. Buff. v. 404. pl. clviii. clix.—Mollucca Opoffum. Penn. hift.- .of quad. n. 182. Inhabits the warm and temperate parts of America.—Has long, oval, naked ears; a wide mouth; an oblong white {pot over each eye ; the lower fide of the upper jaw, the throat, and belly, are of a whitifh afh colour; the hair on the reft of the body is of a whitith afh colour, tipt with tawny, and Garkeft on the back; the tail is as long as the body, and naked, except near the bafe, where it is co- vered with hair; the claws are hooked ; there are ten fore-teeth in the upper, and eight inthe lower jaw: ‘The head and body are about ten inches long. 4. Molucca Opoffum.—3. s. Didelphis molucca. 3. s. The back is of a dark brown colour, the belly yellowifh, and there is a yellow {pot over each eye. riff. quad. 209. Inhabits Ceylon, the Philippine and Molucca iflands.—In Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema Naturae, this is made a variety of the preceding {pecies; but the remarkable difference of country for- bids that idea: There is a confiderable confufion among naturalifts, refpecting the various fpecies of this genus, to remedy which every exertion has been made, but not with entire fuccefs; the following deicriptive account from the Syftema Naturae is there meant as referring to both this and the prece- ding article. By means of the tail, which is prehenfile, thefe animals climb trees, and fpring from tree to tree with great facility; but, in other refpects, they are very flow of foot; they may be tamed; the female brings four or five young ones at a birth, which {he keeps with great care in her pouch, or falfe bel- ly; the voice refembles the grunting of a hog; the length of the head and body is about a foot; the head is longer and fharper than in the Brafilian Opoflum, but fhorter than that of the Amboina {pe- cies; the ears are fhort and rounded ; the female has five or feven teats; the tail is fhorter than the body, and is hairy at the bafe, the naked part being whitith. Pr ls oe a 387 MAMMALIA, FERE. Opoflum. 193 s. Virginian Opofflum.—Didelphis virginiana. ‘The tail is fhorter than the body, and hairy at the bafe, the reft is naked and prehenfile; the face is white, with a dufky fpace round the eyes; the body is thick, clumfy, and blackifh on the back; the fides dufky; the belly dirty white; the legs and thighs black. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 18r. pl. xxxvi. Aré. zool n. 24. Inhabits Virginia, Louifiana, Mexico, Brafil, and Peru.u—Mr Pennant deftribes and figures this animal from a fpecimen in the Leverian Mufeum: He fuppofes it to be the fame with the Didelphis marfupialis of Linnaeus, but, at the fame time, expreffes his doubt of the identity by a mark of inter- rogation: Dr Gmelin, on the contrary, quotes this fpecies from Mr Pennant as fynonimous with the Didelphis Opoilum, or Sarigué of Buffon and of this edition; there is not, however, any refemblance in the three defcriptions, and I have therefore ventured to disjoin them.—T. From the tip of the nofe to the tail this animal is twenty inches long, and the tail twelve; the nofe is long, and fharp pointed, having long {tiff hairs on each fide; the cars are large, rounded, naked, very thin, of a black colour, and edged with white; the eyes are fmall, black, lively, and furrounded with a dufiky fpace ; the face is covered with foft, fhort, white hair; the neck is very hort, thick, and of a dirty yellow colour at the fides; the hind part of the neck, and the back, are covered with long, foft, uneven hairs, which are yellowifh white at the bottom, black in the middle, and whitifh at the ends; the hair on the fides is of the fame length, mixed dirty white and dufky colours; the belly is covered with foft, woolly, dirty white hair; the feet are aufky, with white claws, having five toes on each; the great toes on the hind feet are diftin&t, and like a thumb; the bafe of the tail is hairy ; the reft is prehenfile, and covered with fmall fcales, like a fnake, the firft half being black, and the reft white; the body is round, very thick and clumfy, with fhert black legs; the female has a pouch or falfe belly in which the teats are placed, and in which the young take fhelter immediately after birth, faftening fo clofely to the teats that they can hardly be feparated; they are then very fmall, naked, blind, and refemble foetufes 3 when older, they acquire hair, get their fight, and ven- ture out of the pouch, but return on the leaft alarm. ‘This animal is very fetid, yet the flefh, even of the old ones, is very good, and eats like that of a fucking pig. 6. Cayopollin.—4. Didelphis Cayopollin. 6. The tail is longer than the body ; the belly has no pouch; the eyes are furrounded with a flight black ring. Schreber, iii. 544. t. cxlviil. African Philander, of a dark chefnut colour on the back, the belly of a yellowith dirty white, and the tail marked with dark chefnut {fpots. Brif. quad. 2142.—Cayopollin, with a prehenfile tail. Fernand. nov. hifp. 10,—-Male African Moule, named Kayopolin. Seba, Muf. i. 49. fais f. 3.—Cayopollin, or Mexican Opoffum. Sim. Buff. v. 438. pl. cxlii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 186.— Cayopollin, f. Animal caudimanum. Nieremb. hift. nat. 158. Y Inhabits the mountains of New Spain.—The muzzle is thicker, and the cars fhorter and narrower, than thofe of the Didelphis Opoflum, or Sarigue, already defcribed, or of the Didelphis murina, which follows;. the body. is from fix to nine inches long; the tail is longer, ‘being hairy at its origin, and the reft naked, but marked with dark chefnut ccloured fpots on a whitifh ground. Mr Pennant defcribes this fpecies from a fpecimen in the Léverian Mufeum, having large, angular, and tranfpa- Vou. I. ; \ Bab rent 388 389 392 194 MAMMALIA, FER A. ' Opoffum, rent cars; very large whifkers; the face of a dirty white, with a dark line down the middle; the hair on the head, and upper part of the body, afh coloured at the roots, and deep tawny at the tips; the lees and ieet duiky, with white claws; the belly of a dull cinereous colour; the tail long and thi «th, varied with brown and yellow, hairy for the firit inch, and the reft naked. It lives in trees, in which it brings forth its young; thefe cling clofely to the parent when frightened. Neither-Mr Pennant nor the Count de Buffon fay whether this fpecies has or wants the purfe on the kelly. 7. Murine Opeflum.—5. Didelphis murina. 4. Inftead of a falfe belly, the female has a fold on each fide, including the teats. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 185. Monufe-like Opoffum, or Didelphis murina, having fix teats, and the tail hairy at the bafe. Syft. nat. ed. Gmelin, i. 107. n. 4. Amoen. ac.i. 279. Muf. ad. Fr. ii. 8. Schreber, iii. 545. t. cdlix.— American Philander, having the back of a dark chefnut colour, and the belly of a pale yellow. Briff. quad. 211.—Philander, having the teats on the abdomen not included in a purfe; with a very long, round, naked tail, and a long fhaped body. Gronov. zaoph. i. 9. n. 33.—Scalopes. Seb. Mouf. i. 48. t. 31. £ 1. 2. -Marmofe, or Murine Opoffum. Sm. Buff. v. 435. pl. cxl. cxli. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 185. Inhabits the hotter parts of America. —The length of the head and body is fix inches and a half, and the tail is about the fame; the muzzle has fix rows of rufty brown whifkers, except the loweft row which is white, all fhorter than the head; the back is arched, and it and the top of the head are of a tawny colour; the belly is yellowifh white; the ears are long, broad, naked, thin, and rounded at the ends; the feet have each five toes, with diftinét thumbs, all furnifhed with very fharp claws: The female has fourteen teats, according to the Count de Buffon from infpection, to which the young, fometimes ten at a birth, attach themfelves immediately when brought forth; thefe are at firft not bigger than fmall beans, and never quit their hold till they have acquired confiderable fize and ftrength. ‘This fpecies burrows in the ground, climbs trees, fixes itfelf to the branches by the afliftance of its prehenfile tail, and darts on birds and {mall animals; it likewife eats fruits, grain, and roots, but prefers fifh and crabs. It is very flow, and ftupid in all its actions. 8. Guiana Opoffum.—Dzdelphis guianenfis. Of a brown colour on the upper parts, and white beneath. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 308. Inhabits Guiana.—This animal is barely mentioned by Mr Pennant as a variety of the preceding = with which, therefore, we muft prefume that it agrees in appearance. ° g. Surinam Opoflum.—6. Didelphis dorfigera. 5. Has fhort blunt nails on all the thumbs, and on the fingers of the fore paws; thofe on. the hind toes are fmall and fharp pointed. Didelphis dorfigera, having the tail hairy at its bafe, and longer than the body; the fingers of the fore paws being unarmed. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. p. 107.0. 5. Schreber, iii. 546. t. cl.—Glis fylvef- tris:. oo MAMMALIA. FER. Opoffum, 105 tris. Merian, infect. farin. 66. t. 66.—Glis fylveftris, Mus fylveftris, f. Sorex fylveftris, from Ame- rica. Seba, Muf. i. qo. t. 31. f. 4. 5. ii. go. t. 84. f. 4.—Surinam Philander, of a tawny red on the back, and whitifh yellow on the belly. Briff’ quad. 212.—Surinam Opoffum, or Merian Opoffum. Sm. Buff. viii. 267. Penn. hift. of quad. n. ror. Inhabits Surinam.—This fpecies is about ten inches long, from the nofe to the rump, the tail be- ing rather longer ; it burrows in the ground; the female brings five cr fix young at a birth, which adhere to their parent when threatened with any danger, by twifting their prehenfile tails round hers, and riding on her back: The ears are long, fharp pointed, and naked ; the head and upper parts of the body are of a yellowith brown, or reddith yellow colour, which becomes bright red on the back; the front, muzzle, belly, and feet, are whitith yellow; the orbits are furrounded with a dufky ring ; the tail is naked and of a pale red, that of the male having dufky red fpots; the feet refemble thofe of the Ape, having four fingers and a thumb on all the four paws: ‘The young ones grunt like pigs. 1o. Cayenne Opoflum —7, Didelphis canerivora. re The upper jaw, on each fide, is armed with a crooked canine tooth which reaches be- yond the under jaw. Didelphis cancrivora, or Crab-eater Opoffum, having a fcaly and almoft naked tail, nearly as long as the body ; and a diftingt thumb, or great toe, on the hind foot armed with a flat nail. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. p. 108. n. 7.—-Crab-eater, Crab-dog, or Crabier. Sm. Buff. viii. 279. pl. cexciil,— Koupara, Canis fylveftris major, or Larger wild Dog, commonly called Cancrofus, or Crabier. Barrere, Fr. equin. 149.—Cayenne Opoflum. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 187. Inhabits Cayenne.—This animal is about eighteen inches long from nofe to rump, and fix and a half inches high; the tail is prehenfile, greyith, fcaly, naked, tapering, and about fixteen inches in leneth; the head is long, with a pointed muzzle, and fhort, erect, fomewhat pointed ears; the fur is woolly, of a yellowifh white on the fides and belly, deeper yellow on the fhoulders, thighs, neck, breaft, and head, and mixed with brown in fome places; this woolly fur is mixed with long {tiff hairs, near three inches in length, which are of a dirty white colour at the roots, and dark brown, almoft black, at their extremities; thefe in¢reafe in number on the thighs, and on the ridge of the back, which is totally covered with them, fo as to form a kind of mane from the middle of the back to the origin of the tail; the legs and feet are of a blackith brown colour, having four crooked toes and a ftraight thumb on each foot, the great toes or thumbs being thick, broad, and diftant; the nails of the thumbs and great toes are flat, but the other toes are armed with fhort crooked claws. This f{pecies is very common in Cayenne, frequenting the Savannahs and other marfhy places, and climbs trees with great dexterity : It lives chiefly on crabs, ‘and is always fat: When it cannot reach the crabs in their holes with its paws, it introduces the prehenfile tail to hook them out, and in this attempt it often gets pinched, on which occafion it emits acry, fomewhat like that of mankind, which is heard at a great diftance; but its ordinary voice is a kind of grunt : The female brings four or five young ones at a litter, and, having no pouch, depofits them in the hollows of old trees. It may be tamed with great eafe, and fed, like Dogs and Cats, with all kinds of victuals: Its fleth re- fembles that of a Hare, and is eaten by the natives of South America. Bb 2 ry ae 3 & g2 93 196 MAMMALIA. FER. Opoffum. 11, New-Holland Opoffum.—Dzdelphis caudivolvula, The tail is taper, hairy and prehenfile at the end. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 188. Cook’s voy. iii, 586. Inhabits New-Holland, near Endeavour river.—The head and body are about thirteen inches long, being covered on the upper part and the fides with long, foft, gloffy hairs, of a dark cinereous colour at the roots, and rufty brown at the ends; the tale is taper, and of the fame length with the head and body ; two-thirds of its length is covered with fhort brown hair, the extremity being white, and naked underneath; the paws are furnifhed with thumbs having flat nails, and the toes have fhort claws: This f{pecies lodges among the long grafs, but is little known. In Governor Phillips voyage to New-South-Wales, p. 148, is a defcription of this animal, or one very nearly allied to it, in the pofleffion of Mr John Hunter of London, fent from New-South- Wales: The countenance refembles that of a Fox, but the manners approach to thofe of the Squirrel; when difpofed to fleep it coils in a round form, but when eating, or on the watch, it fits ereét, ufing its fore feet to feed with, or to hold any thing; when irritated it utters a loud harfh noife; and only feeds on vegetables: The fur is long, clofe, thick, and of a mixed brown and greyifh on the back; the belly and neck are yellowifh white; the head and body meafure eighteen inches, and the tail twelve; The muzzle is pointed and garnifhed with long whifkers ; the fore paws have fiye toes arm- ed with claws; the hind paws three toes with claws, and a diftin¢ét thumb or great toe; im each jaw there are two fore-teeth ; the tefticles are large and pendulous : The female has a pouch on the belly. 12. Short-tailed Opoflum.—8. Didelphis brachyura. 8. Of a red colour, with a fhort hairy tail, naked ears, and no pouch. Schreber, iii. 548: t. cli. Pallas, act. Petrop. 1780, il. 235. t. v. Philander obfcure-rufus, of a dark red colour on the back, and tawny on the belly, with a thort thick tail. Brifl. quad. 213.—Philander, without any pouch over the teats, and having a fhort, thick, hairy tail. Gronov. zooph. i. 9. n. 35.—Mus fylveftris femina, fron, America. Seba, Muf. i. 50. t. 31. £. 6.—Short-tailed Opoflum. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 189. ‘Inhabits South America.—This animal is from three to five and a half inches long; the tail is hardly half that length, and is covered with hair, thick at the bafe, and gradually leflens to the ex- tremity. The fur is exceedingly foft and glofly, of a dull red colour on the upper parts, and paler red or tawny on the belly, with a beautiful red ftreak along the fides of the head and body. ‘This fpecies lives in the woods; the female, which has no falfe belly, brings from nine to twelve young at 2 birth, which adhere to the teats as foon as born. The head refembles that of the Didelphis Cayc- pollin; the fnout is thorter than that of the Didelphis Opoffum, and thicker than that of the Didel- phis murina, with which fpecies it agrees in the general form of the body, in the want of the pouch, and in the male penis being placed backwards below the fcrotum. 13. Oriental Opoflum.—9, Dide/phis orientalis. 9. The tail is longer than the body, hairy from its bafe to the middle, the reft naked and prehenfile; the two middle toes of the hind feet are united. Pallas, mifcel. zool. 59. Erxleb. mam. 79. Schreber, ili. 5go. t. clii. Phalanger.. 395 396 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Opoffum. 197 Phalanger. Sm. Buff. vii.174. pl. ccxvii. cexviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 190.—Coefcoes. Va- lent. Ind. iii. 272. Inhabits the Eaft Indian iflands, and perhaps likewife in New Holland.—This animal refembles the Squirrel in its voice and mode of feeding, and is extremely timid: The female has two or four teats, and brings as many young at a birth, having no pouch: The head is very thick, with a blunt nofe, and fhort, hairy ears; the legs are very {hort, and the toes have long, crooked, ftrong claws; the two firft toes of the hind feet are attached together, and the hind paws have diftinét thumbs with flat nails; in the male the upper parts of the body are of a reddifh brown, mixed with ath colour, with a black line down the hind part of the head and middle of the back; all the hinder parts of the body being very dark coloured; in the female, the fur is much marked with white; in both, the belly, throat, legs, and part of the tail, are of a dirty yellowifh white: In the upper jaw there are eight cutting teeth, and only two in the lower. 14. Javan Opoflum.—1o0, Didelphis Bruni. 10. The hind legs are much longer than the fore, and have only three toes on each; the tail is fhort and naked. Schreber, iii. 51. t. cliii. Pallas, act. Petrop. ii, 229. t. ix. Javan Opoffura. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 183.—Filander. Le Brun, voy. to E. Ind. Ing. edit. ii, IOl. t. ccXuli. Inhabits the ifland of Java-—This animal is about the fize of a Hare, with a narrow F ox-like. head, having upright pointed ears, and a brown {tripe pafling through the orbits acrofs the face; the up- per jaw has fix fore-teeth, and the lower only two, and there are no tufks in either jaw; the fore legs are very fhort, with five toes on each; the hind legs are very long, having two very large, ftrong toes, and one very fimall one on the outfide, which is found to confift of two fets of bones, and to have two clofely united flender claws; the belly is furnifhed with a complete pouch for the reception of the young. From the ftruéture of the legs, this animal leaps, inftead of walking, in the manner of the Jerboas: They are kept, in Java, along with rabbits, in inclofures, and burrow in the ground. 15. Kanguru.—1t. Didelphis gigantea. to. The tail is long, thick, tapering, and hairy; the hind legs are very long, and furnifhed with three toes; the ears are erect, and the body is very large. Schreber, iii. 552. f. cliv. Kanguroo, or Kanguruh. Cook’s voy. iii. 577. t. xx. Hawkefworth, voy. iii. 174. t. 51. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 184.—Gigantic Jerboa. Zimmerman, 526.—Macropus giganteus, or Great Kan- guroo. Nat. mifc. pl. 33. Inhabits the weftern fide of New Holland.—The head, neck, and fhoulders of this animal are fmall i ‘but the hinder part of the body is large and thick ; the head and body are above three feet long, when full grown, the tail two feet nine inches; it fometimes weighs above eighty pounds: The head is long and tapering, the upper lip divided, and the end of the nofe black; the ears are thin, oval, erect, and covered with fhort hair; there are no tufks in either jaw; in the upper jaw are four broad fore-teeth, ftanding perpendicular to the jaw; the lower jaw is fhorter than the upper, and has only two long: 398 198 MAMMALIA, FERZ. Ovoffum. Jong fharp fore-teeth, ftanding directly forwards; each jaw has four grinders on each fide, which are placed far back in the mouth ; the belly is large and prominent, but has no pouch; the fore legs are very fhort and ufelefs for walking, having five toes armed with long, ftrong, conical claws; the hind legs are almoft as long as the body, with thick thighs, having only three toes on each foot; the middle one is very long and thick, with a firong large claw; the other two, one on each fide, are fmall and diftant from the middle one, have fhort thick claws, and the outer toe has two fmall clof fet claws, fzemingly only one without a narrow infpection: The fcrotum of the male is large and pendu- fous; the whole fur is afh coloured, fmooth, and fhort ; the breaft and belly being confiderably paler. ‘This animal lives among the long grafs, feeding on vegetables, is very timid, and moves by furpriling leaps, with the hind legs, over bufhes feven or eight feet high; and ufes the fore paws only for dig- ging and carrying its food to the mouth. It is very good eating. ‘The Kanguru, and the next f{pecies, though placed in this genus, on the authority of Dr Gmelin, ought certainly to have been arranged in the order of Glires, from their having no tuiks.—T. 16. Phillips Opoflum.—Didelphis tridactyla. The tail is long, tapering, and hairy; the hind legs are very long, and are furnifhed with three toes; the ears are rounded, and the. body is very fmall. Kanguroo Rat. Gov. Phillips voy. to Botany Bay, 1789, p. 277. and plate. ~ Inhabits New South Wales.—The conftruction of the whole body and of the legs, both before and behind, is exattly fimilar to that of the Kanguru ; from which it ae differs in fize, being about as big as a {mall Rat, while the former animal is as large as a Sheep. In the upper jaw there are two tharp pointed cutting teeth in front, and three broad ones on each fide ; in the‘lower jaw two long pointed fore-teeth, extending directly forwards; on each fide of each jaw, at a diftance from the fore= teeth, are three grinders, the foremoft of which are fharp edged, and have the fides channeled or fluted. The fur is fmooth, and of a uniform dark brown colour; the breaft and belly being paler’ than the reft. 17. Vulpine Opoffum.—Didelphis vulpecula. The tail is long, thick, and hairy; for three quarters of its length it is black, and the origin is of a grifly colour, like the body. | Vulpine Opoffim. Gov. Phillips voy. te Botany Bay, t50. and plate. Inhabits New South Wale:.—The head and body meafure twenty-fix inches, and the tail fifteen ; the legs are fhort, and of an equal length ; the foot is long, and refts in walking as far as the heel ; each foot has five toes, all armed with {harp crooked claws, except the thumb, or great toe, on each Jind foot, which is placed high up on the foot, and has no claws; the head is long, with a pointed muzzle, which is garnifhed with ten or twelve very long black whifkers, which ftand backwards, and wre longer than the head; the ears are long, erect, and pointed ; the upper jaw has four fore-teeth, and the lower two, which point forwards, both being like thofe of the Kanguru; on each fide, in the upper jaw, are two {mall tufks, but none below; there are four grinders on each fide in both jaws. ‘The whole upper parts of the body, and firft quarter of the tail,- are of a prifly colour, proceeding from a mixture of dufky and white hairs; with a reddifh-yellow tinge, chiefly on the head and fhoul- ders ; 399 400° MAMMALIA,. FERZ, Opoffum, 199. ders; the reft of the tail is black; all the under parts of the body are of a tawny buff, which is deep- eft on the throat, where the bottom of the hairs is rufty brown, | 18. Spotted Opoffum.—Didelphis maculuta. The body is black and {potted with white; the tail is very bufhy ; and the female is furnifhed with a pouch. Spotted Opoffum. Gov. Phillips voy. p. 147. and plate. Inhabits New South Wales.—This animal meafures fifteen inches, from the muzzle to the rump, and the tail about nine: The general colour of the animal is black, inclining to brown on the under parts, the neck and body being fpotted with irregular roundith white patches ; the ears are large, e- rect, open, and pointed ; the muzzle is long, pointed, and garnifhed with very long whifkers at the nofe ; the fore and hind legs, from the wrift and heels, are afh coloured, and almoft naked, having five toes on each, armed with long, fharp, black claws, except the thumb, or great toe, of the hind foot, which is higher up the foot than the reft, and has no claw ; the firft inch and half of the tail is covered with {hort hair, with one or two {mall white or grey {pots; the reft, to the end, is very bufhy, with long coarfe hairs, difpofed fomewhat like that of a Squirrel. The female has fix teats placed cir- cularly, within a pouch, or falfe belly. 19. Flying Opoflum.—Didelphis volans, Has a broad hairy membrane, which extends from the middle of the fore legs to the ankle joint of the hind legs, and does not include the tail. Black flying Opoffum. Gov. Phillips voy. p. 297. and plate. n. 55- Inhabits New South Wales.—This animal meafures twenty inches, from the nofe to the rum p, and the tail twenty-two : It is of a glofly black colour, flightly mixed with grey hairs, with a tawny {pot on each hip ; the under parts are white ; along the middle of the back is a kind of mane, confifting of coarfer and longer hairs.; the tail is thick at the bafe, where it is of a light colour, and grows gra~ dually fmaller and blacker to the end; in the upper jaw are four fmall fore-teeth, and on each fide two tufks, and five grinders ; in the lower jaw, two fore-teeth, no tufks, and five grinders on each fide, placed very far back ; the fore paws have each five toes, armed with claws 3 the hind feet have four toes armed with claws, and a diftant unarmed thumb 3 the two firft toes, next the thumb, on the hind feet, are clofely attached together, the next is not quite fo much, and the laft is quite free. The Lemur volans, or Flying Maucauco, feems nearly allied to this fpecies ; from which it differs, however, in having the tail involved in the membrane.—T. SOOO OA DY Oy Be = aT fas fix unequal fore-teeth in the upper, and eight in the low- er jaw; one tufk on each fide in each jaw; feven grinders en each fide above, and fix below. The 401 402 403 4.04 206 _ MAMMALIA. FERZ. af Mole. The Moles live entirely below ground, in cylindrical canals of their own digging, by which they go from place to place in queft of worms, which are their principal food; they likewife form circu- lar nefts near the furface of the ground, under flattifh conical mounds or hills, in which they bring forth and rear their young. ‘The body is thick, with a thick head and lengthened fnout, the upper jaw being much longer than the lower; they have very fhort legs, the fore ones being hardly percep- tible, but are furnifhed with very broad palmated paws, and the hind feet are fmall. They have no external ears, and the eyes are fo very fimall, and fo completely hid in the fur, as to make it vualgar- ly believed that they have none. tr. European Mole.—1. Zalpa europaea. 1. Has a fhort tail, and five toes on each foot. Talpa caudata, or Tailed Mole, having five toes on each foot. Syft. nat. ed. xii. p. 73. Faun. Suec. 23. Tt. Scan. 332.—Talpa. Gefn. quad. 931. Aldrov. dig. 45. Raj. quad. 236.—Taupe, or Mole. Sm. Buff. iv. 309.—European Mole. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 349. Brir. zoov. i. 108. Ar&. zool. 1. 142. A. Of this fpecies there are feveral varieties, but the firft,or Black Mole, is the moft common. a, Black Mole.—TZalpa curop. nigra. The fur is uniformly black. Erxleb. mam. 114. Schreber, iil. 558. t. clvi. Sm. Buff. iv. 309. pl. [xxxvii. ‘Penn. hift. of quad. Fs Ba loh B. Variegated Mole.—TZalpa europ. variegata. The fur is variegated with white fpots. Brifl. quad. 205. Talpa maculata, or Spotted Mole, from Faft-Friefland. Seba, Muf. i, 68. t. 41. £, 4.—Spotted Mole. Edw. glean. ii. 122. t. 268. Weir’s Muf, y. White Mole.—Za/lpa europ. alba. The fur is uniformiy white. Briff. quad. 205. Seba, Muf. i. gr. t. 32. f. 1. Weir's Muf. S. Grey Mole.—Talpa europ. cinerea. The fur is of a cinereous colour. Hubfch, Naturf. ili. 98. Talpa cinerea, or Cinereous Mole, with narrow fore paws. Richter, Abhandl. uber die phyf. Befchaff. von Boehmen. Prag. & Drefd. 1786. iv. 82. The anatomy of the Mole is deferibed, E. N.C, d. 1. a. 2. obf. 51. and d. 2..a. i. obf. 130.—Its me- thod of digging, Gleditfh, oper. miftel. iii. n. 5. C. F. Paulin. de Talpa. Francof. 1689. De la Faille, Jaturg. des Maulwurfs. Francof. 1778. 4 Inhabits #05 406 MAMMALIA, FERAL Mole. 20k Inhabits the whole of Europe, and the more northerly parts of Afia and Africa.—The Mole chief ly frequents moift fields that are expofed to the fun, meadows, and gardens ; through thefe it con- ftructs fubterraneous roads, or galleries, in every direction, in fearch of worms, on which, and the larvae of infects, it feeds, and not at all on vegetables, though it does great damage by loofening the roots of plants ; It is moft active in its operations before rain, becaufe then the worms are in motion. The penis of the male is exceedingly long in proportion; they feem to pair, and propagate in fpring, the female bringing four or five young at a birth, which are placed in nefts made of mofs, leaves, and dried grafs, under the largeft hillocks of the field; thefe are conftructed with wonderful ingenuity, confifting of an interior hillock, furrounded with a ditch, which communicates with feveral galleries, on purpofe to carry off the moifture, and the neft is covered over with a dome of earth, like the flat arch of an oven. Moles are deftroyed by means of a pafte, cornpofed df palma-chrifti and white hel= lebore, or by flooding the fields which they infeft ; though, in the latter cafe, they fometimes efcape by afcending trees. The Mole is five inches and three quarters long, and the tail one inch; it has a large head, with no external ears, and very minute eyes, which are hid in the fur, but are fufceptible of being extruded. alittle way; the fnout is long, the upper jaw being much longer than the lower; the fore part of the body is thick and mufcular, with very fhort fore legs, placed much fidewife ; the fore feet are very broad, flat, and oblique, having large palms, with five fhort toes armed with ftrong claws ; the hin« der parts are taper, with {mall feet, having likewife five toes ; the fkin is exceedingly tough, and is covered with fhort, clofe-fet, velvet-like fur, ufually of a fine black, fometimes fpotted with white, al- together white, or grey. ‘There are none in Ireland; and thofe of Siberia are larger than the com- mon kind. American Mole.—Zalpa flava. Has five toes on each foot ; a fhort tail; and is of a yellowifh brown colour. Talpa europaea flava, or Yellow European Mole. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel.i. p. 110. n. 1. .—Yellow Mole. Penn, hift. of quad. n. 340. 2. Inhabits North America.—This fpecies, or perhaps rather variety, refemble$ the European, but is larger, being fix inches and a quarter in length, and the tail one: The hair is foft, filky, and glofly, of a yellowifh brown colour at the tips, and dark grey at the roots; it is brighteft in colour about the head, and darkeft about the rump; the belly is deep cinereous brown; the feet and tail are white. 3. Crefled Mole.—Talpa criflata, Has five toes on each foot; a fhort tail; and the nofe is furrounded with fhort radjated tendrils. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 351. pl. xlviii. fig. 1: Sorex criftatus, or Crefted Shrew, having a fhort tail, and the nofe furrourded with radiated tendrils. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. p. 112. n. 1.—Radiated Mole. Arét. zool. n. 69. = Inhabits North America.—Is about three inches and three quarters in length, the tail air inch and three tenths : The nofe is long, and furrounded, at the point, with from ten to fifteen fhort, fmall, pointed, and naked tendrils, or caruncles, forming a ftar$ the body is thick and round, like that of the Common Mole, and is covered with a fine, fhort, compact, and dufky coloured fur, rather longer Vou. I Cc , ‘on 407 408 409 202 MAMMALIA. FER Z. Mole. on the fnout; the fore feet are white and fmall, but broad, with five toes; the hind legs fealy; the tail is flender, round, and taper ; it has only four fore-teeth in the lower jaw, and four tufks in each jaw. This animal forms fubterraneous paffages in various direétions, through uncultivated fields, raifing ridges over them, about two inches high, and four in breadth; it feeds on roots, and has great firength in its legs. ‘This fpecies is placed in the Mole genus on the authority of Mr Pennant, and from its having the manners of that tribe, though, in the Syftema Naturae, it is ranked with the Shrew, on account of the number of its teeth. 4. Long-tailed Mole.—2. Talpa longicaudata. 3. Has five toes on each foot; the tail is about half the length of the body; and the nofe is furrounded with radiated tendrils, Erxleb. mam. 118. Long-tailed Mole Penn. hift. of quad. n. 352. pl. xlviii. fig. 2. Arét. zool. n. 68. Inhabits North America.—This fpecies is from four to fix inches long, and the tail two, fometimes three: The fur on the head and body is long, foft, and of a rufty brown colour, but fhort on the tail; the fore fect are broad, naked, and palmated with ftrong fhort claws; the hind feet are fcaly, with a few fhort hairs, and have long flender claws. 5. Brown Mole.—Talpa fufca. Has five toes on each foot; the tail fhort; with two fore-teeth in the upper, and four in the lower jiw. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 355. Lev. Muf. Arét. zool. n. 70. Sorex aquaticus, or Aquatic Shrew, with palmated feet, the feet and tail being fhort and white.. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 142. n. 3. Schreber, iii. 566. t. clviiii—Talpa virginiana nigra, or Black Virginian Mole. Seba, Muf. i. 51. t. 32. f. 3. Kalm, It. Inhabits North America.—The head and body are about five and a half inches long, and the tail is rather lefs than an inch: The nofe is flender, the upper jaw being much longer than the lower ; of the four lower fore-teeth the two in the middle are very fimall; it has no tufks; the fore feet are very broad, and the hind feet fall; the fur is very foft and glofly, of a brown colour at the ends, and deep grey at the roots; the feet and tail are white. This and the Crefted fpecies, though placed in the Syftema Naturae among the Shrews, have the manners and figure of the Mole, and are therefore reftored to this genus on the authority of Mr Pen-. r . nant.—T ‘. 6. Red Mole. —3. Zalpa rubra. 4. Has three toes on the fore feet, and four behind; with a hort tail. Erxleb. mam. r19. Talpa americana rufa, or Red American Mole, of a pale cinereous red colour, having three toes, before, and four behind; and provided with a tail. Briff. quad. 206. Seba, Muf. i. 51. t. 32. f. 2. Penn. hift.-offquad. n. 354. Inhabits America.—In the form of its body this animal refembles the common fpecies, but is fome- whiat larger, and the root of the, tail is thicker. 7s 410 fae MAMMALIA, FERZ. “Mole. 20 7. Gilded Mole.—4. Talpa aurea. 2. Has three toes on the fore feet and five behind; without any tail. Talpa afiatica, or Afiatic Mole, having no tail, with three toes on the fore feet. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 111. n. 2-—Talpa aurea, or Golden Mole. Schreber, ili. 562. t. clviiiTalpa aurea fibirica, or Siberian Golden Mole, of a greenifh golden colour, with a tail, having three toes be- fore and four behind. Brifl. quad. 206.—TYalpa verficolor, or Changeable Mole, from Siberia, called Afpalax. Seba, Muf- i. 51. t. 32. £. 4. 5.—Siberian Mole. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 350.—Gild- ed Mole. Sm. Buff. viii. 238. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, according to Pallas.—The fnout is fhorter than that of the Eu- ropean fpecies, and the nofe is naked ; the body and head are about four inches long; the fur on the upper parts of the body is varied with glofly green and copper colour, having a fine {plendid appear- ance, as if tiflued with green, golden, and reddifh ; the lower parts are of a cinereous brown; the {pace between the tip of the nofe and corner of the mouth is covered with pale brown hair, and a broad whitifh bar points upwards along the fides of the head: In each jaw there are two fharp cut~ ting teeth, with a fharp tufk, contiguous to the fore-teeth on each fide of the lower jaw; on the fore feet are three toes, with very large claws, that on the outer toe being exceedingly large; on each hind foot five fmall toes, with fmall weak claws; the rump is round. Very much analogous to this genus, is the divifion of Murine quadrupeds, named Subterraneous, (****) or Mole-rats, which are ranged under a different order, on account of their having no tutks. “XXL SHREW.—20. SORE X. 10. Has two long fore-teeth in the upper jaw, which are divided into two points; in the lower jaw are two or four fore-teeth, the two middle ones, im the latter cafe, being fhorter than the others: On each fide in both jaws are two or more tufks: The grinders are knobbed. The animals of this genus have in general thick clumfy bodies, and five toes on ali their feet; the head refembles that of the Mole, being thick at the fore-head, much elongated, and ending ia a co# nical fnout, and having very fimail eyes; in other circumftances of general figure they refemble the Murine tribe of quadrupeds. They burrow in the ground, fome fpecies living mofily about the fides of waters; and moft of them feed on worms and ittfedts. 1. Minute Shrew.—2. Sorex minutus. 2. Has a very long fnout and no tail. Schreber, iii. 578. t. clxi. B. Pigmy Shrew, S. pygmaeus, having a very long fnout, five toes on all the feet, and no tail, Lax mann, Sibir. Brief. 72.Minute Shrew. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 343. Craa Tnhabits 412 204 MAMMALIA. FERZ., Shrew. Inhabits Siberia about the rivers Oby and Kama. —Dwells in moift or watery places under the roots of trees, forming a neft of lichens, and collecting a magazine of feeds; runs fwiftly, and burrows with great readinefs ; bites fiercely, and has a voice fimilar to that of the Common Bat. ‘The head is al- moft as large as the whole body, and has a very long flender nofe, which is furrowed underneath, and garnifhed with whifkers reaching as far as the eyes; the ears are fhort, broad, and naked ; the eyes very {mall, and retractile: The fur is fine, glofly, and of a grey colour in the upper parts of the body, the lower parts whitifh. ‘The whole body does not weigh above one dram, or the eighth part of an ounce. 2. Mufky Shrew.— 4. Sorex mofchatus. 6. The feet are webbed; the tail is flattened edgewife, broadeft in the middle, and ends in a point. Pallas, It. i. 156, Lepechin, It. 1. 178. t. 13. Erxleben, mam. 127. Schreber, iii. 567. t. clix. Caftor mofchatus, or Mufky Beaver. Syit. nat. ed. xii. i. 79. Faun. Suec. p. 11. n. 28.—Muf. f. Caftor mofchiferus, Mufk Rat, or Beaver, having the tail flattened vertically, and all the toes con- nected by membranes. Briff. quad. 92.—Mus aquaticus, f. aquatilis, or Water Rat. Cluf. exot. 375- Jonit. quad. 169. t. 73. Aldrov. dig. 447. f. p. 448. J. G. Gmel. nov. com. Petrop. iv..383. t. xiil. f. 5.—Long-nofed Beaver. Penn. Syn. of quad. n. 192.—Mufcovy, or Mufk Rat. Raj. quad. 217. Sm. Buff. v. 260. pl. cxxxi.—Mufky Shrew. Penn. hift. of quad. 336.—Bifamraze. S. G. Gmel. It. i. 28. t. 3. 4.—Defman. Guldenftedt, Naturf. befch. iii. 107. t. 2. Tnhabits the countries between the Volga and Tanais, from the fiftieth to the fifty-feventh degree of northern latitude.—This animal meafures feven inches in length, from nofe to rump, and the tail is eight inches long ; the head refembles that of a Mole, and has a long flender nofe, which is carti- laginous, and very moveable, being garnifhed with twelve rows of white whifkers ; it has no external ears, and very fmall eyes; the body is rather flat-fhaped, and, befides the fkin, is provided with a panniculus carnofus, or thin mufcle peculiar to the fkin, by which the animal is enabled to fhake it vio- lently; the head and body are of a dufky colour, the belly is a whitith afh colour; the feet are naked, fcaly on their upper parts, and of a blackifh colour ; the tail is of a blackifh or dutky colour; near the root of the tail are feven or eight {mall glandular orifices, of a yellow colour, from which may be exprefled about twenty grains of a yellowifh thick fluid, which has a very penetrating odour of mufk er civet ; in the upper jaw there are four fore-teeth ; fix tufks in each jaw; four grinders on each fide in the upper;.and three on each fide of the lower jaw. ‘This quadruped keeps conftantly on the bor- ders of lakes or rivers, in the banks of which it digs holes, fimilar to thofe of the Otter, the entrance being below the loweft fall of the water, and the apartment above its higheft rife it is very flow of foot 5 feeds on water flaggs and fifth, and is greedily devoured by Pikes and other ravenous fifh, by: which thefe fometimes acquire fo ftrong a flavour of mufk as to render them uneatable. 3. Water Shrew.—s. Sorex fodiens. Te The tail is of a middle length; the body is blackifh on the upper parts, and light afh coloured beneath; the toes are fringed at the edges.. Erxleb. mam. 124. Schreber, iii. 5 71..t. lx ‘ Maufaraneus, 4b4 415 MAMMALIA. FER. Shrew. 205 Mofaraneus, having the upper parts of the body black, and the belly white. Merret, pin. 167.— * Maufaraigne d’eau, Water Shrew, or Blind Moufe. Sm. Buff. iv. 308. pl. lxxxvi. fig. 2.—Graeber, or the Digger. Pallas. Water Shrew._ Penn. hift. of quad. n. 342. Brir. zooL. illuftr. tab. cii.— Sorex bicolor. Nat. mifc. pl. 55. : . Inhabits. Britain, Burgundy, Germany, Prutflia, and Siberia.—Burrows in the banks of rivers and: ditches in fenny countries, fwims with great facility, and often under water ; it mealures not quite four inches from nofe to rump, the tail being two; the nofe is long and flender, broader at the ex- tremity than that of the Fetid Shrew, and is furnifhed with long afh coloured whiikers ; the ears are very fmall, and are garnifhed within with a tuft of white hair; the eyes are very fmall and hid in the fur ; the legs are longifh, and white, with white feet; there are two fore-teeth in the lower Jaw 5 three tufks on each fide above, and two below; four grinders on each fide above, and three below : The voice of this animal refembles the chirp of a Grafshopper. The female has ten teats, and brings forth nine young ones in the fpring. 4. Javan Shrew.—6. Sorex murinus. 4. The tail is of a middle length; the body is dufky; the legs, feet, and tail, are afh coloured. Murine Shrew. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 340. Inhabits the ifland of Java—Is about the fize of a common Moufe; has a long flender nofe, chan- nelled underneath, and garnifhed with long afh coloured whifkers; the ears are rounded, and almot: naked ; each jaw has two fharp, parallel fore-teeth ; all the feet have fiye toes, armed with claws ; the tail is rather fhorter than the body, and lefs hairy. 5. Fetid Shrew.—7. Sorex araneus. 5. The tail is of a middle length; the upper parts of the body are brownifh red, and the under parts dirty white. Schreber, iii. 573. t. cxl. Mus araneus, Mufaraneus, Shrew-moufe, Shrew, or Hardy Shrew. Raj. quad. 239. Gein. quad. 747. Aldrov. dig. 441. fig. p. 442. Jonft. quad. 168. t. 66. Agric. An. Subt. 485. Klein. quad. 57. Kramer, Auft. 317. Briff. quad. 126.—Nabbmus. Faun. Suec. 24.—Mufaraigne, or Shrew- moufe. Sm. Buff. iv. 303. pl. lxxxvi. fig. 1. Brrr. zoou. i. 112.—Foetid Shrew. Penn. hiit. of quad. n. 34. Inhabits the whole of Europe, and the northern parts of Afia, to Kamtfchatka, and as far fouth as the Cafpian.—Lives in old walls, heaps of ftones, and holes in the earth near villages, in dung-. hills, hay-ricks, ftables, barns, neceflary-houfes, and other out-houfes, efpecially frequenting damp places, and pools of water; feeds on corn, infects, and almoft any filthy thing, being often obferved rooting in ordure with its nofe, like a Hog; it has a very difagreeable odour, of a mufky kind, fo that, though cats deftroy great numbers of them, they never eat their bodies. This animal is about two and a half inches, never exceeding three, in length, the tail one and a half, and the whole body fcarcely exceeds three drams in weight ; it runs more flowly than the common Moufe ; the teeth re- - femble thofe of the Water Shrew, already defcribed ; the voice is a fhrill whiftling: In fpring and fummer,, 416 417 419 420 206 MAMMALIA. TER ZA. Shrew. - fummer, the female produces five or fix young at a birth.. Great numbers of this fpecies are found dead in the paths every Auguft, without any evident caufe. The ears are fhort, and rounded; the eyes {mall, and almoft hid in the fur; the nofe long and flender, the upper jaw being much longer than the under. 6. Labradore Shrew.—Sorex arcticus. ~ The head and upper parts of the body are dufky, and the fides of a brownifh ruft colour. Penn. Arct. zool. n. 67. “ Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay and Labradore.—The nofe is very long and flender; the upper jaw extend- ing far beyond the lower ; the eyes are very fmall, and almoft hid in the fur; the ears are fhort. Mr Pennant fuppofes that this {pecies, or variety of the Fetid Shrew, is likewife found in Carolina, as Mr Lawfon, in his hiftory of that country, p. 125. mentions a Moufe found there which poifons cats, @. Grey Labradore Shrew.—Sorex archicus cinereus. Of a dofky grey colour on the upper, and yellowifh white on the under parts of the body. Penn. Arét. zool. i. p. 139. Two fpecimens of this variety were fent by Mr Graham from Hudfon’s Bay at the fame time with the other variety ; thefe Grey Shrews were both fmaller than the Fetid Shrew of Britain, one being only two inches, and the other two and a quarter, in length. Mr Pennant thinks that both of thefe, and the dufky fpecies, are only varieties of the Fetid Shrew. | ; 7. Surinam Shrew.—8. Sorex furenamenfis. 8. The tail is fcarce half the length of the body; the body is chefnut coloured on the upper, and below of a pale yellowifh afh colour. Inhabits Surinam.—In fize, fhape of the head and fnout, teeth, eyes, and feet, this fpecies re- fembles the Water Shrew ; but the ears are like thofe of the Fetid Shrew: The tail is covered with very fhort, fmooth, clofe fet hair, cinereous on the upper, and whitith on the under fide; the muzzle, round the mouth, is white. 8. Timid Shrew.—9. Sorex pufillus. g. The tail is fhort, and has the hair partly fhed towards the fides; the ears are rounded. Erxleb. mam. 122. S. G. Gmelin, It. iii. 499. t. 75. f..1. Inhabits the deferts of Perfia. —This animal lives in holes, which it burrows in the ground : The body is about three inches and a haif in length, of a dark grey on the upper, and afh coloured on the lower parts ; the teeth are like thofe of the Fetid Shrew, but in other refpeéts it refembles the Suri- nam fpecies, though confiderably larger. g. Brafilian Shrew.—10. Sorex brajilienfis. 10. ‘s Of a dark colour, with three broad flripes of black along the back. Ersleb. mam. 127. ¥ Mnufaraneus 421 422 423 MAMMALIA. FERZ. Shrew. 2049 Moufaraneus murinus, or Moufe-like Shrew. Marcgr. Braf. 229.—Brafilian Shrew. Sm, Buff. * viii. 273. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 339, Inhabits Brafil.—Is about five inches long, and the tail not quite two inches; the fcrotum is pen- dulous ; the muzzle is pointed, and the teeth very fharp. This animal is by no means afraid of cats; with which it will even play. 1o. Pigmy Shrew.—r11, Sorex exilis, 11. The tail is very flender near the root, then fuddenly grows remarkably thick and round, and again tapers to the end. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 344. Sorex exilis, of an exceedingly {mall fize, and having a very thick round tail. Syft. nat. ed. Gmmel. i. p. 115. n. II. ' Inhabits Siberia about and between the rivers Oby and Jenifei—Thiis is the {malleft quadruped hi- therto known, fearcely exceeding half a dram, or the fixteenth part of an ounce, in weight: The nofe is very long and flender; the general fhape and colour refemble the Fetid fpecies, but of a paler brown red. An account of this animal was communicated by Dr Pallas to Mr Pennant; it is noticed by Dr Gmelin, but without quoting any authority. 11. Blue Shrew.—Sorex caerulaeus. The tail is of a middle length; the upper parts of the body are of a pale blue colour,. and the belly lighter, with white legs and feet. _ Mus pilorides? Pallas, nov. fp. fafe. i. gt. —Mus albus zeylonicus, or White Rat from Ceylon ? Briff, quad. 122.—Perfuming Shrew. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 337. Lev, Muf. Inhabits Java, and the other iflands of the Faft Indies.—This animal feeds on rice; it is near eight ‘nches long, and the tail three and a half; the nofe is long and flender, the upper jaw being greatly longer than the lower ; the upper fore-teeth are fhort, the under ones long, flender, and crooked in- wards; the muzzle is garnifhed with long white whifkers ; the eyes are fmall; the ears are broad, - round, naked, and tranfparent; the fur is fhort, and clofe fet ; the whole body has fo ftrong an odour of mufk as to perfume every thing it runs over; and is even faid to infect the wine in a well corke¢ bottle ; cats will not attack it. 12, Mexican Shrew.—Sorex mexicanus. The tail is fhort; the fore feet have only three toes, and the hind feet four. Mexican Shrew. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 338.—Tucan. Fernand. Nov.. Hifp. cap. 24. p. 9.— Tucan or Mexican Shrew. Sm. Buff. viii. 271. Inhabits Mexico and New Spain.—Is about nine inches long from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail; the nofe is fharp; the ears are fmall and rounded; the eyes are very fmall, and hid in the fur ; it has two long fore-teeth in each jaw ; the body is thick, fat, flefhy, and of a reddifh yel- tow colour; the legs are very fhort, fo that the belly trails on the ground; the toes are all armed: With: 424 426 208 MAMMALIA. FERA. Shrew, with long crooked claws: This animal burrows in the ground, and makes fuch numbers of holes that travellers can fcarce tread with fafety ; it feeds on roots and feeds; and the flefh is reckoned very good to eat.—The Count de Buffon, on the authority of Fernandez, fays, that it is fo ftupid as not to contd its hole after having quitted it, and om this account it is obliged continually to dig new holes; ut this is impoflible, as the female would never be able to difcover ‘the retreat of her-young ones.—T’. 13. White-footed Shrew.—Sorex albipes. The tail is lender and hairy; the head and upper parts of the body are of a dufky afh colour; the feet, belly, and teeth white. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 345. 14. Square-tailed Shrew.—Sorex quadricaudatus. The tail inclines to a fquare form ; the head and upper parts of the body are of a duf- ky afh colour; the belly paler; and the fore-teeth brown. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 346. 15. Carinated Shrew.—Sorex lricaudatus. The tail is taper, flender, and ridged underneath; the head and upper parts of the body are of a dufky afh colour, having a white fpot behind each eye; the belly is whitifh ; and the fore-teeth are brown. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 347. 16. Uniform Shrew.—Sorex unicolor. The tail is narrowed or comprefled at the bafe; the whole body is of an uniform dufky afh colour. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 348. Thefe laft four animals are ranked, by Mr Pennant, as diftin&t fpecies of this genus, though I am apt to fufpect that they are only varieties of the Common Fetid Shrew, or Sorex Araneus. They were all difcovered, by Profeffor Herman, in the neighbourhood of Strafburg ; but, as Mr Pennant does not quote the book, it is impoflible to eesti their proper place in fyftem without farther information.—T. XXIL URCH 1 ON 2 2 Ro NG Es. ace Has two fore-teeth in each jaw; thofe of the upper jaw being diftant from each other, while the lower ftand clofe to- gether: On each fide there are five tufks in the upper jaw, and three on each fide in the lower: On each fide of both jaws are four grinders. The-back and fides are covered with {trong {harp pointed fpines. Ali the feet have five toes. : 428 429 MAMMALIA. ; PERE. Urehin. 209 x. Common Urchin.—1. Erinaceus europaeus. 1. Has thort, broad, rounded ears ; the noftrils are bordered on each fide with a loofe flap. Faun. Suec. 8. n. 22. Schreber, ili. 580. t. clxii. Erinaceus auriculis ereétis, or Urchin, with erected ears. Briff. quad. 128.—Erinaceus parvus noftras, or Small domeftic Urchin. Seba, Muf. i. 78. t. 49. f. 1. 2.—Echinus terreftris, or Land Ur- chin. Gefn. quad. 368. Aldrov. dig. 459. Jonft. quad. 171. t. 68.—Echinus terreftris, Erinaceus terreftris, Urchin, or Hedge-hog. Raj. quad. 231.—Igel. Knorr, del. ii, t. H. f£ 3.—Heriflon, or Hedge-hog. Sm. Buff. iv. 300. pl. Ixxxv.—Sora. Flacourt, voy. Madagaf. 152.—Common Hedge- hog. Pemn. hit. of quad. n. 355. t. xlviii. fig. 3. Brit. zoox. i. 106. Aré. zool. i. 142. B. Inhabits the whole of Europe, except the cold regions of the north; the fouthern parts of Siberia, as far as the Kirgifian deferts and the Jaic, and m Madagafcar.—Refides in thickets, hedges, and at the bottom of dry ditches which are covered with bufhes, where it builds a neft of mofs, graf, or leaves; it hybernates under hedges or thick bufhes, rolled up in a globular form; goes abroad on- ly in the night, and lives on frogs, toads, worms, beetles, may-bugs, grafshoppers, crabs, fnails, fruits, roots, fimall birds, and carrion; digs holes in mofly places; fwims very readily ; when terrified or irritated, it rolls itfelf into a round form, prefenting the points of its {pines on every fide as a defence, and ejecting its urine, which-has a difgufting fmell; by thefe means it is invulnerable to dogs, pole- 95, f cats, martins, ferrets, or birds of prey; it {creams when the feet are pinched, and has a mufky odour. By the Calmucks, this animal is domefticated, and kept im their huts inftead of cats. The flefh is not eatable. ‘The Hedge-hog lives in pairs which propagate in fpring, face to face, on account of the prickles; and the female, which has three teats on the breaft and two on the belly, brings forth from three to five young ones about the beginning of fummer ; thefe are at firft entirely white, and the buds of the fpines juit appear through the fkin. ‘his fpecies is about ten inches long ; the muzzle is long and fharp, having the upper lip divided, and the noftrils bordered on each fide with a loofe flap of fkin ; the ears are broad, fhort, and hairy ; the eyes are fmall, and of a black colour ; the pre- puce of the male is long and pendulous ; the upper parts of the face, the fides, neck, and rump, are covered with yellowifh afh coloured hair, mixed with white; the fpines are of a whitith colour at both ends, with a black bar in the middle, and are interfperfed with tawny hairs; the tail is about an inch long, and is covered with dark hair; the legs are fhort, naked, and dufky, having five toes on each foot, the inner toe being fmaller and farther back than the reft, and all are armed with weak claws. 2, Guiana Urchin.—2. Erinaceus inauris, 2. Has no external ears. Briff. quad. 184. Erinaceus americanus albus, or White American Urchin. Seba, Muf. i. 78: t. 4g. f. BX—Ame= rican Hedge-hog. Bancroft, Guian. 144.—Guiana Hedge-hog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 358. Inhabits Guiana, and probably in other parts of South America.—Inftead of external ears, this ani- nial has only orifices to the auditory camals; the head is thick and fhort; the back and fides are covered with fhort afh coloured fpines, tinged with yellow ; the belly, legs, tail, and face, are cover- ed with foft whitifh hair, which becomes chefnut coloured over the eyes; the hinder part and fides of the head are deeper chefnut ; the tail is fhort; the claws are long and crooked; and the whole length of the animal, from the point of the nofe to the origin of the tail, is about eight inches. Vat. I, Dd Fre 431 432 21¢ MAMMALIA. : FER A. Urchin. 3. Malacca Urchin.—3. Erinaceus malaccenfis. 3. Has pendulous ears. Briff. quad. 183. Hyftrix brachiura, or Short-tailed Porcupine. Syft. nat. ed. x. i. p. 57.—Porcus aculeatus, f. Hyftrix malaccenfis, Malacca Hedge-hog, or Pocupine. Seba, Muf. i. 81. t. g1. f. 1. Inhabits Afia.—From this fpecies is procured the ftone, called Piedra-del porco, formerly held in high eftimation *. Dr Gmelin feems uncertain whether this animal fhould be confidered as a fpe- cies of this ot of the Porcupine genus; but is difpofed, on the authority of Briffon, to rank it in thf place. 4. Siberian Urchin.—-4. Erinaceus auritus. 4. Has long oval ears, and the noftrils are crefted at the edges. Frinaceus auritus, or Long-eared Urchin. Pallas, nov. com. Petrop. xiv. 573. t. 21. f. 4. S. G. Gmeélin, D°. xiv. 519. t. 16. Schrebey, iii. 582. t. clxiii—Siberian Hedge-hog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 356. Inhabits Eaftern Afiatic Rufia, at the lower parts of the Volga and Ural rivers, and beyond lake Baikal.—In the former of thefe dittricts this fpecies is confiderably {maller than the European Urchin; but thofe beyond lake Baikal are often much larger: The upper jaw is long and flender, having four rows of whifkers on the nofe ; the ears are very large, open, and naked, having foft whitith hair on the infide, and being edged with brown; the tail is fhorter than in the European fpecies, is of a taper _ form, thick at the origin, annulated, almoft naked, and having only a few very foft hairs; the upper part of the body is covered with flender brown fpines, having a white ring on each near the bafe, and another near the point; the limbs are long and flender, and thefe and the belly are covered with a very fine, foft, white fur. The female has fometimes two litters in the year, and brings forth as far as feven at a birth. This fpecies hybernates, during winter, in holes only a few inches below the fur- face of the ground; it feeds on infects, even eating cantharides with impunity; it grows very fat, roli¢ itfelf up when frightened, and has all the manners of the European {pecies. 5. Tendrac.—5. Erinaceus fetofus. 5. i Has fpines only on the head, neck, tail, and withers. Sm. Buff. vii. 86. pl. ccix. Erinaceus, having fhortifh ears; the hind part of the head tolerably covered; the tail very fhort and covered with fpines. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 117. n. 5. Schreber, iii. 583. t- clxiv.— Afiatic Hedge-hog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 357.—Small Madagafcar Tendrac. Sonneret, It. ii. 146. t. 93. ‘ Inhabits India and Madagafcar.— This {pecies is confiderably {mailer than the European Urchin, being fearcely fix inches long: The muzzle is very long, and is garnifhed with long whifkers; it has no fpines but on the head, neck, and withers, the reft of the body being covered with coarfe hair, like hogs briftles, of a whitifh colour; the tail is very fhort, and is covered with fpines; the fpines are white, with a ruft coloured ring in the middle; the legs are very fhort, and all the feet have five toes. This #* Prabably a kind of Bezoar.—T. an) MAMMALIA, FERZ. * LO rchin. ait This fpecies is about the fize of a Common Mole ; it wallows in the mirc, and grunts ike a Hog; frequents frefh and falt water, burrows in the ground, and lies torpid, during fix months, in its hole; ‘in which time the hair falls off, and is renewed when the animal goes about again. It is generally very fat, and, though the flefh is reedy and infipid, it is eaten by the natives. 6. Tanrec.—6. Erinaceus ecaudatus. 6. Has no tail; the muzzle is very long and flender; the back and fides are covered with “fpines. Schreber, iii. 584. t. clxv. xv ». Tanrec. Sm. Buff. vii. 86. pl. ccx.—Afiatic Hedge-hog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 357. Inhabits India and Madagafcar.—This fpecies is confiderably larger than the former, or Tendrac, being nearly as large as a Rabbit, when full grown. It differs likewife from the former, in having the top of the head, the neck, back, rump, and fides entirely covered with fhort fpines, of a yellowifh colour, with a black bar in the middle; the belly is covered with yellowifh hair; the legs and feet are tawny, having five toes on each foot; on the muzzle, and behind the ears, are feveral very long black whifkers; the ears are rounded, and fomewhat longer than thofe of the Tendrac.—In voice, manners, and mode of life, this {pecies agrees with the preceding ; and both are confidered by Mr Pennant as being only varieties of the fame fpecies, notwithftanding the very remarkable difference in their fize and defcription. It is neceffary to remark, that the engraver of Buffon’s plates, in the Edinburgh edition, has reverfed the names.—T. o12 | | MAMMALIA, — © GLIRES. Porcupine, iW: Cr, rik at Ds Have no ie. in either jaw; in both jaws there are two tfore-teeth ftanding clofe together, but at a great diftance from the grinders. XXUI PORGUPINE—22. AYSTRITX. a1. The fore-teeth feem obliquely cut off at the ends: The twe jaws have eight grinders. The fore paws have each four, and the hind feet five, toes. The body is covered with long {pines, intermixed with hair. 1. Crefted Porcupine. —1. Ayfrrix criffaia. 1. The top of the head is furnifhed with a long reclined. creft of {tiff briftles. Briff. quae. £2 5. Hyftrix criftata, having four toes on each fore foot, and five on the hind feet, with a creft on the head, and a fhort tail. 5S. G. Gmel. It. iii. 107. t. 21. Schrebef, iv. 509. t. lxvii. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 118. n. 1. —Hyftrix criftata orientalis, or Crefted oriental Porcupine: Seba, Muf. i: 79.t.50.f 1. Gefn. quad. 563. Aldrov. dig. 471. fig. p. 474. Jonit. quad. 163. t. 68. Raj. quad. 206.—Acanthion criftatus. Klein, quad. 66.—Stachelfchwein. Ridinger, kl. thiere. t. go. Knorr, delic. ii. t. K. ii. £. 2.— Porcupine. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 253. Sm. Buff. vii. 69. pl.ccv. cevii—Crefted Porcupine: Inhabits the fouthern parts of Afia, in Africa, Spain, and Italy; is found in the Sand hills to the fouth-weft of the Cafpian, in Southern Vartary, Perfia, and Paleftine.— mee Porcupine dwelis in large burrows, or holes, of its own digging, which have a fingle entrance, and are divided into many apart- ments; it goes about during night, m fearch of fruits, roots, and ic boii and is particularly fond of the box-wood fhrub; when threatened by an enemy, it rolis itfelf into a round torm, prefenting its quills, or fpines, on every fide as'a defence: The female brings from two to four young ones at a birth in fpring; and thefe are very eafily tamed. This is a harmlefs animal, except to gardens, where it makes great devaftation on pot-herbs; in a domeftic ftate, when angry, it runs its head into a Ores eredts its {pines agein't any afiailant, and makes a grunting or fnorting noife. There are fome diverlities between the Porcupines of Italy and thofe of Afia and Africa; the quills iderably dhorter, and the creft much {maller: Thefe differences are particularly noticed ) 35 4.36 MAMMALIA. — GLIRES. Porcupine. 213 noticed in the plates of Buffon’s natural hiftory, though not in the text, fo that they may fairly be ta- ken as varieties. e. Italian Porcupine. —Z. cri/fata europaea, Has fhorter fpines, and a fmaller creft. Sm. Buff. vii. pl. ccv. @. Indian Porcupine.—Z. criffata indica. Has long fpines, and an ample creft. Sm. Buff. vii. pl. ccvi. The Porcupine is fometines above two feet long; and the tail, which is oF a conical form, and covered with quills, is four inches in length; the head is long and compredfed laterally, having a fhort, blunt, nofe; the upper lip is deeply divided as far as the noftrils; the eyes are fmall and black; the ears fhort, broad, oval, and fomewhat like thofe of mankind ; the legs are fhort and thick; thé body is covered with long and ftrong fpines of quills, which are very {mooth, fharp pointed, and va- riegated with black and white rings; thefe, and the long briftles on the back of the head, the ani- mal is able to erect and recline at pleafure, by means of a paniculus carnofiis, or fabcataneous mufcu- Jar éxpanfion; between the fpines are a few cinereous or afh coloured hairs; and the head, belly, and legs, are covered with ftrong briftles of a dufky colour, intermixed with foft hairs. The gall bladder of this animal frequently contains a fpecies of bezoar, formerly much valued: ‘The flefh of the Porcupine is fold in the markets of Italy, and is tolerably good. 2. Brafilian Porcupine.—2. Hy/rix preben/filis. 2. The tail is long, naked underneath at the end, and prehenfile; the hind feet have only four toes ; it has no hair among the {pines. Schreber, iv. 603. t. clxviii, Hyftrix americanus, or American Porcupine, named Cuandu, by the Brafilians, and Ourico ca- chieno; by the Portuguefe. Marcer. Braf. 233. Jonft. quad. 60. Raj. quad. 208.—Brafilian Porcus pine. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 255. pl. xli. fig. 1. Of this fpecies two varieties are mentioned in authors. a. Larger Brafilian Porcupine —Ayfirix preb. major. Having a longer tail, and fhorter fpines. Barrere Fr. equin. 153. Larger Cuandu. Pifo, Ind. 324. f) py 325.—Larger American Porcupine. Bri! quad. 131: @. Smaller Brafiian Porcupine.—Ay/frix preb. minor. Of a fmaller-fize, and having'a' white head. Barreré, Fr. cquin. 153. Cuandu. Pifo, Ind. 99.—American Porcupine, having a long flender tail, the under half of which, at the extremity, is deftitute of fpines. Brel. quad. 1209. Tphabité 438 214 MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Porcupine. Inhabits Mcxico-and Brafl.—The nofe is fhort and blunt, having long white whifkers, and a bed of imall foines on the upper lip under the nofe. The top and fides of the head, back, and fides, the bafe of the toil, and outfides cf the legs and thighs are covered with very {harp fpizes, of a white co- dour, barred with black at the ends; thefe are near three inches long at the hinder part of the back and base of the tail; they adhere clofely to the ikin, which has mo hair intermixed 5 as they approach the belly, they become fherter and we eaker, and on the breaft and bell ly are converted into dark brown, briftles : "The feet are of an ath colour, having each.four long toes, armed with ftrong black claws, and ix: hind ae have each a large protuberance inftead of athumb, or inner, fifth toe; the tail is eighteen inches long, flender, and taper; the laft ten inches is almoft naked, having enly a few hairs, and is prehenfile; the body and head of the larger variety, from which the defcription here given was taken by Mr Pennant, is about the fame length with the tail; the fmaller variety is lefs known ; all that is faid of it being that it is fmaller, and has a white head, Bufon confounds thefe two varieties with the following fpecies, but mentions, that in Guiana there are two {pecies, probably the two varieties juft defcribed, one of which weighs from twelve to fifteen French pounds, and the fmaller only about fix: They are eaten by the Negroes, who prefer their flefh to that of the Paca, or Spotted Cavy ; they climb trees flowly, and affift themfelves with their tails, living on fruits and fimall birds; bite fometimes, but not dangeroufly ; fleep during the day; make 2 noife with their noftrils as if out of breath, and grunt like a Sow; roll themfelves up into a ball when frightened; and may be tamed. 3. Mexican Porcupine. —Ayfrix mexicana. The tail is long, and prehenfile at the end; the hind feet have only four toes; the fpines are intermixed, and almolt hid, with downy hair, and very long briftles. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 256. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel.. i. 119. n. 2. y- Hoitztlacuatzin, Ttlacuatzin. fpinofus, Spinous Opoflum, Hyftrix novae hifpaniae, or Porcupine of New-Spain. Hernand. mex. 322. Nieremb. hift. nat. 154.—Poreupine, with a fhort thick tail, and covered with {pines which juft appear through the fur. Briff. quad. 127.—Coendou. Sm. Buff. vii. 76. pl. ccvii. Inhabits the mountains of Mexico.—This animal is confounded by the Count de Buffon with the two varieties of the former fpecies, which, it would appear, he had never feen; it is likewife by Dr Gmelin made a third variety of the former, and, by miftake, this from Buffon is quoted as the fame: with the Leffer Brafilian Porcupine; but, with great propriety, Mr Pennant, who had feen a fpecimen ef the greater variety of the former fpecies, has feparated this, which, on his authority, is placed here as a diftinct fpecies. ‘The Mexican Porcupine is of a dufky colour, and the whole body is covered with downy hair and very long briftles ; the fpines are varied with white and yellow bars, are three inches-long, very flender, aud fcarcely apparent, except on the lower part of the tail, which is thicker and ihorter than that of the former fpecies, and from the middle to the extremity is free from fpines. ‘The head and body are about eighteen inches long, and the tail nine ; but the fpecimen from which Buffon defcribes was mutilated,. This fpecies lives on fruits during fummer, and is eafily tamed. 4 MAMMALIA. --GLIRES. Porcupine. 215 439 4. Canadian Porcupine.—3. Ayfrix dorfata. 3. The tail is of a middle length, and not prehenfile; the hind feet have five toes; the whole body is covered with long foft fur, intermixed with fpines on the upper part of the head, body, and tail. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 257. Arét. zool. n. 42. Hyftrix dorfata, having four toes on the fore and five on the hind feet, with {pines only on the back. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel.i. t19. n. 3. Schreber, iv. 605. t. clxix.—Hyftrix hudfonius, or Hud- fon’s Bay Porcupine, having the {pines hid under the hair, with a fhort thick tail. Britt quad. 128.—Hairy American Porcupine. Catefby, Carol. app. 30.—Cavia hudfonis, or Hudfon’s Bay Cavy. Klein, quad. 51.—Porcupine from Hudfon’s Bay. Edw. av. i. 52. t. 52. Ellis, voy. 42. Clark, voy. i. 177. 191.—Urfon, or Canada Porcupine. Sm. Buff. vii. 83. pl. ccviii. A4O @. White Canadian Porcupine.— Z. dorfata alba. Of a uniform white colour. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 257. Lev. Muf. inhabits North America, as far north as the country about Hudfon’s Bay, and Newfoundland:— Digs holes under the roots of trees, and even afcends them, living on their fruits and bark, efpecially on the juniper fhrub; it laps water like a Dog, and in winter eats fnow as drink: The whole body, head, legs, and upper part of the tail, are covered with fur of a dark rufty brown colour, con- fifting of one feries of long foft hairs, and a lower foft coat of down, like the Beaver, interfperfed with fome long, ftiff, ftraggling hairs, tipt with dirty white ; intermixed with this, and entirely hid in it, are numbers of ftrong {harp quills, or fpines, on the upper part of the head, back, and tail, near three inches long on the back, fhorter towards the head and fides ; thefe are fo flightly attached to the fkin, that, by ftroaking the animal, they come out fticking to the hands. ‘This animal is nearly as big as a Hare; the tail is about fix inches long, and white underneath; the ears are fhort, and hid in the fur. 7 AqI 5. Long-tailed Porcupine.—4. Ayfrix macroura. 4. Has five toes on all the feet, and a very long tail with jointed fpines. Schreber, iv. 607. ee clexaty Hyftrix orientalis, or Oriental Porcupine, having a very long tail, tufted at the end, and uni- verfally covered with fpines. Briff. quad. 131.—Porcus aculeatus filvettris, Hyftrix orientalis fin- -gularis, Wild Hedge-hog, or Singular Oriental Porcupine. Seba, Muf. i. 84. t. 52. f. 1. Bont. Jav. 54.—Long-tailed Porcupine. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 254. Inhabits the iflands of the Indian Ocean.—The body is fhort and firongly made, and is covered with long {tiff hairs, as fharp as needles, which reflect various colours > the tail, which is as long as the body, and tapers to a very flender point, is tufted at the extremity with a bundle of long briftles, of a tranfparent filvery colour, compofed of joints rifing one above the other like grains of rice. The feet are all divided into five toes, one of which, ferving as a thumb, turns backwards to affift in climb- ing trees. The ears are fhort and naked; the eyes are large and bright. 216. MAMMALIA. @LIRES. Porcupine, 442 B. Brawny Porcupine.—Ay/frix torofa, Dr Gmelin fuppofes the animal defcribed, under this name by Merrem, in Lefke’s Magaz. zur Na~ turk. und Oekonomie, 1786, P. ii. 197. 198. may belong to the Long-tailed fpecies, as a variety; but, though he quotes that author, he does nat give any defcription of the animal. MRIV. CAV Nike Cue 1, Has two wedge-like cutting teeth in each jaw; eight grinders in both jaws. ‘The fore feet have four or five toes; the hind feet three, four, or five, each. The tail is either very fhort, or entirely wanting. The collar bones, or clavicles, are wanting. The animals of this genus feem to hold a middle place between the Murine quadrupeds and the Rabbit genus ; they have a flow, and moftly a kind of leaping, pace; they never climb trees; they live on vegetable food; and dwell in hollow trees, or in burrows which they dig in the earth. #43 rt. Pacaa—1. Cavia Paca. 1. Has hardly any tail; all the feet have five toes; the fides are marked with rows of grey or pale yellow {pots. Erxleb. mam. 356. Schreber, iv. 609. t. clxxi. Mus Paca, or Paca, with a very fhort tail. Syft. mat. ed. xii. 1. 81. n. 6.—Cuniculus Paca, or Paca, having external ears and a fhort tail, covered with coarfe dark brown hair, and marked. on the fides with rows of yellowifh white fpots. Brifl. quad. 144. n. 4. Gronoy..zooph. i. 4. n. 15.— Pak, Cuniculus, minor paluftris, or Leffler Marfh Rabbit, marked with white ftreaks. Barrere, Fr- equin. 152.—Mus brafilienfis major, or Larger Brafilian Moufe, having the voice and hair like a pig, called Paca by the-natives. R'aj.. quad. 226.—Paca.. Marcgr. Braf. 224. Pifo, Ind. 201. Jonfs quad. t. 63. Sm. Buff. ve 392. pl. clviiLaubba. Bancr. Guian. 76.—Spotted Cavy. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 235.—Hog-rabbit. Wafer’s voy. in Dampier. iit. gor. Tnhabits Brafil, Guiana, and probably in all. the warmer parts of America.—Lives in fenny places near rivers, burrowing in the ground, and keeping its hole exceedingly clean, to which it has always three diftinét outlets: It grows very fat, and is efteemed a great delicacy. ‘The body and head mea- fure about two feet in length; the tail is like a fmall button, and fo extremely short, as to be hardly apparent, meafuring only two or three twelfth parts of an inch; the head is large and thick, with a lengthened thick nofe, which is black at the tip; the upper Jaw is confiderably longer than the low- er; the mouth is very fmall, and the upper lip is divided; the noftrils are very large, and the muzzlé is garnifhed with long whifkers; the upper jaw has at each fide a fold’of the {kin refembling a mouth; the ears are fnort, broad, roundifh, and’ covered with a fine and almoft imperceptible down ; the eyes are large, prominent, and brownifh; the eye-brows, temples, and throat, are garnifhed with hairy ‘warts ; the two cutting tecth in each jaw are very long, of great ftrength, and of a faftron yellow co- lour 3, 444 445 446 MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Cavy.’ 217 lour; the tongue is narrow, thick, and fomewhat rough; the hind legs are longer than the fore, and reft on the fole of the foot as far as the heel; all the feet have five toes armed with claws, the inner claw being very fhort. The female has two teats fituated between the hind thighs ; and has only a fingle young one at each litter. The whole tpper parts of the body are covered with fhort, coarfe, thinly fcattered hairs, of a dufky, or dark brown, colour, which is deeper on the back ; the fides are ‘marked with five rows of white, grey, or yellowifh {pots, almoft running into each other ; the belly, breaft, throat, and infides of the legs are of a dirty white. B. White Paca.—C. Paca alba. Entirely of a White colour. De Lact. 484. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 364. This variety inhabits the environs of the river St Francis in South America; and, except in colour, refembles in every thing the animal defcribed above. 2. Akouchy.—2. Cavia Acufchy. 2. ‘Has a fhort tail; the upper parts of the body are of an olive colour, the under parts whitifh. Erxleb. mam. 354. Schreber, iv. 612. t. clxxi. B. Akouchy, Cuniculus olivaceus minor, or Leffler Rabbit, of an olive colour. Barrere, Fr. equin. 13. Des Marchais, iii. 303. Sm. Buff. v. 61. and viii. 269. pl. ccxcii.—Olive Cavy. Penn. hift, ‘of quad. n. 237. Inhabits Guiana, Cayenne, and Brafil.—Is about the fize of a half grown Rabbit, is eafily tamed, and is reckoned very delicate:food. The female brings one, fometimes two, at a litter. This f{pecies ‘refembles the following, or Agouti, but is uniformly fmaller, has a tail of fome length, and is of a -different colour. It inhabits the woods, living on fruits; abhors water, and fometimes, though rare« Jy, makes a cry-like that of the Reftlefs Cavy. 3. Agouti.—3. Cavia Aguti. 3. Has a very fhort tail; the upper parts of the body are of a brown cclour, mixed with red and black, the rump of a bright orange, and the belly yellowifh. Erxleb. mam. 353- Schreber, iv. 613. t. clxxii. ‘Of this fpecies there are three varieties mentioned in authors, viz. a, Leffler Agoutii—C. Aeuti cunicularis. Has a very fhort tail, four toes before, three behind, and a yellowifh belly. Sy. nat. ed: x.4. So, n. 2. ‘Cuniculus Agouti, having external ears and a tail, and covered with coarfe fur of a mixed red- difh and dark brown colour. Briff. quad. 143. Gronoph. zooph. i. 4. n. 14.—Small Indian Coney, or Larger Moufe, of a brown afh colour, with a very fhort tail. Brown, Jamaic. 484.—Mus fylvef= tris americanus, or American wild Moufe, as large as a rabbit, and having the hair and voice of Vou, i. Ee a 447 448 ‘ 218 MAMMALIA, : ’ GLIRES. Cavy. a pig. Raj. quad: 226.—Cuniculus vulgatiffimus, or Commoneft Rabbit, called Aguti. Barrere, Fr. equin. 153.—Aguti, Acuti, or Agoutis. Marcgr. Braf. 224. Pifo, Braf. 102. Jonft. quad. t. 63. De Laet, 484. Rochefort, Antill. i. 287.—Long-nofed Rabbit. Wafer, in Dampier’s voy. iii. 4o1.— Long-nofed Cavy. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 236.—Agouti. Sm. Buff. v. 58. pl. cvi. Inhabits Brafil, Guiana, Cayenne, and other parts of South America, and in the Weft Indian iflands.—This animal is about the fize of a Rabbit. @. Larger Agouti.—3. 6. C. Aguti leporina. Has a very fhort tail; the upper parts of the body are reddifh, and the under parts white. Erxleb. mam. 355. Mus leporinus, or Hare-like Moufe, with a fhort tail; having four toes on the fore, and three on the hind, legs; the belly white. Syft. mat. ed. xii. i. 80. n. 3.—Cuniculus javenfis, or Javan Coney, having external ears, and a fhort tail; of a reddifh colour mixed with dark brown. Briff. quad. 142.—Java Hare. Catefby, Carol. app. t. 18.—Javan Cavy. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 238. Inhabits Surinam and the hotter parts of South America.—This variety is as large as a Hare. y. American Agouti.—3. y. €. Aguti americana. Has a very fhort tail, and is clothed with coarfe reddith fur. Cuniculus americanus, or American Coney, having external ears and a fhort tail, covered with coarfe reddifh hair. Briff. quad. 144. Seba, Muf. i. 67. t. qr. f. 2. Thefe three varieties inhabit South America and the Weft India iflands—They dwell in hollow trees, or burrow in the ground; they fearch for their food, which is entirely vegetable, during the day, and carry it home with them to their dwellings; when feeding they fit up on their hind legs, and carry their food with the fore paws to the mouth ; their pace confifts of leaps; they grow very fat, and are very good eating, their flefh being white and favoury like that of a Rabbit ; they breed frequently in the fame year, the female bringing three, four, or five young ones at a birth. The toes are connected at the root by a fhort membrane, being what is called Sub-palmated; the tail is very fhort, almoft naked, and of a conical form. The firft variety, of which the diftinguifhing defcription is given in the character of the fpecies, is about the fize of a Rabbit ; the nofe is long, with a divided upper lip; fhort, broad, rounded, ears ; and black eyes; the legs are flender, almoft naked, and of a black colour. The fecond variety has a fmall flender head, with prominent, naked, ears, which are rounded at the extremity. In the firft, the belly is of a yellow colour, and, in the fecond, it is white ; im both, the hinder parts are larger than the fore, and the legs are long. ‘The third variety, which is here admitted on the authority of Grnelin, and the authors he has quoted, is either very little known, or is the fame with the firlt va- riety. They all grunt like pigs, are very voracious, and, when fat, their flefh is white, like that of a Rabbit, but dry. What food they cannot immediately confume they hoard in their retreats, and eat at their leifure. Their pace is hopping, like that of a Hare or Rabbit ; they beat the ground, like them, with their feet, when angry; and take fhelter, when purfued, in their holes, or in hollow trees. 4. 449 450 45 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. é Cavy. 219 4. Aperea.—4. Cavia Aperea. 4. Has no tail; the upper parts of the body are of a reddifh afh colour, and the under parts white. Erxleb. mam. 348. Cuniculus brafilienfis, or Brafilian Coney, having external ears and no tail, of a reddifh afh co- lour. Briff. quad. 149. n. 8.—Aperea, of the Brafilians, called Veld Ratte, d’Ratte, or Bofch Ratte, by the Dutch. Marcgr. Braf. 223. Pifo, Braf. 103. Raj. quad. 206. Jonft. quad. t. 63.—Ape- rea. Sm. Buff. viii. 274.—Cuniculus indicus femina, or Female Indian Coney. Aldrov. dig. 393- Inhabits Brafil.- Lives in holes of the rocks, from which it is driven out, and taken, by means of little dogs: The ears are fhort; the fore paws have four, and the hind feet only three, toes; the co- lour of the back refembles that of our common Hares, and the animal runs in the fame manner ; the upper lip is divided : The flefh is very good eating, and refembles that of the Rabbit, but is fuperior in flavour. The head and body are about a foot long ; the fore feet are black, and naked, and the toes have fhort fimall claws; of the three toes on the hind feet, the middle one is longer than the ' reft. B. Black Aperea.—Cav. Aperea nigra. OF a black colour mottled with tawny. Rock Cavy. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 233. This animal, as defcribed by Mr Pennant, is exactly fimilar, in every refpect, except in colour, t» the former ; being black, mottled with tawny, on the back ; the belly and throat white. The Count de Buffon quotes Oviedo, Charlevoix, and Perrier de Montfrazier, for an animal, which he thinks is the fame with the Aperea, called Cori by thefe writers: It refembles the Rabbit and the Mole, has fmall ears, carried in a flatly reclined pofition, and no tail. Of this animal there are many varieties, with refpect to colour : Some are entirely white ; others entirely black; fome totally red 5 fome fpotted with black and white ; and others {potted with red and white. They eat herbage, and their flefh refembles that of our beft Rabbits in tafte and flavour ; they are eafily tamed, and never defile their place of abode. Thefe animals, whether mere varieties of the fpecies in queftion, or di- ftinét fpecies of the Cavy genus, are found in various parts of the Weft Indian iflands, and on the continent of America. Hift. de St Domingue, par le P. Charlev. i. 35. Hift. des voy. par Beane de Montfraizier, 343. Garcilaffo, Hift. des Incas. ii. 252. 5. Cobayaa—5. Cavia Cobaya. 5. Has no tail; the whole body is white, ufually variegated with irregular orange and black blotches. Schreber, iv. 617. t. clxxiii. Mus Porcellus, Pig-like Moufe, or Guinea Pig, having four toes on the fore and three on the hind feet; with no tail. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 79. n.1. Muf.ad. Fr. 9. Amoen. acad. iv. 190. t. 2. It. Weftgoth. 224.—Cuniculus indicus ecaudatus, or Taillefs Indian Coney, having external cars, of a white or red colour, or variegated with both. Briff. quad. 147. n. 7. Gronov. zooph. i: 4. n. 16. Nieremb. hift. nat. 160. Aldrov. dig. 390. f. p. 391. Jontt. quad. 162. t. 63. 65.—Cuni- ulus indicus, f. C. guineenfis, American, or Guinea Coney, having the hair and voice of a pig, Ee2 called 453 220 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Cavy. ealled Cavia Cobaya by the Brafilians. Marcegr. Braf. 224. Pifo, Braf. 102. Pallas, fpicil. zool. ii. 17. Raj. quad. 223.—Mus major, or Larger Moufe, having no tail, and variegated with tawny and white. Brown, Jam. 484.—Guinea-pig. Edw. av. t. 294. £..2. Sm. Buf. iv. 296. pl. Ixxxiv.— Refilefs Cavy. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 232.. if inhabits Brafil.—The manners of this animal, in a wild ftate, are not mentioned by authors ; in a domeftic ftate in Europe, they are very reftlefs, grunting continually, and-running about in their apart- ment; they feed on bread, grain, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, preferring parfley; eat frequent-- ly, and little at a time, ina haity manner; Bufton fays they never drink, but Gmelin that they drink water ; their voice is commonly a kind of grunt, like a young pig; when engaged in their amours, it refembles the chirp of a. bird, and when hurt, they emit a fharp cry; they are extremely delicate, and impatient of cold or moifture; of tame and gentle, but ftupid, difpofitions ; the female breeds at two- months old, bringing from four or five to ten or twelve young ones at a birth, though fhe has only two teats, and breeds very often during the year, as fhe goes but three weeks with young, and takes the male twelve or fifteen days after littering. This fpecies feldom exceeds feven. inches in length ; it is variable in colour, as are almoft all domefticated animals ; the hair is harfh, and is fomewhat. longer on the neck than on the reft of the body; the body is thick and fhort, witha very fhort neck, fhort, broad, naked ears, and large, prominent, brownifh eyes. s 6, Patagonian Cavy.—Cavia magellanica. Has hardly any tail; the fides of the nofe are garnifhed with tufts of curly hair andi long numerous whifkers. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 234. pl. xxxix. Hare of Patagonia. Narborough, voy. 33. Byron, voy. 18.. Inhabits the country about Port Defire in Patagonia.—This fpecies is of confiderable fize, fometimes- weighing twenty-fix pounds: The ears are long and much dilated at the bottom; the upper-_lip is di-- vided; each fide of the nofe is garnifhed with a curly tuft of hair, and with numerous-long whifkers; the tip of the nofe is black; the face, back, and fore parts of the legs, are of an afh colour, mixed with rufty brown; the breaft and fides are tawny, the rump is black ; the belly is of a dirty white, . and there is a white patch on the outfide of each thigh; the legs are very long, having four toes. be-- fore and three behind, armed with long, ftraight, black claws; the tail is oniy a fhort naked ftump. This animal has the fame manners with the reft of the genus; it fits on its hind legs, burrows in the. ground, and feeds on vegetables. The flefh is very white, and has an excellent flavour. 7. Capibara.—6, Cavia Capybara. 6. Has no tail; the hind feet have each. three toes, which are connected by a webs. Schreber, iv. 620. t..clxxiv. Sus hydrochaeris, having three toes on the hind feet, and no-tail.. Syit. nated. xii. 103.—Sus maximus paluftris, or Largeft marth Hog, called Cabiai, or Cabionara, by the natives. Barrere, Fr... -equin. 160. -- Hydrochoerus.. Briff. quad. 117.—Cavia Capybara:. Pallas, fpic. zool. ii. 18.>—Capy- bara, of the Brafilians. Marcer. Braf. 230. Pifo, Braf. 99: Jonft. quad. t. 60. Raj. quad. 126.— Capivard, Froger, voy. 123.—River-hog.. Wafer, in Dampier’s voy. iii. 490.—Cabiai. Sm. Buf. vil. MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Beaver. 22h vil. 64. pl. cciv.——Thick-nofed Tapir. Penn. Syn. $3. n. 61.—Cavy Capibara. Penn. hift. of quad. N. 231- Inhabits the eaftern fide of South America, from the Ifthmus of Darien to Brafil and Paraguay.— Lives in fenny woods near the large rivers, fuch as the Amazons, Oronoque, and Plata; fwims and dives remarkably well, and keeps for a long time under water; catches fifh at night with great dexterity, and brings them on ihore to eat them, which it does fitting on its hind legs, and hold- ing its food in the fore paws like an ape; it likewife feeds on fruits and vegetables, efpecially the fu- gar cane, feeding only in the night, and does vaft mifchief in gardens: ‘The Capibara keeps together in large herds, making a great noife, like the braying of afles; grows very fat, and the fleth is eaten, being tender, but has an oily and fifhy flavour: It is monogamous, that is, in breeding feafon, one male and one female live together, and the female only produces a fingle young one at a birth: It is eafily rendered tame, and becomes very familiar. This animal is rather more than two feet and a half long when full grown ; the head and nofe are very large and thick, having {mall, erect, round- ed, naked ears, and large black eyes; the upper jaw is much longer than the under, with black, roundifh:noftrils, a divided upper lip, and the nofe is garnifhed with numerous black whiflers; in each jaw are two large ftrong fore-teeth, and eight grinders, which have the appearance of three fmall flat pointed teeth on the furface of each; the legs are fhort, having the toes connected by a webb, and their extremities are guarded with a kind of hoofs inftead of claws; the neck is fhort and thick; the hair is fhort, rough, and harfh, like briftles, being longeft on the back, and moft. of them: are yellowifh in.the middle and black at both ends. KXV. BEAVER—24 CASTOR, 23. Has two. very ftrong cutting teeth in each jaw; and four grinders on each fide in both jaws. The tail is long, flat- tened, and fcaly. The fkeleton has perfeé& clavicles, or col- lar bones. All the feet have five toes. ayy 1, Common Beaver.—1. Caflor Fiber. 1. The tail is broad, flat, almoft oval, has no hair, and is covered with fcales.. Muf. ad: Tr. i. 9. Schreber, iv. 623. t. clxxv. Caftor caftaneus, or Chefnut Beaver, with a flattened tail. Briff. quad. 133: Gefn. quad. 309. D>. aquat. 185. Rondel. aquat. 236. Aldrov. dig. 276. Jonft. quad..147. t.68. Raj. quad. 209.— Karroe. Arift. hift. an. vill. c. 5. Oppian, i. 398.—Fiber. Plin. viii. c. 30. Agric. an. fubt. 482. Belon. aquat. 25.—Bobr. Rzaczinfki, Polon. 215.—Biber. Klein, quad. 91. Kramer, auftr. 325.— Bafwer; Biur. Faun. Suec. n. 27.—Caftor, Biévre, or Beaver. Sm. Buff, v. 21. pl. cii,— Caftor: Beaver. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 251, Arét zool. n. 40.- 33. TO) 222 MAMMALIA, | CLIRES. Beaver. GB. White Beaver.—C. Fiber albus. Of a white colour, with a flat broad tail. Briff. quad. 13¢. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Afia, and America.—The Beavers in general prefer the banks .of rivers and lakes in woody countries; they feed mottly on the bark and boughs of trees, which they lay up in ftore, as winter provifion, and, in f{ummer, on leaves and fruits, fometimes on crabs and craw-fifh, but they are not fond of fifh: The trees which they chiefly prefer are Saflafras, Ath, Sweet-gum, Service, Willow, Poplar, and Magnolia, and the roots of Flag, and other aquatic plants. They walk flowly, but fwim with great dexterity, and remain in their habitations during the day, fleep with great foundnefs, and are remarkably cleanly ; their difpofitions are exceedingly mild and” gentle, and, when caught young, are very eafily tamed: They pair, or form into monogamous focie- ties of one male and one female, in the winter feslon ; the commerce of the {exes being in an ereét pofture : The female has four teats, goes four months with young, and brings two, feldom three, and very rarely four, at a litter. ‘The head and body meafure two and a half or three feet long ; the tail is about half that length, and three inches broad; it is quite flat and thin horizontally ; about the quarter of its length neareft the:body, is covered with hair, the reft is entirely naked of hair, and is covered with fcales: All the feet have five toes; the fore foot is fmall, and its toes are divided, but the hind foot is large, and all its toes are connected by a web, or membrane; the head is thick and pyramidal, ending in a blunt nofe ; the ears are fhort and hid in the fur; the neck thick and fhort ; the body is ftrongly made, and highly arched in the back; the body is covered with a double coat of fur, one of which is very foft, downy, and of an afh colour; the other is longer, ftraight, coarfer, and of a chefnut colour, which is the general colour of the animal; in different parts of the world, however, this colour va- ries; being darker, in general, in proportion as we go farther north, even fometimes entirely black; fometimes of an uniform white colour, fometimes white fpotted with afh colour, or white interfperfed with reddifh hairs ; very rarely yellowith. j The falivary glands of this quadruped are very large, and, befides thefe, it is provided with other glands at the right fide of the upper orifice of the ftemach, which fecrete a large quantity of fluid into the ftomach through eighteen diftinct excretory orifices. Near the anus and external parts, are pla- ced two large glands, having a kind of cellular follicles, or fpongy excretories, which pour out a fe- baceovs matter of a peculiar heavy odour: ‘This is the medicinal fubftance named Caffor, of which each individual, both male and female, ufually contams about two ounces: That produced by the Beavers of Ruffia is in much higher efteem than the American, and fells for a much greater price. For the anatomy of this animal, may be confulted, Wepfer, Eph. Nat. Cur. d. 1..a. 2. obf. 251. Sar-. iy y pier, 4p. 5 rafin, act. Rarif. 1704. p. 48. Act. Petrop. i. 415. So far Dr Gmelin; the fingular ingenuity of this quadruped will excufe a farther digreffion than could poffibly be allowed, in general, in a work of this nature, but the fubject is extremely curious, and, were it not well vouched, might pafs for fable. As the peculiar manners of the Beaver require extenfive forefts and fequeftered waters, they are only found in large numbers in the thinly peopled, waftes of North America, and in the north-eaftern extremity of Afiatic Ruffia, efpecially about the Konda, and other rivers which flow into the Oby. They there aflociate together for carrying on their wonderful operations, in which they furpafs very far the inftinct and ingenuity of all other quadru- peds. ‘They begin to affemble, in June or July, from all quarters of the country, till they form a troop of two or three hundred individuals, near the banks of fome river or brook; If the water they have chofen MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Beaver, 223 chofen be broad, and never rifes above its ordinary level, as in lakes, they make no dam or bank; but, as rivers and brooks are fubject to rife and fall, they build a bank to form*a pond, or piece of water, which fhall always remain at the fame height : This embankment traverfes the river, from fide to fide, like a fluice, and is often from eighty to a hundred feet long, by ten or twelve thick at the bate. They generally choofe a fhallow part of the river for this purpofe, or a brook running through a nar- Yow flat vale ; if they find a large tree on the bank, which can’be made to fall in a proper direction, they begin by cutting it down to form the principal part of their work; and, though often thicker than the bedy of a man, they gnaw it through with their teeth in a very fhort time, end always contrive to make it fall exactly in the direction beft fitted for their purpofe ; they next cut the branches from the trunk to make it lie level, and, while this is carrying on by one part of the community, others are ‘employed in cutting down fmaller trees of various fizes, from that of a man’s leg to the thicknefs of the thigh; thefe they drefs and cut into proper lengths for ftakes, then drag them to the edge of the river, and afterwards float them to the place where the wosk is carrying on. Some are employed to place feveral rows of thefe ftakes upright in the line of the embankment, as piles to fupport the weight, while others, diving to the bottom of the water, {crape holes to receive their lower ends: Thete piles are interwoven with the fmaller branches to add to the general ftrength. This wooden frame is then filled up with earth, which they carry in their mouths, and with their fore feet, to the {pot, where it is beat up into mortar with their feet and tails, and then rammed into all the intervals of the piles, ‘which, towards the lower part of the river, are fixed in a perpendicular fituation, while thofe above, which have to fupport the immediate weight of the water, are fixed in an oblique direction with their upper extremities poimting downwards. Thus, by a patient continuance of their united and aftonifh- ing labours, they complete their folid embankment, which is ten or twelve feet thick at the bafe, and gradually flopes to the top, where it is reduced to two or three feet. At the top of the bank they. leave two or three floping fhallow gaps, to allow the furface water to efcape; and they contract or enlarge thefe according to the quantity of water in the river. Having completed the embankment, their next operation is to conftruct cabins or houfes, which they perform with the fame wonderful ingenuity by which their dam was accomplifhed: Thefe are built on piles, near the margin of their artificial pond, having two doors or openings, one for going to the land, and the other for getting into the water: The houfes are either round or. oval, being conftruct-- ed, like the dam, of piles wattled with branches, and filled up with {tones and prepared earth; the walls, which are two feet thick, rife perpendicular for feveral feet, and are then regularly arched, like the top of an oven.. Sometimes the houfes confift only of one ftorey, fometimes of three or four ; and they are of various fizes, holding from two, to eighteen, twenty, and even thirty individuals; and each village, or community, contains from ten or twelve, to twenty, or even twenty-five, cabins: Each cabin has, in its neighbourhood, a magazine of bark and boughs of trees, for winter provifion, kept - conftantly under water. ‘The infides of their houfes are neatly plaftered with mortar, {pread and beaten firmly with their tails, and each individual forms its bed of mofs, or of the tender twigs of box or fir. The females bring forth about the end of winter, and continue in the cabins, to nurfe and protect their young, for fome weeks, and then go abroad into the woods: The males leave the cabins as foon as {pring commences, and, during fummer, they only make occafional vifits to their winter refidence. Should no accident happen to their embankmen‘, or hovfes, they continue difperfed through the whole fummer, and affemble again in autumn, to repair any inconfiderable breaches, and to lay in their winter ftores. If their dam or cabins have peen deftroyed, they collect their whole force early; and. A456 224 MAMMALIA. _ GLIRES, Beaver. and fet about the neceflary repairs, or new buildings, with the fame union, and appearance of intel- lect, as at their firft conftruttion. y. Terrier Beaver.—Ca/ffor Fiber /ohitarius. Befides thefe affociated Beavers, there are others which, even in the fame climates, live folitary in holes like Badgers; thefe are called Terriers, or Terrier Beavers, from their digging in the ground ; they are eafily diftinguifhed from the reft by the dirtinefs and‘ragged appearance of their coat, which is torn by rubbing on the earth of their holes. The Solitary Beavers are fuch as have either been de- prived of a fufficient number of companions to carry on the labours of an eftablifhment, by the de- fruction of their village; or they live in countries where mankind fo much abound as to prevent the poflibility of their finding fufficient quiet for carrying on their operations; fome authors fay, that part of them have been banifhed from among thé affociated Beavers, on account of crimes or indolence. At any rate, it is certain, that the affociated Beavers are only found amid waft forefts, while the fol tary Beavers, befides being found in the fame countries, are widely fpread over many places where, at leaft in modern days, no affociations take place. The folitary Beaver was well known to the ancients, in the neighbourhood of the Black Sea, and was called Canis ponticus, but they had no knowledge of their affociations, and wonderful labours. Beavers are found all over North America, Ruffia, and Siberia; they are very rare in Poland, Ger- amany, France, Italy, Greece, and Egypt; there are none now in Britain, but fome Beavers heads have lately been dug out of peat-bogs in the north ef Scotland. ‘The fkins ef this animal form a prodi- gious article of commerce, for the fake of the fine downy fur, of which the fineft hats are made, and fome other articles of manufacture. Above fifty-four thoufand of them have been fold by the Hud- fon’s Bay Company at one fale, befides thofe that are imported from other parts of North America. ‘Thofe of a black colour are preferred, and fuch as are taken during winter, efpecially if they have been worn for fome time by the Indians, by which the long hairs fall off, leaving the fine downy fur perfectly free, and better fitted for every purpofe-of manufacture. 2. Chilefe Beaver.—2. Caflor buidobrius. 2. The tail is comprefled fidewife, broader in the middle, pointed, and hairy; the fore feet have the toes fkirted with membrane, and the hind feet are webbed. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 253. Inhabits Chilii—¥requents the deepeft parts of the lakes and rivers; is a fierce animal, which lives on fith and crabs, and is capable of ftaying along while under water; it has no caftor glands, neither does it imitate the wonderful architeéture of the Common Beaver. ‘The body of this fpecies, from the tip of the nofe to the rump, is about three feet long; the head is of a {quared figure, with a blunt fnout, fmall eyes, and fhort rounded ears ; the fur is compofed of two orders of hairs, like that of the Beaver, the undermoft, or down, bemg much finer than that of the Rabbit, and is held in great eftimation by the furriers; the upper parts of the body are afh coloured, and the lower parts whitifh : The femaie brings two or three young ones each litter.—Perhaps this animal belongs rather to the tribe of Otters; but we muft wait for farther information before it can be defcribed with fuf ANE, tee sic Lite ie 5 HUA mm Aacient accuracy to efcertain its place in fyftem.—T., XXVI. 458 459 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Beaver-Rats. 225 XXVI. MURINE QUADRUPEDS.—25. MUS. 24. The upper fore-teeth are wedge-fhaped: In general there are Pp & P & three, feldom two, grinders on each fide of each jaw. Is provided with-complete clavicles, or collar bones. The animals of this genus ere in general very fwift, and climb trees or walls with great readinefs ; and fome of them {wim very well. They moftly dwell in holes, fome of them digging burrows in the ground, while others fatisfy themfelves with the fhelter of chinks in rocks or walls, or under. ftones, or any concealment that occurs by chance. They generally keep in their retreats all day, and go out during the night in queft-of food, which is chiefly vegetables of different kinds; and, when feeding, they fit up, and carry their food to the mouth in their fore paws. The females have moftly eight teats, and breed feveral times in the year, having numerous litters each time. The ears are moftly fhort and rounded; and, in general, the fore paws have four toes, with a warty fubftance, or callofity, in place cf the thumb or fifth toe. Several of the fpecies emigrateat par- ticular feafons of the year. ' Phe word ALou/fe, in the Englith language, ‘being exclufively appropriated to fome of the fpecies Gf this genus, anid Rat, which is employed by Mr Pennant as the generic term, being in the fame predicament, it was judged better to ufe a compound term for the genus, than rigidly to adhere to the Latin term of Linnaeus. In imitation of the method adopted by Dr Gmelin and Mr Pennant, the genus is divided into feveral feCtions, to which, befides a kind of fubgeneric character, colleétive names have been affigned, which, it is hoped, will be found very convenient for diftinguithing the fpecies of this very numerous genus.—T. DEA VE RRA iM OCAS TOR LS: The tails of this divifion are flattened laterally at the ends. 1. Webbed Beaver-Rat.—1. M, Myocaffor Coypus. 1. The tail is thick, hairy, of a moderate length, and fomewhat flattened ; the hind feet ate webbed. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 25s. _ -Inhabits Chili—Frequents the water, and has a {trong refemblance, both in colour and fhape, to the Otter ; but, in the number and arrangement of its teeth, it refemblesthe- Murine animals, having only two grinders on each fide of the fore-teeth in each jaw. Ail the feet have five toes. The female brings five or fix young ones at each litter. 2. Mufquath—2, M. Myocaflor zibethicus. 2. The tail is long, flattened, and fharp pointed; the feet are not webbed. Schreber, iv. 638. t. clxxvi. z eVox. I. Ff y Cafter 226 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Beaver- Rats, Caftor zibethicus, or Civet Beaver. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 79.—Mus mofchiferus canadenfis, Ca- nadian Mufk Rat, or Mufk Beaver, having the tail flattened fidewife, and all the toes feparate. Briff. quad. 136.—Ondatra, or Canadian Mufk Rat. Sm. Buff. v. 260. pl. cxxx.—Rat mufqué. Sarrafin, act. Parif. 1725, p. 323. t. 11. £. 1. 2.—Charlev. nouv. Fr. v. 157. Lefcarbot, nouv. Fr. 350.—Deimans Rotter. Kalm. It. iii. 19.—Muik Beaver. Penn. bift. of quad. n. 252. Arét. zool. n. 47.—Mufquafh. Joffelyn, voy. to New Engl. 86.—Muflafeus. Smith, Virginia. 27.—Mufk Rat. Lawfon, Carolina. 120. Lever. Muf. Inhabits North America.—This animal dwells near the fides of ftagnant waters, where it builds fimall round huts, of herbs and reeds cemented together with clay, and covered with a dome or arch- ed roof, having feveral pipes or galleries pafling out at the lower part, through which it can go in queft of food. So far its manners refemble thofe of the Beavers; but its labours are greatly lefs. ingenious, and it does not lay up ftores of provifions for winter. It feeds chiefly on herbs and fruits in fummer, and in winter moftly on roots, efpecially thofe of the Acorus and Nymphaea, or Sweet- feented flag and Water lilly; and it fometimes feeds on fhell-fifh, efpecially concs, conchae. The males and females live together in pairs all fummer, and breed three or four times during that fea- fon; the female, which has fix teats on her belly, brings from three to fix young ones at a litter. It fwims and dives with great facility, but, when on the land, the gait is very unfteady. The nofe is. thick and blunt, having large eyes, and fhort ears almoft hid in the fur; the toes of the hind feet, inftead of webs, are fringed on each fide with ftrong white hairs, which are clofely fet; the tail is comprefled fidewife, very thin at the edges, and is covered with {mall fcales intermixed with a few. feattered hairs; the body is about a foot in length, and weighs three pounds; the tail is nine inches long; the fur is very foft, of a dark reddifh brown colour on the head and upper parts ef the body, and ath colour, tinged with red, on the belly and breaft; near the anus are fome febaceous glands, which fecrete an oily fluid fmelling ftrongly of mufk, efpecially in fummer. In the general form of the body and flat fealy tail this animal refembles the Beaver, with which its manners and economy have likewife a very ftriking coincidence ; in fize, however, and length of tail, it comes nearer to the Brown Rat; but in its general appearance, and in the fhort hairy ears, it refembles the Water Rat. ** RATS ann MICE—MURES, Having round tails. Thefe Dr Gmelin feparates into two divifions, diftinguifhed from each other by the circumftance of their tails being naked or hairy. The former he names Myo/uxi, and the latter Cunicu/arit.. + Having naked round tails.—Myo/uri. 1, Piloris.—3. Mus Pilorides. 3. Has a cylindrical tail which is blunt at the end, and covered with fcaies.. Of this there are two varieties mentioned in authors. 460 463 ww “I MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 2 ~ @, White Piloris.—AZ. Pilorides albidus. The body is of an uniform whitifh colour. Pallas, elir. gt. n. 38. Mus albus zeylonicus, or White Ceylon Moufe, with a very long tail. Briff. quad. ed. Bat. 122. n. 8. @. Black Piloris—M. Prlorides fulvus. The upper parts of the body are black or tawny ; the under parts white. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 240. Caftor, or Beaver, having a fmall round tail. Brown's Jamaica, 484.—Piloris, or Rat mufqué. Rochefort, Antil. 140. Du Tertre, hift. gen. des Antilles, ii. 302. Sm. Buff. v. 261.—Mutk Cavy. Penn. fynepf. of quad. n. 183. The former variety of this fpecies inhabits Ceylon, and the latter the Weft India iflands.—They both burrow in the ground, fometimes infeft houfes like the Rat, and have a ftrong flavour of mufk. They are nearly of the fame fize with a Rabbit, and the tail is about four inches long; the fore feet have four toes, with an excrefcence in place of the inner toe, or thumb, and the hind feet have five toes; the ears are large and naked. 2. Caraco.—4,. Mus Caraco. 4. The tail is long, fcaly, and fomewhat blunt ; the body of a brown-grey colour; and the hind feet very flightly webbed. Pallas, glir. g1.n. 39. Nov. fp. fate. i. 335. t. xxiii, Schre ber, iv. 643. t. c1xxvil. Mus caraco. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 299. @: Inhabits the eaftern parts of Siberia, and probably Chinefe Tartary and the northern provinces of China.—Burrows, like the Rabbit, near the banks of rivers, {wims remarkably well, and even infefts houfes. ‘The body and head are fix inches in length, and the tail rather more than four inches and a half: The whole body weighs fix or feven ounces: The head is long and narrow, having the eyes placed very near the ears; the fore feet have four toes, and an excrefcence in place of a thumb, and the hind feet have each five toes, which are conneéted at their roots by a fmall foid of the fkin; the colour of the upper parts of the body is deep brown niixed with afh colour, the belly a.whitith ath colour, and the legs dirty white. 3. American Rat.—Mus americanus, The tail is long, naked, and fcaly; the head is long-fhaped, with a narrow pointed nofe, the upper jaw being much longer than the lower ; the ears are large and naked. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 299. Arét. zool. n. 58. Lever. Muf. Inhabits north America.—This animal is larger than the Black, and fmaller than the Brown Rat ; itis of a deep brown colour, inclining to.afh colour on the belly, and the fur is coarfe and harfh. It is probably this fpecies which is faid, Kalm’s trav. ii. 48. to live among the {tones and clefts of rocks, 2 int 404 46 ) 228 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Rats and Mice. in the Blue mountains of Virginia, at a diftance from the peopled part of the country, which comes out only at night, and makes a terrible noife. 4. Brown Rat.—5. Mus decumanus. 6. Has a long, naked, fcaly tail; the upper parts of the body are of a light brown, mixed with tawny and afh colour, the lower parts dirty white. Pallas, glir. 91. n. 40. Schre- ber, iv. 645. t. clxxviii. Mus norwegicus, or Norwegian Rat, with a Jong tail, and of a reddifh colour, having four toes on the fore feet, with a finall claw in place of the fifth, or thumb. Erxleb. mam. 381. n. 1—Mus filveftris, or Wild Rat, with a very long tail, of a dilute reddifh brown colour, the belly whitith. Briff. quad. 170. n. 3.—Mus aquaticus. Gefn, aquat. 732.—Surmulot, or Brown Rat. Sm. Buff. iv. 336. pl. xcvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 298. Arét. zool. n. 57.—Norway Rat. Brir. zoou. i. n. 26.—Bandicote. Purchas, ii. 1170. Inhabits India and Perfia, and has only been known in Europe in the prefent century.—Dwells in burrows which it digs in the banks of rivers, and frequents towns, aqueduéts, drains, neceflaries, ftables, barns, gardens, fields, and houfes; it fwims and dives with great dexterity; feeds on vege- tables, grain, fruits, and even deftroys poultry ; is hunted greedily by Cats, Dogs, and Ferrets. ‘This animal lays up {tores of acorns, beach-maft, and other provifions, in its holes, in which the males re- main during winter, except in fine weather, without hybernating, but the females and their young live moftly in barns and out-houfes in that feafon: It often emigrates from one place to another in great companies. ‘The female produces three times in the year, having twelve or fifteen, even eigh- teen or nineteen, at a litter. The body, of a full grown individual, is near nine inches.long; the tail, which confifts of two hundred rings, is feven and a half inches in length; and the whole body ufually weighs from eight ounces to a pound; the feet are naked, and of a dirty flefh colour; the toes are very diftin¢ét; the whifkers are longer than the head; and the eyes are large, black, and prominent. This fpecies is probably the Mus cafpicus of /flian, which he fays was nearly as large as the Ichneumon, and made periodical vifits in vaft multitudes to the countries which border on the Cafpian, fwimming boldly over the rivers, holding by each others tails. lian. hift. cap. xvii 5. Black Rat.—6. Mus Rattus. 12. Has a very long fealy tail; the upper parts of the body are deep black grey, and the under parts afh coloured. Pallas, glir. 93. n. 41. Schreber, iv. 647. t. clxxix.. Mus Rattus, or Common Rat, with a long and almoft naked tail; having four toes, and a {mall claw in place of the fifth, on each fore foot, and five on the hind feet. Syft. nat. ed. xii..83. Faun. Suec. ii. 12. n. 33. Mull. prodr. 5. n. 31. Briff. quad. 168. n. 1. Gronov. zooph. 4. n. 18.— Mus domefticus major, or Larger domeftic Moufe, ufually named Rat. Gefn. quad. 731. Raj. quad. 217.—Rattus. Aldrov. dig. 415.-—Glis. Jonft. quad. t. 60.—Sorex. Hufnagel, archetyp. 3- t. iii Rat. Sm. Buff. iv. 275. pl. lxxi. f. 1.—Black Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 297. Art. zool. n. 56.—Common Rat. Brit. Zool. i. n. 27. Inhabits India, Perfia, and Europe, except its moft northern parts; from hence it has been carried to Africa and America, and is frequent in Otaheite, though lefs commen in the other iflands of the . fouthern 466 467 468 ¥ MAMMALIA, . GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 229 fouthern ocean.—Of late years this fpecies has greatly diminifhed in Europe, and is even in many places extirpated, in confequence of the introduction of the Brown fpecies, which deftroys the Black Rats. The Black Rat is a cautious and fierce animal, which eats very voracioufly of almoft every thing that comes in its way, and drinks little; it is a great peft in houfes, as it attacks every kind of provifion, and gnaws the furniture: It even preys on its own fpecies: It is preyed on, in its turn, by owls, weafels, and cats, though many of thefe laft will not venture to attack them. The female has ten teats, breeds feveral times every year, and brings five or fix young ones at a birth. The head and body meafure about feven inches long, and the tail, which is very fimall, and has two hundred and fifty diftin& rings, is about an inch longer than the body; the whole body weighs near fix ounces; the fur is of a deep iron grey colour, almoft black; the belly afh coloured; the feet and legs are dufky, and almoft naked; fometimes the upper parts of the body are dufky or afh coloured; rarely {potted with white, or altogether white, with red eyes. B. Small Rat.—Mus Rattus minor. In the neighbourhood of the lower parts of the river Volga there is a fmall variety of this fpecies, found in the deferts, which docs not weigh above fix or feven drams. Pallas, nov. fp. Fafc. i. 93. 6. Common Moufe.—7. Mus Mu/fculus. 13. The tail is very long, fcaly, and almoft naked; the fore feet have each four, and the hind feet five toes; the fifth, or thumb, having no claw. Faun. Suec. 34. Moufe, with a very long fcaly tail; the upper parts of the body being tawny, and the lower parts whitifh or afh coloured. Pallas, glir. 95. n. 43. Schreber, iv. 654. t. clxxxi. Faun. Suec. i. 1i.n. 31. Muf. ad. Fr. i. 9. Briff. quad. 169. n. 2. Gronov. zooph. i..4. n. 19. Brown, Jamaic. 484.—Mus domefticus minor, or Lefler domeftic Moufe. Aldrov. dig. 417. Raj. quad. 219. Sloan, Jamaic. ii. 330. Jonft. quad. 165. t. 66. Hufnagel, archetyp: i t. 3. 10. p. 2. t. 8. p. 4. t. 2.— Souris, or Moufe. Sm. Buff. iv. 282. pl. xxxi. £. 2.—Common Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 301. Brit. zooL. i. n.30. Arét. zool. n. 60. Inhabits all parts of the world.—This little animal is hardly three inches and a half Jong; it lives almoft entirely in houfes, and follows mankind for the fake of their provifions; it feeds on almoft every thing, fuch as grain, bread, cheefe, butter, oil, and every kind of food ufed by mankind, ard drinks little; it is of mild and gentle manners,. exceedingly timid, and very quick in all its motions 3, is exceedingly prolific, breeds frequently, and produces five or fix at each litter; is preyed on by cats, rats, weafels, owls, and hedge-hogs; may be deftroyed likewife by means of Elder and Black Hellebore. - ( 8. Several varieties of Mice, as to colour, are found; fome being altogether black, fome yellowith, fome fpotted with white, fome of a white colour with afh coloured f{pots, and the moft beautiful of all, and the leaft common, are entirely white, with red eyes; but, as thefe agree in every other cir- cumftance, it is unneceflary to defcribe them more at large. ‘ 469 479 ae 230 MAMMALIA. GLIBES, Rats and Mice, 7. Field Moufe.—8. Mus fylvaticus. 17. Has a long fcaly tail; the upper parts of the body are of a yellowifh brown colour, the breaft yellow, and the belly white. Pallas, glir. 94. ns 4. Schreber, iv. 6st. t. clxxx. Moufe, with the tail of a middle length, having four toes on each foot before, and five Behind ; the body of a yellowifh brown colour, with a few dufky hairs, and the belly whitith. Syft. nat. ed, xii. i. 84. Faun. Suec. i. 12. n. 36.—Moufe, with a long tail, the upper parts of the body being of a yellowifh brown colour, and the under parts whitifh afh coloured. Briff. quad. 174. n. 9.—Mus campeftris major, or Larger field Moufe, having a very long tail, of a dufky colour, and reddifh on the fides. Briff. quad. 171. n. 4.—Mus agreftis minor, or Leffer field Moufe. Gefn. quad. 733.—Mus domefticus medivs, or Middle domeftic Moufe. Raj. quad. 218.—Mulot, or Long-tailed field Moufe. Sm. Buff. iv. 285. pl. lxxxii. f. 1.—Field Monfe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 302.—Long-tailed field Moufe. Brrr. zoox. i. n. 28. Arct. zool. n. 61. Inhabits Europe.—Is found in woods, fields, gardens, and {hrubberies ; and, during winter, comes into barns, ftables, and out-houfes : It feeds on grain of all kinds, nuts, acorns, beech maft, and other feeds, of which it makes great magazines in its holes under ground; likewife on other fpecies of this genus, {mall birds, and even on its own fpecies. Hogs are often led by the {mell to their hoards, and do great mifchief in the fields by digging them up. It is preyed on by hawks, foxes, polecats, and martins. This fpecies is rather larger than the Common Moufe, being near four and a half inches long; and the tail, which is blackith above, white underneath, and flightly covered with hair, is of the fame length with the body; the feet and legs are of a pure white colour. The female makes a neft for her young, either in a tuft of grafs, or immediately below the furface of the ground, and produces from feven toe ten young ones at a birth. @. White Field Moufe.—Mus /ylvaticus albus. Is entirely white, with red eyes. 2 _ This variety is but rarely met with, 8. Harveft Moufe.— Mus mefforius. Has a long fealy tail; the upper parts of the body are of a full rufty brown colour, the belly is white, and a ftraight line along the fides divides the two colours. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 302. Lefs Long-tailed field Moufe. Penn. Brrr. zoot. ii, app. 498. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 129. n. 17. 6.—IHarveft Rat. Penn. fyn. of quad. n. 231. Inhabits Hampfhire.—This fpecies, or perhaps rather variety of the former, is lefs than the pre ceding, being only two inches and a half long from the nofe to the rump, and the tail, which is fome- what hairy, is two inches in length: It weighs only about a quarter of an ounce. It never enters houfes, but is very numerous in the fields during harveft, and is often carried in great numbers among ‘the fheaves into the barn-yard. The female makes a round neft of blades of corn, for her young, between 473 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 231 between the firaws of fianding corn, and brings about eight at a birth. It burrows very deep in the ground, forms a warm bed of dried grafs, and takes fhelter in its hole during winter. g. Ruftic Moufe.—9. Mus agrarius. 7. The tail is long and fealy; the body is of a yellowifh colour, with a dufky or black line along the back. Pallas, It. i. 454. D°. Glir. 95. n. 44. and p. 341. t. 24. A. Schreber, iv. 658. t. clxxxii. Mus rubeus, or Reddifh Moufe. Schwenkfeldt, An. Siles. 114. S. G. Gmel. It. i. 11. t. 29. He 2 Inhabits Ruffia, from the Tanais to the Jenifei; in Silefia, and rarely in Germany.—This fpecies is migratory, and wanders about often in vaft multitudes, doing prodigious harm to the corn: It is about three inches long, and fcarcely weighs half an ounce; the tail is only about half the length of the body and head; the belly and legs are white; the head is oblong, with a fharp nofe, and {mall ears lined with fur; the hind legs have each a dufky circle juft above the foot. It burrows in the eround, forming a long gallery juft below the furface, and a little elevated, leading to a larger cham= ber, in which confiderable quantities of grain and feeds are ftored up for winter provifion. 8. American Ruftic Moufe.—Mus agrarius americanus. Has a broad itripe along the middle of the back of a mixed dufky and ferruginous co- lour; the cheeks, fpace beneath the ears, and fides, are orange coloured ; and all the under parts of the body, the legs and feet, are pure white. Penn.hift. of quad. T. 302. @ Inhabits New-York.—The ears are large, open, and naked; the whifkers very long, fome of the hairs being white and others black; the hinder legs are fomewhat longer than the fore; the tail is duflky above, and whitifh beneath.. 10, Minute Moufe.—10. Mus minutus. 8. The tail is long and fcaly ; the upper parts of the body are of a deep tawny or ferru- ginous colour, and the under parts whitifh. Pallas, It. i. 454. n. 4. Do. Glir. 96. n. 45, and p. 345. t. 24. &. Schreber, iv.. 660. t. clxxxill. Inhabits Ruffia.—Is about half the fize of the Common Moufe, the tail being fcarcely two inches Jong; the female is fmaller than the male, and lefs elegant in her colours ;. the nofe is fomewhat fharp; the face is dufky, with fome whitenefs at the corners of the mouth; the ears‘are fall, and almoft hid in the fur ; the feet are grey. This fpecies is found in the corn fields and in barns, and is plentiful i in birch woods; it feems to wander about, without any fixed places for its neft; and much greater numbers of males are found than of females,. 75 ps SS oF 477 232 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 2. Yellow Minute Moufe.—Mus minutus flavus. Is elegantly yellowith coloured on the upper parts, and pure white on the under parts, of the body. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 130. Inhabits Siberia.—'This variety is exceedingly beautiful. 1. Shrew-like Moufe.—11. Mus foricinus. 10. The tail is of a middle length and fomewhat hairy; the fnout is lengthened ; the ears are rounded and hairy; the upper parts of the body are of a yellowith grey colour, and the lower parts whitifh. Schreber, iv. 661. t. clxxxiii. B. Inhabits the neighbourhod of Strafburgh in Germany.—This fpecies was difcovered by Profeffor Herman : It is {carcely two inches and a half long; the fnout has feven rows of whifkers; the fore feet have four toes each, and a tubercle in place of a thumb, the hind feet five toes, all armed with very {mall claws; the tail is all over of a mixed yellowifh and ath colour, being rather more hairy on its under furface. 2. Wandering Moufe.—12. Mus vagus. 14. The tail is very long and almoft naked; the colour of the upper parts of the body is a pale afh, waved with black, and having a black line along the middle of the back; - the ears are large, oval, naked, and plaited. Eales glir. 90. n. 36. and p. 327. t. 22. f..2 Schreber, iv. 663. t. clxxxiv. f. 2. Mus fubtilis, or Cunning Moufe. Pallas, It. ii. 7os, n. a1. U Syyandenne Moufe. Penn. kitt. of quad. n. 308 FI Inhabits the deferts of Tartary, and in Siberia, as high as the Ural, Irtifh, Gby, and Jenifei—Is frequent in the birch woods, and lives in fiffures of rocks, under ftones, and in hollows of trees3 feeding chiefly on feeds, and likewife on {mall animals of the fame genus. It wanders about in great flocks, migrating from one place to another in the night ; hybernates during winter, and is of a very chilly nature, fo as even.to become torpid and fall afleep, in a round form, in the cold nights of the month of June. It is between two and three mches long, the tail being almoft three, and weighs two drams; the legs are very flender, and the feet whitifh, having four toes, and a conical excref- fence, before, and five behind, all armed with long claws; the tail is longer than the body, very flender, prehenfile at the end, of an afh colour above and whitifh below; the head is oblong, with a blunt nofe reddifh at the tip, having yellow fore-teeth, and only two grmders -on each fide in the upper jaw. The female has eight teats. 13. Beech Moufe.—13, Mus betulinus. 15. Maela a very long and almoft naked tail; the upper parts of the body are tawny, with a black line along the back, the under parts whitifh, or pale afh colour; the ears brift- ly at the ends. Pallas, Glir. 90. n. 35. and p. 332. t. 22. f.1. Schreber, iv. 664. t. clxxxiv. f. 1. ’ Mus 79 480 481 MAMMALIA. GLIRES: Rats and Mice. 233 Pe) “Mus fabtilis, or Cunning Moufe. Pallas, It. ii. 705. n, 11. @.—Beech Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 309. ‘Inhabits the birch woods in the defert plains of Ifchim and Baraba, and between the Oby and Je- nifei, —Lives folitarily, frequenting the hollows of decayed trees; runs up trees readily, and faftens on their branches with its tail, and by means of zits flender fingers, or toes, it can faften even to a very {mooth furface< This fpecies has confiderable refemblance to the Wandering Moufe, but is Yomewhat {maller ; the nofe is fharp, with a red tip; the ears are fimall, oval, plaited, brown, and briftly at the ends ; the limbs are very flender, with long, and very feparable toes; the tail is flender, and much longer than the body, ‘being brown above and whitifh underneath. ‘The Beech Moule is very delicate, and foon grows torpid in cold weather ; its voice is very weak. 14. Dwarf Moufe.—14. Mus pumilio. 18. The tail is of a middle length, and almoft naked; the general colour is a brownith afh, with the fore-head and nape of the neck black; and having four black lines -along the back, meeting at the tail. Sparrman, act. Stockholm, 1784, 239. t. vi- Dwarf Moufe. Sparrman, voy. to Cape of Good Hope, Eng. ed. 1785, app. to vol. ii. 347. t. vil ‘Inhabits the forefts of Sitficamma near Slangen river, two hundred hours journey eaft from the Cape -of Good Hope.—This fpecies is fcarcely two inches long, the tail is about two-thirds of the length of the body, and the whole animal, even when fteeped many months in {pirits, hardly weighs four {cru- ples. The body is fomewhat flattened; the regions of the eyes, the ears, and the nofe, are of a paler ‘colour than the reft of the body; all the feet have five toes, the thumb or inner toe of the fore feet being very fmall, but diftin@tly furnifhed with a claw; the legs and feet are ftrongly made ; the tail is almoft naked, and of a pale ath colour. 15. Striped Moufe.—15. Mus firiatus. 19. The tail is long, and almoft naked; the body is elegantly marked with twelve rows of {mall white fpots. Pallas, Glir. go. n. 37. Moufe, with a long and almoft naked tail; having four toes before and five behind; the body marked with rows of fpots. Syft. nat. ed. xil. i. 84.- Muf. ad. Fr. i. 10.—Mus orientalis, or Orien- tal Moufe, with a long tail, of a reddifh colour, and marked on the back with rows of pearl co- loured fpots. Briff. quad. 175. n. 10. Seba, Muf. ii. 22. t. 21. £ 2 —Oriental Moufe. Penn. hift. -of quad. n. 304. Pallas, Glir. n. 97. Nat. mifc. pl. 73. Tnhabits India—This fpecies is about half the fize of the Common Moufe, and the tail is of the fame length with the body ; the upper parts of the body are of a brownifh grey colour, the lower -parts whitith ; the ears-are fhort, round, and naked. @. Cherofo.— Mus mofchatus. In the fame country, and in Guinea, is another very fmall fpecies of Moufe, not fufficiently de- {cribed, which fmells of mufk. It is called by the Portuguefe, who fay its bite is venomous, Chere/2. Penn. hit, of quad..p. 446. Boullaye la Gouz. 256. Barbot, Guinea. 214. avo! Gg 16. 482 483 434 234 MAMMALIA. _ GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 16. Barbary Moufe.—16. Mus barbarus. 20. - The tail is of a middle length; the body is brown, with ten whitith ftripes; has three toes before and five behind. Syft. nat. ed. xii. T. i. P.. 2, add.. Barbary Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 305.. inhabits Barbary.—This fpecies is fmaller than the Common Moufe ; the under parts of the body are whitifh; the tail is naked, annulated, and as long as the body ; on the fore paws are the rudi-- ments of a thumb or inner toe.—Dr Gmelin fufpects that. this animal {hould be referred to the Cavy genus.. 17. Mexican Moufe.—Mus mexicanus. Has a large reddifli fpot on each fide of the belly.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 306. Mus mexicanus maculatus, or Spotted Mexican Moufe. Seba, Muf. i. 74. t. xlv. f. 5. Inhabits Mexico.—Is. of a whitith colour, mixed with red, and having a large reddifh fpot on eack» fide of the belly 5 the head is. whitifh.. ++ With round hairy tails. —Cwnicularii.. 18. Virginian Moufe.— Mus virginianus. The tail is univerfally. hairy, very thick. at the bafe, decreafes gradually, and becomes: very long and flender. Penn. hift. of quad. n..307. Aré. zool. n. 62.. Mus fylveftris americanus albus, or White American Field Moufe. Seba, Mufli. 76. t. xlvi.. As. Inhabits Virginia.—The nofe is. pointed and black ; the ears pointed; the limbs very flender; the- colour is univerfally white ; the tail tapers gradually from the rump, fo as hardly to be diftinguifhed: from that at its origin. 19. Rock Moufe.—17, Mus faxatilis. 21. The tail is hairy, and of a middle length; the ears are longer than the fur; the fore paws have three toes and the rudiments of a fourth. Pallas, Clir. 80. n. 19. and p. 255. t. 23. B. Schreber, iv. 667. t. clxxxv. Rock Moufe.. Penn. hift, of quad. n. 312. Inhabits the eaftern parts of Siberia, beyond lake Baikal, and inthe deferts of Mongul Tartary.—. Burrows in the fiffures of rocks, forming a winding oblique paflage, which afterwards branches out into feveral others pointing downwards, and ending in a chamber, in which is a bed, or neft, made of foft herbs. This fpecies is about four inches long, and weighs nearly nine drams ;: the tail is an inch and a half in length, of a brown colour above, and white beneath; the head is.oblong, with a longifh nofe, and oval, downy ears, brown at the edges the limbs are ftrong ; and the tail is thinly covered with hair; the upper parts of the body are of a brown colour, flightly mixed with yellowith, or grey; the MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 235 the fides are rather inclined to the latter colour ; the belly is of a light afh or whitith ; the fect and Jegs are blackifh ; the fnout is dufky, and furrounded with a flender white ring. This fpecies feeds chiefly on the feeds of the Aftragalus. 486 20. Blue Moufe.—18. Mus cyanus. 22. The tail is of a middle length and fomewhat hairy; the upper parts of the body are of a blue colour, and the under parts whitifh. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 266. Inhabits Chili in ‘South America—In fize and general appearance this {pecies refembles the Ficld Moufe, except in colour; the ears are rounded ; and the animal is extremely timid : It forms large burrows, which are divided into feveral chambers, and into which it collects great ftores of bulbous roots; for thefe the natives fearch with great care. 4s7 21. Water Rat.—19. Mus amphibius. 11. The tail is of a middle length; the ears fcarcely appear above the fur; the feet have three toes on each; and the rudiments of a fourth. Pallas, Glir. 80. n. 20. Schreber, iy. 668. t. clxxxvi. Moufe, or Rat, with a long hairy tail, having the hind feet webbed *. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 82. Faun. Suec. ii. 12. n. 32.—Moufe, having the tail of a middle length; the fur is blackifh; the fore feet are each provided with four toes, and a little claw in place of the fifth. Erxleb. mam. 386. ‘n. 3.—Mus aquaticus, or Water Rat, with a long tail; the upper parts of the body being covered with black hair, mixed yellowifh, and the under parts afh coloured. Briff. quad. 175. n. 11.— a Mus aquaticus major, Rattus aqiaticus, Larger Water Moufe, or Water Rat. Raj. quad. 217.— Mus agreftis major, or Larger Field Moufe. Gefn. quad. 733. Raj. quad. 219.— Water Rat. Sm. Buff. iv. 290. pl. Ixxxii. £ 2. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 300, Arct. zool. n. 59. 488 B. Meadow Water Rat.—19. 8. Mus amphibius terrefiris. Has a fomewhat hairy tail of a middle length; having three toes, and the rudiments of a fourth on the fore feet, and five behind; the ears being fhorter than the fur +. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 82. n. 10. Faun. Suec. ii. 13. n. 31. Mus agreftis brachyurus, or Short-tailed Field Moufe, having a large head. Raj. quad. 218. 480 y. Marfh Water Rat—19. y. Mus amphibius paludofus. Of a black colour, with a hairy tail of a middle length; having three toes, and the ru- diments of a fourth, on each fore foot, and five behind ; the ears are fhorter than the fur. Mant.-pl. 2. 522. G g 2 &> * This laft circumftance is a miftake copied by the great Linnaeus after Willoughby and Ray. + Mr Pennant refers this variety to the Mus arvalis, or Meadow Mcufe, to be afterwards defcribed; but it is retained here on the authority of Dr Gmelin.—T. » ee, 490 49t 49 2: 493 236 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Rats and Mice. &. Black Water Rat.—19. 5. Mus amphibius niger. Of a uniform black colour. e. Spotted Water Rat.—19g. ¢. Mus amphibius maculatus. Has a large white {pot on the back, and a white line on the breaft. Inhabits the whole of Europe, the nortliern parts of Afia as far as the icy fea, and North America.— The feveral varieties of this fpecies dwell chiefly near waters, forming burrows in their fteep banks, about ponds and wet ditches ; likewife in marfhy places, meadows, and. gardens ; they feed on roots; herbs, and fhrubs, and on frogs, craw-fifh, infects, {mall fith, and the fry of larger ones. The flefh of thefe animals is reckoned very delicate by fome of the more favage inhabitants of the Ruffian em- pice, and is eaten by the French, along with that of the Otter, during Lent. The female is fmaller than the male, and has a greater yellownefs of,colour ; fhe has eight teats, four of which are placed on the breaft, and four on the belly. They procreate about the end of winter, at which time they fmeil ftrongly of mufk, and preduce as far as. eight young ones inthe month of- April. The nofe is thick and blunt, with fhort ears, which are hid in the fur, {mall eyes, and yellow teeth; Mr Pennant fays, that all the feet, both before and behind, have five toes, the inner toe of the fore feet being very {mall ; the fur is black, mixed with fome ferryginous hairs; the tail is covered with fhort black hair, and is whitifh at the tip; the body and head are both thick, fhort, and compaét, and meafure feven, inches long; the tail is from three to five inches in length; the ears are of an oval thape, and briftly at the edges ; the whole animal, according to Mr Pennant, weighs nine ounces, though, according to. Dr Gmelin, it only weighs from two to three. This {pecies 1s very fierce, and bites bitterly; it fwims: and dives with great facility, and lives much in the water, . 22, Garlic Moufe.—20. Mus alliarius. 23. ‘The tail is fhort; the ears are rather large, and fomewhat hairy; the body is afh co-- Joured on its upper parts, and whitifh underneath... Pallas, Glir. 80. n. 18. and 252. t. xiv.. £,.C. Schreber, iv. 671. t. clxxxyii. Garlic Moufe. Penn. hift. of quadun. 375. Inhabits Siberia, about the rivers Jenifei, Kan, Lena, and Angara.—Feeds on the roots of garlit, of © whieli it lays. up large ftores in fubterraneous burrows. ‘The ears are large, open, and naked ; the- tail is hairy, being of a white colour, marked on its upper part with a dufky line; the back is afh co-. foured, mixed with longer hairs tipped with dufky grey; the fides are pale ath coloured, and the belly, breaft, and feet are white; the fore feet have each four toes; the body and head meafure a little more than four-inches ; the tail fcaree an inch and a half: ‘This fpecies.refembles the Meadow Moufe, to be afterwards deferibed ;. but, in the form of the head, the whifkers, and the cars, it comes nearer to the Common Moufe, though greatly larger. 23. Red Moufe —21. Mus rutilus, 24. Has a fhort tail; the ears. are longer than the fur, which is tawny red on the back, light 494 495: 496: MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 237 light grey and yellow on the fides, and whitifh on the belly. Pallas, Glir. 79. n. 17-. and p. 246. t. xiv. B. Schreber, iv. 672. t. clxxxviii. Red Moufe.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 314. Arct. zool. 1. 136. B. Inhabits Siberia, from the Oby as far as Kamtfchatka, and within the Arétic circle—The head and body meafure fcarce four inches, and the tail a little more than one; the face and nofe ate very brift- ly ; the tail is hairy, yellowifh on its upper part, with a dufky line along its whole length, and white below ; the ears are large, open, and naked, being tipt with a rufty coloured down: This {pecies has confiderable affinity to the Meadow Moufe, but the legs and feet are more hairy, and white; it lives in holes and hollows of trees ; feeding on grain, and fometimes on animals of the fame genus, likewite eats almoft of every thing which comes in its way, and is fond of flefh; it comes often into,houfes and barns 3. is very lively, and runs about, even on the fnow, the whole winter. B. Leffler Red Moufe.—Mus rutilus minor. A {mailer variety of this fpecies has been found about Cafan, and in the botanical garden at Goet= tingen in Germany. 24. Gregarious Moufe.—22. Mus gregalis. 25. Has a fhort tail; the ears are longer than the fur; the fore feet have each three toes and the rudiments of a fourth; the fur is dark afh coloured on the upper parts, and whitifh below. Pallas, Glir. 79. n. 16. and 238. Schreber, iv. 674. t. claxxix. Gregarious Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 323- Inhabits the eaftern parts of Siberia—Dwells in arid places, forming burrows, with numerous open-- ings, directly under-the fod ; thefe lead to chambers, in which it lays up large ftores of roots, efpe- cially thofe of the Lilium pomponii and garlic: This fpecies is lefs than the next, or Economic Moufe, and longer than the Social; the female being near five inches long, and the male about an inch fhort- er; the nofe is blunt, with a. {mall mouth, and naked ears which appear above the fur; the hair on the upper parts. of the body is black at the roots and tips, and ferruginous in the middle; the throat, belly, legs, and feet, are whitifh.; the tail is covered with thin white hairs, being tipt with black and. afh colour : It eats fitting up. 25, Economic Moufe.—23. Mus oeconomus, 26. sy The tail is fhort; the ears are naked and hid in the fur; the colour is tawny ;: and the: fore feet have each three toes with the rudiments of a fourth. Pallas, Glir. 79. n. 16.- and p. 225. t. xiv. A. and It. iii. 692. n. 4. Schreber, iv. 675. t. cxc. GEconomic Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 313. Arét. zool. i. 134. A. Georgi, It. 161.—Te- goulichitck. Defcr. of Kamtfchat. Eng. ed. 104: Inhabits Siberia, from the river Irtifh eaftwards, in Kamtfchatka, and under the Arétic circle.— The eyes are fmall; the ears naked, and almoft hid in the. fur; the teeth are very tawny; .the cclour- ofe 497 js \O oO 499 238 ' MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Rats and Mice. of the fur is black and yellow intimately mixed, the back dufky, and the throat, breaft, and belly hoary ; the under parts of the whole fur are dark brown; the ends of the feet are dufky ; the head and body meafure four inches and a quarter; the tail rather more than an inch; the general ae refembles that of the Meadow Moutfe, but the body is rather longer, and the Belly larger. This fpe- cies dwell moftly in damp {cils, forming burrows, with many chambers and numerous entrances, im- mediately.under the turf. In thefe it lays up magazines of various vegetable food, chiefly bulbous roots; and lays them out in funny days to dry, and never touches them but in winter, living all fum- mer on berries and other vegetables. The Kamtfchatkans hold thefe animals in great regard, and never deftroy their hoards; they take away only part, and leave fome Caviare, or fome other fub- ftance to fupport them in its ftead. This fpecies fometimes emigrates in vaft multitudes, keeping a ftraight courfe even over rivers, and is much infefted on their march by birds, fifh, wild hogs,*foxes, and other wild beafts. They begin their march from about the river Pengin in fpring, and, about the middle of July, reach Ochotfka and Judoma, at a vait diftance; and return in Odtober. The Kamt- fchatkans are much alarmed at their migrations, which portend rainy weather and a bad chace; and, when they find them lying weak and {pent with fatigue after crofling a river, give them every affif- tance'in their power. he TY{chutfki are not fo much attached tothis animal, and make ufe both of their winter ftores and of their carcafles as food. @. Laland Moufe.—Mus glareolus, Dr Gmelin is at a lofs whether the animal deferibed by O. F. Muller, under the name of Mus glareolus, as found in the ifle of Laland, and figured by Schreber, iv. t. cxc. B. fhould be referred to this fpecies ; but he gives no defcription by which the circumftance may be afcertained. 26. Woolly Moufe.—-24. Mus laniger. 27. The tail is of a middle length; the fore feet have each four, and the hind feet five toes; the fur is woolly, and of an afh colour. ~Molina, hift, nat. Chil. 267. Inhabits the north parts of Chili, and in Peru.—This animal burrows in the earth, is very docile and cleanly, and is eafily tamed ; it lives on bulbous roots, efpecially onions; the female breeds twice a year, and brings five or fix young ones at each litter. It is about fix inches long, with a fhort nofe, and fmall fharp pointed ears; the fur is very long and exceedingly fine, almoft like the threads of a fpider’s web, and was formerly employed as the very fineft {pecies of wool by the Peruvians. 27. Meadow Moufe.—25. Mus arvalis. 16. The tail is fhort; the ears fearce reach beyond the fur; the fore feet have’ each three toes and the rudiments of a fourth; the fur is dufky. Pallas, Glir. 79. n. 14. Schreber, iv. 680. t. cxci. | Mus gregarius, or Gregarious Moufe, having a fomewhat hairy tail one third the length of the body; the body is mixed brown and black on the upper parts, the lower parts white. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 1. 85.—Mus terreftris, or Land Moufe, with the tail of a middle length; the ears fhorter than the fur; the upper parts of the body rufty brown, and the lower parts afh coloured. Erxleb. mam. 500 50K §o2 py TOcm MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Rats and Mice. 239 mami 395. n. 7.—Mus campeftris minor, or Smaller Field Moufe, having a fhort tail; the upper parts of the body mixed blackifh and dirty yellow, the under parts afh colour. Briff. quad. 176. n. 12.—Campagnol, or Short-tailed Field Moufe. Sm. Buff. iv. 293. pl. bexxiii. Gefn. quad. 733. Penn. hift.. of quad. n..322. Brrr. zooL. ion. 31.- Arct. zool. n. 65. Inhabits all Europe, Siberia, Hircania, and Newfoundland.—Dwells in bufhy places, corn-fields, meadows, and gardens, chiefly near waters; lives on grain, nuts, acorns, and walnuts, which it col- leéts into-fubterraneous burrows ; is preyed on by foxes, polecats, weafels, cats, and field mice: The female produces feveral times a year, and brings from eight to twelve young ones at a. birth. This {pecies is from three to fix inches long, the female being much longer than the male, and the tail is little more than an inch; the head is large, with a blunt nofe, {hort ears, almoft hid in the fur, and prominent eyes ; the upper parts of the body are of a mixed ferruginous and black colour; the belly is deep afh, and the legs and feet dufky ; the tail ts terminated by a {mall tuft of hair. @. Blackifh Meadow Moufe.—Mus arvalis nigricans, Is of a blackifh brown colour on the upper parts of the body. Dr Gmelin is uncertain, if the animal defcribed by Linnaeus under the name of Mus agreffis, with a fhort tail, of blackifh brown colour on the upper parts, and afh-colour on the belly, fhould be con- fidered as a variety of this fpecies. Faun. Suec. ed. 2. p. ii. n. 30.—In the plate quoted from Buffon are three individuals of this fpecies; the two lower figures are of a lighter colour, and feem to be the former variety; but the upper one is almoft black, and is probably the variety mentioned above from. the Fauna of Linnaeus.. 28. Social Moufe.—26. Mus focialis. 28. Has a very fhort tail; the ears are naked, rounded, and very fhort; the fore feet have each three toes and the rudiments of a fourth; the upper parts of the body are light grey ; the fides, fhoulders, and belly, are white.- Pallas, Glir. 77. n. 13. and p..218.t. xiii. B. Schreber, iv. 682. t. cxcii. Social Moufe.. Penn. hift. of quad..n. 321. Pallas, It. ii. 705. n..10.—Mius alius, et. Mus mi-- crourous. S. G. Gmel. It. ii. 173. t. ii. and iii. 00. t..57.-f.2. Inhabits the fandy deferts between the Volga and Ural, near the Cafpiam fea, and in the mountains: of Hircania.—This fpecies lives in pairs, or in families confifting of a male and a female with their: young ones; and of thefe families vaft numbers live together, the whole country being covered with little hills of earth thrown out of their burrows. They feed moftly on tulip roots, and are preyed on by weafels, polecats, crows, and etters. “The head is thick, with a blunt.dufky nofe ; the limbs are- fhort and ftrongly made; the head and body are fomewhat more than three inches long, the tail on-- ly half an inch, and very flender. This:animal fwarms chiefly in fpring, and rarely appears in au-- tumn, at which feafon it is fuppofed to migrate, or to take {helter.among the buthes. 29. Rambling Moufe.—27. Mus lagurus. 29. Has hardly any tail; the ears are fhorter than the fur; the fore feet. have each three: toes: 5°3 504 a MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Rats.and Mice. toes and the rudiments of a fourth; the upper parts of the body are afh coloured mixed with dufky, and having a black line along the back, Pallas, Glir. 77. -n. 12- and p. 210. t. xiii. A. Schreber, iv. 684.°t. cxciil. Hare-tailed Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 320. Ar&. zool. n. 66.—Dhhilkis-Zizchan, Mus va- gus, or Rambling Moule. Pallas, It. ii. 704. TInhabits the deferts near the rivers Ural, Irtifh, and Jenifei.—Each individual forms a round neft of dried grafs in a burrow, having an oblique and a perpendicular entrance. ‘They feed chiefly on the dwarf iris, but eat all kinds of grain, and. devour other fpecies of this genus, and one another ; they fleep very much, in a rolled up-form, and are very flow in their motions, like the Marmot, but do not become torpid in winter: ‘This fpecies is very falacious; the males fight together for the females, and the conqueror generally devours the vanquifhed; the female {fmells of mufk when in feafon, pro- duces feveral times in the year, and brings five or fix young ones at a birth : "They migrate in great troops, whence the name of rambling mice, which is given them by the Tartars. The head is long, with rough and {welling lips; the limbs are fhort and flender ; the tail is‘fo fhort, -as fcarcely to ap- pear beyond the fur, which is very full and foft; the upper parts of the body are.afh coloured, mixed with dufky, and having a dufky line along the middle of the back; the belly and feet are pale afh colour ; the length of the body and head is between three and four inches; the tail of the male is fomewhat longer than that-of the female, “ 30. Collared Moufe.—28. Mus torguatus. 30. Has a very fhort tail; the ears are fhorter than the fur; the feet have each five toess the fur is ferruginous, varied with grey, yellow, and dufky, having a whitifh collar round the neck, and a dark line along the back. -Pallas, Glir. 77. n. ii. and p. 206. t. xi. B. Schreber, iv. 686. t. cxciv. Ringed Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad: n. 318. Arc. zool. i. 137. E. Inhabits the northern parts ofthe Uralian mountains, and the marfhes near the frozen ocean.— Feeds chiefly on the Lichen rangiferinus, Lichen nivalis, and Polygonus viviparus ; thefe articles of food are ftored up in burrows, having numerous paflages, which it digs under the turfy foil. This {pecies is migratory, and refembles the next in its manners. ‘The nofe is blunt; the legs are fhort and ftrong, and the feet are covered on the foles with fur, having very ftrong hooked claws on the toes; the fur on the whole body is very fine, of a ferruginous colour on the upper parts of the body, ynixed with grey and yellow, fometimes pale grey, and undulated with duiky ruft colour; from the ears down each cheek is a bed of dufky, then a ring or collar of white round the neck, and behind that another dufky patch; the head and body are a little more than three inches long ; the tail is dufky, hardly one inch long, and has a tuft of hard briftles at the end, which is blunt. 3t. Lemming.—29. Mus Lemmus, 5. Has a very fhort tail; the ears are fhorter than the fur; the feet have each five toes; the body is variegated with tawny and black on the upper parts, and is white underneath. Pallas, Glir. 77. n. 10. and p. 186. t. xii. A.B. Schreber, iy. 687. t. cxcv. a. f. Moutfe, JO5 ae MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Rats and Mice, a4i Moufe, of a tawny colour varied with black ; having a very fhort tail, and five toes on each foot. Syft. nat. éd. xii. i. 80. Faun. Suec. ii. n. 29. Act. Stockh. 1740, 75. f. 45.—Mus Lemmuvs.. Fabric. It. Norweg. 191.—Mus norwegicus, Norwegian Moufe, or Lemming. Raj. quad. 327. Worm. Muf. 321.—Cuniculus norwegicus, or Norwegian Coney. Briil. quad. 145. n. 5.—Lem- mus. Gefn. quad. 731. Ol. Mag. Sept. 617.—Leem. Aldrov. dig. 436. Jonft. quad. 168.—Lem- ming. Pontop. Norw ii. 58. Sm. Buff. vii. 316.—Lemmus Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 317. Arét. zool. i. 136. C.—Lapland Marmot. Penn. fyn. of quad. 274. n. 202. t. 25. f. 2. Worm. hift. anim. Norweg.—its anatomy. Bartholin. cent. ii. p. 301. Inhabits the mountains of Norway and Lapland.—They feed on grafs, the catkins of the dwarf birch, the Lichen rangiferinus, or Rein-deer Liverwort, and other fuch vegetable produétions ; in fummer they form {hallow burrows under the turf, and in winter they make fimilar long paflages un der the fnow in quett of food ; for, as they do not lay up magazines, and do not hybernate, they are obliged to feek provifions in the rigorous winter of thefe northern climes. When they forefee, by fome wonderful inftiné&t of nature, the approach of a very fevere winter, they leave their northern haunts in autumn, and emigrate in immenfe multitudes into the lower parts of Norway and Sweden, keeping a ftraight line in fpite of every obftacle, moving moftly in the night time, and making pro- digious havock of every vegetable they are able to reach. In this journey, which takes place at uncer= tain intervals, though generally about every ten years, they are deftroyed by eagles, hawks, foxes, and other animals of prey, and numbers are drowned in paffing rivers, or lakes, which never interrupt their courfe, even proceeding on into the fea; from all thefe concurring caufes very few live to return to their native mountains, and thus a check is put to their ravages, as it takes years to repair their numbers fufficiently for another invafion. They are bold and fierce, fo as even to attack men and animals, if they meet them in their courfe, and bite fo hard as to allow themfelves to be carried a confiderable way, hanging by their teeth to a ftick, before they will quit their hold. The head is pointed, having very long whitkers, fix of the hairs on each fide being longer and ftronger than the reft ; the mouth is fmall, having two very long fore-teeth in each jaw, and the up- per lip is divided; the eyes are {mall and black; the ears are fmall, rounded, and reclined backwards; the fore legs are very fhort, having four flender hairy toes on each, and a long tharp claw, like a cock’s fpur, in place of the fifth or thumb ; the hind feet have five toes; the fkin is very thin, and the upper parts of the body are black and tawny, difpofed in irregular blotches ; the belly is white, tinged with yellow: The female breeds feveral times a year, producing five or fix young ones at a birth. B. Siberian Lemming.— Mus Lemmus fibzricus. Of a {maller fize, and more uniform tawny colour. Inhabits the northern parts of the Uralian chain of mountains, and on the river Oby.—This fpecies or variety of the Lemming is confiderably fmaller than th¢ one juft defcribed : The colour is lefs di- verfified, being chiefly tawny ; and it differs greatly in manners 5 for it lays up in its burrows large ftores of provifions to ferve during winter. From this latter circumftance, it is probable that the Si- berian Lemming,: though this is not mentioned, does not migrate like the former, or Norwegian kind. Voi. I. Hh 32 242 MAMMALIA. GLIRES, Rats and Mice, 506 | 32. Labradore Moule.——30. Mus hudfonius. 31. The tail is very fhort; has no external ears; the feet have each five toes; the back is marked with a dufky ftripe, and each fide with a yellowifh tawny line; the breaft and belly are whitifh. Pallas, Glir. 209. Schreber, iv. 691. t. cxcvi. Hudfon’s Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 319. Arét. zool. n. 64. Inhabits the country of Labradore.—The muzzle is furnifhed with flender brown whifkers; the fur is very foft and fine; the upper parts are of an afh colour, tinged with tawny on the back, having a dufky line along the f{pine, and a pale tawny {tripe along each fide; the belly is of a pale afh co- lour ; the limbs are very fhort, and the fore feet are ftrongly made, having the two middle claws of the male very {trong and divided at the end; the claws of the fkins which, from being fmaller, are fuppofed to belong to the females, are fmall ; the tail is very fhort, and is terminated with a tuft of {tiff briftles ; the body and head meafure about five inches. 507 33. Lena Moule.—Mus lenae, Of a white colour: Has a fhort tail thickly covered with coarfe hair; fhort rounded ears; five toes before and four behind. Penn. Arét. zool. i. 137. D. Mus Gmelini. Pall. nov. fp. an. 195. Inhabits the borders of the Icy Sea, efpecially where the Lena falls into it—The body and head meafure a little more than three inches, the tail not quite one; the body, which is thick, broad, and equal, is covered with longifh fur, which is afh coloured at the roots, and white at the ends; the cheeks are afh coloured, and the chin dufky : The claws on the fore feet are white, and very ftrong; thofe on the hind feet are much weaker. This fpecies appears and difappears fuddenly; it feeds on the roots of different moffes, and is preyed on by the Arctic foxes; it probably extends to the river Jenifei, as in that diftri€t two forts of Mice are found, one, in all probability this, is entirely white, and the other, probably the Lemming, is black, yellow, and white. 508 34. Kamtfchatka Moufe.—Mus Tfchelag. OF a fmall fize, but not fufficiently defcribed. Penn. Arét. zool. i. 138. F. Tfchelagatchitch. Defcr. of Kamtfchatka, 392. Inhabits Kamtfchatka.—Frequents the houfes, and is fo bold that it takes away any thing and eats it quietly at the door. *e* UY AMSTERS—GRICETI*. Having pouches in the cheeks, and fhort hairy tails. 509 1. Siberian Hamfter.—32. M. Cricetus Acredula, 33. Has large, oblong, oval, furrowed ears ; the upper parts of the body are of a yellowifh and ® Called Mures buccati, in the Syema Naturae. 510 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. -Hamfters. 243 and brown afh colour, the under parts hoaty. Pallas, Glir. 86. n. 22. and p. 257. t. xviii. A. Schreber, iv. 695. t. cxcvii. Mus migratorius, or Migrating Moufe. Pallas, It. il. 703. n. §.—Yaik Moufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 326. © Inhabits the diftri€t of Orenburgh in Siberia, near the Yaik or Ural.—The fnout is thick, with a blunt nofe, and very flefhy lips, the upper one being deeply divided; the upper fore-teeth are fmall, yellow, convex, and truncated, the lower ones are pointed and flender; the eyes are large; the tail is very fhort and cylindrical, of a brown colour above, and white beneath; the legs are white; the body and head meafure about four inches, and the tail not quite one. This animal lives in burrows, which it quits only in the night to feek for food: The Coffacks fay that it migrates out of the deferte in vaft multitudes; but Dr Pallas fufpects this to be a mittake. 2. German Hamfter.—33. M. Cricetus germanicus. 9. Has large rounded ears; the head and back are of a reddifh brown colour, the belly, breaft, and: upper part of the fore legs, black; the fides are reddifh, and marked with three white {pots. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 324. pl. xlvii. f. 1. Mus Cricetus, or Hamfter, having cheek pouches; the lower parts of the body extremely black, with bare patches on the fides. Pallas, Glir. 83. n. 21. Schreber, iv. 695. t. cxcviii. A. Syft. natv ed. Gmel: 137-n. 9-—Moufe with a fhort tail; rounded ears; the lower parts very black; and the fides reddifh, with three white fpots. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 82.—Glis, f. Marmota argentoratenfis, or Strafbourgh Marmot, of a reddifh afh colour on the back, having a black belly, and three white fpots on the fides. Briff. quad. 166.—Glis Cricetus. Klein, quad. 56. Agric. fubt. 486. Gefn. quad. 738. Raj. quad. 221. Claudef, E. N.C. dec. iii. n. 5. p. 376.—Porcellus frumentarius. Schwenckf. ther. 118.—Hamfter. Sm. Buff. vii. 178. pl. ccxx. Meyer, Thire. fol. 1748. Norib. t. 81. 82. S. G. Gmelin, It. i. 33. t. 6. Sulzer, Verf. Naturg. des Hamfters, 1773, Gotha.—Ger- man Marmot. Penn: Syn. n. 200.—Hamfter Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 324. @. Black German Hamfter.—33. @. MVM. Cricetus german. niger. Is entirely black, except the tip of the nofe, edges of the ears, and the feet, which are white. Penn. hift. of quad: p. 462. pl: xlvi. f. 2: Cricetus niger, or Black Hamfter. Lepechin, It. i. 192. t. 15. Pallas, It. i. 128. Georgi, It. ii. 851. Sulzer, Naturg. des Hamit. fig. in titulo. Schreber, iv. t. cxcviii. B Inhabits Siberia, the fouth of Ruffia, Poland, Sclavonia, Hungary, Silefia, Bohemia, and Germany beyond the Rhine, efpecially in Thuringia.—Each individual forms a fubterraneous burrow, confift- ing of feveral chambers, with two holes or entrances leading from the furface; one of thefe is perpen= dicular, and the other, in which the excrements are lodged, is oblique; the holes of the females have feveral perpendicular openings, and each young one of her family is lodged in a feparate chamber : The chambers which are fet apart for the lodging of themfelves and young are lined with ftraw or grafs ; the reft are larger, and are appropriated for containing magazines of grain, beans, peafe, lint~ feed, vetches, and other fuch feeds, each in a feparate cell, fometimes a hundred pounds weight in the ih 2 whole 512 244 MAMMALIA, ~GEIRES. = ° | \Hamfters, whole: The chambers of the older animals are dug feveral feet deep, while thofe of the younger ones felcom exceed one foot under the furface. During fummer the Hamfters live on herbs, fruits, and roots, and, in autumn, are very deftructive to grain; for, befides eating large quantities, they carry it off to their magazine in their check-pouches, which are fo ftuffed that they feem ready to burft, each being eble to contain about an ounce and a half at once; they are particularly fond of places where liquorice grows, and feed much on its feeds; they feldom eat flefh or devour other animals. Except during the time of courtfhip, the males and females have no intercourfe ; but at that feafon the fe- male defends the male with great fury, though fhe fhows very little affection for her young; when two males mect about one female, they fight bitterly, and the female forms a fhort conneétion with the conqueror; at all other times they reject fociety with each other, and even fight, kill, and devour their own fpecies. “Their pace is very flow, and they do not climb; but they dig with vaft quicknefs, and will gnaw through a piece of wood, an inch and a half thick, in a very dhort time. They are preyed on by polecats, weafels, cats, dogs, foxes, and birds of prey, and are profcribed by man, onac- count of their devaftations; in one year, about eleven thoufand fkins, in a fecond, fifty-four thoufand, and in a third year, eighty thoufand, were brought to the town-houfe of Gotha, to receive a reward for their deftruction; the peafants even fearch for their ftores, on account of the provifions they. con- tain, and their {kins form an article of trade; they are likewife deftroyed by means of a pafte formed of honey and flour boiled up with arfenic, or powdered hellebore. At the approach of winter, they retire into their burrows, fhutting up the entry with great care, and feed on their collected provifions, till the weather grows fevere, when they become torpid. The firft commerce between the males and females is about the end of April; but they breed two or three times a year, the females, which have eight teats, go about a month with young, and produce, when young, three or four, afterwards from fix to nine, and even fixteen or eighteen, at a litter. The males are about ten inches long, and the tail about three, but the females are fcarcely more than half fo large; the former weigh from twelve to fixteen ounces, while the latter feldom exceed from four to fix ounces: The head is thick, with a blunt nofe, and numerous whifkers, large full black eyes, and large, rounded, open ears; ufually the head and back are of a reddifh brown colour, with red cheeks; the fides are paler, with three white fpots; the breaft, upper part of the fore legs, and belly are black; the feet are large and white, having four toes, and a claw inftead of a fifth toe, on the fore feet, and five toes on each hind foot: The colour varies ; fometimes, though rarely, they are found entirely white, or-yellowifh, or white with black fpots on the back ; fometimes the {naut is white, and the fore-head afh coloured, or the lower jaw of a white colour. - a 3. Sand Hamfter.—34. M. Cricetus arenarius. 34. The upper parts of the body are hoary; the fides, belly, limbs, and tail, are pure white. Pallas, Glir. 36. n. 24. and p. 265. t. xvi. A. and It. ii. 704. n. 7. Schreber, iv. 707. t. cxcix. Sand Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 328. : Inhabits the fandy deferts of Baraba, on the river Irtifh, in Siberia. —The head is large, with a longifh fnout, and a fharp nofe, having very long whifkers, yery large pouches, and great oval brown- ish ears; the body is fhort and thick, being about four inches leng, and the tail rather more than one ; the fur is very foft ; the fore feet have only four toes each, the hind feet five, all the claws be- ing white. This animal is very fierce and untameable, it forms burrows, like the preceding fpecies, lining wt 3 514 a5 MAMMALIA, - GLIRES, Hamfters, 245 lining the neft with the Elymas arenarius and other dried plants ; it is chiefly active at night, and is fond of leguminous plants, particularly the Aftragalus tragacanthoides, 4. Rice Hamfler—35. MM. Cricetus phaeus. 35. The upper parts of the body are of a hoary ath colour, with long dufky hairs along the back; the fides whitifh; the circumference of the mouth, breaft, belly, and extre- mities of the limbs, are pure white. Pallas, Glir. 86. n. 23. and p. 261. t. xv, A. Schre- ber, iv. 708. t. cc. Zarizyn Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 327. Inhabits about Zarizyn in the deferts of Siberia, and in the mountains of the north of Perfia.— This fpecies does vaft mifchief in the rice fields: It is about three inches and a half long, and the tail not quite one; the fore-head is much elevated ; the edges of the eye-lids are black; the ears are large, oval, almoft naked, and projecting, being clothed flightly with a dufky fur; the tail has a dufky line-along its upper part. This animal is often caught in traps during winter, near ftables and other out-houfes, and never becomes torpid. 5. Songar Hamfter.—36. M. Cricetus fongarus. 30. The upper parts of the body are of a grey afh colour, marked with a black line along the back; the fides of the head and body are varied with large white and dark brown fpots; the feet and belly are white. Pallas, Glir. 86. n. 25. and p. 269. t. xvi. B. and It. ii. 703. n. 6. Schreber, iv. 709. t. cci. Songar Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 329: Inhabits the defert of Baraba, near the Irtifh, in Siberia.—This fpecies likewife digs chambers for the reception of provifions : It is about three inches long, with a very fhort, thick, blunt, and hairy tail, little more than one-third of an inch in length; the head is thick, with a blunt nofe, and the whif- kers are fhorter than the head; the ears are oval, very thin, long, and covered flightly with a hoary down ; each of the feet has four toes, and a knob, without any claw, in place of the fifth; this ani- mal is not fo fierce as fome other fpecies of the Hamfters, but may be tamed when caught young, and. grows very familiar. 6. Baraba Hamfter.—37..M. Cricetus Furunculus. 37. The upper parts of the body are of a cinereous yellow, with a black ftreak on the back; the under parts dirty white. Pallas, Glir. 86. n. 26. Schreber, iv. 710. t. ccii. Baraba Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 330.—Mus barabenfis. Pallas, It. ii. 704. n. 8.—Mus furun- culus, or Thievifh Rat. Pall. nov. fp. fafc. i. 273. t. xv. A.—Furunculus myodes. Mefler{chmid, Muf. Petrop. 343. n. 109. i Inhabits Dauria, Siete in the defert of Baraba, towards the Ob, between the Onon and Argum, _ and in the Chinefe empire near lake Dalaii—This fpecies is about three inches long, and the tail near one ; 217 246 _ MAMMALIA. CGLIRES. Mole-Rats. one; it refembles the Sand Hamfter a good deal; the nofe is fharp, with large, broad ears, of a dufky colour, edged with white; the tail is {mall and pointed, of a white colour, and is marked above with a dufky line; the feet have four toes, and a knob furnifhed with a claw inftead of the thumb or fifth toe. It lives chietly on the feeds of the Aftragalus and Atriplex ; but its manners are unknown. eeee MOL ERA TP S.— Mi OF CAL Pa, Mave no external ears, very {mall eyes, and a very fhort tail, or none. They live entire- ly under ground, like the Moles *. 1, Ruffian Mole-Rat.—38. M. Myotalpa talpina. 38. Of a dufky colour: Has a very fhort tail, and no external ears; the fore-teeth are long, extended from the mouth, and wedge-fhaped; the feet have five toes; the fore feet are very ftrong, flat, and formed for digging. Pallas, Glir. 77: n. 9. and p. 176. t xi. A. and Nov. com. Petrop. xiv; 568: t. 21. f. 3. Schreber, iv. 711. t. cciii: Spalax minor, or Lefler Spalax. Erxleb: mam. 379.—Talpine Mole-Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. N. 335: 8. Black Ruflian Mole-Rat.—M. Myotalpa talpina nigra, Is entirely black. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 475. Tnhabits the plains of Ruffia and Weftern Siberia, fearcely extending beyond the Irtifh, and never beyond the Oby.—This animal is fond of a turfy foil, avoiding fandy or muddy places, and digs holes like thofe of the Hamfter, which it lines with foft grafs, and fills with bulbous roots, throwing up hillocks of earth all along the tracks; each individual has its feparate burrow: It works only in the night, and feldom comes out except in the feafon of love; feeds chiefly on the roots of Tulips, tuberofe Lathyrus, and tuberofe Phlomis. Its fight is very weak in the day time: It is about four inches long, and refembles the Water Rat; has a large fhort head, with a thick fnout, and trun- cated nofe; the eyes are very. fmall, and hid in the fur; the aperture of the ears is only bounded by | a {mall rim behind; the body is thick and fhort; the tail fcarce appears beyond the fur; the head, nofe, back, and fides, are dufky, the cheeks greyifh, the chin white, and the belly and limbs whitifh: Tt procreates about the beginning of April, at which time it {mells ftrongly of mufk; and the females produce three or four young at a litter. 2. Cape Mole-Rat.—39. M. Myotaipa capenfis. 39. Of a dark browa colour tinged yellowifh, with the fore part of the face, orbits, and re- gions of the ears, white: Has a very fhort tail, and no external ears; the fore-teeth are wedge-like; and all the feet-have five toes. Pailas, Glir: 76. n. 8. and p.. 172. t. vii. Schreber, iv. 713. t: cciv. Cape * The animals of this fubdivifion'of the genus are named Mures fubterranei, by Dr Gmelin; but the word Mysta/pa is preferred in this edition, as being better adapted for the purpofe of a fubgenus.—T. 319 tt §20 “MAMMALIA, GLIRES, Mole- Rats. 24> ty Cape Hamfter.. Kolb. Vorg. d. gut. Hof, 158.—Mole of the Cape of Good Hope. Sm. Buf! iv. 315. pl. laxxvilii—-Cape Mole-Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 334. pl. xlvii. f. 3. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—This fpecies infefts the gardens; It is about five inches and a half long, having a round head, thick neck, and blunt fnout; the hair of the body is pretty long, of a dark brown colour, tipt with ycllow; the whole region of the mouth and nofe, the circumference of the eyes, a longitudinal {pot on each ear, and on the nape of the neck, are white; the lower parts of the body and limbs are pale ; and the fhort tail, or fiump, is covered with long yellowiih white hairs; the inner toe of each fore foot is very fhort, the two next are very long, the fourth fhorter, and the outer toe is very ‘hort. 3. African Mole-Rat.—4o. M. Myotalpa maritima. 40. Of a pale brownifh afh colour mixed with yellowifh on the upper parts, the fides and under parts paler: Has a very fhort tail, and no external ears; and all the feet have five toes. Schreber, iv. 715. t. cciv. B. Zand-moll. Mafon, Phil. Tranf. lxvi. P. i. 304.—Cape Mole. La Caille journ. 299.—Taupé des dunes, or Mole of the fand hills. Allamand’s ed. of Buff. fupl. v. 24. t. x.— African Mole- Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 333. Inhabits the fand hills adjacent to the fea at the Cape of Good Hope.—This {pecies refembles the former, but is much larger, meafuring twelve or thirteen inches long, and the head is more lengthen- ed; it forms burrows in the fand, like thofe of Rabbits, which it digs with furprifing celerity; it runs flowly, is very fierce, and bites feverely; it feeds chiefly on the roots of Ixiae, Antholyzae, Gladioli, and Irides. The head is large, with a black nofe, flattened and wrinkled at the end; the eyes are fmall, and almoft hid in the fur; the lower fore-teeth are long, and it is faid the animal polleffes the power of moving them farther out at pleafure; the fore feet have four toes with very long claws, and a diftinét thumb with a fhort claw, the foles being naked and provided with two large tubercles; the hind feet are large, very long, and naked, having five toes with {hort claws, and is refted on as far as the heel; the tail is flattened, covered on its upper and under furfaces with fhort hair, and fringed at the edges with very long briftles horizontally difpofed. Is reckoned good eating. 4. Daurian Mole-Rat.—41. M. Myotalpa Afpalax. 4x. Of a dirty yellow ath colour on the upper parts, and whitifh afh on the lower: Has a very fhort tail, and no external ears; the feet have each five toes, the claws of the fore feet being very long. Pallas, Glir. 76. and 16s. t. x. and It. iii. 692. Schreber, iv. 716. t. ccv. Mus myofpalax. Laxmann, Sibir. brief. 75. Aét. Stockh. 1773.—Daurian Mole-Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 332. pl. xlvii. f. 2. Inhabits Dauria, and in Siberia beyond the Irtifh between the Alei and Tfcharyfch rivers.—This animal digs very long burrows in the black turfy foil or firm fand, throwing up numerous hillocks, which extend over a gonfiderable furface; it works both with its feet and nofe, and fometimes with its Gry te bot 248 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Mole-Rats. ite teeth. Tt feeds chiefly on the roots of the Lilium pomponii, Erythronium, and other bulbous plents. This {pecies varies in fize, thofe of Dauria being near nine inches long, while thofe farther eait are fearcely fix. The head is thick and flat, svith a ihort {nout and blunt nofe; the eyes are very fmall and deep feated ; the body is thort and flattened, having very {trong limbs, efpecially the - fore feet, on which the claws are long, flrong, and flightly bent; the fur is dufky at the roots, and fome individuals have a white line on the hinder part of the head; the taii is fhort, round, blunt, 3 d 2 and almoft nated. 5. Blind Mole Rat-—42. M. Myotalpa Typhlus. 42. Of a reddifh afh colour: Has no tail, external ears, or appatent eyes; the feet have each five toes; and the fore-teeth are broad. Pallas, Glir. 76. 2. 6. and p. 154. t. viii. Schreber, iv: 418. t. écvi. Moufe, of a reddifh afh colour, having no tail or external ears, and very minute eyes. Lepechin, Te. 1. 238. and Nov. com. Petrop. xiv. 504. t. 15. 1. 1.—Spalax micropthalraus, or with very imall eyes. Guldenftaedt, Nov. com. Petrop. xiv. 409. t. 8. 9.—Spalax major. Erxleb. mam. 377.— Slepez. 5. G. Gmelin, It. i. 131. t. 22.—Blind Mole-Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 331. pl. xlvii. £. 1.—Podolian Marmot. Penn. Synopf. n. 204.—Zemni. Sm. Buff. viii. 232. Inhabits the fouthern parts of Ruflia, from Poland to the Volga.—Each individual forms bur- rows under the turfy fol, of very confiderable extent, with many lateral paffages, and throws out the earth at different diftances, in large hillocks, fometimes two yards in circumference, and propor- tionally high. This fpecies works with its fnout, feet, rump, and even with its teeth, and digs with great celerity, efpecially when frightened, in whe cafe it digs directly downwards. When ir= ritated, it {norts, gnathes its teeth, raifes its head ina menacing pofture, and bites with great feve- rity. It feeds on roots, efpecially thofe of the bulbous Chaerophyllum. It is entirely blind, though it has the rudiments of very {mall eyes which ate covered over with a continuation of the fkin; but it poflefies the fenfes of touch and hearing in a very eminent degree, to make up for the lofs of fight. The body and head meafure between feven and eight inches, and weigh eight ounces; the head is very large, broad, and flattened, with a blunt nofe, covered at the end with a thick, naked, black fin; the mouth is continually gaping, with fhort wrinkled fore-teeth above, and very long ones below, likewife furrowed or wrinkled, none of them being hid by the lips ; the body is cylindrical, and covered with fhort, foft, and clofe fet fur, which is of a dufky colour at the bottom, with the ends of a rufty brown mixed with afh colour; the fpace about the mouth and nofe are white; the legs are very fhort, having five toes on each foot armed with {hort claws, and flightly connected by a fhort membrane at their bafes. It breeds in fpring and fummer; and the female, which has two teats, brings from two to four young ones at a birth.—This is perhaps the only fpecies of warm blooded animal which is deprived by nature of the fenfe of feeing, fuppofing that there is no mif- take in the information of travellers refpecting its utter blindnefs.—T. OMVLE IM AR MiO. Tises...d GT Oat Ys: Has two wedge-like cutting teeth in each jaw; five grinders ,above, and four below, on each fide. Has collar bones. This H22 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Marmot. 249 This genus is very properly feparated from that of Afws by Dr Gmelin, in imitation of Mr Pen- nant. Moft, if not all, of the fpecies hybernate, or grow torpid, during winter: They go about in queft of food, and carry on their other neceffary avocations, during the day time, feeding on roots and grain; they are capable of climbing, and dig burrows in the earth for their habitations: Their heads are generally round and convex, having either very fhort ears or none; their bodies are thick, with fhort hairy tails; the fore feet have each four toes and a very fhort thumb, or fifth inner toe, and the hind feet have each five toes. ‘The caecum, or blind gut, is generally very large. a. Common Marmot.—1. 4rcfomys Marmoéa. 1. Has fhort round ears; the upper parts of the body are dufky brown, and the lower parts reddifh. Schreber, iv. 722. t. CCVile Mus Marmota, with a round convex head, having fhort external ears, a fhort hairy tail, and four toes on each fore foot; the upper parts of the body dufky brown, and the lower parts reddith. Pallas, Glir. 74..n. 1.—Having a ‘fhort hairy tail, fomewhat hairy ears, and {welling cheeks. Syft. mat. ed. xii. 81. h. 7.—Mus alpinus, or Alpine Monfe. Gefn. quad. 743. f..p. 744. Aldrov. dig. ‘gas. Raj. quad. 221. Jonft. quad. t. 67. Agric. Subt. 484. Plinii, viii. c. 37.—Mus montanus, or Mountain Moufe. Mathiol. comm. 368.—Glis alpinus, f. Marmota alpina, of a-mixed dufky brown and yellowifh. Briff. quad. 165. n. 6.—Glis Marmota, of a brownifh afh colour on the upper “parts of the body, and yellowifh ath below. Erxleb. mam. 358. n. 1. Klein. quad. 56. Hift. mur. ‘valp. 230.—Marmette. Sm. Buff. iv. 339,Ph xcvil.—Alpine Marmot. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 258. ‘Inhabits the higheft fummits of the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, in dry places where there are ho trees.—Feeds on infects, roots, and vegetables, particularly on tender plants of the order of grafles; but, when tamed, eats almoft of every thing, and is very fond of milk, which it laps, making a mur- muring noife’; it drinks very little. The Alpine Marmots live together in focieties of five, nine, twelve, or fourteen, are fond of bafking in the fun, and place a centinel, which gives a whiftle on per- ceiving the approach of danger, when ‘they inftantly retire into their holes, or, if they cannot e- fcape, they defend themfelves boldly, and bite with great fury. They form burrows provided with numerous paflages and entrances; in the end of September they retire into their fubterraneous cham- bers, which are well lined with mofs and dry grafs, and, ftopping up the entrance with earth, they remain in a torpid ftate of hybernation till the month of March : If dug up while in this ftate, and brought into a warm atmoiphere,they revive gradually. ‘They are able to walk on their hind feet, fit up often on their haunches, and carry food to their mouths with their fore feet. "They are eafily caught when on plain ground, but with difficulty in their holes, as they dig deeper when in danger of being taken, except in winter, when torpid, at which time they are ‘caught in great numbers, part- ly on account of their flefh, which is tender and delicate, partly for their fkins, and partly for their fat, which is efteemed medicinal by the inhabitants of the Alps; but they are chiefly taken by the Sa- voyards for the purpofe of being expofed as fhows through various parts of Europe. In a tame flate, they are very deftructive to all kinds of provifions, clothes, linens, or furniture; and-can hardly be prevented, even in warm chambers, from falling into the torpid ftate in the winter time. They pro- create in April or May, and the female, after fix or feven weeks, produces two, three, or four young ones. Vor. I. Ti The ion tw WwW 524 250 MAMMALIA, _ GLIRES. ‘Marmot. The body is thick and fhort, with a large thick head, flattened at the top, and having a thick blunt nofe, which is often carried erect when the animal fits; the two bones of the lower jaw are moveable en each other; the ears are fhort, round, hairy, and almoft hid in the fur ; the cheeks are covered and furrounded with long hair; the muzzle has feven rows of whifkers; above and below each eye is placed a black wart, on the former of which are fix, and on the latter, feven, briftly hairs; the legs, are fhort, and the conical thumbs of the fore feet have each a dufky flat nail; the tail is ftraight, and is covered with long hairs: The fur on the upper part of the body is of a brownith ath colour, mixed with tawny yellow; the fides are paler, and the lower parts reddifh, having a future or parting of the hair, all along the belly, from the throat to the anus; the tip of the tail is very dark brown, almoft black: The body and head meafure fixteen inches, and weigh nine pounds; the tail is about fix inches long. 2. Monax.—2. Arcfomys Monax, 2. Has fhort rounded ears; the nofe and checks are bluifh; the body is of a deep brown: colour; the tail is longifh, and very hairy. Schreber, iv. 737. t. ccviii. Mus grifeus, of a dark brown grey colour, with a bluifh nofe; having a convex head, externak ears, and four toes on the fore feet. Pallas, Ghr. 74. n, 2.—Moufe, of a brown afh colour; ha- ving a hairy tail of a middle length, roundith ears, four toes: before and five behind. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 81. n. 8.—Glis fufcus, Marmota americana, or American Marmot, of a brown colour, with a bluith afh coloured nofe. Briff. quad. 164..n. 5.—Glis Monax, with a brown body, the fides and. - belly of a paler colour. Erxleb. mam. 361.—Monax. Edw. av. ii.t. 104. Sm. Buff. iv. 346. pk. xcviliiMaryland Marmot. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 260. Aré...zool..n. 44. Inhahits the warmer ftates of North America, and ihe Bahamas.—This fpecies, in America, forms. holes in the clefts of rocks and under the roots of trees, in which it pafles the winter in a torpid ftate; but it is uncertain if thofe of the Bahamas hybernate, as the climate of thefe iflands is very mild. The- head is not fo thick and large as in the former fpecies, and the {nout is fomewhat lengthened, the nofe and cheeks being of a bluifh afh colour; the ears are fhort and rounded;, the eyes are black and prominent; the feet and legs are black, having long fharp claws ;. the tail is half the length of the bedy, and is covered with longifh dufky hairs. This animal is about the fize of a Rabbit; it feeds on vegetables 3 and its flefh, is very good, refembling that of a Pig. 3. Bobak.—3. Arcfomys Bobac. 3. Of a greyifh colour, mixed with long dufky hairs on the upper parts of the body, the under parts yellowifh: Has fmall oval ears; a hairy tail; and the fore feet have each a claw in place of the thumb or fifth toe. Schreber, iv. 738. t..ccix. Mus Arétomys, with a rounded head, having external ears 5, the tail fhort and hairy; a claw on each fore foot in place of the inney, or fifth toe ; the upper parts of the body grey, and the under parts yellowifh. Pallas, Glir. 75:97. 98. t. 5 —Gls Marmotta polonica, or Polifh Marmot, of a yellowith colour, with a reddith head. Briffi quad. 165.—Bobak. Rzaczinfki, hift. nat. Polon. 235. Sm. Buff: vii. 198. pl. ccxxi. Forfter, Phil. Tranf. lv. 343. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 262. “Ar&. zool.i. 115. A, Inhabits p45 MAMMALIA. 248) GLIRES, Marmot. 251 Inhabits the dry and funny places of the mountains, from the Borifthenes, through the temperate limes of Afia, as far as China and Kamtfchatka.—The Bobak forms very deep burrows, in which fo- cieties of twenty or more live together, each individual having a particular neit at the bottom of the common gallery, which is often three or four yards deep, and from which numerous galleries, or paf- fages, branch off to the feveral apartments. They go about in fearch of food, in the morning and middle of the day, placing a centinel to give warning of approaching danger. It is a timid animal, which feeds only on vegetables, preferring olleraceous plants ; it fits up on the hams, and carries its food with the fore paws to its mouth, and defends itfelf in the fame pofture ; may be eafily tamed, even when old, and then eats cabbages or bread, and laps milk, but refufes to drink water. In fum- mer it feeds voracioufly, but remains torpid all winter, except when kept in very warm places, and ‘even then éats very little, and efcapes, if poffible, that it may get to fome place proper for hybernat~- ing, and returns to its mafter in fpring. The flefh may be eaten, and refembles that of a Hare, though sank; the fat is ufed for drefling leather and furs, and the ikins are employed for clothing by the Ruffians. The head and body meafure fixteen inches, the tail is ftraight, and about four and a half inches long, and the whole animal fometimes weighs fourteen pounds. The female has eight teats, and probably brings forth early, as, by the month of June, the young ones are half grown. The ears are fmall, thick, oval, and ‘covered with greyifh white down, having longith hairs at the edges; the eyes are fmall; the whifkers fhort: About the eyes and nofe the fur is of a dufky brown colour, growing reddifh among the whifkers; the upper parts of the body are greyifh, intermixed with lonp dufky or black hairs, which have grey or whitifh tips; the throat is of a rufty colour; the reft of the body and infide of the limbs are of a yellowith rufty brown; the tail is flender, full of hair, marked with duiky rings, and is tipt with black. 4. Canadian Marmot,—4. Arttomys Empeira. 4. Of a mixed grey colour on the upper parts of the body, the lower parts orange; has ving fhort rounded ears, and a hairy tail. Schreber, iv. 743. t. ccx. Mus Empetra, of a mixed colour on the back and reddith on the belly ; having a rounded head provided with external eats, a fhort hairy tail, and four toes on each fore foot. Pallas, Glir. 75. n. 4.—Glis canadenfis, of a grey colour, with orange coloured belly and thighs. Erxleb. mam. 363-—Quebec Marmot. Penn. hift. of quad. nm. 259. pl. xli. f. 2. Arét. zool. n. 43.—Canadian Marmot. Forfter, Phil. Tranf. Ixii. 378. Inhabits Canada, Hudion’s Bay, and the other northern parts of America.—This fpecies is rather larger than a Rabbit, and the tail is about two inches and a half long; the head is round, with a blunt nofe, and {hort rounded ears ; the cheeks are full, and of a grey colour; the face is dufky, with a black nofe; the hair on the back is grey at the roots, black in the middle, and whitith at the tips 5 the belly and legs are of an orange colour ; the tail is fhort, fomewhat bufhy, and of a dufky colour; the feet are black and naked, having four long, flender, divided toes, and the rudiments of a thumb on each fore foot, and five fimilar on each behind, all armed with pretty ftrong claws. This animal was defcribed by Mr Pennant froma living fpecimen in pofleflion of, Mr Brooks, which was very tame, and made a hiffing noife. 526 27 See, 252 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Marmog. 5. Hoary Marmot.—5. Arctomys pruinofa. 5. Has very coarfe, long, hoary fur; whitifh cheeks, a black nofe, and black legs ; having, fhort oval ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 261. Arét. zool. n. 45. Lev. Muf. Inhabits the northern parts of America.—This animal is about the fize of a Rabbit; the nofe is black at the tip; the ears are fhort and oval; the cheeks are whitifh, and the crown of the head is mixed with tawny and dufky; the fur on the body is long and harfh, being afh coloured at the bot- tom, black in the middle, and whitith at the tips, giving a hoary appearance; the legs and feet are black, having four toes on each fore foot, and five behind, all armed with dufky claws; the tail is black, and mixed with ruft colour. 6. Souflik.—Arcfomys Suflica. The upper parts of the body are of a yellowifh brown colour interfperfed with nume- rous {mall white fpots; the ears are very fhort ; the tail is hairy, and about the length: of the thighs. Sm. Buff. viii. 234. pl. ccxc. Cafan Marmot. Penn. fynopf. p. 273. TInhabits Cafan, and as far as Auftria.—Dwells in the defert, digging holes in the black foil of the declivities of the mountains ; thefe burrows are feven-or eight feet long, are dug in a winding form, and have. feveral entries ; at the bottom are feveral apartments, in which ftores of corn, peafe, lint- feed, hemp-feed, and other grains and feeds are collected, each kind in feparate cells; befides theié they have feparate holes for living in: During fummer they feed on grains, herbs, roots, and young mice. ‘The body and head of this fpecies are fomewhat more lengthened than in the other fpecies of this genus, and about the fize of a large Rat; the ears are fhort and rounded; the face, breaft, belly, and legs are of a pale yellow colour; the tail is covered with fhort yellowifh brown hair; ths fore*feet have four toes, armed with long claws, and a fhort thumb, or rudiment of a fifth toe; the hind feet have five toes each, the two outer ones fhort, and the other three long. 7. Lifel—Arcfomys Citillus. Is of an uniform dark cinereous grey colour; has no external-ears, a blunt nofe,. a: long flender body, and a very fhort tail. Sm. Buff. viii. 229. Earlefs Marmot. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 263. pl. xlii. f, 1. Arét. zool. n. 47. Inhabits Hungary, Auftria, and Poland.—This fpecies burrows like the former, than which it is- rather larger, being near-a foot long. 8. Zemni.— ‘rel. Penn. hiit. of quad. n. 284. Arc. zooh n. 52: Tohabits Virginia.—The ears are large and oval; the lateral membranes begin at the ci: proceeding along the lower parts of the face, involve the fore legs, extending to the hind legs. is probably only a variety of the preceding. 3- Labradore Flying-Squirrel.—26. S. Petaurus hudjenius. 27. Of a reddifh brown colour on the upper parts of the body; the under parts of a yel- lowith white; the tail hairy and flattened. “Sciurus volans major, or Larger Flying Squirrel: Pallas, Glir. 354. Forfter, Phil Tranf. Ixii. 379-—Severn river Flying Squirreh Penn. hift. of quad. n. 282. Muf. Roy. Soc. Ar&. zool. n. §3-—Sciurus hudfonius, or Hudfon’s Bay Squirrel. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. patella ails Inhabits North Amefica to the fouth of Hudfon’s Bay, and about Severn river.—Is about (22 Gze of the Common Squirrel: The membrane does not border the fore legs; the fur is long and full, the under parts of the hairs being afh coloured, and the tips reddith brown. 4. European Flying-Squirrel.—27. S$. Petaurus volans. 10. Of a pale leaden grey colour on the upper parts of the body; the under parts pure white ; the tail is full of hair, and rounded at the ends. Schreber, iv. 813. ts cexxiii.: Penn. hift. of quad. n. 285. Arét. zool. i. 124. B. Lev. Muf. Sciurus volitans, or Flying Squirrel with broad membranes. Faun. Succ. ii. 136n. 38. Mout. ad. Fr. i. 8.—Sciurus volans, or Flying Squirrel, of a dark ath colour. Briff. quad. 157. n. 12.— - Ll 2 Sciurus 578 268 MAMMALIA, GLIRES. © Flying-Squirrels, Sciurus volans fibiricus, or Siberian Flying Squirrel, of a pale afh colour. De. 159. n. 13.—Sciu- rus volans, or Flying Squirrel. Rzaczinfki, Polon. 316. Klein, Ph. Tranf. 1733, t. 35. f. 1. Seba, Muff. i. 67. t. qi. f. 3. Pallas, Glir. 355.—Sciurus petaurifta volans. Klein. quad. 24.—Sciurus, f. Mas {cythicus, Mus ponticus, Scythian or Pontic Moufe, or Squirrel, known by the name of Fly- ing, which might be called Sciurus latus, or Broad Squirrel, on account of its extended fides. Gefia. quad. 743.—Quadrupes volatile, or Flying quadruped, from Ruffia. Duvernoi, Com. Pe- trop. v. 218.—Poulatouche, or Smaller Flying Squirrel. Sm. Buff. v. 305. pl. cxxxix. when col- lapfed, and cx}. when extended.—Sciurus volans. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 154. n. Io. Inhabits Siberia in great numbers, and more rarely in Lapland, Livonia, and Poland.—Lives muck in beech woods, feeding on the buds, catkins, and tender twigs of the beech trees. Except in the fea- fon of love, this fpecies lives in a folitary manner, wandering about even in the milder days, and: middle of the day, in winter ; it forms a neft of mofs in the hollows of trees: It is a fierce, and fe- verely biting animal, which can hardly-be tamed ; by means of the membrane, which extends to the very bafe of the fore feet, and forms a large projecting wing on each fide; it is capable of making fur- prifing leaps from tree to tree: In the month of May the female brings forth two or three, feldom. four, young ones. ‘The ears are naked and indented on the outer edges; the eyes are full, and fur- rounded with black; the body and head meafure very little more than four inches, the tail five, which, in leaping, or rather flying, it extends, but, when at reft, keeps over the back, like the common fpe-. cies. According to the celebrated Pallas, this fpecies is larger than the American Flying Squirrel, yet the individual defcribed by Mr Pennant is fomewhat lefs, fo that we-muft conclude, that both kinds vary in fize ; its colour does not incline to yellowith, but is of a whitifh raffet on the upper parts, and pure white oa the belly and under parts of the body; the head is fhorter and more round- ed than in the American fpecies ; the tail is fhorter, and contains fewer vertebrae, is fcarcely at all fhaded with dufky on its upper part, and is not more than half the length of the body ; the eyes are- placed nearer to the nofe, and are furrounded with a darker circle; the fore legs are fhorter, and the- hind legs are longer, efpecially the fecond joint or tibia, 5. Java Elying-Squirrel.—28. S. Petaurus fagitta it Of a ferruginous brown colour on the upper parts of the body ;. the under parts pale: ferruginous ; the tail very much flattened and blunt at the point. Nordgren. Sciurus fagitta, or Arrow Squirrel. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 154..n. 11.. Tnhabits Java.—Is about the fize of the Common Squirrel, having an. oval head, with oval, blunt,. hairy ears, whifkers as long as the head, and ene briftle on each cheek; the upper lip is divided, and: the lower very fhort ; the teeth are brown, and rather blunt : ‘The feet are of a dull reddith colour ;. the fore feet have each. four, and the hind feet five toes; all the toes having the foremoft joint very prominent, and are furnifhed with claws which are compreffed fideways ; the fore feet are furnifhed. with a long cartilaginous or briftly fpur, as long as the fore-arm, within the membrane, which it affifts to expand ; the hind legs are fringed with hair behind ; the fcrotum is large, ege-fhaped, and hairy, and the prepuce is long and hairy. The membrane extends from the head, includes the fore legs to, the wrifts, and as far as the knees only of the hind legs, is of the fame colour with the body, and is. vinged at the edges. & 579 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Flying-Squirrels. 269 6. Indian Flying-Squirrel.—29. S. Petaurus Petaurifa, 28. The tail is longer than the body, flattened, and very full of long hair. Schreber, iv, t. CCKXiv. Sciurus maximus volans; Felis volans, Largeft Flying Squirrel, or Flying Cat. Briff. quad. 112. n. 15.—Civetta volans, or Flying Civet. Valent. Ind. iii. 269. 270.—Taguan, or Great Flying Squirrel. Sm. Buff. v. 312. pl. cxli. collapfed; pl. cxlii. extended-—Sailing Squirrel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 281. Muf. Roy. Soc.—Flying Cat. Neuhoff, in Churchill’s voy. ii. 354. and f.—Fly- ing Hare. Michelbourn, in Purchas Pilgrim. i. 134. Hamilton, voy. ii. 131.—Sciurus Petaurifta. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 155. n. 28.—Taguan. hift. gen. des voy. xv. lib. 4. c.g. p. SI. a, Red Indian Flying-Squirrel.—S. Pet. Petaurifta caftaneus. Of a very bright chefnut colour on the upper parts of the body; the under parts pale ferruginous.. Pallas, Mifcel. zool. 54..t. vi. f 1. 8. Black Indian Flying-Squirrel.—S. Pet, Petaurifa niger. Of a black colour on the upper, and hoary on the under parts of the body. Pallas, Mifcel. zool 54. t. vi. f. 2, Inhabits the iflands of the Indian Ocean.—This fpecies is greatly larger than the other animals of this divifion, being a foot and a half long from nofe to rump; the head is rounded; the whifkers and claws are black; the female has fix teats on the breaft and belly; and the eyes have long narrow pupils like thofe of the Cat. 7. Southern Flying-Squirrel.—S, Petaurus auffralis. Of a dufky blackifh brown colour above, and whitifh below, having rounded thumbs on the hind feet, and a jong bufhy tail, with large ears. Petaurus auftralis, Southern Petaurus. Nat. mifc. pl. 60.—Hepoona-roo. White, voy..to Botany. Bay. Inhabits New-South-Wales.—This is the largeft and moft elegant’ of all the Flying Squirrels ; its: moft remarkable chara¢teriftic is the rounded thumbs, or great toes, of the hind feet, which are fur- nifhed with a flattened nail, whilc all the other toes, five to each foot, have fharp hooked claws; the two toes next this thumb are united together by the fkin, but have feparate claws;,.the colour isa fine- fable, or deep grey brown on the upper parts, darkeit. on the middle of the back, and the under parts are nearly white ; the edges of the membrane are fomewhat fcalloped, and of a lighter colour; the fur is exquifitely foft and beautiful; the tail is long, and thickly clothed with very foft loofe hair,, longeft towards the outer end ; the ears are longifh, and there is a black ftreak over each eye. 582 583 270 MAMMALIA. ‘GLIRES. Dormoufe. 8. Phillips Flying-Squirrel.—S. Petaurus norfolcenfis. Of a dark grey colour on the upper, and white on the under parts, with a dufky black line along the back from nofe to tail; a long bufhy tail, and fhort ears. Norfelk-Hland Flying-Squirrel. Phillips, voy..to. New South Wales, ‘tg1. and pl. Inhabits Norfolk ifland, off the coaft of New South Wales.—This animal is nine inches long from the head to the rump, and the tail is ten inches in length; the upper part of the membrane is black, edged with white ; a black-line rifes on each fide of the head near the noftrils, and, paffing over the eyes, finifhes above the ears; the ears are very ‘hort, fcarcely .rifing above the fur; the firft two- thirds of the tail are afh coloured, paler than the body, the outer third is a dufky black; each fore paw has five hooked claws, but thofe of the hind feet are uncertain, as the fpecimen brought to Eng- land wanted the hind legs. XXIX. DORMOUSE—28. MYOXUS. ‘Has two fore-teeth in each jaw; the upper ones wedge-like, and thofe belew comprefled fidewife. ‘The muzzle is gar- nifhed with long whilkers. ‘The tail is hairy, round, and becomes thicker towards the extremity. The fore and hind legs are not remarkably unequal in length; and the fore feet have four toes. The animals of this genus all wales or rather leap, on their hind legs, like the Jerboas, ufing the foles of the feet as far as the heel, and {pring three or four feet at a bound, in which they are affifted by their long {tiff tails. ‘They form holes, or burrows, under ground, in which they remain torpid in winter, and in fummer they fleep moft of the day, going out only at night, and feed entirely on vegetable food. They eat in a fitting pofture, carrying their food in their fore paws; and when thirfty, they dip their fore feet, with the toés bent, into water, and carry it to their mouth. 1. Hoary Dormoufe,—1. Myoxus Glis. 1. Of a hoary or pale afh colour on the upper, and whitifh on the under parts of the body ; the tail full of long hair. -Schreber, iv. t. ccxxv. Sciurus canus, or Hoary Squirrel, with a whitifh belly. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 87. Erxleb. mam. 429.—Sciurus epilepticus. Mein, quad. 54.—Mus cauda pilofa. Brifl. quad. 160.—Mus Glis. Pallas, Glir. 88. n. 33.—Glis. Gefn. quad. 619. Aldroy. dig. 407. f. p. 409. Jonft. quad. 164. t. 67. Raj. quad. 229.—Loir, or Fat Squirrel. Sm. Buff. iv. 325. pl. xciv. £ 1. Penn. fynepi. n. 217.—¥Fat Dormoufe. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 287. re Inhabits 584 MAMMALIA, _ GIIRES. Dormoufe. ot Inhabits France and the fouth of Europe, and in the fouth-weft of Ruflia, about the Volga. and Sa- mara.—This animal is the Basis of Ariftotle, MusZos of Oppian, and Glis of Pliny ; it was held in great efteem among the Romans, as a luxurious delicacy; they were fed in places called gliriaria, con- ftructed for the purpofe, and they are ftill eaten by the modern Italians. It forms a nett in the hol- low of fome tree, in which it fleeps all day ; feeds in the night on nuts, walnuts, the feeds of apples, &c. and grows very fat in autumn: About the month of O&tober they gather in troops, and, retiring into fubterranean burrows, remain torpid till near the end of May. This animal is about the fize of the Common Squirrel, but thicker in the body, being fix inches long from nofe to rump, and the tail five; the ears are thin and naked; the cheeks are white; and the whifkers are long: ‘The female has ten teats, fix of which are fituated on the breaft, and four on the belly ; and fhe brings from nine to twelve young ones at a litter. 2. Wood Dormoufe.—2. Myoxus Dryas. 2. Of a reddifh brown or tawny grey colour on the upper, and dirty white on the under: parts of the body; having a black line from ear to.ear acrofs the eyes. Schreber, iv. ‘t. ccxxv. B. Inhabits Europe.—This fpecies, or rather variety, only differs from the following, in colour, in ha- ving a fhorter and more bufhy tail, and in the want of the black {pots near. the ears : They are, how- ever, placed by Dr Gmelin as diftingét fpecies.. 3. Garden Dormoufe.—3. Myoxus Nitela. 3. Of a tawny colour on the upper, and whitifh afh, tinged yellow, on the under parts of the body; having a black circle round each eye, and a-black {pot behind each ear. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxvi. ‘Mus quercinus, or Oak Moufe, having a long, hairy tail, and a black fpot under each eye. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 84. n. 15.—Mus nitedula, or Bright-yellow Moufe. Pallas, Glir. 88. n. 32.— M. avellanarum, or Filbert Moufe. Gefn. quad. 833. Jonft. quad. 168. t. 66.—M. avellan. major, or Larger Filbert Moufe. Aldrov. dig. 439. Raj. quad. 419.—Sciurus canus, or Hoary Squirrel, with a whitifh belly, and a black fpot under each eye. Erxleb. mam. 432..n. 15.—Glis, or Dor= moufe, of a dull afh colour on the upper, and whitifh ath colour on the under parts of the body,. with a black fpot at each eye: Brifl. quad..161.—Lerot, or Garden Squirrel.. Sm. Buff. iv. 332.: pl. xciv. f..2. Penn..fynopf. n. 218.—Garden Dormoufe. Penn. hift. of quad..n. 288. Inhabits the fouth parts of Europe and Ruffia.—This animal infefts gardens, and is very deftruc-- tive to all kinds of fruit, efpecially peaches ; makes a neft in the hollows of trees and holes of walls, . and is often found in Magpies nefts ; it fmells rank like a Rat. The body and head meafure fi-e inches long, aad the tail four; the eyes are black and full, and are furrounded with a large black fpot which reaches to the bafe of the ears; the ears are oblong; the tail is furrounded with fhort heirs for more than half its length, and grows bufhy at the end. It procreates in fpring, and. the female- produces five or fix young ones in fummer. : 4s 586 272 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. A ‘Dormoufe, 4. Common Dormoufe.—4. Myoxus Mufcardinus. 4. Of a tawny red colour, with a whitifh throat; the thumbs or inner toes of the hind feet having no claws. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxvii. Sciurus avellanarius, or Filbert Squirrel. Erxleb. mam. 433. n. 16.—Mus-avellanarius, or Fil- bert Moufe, of a reddith colour with a whitifh throat, having a long hairy tail, and the inner toes of the hind feet without claws. ‘Syft. nat. ed. xii. 1. 83. n. 14. Faun. Suec. 35. Pallas, Glir. 89. n. 34.-—Mus avellanarum minor, or Leffler Filbert Moufe. Raj. quad. 220. Jonft. quad. 168. Aldrov. dig. 439.—Mufcardin, Dormoufe, or Sleeper. Sm. Buff. iv. 336. pl. xcv. Edw. av. t. 266. Penn. Synopf. n 219. Lever. Muf. Brir. zoow. i. 95.—Common Dormoufe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 289. Arct..zool. n. 55. Inhabits Europe.—Lives in thick hedges, woods, and copfes, making its neft of mofs, -grafs, or leaves, in the hollow of a low tree, or near the bottom of a thick bufh ; it forms magazines of nuts, and feldom goes into gardens, or far from its retreat ; .at the approach of winter it retires, and bee comes torpid till fummer, but fometimes revives in.a warm day, takes a little food, and relapfes again. It is about the fize of a Moute, but plumper, being about three inches long, and the tail, which is fur- rounded with fhort hairs and bufhy at the end, is two inches and a half long; the ears are fhort, round, thin, and naked; the eyes are large, black, and prominent. It fits up on its hind legs when eating, ufing its fore paws to carry its food, and conceals tvhat it cannot ufe; the female brings three or four young ones at a birth. XXX. JERBOA.—29. DI PUS, 26. Has two fore-teeth in each jaw. The fore legs are very fhort, and the hind legs exceffively long. ‘The tail is long, and is tufted at the end. The remarkable-charatteriftic of this genus is the enormous length of the hind feet, and extreme fhortnefs of the fore paws; from this conformation, inftead of walking or running on all fours, they leap, or hop, on the hind feet like birds, making prodigious bounds, and only ufe the fore paws for burrowing, or for carrying their food to the mouth, like-Squirrels. From this peculiarity of confor= mation the Kanguru, G. xix. fp. 15. and Phillip’s Opoflum, fp. 16. of the fame genus, ought to have been arranged with this genus of the Jerboa, but, from a rigid adherence to artificial fyftem, they are by Dr Gmelin ranked with the genus Opoflum, on account of the number and arrangement of their teeth. 1. Common jerboa.——1, Dipus jaculus. 1. fas four toes on all the feet, and a claw in place of a thumb, er fifth toe, on each fore foot. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxviii. Mus MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Jerboa. 273 Maus jaculus, or Leaping Moufe, with a long tail tufted at the end, four toes, and the rudiments of a fifth, on each fore foot, very long hind legs, and very fhort fore legs. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 85. mn. 20. Muf. ad. Fr. ii, g. Forfkal, Faun. orient. 4. Haffelg. It. 198. Act. Stock. 1752, 123. t. 4. f. 1. A&. Upf..17§0, 17. Pallas, Glir. 87. n. 27. t. xx. Gefn. quad. 837,—Mus montanus. Moncon, ZEgypt. 288.—Cuniculus pumilio faliens, or Dwarf Leaping Coney, with a very long tail. J. G. Gmel. Nov. com. Petrop. 1760, v- 351. t. 9. f. 1. Muf. Petrop. i. 344. n. 123.—Lepus, S. Cuni- culus indicus, Indian Coney, or Hare, named Utias. Aldrov. dig. 395.—Jerboa, Gerboa, Daman Ifrael, Agnus filiorum ifrael, or Lamb of the children of Ifrael. Profp. Alp. Zégypt. 232. Shaw, trav. 248. 376.—Egyptian, and Siberian Jerboa. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 291. and 292.—Jerboa, Gerboife, or Yerboa, and Alagtaga. Sm. Buff. vii. 201. and 202.—Jerboa. Bruce, Abyffin. v. 121. and fig.—Lepus longicaudatus, or Long-tailed Hare. Syft. nat. ed. ix. n. 4.—Erdhaufe. S. G, Gmelin, It. i. 26. t. 2. Inhabits Egypt, Arabia, Calmuck Tartary, and fouthern Siberia.—Frequents firm, hard ground, and fields covered with grafs and herbs ; forms burrows of feveral yards long in a winding direétion, leading to a large chamber about half a yard below the furface ; from this a fecond paflage is dug to within a very little way of the furface, by which they can efcape when threatened with danger. When at reft they fit with their hind legs bent under their belly, and keep the fore legs fo near the throat as hardly to be perceptible. They are not much afraid of mankind, and yet can fearce be thoroughly tamed ; they feed on roots, grafs, wheat, and other grains 5 and it is certain that thofe which inhabit Siberia cut grafs before winter, which, having dried, they collect into roundifh heaps, and carry into their holes, to ferve as winter provifion. The flefh is eaten by the Calmucks and Arabs. The body is fomewhat more than feven inches long ; the hind legs and naked thighs are three times as long as the fore legs, and even longer than the body; the tail is ten inches long, of a pale tawny colour, and round for three quarters of its length, the laft quarter is tufted with long hair difpofed flat like that of the Squirrel, the firft half of the tuft being black, and the outer half white. The upper parts of the body are of a pale tawny colour, and the under parts white; the ears and feet are flefh coloured ; the female has eight diftantly placed teats. 2, Arabian Jerboa.—2. Dipus Sagitia. 2. Has three toes on the hind feet, and has no thumb or fifth toe on the forepaws. Schreber, iv. t. ccXkix. 5 Mus fagitta. Pailas, Glir. 87. t. xxi. De. It ii. 706. Inhabits Arabia, and near the Irtith in Siberia.—This animal frequents fandy plains; it is only about fix inches long, and the tail, which is {carcely fo long as the body, is terminated with a {maller tuft than that of the preceding animal; the thighs are likewife thinner and lefs flefhy, and the foles of the hind feet and bottom of the toes ate covered with a very thick coat of hair; the head is more round= ‘ed; and the ears are much longer than the head. The Jerboa is evidently the Mvs Sixx; of the Greeks, and Mus bipes of the Roman writers. In the account of thefe two fpecies, I have implicitly followed Dr Gmelin, without endeavouring to recon- cile the difcrepancies between him and Mr Pennant, becaufe even that celebrated naturalift feems not perfectly clear in his fubdivifion of the genus, fo far as thefe laft mentioned animals, the Egyptian, Siberian, and Arabian Jerboas, are concerned : That there are diftinctions fufficient, at leaft, for efta- Vou. L Mm blifhing 589 599 274 MAMMALIA, ~ GLIRES. Jerboa. blifhing different varieties, is evident from Pennant’s account; and the difference of country between Egypt, Syria, Arabia, Barbary, and Asthiopia, on the one hand, and Siberia, or North-eaft Afia, on the other, renders it highly improbable that the fame animals fhould inhabit thefe diftant regions, without being found in the intervening country. Without, however, endeavouring to fettle the point, T have fubjoined an abftract of Mr Pennant’s divifion.—T. A. Egyptian Jerboa.—Dipus aegyptius. Has three toes only on the hind feet; and four toes, with a fcarcely apparent thumb or fifth toe, furnifhed with a claw, on the fore paws. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 291. pk xlii.. Bo . This animal Mr Pennant fuppofes to be the Aus bipes of the ancients, Aus fagitta of Pallas, Ferbo of Buffon, and Daman Ifrael of the Arabs. We fays, that it inhabits Egypt, Barbary, Paleftine, the deferts between Bafora and Aleppo, the fandy traéts between the Don and Volga, and the hills fouth of the Irtifh. The fore part of the body is thin and flattened at the fides; the hinder parts large and fwelling ; the upper parts of the body and head are covered with long foft hair, of an afh colour at the roots, and pale tawny at the ends; the breaft and belly are whitifh; and an obfcure dufky band crofles the upper parts.of the thighs. B. Siberian Jerboa.—Dipus fibericus. Has three toes on the hind feet, and two fpurious toes fome way up the legs; five toes - on the fore feet, the thumb, or fifth toe, having no nail. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 292. Mus faliens. Nat. mife. pl. 38. This fpecies feeds much on the bulbs of the Lilium pomponii, and twigs of the Robinia carugna, is eafily tamed, and, when in confinement, will eat raw flefh and fowls guts. It is divided into the following varieties by the fame great naturalift: a. Great Siberian Jerboa.—D. /ibiricus. major. Is eight inches and a half long, and the tail ten. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 292. «. pl. xlv.. The nofe is truncated, and edged with white; the ears are large, pointed, tipt with white, and naked within; the upper parts of the body and thighs are covered with foft hair of a dark grey colour at the roots, and tawny at the ends; the breaft, belly, and legs, are white. This variety is frequent,, but chiefly frequents the country between the Cafpian and the river Irtifh. BS b. Middle Siberian Jerboa.—D, fibiricus medius. About the fize of a Rat, and of the fame colour with the former, having a white line acrofs the top of each thigh. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 292. 6. e sot go* 593 594 MAMMALIA. ; GLIRES. Jerboa. 275 t . ¢. Smaller Siberian Jerboa.—D. fibiricus minor. OF the fame fize and colour with the former, but having a more lengthened nofe. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 429. The ears are fhorter and broader; the tail is thicker, and not fo handfomely tufted; the hind Jess are fhorter; and the fur is longer and thicker.—Thefe two varieties, b. and c. are found in the eaftern parts of Tartary and Siberia beyond Lake Baikal ; alfo in Barbary, Syria, and India. d. Pigmy Siberian Jerboa.—D. fibiricus pumilio. Is far fmaller than the two former varieties. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 292. y- ‘It refembles the firft variety, a.; only that it wants the white circle on the nofe; the tuft on the tail is fmaller, and is barely tipt with white—This variety inhabits the fame places with the firft, or great variety, a. 3. Cape Jerboa.—3. Dipus cafer. 3. Has four toes on the hind feet, and five before. Schreber, iv. t..ccxxx. Pallas, Glir. 87. n. 29. Yerbua capenfis, or Cape Jerboa. J. R. Forfter, and Sparrman, Act. Stock. 1778, iin. 3. and Aet. 3. Miller on var. fubj. t. xxxi. A. B.—Grand Gerboa. Allamand, in ed. Buff. Hol. xv. 118. Journal Hifter. 59.—Cape Jerboa. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 293. ; Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—This fpecies is larger than any of the-former, being fourteen inches long, the tail fifteen, and the ears three. On the upper parts of the body it is of a bright chef- nut colour, interfperfed with long hairs, having black tips; the lower parts are yellowifh white; the head is more oblong than in the former fpecies, the fnout fharper, the ears longer, and the claws, e- {pecially on the fore feet, much longer; the tail is very hairy,and-is tipt with black. This animal is called derdmannetje, or Little Earth Man, and Springen Haas, or Leaping Hare, by the Dutch at the Cape ; it is very ftrong, and leaps twenty or thirty feet at one bound ; it burrows with its fore feet ; it fleeps fitting on its hind legs, with the knees feparated, the head between the hind legs, and hold- ing its ears with the fore paws over its eyes. It is caught by pouring water into its hole, which forces it to come out ; has a grunting voice ; and is eaten by the natives. 4. Cafpian Jerboa.—4. Dipus meridianus. 4. Has five toes behind, and three before, with the rudiments of a thumb or inner toe, ‘Schreber, iv. t. c¢xxxi. Mus longipes, or Long-legged Moufe, having five toes behind, four before, very long hind legs, and a long hairy tail. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 84. n. 19. Pallas, Glir. 88.:n. 30. t. xviii. B. Muf. ad Fr. i. 9.—Mus meridianus, or Southern Moufe. Pallas, It. ii. 702.—Jaculus, or Jerboa, with four toes before and five behind. Erxleb. mam. 409.—Torrid Jerboa. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 294. Mm 2 Inhabits 5 9 5 7 276 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Jerboa. ‘Inhabits the fandy deferts, between the Ural and Volga, near the Cafpian.—This animal forms burrows, with three entrances, about a yard in depth; and feeds chiefly on the feeds of the Pterococ- ciand Aftragali. It is fearcely five inches long, and the tail, which is thick and only fcattered with hair, is not quite three: The upper parts of the body are of a pale tawny, or yellow colour, fometimes. brownifh ; the lower parts are white ; and the hind part of the body is confiderably thicker than the fore parts: The head and fnout are more lengthened than in the Common Jerboa; the neck is re= markably-fhort ; the ears are large, oval, and naked ; the circumference of the mouth and the feet are white; the foles of the feet are thickly clothed with fur; the thumbs of the fore paws have {carcely any claw; the hind thighs are very thick, firong, flefhy, and have little hair. 5. Marth Jerboa.x—5. Dipus tamaricinus. 5. Has five toes behind, and three before, with the rudiments of a fourth; a tail is ob= fcurely annulated. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxil. Mus tamaricinus, or Tamarifk Moufe. Pallas, Glir. 88. n. 31. t.. xix. D®. It. ii. 202. Inhabits the falt marfhes near the Cafpian Sea.—This fpecies probably feeds on the fruit of the Tamarix and Nitrarium, which grow in thefe marfhes ; and, under the roots of thefe trees, it forms very deep burrows, which have two entrances: It is a very elegant little animal, about five inches and a half long, from the nofe to. the rump; the tail is about the fame length, and is covered with hair, having a flight bufhynefs at the extremity ; the upper parts of the body are of a yellowith brown grey colour, and the under parts white ; the ears are large, oval, and almoft naked; the fore paws have each a remarkable protuberance in place of the thumb, or inner toe. 6. Labradore Jerboa.—Dzpus labradorius. Has four toes before and a tubercle inftead of a thumb; four long flender toes behind and a fhort thumb or great toe: The tail is taper, flender, and almoft naked. Labradore Jerboid Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n, 295. Arét. zool.n. 63. Muf. of the Roy. Soc.. Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay and Labradore.—This fpecies was fent over from Hudfon’s Bay by Mr- Graham: The nofe is blunt, and the mouth is placed much underneath, having a divided upper lip ;. the ears are large, rounded, and naked ; the body and head are little more than three inches long, and the tail is four inches and three quarters; the upper parts of the body are of a deep brown co- tour ; the under parts are white, and divided by a longitudinal yellow line, on each fide, from the: brown colour of the back, ». Circaffian Jerboa,—Dzpus circafficus, Of a chefnut colour, with the body confiderably lengthened and equally thick; the tail Jong and bufhy. Circaffian jerboid Rat. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 295. A.. Inhabits the neighbourhood of the river Terek in Circaffia—Is about the fize of the Hamfter; the ears are like thofe of a Moufe; the eyes are red and fparkling ; the teeth are fharp; the hair is long,. efpecially MAMMALIA: GLIRES. Hare: 279 efpecially on the back ; the claws are fharp ; the fore legs are fhorter than the hind legs. This ani- mal burrows in the ground, and runs much fafter up hill than down. XXXI, HAR EW—30.. LEPUS, 22. Has two fore-teeth in each jaw; in the upper jaw is a fecond inner row of fore-teeth which are confiderably fmaller than the outer or primaries. The fore feet have each five, and the hind feet four toes. The animals of this genus are all remarkably timid, and live entirely on vegetable food; they ufe the hind feet in walking as far as the heel, and run by a kind of leaps or repeated bounds. They have either exceedingly fhort tails, named /cwfs, or none at all. * With tails.. 1. Peruvian Hare.—1. Lepus Vifcaccia. 5. Has a longifh tail, befet with briftles. Molin. hift. nat. Chil. 272. Vizcacha. Laet, Amer. 407.—Vifcacha. Nieremb. hift. nat. 161.—Vifcachos. Feuille, ob{= iii. 32. “Acofta, ap. Purch. pilgr. iii. 966. Garcilaflo de la Vega. 331. Penn. hift. of quad- P: 376. Inhabits the plains, and bafes of the mountains, in the colder parts of Peru and Chili.—The fur of this animal is of a moufe colour, and fo fine and foft, that, in the time of the Incas, it was wove in- to cloth for the Peruvian nobles, and is ftill employed for bonnets by the Chilefe. In general ap- pearance and manners, it refembles the Rabbit, and digs holes under ground, having two contiguous chambers, in one of which it fleeps, and the other, which is lower, it employs for eating its provifionss, which are colleéted in the night time; the tail is bufhy, and much longer than in any other fpecies. of the genus, it turns up in general, and is-employed as a weapon of defence, but in what manner. we: are not informed. 2, Common Hare.—2. Lepus timidus, 1. Has a very fhort tail; the ears are longer than. the head, and. black at the ends. Faun. Suec. 25. Schreber, iv..t. ccxxxili.. A. Lepus.. Pliny, viii. c. 55. Gefia. quad. 69. Aldrov. dig. 247. Jonft. quad. t. 65. Raj..quad. 204; Erxleb. mam. 326. n. 1. Kleim, quad. 51. Briff. quad. 94.—Lievre, or Hare. Sm. Buif. iv. 137- pl. lviii.—Hafe. Riding. jagdb. Th. t. 13.—Common Hare. Penn. hift. of quad..n..241. Brir:. 200L. i. 87. Lever, Mut. Se 600 601 602 278 MAMMALIA. ‘GLIRES. Hare. . Horned Common Hare.—Lep. timidus cornutus. 1. B. Has flightly branched horns. Probably fabulous or artificial. Sesvdeen iv. t. CCXXXiil. B. Lepores cornuti, or Horned Hares. Klein, quad. 52. t. 3. Gefn. quad. 634. Muf. reg. Hafn. n. 48.t. iv. Muf. Worm. 321. Grew, Muf. Roy.Soc. Pallas. Penn. hift.of quad. p. 369. y. Yellow Common Hare.—Lep. timidus melinus. Of a ftraw colour; of the fame fize with the Hare, and runs like it. Cook, voy. iii. ¥6s. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 369. A very full hiftory of the Hare is to be found. Lagographia W. Waldungii, Amberg. 1679, and C. F. Paullini. Vienn. 1691.—Its anatomy. E. N. Cur. d. 1. a. 2. obf. 251. and a. 3. obf. 93. and d. 3. a. 5. obf. 225. and Bartholin. act. Hafn. 1671, n. 136. Tnthabits every where in Europe, more plentiful in Bulgaria than in other parts; in the northern parts of Perfia, in Japan, Ceylon, and almoft the whole of Afia; in Egypt, and Barbary ; in North America, and even in Chilii—The Hare is a very timid animal, entirely deftitute of weapons, very quick in both the fenfes of hearing and of fight, and very fwift, efpecially in running up hill; when hunted it runs in a circular direétion, gradually leffening the circuit, and often doubles back parallel to its path, leaping to a great diftance at the turn, on purpofe to throw off the dogs. It feeds only by night, chiefly on the twigs and bark of fhrubs and young trees. It is hunted for fport with dogs or hawks, and, in India, with fome fpecies of the Cat genus. ‘The Hare is {aid to be fond-of the found of a drum, and is much infefted with fleas ; it does not burrow, but makes a kind of neft, called by fport{men.a form, among bufhes or long grafs ; its urine is very fetid, which it takes care not to void in itsneft. It dees not pair, but breeds often in the fummer and fpring, the male purfuing the fe- male when in feafon by the fcent ; the female has a-large clitoris, and, after going thirty or one and thirty days, brings three or four at a litter ; fwperfetation is not uncommon, as they are very lafcivi- ous. ‘Vhe body and head meafure about two feet long, and weigh between eight and nine pounds when full grown, fometimes, though rarely, twelve: The head is oblong, and fhaped like an egg, having long ears tipt with black, large, prominent, black eyes, which are placed much outwards, are provided with a membrana nictitans, and remain open even when the animal is afleep; the end of the nofe is moveable, and always moift; the chin is white, and the {nout is furnifhed with long white whifkers ; the upper lip is divided: The fur on the face, back, and fides, is white at the roots, black in the middle, and tawny red at the ends; the breaft and throat are reddifh; the belly is white; the tail is black above, and white beneath; the hind thighs are ftrong, thick, and flefhy, with a cavity on each fide at the pubes; the feet are thickly covered with hair on the foles. The Hare is fond of birch, parfley, and pinks ; its flefh was forbidden by the Druids, and was held in great efteem by the Romans, as it {till is by the inhabitants of modern Europe, as, though very black, dry, and devoid of fat, it is high flavoured. 3. Varying Hare.— 3. Lepus variabilis. 6. Has a very fhort tail; the ears are fhorter than the head; the whole fur grows white in w'nter, except the tips of the ears, which remain black. Pallas, Glir. P. i. t. iv. & 1. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxv. B. Lepus 7] 603 604 605. MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Hare. 279 Lepus albus, or White Hare.. Briff. quad. 139. n. 2. Aldrov. dig. 349. Wagn. helvet. 177.— Lepus albiffimus. Klein, quad. 51.—Lepus candidus.* Jonft. quad. 160.—Alpine Hare. Foriter, Phil. Tranf. Ixii. 375. Penn. Syn. p. 249. n. 184. Brit. zoot. illuft. go. t. xlvil.— Varying Hare. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 242. pl. xl. f. 1. Arct. zool. n. 37. @. Spurious Varying Hare.—Lep. variab. hybridus. 6. y. The fides only turn white in winter. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxv. C. Spurious varying Hare. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 242. #—Ruffak. Pallas, Glir. P. i. p. 15. Inhabits the coldeft and moft hilly parts of Europe and Afia; as Scotland, Norway, Lapland, Ruf fia, Siberia, Kamtfchatka, Greenland, and in America about Hudfon’s Bay and Labradore.—The fpurious variety is a mixed breed, between the Varying and Common fpecies, which fuftains in win- ter only a partial change of colour on the fides and more expofed parts of the ears and legs: It is only fouud in the fouthern and weftern parts of Siberia. Sometimes in autumn the Varying Hare collects in flocks of five or fix hundred; driven from the mountains of Ruffia and Siberia, they mi- grate in queft of fubfiftence into the lower country, and return again in fpring. It is larger than the Common Hare by four inches in length, according to Dr Gmelin, though Mr Pennant fays that it is lefs; probably thofe of Scotland are fmaller than the Ruffian. In fummer the head is of a greyifh tawny; the ears and back tawny mixed flightly with black ;. the neck verges to afh colour; the fides grow gradually whiter from the back downwards; and the belly is white; the foles are black and very thickly clothed; fometimes, in Siberia, they are yellow: The fleth of this fpecies is harder, drier, and lefs flavoured, than that of the Common kind. The fur of the Spurious variety is. very much like that of the Common fpecies in winter. ‘The Varying Hare keeps on the tops of the higheft hills, and almoft never mixes with the Common fpecies; it does not run fwiftly, and takes fhelter, when purfued, in the clefts of rocks; it is eafily tamed, and very frolicfome; is fond of honey and fweetmeats; eats its own dung before a ftorm; changes to white in September, and recovers its grey colour in April; and is fubject to thefe changes even when kept in a warm room: In Greenland it is. always white, 4. Black Hare.—Lepus niger. Has a very fhort tail; the fur is entirely black, or very dark tawny, the whole years. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 16..n. 6.6. Lepus niger, or Black Hare. Briff. quad. 139. n. 3. Klein, quad. 52. Penn. hift. of quad=. ee Safe Inhabits Siberia, and the government of Caffan.—This is much larger than the. common kind, and. is very glofly. 5. American Hare.—4. Lepus americanus. 7: Has a very fhort tail; the hind legs are a half longer than the body; the tips of the- ears and of the tail are grey. Erxleb. mam. 330. n. 2. Schoepf. Naturf. xx. 30. - Lepus= 606 ON 260 MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Hare. Lepus hudfonius, or Hudfon’s Bay Hare, with the tips of the ears and tail grey. Pallas, Glir. 30.—Hudfon’s Bay quadruped. Barrington, Phil. Tranf. Ixii, 11.—Hare, or Hedge Coney. Law- fon, Carol. 122. Catefby, app. xxviiiimAmerican Hare. Forfter, Phil. Tranf. lxii. 376. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 243. Arct. zcol. n. 38. Tnhabits North America.—In New England, Canada, and farther north, this fpecies gets along, filky, filver-white coat of fur, during winter, the edges of the ears only remaining grey; to the fouth it retains the whole year a fhort fur of an afh colour mixed with rufty and black, on the neck and body, the legs pale ath colour, and the belly white. It is {maller than the Common Hare, being only eighteen inches long, and weighs from three pounds to four and a half; it takes fhelter in hollow trees and under fallen timber, and breeds once or twice a year, producing from five to feven at a litter: The fore legs are proportionally fhorter, and the hind legs confiderably longer, than thofe of the common kind. 6. Baikal Hare.—s. Lepus Tolai. 8. Has a fhort tail; the edges of the ears are black. Pallas, Glir. 17. t. 4. £. 2. Schreber, iv. {. CCKXXIV- Lepus dauricus, or Daurian Hare, having a longith tail, and a black throat. Erxleb, mamm. 335.— Cuniculus leporinus, or Hare-like Coney, of the fame colour with the Common Hare, and having a longifh tail. J. G. Gmelin, nov. com. Petrop. v. 37. t. ii. f£. 2—Lepus, having the upper part of the tail black, and the under part white. Briff. quad. 97-—Baikal Hare. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 245.—Tolai, or Baikal Hare. Sm. Buff. viii. 228. Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal, in the defert of Gobi, and as far as Thibet.—This fpecies is called Lola: by the Monguls, and Rangwo by the Tanguts; it is larger than the former fpecies ; in fummier it is very much of the fame colour with the fummer coat of the Varying Hare, and in win- ter turns only a little paler ; the legs are likewife fmaller than in that fpecies, and the hind legs are longer; the tail is longer than that of a Rabbit, but fhorter than that of the Common Hare, and, like it, is black, efpecially at the root. It agrees with the Rabbit in the whitenefs of its flefh, but does not burrow 3 it runs ftraight forward when purfued, and takes fhelter as foon as poffible in the holes of rocks. 7. Chilefe Hare—6. Lepus minimus. 9. The tail is very fhort; and the ears are of an uniform colour. Molin, hift. nat. Chil. 272. Inhabits the kingdom of Chilii—This fpecies is very finall, not exceeding the fize of a fmall Rat ; the body is of a conical form, the ears are fmall and fharp pointed, the fnout is lengthened, and, if it be’not an error of Molina or his printer, the fore feet have four toes each, and the hind feet five ; the fur is exceedingly fine, but very fhort; the ficth is white, and very good eating. ‘This {pecies re- fembles the domeftic Rabbit, in the variability of colour, and in prolificnefs, producing almoft every month, fix or feven young ones at a time, and is domefticated in Chili. ¢ 3: 608 612 613 MAMMALIA. > GLIRES; Hare. 281 8; Cape Hare.—8. Lepus capenjts. 3. The tail is bufhy, and as long as the head; and the feet are red. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 246. J. Burmannus. ~ Inhabits the country three days journey north from the Cape of Good Hope.—Dwells in the fif= fures of rocks, and does not burrow: The ears are long, dilated in the middle, the outfides being naked and rofe coloured, the infides and edges covered with fhort grey hairs; the crown of the head and the back are of a mixed dufky and tawny colour 5; the cheeks and fides are afh coloured; the breaft, belly, and legs, are ruft coloured; the tail, which is bufhy and carried upwards, is of a red- difh or pale rufty colour. This animal is about the fize of a Rabbit, and is probably the fame that is mentioned by Adanfon as found in Guinea, which he fays is fmaller than the common kind, is of a colour between that of the Hare and Rabbit, and has white flefh. g. Common Rabbit.—7. Lepus Cuniculus, 2. Has a very fhort tail almoft of the fame colour with the body; the ears are black at the points; and the hind legs are fhorter than the body. Pallas, Glir. 30. Erxleb. mam. 331. n. 3. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxvi. A. Lepus Cuniculus, or Rabbit, with a very fhort tail, and naked ears. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 77.— With a fhort tail and red pupils of the eyes. Syft. nat. ed. ii. 46. D°. ed. vi. 9. n. 3. Muff, ad. Fr. i. 9.—OF a dufky grey colour. Briff. reg. anim. 140. n. 4.—Cuniculus. Pliny, viii. c. 29. 55. 58. Aldrov. dig. 382. f. p. 385. Agric. an. fubt. 16. Gefn. quad. 394. Jonft. quad. 161. t. 65. Raj. quad. 205.—Kunin. Faun. Suec. n. 26.—Lapin fauvage, or Wild Rabbit. Sm. Buff. iv. 155. pl, lix.—Rabbit. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 244. Brit. zoo. i. go.—The anatomy. Perv. obf. 10. a. Wild Rabbit.—Z. Cuniculus ferus.. Of a brownifh grey colour. @. Black tame Rabbit.—Z. Cun. domefficus niger. Of an uniform black colour. y White tame Rabbit.—Z. Cun. domefficus albus. Qf an uniform white colour, with fiery red eyes. d. Pied tame Rabbi:.—Z. Cun, domefticus variegatus.. Of a pied or mottled black and white colour. Sm. Buff. iv. 155. pl. Ix. é. Silvery tare Kabbit.—Z. Cun. domefticus argenteus.. Of a filvery grey or afh colour, with tawny feet. Briff reg. an, 191. Silver-haired Rabbit, Sm, Buff. iv. pl. Lxi. Won. N. n: Inhabttss 614 615 616 28a MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Hare.. Inhabit naturally the warmer parts of Europe, Afia, ond Africa; are not natives of Britain, but have for ages been here in great numbers, both wild and tame.—-Dwells principally in dry fandy foils, in which it forms long winding burrows; it keeps in thefe holes in the middle of the day, and goes out in the evening, night, and morning, in queft of food; feeds upon all kinds of green vegetables and grain; its flefh is white and much eiteemed, efpecially that of fuch wild ones as feed on jun® per. The female breeds fix or feven times a year, going thirty or thirty-one days with young, and brings from four to eight at a litter; they come to their full fize in fix months, and live about eight or nine years; the male is very falacious, and. is apt to deftroy the young ones: They are preyed on by hawks, badgers, and polecats, and are caught by means of terriers, nets, and ferrets. Numbers are bred ina wild ftate im places fet apart for the purpofe, called warrens ; and great numbers are bred in houfes in a domeftic ftate. The Rabbit is confiderably fmaller than the Hare, being fcarcely eighteen inches long ; the ears are fhorter than the body; the wild variety is of a brown ath colour, having the upper part of the tail black, and the under part white. The fur of the filvery variety is valuable. 10. Hooded Rabbit. —Lepus /uccatus. Has a double fold of the fkin behind the head, and another under the throat. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 165. n. 2. 0. Hooded Rabbit, or Ruffian Rabbit. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 244. y. pl. xl. f. 2—lLepus cunicu- lus rufficus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 1. 164. n. 2. 0. ts place unknown.—ThHis animal is deferibed by Mr Pennant from a drawing in the Britifh Mu~ feim by Mr Edwards, and is called by him a Ruffian Rabbit, but it is unknown in that empire. It. is of an. afh colour with brown head and ears; the fold of the fkin behind the head admits of the head being drawn back and concealed within it, and there are two holes in the fold for the eyes; that below the throat receives the fore feet occafionally. 11. Angora Rabbit. —Lepus fericeus. Is covered with long, waved, filky hair. “Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxvi. C. Lepus cuniculus angorenfis, or Rabbit of Angora, having a tail, and covered with very fine and long hair. Briff. quad. 141. n. 6. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 163. n. 2. y.— Angora Rabbit. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 244. 6.—Lapin d’Angora, or Angora Rabbit. Sm. Buff. iv. pl. xii, and Ixiii. Tnhabits Angora, in Afia Minor.—This is an exceedingly beautiful animal on account of its fine, white, filky fur, which is a valuable article in commerce. It is'a very fingular circumftance, which cannot be at all accounted for, that this animal the Rabbit, the Cat of Angora, already defcribed, and the Goat of the fame place, to be deforibed, hereafter, are all adorned with a fimilar filky clo- thing of long fine hair. £ ** Having no tails. 12. Brahlian Hare.—g. Lepus brafilenfis, 4. Has very large ears, no tail, and, for the moft part, a white ring or collar round the neck. Pallas, Glir. 30. Lepus 617 618 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Hare, 283 Lepus brafilienfis, or Brafilian Hare, having no tail: Syft. nat. ed. ix. n. 1, D°. xii. 78. n. 4. Briff. quad. 97.—Cuniculus brafilienfis, or Brafilian Coney, named Lapeti by the natives. Marcgr. Braf. 223. Pifo, Braf. 102. Raj. quad. 205. Sm. Buff. viii. 276.—Citli. Fernand. Mexic. 2.— Brafilian Hare. Penn, hift. of quad. n. 247—Collared Rabbit. Wafer, in Damp. voy. iil. gor. Inhabits South America, and Mexico.—Is of the fame colour and magnitude with the Common Hare, but darker, with fimilar large ears; refembles the Rabbit in general appearance; fome indi- viduals want the white ring round the neck, fo that the fpecies is principally diftinguifhed by the want of tail. It lives in the woods, does not burrow, and is very good eating. 13. Calling Hare —10. Lepus pufillus. 10. Has no tail: The ears are triangular, and white at the edges; the upper parts of the- body are of a dark brown, mixed with blackifh grey, and the under parts hoary. _ Schreber, iv. t. ccXXxvil. Lepus pufillus. Pallas, Glir. 30. 45. t. 1. and t. 4. f. 3. g. and Nov. com. Petrop. xiii. 534. t. 14. and It. i. 155. ii. 533. iii. 498. Lepechin, It. i. 260. Zimmerman. Mant. pl. ii. 522. Erxl. mam. 338. n. 8.—Calling Hare. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 250. Inhabits the fouthern extremity of the Ural mountains, about the Irtifh, and on the funny hills, to the fouth of the Altaic chain.—It delights in funny vallies, and hills that are covered with grafs; and feeds chiefly on the flowers and bark of the Cytifus fupinus, Robinia frutefcens, Cerafus pumila, and Malus fylveftris; digs holes in dry places, amid bufhes, and leads a very retired life, feldom go- ing to any diftance from its burrows; thefe are long and intricate, with a very {mall entrance. They are difcovered by means of their voice,, which is very loud and fonorous, like the piping of a quail, and may be heard to a great diftance ; it is repeated, at juft intervals, three, four, or even fix times, moftly at night and morning, and never in winter or in bad. weather.. This is a gentle animal, and is eafily tamed ; it fleeps little, but drinks frequently ; and is moft active in the night time: Its pace is not at all quick, and is by leaps, as if the loins were very weak. ‘The body is little more than fix inches long, and weighs about four ounces and a half in fummer, though fcarcely two and a half in winter; the outer fur is harfh, and of a pale grey tipt with black on the upper parts of the body;. the lower parts of the fides and the feet are pale yellowith, the breaft and belly are whitifh or hoary, and the throat is hoary; under this is a very copious coat of very foft, long, and fine down, of a brownith lead colour: The head is more lengthened than that of any of the preceding fpecies of this genus, with dark eyes like thofe of a Rat; the body is flender, weak, and unfteady ; and the legs are: 14. Mountain Hare.—11. Lepus alpinus, 11. Has fhort rounded ears. and no tail; is of a bright bay colour, with brown ears and hind feet. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxviii.. Lepus alpinus, or Alpine Hare. Pallas, It. ii. 569. 701. t. A. D°. Glir. 30. and 45. 9. t. 2. and t. 4. f. 10. 12: Zimmerman, Erx!. mam: 337. n.7. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 248. Arét. zool. i. n. 39-—-Mauftela dauyica, or Daurian Wafel, with a reddith back, a fhort thick body, and no tail, called Ochodona daurica anaurinos. Catal. muf. Petrop. 343. n. 114. 115. N.n 2. Tnhabits 619 284 MAMMALIA, > GLIRES. Hare, Inhabits the Altaic chain of mountains, to the extremity of Afia, and beyond the Lena and Teni- fei.—Dwells in the moft rugged and imacceflible fhelves of the mountains, forming burrows ia the clefts of the rocks, or living in the hollow trunks of decayed trees; in thefe it lies during the day, except in cloudy weather, when it collects into finall flocks on the rocks ; the voice or cry refembles a loud whiftle. In the month of Auguft they cut down great quantities of foft tender gras and other herbs, chiefly the Gramen fylvaticum, which they fpread out to dry, and in September they collect this hay into regular conical ricks round the trunk of a tree, or place it in heaps under the fhelter of rocks; thefe are covered by the fnow in winter, and the animals form a trodden path from their holes to the magazine by which they go to reed: Sometimes thefe ricks are as high as a man, and many.feet diameter; but ufually they are only about three feet; they are often of vaft fervice to the hunters, as provender for their horfes, wich would otherwife fometimes perifh, in thofe inhofpitable regions, for want of food. ‘The Mountain Hare is preyed on by Sables and Sibe- rian Weafels, and is much infefted by the Oeftrus leporinus, a f{pecies of gad-tly, which lodges its eggs in their fkins, and often deftroys them. ‘The general appearance of this animal is more duil and wilder than the Calling Hare; the body is fhorter and more big bellied; the head is longer and more flender, with large, broad, but fhort, rounded ears, very long whifkers, and fimall black eyes 5 the under parts of the body are of a dirtier white ; ; the female has two teats on the groin, and four on the breaft; the upper part of the throat is fomewhat ath coloured; the fur of the body is duiky at the roots, and of a bright ferruginous or bay colour at the ends, flightly tipt with white, and intermixed with long dufky hairs; but at firft fight feems of a bright unmixed bay colour. It va- ries in fize from feven to nine and a half inches long, and weighs from one pound and a quarter to four ounces. 15. Ogotona Hare.—12. Lepus Ogotona. 12. Has oblong, oval, fomewhat pointed ears, of the fame colour with the body, wiactla is pale grey; no tail. Schreber, iv. t. ccxxxix. Lepus Ogotona. Pallas, Glir. 30. 59. 70. t. 3. and t. 4. f. 14. 16.—Ogotona Hare. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 249.—Muftela mungalica, Mongalian Weafel, or Ochodona mungalica, of Meflerfch- mid; with a fhort body, and having no tail. Cat. muf. Petrop. i. 343. n. 112. Tohabits the mountains beyond Lake Baikal, and all Mongalia, efpecially the great defert of Gobi.— This animal dwells fometimes in rocky places among heaps of ftones, or forms burrows in fandy pla- ces with two or three entrances; thefe are dug in an oblique direction, and the old females, for fe- curity, form many of thefe near and connected together. hey go about moftly at night; the voice is exceedingly fharp and clamarous, fomewhat like the chirp of a fparrow, twice or thrice repeated, but very ealily diftinguifhed from that of the preceding f{pecies; they feed moftly on the bark of the Pyrus baccata, and on the fuckers of the dwarf Elder, and in fpring on various herbs which grow in the fandy toil; thet fe, like the Mountain Hare, they collect, in autumn, into heaps for w inter pro- This is a very nimble animal, which is fearcely capable of being tamed: It is preyed on by various fpecies of the weafel tribe, by the Manul cat, by hawks of different kinds, woodpeckers, and owls: It differs from the Calling and Mountain Hares chiefly in fize, being about fix inches and a half long; the female weighs about four ounces, and the male about feven; from the Calling Hare, which it moit refembles, it differs in being of a much paler colour,’ which is uniform the whole year, an having ftronger legs, and by the figure and ‘dufky colour of the cars: The fur is intermixed with a vifion. 620 MAMMALIA. _GLIRES. Athkoko. 285 a few dufky hairs; the nofe has a yellowith fpot, and the fpace about the rump is of the fame co- Jour, as are the outfides of the limbs; the belly is white; the fur of the body is brown at the roots, lisht grey in the middle, white at the tips, and interfperfed with a very few dufky hairs. It procre- ates in fpring, and the young ones are fully grown by the end of June. XXX. ASHKOKO—31. HY R AX. Has two broad and diftant fore-teeth above; four contiguous broad, flat, notched fore-teeth below; and four large grin- ders on each fide in both jaws. The fore feet have four toes; the hind feet only three. No tail; and no collar bones. ) . The Englifh generic name of this animal is borrowed from Mr Bruce, the celebrated Abyffinian traveller, who defcribes one fpecies of this genus. In the former editions of the Syftema Naturae, and by feveral ingenious naturalifts, the firft fpecies is confidered as belonging to the Cavy genus ; the fecond fpecies is newly. difcovered. 1. Cape Afhkoko.—1. Ayrax capenjis. ry Has flat nails on all the toes, except one toe of each hind foot which is armed with a fharp pointed claw. Schreber, iv. t. ccxl. Cavia capentis, or Cape Cavy, having no tail, and four teeth in the lower jaw. Erxleb. mam. fafc. ii. 16. t. 2. 3. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 239.—Baftard African Marmot, or Rock Badger. Voefmaer, ap. Bufton.—Cape Marmot. Sm. Buff. iv. 348. pl. xcix.—Klipdas. Gr. a Mellin, {chr. der Berl. naturf. iii. 271. t. 5. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—This animal is about the fize of a Rabbit, being about fifteen inches long; the head is fhort, with the back part very thick, and the fnout very fhort and blunt ; the eyes are fmall; the ears are oval and open, brown, woolly, and half hid in the fur; the legs are very fhort, the upper joints of both being concealed beneath the fkin; the hind legs are rather longer than the fore; the feet are large, black, and naked: The body is fhort, thick, and contrac- ted, with a prominent belly, and is covered with a foft woolly fur, of a yellowith brown or greyifh colour, hoary at the roots; the fides are of a dirty whitith grey ; and along the back is a brownifh ftripe; this fur is interfperfed with longer and coarfer black hairs, and a few very coarfe long brif- tles. The fore feet have four fhort, fcarce divided, thick toes, furnifhed with flat nails; the two outer toes of the hind feet are fimilar, but the inner toe is longer, and has a fharp claw. ‘This ani- mal has a fharp voice, and acute fenfe of hearing ; its gait is very wavering and unfteady, owing to the fhortnefs of its thighs and unequal length of the hind and fore legs, notwithftanding of which it is very active, and moves by leaps; it is very cleanly, lives entirely on vegetable food, drinks little, “is fond of heat, and burrows in the ground. In manners and general appearance this animal re- fembles 621 236 MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Athkoko, fembles the Marmot and Cavy; in the conformation of its toes it has fome analogy with the Mau- eauco; but from the circumftances of the teeth it cannot be ranked with the laft; and the peculia-~ rity of the feet has caufed Dr Gmelin to feparate it from both of the former. 2. Syrian Afhkoko.—2. Hyrax fyriacus, 2. Has foft tender nails on all the toes. Schreber, iv. t. ccxi. Be Afhkoko. Bruce, Abyiff. v. 139. and fig. Inhabits Syria and Ethiopia.—The body of this fpecies is more lengthened than that of the for- mer, and the fnout more oblong. The fur is of a reddifh grey colour, like that of the Wild Rab- bit, the throat, breaft, and belly, being white; all over the body a number of long, ftrong, and po- lifhed hairs, are fcattered among the fur: The body and head of the individual defcribed by Mr - Bruce meafured feventeen inches; the ears are broad, open, and rounded; each fide of the mouth is garnifhed with long whifkers; in walking, which is performed creeping low with the belly almoft touching the ground, the hind feet are ufed as far as the heel; all the toes have fhort, broad, weak, flat nails, except the inner toe of the hind foot, which is provided with a flat crooked nail fome- what longer than the reft; the foles of the feet are formed of flefhy naked protuberances, divided by furrows. It lives moftly about the mouths of caves or clefts in rocks, is gregarious, feeds entire- ly on vegetables, is mild, feeble, timid, and eafily tamed, and has no voice or cry. Mr Bruce is of opinion that this animal is the Gannim, or Daman Ifrael, of the Arabs, and the Saphan of facred {criptures, which has erroneoufly been tranflated the Rabbit. Its flefh is very white, but is not eaten by the Abyffinians or Mahometans. The fame celebrated traveller is of opinion that it ruminates, er chews the cud. # MAMMALIA, PECORA. Camel, 287 Wie OP idh 1G Ov WRey ca. Have no fore-teeth in the upper jaw; the lower jaw has fix or eight fore-teeth, which are placed at a confiderable diftance from the grinders ‘The feet are armed with hoofs. he teats of the females ar: fituated on the groins. All the animals of this order have four ftomachs, already defcribed among thie characters of the orders, in the introduction to the clafs of Mammalia; m confequence of this ftructure they all feed on vegetable food, and ruminate, or chew the cud ; that is, having fwallowed their food almoft whole, while feeding, it remains for fome time im the firft ftomach, where it is macerated in the gafiric juice, and afterwards, when the animal is at reft, it is brought up in mouthfuls, is fully ‘chew- ed, and again {wallowed for digeftion. They ave likewife all hoofed, or have their feet armed with horny fhoes, without toes and claws; thefe hoofs are divided by a cleft in the middle into two por- tions; and befides thefe all except the Camel have two loofer falfe hoofs, on the back part of each foot, which do not reach the ground in walking. Such of them as have horns have no tufks, and thofe which have tuflks want horns *. Moft of them are fubject to a kind of balls in their ftomachs, formed of hair licked off their bodies and fwallowed'; thefe are named: Aegagropila. XXXIM. CAMEL —32. CAMELUS, 27. Has no horns. In the lower jaw are fix thin broadifh cutting teeth; at fome diftance from thofe and from the grinders there are two tufks on each fide in the lower, and three in the upper jaw. ‘The upper lip is divided. 622 1, Arabian Camel.—r1. Camelus Dromedarius. 1, Has one hunch on the back. Briff. quad. 45. Raj. quad. 143. Forfk. faun. orient. P. iv. Kapenros AgeSioc. Arift. hift. an. lib. ii. c. 1.—Camelus Arabicus. Plin. lib. viii. ¢. 18.—Camelus dromas. Gefn. quad. 171. f. p. 172. Pr. Alp. Aig. i. 223. t. 1.—Camelus. Jonft. quad. 95. t. 41. 42s * Linnaeus mentions one folitary objection to this rule, having feen the fkull of a Roe which had both horns and tufks, i 623 283 MAMMALIA, PECORA. Camel, 42. 43—Dromedarius. Gein. thierb. 234. f. p. 234. Charlet. exerc. 13.—Dromedaire, or Dro- medary. Sm. Buff. vi. 118. pl. cly.—Arabian, or Oue-bunched Camel. Penn. hift. of quad, n. 58. pl. xiii. f. 1. Inhabits, in a wild ftate, the deferts of Arabia and Africa, and the temperate parts of Afia; is found, though not in great numbers, en each fide of the Songar mountains, towards the river Eus, Mount Mufart, Mongalia, and the fouthern parts of Siberia; is domefticated ahd broke in for the ules of man all over the Eaft, and in A‘rica, and has likewife been bred in Jamaica and Barbadoes.— This fpecies is fubject to numerous varieties in fize and colour ; it is generally of a reddith afh, fome- times white or cream coloured ; is a mild and gentle animal, except when in feafon, or when infefted by the Oeftram, a fpecics of gad-fly; is wonderfully adapted for journying in dry fandy deferts, be- ing rema:kably patient both of hunger and thirft, fafting almoft entirely for whole days, and putting up with the dry branches of fuch fpinous fhrubs as grow in the defert, which no other animal of burthen could ufe; and will likewife go on, without drink for many days, nature having endowed it with the inftinct of ftoring up a quantity of water, on thefe occafions, in a particular ftomach: It is capable of carrying very large burthens, even a thoufand or twelve hundred weight, but travels flow- ty, and cannot be forced to quicken its pace, neither will it receive more on its back than its accuf- tomed load; it kneels down to be loaded or unloaded at the command of its keeper. ‘The hair of the Camel is very foft; it is {hort in fummer, but longeft on the neck’ and hunch; in winter it grows contiderably longer, and falls off in.the {pring, being carefully collected by the Arabs and wove into cloth, or made into felts, either for clothing or for tent cloths. This fpecies is ufually about fix feet and a half high, with a {mall head, and {hort ears; the roof of the mouth and gums are covered with a tough cartilaginous fkin ; the neck is long, flender, and reverfely arched ; the feet ave half cloven on their upper parts, the two toes being armed with a kind of {mall hoofs, but the foles are undivided, and are covered with a naked tough fkin. On the breaft, on each knee, on the infide of each fore leg, and at the upper joint of each hind leg, are callofities, in all feven, on which the animal refts when it lies or kneels down; the tail is confiderably fhorter than the hind legs, and is covered with roughly flowing hair: The male is retromingent, and his commerce with the female is ditlicultly attamed. On an individual of this fpecies, fhewn fome years ago at Edinburgh, was obferved a peculiar con- formation of the fkin of the neck a little behind the head; a {pace about three inches by four, was fail of minute open pores, apparently the duéts of miliary glands, from which a heavy {fmelled aque- ous fluid could be prefied out inabundance. It is uncertain whether this be common to the whole race, or accidental ; perhaps it is a provifion of nature to carry off the perfpirable matter, by a par- tial emunétory, to fave the vaft wafte which general perfpiration muft occafion, in the torrid and. waterlefs deferts of Afia, Arabia, and Africa.—T. @. Swift Camel.—Camelus dromos. This variety refembles the former, but is much fmaller. Penn. hitt. of quad. p. rrg: Fong-Kyo-Fo,, or Camels with feet of wind. Du Halde, hift. of China, ii. 225. The fwift variety is employed in Perfia, Arabia, and Syria, for expreffes, and is faid to travel nine ty or a hundred miles a day, and to be able, with very little food or reft, to continue this aftonifhing rate for eight er nine days. It is this variety to. which the name of Dromedary ought exclufively to belong, (624 MAMMALIA. PECORA. _ Camel. 289 belong, as that word is derived from the Greek Aga»-, which fignifies fwift. The fwift Camels of China, above referred to, are probably fimilar to thofe of Perfia and Arabia. 2. BaGtrian Camel.—2. Camelus bactrianus, 2. Has two hunches on the back. _ Briff. quad. 53, Forfter, Phil. Tranf. lvii. 343. Fortk. Faun. orient. P. iv. Raj. quad. 145. naitines Baxreos. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 1.—Camelus Baétrianus. Plin. viii. c. 18.—Dromedarius. Jonft. quad. 42. 43. 44- f. 1.—Camelus turcicus, or Turkifh Camel. Profp. Alp. Aeg. i. 223. t. 13.— Camelus. Gefn. quad. 162. f. p. 163. Schwenkf. therictr. 72. Aldr. bif. 907. 889.—Chameau, or Camel. Sm. Buff. vi. 118. pl. clxvi.—Trampelthier, oder Dromedar. Knorr. del. nat. t. K. 6.— Bactrian, or Two-bunched Camel. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 58. 4. Inhabits, in a wild ftate, the weftern parts of India, and in the deferts near the Chinefe Empire.— This fpecies is extremely hardy, and is bred in Perfia, Africa, and the eaft, but is more rare than the Arabian, or fingle hunched kind; it is chiefly appropriated by the great men, and is fwifter of foot than the other, thongh not nearly fo much fo as the fwift variety of the Arabian. In its general appearance and manners it refembles the Camel with one hunch, from which it differs chiefly in having longer hair, efpecially on the throat and neck, and in being furmounted with two hunches on the back ; of thefe the hinder one is larger than the other. Camels are faid to be poifoned by the boxwood tree ; they procreate in February, the female goes a whole year with young, and produces only one foal at a time; it arrives at its full growth in two years, during moft part of which time it continues to fuck, 6. Mixed Camel.—Camelus hybridus, “In Perfia a hybrid race is carefully cultivated between the Arabian and Battrian fpecies ; this js in high eftimation, as ftronger, hardier, and more aétive than either 3 it is capable of reproduction, but the breed degenerates, and is only kept up in perfection by the original means of its produétion, 3. Glama.—3. Camelus Glama. 3 Nas a hunch on the breatft. Camel, with very fhort hair. Briff. quad. 95 —Camelus Peruvianus, or Peruvian Camel, called Glama. Raj. quad. 145.—Qvis peruana, or Peruvian Sheep, named Pelon, Ichiatl, or Oquitli. Hernand. mex. 660. Charlet. exerc. 9. Jonft. quad. t. 46.—Cervocamelus. Joni. quad. t. 20.— Hirfch-camel. Gefn. Thierb. 239.—Eaz@oneunros. Margr. Braf. 243.—Llama. - Ulloa, voy..i. 365. t. 24. £ 5. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 59- Sm. Buff. viii. 133. Laet, amer. 405. Tnhabits the high mountains of Peru, Chili, and other parts of South America.—This is the Camel of Peru and Chili; in manners, flow pace, ufe, rumination, difficult commerce of the fexes, patient endurance of hunger and thirft, external form, and internal ftru€tare, it refembles the Camel of the ‘old world ; but is much finaller, feldom reaching four feet and a half high, and has no hunch on the back. The head is fmall, with a fhort nofe, large round black eyes, and fharp pointed ears of a mo- derate fize; the neck is long, much bent, and very protuberant where it joins the body; the legs are long, and the feet half cloven; the tail is fhort, This animal is mild, gentle, and docile 3 it is domefti- Vou. I. Oo cated 627 628 290 MAMMALIA, PECORA. ** Camel. eated in South America, and employed for carrying burthens, efpecially from the mines, through the rugged mountains, having a Srm, fure-footed, grave ftep. The fur is long and fof, of 2 white or yellowith colour, {potted with black and brown ; the body is about fix feet long, and the hunch or pro‘berance on the breaft is faid, by fome authors, to be conitantly moiftened with a yellowith oil, or clainmy fiuid. ~ It fights its enemies with the feet and teeth, and, when angry, difcharges its fali- va, fometimes ta the diftance of ten paces, which, if it falls on the fkin, raifes an itching reddith fpot. The voice is a kind of neighing. It procreates * about the end of fummer; the female has two teats, goes tive or fix months with young, and brings one at a birth, feldom two. It can carry about a hun- dred and fifty pounds, travelling for three or four days inceffantly, at the rate of three German miles a day, and then requires a whole day to reft; like the Camel, it kneels down to be loaded or un- loaded,.and will not rife if overburtiened, neither will blows force it to quicken its pace; it lies down when wearied ; its temper ts very {tubborn, and it can only be forced to proceed by comprefling the tefticles. Its flefh is equally good with our beft mutton, and is very fat, when well fed, efpecially im- mediately below the fkin. Dr Gmelin queftions whether*this may not be the fame animal with the Camel, altered by climate to a fmaller fize ; but, if there were no other reafon, the different times of geftation are fufficient to -mark a totally different fpecies ; the neck is lefs bent, the back is almoft even, the tail is more ele-_ gant, the pace is quicker, the legs are handfomer, and the hair, which is {pun into worfted, is fofter and longer, than in the Camel.—T. 4. Guanaco.—4. Camelus Huanacus. 5. The body is hairy, the back protuberant, and the tail is carried ereét. Molin. hift. nat. Chil. 281. Pernichcatl. Fernand. Mex. 11.—Guanaco, or Huanacu. Laet, Amer. 406. Ovalle, Chil. A4- Cieza, Peru. 233. Ulloa, voy. i. 366. t. 24. f. 5. Hawkefworth, voy. i. 148. Inhabits the Andes in South America, and comes down into the lower parts of Peru and Chili in winter.—This fpecies refembles the Glama in manners and many particulars of its external form, and in the ufes to which it is applied by the natives of the country; but thefe animals never intermix, either in the wild or domefticated ftate : Befides this, the Guanaco wants the protuberance on the breaft defcribed. in the Glama ; it has a hunch on the back, which the former animal has not; its hind legs are likewife confiderably fhorter in proportion, and its gait is a kind of bounding or hobbling, on account of the inequality between its hind and fore legs. The body and head meafure about feven feet long, and near four feet three inches high ; the tail refembles that of a Stag, and the ears are like thofe of the Horfe ; the upper parts of the body are yellow, and the under parts pure white. The fleth of the younger.animals is very good eating, but that of the older ones is rather hard and infipid, unlefs when falted. 5- Chillihueque.—5. Came/us arcucanus, 6. The body is covered with wool; the back has no protuberance; the upper part of the noje is much curved; and the tail is pendulous. | Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 279. Aries * Mari penis longus, tenuis, retroflexus, fub finem aeftatis coit fere furens ;, foeminae vulva angufta. 630 MAMIMALIA. | © PECORA. Camel. 291 Aries moromorus. Nieremb. hift. nat. r82.—Sheep of Peru. Cieze, Peru. 232. Ovalle, Chil. 44. Feuille, journ. iii. 23. Frezier, voy. i. 264. t. 22. f. A.—Chillihueque. Clavigero, Mex. ii. 323. quoting Molina. Inhabits Chili and Peru.—The neck, legs, head, nofe, flaccid pendulous ears, eyes, tail, and wool, of this animal refemble a good deal thofe of Sheep ; but the tail is longer, and the wool much finer: Tn other circumftances, however, it is congeneric with the Llama, Huanaco, Pacos, and Vicugna. This animal was fornferly employed, like the Glama and Huanaco, for carrying fmall burthens of about a hundred pounds, and for tilling the ground. The wool is exceeding fine, foft, and filky, and is ufed for fabricating very fine cloths ; it is fometimes white, fometimes black, brown, or afh colour- ed. The flefh is very good. 6. Vicugna.—6. Camelus Vicugna. 7. The body is clothed with fine wool; the nofe is blunt and flat; and the tail is flat. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 277. Vicuna, Vicunna, or Vicunnas. Laet, Amer. 406. Nieremb. hift. nat. 184. f. p. 185. Cieza, Peru. 233. Ulloa, voy. i. 506. 525. t. 24. f. 3.—Vicognes, or Vicunas. Frez. voy. i. 266.—Ca- melus Vigogne, having the whole body covered with long woolly hair. Briff. quad. 57. n. 4. Tnhabits the higheft and moft precipitous peaks of the Andes in South America, efpecially in the Chilefe provinces of Coquimbo and Copiapo.—This animal is timid, very {wift, and extremely patient of cold ;. it keeps in large herds on the mountains, and is tamed with great difficulty. ‘The natives ftretch long cords, with bits of cloth hanging to them, acrofs the gorges of the mountains, and, driving the Vicugnas towards them, they are fo frightened by the flutter which the pieces of cloth make in the wind, that they dare not pafs, but, huddling together, fall an eafy prey to the hunters. ‘This {pecies was likewife ufed in former times for- carrying {mall burthens of fifty to feventy-five pounds; the flefh is very good ; and the wool is ufed for making fine cloths and caps. The Vicugna has fome refemblance to the Goat in figure, and in its tail ; but the neck is longer in proportion, the head is rounded and hornlefs, the ears are {hort and erect, the nofe is fhort, and the legs are twice as long as thofe of the Goat ; the wool is exceffively fine, filky, and eafily dyed, and is ufually of a rofe colour. This ipecies is diftinguifhable from the Pacos, by having a more flender body, and by the wool and fnout being both of them fhorter than in that animal, with venice befides, it will not intermix. A Bezoar is often found in the HOnESE of the Vicugna. 7. Pacos.—7. Camelus Paco. 4. Has no protuberances on the body, which is covered with fine wool; and the fnout is lengthened. Camelus peruvianus laniger, or Peruvian woolly Camel, called Pacos. Raj. quad. 147. Klein. quad. 42.~-Pacos. Hernand. Mex. 663. Laet, Amer. 405. Sm. Buff. vii. 133. Penn. hift. of quad: n. 60.—Alpagne. Frez. voy. i. 267. Inhabits the higheft mountains of Peru.—This fpecies refembles the Vicugna confiderably, but is imaller 5 its flefh is not fo good, and its wool, though longer, is not fo fine. It is gregarious like the Oo 2 former, 292 MAMMALIA. PECORA. _. Mu, former, and fo ftupid as to fall a prey to the fame fimple fnare; it was likewife ufed formerly for carrying {mall loads. In the wild ftate the upper parts of the body are of a purple colour, and the under parts white ; in the domefticated ftate the colour varies, but is ufually black, mottled with white and reddifh, or brown ; the wool is ufed for the fame purpofes with that of the Vicugna ; but, being coarfer, the ftuffs made from it are not fo filky. SOCK, SiR 20 VOL SC Goes Has no horns. ‘There are eight fore-teeth in the lower jaw; and two long tufks, one on each fide, in the upper jaw, which project out of the mouth. 631 1. Thibet Mofk *.—1, Mofchus mofchiferus. 1. Has a bag or tumour on the belly, near the navel; anda very fhort tail. Pallas, fpic. zool. xiii. t. 4. 6. Schreber, v. t. ccxlii. Mofchus. Schroeck, hift. mofch. Vienn. 1682. iv. t. 44. Brun. it. 121. t. 121.—Animal mof- chiferum, or Mufk animal. Nieremb. hift. nat. 184. J. G. Gmel. Nov. com. Petrop. iv. 393. Raj. quad. 127.—Bifamthier, Capreolus mofchi, or Mufk Roe. Gefn. quad. 786. De. Thierb. 50. f p- 50. §1. Jonft. quad. t. 29.—Capra mofchi, or Mufk Goat. Aldrov. bifule. 743. f. p. 744. Jonit. quad. 78. Charlet. exerc. 1o.—Tragus mofchiferus. Klein, quad. 18. Briff. reg. an. 97. n. 5.— Mutc, or Mufk. Sm. Buff. vii. 44.—Thibet Mufk. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 54. pl. xii. f 1. Ard. zool. i. 34. A. Inhabits the principal Alpine mountains of Afia, efpecially the higheft rocky mountains from the Altaic chain to that which divides Thibet from India; likewife in China and Tonquin, and in eaft- ern Siberia about lake Baikal and the rivers Jenifea and Argun.—Dwells folitarily in the moft pre- cipitous places of the mountains, among rocks, in the {mall narrow valleys furrounded by thefe fnowy hills, and in the pine forefts which grow in their interftices, but chiefly keeps on the higheft tops of the {nowy peaks. ‘This is a very gentle and exceffively timid animal, except in the feafon of love, in November or December, when the males fight violently with their tufks for the females ; it is ex- ceedingly active in leaping, running, climbing, and {wimming, and is very difficultly tamed; the flefh is eatable, and that of the younger animals is reckoned delicate. ‘The male meafures about three feet three inches long from the nofe to the origin of the tail, and is about two feet three inches high at the fhoulder ; the female is lefs than the male, has a fharper nofe, has no tufks nor mufk bag, and is provided with two teats: The head is very handfome, and refembles that of the Roe; the fur is coarfe like that of the animals of the Deer kind, but fofter, very fmooth, erect, plentiful, thick, and long; the colour varies according to the age of the animal, and time of the year, but is chiefly black- ifh brown on the upper, and hoary, féldom white, on the under parts of the body; in younger ani- mals it is marked with ftreaks and fpots, which, growing larger as the animal grows older, at laft va- nith. * The Mufk animal was firft mentioned by Cofmas in the fixth century. MAMMALIA, PECORA. Mojik. 293 nifh altogether ; the tail is very fhort,-and is hid in the fur. Near the prepuce is fituated the mufk bag, or follicle, which is of a fomewhat oval figure, flat on one fide, and rounded on the other, hav- ing a fmall open orifice. In young animals this bag is empty, but in adults it is filled with a clotted, oily, friable matter, of a dark brown colour ; this is the true mufk, and the beft comes from Thibet, that which is found in Siberia having fomewhat of the flavour of Caftor ; each bag contains from a “dram and a half to two drams. The upper jaw is much longer than the under, and is furnifhed on each fide with a flender tufk two inches long, and hanging quite out of the mouth; the ears are long, narrow, and of a dark brown on the outtfide, the infide yellow; the long hairs, of which the fur is compofed, are afh coloured near the bottom, black near the ends, and reddifh brown at the tips, being each marked with fhort waves from top to bottom ; in fome the fore part of the neck is marked with long white ftripes, and the back with pale brown perpendicular ftripes ; the hoofs are long, black, and much divided, and the fpurious hoofs of the fore feet are very long; the fcrotum is of a bright red colour, and the penis very {mall. 2. Indian Mufk.—2. Mo/chus indicus. 2. Of a reddifh brown colour on the upper, and uniformly whitifh on the under parts of the body ; the tail is fhortifh ; and the feet have fpurious hoofs. Schreber, v. t. ccxlv. Tragulus indicus, having fhort hair, of a tawny colour on the upper, and whitifh on the under parts of the body. Briff. reg. an. 322. n. 3. Inhabits India.—This fpecies is much of the fame fize with the former; the head, however, re- fembles that of a horfe, with erect, oblong ears, and the tail is longer and more perceptible; the legs are very flender. - 3. Pigmy Mutk.—3. Mofchus pygmaeus. 3. Has no fpurious hoofs ; is of a tawny red colour on the upper, and white on the lower parts of the body. Erxleb. mam. 322. n. 3. Mufk, having the legs fmaller than a man’s finger. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 92.—Capra, or Goat, with curved, conical, obtufe horns, furrowed on the fore parts. Syft. nat. ed. x. 69.—Tragulus guinen- fis, with long hair of a dark tawny colour. Briff. regn. an. 96. n. 2.—Cervus pufillus, or Small Deer, of Guinea. Cerva parvula, or Small Doe, from Africa, without horns, and of a red colour. Juvencus pereracilis, Beautiful Fawn, or Young Deer, from Africa. Cervus africanus, or African Deer, with red fur. Seba, Muf.i. 70. 73. t. 43. f. 1. 2. 3. and t. 45. f. 1. Klein, quad. 22— Chevrotain des Indes orientales. Buff. hift. nat. fr. ed. xii. 315 and 341. t. 42. and 43.—Indian Memina? Sm. Buff. vii. 22. pl. cc. £ 1.—Guinea Muflk. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 57. Nat. mifcel. pl. 3. Inhabits India, Java, and the other Indian iflands.—The body and head of this elegant little ani- mal meafure only nine inches and a half long; the tail is about an inch long; the ears are long. It is called Kant-chil by the Malayes, and Poet-jang by the inhabitants of Java. The two middle fore- teeth are very broad, and the other fix very flendcr; the tufks are fmatl. &. 034 635 637 204 MAMMALIA. PECORA. ~ > Mofk, B. Striped Pigmy Mufk.—Mo/ch. Pigm. leverianus. In the Leverian Mufeum is a fpecimen of this fpecies, which varies a little in colour from that above defcribed; being ferruginous, intimately mixed with black, and having perpendicular white ftripes on the neck and throat. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 115. 4. Memina.—4. Mo/chus Meminna. 4. Has no fpurious hoofs; is of an olive afh colour on the upper, and white on the under parts of the body; the fides being fpotted with white. Erxleb. mam. 322. n. 2. Schre- ber, v. t. ccxliii. Meminna. Knox, Ceylon. 21.—Ceylon Chevrotin, or Ceylon Memina. Sm. Buff. vii. 22. pl. cc. f. 2.—Piffay. Hamilton, voy. to E. I. i. 261.—Indian Mufk. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 56. pl. xii. i As Inkabits Ceylon and Java.—Is about feventeen inches long from the nofe to the rump; the tail is very ihort; the ears are large and open; the fides are {potted and barred tran{verfely with white. In Mr Pennant’s plate, which is copied from a drawing fent him by Mr Loten, Governor of Ceylon, the feet have fmall fpurious hoofs. 5. Javan Mufk.—5. Mofchus javanicus. 5. Has very {mall {purious hoofs; of ferruginous colour on the upper, and white all along the under parts of the body ; the tail is longifh and hairy, being white below and at the tip. Pallas, fpic. zool. xii. 18. and xili. 28. Inhabits Java.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Rabbit, and its legs are fimilar to thofe of the Pigmy Mufk ; the back of the neck is of a hoary brown grey colour, intermixed with ‘dark brown hairs ; the under part of the neck is white, with two fpots, almoft run together, of a hoary grey co- lour, and having two very long divergent hairs under the throat; the top of the head is longitudinal- ly marked with blackifh ; the knees have two brufhes, and there are no pits either on the groins or below the eyes. This animal and the-Memina feem only varieties of the Pigmy fpecies. 6. Brafilian Mufk.—6. Mo/chus americanus. 6. < Of a reddifh brown colour, with a black muzzle, and white throat. Erxleb. mam. 324. n. 4. ° Tragulus Surinamenfis, of a reddifh yellow colour, and marked with white fpots. Briff. reg. an. 96. n. 3. Klein. quad. 22. Seba, Muf. i. 71. t. 44. f. 2. Marchais, voy. ill. 281.— Wirrebocerra. Bancroft, Guiana. 123.—Brafilian Mufk. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 55. Inhabits Guiana and Brafil.—This animal is fcarcely fo large as the Roe; it is exceedingly timid, fhy, active, and fwift; and has much of the manners of the Goat, efpecially in climbing rocks. The fur is foft and fhort; the colour of the head and upper part of the neck is dark brown, the lower part of the neck and throat are white, the body and limbs are reddifh brown : The hind legs are longer 5: hoes fatnd 4p J a ay I if? 29 ( Yh, Mane . Ahi VS Wad c i yi a gen HAC 638 MAMMALIA, PECORA. Deer. 205 longer than the fore ; the ears are four inches long. In the fpecimen examined by Mr Pennant the throat and underfide of the neck were of the fame colour with the reft of the body. Dr Gmelin fut- pects that the above defcribed animal may only be a fawn of the American Roe, 7. Formofan Mufk.— Mojfchus finen/is. Of the fize of a Stag, and without horns. Nieuhoff, voy. in Harris, coll. 209. Inhabits the ifland of Formefa.—This animal is only mentioned by Niewhof in a curfory manner, as above, without plate or farther defcription. XXXV. DEER.— 34. C ERVU S.. 29. Has folid branched horns, which fall off and are renewed every year. ‘The lower jaw has eight fore-teeth; in gene- yal this genus wants tufks, but fometimes one tufk is found on each fide in the upper jaw. The animals of this genus are all fond of living in woods ; they fight with their horns, and firike with their fore feet; they are faid to have no gall bladder ; their flefh is univerfally wholefome, and that of fome kinds, under the name of venifon, is efteemed a great delicacy; fome {pecies are ufed by, mankind for draught. Mr Pennant has fubdivided the genus into fuch as have the horns pa/mated, that is, {pread out into broad flat boards, having procefles or projections, named {nags, fancifully fup- pofed to refemble fingers, and the broad part to have fome likenefs to the palms of the hands; hence the name ; and fuch as have rounded horns, likewife branched. It may be neceflary to explain a few terms ufed in defcribing the horns of this genus: ‘The beam is that part of the horn which rifes from the fore-head, like the ftem of a tree ; the pa/ms are broad flat expanfions of the horns in fome {pe- cies, which are befet round with proceffes like fingers, called /nags ; the branches are fubdivifions of the horns, like thofe of trees ; the brow antlers are particular proceffes in fome fpecies, which arife from the beams near the head, and proje¢t forwards. The horns grow from the points, and, when growing, are covered with a fkin which is extremely vafcular, and clothed with a fine velvet fur ;; from which circumftance the growing horns are named ve/vets ; this fkin dries, fhrivels, and falls off, when the horns have attained their full fize. * Having palmated horns. — rt. Elk.—2. Cervus Alces. 2. Its broad palmated horns have very fhort beams or none; the throat has a tufted ex- crefcence. Schreber, v. t. ccxlvi. A. B. Briff. regn. an. 93. n. 9. Miller; on var. fubj. of nat.. hift. t. x. A. a ie _ Alce, or Machlis, Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 1 5.—Alces. Caefar, bell. Gal. 'v. c. 27. Gefn. quad. i.. ee Scheff. Lap.. 336. Charlet. exerc, 12,—Alce. Schwenkf. ther. 53. Aldrov. bifulc. 866. f.. Mi a 296 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Deer. p- 869. 870. Jonft. quad. t. 30. 31. Olear. muf. t. 9. £ 2. Raj. quad. 86. J. F. Leopold, diff. de Alce. Bafil. 1700.—Mofle. Laet, Amer. 68.—Mofe Deer. Dudley, Phil. Tranf: n. 368. p. 165. Dale, D°. abrid. ix. 85. t, 6. f. 50.—Elk. Lawfon, Carol. 123. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 42. pl. ix. f. 1. 2.—Orignal. Charley. nouy. Fr. ii. 126.—Elan, or Lik. Sm. Buff. vi. 315. pl. cixxxv.— f4ilg. Faun. Suec. n. 39.—Lof. Rzacziniki, Pol. 212.—Moofe. Arét. zool. n. 3. pl. viii. Inhabits Europe, America, and Afia as far as Japan.—This animal is chiefly found in the northern parts of both continents, and frequents poplar woods and other, forefts, browzing on the twigs and branches of trees; they likewife often feed on marfh plants, and are faid to be very fond of the Ana- gyris foetida, or Stinking Bean-trefoil. ‘The Elk is as large as a Horfe, being five and a half feet high before, and two inches higher behind ; the head is large, with very long, large, upright, flouching ears ; a very broad, fquare, upper lip, deeply furrowed, and hanging much over the mouth; a very broad nofe, with large noftrils; the horns have no brow antlers, the palms are very broad, plain on the intide, and having many {harp fmags on the outfide; the neck is fhort and flouching, with a fhort upright mane, and a hairy wattle on the throat; the fhoulder is very high; the tail extremely hort; the hoofs are much divided, and the fpurious hoofs large and loofe: The general colour is a hoary black, sreyeft about the face. It is a mild animal, except in the feafon of love, when wounded, or when teazed with the gad-fly.. The pace is very ungraceful, confifting of a high fhambling trot, during which their fpurious hoofs make a loud rattling noife; but they go with great fwiftnefs, and were for- merly ufed in Sweden to draw fledges, with which they have been known to travel more than fifty miles a day. The hide is faid to be fo thick as to turn a mufket-ball, and makes excellent buff lea- ther. The fiefh is reckoned very light and nourifhing; the nofe is efteemed a great delicacy ; and the tongues, when falted, are much admired. 8. Irithh Elk. —C. Alces foffilis. The horns have long beams, are palmated, and are furnifhed with flatted brow antlers; the fnags on the palms are very long; and there is one long {nag on the inner edge of each palin. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 97. pl. xi. f. 1. The horns of this fpecies are frequently dug up from peat-bogs in Ireland, but the living animal is unknown, having long been extirpated from that country ; the horns are vaitly larger than thofe of the Elk, befides being very differently formed, and meafure fometimes eight feet long each, and four- teen feet between their tips. ; T. 2. Rein Deer.—4. Cervus Tarandus. 4. Has long, rounded, flender horns, which bend forwards, and are palmated at the ends. Schreber, v. t. ccxlviii. A. B.C. C. Faun. Suec. 41. Amoen. ac. iv. 144. t. i. Mant adr. ina. Teguvosc. Aclian. an. i. C 16.—Tarandus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 34. Aldrov. bifule. 859. f. p. 861. Jonft. quad. go. t. 37. Chariet. exer. 12. Scheff. Lap. 321.f. p. 327-—Rangiter. Gefn. quad. gs0- Aldrov. bifulc. 863. Jonft. quad. t. 37. Muf. Worm. 337. Scheff. Lap. 338. Charlet. exerc. 12. Tlein, quad. 88. Olear muf. 16. t. ro. £ 3.—Renne, or Rein Deer. Sm. But. vi. 315. pl. clxxxvii—Rein Deer. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 43.-pl. x. f. 1. Ar&. zool. n. 4.—The anatomy. Befthol. aét. Haffh. 1671, n. 135. Houften, a&t. Stockh. 1774, vol. xxv. trim. 2.0. 4. 642 643 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Deer, 297 «. Common Rein Deer.—4. «. Cerv. Tarandus Rangifer. All the upper parts of the horns, both of the main branches, and the brow antlers, are palmated. Briff. regn. an. 92. n. 8. Reinthier, and Tarandthier. Gefn. Thierb. 206. 207. 208. 209.—Rennthier. Gr. v. Mellin, Schr. der, Berl. naturf. gef. i. n. 1. Ridinger, wild. thier. 35. @. Greenland Rein Deer.—4. 8. Cerv. Tarandus groenlandicus. The horns are entirely rounded, and covered with a hairy fkin; the nofe is much co- vered with hair. Briff. regn. an. 88. n. 4. Capra groenlandica, or Greenland Goat. Raj. quad. 90,—Greenland Deer. Catefb. Carol. app. p- xxvili—Greenland Buck. Edw. av. i. t. 51. y. Canadian Rein Deer.—4. y. Cerv. Tarandus Caribou. Has ftraight horns, with a fingle fnag, turned forwards, at the bafe of each. Briff. regn. an. oI. n. 6. Caribou. Charlev. nouv. Fr. ili. 129. Dobbs, Hudfon’s Bay. zo. 21.—Macarib, Caribo, or Po- hano. Joffelyn, New Eng. 20. Inhabits chiefly the moft northern mountains of Europe, Afia, and America, as far as Spitfbergen, Greenland, and Kamtfchatka ; is found likewife in the more fouthern parts of Ruffia, and even in Sardinia, though fmaller; the horns have likewife been found in marle pits in Scotland.—In Lapland the wild Rein deer inhabit the higheft mountains during fummer, and defcend into the defert plains in winter, from which they are again driven to the mountains in the fummer to efcape from the per- fecution of various infects, particularly the Culex pipiens, Gad-fly, and Tabanus tarandi. They feed much on a fpecies of Liver-wort called from them Lichen rangiferinus, efpecially in winter, when they have to dig it out with their feet from below the {now, under many feet deep of which it lies buried. The male cafts his horns immediately after the rutting feafon, about the end of November ; and the female, which has horns like the male, though not fo large, preferves hers till the middle of May, when fhe drops her fawns. She goes thirty-three weeks with young, and frequently has twins. In a domefticated ftate, the Rein deer feldom exceeds fixteen years of age. In Lapland great numbers of thefe animals are kept tame by the natives, to whom they are of indifpenfible ufe, for drawing iledges, and for fupplying them with milk, flefh, and ikims as clothing: The Samojedes likewife ufe their hides for fails. When caftrated the male feldom lofés his horns till nine years old. ° Ina domeftic ftate the Rein deer feldom exceedsthree feet high, but the wild animals are larger, fometimes four and a half feet at the fhoulder. The horns of the Rein deer, though long, are rather flender ; the beams are very long, bend firft a little backward, are then gradually curved, and the palms at the ends fiand forwards; the brow entlers rife from the main beams clofe to the head, have fhort beams, broad palms, and numerous f{nags; and generally, immediately over thefe, a branch rifes from each main beam, which projects forwards, and is fomewhat palmated at the ends, with feveral fnags. The upper parts of the body are of a brown afh colour, growing gradually lighter with age, till it becomes white at laft; the fpace round the mouth, the whole under parts of the body, and the tail, are white; the orbits are furreunded with black; the fur is very thickly fet, and on the fore part Voz. I. Pp of 298 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Deer. of the neck it is long and pendent ; the tail is very fhort 5 the hoofs are large and concave; the male prepuce is much pendent; the female has fix teats, the two pofterior of which are impervious. 64.4 3. Fallow Deer.—5. Cervus Dama. 5. The horns are campreffed, branched, and bending forwards; having their extremities palmated. Schreber, v. t. ccxlix. A. B. i Cervus Dama vulgaris, er common Fallow Deer, having the extremities of the horns palmated. _ Briff. regn. an. gt. n. 7.—Cervus palmatus, Dama, or Dama-cervus. Klein, quad. 25.—Cervus platyceros. Raj. quad. 85.—mgoz. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 14.—EawQos siguxtgws, logxos. Oppian, cy- Neg. i. 293. 296.—Platyceros. Plin. hift. nat. xi. c. 37——Dama vulgaris. Gefn. quad. 35s. f. p. 1100.—Dof, or Dof-hiort. Faun. Suec. n. 42.—Daniel.. Rzacz. Polon. 217.—Platogna. Belon, obf. 55.—Dann-Hirfch. Ridinger, jagdb. th. t. 7.—Dam-hirfch. Gefn. thierb. 202. f. p. 203. Gr. a Mellin, Schr. d. Berl. naturf. gef. i. 9.—Dain, Daine, or Fallow Deer. Sm. Buff. iv. 113. pl. liv. lv.—Fallow Deer. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 44. Brrr. zoox. i. 34. Aré. zool. i. 33. B.—The anatomy of a Hermaphrodite Fallow Deer. Journ. encyclop. 1776, P. ii. Tnhabits Europe, and Afia as far as the northern parts of Perfia and China, Greece, and Paleftine, being the Fachmur of the Scriptures.—This fpecies is not fo plentiful or univerfal as the Stag ; few are now found wild in Britain ; but numbers are kept in parks. ‘The colour varies, being fometimes reddith, fometimes deep brown, frequently {potted with white or grey, and rarely altogether white. It is gregarious, feeding always in flocks; is very eafily confined to parks, and very readily made tame; it feldom lives above twenty years. The female has no horns, goes eight months with young, and " brings only one fawn in general, feldom two, and hardly ever three, at a birth. Though they leap remarkably well, yet they may either be kept in an inclofure, or fenced out by means of a cord fixed horizontally two or three feet above the ground. ** Having rounded horns. 645 4. Stag.—3. Cervus Elaphus. 3. Has long, rounded, upright branched horns. Schreber, v. t. ccxlvii. A. B. C. D. E. EauQoc. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 7. and 18. vi. c. 29. ix. c. 6. Aelian, an. vi. c. 11. and 13. vi. c. 39. xii. c. 18. Oppian, cyneg. ti. 176.—Cervus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 32. Gefn. quad. 354. Schwenkf. theriotr. 81. Aldrov. bifulc. 769. f. p.774. Jonft. quad. 82. t. 32. 35. Muf. Worm. 338. Scheff. Lap. 337. Charlet. exerc. ii. Wagn. Helvet. 173. Sibbald, Scor. an. 9. Raj. quad. ga4-—Jelen. Rzacz. Pol. 216.—Kron-hiort. Faun. Suec. n. 40.—Edler-Hirfch, Wild oder thier. Ridinger, jagdb. th. t. 4. 5.—Stag. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 45. Arct. zool. n. 5.—Red Deer, or Stag. Brir. zoox. i. 34.—Cerf, Biche, et Faon; Stag, Hart, or Red Deer. Sm. Buff. iv. 74. pl. li. lii—Its anatomy, E. N.C. cent. 10. app. 448.—Particular differtations, Graba, eleographia.. Jenae, 1668. J. G. Agricola, de cervi natura. Amberg. 1617. 646 f. Maned Stag.—3. 8. C. Elaphus Elippelaphus. Of confiderably larger fize, having long hair on the neck. Erxleb. mam. 304. Cervus germanicus, or German Stag, with round horns which are turned inwards at the fides, and having a mane on the lower part of the neck. Briff. regn. an. 87. n 2.—’Iameaa@os- Arift. f hift. 647 648 649 MAMMALIA, &/0% PECORA. Deer, 296 hift. an. ii. c. g.—Tewysrufes. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 33.—Tragelaphus. Gefn quad. rror. Char- let. exerc. 12.—-Hippelaphus mas, or Rofshirfch. Jonft. quad. t. 35.—Brandhirfch, and Pferd- hirfch. Gefn. thierb. 199. 200, y. Corfican Stag.—3. 7. C, Elaphus corficanus. Is fmaller, and of a deep brown colour. Erxleb. mam. 304. | Corfican Stag, with ftraight antlers, or Small Red Deer. Sm. Buff. iv. p. rg. pl. liti—Small Stag of Barbary ? Shaw’s travels, 243. &. Canadian Stag.—3. d. C. Elaphus canadenjis. Having very large horns. Erxleb. mam. 305. Brifl. regn. an. 88. n. 3. Stag. Brickn. North Carol. 109.—Virginian Stag. Dale, Phil. Tranf. n. 444. p. 384.—Caro- linian. Stag. Lawfon, Carol. 123.—American Stag. Catefby, Carol. app. xxviii. e, Chinele Stag. —C. Elaphus minutus. About the fize of a Common Dog. Du Halde, i. 122. Penn. hift. of quad, n. 104. Inhabits the province of Sunnan in China. The feveral varietics of the Stag inhabit Europe, Barbary, the north of Afia as far as Japan, and North America.—The Stag lives in herds, of many females with their young, under the guidance of one male; it is in general a gentle {hy animal, but becomes furious and dangerous in the rutting fea- fon, in the months of Auguit and September, and when teazed with the gad-fly. In Auguft the males feek after the females with a violent braying, and fight violently among themfelves for the choice. The female, which has feldom any horns, goes eight months with young, and brings very feldom two at a birth. The males drop their horns in February and March, and recover them completely in July. The Stag is a very elegantly made animal, ufually about three feet and a half high at the fhoulder ; its general colour, on the upper parts of the body, is a reddifh brown, and whitifh on the under parts, being very feldom found entirely white ; the younger animals are {potted with white. Under the eyes is fituated, on each fide, a diftinét furrow, or lachrymal foffa: The number of branches or fnags on the horns increafes yearly, even as far as twenty on each horn; but in extreme age they diminifh : The fkin makes a pliable and durable leather, ufually named Buck-fkin, or Doe-tkin, and is employ- ed for making gloves and breeches ; the horns are ufed for making handles to knives, fwords, and other inftruments, and by chemifts for diftilling volatile alkali: The Stag feeds on grafs, corn, and the twigs, flowers, buds, and catkins of various trees, fuch as the Cornel, Poplar, Willow, Hazel, and others. When in good condition, the flefh, under the name of venifon, is reckoned a great delicacy. 5. Virginian Deer.—6. Cervus virginianus. 8, Mas flender horns, bending much forwards, very flightly palmated at the extremi- ties, with numerous branches on the interior edges, and having no brow antlers. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 46. pl. xi. f. 2. Pp2 AP a Dama 651 652 653 54 300 MAMMALIA. PECORA. .°) Deér} Dama virginiana. Raj. quad. 86,—Cervus platyceros. Sloan, Jam. ii. 328.—Chevreuil. Du Pratz, Louif. ii. 69.—Fallow Deer. Lawfon, Carol. 123. Catefby, Carol. app. xxviii. Bricknell, North. Carol. 109. Inhabits Carolina and Virginia.—Has a confiderable refemblance to the Fallow Deer, but is higher at the fhoulders, and has a longer tail and longer legs ; the colour likewife is lighter, bemg an afh coloured or cinereous brown. It is gregarious, very reftlefs, active, and eafily domefticated 5 and in winter lives much on the mofs, or lichens, which grow on the trunks of trees. The fleth is dry, but ufeful to the Indians, who dry it for their winter provifion. The fkins are a great article of com- merce, and make excellent pliable leather for gloves and breeches. 6. Axis. —Cervus Axis. Has ereét rounded horns, with three fnags or branches pointing upwards, and no brow antlers. a. Spotted Axis.—-C. Axis maculatus. The body is {potted with white: The horns are flender, and the firft branch is near the bafe. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. 179. n. 9. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 47. Axis. Sm. Buff. vi. 230. pl. clxxviii. clxxix. Plin. hift nat. vii. c. 21. Raj. quad. 89. Belon, obf. 119.—Speckled Deer. Nieuhoff, in Church. voy. i. 262. Inhabits the banks of the Ganges and the ifland of Ceylon.~-Is about the fize of a Fallow Deer; of a light red colour, beautifully marked with white fpots, and having a white line along the lower part of the fides near the belly: The tail is longifh, of a red colour above and white beneath. This animal is very eafily tamed, and bears the climate of Europe, having bred in the Prince of Orange's menagerie at the Hague. B. Middle Axis. —C, Axis unicolor. The body is of an uniform light red colour: The horns are rough, ftrong, and three~ forked. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 48. Inhabits the dry hilly forefts of Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes, and Java.—Is about the fize of a Stag, being larger than the Spotted Axis; goes together in herds of feveral hundreds; becomes very fat. The fleth is cut into fmall pieces, falted, and dried in the fun, for provifion. y. White Axis.—C. Axis albus. Refembles the former in every thing, except being white. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 106. Tnhabits with the former, and is reckoned a great rarity. & Larger Axis.—C, Axis major. Of a reddifh brown colour, with very thick, large, ftrong, and rugged three-forked horns. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 48 *. Tnhabits 655 656 7057 MAMMALIA, A PECORA. Deer. 301 Inhabits the marfhes of Borneo and Ceylon.—Is as large as a Horfe, with whitifh horns: The animals of this variety are called Elanden, or Elks, by the Dutch, and Mejangan Banjee, or Water Stags, by the Javanefe and Malays. Some fpecies of Deer, probably one or other of the varieties of Axis, are found, along with Oxen, Buffalos, Goats, Hogs, Dogs, Cats, and Rats, in Mindanao, Gilolo, Mandioly, Batchian, and the Pa- puas iflands. The Axis has the fenfe of fmelling in a very nice degree, infomuch that, when tame, they will not eat bread which has been breathed on; they agree in this circumftance with feveral o- ther animals of the fame genus, and of the Antilope, and Goat kinds. 7. Porcine Deer.—8. Cervus porcinus. 10. Has flender three-forked horns; the upper parts of the body are brown, and the under parts afh coloured. Schreber, v. t. ccli. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 49. De. Syn. n. 42. t. 8. f. 2. Inhabits India and Borneo.—The body is thick and clumfy, from which the animal has got the name of Hog Deer ; but the legs are fine and flender ; the body and head meafure three and a half feet long, is two feet two inches high at the fhoulder, and two inches higher at the rump ; the tail is eight inches long. It is caught in pit-falls, covered with fome flight materials. f. Spotted Porcine Deer.—C. porcinus maculatus. Has flightly three-forked horns, the firft {nag being very near the head; the body is of _.a yellowifh colour marked with white fpots. Hog-Stag. Sm. Buff. iv. rrr. pl. lit. N°. 2. Is-faid to have been brought from the Cape of Good Hope.—This feems much the fame with the Porcine Deer of Mr Pennant, defcribed above, except the colour, and the fpots: The fize is very much the fame; the noftrils are black, with a blackifh band at the corners of the mouth; the colour of the head is mixed with grey, the fore-head and fides of the eyes being brown; the ears are very large, garnifhed within with white hairs, and on the outfide covered with fmooth brown hair, mixed with yellow; the top of the back is brownith ; the tail is yellow above, and white below; and the legs are of a dark, or blackifh, brown colour. 8. Muntjac.—r11. Cervus Muntjac. 12. Has three longitudinal ribs extending from the horns to the eyes; and a tufk hanging out from each fide of the upper jaw. Schreber, v. t. ccliv. Rib-faced Deer. Penn. hilt. of quad. n. 50. Inhabits Java and Ceylon.—This fpecies is fomewhat lefs than the Roe, and refembles the Porcine Deer in fhape. The horns are placed on a boney procefs, which rifes three inches above the fkull, and is covered with hair *; they are three-forked, the uppermoft fnag or branch being hooked. In the * From net being thoroughly acquainted with the Englifh language, Dr Gmelin applies the hairy covering of the boney procefs, as defcribed by My Pennant, to the horns themfelves, and fays that they are covered with hair.—T. 658 659 660 302 MAMMALIA. : PECORA. Deer. the Malay language it is called Kidang, and Munt-jak by the Javanefe. It is very common, going a- bout only in fingle families,-and is much efteemed for its flefh. 9g. Roe.—10. Cervus Capreolus. 6. Has ftrong, fhort, rugged, upright, rounded horns, which are two-forked at the ends; the body is of a reddifh brown colour. Schreber, v. t. cclii. A.B. Erxleb. mam. 313. Briff regn. an. 89. n. 5. Caprea. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. §3. 58. x. c. 72. xi. c. 37. Aldrov. bifulc. 738. Jonft. quad. 77. t. 31. Raj. quad. 89.—Capreolus. Gefn. quad. 324. 1098. Schwenkf. theriotr. 78. Jonft. quad. t. 33. Muf. Worm. 339. Wagn. Helv. 173. Sibbald. Scot. an. 9. Klein, quad. 24.—Dorcas. Charlet. exerc. 12. Gefn. quad. 296.—Sarn. Rzaczinfk. Pol. 217.—Chevreuil, et Chevrette, or Male and Female Roe Deer. Sm. Buff. iv. 120. pl. lvi. Ivii.—Ra-djur. Faun. Suec. 43.—Rha- bock. Gefn. thierb. 144. f. p. 144. 145. Ridinger, jagdb. th. t. 9.—iRoe. Penn. hift. of quad. fA. 51. Arct. zool. n. 7. Roebuck. Brit. zoo. i. 139. 200. j Inhabits Europe and Afia ; is frequent in the Highlands of Scotland.—Frequents the lefler woody mountains, and, in winter, feeds on the young fhoots of Fir and Beech. It is an a¢tive fhy animal, which generally keeps in {mall flocks or families ; never grows fat, but is reckoned delicate vensfon. In fummer the hair is very fhort and fmooth, being dark grey at the roots, and deep red at the ends; in winter the hair grows very long, and becomes hoary at the ends, except on the back, where it is often very dark coloured; the legs are very flender, and have a tuft of long hair below the firft jomt of each hind leg; the rump and under fide of the tail are white ; the face is blackifh. ‘This {pecies is about four feet long, two feet three inches high before, and four inches higher behind ; the horns are from fix to eight inches long; are caft in autumn, and recovered during winter. The female goes. twenty or twenty-two wecks with young, and has often twins in the month of April. Befides the two- forked extremity, each of the horns have one, two, three, or five lateral {nags or branches, according toage. Charlevoix mentions Roes in North America; but, as the other writers, Lawfon, Cateiby, Kalm, and Du Pratz, on the natural hiftory of that country, do not fpeak of them, he is probably roiftaken. @. White Roe.—C. Capreolus albus, Is exactly like the Roe, but pure white, with black hoofs and nofe. Sm. Buff. iv. 134. This animal, which was a female, was caught in Franche Comté, and is probably only an acci- dental, and a very rare variety of the Roe. 10, Aha.—-1. Cervus pygargus, 1. Has no taii; the horns are three-forked. Pallas, It. i. 97. 453. Schreber, v. t: ccliii. Cervus Aha. S. G. Gmelin. It. iii. 496. t. 56.—Tail-lefs Roe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 57. 4. Ave. zool.i. 33. A. Inhabits the woody mountains of Ruffia and Siberia beyond the Volga, and in Hircania.—This fpecies refembles the Roe, but is confiderably larger ; it is of the fame deep red colour, with a large bed of white on the rump and buttocks, extending up the back; the fur is exceflively thick, and in {pring MAMMALIA. PECORA. Deer. 303 {pring is quite rough and ereét; on the belly and limbs it is yellowith; the fpace round the nofe, and the fides of the under lip are black, but the point of the lip is white ; the hairs of the eye-lids, and round the orbits, are long and black ; the horns are very rugged at the bafes, and full of knobs; the ears are covered on the infide with a very thick white fur. At the approach of winter, this animal becomes hoary, and defcends into the plains ; it is called Dikeja Roza by the Ruffians, Saiga by the Tartars, which name is ufed in Ruffia for the Scythian Antelope, and Ahu, or Aha, by the Perfians. 11. Mexican Deer.—g. Cervus mexicanus. 11. Has ftrong, thick, rugged horns, bending forwards, three-forked at their extremities, and having one erect {nag about two inches above the bafe: Of a reddifh colour. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 52. Cervus major, or Biche des bois, with very fhort fmall horns. Barrere, Fr. equin. 151.—Teut- lal-magame. Hernand. mex. 324.—Baieu. Bancroft, Guian. 122. Inhabits New Spain, Guiana, and Brafil—This fpecies is about the fize of the Roe; it is of a red- dith colour, and is fpotted with white when young. The head is large, with large bright eyes, and a thick neck. ‘The horns are apt to vary in the number of their branches 3 and the flefh is much in- ferior to venifon. *** Uncertain fpecies. Befides thefe above defcribed, there are feveral fpecies or varieties of Deer, mentioned in authors, which are fo flightly noticed as to render it difficult to determine whether they are diftinét {pecies, or only varieties of fome of thofe already taken notice of. a. Tema-macame.—Cervus Temama, Hernand. hift. nat. mexic. p.i325- @. Cuguacu-apara.—Cervus Cuguapara. Marcegr. Braf. 235. Pifo, Ind. 97. f. p. 98- y. Cuguacu-ete.—Cervus Cuguete. Marcgr. Braf. Pifo, Ind. loc. cit. d. Biche des Bois.—Cervus /ylvaticus. Barrere, Franee equinott. 15. | e. Biche des paletuviers..—Cervus paludofus. Barrere, im loco citat.. ¢. Mazame,—Cervus Mazame. ‘ Smellie’s ed. of Buffon, vii. 30.. Bis 668 674 675 304 MAMMALIA. ‘ PECORA. Deer. un. Cariacou.—Cervus Cariacou. This animal, from having no horns, féems the female of fome fpecies of Deer, whether of any of thofe already defcribed is uncertain, Sm. Buff. vii. 34. pl. cci. §. Barallou Hind.—Cervus Barallou, Smellie’s ed. of Buffon, iv. 135. t. Wood Hind.—Cervus nemorofus. Smellie’s ed. of Buffon, in loco citat. x, Savanna Hind.—Cervus pratenfis. Smellie’ s ed. of Buffon, in loco citat. A. Tecan: Deer.—Cervus indicus. Mr Pennant defcribes a pair of horns in the Mufeum of the Royal Society, which belong to a {pe- cies of Deer, and gives an engraving of them, Hift. of quad. p. 110. pl. xi. f. 3.5 thefe are, by Grew, in his rarities, p. 24. faid to belong to an Indian Roebuck, but they are evidently from fome very different fpecies. They are very thick and ftrong, and the bafe is very rugged; a little above the bafe of each a fharp {nag rifes perpendicularly, which has a {maller fnag at its bafe; the upper part of each horn turns forwards, is broad, divided into two branches, and is palmated, with numerous. fnags. Thefe horns are each fixteen inches long, and the fame diftance between their tips. uw. Squinaton—Cervus Squinaton, Another obfcure fpecies is mentioned by ‘Mr Pennant, under the name of Squinaton, or Scenoon- tung, which inhabits the country weft from Hudfon’s Bay; all that is known of this animal, is, that it is lefs than a Buck, and larger than a Roe, with finer legs, and fharper head. Penn. hift. of quad. p: 110. : vy. Grey Deer.—Cervus guineenfis. The animal named Grey Deer, n. 5 3 by Mr Pennant, and Guinea Deer, by Gmelin, Syft. nat. ed. Gm. 181. n. 7. which is defcribed from the Muf Ady Fr. 1.112. is‘an’ obfcare fpecies, and it is doubtful whether it belongs to the genus of Deer, Mufk, or Antilope, as the fpecimen defcribed had no horns. It is of the fize of a Cat, of a grey colour on the upper pafts, and blackith underneath, having longifh ears ; with a large black {pot above the eyes, a black line between the ears, a perpen- dicular black line on each fide of the throat, the middle of the breaft black, the fore legs and fides of the belly, as far as the hams, marked with black, andthe under fide ofthe tail is black. € Unknown Deer.—Cervus anomalus. There are in Mr Weir’s Mufeum at Edinburgh the horns of a-fmall fpecies of Deer, faid to have come from fome part of America, which I have not feen deferibed in the writings of any naturalift 5 they are about eight inches long, and ftand erect; their beams and branches aré quite chin’ and flat- tened, di a fingle fnag projetts torwards, of the fume'thin Matted. appearance with all the reft; all the fags and ding each into two branches, which are each two forked ; from the lower part of each beam and branches end fquare and abrupt. ‘Thefe are engraved ior this work.—T, XXXVI. MAMMALIA. PECORA. Giraffe. ; 405 XXXVI. GIRAFFE—35. CAMELOPARDALITS. Has fimple perfiftent horns, covered with fkin, blunt and abrupt at the ends, and terminated with a tuft of black hair. In the lower jaw are eight broad, thin fore-tecth; the outermoft, in each fide, being deeply divided into two. lobes. Of this genus there is but one fpecies known; or rather the animal, though nearly allied to the Deer and Antelope kinds, is fo fingular in its ftructure as to require being confidered, in fyftem, as a diftinet genus. 676 ~ x, Camelopardalis.—1. Camelopardalis Giraffa. Is remarkably higher at the fhoulder than at the rump. — Schreber, v. t. cclv. Camelopardalis. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 18. Dion Caffius, xliii. Oppian, cyneg. ili. 461, Geli quad. 160. Aldrov. bifule: 927. f. p. 931. Jonf%. quad. 98. t. 39. 45. Charelet. exerc. 13. Raj. quad. go. Pr. Alp. Aeg. i. 236.t. 14. f. 4. Ludolf, Auth. i. c. 10. m. 33. comm. p. 149. Prae- neftine pavement,.in Schaw, fuppl. 88.—Cervus Camelopardalis. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 92.n.1. Hat felq. It. Pal. 203. Act. Upfal. 1750, p. 15.—Orafius, or Oraflus. Vincent. fpec. doftr. 19. c. 97. Albert. de anim. 223.—Giraffa, Gyraffa, or Giraffe. Nieremb. hift. nat. 191. Belon, obf. 118. f. p. 119. Theven. cofmogr. i. 388. b. fig. fol. 389. a. Lobo, Abyfl. i. 292. Sm. Buff. vii. 107. pl. ccxi. Leo, Afr. 337. Klein, quad. Briff. quad. 61.~-Camelus indicus, or Indian Camel. Jonft. quad. t.40.-- Camelopard Giraffe. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 15.—Tragus Giraffa. Zimmerm. 534.— Camelpard. Gefn. thierb. 236. f. Pp- 237- 238. Inhabits Sennar, Ethiopia, and the interior parts of Africa; rarely in Abyffinia, and is never found in Guinea 3 it extends fouthwards to the country behind the Dutch fettlements at the Cape of Good Hope.—This fingular quadruped feeds chiefly on the leaves and tender fhoots of trees, but likewife grazes occafionally, at which time it is obliged’ to fpread its fore feet very wide. It is very gentle, ti- maid, and {hy ; runs very aukwardly, and is eafily taken, but is very fcarce; when about to lie down, it kneels like the Camel; when ftanding erect and holding up its head, it meafures feventeen feet from the crown of the head to the ground, eighteen feet from the point of the nofe to the end of the tail, is only nine feet high at the rump, the neck is feven feet long, aid the diftance from the withers to the rump is fix feet. This is a very handfome animal, of a dirty white, or mixed reddifh and white colour, marked with numerous large rufty fpots;. the head fomewhat refembles that of a Horfe, having middle fized, ereét, pointed ears, and fhort erect horns about fix inches long, which are co- ’ vered with a hairy ‘kin; thefe are blunt, as if cut of at the ends, and tufted with a brufh of coarfe black hairs ; the neck is long, thin, and erect, and is provided on the ridge with a {hort erect mane, which extends along the back almoft to the origin of the tail; the tail is long and round, reaching to the fecond joint of the hind legs, and is tufted with long, flowing, coarfe hairs at the end, It is a vulgar error that the fore legs are longer than’thofe behind, for the great difproportion between the height of the fore and hind parts, depends on the great depth of the fhoulders, and the length of the neck, ; Vou. I. Qq i eEey VA 677 506 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antelope, XXXVIL ANTELOPE—36. ANT/LOPE. Has perfiftent horns, which are hollow, and filled with a flint or fpongey bone; they are moftly round and erected, and are frequently twifted fpirally, or furrounded with rings. The lower jaw has eight broad fore-teeth; the upper jaw none; and there are no tufks in either. To this character Mr Pennant adds, that the limbs are light and elegantly made ; and that the in- fides of the ears are marked with three longitudinal feathered lines of hair. ‘None of the numerous fpecies of this genus are found in America; they are moftly confined to Afia and Africa, inhabiting the hotteft regions of the old world, or the temperate zones near the Tropics, only two {pecies being” found in Europe, the Chamois.and’Saiga. They chiefly inhabit hilly countries, though fome refide in the plains ; and fome fpecies form herds of two or three thoufands, while others keep in {mall troops of only five or fix together. They often clamber up rocks, and brouze like Goats, and fre- -quently feed on tender fhoots of trees. ‘They are very elegantly made, active, reftlefs, timid, fhy, and aftonifhingly fwift, running with vaft bounds, and fpringing or leaping with furprifing elafticity; fre- quently ftop for a moment to gaze at their purfuers, and then refume their flight. The Antelope forms an intermediate genus between the Deer and Goat, though arranged with the latter by Lin- naeus, in his former editions, and by feveral-other naturalifts; but Dr Gmelin, in imitation of Pen- nant, Erxleben, and Pallas, has formed them with great propriety into a diftinét genus. In the form of their bodies they agree with Deer, and in the circumftances of their horns they refemble the Goats; they have a!l gall-bladders; diftinct lachrymal gutters, or pits, under the eyes; a plait of the {kin di- vided into feveral cells in the groins; brufhes of hair on the knees ; and beautiful black eyes. In ge- neral their flefh is excellent, though fome fpecies have a rank hircine, or mufky flavour. r. Blue Antelope.—-1. 4uiilope leucophaea. t. Of a bluifh colour; the horns are roundifh, annulated *, and bent backwards m an arch. Schreber, v. t. cclxxxviii. Pall. mifc. zool. 4. Spic. zool. i. 6, and xii. 12. Blauer Bock. Kolben, 141.—Blue Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 18. fig. p. 92.—Blue Goat. Kolben’s Cape, Eng. ed. ii, 114.—Bonc-chamois. Journal Hift. 58. and fig, Br. Muf. Lev. Muf. Inhabits the ‘country to the north of the Cape of Good Hope.—This {pecies i is larger than a Fal- low Deer; when alive the fur is of a fine blue colour, and velvet-like z appearance, but when dead it changes to a bluith grey with a mixture of white; the under parts of the body are white, and there is a white blotch under each eye, and on the fore part of each foot; the ears are fharp point- ed, and above nine inches long; the horns are arched, bending backwards, and marked with twenty prominent rings, but become fmooth, taper, and {harp at the ends; the hair on the fur is long; the i tail * The word annulated is employed in the definition, for fhortnefs, to fignify that the horns are fur- rounded by prominent rings.—T. 678 MAMMALIA. _ PECORA, — Antelope. 307 tail is about feven inches long, and is terminated by a tuft of longifh hairs. This fpecies, according to Mr Pennant, from the length of its hair-and form of the horns, forms the link between the Goat and Antelope kinds, being allied to both. 2. Lerwee.—2. Antilope Lerwia 2. Of a reddifh colour, with a remarkable tuft of hair on the nape of the neck: The horns are wrinkled, bent backwards, diftant in the middle, and approach each other at the bafe and points. Pallas, fpic. zool. xii. 12. Antilope Kob, with the horns annulated at the bafe, bent outwards in the middle, and much approaching at the tips. Erxl. mamm. 293. n. 23.—IJKob, or Little brown Cow. Sm. Buff. vi. 406.. D°. Fr. ed. xii. 210. t. xxxii. f, 1.—Fifh-tall, or Lerwee. Shaw, It. i. 313.—Gambian Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 41. ? Inhabits Africa, chiefly about. the rivers Gambia and Senegal.—Is about the fize of the Fallow Deer; and is particularly remarkable by the tuft of hair on the nape of the neck, and by having long brufhes of hair on the knees of the fore legs. The horns are about thirteen inches long, at the bafe they meafure five inches and a half in circumference, their lower parts are furrounded with eight or nine rings, the middle parts are very diftant, but the points, which are fmooth, come very near each other. 3. Chamois.— 3. Antilope Rupicapra. 3. Has fmooth, rounded, erect horns, which are hooked backwards at the ends. Schre. ber, v. t. cclxxix. Antilope rupicapra. Pall. mifc. zool. 7. Spic. zool. i. 4. and xii. 12, Erxleb. mamm. 268. n. 1.—Capra rupicapra.. Syft. nat. ed. xii..g5. n. 4.—Hircus rupicapra. Brifl. regn. an. 66. n. 4.— Avé wyeies. Oppian. cyneg. ii. 338.—Rupicapra.. Plin. hift. nat. vili.c. 53. xi. c. 97. Gein. quad.. 421. fp. 319. Aldr. bif 725..f. p: 727.. Jonft. quad..74. t. 27. 32: Charlet.exerc..9.. Wagn. helv. 183. Rai. quad. 78. Klein, quad. 17. Scheuchz. It. Alp. i. 155. Rzaczinf. Pol. 223.— Chamois, Cemas, or Yfard. Obf. de Belon, 54.—Yfard, Yfarus, or Sarris. Gatton, ap. Fouilloux Vener. 99.—Gems. Gefn. thierb. 140. Ridinger, jagdb. th. t. 12.—Cemas, or Kemas, of A®lian. and Herodicus.. Bochart, hierozoic. iii..c. 22.—Chamois.. Perr..an..i. 201. t..z9. Sm. Buff. vi, 363. pl clxxxviii. Penn. hift. of quad. n.17. Inhabits the Alps of Dauphiny, Savoy, Swifferland, and Italy ; the Pyrinean, Carpathian, Grecian. €retan, Caufcaffan, and.‘Taurus mountains.—Dwells in the moft inacceffible rocky parts of the mountains, but feldom fo high as the Ibex, and generally keeps in confiderable flocks ; feeds, moftly Before funrife and after funfet, on the twigs of fhrubs, herbs, and roots, being particularly fond of the Meum athamanta, and certain balls, found in:their ftomachs, called Aigagropilae, are fuppofed by Kramer, Hift. nat. Auftr. 320. to be occafioned by that kind of food; im winter they retreat into hollows of the.rocks to avoid, the avelenches, or fhooting of the fnow. This animal’ has very nice. fenfations of fmelling, fight, and:hearing, and is exceedingly fhy, timid, and fwift; each herd has a. leader, who keeps watch om an-eminence while the reft are feeding, and gives a fort of hifs, as a fig- nal, on feeing an enemy; they are hunted in winter for their fkins, which make excellent foft fha- moy leather, and for their flefh, which is reckoned very delicate ; the fport is both hazardous and: Oqi2- laborious; 680 681 682 308 MAMMALIA, PECORA. Antelope. laborious, on account of the rugged mountains and rocks which they frequent, and they are moftly fhot with riffed guns. The Chamois is about the fize of an ordinary Goat, but has longer limbs, and the fur, at the beginning of fummer, is fhorter; it is of a deep reddifh brown colour, with 2 blackish line along the back ; the fore-head, top of the head, cheeks, throat, and infides of the ears, are white; the upper lip isthalf divided; the knees have brufhes, or bunches of hair; the tail is fhort, and blackifh underneath; the belly is.yellowifh ; the hoofs are much divided: In both fexes the horns are black, flender, upright, and wrinkled, except at their extremities, which are hooked backwards; and behind each is a large orifice in the fkin. They procreate in OGober or November, and in March or April the female has two or three young ones at a birth. 4. Nanguer.—4. Antilope Dama. 4. The horns are hooked forwards at the ends; the upper parts of the body are tawny yellow, the under parts white, with a white fpot on the cheft. Sm. Buff.-vi. 300. pl. cxcvii. Schreber, v. t. cclxiv. Antilope Dama, of a white colour, the back tawny, and having a tawny band.at the region of the eyes. Pallas, mifc. zool. 5. Spic. zool. i. 8. and xii. 13. n. 4.—Dama. Plin. hift. nat. viii. - €. §3. Xi c..27- Gefn. quad. 334. Aldr. bif. 729. Jonft. quad. 75. t. 27. Raj. quad. 83.—Swift Antelope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 28.; and, in his opinion, the Kayes, .or Cemas, of Allian, lib. XiV. C14. Inhabits Senegal.—This animal is three feet ten inches in length, from the nofe to the origin of the tail, and two feet eight inches high at the fhoulder; the greater part of the body is white, but the back, upper parts of the fides, and the head, are tawny, or yellowifh; there are, however, varie- ties in this fpecies as to colour. Both fexes are furnifhed with horns, which are round, about eight inches long, confiderably bent or hooked forwards, and {harp pointed; there are only fix fore-teeth in-the lower jaw. The Nanguer is very fwift, and is eafily tamed; A¥lian compares the flight of the Kuyezs, which Mr Pennant fuppofes to, be the animal here defcribed, to the rapidity of a whirlwind. 5, Nagor.—5. Antilope redunca. 5. Of a.reddifh colour, with ftiff upright hair: The horns are bent forwards at the ends. Schreber, v. t. cclxv. Antilope redunca. Pallas, mifc. zool. 5. Spic. zool. i. 8. xii. ‘13. 0. 5. .—Nagor. Sm. Buff. vii. 38. pl. cciii—Red Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 29. Inhabits Senegal, and at the Cape of Good Hope.—The length of this -fpecies is about four feet, its height two feet three inches; the horns are about five inches and a half long, with two flight fmooth rings at the bafe, and are bent gently forwards; the ears are almoft as long as the horns: The general colour is a pale reddifh, ‘paleft on the.cheft. According to.Dr Gmelin, this fpecies is the Kaas, of A‘lian. 6. Biggel.—6. Antilope Tragocamelus. 6. The horns are bent forwards; the neck has a fhort mane; on the fhoulders is a large tufted hump; the tail is long, and is terminated with flowing hairs. Schreber, v. t--cclxii. ‘Antilope 1683 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antelope. 309 Antilope Tragocamelus. Pallas, mifc. zool. 5. ‘Spic. zool. 1. 9. xii. 13..n. 6. Erxlcb. mamm. 279.—Biggel. Mandefloe, voy. in Harris’s coll. of voy. i. 775.—Quadruped from Bengal. Parfons, in Phil. Tranf. No. 476. p. 465. t. 3. f.. 9. D?. abrid. xi. 898. t. 6.—Indoftan Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 26. . Inhabits India.—This animal refembies the Camel in the reverfed arch of its neck, and in its man- ner of kneeling down ; it is near five feet high, when meafured to the top of the hump. ‘The hair is fof, fhort, fmooth, and light afh coloured, in fome parts dufky, beneath the breaft and under the tail it is white, and on the fore-head is a-black fpot of a rhomboid figure; the tail is about twenty- two inches long, and is terminated with longifh hairs ; on the lower part of the cheft the fkin hangs loefe like the dewlap of a cow, and is covered with longifh hair; the hinder parts of the body re- femble thofe.cf an Afs.; the limbs are flender ; the horns are about feven inches long. 9, Nylgau.—y. Antilope picta. 7. The horns are bent forwards; the neck and part of the back has a fhort mane; the fore part of the throat has a long tuft of black hairs. the tail is long, and tufted at the end. Hunter, in Phil. Tranf. Ixi. 170. t. v. ‘Antilope pitta, or painted Antelope. Schreber, v. t. cclxiii, A. B. Pallas, fpic. zool. xii. 14. n. 7.— Antilope albipes. Erxleb. mam. 280.—White-footed Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 27. opi. vii. Anhabits India.—This fpecies is four feet and ah inch high at the fhoulder. The miale is-of a dark grey colour, with fhort horns ; thefe are triangular and diftant at their bafes, and blunt at the ends, which bend a little forwards; there is a large white {pot on the neck, juft above the tuft of hair, an- other between the fore legs, one.on each fide behind the fhoulder joint, one on each fore foot, and two on each hind foot, above the heof: The female has no horns ; is of a pale brown colour; with two white, and three black bars'on the fore part of each foot immediately above the hoofs: In both, the neck and part of the back have a fhort black mane, and the long tail is tufted at the end with black hairs; the ears of both are-large, and fimilarly marked with two tranfverfe black ftripes ; and both have a long tuft of black hairs on the fore part of the neck or throat, about the middle. ‘This animal is ufually very gentle and eafily tamed, but fometimes the male is very vicious; they have bred in England ; the female is fuppofed to go nine months with young, and brings two at a birth. The name Nyl-ghau, ufed in India, fignifies Blue, or Grey Bulls. 8. Saiga.—8. ntrlope Saiga. 8. The horns are pale and almoft tranfparent, diftant at the bafes, and bent in form of a lyre *, having each three curvatures ; the nofe is very cartilaginous, much arched, thick, and feems truncated at the end. Pallas, mifc. zool. 6. Spic. zool. xii. 14. n. 8. and 21r * In defcribmg the hortis of the fpecies of this genus, from the peculiarities of which fome of the moft ftriking fpecific characters are derived, Dr Gmelin, in feveral, employs the term /yratus, or bent in form of an ancient lyre, that is receding in the middle, BPE ogee towards the fummits, and again receding from each other.—T, 685 410 MAMMALIA, , PECORA. Antelope. 21. t. 1. and 3. f. 6.9. ro. 11. S. G. Gmelin, It. ii, 174. t. 12.3 and Nov. com. Petrop. xvi. P. i. ¢12. Forfter, in Phil. Tranf. lvii. 344. Antilope fcythica, or Scythian Antelope. Pall. fp. zool. i. g. Faunul. finenf. Erxleb. mamm. 289.—Scythian Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 37.—Capra tartarica, or Tartarian Goat. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 97. n. 11-—Ibex imberbis, or Beardlefs Ibex. J. G. Gmel. Nov. com. Petrop. v. 345. vii. famm. 309. t. 19.—Saiga. J. G. Gimel. It. Sib. i. 212. Sm. Buff. vi. 393. D°. Fr. ed. xii. 198. t. 22. £. 2. Bell’s trav. i, 43.—Colus. Strabo, geogr. vii. Gefn. quad. 893. Jonft. quad: t. 27.— Suhac. Aldrov. bifulc. 763. Claarlet. exerc. ii. Rzaczinfci, Pol. 224. auct. 320. Tnhabits Poland, Moldavia, the Carpathian mountains, Caucaflus, about the Cafpian and Euxine- feas, near lake Aral, in the Altaic chain, and generally from the Danube to the Irtith, never going far- ther north than about the fifty-fifth degree of latitude—They dwell moftly in open deferts, which abound with falt {prings, and feed much on faline, acrid, and aromatic vegetables. In autumn they collect into vaft flocks, and migrate recularly into.the fouthern deferts ; in fpring they return north- wards, and divide into fmall parcels: They are exceedingly fhy and timid; amazingly fwift, but foon fatigued; their voice refembles the bleating of fheep; they have a very quick fenfe of fmelling, which: obliges the hunters always to approach them againft the wind; and, when feeding or refting, the flock is always guarded by centinels ; in fummer their fight is very weak. When taken young they- are very eafily tamed, and become very docile ;, but the old ones are fo obftinate, when taken, as to- retufe nourifhment. They. frequently walk backwards when feeding, and pluck the grafs on each fide ; and in walking they carry their heads very high. The Saiga is about the fize of a Fallow Deer, being a little more than four feet long ; it has fix fore-teeth in each jaw, in which it differs not only from the other fpecies of the genus, but from the whele order : The fur in fummer is very fhort, of a grey colour, mixed with yellow, and darker on the legs below the knees; the fpace about the cheeks is whitifh; the fore-head and crown.of the head are hoary, and covered with long hairs; the under fide of the neck and. body are:white ; the knees are furnifhed with brufhes or tufts of hair; the tail is four inches leng, naked below, covered above with upright hairs, and tufted at the end: In winter the fur becomes long, rough, and hoary. ‘The head is large, and in the living animal the nofe is- much arched, thick, and-fwelling, with very open: noftrils, but after death it grows flaccid, having no. os nafi, or: feptum;the horns are about eleven inches long, of a pale yellow colour, almoft tranfparent,, the createft part of their length: is furrounded with rings, and-the extremities are fmooth.. The female- has no horns, her fur is fofter than that of the male; the rutting feafom is in November, at whick> time the males, ctherwife very timid, will fight boldly in defence of their mates; and before the- middle of May the females produce moftly. one at.a birth, the young animal being covered with a very, foft, waved, and curled fleece, like that of a Lamb. ‘They are hunted with guns, dogs, or even with. eagles, for the fake of their horns and fkins ; they grow very fat in fummer, but the fleth is fcarcely- eatable till it grows cold after being drefled, owing to a rank or balfamic tafte it acquires from the na- ture of their food. Sometimes this animal is found with three horns, and, at other times, though very: rarely, with only one; indeed the horns of this: fpecies are fubjeét to very great variety in figure, . notwithftanding the defeription given in the character; but they may always be diftinguifhed by their raoft other Antelopes having black opake horns. pale colour and femitranfparency, 9. Tzciran.—9,. Antilope gutturofa. 9. Ofa reddifh colour, Having the horns bent in forny of a lyre, and no brufhes on the knees. Pall’ fpic. zool. xii. 14. n. 9. and p: 46. t. 2. 3. £ 14.-=1°7: Antilope. MAMMALIA, PECORA. Antelope. 311 Antilope. Bell, tray. i. 311. 319.—Capra flava, Hoang Yang, Whang Yang, or Yellow Goat, Du Halde, Chia. ii. 253.278. 290.—Ablavos. Le Brun, i. 115.—Capra gutturofa. Mefferfchmidt, muf. Petrop. i. 336. n. 12.—Caprea campeftris gutturofa. J. G. Gmel. nov. com. Petrop. v. 347. t. 9.—Tzeiran. Sm. Buff. vi. 405.—Chinefe Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 36. Inhabits the deferts of Mongalia, the whole fouthern deferts from China to Thibet, along the ri- ver Amur, in Tangut, the northern borders of India, and among the Burats fouth of lake Baikal.— This animal is about the fame fize and form with the Common Antelope, being about four feet four inches long, and two fect and a half high at the fhoulders; the horns are about nine inches long, furrounded with about twenty rings, or annular wrinkles, almoft to the ends; they recline backwards, diverge at the upper parts, and approach at the extremity; are of a yellow colour and opake, in which latter circumftance they differ from the horns of the Saiga, which are almoft tranfparent ; the lachrymal furrows under the eyes are very {mall ; on the fore part of the neck is a large move- able protuberance, occafioned by a fingular conformation of the wind-pipe; the cells in the groins are very large ; in fummer the fur is fhort, clofe, and tawny, or of a rufty grey colour, on the upper parts of the body, and whitifh on the lower parts ; but in winter it grows long, rough, and hoary, fo as to feem almoft white at a diftance: The head is thick, with a blunt nofe, convex on its upper part; the ears ure fmall and pointed ; the tail is fhort. This fpecies keeps in confiderable flocks, moftly in mountainous and rocky places, or in dry and funny paftures, feeding only on fweet and tender herbs; they are extremely {wift, and take prodigious leaps, and, though very fhy and timid, will not take the water even when driven to extremity, and are equally fearful of woods ; when ta- ken young they are eafily tamed ; they run in a regular file, which is led by an old animal; they feed in {mall parcels, during {pring and fummer, but collect into great flocks before winter. The male has a remarkable bag or follicle, at the orifice of the prepuce, which is fometimes filled with a waxy -or glutinous matter, but is generally empty ; the female has no horns, but is of the fame colour with the male; they procreate in winter, confiderably later than the Saiga, and the female brings forth a- bout the beginning of June. They are much hunted by the Tartars, who are fond of their flefh, and the horns-are a confiderable article of commerce with the Chinefe. 10. Perfian Antelope.—10, Antilope fubgutturofa. 23. The horns are bent in form of a lyre; the upper parts of the body are of a brownifh afh colour, the under parts pure white, with a yellowifh white {tripe along each fide. Schreber, v. t. cclxx. B. Galdenftedt, in act. Petrop. an. 1778, i. 251. t. 9.--12. Inhabits Perfia between the Cafpian and Euxine.—This fpecies refembles the Roe in fize and ap» pearance ; it lives in large flocks, feeding chiefly on the Artemifia pontica; the horns are ‘above thir- teen inches long, and fmooth at the points; the throat has a degree of protuberance at the fore part, owing to the fize of the head of the wind-pipe; and the knees are provided with bruthes. The fe- male brings forth in May. The fleth of this fpecies is reckoned extremely good. 11. White-faced Antelope.—1 1, Antilope pygarga. 10, The horns are bent in form of a lyre: The general colour is a hoary red, with a blood red or bright bay neck, a deep red band along the fides, white buttocks, and a white face. Pall. fp. zool. i. 10. xii. 15. n. 10. Schreber,v. t. celxxiii, Sparrman, at. Stock. 1780, 3. 4) ‘ Antilope 688 312 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antelope. Antilope Dorcas. Pall. mifc. zool. 6.—Cervicapra. Houttyn, Linn. ed. belg. iii. t. 24. f. 1.— Klipfpringer, or Springbock. Sparrman, voy. ii. 224. pl. 5.—White-faced Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 37. Inhabits the countries to the north of the Cape of Good Hope.—This {pecies is about five feet four inches long, and three feet high at the fhoulders: It runs with great velocity, and makes aftonifhing bounds, even on the moft precipitous and rocky places, fo that it is caught with great difficulty, though its flefh is much efteemed:. The horns are about fixteen inches long, they bend outwards in the middle, and approach at the points; on the males the lower third of each horn has fix or fe- ven rings, and the reft is fmooth, while on the females the horns have no rings; the ears are about feven inches Jong: The face is white; the cheeks and neck are bright bay ; the back is brown afh colour mixed with red; the fides, flanks, and fhoulders are deep brown; the belly, rump, and mid- dle of the back behind, are white; a dark brown lift begins at the back of the neck, on the ridge of the back, which foon divides and reaches down the outer fides of the hind thighs; and a fimilar band, from the fhoulder joint, divides the fides from the belly, and extends down the outfide of each fore leg ; the tail is about feven inches long, and is terminated with fome longifh black hairs; the legs are flender, and the hoofs are fhort. Dr Gmelin quotes the Koba of Buffon and Mountain Antelope of Ruflel as fynonimes of this fpe- cies, but, at the fame time, denotes his uncertainty by a point of interrogation, and fays, from this circumftance, that it is perhaps found in hither Afia; but, on the authority of Mr Pennant, I have referred the Koba to another fpecies to be defcribed hereafter, and it is hardly to be fuppofed that the fame fpecies fhould be found near Aleppo, and in the fouthern extremity of Africa, without ex- ifting in the intermediate places 5 befides the Count de Buffon refers Ruffel’s animal to the Pafan, oz Egyptian Antelope —T.. 12. Springer Antelope.— Antilope faltans.. The horns are flender, twice contorted, and annulated half way: The general colour is a pale brown, the cheft, belly, infides of the limbs, buttocks, and half Way up the back, are white; with a broad chefnut coloured band along the fides. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 35. Maffon, in Phil. Tranf. xvi. 310. This animal, if different from the White-faced fpecies, inhabits at the Cape of Good Hope.—It is. lefs than a Roe, and weighs about fifty pounds ; it migrates annually from the interior parts of the country in fmall herds, continues for two or three months near the Cape, and then goes off towards the north, in herds of many thoufands; fometimes, generally after an interval of feven or eight years, this fpecies comes from the north in flocks of many hundred thoufands, probably compelled by ex~ ceffive drought, and, fpreading over Caffraria, defolates the whole country, hardly leaving a blade of grafs; they are attended in their migrations by Lions, Hyaenas, and other beafts of prey. The face, cheeks, chin, nofe,,and fore part of the neck are white ; with a dufky line, which pafles from the bafe of each horn down the fide of the face, involving the orbits, to the corner of the mouth; the moft remarkable part of its defcription is, that, when alarmed, it has the power of expanding the white ftripe above the tail into a circular form, which returns again to its linear form when the ani- mal is at reft. After all, it feems uncertain if there be any difference between this animal and the White-faced Antelope immediately preceding ; for, in the form of their horns and difpofition of the dark coloured bands, they exactly agree.—T, RR 89 MAMMALIA... PECORA. Antelope. an Ges 13. Barbary Antelope.—12. 4utilope Dorcas. 11. The horns are bent in form of a lyre: The upper parts of the body are reddifh brown, the under parts and buttocks white, and both are divided by a dufky line along the fides. Pall. mifc. zool. 6. n. 7. Spic. zool. i. 11. n. 8. xii. 15. m- 11. Schreber, v. t. cclxix. Sparrm. act. Stock. 1778, ii. n. 4. Capra Dorcas. Syft. nat. ed. xii. i. 96. n. 10.—Hircus africanus, f. Gazella africana; African Goat, or Antelope. Briff. regn. an. 69. n. 10.—Gazella africana, or African Antelope. Raj. quad. 80.—Acgxas. fUlian, hift. an. xiv. c. 4.—Dorcas, of the ancients, and Tzebi, of the Bible. Shaw, It. 152. 357.—Gazelle, or Barbary Antilope. Sm. Buff. vi. 397. pl. cxciv. Penn. hift. of quad. - n, 32. fig. in the title page. Inhabits Barbary, Egypt, Arabia, and Syria.—This animal is about half the fize of a Failow Deer; the horns are about twelve inches long, and furrounded with about thirteen prominent rings, a fmall part of the ends only being fmooth ; they incline firft backwards, then bend a little outwards in the middle, and the ends, which approach, revert fomewhat forwards; the knees are each furnifhed with along brufh, or tuft of hair; the tail‘is fhort, covered with longifh black hairs, and is white under- neath. This fpecies is fuppofed by Dr Gmelin to be the Difchon of Mofes; perhaps the animal men- tioned in the books of Solomon, and, in our tranflation, named the Roes of the mountains: It goes in large flocks, is eafily tamed, though naturally very timid, and is reckoned excellent eating. 14; Kevel.—13. Antilope Kevella, 12. Has large horns, which are flattened, and bent in form of a lyre: The fur is yellowifh, with pale ftreaks ; and a.dark coloured band runs along each fide. Pall. mifc. zool. 7. ‘B. g. Spic. zool. i. 12... 9. xii..1g. n. 12.. Schreber, v. t. cclxx. Ahu. Kaempf. amoen. 408.—Kevel. Sm. Buff. vi. goo. pl. cxev.—Flat-horned Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 33. Inhabits Barbary, Senegal, and Perfia.—Is about the fize of a {mall Roe: It lives in large flocks, and, like moft fpecies of the genus, is reckoned very delicate eating, though it has a mufky odour when alive. In both fexes the horns are furrounded with prominent rings, ufually from fourteen to eighteen, except the ends, which are fmooth; they are bent in the fame manner with thofe of the former fpecies, and in general the two animals refemble each other very much, except that the horns- of this fpecies are flatted, and have a greater number of rings. 1g. Corine.—14. Antilope Corinna. 24; Has very flender, fhort, fmooth, ftraightifh horns, bent flightly into the form of a lyre: The upper parts of the body are yellowifh tawny, the under parts white, with a dufky {tripe along the fides, and two lines on each fide of the face, the. upper one white and the other black. Pall. mifc. zool. 7. n. 10. Spic. zool. i. 12. and xii. 16. n. 12.. 8. Schreber, v. t. cclxxi. Corine. Sm. Buff. vi. 401. pl. cxcvi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 38. Lev. Muf, Vo. I. Rr Inhabits 692 314 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antelope. Inhabits Senegal.—This animal is lefs than a Roe; the neck, body, and flanks are of a tawny yel- low colour, the infides of the thighs and belly are white, and a dark line, along the fides, divides the two colours; the knees are tufted with hair; the ears are large; the horns are about fix inches long, almoft upright, bending a little outwards in the middle, and fomewhat approaching at the tips, the lower parts being furrounded with circular wrinkles. This fpecies refembles the Kevel, in colour, fize, fwiftnefs, and mufky odour ; but differs very much from it in the figure of the horns; though Dr Gmelin, following the celebrated Pallas, is difpofed to fufpect that it is the female of that fpecies, 16. Bubalis—15. Antilope Bubahs. 13. The horns are thick, twifted {pirally, annulated, bent in form of a lyre, almoft ftraight and upright at their ends; the head and tail are fomewhat nai cou Pall. fp. zool. i. 12.N. 10. Xil. 16. n. 13.-Erxleb. mam. 291. Bovfxdcs. Oppian, cyneg. ii. 300. Arift. an. iii, c. 2.—Bubalus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 15. Gein. quad. 330. Aldrov. bifulc. 303. 365. 735. Jonft. quad. 52.—Yachmur, of the Bible. Shavr, It. ist. 358.—Bucephalus. Caj. op Gefn. quad. 121. -Raj. quad. 81.—Capra Dorcas. Houttuyn, ed. Lin. belg. 213. t. 24. f. 3.—Antilope bufelaphus. Pall. mifc. zoel—Bubale. Buff. Fr. ed. xii. 294. t- 37. 38. f. 1. 3.—Bubalus. Sm. Buff. vii. 1.—Vache de Barbarie. Act. Parif. i. 205. Va~ lent. amphith..zoot. 88. t. 14.—Cervine Antilope. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 39. Lev. Maf. Inhabits Africa, efpecially Barbary, but is likewife found near the Cape of Good Hope and in Arabia.— Is about four feet high, and of a middle appearance between the general form cf the Deer and Ox tribes, with the head refembling that of an Ox : The horns are about twenty inches long, very ftrong and black, almoft clofe at their bafes, and diftant at the points; the general colour is a reddifh brown, the belly, inner fide of the thighs, and a {pace about the rump are white; -with a dark coloured bed on the ridge of the back, the upper part of the fore legs, and hinder parts of the thighs; the tail is about a foot long, is terminated by a tuft of longifh hairs, and refembles that of an Afs. It feeds folitarily, sallops heavily, yet with great fwiftmefs, lights on_its knees, and the flefh is reckoned rather dry. This fpecies, according to Mr Pennant, is the animal called Hart-beeft at the Cape, and Sparrmann is quoted by Dr Gmelin as defcribing it under the fame name in the Stockholm Tranfactions, though the figure of the Hart-beeft, in his journey to the Cape, differs very confiderably in the form of the horns, which bend much backwards at their ends, from which it is more probably the next fpecies. 17. Koba.— This refers to the Wild Goat, No. 706.—T. LD 324 MAMMALIA, PECORA. "Goat. cellent leaper; the She-goat goes five months with young, and brings generally one, fometimes two, and very rarely three or four, at a birth; the male has'a ftrong rank odour; they are very deftruc- tive to the bark of trees; their hide is very tough, and makes excellent leather for feveral purpofes ; their hair, though vaftly coarfer than the wool of fheep, is ufeful; and their milk, and the cheefe -made from it, are much efteemed. ao. Ibex.—8. Capra Ibex. 2. _ Has large horns, knobbed on their upper furfaces, and reclined backwards; the throat is bearded. Briff. reg. an. 64. n. 3. Erxleb. mam. 261. n. 2. Capra alpina, with.very long, almoft triangular, horns, which are knobbed on their upper fur- faces, and much bent backwards. Girtanncs) in the Lichtenberg magazine, iy. 2. p. 30.—Ibex alpium fibiricarum. Pall. fp. zool. xi.°31. t. 3. and 5. f. 4.—Ibex. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 53. Gein. quad. 331. 1099. Aldrov. bif. 730. f. p. 732. Jonft. quad. 75. t. 25. 28. Charlet. exerc. 10. Wagn. helvet. 176. Raj. quad. 77. Klein, quad. 16.—Hircus ferus. Belon, obf. 20.—Bouc fau- vage. Gafton de foix. 99.—Capricorne. Munfter, cofmogr. 381.—Bouquetin, Bouc eftain, Bouc- ftein, Rock goat, or Wild goat. Sm. Buff. vi. 363. pl. clxxxvii. Zimmerman. 114.—Stein bock. _Gefn. thierb. 148. Knorr, delic. ii. t. K. 5. f. 2. Kram. auftr. 321. Ridinger, klein. thier. 1 n. 71.— Tbhex. Penn. hilt. of quad. n.13. Br. muf. Aihm.-muf. Lev. muf. “Inhabits the Kamtfchatkan, Siberian, Arabian, Cretan, Italian, Apennine, German, Swifs, and Ti- rol Alps, chiefly in the moft precipitous and inacceffible places,—This animal is exceedingly attive, _ very fwift, and leaps with aftonifhing agility and dexterity in the moft dangerous rocky places of the mountains; it is larger than the Wild Goat, having a fhort, thick, and ftrong body, with ftrong yet handfome legs, and very fhort hoofs: the head is fhort, with a thick comprefled muzzle ; the’ horns of the male are very large, of a blackith grey or afh colour, fometimes three feet long, and weighing from eight to ten pounds; they are rounded on the under-furface, much knobbed on the upper-fur- face, furnithed with projecting longitudinal ridges, and confiderably more arched than thofe of the “Wild Goat ;-the horns of the female have fewer knobs, are fmaller than thofe of the male; and re- femble the horns of the Common She-goat ; the male is furnifhed with a dufky beard; the general colour of the hair, which is long, is a deep brown, mixed with fome hoary, with a blackifh'iift along the back; the belly is of a tawny white colour; the knees are white, with a large black {pot above, and another below each ; the tail is fhert, black en its upper furface and at the point, and naked underneath: In young animals the fur is-of a dirty grey colour; and the females are a good deal fmaller-than the males. The Ibex-lives much among the fnows and glaciers of the higheft moun- tains, is exceedingly wild and difficultly thot, the chace being very. hazardous on account-of the nature of their retreats, and being very ftrong, they ‘frequently tumble the huntfman over the precipices. In the fevereft weather of winter they fometimes defcend a little way in queft of food. ‘During the rutting feafon the males bray very loud; the females retire to the fide of fome {mall {tream to bring forth, and have one, or at moft two, at a birth. The Ibex is named 'Tau-tokke, or Mountain Goat, by the Tartars; the flefh is much efteemed, and the-fkin is very thin. Dr Gmelin is uncertain whe- ther the Ibex found in Siberia be the fame, or a diftinét-fpecies. 1. Caucafan Goat.—g. Capra caucafica. 3 The horns are-flightly triangular, and knobbed on their anterior furface, and are arch- ed MAMMALIA. ‘PECORA. Sheep. 325 ed backwards, confiderably divaricating, with their extremities turned inwards, Guldenftedt, aét. Petrop. 1779, ii. 273. t. Xvi. Xvil. Inhabits the bare, fchiftic, rocky, fummits of mount Caucafus, near the origin of the Terek and Cuban rivers, and in the diftricts named Cacketia and Offetino.—The horns of the male are of a dir- ty blackifh colour, and much longer than thofe of the Common Goat ; thofe of the females are of a brownifh.afh.colour, and-much fmaller: The upper parts of the body are of a bright brownifh grey colour, -with a narrow dark brown lift along the back, the.under parts are whitifh, and the limbs are black ; the hair is. harfh, fomewhat ftiff, afh coloured at the roots, and is intermixed with an ath co- Joured wool. This animal is about the fize of the Common Goat, with which, however, it will not breed, and is ‘rather fhorter and broader in its general form. AAKIX, SHE E'P.—38. OV TS. 31. ‘Has hollow, wrinkled, perfiftent horns, which are turned back- wards and outwards into a circular -or {piral form generally vat the fides of the head. The lower jaw has eight cutting teeth; the upper jaw none; and no tufks in either. “This is perhaps the moft ufeful of all quadrupeds to mankind, in a civilized ftate, as it fupplies ex- cellent food and warm clothing, and its wool, in fome countries, is an aftonifhing fource of induftry end wealth. Sheep are.naturally harmlefs and timid, and are greatly lefs active, either in running or leaping, than Goats ; they prefer dry open plains, and grafly or heathy hills, but avoid rocky pla- .ces, and do not agree with forefts or wet ‘foils; they fight by butting againft each other with their horns, and threaten by ftamping on the ground with their feet ; they drink little, are fubje&t to a difeafe named the vot, to worms in the liver, and to vertigo: The female goes about five months with young, and brings commenly-one, often two when in good pafture, and fometimes, though rare- dy, three young ones at a birth. The male is named Ram or Tup, when caftrated Wedder, the fe- «male Ewe, the young ones Lamb ; and many other names are employed by the fhepherds for diftin- -guifhing particular ages, as Hogs, Dinmonds, Gimmers, &c. which vary in different diftricts, 4, Common Sheep.—1. Ovis Aries. t. ‘Has the horns twifted outwards into a compreffed f{piral or fcrew. Faun. Suec. 45. Amoen, -ac. lv. 169. Aries laniger. Briff. regn. an. 74. n. 1.—Ovis domeftica. Sloan, jam. ii. 328. Raj. quad. 73.— ‘Common Sheep. Penn. hift. of quad. n.11..A.—Meofurov. Arift. hift. an. v.c. 11. vi. c. 19. viii. c. 13. 1x. c. 4. Aelian. an. vii. c. 27.—Pecus, Aries, Ovis, Vervex, Agnus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 47. 48. Gefn. quad. 872. 912. 925. 927. Aldrov. bifulc. 370. Jonft. quad. 54. t. 22. Charlet. exerc. 8. Sibbald, Scor. an. 8. Rzaczinfk. polon. 242. Swenkf. ther. 56. 6o.—Schaaf, Wedder, ‘Hammel, Lamb. Gefn. thierb. 320. 321. 327. 329. Zimmerman. 112. ‘Sheep are cultivated all over the world, for the fake of their flefh, milk, and cheefe, as food, and for their wool, of which a warm clothing is manufactured ; it is perhaps the moft ftupid, weakeft, ; and - we, ETRE 326 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Sheep; and moft helplefs of all quadrupeds; it delights moft in dry places which are expofed to the fun, and is fond of falt, or of plants which grow in falt marfhes; its voice is named bleating : It chiefly feeds on the grafs named Feftuca ovina, and the Burfa paftoris, or Shepherd’s purfe, and drinks little ; it is injured by eating the Pruna fpinofa, Equifetum, Ranunculus, Flammula, Anthericum offifragum, Kalmia, Myofotis paluftris, and Anemone nemorofa ; it is infefted by the Hippobofca ovina, Pedicu- lus ovis, Oeftrum ovis, Acarus ricinus, and Fafciola hepatica ; it is likewife fubjeét to a vertigo, oc-- cafioned by hydatids in the brain, to diforders of the liver, confumption, jaundice, dropfy, feab, and a kind of fmall-pox. Sheep attain their full fize in two years, and feldom reach fourteen years of ages they change their teeth with age; are very fearful, and, when threatened, ftamp on the ground with their hoofs, voiding their urine at the fame time, and defend themfelves by butting with their horns: One Ram is fufficient for forty or fifty Ewes ; the females go twenty three weeks with young, and bring one or two Lambs, feldom three, at a birth. Of this fpecies, the following varieties are diftin€tly marked in authors, befides many, almoft end- lefs, cultivated varieties, which differ from each other by fuch infenfible gradations as to: baffle all ate. tempts at fcientific defcription. a. Hornlefs Sheep.—tr. «. O, Aries anglica, Has no horns; the tail and ferotum hang down as low as the fecond joint of obs hind. legs, and the wool is fine. Ovis Anglicana. Amoen.. ac. iv. 174. eval Sheep.. Penn. hift. of quad. n..11.C. Sm:. Buff. ii. 472. note. This kind is common in moft parts of Britain; thofe of Lincolnfhire are the largeft, and very fmall breeds are found in Wales and in Shetland ; the White-faced and Fine-wooled Sheep of this- ifland have generally either no horns or very {mall ones. The length of tail mentioned in the cha— raéter is by no means univerfal, as a great many of our hornlefs breeds have very dhort tails. B. Dwarf Sheep. —O. ries nana. Has no horns, is of a very fmall fize, and has a turned up nofe.. Dunky, or Dwarf Sheep. Bewick, hift. of quad. 60. and fig. This variety is found in Lincolnfhire; but the individual engrayen by. Mr Bewick came from fome foreign place, we are not told whence ; the wool forms a kind of ruff round_its face, the under jaw is much protruded, leaving the fore-teeth expofed, the nofe is much crooked upwards, the fore-head is very high and projecting, and the ears are fmall and ere¢t 3, perhaps it may only be an accidental variety. Se y- Ruftie Sheep.—1. 8. O. Aries rufiica. Is horned; the tail is fhort, and the wool is fhort and rather coarfe. Ovis ruftica. Amoen. ac. iv. 174. Pall. fp. zool.. xi. 61.—Ovis brachyura.. Pall. fp. zool. xi- 59-—Black-faced Sheep. Bewick, quad. 52. and fig. This is the moft common breed of Sheep all over Europe, efpecially in the northern parts; the wool is fhorter, coarfer, and lefs curled than on the Hornlefs breed; the horns are generally large, wrinkled, 720 921 722 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Sheep. 327 wrinkled, turned backwards into a compreffed, fpiral, fcrew-like twift, which comes down to the fides of the head, taking feveral turns, and becoming large on old Rams; they are angular, having longi- tudinal ridges, and the ends are fmoothed, and turned outwards ; fometimes they are wanting, and the females have always much fmaller and lefs twifted horns than the males; the eyes are ufually bluifh, and have a confiderable wildnefs, with an oblong pupil, and_having a deep gutter before the inner canthus or corner, into which a glutinous matter is fecreted; the tail is moftly round, and fhorter than in the former variety ; the colour of the fleece is moftly white, fometimes black, dark brown, or fpotted, and the face is almoft always covered with fhort hair of a black, dark brown, or grey colour. The mutton of this kind is much efteemed, but the wool is comparatively of little va- lue, ferving only for coarfe manufactures ; they are very agile, and exceedingly fhy. ‘This breed is found in greateft perfection on the hills of Tweeddale in Scotland. d. Spanith Sheep.—1. y. O. Aries hi/panica. The horns are twifted into a {piral which is lengthened outwards; the wool is very fine and plentiful. Ovis hifpanica. Amoen. ac. iv. 172. This is the common fheep of Spain, fo famous for the finenefs of the wool, that even the Britith ‘woollen manufactures require a very-confiderable annual fupply, to mix with home wool, for the ‘fineft broad cloths, and other fine fabrics. e. Many-horned Sheep.—t. 3. O. Aries polycerata. Has more than two horns. Amoen. ac. iv. 174. Ovis gotlandica. Pall. fp. zool. xi. t. 4. f. 1. c. f. 2. b. t. 3. f. 5.—-Ovis fexcornis, et Ovis tricor- nis. Aldrov. bifulc. 397.—Iceland Sheep, Sm. Buff. iii. 484. vi. t. clxx. clxxi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11. D. pl. 3. f. 3.—Many horned Sheep. D°. n. 11. E. t. 3. f. 2. Zimmerman. 127. 128. Grew, rar.t. 2. Lev. muf. Weir’s muf. The many-horned fheep are common in Iceland, and other parts of the north, in Siberia, and among the Tartars near the river Jenifei, and other parts of ‘Tartary.—Thefe can hardly be faid to form a diftinét variety, for in the fame flocks, in which individual rams with three, four, five, or even fix horns are found, others have only the ufual pair ; in general one, when there are three, or two horns, when there are four or more, ftand ereét, and the outer horns have the common femi- _ lunar or fpiral turn: On one of the varieties of this kind, engraved in Mr Pennant’s Hiftory of Qua- drupeds, the lower part and fides of the neck were covered with long ftraight yellowith hairs, four- ‘teen inches in length: This animal was brought from Spain, was very mifchievous, and fond of but- ting ; but its country is uncertain. ¢. African Sheep.—1. ¢. O. Aries africana. Is clothed with fhort hair inftead of wool. Ovis africana. Amoen. ac. iv. 173: Raj. quad. 75. Sloan, jam. ii. 328.—Aries pilofus, Brifh regn. an. 76. n. 4.—Ovis aethiopica. Charlet. exere. 9: Tnhabits Africa. 724, AAS 328 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Sheep: n Wattled Sheep.—1. C. O. Aries guineenfis. | Has hairy wattles on the throat, pendant ears, and a prominence on the back part of the head. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 98. n. 2. Ovis guineenfis. Briff. regn. an. 77. n. 5.—Aries guineenfis, f. angolenfis. Marcgr. Braf. 234. Jonft. quad. t. 46. Klein, quad. 14. Raj. quad. 75. Sloan. jam. 328.—Adim-mayan. Marmol, afr. i. 59. Leo Afr. 341.—Moutons de guinee. Adanf. Seneg. 37. Des March. It. i. 129.—Afri- can, Indian, Senegal, Guinea, or Angola Sheep. Sm. Buff. vi. 212. pl. clxxiii. clxxiv. clxxv.— Sahara Sheep. Shaw, It. 241.—Carnero, or Bell-wedder. Della Valle, trav. 91.—African Sheep. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11. F. Zimmerman. 13. ‘This breed is found in many of the warm parts of the earth, as in Guinea, the great African defert of Sahara, or Zara, and other parts of Africa, in India, and has been tranfported into South America.—lIt is very tall, long iegged, and meagre, with fhort horns turned backwards and down- wards clofe to the fide.of the head, pendant ears, long {mall tails, wattles on the neck, long arched muzzles, and is covered with hair inftead. of wool; is fometimes found as tall as a middle fized Afs.. The fleth is reckoned very bad. 9. Broad-tailed: Sheep.—1. ». O. Aries laticaudata..- Has long, and very broad tails. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11. G. Arift. hift. an. viii. c. 28.. Tunis Sheep. Sm. Buff. vi. pl. cluxvi.—Barbary Wedder. Do. pl. clxxii. This kind’ is common in Syria, Barbary, and Ethiopia, in Thibet, and among the Tartars.—The - tails are often fo long as to trail on the ground, and to require a piece of board, with wheels, to keep them from galling ;, they are fometimes pointed at the end, but moftly fquare or rounded, and are reckoned’ a great delicacy, being compofed of a fubftance between fat and marrow, and fometimes weigh fifty pounds. ‘Thofe of Thibet praduce the very fine wool of which fhawls are manufactured; . but their tails, though broad, are not nearly fo long as the others... 1. Faterumped Sheep.—O. ries /reatopyga. Has two large, naked, hemifpherical prominences on the buttocks, and:no-tail;. with: pendant ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11, Hy. pl. iv. f. 1. Ovis fteatopyga, Aries kirgificus. Pall. fp. zool. 63. t. 4. f. 1. 2. a. b.. This fingular breed is common.among the Tartars,from:the Volga to the Irtifh; and to the Altaic mountains. —They have curled horns like the Common Sheep, pendulous ears, arched nofes, and wattles on the neck; the wool is long and coarfe; the head black, and the ears. white and edged with black; they grow to a large fize, fometimes weighing two hundred pounds; are ufually white, but fometimes black, reddifh, or fpotted; the great prominences on:the buttocks are entirely com- pofed of fat. Thefe two kinds of fheep, the Broad-tailed, and Flat-rumped varieties, are not diftinguifhed by Dr Gmelin, in his edition of the Syf{tema Naturae, though they are evidently as widely different at leaft as fome of the other varieties. He fays, that, in general, they are white, fometimes black, brown, or fpotted, and very feldom grey, or hoary; and that they are cultivated among the various wandering MAMMALIA, - FECORA. = Sheep. $2 wandering hordes of Tartars, particularly among the Kirgifians, and are likewife found over the whole Eaft, im Perfia, China, Syria, Arabia, and Egypt; he adds, that inftead of a tail, of which only the coccyx is to be found, they are furnifhed with a large and thick bundle of fat, which fome- times exceeds thirty pounds in weight. He quotes the following authors and fynonimes, without any diftinftion, of which all feem to refer to the broad-tailed variety except Pallas, who evidently means by Ovis /leatopyga, the Fat-rumped Sheep with hardly any tail, the fat being placed in‘two Jarge bunches on the buttocks, while in the Broad-tailed Sheen the vaft mafs of fat is confined to the tail itfelf—T. ° Ovis platyura arabica. Ruffel, Alep. 51. t. 52.—Oss wexioc. Aclian, an. x. c. 4.—Ovis arabiae. Aldrov. bif..404. f. p. 405.—Ovis turcica. Charlet. exerc. 9. —Ovis cauda obefa. Ludolf. aeth. i. _¢. To, n. 14.—Ovis laticanda. Raj. quad. 74. J. G. Gmelin, nov. com. Petrop.-v. 343. t. 8. Briff. regn. an. 75. n. 2.—Aries, f. Ovis waurux:ges orientalis. Klcin, quad. 74.—Ovis laticauda, platy- ceros, f. arabica. Amoen. ac. iv. 173.—Broad-tailed Sheep. Shaw, It. 241.—Arabilches {chaaf. Gefn. thierb. 326.—Hiefege fchaafe. Ofb. oftind. 188.+Schaaf deren Schwaentz gar feiflt. Ra- wolf. It. iii. 26.—Broad-tailed Sheep. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11. G.—Fat-rumped Sheep. D?. n. 11. H.—Ovis fteatopyga, Aries kirgificus. Pall. fpic. zool. xi. 63. t. 4. f. 1. 2. a. b. 726 x. Bucharian Sheep.—1. 8. O. dries bucharica. Has large pendulous ears, and a long, flat, broad tail, with {mall fatty bunches on the hips. Pall. fp. zool. xi. 78. This kind is common among the flocks of the Bucharian Tartars, and is found in Perfia, Syria, Paleftine, and feveral parts of Africa—In Dr Gmelin’s opinion, it is produced from an intermixture of the Broad-tailed with the Long-tailed varieties : The tail is oblong, flattened, fat, covered with wool, naked beneath, and ends in a point ; the fleece is exceedingly fine, and is of different colours, as pure white, black, hoary or grey, and of a filvery whitenefs. Mr Pennant probably means this ' . &ind, when, {peaking of the Broad-tailed Sheep, he fays, that fome have pointed tails. B27 a. Long-tailed Sheep—r. 2 O. Aries longicauda. Has a very long tail, and is clothed with wool. Briff. regn. an. 76. n. 3: Ovis dolichura, f. ovis tf{cherkeffica. Pall. fp. zool.’ xi. 60.—Qvis alterum genus. Raj. quad. 74-—Ovis arabica. Jonft. quad. t. 23.—Schaaffe. Olear. It. 567.—Ein ander arabifche {chaaff.. Gefn. thierb: 326. Of this kind Dr Gmelin gives no account, farther than what is contained in.the character« 728 pw. Cape Sheep.—1. x. O. Aries capenfis. __ _Hias large pendulous ears, and a large broad tail. Penn. hift..of quad. pl. iv. fi 2.. Neither Mr Pennant, who gives an engraving of this kind, nor Dr Gmelin, who quotes it from him, give any account of this animal, which is not even contained in the text of Mr Pennant’s excel- lent work. By the figure, the head is long, and the muzzle thick and a little arched; the horns are fhort, and bent back clofe behind the ears, which are long, broad, and naked ; the body and neck ‘ ) Wot, I. et are ~ 729 73° 330 ~ MAMMALIA. PECORA. - Sheep. are covered with long flowing hair, or wool not curled; the legs are black and naked; and the tail is fo enveloped in the long coat as not to be apparent. », Bearded Sheep.—O. Aries barbata. Has a long divided beard hanging down from the lower part of the cheeks and upper jaw. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 12. 5 Siberian Goat. Penn. fynopf. of quad. n. 11.—Tragelaphus, or Hirco-cervus. Caii, opufc. 59.— Tragelapaus. Plin. vill. c. 33- Inhabits, probably, Barbary and Mauritania.—The fkin, from which Mr Pennant drew up his de- fcription of this animal, was purchafed in Holland, and was faid to have come from the Eaft Indies. The horns were very thick and clofe at the bafes, bending backwards, diverging and turned out- wards, about two feet long, eleven inches circumference at the bafe, and nineteen inches diftant at the tips: The general colour was a pale rufty brown; the upper part of the neck had a kind of erec- ted mane; the under part of the neck and fhoulders were covered with long coarfe flowing hairs, about fourteen inches long; the hair on the reft of the body was fhort, and intermixed at their roots with a fhort fleece of wool. Dr Gmelin quotes this as a fynonime of the Capra Ammon, which has no beard on the cheeks. é é. Morvant.—0O. ries jubata. Has a fhort mane on the neck, and a long beard on the fore part of the breatt. Sm. Bull. vi. 227. pl. clxxvii. ‘This animal was exhibited at Paris under the name of Chinefe Morvant. ‘The horns have only a half turn in the fame direction with thofe of the Common Sheep; the beard on the lower part of the neck is coarfe, about ten inches long, and of a mixed red and grey colour; the mane extends to the middle of the back, and is of the fame colour with the beard, but mixed with red and black hairs; and the two are joined all round the neck and fhoulders with longith red grey hairs; the reft of the body is covered with wool, of a bright yellow colour, a little curled and foft at the ends, but ftraight and coarfe at the roots; the legs are deep red; the tail is yellow and white, and is furnifhed with lone coarfe hairs like that of a-cow. 8 2. Cretan Sheep.—3. Owvis Strepficeros. 3. Has long, ered, fpirally {crewed horns, furnifhed with longitudinal ridges. Hircus laniger, or Capra cretenfis. Briff regn. an. 73. n. 15.—Ou; Zav90r. Oppian, cyneg; ii. 376.—Strepticeros. Plin. hift. nat. xi. c. 37. Sm. Buff. vi. 211.—Aries cretenfis, f. Strepficeros. Belon. obf. 20. £. p. 21. Aldrov. bifule. 406. f. p. 407. Raj. quad. 75. Jonft. quad. t. 45. Befch. der berl. naturf. iv. 624, t. 20. Klein, quad. 14.—Wilde Straubengeyfs. Gefn. thierb. 151. f p- 15$2.—Wailachian Sheep. Sm. Buff. iii. 284. pl. xv. ad. xv. 3d.— Cretan Sheep. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11. B. pl. iii. f. 1. Zimmerman. 131. Inhabits Candia, and the other Grecian iflands, and is comimon in Hungary and Auftria.—The horns of the male are twifted quite ereét into a fpiral like the worm of a ferew; thofe of the female have the fcrew drawn out fo as to refemble rather a loofely twifted rope, and the ends diverge con- fiderably ; 732 MAMMALIA. F PECORA. Sheep. 338 fiderably ; in both the wool is long, pendant, and hairy. Dr Gmelin expreffes a doubt whether this may not be the common ftock of all the varieties of Sheep. This is almoft the only kind of Sheep brought to market in Auftria, where it is named Zack]. 3. Argali.—2. Ovis Ammon, 2. The horns are large, femicircularly arched backwards and divergent, wrinkled on their upper furface, and flattifh on the under fide; and the neck has two pendant hairy wattles. Erxleb. mam. 250. n. 2. Capra Ammon. - Syft. nat. ed. xii. 97. n. 12.—Hircus, f. Capra orientalis. Briff regn. an. 71. n. 12.—Mufmon, et Ophion.. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 49. xxviii. c. 9. xxx. c. 15.—Mufinon, f. Mu- fimon. Gefn. quad. 934. Zimmerman. 114. 546.—Mufimon, et Tragelaphus Belonii. Raj. quad. 75. 82.—Tragelaphus, f. Muflon. Klein, quad. 20.—Rupicapra cornibus arietinis. J. G. Gmelin, nov. com. Petrop. iv. 388. et fumm. 53. t. 8. b. f. 2. 3.—Ovis fera fibirica, f. Argali vulgo dicta. Pall. fp. zool. xi. 3. t. 1. 2-—Mouflon. Sm. Buff. vi. 205. pl. clix.—Stepnie Baranni. J. GC. Gme- lin, It. fib. i. 368.—Kameuni Baranni, oder Mufimons. Steller, Camtfchatc. 127.—Das wilde Schaaf, et der Weiffars der Alten. Gefn. thierb. 154. 155.—Orientalifches Schaaf. S. G. Gmelin, It. iii. 486. t. ¢5.—Wild Sheep. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 11 H *.—Siberian Chamois. Briff. quad. 42. Inhabits, in fmall flocks, the rocky and defert places, expofed to the heat of the fun, on the Al+ pine region in the center of Afia, in Kamtfchatka, the Kurili iflands, probably on the weft fide of North America, and in California; and on the higheft mountains of Barbary, Sardinia, Corfica, and Greece.—This animal is abort the fize of a {mall Deer, and has much the appearance of being a wild Sheep = It is exceffively wild, fwift, and active, and fights violently with its horns; it acquires its full growth in two years, and feldom lives more than fourteen; the female brings one or two lambs in the month of March: The general colour in fummer is a brownith afh, mixed with srey.on the upper parts of the body, and a whitifh ath on the lower parts; in winter the former changes to a rufty grey, and. the latter to a whitifh grey; in winter the hair is about an inch and a half long, which falls off in fpring, and the fummer coat is very fhori; the tail is very fhort, of a white colour, and brownifh at the end; the ears are erect and fharp pointed; the eyes are large, and generally of a brown or blue colour; the horns, which come to their full fize in three years, are whitifh, angular, wrinkled tranfverfely, large, clofe at their bafes, and placed on the top of the head, then rife at firft nearly upright, are reflected backwards, divergent, and turned downwards and out- wards at the ends; thoefe of the female are fmaller, and more heoked, but are fometimes entirely. wanting 3 the hind legs are rather longer than the fore legs, which fits the animal rather for running up hill oH on plain ground: The horns of the old Rams are faid to grow to fuch an enormous fize as to weigh fifteen pounds each, and to meafure two Rufiian yards in length. The flefh and fat are efteemed great delicacies in Siberia. B. Corfican Argali.—Ovis Ammon europaea. - Refembles the former, but is of a brown colour tinged with tawny on the upper parts, with a white mark on each fide pointing to the belly. Penn. hift. of quad..n. 11. H *. 2. T have introduced this variety on the authority of Mr Pennant, who diftinguifhes between the: Argali of Corlica and the Siberian, though the oe se feems chiefly in colour; one fpecimeny, Setar brought 34 332 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Sheep. brought from that ifland by the famous Paoli, differed from the above in colour, having a large white fpot on the front of the neck, and being black on the fhoulders. In Corfica this animal is named _ Mufro. It is probable that the Argali once inhabited Britain, as Boethius mentions Sheep in St Kilda larger than a He-goat, with horns as big as thofe of an Ox. 4A, Pudu.—4. Ovis Pudu, 4. Nas round, fmooth, divergent horns. Capra Pudu. Molina, hift. nat. Chil. 273. TInhabits the Cordelieras in South America.—This animal is about the fize of a half year old kid, and lives in flocks on the mountains, from whence it defcends into the foythern plains of Chili when the hills are covered with fnow; at that feafon it is eafily caught, and very readily becomes tame; it refembles a Goat in appearance, but the horns are {mall, and are turned round outwards like thofe of Sheep, and it has no beard; the female has no horns; the general colour is dufky. This is the only animal of the genus which feems indigenous to America, though even this inftance is uncertain; for neither is the animal fully known to naturalifts, nor are we completely affured that it may not*be the progeny of Sheep originally tranfported thither from the Old World. KL. O X.—39. BOS, 32. Has hollow perfiftent horns, which are fmooth, and bent out- wards and forwards in a femilunar form. There are eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper, and no tullcs. . ‘The animals of this genus are extremely ufeful to niankind, ferving as beafts of draught and bur- then, and furnifhing excellent beef, milk, cheefe, butter, curds, and whey, as food; their fkins make excellent leather for many purpofes; the fat isufed for making foap and candles; the horns are made into a variety of ufetul utenfils; even the hoofs, bones, and hair, are converted to ufe. They principally delight in flat-paftures, avoiding woods and fteep hills; they fight by pufhing with their horns; the voice is named /oqwing, and-dellowing : The male is called Bull, when emafculated Ox; the female Cow, when fpayed Heifer; the young Calf; and, like the Sheep, it has various appella- tions for different ages and circumftarices, as Steir, Stot, Runt, Keillie, Stirk, Seg, and many others, which vary in different diftridts. In thefame manner as-with the two former genera, .it is dificult to arrange this genus with propriety, the proper limits between fpecies and variety admitting of.con- fiderable doubt. 41. Common Ox.—1. Bos Taurus. t. Has-round horns, which are curved outwards; and a pendent dewlap. Farm. Suec. 46. Inhabits almoft every part of the world, either in a wild or domefticated ftate——This fpecies is fubject to great variety in form, colour, and figure of the horns; the following fubdivifion and enu- meration, of the varieties, is.regulated-by that of Dr Gmelin, with fome flight alterations on the au- thority “735 736 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Ox. 333 thority of Mr Pennant ; though fome of the kinds confidered only as varieties feem fully as fpecifi- cally different from the reft as others which are here placed as diftinct {pecies, and even fome of thefe laft have very near-refemblances either to each other, or to one or other of the varieties of this firtt foecies. 5 th A. Wild Ox.—-1. «. B. Zaurus ferus. a. a. Urus.—1.-a. a. B. Taurus Urus. Has thick fhort horns which are refle€ted forwards, anda ae fore-head. riff. regn. an. So, n. 3. Bos ferus. Plin. hift. nat. vili. c. 15. —Urus. Caef. bell. gal. vi.c. 28. Gefn. quad. 157. Aldrov. bil, 347. £. p. 348. Jonit. quad. 50. t. 20. Raj. quad. 70. Klein, quad. 11. Bell, trav. i. 221. ‘Raacz. pol. 228. Bewick, hift. of quad. 38. and fig.—Bos filveftris. Charlet. exerc. 8.— Auerochs. Gefn. thierb. 299. Sm. Buff. vi. 150. Ridinger, wilde th. t. 37. Brit. zoox. i. 15. Penn. hift. of «quad. n. 6. Inhabits the marfhy woods of Poland, Pruffia, and Lithuania—This is probably the ftock of all the European domeftic breeds; and though Dr Gmelin quotes Sibbald under the third ‘variety, Bifon, as deferibing the wild cattle of Scotland with along mane, there is reafon to fuppofe that circum- ftance a miftake, as the remains-of that breed, {till preferved in feveral parks in England, have no mane, and refemble the common breed very much. Thefe are invariably white, with white horns, black nofes, andsred, black, or brown ears; they are exceedingly wild, and rather dangerous, efpe- cially. the Bulls in-rutting time, and the females when fuckling their-calves. Bewick, hift. of quad. 34. and fig. @. Bonafus—1.2.b. B. Zaurus Bonafus. The horns are reflected backwards, and the neck is furnifhed with a long mane. -Briff. regn. an. 84. Syft. nat. ed. xii. go. Boveszo:. Arift. hift. an ii. -c. 5. 7. Xi. c. 71.—Mova. Aelian. an. vii. c. 3.—Bonafus. Plin. hift. nat..vi. c. 15. Gefn. quad. 145. Aldrov. bil: 358. f. p. 361. Jonft. quad. §1. t. 18. 19. *Charlet. exerc. 8. Raj. quad. 71. Sm. Bulk. vi. 150. y. Bifon.—1. a,c. B. Laurus Bifon. The horns are reflected forwards, the back is hunched, and the neck has a lone mane. 3 oO Syft. nat. ed. xii. g9. n. 3- _ Bos Bifon albus, having the horns reflected forwards, and the neck clothed with a very long, mane. Briff. regen. an. 82. n. s.—Bos Bifon, having the horns reflected forwards, the back hunch- ed, the neck furnifhed with a long mane, and the throat with along beard. Briff. regn. an. 82. n. 6.— Bicwves. Oppian. cyneg. ii. 159.—Bifon. Plin® Hift. nat. viii. c. 15. Gefn. quad. 143. Aldrov. bif. 353- 357- f ps 355-356. Jonft. quad. gr. t. 16. 17. Charlet. exerc. 8. Sibbald. Scor. 7. Raj. “Quad. 71. Rzacz. polon. 214. Sm. Buff. vi. 150.—Wylent. Gefn. thierb. 296. The Bonafus and Bifon, ‘though confidered as diftint by Dr Gmelin, are fuppofed by the Count de Buffon to be the fame animal, and to be the original ftock of all the European Oxen ; confe- 3 quently 739 334 MAMMALIA, PECORA. Me BEE 3) < quently it muft be the fame with the Urus, and the various defcriptions of authors muft be owing to accidental variations from age, cliniate, and food. ‘They muft however be carefully diftinguifhed from the American Buffalo, afterwards defcribed, which is called Bifon by Buffon. B. Domeftic Ox.—1, 8. B. Laurus domefticus. é. European Ox.—1. 6. g. B. Laurus europaeus. Has, in general, round, fmooth horns, which are diftant at their bafes and are reflected forwards; and neither hump nor mane. Bos, Taurus, Wacea, Vitulus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 45. 46. Gein. quad. 24. 25. 103. 124. Schwenkf. ther. 63. 65. 70. Aldrov. bifulc. 13. f. p. 36. Jonft. quad. 13. t. 15. Wagn. helv. 167. Sibbald. Scot. 7. Rzacz. polon. 37. Sloan, jam. ii. 327.—Bos domefticus. Jonfi. quad. 36. t. 14. _ Charlet. exerc. 8. Raj. quad. 70. Muf. ad. fr. i. 12. Brifl. regn. an. 78. n. 1. Klein, quad. 10.— European Ox. White, in tranf. of phil. and lit. foe. Mancheft. i. c. 27. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. G. Sm. Buff. iii. 423. pl. xiii. Brit. zoou. i. 15. The largeft cattle of this kind are found in Poland, Holftein, Jutland, Podolia, and Ukrain. A much fimaller breed is produced, often without horns, in the Highlands of Scotland, Wales, Iceland, and other northern and mountainous countries.—This domeftic breed is fo variable in appearances, and in the form of the horns, as-to preclude the poffibility of enumeration in a fyftematic work; in fome the horns are wanting, in fome large, in others fmall, fometimes extended directly outwards, or refiected backwards, upwards, forwards or downwards: In general the Bulls are very ftupid, ob- ftinate, vicious, and quarrelfome, and when angry, either by being teized or in rutting time, they at- tack mankind, or each other, violently with their horns, firft fhowing their rage by horrible bellow- ings, and by tearing up the ground with their feet and horns. The Bulls have a furly afpedt, a: ftrong and curly fore-head, and a very {tern menacing appearance; the Cows and Oxen have a more mild and ftupid Jook, and are lefs dangerous, though the Cow is apt to but when fhe has young: They are exccedingly ufeful as beafts of burthen, and for ploughing the ground; their flefh, milk, cheefe, butter, and fat, are of almoft indifpenfible ufe to mankind; even their dung is a moft ex- cellent manure, and their horns are converted into valuable articles of manufacture. They are more fubject to murrain than the other domeftic cattle, and are much infefted by the Gadfly, Tabanus, Canopis calcitrans, and by Lice; they are fond of warm, open, flat, and rich paftures, and are apt to be poifoned by Hemlock, Aconite, and Anemone. ‘hey feldom exceed fourteen or fifteen years. of age, and in general are fattened for the butchery long before that period. ‘The female goes nine months with young, and brings commonly one Calf, feldom two, at a time. The following animals are confidered by Dr Gmelin as varieties of the domeftic breed, though: many of them have fuch remarkable differences as would conftitute, in other genera, fufficient marks for fpecific diftinétion. ¢. Indian Ox.—1, 8. a. B.Daurus indicus major. Has fhort horns, bending back clofe to the neck, with a large fatty lump on the fhoul- ders: Of a large fize and reddith colour. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. A. pl. i. fig. inf. Indian Ox. Sm. Buff, vi. 178. Tohabits a 743 745 MAMMALIA. | - PECORA. Ox, 335 Inhabits India, Africa, and Madagafcar.—The lump is compofed entirely of fat, and is efteemed a great delicacy; this breed will intermix with the common kind, but in a few generations the lump difappears 5 it grows to a vaft fize, the neck is predigioufly thick, and the legs rather fhert in pro- portion to the fize and length of the body. ¢. Zebu.—1. 6. b. B. Laurus indicus minor. Has fhort, ere&t horns, which are turned a little forwards: Of a very {mall fize, with a lump on the fhoulders. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. B. pl. i. fig. fup. Syit. nat. ed. xii. g9. n. 6, Zebu. Sm. Buff. vi. 164. 240. pl. clxxx.—Bos fcythicus, with a hunch on the back. Charlet, exerc. 8.—lLittle Indian Butfalo. Edw. av. 200. t. 200, Inhabits India, Perfia, and China.—This animal is the common beat of burthen in India, where it is likewife ufed to draw carriages, and is even ufed for riding. n. Surat Ox.—B. Taurus indicus minimus, Of a very diminutive fize. Penn. hift. of quad. p. r7. Inhabits the country near Surat in India.—This breed is not larger than a great Dog, has a fierce Jook, and is ufed about Surat to draw children in {mall carts. Q, Abyflinian Ox.—1, a. c, B. Laurus abeffinicus, Has the horns only adhering to the fkin and hanging pendulous; the back is furnifhed with a hunch, Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. C. Abyfinian Ox. Lobbo, voy. 70. Flacourt, voy. 151. Sm. Buff. vi. 178. -Tnhabits Abyflinia, Madagafcar, and probably in other parts of Africa. t. Boury.—«1. «. d. B. Taurus madagafcarienjis. Of a large fize and white colour, with pendulous ears, and a hunched back. Penn. hiit. of quad. n. 6, D. Madagafcar Ox. Flacourt, voy. 1§1.—Adel Ox. Purchas, pilgr. i}. 1106. Inhabits Adel and Madagafcar. x. Tinian Ox.—t1. «. e. B. Zaurus timianenfis, Of a white colour with black ears. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. E. Inhabits the ifland of Tinian. a. Lant.—r. «. f.B. Laurus africanus. ° Of a white colour, with elegant horns, flender legs, black hoofs, and of vaft fwiftnefs. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. F. Inhabits Africa.—Is fwifter than moft horfes, and the hide is faid to be impenetrable to a builet. This is probably a fpecies of Antelope. ; “J aS [)) 747 336° _<<“MAMMALIA, - PECORA. ledadell ip 2. Arnee.—Bos Arnee. Has long erected femilunar horns, which are flattened and annularly. wrinkled, with fmooth, round, approaching points. Edin. Col. muf. Weir’s muf. ’ Inhabits India north from Bengal. —This animal is of vaft fize, and is. hucherto nondejeaee, | A fkeleton of the head with the horns is in the Edinburgh College Mufeum; the defcription sired of the living animal; by a Britifh officer, who met with one in the woods in the country above Bengal, is, that it is about fourteea feet high, moft probably eftimating the diftance from the ground to the tip of the horns, that it partakes of the form of the Horfe, Bull, and Deer, and was very bold and daring ; this laft circumftance eftablifhes its genus, as all the other horned.animals of the ruminant or cloyen footed tribe are fhy and timid; and is confirmed by a Mogul painting in the pofleffion of the iate Mr Rofs of Edinburgh, in which, among a vaft variety of figures are two enormous Buils, with ~ horns exactly like thofe in the mufeum, and which feem at leaft eight feet high at the fhoulder, if a man walking clofe by the fide of one be taken as a feale. The engraving, which is an exact copy from the above mentioned painting, even without attempting to correct its erroneous drawing, will give a more accurate idea of the Arnee, by which name the animal is. known to the natives of India, than can be conveyed in words. Except in the form of the horns, it refembles our common breed, and, by the painting, is of a black colour, quite fmooth, and without hunch or mane. 3, American Bifon.—2. Bos americanus. 2. Has. fhort, rounded, diftant horns, pointing outwards; the neck, fore-head, breaft; and chin, are clothed with long woolly hair, and the fhoulders are highly hunched. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 99. n. 3. 6. Bos Bifon americanus. Briff. regn. an. 83. n. 7.—Taurus mexicanus. Hernand. mex. 587,— Taurus Quivirae. Fernand. an. to.—Armenta. Laet, amer. 303. Nieremb. hift. nat. 181.—Tau- rus novae orbis. Nieremb. hift. nat. 182.—Florida Bifon. Raj. quad. 71. Klem, quad. 13.—Boeuf de Canada. Charlev. nouv. fr. iii. 131.—Boeuf fauvage. Du Pratz, louis. ii. 66.—American Bi- ‘fon. Sm. Buff. vi. 198. pl. clxviii—Buffelo. Lawfon, carol. 11g. Brickn. n. amer: ro7. Catefby; carol. app. 27. t. 20.—American Beeves. Dobbs, Hudfon’s Bay. 41.—Wilde Ochfen. Kalm, It. ii. 350. 425. iii. 351.—American Ox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 6. H.—Bifon. Penn. Arét. zool..n. 1. Tnhabits Mexico and the interior parts of North America, as highas near Hudfon’s Bay.—lIs found in great herds in the Savannas, is fond of marfhy places, and lodges among reeds; is very fierce and dangerous, yet may be tamed when taken young. It is of vaft-fize, weighing from fixteen hundred to near three thoufand pounds; the fore parts of the body are exceflively thick and.firong, and are covered at all feafons with a long undulated fleece of a dull ruft colour; the hinder parts are very flender and weak in proportion, being naked, wrinkly, and dufky in fummer, but covered like che foreparts in winter; the fhoulders are furmounted by a large flefhy hunch; the tail is about a foot Jong, moftly naked, and tufted at the end with black isairs. Mr Pennant confiders this and the European Bifon as of the fame fpecies. 4. Mufk Ox.—3. Bos mofchatus. 3. The horns, which are very thick, broad, and clofe at their bafes, bend outwards clofe to = VI. /22.336 D? Weirs Muff, . NIG77. = N° 709 INGTSE A bene (Rp New amare Pay 749 MAMMALIA. - PECORA. Ox. : 337 to the head, then downwards and a little backwards, having the points rounded, and turning upwards and outwards. Penn. Arét. zool. n. 2. pl. viis Muf Ox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 9. pl. ii. £. 2. Dobbs, Hudfon’s Bay. 18. 25.—Bocuf amalque: Jeremie, voy.-iti. 314. Charl. nouv. fr. v. 194. Sm. Buff, vi. 191. Lev. muf. Edin: muf. Weir's muf. Inhabits North America, from New Spain to the Icy Sea—The Mufk Ox lives in herds of twen- ty or thirty individuals, frequenting moftly the rocky and barren mountains; it runs nimbly, and is very active in climbing the rocks. In height this fpecies is lower than a Deer, though much larger in the belly and fize of the limbs; the horns of an old Bull are near two feet in circumference, and the fame in length, and fometimes weigh thirty pounds each; thofe of the Cow have the fame cur- vature with the Bulls, but are fmaller and more diftant at the bafes. The whole body is covered with very long, fine, black hair, having a dufky mane, tinged with reddifh, on the neck and back ; under this outer coat is a fleece of exquilitely fine afh coloured wool; the fhoulder is hunched; the legs are covered with fimooth whitith hair; the hoofs are fhort, broad, and black; the tail is very fhort, and is covered and involved in the general long hairy coat; the ears are ereét, fharp pointed, and dilated in the middle, being thickly covered with dufky hair, and marked with a white ftripe. The flefh taftes very ftrong of mufk, but is wholefome, and the heart is fo ftrongly infected as hardly to be eatable. Some fkulls of this fpecies, with the horns, have been found in the mofly plains of Siberia near the mouth of the Oby; and one was feen by Fabricius that had floated on the ice to Greenland, though he fuppofed it to belong to the Grunting Ox. 5. Grunting Ox.—q. Bos gruniens, 4. The horns, which are fhort, rounded, flender, and fharp pointed, are diftant at the bafes, erect, and bent outwards; the hair on all parts of the body is very long and pendent; the tail is covered with very long, flowing, filky hairs. Grunting Ox, with a tail like that of a horfe. IL G. Gmelin, nov. com. Petrop. v. 339: t. 1— _ Bubalus, with a tail like that of a horfe. Pall. act. Petrop. i. part 2. p. 332.—Boeuf velu. Le Brun, voy. i. 120. t. 129.~Cow of Tartary. 5m. Buff. vili. 225.—Bubul. Bell, trav. i. 224.—Tangutif- cher Buffel. Pall. nord. Beytr. i, t. 1.—Grunting Ox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 7-—Poephagus. Aelian, de an. Xvi. c. 9. ; Inhabits Tangut, Mongalia, and Thibet; and is cultivated, though with confiderable variety of fize and colour, in Siberia, China, Perfia, and India.—The fize of this animal is various; fome individuals muft be very large, as the tail, which does not reach the ground, is fometimes fix feet long; the head is fhort, with a broad nofe, thick hanging lips, and broad ears, which point downwards, and are be- fet with coarfe briftles; the horns are diftant, fhort, flender, and very fharp pointed, having a long curling tuft of hair between; the hair on the middle of the fore-head is radiated; the fpace between the fhoulders is much elevated; alorig the neck, and fometimes along the whole back, is a kind of white mane; the head and body ate black; the hair on the belly, throat, and neck, is very long, while on the reft of the body it is like that of a Goat; the hoofs are large, and the {purious hoofs project confiderably ; the tail is broad, and is covered with long, flowi ing, glofly, filky hairs, fome- times white or filvery, and at other times black. The fleth of the full grown animals is hardly eat- able. A bezoar is frequently found in the ftomachs of this fpecies, § Vou. I. Uu a Michie, | 4 ie vey: 338 ~ MAMMALIA; PECORA. Ox, The above defcription is taken from the wild breed, which is of tremenduous fiercenefs, infomuch that if wounded in the chafe they turn furioufly on the affailant, and if he does not efcape they ne- ver ceafe tofling him with their horns till he is deftroyed; even the domefticated breeds retain their fiercenefs, and are eafily irritated, efpecially at the fight of any thing red; their anger is expre{- fed by fhaking their bodies, moving their tails, and by the menacing look of their eyes, and, if not guarded againft, their attacks are fo fudden and violent that they can hardly be avoided. This re- markable fpecies or variety of Ox was firft mentioned by Aclian among the ancients ; they are after- wards taken notice of by Cofmos, Rubruquis, and Marco Paulo, which laft fays that they almoft equal the Elephant in fize: The domefticated varieties, to be taken notice of below, though employ- ed for carriage and draught, are liable, like their original ftock, to fudden paffion, which obliges the inhabitants to cut off the fharp ends of their horns to render their attacks lefs formidable. The voice is a kind of grunting like that of a Hog, which is more frequently repeated by the Cows than the Bulls; they procreate with the common domeftic breeds, and Dr Gmelin feems to doubt whe- ther the Buffalo may not be derived from this fpecies. The following varieties are mentioned by au- ’ thors, befides the wild breed juft defcribed. @. Ghainouk.—Bos gruniens Ghainouk. This, though domefticated, refembles the wild breed in every thing, except that, like all cultivated cattle, it is fubject to confiderable variety in colour. Pennant. y. Sarlyk.—Bos gruniens Sarlyk. This is a degenerated race, but not defcribed; perhaps it is the hybrid produce of the genuine breed with the common cattle-of the country. Pennant. d. Hornlefs grunting Ox.—Bos gruniens ecornis. Has no horns, but is furnifhed with an immenfe thicknefs of bone on the fore-head. Pennant. 6. Buffalo.—s. Bos Bubalus. 5. Has flat horns, which are firft extended outwards, then turned upwards, and bent. in- wards at the ends. Bots ’ayeo'y ty ‘Agaywror. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 1.—Bos indicus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 45.—Bos Bubalus. Briff. regn. an. 81. n. 4.—Bubalus. Gefn. quad. 139. Jonft. quad. t. 20. Raj. quad. 72.— Buffelus. Aldrov. bif. 365. f. p. 366. Jonft. quad, 53. Charlet. exerc. 8. Klein, quad. 10.—Bu& falus. Pall. nov. com.. Petrop. xiii. 460. t. 11..12.—Taurelephas. Ludolf, aethiop. i. c. ro. n. 1.— Buffalo. Sm. Buff. vi. 151. pl. clxvili. Barbot, guin. 209. 486. Penn. hift. of quad. n 8. Zim- merman. 369.—Buffel. Gefn. thierb. 58.—Buffelochfen. Kolben, Cape. 143. t. 5. f. 2. Br. muf. ffhm. muf. Lev. muf. Inhabits Afia, being found wild in Malabar, Borneo, and Ceylon, and is domefticated in Africa, India, and Italy.—The Buffalo is larger, and more thickly made than the Domeftic Ox, with which fpecies it will not propagate: The different times of geftation fhew the difference of fpecies, as the Common Cow goes nine, and the female Buffalo twelve, months with young. They were introdu- ced 755 756 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Ox. 339 ced into Italy in the fixth century by the Lombards; they are ufed for draught and carriage, being guided. by means of a ring in the nofe, and are employed for the dairy, though the milk is much more greafy than that of common Cows. The fkin is exceedingly thick ; the hair is black or dufky red, and rather fcanty; in very hot countries the fkin is almoit naked; the head is {mall, with curly hair on the fore-head, and a kind of beard under the throat and jaws; the horns are black, thick, fomewhat compreffed, and often very large; there is no dewlap on the breaft; the ears are large, the nofe is broad, and the eyes are white; the limbs are long, and the tail is fhort and flender. Mr Pennant mentions the fellowing animals as varieties of the Buffalo, B. Naked Buffalo.—B. Bubalus Jeminudus. The horns are fmall, comprefled fideways, taper, fharp pointed, and ftanding back- wards: The rump and thighs are naked. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 8. A. pl. ii. f. 1. Inhabits India.—This animal is of a {mall fize, like a Welfh runt ; the hair on the fore part of the body is briftly, and fo thin that the-fkin appears through; on the rump are two dufky perpendicular ftripes, and on the thighs two tran{verfe bands of the fame colour. y. Anoa.—B. Bubalus Anoa. Of a very {mall fize. Penn. hift. of quad. n..8. B. ‘Imhabits the mountains of Celebes.—This animal, of which we have no defcription, is about the ize of a middling Sheep, and is-very fierce; it-lives in fmall herds, taking fhelter in the caverns, with which the mountains of that ifland abound; is very difficultly caught, and very impatient of confinement. mf dS. Guavera.—B. Bubalus Guavera. Has a hunch on the back; and the lower half of the legs are white. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 8. C. Knox, Ceylon. 21. nhabits Ceylon.—The Udefcription of this animal is not fufficient to point out its proper place in this genus, all that Mr Knox fays being that its back ftands up in-a fharp'‘ridge. 7. Cape Ox.—6. Bos cafer. 6. The horns, which are very broad and clofely united at the bafe, fland firtt outwards, then turn forwards, and the points, which are taper, bend upwards and inwards. Sparrmann, act. Stock. 1779, i. n. 8. t. 3. f. inf. Cape Buffalo. Sparrm. voy. pl. ii. fig. inf—Cape Ox. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 9. A. Maflon, Phil. Tranf. Ixvi. 296. Forfters, voy. i. 83.—Bubalus africanus. Brifl. regn. an. 79. n. 2. Jontt. quad. t. 18.—Africanifcher Buffel. Gefn. thierb. 60.—Bos africanus. Raj. quad. 73. Aldrov. bif. 363. f. p. 364. Jonft. quad. 52. Inhabits Africa near the Cape, and in Guiriea.—This is a very large, exceffively fierce, and enor- mouily {trong animal; it lives in the woods; is fond of wallowing in the mire, and is very dangerous to travellers, rufhing fuddenly from the thickets in which it lies concealed, and tramples men, hor- Uu2 fes, 758 759 340° MAMMALIA. . PECORA. Ox, fes, and oxen, under its feet; is fo fwift, efpecially in running up hill, that a horfe cannot overtake it; and fo ftrong, that one of three years old being yoked in a waggon with fix tame oxen, their whole united ftrength could not force it to move. It is of a black or dufky afh colour; the face is covered with long harfh black hair; the chin, underfide of the neck and dewlap, have long, coarfe, pendent, black hair; the horns are very thick and rugged at the bafe, near thirteen inches broad, and laid flat fo as to cover moft part of the top of the head; the upper half is fmocth, taper, and fharp pointed; they meafure fometimes above three feet long, and weigh twenty-five pounds; the fkin is thick, tough, and very ftrong; the hairs are very ftiff, and about an inch long, lying flat on the adult animals; before the knees, and on the belly, it is long and undulated; on the top of the neck is a fmall mane; the ears are large and flouching; the tail is fhort, almoft naked, and tufted at the end with long black hair. ‘The body and limbs are very thick and ftrong; it is above eight feet long, and about fix feet high; the head hangs much, and has a very fierce malevolent afpett. ‘The flefh is coarfe, but juicy, and has the flavour of venifon.. 8. Baas. —Bos barbatus. Has fhort horns ; a beard on the chin, and curly hair on the breaft. Penn. hift. of quad. p- 30. Cape Aurochs. Journ. hiftor. 43. 46. Tahabits the country north from the Cape.—This animal, which is very flightly deferibed, lives in the country of the Namaques, who call it Baas, or the Mafter Courier, on account of its vaft. {wift- nefs: It is like the Common Ox, but larger, and of a grey colour; the head is fmall, the horns fhort, the hair on the breaft is curied, and on the chin is a beard like that of a Goat. 9. Dwarf Ox.—Bos pumilus, The horns are almoft ere, clofe at the bafe, recede in the middle, and approach at the points. Penn. hift. of quad. n. ro. pl. ii. £. 3. Bubalus, f. Bos parvus africanus. Belon, obf. 119.—Juvenca fylveftris. Profp. alp. aeg. i. 233, t. 14. f. 2.—Bos exiguus africanus. Klein, quad. 11.—Small Ox of Belon. Sm. Buff. vi. 165.— Petit boeuf d’afrique. Belon. voy. 119. 120. Tnhabits Africa.—This animal was feen at Cairo by Belon, who fays it came from Afamie or Azafi in Morocco: It is larger than a Roe, but lefs than a Stag, compact and well made, with a thick neck, the fhoulders a little elevated, and the legs fhort; the hair is fhining, and of a tawny brown colour, and the tail is terminated by long and very coarfe hairs. The Count de Buffon fuppofes this animal. to be the fame with the Zebu, and Mr Pennant alledges that it may poflibly be a variety of the Dant. ’ VI. 760 MAMMALIA, BELLUZ. Horfe. 341 © 1g (alae Slbiadie yaaa Calman Pi OL aes Has obtufe wedge-like, truncated fore-teeth in both jaws. The feet are armed with hoofs. POL dt ON S Beam ao,: ES UO Gb. 33. Has fix parallel, erect, fore-teeth above, and fix, whicl: project a little, in the lower jaw; one {hort tufk, diftant from the other teeth on each fide of both jaws: The female has two teats in the groin. This genus is the only one which has fingle hoofs, though that ‘circumftance is left out of the cha- racter on account of an obfcure fpecies in Chili which is faid to have cloven hoofs; feveral of the fpecies are of confiderable ufe to mankind for draught, for burthen, and for the faddle; they all fight by biting, and. by kicking with their hind feet. It is the only race of animals in which the mammae are wanting on the males, though we are told that they are placed on the glans penis. 1. Common Horfe.—2. Equus Caballus. 1. Has folid hoofs, a long flowing mane, and the tail is univerfally covered with long hairs. Syft. nat. ed. xii. roo. n. 1. Briff. regn. an. too. n. 1. ‘Smmes. Avift. hift. am.i.c. 5..7. il. c. 5. 8. 18... c. 10. V. G. ii. Vi. C. 22.. Vil. C. 17. Vill. C. 11. ix.c. 5. Aclian, an. ili. c. 2. iv.c. 6. 7. 8. 11. Oppian, cyneg. i. 166.—Equus, Equa, Equiferus. Plin. hift. nat. vill. c: 42. X. c. 63. Xi. c. 37. XxVill. c. 10. 11. Gefn. quad. 442. f. p. 443. Schwenkf.. theriot. 89. Aldrov. folid. 2. f. p. 21. Jonft. quad. t. 1. 4. Charlet. exerc. 3. Wagn. helvet. 174. Sibbald. Scot. 6. Raj. quad. 62. Rzacz. Polon. 217. 240. Sloan, jam. ii. 327.—Cheval, or Horfe.. Sm. Buff. iii. 306. pl. xi. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 1. Brrr. zooz. i. 1.—Rofs. Gefn. thierb. 306. f.. Pci s a. Wild Horfe.—a. £. Caballus ferus, Of this there are feveral varieties mentioned in authors.. Wilde Pferde. J. G. Gmelin, It.i. 211. ili. sto. S. G. Gmelin, It. i. 44. t. 9. Pallas, Tt. i. 211.—Jarpany. Rytfchk. Orenb. i. 223.—Takija, or Wild horfes.. Bell, trav. i. 225. Du Halde,, Chin. ii. 254. Leo. afric. 340. Journ. hiftor. 4o. RB. Domeftic Horfe.—@. E. Caballus domefticus. Of this there is almoft an infinite variety, in colour, fize, and form. Klein, quad. 4. Horfes: 342 MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. Horfe. Horfes are domefticated and cultivated with great care in almoft every part of the earth. It is the moft generous, moft fpirited, and moft docile of all quadrupeds, the Dog alone excepted, and is ex- -cellently adapted for a variety of ufeful purpofes, for draught, burthen, and riding. In a naturally wild ftate, horfes are found in Beflarabia, and the deferts of Great Tartary;, thofe of the deferts near the Don are the offspring of the Ruflian cavalry horfes, turned loofe for want of forrage during the fiege of Afoph in 1697: Wild Horfes are likewife found in various parts of Africa; and, though none of the fpecies was found in America before its difcoyery by Columbus, there are now vaft num- ~bers wild in the great-Savannas of South America, on both-fides-of the-Rio Plata, defcended from fuch as were carried there by the Spaniards, and happened to ftray from their mafters; in the wild {tate, they go in flocks under the conduct of a leader, are extremely vigilant, placing centinels to give notice of danger, very timid, fhy, and fwift. "Thofe of Tartary are generally of a dun or monfe c6iour, and leis than the domeftic kind, being covered with a very thick coat of hair, efpecially in winter; their heads are large, and their fore-heads much arched. ‘Phe domeftic horfes vary much in fize, colour, figure, and {pirit, from climate, foil, food, breed- ing, and management: The moft elegant, {wifteft, and moft generous, come from Arabia; very {mall ones are found in Scotland, efpecially the Shetland ifles, Iceland, Norway, and Ceylon, Horfes not exceeding thirty inches high having been brought from that ifland, whereas fome of the European breeds, reach fix feet. England, from attentive culture, and by intermixture of the beft foreign breeds, can boaft of having the {wifteft, largeft, ftrongeft, and moft elegant varieties now in the world. The male is named Horfe, or Stallion, when emafculated Gelding, the female Mare, the young Foal, when male Colt, if female Filly: The voice is called neighing: The paces are walking, trotting, ambling, pacing, cantering, prancing, galloping, running: They are diftinguifhed, according to the purpofes to which they are applied, and other circumftances, into Draught-horfe, Pack-horfe, War- horfe, or Charger, Hunter, Racer, Pad, Hackeny, or Road-horfe, Galloway, Ponney, Shelty, Blood- horfe, &c. They fight by biting, by kicking with the hind feet, and by ftriking with the fore feet: They feed entirely on grain and herbage, and eat even Aconite with impunity: ‘The tail.is.of great ule for driving away flies and other infects: When fatigued, or.on purpofe to fcratch, Horfes fre- quently roll on their backs: The ftomach is fmall, and the food, without being ruminated, paffes through the body undiflolved, only a tincture being drawn by the digeftive powers; the fmall guts are long, the colon and caecum, or blind gut, are very large: The Horfe has no gall bladder, and never vomits; the dung is remarkabie by its property of becoming very hot during putrefaction. Horfes are much annoyed by hard fubftances getting into their-ears, or by pricks in the feet; they diflike. dirty or fpoiled foods, are impatient of the bridle till accuftomed to it, and are much tor- mented by the Horfe-fly, Gad-fly, and Phellandrium curculio. They change their fore-teeth im the fecond, third, and fourth years of their age, and acquire tufks at five years old: The female goes two hundred and ninety days with young, and feldem has more than one foal at a birth. ‘The hide and hair are converted to ufeful purpofes: The Tartars and Arabs are fond of the flefh; the former ufe the milk, which they convert by fermentation into an intoxicating liquor, called Houmi/s, Which isfaid te cure confumptions. 2. Dthikketel.—3. Equus Hemionus. 5. Has folid hoofs, is of a uniform colour with no crofs on the back, and the extremity only of the tail has long hairs. Pall. It. iii. 217. Dihikketei, of the Monguls. Pall. nord. beytr. ii. 1, t. 1 Nov. com. Petrop. xix.394. t.7.— Yo-to-tfe. “a 763 MAMMALIA. 40 BELLU. Horfe. 343 Yo-to-tfe. Du Halde, ti. 253.—Hysoves. Arift. hift. an. vi. c. 36.—Hemionos. Plin. hiit. nat. viii. c. 44.—Czigithai. Sm. Buff. vi. 274.—D¢hikketei, Wild Mule, Half-afs, or Fegund Mule.. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 2. Zimmermann. 666. Inhabits the deferts between the rivers Onon and Argun, the Mongalian deferts, and the great defert of Gobi between China and Thibet.—Lives in herds chiefly frequenting funny plains, places where falt fprings and faline plants abound, and grafly meadows, but avoiding woods and fnowy mountains. It is exceedingly fhy, cautious, timid, and very fwift, having very acute fenfes of fmell and hearing, is very wild, and has not hitherto been tamed. Like horfes and cattle, they are very fubje&t to a diftemper called the Murrain ; they fight by kicking and biting; the feinale is in feafon in Auguft, and brings almoft always one foal in fpring; the flefl: is reckoned excellent by the Mon- guls and Tungufi, and they ufe the fkins for conftructing a kind of boat. In fize and general ap-. pearance this animal refembles the Mule, though handfomer ; the ears and tail are like thofe of the Zebra, the hoofs and the body are like the Afs, and the legs refemble thofe of the Horfe; it differs from thefe quadrupeds in having a very large head with:a flat fore-head, which grows narrow towards the nofe, and in having a flender neck, which is more rounded than in the other fpecies of this ge+ nus, and has a fhort, upright, foft, greyifh mane; inftead of a lock of long hair on the fore-top, there is a tuft of downy hairs not two inches long; the ears are long, erect, and lined thickly with whitifh curly hair; the winter coat is about an inch and a half long, grey at the tips, of a-btownifh afh colour at the roots, exceedingly foft, and undulated on the back; in fummer the coat is much fhorter, and exceedingly fmooth, being marked all over with beautiful whorls: The end of the nofe is white, and the reft of the face fomewhat tawny ; the buttocks, infide of the limbs, and the belly, are white; a blackith lift runs along the back, broadeft at the loins, and narrowing to the tail; the tail is like that of a Cow, covered with fhort hair for half its length, and the lower part with long afh coloured hairs. ‘The weight of this animal is about five hundred and fixty pounds; it meafures fix feet and a half from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, and is about three feet nine inches high at the fhoulder : The mouth contains thirty-four teeth, which is two fewer than in-a Horfe. 3. Afs.—4. Equus Afinus. 2. “Has folid hoofs; the male has a dufky crofs on the fhoulders; only the lower part of - the tail is furnifhed with long hairs. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 100. n. 2. Faun. fuec. i. n. ils Briff.. quad. 70.. Afne, or Afs. Sm. Buff. iii. 198. pl. xii—Efel. Gefn. thierb. g1-—Afs. Penn. hift, of quad. n..3. BRIT. ZOOL. i. n.2. a, Onager.—2. a. E, Ajinus ferus. The fore-head is much arched; the mane is woolly and dufky ; the ears site long and: erect. Oveyeos. Oppian. cyneg. iii. 183.—Onager. Plin. hift. neat. viii. c. a4. 58. Aldrov. folid. 2g Jonft. quad. 20. t. 7. 8. Raj. quad. 63. Pall. act. Petrop. 1777, ii. 258. Warro, de re ruft. ii. c. 6. Martial, xiii. 97. Pomp. Laet. i. Profp. alp. aeg. iv. c. 6. Tavern. i. 21. —Onagrus. Gefn. quad. 19.—Afinus. Charlet. exerc. 4.—Equus Onager. Briff. regn. an. 104. n. 5.—Afne fauvage. Mar- mol. afr. i. §3.—Wild Afs. Bell, trav. i. 212.—Wilder Efel. Pall. nord. beytr. ii. 22. t. 1. Ha- _ bhi, in De. iv. 88.—Koulan, or Wild AG. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 3. A. : ' Inhabits. A 04 344. MAMMALIA. BELLU Horfe. Inhabits,the mountainous deferts of Great 'Tartary, from whence it migrates during winter into India and Perfia, efpecially about Cafbin, where it is found all the year; is likewife found in the - fouth of India, as far as the mountains of Malabar and Golconda; was anciently found in Natolia, Syria, Arabia, and Africa.—This animal is much more elegantly formed, and ftands higher on its legs than the Common Af, and is exceedingly active and {wift; although extremely fierce in its wild ftate, it is very readily tamed, efpecially when caught young; it has a moft exquifite fenfe of finell- ing, and very acute vifion; is particularly fond of falt ponds and fprings, and of faline and bitter plants: The general colour is white with a filvery fplendour, the top of the head, neck, and fides, being pale yellow; the mane is dufky or blackith brown; and along the back is a lift of a coffee colour, compofed of waved bufhy hairs, and croffed, in the males, by a fimilar band at the fhoulders; the hairs are fofter than thofe of a Horfe; the fkin makes excellent leather, and, by a particular mode of preparation, that which grows about the rump is manufactured, at Aftrachan, and in Perfia, into chagrin; the flefh is much efteemed by the Kirgifian Tartars. The Onager meafures almoft feven feet from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, of which the head is two feet, and is four feet two inches high before, and four inches higher at the rump, the tail is about two feet, and the ears almoft a foot in length; the female is confiderably fmaller, and lefs ftrongly made, than the male, and wants the dark coloured crofs band at the fhoulders : The upper part of the face, the neck, and fides, are flaxen coloured ; the fore parts are divided from the hind by a white band round the body at the flanks ; the belly and legs are white, and the dufky lift on the back is edged on each fide with white: The winter coat is fine, foft, filky, much waved, and feels greafy; while the fummer ccat is fmooth, filky, and even, except fome fhaded rays pointing downwards at the fides of the neck. B. Demeftic Afs.—2. B. E. Afinus domefticus. The fore-head is rather dat; the mane is fhort; the ears are long and flouching. v Oves. Arift. hift. an, i. c. 17. jiec. 18. vic. Ir. Vic. 23.—Afinus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 43. Gefn. quad. 3. f. p. 4. Schwenckf. ther. 61. Aldrov. folid. 295 Jonft. quad. 16. t. 6. Sibbald. Scor. 6. Raj. quad. 63. Sloan, jam. il. 327. Klein, quad. 6.—Afne. Tavern. trav. i. 344. Char- din, trav. iii. 33. Sm. Buff. ili. 398. pl. xii.—Efel. Ofb. oftind. 35.—Afs. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 3. BRIT. ZOOL. i. 2. ‘The domeftic Afs is cultivated almoft in every quarter of the world, being a ftrong, hardy, patient, and fure footed animal, but obftinate, ftubborn, ftupid, and frequently vicious; it grows to a confi- derable fize, and is tolerably handfome in the warmer regions, but degenerates much in the colder countries, in which their ears flouch confiderably more than thofe which are bred in Africa and the eaft. Buffon fuppofes the Afs te have come originally from Arabia to Egypt, and thence, through Greece, to Italy, Franee, Britain, Germany, and other countries. ‘The voice of the Afs is named braying; he eats greedily of thifiles, and ether fpinous, and difagreeable herbs, which Horfes will not touch, except when prefled with hunger. The Afs comes to its full fize in about five, and lives for about thirty years; both fexes ate very ardent, and the female, after twelve months, according to Buffon, though Linnaeus fays two hundred and ninety days, produces almoft always one young ata birth. The principal employment of Affes in Britain is for carrying the luggage of beggars, gipfeys, and t’nkers, and the milk is much commended for pectoral complaints; in Spain and the Levant they are cultivated with great care, efpecially for the males, which, with mares, produce toules of a dine breed: id y 765 766 767 MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. Horfe. nae y. Mule.—2. y E. Afinus Mulus. The hybrid produce of a Jack-afs with a Mare; has a large clumfy head, long erect ears, a fhort mane, and a thin tail. riff. quad. 103. n. 4. *Ogevs. Arift. hift. an. i. c. 7. il. c. 5. vi. c. 24.—Mulus, Mula. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 44. xi. c. 37- Gefn. quad. 793. Schwenckf. ther. 62. Aldrov. folid. 358. Jonft. 21. t. 6. Charlet. exerc. 4. Sloan, jam. ii. 327.—Afinus biformis. Klein, quad. 6—Mule. Sm. Buff. viii. 1. Penn. hift. of quad. p. 8. Brrr. zoot. i. 13-—Maul efel. Gefn: thierb. 108. Ofb. oftind. 35. The Mule is much valued for the faddle, and for drawing carriages, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Eaft, and in the warmer parts of America: In thefe countries, where great attention is paid to the breed, it is as tall as the Horfe, exceedingly well limbed, but not fo handfome, efpecially about the head and tail’; they are moftly fterile, though there are a few inftances of female Mules produ~ cing foals, and even of the male having impregnated females both of the Afs and Hortfe fpecies, but thefe are exceedingly rare. d. Bardeau.—2. 3. E. Afinus Ainnus. The hybrid produce between a She-afs and a Stalion; the head is long and thin, the ears.are like thofe of a Horfe, the mane is fhort, and the tail-is well filled with hair.. Sm. Buff. viii. 2.. Tivos. Arift. hift. an. i. c. 7—Hinnus. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c..44. Gefn. quad. 18. Aldrov. folid. 358. Jonft. quad. 21. Charlet. exerc. 4. Raj. quad. 64. The Bardeau is much fmaller, and lefs ufeful, as well as lefs common, than the Mule, and is more of a-reddifh colour; in the ears and tail it has a greater refemblance to the Horfe, but the mane is fhort like that of the Mule; it is, however, very little known, being feldom cultivated on purpofe, becaufe lefs hardy, and lefs fitted for the various purpofes of life, ‘than either the Horfe, the Afs, or the Mule... 4. Zebra—gs. Equus Zebra, 3- Has folid hoofs ; is of a pale buff colour, and ftriped all over the body with perpendi- cular brown bands, and the limbs with crofs ftripes; the ears are fhort and ered; the mane is fhort, and the tail is thinly garnifhed with hair at the end. Briff. regn. an. IOI. n. 2.. Equus indicus. Jonft. quad. t. 5.—Equus brafilienfis. Jacob. muf. reg. 3. t. 2. f. 1. Laur. muf. reg. t. 3. f. 18.—Equus ferus, Zebra, f. Zecora. Klein, quad. 5.—Zebra. Purch. pilg. il. 1001. Charlet. exerc. 4. Raj. quad. 64. Barbot, guin. 486. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 4. Nieremb. hift.. nat. 168. Sm. Buff. vi. 264.. pl. clxxxii, clxxxiii—Zecora. Ludolf. aeth. i. c. 10. n. 35. comm. 150.—Zeura, or Zecora. Lobo. abyff. i. 291.—Zebra indica. Aldrov. folid. 416. f. p. 417. Jonft. quad. 21. t. 5.—Male Zebra. Edw. av. t. 222.— Wild Afs. Kolben, cape. ii, 112.—Indianifher- Maulthier. Gefn. thierb. 120.—Africanifches Tygerpferd, oder Efelpterd. Knorr, delwii.t.«. 8. Lev. muf. Inhabits Africa, from Congo and Angola acrofs to Abyffina, and fouthwards to near the Cape of Good Hope.—This extremely beautiful animal lives in herds, chiefly frequenting the open plains, Vou. I. Xx but 708 769 779 346 MAMMALIA, BELLUZ. Horfe, but is excefiively fhy, and runs into the woods on the approach of mankind. It is exceedingly {wift, vicious, and untameable ; is about the fize of a Mule, and is fhaped much like the Afs, with fhorter and lefs flouching ears. ‘he male and female are marked exaétly in the fame manner, as deferibed in the character. @. Hybrid Zebra.—E. Zebra hybridus. Mr Pennant informs us, that by painting a common Jack-afs to refemble the Zebra, a female Ze- bra admitted its embraces, and produced a hybrid animal, fome years ago at London; but gives no account of its appearance. ar 5. Quacha.—6. Equus Quagea. 4. : Has folid hoofs; is of a bright bay colour on the upper parts of the body, and ftriped with perpendicular brown lines; the flanks are fpotted, and the rump plain; the belly, thighs, and legs, are white. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 5. Opuagha. Mafion, trav. in Phil. Tranf. Ixvi. 297. Journ. hift. 40.—Quacha. Voy, de M. Hop. 40.—Female Zebra. Edw. av. t. 223. Tnhabits the fouth of Africa.—This animal is thicker, and more ftrongly made, than the Zebra, and is more tractable, having fometimes been broken to the draught ; it likewife keeps always in fe- parate herds, and is diftinguifhed from the former fpecies by the Hottentots. 6. Chilefe Horfe.—1. Equus bifulcus. 6. Has cloven hoofs. Molin. hif. nat. Chil. 284. Inhabits South America.—This obfcure quadruped, which is only mentioned by Molina, frequents the precipitous and rocky mountains of the Andes or Cordellieras; in fize, number and arrangement of teeth, and in general appearance, it refembles the Herfe, for which reafon it is placed by Dr Gme- lin in this genus, though its cloven hoofs are fimilar to thofe of the animals belonging to-the former order: It is a very vicious, wild, and exceedingly fwift animal, having the fize, hair, colour, nofe, eyes, neck, back, tail, legs, and genitals, refembling the Afs, with which it likewife agrees in its in- ternal ftruéture, but wants the dufky crofs on the fhoulders, and refembles the Horfe in the figure of its ears, and the neighing found of its voice.—Perhaps this animal may only be a wild Horfe, de- generated through the inclemency of the mountainous diftriét which it inhabits, and the circumftance of its having cloven hoofs may be exaggerated, or only a miftake.—T. XLU. HIPPOPOTAMUS,—41. H/PPOPOTAMUS. 34. Has four fore teeth in each jaw; thofe above are placed in pairs at fome diftance from each other; thofe below are prominent, the two intermediate teeth being confiderably longer than the other two. In each fide of each jaw is one tufk; thofe of the under jaw are very long, much crooked, and MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. Hippopotamus, 347 and obliquely cut off at the ends. The feet are each armed with four little hoofs round the edges. Of this genus there is only one fpecies hitherto known, which is fuppofed to be the Behemoth of the book of Job. 1. Amphibious Hippopotamus.—1. Aippopotamus amphibius. 1. Has four fmall rounded hoofs on the edges of all the feet. Houttuyn. iii. gos. t. 28. Torapios “swmos. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 7. 12. viil.c. 24. Aelian..an. v. c. 53.—Hippopotamus.. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 25. 26. Xi. c. 12.37. 39. xxxii. c. 11. Bel. poifl. 47. f.-p..50. D°. obf. 104. Gefn. aquat. 494. Column. aq. 28. t..p. 30. Aldrov. dig. 181. 183. Jonft. quad. 108. t. 49. Charlet. exerc. 14. Ludolf. aeth. i..c. 10. n.1. p. 155. Raj. quad. 123. Shaw, trav. 427. Klein, quad. 34. t. 3. Briff. quad. r22. Haffelqu. palaeft. 280. Forfk. faun. orient. 4.. Radzivil, It. hie- ros. 142. Sparrman. att. Stock. 1778, iv. n. 12: D®. trav. ii. pl. 4.. Chemniz, naturf. xxi. 84. Journ. hiftor. 17. t. 2. Allamande, 124.—Hippopotamo: Zeringhi, monogr.—Hippopotame, or Cheval marin. Theven. It. i. 491. Marmol. afr..i. 51. Juffieu, act. Parif. 1724, p. 209. Lobo, abyil. i. 258. Miaillet, aeg. ii. 31. Adans. feneg. 73. Sm. Buff. vi. 277..pl. clxxxiv. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 68.—Cheropotamus, et Hippopotamus. Profp. alp. i..v. 245. t. 22. 25.—River horfe. Grew, muf. 14. t. r.—Hippopotami, River-horfes, Water-elephants, or Ker-kamanon. Barbot, guin. 73. 117.—Seekuh, or Sea-ox. Kolben, cape. ii..129.—Waflerochs.. Knorr, del. ii..t. K. 12.— Sea-horfe. Dampier, voy. li. 104. Moor, gambia. 105. 188. 216. Inhabits the rivers of Africa, from the Nile as far as the Cape of Good Hope, and in-the lakes of Abyflinia and Ethiopia, through which the Nile fows.—This animal is gregarious and polygamous, one male appropriating feveral females ; it lives chiefly on the fugar cane, Egyptian.bean, and millet, and frequently makes excurfions of fix.miles from the water, its general habitation, during the night in queft of food; it fometimes feeds on the roots of trees, but never on fifhes, though fome authors fay that it devours-fifh, crocodiles, and. even dead carcafes of animals. ‘The Hippopotamus is capable of being tamed, as we are informed by Belon that he faw one at Conftantinople fo gentle that it was fometimes allowed to go loofe, and would eat from the hand of its keeper: It is generally of gentle and inoffenfive manners, and very fhy, unlefs when- irritated or wounded, when it will attack boats and mankind. with great fury. On dry land it walks flowly, and.even with difficulty, efpecially in. marfhy places, on account of its clumfy form and great weight; but when purfued it takes to the water,. where it fwims with great {wiftnefs, and walks at the bottom with eafe; this circumftance is. very remarkable, as it has no external conformation, like other aquatic animals, peculiarly fitted for fwimming :. It cannot, however, remain long under water at a time, being obliged to rife to the. furface for breath; this it does, inthe day time and in places much frequented by mankind, with great caution, not venturing even to put the nofe above water, but in very fequeftered fituations, and in the night, it often raifes the whole head. When it leaves the water, to graze on fhore, it fome- times puts out half the body to look around, but fometimes rufhes out at once with great. impetuo- fity, and tramples every thing which it encounters under foot. It generally fleeps in places which are overgrown with reeds, cither on the banks of rivers, or in iflands, and in thefe places the female’ brings forth one young at a time, which fhe fuckles in the water. ‘The voice is between that of a: Hlorfe and.an Elephant, or a Buffalo, and is very foncrous.. BOE 2, The: oy iS) 348 MAMMALIA. BELLUE. - Tapir, The Hippopotamus is almoft as large as an Elephant, being“fometimes feven-feet’high, feventeen feet long, and weighing from four to five thoufand pounds, fo that twelve oxen have been found ne- ceflary to drag afhore the carcafe of one that had been fot ma river near the Cape. Dr Gmelin compares the body and general-appearance to an Ox, the feet to a Bear, the toughnefs and thicknefs of {kin to a Rhinoceros, the tufks, tail, hinder part of the body, and mode of living, to a Hog. The head is enormoully large, with a very wide mouth; the ears are fmall and pointed, with a border of fhort fine hairs; the eyes and noftrils are very {mall;.the lips have feveral tufts of ftrong coarfe “hairs; the tufks are fometimes twenty-feven inches long, and near feven pound weight each; thefe and the grinders are very white, much harder than ivory, infomuch that fome authors fay they will ftrike fire with fteel, and, from having the property of :preferving their colour without growing yellow, they are, much efteemed ameng dentifts for making falfe.teeth; of the grinders there are fix on each fide above and eight below. ‘The flin is ofa dark-colour and almoft naked, having only a few {cattered, and fcarcely decernible, white hairs, which ftand a little thicker on the neck, but with- out forming any mane; the {kin is fo thick and tough as to refift.a bullet when dry, and is ufed by the inhabitants of Africa for making fhields. ‘The tail is about,a foot long, and almoft a foot in cir- cumference at the origin, naked, tapering to a point, and-flattened. ‘The legs are extremely thick, and very. fhort in proportion, and the lobes of the feet have no connecting membrane. The fleth is by fome authors faid to be delicious, while others reprefent it as very dry and of difficult digeftion, while the fat, of which a full grown animal is faid to yield about two thoufand pounds, is efteemed excellent, and is recommended as a fovereign remedy for pulmonary difeafes, on which account it is falted and fent to the Cape, where it fells ata dear rate. OTM) AvP Wo Rimte ye ara. ‘Has ten fore-teeth in each jaw, and no tufks. The fore feet have each four, and the hind feet three hoofs. Of this-genus there is only one fpecies, which is entirely confined to South America, and there- fore was unknown to the ancients. a. American Tapir.—1. Lapir americanus. ‘Has a long extenfile and flexible probofcis or fnout. Briff. regn. an. r19. Yapir. Sm. Buff. vi. 243. pl. lxxxii—Long-nofed Tapir. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 69.—Tapi- hires. ‘Thevet. cofin. ii. 937. b.—Tapiirete. Marcgr. braf. 229. Pif. ind. roz. Raj. quad. 126. Klein, quad. 36.—Tapirouffou. Lery, voy. 154.—Beori. Laet, amer. 328.—Danta. Nieremb. hit. nat. 187. Jonft. quad. 216, Chieza, peru. .20.—Antes. Nieuhof, braf. in. Har. voy. ii. 23.—Anta. Marcer. et Pifo, loc. fup. cit. Gumil. oron. i. 300.—Elan, Elk, or Vagra. _Condam. voy. 163.— Maipouri, or Manipouri. Barrere, fr. equ. 160.—Hippopotamus terreftris. Syft. nat. ed. x. 74. n. 2.—Sus aquaticus multifulcus. Barrere, fr. equ. 160. Fermin, furin. ii. 80.—Hydrochaerus Ta- pir. Erxl. mam, igi. n. 1.—Wafferfchwein. Knorr. del. ii. t. x. 13.—Mountain Cow, Dampier, voy. li. 192.—Elephant hog. Wafer, in Damp. voy. iii. 400.—Species.of Hippopotamus, or Riyer- horfe. Bancroft, guian. 127. ; Tnhabits MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. Hog. 349 TInhabits the woods and rivers of the eaftern coaft of South America, from the Ifthmus of Darien to the river Amazons.—The Tapir fleeps during the day in the thickeft and moft covert places of the woods, adjacent to the banks of rivers and lakes, into which it plunges when difturbed, and fwims or walks on the bottom in the fame manner with the Hippopotamus ; it goes about during the night in gqueit of food, and feeds on grafs, fugar canes, fruits, and other vegetables. It is an animal of a mild and gentle nature, and is very eafily made tame, being fometimes kept in farm yards in Guiana, and fed along with the cattle; it is timorous, falacious, fluggifh, and flow footed, but {wims remark- ably well, and dives to the bottom of the water, where it walks as well as on dry land. When do- metfticated it becomes familiar, will take any thing that is offered, and will even rummage with its nofe in peoples pockets for meat. This is the largelt of the animals which are peculiar to America, eing about the fize of a {mall cow, and having fome general refemblance to a hog: In the male the nofe is elongated into a fort of probofcis or flexible trunk, which extends far beyond the lower jaw, and is capable of being contracted and extended at pleafure; the fides of this fnout are furrowed Jengthways, and with this the animal.is able to lay hold of any thing and convey it to the mouth; the nofe of the female is deftitute of this elongation, and both jaws are of equal length, ending in a pointed fnout: The ears are roundifh and erect; the eyes are very fmall; the neck is thick, fhort, and has a kind of briftly mane, about an inch and-a half long, on its upper part, near the head ; the body. is. thick and clumfy, and the back is fomewhat arched; the legs are fhort and thick, with fmall, black, hollow hoofs; the tail is very fhort and naked; the fkin is very tough, and is covered with a fhort dufky coloured fur, which in young animals is {potted with white: The voice of this animal re- fembles a kind of hifs: There are five grinders on each fide in each jaw, with a vacancy between them and the cutting teeth. SEINE ET OSG SOS. a ot Has-four cutting teeth in the upper jaw, whofe points con- verge; and, for the moft part, fix in the lower jaw, which Rand forwards: There are two tufks in each jaw, thofe in the upper jaw being fhort, while thofe of the under jaw are long, and extend out of the mouth. The fnout is pro- minent, moveable, and has the appearance of having bcen cut off, or truncated. The feet are armed with divided or cloven hoofs. The animals of this ‘genus*have'a very firm cartilaginéus {nout, of a rownd form, provided with firong tendons, and with it they dig in the earth in queft of roots, and other kinds of food; they are in general rather foul feeders, and ‘live almoft indifferently on animal and vegetable food, even devouring the moft corrupted carcafles, and the excrements of other animals; they are likewife fond of wallowing in the mire. The male is named Boar, the female Sow, and the young ones Pigs; the female has a great mumber of teats difpofed longitudinally along the belly and breaft, and is extreme- _ ly prolific. 773 774 ‘250 MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. Hoe. 1. Common Hog.—r. Sus Scrofa 1. The fore part of the back is befet with hard briftles, and the tail is hairy. Faun. fuec. 21 Amoen. ac. v. 461. The Hog is domefticated almoft every where over the earth, except in the Frigid Zone, in Kamt-- {chatka, and other places where the cold is very great.—It has a rank fmell, efpecially the male 3. digs the earth with its nefe, and lives almoft upon any thing that comes in its way, fucculent vege- tables, grafs, roots, grain, animal food, carcafles, excrement, and even its own offspring; yet, when. food is plentiful, it fhews confiderable choice. It is a lazy, indolent, and ftupid animal, yet can run fwiftly when urged, and fhews great figns of uneafinefs and reftleffnefs before high winds. When it is plentifully fed it becomes exceedingly fat, efpecially on the furface of the body, between the fkin and the panniculus carnofus, or cutaneous mufcle; it is fond of bafking in the fun and of wal- lowing in the mire ;. when irritated. it runs furioufly againft an enemy, making a loud grunting noife, and foaming at the mouth, Though originally unknown in America, it has now become very com- mon, and is extremely ufeful by deftroying Rattle-{nakes and other ferpents, which it devours with fafety. It is exceedingly lafcivious, yet very tardy, owing to the length and laxity of the penis; the- female has a vaft number: of teats, goes four months with young, and has very numerous litters, fometimes as far as twenty at a time; it lives to a confiderable age, even. to. twenty-five or thirty years, without lofing its teeth; is much infefted with lice, and is fubject to hydatyds, fcrofula, meafles,, and cutaneous eruptions, and is poifoned by eating pepper. ‘I'he fpecies is fubdivided. into: the fol lowing varieties. a. Wild Hog.—1. a. S. Scrofa ferus, The ears.are fhort, and fomewhat rounded. _Briff..regn. an. 75.. "Ys dyesos. Arift. hift, an. i. c. 2.—Kamgoc.. D®. ii. c.. 9, 11. v. c. 13. Oppian. cyneg. il. 364.— Sus dyeeos. Aclian, an, v. c..45.—Sus ferus. Plin, hift. nat. viii. c..51.—Sus. Charlet. exerc. 13.— Sus agreftus, Aper, Wild-boar. Raj. quad. 96.—Porcus.. Plin. hift. nat. xviii. c. 35. Jonit. quad. t. 48. Klein, quad. 25.—Aper. Gefn. quad. 1039. f. p..toqo.. Schwenkf. ther. 54. Aldrov. bif. 1013. f. p. 1025. Jonft. quad. 105. t. 47. 48.—Wieprz-lefny, Dzik. Rzacz. pol. 213.—Cochon: fauvage, Maron, Sanglier. Des Marchais, voy. iii. 296.—Sanglier, Marcaflin, Wild Boar. Sm. Buff. iil. 500. pl. xx. xxiii. f.. 1.— Wild Hog. Brown, jamaic. 487. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 61. A— Wild Schwein. Gefn. thierb. 336. Ridinger, jagd. th. t. 6.. The Wild Hog, or, as it is ufually called, Wild Boar, inhabits the South of Europe, the north of Perfia, Japan, A&a from Syria as far as lake Baikal, the coaft of Barbary, India, Ceylon, Java, and: the other Indian iflands.—It is generally of a. dark brindled colour, and fomewhat. hoary, having foft,. fort, curled hair beneath or between the briftles; the young ones have feveral longitudinal {treaks, of yellowith and dark brown alternately, from the rump to the back ef the head along the back and fides. This animal, though very flothful, drowfy, and ftupid, is very fwift, and. extremely fierce ;, the females. ufually litter im May or June. In the Wild Hog, the fnout and tufks are confiderably longer than in the domeftic varieties; and it is not fo apt to become fat, efpecially on the bowels, where: the fat is called /ard. 8. Dometic Hog.—1, B.a. S. Scrofa domefficus. Has long, pointed, flouching ears. Briff. quad. 74. 775 776 977 778 MAMMALIA. BELLUZ, Hog, 351 tye. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 5.7. V. c. 13. vi. c. 8. 28. Viti, c. 9. Ael. an. ii./¢. 3. X.¢. 16. Sus, Verres, Scrofa. Plin. hift. nat. viii. c. 51. x. ¢. 63. 73- Xi. c 37- 39- Gefn. quad. 982. f. p. 983. ‘Schwenkf. ther. 123. Aldrov. bif. 937. f: p- 1006. Jonft. quad. 99. t. 47- Sibb. Scot. an. 9.— _ Sus, Porcus domefticus. Raj. quad. 92. Sloan, jam. il. 328.—Cochon, Verrat, Cochon de lait, or Hog, Boar, Sow, and Pig. Sm. Buf iii. 500. pl. xxii. xxiii. f. 2—Schwein. Gefn. thierb. 331.— Common domeftic Hog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 61. B. Brrr. zoo. i. 41. The Common domeftic Hog is cultivated almoft all over the world, and varies exceedingly in fize and colour; there are now vaft droves of them, which have become wild, in the forefts of South America, derived from the European breeds which have been tranfported to that country. The do- meftic Hog is ufually of a whitifh colour, frequently {potted with black or brown, and often entirely yellowifh, brown, reddifh, afh coloured, or black. It is larger in the temperate regions, and fmaller in the hotter parts of the earth, and in thefe which are very cold; in Vartary it is very large, and of a filvery colour. ‘The ears are longer than in the Wild Hog, fharp pointed, and flouch much forwards. y. Single-hoofed Hog.—1. 8. b. S. Scrofa dom. monungulus. Has undivided hoofs on all the feet. Arift. hift. an. ii. c. 7. Plin. hift. nat. xi..c. 43. Perin. hift. of quad. n. 61. 0. This variety refembles the common domeftic kind in every thing except the folid hoofs; it ts found about Upfal in Sweden, and in other parts of the world, and is even mentioned by the ancients. d. Chinefe Hog.—1. 8. c. S. Scrofa dom. finenjis. The back is almoft naked, and the belly hangs down almoft to the ground. Sus chinenfis. It. Wyoth. 62. It. fcan. 72. Briff. quad. 75.—Chinefe hog. Penn. hift. of quad, mn. 61. y. Forreft, voy. 39.—Javan hog. Kolben, cape. i. 117. This variety is common in China, in the iflands of the Indian Ocean and South Seas, and is found wild in great numbers in New Guinea; it is alfo now frequently cultivated in feveral parts of Eu- rope.—lIt is confiderably fmaller than the common kind, and is ufually of a mixed black and white colour, or black with a flight hoarinefs; the legs are fhort, the tail is very fhort and pendulous, the belly hangs down fo much as almoft to touch the ground: The animal is confiderably more clean- ly than the ordinary Hog; its flefh likewife is reckoned whiter and more favory. 2. Guinea Hog.—2. Sus Porcus. 2, Has no briftles; ‘the hinder part of the back is covered with long hairs; the tail hangs down to the ground. Briff. regn. an. 109. n. 4. - “ Porcus guineenfis. Marcgr. braf. 230. Jonft. quad. t..46. Raj. quad. 96. Klein, quad. 26.— Guinea hog. Sm. Buff. viii. 239. Brown, jam. 487. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 61. «: B. Siam Hog.—2., 8. S. Porcus fiamenfis. The ears are ereét and fomewhat pointed, and the tail almoft reaches the ground. Sm. Buff. iii. 500. pl. xxi. Penn, hift. of quad. n. 61. 8. ead 3 th Thefe 779 780 352 MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. Hog, Thefe two animals feem only to be varieties of the Common domeftic Hog: The former inhabits Guinea, from whence it has been tranfported to Brafil; the latter is found in the kingdom of Siam.— Both are fmaller than the Common Hog, and the head is lefs in proportion; the tail is very long and naked; the ears are longifh and much pointed; the body is covered with fhort and fhining red hairs, which are longer on the buttocks and about the head.—Dr Gmelin adds to the chara¢ter of the for- mer variety that it has a kind of bag on the navel; but, as that circumftance is not mentioned by the. authors he has quoted, it is here omitted.—T. 3 Pecary.—3. Sus Tajaffu. 3. Has no tail: On the hinder part of the back is an open glandular orifice, which dif- charges a fetid untuous liquid. Aper mexicanus, Briff. quad. iii. n. 6—Tajagu, Sus minor, Cochon noir. Barrere, Fr. eq. 161.— Porcus mexicanus. Charlet.ex. 14. Seb. muf. i. t. r11. £.4.—Porcus mofchiferus. Klein. quad. 25.— Sus umbilico in dorfo. Aldrov. bif. 939.—Quauhuatl, Quauhioyamatl. Fernand. an. 8.—Quauhtla, Coymatl, Quapizotl, Chuchie, Cofcui. Hernand. mex. 637.—Tajafloub, Sanglier. Thevet, cofmogr. ii. 936. b.—Zainus, Saino, Zaino. Nieremb. hift. nat. 170. Jonft. quad. 1o7. t. 46. Muf. worm. 340.—Tajacu, Caaigoara. Marcgr. braf. 229. Pifo, ind. 98.. Tyfon, phil. tranf. n. 153. p. 359. Raj. quad. 97.—Javari, Paquire, Paquira. Rochefort, ant. 138. Gumill. orin. i. 293.—Pingo. Fermin, furin. ii. 79.—Pecary, Tajagu, or Mexican hog. Sm. Buff. 271. pl. cxxxii. cxxxiii. Wafer, voy. 222. Des Marchais, voy. ili. 296. Bancr. guian. 125.—Mexican hog. Penn. hift..of quad: nm. 64.. Inhabits the warmeft parts of America, and in fome of the Weft India iflands.—It lives in confiderable flocks among the woody hills, and is very fierce, yet eafily tamed; it dees not wallow in mire like the Common Hog, neither does it become fo fat: It feeds on fruits, roots, ferpents, and reptiles.. The flefh is extremely good if the gland on the back be cut out immediately after death, otherwife the fetid ichor foon taints the whole carcafs with an intolerable odour. In general figure this animal refem- bles the Chinefe Hog, already defcribed, and is about three feet long. The ears are fhort, ereét, and pointed; the eyes are rather funk; the neck is thick and fhort; the briftles are almoft as thick as the fpines of a Hedge-hog, of a hoary black colour, and furrounded with feveral whitith rings; they are longeft on the back and ridge of the neck, being almoft five inches in length, on the fides they are fhorter, and the belly is almoft naked; from the fhoulders to the breaft is a band or collar of white, which is interrupted on the back; the open gland is fituated almoft at the rump, on the top of the back, and continually difcharges a ftinking unctuous ichory fluid, which, when dry, has the flavour of caftor. The voice refembles the grunting of the Common Hog, but is ftronger and harder, efpecially when angry. The tufks of the upper jaw {carcely project when the mouth is faut, and thofe of the lower jaw are entirely covered. B. Leffer Pecary.—Sus Lajaffz minor. Is a good deal fmaller than the former, and of a reddifh colour. Sm. Buff. v. 277. Inhabits Guiana.—The Count de Buffon, on the authority of Mr de la Borde, defcribes two fpe- cies or varieties of the Pecary, as inhabiting Guiana, in South America; the larger, which is the Pecary already defcribed, is black, with white hair on its chops, and weighs about a hundred pounds; the 782 783 MAMMALIA. BELLUZ. | Hog. 353 the fmaller, which is the one now in queftion, is of a reddifh colour and weighs fixty pounds. Both, it would appear, have the dorfal gland, and agree much in manners, but the fmaller variety is faid to be fiercer than the other. y. Patira—Sus Tajaffu Patira, Refembles the former, but has a white line along the fpine. Sm. Buff. v. 278. Inhabits Guiana.—This variety is likewife introduced on the authority of M. de la Borde; it is of the fame fize with the Leffler Pecary, and has a white line along the fpine from the neck to the tail; it lives in the forefts, not in large herds, but in fingle families; takes refuge when purfued in hollow trees, and in holes of the earth, and defends itfelf with great courage againft dogs. This animal frequents the marfhes, is eafily tamed when taken young, but always fhews a great antipathy to dogs; the female brings only two young ones at a birth; the flefh is reckoned excellent; and the hair is fofter than that of a Common Hog. The proper marks of diftinction between thefe three va-° rieties are not afcertained. 4. African Hog.— 4, Sus africanus, 60 Has only two fore-teeth in the upper jaw. Cape-verd hog. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 63. Sm. Buff. viii. 241. Lev. muf. Inhabits Africa, from Cape Verd to the Cape of Good Hope.—The body of this animal is covered’ with very long and fine briftles, efpecially about the fhoulders, belly, and thighs, where they are of great length; the tail reaches to the firft joint of the hind leg, is very flender, and terminates in a large tuft; the head is long fhaped, with a flender nofe, the upper jaw extending far beyond the lower; the ears are narrow, ereét, pointed, and tufted with very long briftles at the end: There are only two fore-teeth in the upper, and fix in the lower jaw; the tufks are large and very hard, like ivory, thofe of the upper jaw being very thick, and having the appearance of being cut off obliquely; on each fide of each jaw there are fix grinders, the moft advanced being very large. Mr- Pennant fuppofes this fpecies to be the animal mentioned by Adanfon as a Boar of enormous fizey, peculiar to Africa,. 5. Engallo.—5. Sus aethiopicus. 4. Has no fore-teeth: On each cheek, below the eyes, there is a foft wrinkled hollow, from the under edge of which hangs a large pendent wattle. Aper aethiopicus, Hartlooper. Pall. mifc. zool. 16. t. 2.. Spic. zool. ii. 3. t. 1. xi. 84. t. 5. f.7.— Engalla. Meroll. cong. 667. Sorrento, voy. in Church. col. i. 667—Emgalo, Engulo. Barbot, guin. 487.—Porc fanglier. Flacourt, madagafc. 151.—Sanglier hideux. Damp. voy. i. 405.—Ethio- pian hog. Sm. Buff. viii. 241. pl. ccxci. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 62.—African wild boar. Deflandes,, in Mart. mem. ac. v. 386. Lev. muf. Inhabits Madagafcar and the hotter parts of interior Africa.—This- animal is very fierce, exceed-. ingly {wift, and more attive, livelier, and more fagacious, than the Common Hog, with which it. will not procreate ;, it is of confiderable fize, one, which was hardly full grown, meafuring four feet nine inches in length; it has a ftrong, yet not difagreeable odour, refembling the Lamium purpure- um, and compared by Vofmaer to new cheefe. The body is thick, broad, and almoft naked, having. Vou. £ Yy Be 784 354 MAMMALIA. BELLUA. _ Hog. a few blackifh brown briftles difpofed in little bundles; thefe are more numerous, and longer on the back, and more fo between the ears and on the top of the neck, where they form a kind of mane. The head is very large, with a broad depreffled mugzle, truncated obliquely inwards, fo that the nof- trils are not feen unlefs it be confiderably raifed ; the extremity is very broad, and almoft as hard as horn; the mouth is fmall, and inftead of fore-teeth the gums are convex, {mooth, and very hard; the under tufks are fmall, but thofe above are large and bent upwards out of the mouth; on each fide of each jaw there are fix grinders; the eyes are {mall, and are placed near each other, almoft at the top of the forehead ; immediately below each under eye-lid is a fingular wrinkly hollow or fac, of foft, loofe, black fkin, from the under fide of which hangs down on the cheek, a large, broad, flat lobe or wattle, rounded at the lower end; the ears are large, erected backwards, fharp pointed, and lined with long whitifh hairs ; the tail is flender, flat, covered with hairs difpofed in parcels, and reaches only to the bottom of the thighs. ‘This fingularly hideous animal burrows under ground, and digs with furprifing expedition: It is confounded by Button with the preceding fpecies, though “remarkably different from. it by the fingular {tructure below the eyes, and by the want of fore-teeth. “ 6. Babyroufla.—6. Sus Babyruffa. 5. Has two crooked tufks, refembling horns, which pierce through the upper part of the face. JErxleb. mam. 188. n. 5. Aper orientalis. Briff. quad. 110. n. §—'‘Y5 terguxegws. Aclian. an. xvii. c. 10.—Aper indicus. Plin. hit. nat. viii. c. 52.—Aper cornutus. Calpurn. eclog. 7. v. 58.—Babi-raefa. Seb. muf. i. 80. t. 50. f. 2.—Porcus indicus, Babyrouffa, Babyrufa, Babiroufia, Babi-roefa. Raj. quad. 96. Klein; quad. 25. Bont. ind. 61. Jacob. muf. reg. 5. t. 2. f. 5. Lauf. muf. t. 3. f. 28. Valent. amboin. iii. 268.—Strange hogs with horns. Purch. pilg. ii. 1695. v. 566.—Horned hog. Grew, muf. 27. t. 1.—Babyrouffa. Penn. hift. of quad. n. 63. pl. xiv. f. 1. Sm. Buff. vii. 58. pl. cciii—Eberhirfch, Hirfcheber. Knorr, del. ii. t. K. 7. Inhabits the iflands of Java, Celebes, Buero near Amboina, and the other iflands of the Indian Ocean.—The Babyroufla lives in herds, and feeds on herbs and leaves of trees, but never ravages the gardens and plantations like other fwine; it has a very quick fcent, and, when purfued, often takes to the water, where it fwims and dives with great dexterity; in the forefts it is faid often to reft itfelf by fufpending the weight of its head, by the crooked horn-like tufks, to the branches of trees. The head is long and narrow, with fmall, erect, {harp pointed ears, and fmall eyes; there are four fore-teeth in the upper, and fix in the lower jaw, two tufks in each, and five grinders on each fide of each jaw; the lower tufks ftand near eight inches out of the mouth, pointing toward the eyes; the upper tuiks are rooted downwards in fockets which open outwards on the top of the nofe, fo that they feem horns rather than teeth; they are about twelve inches long, are very much bent upwards, and recurved at the ends; the body is plump and fquare, having a few weak briftles along the back, but the reft is covered with a fhort woolly hair, of a grey colour mixed with red and black; the legs are long and flender; the tail is long, ufually twifted, and ends in a tuft of hair. The flefh of this animal is reckoned very good, yi Va: MAMMALIA, CETE. Narval. Ge on Cr VII. Coptic, TB Have fpiracles * on the anterior part-of the fkull, no feet, inftead of which they have pectoral fins, deftitute of nails; and the tail is horizontally flattened. This order of Cete ought, from external fhape and habits of life, to have been arranged with the’ clafs of Fifhes; but the illuftrious author having adopted the ingenious idea of employing the cir- cumftance of fuckling their young as a charatteriftic mark for a number of animals, all of which have warm red blood propelled by two auricles and two ventricles, found himfelf forced to include thefe, which ought otherwife to have been named Cetaceous Fifhes. ‘They are not hitherto well known, becaufe living only in the fea, they are difficultly made the fubject of obfervation; even thofe fpecies of Whales and Cachalots which have long been killed in vaft numbers annually, on ac- count of the oil which they produce, are very imperfectly known to naturalifts. In general they refemble fithes in the form of their bodies; all have pectoral fins, and a fin-like tail;.a {mall num- ber of fpecies have a dorfal fin, but they are all deftitute both of the ventral and anal fins +. They are found in almoft every part of the ocean, and the feas which communicate with it, though fome fpecies are.more peculiarly confined to particular regions, and very few are found in the Red Sea.. XLV. NARVAL.—44. MONOD ON. 37. Has two very long, ftraight, and fpirally twifted teeth, which ftick out ftraight forwards from the upper jaw. The fpi- racle, or breathing hole, is fituated on the anterior and up- per part of the fkull. 785 i. Horned Narval.—1. Monodon Monoceros. 1. The only fpecies of this genus, Monodon. Arted. gen. 78. fyn. 108. Faun fuec. 48. Muf. ad. fr. 1.52. Muller, zool. dan. 6: n. 44.—Monoceros. Charlet. exerc. pifc. 47. Willoughby, pifc. 42. app. 12, t. A. f. 2. Raj. pife. ‘ Yy 2 Thiel * The word /pirac/e is employed to denote a kind of pipe, or fiftulous opening, on the top.of the head, communicating with, the nofe, through: which the various fpecies blow large quantities of water with: great force, by the power of their breath, which ltkewife iffues from the fame openings, fo that they may be confidered as noftrils not fituated on the nofe or muzzle. —T. 4; Thefe fins will be defcribed particularly in the clafs of Fifhes.—T.. 356 MAMMALIA. CETE. Whale. 11.—Unicornu marinum. Muf. Worm. 282. 283—Narhwal. Klein, mifc. pifc. ii. 18. t. 2. f.c.— Eenhorn, Narhwal. Anderf. ifl. 225. Crantz. groenl. 146. Mart. fpitz. 94.—Eenhorning, Narhval, Lioorne. Egede, groen]. 56. Inhabits the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean.—This animal is reprefented by fome authors as meafuring from twenty to twenty-two feet in length, while others fay that it reaches to forty, or even fixty feet long, and twelve feet broad; it is particularly noted for its horn or horns, as they are call- ed, which are real teeth; of thefe there are always two in young animals, though the old ones have generally only one, fometimes none. In the fpecimen belonging to the Edinburgh Mufeum there is only one, which is placed rather on one fide, and no veftige of a focket for the other; but then it is a general fact that fockets become obliterated after the teeth which grew from them are deftroyed. From this circumftance of only one tooth being ufually found, the animal has acquired the name of Monodon, Unicorn Fifh, or Sea Unicorn. This extended tooth perforates the upper jaw, and is a very powerful weapon of offence; there are even many inftances of the tooth haying been found in the bottoms of fhips which returned from the northern feas, probably owing to the Narval having miftaken the {hip for a Whale, and attacked it with fuch fury as not to be able to get out the wea~ pon from the wood. The head is {mall, with very minute eyes; the back has no fin, and the twa fins on the breaft are very fmall; the fkin is white with black fpots on the back, and nas a great quantity of blubber underneath, The Narval {wims with very great velocity, and, though by ne means {carce in the feas about Greenland, is very feldom killed. XLVL WHALE—45. BAL ENA. 38. Has no teeth, inftead of which the upper jaw is provided with horny laminae, called Whale-bone. The fpiracle has two openings on the top of the head. | 1. Common Whale.—1. Balaena Myfticetus. 1. The noftrils, on the fore part of the head, are much contorted, and the back has no fin. Arted. gen. 76. Syn. 106. Faun. fuec. 49. 786 a. Greenland Common Whale.—B. Myfiicetus groenlandica. Of a blackifh colour on the back and white on the belly. Briff. regn. an. 347. n. 1. Balaena groenlandica. Muf. ad. fr. i. 51. Gron. zooph. 139.—B. major, B. bipinnis Sibbaldi, et B. vulgaris edentula, Raj. pifc. 16. et 6.—B. vera. Klein, mifc. pife. ii. ir. Willoughb. pile. 38. 35.— B, vulgaris, Mufculus. Rondel. pifc. 4775.—B. vulgaris, Myfticetus Ariftotelis, Muiculus Plinif. Gefn. aqu. 132.—B. vulgaris. Charlet. ex. pifc. 46 —B. vulgi, Muf. worm. 281. Jonft. pifc. 216. _ Aldrov. pifc. 688.—Balaena. Flin. hift. nat. ix. c. 6. 7. 13. Schonev. ichth. 24. Aldrov pife. 6-¢. £. p. 677. 682. Sibb. Scor. an. 23.—®#aawe. Arift. hift. an.i.c. 5. iii. c. 16. Aclian. an. v. c. 4.— Mustiznzo;. Arift. hift, an. iii. c. 10.—Hvalfifk. Egede, groenl. f. p. 48.—Wallfith, Mart. {pitzb. 98.t. Q. f. a. b.—Groenlandifche Wallfith. Anderf. ifl. 212. Crantz, groenl. 141.—Common Whale. Penn, Barr. zoot. iii, n. 16. Aré&. zool. fup. ror. n, 5£.—Whalebone Whale. Dudley, phil. tranf. abr. vii. 424. B. F 2) 787 788 MAMMALIA. CETE. Whale. 357 B. Iceland Common Whale.—1. 8. B. Myflicetus iflandica. Of a black colour with a whitifh glofs. Briff. regn. an. 30. n. 2. Nord-kapper. Fgede, groenl. 53. Anderf. ifl. 219. Crantz. groenl. 145. y. Larger Common Whale.—1, y. B, Myfticetus major. Has no fpiracle. Raj. pifc. 16. Inhabits the Arctic Seas, efpecially about Greenland and Spitzbergen.—The Common Whale is of enormous bulk, meafuring from fifty or fixty, to feventy, eighty, and even an hundred feet long; it {wwims with immenfe velocity, but, notwithftanding its vaft fize, having no weapons either of de- fence or offence, it is exceedingly fhy and timid. It lives chiefly on the Cancer pedatus, and ocula- tus, Argonauta arctica, and Clio bitentaculata; the fecond, or Iceland, variety, which is fmaller and more flender than the Greenland kind, feeds on Medufae and Clupeae *: It is probable that the defcription of the third variety, or Larger Common Whale, as being without any fpiracle, which is admitted by the celebrated Ray on the authority of Sibbald, is either totally erroneous, or founded on miftake, as it differs fo completely, not only from the general analogy of the Whale genus, but from the whole cetaceous order. The female Whale has two proportionally finall paps fituated on the abdomen, near the vagina, which fhe has the power of retracting; fhe is fuppofed to go nine or ten months with young, and produces moftly one, feldom two, at a time, which fhe fuckles and takes care of with great affection. The flefh of the Whale is extremely dry and infipid, except about the tail, which is more juicy, yet {till very tattelefs ; between the fkin and fiefh the whole body is ~furrounded with a vaft layer of fat or blubber, of which feventy or eighty buts, or large barrels, are fometimes procured from one Whale; they are hunted with great attention, on account of this blubber, for the fake of a coarfe oil which is extracted from it, and it appears that this trade was confiderable even in the time of Hidore and Vincentius; it is mentioned as common and very profi- table on the French coaft by Brito, a poet of the twelfth century. ‘The horny laminae, which are found in the upper jaw of the Whale, are likewife a valuable article of commerce, under the name of Whale-bone; thefe, from frequent ufe, ferving to catch the food of the animal, are fplit at the mar- gin and the extremity into long, thick briftles; there are about feven hundred laminae of this fub- ftance in the mouth of each individual, and, when the animal is full grown, the middle lamina, which is the longeft, meafures from eighteen to twenty feet long. The head of the Common Whale is nearly one third part of the animal, being flattith on the up- per part, and furmouated by a tubercle or projection, in which the fpiracle, or breathing pipe, is fituated ; the mouth is very large, and ftretches far backwards, almoft as far as the eyes, in form of the letter /; the lower Jaw, efpecially about the middle, is very broad; the tongue is very foft, being compofed almoft entirely of fat; it is of a white colour, fpotted with black at the fides, and adheres ‘by its under furface to the lower jaw; the eyes are placed at a great diftance from each other on the fides of the head, over the entrance to the ears, and are very little larger than thofe of an Ox; the fin is about an inch thick, and the fcarf {kin about the thicknefs of parchment; this laft is very fmooth, feldom entirely black, or variegated with black and yellow, and very rarely of a white co- lour. * All thefe animals, belonging to the facceeding claffes, will be hereafter particularly defcribed in the ciurfe of this work.—T. 358 MAMMALIA. CETE. Whale. lour. The tail is horizontally flattened and flightly divided into two lobes, from the middle of which a fhort, and fomewhat fharp, angular ridge runs up the middle of the back, but without any proper dorfal fin. ' =e 2, Fin Whale.—2. Balaena Phyfalis. 2. Has a double opening to the f{piracle on the middle of the fore part of the head; anda foft fin on the hinder part of the back. Art. gen. 77. fyn. 107. Faun. fuec. so. Balaena, having three fins, and a fimooth beily. Briff. 352. n. 5.—Balaena, without teeth, having a narrow body and a fin on the back. Raj. pifc. g. Klein, mifc. pifc. 13.—Phyfalus bellua, Phyfeter. Gefn. aqu. 85 1.—Phyfeter. Plin. hift. nat. ix. c. 4. xxxii. c. 11. Jonit. pifc. 217. Charlet. ex. pifc, 47. Sibb. Scot. an. 23. Willoughb. pifc. 41.—Finne-fifke. Egede, groenl. 48—Finnfilc. Mart. fpitzb. 125. t. Q. f. c. Anderf. ifl. 219. Crantz. groenl. 145—Fin Whale. Penn. arét. zool. fup. TOI. n. 53.—Fin-fifh. Brrr. Zoot. ili.n. ¥8.—Fin-backed Whale. Dudley, phil. tranf. abr. vil. 425. Inhabits the Atlantic, both on the American and European coafts.—This fpecies is equally long ~ with the Common Whale, but not above a third, or even fourth, part of the circumference, and produces vaftly lefs blubber; the opening of the mouth is larger; the horny laminae, or Whale-bone, are fhorter, and of a bluifh colour; the flefh is better tafted; and it throws the water from the fpiracles with greater force. ‘The upper part of the body of this animal is of a clear brown colour, and the lower parts white; the lips are brown and refemble a twifted rope; on the lower part of the back, near the tail, there is a ftraight, foft, fharp pointed fin, between three and four feet long, with- out rays or bones, from which circumftance the Englifh name of the fpecies, to diftinguifh it from the Common Whale having no back-fin, is derived. From the violence with which this fpecies throws out the water from its fpiracle, it is fuppofed to be the @useaos of the ancients. This fpecies feeds on {mall fifhes of the Clupea, Scomber, and other genera: It is neglected by the Whale fithers, both on account of its great fiercenefs and the {mall quantity of blubber which it affords; even its appearance in the Whale feas is difliked, as it is f{uppofed to drive away the common fpecies, which. is fo much in requeft. 3. Scrag Whale.—3. Balaena Boops. 3. Has a double pipe on the fnout, and a horny protuberance on the extremity of the: back. Art. gen. 77. fyn. 107. Balaena, having three fins, a fharp fnout, and the. belly longitudinally wrinkled. Briff. regn. an.. 355- nm. 7.—Balaena, having three fins, a fharp fnout furnifhed with noftrils, and feveral folds of the fkin on the belly. Raj. pifc. 16.—Jubartes. Klein, mifc. pifc. ii. 13.—Jupiter fifch. Anderf. il. 220. Crantz, groenl. 146.—Pike-headed Whale. Penn. Brit. zoor. iii. n. 17. Arét. zool. fup. 101,.n. 52.—Scrag Whale. Dudley, phil. tranf. abr. vii. 425. Sibb. Scor. an. 23.. Inhabits both the northern and: fouthern cceans.—This fpecies is about forty-fix feet long, and twenty feet in circumference, at the thickeft part, where the breaft fins are placed. The upper parts of the body are black and very fmooth; the under parts are white, and have the fkin raifed into. many longitudinal folds; the head is oblong, with a fomewhat fharp fnout; the tongue refembles that of an Ox in figure, and is near five feet long; the eyes are not larger than thofe of an Ox, and are placed near the corners of the mouth. Ar 79° 792 793 MAMMALIA, CETE. Whale. 359 4. Humped Whale.—4. Balaena gibbofa. 5. Has no back fin, but the back is hunched. Hump Whale. Penn. arét. zool. fup. 102. n. §4.—Hump-back Whale. Dudley, phil. tranf. abr. vil. 425. «. Single-humped Whale.—>5. 8. B. gib. gibbo unico. Has one hunch on the lower extremity of the back. Balaena Novae-angliae, having two fins anda fingle hunch on the back. Briff: regn. an. 351. --n. 3.—Balaena, with one hunch on the back near the tail. Klein, mife. pife. ii. 12.—Pflokfifch. Anderf. ifl. 224. Crantz, groenl. 146. Inhabits the feas near the coaft of New England, in North America——The hump on the lower part of the back is defcribed as exceeding the fize of a man’s head. @. Six-humped Whale.—5. a. B. gid. gibbis fex. Has fix humps on the back. Balaena, having two breaft fins, and fix hunches on the back. Briff. regn. an. 351. n. 4. Erxl. mam. 610. n. 5.—Balaena macra. Klein, mifc. pifc. ii. 13.—Kmnotenfifch, Knobbelfifch. Anderf. ifl. 225. Crantz, groenl. 146. This variety refembles the Common Whale, except in having fix large knobs or hunches along the back, and the horny fcales in its mouth are of a white colour. We have no account of any other circumftances in its defcription, manners, or food; nor of the feas which it frequents. 5. Broad-nofed Whale.—5. Balaena Mu/fculus. 4. Has a double pipe on the fore-head, and a very broad under jaw. Art. gen. 78. fyn. 107 {p. 106. Balaena, with three fins, a round fnout, and wrinkled belly. Raj. fyn. pifc. 17. Sibb. Scor. an. 24. Briff. regn.an 353. n. 6.—®zd¢evz, Balaena, Balena, Balein, Capidolio. Bellon, aquat. 4. 6. Aldrov. pifc. 676. Inhabits the Scottifh feas.—This f{pecies is fometimes feventy-eight feet long, and above thirty-five in circumference; the lower jaw is femicircularly turned at its extremity, and is much broader than the upper jaw, which ends in a fharp fnout; the opening of the mouth is enormous, and contains a number of laminae of black Whale-bone, but the longeft do not exceed three feet; the {piracle or blowing pipe is of a pyramidal form, divided into two orifices by a feptum or partition, and is fituated. on the fore-head; the back is black, and furnifhed with a foft raylefs fin; and the belly, which is white, has a number of folds of the fkin. This Whale is very deftructive to the herring fhoals which vifit the Scottifh coaft, and which, with proper exertion, might prove an immenfe fource of wealth and induftry to Britain; perhaps it may not be improper to mention, that, from long experience, the Norwegians are fo thoroughly convinced of the benefits derived to their fifheries, by the Whales driving the fifh into the creeks and firths on their coaft, that they are protected by the law, under very fevere penalties. 6. 794 795 796 360 MAMMALIA. CETE. Whale. 6. Beaked Whale.—6. Balaena roftrata, 6. Has a foft fin on the back, and the nofe is peaked. Balaena roftrata minor. Muller, zool. dan. 7. n. 48. Chemniz, befchr. naturf. berl. iv. 183. Klein, mifc. pifc. ii. 13.—Beaked Whale. Penn. Brit. zooL. iii. n. 20. Arét. zool. fup. 102. n. §5.—Bottle-nofe Whale. Catefby, app. 32. Inhabits the Norwegian feas.—This fpecies has a confiderable refemblance to the Scrag Whale, efpecially in the form of the fnout ; but, according to Chemniz, it has no Whale-bone in the mouth, which has one tooth on each fide of the upper jaw, from which circumftances it more properly be- longs to the fucceeding genus, though in that the teeth are placed in the lower jaw. It is of a very clear black colour, and about twenty-five feet long; fwims with amazing velocity, and appears to have a very acute fight ; the lower jaw is confiderably thicker than the upper, and the fnout is very long and fharp. XLVI. CACHALOT.—46. PHYSETER. 309. Has teeth in the lower, and none in the upper jaw. 1. Leffer Cachalot.—1. Phy/eter Catodon. 1. Has no fin on the back; the blowing pipe is fituated on the fnout. Art. gen. 78. fyn. 108. Cetus minor, having two fins, and the pipe on the fnout. Briff. regn. an. 361. n. 4.—Balaena minor, having teeth in the lower jaw, without any fin or fpine on the back. Raj. pifc. 15. Sibb. Scor. an. 24. Inhabits the northern Atlantic.—This fpecies differs from the Scrag Whale by wanting the horny excrefcence on the back, and in having teeth in the lower jaw, but like it the fpiracle or pipe is pla- ced on the fnout, like noftrils; it is about twenty-four feet long, and has a round fhaped head, with a {mall opening, or rictus, of the mouth. 2. Blunt-nofed Cachalot.—2. Phyfeter macrocephalus. 2. Has no fin on the back; the blowing pipe is fituated on the nape of the neck. Catodon, with the pipe on the neck. Art. gen. 78. fyn. 108.—Blunt-headed Cachalot. Penn. Brit. Zoot. tii. n. 21. Arct. zool. fup. 102. n. §7.—Spermaceti Whale. Dudley, phil. tranf.. abr. Vil. 420. a, Black Blunt-nofed Cachalot.—2. «. Ph. macrocephalus niger. Of a black colour, with a hump on the back. Cetus, having two fins, of a black colour on the back, and whitifh on-the belly, with the fpi- racle on the neck. Briff. regn. an. 357. n. 1.—Cete, named Pot-Walfifh, by the Hollanders, and. Balaena major macrocephala, having teeth only in the lower jaw. Raj. pifc.. ii. and 15.—Balaena.. Jonft. pifc. 215. t. 41. 42. Willoughb. pifc. qr. t. A. 1. f. 3.—Cete admirabile. Cluf. exot. 131.— Cetus dentatus. Muf. worm, 280. Charlet. ex. pifc. 4. Sibb. Scor.. an. 23.—Cachelot. Klein, mife.. 797 798 799 Si een < MAMMALIA, CETE. Cachalot. 361 mife. pife. ii. 14. Egedé, groenl. 54. Anderf. ifl. 232. Crantz, groenl. 148.—Spermaceti Whale. Brown, jam. 459. 8. White Blunt-nofed Cachalot.—2. 8. Ph. macrocephalus albicans. Of a whitith colour, with a fmooth back. Balaena albicans, Weifs fifch. Klein, mifc. pifc. ii. 12.—Cetus albicans. Britl. regn. an. 359. n. 2.—Cetus albus. Raj. pifc. 11.—Hvid fifch, Poifen blanc. Egede, groenl. 55.—Weiis. fifch. Mart. fpitzb. 94. y. Grey Blunt:nofed Cachalot—2. y. PA: macrocephalus cinereus. Of a blackifh afh colour, with a hump on the back. . Cetus Novae-angliae, having two fins, the pipe on the neck, and a hump on the back. Briff. regn. an. 360. n. 3.—Balaena Dudleji.. Klein, mitc. pife. ii. 15. The-black variety of this fpecies is found in the European feas, the White in Davifes Straits, and the Grey on the coafts of New England.—The black variety grows to above fixty feet long, and thirty-fix feet in circumference; the head is exceedingly thick, and the lower jaw, which is {maller than the upper, has forty-fix teeth, in two rows, which rife between two and three inches above the gums, and are received ‘into an‘equal number of hollows, or fockets, in the upper jaw, when the nrouth is fhut; the female teats are retractile. The fubflance improperly named /permaceti is pro- cared from this animal, being contained in particular cavities of the bones of the head, which are covered with the common integuments or fkin; and from this variety, or another of the fame fpecies, the finer Whale oil, called /permaceti oi/, or white oil, is extracted; hence it is found in the fouthern feas along the coafts of Brafil, Patagonia, and in the Pacific Ocean, in which places a very extenfive- fiftery is now carried on from Britain. According to Dr Schwediauer, Phil. Tranf. 1782, P.i. mn. 15. the perfume called wmbergrec/e is the hardened faeces, or feybala, ejeted from this animal when fick, large quantities having been fownd jin its inteftines. The fame gentieman informs us, that it feeds chiefly on the Eight-legged Cuttle-fith, or Sepia o¢topodia. The white variety refembles the Common Whale, but has the head of a fharper form.; it is about. fifteen or fixteen feet long, and of a yellowith white colour: The teeth ‘are compreffed, fomewhat crooked inwards, and rounded at the ends. The grey variety grows to fixty, and even feventy, feet long, by thirty or forty in circumference ; has a very large head, with-very finall-eyes; the lower jaw is much narrower than the upper, and is furnifhed with a confiderable number of tecth, whicly are received into fockets of the upper jaw when the mouth is fhut. This variety agrees with the fir{t in having a hump on the back, which. rifes about a foot above.the. general furface. - 3, Sharp. nofed Cachalot.—3. Phyfeter microps. 3. Has a long fin.on the back, and the upper jaw is longer than the under. Art. gen. 74, fyn. 104... a. Hook-toothed Sharp-nofed Cachalot.—3, «. Pb. micr. falcidentatus. The teeth are fharp, and confiderably bent: Vo. Te LBs Getusy 362 MAMMALIA. °CETE. Cachalot. Cetus, having three fins, with fharp, arched, and hooked teeth. Briff. regn. an. 363. n. 6.— Balaena major, having a fin or fpine on the back, and teeth, which are hook-fhaped, in the under jaw. Raj. pife. 15. Sibb. Scor. an. 24. Klein, pifc. ii. -15.—Dritte Cachelotte. Anderf. ifl. 248. S00 8. Straight-toothed Sharp-nofed Cachalot.—3. 8. Ph. micr. rectidentatus, The teeth are fharp and ftraight. Cetus, having three fins, with fharp ftraight teeth. Briff. regn. an. 362. n. 9.—Zweyte Cache- lotte. Anderf. ifl. 246. Inhabits the northern Gcean—The head of this fpecies is enormoufly large, with very fmall eyes; the lower jaw is armed with a number of teeth, which, when the mouth is fhut, are received into an equal number of fockets in the upper jaw; the flkin is-very fmooth. The former variety is of a blackifh brown colour, and grows to feventy feet long; it has forty- two round teeth, which are a little comprefled fideways, thicker in the middle, and bent in form of a hook; the blowing pipe is placed a little farther forwards than the middle of the fnout; the back fin is longifh and fharp pointed, fo as to have the appearance of afpine. This animal fometimes chafes the Seals with fuch eagernels as to run itfelf on fhore. The latter variety is of a blackifh colour on the back, and whitifh on the belly, having a very hich hump on the upper part of the back, and the back fin is placed very near the tail; the head is almoft half the length of the body, having very bright yellowifh eyes; the tongue is {mall and tharp pointed ; the teeth are thick, ftraight, and {harp at the points, and fet in the jaw like the teeth ofafaw. ‘This animal fometimes grows to eighty, or even an hundred, feet long. oo oO me 4. High-finned Cachalot.—4. Phyfeter Lurfio. 4. S Tas a very long fin on the back, andthe ends of the teeth are flat.” Art. gen. 74. fyn. TO4. f Cetus, having ti tecth flat at the ends. Briff. regn. an. 364. n. 7.—Balaena <5 (4) macrocephz as, and having teeth in the lower jaw, which are very little bent, and end in flat furfaces. Raj. pifc. 16. Sibb. Scor. an 24. Klein, mife. pifc. ii. 1a J Pp 3 2! fin is very long, fharp pointed, and erect, fo as to refemble the maft of a fhip-in fome meafure; the blowing pipe is placed on the fore-head; the teeth are fliohtly bent, and have their ends flattened : ot i £ S ? In other refpets this animal has confiderable refemblance to the preceding fpecies. DD TO ea TaN OS. aos WP ORTIIT ‘e Dp LI TORT Dau MAuwl D< Hae HIN.—z SS is tecth in both jaws. ‘The pipe is placed'on the anterior ¥ 1, Porpoife—r, Delpbinus Phocaena. 1. | ty oO he body is of a fomewhat conical form, with a broad back, and bluntith {mout. A ‘ rs 7 fe Pte OEMs Fe. AVI EC aun. Lu cr te Mel 7544704 LOd. YAU. TUMEC. 5 ha Delphinus MAMMALIA, CETE. Dolphin. 303 Delphinus phocaena. Briff. regn. an. 371. n. 2. Bloch, fifch, deutfehl. ii. 119. t. 92.—Turfio. Plin. hift. nat. ix. c.9. Bellon, aqu. 15. Rondel. pife. 474. Schonev. ichth. 77. Klein, mife. pifc. ii. 26. t. 2. A. B. 3. B.—@oxese, Turfio, Marfouin. Bellon, aqu. 16.—Phocaena. Roadel. pife. 473. ‘Gefn. aq. 837. Aldrov. pifc. 719. f. p. 720. Jonft. pife. 221. t. 4. Charlet. ex. pife, 48. Sibb. Scor. an. 23. Willoughby, pifc. 31. t. A. 1. f. 2. Raj. pife. 13. Rzacz. pol. auct. 245. Klein, mife. pife. i. 24.—Meerfchwein, 'Tunin. Mart. fpitzb. 92. Anderf. ifl. 253. Crantz, groenl. 15 1.— ’ Nifer, Marfouin. Egede, groenl. 60.—Delphin, Nifen. Gunner. act. nidrof. ii. 237. t. 4.—Porpefie. Penn. Brrr. zoo. iii. 25. Arct. zool. app. 102. n. 6o. Inhabits the European ocean and the Baltic.—The Porpoife is of a bluifh black colour on the back, and white on the belly; the fnout is bluntifn; the eyes are very fmall, and the entrance to the au- ditory canal is placed very near them; between the eyes the femilunar orifice of the {piracle, or blow- ing pipe, is fituated, with its horns ftanding forwards; each jaw contains forty-fix {mall {harp pointed teeth; the penis iffues from a narrow longitudinal opening near the navel, and directly under the fituation of the back fin; and the anus is placed between that amd the tail, which is fomewhat di- vided into two. lobes. "The whole length of the animal varies from five to cight feet. This animal {warms in great numbers in fome parts of the narrow feas, fwimming in herds, fometimes in regular lines, very flowly, and tumbling in the water, at other times darting with vaft velocity in an irregu= lar manner: It feeds on fifh and fometimes on feals. 803 8B. White Porpoife.—D. Phocaena albus. Of a white colour. Moine de mer. Bomare, dict. d’hift. nat. voce Balein. Inhabits the river St. Lawrence.—This variety has a loofe plait of the {Kin behind the head, which. the French in Canada fuppofe to have fome refemblance to a monk’s cowl. 804 y: Brown Porpoile.—D.. Phocaena /ufcus. Of a brown colour. Pourfille. Bomare, dict. @hift. nat. v. Balein. Inhabits the river St. Lawrence. Bos 2, True Dolphin.—2. Delphinus Delpbis. 2. | The body is oblong and roundifh, and the fneut narrow and fharp pointed. Art. gen. 46. fyn. 105. Brill. regn. an. 369. n. 1.. Ac@u.oAritt. hift, am. is.c.5. i..c. Q. lil. c. P. 7.16. iv. c. ge bo. ix. c..74. Aelian. an. i. c. 18. ii. ¢. 6. Ve C. 6. Vill. C. 3. X. Cc. 8. Ki. c. 12. 22. Xi. c. 6. 4g.—Delphinus. Plin. hit. mat. ix. c..7. 8.2 xi. c..37. Bellon. aq. 7. f. p.9. 10. Rondel. pile. 459. Gein. ag..380 f. p. 981. Aldrov. pife. jor. 703.704. Joni. pifc. 218. t. 43. Muf. worm. 288. Charlet. ex. pife. 47. Willoughb. pife. 28: t. A. 1. f. 1. Raj. pife. 12. Rzacz. pol. auct. 238. Klein, mifc. pifc. i1..24. t. 3. £. A.—Porcus. marinus. Sibb. Scor. an. 23.—Delphin: Anderf. ifl. 254. Crantz. grcenl. 152. a Inhabits the European and Pacific oceans.—This animal is black on the back and white on the belly; it is longer and more flender than the Porpoife, but greatly fmaller than the Grampus, mea- Liz 2 faring 806 807 808 364. MAMMALIA. ~CETE. Dolphin. furing nine or ten feet in length by two in diameter; the fnout is long, and fomewhat fharp, with a broad tranfverfe band, or projection of the {kin, on its upper part ; the opening of the mouth is very extenfive, reaching almoft to the thorax, and contains forty teeth, twenty-one above and nineteen be- low, which are above an inch long, conical at their upper ends, fharp pointed,-a little bent inwards, and placed at fome diftance from each other, fo that, when the mouth is fhut, they lock-into each other. The Dolphin fwims with great velocity, and preys on fifh; it is fometimes feen adhering to Whales, when they leap out of the water ;.3t is naturally ftraight, and only aflumes the crooked form, given by painters, when leaping. 3. Grampus.—3. Delphinus Orca. 3. The nefe is flat and turned upwards; the teeth are broad and ferrated. Mantiff. mam. ii. 523. Faun. fuec. 52. Art. gen. 76. fyn. 106. Gun. att. nidrof. iv. 110. _Delphinus Orca, having blunt teeth, and one fin on the back. Briff.,regn. .an. 373- 0. 4.—Ba- Jaena minor, having teeth in both jaws. Sibb. Scor. an. 24. Raj. pifc. 15.—Orca. Plin. hift. mat. ix. c. 6. xxxii. c. 11. Belon..aqg. 16. f. p. 18. Rondel. pife. 483. Gefn. aq- 748. . Schonev. ichth. 53., Aldroy. pifc. 697. fp. 698. Jonft. pifc. 217. Charlet. exerc. pifc. 47. Willoughb. pifc. 4o. Rajepife. ro. Klein, mifc. pife. ti. 22. t. 1. f..1. Steller, Camtfchatc. 104.—Wagnhyalur, Hual- bund. Muf. worm. 279.—Buts-kopf. Mart. fpitzb. 93. Anderf. ifl. 252. Crantz. groenl. 151.— Buts-kepper. Egede, groenl. 56. —Grampus. Penn. Brit. zoot. iii. n. 26. Arét. zool. app. p. 102.— Killer. Catefby, app. 32, Dudley, in phil. tranf. abr. vii. 428. 2. Sword’Grampus.—3. @. D. Orca_enfidorfatus. The nofe feems truncated; the teeth are fharp pointed; on the back is a very long, {word-like, fpine, or bony fin. ~Briff. regn. an. 372. n. 3. Mull. zool. dan. 8. n. 57. Schwerdt fifch. Anderf. ifl. 255. Crantz. groenl. 152. Mart. {pitzb. 94.—Sword fith. Catefby, app. 32.—High-finned Cachalot. Penn. Brrr. zoot. iii. n. 23. Ar&. zool. app. p. 102. cues inhabits the European feas, the Atlantic, towards the Antarctic Pole, and Davifes Straits.—This is the largeft fpecies of the genus, being twenty-four or twenty-five feet long, and from ten to thir- teen feet in diameter, where thickeft; it is black on the back, and white on the belly; the lower jaw is much larger than the upper, and forty blunt teeth are contained in both. jaws, arranged at fuch diftances as to receive each other into the intervals, when the jaws are fhut; the nofe is turned upwards; the eyes are very fmall; the fpout-hole is on the top of the head, and has two orifices. ‘The fpine, or bony fin, on the back of the Sword Grampus, is often fix feet long; it is broader at the bafe, and refembles a feymeter or bent fword, being, however, covered with the common fkin of the back. The Grampus is a bitter enemy to the’ Whales; great flocks of them attack the largeft Whales, which they faften -round like fo many Bull-dogs, making them roar with pain, and often kill and devour them. ‘The Grampus likewife carries on a conftant war againit the Seals, which it pufhes off from the rocks into the fea by means of its long back fin. ‘They likewife feed on fith of the Floun- der genus. 4. Beluga. —4. Delphinus leucas. 4. Has a blunt conical fnout fomewhat turned:downwards; and no back fin, Pall. It. iui. 84. t. 4. Briff. regn. an. 374. n. 5. Beluga. ; MAMMALIA, Ya SCHEER. Dolphin. 365 Beluga. Penn. fyn. of quad.357. Arct. zool.i.182. D°. app. p. t03.—Bieluga. Stell. Camit{ch. "106.—Witt fifch, Weifs fifch. Anderf. ifl. 251. Crantz, groenl. 150. Inhabits the feas near the Arctic Pole, and the river St. Lawrence.—This fpecies forms a connec- tion between the Cetaceous fifhes and quadrupeds, through the genus of Walrus or Trichechus, ha- ving the general fifh form and {pout-hole of the former, while the pe¢toral fins have each the rudi- ments of five toes,.the bones of which may be felt through the fkin, and form five fenfible projec- tions outwardly. ‘The Beluga lives moftly in families of five to ten together, in the gulphs or firths, at the mouths of large rivers, efpecially the St. Lawrence, the Oby, and the Dwina, going up gene- rally as far as the tide reaches, at certain times of the year, when they are killed in great numbers, either by means of harpoons or ftrong nets, for the fake of their oil, and for their fkins, of which a ftrong kind of leather, faid to be mufket proof, is manufactured. The fkin is very fmooth, {lip- “pery, and of a beautiful-white colour; but, when young, it is dufky, and even blackifh. The whole animal never exceeds eighteen feet long, is thicker in the middle, and grows narrower towards both vends. ‘The head is fmall; and oblong, with very fmall eyes, which are rounded and prominent; the -fpout-hole is placed on the fore-head, and is divided into two, internally, near the pallate, by a fep- tum or partition; on each fide of each jaw there are nine fhort bluntifh teeth. The tail is cartilagi- nous, and is divided into two lobes; by bending this under its belly, like the tail of a lobfter, it gives sfuch fprings, while fwimming, as to go through the water almoft with the velocity of an arrow. ‘The females have two paps, which are at times found full of white milk. The male organ is about three ~inches long, and nearly the fame in diameter, having neither cartilage nor bone in its fubftance like ethofe of the other fpecies of the order. 5 IND? hk A Abeffinicus, bos taurus, 335 {ciurus, 260 Abietum, martes, 177 Ablavos, 311 Abyffinian hyaena, 139 OS 815) {quirrel, 260 Acanthion criftatus, 212 Acarima, 82 Acouti, 218 Acoutis, ib. Acredula, cricetus, 242 Acuary, 192 Aculeatus malaccenfis, por- cus, 210 fylveftris, cus, 215 Acufchi, cavia, 217 .Addax,; 320 Adel ox, 335 _ Adim-mayan, 328 _ Adive, 141 ; 5 Canis, ib. _ Admirabile, cete, 360 _ Aegagropilae, 307 " Aegagrus, capra, 320 " Aegyptiaca, lutra, 159 _ Aegyptius, canis, 135 , dipus, 274 por+ Aig, 296 _ Aerdmanetie,_ 275 i. eftiva, muitela erminea, 181 eftuans fafciatus, {ciurus, 263 > {ciurus, ib. Aethiopica, ovis, 327 _ Aethiopicus, aper, 353 3 canis hyaena, 139 us, 353 ZO THE Aethiops, cercopithecus, 67 5 torquatus, ib. 5 fimia, ib. , torquata, ib. Afer, homo, 45 Afra, muftela, 175 Afri, 45 Africa, young deer from, 293 African antelope, 313 316 armadillo, 111 deer, 293 elk, 307 goat, 313 322 goat-antelope, 315 hog, 353 ichneumon, 160 marmot, baftard, 285 men, 45 mole-rat, 247 moufe, male, 193 philander, ib. Sheep, 327 328 weafel, 261 wild boar, 253 Africana, capra gazella,315 , cervula, 318 gazella, 313 319 > muftela, 261 » OViS, 327 aries, ib. Miicanenen buffel, 339 Kutu, 319 Africanifches efelpferd, 345. tygerpferd,ib. Africanus, bos, 339 > exiguus, 340 >» parvus, 1b. 3 taurus, 335 » bubalus, 339 Africanus, bubalus parvus, 349 : » hircus, 313 , fus, 353 Afrique, petit boeuf de, 340 Agile monkey, 72 Agnus, 325 filiorum ifrael, 273 Agouti, 217 218 ) american, 218 > cuniculus, 217 » larger, 218 » leffer, 217 Asrarius americanus, mus, 231 » mus, ib. Agreftis brachiurus, mus, 235 major, mus, ib. minor, mus, 230 » fus, 350 Aryeiot, Boze, 338 ree “iz, 307 5U5y 3.50 , ae ib. Aguti, 218 americana, cavia, ib. cavia, 217 cunicularis, cavia,ib. cuniculus, ib. leporina, cavia, ib. Aha, 302 > cervus, ib: Ahu, 213 eras 3) Ai, Lol Ajatocht] Liga tts Asyiss 321 Aiz; ib. AY L105, 307 Alagtaga, aga Alba, cavia paca, 217 Alba, hyftrix dorfata, 215 » meles, 187 » muftelazibellina, 178 » talpa europaea, 200 » urfus meles, 187 , Zibellina, 178 Albicans, balaena, 361 , cetus, ib. » phyfeter macro-~ cephalus, 360 Albidus, mus pilorides, 227 Albipes, antilope, 309 , lemur mongoz, 85 > {ciurus, 257 » forex, 208 Albiroftro, fciurus niger, 257) Albiffimus, lepus, 279 Albobarbata, fimia filenus, 64 ' veter, ib. Albobarbatus, cercopithe- cus filenus, ib. 5 veter, ib. Albofafciata,fimia rubra, 71 Aibofafciatus, cercopithe= cus ruber, ib. Albus, axis, 306 > bos bifon, 337 , canis lupus, 137 : mexicans, 135 : 2 vulpes lagopus, 144 , caftor fiber, 222 » Cervus aXis, 300 , capreolus, 302 > cetus, 361 , delphinus phocaenay 368 Albus, erinaceus america- NUS, 209 ; lemur macaco, 86 > lepus, 279 » lupus, 137° 5 mexicanus, 135 » lynx vulgaris, 157 mus americanus fyl-. ’ veltris, 22. Salo | 5 fyivaticus, 230 5 zeylanicus, 207 229 > iciurus, 256 5 fibiricus, ib. D vulgaris, tb. 3 vulpinus, 257 > urfus, 185 5 arctos, 184 5 maritimus 185 , vulpes lagopus, 144 Allee, 295 296 Alces, 295 5 cervus, 1b. foffilis, cervus, 297 Ico, 136 , fat, ibs Algazel, 316 Alicant dog, 132 flius, mus, 239 Alliarius, mus, 236 Aronne, IAI Alopex americanus, canis vulpes, 142 » vulpes, ib. » canis vulpes, ib. europaeus; canis vul- pes, ib. > vulpes, ib. vulpes, ib. Alonata, 75 Alouate; ib. f,lpa ene, 201 #Jpima, capra, 324 » Marmota, 249 Alpine hare, 279 283 marmot, 249 Alpinus, glis, ib. >» homo, 46 » lepus, 283 Alten, weilars der, 331 Aiterm genus, ovis, 329 Arpbergreafe, 361 #mbeina philander, 191 opoffiam, ib. American agouti, 218 ; armadilie 111 112 badger, 187 bat, 93 » common, 92 , duiky-red, 93 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. American bear, 186 beeves, 336 bifon, ib. brant fox, 142 coney, 218 219 dog, 136 elephant, 116 field-moufe, 234 flying-fquirrel, 266. ground-{quirrel, 263 hare, 279 280 hedge-hog, 209 lion, 150 lynx, 158- man, 45. marmot, 250 maucauco, 116 mole, 201 LEGS 2O2 mountain cat, 93. moufe, 227 » ruitic, 231 » wild, 217 night-bat, 93 OX, 236 philander, 194° porcupine, 213 > hairy, 215 » larger, 213 fquirrei, 265, flag, 299 tapir, 343 urchin, white, 209 Americana, cavia agouti, 218 » byftrix, 213 5» Marmota, 250- » noctilio, 93 , talpa rufa, . 202 Americani, 45 Americanus, bes, 336 white, ; bifon, ib. > Canis, 136 3 obelus, ib. A plancus, ib. > cuniculus, 218 , elephas, 116 > erinaceus albus, 209 » homo, 45 > lepus; 279 » mofchus, 294 » MUS, 227 5 agrarius, 231 5 fylvettris, 217 ’ albus, 234 , fciurus ftriatus, 263 » tapir,.348 5 urfus, 186 5 vefpertilio, 100 Americanus, vulpes alopex, 142 Ammon, capra, 330 331 europaea, OViS, 331 5. Vis, ib. Amphibious MUS, 347 Amphibius, hippopotamus, ib. . maculatus, mus, 236) PAU; 2a Re niger, mus, 236 paludofus, mus, 235 terreftris, mus, ib. Anaurinos, ochodona dau- rica, 283. Ancients, hyaena of the, 138 165 166 Andira-guacu, 91 Anger, 26. Anglicana, ovis, 326 Anglica, ovis aries, ib. Anglicus, canis, 133 os bellicofus, ib. Angola fheep, 328° Angolenfis, aries. ib. Aogora cat, 154 chat d’, ib. chevre d’, 321 GOH Wh Tapin d, 282 rabbit, ib. Angoreniis, capra, 321 Shea tp i , felis catus, 154: Animal, anonymous, 145. anonymuin, 319 bezoarticuin, 316 caudimanum, 193 > Civet, 166 ermineum, 181: ignotum, 316 kingdom, 24 > clafies of, 32 ; mofchiferum, 292 mufk, 166 292 zibethi, 166 Annulata, viverra, 168 Annulated monkey, 74 Anoa, 339 , bos bubalus, ib. Anomalus, cervus, 304 , fciurus, 259 Anonymous animal, 145 Anonymum, animal, 319 Antartic fox, 144 Antarticus, canis, 136 Antavarre, 86 Ant-bear, 104 hippopota-- ANT-EATER, TOoq: - > cape, 106 , five-toed, ib. 5 four-toed, 105, > great, ib. > leaft, 104 , little, ib. > fcaly, 107 » fhort-nofed, 108: - , ftriped, 106 , three-toed, tor , two-toed, 104 ANTELOPE, 306 eee 313 316 goat, 315. ee bary, 313 cibesee 315. » blue, 306 lic, Bey » Oat, 315 ) indian, 315 3 19. 5 mountain, 312 > painted, 309 > perfian, 311 » {cythian, 310. > {pringer, 312 » ftraight-horned, 31 5- orate 308 » White-faced, 311: Ive, 348 Antigua monkey, 79. ANTILOPE, 306 Antilope; 311 319 albipes, 309° > Darbary, 312. bezoar, 316 bezoartica, 315. blue, 306 » brown, 319. Bubalis, 314 bufelaphus, ib. = Cervieapra, 319. > cervine, 314 > chinefe, 311 common, 319: Corinna, 313 Dama, 308 Dorcas, 312 313 egyptian, 315 flat-horned, 313 gambian, .307 Gazella, 316 Gnu, 315 Grimmia, 318 guinea, ib, gutturofa, 310 harnaffed, 317 > indian, ib. _indoftan, 309 Keveila, 313 v we s v_ ve e Antilope Keb, 307 _ | Koba, 314 Lerwia, 307 leucophaea, 306 Leucoryx, 316 Oreas, 317 Oreotragus, 310 Oryx, 315 317 pitta, 309 Dyeete aS pygmaea, 318 recticornis, 315 » red, 308 redunca, ib. » royal, 318 Rupicapra, 307 Saiga, 309 faltans, 312 {cripta, 317 » fcythian, 310 {cythica, ib. > fenegal, 314 Strepficeros, 319 » ftriped, ib. fubgutturofa, 311 fylvatica, 318 Tragocamelus, 308 BOD) 9 White-footed, 309 » white-faced, 312 Antiquorum, hyaena, 138 165 Apara, 108 APE, 54 » barbary, 58 |, beardlefs, 78 » black, 68 » dog-headed, 58 83 > egyptian, 63 me > Seat, 55 57 » hoary, 64 » hog-faced, 59 61 _; lefler long-armed, 57 » long-armed, ib. ms red, 75 a ; thort-tailed, 59 - and bearded, (eto) > {mall, 72 , tufted, 60 5 white, 64 Beta, papio, 59 , fimia, ib. Apela, fapajus, 77 » fimia, ib. be sper, 349 ' aethiopicus, 353 cornutus, 352 indicus, 354 r Vou. . INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA, Aper mexicanus,. 352 orientalis, 354 Aperea, ang » bl: ack, 2b. » caviay ID. 5 Byes se nigra, cavia, ib. APES, 55 Aprinus, laniarius, 135) canis Aquatic fhrew, 202 Aquaticus major, canis, 131 aA 3 inits, 235 minor, canis, 131 multifuleus, fus, 348 > mus, 204 228 235 ,vattus, 235 fagax, canis, 131 , forex, 202 Aquatilis, canis, 134 > mus, 204 Arabata, 75 Arabiae, ovis, 329 Arabian camel, 287 288 jerboa, 273 Arabica, ovis, 329 platyura, ovis, ib, Arabicus, camelus, 287 Aga ios, uabwey AOS, ibs » 95, 329 Arabilches {chaaf, 329 » ein ander, ib. Arabum, lidmee, 320 Boss, 338 Araneus, forex, 205 208 Arétic bear, larger, 185 dog, 144 fox, 143 » biuith, 144 » white, ib. walrus, 117 Articus ‘cinereus, Aeunywtois, forex, 206 > forex, ib. ,urfus major, 185 ARCTOMYS, 248 Bobac, 250 Citillus, 252 253 Empetra, 251 Gundi, 254 hudfenia, ib Marmota, 249 maulina, 254 Monax, 250 » Mus, ib. pruinofa, 252 Suflica, 252 253 Zemni, 252 Artopithecus, rot Ar¢tos albus, urfus, 184 fufcus, urfus, ib. grifeus, urfus, ib, niger, urfus, ib. urius, ib. variegatus, urfus, iby Arcucanus, camelus, 290 Arenarius, cricetus, 244 oali Argali, 331 > corfican, ib. , fiberian, ib. vulgo dicta, ib. Argéntata, fimia, 22 Argentatus, fagoinus, ib. Argentea, fimia, ib. Argenteus, fciurus vulgaris, 256 Argentoratenfis, glis, 242 » marmota, ib. Aries, 325 africana, ovis, 327 anglica, ovis, 326 angolenfis, 328 barbata, ovis, 330 bucharica, ovis, 329 capentis, ovis, ib. cretenfis, 330 guineenfis, 328 5 Vis ib. hy{panica, Ovis, 327 jubata, ovis, 330 kirgificus; 328 329 laniger, 325 laticaudata, ovis, 328 longicaudata ovis, 329 mermorus, 291 nana, Ovis, 326 3 orientalis, TALTILECHSy 7 329 3 OVIS, 325 pilofus, 327 TAT UAIE AS orientalis, Bi 3 29 polycerata, ovis, 327 ruitica, ovis, 326 fteatopyga, ovis, 328 Strepliceros, 330 Arietinis, rupicapra corni- bus, 331 ARMADILLO, 108 Armadillo, tog 111 , african, 111 > american, 111, 112 , eight-banded, 110 > four-banded, 109 » largeft, 112 » leverian, 111 ; long-tailed, 112 A ary 9 LSB) Armadillo, ~nine-banded, 112 » pig-headed, ib. > feven-banded, rro , fix-banded, tog , three-banded, ib. » weafel-headed, 112 Armenta, 336 Arnee, ib. y bos, ib. Arrow rane 268 Artois dog, 13 Arvalis, mus, "24 nigricans, mus, 239 Afh coloured cercopithecus, 69 dog, 138 mouie, 253 profimia, 87 ASHKOKO, 285 Afhkoko, 286 cape, 285 , fyrian, 286 Afiatic ground-fquirrel, 262 hedge-hog, 210 211 men, 45 mole, 203 Afiatica, talpa, 203 Affatici, 45 Afiaticus, homo, 45 , tciurus ftriatus, 262 Afinus, 343 344 biformis, 345 » equus, fee Hquus Aine, 343 344 lauvage, 343 Afpalax, 203 myotalpa, 247 Als, 343 344 , domettic, 344 > halt, 343 » he, 34 7 thes ab. , wild, 343 345 Affapanick, 266 Attarfoak, a25 Auerochs, 333 Aurea, talpa, 203 : fibirica, ib. Aureus, felis catus, 155 Auriculus erectis, erinaceus, 209 Auritus, erinaceus, 210 velpertilio, 93 Aurochs, cape, 340 Auttralis, canis vulpes, 144 » petaurus, 269 » trichechus mana- tus; 119 372 Avellanarius, mus, 2771 » fciurus, 272 Ay ellanarum, mus, 271 . major, ib. 7 minor, 272 Aviarius, canis, 134 Avicularius, canis, ib. Axis, 300 albus, ib. > cervus, 1b. » larger, ib. maculatus, 1b. major, ib. > middle, ib. » {potted, ib. unicolor, ib. > white, ib. Aye-aye, 265 toe cercopithecus, 68 monea, ib. eae, ib. > monea, ib. : B Baas, 340 Babi-raefa, 354 Babi-roefa, ib. Babirouffa, ib. Baboon, blue-faced, 6z 5 brown, ib. > Cinereous, ib. > crefted, ib. » dog-faced, 63 5 urfine, ib. > great, 60 > hoggifh, 61 » howling, 65 » lion-tailed, 64 » little, 59 » tong-tailed, 65 > new, 62 » pig-tailed, 59 5 ribbed-nofe, 61 5 rib-nofed, tb. » wood, ib. » yellow, 62 Bazoons, 59 Babyroufa, 354 Babyrufa, ib. Babyruffa, fus, ib. Battrian Camel, 289 BaGrianus, camelus, ib. Badger, 165 186 > american, 187 5 common, 186 5 Zuiana, 161 > Tock, 285 5 indian, 188 , ipotted, 187 , ftinking, 165 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Badger, white, 187 Badia, fimia, 74 Badjing, 262 , feiurus, ib. Badius, Cercopithecus, 74 » Homo, 46 Baer, 184 » weifle, 185 Baerenbeifler, 132 Bafwer, 221 Baieu, 303 Baikal hare, 280 Baxteosy xaunrosy 289 BaLena, 356 Balaena, 356 358 359 360 albicans, 361 bipinnis fibbaldi, 356 Boops, 358 dudleji, 361 , edentula, vulgaris, 356 gibbofa, 359 gibbis fex, ib. gibbo unico, ib. groenlandica, 356 - » myfticetus, ib. , iflandica, myfticetus, 357 miacra, 359 aes 262 > major, 360 | agen, 356 362 macrocephala, 360 3 » myfticetus, 357 minor, 360 364 > roftrata, 360 Mvicteulust 359 Myfticetus, 356 groenlandica, ib. iflandica, 357 Baralou hind, 304 Baranni, kameuni, 331 , ftepnie, ib. Barbara, muftela, 175 Barbarefque, 262 Barbarian fquirrel, ib. Barbarie, vache de, 314 Barbarus, mus, 234 Barbary antelope, 313 antilope, ib. ape, 55 jackal, 141 ledmee, 320 lynx, 156 moufe, 234 fquirrel, 262 » ftag of, 299 wedder, 328 Barbaftelle, 95 Barbaftellus, vefpertilio, ib. Barbata, ovis aries, 330 > phoca, 126 , fimia nictitans, 69 Barbatus, bos, 340 5 cercopithecus, nic- titans, 69 Barbet, 134 > grand, 131 134 » petit, 131 Bardeau, 345 Baftard african pug-dog, 132 Bat, 89 » american, 93 » bearded, 95 5 bull-dog, 97 » broad-tailed, too » broad-winged, ib. > chop-fallen, 92 » Clayton’s, 100 marmot, 285 Bat, moufe-coloured, 93 94 » new-york, 99 » peruvian, 93 » pouch, 98 ~ » purfe-winged, ib. » reddith, 92 {triped, 96 naan gi » fenegal, 97 » fhort-tailed, 92 » fmall-eared, 94 » {pear-nofed, 92 » firiped, 96 » ternate, 90 96 » wonderful, 89 » ylo, 93 Bay lynx, 158 monkey, 74 Beaked whale, 360 BEAR, 183 5 american, 186 > black, 184 - nee ib. » chefnut, 189° > common, 184° > grey, ib. ; larger arctic, 185 » long-nofed, 161 5 long-tailed, 188 > polar, 185 » fand, 186 , fea, 185 » Variegated, 184” > white, 184 185 5 land, 184 fea, 185 Bearded bat, 95 cercopithecus, 66°75 men, little, 65 nodding monkey, 69 fheep, 330 major, ib. novae-angliae, 359 Phyfalis, 358 roftrata, 360 minor, ib. , fibbaldi, bipinnis, 356 vera, iD vulgaris, ib. edentula, ib. vulgi, ib. Balein, 359 Balena, ib. Bandicote, 228 Bancrofti, fciurus, 265 Banjee, mejangan, 301 Baraba hamtter, 245 ates Barabenfis, mus, ib. Baralou, cervus, 304 » common, 93 94 american, 92 5 a coniatcal ib. , dufk-red american, 93 > great, Or O4 > great-eared, 93 > greater bull-dog, 97 » hare-lip, 93 , heart-nofed, 92 ; horned, gt ,y horfe-fhoe, 99 > javalin, 92 , larger horfe-fhoe,.99 » leaf, 92 , leaf-nofed, ib. , lefler bull-dog, 97 : horfe-fhoe, 99 » long-eared, 93 Beardiefs ape, 78 ibex, 310 ’ Beautiful fawn, 293 BEAVER, 221 Beaver, 204 221 227 5 caftor, 221 > chefnut, ib. » chilefe, 224 > civet, 226 » common, 221 » long-nofed, 204 > mufk, 204 226. > mufky, 204 » terrier, 224 > white, 222 Beaver-rat, webbed, 225 BreaverR-RATS, ib. Beech moufe, 232 233 Beelzebub, fapajus, 75 Beelzebub, fimia, 75 Beeves, american, 336 Bedlemer, 125 Belka, teleutfkaya, 256 Bellicofus anglicus, ‘canis, 38 Bellua, phyfalus, 358 BELLU A}, 341 Bell-wedder, 328 Belonii, tragelaphus, 331 Beluga, 364 365 Bengal lynx, 156 » quadruped from, 309 tiger-cat, 151 Bengalenfis, felis, ib. ) lynx, 156 Berbe, 168 Betulinus, mus, 232 Bezoar antelope, 315 antilope, 316 goat, 315 Bezoardica, capra, 316 Bezoardicus, hircus, ib. Bezoartica, antilope, 315 > Capra, 320 Bezoarticum, animal, 316 Biber, 221 Biche, 298 des bois, 303 puletuviers, ib. y petite, 318 Bichon, 132 Bicolor, lemur, 87 » {ciurus, 259 » forex, 205 Bicornis, rhinoceros, 714 Bieluga, 364 Bievre, 221 Biformis, afinus, 345 Biggel, 308 309 Bipes, mus, 273 274 Bipinnis fibbaldi, balaena, 356 Bifamraze, 204 Bifamthier, 292 Bifon, 333 336 albus, bos, 333 > american, 336 americanus, bos, ib. » bos, 333 A taurus, ib. » european, 336 » florida, ib. Bifontes jubati, 333 Bifulcus, equus, 346 Biur, 221 Bizaam, 168 : > chat, ib. Bicaves, 333. Black ape, 68 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Black bear, 184 blant-nofed cachalot, 360 cercopithecus, 75, 82 common {quirrel, 256 couguar, 150 fiying-opoilum, t99 flying-fquirrel, indian, 209 fox, 141 german hamfter, 243 hamifter, ib. hare, 279 man, 46 maucauco 86 mole, 200 mongous, $5 otter, 172 174 pteropus, go rat, 228 ruffian mole rat, 246 feal, 128 f{quirrel, 257 tiger, 150 vari, 86 virginian mole, 202 water-rat, 286 wolf, 137 Black-banded patas, 71 Black-bearded cercopithe- cus, 64 Black: faced mongous, 85 fheep, 326 Blackifh otter, 172 Bladrufelus, 126 Blaireau, 186 » puant, 165 Blanc-nez, 72 poifon, 361 Blaue kaze, 154 Blauer bock, 306 Blerellus, 186 Blind mole-rat, 248 moufe, 205 Blood horfe, 342 hound, 133 Blotched weafel, 168 Blue antelope, 307 antilope, 306 bulls, 309 cat, 154 goat, 306 moule, 234. fhrew, 207 Blue-faced baboon, 62 Bluifh arctic fox, 144 Blunt-headed.cachalot, 360 Blunt-nofedcachalot,white, . 361 Boar, 351 » airican wild, 353 lurcher, 135 » wild, 350 Bobak, 250 , arctomys, ib. Bobr, 221 Boccamelle, 183 Bock, 321 blauer, 306 , bonte 317 , bofch, 318 » gems, 316 » fiegen, 321 , {pring, 312 » ftein, 321 324 Bots wygoty 338 ALLY WTO, 328 Boeuf d’afrique, petit, 340 de canada, 336 mufque, 337 fauvage, 336 velu, 337 Boggo, 61 Bombay fquirrel, 261 Bomdoefkje, 262 Bovaccrosy 333 Bonatlus, ib. Bonnet, chinefe, 69 Bonneted rillow, ib. Bonte bock, 317 Boops, balaena, 358 Booted lynx, 156 Borealis, trichechus mana- tus, 120 Borfuk, 186 Bos, 332 Bos, 334 » abeffinicus, taurus, 335 africanus, 339 exiguus, 340 parvus, 1b. ’ » taurus, 335° , albus, bifon, 333 americanus, 336 5 , bifon, ib. » anoa, bubalus, 339 Arnee, 336 barbatus, 340 Bifon, 333 albus, ib. americanus, 336 > » taurus, 333. > bonafus, taurus, ib. Bubalus, 338- Blunt-nofed cachalot, ib. Anoa, 339 , black, ib. Guavera, ib. grey, 361 feminudus, ib. Aaa2 37% Bos cafer 339 domefticus, 334 » taurus, ib, ecornis, gruniens, 338 europaeus, taurus, 334 exiguus, africanus, 34° ferus, 333 ghainouk, wu ww “ gruniens, 337 Gnou, 315 gruniens, 337 ecornis, 3 38 Ghainouk, ib. Sarlyk, ib. Guavera, bubalus, 339 indicus, 338 major, taurus, 334. minimus, taurus, , 335 minor, taurus, ib. madagafcarenfis, tau- Tus, 335 major indicus, taurus, . . . . aoe minimus indicus, tau- Tus, 335 minor indicus, taurus, ib. . - . i) ~ mofchatus, 336 parvus, africanus, 340 pumilus, ib. , Jeminudus, bubalus, 339 filveftris, 333 {cythicus, 335 Strepficeros, 319 Taurus, 332 abeflinicus, 339 africanus, 335 Bifon, 333 Bonafus, ib. domefticus, 334 europaeus, ib. indicus major, ib. minimus, 335 minor, ib. madagafcarenfis, ib, tinianenfis, ib. Urus, 332 , tinianenfis, taurus, 335 y urus, taurus, 332 Both bock, 318 hund, 139 ratte, 219 - Bothnic common feal, 124 Botnica, phoca vitulina, ib. Bottle-nofed feal, 122 whale, 350 BovBaroc, 314 Bouc, 321 372 Bouc chamois, 306: eftain, 324 fauvage, ib. ftein, ib. Bouquetin, ib. Boury, 335 Brachiurus, mus_ agretftis, 235 Brachyura, didelphis, 196 » hyftrix, 210 5 OVS; 326. BRADYPUS, LOT > curled, ib. didaGtylus, 102 pentadadtylus, ib.. - tridaCtylus, 1o1 urfinus, 102. Brandhirfch, 299 | Brant fox, 142 _, american, ib. Brafilian coney,, 219 hare, 282 283 lynx, 149 moule, larger, 216 mufk, 294 opoffum, 192 otter, 172 pardus, 140. philander, 121 191 porcupine, 213 » larger, ib. , imaller, ib. fhrew, 206 fquirrel, 263 > ftriped, ib. tiger, 149 weafel, 161 5 dufky, ib. Brafilienfis, cuniculus, 219 283 > equus, 345 > lepus, 282 283 , lutra, 172 , major, mus, 210 , forex, 206 EBrawny porcupine, 216 Brevipilis, canis, 131 Eright-yellow moufe, 271 Broad {quirrel, 268 Broad-nofed whale, 359 Broad-tailed bat, 100 theep, 328 329 Broad-winged bat, too Brown antilope, 319 baboons62 bear, 184. eercopithecus, 77 cow, little, 307 lemur, 66 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Brown man, 46 mole, 202 mongous, 85° porpoile, 363 profimia, 85 rat, 228. fajou, 77 fapajou, ib.. tiger, 150 vari, 86 Brown-afh moufe, 250 Brown-grey moufe, ib. Brownifh galera, 175 weafel, 165 Brunii, didelphis, 197 Brunne, la grande vache, 314 BRUTA, tot Bubale, 314 Bubalis, ib. » antilope, ib. Bubalus, 314 337 338 africanus, 339 parvus, 340 341 annoa, bos, 339 » bos, 338 guavera, bos, 339 feminudus, bos, ib. Bubul, 337 Buccati, mures, 242 Bucephalus, 314 Buck, greenland, 297 of juda, 322 _ , other, 323 Bucharian fheep, 329 Bucharica, ovis aries, ib. Buffalo, 338 2) EAI) BEAIOF » little indian, 335 » naked, 339 Buffalus, 338 Buffel, ib. 5 airicanifcher, 339. » tangutifcher, 337 Buffelo, 336 Buffelochfen, 338. Buttelus, ib.. Bugee, 85 Bull, 332 Bull dog, 132 Bull-dog bat, 97 > greater, ib. , leffer, ib. Bulls, blue, 309 > Brey, ib. Bufelaphus, antilope, 314 Buth-tailed monkey, 77 Buts-kopf, 364 Buts-kopper, ib. c Caaigoara, 352 Caballus, 343 ', equus, fee Equus Cabiai, 220 Cabionara, ib. Cabonas goat, 323 CacHALOT, 360 5 black blunt-nofed, ib: , blunt-headed, ib. , blunt-nofed, ib. > grey blunt-nofed, 361 » high-fmned, 362 363 » hook-toothed fharp- nofed, 361 , leffer, 360 , fharp-nofed, 367 > ttraight-toothed fharp- noted, 362 , white blunt-nofed,361 Cachelotte, dritte, 362. >» zweyte, ib.. Cachichame, 111 Cachieno, ourico, 213 Caezuleus, felis catus, 15.4 5 forex, 207 Cafer, bos, 339 , dipus, 275, Cafra, viverra, 159 Cafrarian ichneumon, ib: €agui, larger, 81 » lefler, 80. Eai, 82 Caitaia, 7% Calf, 332 Calling hare, 283 Callitrix, 66 CameEL, 287 Camel, 289 , arabian, 287 288: » bactrian, 289 > Indian, 305 > mixed, 289 , one-bunched, 288 > peruvian, 289 a » woolly, 291 >» fwitt, 288 > turkith, 289 , two-bunched, ib. » woolly peruvian, 291 Camelopard, 305 giratte, ib. CaAMELOPARDALIS, ib. amelopardalis, ib. > cervus, ib. giraffa, ib. Camelpard, ib. CameELus, 287 Camelus, 287 289 arabicus, 287 Camelus arcucanus, 299 bactrianus, 289 dromas, 287 _ «Dromedarius, ib: dromos, 288 Glama, 289 Huanacus, 290- hybridus, 289 indicus, 305 » laniger, peruvianus, 291 Paeo, ib. peruvianus, 289 laniger, 291 turcicus, 289 Vicugna, 291 vigogne, ib. Campagnol, 239 Campeiiris, canis hifpani- cus, 134 gutturofa, caprea, 315 major, mus, 230 minor, mus, 239 Canada, boeuf de, 336 porcupine, 215. Canadian lynx, 157 marmot, 251 mufk-rat, 226: otter, 173 porcupme, 215° rein deer, 297 ftag, 299 Canadentis, cervus elaphus, ib. > glis, 255 lepus, 279: > lutra, 173. >. lynx, 157 5 mus mofchiferus, 226 > muftela, 176 €ancrivora, didelphis, 195 Cancrofus,. 1b; ~ Candida, muftela, 181 Cane muffolo, 132 Canis, 129 Canis, 129 143 Adive, 141% acgyptius, 125 americanus, 136 obefus, ib. plancus,, ib. anglicus, 133 bellicoius, ib. antarticus, 136 aquaticus major, 13F 13a minor, 138 fagax, ib. aguatilis, 134 aviarius, 1b. Canis avicularis, 134: brevipilis, 131 Cerdo, 144 cinereus, 138 curforius hibernicus yds turcicus, ib. dometfticus, 130 extrarius, 131 familiaris, 129. flavus, 140 fricator, 132 gallicus, 133 graecusvenaticus, 134 Grajus, ib. hirfutus, ib. italicus, 135 orientalis, ib. venaticus, 134 grifeo-flavefcens, 136 hifpanicus, 131 campeftris, 134 Hyaena, 138 aethiopicus, 139 Crocuta, ib. hybridus, 132 iflandicus, 131 laniarius, 135 aprinus, ib. fuillus, ib. Teoninus, 132 Lupus, 136 albus, 137 faf{ciatus, ib. flavus, ib. mexicanus, 138: albus, ib. niger, 137, ‘Thous, 138 Maftivus, 133 mielitaeus, 132 parvus, 131 pilofus, 132 Mefomelas, 140 aixougos, 130 pomeranus, 13 Tf. poaticus, 224 fagax, 133 panterinus, 134 fanguinarius, 132 fcoticus, 133 venatorius, ib.. fcoticus, 133 venaticus, 134. fibiricus, 131 fylveftris major, 195 variegatus, 132 venaticus, 133 Wertegus, 135 rectus, ib, IND BX, TOT AE Canis Vertegus valgus, 135 villofus, ib. volans, gt Vulpes, 141 Alopex, 142 americanus, ib. europaeus, ib. auitralis, 144 chilenfis, ib. cinereo-argenteus, 143 Corfac, 142 cruciger, 144 Karagan, 143 Lagopus, ib. albus, 144 cerulefcens, ib. Lycaon, 141 Virginianus, 143 Canus, fciurus, 270 271 Cape ant-eater, 106 afhkoko, 285 aurochs, 340 buffalo, 339 cavy, 285 deer, 319 fitchet, 165 hamfter, 247° hare, 281 jackal, 140 jerboa, 275 marmot, 285 mole, 247 . of the, ib. mole-rat, 246 247 PSS) Ee) fheep, 329 fquirrei, 266- tiger-cat, 152 Cape-verd hog, 353 Capentis, cavia, 285 » Cervus, 319 ; felis, 152. > hyrax, 285 5. lepus, 281 » myctalpar, 246. » myrmecophaga, 106 > OVIS aries, 329 , iciurus, 266 > Viverra, 165 > yerbua, 275 Caper hifpanicus, 321 Capeich, 140. Capibara, 220 » Cavy, ib. Capidolio, 359 Capiftrata fimia, 73 Capiftratus, cercopithecus, ib. Capivard, 220 MAMMALIA. Capra, 329 Capra, 321 Aegagrus, 320 alpina, 324 A mmon, 330 33 angorenfis, gous bezoardica, 316 bezoartica, 320 Capricornis, 323 eaucalica, 324 Cervicapra, 320 cretenfis, 330 deprefla, 322 domeitica, ae I Dorcas, 313 3 flava, 3.11 Gazella, 315 africana, ib. Grimmia, 318 groenlandica, 297 gutturofa, 311 Hircus, 321 Ibex, 324 indica, 322 mabrica, ib: mambrina indica, ib. fyriaca, ib. mofchi, 209 mutica, 323 nana, ib. orientalis, 331. Parva, 322 Pudu, 332 reveria, ib, Rupicapra, 307 fyriaca, 322 tartarica, 310 Caprea, 302 campeitris gutturofa, at €apreolus, 302 albus, cervus, ib: cervus, ib. mofchi, 292 Capricorn, 323. goat, ib. Capricorne, 323 324 Capricornis, capra, 323 Capucin, 73 Capucina, firnia,. ib. albula, fimia, ib.. Capucinus, fapajus, ib. albulus, fapajus, ib. Capybara, 220 5.GaviayiiDs Caracal, 156 5 bengal, ib. aici lynx, ib. 5 ae ib. > nubian, ib. bo —~!I to Caraco, 227 > mus, 1b. Carcajou, 189 Cariacou, 304 > cervus, ib. Caribou, 297 Caribo, ib. Carigueia, 192 Cariguibeia, 172 Carinated fhrew, 208 Carkajou, 187 Carnatic fquirrel, 264 Carnero, 328 Carolina {quirrel, 258 259 , reddith, 26 Carolinenfis, fciurus, 258 ; rufus, 263 Carolinian ftag, 299 Cafan marmot, 252 253 Cafpian common feal, 124 jerboa, 275 lynx, 155 Cafpica, phoca vitulina, 124 Caftaneus, caftor, 221 » petaurus petaurifta, 269 , urfus, 189 CasToR, 221 Caftor, 221 227 3 beaver, 221 caftanens, 221 Fiber, ib. albus, 222) folitarius, 272.4 huidobrius, ib. mofchatus, 204 mofchiferus, ib. zibethicus, 226 Cat, 145 »angora, 154 » blue, 155 , chartreux, 154: , chinefe, ib. , common, 153, > cyprus, 154 ; domeftic, ib. , flying, 89 269 5 long-headed, aiaree ,mexican, 149 > Mountain, 152 of angora, 154 {quirrel, 257 259) raged ans) , tortoife-fhell, ib. y wild, 153 Cat-a-mountain, 155 Catalogue, fyftematic,.32: Cataphractus duodecem> cinctus, Tht: novemcinctus, ibs. 374 Cataphractus novemdecem- cinétus, 112 octocin€tus, 110 quadricin€tus, tog dexcingtus, ib. tricinctus, 108 Catcdon, 360 Catofimius volans, 87 Cattus, lemur, ib. Catusy-153 154 angorenfis, f 54 aureus, 155 ceruleus, 154 -domefticus, ib. z felis, fee Felts ferus, 153 hifpanicus, 154 madagatcarenfis, 155 montanus, ib. .pardus, ib. ruber, 154 finenfis, ib. “ylveitris, 153 Caucalan goat, 321 324 Caucafica, capra, 324 Cauda elongata, urfus, 188 obefa, ovis, 329 pilofa, mus,.270 Caudata, talpa, 206 Caudimanum, animal, 193 Caudivolvula, didelphis, 196 ) viverra, 169 Cayra; 216 Acufchy, 217 Aguti, ib. americana, 218 cunicularis, 217 -leporina, 218 Aperea, 219 nigra, ib. capenfis, 285 Gepibara, 220 Cobaya, 219 220 hudfonia, 215 magellanica, 220 iPacay 206) alba,.217 Cavy, 216 i spicapes zor Capibara, 220 » hudfons-bay, 215 <, Javan, 218 » long-nofed, ib. 5 mMuik, 227 5 Patagonian, 220 , reftlefs, ib. 3 rock, 219 , fpotted, 216 Cayenne martin, 177 -opofum, 195 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Cayenne otter, 174 {quirrel, 265 figer-cat, 151 _ Cayopollin, 193 » dideiphis, ib. Cemas, 307 308 Cephalote, 98 » ttraw-coloured, ib. Cephalotes melinus, vefper- tilio, ib. , vefpertilio, ib. Cephus, ‘cercopithecus, 67 » mia, ib. CERCOPITHECI, 63 Cercopithecus, 58 aethiops, 67 torquatus, ib. -, afh coloured, 69 Aygula, 68 Monea, ib. badius, 74 _ , bearded, 66 75 » black, 75 82 : bearded, 64 » blackith, 67 4 brown, 77 seapitratus, 73 Cephus, 67 » ceylon, 83 cynocephalus, 65 66 cynomolgus, 65 cynofurus, 63 , dog-faced, 61 Yaunus, 65 fulvus, 73 fulcus, 74 Hamadryas, 63 urfinus, ibs ‘hircinus, 73 > indian, 85 » larger, 65 3 lefier, 82 luteclus, 73 -maurus, 72 Mona, 70 nafuus, 72 nemaeus, 69 -nictitans, ib. barbatus, ib. patauriftus, 72 regalis, 74 ‘Roloway, 72 ruber, 7} albofafciatus, ib, nigrofafciatus, ib. fabaeus, 66 Silenus, 64 albobarbatus, ib. “purpuratus, 65 ‘Lie-tie, ib. Cercopithecus, Simia, /2e Simia finicus, 69 pileatus, ib. ; {malleft, 79 » St jago, 66 veter, 64 -albobarbatus, ib. -veridens, 73 » yellowith, 66 _, yellowifh-white, 82 Cerdo, 144 145 5 canis, 144 Cerf, 298 Cerulefcens, canis vulpes lagopus, 144 Cerva parvula, 293 Cervarius, lupus, 157 Cervicapra, 312 321 » antilope, 319 » Capra, 320 Cervine antilope, 314 Cervocamelus, 289 Cervula africana, 318 CERVUS, 295 Aha, 302 africanus, 293 Alces, 295 foflilis, 296 anomalus, 304 Axis, 300 albus, ib. maculatus, ib. major, ib. -unicolor, ib. Barallou, 304 Camelopardalis, :305 Capreolus, 302 albus, ib. Cariacou, 304 capenfis, 319 cornibus palmatus,295 Cuguapara, 303 Cugutete, ib. Dama, .298 vulgaris, ib. Elaphus, ib. canadenfis, 299 ‘corficanus, ib. Hippelaphus, 298 minutus, 299 germanicus, 298 guineenfis, 304 indicus, ib. major, 303 Mazame, ib. mexicanus, ib. Muntjac, 301% nemorolus, 304 palmatus, 298 Cervus, paludofus, 303 perpufillus, 318 platyceros, 298 300 porcinus, 301 maculatus, ib... pratentfis, 304 pufillus, 293 pygargus, 302 Squinaton, 304 fylvaticus, 303 Tarandus, 296 Caribou, 297 groenlandicus, ib. Rangifer, ib. Temama, 303 ‘Temamag¢ame, 314 Virginianus, 299 CETE, 355 Cete, 360 admirabile, ib. Cetus, ib. albicans, 361 albus, ib. dentatus, 360 having three fins, 362 novae-angliae, 361 ‘Ceylon cercepithecus, 83 chevrotin, 294 ditchet, 164 moufe, white, 227 floth, 83 {quirrel, 260 Tardigradus, 1o2 s white rat from, 207 Chameau, 289 Chamois, 307 316 » bouc, 306 goat, 307 » fiberian, 331 Champagnol volant, 95 Changeable mole, 203 Charbonnier, 142 » renard, ib. Charger, 342 Chartreux cat, 15.4 Chat bizaam, 168 dangora, 154 @efpagne, 167 -domeftique, 154 fauvage, 153 Chat-pard, 152 155 Chaus, 155 » felis lynx, ib. Chanve-fouris, 94. Chelonifcus, 109 Cheropotamus, 347 Cherofo, 233 Chefnut bear, 189 beaver, 221 faimiri, 79 Cheval, 341 marin, 347 Chevre, 321 d@angora, ib, fauvage, ib. Chevrette, 302 Chevreuil, 300 302 Chevrotin, ceylon, 294 des indes orientales, 293 Chien courant, 133 de fiberie, 131 dicelande, ib. volant, go Chien-lion, 132 -Chien-loup, 131 Chien-turc, 135 Chilenfis, canis vulpes, 144 » lutra, 172 » phoca, 127 » vulpes, 144 ‘Chilefe beaver, 224 F fox, 144 hare, 280 horfe, 346 marmot, 254 otter, 172 feal, 127 {quirrel, 264 weafel, 183 Chillihueque, 290 291 Chimpanzee, 55 Chinche, 163 164 Chinentis, fus, 351 Chinefe antilope, 311 bonnet, 69. cat, 154 hog, 351 monkey, 69 morvant, 330 flag, 299 Chloras, 60 | Koigombyxes, 5O Chopfallen bat, 93 Mevesos, Avxos, 140 Chuchie, 352 'Cinerea, papio, 62 5 fimia, ib. , talpa, 200 : europaea, ib. Cinereo-argenteus, canis vulpes, 143 , vulpes, ib. Cinereous baboon, 62 ; mole, 200 Cinereus, canis, 138 ', lemur mongoz, 85 > phyfeter macroce- phalus, 361 -y fciurus, 258 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Cinereus, forex arcticus, 206 Circaffian jerboa, 276 jerboid-rat, ib. Circafficus, dipus, ib. Cirquincon, 112 Citillus, arctomys, 252 253 » mus, 253 Citli, 283 Civet, 165 animal, 166 beaver, 226 cat, 165 » flying, 269 » Malayan, 171 Civetta, 165 ) viverra, ib. volans, 269 Claffes of the animal king- dom, 30 -Clayton’s bat, 100 Climbing fquirrels, 255 Coaita, 76 Coal fox, 142 Coaffe, 162 Coati, 158 161 188 » black, 161 , brown, ib. > grey, 186 » fhort-tailed, ib. » White, 104 Coati-mondi, 161 Cobaya, cavia, 219 220 Cochin-china monkey, 69 Cochon, 351 de lait, ib. noir, 352 fauvage, 350 Coendou, 214 Coefcoes, 197 Coefdoes, 317 Collared coney, 283 moufe, 240 rabbit, 283 Colugo, 89 Colus, 310 Common american bat, 92 antilope, 319 badger, 189 bear, 184 cat, 153 domettic hog, 351 dormoufe, 272 fallow deer, 298 goat, 321 grey-hound, 134 hare, 277 » horned, 278 > yellow, ib. hedge-hog, 209 hog, 350 Common horfe, 341 jerboa, 272 lynx, 156 marmot, 249 martin, 176 moufe, 229 otter, 172 OX) 332 rabbit, 281 rat, 228 rein deer, 297 feal, 123 » bothnic, 124 » cafpian, ib. » fiberian, ib. fheep, 325 {quirrel. 255 » black, 256 > ted, 255 » reddifh, ib. » filvery, 256 » varying, ib. ) white, ib. » white-tailed, ib. urchin, 289 weafel, 182 whale, 356 » greenland, ib. » iceland. 357 , larger, ib. wolf, 137 Commoneft rabbit, 218 Concolor, felis, 150 Condoma, 319 Conepate, 162 Conepatl, 163 » viverra, ib. Coney, american, 218 219 » brafilian, 219 » collared, 283 » dwarf leaping, 273 » female indian, 219 > german, 253 > guinea, 219 5 hare-like, 280 3 hedge, ib. s indian, 273 > javan, 218 > Norwegian, 247 > {mall indian, 217 » taillefs indian, 219 Copper-coloured man, 46 Coquallin, 264 Cordated bat, 92 Cori, 219 Corinne, 313 Corinna, antilope, ib. Cornibus arietinis, rupica- ECS Siem 375 Cornibus palmatis, cervus, a 295 Cornuti, lepores, 278 Cornutus, aper, 352 » lepus timidus, 278 Corfac, canis vulpes, 142 Corficanus, cervus elaphis, ib Cofcui, 352 Coudous, 317 Couguar, 150 151 » black, 150 » felis, 151 » penfylvanian, ib. Courant, chien, 133 Courier, mafter, 340 Cow, 332 » little brown, 307 » Mountain, 348 of tartary, 337 Coymatl, 352 Coyotl, 144 Coypus, myocaftor, 225 Coztiocotequallin, 264 Crab-eater, 195 opoffum, ib Crab-dog, ib. Crabier, ib. Cretan fheep, 330 Cretenfis, aries, ib. > Capra, ib. Crefted baboon, 62 oriental porcupine, 21 2° porcupine, ib. fhrew, 202 CRICETI, 242 Cricetus Acredula, 242 arenarius, 244 germanicus, 243 glis, ib. niger, ib. germanicus, ib: Criftata, hyftrix, 212 5 europaea, 213 i orientalis, 212 > papio, 62 » phoca, 126 > famia, 62 Criftatus, acanthion, 212 » forex, 201 Crocuta, 139 » canis hyaena, ib. Crofs fox, 144 Crook-legged turnfpit, 135 Crucigera, canis vulpes, 144 Cuandu, 213 » larger, ib. ~ Cuatlachtli, 138 176 ‘Cuguacu-apara, 303 Cuguacu-ara, 150 Cuguacu-arana, ib. Cuguacu-ete, 303 Cunicularii, mures, 234 Cunicularis, cavia aguti, 217 Cuniculus, 281 Agouti, 217 * americanus, 218 " Drafilienfis, 219 283 5 iemina, indicus, 219 germanicus, 253 guineentis, 219 indicus, 219 273 femina, 219 javenfis, 218 lepormus, 280 » Lepus, 281 minor paluftris, 216 norwegicus, 241 Paca, 216 > paluftris, miner, 216 pumilio faliens, 273 vulgatiffimus, 218 ‘Cunning meuile, 232 233 Cupreus, homo, 46 Curly maucauco, 88 Curled bradypus, 10x Curs-hund, 134 Curforius, canis, ib. hybernicus, canis, ib. turcicus, canis, ib, ‘Cyanus, mus, 235 Cynocephala, fimia, 58 66 Cynocephalus, 58 61 63 , cercopithecus, 65 66 Cynomolgus,cerconithecus, 65 5 fuia, ib. Cynofurus, cercopithecns, 63 5 fimia, ib. Cyolock, 56 Dachfschlieffer, 135 Dachfwurger, ib. Daemon thebaicus, 107 Dain, 298 + Daine, iby Dama, ib. » antilope, 308 > Cervus, 208 Virginianus, 290 vulgaris, 298 c » CELVUS, ib. Dama-cervus, ib. Daman iMlrael, 273 27.4 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Dam-hirfch, 298 Dandoelana, 260 Daniel, 298 Danith dog, little, 132 > {mall, ib. Dann-hirfch, 298 Danois, petit, 132 Dant, 340 Danta, 348 Das wilde {chaaf, 331 Dasypus, 108 -duodecemcin€tus, 111 longicaudatus, 112 maximus, 1b. novemcinctus, IIT novemdecemeinctus, rere -octocinétus, 110 pinuum, 157 quadricinctus, 109 feptemcinctus, 110 fexcinétus, 10g tricinctus, 108 unicinéius, I11 Daurian hare, 280 mole-rat, 247 veafel, 283 Dauvrica anaurinos, ochodo- na, 283 , muftela, ib. PDauricus, lepus, 280 Decumanus, mus, 228 Dedication, Linnaean, 9 DEER, 295 african 293 canadian rein, 297 cape, 319 common fallow, 298 5 rei, 297 » Fallow, 208 female roe, 302 frem africa, young, 293 evwvee ] > greenland, 297 ; rein, ib. BYEYs 304 euinea, ib. . & vy having palmated horns, 295 having rounded horns, 298 hermaphrodite fal- low, ib. & > hog, 301 » mdian, 304 » Taale roe, 302 » Mexican, 303 > mole, 295 of guinea, {mall, 293 5 201 Deer, red, 298 °- » Rein, 296 » rib-faced, 301 » Roe, 302 » fmall, of guinea, 293 A red, 2 » fpeckled, 300 ; {potted porcine, 301 > uncertain fpecies of, 3°83 > unknown, 304 » Virginian, 299 Degus, iciurus, 264 Dentatus, cetus, 360 Delphin, 363 DELPHINUS, 362 Delphinus, 119 363 Delphis, 363. leucas, 364 Orca, ib. enfidorfatus, ib. Phocaena, 362 363 albus, 363 fufcus, ib. Delphis, delphinus, 363 AcrQisy ib. Depreffa, capra, 322 Defcription of man, 46 Defert fox, 143 Defman, 204 Defmans rotter, 226 Diabolus tajovanicus, 107 Diana, cercopithecus, 66 » fimia, ib. Didactylus, bradypus, 102 DIDELPHIs, 190 brachiurus, 196 brunii, 197 cancrivora, 195 caudivolvula, 196 Cayopollin, 193 dorfigera, 194 gigantea, 197 guianentis, 194 maculata, 199 marfupialis, 190 molucca, 192 murina, 194 Opoflum, 192 orientalis, 196 Philander, 191 tridactyla, 198 virginiana, 193 volans, 199 vulpecula, 198 Dietetical obfervations, 50 Digger, 205 Dinmonds, 325 Aimss, us, 273 Dirus, 272 Dipus aegyptias, 244 cater, 275 circaflicus, 276 jacculus, 272 Jabradorius, 276 meridianus, 27§ fagitta, 273 fibiricus, 274 major, ib. medius, ib. minor, 275 | pumilio, ib. tamaricinus, 276 Difchon, 313 4 Difcolor, felis, 150 Docke, englifche, 133 Doe, {mall, 293 Dof, 298 Dof-hiort, ib. Doe, 129 » alicant, 132 > american, 136 9 arctic, 144 » artois, 132 » afh coloured, 138 > barbet, 134 » baftard pug, 132 » blood-hound, 133 » boar lurcher, 135 > bull, 132 » common greyhound, 134 > crook-leggedturn{pit, 135 » faithful, 129 . , field fpaniel, 134 » flying, 90 91 , french pyrame, 131 » german hound, 133 » great water, 131 134° > greek hunting, 134 > greyhound, ib. » grey hunting, ib. 5 hairy maltefe, 132 » hound, 133 > iceland, 131 » irifh greyhound, 134 » italian greyhound, 135 » King Charles, 131 » larger wild, 195 5 lefler water, 131 > Len, 132 5 little danifh, ib. , lurcher, 135 > maftift, 133 > naked, 135 » new-holland, 136 , new-fouth=wales, ib, , oriental greyhound, 135 pee: pointer, 134 ') pomeranian, 131 > pug, 132 ) pyrame, 131 > rough greyhound,134 3 lurcher, 135 » fagacious hunting, 133 5 fanguinary, 132 i feotch, 133 5 water, 131 » fcotch hunting, 134 > fhaggy turnfpit, 135 » fhepherds, 130 > thock, 132 5 fiberian, 131 » fmall danith, 132 5 indian, 135 o maltefe, 131 3 water, ib. » fpaniel, ib. » {panifh, ib. ., ftraight-legged turn- fpit, 135 , turnfpit, ib. » turkith, ib. 5 greyhound, 134 > wolf, 131 » yellowith brown, 136 Dog-faced baboon, 63 cercopithecus, 61 urfine baboon, 63 Dog-headed ape, 58 83 monkey, 66 Dogue, 132 Doguin, ib, Dolichura, ovis, 329 DotrHin, 362 Dolphin, 119 363 » true, 363 Dometic afs, 344 cat, 154 goat, 321 -hog; 350 » common, 351 horfe, 341 moule, larger 228 » middle, 230 » imall, 229 OX, 334 urchin, fmall, 209 Domeftica, capra, 321 » felis, 154 » Martes, 176 9 OVIS, 325 Domefticus, bos, 334 : taurus, ib. > canis, 130 ~ » equus afinus, 344 : 5 caballus, 341 » felis catus, 1 54 i Vout. INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Domefticus, hircus, 321 major, mus, 228 medius, mus, 230 minor, mus, 229 monungulus, fus {erofa, 351 » porcus, ib. finentis, fus {crofa, ib. 5 ius, 350 5 {crofa, ib. » tragus, 321 Domettique, chat, 154 Doreas, 302 313 » antilope, 312 313 » Capra, 313 314 Aogxas 313 DorMousk, 270 Dormoule, 271 272 common, 272 earle{s, 266 s 3 ~ A ehie 2) » garden, 271 » hoary, 279 » ftriped, 262 » wood, 271 Dorfata alba, hyftrix, 215 » hyftrix, ib. Dorfigera, didelphis, 194 Dorto, fus umbilico in, 220 Douc, 69 @Ratte, 219 Draught horfe, 342 Dritte cachelotte, 362 Dromas, camelus, 287 Dromedaire, 288 Dromedar, 289 Dromedarius, 288 289 » camelus, 287 Dromedary, 288 Agouess, 289 Dromos, camelus, 288 Dryas, myoxus, 271 Dichikketei, 342 343 of the monguls, 342 Dfchilkis-zizchan, 240 Dfchinfchicus, fciurus, 264 Dudleji, balaena, 361 Dugon, 118 , trichechus, ib. Dunes, taupe des, 247 Dunkey, 326 Dutky brafilian weafel, 161 wealel, 173 Dufky red american bat, 93 Duodecemcinétus, cata~ phractus, 111 » dafypus, ib. Dwarf goat, 322 leaping coney, 273 B Dwarf moufe, 233 OX, 340 theep, 326 E Farlefs dormoufe, 256 Earth-dog, little, ee Kau, mufaraigne d’, 205 Eberhirfh, 354 Ecaudatus, erinaceus, 211 » lemur, 84 Echinus terreftris, 209 Fconemic moufe, 237 Ecornis, bos gruniens, 338 Ecureil, 255 fuille, 263 Edentula, balaena vulgaris, 356 Editions, lift of, 14 Edler-hir{ch, 298 Eenhorn, 356 Eenhorning, i ib. Egret, 68 Egyptian antelope, 315 ape, 63 ichneumon, 158 Jerboa, 274 otter, 274 Eichoernlein, 255 Vight-banded — armadillo, IIo Elan, 296 348 Eland, 317 Elanden, 301 EnraQoxapenros, 289 Edu? os, 298 evouns 22S ib. 400%05, ib. Elaphus, ib. canadenfis, cervus, 299 » cervus, 298 corficanus, cervus, 299 hippelaphus, cer- Vus, 298 cervus, 299 minutus, Enrtios 271 ELEPHANT, 115 ) american, 116 3 great, +e ay hog, 348 Elephantis, 115 Elephants, water, 347 ELEPHAS, 115 americanus, 116 maximus, 115 Elk, 295 296 345 » atrican, 317 377 Elk antelope, 317 , irifh, 296 Elks, 301 Elwandu, 64 Emgalo, 353 “Hy-0125, 343 Empetra, arctomys, 251 » mus, ib. Empire of nature, 17 Encouberto, 109 Engallo, 353 Englifche docke, 133 Englifcher parforce-hund 1D. Engulo, 353 Enfidorfatus, delphinus or Gas73 Epagneul, 131 Epilepticus, fciurus, 270 Tqua, 341 Equiferus, ib. Equus, ib. Equus, ib. Afinus, 343 dometticus, 344 ferus, 343 Hinnus, 345 Mulus, ib. bifulcus, 346 brafilienfis, 345 Caballus, 341 domeiticus, ib. ferus, ib. ferus, 341 Hemionus, 342 indicus, 345 marinus, 117 Onager, 343 Quagga, 346 Zebra, 345 hybridus, 346 Erdhaufe, 273 Erectis auriculis, erinaceus, 209 ERINACEUS, 208 Erinaceus, 209 albus americanus, ib. auriculis erectis, ib. auritus, 210 ecaudatus, 211 europaeus, 209 in auris, ib. mialaccenfis, 210 parvus noftras, 209 fetofus, 210 terreftris, 209 Ermine, 181 » white, ib. _ Erminea aeftiva, muttela, 18s 78 us Erminea hyberna, muttela, ISL > muftela, ib. Ermineum, animal, ib. Efel, 343 344 ; wilder, 343 Hfeipferd,africanifches, 3.45 Hipagne, chat d’, 167 Ethiopian heg, 343 Europaca alba, talpa, 200 cinerea, talpa, ib. fava, talpa, ib. , hyftrix criftata, 213 nigra, talpa, 200 , OVis ammon, 337 stalpa, 200 © variegata, talpa, ib. Enropaeus, bos taurus, 33.4. , erinaceus, 209 » homo, 45 » Vulpes alopex, 142. European bifon, 336 flying {quirrel, 267. man, 45 mole, 200 > yellow, 201: OX, 334 Europeans, 45 Buguxteas, £AA@6s, 298 Ewe, 325 Exiguus, bes africanus, 340 Exilis, forex, 207 Exquima, 76 j fapajus, ib.. , fimia, ib. Extrarius, canis, 1312 FE Fair monkey, 82 fquirrel, 261 Faithful dog, 129 Falcidentatus, phyfeter mi- crops, 361. Falkland feal, 127 Fallow. deer, 298 5 common, ib. » hermaphrodite, ibs Familiaris, canis, 129, Faon, 298: Faras, 191 Fafciata, phoca, 127 >. viverra, 170 Fafciatus, canis lupus, 137 , {ciurus aeftuans, 263 Fat alco, 136 dormoufe, 270 {quirrel, ib. Fat-rumped fheep, 328 329 Fatuellas, fapajus, 77 {NDEX TO Fatuellas, fimia, 77 Faunus, cercopithecus, 65 5 fimia, ib. Fawn, beautiful, 293 Fear, 26 Fearful monkey, 77 Fecund mule, 243 Felina muftela, 172 FELIs, 145 Felis, 153 154. bengalenfis, 151 capentis, 152 Catus, 153 /ee Catus concolor, 150 Couguar, 151 difcolor, 150 domeftica, 154 fulvo-rufefcens, 150 grifeo-flavefcens, 151 jubata, 150 Leo, 140 Leopardalis, 148 fLeopardus, ib. _ lynx, 157 fee Lynx Manul, 152 mexicana, gt nigra, 150 Onea, 149. Pardalis, ib. Pardus, 147 Serval, 152 fylveftris, 153: tigrina, 151 Tigris, 146 Uncia, 147 volans, 269 Zibetha, 166 _ zibethi, 165 166 Female roe deer, 302 zebra, 346 Eemina, mus fylveftris, 196 Fennec, 145 Fera, ovis fibirica, 331 Fer-de-lance, 92 FER AS, 121 Ferrum-equinum major, vefpertilio, 99 minor, vefpertilio, ib. , vefpertilio, ib. Ferus,, bos, 333 » catus, 153. > equus, 34% 5 afinus, 343° 6 caballus, 341 , felis catus, 153 » hircus, 324 > homo, 44, » fus, 350: > ferofa, ib. THE MAMMALIA: Fetid fhrew, 205 208: Fiaar-hund, 131 Fiber, 221 ~ albus, caftor, 222 > caftor, 221 folitarius, caftor, 224 Field-frofs, rg0 Field moufe, 230 , larger, ib. 235 » lefs long-tailed, ~ 230 > leffer,. ib. > long-tailed, ib. >. fhort-tailed, 235 239 > fmaller, 239 », white, 230 fpaniel, 134 Filander, 197 Filbert moufe, 271 272 » larger, 27.4 > leffer, 2772. fquirrel, ib. Filly, 342 Fin-backed whale, 358 Fin-fith, ib. Fin whale, ibs. Finn-fife, ib. Finne-fifke, ib.. Firft tatu, 109: ° Fife, weils, 361 Fifch, hvid, ib. > Jupiter,..3 5.8: > fchwerdt, 364 > weils, 361 365 s Witt, 365 Fifchotter, 173 Fifkatta, 162 Fifth, fword, 364 Fith-tailed walrus, 1.19. Fith-tall, 307 Fifher weafel, 179 Frrceuer, 158 ‘ Fitchet, 179 182 > cape, 165 > ceylon, 164 > hermaphrodite, 166 > malayan, 1’70 » fpotted, ib. © firiped, ib. Five-toed ant-eater, 106: manis, 107 floth, 102 Flat-horned antilope, 313 Flava, capra, 34t , talpa, 201 A europaea, 200 Flavefcente-nigricans, muf- tela, 179. Flavus, canis, 140 : 7 ie Lp TS, 77 » lupus, ib. > Mus minutus, 232. , {ciurus,-~261 Floxida bifon, 336 Flying cat, 89 269 civet, 269 dog, go 91 hare, 269 maucauco, 89 199. moufe, 266 opoflum, 199 3 » black, ib. fquirrel, 266 267 268 > american, 266 » black indian, 269 » Curopean, 267 > great, 269 » Java, 268 > labradore, 267 » larger, ib. » largeft, 269 » norfolk-ifland, 270 > Phillips, ib. , redindian, 269. >. fevern-river, 207 , fiberian, 268 » {maller, 1b. » fouthern, 269: >. Virginian, 267 FLYING-SQUIRRELS, 266 Foal, 342 Fodiens, forex, 204 Foetiaa, phoca, 125 Foina, 176 » muftela, ib. Fong-kyo-fo, 288 Foreign {caly-lizard, 107: Formofan mufk, 295 Fofla, 168. > Viverra, ib. Foffane, ib.. Fofiilis, cervus alces, 296° Foulimart, 182. Foumart, ib. Four-banded armadillo, 109 fingered monkey, 76 toed ant-eater, 105 weafel, 160 Fourmiller, 104 Fox, ral ) american brant, 142 ) antartic, 144 > arctic, 1b. » black, 141 » bluh arctic, 144 Fox, brant, 142 » chilefe, 144 -» coal, 142 5 .crols, 144 > defert, 143 » guinea, 175 9 Brey, 143 > indian, 144 » karagan, 143 » larger ftinking, 192 » lefler, 161 . little, 162 » filvery, 143 {quirrel, 257 » White arctic, 144 _, wolf, ib. Fox-tailed monkey, 80 Foyna, 176 Franzofifcher _parforce- hund, 133 French pyrame, 131 ¥Fricator, canis, 132 Frumentarius, _porcellus, ; 243 Fuchfe, 141 > {chwarze, ib. > fteppen, 143 Full-bottom monkey, 74 Fulva, lutra, 173 » fimia, 73 Fulvo-rufefcens, felis, 150 Fulvus, cercopithecus, 73 » mus pilorides, 227 Furet, 180 putois, ib. Furo, ib. » muttela, 179 Furunculus, mus, 2 54 > myodes, ib. > {ciuroides, 262. Pufca, fimia, 74 » talpa, 202 » Viverra, 173 Fufcus, cercopithecus, 74 , delphinus phocaena, 363 » glis, 250 » homo, 46 eats macaco, 86 3 mongoz, 85 » mus, 250 > urfus arctos, 184 G Galera, 175 >: _, brownith, ib. by 5 Pail. ib. M4 fubfufca, ib. Galleopithecus, 80 | Gallica,, viverra, 167 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA, Gallicus, canis, 133 Gambian antilope, 307 Garden dormotie, 27% fquirrel, ib. Garlic moufe, 236 Gazella, 316 320 africana, 313 319 » capra, 315 5 antilope, 316 > Capra, 315 » hircus, 320 - indica, 315 316 Gazelle, 313 Gems, 317 bock, 316 Genera of the mammialia, 4o Genet, 167 , leverian, 168 » Spanifh, 167 » St jermains, ib. Genetta, ib. > Yiverra, ib. .Genith kaze, ib. Genus ovis, alterum, 329 Georgian {quirrel, 259 Gerboa, 273 Gerboife, ib. German coney, 25 3 hamfter, 243 » black, ib. hound, 133 marmot, 243 fiag, 298 _ Germanicus, cervus, ib. » cricetus, 243 ; niger, ib. » cuniculus, 253 Gettlus, fciurus, 262 Geys, 321 Ghainouk, 338 » bos gruniens, ib. Gibbo unico, balaena gibbo- fa, 359 Gibbon, 57 > grand, ib. » great, ib. 5 leffer, ib. » lilvery, 58 , {mall, Gibbis fex, balaena, gibbo- fa, 359 Gibbofa, baiaena, ib. Gigantea, didelphis, 197 Giganteus, macropus, ib. Gigantic jerboa, ib. Gilded mole, 203 Gimmers, 325 Tivvesy 345 Giraffa, 305 Giraffa, camelopardalis,305 ) tragtis, ib. GrrarFFE, ib, - , camelopard, ib. Girdled weafel, 180 Glama, 289 » camelus, ib. TAavecy 138 Glauca, muftela, 159 Glareolus, mus, 238 GLIRES, 212 Gliriaria, 271 Glis, 270 271 228 alpinus, 249 argentoratenfis, 243 canadenfis, 251 cricetus, 243 fufcus, 250 marmota, 249 polonica, 250 monax, ib. » mus, 270 » myoxus, ib. fylveftris, 194 195 volans, 92 Glutton, 189 190 » white, 190 Gmelin, Dr, his preface, 1 Gmelini, mus, 242 Goat, 320 y african, 313 322 angora, 321 antelope, 315 , african, ib. bezoar, 316 blue, 306 cabonas, 323 capricorn, ib. caucafan, 321 324 common, 321 domettic, ib. dwarf, 322 sreenland, 2¢7 hes3.21 juda, 323 ; long-eared, 322 monkey, 73 mountain, 324 mufk, 292 rotk, 324 fhe, 321, fiberian, 330 ipotied, 3 a1 i fyxi ian, ene ea I whidaw, 322 wild, 379 320 324 wood, 318 » yellow, 311 Golden mole, 203 v Noi Te> Wigese ow we MS vue vee wee v-wse vw Bbbh2 379 Golden mole, fiberian, 202 Gotlandica, ovis, 327 Gnou, 315 » bos, ib. Gun, ib. , antilope, ib. Graeber, 205 Graecus venaticus, Grajus, 134 » canis, ib. hirfutus, canis, ib. italicus, canis, 135 orientalis, canis, ib, venaticus, canis, 134 Grampus, 364 » {word, ib, Grand barbet, 131 134 gibbon, 57 jerboa, 2 phoque, Graikin, 255 Great ant-eater, 105 , fhortnofed, ib, ADE» 55. Si baboon, 60 bat, 91 94 elephant, 115 flying fquirrel, 269 gibbon, 57 : jerboa, fiberian, 274 kanguroo, 197 mangoufte, 159 feal, 126 fiberian jerboa, 274 water dog, 131 134 Great-eared baty 93 monkey, 82 Greater bull-dog bat, 97 molucca epoflum, 191 otter, 173 Gredin, 131 Green monkey, 66 Greenifh monkey, oe Greek hunting dog, 134 Greenland buck, 297 common whale, 356 deer, 293 goat, 297 rein deer, 293 Gr egalis, MUS, 237 Gregarious moufe, ib. Grégarius, mus, 238 Grey bear, 184 blunt-nofed cachalot, 361 ae 275 126 bulls, 309 coati, 186 deer, 304 fox, 143 380 Grey hunting dog, 137 labradore fhrew, 206 mole, 200 mongouz, 85 fajou, 77 {quirrel, 258 » larger virgi- nian, ib. 5 lefler, 259 weafel, 164 Greyhound, 134 5 common, ib. > italian, 135 5 irifh, 134 » oriental, 135 > rough, 134 ; turkifh, ib. Greyifh otter, fmall, 174 Grief, 2 Grimm, 318 Grimmia, antilope, 318 » Capra, ib. » mofchus, ib. Gris, petit, 258 Grifeo-flavefcens, canis, 136 ‘ y felis, 151 Grifeus, mus, 250 , urfus arctos, 184 Grifon, 164 Groenlandica, balaena, 356 5 myftice- tus, ib. 5 Capra, 297 nigra, phoca, 152 » phoca, ib. Groenlandicus, cervus ta- randus, 297 Groenlandifche wallfifch, 256 Ground fquirrel, 262 263 » american, 263 yafiatic, 262 Gruniens, bos, 337 ecornis, bos, 338 ghainouk, bos, ib. farlyk, bos, ib. Grunting ox, 337 > hornlefs, 338 Guachi, 172 Guajanenfis, fciurus, 265 Guanaco, 290 Guariba, 75 Guavera, 339 5 bos bubalus, ib. Guepard, 150 Guevei, 318 Guevei-cajor, ib. Guiana badger, 161 hedge-hog, 209 martin, 177 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Guiana martin, fmall, 177 opoffum, 194 otter, fmall, 174 {quirrel, 265 urchin, 209 Guianentis, didelphis, 194 » lutra, 174 > muftela, 177 Guib, 317 Guigna, 149 Guinea antilope, 318 coney, 219 deer, 304 » finall, 293 fox, 175 hog, 351 mutfk, 293 Pig, 219 220 fheep, 328 Guineenfis, aries, 328 > cervus, 304 » cuniculus, 219 » OVis aries, 328 » porcus, 351 Gulo, 190 albus, urfus, ib. , urfus, 189 Gundi, 254 » arctomys, ib. Gutturofa, antilope, 310 » capra, 311 > caprea campef- tris, ib. Gyraffa, 305 H Haartloper, 353 Haas, {pringen, 275 Hackeny, 342 Hairy american porcupine, 21 maltefe dog, 132 Half afs, 343 Hamadryas, cercopithecus, 63 5 urfinus, ib. > fimia, ib. ; urfina, ib. Hammel, 325 Hamfter, 243 » baraba, 245 , black, 243 5 german, ib. 5 cape, 247 > german, 243 § » black, ib. , oriental, 253 , orientalifcher, ib. rat, 243 > rice, 245 Hamfter, fand, 244 , fiberian, 242 » fongar, 245 Hamsters, 242 Hardy fhrew, 203 Hake, 277 Hare, 277 280 » alpine, 279 283 » american, 279 280 » baikal, 280 » black, 279 , brafilian, 282 283 , calling, 283 5 chilefe, 280 > common, 277 » daurian, 280 » flying, 269 » horned common, 278 » hudfons-bay, 280 » indian, 273 > java, 218 » leaping, 275 » long-tailed, 273 » Mountain, 283 » ogotona, 284 of patagonia, 220 » peruvian, 277 » {purious varying, 279 » Varying, 278 279 » white, 279 » yellow common, 278 Hare-like coney, 280 moufe, 218 Hare-lip bat, 93 Hare-lipped monkey, 65° Hare-tailed moufe, 240 Hares having no tails, 282 » horned, 278 with tails, 277 Harnafled antilope, 317 feal, 127 Harp feal, 125 Hart, 298 Hart-beeft, 314 Harts, king of the, 318 Harveft moufe, 230 rat, ib. Haftatus, vefpertilio, 92 Haut, ror He afs, 344 goat, 321 Heart feal, 125 Heart-nofed bat, 92 Hedge coney, 280 ° Hedge-hog, 209 5 american, ib. 5 afiatic, 210 211 , common, 209 » guiana, ib. ; tiberian, 210 Hedge-hog, wild, 215 Heifer, 322 Heifege fchaaf, 329 Helvus, vefpertilio vampy-~ rus, 9I Hemionos, 343° Hemionus, 342 » Equus, ib. Hepoona-roo, 269 Herifon, 209 Hermaphrodita, viverra, 166 Hermaphrodite fallow deer, 298 fitchet, 166 Hermeline, 181 Hermine, ib. Hideux, fanglier, 353° High-finned cachalot, 362 363 Hind, barallou, 304 ) favanna, ib. » wood, ib Hinnus, 345 >» equus, ib. Hippelaphus, 298 » cervus elaphus, ib. mas, 299 Hippopotame, 347 Hippopotami, 1b. Hippopotamo, ib. HiprorpoTamus, 346 Hippopotamus, 347 » amphibious, ib: amphibius, ib. 5 improper, 117° , fpecies of, 348 terreftris, ib: Hircina, fimia, 73 Hircine monkey, ib. Hircinus, cercopithecus, ib: Hirco-cervus, 330 Hircus, 321 africanus, 313 bezoardicus, 316 )capra, 321 domefticus, ib. ferus, 324 gazella, 320 laniger, 330 orientalis, 335 Rupicapra, 307 Hirfch ihre koenige, 318. Hirfch-camel, 289 Hirfch-eber, 334 Hirfutus, canis grajus, 134 Hifpaniae novae, {ciurus, 204 | Hifpanica, ovis, 327 > ~ aries, ib. Hifpanicus campeftris, ca- nis, 13% > canis, ib. > caper, 321 , felis catus, 154 Hifpida, phoca, 125 gaadrata, phoca, ib. Hifpidus, vefpertilio, 95 Hoang yang, 311 Hoary ape, 64 dormoufe, 270 marmot, 252 {quirrel, 270 271 Hoedus, 321 Hoe, 349 Hog, 325 » african, 353 5 cape-verd, ib. » chinefe, 351 5 common, 350 ’ domettic, 351 deer, 307 » domeftic, 350 » elephant, 348 » ethiopian, 353 y guinea, 351 » hedge,,;209 -, horned, 354 > Javan, 351 > largeft marfh, 220 » Mexican, 352 rabbit, 216 > Tiver, 220 > fiam, 351 » fingle-hoofed, ib. flag, 301 » wild, 350 Hog-faced ape, 59 61 _ Hoggith baboon, 61 Hogs, 325 » ftrange, 354 with horns, ib. Hoitztlacuatzin, 214 Homo, 44 afer, 45 albus, 46 alpinus, ib. americanus, 45 - afiaticus, ib. badius, 46 cupreus, ib. europaeus, 45 i ferus, 44 fufcus, 46 imberbis, ib. Lar, 57 macrocephalus, 46 monorchides, ib. monftrofus, 45 -) Diger, 46 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Homo patagonicus, 46 plagiocephalus, ib. fapiens, 44 fylveftris, 56 troglodytes, 55 Hooded rabbit, 282 feal, 124 126 {quirrel, 267 Hook-toothed fharp-nofed cachalot, 361 Horned bat, gt common hare, 278 hares, ib. hog, 354 fapajou, 77 Hornlefs grunting ox, 338 fheep, 326 . Horns, hogs with, 354 HORSE, 341 Horfe, 341 » blood, 342 » chilefe, 346. y common, 341 » domeftic, ib. , draught, 342 > pack, ib. » road, ib. » fea, 347 » fpecies of river, 348 > War, 342 whales, 118 » wild, 341 Horfe-fhoe bat, 99 ) larger, ib. , fmaller, ib. Horfe-whales, 118 Horfes, river, 347 » wild, 341 Hound, 133 » german, ib. Howling baboon, 75 * Hual-hund, 364 Huanacu, 290 Huanacus, camelts, ib. Hudfonia, marmota, 254 Hudfonius, cavia, 215 > hyftrix, ib. , lepus, 280 » mus, 242 > petaurus, 267 » {ciurus, 258 267 Hudfon’s marmot, 254 Hudfon’s-bay cavy, 215 hare, 280 porcupine, 215 {quirrel, 258 Huidobrius, caftor, 224 Hump whale, 359 Hump-back whale, ib. Elumped whale, ib. Huner-hund, 134 Hunter, 342 Hunting dog, fagacious, 133 » grey, 134 » greek, ib. 5 {cotch,. ib. leopard, 150 Hvalfifk, 356 Hvid fitch, 36 Hyaena, 138 139 165 aethiopicus, canis, ¥39 antiquorum, 138 |, abyflinian, 139 > Canis, 138 crocuta, canis, 139 , {potted, 139 » ftriped, 138 of the ancients, 138 165 166 , odoriferous, 166 Hyberna, muftela erminea, 181 Hybernicus, canis curforius, 134 Hybrid zebra, 346 Hybridus, camelus, 289 » canis, 132 » equus zebra, 346 » lepus variabilis, 279. Hydrochaeris, 220 » fus, ib. Hydrochaerus tapir, 348 Hyrax, 285 , capenfis, ib. » fyriacus, ibs HystTrix, 252 americana, 213 brachiura, 210 criftata,. 212 europaea, 213 indica, ib. orientalis, 212 dorfata, 215 alba, ib. hudfonius, ib: macroura, 215 malaccenfis, 210 mexicana, 214 novae hifpaniae, ib. orientalis, 215 fingularis, ibs prehenfilis, 213 major, ib. minor, ib.. torofa, 216 I Ibex, 324 alpium fibiricarum, ib. 381 Ibex, beardlefs, 310 > capra, 324 imberbis, 310 parvus, 322 Ichneumon, 159 162 5 african, 160 , cafrarian, 159 » egyptian, 158 , indian, 159 , Viverra, 158 159 Iceland, chien d’, 131 common whale 357 fheep, 327 Ichiatl, 289. T&is, 180 Igel, 209 Ignavus, 201 Ignotum, animal, 316 Ikorn, 255 Iltnis, 179 Imberbis, homo, 46 » ibex, 318 Inauris erinaceus, 209 Indes orientales, chevro-~ tain des, 293 India lidmee, 320 Indian antelope, 315 319 antilope, 317 badger, 188 buffalo, little, 335 cercopithecus, 85 coney, 273 » female, 219 ; fmall, 217 » taillefs, 219 deer, 304 dog, {mall, 135 flying-fquirrel, 269 , black, ibs , red,. ib. fox, 144 hare, 273 ichneumon, 159 lizard, 107 memina, 293 mufk, 292 OPS) 2365 porcupine, 213: roe-buck, 304- {caly-lizard, 107 theep, 328 walrus, 118: wild-cat, 170 Indianifcher maulthier, 345, wolf, 138 India, capra,.322 » gazella, 315 316 » byftrix criftata, 213, mambrina,capra,322 zebra,.345 383 Indicus, aper, 35.4 » bos, 338 > camelus, 305 > Cervus, 304 > cuniculus, 215 273 5 CquUS, 345 femina, cuniculus, 219 lepus, 273 ‘major, bos taurus, ; 334 minimus, d°. 334 minor, d°. ib. » mofchus, 292 fe nyse 354 , fatyrus, 55 : (eiuree! 261 » fuckotyrus, 114 5 tragulus, 293 » urfus, 188 5 Vulpes, 144 Indoftan antilope, 309 Indri, 84 > lemur, ib. IntroduCtion; linnaean, 11 Tnuus, fimia, 58 Togn0sy 298 > sAnPoc, ib. “lamsrdQoc, ib. “Ineo, 34t BOT ALLOS5 347 frith elk, 296, greyhound, 134 Tron pig, 108 {fatis, 144 f Yilandica, balaena myftice- i Mees 31557 Tflandicus, canis, 131 Mfrael, agnus filicrum, 273 > daman, 273 274 5 lamb ef the children £ 4 Or, ee Stalian greyhound 13 lig . porcupine, ae Ttalicus, canis grajus, 125 Jacchus moichata, fimia, 80 mofchatus, fagoinus, ib. oe agoimus, ib. , fimia, ib. Jachals, 139 Jackal, 140 adive, IAI barbary Ys ib. 5 4 { i ca om Jackhals, ib. Jaculus, 275 > dipus, 272 pe, 550 INDEX Jaculus, mus, 273 Jeerven, 190 Jagdhund, teutfcher, 133 _ Jaguar, 149 Jaguara, ib. Jaguarete, ib. Jalopes, 317 Jarf, 190 Java flying-fquirrel, 268 hare, 218 weafel, 175 Javan cavy, ib. coney, ib. hog, 351 mulk, 294 opoffum, 197 fhrew, 205 fuckotyro, 114 weatfel, 183 Javanica, ronftela, 183 5 Viverra, 175 Javanicus, mofchus, 294 Javari, 352 Javelin bat; 92 javenfis, cuniculus, 218 Jazwiec, 186 jelen, 298 Jerbo, 274 JERBoa, 272 jevboa, 273 275 > arabian, 273 9 Capes | 2755 > caipian, ib. , circaflian, 276 common, 272 egyptian, 274 gigantic, 197 grand, 275 great liberian, labradore, 246 marth, ib. » middle fiberian, 27 > pigmy fiberian, 275 » diberian, 274 , fmaller fiberian, ib. Tesooid -rat, circaffian, 276 ; labradore, ib. we’ wees ee Jiya, 172 Dovel < Jocko, 56 » fimia fatyrus, ib. i OY 2 1D) Data, felis, 150 » myrmecophaga, 105 ; ovis aries, 330 > Phoca, 123 fima, myrmecopha- ga, 105 ertes, 358 » buck of, 322 goat, 323 TO THE MAMMALIA. Juda, other buck of, ib. Jupiter fifch, 358 Juvenca fylvettris, 340 Juvencus -pergracilis, 293 K ‘Kabaffou, 11a Kakurlacko, 55 Kalan, 171 Kameuni baranni, 331 Kapiaros aeaPos, 287 Bunt eosy 289 ‘Kamitfchatka moufe, 242 Kamtichatkan marmot,254 ‘Kanguroo, 197 > great, ib. rat, 198 ‘Kanguru, 197 Kanguruh, ib. Kant-chil, 293 Kazess, 350 Karagan, 143 » canis vulpes, ib. fox, ib. » vulpes, ib. Kastoe, 221 Kaze, blaue, 154 » genith, 167 > wilde, 153 » ziberthartige, 188 Kayopollin, 193 Keillie, 332 Ketgomsbyxos,, 61 Kemas, 307 Kiuas, 308 Kenlie, 140 Kegdo, 14d Ker-kammanon, 347 Kevel, 3.13 Kevella, antilope, ib. Killer, 364 King Charles dog, 131 fpaniel, ib. monkey, 74 of the harts, 318 Kingdom, animal, 24 Kinkajou, 169 Kirgiticus, aries, 328 329 Kiriwoula, 95 Klapmus, 120 Kapmyfen, ib, IMlapper-maus, 160 Kleines windfpeil, 135 Klipdas, 285 Klip{pringer, 312 Kob,. 307 » antilope, ib. Koba, 314 , antilope, ib. Koenige, hirfche ihre, 318 ‘Kolonok, 180 Korowa, morfkuia, 126 Korfaki, 142 5 Kors-raef, 144 Koulan, 343 Koupara, 195 Knobbelfifch, 359 Knotenfif{ch, ib. KgoxsAus, 138 Kgoxovarns, ib. Kron-hiort, 298 Krylatca, 125 Kuo, 63 Kunin, 281 Kuvoxe@ara, 5O Kautu, africanifcher, 31 9 L Labialis, vefpertilio, 93 Labradore flying-{quirrel, 267 jerboa, 276 jerboid rat, ib. moufe, 242 fhrew, 206 . Es So. Le yas {quirrel, 258 Labradorius, dipus, 276 » urfus, 187 Lachtak, 126 Lagopus albus, vulpes, 144 » canis vulpes, 143 cerulefcens, vulpes, 144 Lagurus, mus, 239 Lait, cochon de, 311 Lamantin, 119 120 Lamb, 325 of the children of ifrael, 273 Laland moufe, 238 Land bear, white, 184 moufe, 238 urchin, 209 Laniarius aprinus, canis, 13 5 > canis, ib. » fuillus, canis, ib. Laniger, aries, 325 5 hircus, 330 > lemur, 88 > mus, 238 > muftela, 177 peruvianus, came= lus, 29% > phoca, 128 Lant, 335 Lapin, 281 d@angora, ib. fauvage, ib. Lapland marmot, 241 Lar argentea, fimia, se » homo, 57 - minor, fimia, b 5 fimfa, ib. Large feal, 126 ‘tiger, 149: Larger agouti, 218 american porcupine, 213 arctic bear, 185 axis, 300 brafilian moufe,; 216 porcupine; 213, cagul, 81 cercopithecus, 65 common whale, 357: cuandn, 213 domeftic moufe, 228 field moufe, 230 235 filbert moufe, 271 flying fquirrel, 267 grey virginian {quir- rel, 260 horfe-fhoe bat, 99 malabar {quirrel, 260 moufe, 217 220 fealy armadillo, 107 floth, 81 ‘« — ftinking fox, 192 variegated {quirrel, 262 water moufe, 235 wild dog, 195 Eargeft armadillo, 112 flying fquirrel, 269 marfh hog, 220 oriental philander, 191 Eafcopterus, — vefpertilio, : TO Lafiurus, vefvertilio, ib. Latax, 173 Laticauda, ovis, 329 Laticaudata, ovisaries, 328 Latus fciurus, 268 Laubba, 216% ~ ‘Leaf bat, 92 ‘Leaf-nofed bat, ib. Leaping coney, dwarf, 273. hare, 275 moufe, 273 Treaft ant-eater, 104 Leem, 241: Leit-hund, 133° ning, 240 241 ie » fiberian, 241 Lemmus, ie. ***;mus, 240° < rat; 241 fibiricus, mus, ib. INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Lemur, 83 bicolor, 87 , brown, 86 Catta, 87 ecaudatus, 84 Tndri, ib. laniger, 88) Macaco, 86 albus, ib. fufcus, ib. niger, ib. variegatus, ib. Mongoz, 85 albipes, ib. cmereus, ib. fufcus, ib. maurus, ib. negro, ib. murinus, 87 Podje, 88 Potto, 85 prehenfilis, 88 » taillets, 84 tardigradus, $3 volans, 89 199 Lena moufe, 242 Lenae, mus,.ib. Leo, 146 > felis, ib: marinus, 123 Leonina, phoca, 122 Leonine feal, 123 Leoninus, canis, 132 Leopard, 148 » hunting, 150 » lefler, 148 Leopardalis, ib. » felis, ib. Leopardis, ib. 5 felis, ib.- Leopardus, 147 Lepores cornuti, 278 Leperina, cavia aguti, 218 » phoca, 128 Leperine feal, ib. Leporinus, cuniculus, 280 ,» mus, 218 » velpertilio, 93 Lepturus, vefpertilio, 98 LEpPus, 277 albifiimus, 279. albus, ib.. alpinus, 283 americanus, 279 brafilienfis, 282 283 candidus, 279 capenfis, 281 cunniculus, 281 angorenfis, 282 domefticus, 281 e Lepus cuniculus domefticus albus, 281 dom. argenteus, ib. niger, ib. variegatus, ib. ferus, ib. rufficus, 282 dauricus, 289 hudfonius, ib. indicus, 273 loneicandatus, ib. minimus, 280 niger, 279 ogotona, 284 pufillus, 283 timidus, 277 cornutus, 278 méelinus, ib. Tolai, 280 aa eet Lerot; 2% Lerwee, 307 cepa antilope, ib. Lefs long-tailed field moufe, 230 Leffer. agouti, 217 bull-dog bat, 97 cachalot, 360 cagui, 80 cercopithgcus, 82 field moule, 22: filbert moufe, 2 fox, 161 gibbon, 57 : grey {quirrel, 257 horfe-thoe bat, a9 leopard, 148 mangoulte, 159 marth rabbit, 216 otter, 173 red moufe, 237- fpalax, 246 vampire; gt water dog, 13! ,eucas, delphinus, 364 encoeeees antilope, 306 Leucoryx, 316. > antilope, ib: Leucourus, fciurus vulgaris, 256 Leverian armadillo, 111 Leverianus pygmaeus mof- chus, 294 Levrier, 134 Liimee, 319 arabum, 320 : Lidmee of berbary, 320 india, tb, Lievre, 277 Linnzean dedication, 9 introduction, 1x Lion, 146 » american, 150 dog, 132 matin, 123 monkey, little, 8r Lien-m ease | 103 Lion’s provider, 140 Lion-tailed baboon, 64 Liocrne, 356 Liricaudatus, forex, 208 Lift of editions, 14 Little ant-eater, 104 baboon 59 bearded men, 6¢ brown cow, 307 cat of the fury, 261 danifh-dog, 132 earth dog, 252 fox, 162 indian buffalo, 33¢ lion monkey, $1 maucauco, 8& feal, 126 tamanoir, 106 Livea, papio, 62 5 fimia, ib. Lizard, indian, 107 sine fcaly, ib. Llama, 289 Louw, 270 Long-armed ape, 57 slefler, ib. Long-cared bat, 93 goat, 322 urchin, 218 Long-headed cat, 155 Long-legged moufe, 275 Long-necked feal, 127 Long-nofed.bear, 161 182 beaver, 204 cavy, 218 monkey, 72 rabbit, 218. tapir, 348. Long-tailed armadillo, ‘i172 baboon, 65 field moute, 230 5 lefs,ib: tare, 273 manis, 107 mole, 202 porcupine, 215° theep, 329. dquirrel, 260 Longicaudata, talpa, 202 384 Longicaudata,ovisaries,3 29 Longicaudatus, dafypus, 112 » lepus, 273 Longimana, fimia, 57 Longipes, mus, 275 Loris, 83 Los, 296 Lotor, urfus, 183 Loup, 136 de mer, 123 marin, 122 126 -renard, 144 Lowando, 64 » white bearded, ib. Luchs, 157 Avxie, 321 Ayxos Zuvtos, T40 KEVSE5Sy ‘tb. Lupo nero, 141 Lupus, 136 > albus, 137 aureus, 140 5 canis, 136 cervarius, 157 fafciatus, 137 flavus, ib. marinus, 138 mexXicanus, ib. albus, ib. niger, 137 ‘Thous, 138 Lurcker, 135 i » Doar, ib. , rough, ib. Lufcus, urfus, 189 Luteola, fimia, 73 Luteolus, cercopithecus, ib. Lutra, 173 | aegyptiaca, 159 brafilienfis, 172 canadenfis, 173 chilenfis, 172 ‘tulva, 1/73 guineenfis, 174 Lutris, 171 marina, ib. minor, 173 Minx, 174 muftela, 173 nigra, 172 nigricans, 1b. paraguentis, ib. pifcatoria, ib. LuTR2, 171 Lutreola, muitela, 173 » viverra, 1D. Lutris, 171 , lutra, ib. Lvyart, 101 INDEX, TO THE-MAMMALIA. Lybian lynx, 156 Libienfis, lynx, ib. Lycaon, canis yulpes, 141 » vulpes, ib. LYNCES, 155 Lynx, 157 , alba, vulgaris, ib. » american, 158 » barbary, 156 » bay, 158 > bengal, 156 bengalenfis, ib. » booted, ib. canadenfis, 157 ', canadian, ib. caracal, 156 > calpian, 155 Chaus, ib. > common, 157 15 Wels, WES IEF » lybian, 156 lybienfis, ib. > maculata, vulgaris, 1o7 > melina, vulgaris, ib. montana, 155 ) meuntain, ib. nubientis, 156 » perfian, ib. rufa, 158 , thibet, 157 vulgaris, ib. alba, ib. maculata, ib. “melina, ib. » white, ib. » yellow, ib: LyYNXEs, 155 Lyiters fquirrel, 263 M Macaco albus, lemur, 86 -fufcus, lemur, ib. » lemur, ib. niger, lemur, ib. variegatus, lemur, ib. Macarib, 297 Macaque, 65 Machlis, 295 Macquis 4 bourres, 88 Macra, balaena, 359 Macrocephala, balaena, 362 major, balaena, 360 Mecrocephalus _ albicans, phyfeter, 361 cinereus, phyfeter,ib. » homo, 45 niger, phyfeter, 360 » phyfeter, ib. Macropus giganteus, 197 Macroura, hyftrix, 215 Macrourus, {ciurus, 260 Maculata, didelphis, 199 * , meles, 187 » phoca, 128 » talpa, 200 , urfus meles, 187 » viverra, 170 Maculatus, cervus axis, 300 iS porcinus, 301 , lynx vulgaris, 157 ,>mus amphibius, 236 5 -MexXicanus,234 Madagafcar bat, 88 maucauco, 87 OX, 335 {quirrel-ape, ib. tendrac, {mall, 210 weelel, 175 Madagafcarenfis, bos tau- TUS, 335 y felis catus, 155 .» tciurus, 265 , fimia-{ciurus, 87 Mafutiliqui, 164 Magellanica, cavia, 220 Magot, 58 Magu, 79 Maikel, 164 -Maimon, 59 .) papio, 61 5 fimia, ib. “Maipouri, 348 Major, balaena, 356 362 5 macrocephala, 360 5 myfticetus, 357 , bos taurus indicus, : : 334 canis aquaticus, 13.1 fylveftris, 195 cervus, 303 axis, 200 dipus fibiricus, 274 hyftrix prehenfilis, 213 ve &© ew vu mus, 220 apreftis, 235 aquaticus, ib. avellanarum, 271 brafilienfis,.276 campefiris, 230 domefticus, ib. putoria, vulpes, 192 , {ciurus -variegatus, 262 volans, 267 248 wweveve v ves b » Spalax, Majer, urfus ardtos, 191 , vefpertilio moloffus, : 97 5 ferrum-equi- num, 99 Malabar fquirrel, 260 » larger, 1b. Malacca hedge-hog, 210 porcupine, ib. urchin, ib. Malaccenfis, erinaceus, ib. » porcus aculeatus, ib. > hyftrix, ib. » Viverra, 170 Malayan civet, ib. fitchet, ib. Malbrouk, 65 Male african moufe, 193 roe deer, 302, zebra, 345 Maltefe dog, hairy, 132 » fmall, 131 Mambrica, capra, 322 Mambrina, ib. » Capra, ib. indica, capra, ib. fyriaca, capra, ib. MAMMALIA, 33 , catalogue of, 32 » genera of, 40 » orders of, 38 » {pecies of, 44 Mammouth, 118 Man, 44 5 african, 45 > american, ib. 5 afiatic, ib. » black, 46 » brown, ib. 5 copper-coloured, ib, > defcription of, ib. > Curopean, 45 » monttrous, ib. » obfervations on, 44 ‘of the woods, 62 » fapient, 44 » tawny, 46 » wild, 44 » White, 46 Manati, 119 120 » round-tailed, 119 » Whale-tailed, 120 Manatus, 119 auttralis, trichechus, ib. borealis, trichechus, 20) firen, trichechus, ib. , trichechus, 119 Mandril, 61 {! i | ~Maned feal, 123 flag, 298 Mangabey,, 67 » collared, ib. Mangoutte, great, 159 , lefler, ib. Mangutia, muftela, ib. » Viverra, ib. Manipouri, 348 Manis, 107 , five-toed, ib. » long.tailed, ib. pentada¢tyla, ib. , fhort-tailed, ib. tetradactyla, ib. Mantegar, 60 ; Manul, 152 cat, ib. , felis, ib. Many-borned theep, 327 Mapach, 188 Mapurito, 164 » Viverra, 1b. .Maracaja, 151 Maraguao, 1b. Maraputa, 155 Marapute, 153 - Marcatin, 350 Marder, 170 177 Mare, 342 Margay, 151 ‘Marikina, 82 ‘Marin, cheval, 347 , > Lon, 123 * yloup, 122 126 » veau, 123 126 “Marina, lutra, 171 -~Marinum, unicornu, 356 Marinus, equus, 117 pleo, 123 » urfus, 121 185 » Vitulus, 123 126 Maritima, myotalpa, 247 Maritimus albus, urfus, 285 ; urfus, ib. Marmofe, 194 Maawor; 248 » airican, baftard, 285 » alpme, 249 5 american, 250 » baftard african, 285 » canadian, 251 » cape, 285 > calan, 252 253 ychilefe, 254 - » common, 249 5 earlefs, 252 253 q > german, 243 » hoary, 252 » hudfons, 254 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. kamtfchatkan, 254 , lapland, 241 , maryland, 250 5 Mountain, 249 » podolian, 248 5 polith, 250 > quebec, 251 , ftrafburg, 243 , taillefs, 254 Marmota alpina, 249 americana, 250 » arctomys, 249 argentoratentis, 243 » glis, 249 » mus, ib. polonica, glis, 250 Marmotte, 249 , volant, 97 Maron, 350 Marmot, _ Marth hog, largeft, 220 jerboa, 276 rabbit, lefler, 216 water rat, 235 Marfouin, 363 Marfupialis, didelphis, 190 Martes, 176 177 abietum, 177 domeftica, 176 » muftela, 177 fylveitris, ib. Martin, 176 » cayenne, 177 » common, 176 > Guiana, 177 » philippine, 165 > pine, 177 {mall guiana, ib. » fpotted, 170 » yellow-breafted, 177 Martlet, 176 Maryland marmot, 250 Matter courier, 340 Mattit®, 133 og, ib. Maftivus, ib. » canis, ib. Mavcauco, 83 » american, 87 >» Diack, 86 > curly, 88 » flying, 89 EOQ » little, 88 > Madagafcar, 87 » Murine, ib. » prehenfile, 83 > ring-tail, 87 Ting-tailed, ib. » Tufted, 80 » taillefs, 84 Maucauco, woolly, 85 » yellow, 169 Maulefel, 345 Maulina, arétomys, 254 Maulinus, mus, ib. Maulthier, indianifcher, 345 Maura, fimia, 72 Maurus, cercopithecus, ib. , lemur mongoz, 85 Maximus, dafypus, 112 paluftris, fus, 220 ) philander orienta- : lis, 191% , {clurus, 260 ) volans, 269 Maxtlaton, tepe, 151 Mazame, 307 317 » CErvuS, 303 Meadow moufe, 238 water rat, 235 Medius, dipus fibiricus, 274 > mus domefticus, 230 Mediterranean feal, 12 , Mediterraneus, vitulus, 126 Meer-rat, 160 Meer-{chwein, 363 M:.Zay, mar 0br.cy 147 Mejangan, banjee, 301 Meles, 165 186 alba, urfus, 187 maculata, urfus, ib. »urfus, 186 Melina, muftela, 183 Melinus, lepus timidus, 278 y lynx vulgaris, 157 yurius lotor, 189 » velpertilio cephalo- tes, 98 Melitaeus, canis, 132 pervus, canis, 131 pulofus, canis, 132 Meilivora, viverra, 169 Memima, 294 » ceylon, ib. » indian, 293 Meminna, 294 > motchus, ib. Men, little bearded, 65 Mepis, viverra, 163 Mer, mone de, 363 Merian opollum, 195 Meridianus, dipus, 275 > maus, ib. Mermaid, 119 120 Mefomelas, canis, 140 Mefforius, mus, 230 Mexican cat, 149 deer, 303 Cece Mexican hog, 352 moufe, 234 fpotted, ib. opofium, 193 porcupine, 214 threw, 207 {quirrel,25 7 264 265 tiger-cat, 151 wea fel, 169 wolf, 138 > white, ib. Mexicana, felis, 151 » byitrix, 214 , tamandua, 162 Mexicanus, aper, 352 » canis lupus, 138 3 Cervus, 303 » lupus, 138 c albus, ib. ; maculatus, mus, 234 » mus, ib. , {ciurus, 257 264 Mice and Rars, 226 Michuacanens, 136 Mico, 82 Microphthalmus, fpalax, 248 Microps falcidentatus, phy- feter, 361 » phyfeter, ib. rectidentatus, phyfe- ter, 362 Microurus, mus, 239 Midas, fazoinus, 82 » fimia, 1b. Middle axis, 300 domeitic moufe, 230 fiberian jecboa, 274 Migrating moufe, 243 Migrator.us, mus, ib. Mimimus indicus, bos tau} Sus 335 » lepus, 280 , {ciurus, 266 Minor, balaena, 360 364 » canis aquaticus, 131 , dipus fibiricus, 275 » hyitrix. prehenfilis, 213 indicus, bos taurus, 335 » lutra, 173 » mius agreftis, 230 5 avellanarum, 272 > campeftris, 239 » domefticus, 229 5 rattus, ib. > Paluftris, cuniculus, 216 » roftrata,balaena, 360 386 Minor, fciurus variegatus, 264 > {palax, 246 » fus, 352 ; 5 tajafiu, ib, 5 vefpertilio moloffus, 97 > ferrum-equi- nu, 99 9 Vulpes, 161 Minute moufe, 231 » yellow, 232 fhrew, 203 Minutuscervuselaphus, 299 flavus, mus, 232 , mus, 231 > forex, 203 Minx, 174 , lutra, ib. Moine de mer, 353 Mo _eE, 199 Mole, 20c > american, 201 5 afiatic, 203 » black, 200 4 Virginian, 202 » brown, ib. 5 cape, 247 ; changeable, 203 » Cinereous, 200 y european, ib. » gilded, 203 » golden, ib. > SfeV, 200 long-tailed, 202 of the cape, 247 of the fand hiils, ib. > tadiated, 207 > red,.202 5 american, ib. » ferian, 203 goldea, ib. rE potted, 200 , tailed, 1b. 5 spaaareh, 200 5 Waite, 1b. + yellow, 201 5 european, ib. Mole-rat, african, 247 , black sutian, 246 > blind, 24 8 , Cape, 246 247 a pGainien, 247 ,rulian, 245 2 > black, ib. Mote-rats, ib, Molofius, 132 > canis, ib. major, vefpertilio, 97 minor, vefpertilio, ib. INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA, Moloffus, vefpertilio, 97 Molucca, didelphis, 192 opoflum, ib. 5 greater, 19L Mona, cercopithecus, 70 5 famia, ib. Monachus, phoca, 124 Monax, 250 » arctomys, ib, » y glis, ib. Moncus, 159 Monea, cercopithecus ay- gula, 69 Monina, 70 Monkey, agile, 72 , annulated, 74 > antigua, 79 » bay, 74 » bearded nodding, 69 » buth-tailed, 77 chinefe, 69 cochin-china, ib. dog-headed, 66 dog-tailed, 63 fair, 82 fearful, 77 fox-tailed, So fonr-finpeced, 716 full-bottom, 74 goat, 73 great eared, 82 green, 66 73 hare-lipped, 65 hircine, 73 king, 74 little lion, 81 long-nofed, 72 negro, ib. ewe vy we w& 1 vw we we Be &e Ve Be Ye Be Be » wvwwe » tawny, » White-c a d, 67 5 wihite- ‘ofed, 69 » yellow: ith, 73 MONKEYS, 63 Mongatian w jeafe 1, 284 , black-faced, ib. » brown, ib. 5 grey, ib. Mongous, white-handed, $5 Mongouz, ib. i Mongoz, Lemur, ib. 5 albipes, ib. cinereus, 1b. a 5 fufcus, ib. 6 maurus, ib. negro, ib. Moguls, dfhikketei of the, 342 Monoceros, 355 » monodon, ib Monodaétyla, myrmeco- phaga, 105 Monopon, 355 » monoceros, ib. Movers 333 Monorchides, homo, 45 Montters, ib. Monftrofus, homo, ib. Monftrous men, ib. Montana, lynx, 155 Mentanus, catus, ib. » mus, 249 Monungulus, fus {erofa do- mefticus, 35 Moofe, 296 Moral obfervations on man, 52 Mormon, papio, 61 » fimia, ib. Moromorus, aries, 291 Morfkuia korowa, 120 Morvant, 330 > chinefe, ib. Mofchatus, bos, 336 » caftor, 204 » mus, 233 , fagoinus jacchus, 80 » forex, 204 Mojichi, capra, 292 , capreolus, ib. Mofchiferum, animal, ib. Mofchiferus canadentis, mus, 220 > caftor, 204 » mofchus, 292 > mus, 204 » porcus, 252 » tragus, 292 320 Moscuus, 292 americanus, 299 indicus, 293 javanicus, 294 , leverianus, pygmae- us, ib. meminna, 1b. mofchiferus, 292 pygmaeus, 293 leverianus, 294 Mofchus finenfis, 293 Grimia, 318 Mofe deer, 296 Mofle, 295 Moufion, 331 Mountain antelope, 312 9 cat, 152 , american, 13% cow, 348 goat, 324 hare, 283 Marmot, 249 moufe, ib. Mountains, roes ofthe, 313 Moufe, american, 227 4 ruftic, 23% 5 wild, 217 > ath coloured, 253 5 barbary, 234 » beech, 232 233 , blue, 235 » blind, 205 4 , bright-yellow, 27% » brown-afh, 250 , brown-grey, ib. , collared, 240 » common, 229 5 cunning, 232 233 > dwarf, 233 » economic, 237 > field, 230 , filbert, 271 272 » flying, 266 » garlic, 236 » gregarious, 237 233 > hare-like, 218 » hare-tailed, 240 » harveit, 230 » kamtfchatka, 242 » labradore, ib. > laland, 238 > Jand, ib. » larger, 217 220 f brafilian, 216 5 domettic, 228 ; field, 230 235 5 filbert, 271 ‘ water, 235 » leaping, 273 » lena, 242 » lefslong-tailed, 230 » lefler field, ib. 5 filbert, 272 ; red, 237 ; long-legged; 275 ylong-tailed _ field, 236 » male african, 193 » meadow, 238 > Mexican, 234 Mouftmiddtedometicy 30 ©6Mures cuniculacii, 234 migrating, 243 > minute, 231 ) Mountain, 249 > Norwegian; 242 5 oak, 271 9 O€cONomMic, 237 , oriental, 233 > palm, 261 > pig-like, 276 ypontic, 268 , rambling, 239 p fed, 236297 sreddith, 231 > tinged, 240 3 rock, 234 > ruftic, 23.1 »{cythian, 268 » thort-tailed field,235 : 239 » fhrew-like, 232 »imaller field, 239 5 focial, ib. » fouthern, 275 3 {potted mexican, 234 s ttriped, 233 > tamarifk, 276 » Varieties of the, 229 » wandering, 232 3 White american field, 224 ~ ceylon, 227 ’ field, 234 > Woolly, 2 3 8 3 yellow minute, 232 Wieufe-coloured bat, 93 94 Moufe-like opoflum, 194, threw, 207 Mouftache, 67 Mufiolo, cane, 132 Mufion, 338 _Mufro; 332 Mula, 344 Mule, ib. ¥ » fecund, 343 > wild, ib. ‘ ‘Maulot, 230 volant, 97 ~Mulus, 345 Multifulcus, fus aquaticus, » equus afinus, ib. 348 -Mungalica, muftéla, 284 Mungo, viverra, 159° Muntjac, 307 5 cervus, ib, Munt-jak, 302 - ~Muckoc, 271 Mores, 226 © buccati, 242 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. fubterranei, 246 Murina, didelphis, 194 , vefpertilio, 93 Murine maucauco, 87 opoflum, 194 MuRINE QUADRUPEDS, 225 Murine fhrew, 205 Murinus, lemur, $7 > mufaraneusy 205 » forex, 205 Mus, 225 agrarius, 231 americanus, ib. agreftis brachirus, 235 major, 1b. minor, 230 albus fylvaticus, ib. zeylonicus, 207 227 alius, 239 alliarius, 236 americanus, 227 fylveftris, 217 albus, 234 amphibius, 235 maculatus, 236 niger, ib. paludofus, 235 terreftris, tb. aquaticus, 204 228 ? 235 major, 235 aquatilis, 204 Ar&tomys, 250 arvalis, 239 nigricans, 236 avellanarius, 2 2g? avellanarum, 271 major, ib. minor, 272 Barabentis, 245 Barbarus, 23.4: etulinus, 232 Bipes, 273° 274 brafilienfis major, 216 campeftris major, 230 minor, 239 earaco, 227 cauda pilofa, 270 Gieillsy aigiai) Cricetus, /2e Cricetus eyanus, 235 decumanus, 223 domefticus major, ib. - medius, 230 minor, 229 Empetra, 251 ~ Furuncalus, 245 Cecz Mus fufcus, 250 giareolus, 238 Glis, 270 gmelini, 242 gregalis, 237 pregarius, 238 grifeus, 250 hudfonius, 242 jaculus, 273 longipes, 275 major, 220 Marmota, 249 maulinus, 254 meridianus, 275 mefiorius, 230 mexi¢anus, 234 raculatus, ib. microurus; 239 mipratorius, 243 minutus, 231 flavus, 232 montanus, 2 mojfchatus, 233 mofchiferus, 204 canadenfis, 226 Mafculus, 22< Myoeattor, fee AT yocaf= tor Myofpalax, 247 Myotalpa, fee ALyotal- pa oeconomus, 237 orientalis, 233 Paca, 256 palmarum, 26 ponticus; 254 256 268 Porcellus, 219 pumilio, 233 guereinus, 271 Rattus, 228 minor, 229 fubeus, 231 Futilus, 236 minor, 237 fagitta, 273 274 faliens, 274 faxatilis, 234 {cithicus, 268 focialis, 239 foricinus, 232 ftriatus, 233 fabtilis, 232 233 Suflica, 253 fylvaticus, 230 fylveftris, 195 228 femina, 196 famaricinus, 276° terreftris, 238 torquatus, 232 240 Tichelag, 242, Mus vagus, 240 virginianus, 234 volans, 266 Moc dixuss 273 Mus-araneus, 205 Mufaraneus, ib. murinus, ib. Mufaraigne, ib. @eau, ib. Mufcardin, 272 Mufcardinus, myoxus, 271 volant, 96 / Mutfcovy rat, 204 y Mutculus, balaena, /ee Ba- laene » mus, 229 phnii, 356 Mufimon, 33% Moufir mons, ib. Mus c 292 animal, 166 292 beaver, 226 »brafilian, 294 ca Vv Y> 58h inea, Bae sjavyan, 294 OX, FBO 337 » Pigmy, 293 rat, 204 226 5 canadian, 226 roe, 292 » friped pigmy, 294 » thibet, 292 Mutky beaver, 204 fhrew, ib. Mufmon, 331 Mufquath, 225 226 Mufqué, boeuf, 337 » Fat, 226 227 Muffafeus, 226 MusTgELA, 177 Muftela, 167 176 afra, 175 africana, 26% barbara, 175 canadenfis, 176 candida, 181 daurica, 283 Erminea, 181 aeftiva, ib. hyberna, ib. felina, 172 flavefcente-nigricans, ; 179°, Foina, 176 Furo, 179 Galera, 175 glauca, 159 388 Mufiela guajanenfis, 177 javanica, 183 laniger> 177 Luira, 173 Lutreola, 1d. Mangutia, 159 Martes, 177 melina, 183 mongalica, 284 Nigra, HQ j je Pereguina, 180 praecincta, ib. Putorius, 179 Quiqui, 183 rufo-fufca, 190 farmatica, 180 fibirica, ib. fubfuca, 165 fylveitris, 180 variegata, 159 Vilon, 176 Viverra, 180 vulgaris, 182 nivalis, ib. Zibellina, 178 alba, ib, americana, ib. nigra, 179 MustELz, 175 Mutftelinus, tatu, 112 Mu5tix4tos, 356 Mutica, capra, 323 Myocattor coypus, 225 » mus, ib. Zibethicus, ib. Myocasrores, ib. Myodes, furunculus, 245 Myofpalax, mus, 247 Myofuri, 226 Myotalpa Afpalax, 247 capentis, 246 5 mus, 247 maritima, ib. talpina, 246 nigra, ib. Typhlus, 248 MyoraLrz, 246 Mvyoxus, 270 Dryas, 271 Glis, 270 Nitela, 271 Mufcardinus, ib. MyRMECOPHAGA, 104 capenfis, 106 didactyla, 104 jubata, 105 fimia, ib. menodaétyla, ib. pentadadiyia, 106 tetradactyla, ib, INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Myrmecophaga tridactyla, 105 Myrmecophagus fquamo- fus, 107 Myfticetus ariftotelis, 356 y balaena, fee Balaena N Nabbmus, 205 Nagor, 308 Naked buffalo, 339 dog, 135 Nana, capra, 323 » OVIS aries, 326 Nanguer, 308 Narica, viverra, 161 Narhval, 356 Narhwal, ib. NarVAL, 355 » horned, ib. Nafalis, fimia, 8 Nafua, fimia, 72 » Viverra, 161 Nafuus, cercopithecus, 72 Natural obfervations on man, 5! Nature, empire of, 17 Negro, lemur mongoz, 8% monkey, 72 Neipfe, 16e, Neitiak, 125 Neitfer-foak, 126 Nemaeus, cercopithecus, 69 » fimia, ib. Nemeftrina, papio, 59 » fimia, ib. Nemorofus, cervus, 304 Nems, 160 » viverra, ib. Nero, lupo, 141 New babeon, 62 Newfoundland feal, 125 New-holland dog, 136 opofium, 196 New-fouth-wales dog, 136 New-{pain, porcupine of, 214 » iquirrel of, 264 New-york bat, 99 Niétitans barbata, fimia, 69 barbatus, cercopi- thecus, ib, 5 cercopithecus, ib. > fimia, ib. Niger, canis lupus, 137 cricetus, 243 germanicus, ib. homo, 45 lemur macaco, 86 lepus, 137 vee viv Niger, mus amphibius, 236 » petaurus petauriiia, 269 miacroce- phalus, 360 5 fciurus, 257 ; albiroftro, ib. 4 vulgaris, 256 > urfus, 184 arctos, ib. » vefpertilio vampy- rus, 90 Night-bat, american, 93 Nigra, cavia aperea, 219 » felis, 150 lutra, 172 5 muftela, 162 5 * zibellina, 179 »>myotalpa _ talpina, 246 » phyfeter > phoca, 128 5 groenlandica, 125 » talpa europaea, 200 S Virginiana, 202 > Vulpecula, 141 , zibellina, 179 Nigricans, lutra, 172 » mus arvalis, 239 Nigritia, vefpertilio, 97 Nigrofafciata, fimia rubra, 71 Nigrofafciatus, cercopithe- cus ruber, ib. Nims, 160 Nine-bandedarmadillo,111 Nifen, 363 Nifer, ib. Nitedula, mus, 27 Nitela, myoxus, ib. Nivelis, muftela vulgaris, 182 Noétilio americana, 93 Noctula, vefpertilio, 94 Nodtule, 94 Nodding monkey, 69 , bearded, ib. Noerza, 173 Noir, cochan, 352 Nord-kapper, 357 Noricus, mus, 253 Norfolcenfis, petaurus, 270 Norfoll-ifland flying-fquir- rel, ib.“ Norway rat, 228 Norwezian coney, 241 moufe, ib. rat, 228 Norwegicus, cuniculus, 241 , mus, 228 241 Noftras, erinaceus parvis, : i 209 Novae-angliae, balaena, 359 ycetus, 361 Novae-hifpaniae, hy/itrix, 214 , {ciurus, 264 Noveboracenfis, vefpertilio, Novemcinétus, cataphrac- tus, I1I ,» dafypus, ib. Novemdecemcinétus, cata- phractus, 112 , dafypus, ib. Nfufi, 152 Nubienfis, lynx, 156 Nylgau, 309 Nyl-ghau, ib. sie S) Oak moufe, 271 Obefa cauda, ovis, 329 Obefus, canis americanus, 136 Obfervations cn man, 49 Obfcure-rufus, philander, 196 Ocelot, 149 i Ocelotl, tlatlanhgui, ib. Ochodona daurica anaurie nos, 283 mungalica, 284 Ochfen, wilde, 336 Cciocinétus, cataphradtus, IIo » dafypus, ib, Odobenus, 117 Odoriferous hyaena, 166. Oeconomic moufe, 237 Ceconomus, mus, ib. Oedipus, f2zoinus, 81 > fimia, ib. Ogotona hare, 284 » lepus, 1b. Oil, {permaceti, 361 > white, ib. » whale, 356 Olnougos, canis, 130 Oss aeu Bios, 329 Zaviovy 330 Oiftiti, 80 Oaryorten. magdarte, 148 Onager, 343 » Equus, ib. Oveyeos ib. Onagrus, ib. _ Cnea, 149 » telis, ib. Once, 150 Ondatra, 226 One-horned _ rhincceros, Il 3 Ors, 344 Onza, 149 Ophion, 331 Ophuaga, 345 Opossum, 190 Opofium, i92 » amboina, 19t » black flying, r99 > brafilian, 191 » cayenne, 195 » crab-eater, ib. » Didelphis, 192 » flying, 199 5 » black, ib. » greater molucca, 191 » guiana, 194 > Javan, 197 » Merlan, 195 » Mexican, 193 _ » molucca, 192 5 » greater, 191 » moufe-like, 194 > murine, ib. » new-holland, 196 3 Oriental, ib. » phillips, 198 > thort-tailed, 195 > {pinous, 214 » fpotted, 199 > furinam, 194 195 » Virginian, 192 193 » vulpine, 198 ‘Oquitli, 289 Oraflus, 305 Orange monkey, 78 Orang-outang, 56 ‘Orafius, 305 Orders of Mammalia, 38 “Oreillar, 93 Orca, 364 * ,delphinus, fee Delphi- RUS Oreas, antilope, 317 Oreotragus, antilope, 310 hamfter, 253 moule, 233 opoffum, 196 philander, larger, ror _ porcupine, crefted,212 - , fingular, 215 Orientalis, aper, 354 9 aries Thatuxnews, 329 » canis grajus, 135 j). 5 Capra, 331 __ y didelphis, INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Orientalis, hircus, 331 » hyftrix, 215 i criftata, 212 » fingularis, 215 maximus, philander, Igt » mus, 233 ) ovis PALTROW, 329 Orientalifcher hamtter, 253 Orientalifches fchaaf, 331 Orignal, 206 Oryx, 315 316 » antilope, 315 317 Otter, 173 » black, 172 174 » blackith, 172 » brafilian, ib. » canadian, 173 » cayenne, 174 » chilefe, 172 » common, ib. » egyptian, 159 » greater, 173 > lefler, 173 » fea, 171 , {mall greyifh, 174 » yellowith, ib. Orrirs, 171 Ouanderou, 64 Quarine, 75 Oulofes, 317 Ourico cachieno, 213 Ovis, 325 aethiopica, 327 africana, ib. alterum genus, 329 Ammon, 331 europaea, ib. anglicana, 326 arabiae, 329 arabica, ib. platyura, ib. Aries, 325 africana, 327 anglica, 326 barbata, 330 bucharica, 329 capenfis, ib. guineenfis, 328 hyfpanica, 327 jubata, 330 laticaudata, 328 longicaudata, 329 nana, 326 polycerata, 327 ruftica, 326 {teatopyga, 328 brachyura, 326 cauda obefa, 329 dolichura, ib Ovis domeftica, 325 fera fibirica, 33 gotlandica, 327 hifpanica, 327 laticauda, 329 peruana, 289 wratuxrgas orientalis, 329 platyceros, ib. Pudu, 332 ruftica, 326 fexcornis, 327 fibirica fera, 331 {teatopyga, 328 329 tricornis, 327 t{cherkeflica, 329 turcica, ib. Ox, 332 Ox, ib. » abyfiinian, 335 » adel, ib. ) american, 336 NCA DE a9 » common, 332 » domeftic, 334 » dwarf, 340 » european, 334 » grunting, 337 » hornlefs grunting, ib. » indian, 334 » madagafcar, 33 » mutk, 336 337 » fea, 347 » {mall, of Belon, 340 » furat, 335 , tinian, ib. » wild, 333 AB Paca, 216 alba, cavia, 217 » Cavia, ib. > cuniculus, 216 » mus, ib. » white, 217 Pacafle, 317 Pack horfe, 342 Paco, camelus, 291 Pacos, ib. Pad, 342 Paefen, 321 Painted antelope, 309 Pak, 216 Palatine, 81 Palm moufe, 261 {quirrel, ib. Palmarum, mus, ib. » {ciurus, ib. Palmatus, cervus, 298 Palmifte, 261 389 Paludoftis, cervus, 303 » mus amphibius, 235 Palufiris, fus maximus, 220 Pangolin, 107 Panifcus, fapajus, 76 fimia, ib. Panther, 147 150 Panthera, 148 Panterinus, canis fagax, 134 Papio, 6o apedia, 59 cinerea, 62 criftata, ib. livea, ib. Maimon, 61 Mormon, 60 nemeftrina, 59 porcaria, 61 platypygos, 62 Sphinx, 60 fylvicola, 61 variegata, 62 Papion, 60 » petit, 59 Papiones, ib. Paquira, 352 Paquire, ib. Paraguenfis, lutra, 172 Pardalis, 147 149 » felis, 149 Tag dudes walay, 147 odtyoregr, 148 Pardus, 147 » brafilian, 149 »catus, 155 » felis, 147 Parefleux, ror Parforce-hund, 133 , englifcher, ib. , franzofifcher, ib. Parions feal, 127 Parva, capra, 322 Parvus, bos africanus, 340 » bubalus africanus, ib. 341 > erinaceus noftras, 209 melitaeus, canis, 131 Parvulagcerva, 293 Pafan, 315 Patagonia, hare of, 220 Patagonian cavy, ib. Patagonians, 46 Patagonicus, homo, ib. Patas, 71 » black-banded, ib. , white-banded, ib. - 359 Pathological obfervations, 50 Patira, 353 » tus tajaffou, ib. Peca ary, 352 sae ib. PECORA 287 Pecus, 3 a8 5 Pekan, 175 Pelon, 289 Penfylvanian couguar, 151 Pentadactyla, manis, 107 »mnyrmecophaga, 106 > Viverra, 261 Pentadadtylus, bradypus, 102 sphylodotus, 107 Pereguina, 180 » muftela, ib. Perewiatka, ib. Perfuming fhrew, 207 Pergracilis juvencus, 293 Dd qt § Pernichcatl, 290 Perpuiillus, cervus, 318 Perfian antelope, 317 lynx, 156 fquirrel, 259 Perficus, fclurus, ib. Perfpicillatus, veipertilio,g2 Peru, fheep of, 291 Peruana, ovis, 289 Peruvian bat, 93 camel, 289 » woolly, 297 hare, 277) fheep, 289 Peruvianus, camelus, 289 . laniger, camelus, ib. PETAURE, 266 _Petaurifta caftaneus, petau- rus, 269 niger, petaurus, ib. 5 petaurus, ib. ; iciurus, ib. > fimia, 72: volans, petaurus, ; 268 Petauriftus, cercopithecus, 72 Petaurus, 268 aufira is, 269 hudfonius, 267 pctauritta, /ee Pe- tanurifia fagitta, 268 , fouthern, 269 virginianus, 267 volans, ib. volucella, 265 Petit. barbet, 13.4 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. ’ Petit biche, 3178 boeuf @afrique, 340 danois, 132 gris, 258 papion, 59 phogue, 126 Pferd-hirich, 299 Pferde, wilde, 341 Pflokfifch, 359 PzrAzava, 355 Phalanger, 197 Pzrz+e%y FSO Eharaohs rat, 159 Phatagm, 107 Philander, african, 193 > amboina, 191 > american, 104 , brafilian, 191 » Didelphis, ib. » largeft oriental, ib. ob{cure-rufus, 196 een ks maximus, 1gt fpadiceus, 192 , furinam, 195 Philippine martin, 165 monkey, 79 Phillips flying fquirrel, 270 opoflum, 198 Philodotus pentada¢tylus, 107 Phipper, fquare, 125 Phifiological . obfervations, 49 Puoca, 121 Phoca, 123 barbata, 126 chilenfis, 127 criftata, 126 fafciata, 127 foetida, 12:5: groenlandica, ib. nigra, ib. hifpida, ib. quadrata, ib. jubata, 123 laniger, 128 leonina, 122 leporina, 128 maculata, ib. monachus, 124 mutica, 127 nigra, 128 ~ porcina, 127 punttata, 128) pufilla, 126 teftudo, 127 urfina, 121 vitulina, 123 botnica, 124 Phoca vitulina cafpica, 124 fibirica, ib. Phocaena, delphinus, _/ce Delphinus Dowie, 363 Phoque, 123 > grand, 126 5 petit, rb. Dogzroe, 358 Phyfalis, balaena, ib. belluz, 34 PHYSETER, 360 Phyfeter, 358 Catodon, 360 macrocephalus, 360 albicans, 361 cinereus, ib. niger, 360 microps, 36: faleidentatus, ib. rectidentatus, 362 Turfio, tb. Baxn, 126 Picta, antiiope, 309 Pictus, vefpertilio, 95 5 rubellus, ib. Pied tame rabbet, 281 vari, 86 Piedra del porco, 210 Pig, 302 » guinea, 219 Pig-headed:armadillo, 111 Pig-lit ke moufe, 219 Pig-tailed baboon, 59 Pigmy, 58 ape, ib. mufk, 293 > ftriped, 294 fhrew, 203 207 fibérian jerboa, 275 Pigritia, 10P Pike-headed whale, 358 Pileata, cercepithecus fini- cus, 69 9 fimia, ib. Pilorides albidus, mus, 227 fulvus, mus, ib. » mus, 207 226 Pilofa, mns cauda, 270 Pilofus, aries, 327 » Canis melitaeus, 132 Pinche, $1 Pine martin, 177 Pingo, 352 Pinuum, dafypus, 151 Pipiftrelle, 95 Pipiftrellus, vefpertilio, ib. Piffay, 294 Pifcatoria, lutra, r72 Pithecia, fagoinus, 80 Pithecia, fimia, 80 Ti :64206, 59 ~ TH cbyxos, 58 Pithequé, ib. Plagiocephalus, homo, 46 Plancus, canis americanus, 136 Plantain fquirrel, 262 Platogna, 298 MAazixeges, OVis orientalis, 379 Platyceros, 298 » cervus, ib. 300 » OVIS, 329 Platypigos, papio, 62 ~» fimia, ib. Platyura arabica, ovis, 329 Plinii, mufculus, 356 Podje, 88 > lemur, ib. Podolian marmot, 248 252 253 Poephagus, 337 Poet-jang, 293 Pohano, 297 Pointer, 134 Pointing-dog, ib. Poifen blanc, 361 Polar bear, 185 Pole-cat, 162 179 Polifh marmot, 250 Political ebfervations, 51 Polonica, glis marmota,250 Polycerata, ovis aries, 327 Pomeranian dog, 131. Pomeranius, canis, ib. Pongo, 56 , fimia fatyrus, ib. Ponney, 342 Pontic moufe, 268- fquirrel, ib. Ponticus, canis, 264 »MUS, 254256268 sfciurus, 268 Pore fanglier, 353 Pore-epic, 212 Porcaria, papio, 67 > fimia, ibs Porcellus frumentorius, 247 >mus, 219 Porcina, pheea, 127 Porcine deer, 307 » {potted, ib. Porcinus, cervus, ib. maculatus, cervus, ibe > taxus, 138 Porco, piedra del, 210 PORCUPINE, 212 > american, 212 ) brafilian, tb. Porcupine, brawny, 216 » canada, 215 5 canadian, ib. > cefted, 212 ' “ oriental, ib. > hairy american, 215 » budions bay, ib. » indian, 213 » italian, ib. ) larger american, ib. 4 brafilian, ib. » long-tailed, 215 » malacca, 210 ) Mexican, 214 of new-{pain, ib. » Oriental, 215 » fmatler bratilian, 213 » fingular oriental, 215 y white canadian, ib. Porcus, 350 acculeatus malaccen- fis, 210 fylveftris, 215 domefticus, 351 guineenfis, ib. indicus, 354 marinus, 363 mofchiferus, 352 » fus, fee Sus Porpefle, 363 Porpoife, 362 rown, 363 > white, ib. Pot-walfifch, 360 Tho teepetog Pam05 59 347 Poto, 158 169 Potto, 85 > lemur, ib. Pouch bat, 98 Poulatouche, 268 Pourfille, 363 Praecincta, muftela, 180 Pratenfis, cervus, 304 Preacher monkey, 75 » royal, ib. Preface by Gmelin, 1 Prehenfile maucauco, $8 Prehenfilis, hyftrix, 213 5 major, ib. ; minor, ib. h ; » lemur, 88 , Viverra, 169 ~ PRIMATES, 44 “Teosaror, 325 ‘Profimia, afh coloured, 87 » brown, 85 Provider, lion’s, 140 Wgoz, 298 rude, 73 Pruinof, arctomys, 252 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Pteropus, black, 90 , dark-brown, 91 long-eared, ib. Puant, blaireau, 165 Pudu, 332 > OVis, ib. » Capra, ib. Puerilis, vulpecula, 163 Pug, 132 dog, ib. , baftar Puma, 150 Pumilio, cuniculus fahiens, 273 , dipus fibiricus, 275 > mus, 233 Pumilus, bos, 340 Punttata, phoca, 128 Purple-faced monkey, 65 » wanderu, ib. Purpurata, fimia filenus, ib. Purpuratus, cercopithecus filenus, ib, Purfe-winged bat, 98 Pulilla, phoca, 126 Pufillus, cervus, 293 » lepus, 283 » forex, 206 Putois, 179 5 furet, 180 Panay vulpes major, 192 Putorius, 179 > muftela, ib. » Viverra, 162 164 Pygarga, antilope, 311 Pygargus, cervus, 302 Pygmaea, antilope, 318 Pypmaeus, mofchus, 293 5 leverianus, 294 » forex, 203 Pyrame, 131 » french, ib. d, ib. cree uacha, 34 Quachy, 161 Gees phoca hifpida, 125 Quadricaudatus, forex, 308 Quadricinétus, cataphrac- tus, 109 » dafypus, ib. Quadruped from bengal, B29 QUADRUPEDS, MURINE, 225 Quadrupes volatile, 268 Quagga, equus, 346 Quahtla, 352 Quapizotl, ib. Quasje, 162 » Viverra, ib. Quato, 76 Quauhioymatl, 35 Quauhpecothi, 138 Quauhtecallotlquapachtli, 264 Quauhnatl, 252 Quebec marmot, 251 Que rcinus, mus, 271 Qhic! khatch, 189 Quil, 159 Quimichpatlan, Quiopela, 159 Quiqui, 183 » muttela, ib. Quumbengo, 139 266 R Rabbit, 281 » angora, 282 » black tame, 281 » collared, 283 > common, 281 » commoneft, 218 » hog, 216 » heoded, 281 , lefler marth, 216 » long-nofed, 218 » pied tame, 281 > ruflian, 282 » filver-haired, 281 » filvery tame, ib. » white tame, ib. » wild, ib. Racoon, 188 » white, 189 Radiated mole, 201 Ra-djur, 302 Ram, 325 Rambling moufe, 239 Rangifer, 296 297 » cervustarandus, 297 Rangwo, 280 Rare fquirrel, 254 Rariffimus, fciurus, ib. Rat, 228 » barbara, 245 black, 228 water, 236 brown, 228 canadian mufk, 226 common, 228 hamiter, 243 harvelt, 230 kanguroo, 198 Lemmus, 241 madagafcar, 88 marfh water, 236 meadow water, 235 . we ve Ve ewe Bee & YY © 39% Rat, muicovy, 204 » mulk, 204 226 » muigqué, 226 227 » Horway, 228 » Rorwegian, ib. » pharaoh’s, 159 » fand, 224 » fmall, 228 , fongar, 245 , {potted water, 239 » Water, 204 235 » White, from ceylon, 207 » wild, 228 » Zarizyn, 245% Ratel, 165 169 »wW eafel 165 Rats and Mice, 226 Ratte, 219 » bofch, ib, > veld, ib. Rattus, 228 ’ aquaticus, 235 , minor, mus, 22 2g » mus, 228 Ravale, 191 Red american mole, 202 apes 75 cat, 154 common fguirrel, 255 deer, 298 »imall, 299 ince flying-iguir 2uy mole, 202 monkey, 71 moufe, 236 237 » lefler, 234 Red-tailed monkey, 81 Reddith bat, 92 » ftriped, 96 carolina {quirrel, 263 common fquirrel, 255 moule, 231 Reddith-brown weafel, 190 Reddith-grey viverra, 159 Regalis, cercopithecus, 74 5 fimia, ib. Rein deen 296 canadian, 297 common, ib. grcenland, ib, Reinthier, ib. Renard, 14:1 charbonnier, 142, Renne, 296 Rennthier, 297 Reftlefs cavy, 230 Reverla, ce 232 Rha-bock, 3 a 392 RHINOCEROS, 113 bicornis, 114 one-horned, 113 two-horned, 114 unicorns, 113 Ribbed-nofe baboon, 61 Rib-nofed baboon, ib. Rib-faced deer, 301 Rice hamiter, 245 Rillow, 69 , bonneted, ib. Ringed moufe, 240 Rinpetail maucauco, 87 Ring-tailed maucauco, ib. | River hog, 220 horfe, {pecies of, 348 Rock badger, 285 cavy, 219 goat, 324 moufe, 234 Roe, 302 deer, ib. > female, ib. 5 male, ib. »mufk, 292 | 5 taillefs, 302 » white, ib. Roebuck, ib. » indian, 304 Roes of the mountains, 313 Rolloway, 72 5 cercopithecus, ib. » fimia, ib. Root, 79 Roquet, 132 *Rofalia, fimia, 82' Rofalius, fagoinus, ib. Rofelet, 181 Rofmarus, 117 , trichechus, ib. Roffelvifsla, 263 Rofshirfch, 299 Roflomaka, 1go Rotte, kaze, 154 Rotter, defmans, 226 Rouget, g1 Rougette, ib. Rough greyhound, 134 lurcher, 135 feal, 135 Round-tailed manati, 119 f{quirrel, 261 4 Rouflet, go Rouffette, 90 91 Royal preacher monkey,75 / tiger, 149 Rubbon feal, 127 Rubellus, vefpertilio pictus, 96 Rubens, mus, 231 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Ruber, cercopithecus, 71: > albofafciatus, ib. > nigrofafciatus, ib. > felis catus, 154 Rubicundus, fciurus vulga- ris, 255 Rubra, fimia, 71 » albofafciata, ib. > nigrofafciata, ib. > talpa, 202 Ruddy fquirrel, 260 Rufa americana, talpa, 202 » lynx, 158 Rufted maucauco, 86 Rufo-fufca, muftela, 190 Rufus, fciurus carolinenfis, 263 5 vulgaris, 255 Rukkia, 260 Runt, 332 Rupicapra, 307 » antilope, ib. > Capra, ib. cornibus arietinis, 331 » hircus, 307 f Ruffian mole-rat, 246 » black, ib. rabbit, 282 Ruftic moufe, 231 ) american, ib. Rutftica, ovis, 326 3 aries, ib. Rutilus minor, mus, 237 > mus, 236 5 Sabaeus, cercopithecus, 66 » fimia, ib. Sable, 178 > american, ib. » black, 179 » white, 178 Sabuda bat, 91 Saca, 155 Sahara fheep, 328 Sagacious hunting dog, 133 fanguinary dog, 132 {cotch dog, 133 water dog, 131 Sagax, canis, 133 5 aquaticus, 131 9 panterinus, 134 fanguinarius, canis, 132 feoticus, canis, 133 venatorius, canis, ib. Sagitta, dipus, 273 9 mus, 273 274 > petaurus, 268 5 fciurus, ib. Sagoin, 80 Sacoint, ib. Sacorns, ib. Sagoinus argentatus, 82 Jacchus, 80 mofchatus, ib. Midas, 82 Oedipus, 81 pithecia, 80 Rofalius, 82 Sai, 78 » white-throated, ib. Saiga, 309 310 » antilope, 319 Sailing fquirrel, 269 Saimiri, 78 > chefnut, 79 Saino, 352 Sajou, 76 » brown, 77 >» grey, ib. Saki, 80 Sakkawinkee, ib. Saliens, cuniculus pumilio, 273 » mus, 274 Saltans, antilope, 3% 2 Sand bear, 186 hamiter, 244 hills, mole of the, 247 rat, 244 Sanglin, 80 » yellowith, ib. Sanglier, 350 352 hideux, 353 » porc, ib. Sanguinarius, canis fagax, 132 Sanguinary dog, fagacious, ib. SaPaji, 74 Sapajou, brown, 77 > horned, ib. » variegated, 79 Sapajous, 74 Sapajus Apella, 77 Beelzebub, 75 Capucinus, 78 albulus, ib. Exquima, 76 Fatuellas, 77 Panifcus, 76 {ciureus, 78 feniculus, 75 Syrichtus, 79 trepidus, 76 fulvus, 77 variegatus, 79 Sapiens, homo, 44 Sapient man, 2b. Sardinian weafel, 183 Saricovienne, 172 Sarigue, 192 Saris, 307 Sarmatian weafel, 180 Sarn, 302 Sarlyk, 338 » bos gruniens, ib, Dadegroy, 178 Satherius, ib. Satyrus indicus, 55 Jocko, fimia, 56 Pongo, fimia, ib. , fimia, ib. Saufinder, 135 Sauruden, ib. Sauvage, afne, 343 » boeuf, 336 » bouc, 324 » chat, 153 » chevre, 321 5 cochon, 350 » lapin, 281 Savanna hind, 304 Saxatilis, mus, 234 Scalopes, 194 Scaly ant-eater, 107 armadillo, larger, ib- lizard, ib. » foreign, ib. ; indian, ib. » leffer, ib. Scandentes, feiuri, 255 Schaaf, 325, , arabifches, 329 » das wilde, 331 » der fchwaentz, 329 > cin ander arabifches, ib. » heifege, ib. » orientalifches, 331 Schaatte, 329 Schakall, 140 Schwarze, fuchfe, 141 Schwein, 351 5 wild, 350 Schweis-hund, 133 Sciurea morta, fimia, 79 » fimia, 78 Sciureus mortus, fapajus, 79 »fapajus, 78 Sciuri fcandentes, 255 volantes, 266 Sciuroides, furunculus, 262 ScIURUS, 254 abyffinicus, 260 aeftuans, 263 fafciatus, 263 albipes, 257 albus, 256 Sciurus anomalus, 2%9 - avellanarius, 272 badjing, 262 bancrofti, 265 bicolor, 259 canus, 270 271 capenfis, 266 carolinenfis, 258 rufus, 263 x cinereus, 258 degus, 264 d{chinfchius, 264 epilepticus, 270 erythraeus, 260 flavus, 261 getulus, 262 guajanenfis, 265 hudfonius, 258 267 indicus, 261 latus, 268 macrourus, 260 madagafcarenfis, 265 maximus, 260 mexicanus, 257 204 minimus, 206 niger, 257 albiroftro, ib. novaehifpaniae, 264 is palmarum, 261 perficus, 259 petaurifta, 269 volans, 268 Petaurus, auttralis, 269 hudfonius, 267 petaurifta, 269 caftaneus, ib. niger, ib. fagitta, 268 virginianus, ‘267 volans, 267 volucella, 266 ponticus, 268 rarifimus, 264 fagitta, 268 {crotalis, 265 {cythicus, 268 fibiricus albus, 256 volans, 268 ftriatus, 262 americanus, 263 ‘afiaticus, 262 variegatus, 264 major, 262 minor,264 varius, 256 virginianus,258259 volans, 267 268 norfolcenfis, 270 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Sciurus volans major, 267 maximus,269 volitans, 267 volucella, 266 vulgaris, 255 albus, 256 argenteus, ib. leucourus, ib. niger, ib. rubicundus,25 5 rufus, ib. varius, 256 vulpinus, 257 albus, ib zeylonicus, 260 Scotch dog, fagacious, 133 hunting dog, 134 Scoticus, canis fagax, 133 venaticus, 134 Scrag whale, 358 Scripta, antilope, 317 Scrofa, 351 » lus, v. Sus. Scrotalis, {ciurus, 255 Scythian antelope, 310 antilope; ib. moufe, 268 {quirrel, ib. Scythica, antilope, 310 Scythicus, bos, 335 > mus, 268 , {ciurus, ib. Sea ape, 120 121 bear, 185 > white, ib. calf, 123 126 cat, 121 horfe, 117 347 lion, 122 123 otter, 171 OX, 347 unicorn, 35 wolf, 122 SEAL, 121 Seal, 123 5 black, 128 » bothnic common, 124 » bottle-nofed, 122 , cafpian common, 124 » chilefe, 127 » common, 123 » falkland, 127 > great, 126 » harnefled, 127 » harp, 125 » heart, ib. > hooded, 124 126 , large, 126 » leonine,. 123 > leporine, 128 Seal, little, 126 » long-necked, 127 maned, 123 mediterranean, 124 newfoundland, 125 parfons, 127 rough, 125° rubbon, 127 fiberian common, 124 fpeckled, 128 fpotted, ib. ftinking, 125 tortoife-headed, 127 urfine, 121 wooly, 128 ae ie 347 AY Seek a’ ih” Da Jd et Pe eC Hy TY s i arenes bubalus,339 Semivulpa, 192 Senegal antilope, 314 bat, 97 fheep, 328 Senicula, fimia, 75 Seniculus, fapajus, ib. Septemcinétus, dafypus, t ro Serotine, 95 Serotinus, vefpertilio, ib. Serpent-killer, 159 Serpenticida, ib. Serval, 152 » felis, ib. Setofus, erinaceus, 210 Seven-banded armadillo, 119 Severn-river flying fquirrel, 267 Sexcinctus, cataphractus, 109 » dafypus, ib. Sexcornis, ovis, 327 Shaggy turnfpit, 135 Sharp-nofed cachalot, 361 5 hook- Tooed ib. a ftraight- toothed, 362 She afs, 344 goat, 321 SHEEP, 325 , african, 327 328 , angola, 328 > bearded, 330 » black-faced, 326 , broad-tailed,3 28 329 , bucharian, 329 > cape, ib. , common, 325 > cretan, 330 > dwarf, 326 , fat-rumped, 328 329 Ddd Sheep, guinea, 328 » hornlefs, 326 iceland, 327 , indian, 328 , long-tailed, 329 , many-horned, 327 of pe TU, 291 ) ‘ha an, 28 39 fahara, 328 wfetiebal, ib. S paaaih, 32 » tunis, 328 » wallachian, 330 > wattled, 328 , wild, 331 Shield hog, 108 Shelty, 342 shee aee dog, 130 Shock dog, 132 Short- -nofed great ant-eater, Tos Short-tailed ape, 59 bat, 92 coati, 186 field-moufe, 235 manis, 107 opoflum, 196 porcupine, 210 SHREW, 203 Shrew, 205 » aquatic, 202 ,» blue, 207 , brafilian, 206 > carinated, 208 > crefted, 201 » fetid; 205 208 5 grey labradore, 206 » hardy, 2057 > Javan, ib. 5 labradore, 206 » minute, 203 > Mexican, 207 , moufe-like, ib. > mutky, 204 » murine, 205 ¢ perfuming, 207 » Pigmy, 203 207 » !quare- “tailed, 208 , furinam, Bee » timid, ib. , uniform, 208 > water, 204 205 » white-footed, 208 Shrew-like moufe, 232 Shrew-moule, 205 Siam hog, 351 Siamenfis, {us porcus, ib. Sibbaldi, balaena bipinnis,. 356 Siberian argali, 33m + 394 ‘Siberian chamois, 331 .common feal, 124 dog, 131 flying {quirrel, 268 goat, 330 golden mole, 203 hamfter, 243 hedgc-hog, .210 “jerboa, 274 great, ib. smiddle, ib. pigmy, 275 finaller, ib. lemming, 241 mole, 203 {quirrel, white, 256 urchin, 210 weafel, 180 weefel, ib. Biberie, chien de, 134 Sibirica fera, ovis, 331 » mutftela, 180 » phoca vitulina, 124 » talpa, 203 4 aurea, ib. Sibiricus, canis, 131 > dipus, 274 major, dipus, ib. medius, dipus, ib. minor, dipus, 275 , mus lemmus, 241 pumilo dipus, 275 yfciurus albus, 256 , yolans, 268 Siege, 321 Siegen bock, ib. Sifac, 69 Silenus albibarbatus, cerco- pithecus, 64 ; cercopithecus, ib. purpuratus, cercopi- thecus, 65 » fimia, 64 Tie-tie, cercopithe- cus, 65 Silky monkey, 82 Silver-haired rabbit, 281 Silvery common fquirrel, "256 fox, 143 gibbon, 58 tame rabbit, 281 Silveftris, bos, 333 Sima, myrmecophaga juba- ta, 106 SiMiA, 54 Simia, 58 aethiops, 67 torquata, ib. argentata, $2 INDEX TO THE MAMMALTA. Simia argentea, 82 Aygula, 68 Monea, ib. -badia, 74 Beelzebub, 7.5 capiftrata, 73 capucina, 78 albula, ib. ‘Cephus, 67 scinerea, 62 - criftata, ib. Cynecephala, -§8 66 cynomolgus, 65 cynofurus, 63 Diana, 66 Exquima, 76 Faunus, 65 fulva, 73 fufca, 74 hamadryas, 63 urfina, ib. hircina, 73 Inuus, 58 Jacchus, 80 mofchata, ib. Lar, 57 argentea, ib. ‘minor, ib. livea, 62 longimana, 57 Maimon, 61 maura, 72 Midas, 82 Mona, 70 Mormon, 60 nafalis, 8 nafua, 72 nemeus, 69 nictitans, ib. barbata, ib. Oedipus, 81 panifcus, 76 petauritia, 72 pithecia, 80 platypygos, 62 porcaria, 61 regalis, 74 Roloway, 72 rofalia, 82 rubra, 71 albofafciata, ib. nigrofafciata, ib. fabaea, 66 Satyrus, 56 Jocko, ib. Pongo, ib. fciurea, 78 morta, 79 fenicula, 75 Silenus, 64 Simia filenus albibarbata, 64 ‘purpurata, 65 "Tie-tie, ib. finica, 69 pileata, ib. ‘Sphinx, 60 fuilla, 59 fylvana, 58 Ayrichta, 79 Talapoin, 71 ‘nigra, ib. ‘trepida, 76 fulva, 77 troglodytes, 55 variegata, 79 eter, 64 albibarbata, ib. -viridens, 73 SIMIA, 55 Simias{ciurus, 85 > madagafcar, 87 Simiolus, 72 Simius zambus, 85 Sinenfis, felis catus, 154 » mofchus, 295 + fus fcrofa domef- ticus, 351 Single-hoofed hog, 35:1 Single-humped whale, 359 Singular oriental porcupine, 215 -Singularis, hyftrix orienta- lis, ib. Sinica pileata, fimia, 69 , fimia, ib. Sinicus pileatus, cercopithe- cus, ib. » cercopithecus, 1b. Sireh, 7 119 120 lacertina, 7 » murena, ib. » trichechus manatus, 120 Six-banded armadillo, 109 Six-humped whale, 359 - Siya-ghufh, 156 Skunk, 162 163 , ftriped, 162 , white, 163 Sleeper, 272 Slepez, 248 SLOTH, Ior Sloth, 83 rox » ceylon, 83 , five-toed, 102 , Jarger, 83 , three-toed, 101 » two-toed, 102 » urfine, ib. Smail ape, 44 ‘danith dog, 132 deer of guinea, 293 doe, ib. domeftic urchin, 209 gibbon, 57 greyifh otter, 174 indian dog, 135 -‘madagafcar tendracy 213 maltefe dog, 131 ox of belon, 340 ‘rat, 229 -red deer, 299 water dog, 131 Small-eared bat, 94 Smaller brafilian porcupine, ) 213 field moufe, 239 flying {quirtel, 268 fiberian jerboa, 275 varied {quirrel, 264 Smalleft cercopithecus, 7g f{quirrel, 266 Sno-mus, 182 Snow weafel, ib. Sobela, 178 Social moufe, 239 Socialis, mus, ib. Solitarius, caftor fiber, 224 Songar hamfter, 245 rat, ib. Sora, 209 SOREX, 203 Sorex, 303 228 albipes, 208 aquaticts, 202 araneus, 205 208 arcticus, 206 cinereus, ib. bicolor, 205 brafilienfis, 206 cerulaeus, 207 criftatus, 201 exilis, 207 fodiens, 204 liricaudatus, 208 minutus, 263 mofchatus, 204 muUurinus, 205 pufillus, 206 pygmaeus, 203 quadricaudatus, 208 furinamenfis, 206 fylveftris, 195 unicolor, 208 Soricinus, vefpertilio, 92 » Mus, 232 Souflica, arétomys, 252 Souflik, 252 253 Southern flying fquirrel, 269 moufe, 275 petaurus, 269 Sow, 351 Spadiceus, philander, 192 Spalax, lefler, 246 _ major, 248 microphthalmus, ib. riuneor, 246. Spaniel, 131 » field, 134 , king charles’s, £3 Spanifh dog, ib. genet, 167 theep, 327 Spafina, vefpertilio, 92: Spear-nofed bat, ib. Species of hippopotamus, 348 river Bortes ib. ppecsled deer, 300 feal,, £28 Spectre, gi Spectrum, vefpertilio, ib: Spermaceti, 360 oil, 361 whale, 360 361 Sphinx, papio, 60 » fimia, ib. Spinofus, tlacuatzin, 214: Spinous opoffum, ib. Spotted axis, 306. badger, 187 cavy, 216 fitchet, 170 goat, 31.7 hyaena, 139, martin, 170 mole, 200, monkey, 66 mexican moufe, 234. epoffum, 199, porcine deer, 301 feal, 128 water rat, 236, Springbock, 312. Springen-haas, 275: Spurious varying hare, 279; Squamofus, myrmecopha-. gus, Lo7 Square phipper, 125 Square-tailed.fhrew, 208. Squinaton, 304 ‘ ) cervus, ib. SQUIRREL, 254; Squirrel, 255 ' 4 american, 265 ground, 263 rl d abatic ground, 262 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Sguirrel, arrow, 268 .- , barbarian, 262 barbary, ib. > black, 257 common, 256 Spanley, 261 » brafilian, 263 >. broad, 268 > Cape, 266 » Carnatic, 264: » carolina, 258 259 » cat, 257 259 » cayenne, 265 » ceylon, 260 » chilefe, 264 » common, 255. > fair, 261 » fat, 270 , filbert, 272 » flying, 266 267 268 » fox, 257 » garden, 275 » georgian, 259 > great flying, 269. > grey, 258 » ground, 262 263 > Guiana, 265 » hoary, 270 27h » hooded, 267 » hudfonsbay,258 267 » Javan, 259 » indian, 261 » labradore, 258 , larger flying, 267 » grey virginian, 258 5 malabar, 260 5 variegated, 262 » largeft flying, 269, » lefler grey, 259 >. long-tailed, 260 » lyfters, 263 > Madagafcar, 265 » malabar, 260 » Mexican, 257 264 265. of New-fpain, 264 of the TeleutianTar- tars, 256 > palm, 261 > perfian, 250. > plantane, 262 » pontic, 268 » Fare, 264. > red common, 25.5, » reddifh carolina, 263 common, ib. 9 Reaanceeailed: 261 ».ruddy, 260. » failing, 269 » {cythian, 268 Squirrel,fevern-river flying, 207 , fiberian flying, 268 » filyery common, ib. » {malleft, 266- » fmaller flying, 268 varied, 264 a feiped, 262 ; brafilian, 263. > Varied, 264 » Variegated, larger, 262 » Varying, 256 ; common, ib. » Virginian, 259 flying, 267 » vulpine, 257 » white, 256 - common, ib. 3 fiberian, ib. A vulpine, 257 » white-legged, ib. » White-nofed, ib. » White-tailed com- mon, 256 Squirrel-ape, 85 » madagafcar, 87 Squirrels, climbing, 255 >flying, 266 St Germains genet, 167 St Jago cercopithecus, 66 Stachelfchwein, 212 Stag, 298 » american, 299° » canadian, ib.. » carolinian, ib.. » chinefe, ib. » corfican, ib. > german, 298. » hog, 301 » maned, 298 of barbary, 299. > Virginian, ib. s,Water, 30% Stallion, 342 Steatopyga, ovis, 328329 b aries, 328 Stein beck, 321 324 Steir, 332. Stepnie baranni, 331 Steppen fuchfe, 143 Stifling weefel, 162: Stinkbinkfem, 165. Stinking badger, ib. fox, larger, 192: feal, 125, Stirk, 332 Stoat, 181 Stot, 332 Strange hogs, 354; ~Ddd2 395 Straight-horned antelope, arses legged turnfpit, 135. toothed fharp-nofed cachaloty 362 Strafburgh marmot, 243 Straubengeyfe, wilde, 330 Strepficeros, 319 320 330 antilope, 319- » aries, 330 » bos, 3.49 » tragus, 320 Striated monkey, 80 weefel, 162 Striatus americanus, {ciurus, 263 afiaticus, fciurus, 262 » mus 233 , fciurus, 262 Striped ant-eater, 106 antilope, 319 bat, 96 , reddithy ib: brafilran (quiet 26% dormoufe, 262 fitchet, 170 hyacna, 138 139 moufe, 233 pigmy mufk, 294 fkunk, 162 {quirrel, 262 wolf, 137 Subfufca, gatera, 175° » muftela, 165 Subgutturofa, antilope, 317 Subniger, vefpertilio vam- pyrus, gk Subtezranei, mures, 240 Subtilis, mus, 232 233 Suhac, 310 Suilla, fimia, 59 Suillus, canis laniarius, 135 Suille, 263. » ecureil, ibs. SuKoryRo, 114 > Javan, ib. SukoTyrus, ib. > indicus, ib, Sumxi,_ £54. Surakatje, 160 Surat ox, 335 Surikate, 158 160 267 Surinam opoffum, 194 19¢- philander, 195 fhrew, 206 wolf, 138 Saetaeetenoa forex, 206: , tragulus, Surifcatsjie, 26 Gilt i ge Surmulet, 228 396 Surry, little cat of the, 261 Sus, 349 US, 350951 acthiopicus, 353 africanus, ib. agreltis, 350 aquaticus multifulcus, 348 Babyruffa, 354 -chinentis, 351 domefticus, 350 ferus, ib. hydrochaeris, 220 maximus paluftris, ib. minor, 352 Porcus, 351 fiamenfis, ib. Scrofa, 350 dometticus, ib. monungulus, Sot finenfis, ib. ferus, 350 Tajattu, 352 minor, ib. Patira, 353 umbilico in dorfo, 220 Zus types, 35 Suiflica, arctomys, 252 253 > mus, 253 Swartfide, 125 Swarfiide, ib. Swift antelope, 308 camel, 288 Sword grampus, 364 fith, ib. Sylvanus, fimia, 58 Sylvatica, antilope, 318 Sylvaticus albus, mus, 230 > mus, ib. Sylveftris americanus, mus, 217 albus,mus, 234 > catus,. 153 , felis, ib. femina, mus, 196 » glis, 194 195 yhoma, 56 major, canis, 195 >Mmartes, 177 > mus, 195 228 5 mufiela, 180 » porcusaculeatus, 215 > 10reEx, 195 Syriaca, capra, 322 , mambrina, ib. Syriacus, hyrax, 284 Syrian afkoko, 286 goat, 322 Syrictita, fimia,.79 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. -Syrichtus, fapajus, ib. Syftematic catalogue, 32 ip Tachs, 186 Taguan, 269 Tai-ibi, 191 192 Tailed mole, 200 Taillefs lemur, 84 marmot, 254 maucauco, 84 roe, 302 Taiffon, 186 Tajagu, 352 Tajatioub, ib. ~ Tajaflu, fus, v. Svs. ‘Tajovanicus, diabolus, 107 Takija, 341 Talopoin, 71 » cercopithecus, ib. 5 niger, ib. 5 fimia, ib. Tatra, 199 Talpa, 200 , alba, europaea, ib. > americana rufa, 202 afiatica, 203 aurea, ib. fibirica, ib. caudata, 200 cinerea, ib. = > europaea, ib. ‘europaea, ib. alba, ib. cinerea, ib. flava, 201 nigra, 200 wariegata, ib. flava, 201 9 » europaea, ib. fufca, 202 longicaudata, ib. maculata, 200 » nigra, europaea, ib. ; » virginiana, 202 rubra, ib. rufa americana, ib. fibirica aurea, 203 > Variegata, evropaéa, 200 sverficolor, 203 virginiana nigra, 202 Talpina, myotalpa, 246 P nigra, ib. Tamandua, 104 106 guacu, 105 mexicana, 162 Tamanoir, 105 little, 106 Tamaricinus, dipas, 276 ‘Tamaricinus, mus, 276 Tamarifk moufe, ib. Tamarus, 82 Tame rabbit, black, 281 » pied, ib. , filvery, 1b. » white, ib. Tangutifcher buffel, 337 Tanrec, 211 Tapeti, 283 Tapihires, 348 Tapiirete, ib. Tapir, ib. Tapir, ib. » american, ib, americanus, ib. » hydrochaerus, ib. » long-nofed, ib. » thick-nofed, 221 Tapiroufiou, 348 Tagavdos, 296 Taranthier, 297 Tarandus, 296 > cervus, v. Cervus. Tardigradus, ceylon, 102 »lemur, 83 tridactylus, ror Tarpany, 341 Tarfier, 88 "‘Tartarian goat, 321 Tartarica, capra, 310 Tartarin, 63 > urfine, ib. Tartary, cow of, Taflus, 186 Tatou, 108 Tatou-ete, 110 Tatu, 109g 11t -apara, 108 sete, III » firft, 109 muftelinus, 112 -paba, 109 » weafel-like, 112 Tatus, 110 I11 Taupe, 200 des dunes, 247 aurelephas, 338 Taurus, 332 abiflinicus, bos,_335 africanus, bos, 335 Bifon, bos, 333 Bonafus, bos, ib. » Bos, 332 dometticus, bos, 334 europaeus, bes, ib. indicus major, bos, ib. minimus, bos, 335 minor, bos, ib. madagafcarenfis, . bos, 335 tinianenfis, bos, ib. Urus, bos, 332 Tau-tokke, 324 Tawny man, 46 monkey, 73 Tax, 186 Taxus, ib. porcinus, 138 Tayra, 175 Techichi, 136 Tegoulichtick, 227 Teleutian tartars, {quirre? of the, 256 Teleutfkaija belka, ib. Temama, cervus, 303 ‘Temamagama, cervus, 314 Temamagame, 303 Tendrac, 210 ~ , {mall madagafcar, ib. Tenlie, 140 Tepe maxtlaton, 151 Ternate bat, go 96 Terreftris, echinus, 209 5» erinaceus, ib. 5 hippopotamus, 348 > mus, 238 5 amphibius, 235 Terrier beaver, 224 Terriers, ib. Teftudo, phoca, 127 Tetradactyla, manis, 107 » myrmecophaga, - 106 Taurus 3 Viverra, 160 Tetradaétylus, urfus, 186 Tereuuzeus, uss 354 Teutlal-magame, 303 Teutfcher jagdhund, 133 Thaleb, 141 Thebaicus, daemon, 107 Theological obfervations, 52 Theos, 140 Thibet lynx, 157 mufk, 292 Thick-nofed tapir, 221 Thier, wild oder, 298 Thous, canis lupus, 138 Three-banded armadillo, 108 Three-toed ant-eater, 105 floth, 140 @w:, 140 Tie-tie wanderu, 6§ Tiger, 146 » black, 150 » brafilian, 149 » brown, 150 Tiger, large, 149 » royal, ib. Tiger-cat, 152 _» bengal, 151 > cape, 152 > cayenne, 151 ) mexican, ib. 5 wild, ib. Tigrina, felis, ib. » Viverra, 168 Tigris, 146 » felis, ib. Timidus, lepus, v. Lepus. Tinian ox, 335 Tinianenfis, bos taurus, ib. Tlacoocelotl, 149 Tlacuatzin fpinofus, 214 Tlalocelotl, 149 Tilamototli, 265 Ttlaquatzin, 192 Ttlaquazin, 19 Ttatlauhqui ocelotl, 149 Tolai, 280 , lepus, ib. Torofa, hyftrix, 216 Torquata, fimia aethiops, 67 peraatus cercopithecus, ib. 5 mus, 240 Torrid jerboa, 275 Tortoife-headed feal, 127 Tortoife-fhell cat, 154 ‘TexuyeraQos, 200 pragelaphns, 299 330 331 belonii, 331 Teayots 321 “Tragocamelus, antilope,308 399 Tragulus, indian, 293 furinamenfis, 294 Tragus domefticus, 321 _giraffa, 305 mofchiferus, 320 ftrepficeros, ib. Trampelthier, 289 Trepida fulva, fimia, 77 ‘Trepidus, cercopithecus, 76 ‘fulvus,cercopithecus, 77 TRICHECHUS, 117 Dugon, 118 Manatus, 119 auftralis, ib. borealis, 120 Siren, ib. Rofmarus, 117 Tricinctus, _cataphractus, : 108 , dafypus, ib. Tricornis, ovis, 327 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Tridadtyla, didelphis, 198 » myrmecophaga, 105 Tridacty ylus, bradyphius, 101 » philodotus, 167 , tardigradus, ror Troglodytes, homo, 55 » fimia, ib. True dolphin, 363 TYehelag, mus, 242 Ticherketfica, ovis, 329 Tucan, 207 Tufted ape, 60 Tunin, 363 Tunis fheep, 328 Tup, 325 Turcica, ovis, 329 Turcicus, camelus, 289 , canis curforius, 13.4 Turkith camel, 289 dog, 135 ercyhound, 134 Turnfpit, 135 » crook-lesged, ib. » fhaggy, ib. , ftraight-legged, ib. Turfio, 363 » phyfeter, 362 ‘Two bunched camel, 289 horned rhinoceros, 114 toed ant-eater, 104 floth, 102 Tygerpferd, africanifches, 345 Tyger-wolf, 150 Typhlus, myotalpa, 248 Tzebi, 313 Tzeiran, 310 311 U “‘Yasve, 138 Umbilico indorfo, fus, 220 Unau, 102 Uncertain fpecies of deer, BOs} Uncia, 147 148 Unicinétus, dafypus, rrr Unicolor, cervus axis, 300 » forex, 208 Unicorn fifh, 356 aalcasnios Unicornis, rhinoceros, 113 Unicornu marinum, 356 Uniform fhrew, 208 Unknown deer, 304 Urcuin, 208 » common, 209 » Suiana, ib. » land, ib. » long-eared, 210 » malacca, ib. Urcnin, fiberian, 210 » {mall domeftic, 209 » white american, ib. with ereéted ears, ib. Urfina, phoca, 121 _ » fimia hamadryas, 63 Urfinus, bradypus, 102 ° » cercopithecus ha- madryas, 163 Urfine dog-faced baboon, ib. feal, 121 fioth, 102 tartarine, 63 Urfon, 215 Ursus, 183 Urfus Arétos, 184 niger, 184 fufcus, ib. grifeus, ib. variegatus, ib. albus, ib, niger, ib. maritimus, 185 albus, ib. marinus, 121 185 albus, 185 major arcticus, 185 americanus, 186 tetradactylus, 186 Meles, 186 alba, 187 maculata, ib. labradorius, ib. caftaneus, 189 indicus, 188 lotor, 188 melinus, 189 cauda elongata, 188 lufcus, 189 Urus, 333 , bos taurus, ib. 115! 315i ayetos, 350 TET eureows, Utias, 273 Utfelar, 126 Utfuk, ib. 354 V Vacca, 334 Vache brune, la grande, 314 de barbarie, ib. Vagra, 348 Vagus, mus, 232 240 Vampire, go 91 » lefler, gr Vampyrus helvus, vefperti- lio, 91 397 Vampyrus niger, vefperti- lio, go fubniger, vefpertilio, gI » vefpertilio, 90 Vanfire, 175 Vari, 86 , black, ib. » brown, ib. > pied, ib. » white, ib. Varicoffi, ib. Variabilis, lepus, 278 i hybridus, 279 Varied monkey, 70 {quirrel, 264 , {maller, ib. Variegata, papio, 62 » muftela, 59 » fimia, 62 79 c talpa, europaea, 2090 Variegated bear, 184 mole, 200 fapajou, 79 {quirrel, 262 , larger, ib. Variegatus, canis, 132 » lemur macaco, 86 cle {ciurus, 262 minor, {ciurus, 264 » fapajus, 79 » {ciurus, 264 , urfus arétos, 184 Varieties of the moufe, 229 ee {ciurus, 256 vulgaris, ib. Varyi ing hare, 278 279 » fpurious, 279 common fquirrel, 256 fquirrel, ib. Veau marin, 123 126 Veld ratte, 219 Velu, boeuf, 337 Venaticus, canis, 133 b graecus, 134 C grajus, ib. 5 {coticus, ib. Venatorius, canis em 133 Vera, balaena, 356 Vericofli, 86 Verrat, 351 Verres, ib. Verficolor, talpa, 203 Vertegus, 135 /ee Canis Vervex, 325 VESPERTILIO, 89 americanus, 10G auritus, 93 Barbaftellus, 95 Cephalotes, 98 398 VesPERTILIO, Cephalotes, melinus, 98 ferrum-equinum, 99 Z major, ib. minor, ib. haftatus, 92 hifpidus, 95 ingens, gO Jabialis, 93 lafcopterus, 100 lafiuraus, ib.. leporinus, 93 lepturus, 98 Moloffus, 97 major, ib.. minor, 1b. murinus, 93 nigritia, 97 Nodétula, 94 noveboracenfis, 99) perfpicillatus, 92 pictus, 96 rubellus, ib.. Pipiftrellus, 95 Serotinus, ib. foricinus, 92 Spafima, ib. Spectrum, g1 Vampyrus, go helvus, 91: niger, go fubniger,; 9 Veter, cercopithecus, 64, , fimia, ib.. Vicognes, 291 Vicugna, ib. 5 camelus, ib.. Vicuna, tb. Vieanas, ib. Vicunna, ib. Vicunnas, ibs Vielfrafs,; 190 Vigogne, 291 Virginian flying fquirrel, 207 deer, 299 mole, black, 202 opofium, 192 fquirrel, 259 » larger grey, 258: ftag, 299 Virginiana, dama, 300 » didelphis, 193 nigra, talpa, 202 Virginianas, canis vulpes, : 143 » cervus, 299 > Mus, 234 > petaurus, 267 > fciurus, 258 259 INDEX TO THE MAMMALIEFA. Virginianus, fciurus volans, 267 » vulpes, 143, Viridens, cercopithecus, 73 5 fimia, ib. Vifcaccia, lepus, 277 Vifcacha, 277 Vifcachas, ib. Vifon, 176 » muftela, ib.. Vittata, viverra, 164 Vitulina, phaca, 423 fee: Phoca Vitulus, 334 marinus, 123 125 mediterraneus, 126. VIVERRA, 158 Viverra, 180 annulata, 168) cafra, 159 capenfis, 165 caudivolvula, 169 Civetta, 165 Conepatl, 163: fafciata, 170 Foffa, 168. fufca, 173 gallica, 167 Genetta, ib.. hermaphrodita, 166: fchneumon, 158 159: javanica, 175 Lutreola, 173 maculata, 170) malaccenfis, ib. Mangutia, 159. Mapurito, 164, mellivora, 169 Mephitis, 163 Mungo, 159 > Muftela, 180. narica, 161 nafua, ib. Nems, 160 prehenfilis, 169: Putortus, 162 164 Quasje, 162 »reddilh-grey, 159, tetradactyla, 160 tigrina, 168 vittata, 164 vulpecula, 162: Zenik, 160 zeylanica, 164. Zibetha, 166 Zorilla, 164 Vizcacha, 277 Volans, canis, 91 , cato-fimius, 89 » civetta, 269 Velans, didelphis, 199 » felis, 269 > glis, 92 > lemur, 89 199: major, fciurus, 267 maximus, fciurus,. 269 mus, 266 petaurifta, - fciurus, 268 » petaurus, 267 s {ciurus, 267 268 Abiricus, {ciurus, 268 virginianus, fciurus, 267 Volant, champagnol, 95 > chien, go » mulot, 97 » mufcardin, 96° Volante, marmotte, 97 Volantes, fciuri, 266. Volatile quadrupeds, 268: Volitans, fciurus, 267 Volucella, petaurus, 266 , {ciurus, ib. Vormela, 180 Wulgaris.alba, lynx, 157 albus, fciurus, 256 argenteus, fciurus, ib: >balaena, 356 » cervus dama, 298° »,dama, ib. edentula, balaena, 356 leucourus, {ciurus, 25,6 > lynx, 157 maculata, lynx, ib. melina, lynx, ib.. >muftela, 182 niger, fciurus, 256 nivalis, muftela, 182 rubicundus, 755. rufus, fciurus, ib. f{ciurus, ib. varius, fciurus, 256. Vulgatifiimus, Vulgi, balaena, 356 Wulgo dicta, argali, 331 Vulpecula, didelphis, 198 nigra, 141 puerilis, 163 s Viverra, 162. Vulpes, 141 143 Alopex, 142 americanus, ib.. europaeus, ib. auftralis, 144. » Canis, 141 chilenfis, 144, fciurus,, cuniculus,. 218. Vulpes cinereo-argenteus; 143 Corfac, 142 crucigera, 144 indicus, 140 144 Karagan, 143 lagopus, ib. albus, 144 cerulefcens;ibz. Lycaon, 141 major putoria, 192: minor, 161 virginianus, 143: Vulpine opoffum, 198 {quirrel, 257 i 5 white, ibs. Vulpinus albus, fciurus,, ibs. > {ciurus, ib. w Wagnhyalur, 364 Wallachian fheep, 330 Wall-fifch, 356 » groenlandifche, ib.. Wallrofs, 117 WatLkus, ib. » arctic, ib.. 5 fifh-tailed, 11g: > indian, 118 Wandering moufe, 232: Wanderu, 64 ». black, ib.. » purple-faced, 65: ».tie-tie, ib. » white bearded, 64. War horfe, 342 Watlerochs, 347 Woaflerfchwein, 348 Water dog, great, 131 134; > leffer, 131 > fagacious, ibe > {mall, ib. elephants, 347. moufe, larger, 235 rat, 204.235 » black, 236. »marfh, 235. >. meadow, ib.. » fpotted, 239 fhrew, 204 205 ftag, 301 Wattled theep, 328: WEASEL, 171 Weafel, 159,167 176 18% , african, 261 » black, 162 » brownith, 165- , chilefe, 183 5 common, 182 » daurian, 283 Weafel, dufky, 173 » four-toed, 160 » girdled, 180 » grey, 164 » Java, 175 » Javan, 183 -» mongalian, 284 » reddith-brown, 190 » fardinian, 183 -) farmatian, 180 5 fiberian, ib. > {now, 182 -y white, 181 » yellow, 183 » yellowifh-black, 179 ‘Weafel-headed armadillo, 112 ‘Weafel-like tatu, ib. WEASELS, 175 ‘Webbed beaver-rat, 225 Wedder, 325 » barbary, 328 » bell, ib. Weeper, 77 Weelel, 182 . blotched, 168 Soeniae: 161 29 , dufky, ib. » dufky pemien ib. - fifher, 1.79 9 guinea, 175 -» madagafcar, ib, » Mexican, 169 » Ratel, 165 -) farmatian, 180 - fiberian, ib. » ttifling, 162 .) ftriated, ib. .y white-cheeked, 183 > wooly, 177 » yellow, 169 ‘Weiflent, 333 Weils fitc, 361 fifch, 361 365 ‘Weiffars der alten, 332 Weifle baer, 185 WHALE, 356 , beaked, 360 5 bottle-nofed, ib. » broad-nofed, 359 5 common, 356 A > greenland, ib. > » iceland, 357 : » larger, ib. > fin, 358 » fin-backed, ib. » greenland common, 356 » hump, 359 _ » hump-back, ib. INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA. Whale, humped, 359 » iceland common, 347 , larger common, ib. » pike-headed, 358 + {crag, ib. 5 fingle-humped, 359 y fix-humped, ib. y{permaceti, 360 361 4 whale-bone, 356 Whale-bone, 357 whale, 356 Whale-tailed manati, 120 Whales, herfe, 118 Whang yang, 311 Whidaw goat, 322 White american field moufe, 234 urchin, 209 ‘ape, 64 arctic fox, 144 axis, 306 badger, 187 bear, 184 185 beaver, 222 *blunt-nofed cachalt, 361 ‘canadian porcupine, 215 ‘ceylon moufe, 227 coati, 104 common f{quirrel, 256 ermine, 181 field-moufe, 230 glutton, 196 hare, 279 land bear, 184 lynx, 157 man, 46 mexican wolf, 138 mole, 200 oil, 361 paca, 217 porpoife, 363 racoon, 189 ‘rat from ceylon, 207 roe, 302 fea bear, 184 fiberian {quirrel, 156 fkunk, 163 iquirrel, 256 tame rabbit, 281 vari, 86 vulpine fquirrel, 257 weaiel, 181 wolf, 136 137 White-banded patas, 77 White-bearded black wan- deru, 64 lowando, ib. White-eyelid monkey, 67 White-faced antilope, 311 312 White-footed antilope, os fhrew, 208 White-handed mongous, 85 White-legged fquirrel, 257 White-nofed monkey, 69 f{quirrel, 257 common fquirrel, 256 White-throated fai, 78 Whitred, 182 Whitret, ib. Wieprz-lefny, 350 Wielel, 181 182 Wiewiorka, 255 Wild american moufe, 217 afs, 343 345 boar, 350 , african, 353 ‘cat, 153 _, indian, 170 dog, larger, 19§ goat, 319 320 324 hedge-hog, 215 hog, 350 horfe, 341 horfes, ib. man, 44 of the woods, 62 mule, 343 oder thier, 298 OX31353 rabbit, 284 rat, 228 {chwein, 350 fheep, 331 tiger-cat, 15% Wilde haze, 153 ochfen, 336 pferde, 341 {chaaf, 331 ftraubengeyfs, 330 ziberthartige kaze 188 Wilder efel, 343 Wind-hund zotiger, 134 Wind{peil, ib. » kleines, 135 Wirrebocerra, 294 Witt fifch, 365 Wolf, 136 » black, 137 » common, ib. dog, 131 fox, 144 , indian, 138 » indianifcher, ib. > Mexican, ib. » firiped, 137 White-tailed 399 Wolf, furinamn, 138 » white, 137 P mexican, 138 » yellow, 137 Wolverne, 189 Wonderful bat, 89 Wood baboon, 61 dormoufe, 27 goat, 318 hind, 304 Woods, man of the, 62 Wooly maucauco, 85 moufe, 238 peruvian camel,291 feal, 128 weafel, 177 Wormelian, 180 Wulfluchs, 157 x Zavdov, ots, 330 Euvtos, Avxos, 140 Xoloitcuintli, 138 ¥: Yachmur, 314 Yaguane, 164 Yang, hoang, 311 » whang, ib. Yellow baboon, 62 common hare, 278 european mole, 201 goat, 311 lynx, 157 maucauco, 169 minute moufe, 232 mole, 201 weafel, 183 weelel, 169 wolf, 137 breafted martin, 177 Yellowith cercopithecus,66 monkey, 73 otter, 174 fanglin, 80 black weafel, 179 brown dog, 136 white cercopithecus, 82 Yerboa, 273 Yerbua, capenfis, 275 Ylo bat, 93 Yo-to-tfe, 243 Young deer from africa, cys Yfard, 307 Yfarus, ib. Ytzcuinte-porzotli, 136 Yvana, 107 Yzquiepatl, 162 400 Z Zackl, 331 Zaino, 352 Zainus, ib. Zambus, fimius, 8§ Zand-moll, 247 Zarizyn rat, 245 Zebi, 316 Zebra, 345 » Equus, 345 > female, 346 > hybrid, ib. hybridus, equus, ib. INDEX TO THE MAMMALIA Zeylonicus, fciurus, 260 Zibellina, 178 alba muftela, ib. americana, muf- Zebra indica, 345 » male, ib. Zebu, 335 34° Zecora, 345 Zemni, 248 252 253 fiela, ib. > arctomys, 252 » muftela, ib. Zenik, 160 nigra, muftela, » Viverra, ib. E79 Zerda, £44 145 Ziberthartige kaze, wilde, Zeura, 345 188 Zeylanica, viverra, 164 Zibet, 166 Zibetha, ib. Zeylonicus albus, mus, 207 » felis, ib. 227 Zibetha, viverra, 166 Zibethi, animal, ib. » felis, 165 166 Zibethicus, caftor, 226 » myocaftor, 228 Zifel, 252 253 Zizchan, d{chilkis, 240 Zobela, 178 Zorilla, 164 > Viverra, ib. Zorille, ib. Zotigerwind-hund, 134: Zweyte cachelotte, 362: THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. aay tha Bar AS ie 2 met iG The unfhorn mountains, the barren rocks, and lowly fhrubs, all raife their joyous fongs to heaven.— VIRGIL. IRDS are animals which, for the moft part, are capable of moving through the air, by the well known aétion which is called flying ; their bodies are covered with feathers, which lap over each other like tiles; they have two wings, which are likewife covered with feathers, and are adapted, in general, for the purpofes of flying; they have only two legs; and their jaws are protra¢ted into a naked horny bill, confift- ing of two mandibles. The bodies of birds are exceedingly light in proportion to their fize, when compared’ with the former clafs ; they are clothed with quills and feathers, inftead of hair; and are deftitute of external ears, lips, {crotum, teeth, uterus, bladder, epiglottis, fornix, corpus caliofum, and diaphragm. The feathers, pennae, are dilpofed in alternate rows, thofe of one row being oppofite to the intervals of the next ; this arrange- ment is called quincunx, and they regularly fall over each other in the fame order, like tiles ona roof, imbricatim, each alternate row covering the intervals of the row immedi- ately below; amid thefe, all over the body, fhort foft woolly downs, p/umae, are inter- pofed: All the feathers are convex. on their upper, and concave on their under fur- faces; their external edges, webs, or vanes, are narrow, and their inner vanes are broad; the rays or laminae of thefe vanes are fofter and. lefs connetted together to- wards the bafe or fhaft, and thefe, towards the outer end of the feathers, are firmer, more elaftic, and more clofely connected together; the fhaft of each confilts of a cylin=. ‘drical hollow tube, or quill, filled with air, from which a firm, though very light, ftem. proceeds to the extremity of the feather, and from this the rays of the vanes ftretch Weteke. out: 404 Bok Re Des out on each fide in parallel rows clofe to each other; and thefe are double in water fowls which have pinnated feet. The feathers of birds are gaily ornamented with colours, which are varied by diffe- rence of age, fex, feafon of the year, and climate; but on the quill-feathers of the wings, remiges, and of the tail, recfrices, thefe colours are more conftant, and deferve an attentive confideration from the ornithologift, as being frequently the only diftinc- tive marks of fpecies *. A naked ftripe of the fkin runs down on-each fide of the neck, from the head, pointing towards the fpace, inter/capulium, between the fhoulders of the wings; and another fimilarly naked {pace on each fide from what are called the Armpits, axil/ae, under the wings, along the fides of the breaft, backwards almoft to the groins and thighs. All birds are oviparous, or produce eggs, which contain the rudiments of their young; the number of thefe is various in the different kinds, but they are always co- vered with a calcareous crult, or fhell, and, after exclufion from the mother, they are, almoft univerfally, depofited in artificially conftruéted nefts, in which, by what is term- ed incubation, the parents fit on them, to keep them warm, till they are hatched. The windpipe, ¢rachea, is compofed of cartilaginous rings, and is furnifhed with a great number of mufcles; and in many birds the branches, or branchiae, of the wind- pipe are likewife furrounded with cartilaginous rings. Through the whole body a number of air cells are interfperfed, even in the bones; thefe cells are connected with the lungs, and may be filled or emptied at pleafure; they are of fingular ufe for flight, by rendering their bodies lighter, in proportion to their bulk, and they affift in prolonging their fongs:: ‘[hefe-cells are fituated in the cellular membrane of the belly, under the wings, and in other places; and, except in the order of Anferes, and the genera of Coots and Snipes, they are chiefly diftributed in the ca- vities of the bones, which are void of marrow; fuch as the bones of the thighs and wings, the breaft-bone, ribs, rump-bones, fhoulder blades, collar-bones, back-bone, and even fometimes in the bones of the fkull and the lower jaw. A bird, for the purpofes of defcription, is diftinguifhed into the Head, the Body, and the Limbs. The covering of the top of the head is called the pileus, or Cap, which is diftinguifhed into the Front, frons, the Crown, vertex, and the Hind-head, occiput: That -* Act, Stockholm. 1740, p. 370. t. i. f.*ko. 11. \ H i Re lp -S 405 That part of the front which borders the bafe of the bill is called the Frontlet, capi/- trum ; through this a naked line on each fide runs from the bill to the eyes, which is called the Strap, /orum; the {paces immediately furrounding the eyes are named the Or- bits, orbitae, immediately over which the Eye-brows, /upercilia, are fituated; the fpaces from behind the eyes, to the auditory paflages, on each fide, are called the Temples, tempora ; andthe {paces below the eyes, towards the throat, are named the Cheeks, genae. The Bill, roffrum, is a hard horny fubftance, anfwering to the jaws of other animals, and is divided into the upper and lower Mandibles. The Bill is either Straight, rece tum, Bent downwards, incurvatum ; Bent upwards, recurvatum ; Round, teres ; Flatten. ed at the fides, compreffum ; Flattened horizontally, deprefum ; Conical, conicum; Slen- der, /ubulatum ; Cylindrical, cylindricum ; Angular, angulatum ; Sharp.edged, cultratum ; Vaulted, fornicatum ; or Hooked, wncinatum. The Mandibles are naked, and have no teeth; fome are Notched, emarginatum, near the point; a few are Jagged, ferratum ; Toothed, denticulatum, that is, having procefles refembling teeth; Pectinated, pectinatum, or furrowed acrofs on their inner furfaces. In general, the noftrils are fituated in the bill, fometimes in the middle of the upper mandible, or near the point, or near the bafe, or at the bafe, or even behind the bafe, and are fometimes wanting externally ; they are moftly naked, but are fometimes covered with reflected briftles, or are hid in feathers ; their figure is Round, retundae; Oval, ovatae; Oblong, oblongae; Linear, lineares ; Vaulted, fornicatae; or Tubular, tubulofae. The bale of the upper mandible is, in fome birds, covered with a naked fkin, or membrane, called the Cere, cera; and the external margin of the mouth, at the angle of the two mandibles, is often fringed with Briftles, vibrif/ae. The tongue is either Flefhy, carnofa; Cartilaginous, cartilaginofa ; Notched, emargi- nata ; Yorn, lacera; Feathered, pennacea; Fringed, ciliata; Whole, integra; or Sharp- pointed, acuta. The eyes are fituated on the fides of the head, having moveable eyelids, palpebrae, and a membrana nictitens, below them; this is a kind of half tranfparent membrane, with which the eyes can be covered to keep off a ftrong glare of light without fhutting the eyelids: The chryftalline lens is extremely moveable, being contained by fmall, black, conical, plaited fupports: Inftead of Eyebrows, fome birds have a naked colour- ed line over each eye, and this, in a few fpecies, is Warty, carunculata. The 406 Ce tC oR ow Ss The orifices of the auditory canal are deftitute of external ears; in Owls they are covered with valves of fkin, and over thefe is a kind of external ear compofed of long feathers. i A kind of beard, of hair or briftles, is found in fome birds; in fome it refembles moveable whifkers, and is fituated on the lower mandible, as in the Motmot, Momota, and Penduline Titmous, Parus pendulinus ; in others it confifts of briftles, vibrifae,. which fringe the margin of the mandibles at the bafe, as in the Goat-fucker, Caprimul- gus; while in the Common Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, it is fituated on the breaft.. The bafe of the bill is clothed with a reverfed Head-ftall or Frontlet, Capifirum, the hairs of which ftand backwards in Crows, Pies, and Owls.. The Creft, cri/ta, isa raifed tuft of feathers which ornaments the Cap, pi/eus; and it is either fituated on the Front, frontalis, on the Crown, verticalis, or on the Hind-head, eccipitalis ; in direétion, it is Erect, erecfa, Reflected, reflexa, or Shed, deflexa; in form, it is either Flattened laterally, compreffa, or in bundles, fa/ciculata ; and in its ftructure, it is either Scattered, /par/a, or Folding, plicatilis, being compofed of feathers alternate- ly lying different ways.. Naked Warts, carunculae, of a foft flefhy confiftence, form ornaments, or appenda~ ges, to the head and neck, in feveral birds. thefe are either on the Front, Crown, Nape, Eyebrows, Throat, or Neck. The Neck is long, fomewhat ereét, and round; immediately below the head, on the: hind part, it is called the Nape, mucha; the reft of its hind part is named the Scrag, Cervix; immediately below the jaws, on the fore part, it is named the Chin, gw/a, and: the reft of the fore part is called the Fhroat, sugulum. The Trunk of the body is fhaped like an egg, having the thickeft end foremoft; its upper part, from the neck to the rump, is the Back, dorfum, of which that part which lies between the wings may be named the Saddle, interfeapulium ; the Shoulders, bume- ri, are the firft part of the wings which project forwards ; the lower part of the body forwards is the Brealt, pe‘fus, having the Collar-bones, claviculae, joined together in a forked form; the Arm-pits, axillae, are the fides of the breaft dire€tly below the fhou!l- ders of the wings; the Flanks, Aypochondria, are the pofterior fides of the breaft, and the fides of the belly ; the Belly, abdomen, is the foft under part of the body from the end of the Breaft-bone, fernum, to the Vent, anus; the Ventlet, criffum, is the under fide of the Rump, wropyeium, from the Vent to the Tail. The em rR & 4o7 "The extremities, in birds, are the Wings, alae, the Legs, pedes, and the Rump, aro pygium, with the Tail, cavda. ‘The Wings are flat, broad, extended, and compofed of feveral divifions, which are articulated together by moveable joints, and are provided with ftrong mufcles, for the purpofes of flight: ‘Their fore parts are clothed with fea- thers, called the Coverts, zecfrices, which are diftinguifhed into three orders; the Lefler coverts, tecfrices minores, are placed on the upper and fore parts, immediately over the bones of the wings; the Greater coverts, tectrices majores, immediately below the for mer, extend downwards, covering the origin of the Quill-feathers, remiges, and are themfelves covered at their origin by the Lefler coverts; the Under coverts, rifing from the bones of the wings at the under and fore parts, cover their infides, and lie over the ~ origin of the Quill-feathers on their inner or under fide: ‘The pofterior part of the Wings are edged with the Quill-feathers, remiges, which expand into a broad fan, a little arched upwards, and by means of which the animals of this clafs are enabled to bear themfelves through the air, inthe action named jiying. The Quill-feathers are ufually diftinguifhed into three orders; the Primaries, primorcs, are the outermoft, and are, for the moft part, ten in number; the Secondaries, /ecundarii, are placed in the middle, and are from ten to eighteen in number ; and the Tertiaries, ¢ertiales, are on the infide, of which there are from three to five. The Scapulars, or Shoulder-coverts, Jfeapulares, confift of a tuft of longifh feathers which arife from the root of the wings, brachiis, near the junction with the body, and lie along the fides of the back, and over the bafe of the wings, when fhut, connecting thefe together, but may be eafily feparated, and diftinguifhed from the others. The Shield, /pecu/um, is a fhining coloured fpot, < a quadrilateral figure in general, moftly fituated on the furface of the Coverts, teGrici and fometimes, though rarely, on the Quill-feathers, remiges, of the wings; this is gc- nerally vifible, particularly in Ducks, even when the wings are clofed. The Baftard, or Spurious, wing, alula notha f. fpuria, is a kind of appendage to the true or principal wing, placed near its outer extremity, at the bafe of the primary quill-feathers, and confifts of from three to five fmall feathers of the quill kind. In a fmall number of fpecies, which do not fly, as the Albatrofs, Penguin, Oftrich, and Dodo, the Quill- feathers are entirely wanting. The wing is compofed of many bones, which may be compared, in fome meafure, to thofe of the human arm and hand: «. A lengthened arm bone, dbrachium; g. Two lengthened bones of the fore arm, cuditi; ». Two fhort bones of the wrift, carpi; ». Two moderately long bones of the back of the hand, metacarpi, connected together; :. Two fingers, digites, of which the larger has two articulations, and is comprefled, while the other is very fmall; ¢. A:thumb bone, pol/ew, of a very fmall fize, which arifes froin the i d for c 408 ct gm pp Ss fore part of the bafe of the metacarpal bones; this laft, in a few rare inftances, ends in a fpine, /pina, as in the Oftrich, Screamer, fome Plovers, the Jacana, and a few of the Duck tribe. The hinder extremities of birds confift of the Thighs, Legs, Toes, and Claws. The Thighs, femora, are flefhy, and generally covered with feathers, except thofe of Buf- tards, Oftriches, and the order of Waders, Grallae, which are naked on the lower half; thofe of web-footed water fowls are likewife fomewhat naked towards the knees, but in a lefs degree. In moft birds the thighs are fo placed as to fupport the weight of the body in exact equilibrium, except in web-footed water fowls, on which, for the conve- nience of fwimming, they are placed much backwards, behind the center of gravity, which caufes thefe birds to walk in a conftrained manner: In the genera of Grebe, Auk, Guillemot, and Penguin, the thighs are concealed within the common integu- ments of the belly, fo that in walking, which they do with great difficulty, their legs feem tied together; this is called by ornithologifts Fettered legs, pedes compedes. In fome birds, as in the Coot, there is a coloured circle, fometimes two, or three, near the joint of the knee; this is called the Bracelet, armilla. ‘The Legs, #biae, are thin, lean, and tendinous; generally naked, being feldom clothed with down or feathers, and are fometimes covered with fcales; in a few fpecies the back parts of the legs are armed with fharp horny fpurs, calcaria, efpecially in males. — The Toes, digiti, vary in number, difpofition, and fome other circumftances, from which the feet get feveral appellations, of confiderable ufe in diftinguifhing the orders and genera of birds. In general, they may be diftinguifhed into fuch as have four toes, tetradaétyli, in which, for the moft part, three of the toes ftand forwards, and one back- wards ; and into three toed feet, tridactyli, which want the hind toe: The four-toed feet are fubdivided into feveral kinds according to the difpofition of the toes; all land birds that perch on trees have three toes turned forwards, and one backwards, which may be termed Perching feet, infidentes, though ornithologifts have ufually called them Pedes ambulatorii, or Walking feet; in fome the toes are connected, two together, but with- out any interpofed membrane, as in the King-fifher and others, in which cafe they are termed Walking feet, greforii; when two of the toes are turned forwards, and two backwards, they are called Climbing feet, /can/oriz, as in Parrots, Woodpeckers, and other birds which climb much; Parrots have the power of occafionally turning one of thefe back toes forwards; and Owls, whofe feet are of the perching kind, can at plea- fure render them climbers by turning back one of the fore toes: In fome birds, as in the White-backed Coly, the Swift, and fome others, all the four toes ftand forwards, when Ban Re: De Se 409 ~when they are called Clinging feet, prehen/iles. When the feet have only three toes, all turned forwards, without any back toe, they are called Running feet, curforii. ‘On- ly one known fpecies, the Oftrich, has but two toes, both of which ftand forwards. A fmall number of birds have three toes, of which two ftand forwards and one back- wards; this isa kind of anomalous foot of the Perching divifion, and is named Tri- dactylous, tridactyli. In water birds, for the purpofes of fwimming, the toes have a membranous expanfion at the fides, which is varioufly difpofed, and gives occafion to feveral divifions, which are ufeful in fyf{tem: In moft {wimmers, as in the Duck tribe, the toes are completely connected by an interpofed membrane, when they are faid to be Web-footed, palmati: Sometimes this membrane only conneéts the bafes of the toes together, in which cafe the feet are termed Halfwebbed, /emipa/mati: In others the toes are only edged with the membrane, without being connected together, when they -are called Lobe-footed, Lebati: And laftly, in fome the membrane only edges the toes -at the joints, forming a kind of lobes, when they are called. Fin-footed, pinnati. ‘The Claws, wngues, are moftly Sharp pointed, acuti; fometimes Hooked, wacinati; fome are Blunt, obfwfi; others are Flattened, having projecting edges, marginati; a few care Toothed.at the edges, ferrati; and a {mall number of birds have fo claws, mutici. The Tail, cauda, is compofed of feathers, redfrices, of the pen or quill kind, which -arife from the edges of the Rump, wropygium, and are covered at their bafes by Tail coverts, tecfrices, both on the upper and under fide of the rump; on the back, or up- per furface, of the rump there are two glands which fecrete an oily fluid, with which the birds anoint their feathers. The tail is faid to be Short, brachyura, when it is fhort- er than the legs; and Long, macroura, when it exceeds thefe in length; it is called Even, integra, when the tail feathers are all of an equal length; Wedge-like, cuncata, when thefe are longeft in the middle, and grow regularly fhorter towards each fide; Forked, forficata, when the middle tail feathers are the fhorteft, and thofe at the fides longer ; and Rounded, arcuata, when the length increafes towards the middle fo as to form a regular fegment of a circle. In general, the’tail confifts of twelve pens or quill feathers, recfrices, which are thus diftinguifhed ; Loh 2a As) Sit O-——-Oe, 5s. An) 30 Dey Ln ‘that is, the two outer quills are named the firft, on the right and left fides, and fo on of the reft; in fome there are more of thefe feathers, as far as eighteen; and in others fewer, in which laft cafe there are ufually ten. VoL, I. Ff Befides Alo Be Ket REG iy se Befides thefe enumerated particulars, there are a few circumftances which deferve notice, but are not common to the whole clafs. Spines, /pinae, are a kind of offenfive horny weapons, peculiar to fome birds, with which they can fight their enemies; thefe are fometimes fituated on the fore part of the wing, in the place of the thumb of hand- ed quadrupeds, asin the Oftrich, Jacana, Screamer, Spur-winged Plover, and fome fpecies of Ducks; at other times they are placed on the heels, when they are called Spars, ca/caria, as in the Peacock, Pheafant, and Grous; in fome fpecies, as in the Screamers, and Horned Turky, the {pine is fituated on the head, and is then named a Horn, cornu. Wattles, palearia, are flefhy membranes which hang down from the lower mandibles of the bills, as in the Wattle-bird, and Common Cock; and in the latter animal, a Creft or Comb, crifa, of a fimilar flefhy fubftance, rifes from the crown of the head. In the Ibis and Pelican, a Sac, /acculu:, compofed of a thin, tough, naked, and diftenfible membrane, hangs down from the lower mandibles, under the chin. Moft birds are monogamous, or live in pairs of one male and one female during the: breeding feafon; in {pring thefe choofe their mates, after which they exert their joint induftry in conftruGing their nefts, and keep conftantly together until the cares of in- cubation, and of rearing their young, are completed: Moft of the Gallinaceous order, and of the Duck tribe, are polygamous, at leaft in the domefticated ftate; the males of thefe negleét their young, and in fome cafes would even deftroy them if not carefully concealed by the females. The nefts cf birds, which. may be confidered as ferving the purpofes of an uterus. are con{truéted with great care and wonderful artifice, though fome have no nelt, or hardly any ; fome of them are rudely conftruéted of fticks, but moft are lined with: foft materials ; fome are built on high inacceflible fummits of rocks and mountains ;. others in caverns, fhelves of the rocks, or burrows under ground; fome on trees, in fhrubs or bufhes, or in the hollows of trees; fome in ruined walls; fome in bufhes- and hedges; fome among long grafs, or even on the bare ground. Of thefe nefts fome are built of clay, curioufly knead and plaftered, as thofe of Swallows; fome are built with great ingenuity, fo as to hang from the ends of the flender branchés of trees; fome are conftruéted to float on the furface of the water; fome have very artful paflages contrived to them; and fome have many feparate chambers communicating: with each other. The eggs of birds are very various in their numbers and appearance, though each fpecies has an appropriate fhape and colour, and generally keep to a fixed number, or nearly 12 ape RHE 2-5 RS ja 3 All nearly fo. The family of Auks lays only one egg for each hatching; the Divers two; ‘Gulls three; the Crow four; Swallows from five to eight; Ducks, and the Gallina- ceous birds, lay a great number. As to place, fome birds, as the Tropic-bird, only inhabit within the Tropics; fome only within the Polar Circle, as the Fulmar Petrel ; fome in particular countries, as the Cape Petrel at the Cape of Good Hope; the Bird-of-paradife, and Peacocks, in India; the Oftrich in Africa; the Screamer, and Trumpeter, in America. Thofe without quills, impennes, and with fettered legs, compedes, and the Petrel genus, inhabit the ‘ocean; the Divers are found moftly in lakes; the Merganfer in rivers; the Water Ouzel about catara&ts ; Plovers near the fea fhore; Snipes in marfhes; the Buftard in champaign fields; the Shrike in the woods; Paflerine birds among trees, bufhes, and hedges; the Owl in rocky places; the Magpie and Swallow about villages ; the Snow Bunting and others on the tops of mountains, &c. But all birds do not always conti- nué in the fame countries; great numbers perform regular migrations at particular feafons, quitting one part of the country for fome other where their food is more plen- tiful, and returning again at another feafon to their original habitations; thus many birds which live in the northern frigid regions during the fummer, migrate fouth- wards before winter in queft of provifions, and return north again in {pring or fum- mer. ‘his is done by moft of the foft billed birds, tenuiro/fres, and Paflerine birds, paferes, on account of the fcarcity of infedts, their ordinary food, in the cold feafon of thefe northern countries; the Grallae, or Waders, are forced to the fame annual change of place, becaufe the frof prevents them from fearching for worms and am- phibious animals in the mud; the Anferine birds, an/eres, are in winter obliged to fly fouthwards, as the water being frozen hinders them from catching fith, &c. The long and warmer days of fummer, which again bring with them plenty of food, recal thefe birds to their northern habitations on purpofe to breed. A fmall number of birds, infiead of migrating for food during winter, become torpid, and continue all the cold feafon in a ftate almoft refembling death, during which they ceafe to feed, or to digeft, and hardly breath, if at all; this ftate is called Hybernation, Aybernatio. The food of birds is various in the different kinds: Some are carnivorous; the Fal- ‘con tribe and Crows preys on quadrupeds, birds, and carcafles of all kinds; the Anfe- rine tribe lives on fifhes ; the Humming birds, and foft-billed Pafferine birds, live chief ly on infects; the Raven on the larvae of infects, and on {nails; the Cuckow on Lepi- dopterous infeéts ; the Ani, Beefeater, Water Ouzel, and Swallows, on various kinds of infects; the Oyfter-catcher on Conchs or fhell fifth; the Jabiru on Crabs, &c. Some Fifz live 4l2 BrR: 2 & live on vegetable food, phytiphagae ; the Anferine tribe, befides fith, lives on various: plants; the Parrots feed on fruit, &c.. The flight of birds is very various; moft of the Falcon genus glide gently through the air, hardly moving their wings; moft of the Pies fly quick, frequently flapping, or repeating the motion, of their wings; the Paradife-bird floats on the air; Wood- peckers fly by jerks, alternately finking and rifing in their progrefs ; the Gallinaceous tribe fly {trong and quickly, but foon come to the ground, owing to the fize and weight of their bodies; Pigeons fly with vaft fwiftnefs; the Pafferine tribe moftly fly by a quick repetition of ftrokes, and, except in migrating, feldom far at a time; the Swallow flies with vaft velocity, continues long on the wing, and makes numerous and fudden evolutions, fkimming through the air in queft of flies; many of the greater Waders have a flow and flagging flight, but the leffer fly fwiftly, with their legs extend- ed, for the moft part, to make up for their want of tails; Rails and Gallinules fly with their legs hanging down; Coots and Grebes are with difficulty forced from the water, but fly fwiftly when once rifen ; Grebes and Divers fly with their hind parts hanging much down, becaufe their wings are placed far forwards on the body: Many of the web-footed birds, as Gulls, have a failing or flagging flight ; Wild-geefe, in their mi- grations, fly in regular order, either in ftraight lines, or angular figures with the angle foremoft, to affift in cutting the air, and the foremoft bird drops behind when tired. Penguins, one fpecies of Auk, the Dodo, Oftrich, Touyou, and Caffowary, are denied the ufe of flight altogether, their wings only ferving in moft to affift in running, in others to clamber up the fhore when they. land from the water, and to help them in, {wimming and diving. The ufes of birds in the economy of nature, and for the purpofes of mankind, are various. ‘The Falcon tribe deftroy carcafles, which would otherwife become noifome ; the order of Pies, picae, devcur noxious fubftances and worms; the Anferine tribe, anferes, \eflen the too numerous inhabitants of the water; the Waders, grallae, feek for infeéts and worms from bogs and marfhes; the Gallinaceous tribe, gallinae, pick up {cattered feeds on the ground; the Pafferine tribe, pafféres, feed on the feeds of fhrubs and plants, and frequently carry thefe feeds, and the ova, or fpawn, of fifhes and-in- fects to places where they were not. originally found, and thus help to diffeminate ufeful productions. Birds are caught or killed, by means of bows and fire-arms ; by falcons, and other rapacious birds trained for the purpofe,; and by nets, gins, traps, pitfals, and various contrivances. Falcons et rR Dp & ees Falcons are bred’ up for hawking; the Faithful Jacana even herds other domeftic fowls; Pelicans are taught to catch fifh for their matters ; the Pafferine tribes are kept on account of their mufical talents; Parrots and others are taught to fpeak ; Cocks and Quails are trained to fight with each other for the fport of mankind ; the Galli naceous, Collumbine, and Anferine tribes, are domefticated. Birds are preferved alive, and kept in aviaries, cages, or other places, for various purpofes; fome for the value of their feathers and quills; fome for their flefh ; others for their eggs; fome on account of their mufical talents; and others merely for their beauty. A complete hiftory of birds ought to contain a full defcription of each, their abode, their flight, their migration, their nuptials, their nefts, their eggs, their hatching, the education of their young, and their food. The generic characters of birds fhould be taken from the Bill, Tongue, Noftrils, ere, Wattles, Warts, and other parts which have no feathers. Ornithological authors may be divided into the earlier and latter writers. Of the former, Bellon, or Bellonius, who flourifhed in 1557, and Gefner in 1555, may be confidered as the fathers of the {cience; Aldrovandus, in 1599, collected from their works, and made confiderable additions; in 1648, Marcgrave added the newly difco- vered birds of Brafil; Mr Ray, in conjunétion with his difciple Willoughby, formed his fyftem in 1667, and publifhed it in 1678; and Marfigli publifhed feveral figures of birds in 1726. Among the moderns, feveral authors have thrown great light on the fubject by means- of coloured figures, refembling the life: Albinus publithed tables of the European birds. in 17313; Bernini publifhed, in 1772, and from that to 1782, the birds found in the fouth of Europe; Cetti, in 1776, thofe of Sardinia; Frifchius, in 1734, thofe of Ger- many; Nozemann and Seppi, thofe of the Low Countries, from 1770 to 1778; fome Swedifh birds were edited by Tengmalm; the Pruflian by Bockius; the Britifh birds, in 1775, by Hayes; thefe and the birds of India, by Pennant, between 1768 and 17773. one hundred new and rare birds: were publithed by Catefby in 1731; upwards of three hundred were publifhed, in a very beautiful manner, by Edwards, in 1745; above nine hundred by Daubenton, from 1775 downwards; fome by Jacquin in 1784; by Merem, from 1784 to 1786; thofe of the Carlfonian mufeum, with defcriptions by Sparrmann,. 3s 414 AB oi URE ee in 1786. The eggs of a great number of birds are defcribed by Gunther, and engra- ved by Wirfingius, in a publication of the year 1703. The anatomy and phyfiology of birds have been greatly illuftrated by Reaumeur, Hewfon, Camper, Hunter, Blu- menbach, Merrem, Bloch, Vicq d’Azyr, Pallas, Guldenftaedt, Silberfchlag, and Mala- carne. In the Fauna Suecica, publifhed in 1746, 1 * firft attempted a regular fyftem of orni- thology, which was farther perfected in the edition 1758 of the Syftema Naturae. In 1760, Briffon publifhed his fyftem, in which he was aflifted by all the ingenuity, and by the mufeum, of the great Reaumeur. Since that time Pennant, in 1781, and La- tham firft in 1785, and afterwards in 1790, have publifhed fyftems of ornithology, with the addition of all the latter difcoveries. Birds are preferved for infpection and ftudy in various ways ; either whole in {pirits of wine; or their fkins are dried; or, after taking out their flefh, intrails, and brain, they are ftuffed in their natural forms, with the addition of various antifeptics; or, when cut in two, and emptied of all the foft parts, one half of the fkin is filled with Paris plafter, in the manner ufed by Schaeffer. OF THE TERMS USED IN ORNITHOLOGY. AS the terms ufed in ornithological defcriptions are numerous, and as it is of the urmoft confequence to the f{tudent of natural hiftory to be thoroughly acquainted with them, the following enumeration of fuch as are moft neceflary, with reference to the annexed engraving, may, it is hoped, be found of confiderable advantage. It is necef fary to remark, that the length of a bird is to be underftood as meafured along the back from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail; and that by extent is meant the meafure between the tips of the wings when fully extended: ‘The under parts of the body are the breaft, belly, and under furface of the rump; the upper parts are the back and rump, fometimes including the upper furface of the wings and tail, if thefe are not particularly defcribed; and, with a fimilar refervation, the thighs, the under furface of the tail and wings, and the fides under the wings, are fometimes included in * Linnaeus; but this part of the introduction is altered by Gmelin.—T. a WA ft 215 Ver my) yd odigdy Mi ly, BI Ri D. & 415 in the general expreffion of under parts: In defcriptions, efpecially fuch as are employ- ed for deftinétive characters of the fpecies and varieties, the words above and beneath are ufed, for fhortnefs, to denote the upper and under parts of the body when applied generally; and fometimes they are employed particularly to fignify the upper or under furfaces of the wings or tail; but in this laft cafe that circumftance is always fpecified. When a bird is faid to be of a particular colour, it is to be underftood as expreffing the prevailing colour of the body, if particular parts be mentioned, as differently co- loured; otherwife the whole plumage is to be fuppofed of the fingle colour mention- ed.—T. EXPLANATION OF THE PEATE: Fig. 1. Shews a bird extended, on purpofe to explain the principal parts of the head, body, wings, and tail. . ‘The baftard wing. » The leffer coverts. . The greater coverts. . The fcapulars. The primary wing quills. The fecondary wing quills. . Lhe tertials. The rump.. The tail coverts.. . The tail quills. The fhoulders.. . Lhe crown. . The front. . The hind-head. The nape. . The chin. _ The throat. » ‘The ferag. . The interfcapulary region. . Shews the particular parts of the The upper mandible. . The under mandible. The tooth-like procefs. . The frontlet. The front. The crown. . The hind-head. . The nape. The ftraps. . The-temples. The cheeks. . The chin. n. Briftles at the bafe of the bill. Fig. 3. A bird’s head, having a creft on the moog tho oa o Bb Bors os top of the head, and a flender crooked: bill. Vig. 4. The head of a Pelican. a. The upper mandible. b. A claw-like procefs at the tip. c. A fac extended from the two fides of the under mandible. d.. A naked frontlet. e». A naked orbit. f. A tuft-or creft on the hind-head.. Eig. 416 B I Fig. 5. The head of an Eagle or Falcon. a. The upper mandible, hooked at the end, and furnifhed with a tooth-like procels. b. The cere, or naked fkin, which co- vers the bafe of the bill, in which the noftrils are fituated. ce. The orbit, or region of the eye. Fig. 6. A flender ftraight bill. Fig. 7. A flender recurved bill. Fig. 8. The head of a Duck, having a flat bill, pectinated at the edges, and fur- nifhed at the tip with a claw. Fig. 9. A perching foot. Fig. 10. A walking foot, having a fpur on the heel. Fig. 11. A climbing foot, two of the toes being turned backwards. RY DD & ‘Fig..12. A peculiar kind of perching foote Fig. 13. A webbed foot, in which the fourth, or back, toe is not included in the web. Fig. 14. A webbed foot, in which all the four toes are conneéted together. Fig. 15. A half-webbed foot. Fig. 16. A three toed webbed foot, ha- ving no back toe. Fig. 17. A three toed, or tridactylous, ' foot flightly conneéted, but not web- bed, ufually belonging to fome of the waders. Fig. 18. A finned foot. Fig. 19. A lobated foot. - Fig. 20. A three toed running foot with- out any web, belonging to land birds; fome have only two toes. ‘OF THE DIVISION OF THE CLASS OF BIRDS. THE Linnaean divifion of birds is only into fix orders, which the illuftrious mafter of our fcience confiders as having fome analogy with the firft fix orders of the clafs of Mammalia, excluding the order of Cete. J. AccipiTREs, analogous to.the Ferae. Il. Pica, analogous to the Primates. III. AnsERES, analogous to the Besluae. 1V. Gratz, analogous to the Bruta. V. Gauine&, analogous to the Pecora. © VI. Passzres, analogous to the Giires. In the following divifion of the clafs into orders, the Linnaean arrangement is pre- erved; but, in imitation of the celebrated ornithologift Mr Latham, three additional orders BHR DP s auy orders are formed; which trifling alteration of the Linnaean fyftem, it is hoped, will be found ufeful to ftudents of natural hiftory; perhaps it might have been better to have imitated Mr Latham’s plan fill farther, by feparating the Terreftrial from the Aquatic birds.. ° No change whatever is made on the two firft orders, the Accipitres and Picae.—Be- tween the orders of Anferes and Grallae, an intermediate order is introduced, called, by Mr Latham, Pinnatipedes, or Fin-footed birds, which differ confiderably both from the Web-footed birds, Palmipedes, and the Cloven-footed Waders, Grallac.—The order of Web-footed birds, Palmipedes, which anfwers to the An/feres of Linnaeus, is farther fubdivided, but without inftituting an additional order, into fuch as have long legs, and have their feet only half webbed, Semipalmati, and thofe which are completely webbed and have fhort legs.—The order of Gallinae, which may, in Englifh, be render- ed Poultry, is preferved as in the Linnaean arrangement; but a fmall number of birds, which differ very effentially from the reft in their characters, are feparated into a di- ftin& order named Strutiones, as refembling the Oftrich, Séruthio, in characteriftic marks.—Laftly, the order of Paféres, or {mall birds, is preferved exadtly as in the Linnaean divifion of the clafs, except only that the genus of Doves, Columbac, from having very eflential characters differing. materially from the reft, is placed by itfelf as - a feparate order. As a tranflator, the Editor of this Englifh edition of the Animal Kingdom had cer= tainly no right to alter the Linnaean arrangement; but, inftructed by the examples of Mr Pennant and Mr Latham, he has taken the liberty of fubdividing fome of thefe or- ders, and of altering, in a flight degree, the fituation of a very fmall number of the genera, which he hopes will be of confiderable ufe to the ornithological ftudent. Yet, however much he may be convinced that this alteration was for the better, he certainly fhould not have hazarded any deviation from the plan of the Linnaean fyftem, if Dr Gmelin had not, in repeated inftances, fanétioned this freedom by fimilar alterations, to adapt the fyftem of his great precurfor to the advanced ftate of natural knowledge in which he found it.. Vou. I.. G gg ECHARAC- 4s | Bw LT. RS Ds Cc H A RAC eRe ‘OF THE 0B D ByR SO fF). BoboR -D os I. ACCIPITRES, on RAPACIOUS BIRDS. ‘THE bill is fomewhat crooked downwards, having the upper mandible either dilated alittle towards the point, or armed with a tooth-like procefs; and the noftrils are open.—The legs are fhort and ftrong ; the feet are of the kind called perching, having three toes forwards, and one backwards; the toes are warty under the joints; the claws are hooked and very fharp at the points. —The body, head, and neck, are very mufcu- lar; and the-fkin is very tough. The animals of this order live by preying on other animals, and on dead carcaffes; and their flefh is unfit to be eaten. They live in pairs, and build their nefts in lofty places; the female is generally larger and ftronger than the male, and ufually has four eggs each brood. H. PIC 4, or PIES. The bill is fharp edged, and convex on its upper furface.-—The legs are fhort, ftrong- ifh, and of different kinds, fome perchers, fome climbers, and fome fitted for walking, that is, having no back toe.—The body is firmly conftruéted.—The birds of this order live on various kinds of food, and are moftly reckoned unfit for food. ‘They pair in the breeding feafon, building their nefts on trees; and the male feeds the female du- ring the procefs of incubation, or hatching. lil. PALMIPEDES, orn WEBFOOTED BIRDS. * Having long legs. The body is conical and fomewhat flattened.—The thighs are naked on their lower halves; the legs are very long; the feet are fitted for wading ; and the toes are only connected together at their poflerior parts by a membrane, /emipalmati.—Thefe birds moftly pair in breeding time, and build their nefts onthe ground. ‘They feed in the water BS OE OR Re se 419 water on fmall fithes, and various infects ; and, efpecially when young, are pretty good eating.. ** Palmati. Waving thort legs. The bill is is fmooth, covered with a membranous fkin, and increafes in ‘fize towards the point —The feet are fitted for fwimming, having fhort legs, which are thin,- or compreffed laterally ; and the toes are-all connected, to their ends, by an interpofed ~ membrane.—Thefe birds. are moftly polygamous, one male affociating with many fe- males; they build their nefts chiefly on the ground, and the mother feldom takes any trouble in feeding the young, which are very foon able to provide for themfelves; they live very much in the water, feeding on aquatic plants, fifhes, and other fubftances, and. their flefh has generally a rancid fifhy flavour. . IV. PINNATIPEDES, or FINEOOTED BIRDS. The bill, body, and mode of life, in the birds of this order; relemble thofe of the Waders.—The thighs are likewife naked for the lower half, and the feet are fitted for wading in marthes, all the toes being divided ; but. the toes are edged on each fide with a membrane for their whole length. Thefe birds moftly live in pairs, while breed- ing, and conftruét. very large nefts of various leaves and grafs, in their marfhy haunts. Ve GRALE 2 on WADERS. The bill is fomewhat cylindricat—The thighs are half naked above the knees; the legs are longifh, and the feet are fitted for walking, or wading in miry places, having all the toes diftinét, and deftitute of any interpofed membranes.—The' body is thin and compreffed at the fides, having a very thin fkin.—The birds of this order moftly build their nefts on the ground, living fome in pairs, and others promifcuoufly.—They live _much among fens and marfhes, feeding on worms, and other animal produétions of: fuch places; and in general they are reckoned delicate eating. . W..GALEINZ, on POULTRY.. The bill is convex, the upper mandible. lying like an arch over the lower; and the noftrils are arched over: with a cartilaginous membrane.—The. feet are of the kind called Runners; curforii, and the toes are rough underneath.—The body is fat and flefhy.—The birds of this order: live moftly on the ground, fcraping the earth with their feet, and feeding on grain and feeds, which are macerated in a crop before di- geftion; this operation is. performed by means of a {trong mufcular ftomach called the Gizzard; their fleth is univerfally fit for food.—They live moflly in polygamous. fami- - lies of one male and. many females, building their nefts with yery little art on the Ggg2 ground,.. 420, BD RID & ground, and the females lay great numbers of eggs each brood; they generally lead their young ones very early in queft of food, which they point out to them by a partis cular call. VI. STRUTHIONES, on STRUTHIOUS BIRDS. The body is very bulky and heavy, and is fcarcely eatable.—The wings are either entirely wanting, or are very fmall and altogether ufelefs for flight—The feet are fit- ted for running, haying the toes varioufly difpofed in the different genera.—The birds of this order live in pairs, when breeding; build their nefts on the ground, or-even leave their eggs there without any neft; and they feed on vegetables and feeds. VI. PASSERES, on PASSERINE BIRDS. The bill is of a conical form, and pointed at the end.—The feet are fitted for perch- ing and hopping, the toes being flender and divided, with flender bent fharp claws.— The body is flender.—The birds of this order moftly live in pairs when breeding, build- ing artificially conftru&ed nefts, in various fituations; they moftly fing; they feed fome on feeds, and others on infects, keeping much on the branches of trees, buthes, and hedges; and they feed their young ones by pulhing the food down their throats from their own bills. Such as live on infe&ts are reckoned unfit for food, but thofe that _ feed on feeds and grain are good eating. IX. COLUMB&, or DOVES. The bill is ftraightith, and is fwelled out at the bafe.—The legs are fhort, with feet fitted for walking, which havé fimple fhort, blunt, claws.—The body is flefhy, and makes very good high flavoured food.—This race of birds lives in pairs, when breed- ing, making very inartificial nefts on trees, or in hollow places of rocks and caverns 3 they feed on feeds, grain, and fruits, having a crop and gizzard like the Gallinaceous birds, and they feed their young ones with fuch food as has been already macerated in the crops of the mother, CHARAC. B ©rrRobsS 420 @ UMAR oA OC PieeR-s OF THE Chai WB R WA uediOu Bi \.B why Ro Dad I. ACCIPITRES, on RAPACIOUS BIRDS. x. Vulture. 1. Vultur. 41. * The bill is hooked at the end; and the head is naked. 2. Falcon. 2. Falco. 42 The bill is hooked at the end, and its bafe is covered with a naked membrane. rf Baftard-eagles. Gypaeéti. The end of the bill only is hooked, and its bafe has a beard of long briftles. ** Fagles. Aquilae. Of great fize, and moftly having hairy or feathery legs. *** Hawks. Falcones. Of fmaller fize, with naked feet. 3. Owl. 3. Strix. 43. The bill is hooked at the end, and has a frontlet ! ' of reverfed briftles. 4. Shrike. 4, Lanius. 44. The bill is almoft ftraight, and is notched near the end. H. PA Gr Ayn og i/PIvre-s. * With perching feet. to. Beefeater. 8. Buphaga. 48. A ftraight quadrangular bill. 12, * The three fets of numerals employed in this edition, to the genera of birds, are to be thus un- derftood: The numerals prefixed to the Englifh name of each: genus marks its order in the clafs of birds of this edition: ‘The numeral prefixed to the Latin name of the genus fhews the order of ar- rangement followed in Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema Naturae; and where that numeral is wanting, the genus has been added from Latham’s Index Ornithologicus: The numeral which fols lows the Latin name is prefixed to each genus by Dr Gmelin, as a running number of the genus in the Animal Kingdom; where that is wanting, and at the fame time a numeral precedes the Latin name, the genus has been added by Dr Gmelin.—T. + Jt may be neceflary to remark, that the apparent confufion of the running numbers of the ge=_ nera aaa eo OR oe 12. Wattlet. 10. Glaucopis. An arched bill, bent downwards. 7s 13. Crow. 11. Corvus. 50: A fharp edged bill, and reverfed frontlet:. 14. Roller. 12. Corracias. 54. A fharp edged bill, with the point bent downe- wards. 4 1§. Oriole. 13. Oriolus. 52. A ftraight, conical, and very fharp pointed bill... 16. Grakle. 14. Gracula. 53. A fharp edged equal bill, naked at:the bafe. 17. Paradifet. 15. Paradifea. 54. A fharpifh edged bill, with a filky frontlet.. 25. Nut-hatch. 21. Sitta. 60. A» ftraight bill, wedge-like at the-end. 28. Hoopoe. 25. Upupa. 64. A bluntifh bill, bent downwards. . 29. Creeper. 26. Certhia. 65. A. fbarp pointed bill, bent downwards. 30. Hummer. 27. Trochilus. 66. A narrow bill, tubular. at.the end, and bene: downwards... ** With climbing feets 5. Parrot. 5. Pfittacus. 45. A hooked bill, and flefhy tongue. 6. Toucan. 6. Ramphaftos. 46. A ferrated bill; and feathery tongue... 8. Scythrops., Scythrops. A tharp edged bill, and fplit tongue. tis Ani. 9. Crotophaga. 49. A wrinkled bill, angular at the edges. 38. Curucui., 16. Trogon. 55. A ferrated bill, hooked at the point.. 19. Barbet. 17. Bucco. 56. A {mooth notched bill, hooked at the points. 20. Cuckow. 18. Cuculus. 57. A fmooth bill; with a rim round the nof-- ils 21. Wryneck. 19. Yunxs 58. A fmooth biil, with a worm-like tongue. . 22. Woodpeckers. 20. Picus. 59s. An; angular. bill, with a worm-like. tongue, . 23. Jacamar.. Galbula. . An angular and very fharp pointed bill. . *** With walking feet. - 7. Motmot. Momotus. An angular bill, and feathery tongue. g. Hornbill. 7, Buceros. 470. A-ferrated bill, witha horny frent.. 24. Kingsfifher.. 23. Alcedo. 62. A ftraight triangular bill. 27. Bee-eaters 24. Merops. 63. The bill is compreffed, and bent downwards. . 26. Tody. 22, Todus. 61% A ftraight, flattened, flender bill. : nera is occafioned by the ftrily artificial arrangement in which they are here placed, to facilitate the difcovery of any particular genus which may be wanted; but the order in which they are placed, in the body of the work, being more natural, and the different genera that refemble each other being placed as near together as poffible, without fo much attention to artificial diftinétions, thefe numbers which precede the Englifh names muft be underftood as expreffing the more natural arrangement : The ufes of the other two fets of numbers have been already explained in the preceding note.—T, Bi if RA DD) oS 423 IH. PALMIPEDES, orn WEB-FOOTED BIRDS. * Half-webbed, having long legs. Semipalmati. 31. Avofet. 53. Recurviroftra. 89. A flattened, flender, pointed bill, bent up- wards. 32. Courier. 49. Corrira. A fhort, ftraight, narrow, toothlefs bill. 33. Flamingo. 41. Phoenicopterus..79. A denticulated bill, bent upwards abruptly. ** Full-webbed, having fhort legs. Palmati. 34, Duck. 28. Anas. 67. A broad bill, with a claw at the point of the upper mandible, and having mem- branous teeth at the edges. 5. Merganfer. 29. Mergus. 68. A flender bill, with a claw at the point, and having tharp teeth at the edges. 36. Auk. 30. Alca. 69. The bill is flattened at the fides, with tran{verfe lateral wrinkles; the feet have three toes. 37. Penguin. 31. Aptencdyta. The bill is ftraight, narrow, furrowed at the fides, and a little bent downwards at the point ; the wings refemble fins, and are ufelefs for flight. 48. Petrel. 32. Procellaria. 70. The bill is ftraight, and hooked at the end; the noftrils refemble a tube lying on the bafe of the bill; the feet have each ; a {pur in place of a back toe. 39. Albatrofs. 33 Diomedea. 71. The lower mandible is abrupt, the upper one hooked at the end; the feet have three toes. 40. Pelican. 34. Pelicanus. 72. The face is naked; a membranous bag hangs down from the under mandible. 41. Darter. 35. Plotius. 73. The bill is long, ftraight, fharp pointed, and ferrated at the edges; the neck is very long. 42. Tropicer. 36. Phaeton. 74. The bill is flattened at the fides, fharp- , edged, and ferrated. 43. Guillemot. Uria. The bill is ftraight, flender, ftrone, and pointed; the feet have only three toes. 440 424 44. Diver. 45. Gull. 46. Tern. 47. Skimmer. Bm I RAD. S& 37. Colymbus. 75. 38. Larus. 76.. 39. Sterna. 77-. 40. Rynchops. 78. The bill is ftraight, ftrong, and pointed, the edges of the mandibles bending inwards ; the legs are fettered. The under part of the lower mandible, near the point of the bill, is prominent. "The bill is ftraight, flender, pointed, and: flattened laterally at the end. The upper mandible is fhorter than the: under one. pi Iv. PINNATIPEDES, on FIN-FFOOTED BIRDS. 48. Phalarope.. 49. Coot. 50. Grebe.. 51. Spoonbill. 52. Screamer. 53> Jabirou. 54. Boat-bill. 55. Umbre. 56. Heron, 57. Ibis. Phalaropus. 56. Fulica. 9k Podiceps. The bill-is ftraight and flender.. The bill is ftrong, thick, conical, and! fomewhat flattened at the fides; the: front is compofed of the bafe of the: bill, and is naked.. The bill is long, fender, and fharp point- ed; the feet are fettered ;. the tail is wanting. V. GRALELZA, on WADERS. 42. Platalea, 80. 43. Palamedea 81. 44. Mydteria, 82. 45. Cancroma. 83. 46. Scopus. 47. Ardea 84. 48. Tantalus. 85. The bill is long, broad, flat, thin, and: much widened at the end. The bill-is fharp, and hooked at the end. The bill is long, large, and bent upwards ;; the upper mandible thicker, and trian-- gular. The bill is broad, and flat, having a ridge. along the middle like the keel of a re-- verfed boat. The bill is thick, flattened at the fides,, blunt, and ridged. The bill is long, ftrong, ftraight, and fharpifh. The bill is crooked; the face naked; and the chin is furnifhed with a bag. 59¢ 3g. Curlew. 58. Snipe. 60, Sandpiper. 61. Plover. 62. Runner. 63. Oyfter catcher. 64. Pratincole. ‘65. Sheath-bill. 66. Jacana. 67. Rail. 68. Gallinule. 70. Bultard. 71. Peacock. 72. Turkey. “73. Penelope. Vou. I. B I Numeniuse . Scolopax. 86. . Tringa. 87. . Charadrius. 88. Curforiuse 54. Soh 57: 58. ao98 VI. 61. 64. 65. Haematopus. 90. Glareola. Vaginalis. Parra. 92. Rallus. Gallinula. Rw De 6: 425 The bill is crooked ; and the face is cover- ed with feathers. The bill is ftraight, long, roundifh, and bluntifh. The bill is ftratght, roundifh, and blunt ; the back toe hardly reaches the ground. The bill is ftraight and roundifh; the feet have no back toe. The bill is roundifh, and hooked at the point ; the feet have no back toe. The bill is flattened at the fides, and wedge- like at the end; the feet want the back toe. The bill is fhort, ftrong, ftraight, and hook- ed at the end; the noftrils are long, nar- row, and oblique. | The bill is thick, and conical, and the ex- tremity of the upper mandible is cover- ed with a horny fheath, lying over the noftrils. The bafe of the bill is befet with moveable warts. The bill is fomewhat ridged on the back; the body is flattened at the fides. The bill is thick at the bafe, ftraight, and fharp pointed ; the front is naked, GALLIN&, or POULTRY. Otis. 95. Pavo. 98. Meleagris. 99. 66. Penelope. The bill is fomewhat convex; the tongue is notched; the feet want the back toe. The bill is fhort, ftrong, and convex; the crown is ornamented with an ereét creft of feathers. The face and neck are covered with naked warty flefh. The bill has no cere; the head is clothed with feathers. Hhh 7 Ae 426 74. Curaffo. 67. 75. Pheafant. 68. 76. Pintado. 69. 79. Tinamou. 77. Grous. 70. | 78, Partridge. 69. Trumpeter. 60. go Ee Crax. 100 Phaifanus. 10% Numida. 102+ Tinamuse Tetrao. 103% Perdin. Pfophia. 94» RD! & The bill is covered at the bafe with a cere. The cheeks are naked and fmooth. Has two pendant wattles at the bafe of the bill. The bill is longith, and blunt at the end, having the noftrils about its middle. The bill is ftrong, fhort, and convex; above each eye is a naked coloured fkin. The bill is ftrong, fhort, and convex; the: {pace above each eye is covered. The bill is fhort, and a little convex on the upper mandible; the noftrils are: oval and pervious; the lower half of the thighs are naked. Vi. STRUTHIONES, orn STRUTHIOUS BIRDS. 83. Dodo. 63. Didus. 97- 82. Tougai. Rhea 81. Caffowary. Cafuarius.. 80. Oftrich. 62. Struthio. 86. The bill is large, ftraitened in the middle, and hooked at the end ;. the face is al- moft naked; the feet have three toes before and one behind. The bill is ftraight, and fomewhat conical. the feet have three toes before, and a callofity in place of the back toe.. The bill is ftraight, and fomewhat conical ; the feet have three toes before, and none behind. The bill is ftraight, flattened, and blunt ;- the feet have two toes before, and none. behind. Vill. PASSERES, on PASSERINE BIRDS. 39. Grofsbeak. We Lonia. 109+ * Having thick bills. Cra/firoftres. The bill is very thick at the bafe, and of a conical form, being convex both above and below, 88. es ik 2 @ 437 88. Coly, 76. Colius. The bill is conyex above, and ftraight be- low. ‘92. Finch, 80. Fringilla. 112. The bill is conical,and fharp pointed. 93. Rara. 81. Phytotoma, The bill is ftraight, conical, and ferrated. ‘oo. Bunting. 78. Emberiza. 110. The bill is fomewhat conical, its under mandible being broader, and turned inwards at the edges. ** Having the end of the upper mandible fomewhat hooked. Curvira/fres. 400. Goatfucker. 87. Caprimulgus. 118. The bill is hooked, flattened, exceffively wide in the gap, and fringed at the bafe; the noftrils are tubular. ‘99. Swallow. 86. Hirundo. 117. The bill is fhort, broad at the bafe, flat. tened, fharp pointed, and fomewhat hooked. ‘97. Manakin. 84. Pipra. 115. The bill is fhort, ftrong, and flightly hook- ed. *¥* Having the upper mandible notched, on each fide, near the end. Emarginatiroftres. 86. 87. gl. 94- 85. 84. 95: 96. Thruth. 74. Turdus. 107. The bill is tapering, and pointed, having the bafe flattened at the fides. Chatterer. 75. Ampelis. 108. The bill is tapering, pointed, and fome- what flattened. at the bafe. Tanager. 79. Tanagra. 111. ‘The bill is tapering, and pointed; and the bafe is of a conical form. Flycatcher. 82. Mufcicapa. 113. The bill is tapering, and pointed; and the bafe is flattened and fringed with briftles. **** Having ftraight, flender, tapering, fharp pointed, bills. Simpliciroftres. Stare. 73. Sturnus. 106. The bill is flattened at the end. Lark. 72. Alauda. 105. The tongue is cloven; the claw of the back toe is very long. Wagtail. 83. Motacilla. 114. The end of the tongue feems torn; the . : tail is long. f Warbler, Sylvia. The end of the tongue is cloven; the tail is fhort. Hhha2 98. a 428 BM Rw US. 98. Titmoufe. 85. Parus. 116- The tongue feems cut off at the end, and is fringed with three or four briftles; the frontlet confifts of reflected briftles which cover the noftrils. - IX. COLUMBA, or DOVES. sor. Pigeon. 71. Columba. 104. The bill is weak, flender, ftraight at the: bafe, and a little protuberant near the: end, where the noftrils are lodged. SYS T E- SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE VULTURE. 1 Condour 2 White-headed Vulture 3 Norwegian White-head- ed Vulture 4 Sardinian White-headed Vuiture 5 Sooty White-headed Vul- ture White-headed Vulture 6 Bengal 4 King Vulture 8 Arabian Vulture 9 Carrion Vulture to Black Carrion Vulture “11 Cinereous Vulture 12 Blackifh Cinereous Vult. 13 Maltefe Vulture 14 Black Vulture 15 Fulvous Vulture 16 Aquiline Vulture 17 Egyptian Aquiline Vult. 188 Crefted Vulture 19 Barbary Vulture ) 20 Pondichery Vulture 21 Indian Vulture 22 Gingi Vulture 25 Black Harpy 26 Tawny Baftard-eagle 27 Angola Baftard-eagle 28 Bearded Baftard-eagle 29 Golden Baftard-eagle 30 Perfian Baftard-cagle i OF THE R D iene AL Ay GO. UPS) B I Re DS. VULTUR. 1 Vultur Gryphus 2 Vultur leucocephalus 8. V. leucocephalus nor- vegicus y- V.leucocephalus fardi- cus . V. leucocephalus fuli- ginofus «. W. leucocephalus ben- galenfis 3 Vultur Papa 4 Vultur Monachus 5 Vultur Aura 4. V. Aura niger 6 Vultur cinereus 8. V. cinereus nigricans 7 Vultur fufcus 8 Vultur niger 9 Vultur fulvus 10 Vultur Percnopterus 8. V.Percnopterusaegyp- tius 11 Vultur criftatus ¥2 Vultur barbarus 13 Vultur pondicerianus 14 Vultur indicus 15 Vultur ginginianus FALCON. il FALCO. Divided into. *BASTARD-EAGLES. GYPABTI. 23 Secretary 1 Gypaetus ferpentarius | 24 Harpy 2 Gypaetus Harpyja 3 Gypaetus Jacquini 4 Gypaetus ambuftus 5 Gypaetus angolenfis 6 Gypaetus barbatus 8. G. barbatus aureus y+ G. barbatus perficus 31 Cinereous Baftard-eagle 32 Plaintive Baftard-eagle 33 Cheriway ** EAGEES. 34 Crowned Eagle 35 Chilefe Eagle 36 Common Eagle 37 German Eagle 38 Bald Eagle 3y Ofprey 40 Golden Eagle 41 Tawny Eagle 42 Canadian Tawny Eagle 43 White-bellied Eagle 44 Japanefe Eagle 45 American Kagle 46 White Eagle 47 Louifiana Eagle 48 Small Eagle 49 Spotted Kagle 50 White-tailed Eagle 51 French Eagle 52 Antartic Eagle 53 Black-backed Eagle 54 White-crowned Eagle 55 Ruffian Eagle 56 Crefted Eagle 57 Kough-legged Eagle 58 Greenland Eagle 59 Fierce Eagle 60 Javan Eagle 61 Egyptian Eagle 62 Kite 63 Siberian Kite 64 Ruffian Kite 65 Jaic Kite 66 Black Kite 67 Auftrian Kite 68 Brafilian Kite 5. 7 Gypaetus Albicilla 8 Gypaetus plancus 9 Gypaetus Cheriway AQUILLE. 1 Aquila coronata 2 Aquila Tharus 3 Aquila Melanaetos 4 Aguila Glaucopis 5 Aquila leucocephala 6 Aquila Offifraga 4 Aquila Chryfaetos 8 Aquila fulva 6. A. fulva canadenfis 9 Aquila leucogafter 10 Aquila japonenfis 11. Aquila americana 12 Aquila alba 13 Aguila candida 14 Aquila naevia 15 Aquila maculata 16 Aquila albicauda 17 Aguila gallica 18 Aguila auftralis. 19 Aquila melanonota 20 Aquila leucoryphos 21 Aquila Mogilnik 22 Aguila criftata 23 Aquila lagopus 24 Aquila groenlandica 25 Aquila ferex 26 Aquila javanica 27 Aquila aegypta. 28 Aquila Milvus 6. A. Milvus fibiricus y. A. Milvus Korfchun. ». A. Milvus jaicenfis 29 Aquila atra 30 Aquila auftriaca 31 Aquila brafilientfis. f, 439° i 69 Peruvian Kite yo Balbuzard 71 Ruffian Balbuzard 72 Carolina Balbuzard 3 Cayenne Balbuzard 44 Mansfeny 75 Chinefe Eagle 76 Cheela 77 Afiatic Eagle 78 New-holland Eagle 79 Urubutinga 80 Pondichery Eagle 81 Equinoétial Eagle *** FALCONS & HAWKS. 82 Oriental Hawk 83 Indian Hawk 84 Common Buzzard 85 Greater Buzzard 86 Spotted Buzzard 87 Jamaica Buzzard 23 American Buzzard Be Rufous Buzzard 9 Speckled Buzzard - Whitith Buzzard 92 Honey Buzzard 93 Moor Buzzard 94 Sclavonian Buzzard 95 Croatian Buzzard R Buzzard java Buzzard Cintcreous Buzzard Streaked Buzzard Leverian Falcon Flain Falcon wale red Falcon W=ZEd bos Faleon 30 oe wk hes uty © 0 OS 9 NY ONO cox ot fal 2 ne Halcon COMI Oy? - CO amon Falcon carling Falcon g SS oS) Say SAS ees 0@Q00 0 0.0 Xo) es auoete 110 Hageard Falcon ae ; sia we 111 White-headed Valcor RS ae 112 White Falcon 113 Black ¥aicon 114 Spot-wii ges Faleoa Lis Brown F 116 Red-fpet 117 1 i ; I 18 E 119 Arétic Balcon 120 Iceland Falcon BD) CPA B.A On iGe Wik 32 Aquila peruviana 33 Aquila Haliaetos @. A. Haliaetos arundina- | 121 White Iceland Falcon _ 122 Spotted Iceland Falcon 123 Barbary Falcon cea | 124 Peregrine Falcon y- A. Halixetos carolinen- fis >. A.Haliaetoscayennen- fis 34 Aquila antillarum 35 Aquila finentis 36 Aquila Cheela 37 Aquila afiatica 38 Aquila novae- hollandiae 39 Aquila Urbutinga 40 Aquila pondiceriana Ai Aquila aequinoctialis FALCONES. 1 Falco orientalis 2 Falco indicus 3 Falco Buteo 4 Falco gallinarius é. F. gallinarius naevius 5 Falco jamaicentfis 6 Falco borealis 7 Falco rufus 8 Falco variegatus g Falco albidus 10 Faleo apivorus 11 Falco aeruginofus A 12 Falco f{elavonicus 13 Falco marginatus 14 Falco rubiginofus _ 15 Falco javanicus 16 Falco cinereus 17 Falco lineatus 18 Falco leverianus 19 Falco obfeletus 29 Falco rufticolus 21 Falco novae-feelandiae Falco palumbarius 23 Falco cayennentis 24 Falco macrourus Valco gentilis ) ae communis .+, communis hornoti- nus . I. communis gibbofus . i. communis leucoce- phalus e. I’. communis albus é. F. communis ater x, i. communis naevius 5. ¥. communis fufcus e7r s. . communis ruber x. . communis indicus a. ¥. communis italicus yz. F. communis ar¢ticus 27 Falco iflandus 125 Vartarian Peregrine Fal- con 126 Variegated Falcon 127 Booted Falcon 128 Chocolate Falcon 129 White-rumped Choco- late Falcon 130 St John’s Falcon 131 Sacre 132 American Sacre 133 Newoundland Falcon 134 Starry Falcon | 135 Northern Falcon +136 Rhomboidal Falcon 137 Black-necked Falcon 138 White-necked Falcon 139 Red-headed Falcon 140 Crefted Falcon 141 Pied Falcon 142 Ceylonefe Falcon 143 Grey Falcon 144 Brown Gyrfalcon 145 White Gyrfalcon 146 Iceland Gyrfalcon 147 Surinam Falcon 148 Laughing Falcon 149 Streaked Falcon 150 Notched Falcon 151 Common Lanner 152 White Lanner 153 Spot-tailed Lanner 154 Blue Hawk 155 Ring-tail Hawk 156 tiudions Hawk 157 Scarlet Hawk 58 Marfh Hawk 159 Stone Falcon 160 Mountain Falcon 161 Ath coloured Mountain Falcen 162 Common Keftril 163 Grey Keftril 164 Lark Keftril 165 Bohemian Hawk 166 Fithing Falcon 167 Brown Hawk 168 Aquiline Falcon 169 American Hawk 170 Sparrow Hawk 171 Spotted Sparrow Hawk 172 White Sparrow Hawk 173 Dubious ‘Falcon 174 Duiky Falcon 175 Pigeon Hawk 76 Grey Pigeon Hawk 4. F. iflandus albus vy. F. iflandus maculatus 28 Falco barbarus 29 Falco peregrinus Bb. F. peregrinus tartaricus 30 Falco verficolor 31-Falco pennatus 32 Falco fpadiceus &. EF. fpadiceus leucourus 33 Falco Sti johannis 34 Fae &. F.facer americanus 35 ae novae-terrae 36 Falco ftellaris 37 Falco hyemalis 38 Falco rhombeus 39 Falco nigricollis _ Ao Falco albicollis 41 Falco meridionalis 42, Falco cirrhatus 43 Falco melanoleucos 44 Falco ceylanenfis 45 Falco grifeus 46 Falco Gyrfalco 47 Falco candicans 8. F. candicans iflandus 48 Falco fuffator 4g Falco cachinnans 50 Falco melanops ‘ 51 Falco bidentatus -§2 Falco Lanarius &. F. Lannarius albicans y. F. Lanarius celiurus 53 Falco cyaneus 54 Falco pygargus 55 Falco hudfonius 56 Falco Buffoni 57 Falco uliginofus § 58 Falco Lithofalco f 59 Falco montanus 8. F. montanus cinereus 60 Falco Tinnunculus &. F. Tinnunculus grifeus y-¥. Tinnunculus alauda- rius 61 Falco bohemicus 62 Falco pifcator 63 Falco badius ‘ ‘ 64 Falco aquilinus 65 Falco fufcus 66 Falco Nifus B. F. Nifus maculatus y. F. Nifus lagteus 67 Falco dubius 68 Falco obfcurus , 69 Falco columbarius é. F’. columbarius grifeus: 177 Guiana Falcon 178 Ingrian Falcon 179 Permian Falcon 180 Great-billed Falcon 781 Criard Falcon 182 Johanna Falcon 3183 Common Hobby 3184 Northern Hobby 185 Surinam Hobby 186 Smaller Surinam Hobby 187 Spotted Surinam Hobby 188 Spot-tailed Hobby 189 Common Merlin 190 New-york Merlin 191 Caribbee Merlin 192 Falconers Merlin 193 Carolina Merlin 194 Domingo Merlin 195 Minute Falcon 196 Bengal Falcon 197 Siberian Falcon. 198 ‘Tiny Falcon lil. OW L.. O F T Ho 76 Falco fuperciliofus 71 Falco vefpertinus 72 Falco vefpertinoides 73 Falco magniroftris 74 Falco vociferus 75, Falco johannenfis 76 Falco Subbuteo 6. F. Subbuteo borealis 77 Falco aurantius 4. F. aurantius minor y- F. aurantius maculatus 78 Falco plumbeus 79 Falco Aefalon B. F. Aefalon novebora- cenfis y.F. Acfalon caribaearum >. F. Aefalon falconario- rum 80 Falco Sparverius 81 Falco dominicenfis 82 Falco minutus 83 Falco cerulefcens 84 Falco regulus 85 Falco pumilus SW IR UAC * Eared, or Horned. to9 Great Owl 200 Athenian Great Owl 201 Smooth-legged Great Owl 202 Variegated Great Owl 203 Virginian Owl 204 Scandinavian Owl 205 Ceylon Owl 206 Chinefe Owl 207 Coromandel Owl 208 Red Owl. 209 Mexican Owl 210 American Owl 211 Long-eared Owl 212 Italian Long-eared Owl 213 Arctic Long-eared Owl 214 Short-eared Owl aig Brafilian Owl 216 Motiled Owl 217 Indian Owl 218 Sardmian Owl 219 Carniolic Owl 220 Yaik Owl 2.23 Siberian Owl. 222 Scops Owl 1 Strix Bubo &..S. Bubo athenienfis v- 5. Bubo nudipes 0. S. Bubo variegata 2 Strix virginiana 3 Strix feandiaca 4 Strix zeylonenfis 5 Strix finentfis 6 Strix coromanda 7 Strix Afio 8 Strix mexicana: 9 Strix americana to Strix Otus é. S. Otus italicus. y. 9. Otus arcticus TL Strix brachyotos 12 Strix brafiliana 13 Strix naevia 14 Strix indica 15 Strix Zorca 16 Strix carniolica 17 Strix deminuta 18 Strix pulchella. 19 Strix Scops ** Farlefs Owls. 223 Snowy Owl 224 Speckled Snowy Owl 225 Swediih Owl 226 Barred Owl 20 Strix Nyctea B.S. Nyétea ftriata 21 Strix Tengmalmi 22 Strix nebulofa BY LR Dis. 227 Sooty Owl 228 Spectacle Owl 229 Spotted Owl 230 Coquimbo Owl 231 Sacred Owl 232 Auftrian Owl 233 White Owl 34 Reddith Owl 236 5 Rufty Owl 236 French Owl 237 Mountain Owl 238 Common Owl Screech Owl Brown Owl Leffler Brown Owl Arétic Owl Canadian Owl tudfons Owl Ural Owl Cafpian Owl Java Owl New-zealand Owl Spotted New-zealand Owl Cayenne Owl Domingo Owl 252 New-{pain Owl §3 Chichictli Owl 254 Acadian Owl 255 Little Owl 256 American Little Owl 257 Ruffian Little Owl 4 5 “ SHRIKE. 258 Drongo Shrike 259 Malabar Shrike 260 Fingah Shrike 261 Chefnut Shrike 262 Crefted Shrike 263 Canadian Shrike 264 Louifiane Shrike 255 Grey Shrike 266 Hens billed Shrike 267 Collared Shrike 268 Luzonian Shrike 269 Great Shrike 270 White Great Shrike: 271 Larger Great Shrike 272 Butcher Shrike 273 Variegated Butcher Shrike 274 Red Butcher Shrike 275 Senegal Butcher Shrike 276 Black-crowned Butcher Shrike 277 Antiouan Shrike 278 Black Shrike 279 Lever’s Shrike 289 Surinam Shrike 431 Strix cinerea Strix perfpicillata Strix maculata Strix cunicularia Strix Aluco 28 Strix fylveftris 29 Strix alba 20 Strix Noctua Strix rufa Strix folonienfis Strix barbata Strix flammea Strix ftridula Strix Ulula &é.S. Ulula minor 37 Strix arctica 38 Strix funerea 39 Strix hudfonia 40 Strix uralenfis 41 Strix accipitrina 42 Strix javanica 43 Strix novae-feelandiae #-S.novae-feelandiae ma- culata py NN PL An Yo 1 Wo W G2 4) Od WD + Qh Sw Np | u 44 Strix cayennenfis 5 Strix dominicenfis 6 Strix Tolchiquatli 47 Strix Chichi¢tli 48 Strix acadica 49 Strix pafferina 8. S. pafferina americana y- 5. pafferina roffica EA NE US: 1 Lanius forficatus 2 Lanius malabaricus 3 Lanius cerulefcens 4 Lanius caftaneus 5 Lanius criftatus 6. Lanius eanadenfis 7 Lanius ludovicianus 8 Lanius Nengeta g Lanius curviroftris to. Lanius collaris 11 Lanius lucionenfis 12 Lanius Excubitor . L. Excubitor albus y- L. Excubiter major 13 Lan a Collurio 8. L. Colluric varius % vy» L. Colhirio rufus >. L. Coilurio fenegalenfis. e. L. Collurio melanoce- phalus. 74 Lanius antiguanus 15 Lanius niger 16 Lanius Leverianus 17 Lantus atricapillus 432 281 Pomeranian Shrike 282 Tyrant Shrike 283 Domingo Tyrant Shrike 284 Carolina Tyrant Shrike 285 LouifianaTyrant Shrike 286 Chinefe Shrike _ 287 Brafilian Shrike 288 Rufous Shrike 289 Barbary Shrike 290 Yellow-bellied Shrike 291 Cayenne Shrike 292 Spotted Cayenne Shrike 293 Leffler Cayenne Shrike 294 Orange Shrike 295 Senegal Shrike 296 Madagafcar Shrike 297 Bengal Shrike 298 Blue Shrike 299 Manilla Shrike 300 Rutty Shrike 301 Tabuan Shrike 302 Pacific Shrike 303 Northern Shrike 304 Black-capped Shrike 305 Green Shrike 306 White-headed Shrike 307 Dominican Shrike 308 Panay Shrike 309 White Shrike 310 Variegated Shrike 311 Spotted Shrike 312 Dutky Shrike 313 Brown Shrike 314 Red Shrike 315 American Shrike 316 Lefier Shrike 317 Nootka Shrike 318 Boolboul Shrike 319 Black-headed Shrike 320 Short-tailed Shrike 321 Red-tailed Shrike 322 Pied Shrike 323 Jocofe Shrike 324 Rock Shrike 325 Leffler Rock Shrike 326 Wreathed Shrike c AT A LO G U-E 18 Lantus pomeranus 19 Lanius ‘Tyrannus @. L. Tyrannus domini- cenfis y. L. Tyrannus carolinen- fis 0» L. Tyrannus ludovi- cianus 20 Lanius Schach 21 Lanius Pitaneua 22 Lanius-+rufus 23 Lanius barbarus 24 Lanius fulphuratus 25 Lanius cayanus g. L. cayanus naevius y. L. cayanus minor 26 Lanius aurantius 27 Lanius fenegalus 28 Lanius madagafcarienfis - ‘| 347 Black-crowned Parrot 29 Lanius Emeria 30 Lanius bicolor 31 Lanius leucorynchos 32 Lanius ferrugineus 33 Lanius tabuenfis 34 Lanius pacificus 35 Lanius -feptentrionalis 36 Lanius:pileatus 37 Lanius. viridis 38 Lanius leucocephalus 39 Lanius dominicanus 4o Lanius panayentfis 41 Lanius albus 42 Lanius varius 43 Lanius naevius 44 Lanius obfcurus 45 Lanius fufcus 46 Lanius-ruber 47 Lanius americanus 48 Lanius minor 49 Lanius Nootka 50 Lanius Boulboul 51 Lanius melanocephalus 52 Lanius brachyurus 53 Lanius phoenicurus 54 Lanius doliatus 55 Lanius jocofus 56 Lanius infauftus 4.‘L. infauftus minor 57 Lanius fauttus LE Vere as: PARROT. PSITT ACUS. * With long wedge-like tails. 327 Ara 328 Aracanga 329 Military Maccaw 330 Ararauna 221 Blue Ararauna 1 Pfittacus Macao 2 Piittacus Aracanga 3, Pfittacus militaris 4 Pfittacus Ararauna A. Pf. Ararauna caeruleus | 372 Rofe-ringed 332 Hyacinthine Maccaw 333 Makawuana 334 Black Maccaw 335 Obfcure Parrot 336 Noble Parrot 337 Maracana : 338 Dutky Maracana - 339 Gingee Parrot 340 Japonefe Parrot 341 Amboina Parrot 342 Blue-headed Parrot 343 Red-breafted Parrot 344 Molucca Red-breafted Parrot ‘| 345 Southern Red-breafted Parrot 346 Davies Red-breafted Parrot 348 Tabuan Parret 349 Scarlet Tabuan Parrot 350 Papuan Parrot 351 Purple-breafted Papuan Parrot 352 Black-backed Papuan Parrot 353 Green-bellied Papuan Parrot 354 Borneo Parrot 355 Indian Parrot | 356 Beautiful Parrot 357 Green Beautiful Parrot 358 Gueby Parrot 359 Violet Parrot ‘| 360 Variegated Parrot | 361 Pennantian Parrot -| 362 PhillipsPennantian Par- rot 363 Splendid Parrot | 364 New-guinea Parrot 365 Javan Parrot 366 Jandaya | 367 Angola Parrot 368 Guarouba 369 Mexican Guarouba 370 Carolina Parrot 371 Alexandrine Parrot Alexan- drine Parrot 373 Purple-ringed Alexan- drine Parrot 374 Double-ringed Alexan- drine Parrot 375 Blue-headed Alexan- drine Parrot 376 Javan Alexandrine Par. 377 Ulinois Parrot 378 Leverian Parrot 5 Pfittacus hyacinthinus 6 Piittacus Makawuana 7 Piittacus ater 8 Pfittacus obfcurus g Pfittacus nobilis ‘10 Pfittacus feverus &. P. feverus erythroch- Jorus a1 Pfittacus Eupatria 12 Ptittacus japonicus 13 Pfittacus amboinenfis 14 Pfittacus cyanocephalus 15 Piittacus haematotus &. Pf, haematotus moluc- canus y- Pf{.-haematotus novae- hollandiae >. Pf. haematotus daviefi- “anus 16 Pfittacus atricapillus 17 Pfittacus tabuenfis 8. Pf. tabuenfis coccineus 18 Pfittacus papuenfis 8. Pf. papuenfis porphu< < roftethos y. Pf. papuenfis melano- “notos >. Pf. papuenfis chloro- gafter 19 Pfittacus borneus 20 Pfittacus indicus 21 Pfittacus elegans 8. Pf. elegans viridis 22 Pfittacus guebienfis 23 Pfittacus janthinus 24 Pfittacus variegatus 25 Piittacus Pennantii 8. Pf. Pennantii Phillipi 26 Pfittacus gloriofus 27 Pfittacus novae-guineae 28 Pfittacus javanicus 29 Pfittacus Jandaya 30 Pfittacus folfticialis 31 Pfittacus Guarouba 8. Pi. Guarouba mexica- nus 32 Pfittacus carolinenfis 33 Pfittacus Alexandri @. Pf. Alexandri rofeo-= collari y- Pf. Alexandri purpu- reocollari >. Pf. Alexandri duplocol- lari «. Pf. Alexandri cyanoce= phalus ¢, Pf. Alexandr? javanicus 34 Piittacus pertinax 35 Piittacus Leverianus BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. - Vulture. 469 iwi A ClO US, BER Ds. The upper mandible has an angular projection, or is dilated a little at each fide, near the point. ie VEU. Be Oe Re Beir hUL UO Rea. The hill ic ftraioht, and hooked at the end,. having the bafe It was found impoffible to complete the Syftematic Catalogue of Birds, without great rifk of inac- curacy, until the whole of the clafs is printed off; in the mean time allowance is made, in the figna- tures and folios, for the infertion of the remainder of the Catalogue: This information was thought neceflary to account for the apparent hiatus, and to direct the Bookbinder, for the prefent, that p- 432, being the laft of Sheet Hhh, is to be followed by p. 469, being the firft of Sheet O00: The fheets omitted [viz. lii, Kk k, L11, Mmm, Nnnj will be delivered along with the laft part of the Clafs of Birds, and miuft then be inferted in their proper place: (To be inferted between page 432 and page 469 of Vol. i. Part ii.) Afia, nor, except one fpecies, the Carrion Vulture, do they ever inhabit the north of America. Ihe fpecies and varieties of this genus are diftinguifhed from each other with great difficulty, and even the genus itfelf is by no means very eafily feparated from that which immediately follows. In this genus, befides the circumftances already noticed in the character, the legs and feet are moftly cover- ed with large feales; the firft joint of the middle toe is generally conneéted to that of the outer toe by a ftrong membrane ; the craw, or crop, often hangs over the breaft, efpecially when gorged with food ; and the infides of the wings are lined with down. 1. Condour.—1. Vultur Gryphus. 1. Of vaft fize, having a longitudinal warty excreflence on the crown of the head, and a naked throat. V. Gryphus. Lath.ind. orn. i. 1. n. 1.—V. Gryps, Gryphus. iein, av.45.-n.8. Briff. av. i. 473. - n. 12. Borowtk. nat. ii. 62. n. 2.—Cuntur. Laet. amer. gor. Raj. fyn. 11. n. 9.—Condor. Frez. Vou. I. Ooo it. 470 - BIRDS, RAPACIOUS. Vulture, it. 111. Condam. it. 175. Buff. oif. i. 184. Molin. chil. 28S Conan: Lath. fyn. i. 4. Id. fup. 1. Hawkefw. voy. i.-15. Inhabits South America.—This bird is of enormous fize, the wings meafuring, ane extended, nine, twelve, or even fixteen feet, from tip to tip; the largeft quill-feathers of the wings, fometimes meafure two feet and a half long, and the quill part an inch and a half in circumference. The body is of a black colour, with a white back; the neck is furrounded with a collar of longifh white fea- thers ; the chin is reddifh ; the head is clothed with brown down or wool; the eyes are black, with chefnut, or light reddith irides ; the bill is black, with a whitifh point; the legs and feet are black, and the claws are ftraightith ; the tail is fmall. The female is confiderably larger than the male, which it refembles, except in having a brown creft or tuft on the {crag, or hinder part of the neck. The Condour builds its neft on the fteepeft mountains, under the fhelter of fome projecting thelf of arock, in which the female lays two white eggs. It preys on calves, fheep, goats, and fuch like animals, and, when very much preffed by hunger, has been known to carry off children of ten years of age; nay two of them are faid to be able to deftroy and eat up the carcafs of a cow at one meal. When alighting on, or rifing from, the ground, it makes fuch a noife with the wings, as to terrify and almoft deafen any one who happens to be near the place. 2. White-headed Vulture.—g. Vultur leucocephalus, to. Of a white colour, with black wing and tail quills, and having a collar of white feathers round the neck. V. leucocephalus. Briff. av. i. 446. n. 9.—V. albus. -Raj. fyn. ro. n. 6. Will. orn. 35. n. 6. Id. angl. 67.—V. albicans. Kein, av. 44. n. 5. Id. ov. av. 18. t. 5. f. 3.—V. percnopterus. Haflelqu. it. 209. It. pofegan. 27. Faun. aragon. 67. n. 1.—V. te cinereus. Gerin. orn. i. 47. t. 14.— Petit Vautour. Buff. oif. i. 164.—Vautour de Norvege. PI. enl. 429.—Avoltoio bianco. Cett. uc. fard. 12.—Vultur albicans, Vautour de Norvege, Alimoche. Bom. dict. hift. nat. in voc. Tnhabits Sardinia, Aragon, and other parts of the fouth of Europe, likewife the northern parts of Africa, and the Levant, and has alfo been found in Norway.—This fpecies is fome inches more than three feet long; the tail and wings are of a moderate fize ; the head and upper parts of the neck dre clothed with white down ; the claws are black ; the middle toe is covered with eleven diftinét fcales. There is a confiderable difcrepancy between the defcriptions of this fpecies as given by Dr Gme- lin, Mr Latham, and other naturalifts ; Mr Latham defcribes it as ‘ of a footy afh-colour with red- © difh fpots, having the head, neck, and bafe of the tail white,’ and fays, that it inhabits Afia, Afri- ca, and the fouth of Europe; for which reafon I have referred his defcription to a feparate variety. According to Mr Bomare; the general colour is a dirty white, fomewhat mixed with brown, having the primary wing quill-feathers black, and the reft of a brownith black or foot colour, the head, neck, and maw being fafiron coloured ; he adds, that the legs are flender, and longer than thofe of moft Vultures, with naked afh-coloured feet, and fays that the animal is five feet in extent, and only two feet three inches long. Dr Gmelin is uncertain whether the fpecies he defcribes may not be a variety of the V. Percnopterus, or rather of the V. fulvus. ~ Amid fuch uncertainty in the defcriptions of fo many celebrated naturalifts, all that has been here attempted is to give a clear view of their feveral opinions, without endeavouring to decide: The two following varieties are barely noticed by Dr Gme- lin, while the next two are given on the authority of Mr Latham.—T. . Be © MEL. 2. 474 Po N°7 N°3S9 (f Oe /D ene SC, N°269 Noiso PTC BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Vulture. 471 @. Norwegian White-headed Vulture.—V, leucocephalus norvegicus. Is almoft entirely of a fnowy whitenefs; the head and neck being naked and reddihh ; having a yellow bill, with a remarkable black fpot. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 248. n. ro. -y. Sardinian White-headed Vulture.—V. /eucocephalus fardicus. Of mixed afh, brown, and greyifh plumage, with black wing and tail quill-feathers. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 248. n. 10. s. Sooty White-headed Vulture.—V. leucocephalus fuliginofus. The body is of a footy colour, with reddifh fpots; the head, neck, and root of the tail, being white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 2. n. 4. a This variety is found in Afia, Africa, and the fouth of Europe—From the remarkable difference between the {nowy whitenefs of the fpecies, or variety, defcribed by Dr Gmelin, which ftands at the head of this article, and the footy colour of this variety as defcribed by Mr Latham, it appeared re- quifite to feparate them at leaft into two varieties. This Sooty variety is probably the Vultur perc- nopterus of the Fauna aragonenfis ; it is two feet and a half long, and builds its neft in lofty rocks ; the bill is black ; the front and chin are naked, and covered with a yellowith wrinkly ikin; the ex- ternal margins of the wing quill-feathers are white or hoary, except thofe of the two outer primaries. é. Bengal White-headed Vulture.—V. /eucocephalus bengalenjis. Of a dufky brown or blackifh colour, the head and fore part of the neck being naked, and of a pale chefnut colour, and the fhafts of the feathers on the lower parts of the body being white. V. percnopterus femina. Haffelq. it. 209. Id. ed. angl. 194.—Bengal Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 19. t. 1. Id. fup. 3.—V. leucocephalus, femina. Lath. orn. i. 3. n. 4. ¢.—V. pengelents: Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 245. n. 2. Inhabits Afia, Africa, and the fouth of Europe, being found as far as Bengal.—This animal is two and a half feet long ; the head and naked part of the neck are covered with brown wool or down ; the legs and feet are of a blackifh brown colour, with black claws; the bill is of a leaden colour, with a white point ; the craw hangs over the breaft. The eggs are of a dirtyifh appearance. This variety is confidered as a diftinét fpecies of the genus by Dr Gmelin ; and Mr Latham was formerly of that opinion. In his laft publication, however, it is. fuppofed to be only the female of the Sooty variety immediately preceding. Without pretending to decide the difference it is placed here as a variety.—T. 3. King Vulture.—3. Vultur Papa. 3. Of a reddifh white colour; the head and neck are naked, and the noftrils are furround- ed with dentated flefhy warts, or tubercles. V. Papa. Lath. a orn. i. n. 7.—Vultur. Albin. av. ii. 4. t. 4.—V. monachus. Klein, av. 46. n. 9.—V. elegans. Ger. orn. 302.—Rex vulturum. Briff. i. 470. n. 11. t. 36.—Roi des vautours, Ooo02 : Buff. 472 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Vulture. Buff, oif. i. 169. t. 6. Pl. enl. 428.—Regina aurarum. Will. orn. 302.—Queen of the aurae. Will. ed. ang. 390.—King of the Vultures. Edw. av. ii. t. 2. Lath. fyn. i. 7. Inhabits the hotter parts of America, and the Weft India Ifles—This fpecies is about the fize of a hen Turkey: The head and upper part of the neck are naked, and feem raw or excoriated; the fpace round the eyes is naked, and of a faffron yellow colour; a fillet of blackifh woolly down furrounds the head, from the hind head forwards; the quill-feathers are black, verging to afh colour ; the feet and point of the bill are red; the cere is orange coloured. This animal flies very high ; it preys on ferpents, lizards, rats, and fuch animals; and likewife devours putrid carcafles, from which it ac- quires a very difagreeable fetor. 4. Arabian Vulture.—4. Vultur Monachus. 4. OF a black colour, with a protuberant hind head. V. Monachus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 5. n. 9.—V. arabicus. Briff. orn. vi. ap. 29. Id. 8vo. 138. n.14.— Crefted black Vulture. Edw. av. t. 290.—Arabian Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 8. Tnhabits Arabia.—This fpecies of Vulture is larger than the Black Eagle; the head and neck are covered with afh coloured woolly down; the fpace round the eyes is white; the bill, having a black point, with the cere, and the feet, are bluifh; the claws are black; the head is furmounted with a confiderable protuberance behind; the fhoulders are furnifhed with an elevated ridge of loofe afh co= loured feathers, into which the head is retraéted when the animal fleeps.. 5. Carrion Vulture.—g5. Vultur Aura. 5. Of a dufky black, or brown grey-colour, dafhed with green and purple; having black quill-feathers, and a white bill. V. Aura. Lath. ind. orn. i. 4. n. 8.—V. brafilienfis. Raj. av. i. 468. Ger. orn. i. 45. t. 13.— Vautour de Brefil. Buff. oif. i. 175. Pl. enl. 187.—Gallinazo.. Ulloa, voy. ed. angl. 56. 196.— Carrion Vulture.. Sloan. jam. ii. 294. t. 254. Brown, jam. 471. Damp. voy. li. 67. Penn. arc zool. ii. 191. n. 86. Lath. fyn. is.9. Id. fup. 2—TVurkey Buzzard. Catefb. car. i. t. 6. Clayton, in phil. tranf. xvii. 991.—Urubu, Tzopilotl, Aura. Will. orn. 36. n. 2. Id. angl. 68. t. 3. Her- nand. mex. 331.—Strunt-Vogel? Kolb. cap. ii. 136.—Corvus fylvaticus.. Barrere, fr. equ. 129.— Carrion Crow. Sloan, jam. ii. 294.. Inhabits America, from Nova Scotia.to Terra del Fuego; and is found in New-years iflands.— This fpecies is about the fame fize with the laft, weighing about four pounds and a half, though it varies in fize: The body is black, with an iridefcence of purplifh and. green; the irides are mixed faffron yellow, and bluifh ; the head is {mall, and is covered with a naked wrinkly reddifh fkin, be- fet with black briftles ; the noftrils are very large and pervious; the legs and feet are dirty flefh co- lour, with black claws. The Carrion Vulture is in a manner privileged in America, in confequence: of its ufefulnefs for deftroying ferpents, carrion, and the eggs of Alligators, and is often feen devour- ing the dead carcaffes of animals along with dogs, preferving the utmoft harmony with each other ; it has a moft offenfively fetid odour, and, when feized, it vomits up a quantity of moft intolerably ftinking ftuff. It is by no means fhy, from being feldom difturbed, and may be eafily tamed; it ficeps in flocks at night, in the higheft trees, or the fummits of rocks, keeping the wings difhevelled, asi i fe) {1 2 33 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS.,- Vulture. 473 as if to fweeten them from the putrid odour of their daily banquet. When preffed with hunger it will fometimes attack living animals, efpecially fuch beafts as have any fore upon them. @. Black Carrion Vulture.—5. 6. V. Aura niger. Of a black colour, with brown wings, and an afh coloured bill. Molin. hift. nat. Chil. 235. Id. ed. gal. 245. Vultur Jota. Lath. ind. orn. i. 4. n. 8. 6. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. 1. 247. n. 5. 6. Inhabits Chilii—This variety is equally offenfive in its odour with the former ; it is extremely la- zy, unlefs when teazed, and then emits a cry like that of a Monfe, but ftronger; it builds among rocks or on the ground, conftructing a neft of leaves and feathers, in which the female lays, for one brood, two whitifh eggs looking as if fullied with fmoke. When young it is entirely white, growing gradually darker with age, till almoft entirely black, except the bill; the quill feathers, feet, and iri- des, becoming only brown. 6. Cinereous Vulture.—6. Vultur cinereus. 6. Of a blackifh brown colour, with fomewhat afh coloured quill and tail feathers, the “legs being covered with brown feathers. ; V. cinereus. Lath; ind. orn, i. 1.n. 2. Briff. av. i. 453. n.1. Will. orn. 35. n. t. Raj. fyn. 9. n. 1. Klein, av. 44. n. 4. Id. ov. av. 18. t. 5. f. 5:—Vautour, Grand Vautour. Buff. oif. i. ¥58- t. 5. Pl. enl. 425.—Cinereous, or Afh coloured Vulture. Lath. fyn. 1. 14. , @. Blackifh Cinereous Vulture.—V. cinereus nigricans, Of a blackifh colour. Lath. ind. orn. i. 1. n. 2. @. . Inhabits Europe.—This fpecies meafures three feet fix inches in length, and feven feet nine inches in the extent of the wings: ‘The head, throat, and upper part of the neck, are covered with brown wool or down ; under the throat is a tuft of longifh feathers, refembling hairs, forming a kind of beard; the toes are yellow, with black claws. It moftly frequents, and builds its neft, in high moun- tains. The blackith variety of this fpecies is fometimes found, but is more rare than the other. 7. Maltefe Vulture.—7. Vultur fufcus. 8. Of a brown colour, with blackifh wing quills, the primaries being fpotted with brown, and having white tips; the tail quills are greyifh brown; the feet are naked. V. fufcus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 5. n. ro. Briff. orn. i. 455. Id. 8vo. 130. n. 2.—Avoltajo Griffone- Cetti, uc. di fard. 3. G. 3.—Vautour de Malte. Buff. oif. i. 161. Pl. enl. 427—Maltefe Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 15. Inhabits Europe, efpecially the ifland of Malta.—This fpecies is between the fize of the Common: and Turkey Pheafants: The head is covered with brown wool; the feathers on the {crag are nar= row 3, the bill is black ; the feet are yellowifh, with dark coloured claws. This fpecies has a good: deal of refemblance to the Aquiline Vulture, or V. percnopterus, N°. 16. infomuch that Dr Gmelin: queftions whether it may not be a variety of that fpecies. i ug gs I4 16 474 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS.. Vulture, 8. Black Vulture.—8. Vultur niger. Qe Of a blaek colour, having brown quill and tail feathers; the legs are covered with black feathers. V. niger. Briff. orn. i. 457. n. 4. Id. 8vo. 131. Raj. fyn. 9.n. 2. Will. orn: 35. n. 2. Lath. ind. orn. i. 6. n. r1—Swarthy Vulture. Charl. ox. 71. n. 4.—Black Vulture. Will. ed. angl. 66. Lath. fyn. i. 16. n. to.—Avoltojo nero. Cetti, uc. fand. 9. G. 9. Trhabits Egypt and Sardinia.—This fpecies is of a large fize, exceeding that of the Golden Beard- ed Vulture: The head is covered with brown wool; the upper part of the neck is entirely naked, and white; the fpace round the eyes, and the legs and feet down to the toes, are covered with white woolly down; the whole body is black, with brown quill and tail feathers ; the tongue is {mooth at the edges; the firft two inches of the bill is ftraight, the fore part is longer and hooked ; the noftrils are round, and near a quarter of an inch in diameter. Dr Gmelin queftions whether this Vulture may not be merely a variety of the Aquiline {pecies, g. Fulvous Vulture.—10. Vultur fulvus. 11. Of a reddifh grey, or tawny colour, on the upper parts of the body; the head, neck, and a collar round the neck, white; the quill and tail feathers black. V. fulvus. Hablizl, ap. S. G. Gmelin, it. iv. 179. Pall. n. nord. beytr. iv. 58. Briff. orn. i. 462. n. 7. Id. 8vo. 133. Lath. ind. orn. i. 6. n. 12. Ger. orn. i. 43. t. 10. Raj. fyn..ro. n. 7. Will. orn. 36. t. 4. £ 1.—Griffon. Buff. oif. i. 151.—Vulture. Alb. av. iii. t. 1—Fulvous Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 17. Will. ed. ang. 67. n. 7, E Inhabits the mountains of Perfia.—This fpecies is larger than the F. Aquila fulva, or Ring-tail Eagle : The head and neck are éovered with thick woolly down; the bill is bluifh afh colour, having its bafe covered by a black cere, or naked fkin ; the lower part of the neck is furrounded with feve- ral rows of long, narrow, briftly feathers, of ‘a reddifh white colour ; on the middle of the breaft is a kind of pit, or hollow, covered with white down, and furrounded with long narrow reddifh feathers; the feathers on the lower parts of the body are white towards the bafe and reddith at the tips. The legs, from the middle of the thighs downwards, are thickly covered on the infide with white down, and on the outfide with long reddifh feathers; the feet are of a leaden colour, having black claws. 10. Aquiline Vulture.—11. Vultur Percnopterus. 7. The wing quills are black, having their outer edges, except thofe of the two outer- moft, of a hoary colour. VY. percnopterus. Ginel. it. ili. 364. t. 37- Borowfk. nat. ii. 65. Lath. ind: orn. i. 2. n. 3— Percnoptere. Buff. oif. i. 149. Pl. enl. 426.—V. aquilina. Alb. av. ii. 3. t. 3.—Vulturine Eagle. Will. orn. 64. t. 4.—Alpine Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 12. Id. fup. 3. Inhabits Egypt, Paleftine, Syria, Caramania, Perfia, and the fouth of Europe.—The ma/e is entirely white, having black quill feathers, all of which, except the two outermoft primaries of each wing, have their external webs edged with hoary. The female is of a brown colour, having the quill fea- rhers edged like thofe of the male, except the four outermott primaries, which are of a uniform co- lour. M7 18 7”) BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Vulture, 475 lour. The bill is black, "its bafe being covered with a yellow cere ;/a liquid matter is conftantly ouz~ ing from the noftrils ; the legs and feet are naked. @. Egyptian Aquiline Vulture.—11. 8. V. Percnopterus aegyptius. Of a reddifh-afh colour, fpotted with brown. Lath. ind. orn. i. 6. n. 3. ¢. V. aegyptius. Briff. orn. i. 457. 3. Id. 8vo. 131. 3.—V. facer aegyptius. Aldr. av. i. 378. t. Pp- 379-—Sacre egyptien. Bel. oif. rro. t. p. f11. Buff. oif. i. 167.—Egyptian Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 13.—Vautour Percnoptere. Bom. dict. hift. nat. in voc. Inhabits with the former.—According to M. Bomare, this variety is particularly diftinguifhed from other Vultures by having a heart-fhaped brown blotch, bordered with a narrow white line, on the breaft or craw, juft below a ruff, of long ftiff feathers, which furrounds the lower part of the neck ; the head and neck are naked and bluifh, fhining through a {hort white down ; the cere and bill are black, the point of the latter being white. The male is three feet three inches long, the female three feet eight; the male eight feet in extent, the female nine.—Thefe two varieties are of great ufe in the Levant, infomuch that at Cairo in Egypt they are encouraged by having food laid down for them, becaufe, by devouring every kind of putrid animal fubftance, they prevent the difguftful and noxious efHuvia, which would otherwife be almoft intolerable in that hot country; and formerly it was made a capital crime, by the laws of the Egyptians, to kill one. In Paleftine they are likewife of great ufe by deftroying the vaft multitudes of mice which fwarm in the fields, and which, without their affiftance, would devour the whole fruits of the ground. 11. Crefted Vulture.—12. Vultur criffatus. 12. Has a prominent creft on the head ; the body is blackifh red, the breaft being redder; the legs and feet are naked. - V. criftatus. Briff. orn. 132. n. 6. Lath. ind. orn. i. 6. n. 13.—V. leporarius. Raj. fyn. to. n. 4. Will. orn. 35. n. 4. Klein, ay. 44.n. 2. Id. ov. av. 18. t. 5. f. 2. Ger. orn. i. 42. t. 9.—Vautour a aigrettes. Buff. oif. i. 159.—Hare Vulture. Will. ed. angl. 67. n. 4. Lath. fyn. i. 17. Inhabits Europe.—In fize of body it equals the Ofprey, and the wings are fix feet in extent; the creft on the head is confpicuoufly erected like horns, when the animal is perched, or on the ground, but, when flying, it is not vifible ; the feet are yellow; the bill and claws are blackith 3 the tail is long and ftraight. Dr Gmelin expreffes a doubt whether this animal fhould be confidered as a Vul- ture, or as an Eagle. It is found in the thickeft and moft folitary forefts, building its neft in the higheft trees, in which the female lays eggs of the colour of clayey water; it flies and runs with great fwiftnefs, and in both ways purfues hares, rabbits, the whelps of wolves, and young fawns, and even catches fith. 12. Barbary Vulture.—13. Vultur barbarus. 13, Of a brown dufky colour, the under parts of a brownifh white; the legs and feet are woolly, with leaden coloured toes, and brown claws. V. barbarus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 3. n. 5.—V. barbatus. Brifforn. 8vo. i. 137. n. 13.—Bearded Vulture. Edw. av. t. 106. Lath. fyn. i. 11. n. 6. Inhabits 476 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Vulture. . Inhabits Africa, efpecially the coaft of Barbary.—This fpecies is about the fize of the Ring-tailed Eagle, Aquila fulvus: The bill is of a purplith flefh colour, having a tuft of black feathers, like a beard, hanging down from the lower mandible ; the eye brows are red, and the irides of the eyes are yellow; the greater part of the head is covered with white woolly down ; the front, cheeks, and orbits, are black ; the {crag is covered with long, narrow, pointed, black feathers. 20 13. Pondicherry Vulture.x—Vultur pondicerianus. Of a black colour, having the head and neck almoft naked and of a fcarlet colour, with red flefhy caruncles at the fides of the neck. Lath. ind. orn. i. 7. n. 14. Vautour royal de Pondichery. Sonner. voy. ii. 182. t. 104.—Pondicherry Vulture. Lath. fyn. fup. 6. Inhabits India.—The body is about the fize of a Goofe ; the bill is black, and the feet are yellow. 21 14. Indian Vulture.—Vultur indicus. Of a brown colour, with pale ftripes on the upper parts of the body; the head and neck are naked and reddifh; the quill and tail feathers are black. Lath ind. orn.i. 7 Te TG Grand Vautour des indés. Sonner. voy. ii. 183. t. ros. —Indian Vulture. Lath. fyn. fup. 6. Inhabits the coafts of India.—This fpecies is about the fame fize with the laft 5 it is exceedingly voracious, and feeds on fifh and carrion; the bill is black; the head is covered with hairy down, the neck is entirely naked ; the breaft is covered with fhortened feathers, as if cut at the ends. 15. Gingi Vulture—Valtur ginginianus. i) iS) Of a white colour with black quill feathers, the bill and feet being grey. ‘Lath. ind. Guia ts 7.1 10s : Vautour de Gingi. Sonner. voy. ii. 184.—Gingi Vulture. Lath. fyn. fup. 7. Inhabits India, particularly the coaft of Coromandel.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Turkey, and is, in India, calied the Wild Turkey ; the irides of the eyes are red. Il, FALCON. —2. FALE CQ. 42, The bill is hooked at the end, and is covered at its bafe with a cere, or naked membranous fkin: ‘The head is covered chers which lie clofe on each other: The tongue is frequently cleft. ous race of fess which are carnivorous, or feed almoft entirely.on animal food; -gerious, and are very quick-fighted 5 they generally fly high, and build their nefts in e f. lofty 23 24 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Bailai gab: : 477 lofty places, often in inacceffible rocks, except a {mall number of fgecies which have their nefts on the ground. In general the birds of this genus have the bills raore crooked than thofe of Vultures ; the noftrils are fmall, moftly oval, and are fituated in that part of the bill which is covered with the cere or naked fkin: The legs and feet are fcaly ; the middle toe is flightly connected, as far as the firft joint, to the outmoft toe ; the claws are large, ftrong, very fharp, and much hooked. In gene- ral the females are larger than the males, which is fuppofed neceflary for procuring the food of their young ones. Dr Gmelin feparates this genus into four fubgenera, or lefler divifions, which are adopted in this edition, including the firft fpecies, which he makes a feparate {ubdivifion on account of the great length of its legs, with his fecond fubgenus, becaufe it has fome relation to the Vultures, and is ar- ranged along with them by Mr Latham.—T. a * BASTARD-EAGLES.—GYPAETI. The bill is hooked only towards the point, and its bafe is garnifhed with a beard of longifh extended briftles. This divifion of the genus holds a middle rank between Vultures and Eagles, both in general ap- pearance and manners ; the head is not fo naked as in the Vultures, and the bill is not fo much hooked as that of the Eagle; like eagles they deftroy living animals, but frequently devour dead carrion like vultures ; accordingly, by fome authors they are ranked with the one, and by fome with the other genus. 1. Secretary.—1. F*. Gypactus ferpentarius. 33. Of a dark leaden colour, having a creft on the hind head; the legs are very long; the wing quills, vent feathers, and thighs, are black; the two middle tail quills are long- er than the reft. Vultur ferpentarius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 8. n. 21.—Falco ferpentarius. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. p. 250. n. 33- Miller, ill. t. 28. a. B.—Secretary Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 20. n. 17. t. 2. fup. p. 4—Grus capenfis. Pet. gaz. t. 12. f. 12.?—-Sagittarius. Vofmaer, monogr. t. 8. Phil. tranf. Iki. 55. t. 2.— Secretaire. Sonner. voy. 87. t. 50.—Meflager du cap. Pl. enl. 721.—Slaangen-vraater. Sparm. voy. i. 154. Inhabits the interior parts of Africa and Afia, and the Philippine ifles—This animal is about three feet high when erect ; its legs are remarkably long, like thofe of the Grallae, or Waders; the claws are fhort, black, and hooked, but not very fharp; the bill is black, with a white cere, and is not gar= nifhed with the briftly beard mentioned as one of the characters of the fubgenus; the {pace round the eyes is naked and orange coloured ; the irides are pale afh coloured ; the tail is rounded, having its two middle feathers much longer than the reft, and the tips of all its feathers are white; the creft at the back of the head may be ereéted and. depreffed at pleafure. The Secretary is very readily made tame, and, in its natural ftate, preys on quadrupeds of the order of Glires, and on amphibious animals. 2. Harpy.—z2. F. Gypaetus Harpyja, 34. The head is furmounted with a creft of long feathers; the under part of the body is variegated. Vou, I. Ppp Vultuy b> or 26 478 BIRDS. RAPA CIOUS. Baftard-Eagles. Vultur Harpyja. Syf. nat. ed. xii. i21. n. 2.—Falco Harpyja. Syft. nat. ed: Gmel. 211. n. 34: Lath. ind. orn. i. 9. n. 1.—Aquilla crifteta brafilienfis. Briff av. i. 446. Raj. fyn. 161. Klein, av. 42. Will. orn. 32. t. 4. De. angl. 63.—Yzquauhtli. Hern. mex. 34. Raj. av. 161. Will. orn. 299. De. angl. 388.—Urutaurana. Marcgr. braf. 203. t. p. 204. Raj. av. p. 7.—Oronooko Eagle, Brown, jam. 473.—Creited Eagle. Will. orn. 63. t. 4.—Crefted Vulture. Lath. fyn. i. 6. Inhabits the warmer parts of America.—This {pecies is almoft as large as a Sheep, and is faid to be ble to cleave a man’s fkuil with one ftroke : The back, neck, and creft, are black; the-under parts fF the body are variegated with black, white, and tawny ; the hind part of the head is covered with long feathers, which are frequently erected inte a crown-like crefi; under the maw the feathers are ioue and white, and, when irritated, thefe hang down almoft to the sround ; the under parts of the wings and tail are fpotted with black and white; the eye is provides with a membrana nictitans. 3. Black Harpy.—3. F. Gypaetus Yacquini. 35. The head is covered with numerous long feathers; the feet are naked; the under parts of the body are white. Vultur coronatus. Jacqu. beyt. der voeg. 15. n. 1t.—Crowned Vultur. Lath. fyn. fup. 5— Falco Jacquini. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 251. n. 35—Falco Harpyja criftatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. g. Me ae Inhabits the mountains of New Granada, in Spanifh America.—This fpecies is fuppofed by Dr Gmelin to be near a kin to the Harpy, and by Mr Latham to be a variety of that fpecies, on which account the fame name is here given to both. When fitting, which it does in an erect pofture, it is two feet and a half high ; the back, wings, greateft part of the neck, and the bill, are black; the head is of a reddifh afh colour, and is provided with a tuft of a fimilar colour compofed of numerous feathers near fix inches long; this tuft in general lies flat, but’ is erected into a crownior creft when the animal is irritated ; ; the tail is long, and of a white colour, with tranfverfe black bands ;, the legs and feet are naked and yellow, with black claws. Though naturally Sores this animal may be tamed when caught young. ‘Though ufing almoft the exact words employed by Dr Gmelin, Mr Latham reverfes the defcrip- tions of thefe two laft defcribed animals ; adding, however, that the head of the former is of a dull or ruffet blue colour, and that the thighs of the latter are {potted with white.—T. tou + 4. Tawny Baftard- Bags Je Gypoctu ambufius. 36, Of a pale tawny colour; the bill has an extenfive cere, with naked ftraps; the legs and feet are bluith. Falco ambuftus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 252. n. 36.—Vultur ambuftus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 8. ¢ n. 18.—Tawny vulture. Brown, illuft. 2. t. 1. Lath. fyn. i. 19. Inhabits Falkland’s iflands.—This f{pecies ‘is two feet four inches long: The bill is fhort, thick, and duflky ; its bafe is covered with an ample cere or membrane, which is garnifhed with briftles, and the ftraps, or [paces between the bafe of thé bill and the orbits on each fide, are naked ; the chin is furnifhed with a beard of long thin feathers,; the tail is dirty white, barred with brown; the feet are bluifh, and the claws are not much hooked, ay: BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Baftard-Eagles, 479 a7 5. Angola Baftard-Eagle.—5. F. Gypaetus angolenfis. 37. Of a white colour ; the cere is bluish; the orbits are naked and crimfon coloured; the wing coverts, and bafe of the tail, are black. Falco angolenfis. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 252. n. 37.—Vultur angolenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 7. n. 17.-—Angola Vulture. Penn. wales. 228. t. rg. Lath. fyn. i. 18. Inhabits Angola.—This animal is nearly as large as a Goofe : The bill is long, only hooked at the end, and whitith ; the eyes are furrounded with a broad naked {pace of a crimfon colour, like raw flefh, and the irides are vellowifh; the breaft or maw is protuberant 5 the legs and feet are fcaly and dirty white. There is fome difference in the defcriptions of Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham ; the former fays that the primary coverts of the wings and the bafe of the tail are black, the outermoft coverts being {pot- ted with white, and the tail having a white tip; Mr Latham informs us that the whole quill fea— thers of the tail, and its bafe, are black.—T- 2§ 6. Bearded Baftard-Eagle.—6. F. Gypactus barbatus. 38. Of a whitifh fiery-red colour, brown on the back, having a black ftripe above and be- low each eye. Falco barbatus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 252. n. 38.—Vultur barbatus. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 1. 123. n. 6. Ger. orn. i. 49. t. 11. Bor. nat. ii. 64.—Vultur alpinus. Briff. orn. i. 464. 8. Id. vo. i. * 133.—Vultur barbatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 3. n. 6.—Gypactos grandis. Storr, Alpenr. i. 69.— Percnopterus, Gypaetos. Raj. fyn. 8. n. to. Will. orn. 33. t. 4. Aldr. orn. i. 216. t. P2077. 209: “Gefn. av. 199. Alb. av. ii. 2—Laemmergeyer. Andrea, Brief aus der Schweitz. 195. t: 12. De~ couv. ruff. ii. 385. t. p. 387.—Avoltoio barbato.. Cett. uc. fard. 16.—Vulturine Eagle. Alb. ii t. 2. 29 RB. Golden Baftard-EFagle.—6. @. F. Gypactus barbatus aureus, Of a reddifh colour, black on the back, the head and upper part of the neck aoe red- difh white, the quill and tail feathers brown. Falco barbatus aureus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 252. n. 38. 6.—Vultur aureus. Gefn. av. 783. t. 781. Aldr. orn. i. 277. f. p. 276. Brifl. av.i. 458. 5. Id. 8vo. 132. Raj. av. 10. n. 5. Will. orn. 35.n. 5. Hfablizl, n. nord. beytr. iv. 84. S. G. Gm. it. iv. 185.—Vultur baeticus. Aldr. orn. i. 273. f. p. 274. Raj. av. 10. n. 3--—Vultur barbatus rufus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 3. n. 6. ¢6.—Chefnut Vulture. Will. ed. angl. 66. n. 3.—Golden Vulture. Will. orn. ang. 67. n. 5. t. 4. Lath. fyn. i. 48.. 50 y. Perfian Baftard- Eagle. —6. y. F. Gypaetus barbatus perficus. Has a bluifh cere; the legs and feet, and the under parts of the body, are chefnut, mixed with white; and the tail is ath coloured. Falco barbatus magnus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 252. n. 38. y.—Falco magnus. 5. G. Gmelin, it. _ iii. 365. t. 383—Vultur barbatus perficus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 4. n. 6. y. Inhabits the Alps ; the varieties 6. and y. are found in the mountains of Perfia.—This fpecies is OF: great fize, being four feet long, and near ten feet i in extent ; the bill is of an ath colour, mixed with Ppp2 reddith, 480 BIRDS. _ RAPACIOUS. Baftard-Eagles, , reddifh, it is fringed at the fides, and garnifhed underneath with ftiff black briftles, it is ftraightifh and hooked at the end, which is furrowed on each fide; the noftrils are large, oval, and hid in firong black brifties ; the feet are hairy down to the toes, having ftropg black claws, not much bent; the wings have each twenty-eight bright afh coloured quill feathers, and the tail has twelve quills, which are afh coloured in the middle. : The feveral varieties of this fpecies build their nefts in. the holes and caverns of inacceflible rocks, laying three or four eggs each brood ; they keep in {mall flocks in the higheft parts of the moun- tains, preying on alpine animals, fuch as Chamois, Goats, and Lambs, and are even {aid to attack men when afleep; they likewife feed on dead carcafes. In general external appearance, in keeping together in flocks, and in their appetite for carrion, thefe animals refembie the Vulture tribe ; but in other refpects, fuch as their courage, preying on living animals, and by having the head and neck co- vered with feathers, they refemble the Eagles. 7, Cinereous Baftard-Eagle.—7. F. Gypaetus Albicilla. 39, Has a yellow cere and yellow feet; the plumage is light cinereous; the quill feathers of the tail being white, the middle ones having black tips. Falco albicilla. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 253. n. 39 Faun. groenl. 53. Lath. ind. orn. i. 9. n. 2.— Vultur albicilla. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 123. n. 8. Faun. fuec. 55. Brun. orn. 12.—Aquila Albicilla. Brifl av. i. 427.—Pygargus, Albicilla, Hirundinaria. Beil. av. 15. Gefn. av. 205. Raj. av. 7. n. 5.—Grand Pygargue. Buff. oif. i. 99. Pl. enl. n. 4:1.—White-tatied Eagle. Will. orn. angl. 61.—Cinereous Eagle. Penn. Brit. zooL. i. n. 45. t. 18. Arct. zool. ii. 214. Lewin, brit. birds, i. t. 4. Lath. fyn. i. 33. n. 8. Id. fup. 11.—Braunfahler Adler. Fritch, t. 7o.—Fifke Orn. Brun- nick, n. 12.—Elo. hift. Kamtfchatk. so1, Inhabits Europe, particularly Scotland and its iflands.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Turkey, being two feet nine inches long; it feeds much on fifh, and even on the young of feals, but in this attempt it is often deftroyed, by fixing on old ones, which dive into the water and drown it; it like- wife preys on various kinds of birds, efpecially thofe which dive for fifh, which it watches with great attention, and catches as they rife to the furface. The body and wings are cinereous, or afh colour- ed, mixed with brown; the head and neck are pale afh ; the irides and bill pale yellow ; the bafe of the bill is longifh ; the fpace between the noftrils and orbits is bluifh and almoft naked, being inter- fperfed with a few briftles ; the tail is white; the legs are bright yellow, and covered from below the knees with down, and the feet have black claws. The Greenlanders ufe the fkins of this fpecies for cloathing, and either kill them with bows and arrows, or catch them in nets, or when ftupified by gorging themfelves with the fat of feals, which is left for that purpofe. 8. Plaintive Baftard-Eagle.—19. F. Gypaetus plancus. 45. The hind head is crefted ; the fides of the head and neck are naked; the breaft and upper parts of the body are barred with brown and white, the under parts being white; the tail is white, with black tranfverfe bands. Miller, illuft. t. 17. Cook, voy. ii. 164. t. 32. Falco plancus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 257. n. 45.—Vultur plancus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 8. n. 19.— Plaintive Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 34.—Plaintive Vulture. Lath. fyn. fup. 4. Inhabits 33 oe BIRDS. - RAPACIOUS. Eagles. 48 Inhabits Terra del Fuego.—This animal is about two feet and a half long; it is confidered by Mr Latham as a Vulture, and by Dr Gmelin as an Eagle, for which reafon it is placed in this interme- diate fubdivifion : The bill is black, having the cere extending almoft to the point ; that membrane, the fpace round the orbits, and the naked fides of the head, or ftraps, with the legs and feet, are orange coloured or yellow; the wings are brown ; the tip of the tail and the claws are black. g. Cheriway.—g. F. Gypaetus Cheriway. 49. The hind head uas a rufty creft; the body is rufty, with a whitifh head, yellow feet and legs, and a rofe coloured cere. Jacquin, beytr. 17. n. 12. t. 4. Falco Cheriway. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 254. n. 40.—Vultur Cheriway. Lath. ind. orn. i. 8, n. 20.—Cheriway Vulture. Lath. fyn. fup. 5. Inhabits the ifland of Aruba or Amba, on the coaft of Venazuela, in Spanifh America.—The crett is compofed of longith feathers, and it does not appear that the Cheriway has the power of erecting it; the bill is biue; the head and neck are yellowifh ; the cere and naked orbits are rofe coloured ; the quill feathers of the wings are very long and blackifh ; the tail is longer than the wings, and is moftly blackifh, the two intermediate quill feathers being barred with white; the bafe of the tail is white ; the claws are black. 7a RAGCLES 4 OU FL - Thefe are larger in fize than the animals of the fucceeding fubdivifion, and theit legs are for the moft part rough. The birds arranged under the fubdivifions of Kagles and Hawks, differ from the Ba/ffard-eagles in preying on living animals, while the laft prefer carrion and dead carcafes, like the Vultures : Eagles feed chiefly on fheep, hares, fquirrels, water-fowl of various kinds, ferpents, and fifth ; whilft Hawks moftly prey on fmall birds and minute quadrupeds ; both fly very high, fo as frequently to become invifible, and often remain fufpended in the air, hovering motionlefs on the wing in queft of prey, which they fee at a prodigious diftance, having the fenfe of vifion in a moft exquifite degree, and they pounce down upon their prey with incredible fwiftnefs, more like the effect of a projectile force than of voluntary motion : They moftly live entirely folitary, except in the breeding feafon ; they are faid to abftain from preying on birds, efpecially domeftic fowls, during the hatching feafon, as if by agreement to allow thefe to make their nefts, to hatch, and to bring up their young ones; their gaftric juice is exceffively acrid, and they can abftain from food for a confiderable length of time, are very voracious, and are killed by eating bread; they vary confiderably in fize and external appear- ance, from age and difference of fex, which renders it very difficult to arrange them properly in fyf- tem, but in general the females are larger and ftronger than the males. The fubdivifion into Eagles and Hawks is fcarcely legitimate, as the limits cannot be pointed out with any tolerable accuracy, it is however retained in this edition on the very refpectable authority of Dr Gmelin.—T.- 1. Crowned Eagle.—8, F. Aquila coronata. i. The cere is ruft coloured; the legs are covered with white wool, fpotted with black; the breaft is reddifh, and the fides are barred with black. Aquila 35 36 37 482 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, Aquila africana criftata. Briff. av. i. 448.—Crowned Eagle. Edw. av. iii. 31. t. 224. Lath. Syn. i. 27.—Waleo coronatus. Syi. nat. ed. Gm. i. 253. n. 1. Lath. ind. orn. i. 11. n. 6. Inhabits the eaft coaft of Guinea—The general colour is brown, the under parts being white, with round black fpots; the upper part of the tail is dark afh coloured, barred with black ; 3 the fea- thers on the crown of the head are longifh, and may be raifed or depreffed like a creft; the fore- head and fpace round the eyes are whitifh; the irides are orange coloured; the bill is rufty; the toes are orange coloured, and the claws black. 2. Chilefe Eagle—10. F. Aquila Tharus. 41. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is Bose white; and the hind head is crefted. Molin. hift. nat. chil. 234. fs very commion in Chili.—It is about the fize of a large Capon; the head is furnithed with a creft of black feathers, of which the outer range is longer than the reft ; the bill is whitifh; the body of the male is whitifh, fpotted with black, while the female is {maller and greyifh ; the quill feathers of the wings and tail are tipt with black; the feet are fcaly, with very ftrong claws. This fpecies builds on very high trees, forming its neft of tender twigs, wool, hair, and feathers, and laying five eges each brood; it feeds on poultry, and on the carcafes of dead animals, approaching in this circum- ftance to the manners of the Vultures and Baftard-eagles. 3. Common Eagle—1 1. F, Aquila Melanaetos. 2. Has a yellow cere; the legs are fomewhat downy; the body 1 is dark rufty brown, al- moft blackifh, with yellow ftreaks. Melanaetos, f- Aquila valeria. Gefn. av. 203. Aldr. orn. i. 197. f. p. 199. 200. Raj. av. 7. n: 4. Alb. av. ii. 2.t. 2. Briff av. i. 434.—Falco Melanaetos. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 254. n. 2. Will. orn. 30. t. 2. Kein, av. 41. n. 4. Id. ov. av. 18. t. 5. f. 1. Phil. tranf. lvii. 346. Ger. orn. fo Vio {tye Borel. nat. ii. 68. n. 3. Lath. ind. orn. i. 10. n. 3—Aigle commune. Buff. oif. i. 86. pl. enl. 409.—Schwartz-braune Adler. Frifch, t. 69.—Black Eagle. Will. orn. ang. 61. t. 2. Albin. ii. t. 2. Arét. zool. ii. n. 87. Brit. zooL. i. n. 43. Lath. fyn. i. 28. fup. 8. Inhabits Europe and North America.—This fpecies is two feet ten inches long: The exterior webs of the tail feathers are white with black fpots, the inner webs and the tips are blackifh; the thighs are dirty white, the toes yellowifh, and the claws black; the bill is of a horn colour verging to blue; the irides are chefnut coloured. The eggs, according to. Klein, are dirty white, marbled with rufty clouds, which run together. 4. German Eagle.—12. F. Aquila Glaucopis. 2s The cere, and fomewhat downy legs, are citron yellow; the back and breat are brown; the head and back of the neck are yellowifh white with brown ftreaks ; the wing quill feathers are black. Merrem, beyt. ii. 25. t. 7. inhabits the mountains of Dranfberg, near Goettingen.—Is about twenty-one inches long; the bill is bluifh grey, having the infide of the mouth and the tongue rofe coloured; the tongue is flefhy, fomewhat 38 39 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, 483 fomewhat horny at the edges, and fcarcely fplit at the point; the noftrils are large, egg-fhaped, hav- ing fome black briftles placed near them ; the irides are hoary, mixed with yellow; the fore-head is marked with brown femilunar fpots; the thighs are fhort, and covered with foft feathers, the fore part of the legs and feet being fomewhat downy, and having black claws; the tail is, reddifh brown above, and dirty white below, having fix narrow black ftripes on each furface. 5 «< , é 5. Bald Eagle —13, F. Aquila leucocephala, 3: The bill, cere, and fomewhat downy legs, are yellow; the body is brown; the head, neck, and tail, are white. Falco leucocephalus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 255. n. 3. Lath. ind. orn. i. 11..n. 5. Ger. orn. i, go. t. vili—Aquila leucocephalos. Briff. av. i. 423.—Pygargue. Buff. oif. i. gg. Pl. enl. 411.— White-headed Eagle. Penn. arct. zool. ii. 196. n. 89.—Bald Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 29. fup. 9. Catefb. carol. i. t. 1. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Afia, and America.—This fpecies is about three feet three inches long, weighing nine pounds, and, though fmall, has great fpirit ; it builds in large decayed cy- prefs or pine trees which hang over the fea, fometimes, as in Beerings ifle, on cliffs near the fhore ; it preys on lambs, fawns, pigs, and fifth, which laft it often takes from the Ofprey, purfuing that bird, when it has caught a fith, till it drops its prey, which it catches with aftonifhing dexterity in the air while falling; and often attends fowlers and feizes the game they have fhot : The neft is very large, near fix feet wide, often very numerous in one place, like a rookery, and extremely fetid from the remains of the prey; they breed often, laying two eggs at a time, and fometimes lay a fecond time in the fame neft before the firtt brood is fully fledged. The colour of the body is a dark chocolate brown, with white head, neck, and tail; the bill is yellow, and the irides white. 6. Ofprey.—14. F. Aquila Offifraga. 4. ‘The bill is bluifh; the cere and half downy legs are yellow ; the body is rufty brown; the inner edges of the tail quills are white. a Falco Offifragus. Syit. nat. ed. Gm. 1. 255. n. 4. Lath. ind. orn. i. 12. n. 7. Muller, n. 60. Borowik. nat. il. 69. n. 4.—Aguila Offifraga. Briff. orn. i. 125. n. g. Klein, av. a1. n. 5.— Aqui- la marina, Cetti, uc. fard. 28.—Offifraga. Gefn. av. 263. Aldr. orn. i. 222. t.p. 225. 228. Brunn. orn. 13.—Haliaetus, f. Oflifraga. Raj. av. 7. n. 3.—Orfraye, Orfraie, Offifrague, or Grand Aigle > de mer. Buff. oif. i..112. t. 3. pl. enl. n. 112. 415.—Ofprey or Sea Eagle. Will. orn. angl. 5g: t. 1. . BRIT: zooL.i.n. 44. t. 17. Arct, zool. ii. 194. n. 86. Lath. fyn. i. 30. n. 4. fup. 9. Lewin, brit. birds, i. t. 1. Inhabits the fea coafts of Europe, Afia, and America.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Turkey, being about three feet four inches long, but is larger confiderably in America and northern Afia than in Europe ; it lives almoitt entirely by catching fifh, but fometimes preys on fea-fowl, land birds, and young feals; the plumage on the head, neck, and back, is brown edged with dirty white; the chin is white; the coverts of the wings are brown clouded with darker; the wing quill feathers are black ith; the breaft and belly are brown, fpotted with white; the tail is dufky, the interior edges of its. quill feathers, the fhafts, and the, coverts being white; the legs are yellow, and have hardly any down ~ 40 Ht 42 484 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, down below the knees: The colour of the female is more rufty, or a yellower brown, than that of the male. Dr Gmelin confiders the Ofprey as having confiderable refemblance to the next fpecies. 7. Golden Eagle—15, F. Aquila Chryfactos. 5. The bill is bluifh, with a yellow cere; the legs are brownifh, or rufly yellow, and downy; the body is mixed brown and rufh colour ; the tail is dufky brown or black- ifh, clouded with afh colour at the bafe. Falco Chryfaetos. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 256. n. 5. Lath. ind. orn. i. 12. n. 8.—Aquila germa- na. Gefn. av. 168.—Aquila chryfaetos. Raj. av. 6.n.1. Aldr. orn. i. 111. f. p. 114. 115. Mul- ler, n. §9. Kramer, 325. Borowf. nat. ii. 66. t. 2. Gerin. orn. i. 36. t. 2.—Aquila aurea, f. Chry- faetos. Briff. av. i. 431. n. 7-—Grand Aigle. Buff. oif. i. 76. pl. enl. 410.—Gold Adler. Wirfing. voy. t. 45.—Orn. Faun. fuec. n. 54.—Golden Eagle. Penn. Brit. zoo1. i. 161. t. 16. Aré. zool. ii. 214. A. Pitf. mem. t. p. 182. Lewin, brit. birds. i. t. 2. Lath. fyn. i. 31. fup. to. Inhabits Europe and northern Afia, particularly the Uralian deferts, and fouthern mountains of Siberia.—This fpecies weighs twelve pounds, and meafures three feet long, and near feven feet and 2 half between the tips of the wings; but it is found of different fizes; the tail is white beneath, and black at the tip; the legs are covered with feathers down to the toes. In fine weather, this fpecies flies extremely high, but comes nearer to the earth before ftorms. 8. Tawny Eagle.—16. F. Aquila fulva. 6. The cere is yellow; the legs are downy and rufty brown; the back is brown; the tail has a white tran{verfe band. Falco fulvus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 256. n. 6. Lath. ind. orn. i. 10. n. 4. Georg. voy. 164. De- couv. ruff. i. 89. ii. 142.—Aquila. Briff. av. i. 419. Aldr. orn. i. 17. Dodart, act. iii. 89. t. 49.— Chryfaetos, f. Aquila fulva. Raj. av. 6.n. 2. Will. orn. 28. Ger. orn. i. 35. t. 1.?—Aigle com— mun. Buff. oif. i. 86. pl. enl. 409.—Black Eagle. Brrr. zoot. 1. n. 43.—Ring-tailed Eagle. Will. orn. ang. 59. Lewin, brit. birds. i. t. 3. Id. i. t. 1. (ov.) Lath. fyn. i. 32. n. 6. fup. 10. B. Canadian Tawny Eagle.—16. 8. F. dqu. fulva canadenfis. The tail is white with a brown tip. Falco canadenfis. Syft. nat. ed. x. 88. Id. ed. xii. 125. n. 6. 6. Id. ed. Gm. i. 256. m. 6. 6. Lath. ind. orn. i. 11-n. 4. @.—Aquila americana. Ger. orn. i. 40. t. 7.— White-tailed Eagle. Edw.. av. i,t. 1. Lath. fyn. i. 32. n. 6. a. Woy. to hudf. bay. iii. 54. t. 2. Thefe two varieties inhabit Europe, North America, and Northern Afia—They build in lofty and ynacceflible rocks ; are of a very docile nature, and are trained for the chafe of hares, foxes, ante- lopes, and wolves, by feveral Tartar tribes, as is mentioned by Marco Polo and other travellers; and the quill feathers of their tails are in great efteem among the Tartars for mounting their arrows. The fore-head, between the eyes and noftrils, is naked; the breaft is marked with triangular white fpots ; the legs are feathered down to the toes. This fpecies fo nearly refembles the Common Eagle, No. 36. as to be fufpected, by Dr Gmelin, to be the female of that fpecies- or 43 44 46 47 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, 485 g. White-bellied Eagle. —17. F. Aquila leucogafter. 43. Of a white colour; the back, wings, and tail, being dufky brown; the tip of the tail is white; and the legs are yellow. Falco leucegafter. Syft. nat. ed Gm. i. 257.n. 43. Lath. ind. orn. i. 13. n. 9.—White-bellied Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 33. n. 7. a. Inhabits North America.—Is about two-feet nine inches long ; the bill is large, and of a brownith yellow colour; the claws are black. ro. Japonefe Eagle—18. F. Aquila japonenfis. 44. The cere is dufky, and the feet yellow; the body is brown, varied with ruft colour ; the wing and tail quills are dufky, with rufty fpots. Falco japonenfis. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 257. n. 44. Lath, ind, orn. i. 13. n. 1o.—Japonefe Eagle, or Hawk. Lath. fyn. i. 33. n. 7. b. Inhabits Japan.—This fpecies is fcarcely two feet long ; the bill is narrow, blue at the bafe, black- igh at the tip, and yellowifh underneath ; the fore-head is buff coloured ; the feathers on the reft of the head and onthe body are brown with rufty tips ; the chin is white, with black ftreaks, and fur- rounded with a femilunar black mark ; the feathers on the breaft and belly are edged with yellowifh white; the claws are large and black. 11. American Eagle.—20. F. Aguila americana, 46. — ‘The cere, and downy legs, are yellow; the head, neck, and breaft, are dufky ath coe lour; the back, belly, wings, and tail, are black; the knees have a tranfverfe black band. ‘Falco americanus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i 257: n. 46. Lath, ind. orn. i. 13. m. 12.—Black-cheeks ‘ed Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 35. n. 10, Robert, ic. av. Arct. zool. ii. 196. n. 88. Inhabits North America.—Is about the fame fize with the Tawny Eagle, N°. 41. The bill is of a. “dull, or blackifh, blue colour. 12. White Eagle. —ar. F. Aguila alba. 47. Is entirely white. Falco albus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. t. 259. 1. 47-—Falco ¢ygneus. Lath. ind. orn. i 14: n. 16.— Aquila alba. Briff. orn. i. 424. n. 3. Id. 8°. i. 123. n. 3.—Aquila alba cygnea. Klein, av. 42. ns 7.—White Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 36.n. 12. Charl. onom. 63. n. 9: Inhabits the Alps, and the borders of the Rhein.—This fpecies is about the fize of the Golden Eagle, N°. 40. of which Dr Gmelin fufpeéts it may be only a variety. 13. Louifiana Eagle.—22. F. Aguila candida, 48. Is entirely white, with black tips to the wings. | Vot. I. Qqq Falco 48 49 590 486 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. -Eaglesi Falco candidus. Syf. nat. ed. Gm. i. 258. n. 48. Lath. ind. orn. i. 14. n. 17.—White Eagle.- Ar&. zool. ii. 197. n. go. Du Pratz, louif. ii. 75 —Louifiane white Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 36. n. 13. Inhabits Louifiana.—This very rare and beautiful fpecies is rather fmaller than the foregoing ; it is in high eftimation among the native Americans, who ornament the Calumet, or Pipe of peace; with its wings. 14. Small Eagle-—23. F. Aquila naevia. 49. The cere, and downy legs, are yellow; the body is of a rufty brown colour, fpotted: with white below the wings. Falco naevius.. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 258. n. 49.. Lath. ind. orn. i. 14. n. 18.—Aquila naevia- Briff. orn. 122. n. 4. Frifch. t. 71.—Petit Aigle. Buff. oif- i. g9t1.—Rough-footed Eagle. Charl. onom. 63. n. 6. Lath. fyn. i. 37. n. 14. " Inhabits Europe.—Is about the fize of a large Cock, being fomewhat more than two feet feven inches long: The under coverts of the tail are white ; according to Mr Latham, the tail quill fea— thers are white at the bafe and tips; the irides are yellow 3 the claws. are black. This fpecies lives chiefly on quadrupeds of the order of Glires. 15. Spotted Eagle. —24. F. Aquila maculata. 50. The cere, and downy legs, are yellow ; the body is rufty brown on the upper, and fulE brown on the under parts. Falco maculatus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 258. n. 50. Lath. ind. orn. i. 15. n. 19.—Aquila Clan— ga.. Klein, av. 41. n. 6.—Planga, Clanga. Arift. hift. an. ix.—Morphnos, Clanga, Anataria. Will. orn. 63. Raj. av. 7. n. 7.—Spotted Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 38. n. 15.—Crying Eagle. Arct. zool. ii. 215. C. {nhabits Europe, Afiatic Ruffia as far as Kamtfchatka, Arabia, and Perfia.—Is about two feet Iong=: The fcapulars and wing coverts are elegantly varied with oval white fpots, which are large on the greater coverts ; the back is fpotted with buff colour ; the belly and breaft are {ftreaked longitudinal ly with buff, or dull yellow; the bill is large and dufky;. the claws are black ; the tail is dark browns. tipt with dirty white ; the primary wing quill feathers are dufky, the ends of the greater ones being, white. 16, Whitetailed Bagle “oko, Wgusla albreautle, 51: The cere, and naked legs, are yellow; the head and neck are afh coloured, tinged witli chefnut; the upper part of the body is dufky ruft colour, the under. parts rufty and: blackifh ; the tail is white. Falco albicaudus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 258. n. 51.—Falco hinnilarius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 5. n. 20.—Aquila Albicilla minor. Briff. orn. 124..n. 6.—Aquila Pygargus, of Aldrovandus. Will. orn. ang. 62.—Hinnularia, or Fawn-killing Eagle. Charl. onom. 63.n. 4.—Erne. Gefn. av. 205.— Leffer white-tailed Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 39. n. 16. Inhabits Europe.—Is about the fize of a large Cock, being two feet two inches long: The bill and irides are yellowifh; the tips of the feathers are blackifh; the claws are black. Mr Latham fays that: this 53 54 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, 487 this {pecies fometimes varies, the external edges of the tail quill feathers being brown in fome indivi- duals. 17. French Eagle.—26. F. Aquila gallica, 52. The bill is afh coloured; the legs are naked and yellowifh; the body is brown grey; the under parts, in the male, being whitifh, with reddifh brown fpots. Falco gallicus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 259. m. 52. Lath, ind.-orn. i. 15. n. 21.—Falco hypoleu- cos. Decouv. ruff. iii. 303.—Aquila Pygargus. Briff. orn. 127. n. 11. Jonft. av. 4. t. 2. Belon. av. 103. f. p. 104. Borowfk. nat. ii. 74.—Albanella. Cetti, uc. fard. 31.—Blanche-queue. Hift. de Lyon. i. 205.—Jean-le-blanc. Buff. oif. i. 124. t. 4. pl. enl. 413. Lath. fyn-i. 39. n. 17. Inhabits Europe, but is.chiefly found in France.—Is fomewhat lefs than the Common Eagle, N°. 36. being about two feet and an inch long: The guill feathers of the tail are white, with tranfverfe brown {treaks, brown tips, and brown edges; the claws are.afh coloured. This {pecies builds on the ground, very feldom in trees, and has moftly three grey eggs each brood ; it feeds for the moft part on mice, rats, and frogs. 18. Antartic Eagle.—27. F. Aquila auftralis, 53. . ‘OF a brown colour, with a yellow cere, and black tail, fpotted at the tip with dirty “white. Falco auftralis. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 259. n. 53. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 16. n. 23.—Statenland Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. go. n. 9. Inhabits Statenland.—Is about the fize of the Plaintive Baftard-eagle, N°. 32. being a little more than two feet long: The tail, according to Mr Latham, is yellowifh at-the tip ; its voice refembles that of a common hen. 19. ‘Black-backed Eagle.—28. F. Aquila melanonota. 54. The cere, and downy legs, are yellow; the head, crown, belly, and wing coverts, are rufty ; the back, breaft, chin, and wing quills, are black. ‘Falco niger. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i..259. n. 54.—Falco melanonotus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 16. ‘n. 26.—Black-backed Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 42. n. 22. Brown, illuf. 4. t. 2. Its place uncertain.—Is about the fize of the Golden Eagle, N°. 40. The tail is white at the bafe, the outer half being black ; the bill and claws are black. 20. White-crowned Eagle.—29. F. Aquila leucorypha. 55. The cere is afh coloured, with a dufky bluifh tinge; the legs are half downy and whit- ifh; the body is clouded brown; the crown and chin have each a triangular white fpot. Falco leucoryphus, Syft. nat. ed. Gin. i. 269. n. 55... Lath. ind. orn. i. 17. n, 27.—Aquila leue corypha. Pallas, it. i. 454.—White-crowned Eagle. Lath, fyn. i, 42: n. 23. Qqq2 inhabits 56 57 58 488 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. _ Eagles, Inhabits the fouthern parts of Siberia, towards the Jaik and Ural.—It refembles the Ofpreyy N°. 39. but is fomewhat larger: The wings are dirty black, the inner webs of their quill feathers be- ing white; the tail is longifh, ftiff, and equal at the end; the tongue is round, and undivided at the tip; the irides are brown grey; the claws are very large and black. 21. Ruffian Eagle.—30. F. Aguila Mogilmk. 56. The cere is yellow; the legs are downy, and, with the reft of the body, are dark rufty brown, the back being mixed with white. Falco Mogilnik. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 259. n. 56. Lath. ind. orn. i. 17. n. 28.— Aquila Mogil- nik. S. G. Gmel. nov. com. petrop. xv. 445. t. 11. b.—Ruflian Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 43. n. 24. Inhabits the deferts of Ruffia, near the Don.—TIs about the fize of the Tawny Eagle, N°. 41. be- img two feet three inches long: The bill, pupils of the eyes, claws, and wing quill feathers are black; the eye-lids are pale blue; the irides are pale; the tail is equal at the end, its quill feathers being black, with flight greyifh tranfverfe bands, and reddifh tips. This fpecies lives on murine quadru- peds and {mall birds. 22. Crefted Fagle.—31. F. Aquila criftata. 57. The head is crefted; the back, wings, and chin, are black; the belly is white; the tail has four parallel afh coloured bands. Falco criftatus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 260. n. 57. Lath. ind. orn. i. 17. n. 29.—Crefted Falcon. Dillon, trav. in Spain. 80. t. 3.—Caracca Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 81. n. 64. Probably inhabits South America.—Is about the fize of a Turkey: The lower mandible of the bill is remarkably ftraight, while the upper one is confiderably hooked. 23. Rough-legged Eagle.—32. F. Aquila lagopus. 58. The cere, and naked toes, are yellow; the legs are downy ; the body is black, fpotted with white ; the tail quills are white, with black tips. Brunn. orn. bor. 4. Falco lagopus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 260. n. 58. Lath. ind. orn. i. 19. n. 33.—Falco norwegi- cus. Leem, lap. 236.—Graa-falk. A&t. nidrof. iv. 417.t. 13.—Rough-legged Falcon. Brit. zoou.- ii. app. 529. t- 1. Arct. zool. ii, 200. n. 92. Lewin, brit. birds. i.t. 14. Lath, fyn. i. 75. n. 54. fup. 18. Inhabits Europe and North America, but is feldom found in England.—Is about two feet two: inches long: The head, neck, and breaft are of a yellowifh white, with a few fcattered brown ftreaks. Mr Latham fays that the tail is brown, with a white bafe and tip; and that it preys on partridges and other fmall birds. 24. Greenland Eagle.—F. Aguila groenlandica. The cere and legs are of a lead colour; the body is brownifh on the upper, and whith, with longitudinal brown ftreaks, on the under parts. Falco ao Go 61 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles. 489 Falco fufcus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 19. n. 33. 6. Faun. groenl. 56.n. 34. 6.—Grey Falcon. Crantz, . groenl. i. 75. Egede, groenl. 62.—Dufky Falcon. Art. gool. ii. 220. E.—Greenland Falcon, Lath. fyn. fup. 18. Inhabits Greenland and Iceland——Mr Pennant defcribes this fpecies fomewhat differently from the eharacter which is given from Mr Lathami’s Index ornithologicus: The crown is brown, with irregu= lar oblong white fpots; the fore-head is whitifh; the cheeks blackifh; the hind part of the head and the throat are white; the breaft and belly are yellowifh white, with longitudinal dufky ftreaks ; the back is dufky, tinged with blue, the ends of the feathers being lighter coloured, and is fprinkled with a few white fpots, efpecially about the rump; the wings are of the fame colour with the back, and are variegated beneath with black and white; the upper part of the tail is dufky, faintly crofled with paler bars, and its under fide is whitifh. It is of a {mall fize; lives on Ptarmigans, Auks, and other birds, having frequent difputes with the Ravens, which moftly get the better by numbers. The tails of the young birds are black, with large brown fpots on the external webs of the quill feathers. 25. Fierce Eagle.—33. F. Aquila ferox. 59. The cere is green; the upper part of the body is brown; the back, belly, and rump, are clear white, with chefnut coloured fpots; the tail quills are equal in length, of a brown colour, with four flightly marked paler bands. Falco ferox. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 260. n. 59. Lath. ind. orn. i. 13. n. 11.—Accipiter ferox.. S. G. Gmel. nov. com. petrop. xv. 442. t. 10.—Fierce Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 33. n. 7. Inhabits the Ruffian empire, near Aftrachan.—Is about two feet and an inch long; is extremely greedy, and preys often on carrion: The head and neck are rufty, mixed with white, having a black- ifh-lead coloured bill; the eye-lids are blue, and the irides yellow; the wings have each twenty fix black quill feathers, which are white underneath, and grey at the tips; the tail is equal at the end, having twelve quill feathers, which are white underneath; the claws are very fharp. 26. Javan Eagle.—34. F. Aquila javanica. Go. The cere and legs are yellow ; the body, thighs, and tail, which is white at the tip, are dufky red mixed with white. Falco maritimus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 260. n. 60. Wurmb, in Lichtemb. magaz. des phyf, iv. 2. 6. Lath. ind. orn. i, 20. n. 35- Inhabits the fea coaft of Java.—This fpecies preys on fifh and carrion; it is four feet two inches. Jong, meafuring from the end of the bill to the tip of the tail, and is one foot five inches high, when ftanding: The bill is yellow. : 27. Egyptian Eagle.—35. F. Aquila aegypta. 61. The cere, and half downy legs, are yellow; the upper part of the body is ath coloured, and the under parts rufty; the upper parts of the wings are brown; the tail is afh coloured, barred with brown, as long as the body, and forked at the end. Falco aegyptus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 261. n. 61.—Falco Forfkahlii. Id, 263. n. x21. Lath. ‘ ind, 49° BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, ind. orn. i. 20. n. -36.—Falco cinereo-ferrugineus. Forfk. faun. arab. i. 1. et vi. 1.—Arabian ‘Kite. ‘Lath. fyn. fup. 34. * Inhabits Egypt.—Mr Latham thinks this may be a variety of the Kite: The wing quill feathers are black at the tips; the under fides of the wings are brown grey; the bill ‘is yellow, and the claws black. It is about a foot and a-half long, and is numerous in Egypt during winter. t 62 28. Kite. —36. F. Aquila Milvus. 12. The cere is yellow; the tail is forked at the end; the body is rufty, and the head fome- ~what whitened. ; Falco Milvus. Syft. nat.ed.°Gm.i. 261. n. 12. Faun. fuec.n. 57. Ger. orn. i. 62. t. 39. Borowfk. nat. ii. 72. n. 8.—Falco cauda forficata. Klein, av. 51.n. 13. Id. ov. 19. t. 6. f. 1—Milvus. Gefn. “ ay. 610. Aldrov. orn. 392. f. p. 368. Raj. av. 17. t. 25.—Milvus regalis. Briff. av. i. 414.-t. 33.— Milan. Wirfing. voy. t. 48.—Milan royal. Buff. oif. i. 197. t. 7. Pl. enl. 422.—Weiflar Milan. Gunth. neft. u. eyer. t. 63.?-—Glada. Faun. fuec.,n. 57.—Nibbio. .Cetti, uc. fard. 57. Zinnan. uoy. $2. t. 13. f. 73.—Hunergeyer. Wurmb, in Licht. magaz. der phyf. iv. 2. 6.—Kite, or Glead. Brir. ZOOL. i. n.53. Arct. zool. ii. 223. H. Will. orn. ang. 74. t. 6. Alb. i. t. 4. Hayes, brit. birds. t. 5. Lewin, br. birds. i. t. ro. and t. 2. f. 3. (ov-) Lath. fyn. i. 61.n. 43. fup. 17. i B. Siberian Kite.—36. 8. F. Agu. Milvus fibiricus. The crown of the head, and the throat, are chefnut coloured. S. G. Gmel. it. i. 147. 64 gy. Ruffian Kite —36. y. F. Agu. Milvus Korfchun. The cere is greenifh; the body is brownifh; the head, throat, and chin, are chefnut. coloured. Accipiter Korfchun. 5. G. Gmel. nov. com. petrop. xv. 444. t. 11. a.—Ruffian Kite. Lath. fyn. i, 63. n. 46. , 65 do Jaic Kite. —36. 3. F. Agu. Milvus jaicenfis. The back coverts are violet coloured, having the tip of each feather marked with a white fpot. Lepech. it. ii. 180. t. 2. The feveral varieties of the Kite are found in Europe, Afia, and Africa.—They prey almoft on any thing that comes in their way, and are particularly deftructive to young poultry. When, in their flight, they fkim gently along, it is confidered as portending tempeftuous weather ; when they foar very high, fine weather is expected; and when they are clamorous it is thought to foretell rain. They breed twice a year, once in the fummer of Europe, and a fecond time in the mild winter of Egypt and the Levant, laying ufually three roundifh eggs, which are whitith, with dirty yellow fpots. They migrate from Afia to Europe about the end of April, and during fourteen days are feen crofling the ° Black Sea in immenfe multitudes ; but are found in Britain at all feafons. The Kite is about two feet long, or a little more, and five feet in extent of the wings, weighing about forty-four ounces:— The Ruffian variety, 1, which is found moftly about the Don, is only about twenty-one inches long ; its bill is blackifh lead colour, with a greenifh cere; the circumference of the orbits is white; the tail and 67 68 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Eagles, 491 and wing quill feathers are black with dufky tips——The Jaic variety, 3, which inhabits towards the Jaic and Ural, is hardly twenty inches long, of which the tail is twelve inches; its feathers are moftly tipt with white; its wing quills are marked with alternate ftreaks and fpots of white and cherry-red from the bafe to the middle, and of greenifh: or bluifh black from the middle to the end; the tail quills have each two narrow yellow and white freaks at the tips 3, the irides are yellow; the thighs are covered thickly with feathers; the claws are black. 29. Black Kite.—37. F. Aguila atra, 62. The cere and legs are yellow; the tail is forked; the upper part of the body is brown- ifh black ;. the head ¢nd under parts whitith. Falco ater. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 262. n. 62. Lath. ind. orn. i. 21. n. 38.—Milvus niger. Brifft orn. 117. n. 34-—Milan noir. Buff. oif. i.-203. Pl.-enl: 472:—Schwarzer Milan. Gunth. neft. u. eyer. t. 55.—Brauner mald geyer. Kramer, elench. 326. n. 5.—Black Gled. Sibb. Scor. ill. ii.. lib. 3. p. 15.—Black Kite. Lath. fyn. i. 62. n. 44. Inhabits Europe.—Is fmaller than the. Kite; the tail is but flightly forked; the thighs and legs are flender; the claws are black.. 30. Auftrian Kite. —38. F. Aquila auffriaca, 63. The cere, and half downy legs, are yellow; the tail is forked; the upper part of the body is chefnut, and the lower parts brick duft colour, {potted with brown. Falco auftriacus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 262. n, 63, Lath. ind. orn. i. 21. n. 39.—Brauner geyer. Kramer, elench. 327. n. 6.—Auftrian Kite. Lath. fyn. i. 62. n. 45. Inhabits the forefts of Auftria.—Is about the fame fize with the Kite :. The-bill.is yellow, with a black {pots the angles of the mouth are yellow, and the palate is blue; the irides and claws are black; the forehead and. chin are whitifh, with brown fpots; the head, breaft, and wings, are chefnut co» loured; the tail is {mall, and but flightly forked; its quill feathers are ftriped with blackifh, and‘are white at the tips. 31. Brafilian Kite.—39. F. Aquila brafilienfis. 64. The legs are yellow; the body is'reddifh, inter{perfed with: white and’ yellow dots; the tail is variegated with brown and white. Falco brafilienfis. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 262. n. 64. Lath. ind. orn. i. 24. n. 40.—Milvus bra- fiienfis. Raj. av. 17. n. 6.—Circus bratilienfis. Briff: orn. 116. n. 31.—Caracara. Buff. oif. i. 222:— Brafilian Kite. Lath. fyn. i..63. n. 47. Inhabits Brafil—Is about the fize of the Kite: The breaft and belly are fometimes whitifh; the tail is about nine inches long; the bill, and long fharp claws, are blackifh; the eyes and irides are yellow, ‘This fpecies is very deftructive to poultry. 32. Peruvian Kite.—4o. F. Aquila peruviana. 25, The cere is dufky; the legs are yellowifh; the body is brown above and ee below; the tail is very long and much forked. Falco: a oy 492 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS. Eagles. Falco furcatus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 262. n. 25. Lath. ind. orn. i. 22. n. 41.—Falco peruvia- nus. Klein, av. 51. n. 14.—Milvus carolinenfis. Briff. orn. 118. n. 36.—Milan de la Caroline. Buff. oif. i. 221.—Hirundo maxima peruviana. Feuill. it. ii. 33.—Swallow-tailed Hawk, or Her- ring Hawk. Catefb. carol. i. 4. t. 4. Lawfon,-carol. 138.—Swallow-tailed Falcon. Arét. zool, i. 210. n. 108. t. x. Lath. fyn. i. 60. n. 42. Ynhabits Peru, and Carolina —This fpecies lives on lizards, ferpents, and various infects, which laft it catches, like fwallows, when flying; it is about two feet long, but rather fmaller than the kite: The back has a purplifh and greenifh tinge; the head and neck sare white; the inner webs of the primary and fecondary wing quills are white towards.the bafes, and the tertial wing quills are white; the bill is black, not much hooked, and is furrounded with briftles at its bafe; the tail is very much forked. 43. Balbuzard —42. F. Aguila Aaliaetos. 26. The cere and legs are blue; the upper part of the body is brown; the lower parts, and the head, are white. Falco Haliaetos. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 263. n. 26. Lath. ind. orn. i. 17. n. 30. Borowik. nat. ii. 71.n. 6. Kolb. cap. ii. 137.—Hialiaetos, {. Aquila marina. Briff. orn. 126. n. .10.—Falco cya- -nopus. Klein, ftem. 8. t. 8..f. 1. a. b. c.—Aigle de mer. Voy. en barb. i..265. n. 4.—Morphnos, f. Clanga.. Aldr. orn. i. 211. Raj. av. 7. n. 6. Will. orn. 32.—Bald Buzzard. Will. orn. angl. 69. -t. 6.—Balbuzard. Buff. oif. i. 103. t. 2. Pl. enl. 414.—Balbuzardus-anglorum. Raj. fyn. 16. A. 3. Gerin. orn. i. 64. t. 4o.—Filk Gjoe. Leem. 234.—Fifhaar. Wirfing. voy. t. 47.—Blafot, Fifk-orn. Faun. fuec. n. 63.—Ofprey. Brir. zoor. 1.n. 46. Id. fol. 65. t. 4. 1. Faun. scor. i. 17. t. I Arét. zool. ii. 199. n. gt. .Lewin, brit. birds. i. t. 5. Id. i.t. 4. f. 2. ov. ‘Lath. fyn. i. 45. n. 26. fup. 13. f£- Ruffian Balbuzard.— 2. 6. F. 4. Haliaetos arundinacea. The cere is afh coloured; the legs are pale; the body is brownifh grey me and whitith below; the tail is equal. S. G. Gmel, it. ii. 163. y. Carolina Balbuzard.— 42. y. F. A..faliaetos carolinenfis. The tail is uniformly brown; the crown is black,:or,brown, ‘variegated with white ; the: belly is white. Falco pifcator antillarum, et Falco pifc. carolinenfis, Briff orn. tos. n. 14. 15.—Pifcator. Raj. av. 19. n. 2.—Faucon pecheur, de la caroline. Buff. oif. i. 142.—Fifhing Hawk. Catefb. carol. i. t. 2, Lawfon. 137. Bricknel, 173-—Carolina Ofprey. Lath. fyn. i..46. n. 26. a; §. Cayenne Balbuzard.—42. 8. I, 4. Haliaetos cayennen/fis. The body is rufty brown; the hind head is white, and a white line reaches from thence through the region of the eyes to the upper mandible. Cayenne Ofprey. Lath. fyn. i. 47. n. 26. B. Inhabits Europe, Afia, and America; is found in the Ifle of Pires, in the South Sea, and at the Cape of Good Hope.—How this bird, and the Olprey, Aquila Offifraga, N°. 39. have both received the 76 77 BIRDS. ‘RAPACIOUS. Eagles. 493 the fame Englith names from fuch refpectable ornithologifts as Mr Pennant and Mr Latham, is difi- ‘cultly conceived; that they are very different fpecies is perfectly apparent, and accordingly, in this edi- tion, the name of Balbuzard, which is.a corruption of Bald buzzard, is adopted from the Count de Buffon, for this fpecies. The feveral varieties build their nefts chiefly among reeds and other marfhy plants; they prey on water fowl, and on fifhes, chiefly large ones, and even dive into the water after them fometimes they perifh in the attempt by fixing their talons into fifhes of fuch ftrength as to carry them under water. ‘This fpecies is fcarcely two feet long; a brown bar defcends on each fide, from the region of the eyes to the root of the wings; the tail quill feathers are barred, on the inner webs, with brown and white, except in the Carolina variety. 34. Mansfeny.—43. F. Aquila antillarum. 65. Of a brown colour, with a biack crown, and white belly. Falco antillarum. Syft. nat. ed. Gm, i. 264. n. 65. Briff. orn. oq. n. 13. Lath. ind. orn. i. 19. n. 32.—Mansfeny. Raj. av. 19. n.\1. Hitt. antill. ii. 252. Buff. oif. i. 144. Lath. fyn. i. 47. n. 27. Inhabits the Weft India iflands.—This fpecies is fearcely bigger than a Hawk, but has much ftrong- er legs and claws, and is allied to the Eagles in its general appearance and plumage; it preys on {mall birds and amphibious animals. 45. Chinefe Eagle. —44. F. Aquila finen/is. 66. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is reddifh brown above, and yellowith beneath. “Falco finenfis. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 264. n. 66. Lath. ind. orn. i. 13. n. 13.—Chinefe Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 35. n. 11. t. 3. Inkabits India and China.—This fpecies is among the largeft of the divifion; the bill and claws are large and black ; the irides are brown ; the crown is dufky-; the coverts and quill feathers of the wings and the tail are marked with a dufky band. 36. Cheela Eagle —F. Aquila Cheela. ‘Of a brown colour, and having a flight creft; the coverts of the wings are {potted with white ; the rump is white, and the tail is marked with a broad white band. Lath. Falco Cheela. Lath. ind. orn. i. 14. n. r4.—Cheela Falcon. Lath. fyn. fup. 33. Inhabits India——This fpecies, though reckoned a Falcon by Mr Latham both in his Index and Sy- nopfis, is placed among the Eagles on his authority, as he informs us that its fize is Aquiline, and as he places it among thofe fpecies of the genus Falco which are reckoned Eagles by Dr Gmelin. The body is ftrongly made ; the bill is blue, and the irides and legs are yellow. 37. Afiatic Eagle. —F. Aquila aftatica. The legs are yellow and half downy ; the body is brown above; and white beneath, the breaft being ftreaked; the tail quill feathers are filver grey, the external ones having five fcarcely vifible bands. Falco afiaticus, Lath. ind. orn. i. 14. n. 15.—Afiatic Falcon. Lath. fyn. fup. 31. Vou. -, Rrr inhabits 494 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS. Eales, Tnhabits China.—This fpecies is placed among the Eagles for the fame reafons as the laft. It is twenty-one inches long, and refembles the Buzzard, though larger: The bill is black; the wing quill feathers are grey, with black bands; the upper coverts of the tail are white: the legs are downy on their fore parts. 78 38. New-holland Eagle —47. I, Aquila novae- bollandiae. 69. Of a white colour, with yellow legs and cere; the back claw is twice the length of the reft. Falco novae-hollandiae. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 264. n. 69. Lath. ind. orn, i. 16. n. 22.—New- holland white Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. go.-n. 18. Inhabits New-holland.—Is about twenty inches long; the bill and claws are black, and the fpace round the eyes is yellow. 79 39. Urubutinga.—48. F. Aquila Urubutinga. 70. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is brown; the wings are blackifh, mixed with: afh colour; the tail is white, having a black tip, which is {peckled with white. Falco urubutinga. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 265..n. 70. Lath. ind. orn. i. 22. n. 43.—Aquila brafi-- lienfis. Briff. orn. 128. n. 12.—Brafilian Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 43. n. 25.—Urubutinga. Will. orn.. 32. Id. angl. 64. Raj. av. 8. n. 9. Buff. oif. i. rar. Inhabits Brafil—ts about the fize of a half year old Goofe : The bill is large and black, and the: eyes are large. 80 4o. Pondicherry Eagle. —49. F. Aguila ponticeriana. 71. The cere is bluifh; the legs yellow; the body chefnut coloured; the head, neck, and’ brea{t, are white; all the feathers have a longitudinal brown ftreak in the middle. Falco ponticerianus. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 265. n. 71. Lath. ind. orn. i. 23. n. 46.—Aquila ponticeriana. Briff. orn. 129. n. 15.—Pondichery Eagle. Lath. fyn. i. 41. n. 21.—Aigle de Pon- dichery. Buff. oif. i. 136.—Aigle des Grandes Indes. Pl. enl. 416.—Aigle de Malabare. Eff. phil. 55: Inhabits Malabar.—Is about nineteen inches long: The bill'is afli coloured, with a yellow tip; the fix firft quill feathers of the wings are black from the middle to the tips; the claws are black.. om 41. Equino@tial Eagle—so. F. Aguila equinoctiahs. 72. The legs are yellow; the head, neck, and back, are blackifh brown; the breaft is red- difh; the fhoulders and wing coverts are chocolate coloured; the tail is black, and its quill feathers, except the two middle ones, are each marked with the figure of the letter V. in white. ; Falco equinodtialis. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel.i. 265. n. 72. Lath. ind. orn. i. 22. n. 42.—Equinoctial Fagle. Lath. fyn. i. 43. n. 26. Inhabits a 82 ie 4 _ BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, 495 Inhabits Cayenne.—Is about ¢wenty-one inches long : The bill and claws are pale horn colour, the Jatter being tipt with black. Mr Latham fays that the body is mixed black and rufty, and that its under parts are reddifh, having tranfverfe brown ftreaks. *k* FALCONS ann HAWKS.—LALCONES. The birds of this fubdivifion are lefs in fize than the former, and their legs are univers fally naked. The limits between the Falcons and Hawks, and the Eagles, are by no means well afcertained, but, in compliance with the authority of Dr Gmelin, the fubdivifion is here preferved: It is- extremely difficult, through the whole genus, to mark with accuracy the diftinctions of {pecies and varieties; as, befides the difference between the fexes of the fame fpecies, which is often very confiderable, and the various appearances the fame fpecies puts on at different periods of life, they are very apt to change their appearances, and the colours of the feathers, and even of the cere, in confequence of the infiu- ence of climate, and by difference in the manner of feeding ; hybrid generation is likewife a fertile fource of variety through this genus, as well as in moft parts of the clafs: All thefe concurrent caufes of variation and obf{curity produce confiderable dubiety to the ornithologift, and muft occafion the ‘obfervations of different naturalifts to difagree ; but the following lift, it is hoped, will be feund per- ‘haps as perfect as the nature of the fubject will admit. The art of Falconry, or of training Hawks and Falcons to the chace of Antelopes, Cranes, Herons, Hares, Partridges, &c. which has been in all ages familiar among many of the Tartar and other na- tions, is, in Europe, entrufted to the care of particular people who have reduced it to a kind of {cience, being employed by the great to contribute to their amufement. Almoft every fpecies of the genus may be trained to this employment, though fome fpecies are more expert than others, and fome are better adapted to particular kinds of fport, or to the chace of particular kinds of game. On this fubject confult d’Efparon, Ars falconaria. Francof. 1617. The Englifh names ufed in this genus may appear lefs fy{tematic than in moft others, but in this I “have chiefly followed the examples of Mr Latham and Mr Pennant, who have preferved very pro- perly the ufual names employed in England, and have affixed names to the foreign fpecies as near as poflible to thofe of the Britifh kinds which they refemble the moft. In general thofe named Hawks are fmaller than fuch as are called Falcons, but this is not univerfally the cafe; perhaps it would have been better to have named them all Falcons, with a fpecific addition for each ; but it is fometimes dangerous to depart too boldly from the track already followed by men of high and de- ferved reputation.—T. 1, Oriental Hawk.—4 5. Falco ortentals. 67. The legs are leaden coloured ; the upper part of the body and the head are dufky brown, the fpace above the eyes being f{treaked with ruft colour, and the lower part of the body mixed brown and rufty ; the tail is fpotted with white. F. orientalis. Lath. ind. orn. i: 22. n. 44.—Oriental Hawk. Lath. fyn. 1.34. *n. 7. ©. Inhabits Japan.—Is feventeen inches long, of which the tail is eight : The bill is large, its upper mandible, and the claws are black, the lower mandible being yellow; the head is more dufky than the body; the plumage has a black ftreak in the middle of each feather; the fecondary coverts of the wings are {potted with white. ; ern 2 2 “ - 83 84 85 $6 496 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons,. 2. Indian Hawk.—46. Falco indicus. 68. The cere and legs are yellow; the forehead and rump are white; the body is rufty above, and rufty brown ftreaked with whitifh on the belly; the tail is brown, with five black bands. F, indicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 23. n. 45.—Javan Hawk. Lath. fyn. i. 34. * n. 7. d. Inhabits Java.—Is about the fame fize with the preceding : The bill is yellow at the bafe, and black at the tip; the lower coverts of the wings are dirty reddifh white, waved with ruft colour; the wing quill feathers are tranfverfely ftreaked and tipt with black; the coverts of the tail are dotted. with white; the chin, throat, and breaft are reddith brown; the claws are black. Mr Latham adds. to this defcription, that the under fides of the wings are whitifh waved with rufty, and that the nape= of the neck is whitifh. 3. Common Buzzard.—51. Falco Buteo. 15. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is brown, the belly being whitifh, with large: brown fpots. Scop. an. i. 15. n. 4. F. Buteo. Lath. ind. orn. i. 23. n. 47.—Buteo. Briff. orn. 116. n..32,—Buteo vulgaris. Gefn.. av. 46. Aldr. orn. i. 369. f. p. 370: Raj. av. 16. a. 1. Will. orn. 38. t. 6. 1.—Bufe. Buff. oif. i. 206.. t. 8. Pl. enl. 419.—Maafe Geyer. Gunth. neft. t. 50. ?—Quidfogel. Faun. fuec. n. 60.—Pojana fecunda. Zinnan. 85. t. 14. f. 56.—Buzzard. Brir. zoo. i. 188. n. 54. t.. 25. Arct. zool. ii. 207. n. 103.—Common Buzzard. Will. orn. ang. 70.. Alb, av. i. t..1. Lath. fyn. i. 48. n. 28. fup.. 14. Inhabits Europe.—lIs twenty inches long, and apt to vary in its.colours from difference of age and: fex; but in general the tail quill feathers are brown with darker bands, the bill is leaden coloured, the irides dufky, and the claws black ; the eggs are moftly of a bluifh white, with rufty brown fpots,, but are fometimes entirely whitifh. ‘This animal lives on birds, reptiles, {mall quadrupeds, and in=- fects. 4. Greater Buzzard. —52. Falco gallinarius. 73. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is brown above, and reddifh on the under parts3. with oval brown fpots; the tail is barred with brown. F, Buteo major. Lath. ind. orn. i. 24. n. 47. y.—Circus major, Gros Buzard. Briff. orn. 114.. n, 28.—Hunnerhabicht,; Hunergeyer. Frifch. av. t. 72.—Greater Buzzard. Lath. fyn. 1. 4g. @. Spotted Buzzard.—52. 6. F. gallinarius naevius, Refembles the former, but the wings are more variegated. F. Buteo varius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 24... 47. 0.—Circus varius. Brifl. orn. 116.—Accipiter ftel-- larius. Frifch. av. t. 73-—Spotted Buzzard. Lath. fyn. i. 49. Inhabits Europe.—Doth of thefe are confidered as varieties of the Common Buzzard by Mr La- tham ; they meafure from twenty to twenty-three inches long; the bill and claws in both are black, and the irides of an orange colour. < a* 87 88 go BIRDS.. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, 497 5. Jamaica Buzzard.—53. Falco jamaicenjis. 74. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is of a brownith buff or cream colour, the un- der parts being fpotted with a paler colour, and the crown of the head is pale. F. jamaicenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 24. n. 49.—Jamaica Buzzard. Lath. fyn. i. 49. n. 30. Inhabits, though rare, in Jamaica.—This is a beautiful bird, about the fize of, and having a general refemblance to the Common Buzzard, but with fhort legs: ‘The bill and claws are black; the irides are yellow; the fhafts of the feathers on the back, and of the tail quills, are brown in the middle. 6. American Buzzard.—54. Falco boreahs. 75. The cere and legs are pale yellow; the body is brown on its upper,. and white on its under parts; the tail is of a pale ruft colour, having a tranfverfe dufky or black nar- row bar near the end. F. borealis.’ Lath. ind. orn. i. 25. n. 50.—American Buzzard. Lath. fyn. i. 50. n. 31.—Red- tailed Falcon. Penn. Arét. zool. ii. 205. n. 100. Inhabits North America, particularly Carolina.—lIs about the fize of the Common Buzzard: The bill and claws are dufky, or black; the chin is white, mixed with brown; the throat, belly, and. breaft,are paler than the back, or almoft white, the breaft and belly being varied with long brown. longitudinal ftripes, as are the thighs ; the rump is white. 7. Rufous Buzzard.—56. Falco rufus. 77, The legs are yellow; the body is rufous or ruddy, the upper parts having a brownifh tinge; the tail is afh coloured. F. rufus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 25. n. §1.—Circus rufus. Briff. orn. 115. n. 30.—Harpage. Buff. oif. i. 217. Pl. enl..n. 460.—Fifchgeyer, Brandgeyer. Frifch. av. t. 78.—Harpy Falcon.. Lath. fyn. i. GI. n. 32. Inhabits France and Germany.—Frequents low places, efpecially near the banks of rivers, and preys on fifh: Is about twenty inches long; the bill and.claws are blackifh, and the irides are faffron co= loured.. 8. Speckled Buzzard.—57. Falco variegatus. 78. The legs are yellow; the head and neck are whitifh with rufty fpots; the body is brown above and white beneath ; the tail is dufky brown, with paler bands which ‘crofs each other. F. yariegatus. Lath. ind..orn. i. 24. n. 48.—Speckled Buzzard. Lath. fyn. i. 97. n, 83.—Buz- zardet. Arct. zool. ii. 211. n. 109. Inhabits North America.—Is fomewhat more than twelve inches long, and has a general refem-- blance to the Common Buzzard ; perhaps it is fcarcely different from the following. Os. g2 498 BIRDS.. RAPACIOUS. _ Falcons. g. Whitith Buzzard.—58. Falco albidus. 79. ‘The legs are yellow; the body is bein with large brown fpots; the tail is dufky, with - ftreaks and fpecks of white. Inhabits North America.—Dr Gmelin makes feparate fpécies of the two laft birds, but with a note that he fufpects them to be the fame: Mr Latham makes only one fpecies, and refers to both Dr Gmelin’s as fynonymes ; while Mr Pennant points out a fuflicient difference to conftitute them fepa- yate varieties. The former is only twelve, while the latter meafures fifteen inches long: They re- femble the Common Buzzard in general appearance, but the legs of the latter are proportionably longer ; the bill and claws are blackifh or dufky: In the latter, the lefler coverts of the wings ate brown. : 10, Honey Buzzard.—sq. Falco apivorus. 28. The cere is black; the legs, which are fomewhat downy, are yellow; the head is afh coloured; the tail is brown, with two dufky or afh coloured bars, and is tipt with white. F. apivorus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 25. n. 52.—Buteo apivorus. Briff. orn. i. gto. Raj. av. 16 — Bondree. Buff. oif. i. 208. Pl. enl. n. 420.—Pojana. Zinnan. 84. t. 13. f 75.—Slaghok. Faun. fuec. n. 65.—Honey Buzzard. Brit. zoou. i. n. 56. Ard. zool. ii. 224.1. Will. orn. 72. t. 3. Albin. av. i. 2. t. 2. Lath. fyn. i. 52. n. 33. fup. 14. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 1.—Frofchgeyer. Kram. el. 331. n. 14.-—Goiran. Belon, av. 101.—Mufe-hoeg, Mufe-baage. Brunnich. 5. Inhabits Europe.—This fpecies lives on mice, fmall birds, reptiles, particularly lizards and frogs, and on infects, efpecially bees, from which laft circumftance it is named. It is almoft.two feet long, and weighs very near two pounds: The eggs are of a rufty colour, with darker coloured fpots. A variety of this fpecies is fometimes found, in which the coloured bars and white tip of the tail are wanting. it. Moor Buzzard.—60, Falco aeruginofus. 29. The cere is greenilh; the body is brownith grey; the crown of ‘the head, chin, arm- pits *, and legs, are yellow. F. aeruginofus. Lath. ind. orn. 25. n. 53.—F. baeticus. Gerin. orn. 61. +t. 32. 33. 34.—Circus. Gefn. av. 49. Aldroy. orn. i. 351.—Circus paluftris. Briff. orn, 115. n. 29.—Milvus aeruginofus. Aldrov. orn. i. 395. Raj. av. 17. Nozeman, nied. vog. t. 8. 9.—Hons-tjuf. Faun. fuec. n. 66.— Bufard. Buff. oif. i. 218.t. 10. Pl. enl. n. 424.—Faux perdrieux. Belon, av. 114.—Bozzagro. Cetti, uc. fard. 45.—Nibbio. Zinnan. 83. t. 13. f. 74.—Moor Buzzard. Brrr. zooL.n. 57. Arct. zool. u. 225.1. Lath. fyn. i. 53. n. 34. dup. 15. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 8. Will. orn. ang. 75. t. 7 Albin, i. t. 3 Inhabits Europe.—Lives much in marfhy places, in which it builds its neft, and preys on aquatic birds, fh, and rabbits. This fpecies meafures twenty-one inches long, and weighs about twenty Ounceés : * By the armpits is meant to exprefs, in one word, the fpace below the root of the wings anfwer- ing to the hollow under the fhoulder joint in man,—T. 04 95 96 ounces: It varies very much in colour, fome having the body of a chocolate or dark brown tinged rufty, and the crown of the head clay coloured; in fome the body is brownifh rufty, with the crown and chin yellowifh; and in a few the whole plumage is rufty brown without {pot or variegation. The legs are long, flender, and yellow; the cere is either black or greenifh; the eggs are whitith with brownith fpots, fometimes entirely brown. 12. Sclavonian Buzzard.—Falco /clavonicus. The cere is yellow; the legs and feet, except the toes, are downy; the body is of a brick duft red colour, with black fpots; the head and neck verging towards whitifh. Lath. ind. orn.i. 26. n. 54. Kram. el. 329. n. 10. It. pofeg. 29. Inhabits Sclavonia and Croatia—Is about the fize of a common Cock: The bill is of 2 bluifh black colour, having a yellow cere; the head, neck, and breaft are of an ochreous, or dirty yellowifh, white, with longitudinal black ftreaks or fpots; the belly, efpecially its flanks, are black, fometimes only fpotted with black; the wing quills are blackifh, the primaries being broad at the origin of their webs, and growing narrow at the extremities; the fecondaries are brown with black bands;. the wing coverts are variegated with dull red and black fpots ;. the tail is white on its farther half, growing brown at the end, and edged with dull red, fome individuals having five blackifh bands; the rump and ventlet are whitifh, with a few brown and dull red fpots; the legs are clothed with dull red plu- mage, which is irregularly ftreaked and fpotted with black; the feet are yellow, and the irides are blackith. After giving this minute defcription, Mr Latham exprefles a doubt that this bird may on- ly be a variety of the Moor Buzzard. “13. Croatian Buzzard. — Falco marginatus, The cere is bluifh; the upper part of the body is variegated with brown and rulty, the: lower parts being rulty with irregularly oval brown fpots; the tail quills are barred with blackifh, and edged on each fide with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 26. n. 55. It. pofe- gan, 28. Inhabits Sclavonia and Croatia.—Is about the fize of a common Hen; the plumage on the head and back is brown, the feathers being edged with ruft colour ; the whole under part of the body is rufty, with longitudinally difpofed brown {pots of a femewhat oval fhape, each of the feathers being. ruft coloured, having the {hank and a fmall part of the web on each fide brown; the whole quill. feathers of the wings are brown, with feveral bands of a darker tint, and rufty white at the tips; the upper fide of the tail is brown, the quill feathers having each four broad bars of blackifh brown, and edged on each fide with white ; the tip of the tail is white; its under fide is whitith, with bands of 2 elearer white; the legs and feet are yellow. 14. Rufty Buzzard.—Falco rubiginofus. Of a brown colour on the upper parts; the under parts are whitifh yellow, having 2 yellow fpot on the breaft; the tail quills have each four dull red bars. Lath. ind. om. i. 27..n. 56. It. pofegan. 29. Tohabits 97 98 99 1090 his fynopfis. 580 BIRDS. -RAPACIOUS. ~ Falcons. Inhabits Sclavonia.—The bill is black ; the legs are yellow; the head is whitifh yellow, the cheeks being rufty; the upper parts of the body are brown, the tips of the wing covert feathers being whitith; the under parts of the body are whitifh yellow, with arufty yellow irregularly fhaped fpot on the -breaft ; the wing quill feathers are brown,-their exterior webs being fomewhat hoary, and the inte- rior having feveral white bars; the tail quill feathers are brown, with four brickduft-red bars on each. 15. Java Buzzard.—61. Falco javanicus. 80. The cere is black, with a yellow middle; the legs are yellow; the head, neck, and breaft, are chefnut coloured ; the back is brown. F. javanicus. Lath. ind. orn, i. 27..n. 58. Wurmb, in Lichtenb. magaz. iv. 2. 8. Inhabits the coaft of Java, and lives on fifh.—This bird is here called.a Buzzard, becaufe placed, both by Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham, amid thofe fpecies to which that name is given by the latter in 16, Cinereous Buzzard.—62. Falco cinereus. 81. The cere and legs are bluifh; the body is of a brownifh ath colour, mixed with whitifh, on the upper part; the eye brows are white with brown {pots. F. Buteo cinereus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 24. n. 47. 6.—F. freti hudfonis. Briff orn. 103. n. 10.— Faucon de la baye d’hudfon. Buff, oif. i. 223.—Ath coloured Buzzard. Lath. fyn. i. 55. n. 35. Edw. av. t. 53. Inhabits the country about Hudfon’s Bay in ‘North America.—This bird refembles the Common Buzzard, but is larger, and is probably only a variety of that fpecies: It preys much on partridges. ‘The upper furface of the tail is cinereous brown, with tranfverfe grey ftripes; the under furface is cinereous, with white ftripes; the irides are yellow; over each eye is a white line, called the eye-brow in the character for fhortnets, which is fpotted with brown, 17. Streaked Buzzard.—63. Falco lineatus. 82. The cere and legs are yellow; the upper parts of the body are dufky brown; the un- der parts are reddifh with white and pale rufty ftreaks; the tail quills are dufky brown, with dirty whire tips, and having feven dirty white tranfverfe bars. ' ¥. lineatus. Lath. ind. orn.i. 27. n. 59.—Red-fhouldered Falcon. Arét. zool. ii. 206. n. 102.— Parred-breafted Buzzard. Lath. fyn. i. 56..n. 36, Inhabits Long Ifland in North America —The bill is flender and dufky; the legs are flender, with black claws; the head and neck are yellowith white, longitudinally ftreaked with dufky ; the fides of the back are rufty; the lefler coverts of the wings are rufty with black fpots; the wing quill fea- thers are black with white {pots ; the breaft and belly are pale reddifh tawny, the former ftreaked longitudinally with black, the latter tranfverfely with deep tawny. ‘This {pecies is about twenty-two inches long. 18. Leverian Faleon.—55. Falco leverianus, 76. The legs are yellow; the head is variegated with alternate brown and white ftreaks ; the body is brown above, and white below; the wings are dark brown. : LoL £02 103 BIRDS.. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. jor F. leverianus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 18. n..31.—Leverian Falcon. Arét. zool. ii. 206. n. ror. Lath, fyn. fup. 31. Inhabits Carolina.—Is about the fize of the Common Buzzard: The bill is dufky, and much hook- ed; the ends of the feathers on the upper part of the body have each a large white fpot ; the outer quill feathers of the tail have each nine white and nine dufky tranfverfe bars, the bars of the middle tail quills being alternately dufky and afh coloured, and all of them are tipt with white; the wings reach beyond the end of the tail. 1g. Plain Faleon.—64. Falco ob/aletus. 83. Of a dark brown colour, {potted flightly with white on the under parts of the body; the middle tail quills are plain brown, the inner webs of the reft being mottled with white, and their exterior webs and ends flightly edged with white. F. obfoletus. Lath. ind, orn. i. 28. n..61.—Plain Falcom. Arét. zool. ii. 208. n. 104. Lath. fyn. fup. 30. Inhabits near Hudfon’s Bay.—Is two feet long ;. the head is dufky, the nape being fpotted with: white ;. the throat, breaft, belly, and thighs are flightly fpotted with white ; the bill is black. 20. Collared Falcon.—65. Falco rufficolus. 7. The cere, eye-lids, and legs, are yellow; the back is waved with afh colour and white; the throat, under fide of the neck and breaft, are pure white, and a white collar al- moft furrounds the neck. Faun. fuec. n. 56. F. rufticolus.. Lath. ind. orn. i. 28.n. 60. Faun. groenl. n. 34.—Collared Falcon. Lath. fyn. 1. 36. n. 37. Arct. Zool. ii. 222. G.. Inhabits Sweden, Siberia, and Greenland rarely.—Is about the fize of a common Hen: The bill is lead coloured, with a black tip; the head is broad, flat, and ftreaked longitudinally with black and. white ; the cheeks are whitifh ; the belly is white, with a few fmall dufky heart-thaped fpots; the tail has twelve or thirteen tranfverfe bars, alternately whitith and dufky ; the exterior webs of the primary. wing quill feathers. are dufky ;. the claws are black.. 21. New-zealand Falcon.—66. Falco novae-feelandiae. 84. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is blackifh brown, the under parts being fpot-. ted or ftreaked with dull red; the wings and tail are {potted with grey. F. novae-zelandiae.. Lath. ind. orn. i. 28. n..62.—-New-zealand Falcon. Lath. {yn. i. 57.n. 38.~ - ts, 4. fem. Inhabits New-zealand.—The fpace round the eyes is naked and: bluith in the male, but of a yel- low colour in the female. The defcription given by Mr Latham differs from that given above from: Dr Gmelin, in faying that the body is of a rufty brown colour. ‘The male is eighteen inches long, the female twenty-three : In both the bill is blue, with a black tip, and is hooked only at the end: In the female the tail is marked with feveral tranfverfe white bars, while that of the male is rather Vou. I. Sss fpotted. 104 106 502 BIRDS. “RAPACIOUS. "Falcons. fpotted. ‘The young birds are lefs or more variegated ‘with white, and in fome the tail-wants the bars. 22. Gofhawk.—67. Falco palumbarius. 30. The cere is black, edged with yellow; the legs are-yellow; the body is brown; the tail quills are crofied.with fainter bars; the eyebrows are white. Faun. fuec. n. 67. F. palumbarius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 29. n. 65.—Accipiter palumbarius. Gefn. av. 51. Aldr. orn. i. 342. f. p. 343. Raj. av. 18. n. 1.—Afterias. Aldr. orn. i. 336. t. 340. 341.—Aftur. Brifl. orn. gi.n. 3.-—Autour. Buff. oif. 1.230. t..r2.°Pl. enl. 418..461.—Aftore. Cett. uc. fard. 48. Zin- nan. uov. 87. t. 14. f. 77.—Grofler gefperberter falk, Groffer gepfeilter falk. Frifch. av. t. 82. (male) 81 (female). Falck, it. iii. t. 21.—-Gofhhawk. Brrr. zooL. i. n. 52. ‘Arét. zool. ii. 204. ‘n. 99. Albin, ii. t. 8. Lewin, brit. b. i t.9. Lath. fyn. i. 98. n. 39. fup. 16. Inhabits Europe, Afia, and North America.—This fpecies is a great enemy to poultry, and is the beft of all the genus for Falconry. It is about thirty-two inches long ;~the ~bill is blue with a black tip; the irides are yellow ; the head is brown ; the whole under parts of the body are white, waved with black ; the tail is afh coloured, with a white tip, and is longer than to the tips of the wings ; the claws are black: The eggs are bluifh white. A variety of a larger fize is found in. Siberia, on the Uralian mountains, of a white colour mottled with brown and yellow; and in Kamtfchatka a -va- _riety is found entirely white. 23. Cayenne Falcon.—68. Falco cayennenfis. 85. The legs are blue; the head and neck are of a bluith white; the back and wings are dark afh colour; the throat, breaft, and belly, are whitith. ‘F. cayennenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 28. n. 63.—Petit Autour de Cayenne. Buff. oif. i. 237. PI. enl. 473.—Cayenne Falcon. Lath. fyn.i. 59. n. go. ‘Inhabits Cayenne.—The bill is blue ; the claws and primary wing quill feathers are black; the fe- condaries are ftreaked with black ; the tail has four or five alternate black and-white tranfverfe bars, and is white at the tip. 24. Long-tailed Falcon.—69. Falco macrourus. 85. The cere and legs are yellow; the bill is blackifh; the body is afh coloured above and white below; the inner -webs of the wing quills are afh coloured, and their ends white. F. macrourus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 29. n. 64.—Accipiter macrourus. S. G. Gmel. it.i. 48. Nov. _com. petr. xv. 439. t. 8. 9. Lepechin, it. i. 260.—Long-tailed.Falcon. Lath. fyn. 1. 59. n. 41- Inhabits Ruffia.—Is about the fize of the Lanner, being one foot feven inches long, of ‘which the tail meafures nine inches ; the bill is black, with a green bafe. 25. Gentil Faleon.—7o0. Falco gentilis. 13. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is ath coloured, with brown fpots; ‘the tail has four or five broad blackith bands. Faun. fuec. n. 58. Scopol. an. i. 15. . 108 109. To. WII BIRDS,. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 503 vy F. gentilis. Lath..ind. orn. i. 29. n. 66. Gefn. av. 41. Aldr. orn. i. 481. Briff. av. i. 339.— Falco montanus. Raj. av. 13.—Gentil Falcon. Brit. zooL. i. n. 50. t. 21. 22. Arct. zool. ii. 203. n. 98. Albin. av. ii. 4. t. 6. Will orn. angl. 79. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. rz. Lath. fyn. i. 64. n. 48. fup. 17. Inhabits the higher. mountains of Europe, North Ameriea, and the country on the Wolga.—Lives much on partridges: This fpecies is rather larger than the Gofhawk; but thofe found in America’are larger than thofe of Europe, being as far as two feet two inches long: The bill is dufky, or leaden coloured ; the irides are yellow; the head and upper fide of the neck are light rufty, with black ftreaks ; the whole under part of the body is white, with dufky heart-fhaped fpots ; the tail is dot~ ted with white; the claws are black. 26. Common Falcon.—71. Falco communis. 86. The bill is bluifh afh coloured, with a yellow cere; the legs and irides are yellow; the body is brown, the plumage being edged with rufty; the tail is barred tranfveriely with darker brown. F. communis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 30. n. 67.—Accipiter fufcus, Schwarzbrauner Falk. Frifch, av. t. 74.—Falco. Briff. orn. 92. n. 4.—Faucon. Buff. oif. i. 249.—Falcone. Cett. uc. fard. 36.— Common Falcon. Lath. fyn.i. 65. n. 49... Inhabits Europe, Afia, and America.—This fpecies is fubject to great variety from age, fex, cli: mate, and other circumftances ; the beft marked varieties are enumerated in the following lift. B.. Yearling Faleon.—71. 6. F. communis hornotznus.. Has an afh coloured tinge. Briff. orn. 93.n. 4. A. Lath. ind. orn. i. 30. n. 67. 8. Faucon fors. Buff. oif. i. t. 15. Pl. enl. 470.—Yearling Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 65. n. 49. A. This bird, as its name implies, is a young Falcon of a year old, and differs from the former in the brown being lighter or afh coloured. | y. Haggard Falcon:—71. 8. F. communis gibbofus. The back is fomewhat hunched. Raj. av. 14. n.6. Briff. orn. 93. n. 4. B. Lath. ind: orn- iv. 30. n. 67. . Faucon haggard, Faucon boffu. Bui oif. i. 254. t. 16. Pl. enl. n. 471.—Hagegard Falcon. Wiil. orn. angl. 80. Lath. fyn. i. 66. n. 49. B. This is an aged Common Falcon; the neck is fhortened, and finks down between the fhoulders, giving an appearance as if the back were hunched, from which circumftance the name is derived. "3. White-headed Falcon.— 71. 8. F, communis-leucocephalus. The head, neck, and breaft, are white, with fmall brown fpots. Briff. orn. 93. n. 4. c: Lath. ind. orn. i. 30. n. 67. 9. Rauh-fufs geyer, Gelbraurner geyer. Frifch, av. t. 75.—White-headed Falcon. Lath. fyn. i..66.. n. 49: C.- Sss2 . fee 113 £14 Crs 117 504, BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, e. White Falcon.— 71. ¢. F'. communis albus, Ts entirely white, with hardly vifible yellow fpots. Raj. av. 14. n. 7. Briff. orn. 94. n. 4. ». Lath. ind. orn. i. 31. n. 67. & Weiller falk, Weiffer geyer. Frifeh, av. t. 80.—White Falcon. Will. orn. 80. n. 7. Lath. fyn. i. 66. n. 49. D. This variety is found in China. C. Black Faleon.—71. @. F. communis ater. Is of an uniform brownifh black colour. F. niger. Briff. orn. 94. n. 4. &. Lath. ind. orn. i. 31. n. 67. ¢.—F. columbarius, or Nebbi. Raj. av. 161. n. §.—Faucon paflager. Buff. oif. i. 263. Pl. enl. n. 469.—Schwarzbrauner habicht. Frifch, av. t. 83.—Black Hawk, or Black Falcon. Edw. av. i. t. 4.—Black Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 67. Nn. AQ. E. - #. Spot-winged Falcon.—71. 9. F. communis naevius. The wings are fpotted. F. maculatus. Brif orn. 95, n. 4. ¥. Lath. ind. orn. i. 31. n. 67. 4.—Spotted Falcon. Edw. av. i. t. 3.—Spotted-winged Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 68. n. 49. F. Ts found in Hudfon’s Bay.—Mr Latham exprefles a doubt whether the variety referred to in Ed- ward’s and his own fynopfis of birds be the fame with the one enumerated by Gmelin: He likewife refers to the fame fynonimes a third variety of the Peregrine Falcon. Ind. orn. i. 33. n. 72. y. §. Brown Falcon.—71. 8. F. communis fufcus, The upper part of the body is brown, with fpots of a darker fhade; the under parts are white, with brown fpots, thofe on the breaft being fharp pointed. Briff. orn. 95. n. 4, G. Lath. ind. orn. i. 31. n. 67. 4. ‘ Braunfabler geyer. Frifch. av. t. 76.—Brown Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 68. n..49. G. +. Red-{potted Falcon.—71. 1. F. communis ruber. Is {potted with red and black. Briff orn. 96. n. 4. B. TF. rubens. Raj. ay. 14. n. ro. Lath, ind. orn. i. 31. n. 67. .—Red Falcon. Will. orn. 81. n. 1o. Lath. fyn. i. 69. n. 49. H- x. Tawpy Falecon.—71. x. F. communis indicus. The body is of a reddifh tawny on the under parts. F. ruber indicus. Priff. orn. 96. n. 4.1. Raj. av.a4.n, rr. Lath. ind. orn.i. 91. n.67.%.— Red indian Falcon. Will. orn. 81. t. 9. Lath. fyn. i. 69. n. 49. 1- Is found in India.—Is of a brown afh colcur on the upper parts of the body the quill feathers of the tal have black and afh coloured curved ftripes or bars. As 118 419 120 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS, Falcons. 505 a. Italian Falcon.—71. a, F. communis ttalicus. ‘The breaft is yellow, with rufty fpots; the extremities of the wings are fpotted with ‘white. F. italicus. Jonft. av. 19. Briff orn. 97. n. 4. K. Lath. ind. orn. i. 32. n. 67. ».—Italian Fal- ‘con. Lath. fyn. i. 70. n. 40. Ke The head and neck of this variety, according to Mr Latham, are tawny red with rufty ftreaks, and the breaft is tawny, with afh coloured minute dots. pw. Artic Falcon.71. uw. F, communis arciicus. This variety is not defcribed. F. iflandus. Briff. orn. 97. n. 4. L.—Iceland Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 70. n. 49. L. ‘This laft variety is omitted in Mr Latham’s index, though enumerated in his fynopfis, as he pro~ bably confiders it to be the fame with-one or other of the varieties of the following {pecies. 27. Iceland Falcon.—72. Falco iflandus. 87. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is brown above, its lower parts being white with black heart-fhaped fpots; the tail is barred with white. Brunn. orn. bor. 2. n. 9. i @. White Iceland Falcon.—72. 8. £*. landus albus, Of a white colour, the upper parts being marked with minute black heart-fhaped fpots; the two middle tail quills are indiftinétly barred with blackifh. Brunn. orn. bor. 2. n. 7. y. Spotted Iceland Falcon.— 72. y. F. iflandus maculatus, Of a white colour, having large black heart-fhaped fpots; all the tail feathers are barred with. black. Brunn. orn. bor. 2. n. 8. Inhabits Iceland.—This fpecies meafures one foot nine inches long: The head is white, mixed with rufty ; the back is dufky, each feather being whitifh, with brown ftreaks, and edged with white ; the tail is rounded at the end, and ‘has about fourteen tranfverfe bars, alternately brown and white ; the claws are black, the back claw being remarkably long. Mr Latham refers the firft variety to the Brown Gyrfalcon, and the other two to the White Gyrfalcow, which will be defcribed afterwards. 28. Barbary Falcon.—73. falco barbarus. 8. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is of a bluith colour variegated with brown fpots, the breaft having no fpots; the tail is barred. F. barbarus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 33. n. 71.—F. barbaricus. Briff. orn. 99. n. 6. A.—F. tunetanus. Aldr. av. i. 483. Raj, av. 14..n. 9.—Barbary Falcon. Will. orn, 81. Albin, ay. ilist. 2. Lath. fyn. Te 72> Der 5 La Inhabits 124. 125. 126 127 506 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, Inhabits Barbary.—Is about feventeen inches long, and refembles the Lanner both in fize and co-- lour ; Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham fufpect this may only be a variety of the Peregrine Falcon: The: bill is black ; the irides are yellow; the wings are very flightly, if at all, fpotted; the breaft is yel- lowifh white, verging towards blue ; the belly is marked with oblong black fpots ; the tail~has feven - brown bars. 29. Peregrine Falcon.—74. Falco peregrinus. 88. The cere and‘legs are yellow; the body is afh coloured above, with brown bars, the under parts being dull reddifh white with blackifh lines; the tail is dotted with white. F. peregrinus. Raj. av. 13..n. 1. Briff. orn. 98. n. 6. Lath. ind. orn. i. 33. n. 72. Ger. orn. i.- 55. t. 23. 24.—Faucon pelerin. Buff. oif. i. 249. t. 16. Pl. enl. 430.—Peregrine Falcon. Brrr. ZOOL. i. n. 48. t. 20. Arét. zool. ii. 202. n. 97. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 12. Lath. fyn. i. 73. n. 52: - fup. 18. Will. orn. 76. t. 8. B. Fartarian Peregrine Falcon.— 74. @. F. peregrinus tartaricus. The wings are rufous; the toes are remarkably long.. F. tartarius. Briff orn. roo. n. 6. 8. Lath. ind. orn. i. 33. n. 72- 8.—Faucon de Tartarie, ou de Barbarie. Bellon, oif. 116.—Tartarian Falcon... Lath. fyn. i. 73. m. 52. A: Inhabits Europe and the north of Afia and America—This fpeciesis migratory, and it is fufpected, by Dr Gmelin, that it may only differ from the Gentil Falcon, already defcribed, in conf-72ence of being of a different age. To the above two varieties of the Peregrine, Mr Latham adds a third, Ind... orn. i. 33. n. 72. y. which feems to be the fame already defcribed as a variety of the Common Fal-- con, under the name of Spot-winged, F. N°. 114. efpecially as the fame fynonimes are referred to in both cafes. 30. Variegated Falcon.—75. Falco verficolor. 89. The cere is yellow; the head and upper parts of the body are white, with ‘light reddifh- brown fpots;. the under parts are white, the breaft being marked with a few rufty {pots.. F. verficolor. Lath. ind. orn. i. 33. n. 73.—Spotted Falcon. Brir..zoou. n. 55. t. 26. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 13. Lath. fyn. i. 74. n. 53. Inhabits England.—Is about the fize of the Common Buzzard : The bill is black; the wings are dufky, and barred with afh colour; the outer tail quills are barred. with lighter and darker brown, the middle quills with white and deep brown; the rump. is white ;.the legs. are. yellow and very ftrong. 31. Booted Falcon.—76. Falco-pennatus, go. The cere and legs, which are feathered to the toes, are yellow; the body is blackith brown above, varied with dirty grey; the under parts are yellowifh brown, with blackith longitudinal ftreaks. F. pennatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 19. n. 34.—F. pedibus pennatis. Briff. orm. 120.—Faucen Pata. Briff, orn. gto. vi. app. 22. t. 1.—Booted Falcon. Lath. fyn. 1. 75. n. 55. Its BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 597 Its place unknown.—Is of the fame fize with the Common Gyrfalcon, meafuring a little more than nineteen inches long ; the bill is blackifh ; the head and ferag, or back of the neck, are tawny grey, with blackifh lines ; the eye-lids are yellow; the tail is brown, {potted with white at the edges, grey at the point, and blackith a little higher up ; the claws are black. 41.28 32. Chocolate Falcon.—77. Falco /padiceus. gt. The cere is yellow; the whole body is a deep bay or chocolate colour, in fome parts tinged with rufty; the primary wing quills are black, their exterior webs, towards the lower end, being pure white; the legs, feet, and toes, are feathered. -F..fpadiceus. Forfter, phil. tranf. Ixii. 281. Amer. catal. p. 9. Lath. ind. orn. i. 27. n. 57.— Chocolate Falcon. Forfter, loc. cit—Chocolate-coloured Falcon. Arét. zool. ii. 201. n. 94. t. 9. f. 2.—Bay Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 54. n. 34. a.—Placentia Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 76. n. 57. fup. 19. 129 g. White-rumped Chocolate Falcon.—77. 8. F. /padiceus leucourus, The rump is white. White-rumped Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 54. n. 34. B. Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay and Newfoundland.—This fpecies preys much on birds of the duck ge- “nus 3 it fits on a rock by the fide of the water, watches their rife from diving, and inftantly pounces son them. It is about one foot ten inches-long ; the bill is black; the five outmoft tail quills have their exterior webs dufky, and their inner webs blotched with black and white ; the two middle tail quills are varied with black and afh colour ; the white edges of the wing quill feathers, mentioned in the character, form a diftinet white fhield ; the wings reach to the end of the tail; the toes are remarkably. fhort. 130 BR: St John’s Falcon. 78. Falco St: johannis. 92. The cere, and feathered legs, are yellow; the body is brown, marked on the back ‘f{crag, fcapulars, and tail coverts, with oblique, black, and dirty white bars; the un- ‘der parts are fparingly marked with white and yellowith fpots; the tail is barred with -afh colour and black, and has a white tip. ‘F. Sti johannis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 34..n. 74.—St John’s Falcon. Arét. zool. ii. 200. n. 93. t. 9- if. r. Lath. fyn. i. 77. n. 58. I Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay-and Newfoundland.—Is one foot -nifte inches long; The head is deep brown, with a fhort dufky bill; the legs are clothed-with feathers to the toes, which are very fhort and yéilow. 131 34. Sacre.—79. Falco facer. 93. The cere and legs are blue; the back, breaft, and firft coverts of the wings, are {potted with brown; the tail is marked with kidney fhaped fpots. F. facer. Briff orn. 98. n. 4. m. Raj. av. 13. n. 2.—Sacre. Wiil. orn. 77. Buf, oif. i. 246. t. 14. Lath. fyn. i, 77. n. 59: , Inhabits 132 So) bel a &S aN 508 . BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, Tnhabits Europe and Tartary.—In Tartary this fpecies is employed in hunting, being more parti- cularly flown at the White Heron ; it is remarkably hardy in bearing cold. ‘The feet are feathered. to the toes. @. American Sacre.—79. 8. F. facer americanus. The back, wing quills, and tail quills, are brown, with paler bars; the hind part of the head is mottled with white; the whole under fide of the body is white, each feather having a dufky {pot in the middle. F. facer americanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 34. n. 75. 6.—Speckled partridge hawk, from hudfon’s bay. Forfter, phil. tranf. Ixii. 382.—Sacre. Arct. zool. ii. 202. n..g6.—American Sacre. Lath. fyn.. i 78. n. 59. A. fup. 20. Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay and other parts of North America.—Weighs two pounds and a half, and’ meafures two feet long: It preys much on the White Groufe. The female lays two eggs, in defert places, in April or May, and the young are able to fly about the middle of June.. The head is dufky brown, with a dufky bill, which is toothed on the upper mandible ; the back is dufky brown; the fcapulars, coverts, and primary wing quills are deep brown, elegantly barred tranfverfely with whites. the thighs are covered with very long brown feathers, fpotted with white ; the fore parts of the legs: are feathered almoft to the feet ; the cere and legs are bluifh.. 35. Newfoundland Falcon. —80, Falco novae-terrae. Q4. The cere and legs are yellow; the hind head is rufty; the body is brown above, and: ruity, with deeper blotches, below; the tail is crofled with four bars of lighter and: deeper brown. F. Novae-terrae. Lath. ind. orn. i. 34. n. 76.—Newfoundland Falcon. Arét..zool. ii. 201. n> 95- Lath. fyn. i. 79. n. 60. Inhabits Newfoundland.—Is twenty inches long; the irides are deep yellow; the crown, back,, fcapulars, and wing coverts are brown, edged with paler; the thighs are mottled afh, with round- dufky fpots, and having four large dark blotches near the knees; the legs are {trong and feathered: half way down to the feet. 36. Starry Falcon.—81. Falco fleilaris. 95. The legs are blue; the upper part of the body. is blackifh, with ftar like fpots ; the un-- - dex parts are varied with black and white. F. ftellaris. Briff. orn. 103. n. 14. Lath. ind. orn. i. 35. n. 77-—F. cyanopus. Klein;.av. 52. nz. 18.—Blue-footed Falcon. Will. orn. 82..§ 11.—Starry Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 79. n. 61. Inhabits Europe.—Refembles the Peregrine Falcon in fize and general appearance, but the wings are fhorter, and the tail is longer; the irides are golden yellow; the eggs are of a light reddith, with. lighter fpots. 37. Northern Falcon.—Falco hyemalis, The cere and legs are yellow; the head and upper parts of the body are deep brown; the 336 Ho, 138 139 140 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS, Falcons. 509 the under parts of the body are rufty brown with white bars; the tail has four brown bars, and is white at the end. Lath. ind. orn. i. 35. n. 78. F. hyemalis. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 274. n. 96. and 96. 6—Northern Falcon. Lath. fyn.i. 79. n. 62.—Winter Falcon. Arct. zool. ii. 209. n. 107. Inhabits New-York during winter.—The female, which is the Winter Falcon of the Arctic zoology, has the under parts of the body white, with heart-fhaped brown fpots, and the ferag is ftreaked with ‘white. In the male the {crag is whitifh, the body is flender, and the legs are long. This fpecies is about the fize of the Ring-tail Hawk, being about eighteen inches long. ~ \ 38. Rhomboidal Falcon.—Falco rhombeus. The legs are yellowifh ; the body is grey on the upper, and brown, with rhombic fpots, on the lower part; the tail quills have eleven oblique black bars. Lath. ind. orn. i. 35. n. 79. Syn. fup. 35. Inhabits near the Ganges, and. other parts of India.—Is nineteen inches long; the head and back of the neck are black ; the bill is dufky or leaden coloured; the back, wings, and tail are grey, with ‘black bars: 39. Black-necked Falcon.— Falco nigricollis. The legs are yellow; the body is reddifh with black bars; the crown and neck are ftreaked with black; the throat is black; the tail quills are blackifh at the end. Lath. ind. orn. i. 35. n. 80. Syn. fup. 30. 100. Tnhabits Cayenne.—The bill is black ; behind each eye is a black ridge. 40. White-necked Falcon.—Falco albicollis. The legs are yellow; the head, neck, fore part of the back, the breaft, and belly, are white; the wings are black with white {pots ; the feathers of the interfcapulary re- gion are marked with fquare black {pots. Lath. ind. orn. i. 36. n. 81. Syn. fup. 30. 103. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is about one foot ten inches long : The black quill feathers of the wings are fpotted on the infide with white from their origin to the middle. 41. Red-headed Falcon.— Falco meridionalis. The cere and chin are yellow; the head and neck are rufous, with black or dark brown ftreaks ; the belly is whitifh, with narrow black bars; the four middle tail quills have each one, and the outer ones each fix, pale bars. Lath. ind. orn. i. 36. n. 82. Syn, fup. 33. 107. B Mnhabits Cayenne.— This fpecies meafures nineteen iwches in length. 42. Crefted Falcon.—83. Falco cirrhatus. 97. The cere and legs, which are feathered, are yellow; the head is furnithed with a tuft, Vou. I. Ttet or 510 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS. Falcons. or creft, which hangs backwards ; the body is black on its upper, and ftreaked with- black and white on its under parts. F. cirrhatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 36. n.83.—F’. indicus criftatus. Briff. orn. 104. n. 12.—F. in- dicus cirrhatus. Raj. av. 14. n. 12.—Faucon huppé, des indes. Buff. oif. i. 271. n. 4.—Crefted jn- dian Falcon, Will. orn. 82. n.12. Lath. fyn. i. 80. n. 63. fup. 20. Tnhabits India.— About the fize of the Gofhawk: The bill is dufky blue ; the irides are yellow; the {crag is tawny; the tail is tranfverfely barred with black and afh colour ; the claws are black. 141 . 43. Pied Falcon.—84. Falco melanoleucos. 98. The legs are yellow; the head, neck, back, fhoulders, and wing quills, are black; the under parts of the body, the wing coverts, and the tail, are white. F. melanoleucos. Penn. ind. zool. 4to. p..12. t. ii. Lath. ind. orn. i. 36. n. 85.—Faucon 4 col- lier, des indes. Sonner. voy. ii. 182.—Black-and-white Falcon, Kaloe Koeroelgoya, of the Cinga- lefe: Penn. ind. zool. loc.. cit—Black-and-white indian Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 81. n. 65. fup. 20. Inhabits Ceylon and India.—This is a fmall fpecies, weighing only ten ounces, and meafuring fix teen inches long: The bill, claws, and the middle wing coverts are black; the irides are reddifh yel- low; the eyes are furrounded with white dots; the legs are flender. his -fpecies lives on mice, rats, _ and lizards. The female is grey, the wing coverts being marked with three black fpots; the fides of the belly, the thighs, and under fide of the rump are white, with reddifh ftreaks. Lath. 142 44. Ceylonefe Falcon.—85. Falco ceylanen/is. 99. The cere is yellow; the body is milk white; the hind head has two long pendent feathers. ; F. ceylanenfis. Lath. ind: orn, i. 36. n. 84.—Ceylenefe crefted Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 82. n. 66. Inhabits Ceylon.—The bill of this fpecies is dufky. 143 45. Grey Falcon.—86. Falco grifeus. 100, The cere and legs are yellow; the body is dufky grey above, and white, with ators black fpots, below; the tail is long, its two middle quills being longer, and of an uniform colour, and the reft {potted. F. grifeus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 37. n. 86.—Grey Falcon. Brit. zoon. 1... 49. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 15- Lath. fyn. 1. 82. n: 67. Inhabits Europe.—One individual was fhot in Yorkfhire in 1762. It is about the fize of a Raven. The bill is ftrong, fhort, much hooked, and bluifh ; the cere, and edges of the eye-lids are yellow ; the irides are red; the head is fmall, flatted at the top, the fore part deep brown, the hind part white, the fides and throat cream coloured ; the wings are longer than the tail; the firft quill feathers are black, with a white tip, the reft being bluith grey, having their inner webs irregularly fpotted with white ; the legs are long, naked, and yellow. 46. 144 E45 147 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS.. | Falcons, sit 46. Brown Gyrfalcon.—87. Falco Gyrfalco. 27. The cere is blue; the legs are yellow; the body is brown, the lower parts being mark- ed with brown bars; the fides of the tail are white. Faun. fuec. 64. F. Gyrfalco. Lath, ind. orn. i. 32. n. 68.—Gerfalco iflandus. Briff. orn. 108. Brun. orn. bor. n. 9. Muller.n. 73.—Gerfault @ifland. Buff. oif. i. 239. t. 13. Briff. 4to. orn. i. 373. a. t. g1- Pl. enl. 210.—Iceland Falcon. Gent. magaz. 1771. 297. fig. Lath. fyn..i. 71. n. 50. B. parag. 2.— Brown Jerfalcon. Lath. fyn. i. 82. n. 68- Inhabits Europe, particularly Iceland.—Lives on herons, cranes, and pigeons: This bird has fome= times blue legs ; the bill is ftrong, much hooked, and its upper mandible is {harply angulated at its edges ; the head is pale rufty, ftreaked longitudinally with dufky ; the neck, breaft, and belly are white, with heart-fhaped fpots ; the thighs are white, with deep brown {hort crofs bars; the back and wing coverts are dufky or brown, with white fpots and edges to the feathers; the exterior edges of the primary wing quills are dufky, mottled with reddifh white, the inner being barred with whites, the tail quills are crofled with fourteen or more narrow bars, alternately white and dufky. 47. White Gyrfalcon.—88. Falco candicans, 101. The cere and legs are bluifh afh; the body is white with dufky bars, lines, or fpots. F. iflandus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 32. n. 69.—Gyrfalco. Aldr. orn. i. 471. t. p. 473. Raj. av. 13. n. 3.-—Accipiter mufcoviticus. Ger. orn. i. 60. t. 30.—Gerfault. Briff. orn. i. 370. n. 19. t. 30. f. 2. Buff. oif. i. 239. t. 13. Pl. enl. 215. (446? 462?)—Gerfalcon. Will. orn. 78. n. 3.—Gyrfalcon. Brit. zoor. n. 47. Arét. zool. ii. 221..F.. Lewin, brit.-b. i. t. 16.—White Jerfalcon. Lath. fyn. i. 83. n. 69. fup: 21. GB. Iceland Gyrfalcon.—8&8. @. Falco candicans iflandicus. The upper parts of the body are brown, the back and wings being {potted with white ; the under parts are white, with black fpots. Gerfault @ifland. Briff orn. i. 373. t. 31.—Iceland Jerfalcon. Lath. fyn. i. 84. n. 69. Am Dufky Falcon ? Arét. zool. ii. 220. F.. Inhabits Iceland, and the north of Scotland rarely.—Is about the fize of the Gofhawk, and is rec= koned, efpecially in Denmark, the beft kind of Falcon for game, being referved in Iceland for the ufe of the king, and bought, particularly the white variety,.at.a high price. he bill is ftrong, much. hooked, of a blue-afh colour, and black at the tip; the claws are leaden coloured; the orbits and iri- des are blue :. The irides ~f the Iceland variety are yellow. « 48. Surinam Falcon.—89. Falco /ujflator. 17. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is whitifh brown; the eyelids are bony. F. fufflator. Lath. ind. orn. i. 37. n. 87.—Surinam Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 85. n. 70. Inhabits Surinam and Cayenne.—When irritated or. frightened, we are informed, by Mr Rolander, that this fpecies has the power of inflating the fkin of the head till it equals the reft of the body in: WR fee oe : izes 149 151 512 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcone, fize. On the upper part of the body the plumage is brown, the bafes of all the feathers being white; the under parts of the body and the tail quills are yellow, {potted with white and brown;, the nofttrils have a flefhy lobe between them. a9. Laughing Falcon.—g90. Falco cachinnans. 18. The cere and legs are yellow; the eyebrows are white; the body is varied with brown and whitifh; the crown is white, and furrounded with a black circle. ¥. cachinnans. Lath. ind..orn. i. 37. n. 88.—Laughing Falcon. Lath. fyn. 1. 85. n. 71. Inhabits South America.—This fpecies is-reported, by Mr Rolander, to emit a kind of laugh when any perfon looks at it: ‘The upper parts of the body, the back, wings, and rump are brown; the neck, chin, breaft, belly, and under furface-of the wings are white ; the tail is barred with black and yellow. 50. Streaked Falcon.—Falco melanops. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is black, with white fpots; its under fide is white; the head and.neck are white, with black ftreaks; the fpace round the eyes is black; the tail quills are black, having a white band in the middle. Lath. ind, orn. 1. 37. n. 89. Syn. fup. 34. 109. Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies is about the fize of a ‘Rook, being fifteen inches and a: half long The black fpace round the eyes is of an oval form, growing narrow and pointed at.its back part. 51. Notched Falcon.—Valco bidentatus. The bill is brown, having two tooth-like procefles; the body is leaden coloured; the breaft and belly are reddifh; the ventlet is white; the wing quills have each feveral, and the tail quills each three white bars. “Lath. ind. orn. i. 38. n. 9. Syn. fup. 34. 110. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is fourteen inches long: The bars on the outer webs of the tail quills are pale brown, but on the inner webs they are white. 52. Common Lanner.—g1. Falco Lanarius, 24. The cere is yellow; the legs and bill are blue; the under fide of the body is marked with longitudinal black fpots. Faun. fuec. n. 62. F. Lanarius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 38. n. 92.—Lanarius. Gefn. av. 76. Aldr. orn. i. 488. Raj. av. 15.n. 13. Briff. orn. 105. n. 16.—Lanier. Buff. oif. i. 243.-—Lanneret. Albin. av. ii. t. 7.—Lan- ner. Brir. zooL.n. 51.t. 23. Arét. zool. ii. 225..K. Will. orn. 82.n. 13. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 17-—Brown Lanner. Lath. fyn. i. 86. n. 72. fup. 21. Inhabits Europe, the Uralian, Baraba, and Tartarian deferts, Iceland, Feroe, and Sweden, and is rarely found in Britain.—This fpecies, which is about the fize of the Common Buzzard, is much efteemed in Falconry ; it builds its neft on low trees, and is migratory: The legs are fhort; the cere is fometimes bluifh ; the bregft is white tinged yellow, with brown fpots; the primary wing quills and 152 8) 154 155 BIRDS. RAPACIOGUS, Falcons. 513 and the tail are dufky, the latter being marked on both webs, and the former only on the inner webs ‘with oval .rufty fpots ; ‘there is a white line over each eye. In the female, the fpots om the tail and wings are whiter than on the male. fp. White Lanner.—Fa/co Lanarius albicans. The cere and legs are yellow; the under parts of the body are whitifh; the wing quills are blackifh. FR. albicans. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 276. n. 102. Lath. ind. orn. i. 38. n. 93.—Lanarius albicans. Briff. orn: 107. n. 18. Aldr. orn. i. 380. £ p. 181.—White Lanner. Lath. fyn. i. 87. n. 73. y. Spot-tailed Lanner.—Lalco Lanarius celiurus. The two middle tail quills are grey, the reft being fpotted with white. Syft. nat. ed. Gmel. i. 276. n. 102. 8. Aldr. orn. i. 380. f. p. 183. Inhabits Europe.—Thefe two varieties are placed asa diftinét {pecies by Dr Gmelin, though he at the.fame time exprefles his belief that they do not effentially differ from the Common Lanner. 53. Blue Hawk.—g3. Falco cyaneus. ro. ‘The cere is white; the legs are tawny; the body is of a hoary blue colour; over each eye is a white arched line, which likewife furrounds the chin. F. cyaneus, mas. Lath. ind. orn. i. 39. n. 94.—Lanarius cinereus. Briff. orn. 106. n. 17.—Oi- ‘feau S. Martin. Buff. oif. i. 212. Pl. enl. n..459:—Blue Hawk. Edw. av. v. 33. t. 225.—Hen- harrier. BRrr. zooL. n. 58. t. 28. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 18. Hayes, brit. b. t. 1. Will. orn. 72. Al- bin, ii. t. 5. Lath. fyn. i. 88. n. 74. fup. 22.—Grau-weifle Geyer. Frifch. av. t. 79. 80. Inhabits Europe and Africa.—This fpecies is frequently found in Britain on heathy and marfhy moors; it is about feventeen inches long, weighing about twelve ounces, and the wings meafure three feet two inches between their tips, when extended ; it preys on fmall birds and lizards, and is de- ftructive to poultry : The bill is black, and the cere, which is ufually white, is fometimes yellow; the irides are yellow ; the hind head is white, with pale brown fpots; the breaft and belly are white, ‘the former being ftreaked with dufky ; of the tail quill feathers the two middle ones are grey on both webs, while the reft are grey on their outer and white on their inner webs, and all are ftreaked with dufky. 54. Ring-tail Hawk.—ga. Falco pygargus. 11. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is afh coloured, the belly being paler, with ob- long reddith fpots ; the orbits are white. Scop. an. i. 14. F. cyaneus, fem. Lath. ind. orn. i. 39. n. 94.—F. torquatus. Briff av. i. 345.—Pygargus. Alb. ‘dv. il. t. 5. and iii. t. 3. Will. orn.t. 7. Raj. av. 17. n. §.—Subbuteo. Gefn. av. 48.—Soubufe. Buff. oif: i. 215. t. 9. Pl. enl. 443. 480.—Ring-tail. Brit. zoot. n. 59. Will. orn. 72.- Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 18. Fr. Hayes, brit. b. t. 2. Lath. fyn. 1. 89. n. 75. fup. 22. TInhabits Europe and the temperate regions of Siberia—Is about nineteen inches and a half long ; the bill is pale; the irides are yellow; the tail is longifh, is barred with dufky and dotted with white. 7 On : 514 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS. Falcons.. On the male the under parts of the body have tranfverfe fpots, which are ranged longitudinally on: the female. Mr Latham confiders this fpecies-as the female of the one immediately preceding. 55. Hudfon’s Hawk.—g5. Falco hud/fonius. 19. The cere and legs are yellow; the back is brown; the eyebrows are white; the wings: have each a bluifh fhield. F. hudfonius. Lath. ind. orn. i. go. n. 94. 6.—F..pygargus canadenfis. Ger. orn. i. 66. t. 44.— Accipiter freti hudfonus. Briff. av. 6. app. 18.—Ring-tail Hawk. Edw. av. t. 107.—Ring. tail Fal- con. Arét. zool. ii, 209. n. 106.—Hudfon’s Bay Ring-tail. Lath. fyn. i. 91. n. 76.—White-rump-- ed bay Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 54. n. 34. Bu. Inhabits the country about Hudfon’s Bay.—This fpecies is one foot nine inches and ‘a_half long :- The bill and claws are black ; the under parts of the body are white, with reddifh brown fpots; the two middle tail quills are brownifh, or dufky, the outmoft are white, and the reft are bluith afh, the whole having tranfverfe orange-brown bars; the legs are long and very {lender ; the rump is white,, both above and below, encircling the tail. ‘This bird has the fame manners with the Blue Hawk ; it fkims along the ground, in fearch of mice, frogs, and fmall birds, and builds fometimes on the low-- er parts of trees, and fometimes on the ground; It is fometimes toed of a deep ruft colour, entirely: plain except the rump and tail. 56. Scarlet Hawk. —96. Falco Buffont. 193. The cere is blue, and the legs yellow; the upper part of the body is fcarlet ; the ae parts are reddifh buff colour; the eyebrows are yellow;, the tail is barred with pale- and dufky. brown. _F. Buffoni. Lath. ind. orn. i. 4o. n:-94. y.—Cayenne Ringtail. Lath. fyn. i. 91. 1. 76. A. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is two feet long: The bill and claws are black; the inner webs of the primary- wing quills are dufky, the outer webs being bluifh afh colour, with dufky bars; in the fecondary quills: thefe are lefs evident ; the whole wing quills are white at.the tips. 57. Marth Hawk.—9g7. Falco uhginofus. 104. The cere and legs are orange coloured; the body is brown above, and the under parts are bright rufty; the tail has four tranfverfe black bars. F. uliginofus. Lath. ind. orn, i. 40. n. 95.—Marfh Hawk. Arét. zool. ii. 208. n. ros. Lath: fyn. i. 90. n. 75. A. Edw. av. iv. t. 291. inhabits Jamaica and Penfylvania.—In the latter country it is found only in fummer, frequenting marfhy places, where it preys on fmall birds, frogs, ferpents, and lizards, and migrates in winter : It is two feet long; the bill is bluifh; the orbits are orange-coloured, with hazel irides 5, a black line extends from the angle of the mouth to beyond the eyes, above which a white line furrounds the cheeks, and meets with one from the oppofite fide at the back of the neck; the head, neck, and up- per part of the breaft are varied with black and rufty ; the coverts of the wings are brown ; the legs are ftrong, thick, and fhort. Dr 4539 a6o H61 162 BIRDS. RRAPACIOUS. Falcons, bry Dr Gmelin remarks in this place that this and the three fpecies immediately preceding, N°. 1¢¢. ag6. 157- are very firongly connected together ; they are confidered, in fome meafure, as varieties of the fame ieee i fome authors, particularly by Mr Latham, who gives the general name of Ring- tail'te them all.— 58. Stone Falcon.—98. Falco Lithofalco. 105. The cere is yellow; the body is afh coloured on the upper, and reddifh, with longitn- dinal brown fpots, on the lower parts; the tail is afh ccloured, blackith towards the tip, and terminated with white. F. Lithofalco. Lath. ind. orn..i. 47. n. 115.—Lithofalco. Briff. orn. ror. n. 8.—Lithofalco, {. Dendrofalco. Raj. ay.°18. n. 8.—Rochier. Buff. oif. i. 286. Pl. enl. 447.—Stone Falcon, or Tree Falcon. Will. orn. 80. Lath. fyn. i. 93. n. 77. Inhabits Europe.—Is about the fize of the Common Keftril, being very little more than a foot long ; the bill is bluifh ath 5 the irides are yellow; the two middle tail quills are uniformly afh co- loured, but.the reft are barred with black. 59. Mountain Falcon,—gg. Falco montanus. 106. The legs are yellow; the upper part of the body is a brown afh colour; the chin and ‘throat are fpotted with whitifh; the tail is afh coloured at'the bafe, blackith in the middle, and white at the tip. F. montanus. Raj. av.43.n. 4. Briff. orn.-1o1.n. 9. Klein, av. 52.n. 10. Lath. ind. orn. i, 48. n. 116.—Mountain Falcon. Will. orn. 78. Lath. fyn. i. 93. n. 78. g. Afh-coloured Mountain Falcon.—gg. 8. F. montanus cinereus. The body is afh coloured above, and pure white beneath; the two outer tail quills are white. ‘Lath. ind. orn. i. 48. n. 116. 8. Briff. orn. 102. n. 9. A. F. montanus fecundus. Will. orn. t. 9.—Afh-coloured Mountain Falcon. Lath. fyn. 1, 94. n. 78. A. y ef Inhabits Europe.—This fpecies is a little fmaller than the Peregrine Falcon, and is fufpected by Dr Gmelin to be only a variety of the Tree Falcon. ‘The fpots on the neck are fometimes rufty, and fometimes black, and fometimes the neck and breaft are entirely black; in the full grown adult the head is black. "The Afh-coloured variety meafures one foot nine inches long; its bil! and claws are black ; the irides are yellow ; the under parts of the body are pure white. 60. Common Keftril.—1oo0. Falco Tinnunculus. 16. The cere and legs are yellow; the back and wings are purplifh red, dotted with black ; the breaft is ftreaked with brown; the tail is rounded. Scopol. an. i. 16. ¥. Tinnunculus. Lath. ind. orn. i: 41. ns 98.—Tinnunculus, Cenchris. Gefn. av. 54. Aldr.orn. 1. 356. t. p. 358. 359. Raj. av. 16..n. 16. Briff. av. i. 393. n. 27.—Crefferelle. Buff. oif i. 280. t. 18. Pl. enl. n. gor. 471.—Gheppio. Cetti, uc. fard. 47. Zinnan. uov, 88. t. 15. f. 78. —Rother * fall, 166 516 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, falk, and Rothel geyer. Frifch. av. t. 84. 85.—Keftrel, Keftril, Stannel, or Windhover. Brrr. ZOOL. n. 60. Arét. zool. i. 226. M. Will. orn. 84. t. 5. Sloan, jam. 294. Albin, iii. t. 5. 7. Lewin, brit. b. 1. t. 19. male, and t. 19. F. fem. Hayes, br. b, t. 4. Lath. fyn. i. 94. n. 79. In the ma/e the crown and tail are light grey, the latter having a black bar near the end: In the Jemale the head is reddifh, the crown being ftreaked with black ; the back, wing coverts, and tail are rufty, with black bars. ‘The male weighs fix ounces, and the female eleven. B. Grey Keftril.—1oo. 8. F. Tinnunculus grifeus. The plumage is grey. S. G. Gmel. it. 49. t. 10. Lath. ind. orn. i. 42. n. 98. 8. Syn. i. g5- N. 79. Be y. Lark Keftril.—t1oo. +. F. Tinnunculus alaudarius.. Of a reddifh colour, ftreaked with brown, the under parts marked with longitudinal brown fpots; the tail is reddifh grey, ftreaked tranfverfely with brown, the quills being blackifh toward the ends and tipt with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 42. n. 98. y. Accipiter alaudarius. Briff orn. 110. n..22.—Maeufe falk. Frifch. av. t. 88.—Lark Hawk. Lath. fyn. i. 95. 0. 79. A. Inhabits Europe, Siberia, and Tartary.—Is found about old buildings, and preys on {mall birds, mice, and infects: It migrates into Sweden and other parts of the north in the early part of fpring, along with the White Wagtail: Formerly this fpecies was trained for catching partridges and other {mall birds. 61. Bohemian Hawk.—to1. Falco bohemicus. 107. The legs are yellowifh; the body is afh coloured on the upper, and white on the lower parts; the.orbits are white; the outer webs of the five outmoft wing quills are black. F. bohemicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 43. n. roo.—Maeufe habicht, Miflylauce. J. Meyer, boehm. abhand]. vi. 313. Inhabits the mountains of Bohemia.—This fpecies fcarcely exceeds a foot in length; it goes abroad only in the evening in fearch of mice: The bill is yellow near the angle of the mouth; the irides are: yellow; the tail is long and pointed; the legs are thickifh and feathered below the knees; the claws: are black and rounded. 62. Fithing Falcon,—102. Falco pifcator. 108. The legs are brown; the plumage of the head is longifh and afh coloured ; the upper parts of the body are afh coloured, the under parts are pale yellowifh white ; the up- per furface of the tail is light brown, its under furface a bluifh ath. F. pifcator. Lath. ind. orn. i. 43. n. 101.—Faucon pecheur. Dampier, voy. ili. 318.—Faucon’ pecheur de Senegal, ou Tanas. Buff. oif. i. 275. Pl. enl. 478.—Fithing Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 95. n. $0. Inhabits Senegal.—This fpecies lives by catching fifh, which it tears to pieces before fwallowing them. The bill and irides are yellow; the feathers on the upper parts of the body are edged with rufty brown; thofe of the under parts are fpotted on the middle with brown, 63. BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, ere "67 63. Brown Hawk.—103. Ialco badius. 109. The legs are pale yellowifh ; the head and upper parts of the body are brown; the un- der parts are white with {mall femilunar yellow fpots; the tail is pale brown, with four darker ftripes. F. badius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 43. n. 102.—Brown Hawk. Brown, illuft. 6. t. 3. Lath. fyn. i. 96. n, 81. Inhabits Ceylon.—Meafures thirteeh inches long: The bill is blue, with a black tip; the irides are yellow; the feathers of the wing coverts are edged with white; the fhoulders are fpotted with white; the claws are black. 268 64. Aquiline Falcon.—104. Falco aquilinus. 10, The cere and legs are yellow ; the upper part of the body is blue; the under parts are tteddifh white ; the neck is purplifh red. F. formofus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 38. m. 91.—Petite aigle d’amerique. Buff. oif. i..142. Pl. cnl. n. 417.—Red-throated Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 97. n. 82. fup. 26. Inhabits South America.—Is from fixteen to eighteen inches long. ‘This fpecies has fome affinity to the Vultures, as the fides of the head are downy, being fcarcely covered with feathers; the eye- ids are briftly; the bill is blue ; the orbits are yellow; the irides are orange coloured; the claws are black. The female is twenty-three inches long; her body is blackifh blue; the throat is dark purple; the hind part of the belly and the thighs are white. 169 65. American Hawk.—1o5. Falco fufeus. 111. The cere is ath coloured ; the legs are yellow; the body is waved with black, being ‘brown afh on the upper, and whitifh on the under parts. F. fufcus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 43. n. 103. Miller, illuft. t. 18.—American brown hawk. Lath. fyn. 1. 98. n. 84. Inhabits America.—This is about the fize of the Sparrow Hawk, which it likewife refembles in ge- ‘neral appearance; the bill is of a light leaden colour; the crown and fides of the head are ftreaked longitudinally with white ; the belly is reddifh brown; the tail is brownifh afh, with three tranfverfe dufky brown bars, and pale at the tip; the claws are black. 170 66. Sparrow Hawk.—106, Falco Nifus. 31. The cere is green; the legs are yellow; the belly is white, waved with grey; the tail is barred with blackifh. Scop. an. i. 17. F. Nifus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 44. n. 107.—Accipiter. Briff. orn. 89. 'h. 1.—Accipiter fringillarits. Gefn. av. 51. Aldr. orn. i. 344. t. p. 346. 347. Bellon, av. 19. b. Raj. av. 18.—Nifus ftriatus, and Nifus fagittatus. Prifch, t. go. gt. 92—Mofcheutus. Aldr. orn. 345.—Epervier. Buff. oif. i. 225. t.11- Pl.enl. n. 412. 466. 467.—Sparviere. Cett. uc. fard. 51.—Sparfhok. Faun. fuec. n. 68. Muller, n. 71. Strom. 235.—Sperber. Gunth. neft. t. 6. Sparrow Hawk. Brrr. zoot. n. 62. Ar&. zool. ti. 226. n. Alb. av. iii. t. q. andi. t. 5. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 20. and t. 3.2. Will. orn. 86. Lath. fyn. i. 99. n. 85. fup. 26. Vor. I. Uuu ; & 518 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 171 @. Spotted Sparrow Hawk.—106. 6. F. Nifus maculatus, The back has a few white fpots. _ FE. nifus maculatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 45. nm. 107. @.—Accipiter maculatus. Briff. orn. 90: A.—- Spotted Sparrow Hawk. Lath. fyn. i. 100. n. 85. a. 172 y. White Sparrow Hawk.—106. y. F. Nifus lacteus,. The whole body is of an uniform milk white. . F. Nifus laéteus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 45. n. 107. y.—Accipiter laéteus.. Briff. orn. go. B.—White- Sparrow Hawk. Lath. fyn. i. 100. n. 85. B. Inhabits Europe, Afia, Africa, and Madeira.—This fpecies is found very far north; it is very bold, and preys on poultry, partridges, pigeons, and fmall birds; it is very much addicted to fly after larks, and is employed in falconry for that fpecies of game. ‘The male meafures twelve, and the Semale fif- teen inches long: The bill is bluifh ; the head, back, wing coverts, and tail, are fometimes bluith grey, at other times deep brown edged with ruft colour’; in the male the bluifh or dove-like colour prevails; the chin, breaft, and belly are whitifh yellow, which is darker‘on the male, with dark brown or orange waves, which are more numerous and better defined on the. female; the tail has five broad black bars, and is white at the tip.—In the fecond, or Spotted, variety the body has white fpots 5 the female is brown, and the male, as in the former variety, or Common Sparrow Hawk, verges to- wards bluifh ; the under furface of the tail is variegated with alternate brown and white bars.—One individual of the White variety was fhot in England, and is now in the cabinet of Dr Davies. Lath.. 17> 67. Dubious Falcon.—107. Falco duhius, 112. The cere and legs are yellow; the head is dufky, ftreaked with ruft colour; the upper: * parts of the body are brown, the feathers edged with ruft; the under parts are dirty white with oblong brown ftreaks; the tail is long, of a dufky afh colour, with four broad black bars.. F. dubius. Lath. ind. orn..i. 44..n. 104.—Dubious Falcon. Arét. zool: ii..213.n. 112. Lath. fyn. fup. 37. Inhabits New York and Carolina.—Is about ten inches long, and weighs fix ounces. This fpeciés refembles the Sparrow Hawk in the marks and colour of the tail, and the Merlin in the fpots on the breaft ; it gets the trivial name from Mr Pennant, whe is dubious whether it fhould not be confi- dered as a variety of the Pigeon Hawk. The bill is dufky; the irides are yellow; the primary wing quills are dufky afh, barred with black, and having their inner webs marked with oval tranfver{e xufty fpots. 174 68. Dufky Falcon.—108. Falco obfcurus, 113: The cere and legs are yellow; the hind head and nape are {potted with white; the up-- per parts of the body are dufky brown; the under parts whitifh, with black {treaks, or longitudinal lines; the tail is fhert, tipt with white, and crofled with four broad and four narrow dufky bars. FE, 175 176 a7, BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons, 519 F. obfcurus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 44. n. 105.—Dufky Falcon. Arét. zool. ii. 213. n. 113. Lath. fyn. fup. 38. Inhabits New York.—This is fmaller than the Dubious Falcon: The bill is bluifh, its upper man- dible being armed with a fharp procefs ; the head, back, and the wing and tail coverts are dufky brown, the feathers ‘being flightly edged with rufty ; the primary wing quills are dufky, marked on the inner webs with oval.pale rufty f{pots. 69. Pigeon Hawk,—r1og. Falco-columbarius. 21. The cere and legs are yellow; the upper parts of the body are brown; the lower parts whitifh ; the tail is brown, with four narrow white bars. © ¥. columbarius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 44.'n. 106.—Accipiter carolinenfis. Briff. orn. rro. n. 21.— ‘Epervier des pigeons. Buff. oif. i. 238—Pigeon'Hawk. Catefb. carol. i. t. 3. Lath. fyn. i. ror. n.'86.fup. 27. Inhabits North America.—This fpecies is about ten. and a half inches long; it preys on {mall birds, and is migratory ; the bill is whitifh with a black tip; the irides are yellow; the whitifhnefs of the under parts of the body has a yellowifh tinge, and is ftreaked with brown ; the claws are black. B. Grey Pigeon Hawk.—F. columbarius grifeus. The crown, back, wing coverts, and rump, are bluifh grey, each feather being ftreaked with black in the middle. ‘Pigeon Valcon. Arét. zool. i. 212. n. 111. ‘Inhabits, with the former, from Hudfon’s Bay to Carolina.—The bill is dufky ; the hind head is, {potted with reddifh white ;.the cheeks, breaft, and belly are white, -with large oblong black fpots ; the primary and fecondary wing quills are dufky, with large oval white fpots on their inner webs ; the tail is long and black, with four crofs bars of bluifh grey, and tipt with white. This variety is from ten to twelve inches long, and weighs fix ounces} it appears in Hudfon’s Bay in May, where it breeds and remains all f{ummer, retiring fouth in autumn; it feeds on {mall birds, and when dif- turbed by mankind flies round in circles, making a {creaming noife ; it builds in hollows of rocks:or decayed trees, laying from two to four eggs, which are white with red fpots. 70. Guiana Falcon.—110. Falco fuperciliofus. 22. ‘The cere, legs, and eyelids, are yellow; the body is brown, waved with whitifh; the wing quills are rufty, with black bars.. F. fuperciliofus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 45... 108.—Guiana Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 102. n. 87. Inhabits Guiana and Surinam.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Magpie, and has a general re- femblance to the Sparrow Hawk: The upper parts of the body are brown, as are the under parts and thighs, which are marked with numerous,black waved lines; the inner margins of the fecondary wing quills are whitifh ; the tail is black with two broad afh coloured bands, and is ath coloured at the tip; the ventlet, or under fide of the rump, is white with a few black ftreaks; the rump is varie- Uuu 2 gated bed ~J oO 180 $20 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS.. Falcons. gated with black and white ; the eye-brows are naked_and prominent on the under edges;. the fraps are befet with black divaricating briftles; the bill and claws are black; the lower wing coverts are- white, with very fine fhort black lines. 71. Ingrian Falcon.—r1ir1. Falco vefpertinus. 23. The cere, legs, and eyelids, are yellow; the ventlet and thighs are rufty.. 5. G. Gmel.. it. 1. 67. ii. 163. Lepechin, it. i. 230.. F. vefpertinus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 46. 109.—Kobez, Derbnitfchok.. Decouv. ruff: ii. 142.—In-- grian Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 102. n. 88. fup. 27.. Inhabits Ingria, the whole of Ruffia, and Siberia.—This fpecies builds on the very topmoft-branches of trees, or expels Magpies from their nefts, and takes poffeffion ; it preys much on Quails, and goes abroad chiefly in the evening and night. It is about the fize of a Pigeon; the body is bluith red ;. the belly is bluifi white ; the head is brown, having a yellow bill, with a brown tip; the tail has twelve quill feathers, which are brown on. both furfaces; the wing quill feathers are bluifh-white, the firft feven primaries. being tipt with blackith ; the legs are naked... 72. Permian Falcon.—112. Falco vefpertinoides. 114. The cere, legs, and eyelids, are yellow; the thighs are black; the neck, breaft, andi belly, are brownifh with white fpots. Falk. it. ili. 329.. F. vefpertinoides. Lath. ind. orn. i.. 46. 110. Inhabits Permia, and the Ifettenfian and Bafchkirian diftricts of Siberia.—This {pecies is only about: half the fize of the one immediately preceding, and weighs very little more than two ounces. 73. Great-billed Falcon. —113. Falco magmroftris. 115. The cere and legs are yellow; the body is brown above, and: white, with rufty ftreaks,. beneath; the tail-is. barred- with black and white.. F. magniroftris. Lath. ind. orn. i. 46. n. 111.—Epervier a gros bec, de Cayenne... Buff. off, i.. 237. Pl. enl. n. 464,—Great-billed Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 103. n. 89. fup..27. Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies is larger than the Sparrow Hawk, but. has fltorter legs, and the bill, which is black, is confiderably thicker and longer ; the irides-are orange coloured; the feathers: on the upper part of the body and breaft are brown, with rufty edges; the claws are black... 74. Criard Falcon.—Falco vociferus, The legs are yellow; the body is of a grey afh colour, its.under parts white;-the larger: and lefler wing coverts are black. Lath, ind. orn. i. 46. n..112. Sym, fup. 38:. Petit Bufe criardé. Sonner. voy. ii. 184, Inhabits India.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Pigeon’; it: lives much in the rice fields, prey-- ing on frogs, and is very clamorous on'the approach of mankind: The bill is fhort; the irides are- yellow; the orbits are red and naked, and the eye-lids are furnifhed with eye-lathes, 75 583 n84 EBS. Bl RDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 5 zk 75. Johanna Falcon.— Falco johannenjis. The legs are yellow; the body is rufty with fmall linear black fpots; the chin is yel- lowifh; the wing quill feathers are blackifh brown; the tail is white, and wedge- fhaped. Lath. ind. orn. i. 47. n. 113. Syn. fup. 32. Inhabits the ifland of Johanna, or Hinzuan.—The bill is black, the bafe of the lower mandible being yellow. 76. Common Hobby.—114. Falco Subbuteo. 14, ‘Fhe cere and legs are yellow ; the back. is brown; the nape is white; the belly is pale, with oblong brown fpots. Faun. fuec. n. 59, F. Subbuteo. Lath. ind. orn. i. 47..n. 114.—F. Barletta. Ger. orn. i. 66. t. 45. 46. 47. 48.— Dendrofalco. Raj. av. 14. n. 8. Briff. av. i. 375.. Frifch. t. 87—Hobreau. Bui. oif. i277. t. 17- Pl. enl. n. 431. 432.-—Baum falk: Gunth. neft. t. 73—Hobby.. Brrr. zoou. n. 61. Albin. it. 6. Lewin, ‘brit. b. i. t..21.. Will..orn. 83. Lath. fyn. i. 103. n. go. fup. 28. G. Northern Hobby.—F Subbuteo borealis,. The crown, back, and wing coverts, are bluifh black; the cheeks are white, with a: black ftroke reaching through them from the crown. Arét. zool. ii. 227. 0. Inhabits Europe and Siberia.—This fpecies is.about twelve inches long: It is migratory, and preys much on larks, which are faid-to be fo terrified as frequently to take refuge in the bofoms of man- kind, when purfued ; from this circumftance this kind of Hawk was formerly in much requeft for flying at larks.. The bill is. blue; the orbits are yellow; the irides are chefnnt,. fometimes yellow 3_ the cheeks have each a remarkable white femilunar {pot ;. the outer tail quills are barred with black— 4th 3 the claws are black. In the Northern variety the breaftis white, with oblong black fpots.; the thighs and under fide of the rump are pale orange ; the inner webs. of the primary wing quills are marked with oval-reddith- {pots ; the two middie tail.quills are oi a uniform dove colour, or bluifh grey, the inner webs of the reit. being {potted like the primary wing quills.. he male weighs feven ounces. 77. Surinam: Hobby —115, Bulco aurantius. 116: The bill and legs are leaden coloured ;.the upper part. of the body. is dufky brown, with: narrow whitifh:lines crofling each other; the chin is garnifhed with very long nar- row. whitifh feathers ;. the throat and breaft are orange coloured ;. the belly and tail. are brown, with abrupt whitish. ftreaks. EF. aurantius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 48. n: 117.—Orange breafted Hobby. Lath. fyn. i. rog. n. gt. Inhabits Surinam.—Is about the fize of the Common Hobby, being fifteen inches. and a half long: The bill.is whitifh at the bafe, and is three quarters of an inch long ;. the crown of the head, ferag,. and wing coverts are uniformly coloured, without any fpots; the throat is marked.with round white: fpots ; the belly is ftreaked with buff colour; the lower coverts of the tail are rufty; the tail is. ftreaked. with white near the bafe ; the legs are long and flender, with black claws.—There is fome difagreement: 186 188 a 522 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. difagreement in the defcriptions of Mr Latham and’ Dr Gmelin ;.the former naturalift fays the bo- ~ dy is blackifh, the back and bafe of the tail being marked. with abrupt whitifh ftreaks; the breaft is tawny ; the thighs are rufty ; the belly is blackifh, with ftreaks of a pale colour, like thofe on the back; the tail has neither fpots nor ftreaks from its middle to the tip. @. Smaller Surinam Hobby.—F, aurantius minor. fs fmaller than the former; the ftreaks on the body are more dufky ; the chin is white, and the throat is orange coloured. Lath. ind. orn. i. 48. n. 117. @. Syn. fup. 28. This variety is only ten inches long. -y. Spotted Surinam Hobby.—F. aurantius maculatus. The legs are tawny; the upper parts of the body are bluifh black, with bluith ftreaks; the under parts of the body are ftreaked with white; the belly, ventlet, and thighs, are reddifh. Lath. ind. orn. i. 48. n. 117. y. Syn. fup. 29. 2d defer. ‘This variety is of the fame fize with the former; the chin and throat are reddifh, with a white fpot in the middle. 78. Spot-tailed Hobby.—116. Falco plumbeus. 117. The cere is dufky; the legs are yellow; the body is afh coloured, the upper part of the back being of a blackifh leaden colour; the inner webs of the tail: quills have each three white: fpots. x F. plumbeus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 49. n. 118.—Spotted-tailed Hobby. Lath. fyn.-i. 106. n. 92. Inhabits Cayenne.—This {pecies is about the fize of the Sparrow Hawk: The bill. and claws are black; the head and neck are afh coloured; the legs are fhort. 79. Common Merlin.—117. Falco Aefalon. 118. The cere and legs are yellow; the head is rufty; the upper part of the body is bluifh afh, with rufty fpots and ftreaks; the under parts are yellowifh white with oblong fpots. F. Aefalon. Lath. ind. orn. i. 49. n. 119.—Aefalon. ‘Briff. orn. rrr. n. 23. Raj. av. 15. n. 15.—Accipiter Smerillus. Ger. orn. i. 51. t. 18. 19.—Kleinfter roth falk. Frifch, av. t. 89.— Merlin. Brrr. zoor. n. 63. Will. orn. 85. t. 3. Lewin, brit. b. i.t..22. Lath. fyn. i. 106. n. 93. fup. 29. Inhabits Europe, and is found in Britain.—This fpecies breeds in the northern parts, and retires to the more fouthern regions on the approach of winter; it is about the fize of a Blackbird in the bo- dy, and meafures a foot in length: The bill is bluifh, but variable in its fhade ; the irides are dufky; the tail has from eight to fifteen tranfverfe bars, or ftreaks, alternately dufky and reddifh; the claws are black: The eggs are rounded, and of a brown-red colour. BIRDS: RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 523 FQ B. New-york Merlin.—117. 8. F. Aefalon noveboracenjis. The forehead is afh coloured; the crown, back, and wing coverts, chefnut; on each temple is a triangular white fpot, edged with black;, the tail is chefnut, with tranf- verfe black. bars, its under furface being varied with black and white. Lath. fyn. i. 107. N. 93. A. Inhabits New York.—This variety is only nine inches long: In Mr Latham’s Index ornothologi- cus, it is referred to the Domingo Merlin, and is fuppofed to be the female of the Carolina Merlin 5 Mr Pennant confiders it as nearly allied to, if not altogether the fame with, the Carolina Merlin; but_in Mr Latham’s Synopfis, and in the Syftema Naturae of Dr Gmelin, thefe are made three di- ftin&t fpecies. LOL . Caribbee Merlin.—117. y. F. Aefalon caribaearum: 9 Y 7/aie Of a reddifh-colour above, and white beneath, with black fpots on both. F. Aefalon caribaearum. Lath. ind. orn. i. 49. n. 119. 6.—Aefalon antillarum. Briff. orn. 11. n. 24. Raj. av. 19. n. 3.—Efmerillon Gry-gry. Du Tertre, antil. ii. 253.—Caribbee Merlin. Lath-. fyn. i. 108. n. 93. B- Inhabits the Weft India Iflands. 1.92 $. Falconers Merlin.—1 17. 3. F. Acfalon falconariorum.. Refembles the Hobby in its general habits and appearance, but is more allied to the Stone Falcon in other refpedcts. F. Aefalon falconariorum. Lath. ind. orn. i. 49..n. 119. y.—Efmerillon. Pl. enl..n. 468.—E{- merillon des fauconniers. Buff. oif. i. 288. t. 19.—Falconers Merlin. Lath. fyn. i. 109. n. 93. ¢. This variety is not defcribed, nor are we informed where it is found, but only that it was formerly: employed in falconry; it probably inhabits the fame. countries with the Common or European variety. 193 80. Carolina Merlin.—118. Falco Sparverius, 20. The cere is yellow; the head is brown, with a red crown; the belly is red; the wings: are bluifh. F. Sparverius, ma/. Lath. ind. orn. i: 42: n. 99.—F. minor rufefcens. Brown, jam. 471.—Aefa- lon carolinenfis. Brifl. av. i. 386. t. 32..f. 1.—Efmerillon de la cayenne. Buff. oif i. 291. Pl. enl. n. 444.—Little Hawk. Catefby, carol. i. t. 5.—Little Falcon, male. Arct. zool. il. Z2r1. n. 110s. Lath. fyn. i. 110. n. gg. Inhabits Virginia, Carolina, and St Domingo.—This fpecies is about the fize of the Common Mer-- lin, being eleven and a Half inches long, and only three ounces-and a half in weight: The bill and irides are’yellowifh ; the head is bluifh-afh; the crown, upper part of the body, and wing coverts, are orange brown, with tranfverfe black ftreaks; the tail is reddifh brown with fmall black fpots 5 the legs are yellow :—The head of the female is furrounded with feven black fpots. Bxs- Ot 196 524 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 81. Domingo Merlin.—119. Falco dominicenfis. 119. The cere and legs are yellow; the head is afh coloured; the body is reddifh brown above, and dirty white “below, both being fpotted with black; the eight middle tail quills are chefnut, growing blackifh toward the extremity, which ‘is tipt with white. F. Sparverius, fem. Lath. ind. orn. i. 42. n. 99.—Aefalon dominicenfis. Briff.-orn. i. 389. n. 26. t. 32. f. 2—Efmerillon de S. Domingue. PI. enl. n..465— St Domingo Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 111. n. 9§.—Little Falcon, female. Ar. zool. ii. 222. n. 110. Inhabits the ifland of St Domingo, or Hifpaniola—The bill is yellow, with a black tip ; the irides are yellow; the outer fail quills of the ma/e have their exterior webs and tips white, the:interior webs being chefnut, with tranfverfe black fpots; in the female thefe-have each five black {pots-on the white exterior webs, and the inner webs are uniformly.chefnut coloured; the middle tail quills in both are chefnut, with white tips, and having a black fpot near the extremities ; the claws are white. There is confiderable difcrepancy here in the defcriptions and arrangement of Dr Gmelin, Mr Pen- nant, and Mr Latham: The two latter naturalifts confider this Jaft defcribed bird as the female of ~ the Carolina Merlin, and yet defcribe it differently from Dr Gmelin, who is quoted by Mr Latham. Mr Pennant informs us that the bill is fhort and much hooked; the crown is deep flaty blue, ob- fcurely fpotted with red; the hind part of the neck, the back, wing-coverts, and tail, are variegated with bright rufty and black in narrow tranfverfe bars; the primary wing quills are black; the.under fide of the neck, the breaft, and belly are dirty white, with large rufty fpots; the thighs and under fide of the rump are white ; the legs are long, flender, and orange coloured ; the-tail is croffed with eleven black and eleven bright rufty bars. The defcription given by Mr Latham, in his Index, agrees with that of Mr Pennant in the bars of the tail, but in the reft of the body it agrees with Dr Gme- jin. Where naturglifts of fuch reputation and experience differ fo widely, the fafeft method is to give their different opinions, and leave the decifion to farther inquiry.—T. 82. Minute Falcon—120. Falco minutus. 32. The cere is brown; the legs are yellow; the under part of the body is white; the tail quills are brown, with black bars. F. minutus. Lath. ind. orn. i. yo. n. 121.—Accipiter minor. Briff. av. i. 315. t. 30. f. 1.—Mi- nute Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 112. n. 96. Inhabits the ifland.of Malta.—This fpecies is not larger in the body than a Thrufh, and meafures fomething lefs than a foot in length: The bill and claws are black ; the body is brown above, varied with reddifh; its under fide is white, with tranfverie reddifh brown ftreaks ; the breaft being fome- times marked with {pots fhaped Jike Spear heads. 83. Bengal Falcon. —121. Falco caerulefcens. 9. The cere, eyelids, legs, and under part of the body, are yellow; the back is bluiffi black; the temples are furrounded by a white line. TP. caerulefcens. Lath. ind. orn. i. 50. n. 120.—F. bengalenfis. Briff. orn. i. 119. n. 38.—F. par- vus indicus. Ger. orn. i. 66. t. 44. f. 1.—Faucon de bengale. Briff. app. 20. n. 38.—Little black~ and-orange indian Hawk. Edw. av, t. 108.—Bengal Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 112. n. 97. Inhabits 197 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Falcons. 525 Inhabits Bengal.—This is one of the fmalleft of the genus, meafuring only fix inches and a half long: The bill is blackifh; the hind head is white; the orbits are naked and yellow; the cheeks are white with a black ftreak through each; the tail is black, the two middle quills being uniform, while the reft have tranfverfe white ftreaks on their inner webs; the claws are blackith. 84. Siberian Falcon.—122. Falco regulus. 120. The cere is greenith; the legs are dufky yellow; the neck is furrounded by a rufty ruff, or collar; the body is leaden coloured above, and whitifh, with rufty brown fpots, below. Pall. it. 2. 707. F. regulus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 50. n. 122.—Siberian Falcon. Lath. fyn. i. 113. n. 98. Inhabits Siberia.—This fpecies is very rare, and exceedingly fmall, being even lefs than the pre- ceding, and fcarcely weighing half a pound. In general appearance, and in the two tooth-like pro- ceffes of the bill, it refembles the Keftril; the crown is brown, with blackifh ftreaks; the back is ftreaked with brown, the fhafts of the feathers being of that colour; the under part of the body is thickly interfperfed with fmall rufty-brown dots; the tail quill feathers are black at the edges, white at the tips, leaden coloured near the extremity, and {lightly barred on their under furfaces. 85. Tiny Falcon.—Falco pumilus. The legs are yellow; the body is brown afh colour; its under parts whitifh, with black- ifh bars; the crown is whitifh. F. tmus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 50. n. 123.—Tiny Falcon. Lath. fyn. fup. 39. ~ Inhabits Cayenne.—This is one of the fmalleft fpecies of the genus, which fcarcely meafures fix inches from the tip of the bill to the bafe of the tail. j Il, OW L—3.95 7 RIX. 43. The bill is hooked, and has no cere: The noftrils are oblong, being covered by reflected briftly feathers: The head is large, with large eyes, and wide paflages to the ears: The tongue is cleft. The genus of Owls differs from that of Falcons, in fome meafure as Moths differ from Butterflies; Owls and Moths flying about in the evening and night, while Falcons and Butterflies fly chiefly by day; the one being called Noéturnal or night birds, while the others are Diurnal or day birds. Owls prey, chiefly by night, on fmall birds, murine quadrupeds, and bats; their legs and feet are, for the moft part, clothed with feathers or down, even to the origin of the claws; three of the toes ftand for- ward, and one backwards, but the outer fore toe can be turned backwards occafionally, fo as to act along with the back toe; in this way the feet are either perching or climbing, as is neceflary at the- time : The paffages to the ears are large, and are provided with a membrane, which, when drawn back, refembles the euftachian tube of the human ear: The eyes are large, full, and protuberant, and Vo. I. NGG x fhine Zot 526 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. | Owl, fhine in the dark, that the animal may then fee with greater clearnefs; during the day they are moft- ly kept fhut, being unable to bear the glare of light, and, though birds of prey, they are then infulted by the fmall birds, when diicovered by them in their retreats: The outermoft wing quill feather is ferrated, or jagged, on each of its edges: ‘The claws are much hooked, and very fharp. This genus is very conveniently fubdivided into two parcels, which are diftinguifhed by the pre- fence or abfence of a kind of horns or external ears, compofed of feathers: In the firft fubdivifion, called Eared Owls, or Horned Owls, fome long feathers are erected round the auditory paflages ; thefe are fometimes very confpicuous, confifting of a number of confiderable feathers; at other times they are fcarcely perceptible except when erected, and confift but-of one or two fmall feathers: In the fecond fubdivifion, called Earlefs Owls, thefe appendages are entirely wanting. * Eared Owls. rt. Great Owl.—1. Strix Bubo, 1, Of a large fize, and tawny red colour. Faun. fuec. n. 69. Scop. an. i. 18. 5. Bubo. Lath. ind. orn. i. 51.n. 1.—Bubo. Bellon, av. 25. a. Gefn. av. 234. Aldr. orn. i. 502.—Bubo maximus. Ger. orn. i. 84. t. 81. Wirfing. vog. t. 50..—Grand Duc. Buif. oif. 4. 322. t. 22. Pl. enl. n. 435.—Gufo. Zinnan. uov. 96. t. 16. f. 85.—Schuffut, Uhu. Frifch. av. t. 93.— Eagle Owl. Brrr. zoon. n. 64,—Great horned Owl. Alb. av. ii. t. 9. Will. orn. gg. t. 12. Lewin, writ. b. i. t. 23.—Great eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 116. n. 7. fup. 4o. @. Athenian Great Owl.—1. 6. S. Bubo athenienjis. Is of a fuller, or darker, colour, with blackifh wings, and has flenderer legs. Lath. ind. orn. i. 51. n. 1. 8. Bubo italicus. Briff. orn. rgo. n. 1. A. Borowfk. nat. ii. 77.—Bubo fecundus. Will. orn. 63.— Bubo minor, f. B. vulgaris. Ger. orn. i. 85. t. 82. 83. ?—Black-winged horn Owl. Alb. av. iii. t. 6.—Eagle Owl. Will. orn, ang. 99. n. 2.—Athenian horn Owl. Edw. av. t. 227. Lath. fyn. i. 118. y. Smooth-legged Great Owl.—1. 9. S. Bubo nudipes. Refembles the Common Great Owl in every thing, except that the legs are naked. Lath. ind. orn. i. 52. n. 1. y. Brifl. orn. rq. n. 1. B. Bubo tertius. Will. orn. 64.—Great horn Owl. Will. orn. ang. 100. n. 3.—Smooth-legged Owl. Lath. Yyn. i. 118. d. Variegated Great Owl.—1. d. S. Bubo variegata. The body is blackith yellow, variegated with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 52. n. 1. 2 S. Lubo magellanicus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. 286. n. 1. .—Jacurutu.. Marcgr. braf. 199.—Hibou des terres magellaniques. Buff. oif. 1. 338. Pl. enl. 385.— Magellanic eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 118. Inhabits Europe, Calmuck Tartary, and South America.—This is the bird of Minerva, or Noctua of the ancients, who ufed the proverb, Noéctwas athenas mittere, as we now fay, ‘to fend coals to New= caftle.’ It haunts the thickeft coverts of the foreft, and holes and caverns of decayed trees, rocks, and mountains, preying by night on hares, rabbits, moles, rats, and mice, and feldom on bats’or am- phibious 204 205 206 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl, 527 phibious reptiles. In fize it equals fome of the Eagles; the irides are yellow; the head and body are marked with lines and fpots, elegantly varied, of black, brown, afh, and rufty colours; the wings are long; the tail is fhort, and marked with tranfverfe dufky ftreaks; the legs are of a brick-dutt red colour, and, except thofe of the Smooth-legged variety, are feathered to the roots of the claws; thefe are dufky, large, very much hooked, and {harp pointed. 2. Virginian Owl,—2. Strzx virginiana. 13. The upper parts of the body are brown, with fine zig-zag lines of afh colour, black and orange; the under parts are pale afh, with tranfverfe brown lines; the throat and fides of the breaft are orange, with brown ftreaks. S. virginiana. Lath. ind. orn. i. 52. n. 2.—Bubo virginianus. Brifl. orn. 14g. n. 2. Ger. orn. i. 86. t. 84.—Horned Owl. Ellis, hudf. 40. t. 2.— Great horned Owl, from Virginia. [dw. av. ii. t. 6o.—Hagle Owl. Arct. zool. ii. 228. n. 114.—Virginian Eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. rig. n. 2 ae Inhabits America, in both hemifpheres, Northern Afia, as far eaft as Kamtfchatka, and almoft to the North Pole.—This fpecies refembles the Great Owl, being variegated in a fimilar manner, but it is fmaller, and the feathery ears are placed nearer to the bafe of the bill: Dr Gmelin fuppofes it may only be a variety, and Mr Pennant places it as fuch in his Arctic Zoology. The bill is black; the irides are golden yeliow; the wings and tail are barred with dufky brown, and the latter has a num- ber of crofs afh coloured lines; the legs are clothed to the roots of the claws with foft light brown feathers; the claws are pale yellowifh, or horn coloured. Bi ‘Scandinavian Owl.—3. Strix fcandiaca, 2. The whole body is whitifh, fprinkled with black fpots. Faun. fuec. n. 70. S. feandiaca. Lath. ind. orn. i. 53. n. 6.—Bubo lapponicus. Briff. orn. 142. n. 3.—Scandina-« vian eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 120. n. 3. Arct. zool. ii. 237. A. Inhabits the mountains of Lapland.—This fpecies is as large as a Turkey, and refembles the Snowy Owl, except in having ears. Dr Gmelin fufpects this might likewife be confidered as a variety of the Great Owl. 4. Ceylon Owl.—4. Strix zeylonenfis. 14. The upper part of the body is reddifh brown, and the lower parts are yellowith white ; the face is marked with reddifh brown circles, which are ftreaked with black. S. ceylonenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 52. n. 3.—Great ceylonefe horned Owl. Grown, illuft. zool. 8. t. 4.—Ceylonefe eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 120. n. 4. fup. 41. {nhabits Ceylon and Sumatra.—This fpecies is nearly two feet long: The bill is pale; the irides are yellow; the ears are {hort and pointed; the primary wing quills, and the tail quills, are ftreaked tranfverfely with black, white, and pale red; the legs are only half feathered. 5. Chinefe Owl.—Sérix finenfis. The body is reddifh brown, with waved black lines; its under parts are {treaked with reddifh black, and barred with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 53. n. 4, POSES G) Chinefe 208 209 528 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS, Owl, Chinefe eared Owl. Lath. fyn. fup. 4. Inhabits China.—Is about the fame fize with the Long-eared Owl: The bill and legs are black ;, the fecondary wing quill feathers are each marked with four blackith bars. 6. Coromandel Ow].—Strix coromanda, The body is greyifh red above, with reddifh white fpots; its under parts are pale red, with fmall femilunar black fpots. Lath. ind. orn. i. 53. n. 5. Hibou de Coromandel. Sonner. voy. ii. 186.—Coromandel eared Owl. Lath. fyn. fup. 44. Inhabits India, on the Coromandel coaft—This fpecies is confiderably fmaller than the preceding;. the bill is black; the irides are yellow; the legs are reddifh; the cheeks are white; the wing and tail quills are barred with reddifh white. 7. Red Owl—5. Strix Afi. 3. Of a rufty or tawny red above, and afh coloured below; the wings being marked with five white fpots. S. Afio. Lath. ind. orn.i. §4.n. 10. Faun. groenl.n. 37.—Scops carolinenfis, Briff. av. i. 497.— Little Owl. Catefby, carol. i. t. 7—Red eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 123. n. 8. Inhabits North America, and Greenland.—This fpecies is ten inches and a half long: The upper parts of the body are marked with black ftreaks, and the lower with oblong black fpots; the fcapu- lars are marked with large white fpots, which are probably the five white fpots on the wings that are noticed in the character; the primary wing quills are barred with black, red, and white; the tail is red, with dufky bars; the legs are feathered to.the origin of the claws. 8. Mexican Owl.—6. Strix mexicana. 15. Is variegated with brown and black. S. mexicana. Lath. ind, orn. i. 54. n. 9.—Afio mexicanus.. Briff: orn. 146. n. 9.—Tecoletl.. Raj. av. 16c.— Mexican eared. Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 123. n. 7. Inhabits Mexico, and New-{pain.—The eyes are large, and have golden yellow irides.. g. American Owl.—7. Strix americana, 16. The head and upper parts of the body are afh coloured; the under parts are rufty; the rump is white, with black fpots; the wings and tail are rufty, with tranfverfe ath: coloured and grey ftreaks. S. americana. Lath: ind. orn. i. ¢4. n. 8.—Afio americanus.. Briff. orn. 145:.n, 7.—Bubo ocro-- cinereus.. Feuill, journ. des obf. ed. 1725. p. 59-—American eared Owl.. Lath. fyn. i..222. n. 6. Inhabits South Amertca.—Is about the fame fize with the next, or Long-eared Owl, of which both: Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham fufpect it may only. be a variety: The bill is yellow; the irides golden yellow; the orbits are afh coloured; the legs and feet are yellow, with black claws. 10. BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl. 529 zo. Long-eared Owl.—8. Strix Otus. 4. The ears are long, confifting each of fix feathers. Faun. fuec. n. 71. Scop. an. i. n. 18. S. otus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 73. n. 7.—Afio. Briff. av. i. 486.—Otus, Afio. Bellon, av. 25. n. 6. Gefn. av. 223. Aldr. orn. i. 525.—Moyen Duc, Hibou. Buff. oif. i. 342. t. 22. Pl. enl. n. 29.— Hibou, Canot. Carlev. nouv. fr. iii. 5. 6.—Rothes Kaeuzelin. Frifch. av. 99.—Horn Owl. Will. orn. 100.. Albin, av. ii. t. 10. —Long-eared Owl. Brir. zoou. n. 65. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 24. Lath, fyn. i. 121.n. 5. fup. 42. @. Italian Long-eared Owl.—S. Ofus italicus. The general colour is darker than in the common variety. Lath. ind. orn. i. 54. n. 7. 6 Afio italicus. Briff av. i. gor. a. Aldr.orn. 519. t. p. §23.—Italian eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 122, y. Arctic Long-eared Owl.—S. Otus arcticus. Is confiderably fmaller in fize than the other two varieties. Arét. zool. ii. 229. n. 115. Inhabits Europe, America, and the northern parts of Afia, as far as Aftrachan, and is found in Egypt.—This fpecies meafures fourteen inches long, the Italian variety is a little larger, and the Arc-. tic confiderably fmaller; it builds in trees, laying four white eggs in April; it never migrates, and is extremely clamorous. The feathers of the ears, or horns, are black and yellow, and very long; the irides are yellow; the back and wing coverts are variegated with dufky brown, grey, and rufty yellow; the breaft and belly are pale yellow, with flender longitudinal brown ftreaks; the tail is barred with afh colour and dufky; the primary wing quills are barred with ruft colour and dufky; the legs and feet are feathered to*the claws. rr. Short-eared Owl.—g, Strix brachyotos. 17. The ears are fhort; the upper part of the body is brown, the feathers being edged with’ yellow; the under parts are pale yellow, longitudinally flreaked with dufky. Forfter, phil. tranf. Ixii. 384. n. 2.. S. brachyotos. Lath. ind. orn. i. 55. n. 1 ¥.—€houette, Grand Cheveche. Buff. oif..i. 372. t. 27. Pl. enl. n. 433.—Short-eared Owl. Brit. zoo. n. 66. t. 31. Arct. zool. ii. 229. n. 116.- Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 25-. Lath. fyn. i. 124. n: 9. fup. 43. Inhabits Europe, Siberia, and America, and has been found in the Sandwich iflands.—This f{pecies meafures fourteen inches long; the ears confift of a fingle feather, which may be raifed or deprefled at pleafure, and are not in general very confpicuous, which has occafioned it to be fuppofed earlefs. by fome naturalifts; it is very bold, and preys much on mice, watching for them like a:cat, from which circumftance it is called, by the Englifh in Hudfon’s Bay, the Moufe Hawk:. The tail is dark. brown, the middle feathers having a large yellow circle, with a brown fpot in the center, on each. web; the primary wing quills are dufky, with red bars; the thighs, legs, feet, and toes, are covered: with yellow feathers: It never flies after its prey; breeds on the ground in the northern regions, and: migrates fouthwards in auturnn: This fpecies fometimes varies to a yellowifh colour, the feathers ha- ving oblique black.bars. Mr Pennant refers the Ulula cunicularia, of Feuille, to this-fpecies, but it feems more properly to form a feparate article among the Earlefs Owls, as arranged by Dr Gmelin. le ie) — Gy 216 217 218 530 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl, 12. Brafilian Owl.—10, Strix brajfiliana, 18. The body is pale rufty brown above, with white fpots; and whitith below, with rufty brown f{pots. S. brafiliana. Lath. ind. orn. i. 55. n. 12.—Afio brafilienfis. Briff. orn. 145. n. 8.—Noétua bra- filienfis, Cabure. Raj. av. 26. n. 7.—Ulula brafilienfis. Klein, av. 57. n. 8.—Cabure, Caboure. Will. orn. 107. n. 8. Buff. oif. 1. 383.—Brafilian eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 125. n. 10. Inhabits Brafil.—s about the fize of a Thruth; the wing quill feathers are barred with white ; the bill, irides, legs, feet, and toes, are yellowith; the legs are fhort. 13. Mottled Owl.—11,. Strix naevia. 19. The body is grey, its under parts paler, and both are {potted with black and rufly 5 the feathers of the head and breaft are dotted with black. S. naevia. Lath. ind. orn. i. 55. n. 13-—Mboittled Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 126. n: 11. Arét. zool. ii. 231.n. 118. Faun. amer. fept. 9. Tnhabits New-york.—Is eleven inches long; breeds in May, and does not migrate. ‘The face is white, with brown ipots; the head, wings, and upper parts of the body, are mottled with ath colour and pale red; the feapulars, and wing coverts, have large white fpots; the primary wing quills are’ {potted with black and pale rufty; the breaft and belly are whitith grey, with longitudinal duiky rag- ged firipes; the legs and feet are feathered to the toes. ¥ 14. Indian Owl.—12. Strix indica. 20. The back is dufky; the wing coverts are grey, with narrow longitudinal black lines ; the breaft is buff coloured, with fmall fagittal black fpots; the wings are tranfverfe- ly barred with black and white. S. Bakkamuna. Lath. ind. orn. i. 56. n. 14.—Otus Bakkamoena, Little horned Owl. Ind. zool. ed. 2d. n. iii. t. 3.—Little Hawk Owl. Ind. zool. ed. 1ft. n. 3.—Indian eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. TZ ipo =p 2- Inhabits Ceylon.—This fpecies is rare, and very fmall, as the figure in the Indian Zoology, which is faid to be of the natural fize, meafures only four inches and a half long: The bill is dufky, and furrounded with long briftles; the head is deep afh colour, circularly ftriped with paler; the ears, or horas, rife from the bafe of the bill and diverge outwards, being dufky on their inner and white on their outer fides; the irides are fcarlet ; the orbits are pale afh, furrounded with yellowifh brown; the legs are feathered only half way, their lower naked part, and the feet, are reddith JEW Bt 15. Sardinian Owl.—13. Strix Zorca. 21. Ai The bill is nse yellow; the ears are compofed of eight or nine feathers. Cetti, uc. fard. Go. Lath. ind. orn. i. 56. n. 15. * Inhabits Sardinia and Italy.—This fpecies meafures feven inches in length; it is folitary, does not migrate, and makes a howling noife; the feet and toes are naked. 106. 219 220 221 222 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl. 531 16. Carniolic Owl.—14. Strix carniolica, 22. The body is whitifh afh, with tranfverfe ftreaks and fpots of blackilh. S. Giu. Scop. an. i. 19. n. 9. Kram. el. 323. n. 3. Lath. ind. orn. i. 56. n. 16.—Carniolic eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 127. n. 13. - Inhabits the woods of Carniola——This fpecies neftles in the fiflures of rocks, and cavities of decay- ed trees, laying two, three, or four eggs, and feeds its young with the Scarabeus majalis; it meafures about eight inches long, and refembles the Little Owl, differing chiefly from it by having fmall ears, which are fcarcely perceptible after death. ‘he firft fix wing quill feathers, are {potted with white on one of their webs 3 the tail is {potted with brownifh. ‘The bird quoted from Kramer feems to vary from this in being variegated with very {mall waved lines of black, white, and brown. 17. Yaik Owl.—15. Strix deminuta, 23. Of a reddifh colour, and {mall fize. Pall. it. ii. 707. n. 14. S. deminuta. ‘Lath. ind. orn. i. 56. n. 17.—Yaickan eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 128. n. 14. Inhabits the forefts of the Uralian or Yaik mountains, in Siberia.—This fpecies refembles the Great Owl in colours, and general make, but is vaftly fmaller, fcarcely weighing one pound; the variegation of its feathers is likewife lefs elegant, and lefs diftinétly marked.. 18, Siberian Owl.—16. Strix pulchella, 24. The body is grey, variegated with brown, rufty, and white. Pall. it. i. 466. n. 8. S. pulchella. Nov. com. petr. xv. 490. t. 26. f. 1. Lepech. it. ii. t. 4. Lath. ind. orn. i. 57. n. 19.—Siberian eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 130. n..16. t. 5. f. 1.—Leaft horned Owl. Natural mif-- cell. N°. viii. t. 22. Inhabits Siberia, near Catharinople, and on the fouthern fhore of the Wolga.—Is rather more than nine inches long; the bill, legs, feet, and claws, are dirty whitifh; the irides are yellow; the back is dirty afh colour; the wings are marked with oblong white {pots ; the tail is reddifh, with brown: bars and dots. Mr Latham fays, that the body is hoary, waved with afh colour, the wings barred with hoary, and the noftrils fmeared with white. ° rg. Scops Owl.—17. Strix Scops. 5. The ears are each compofed of one ftather. 5. Scops. Lath. ind. orn. i. 56. n. 18.—Scops. Briff. av. j. 495. t. 37-£ 1. Aldr. orn. lib. viii. ¢. 4. Raj. av. 25. n. 3.—Scops, Petit Duc. Buff. oif. i. 353. t. 24. Pl. enl. n. 436.—Chiu, Alloccarello, Chivino. Zinnan, uov. 98. t. 16. f. 87—Horn oder Ohreule.. Gunth. neft. t. 40.—Scops eared Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 129. n. 15. fyn. 43,—Little horn Owl.. Will. orn. ror. t. 12. Inhabits Europe, but has not been difcovered in Britain.—This fpecies is very {mall, fearcely ex- eceding féven inches long ; it preys on field mice; the ears are {carcely confpicuous after death: The plumage is variegated with grey, reddifh, brown, and blackifh, but is fubject to confiderable variety from difference of age; the legs are feathered, and fpotted with brown; the toes and claws are brown,. e ** Barlefs: 224 225 226 Ly BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. - Owl. ** Farlefs Owls. 20. Snowy Owl.—18. Strix Nydea. 6. _ The plumage is white, with a few diftant fmall dufky or brownifh femilunar fpots. t Scop. an. i. 20. S. Nyétea. Lath. ind. orn. i. 57. n. 20.—Strix alba, freti hudfonis. Briff av. i. 522.—Aluco al- bus diurnus. Ger. orn. i. 89. t. 93.—Ulula alba. Klein, av. 65. n. 5.—Harfang. Faun, fuec. n. 76. Buff. oif. i. 387. Pl. enl. n. 458.—Hibou blanc d’Ifland. Ander. ifl. i. 85. t. 1 —Great white Owl. Edw. av. t. 61. Gent. mag. xli. t. p. 437.—Snowy Owl. Arét, zool. ii. 233. n. 121. t. tit. praefix. Lath. fyn. i. 132. n. 17. fup. 45. 8. Speckled Snowy Owl.—S. Nyélea frriata. Is marked with numerous femilunar brown fpots. Nat. mifc. N°. xvi. t. 47. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Afia, and America.—This fpecies is almoft équal in fize to the Great Owl, being two feet long; it flies about in the day, and preys on herons, hares, murine quadrupeds, and birds, fometimes feeding on carrion; it makes a hideous howling noifé, refembling the voice of a man in deep diftrefs; it varies confiderably in fize, weighing fometimes three pounds, while other fpecimens fcarcely weigh half as much}; in winter it is often found, efpecially in the moft northern regions, entirely white, but has generally a few fmall fcattered crefcent-like brown or duifky fpots ; the variety quoted from the Naturalift’s Mifcellany is remarkable for having a much greater number of thefe fpots than ufual. ‘The head is fmaller in proportion than in moft fpecies of the ge- nus; the legs, feet, and toes, are thickly clothed with long foft downy white feathers to the claws ; the bill and claws are black; the irides are yellow. 21. Swedith Owl.—19. Strix Tengmalmi. 44. The body is grey, with round white fpots. Tengmalm, in aét. Stock. ann. 1783, trim. 1. S. Tengmalmi. Lath. ind. orn. i. 64. n. 42. Art. zool. fup. p. 60. Inhabits the province of Upland, in Sweden.—This fpecies, which was only lately difcovered by Dr Tengmalm, is about the fize of a blackbird; the bill is dufky, with a white tip, and having a black line ftreaching from its bafe to the eye, on each fide; the eyes are furrounded with a circle of white feathers, which are clouded with dufky, or blackifh; the head is grey, ftriped with white, and fur- rounded by a dufky collar or circle, which is fpotted with white; the breaft and belly are white, ir- regularly blotched with dutky; the primary wing quills are dufky, with white bars; the tail is dufky grey, with white ftripes; the toes are feathered to the claws. 22. Barred Owl.—20. Strix nebulofa, 25. The head, neck, breaft, back, and wing coverts, are tran{verfely barred with brown and whitifh; the belly and ventlet are dirty white, with oblong brown longitudinal ftreaks ; the tail is barred tranfverfely with brown and whitifh, and is white at the tip. Forfter, pail. tranf, lxii. 424. e s S. 227 228 229 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl. 533 -§. nebulofa. Lath. ind. orn. i. 58. n. 23.—Barred Owl. Arc. zool. ii. 234. n. 122. Lath. fyn. i. 133. t. 18.—Clouded Owl. Nat. mifc. N°. ix. t. 25.—Grey Owl. Phil. tranf. lxii. 386. Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay and New York.—This is a large fpecies, weighing three pounds, meafuring two feet in length, and four feet in extent of wings}; it preys on hares, mice, &c. The bill is pale yellow, and befet with ftrong briftles ; the irides-are yellow, and the eyes are furrounded by a large whitith circle; the primary wing quills ate very diftinétly barred with black and white; the legs, feet, and toes are feathered with whitifh ; the wings are fhorter than the tail. 23. Sooty Owl.—21. Strix cinerea. 26. The head, fcrag, and wing coverts, are footy, with narrow dirty white bars; the breaft and belly are dirty white, much covered with large, oblong, dufky brown blotches. S. cinerea. Lath. ind. orn. i. 58. n. 22.—Sooty Owl. Arc. zool. ii. 232. n. 120.—Cinereous Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 134. n. 19. fup. 45. * Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay.—This fpecies is as large as the laft; it flies about in pairs, preying on ‘hares, rabbits, &c. ; breeds in the pine trees, laying two eggs, which are fpotted with dufky, in the middle of May, and the young ones-are able to fly in the end of July: The bill is whitith ; the iri- ‘des are yellow ; the primary wing quills are deep brown, with broad bars of dufky, and pale ath co- loured ftreaks ; the tail is irregularly marked with oblique ftreaks of brown and dirty white; the eyes are furrounded with alternate black and pale afh coloured circular ftreaks; a part of the fkin, from the chin along the breaft and belly to the vent, is bare of feathers for near an inch in breadth ; this laft circumftance is am uncommon diftinétive mark, if it is not merely accidental. 44. Spectacle Owl.—Strix per/picillata. The head is white, fmooth, and downy; the {pace round the eyes, the chin, and the upper part of the body, are reddifh brown; the under parts of the body are reddifh white, and the breaft is barred with reddifh brown. Lath. ind. orn. i. 58. n. 24. Syn. fup. 50. t. 107: Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies is fmaller than the two preceding, meafuring twenty-one inches long ; the head is fmall, and is covered with a woolly-like downy plumage, having a yellow bill; the legs, feet, and toes-are feathered to the claws, 25. Spotted Owl.—22. Strix maculata. 27. The back and rump are white, with dufky fpots; the breaft and belly are dirty white, with numerous tranf{verfe reddifh lines; the fcapulars and wing coverts are white, with dufky reddifh longitudinal bars. S. Wapacuthu. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. 291. n. 27. Lath. ind. orn. i 58 n. 21.—Wapacutha Owl: Arc. zool. ii. 231. n. 119. Lath. fyn. fup. 49. Inhabits Hudfon's Bay.—This is a large fpecies, meafuring two fect long, by four in extent, and weighing five pounds ; it lives in the woods, preying on mice and fmall birds; builds on the bare Vot. I. : Yyy ground, a 232 534 BIRDS. _ RAPACIOUS. Owl, ro) ground, or mofly foil; the young are hatched in May, and fly in June, continuing entirely white for a long time after. It is called Wapacuthu by the Indians, which fignifies Spotted Owl, and is rec= koned a great delicacy by the European fettlers. ‘The bill is glofly black, and its bafe is befet with ftrong briftles ; the irides are yellow; the fpace about the eyes, cheeks, and chin are white; the ends of the feathers on the head are black ; the wing and tail quills are irregularly barred and fpot- ted with black and pale red ; the ventlet or under fide of the rump is white ; the legs are feathered to the toes, which are covered with hairs, and have very crooked claws. 26, Coquimbo Owl.—23. Strix cunicularia, 28. ‘Fhe body is brown above, with white fpots; its under parts are white; the legs are warty and hairy. Molin. chil. 233. Klein, av. 57. n. 9. Feuille, obf. 562. Noétua coquimbana. Briff. orn. 155. n. 11.—Coquimbo Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 145. n. 33. Inhabits Coquimbo in Chili.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Pigeon; it fometimes flies about in pairs during the day, preying on infects and reptiles ; it breeds in long fubterranean burrows, like Rabbits, laying four eggs, which are variegated with white and yellow. i e 27. Sacred Owl.—24. Strix Aluco. 7. The head is rulty; the irides are black; the primary wing quills are ferrated at the edges. S. Aluco. It. oel. 69. Scop. an. i. 20. n. 4. Tengmalm, act. Stock. ann. 1782, trim. 2. n. 8: Gerin. orn. 90. t. 94.—S. cinerea. Raj. av. 26. n. 3.—Ulula. Gefn. av. 773. Aldr. orn. i. 540.. Briff. av. i. 507-—Hulotte. Buff. oif. i. 358. Pl. enl. n. 441.—Aluco Aldrovandi. Will. orn. 104- t. 13.—Grabeule. Frifch, av. t. 94.—Aluco Owl, Lath. fyn. i, 134. n. 20.. Mhabits Europe and Tartary.—This fpecies is fifteen inches long:; it is faid to be confidered as. fa— cred by the Kalmucks, for having contributed to fave the life of their great monarch Genghis Khan, but this is attributed to another fpecies, the Common Owl, by Mr Pennant; perhaps it is to the Owl. in general this refpect is paid, and not to any particular fpecies. In fummer it dwells in the hollows. of decayed trees in the woods, and in winter comes near the habitations of ‘mankind ; it lays four dirty grey eggs, employing the deferted nefts of the Great Ow}, Keftril, Crow, or Magpie ; the bill is of a yellowifh or greenifh white; the upper part of the body is of a dark ruft colour, with whitith, and black fpots; the legs are white, with very {mall black dots.. 28. Auftrian Owl.—25. Strix fylvefiris. 29. The body is variegated with white and brown; the fpace round the eyes is white. S. fylveftris. Scop. an. i. 21. n. 13. Lath. ind. orn. i, 61. n. 29.—Auftrian Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 136. n. 21. Inhabits Carniola.—This fpecies is about the fize and general appearance of a middle fized com- mon fowl: The covering of the head is rendered very elegant and fingular by a radiated wreath " of white feathers which runs acro/s she fore-head. from one ear to the other; the irides are fiery red. 2.9. 233 234 £55 236 237 238 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl. 535 29. White Owl.—26, Strix alba. 30. The upper part of the body is reddifh, {potted with grey; the under parts white; the wing and tail quiils are reddifh, the latter having white tips. Scop. an. 22. n. 14. S. alba. Lath. ind. orn. i. 61. n. 30.—Auftrian white Owl. Lath. fyn. 1. ¥36. n. 22. Inhabits Auftria—Of the fame fize with the former, from which it is particularly diftinguifhed by having a reddifh border to the covering of the head; the bill is white. 30. Reddith Owl.—27. Strix Noctua, 31. The body is pale reddifh, with longitudinally oblong brown fpots; the irides are brown, Scop. an. i. 22. n. 15. S. Noétua. Lath. ind. orn. i. 61. n. 31.—Rufous auftrian Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 136. n. 23. Inhabits Carniola.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Pigeon, and dwells in the woods, 31. Rufty Owl.—28. Strix rufa. 32. The body is rufty, with brown fpots; the irides are bluifh. Scop. an. i. 22. n. 16, S. rufa. Lath. ind. orn. i. 62. n. 32.—Ferrugineous auftrian Owl. Lath. fyn.i. 137. n. 24. Inhabits the woods of Idria.—This is much of the fame fize and general appearance with the laft, of which, perhaps, it fhould only be confidered as a variety. 32. French Owl.—29. Strix /olonienfis. 33. "The upper part of the body is very dark brown, mixed with tawny; its under part is white; the tail is white, with black lines crofling each other near the tip. S. folonienfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 62. n. 33-—Ulula minor, f. Noctua minor. Salerne, orn. 56.— Solognefe Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 137. n. 25. Inhabits France, in the-diftri€t formerly named Sologne.—This fpecies meafures fifteen inches in length; the crown of the head, and the outer circle of feathers round the face, are varied with white and reddifh ; the toes are pale. zl ev 33. Mountain Owl,—Sérix barbata. The fpace round the eyes, and the chin, are black. Lath. ind. orn. i. 62.n. 34. Syn. fup. 50. Inhabits the eaftern mountains of Siberia.—Has confiderable refemblance to the Sacred Owl, but is in reality a different {pecies : The bill and irides are yellow; the plumage is afh coloured; the primary wing quills are ferrated on both edges ; the blacknefs of the chin. has the appearance of a beard at a diftance. 34. Common Owl,—30. Strix flammea. 8. The body is pale yellow above, with fmall white fpots; and whitifh below, with fmall blackith fpots. Faun. fuec. n. 73. ; Yyy2 o. 530 BIRDS, RAPACIOUS. Owl. S. flammea. Lath. ind. orn. i. 60. n. 28.—Aluco. Briff orn. 147. n. 2.—Aluco minor. Aldr. orn. i. 536. f. p. §38. Raj. av. 25. 4, 1. Brun. orn. 17.—Ulula altera. Gefn. av. 775.—Alloco. Zinnan. uov, 99. t. 16. f. 85—Tuidara. Marcgr. braf. 205.—Effraie, Frefaie. Buff. oif. i. 366. t. 26. Pl. eal. n. 440. 474.—Schlefer Eule, Perl Eule. Frifch, av. t. 97.—Barn Owl. Clayton, vir- gin. Phil. tranf. iii. 589.—Common barn Owl, or White Owl. Will. orn. 104. t. 13.—White Owl. Brir. zoou. n. 67. Arct. zool. ii. 235. n. 124. Albin, av. ii. t. r1. Lewin, brit. b. 1. t. 26. Lath. fyn. i. 138. n. 26. fup. 46. Inhabits Europe, America, and Northern Afia.—Is fourteen inches long, and weighs eleven ounces; this fpecies is held facred by the Monguls: The bill is white ; the irides are dufky ; the tail feathers are white on their inner webs, having obfcure dufky bars on their outer webs ; the pale yellow fea- thers of the head, back, and wing coverts have each two grey and two white fpots placed alternately on each web; the legs are feathered, and the feet are covered with fhort hairs. : 239 35. Screech Owl.—31. Strzx firidula. g. The body is of a tawny or rufty colour, fpotted and powdered with dufky; the third wing quill is longer than the reft. Scop. an. i. 22. n. 12. S. Stridula. Lath. ind. orn. i. 58. n. 25-—Strix. Gefn.av. 738. Aldr. orn. 561. f. p. 563. Raj. av. 25. Briff. av. i. 500.—strix orientalis. Haffelqu. it. 233-—Chat-huant.. Buff. oif. i. 362. t. 25. Pl. enl. n. 437.—Strige. Zinnan. uov. too. t. 16. f. 89.—Skrik Uggla. Faun. fuec. n. 77.— Braune oder ftock Eule, Gelbliche oder braune Eule. Frifch, av. t. 95. 96.—Ivy Owl, or Com- mon brown Owl. Will. orn. 102. t. 14.—Tawny Owl. Brrr. zoou. n. 68. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 27.. Arét. zool. ii. 237. B. Lath. fyn. i. 139. n. 27. Inhabits Europe, and Tartary, perhaps likewife in Hudfon’s Bay.—Is fifteen inches long, and: weighs nineteen ounces ; the breaft and belly are yellowifh, mixed with white, and ftreaked longi- tudinally with dufky ; the tail is blotched, barred, and {potted with black and pale rufty ; the irides. are dufky ; the legs, feet, and toes are feathered to the claws. 240 36. Brown Owl,—32. Strix Ulula. to. The body is brown above, with white fpots; the tail quills are marked with very nar- row white bars. Faun. fuec. n. 78. Nozem. vog. t. 33- 34- §. Ulula. Lath. ind. orn. i. 60. n. 27.—Noétua major. Briff. av. i. 511.—Noétua faxatilis. Gefn. av. 622. Aldr. orn. i. 545.—Chouette, Grand Cheveche. Buff. oif. i. 372. t. 27. Pl. enl. 438.— Grey Owl. Will. orn. 193.—Great brown Owl. Albin. iii. t. 7.—Brown Owl. Brit zooL. n. 69. Ar&t. zool. ii. 236. 0.125. Lath. fyn. i. 140. n. 28.—Ulula flammeata, Stein Eule. Frifch, av. t. 98. 241 B. Leffer Brown Owlh,—32. 6. S. Ulula minor. Of a {maller fize. z Noétua minor aucuparia. Nozem, nederl. vog. t. 377. . Inhabits Europe and Newfoundland.—This fpecies meafures fourteen inches long, but the Leffler variety is confiderably fmaller; The hend, wings, and back have black fpots; the fhoulders and wing coverts 242 243 244 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl. 537 coverts are fpotted with white; the breaft is pale afh colour, with dufky, jagged, longitudinal ftreaks, the irides are chefnut ; the feet are feathered to the claws. The defcription in Mr Latham’s Index differs fo confiderably from this, though he refers to the fame authorities, that it has certainly been taken from a different variety, perhaps even from a diffe~ rent fpecies 5 it is neccflary however to obferve that he marks fome of the quotations with a note of interrogation, thereby denoting his own doubts of the identity: According to him, “ the upper parts “ of the body are reddifh, with longitudinally difpofed brown fpots; the under parts are whitifh, ¢ with fmall brown ftreaks ; the tail is barred with brown ; the irides are yellow.” 37. Ar&ic Owl.—Strix arctica. Of a rufty brown colour, fpotted with black on the upper, and ftreaked with narrow brown lines on the under parts of the body; the bill, the orbits, and a band under the wings, are brown. Sparrm. muf. carlf. fafc. il. t. 51. S. Ulula arctica. Lath. ind. orn. i. 60. n. 27. £. Inhabits the northern provinces of Sweden.—This fpecies is eighteen inches long ; the irides are yellow; the tail is barred with black and rufty; the legs and feet are white, with black claws. 38. Canadian Owl. —33. Strix funerea, 11. Of a brown colour, with a few large white fpots above; the under parts are white, with tranfverle narrow brown bars; the tail is very long, with broad bars of brown, and narrow white bars. S. funerea. Faun. fuec.n. 75. Lath. ind. orn. i. 62. n. 35. Phil. tranf. Ixi. 385.—Strix cana denfis. Briff. orn. 151. n. 6.— Noctua canadenfis. Ger. orn. i. 88. t. go.—Chat-huant de canada. Briff. av. i. 518. n. 6. t. 37. f. 2.—Chouette de canada, Grand Cheveche de canada. Buff. oif. i. 391. n. 5.—Canada Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 142. n. 29. Inhabits Europe and North America.—The head is black, with {mall white fpots; the upper man- dible of the bill is white ; the five outer primary wing quills are not fpotted on their outer webs ; the middle tail quills are flightly whitifh at the tips; the irides are yellow. 39. Hudfons Owl —34. Strix hud/omia. 34. The brown feathers of the upper parts of the body are edged with white; the under parts are white, with narrow, tranfverfe, black lines; the bill and irides are orange yellow. j S. funerea hudfonia. Lath. ind. orn. i. 62. n. 35. ¢.—Strix freti hudfonis. Briff. orn. 1gr. n, 7.—Strix noctuaeformis, f. Falco noctuaeformis. Ger. orn. i. g1. t. 98.—Caparacoch. Buff. oif. i. 385. n. 2.—Little Hawk Owl. Edw. av. ii. t. 62.—Hawk Owl, Cabetituch. Arét. zool. ii. 234. n. 123. Juath. fyn. i. 143. n. 30, Inhabits Hudfon’s Bay.—This fpecies, which is hardly larger tham the Sparrow Hawk, goes about during the day in fearch of prey: The crown is brown, {potted with white; the face is white, mixed with 246 247 248 249) 538 e BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl, with brown, and edged round with black; the rump is brown, with paler bars; the tail and wings are long. : 40. Ural Owl.—35. Strix uralenfis. 35. The body is white, each feather having an oblong longitudinal brown fpot in the middle. Lepech. it. ii. t. 3. Pall. it. i. 455. n. 7. S. funerea uralenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 63. n. 35. y.—Chouette 4 longue queue, de fiberie. PL enl. n. 463.—Ural Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 148. n. 37- Inhabits the Uralian mountains in Siberia.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Hen: The bill is pale waxen yellow, the irides and eyelids are black; the orbits are afh coloured; the rump is white; the tail is long and wedge fhaped. Thefe two laft fpecies are fufpected to be varieties of the Canadian owl, by Dr Gmelin, and are ranked as fuch by Mr Latham: Mr Pennant quotes them indifcrimi- nately without hinting at any variation. 41. Cafpian Ow!l.—36. Strix accipitrina. 36. The body is yellowifh above; its under parts are yellowifh white, having each fide fmeared longitudinally with blackifh, and the beily is dotted with black; the irides are citron yellow. Pall. it. i. 455. n. 6. S. GC. Gmel. it. ii. 163. t. 9. 9. Ulula accipitrina. Lath. ind. orn. i. 60. n. 27. y.—Cafpian Owl. Lath. fyn. i, 147. n. 36. Inhabits near the Cafpian.—This fpecies is of the fame fize with the Brown Owl, of which it is reckoned a variety by Mr Latham; by Mr Pennant it is quoted as a fynonime of the Canadian Owl, and Dr Gmelin fufpects it may be a variety of that fpecies. The bill is black; the under furfaces of the wings and the ventlet are white ; the wing quill feathers are yellowifh outwardly, and white, chequered with black, on their under furfaces ; the tail is blackifh, rounded, fhorter than the wings, barred with white, and whitifh at the fides, 2. Java Owl.—37. Strix javanica. 37. Of an afh colour, reddifh in fome parts, with white and black fpots; the under parts are dirty white, reddifh in fome parts, and fpotted with black. De Wurmb, in Lich- tenb. magaz. iv. 2. 10. Lath. ind. orn. i. 64. n. 39. Tobabits Java—lIts fize is not mentioned. 43. New-zealand Ow].—Strzx novae-feelandiae. Of a brown colour, the feathers being edged with tawny; the orbits are tawny; the tail is brown, with paler bars. S. fulva. Lath. ind. ori, i. 65. n. 4¢.—-New-zealand Owl. Lath. fyn. fup. 48. n. 39. f. Spotted New-zealand Owl.—S, novae feclandiae maculata, fa brown colour above, with white fpots; the under parts are tawny. BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl. 539 S. novae-feelandiae. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. 296. n. 38.—S. fulva maculata. Lath. ind. orn. i. 65. n. 45. 6.—New-zealand Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 149. n. 39- Inhabits New-zealand.—This fpecies is about eleven inches long; Mr Latham fufpects that the two varieties may be different fexes ; in the firft the hinder part of the back, the rump, and the ventlet are brown, without any fpots; the thighs are brown, with white {pots; in both the bill is black at the tip, and the eyes are yellow. 250 44. Cayenne Owl.—39. Strix cayennenjis. 39. The body is longitudinally ftreaked with reddifh, and waved tranfverfely with brown; the irides are tawny yellow. S. cayennenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 64. n. 41.—Chat-huant de Cayenne. Buff. oif. i. 391. Pl. enl, n. 442.—Cayenne Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 146. n. 35. Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies is of the fame fize with the Screech Owl; the bill is of a pale horn colour ; the claws are black. 251 45. Domingo Owl.—so. Strix dominicenfis. 40. The under parts of the body are reddifh; the brealt is flightly fpotted. S. dominicenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 64. n. 40.—Chouette de S. Domingue, Grand Cheveche de S. Domingue. Buff. oif. i. 392. n. 6.—St. Domingo Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 146. n. 34. Inhabits the ifland of Saint Domingo.—This fpecies has confiderable refemblance to the Brown: Owl, but the bill is confiderably larger, {tronger, and more hooked ; the fpots on the breaft are di- ftant, and difpofed longitudinally. 252 46. New-{pain Owl.—41. Strix Tolchiquath. 4%. The body is black above, variegated with pale yellow, white, and tawny; its under parts are white; the irides are pale yellow. S. Tolchiquatli. Lath. ind. orn. i. 63. n. 37.—Noctua mexicana. Briff orn. 153. n. 10.— Chouette de Mexique.. Briff. av. 1. 524. n. ro.—Volchiquatli. Raj. av. 160.—New-fpain Owl.. Lath. fyn. i. 145. n. 32. Inhabits New Spain.—The bill, claws, and wing coverts are black; the plumage is very thickly fet. 253 7, Chichidtli Owl.—42. Strix Chichicth. 42. Is tawny, variegated with white, brown, and black; the eyes are black, and the eyelids blue. S. Chichili. Lath. ind. orn. i. 63. n. 36.—S. Mexicana. Briff. orn. 152. n. g.—Chat-huant de Mexique. Briff. av. i. 523. n. 9.—Chichictli. Raj. av. 160.—Mexican Owl. Lath. fyn. i. r44. Niet Inhabits Mexico and New-f{pain.—This fpecies is about the fize of a common Her, 4S. 254, 255 e) Gy, oO" 257) 540 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Owl, 48. Acadian Owl.—43. Strix acadica. 43. The upper part of the body is bright bay, or reddifh brown, with white fpots ; thre’ un- der parts being white, mixed with rufty. S. acadica. Lath. ind. orn. i. 65. n. 44.—Acadian Owl. Lath. fyn. i. 149. n. 38. t. 5. f. 2. Inhabits Acadia, or Nova Scotia, and other parts of North America.—This fpecies meafures feven inches in length : The bill is dufky ; the irides are yellow; the crown of the head is fpotted with paler colour ; the region of the eyes is afh coloured ; the toes are brown. 49. Little Owl.—q4. Strix pafferina, 12. The wing quills have five rows of white fpots. S. paflerina. Lath. ind. orn. i. 65. n. 46.—Noétua minor. Briff. av. i. 514. Raj. av. 26, n. 6.— Noctua minima. Gefn. av. 620. Aldr. orn. i. 543. f. p. §44.—Cheveche, Petite Chouette. Buff. oif. i. 377. t. 28. Pl. enl. 439.—Little'Owl. Brrr. zoor. n. 70. Albin. ii. t. 12. Will. orn. rog. t. 13. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 29. Edw..av. t. 228. Lath. fyn.i. 150. n. 40.—Civetta. Olin. 6s. Cetti, uc. fard. 66. Zinnan, uov. 97. t. 16. f. 4.~—Kleniftes Kauzlein. Frifch, av. t. 100. Inhabits Europe and North America.—This fpecies is from feven to eight inches in length ; it is remarkably folitary, and only goes out at night, preying on bats, mice,-and grafhoppers 5 it builds its neft either in the hollows of decayed firs, or half way up among the thickeft branches: The bill is whitith brown ; the head, back, and the wing coverts are light brown, with white fpots; the breaft is whitifh, variegated with rufty ; the irides are pale yellow ; the tail is barred-with white, and all its guill feathers are marked with regularly difpofed round white {pots} the feet are feathered tothe claws. @. American Little Owl.—S. pafferina americana. - Is confiderably fmaller; the eyes are furrounded with white circles; the plumage ‘has fewer white fpots. Shipmofpith. Art. zool. il. p. 236. y» Ruffian Little Owl.—qq. 8. S. pafferina roffica. Is confiderably larger; the wings are variegated with brown and yellow. Lath. ind. orn. i. 66. n. 46. B, Noétua minor. §..G. Gmelin, in Nov. comm. petr. xv. 447. t. 12. Tahabits the Ruffian Empire.—This variety is twelve inches long ; the belly is mixed with yellow; the chin is white. VW. SHRIK Ean LT ANTU S. aa he bill is moftly ftraight, being only a little hooked at the end; each mandible, near the end, is armed with a fharp tooth- 258 259 BIRDS. --RAPACIOUS. Shrike. 54x tooth-like procefs; the bafe is naked: The tongue is Jagged, as if torn at the extremity. This genus forms a link of the chain of being, connecting the order of Rapacious birds with thofe which are called Pies ; it agrees with the former in the ftrength, and, in fome degree, the form of the bill, and in living by prey; while it refembles the latter in its general manners and appearance, in the form of its tongue and tail, and in the ftructure of its feet ; it comes neareft in general form to the Magpie, and is named Pre-griefche by the French ornithologifts. The noftrils are generally round, and covered with ftiff briftles ; the toes are divided to their origin, except the middle one, which is flightly connected to the outer toe; the tail is, for the moft part, though not always, wedge- like, or longer in the middle than at the fides, the middle rifing higher than the reft, and the fides doubled down. In general, the birds of this genus are noify and quarrelfome, from which circum- ftance they are called Wranglers, Wariangles*, in old Englifh writers; they, prey on fmall birds and infects, and tear their prey to pieces, fticking the fragments on thorns, whence they get the name of Butcher birds ; but in fyftem the fingle appellation of Shrike is preferable, derived from their noify manners. They are found in all quarters of the world, and in all climates, except within the Arctic circle. 1. Drongo Shrike.—1. Lanzus forficatus, 1. The tail is forked; the forehead is ornamented with an erected creft; the plumage is greenith black. L. forficatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 66. n. 1.—Mufcicapa madagafcarienfis criftata, Briff. av. ii. 388. n. 16. t. 37. f. 4.—Drongo. Buff. oif. iv. 586.—Gobe-mouche huppé, de madagafcar. Pl. enl. n. 189.—Crefted fork-tailed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 158. n. 1. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, Madagafcar, and China.—This fpecies is ten inches long; the creft is erected from the forehead, juft behind the bafe of the bill, but is fometimes wanting, perhaps in female fpecimens ; the tail is long. 2, Malabar Shrike.—JLanius malabaricus. Of a bluifh black colour, the tail and the wing quills being black; the outer tail quill of each fide is very long and has no webs, except on the outer fide near the extre- mity. Lath. ind. orn. i. 66. n. 2. Drongo de malabar. Buff. oif. iv. 587.—Gobe-mouche de SEBS: Sonner, it. ii. t. 111.—Ma- labar Shrike. Lath. fyn. fup. 56. t. 108. Inhabits Malabar.—This fpecies is feventeen inches and a half long; the feathers of the head and neck are very narrow; in fome fpecimens the head is ornamented with a very large, woolly, pendent creft, which covers the whole top of the head. Bs * Chaucer’s Freres tale, as quoted by Mr Pennant, who explains the term as above, though perhaps the German name Wurch-angel, Worrying, or Suffocating, angel, #. ¢. Devil, may be a better etymology of Chaucer’s expreflion.—T. * Vo. I. Z2z 260 262 263 542 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. 3. Fingah Shrike.—2. Lanius caerulefcens. 2. The tail is forked; the body is bluifh black above, and the belly is white. L. caerulefcens. Lath. ind. orn. i. 67.n. 3.-—L. bengalenfis. Briff av. ii. 189. Klein, av. 54. n. 8. Ger. orn. i. 74. t. 57. f. 1.—Fingah. Buff. oif. i. 108.—Fork-tailed indian Butcher-bird. Edw. av. t. §6.—Fork-tailed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 158. n. 2. Tnhabits Bengal—This fpecies is feven inches and a half long, and, notwithftanding its {mallnefs, is extremely troublefome to crows : The breaft is of a dufky afh colour. 4. Chefnut Shrike.— 3. Lamus caffaneus. 5. The tail is wedge-like; the upper part of the body is chefnut, its under parts being white. : L. caftaneus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 67. n. 4.—Chefnut-backed Shrike. Lath. fyn.i. 159. n. 3. Its place uncertain. —This fpecies is eleven inches long; the bill, wings, and legs are black; the fore-head is blackifh brown; the crown, hind head, nape, and fcrag are afh coloured; the middle: tail quills are black, with afh coloured tips, and the outmoft tail quills are entirely afh coloured.. 5. Crefted Shrike.x—4. Lanius crifiatus. 3. The tail is wedge-like; the head is crefted; the body is reddifh, its under parts being: waved with brown and tawny. : L. criftatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 72. n. 17.—L. bengalenfis rufus.. Briff. av. ii. 173.—Crefted red’ Butcher-bird. Edw. av. t. 54.—Crefted red Shrike.—Lath. fyn. i. 170. n. 18. Inhabits Bengal_—This fpecies meafures fix inches and a half long ; it. is fometimes found without a creft, perhaps the crefted fpecimens may be the males, and thofe without crefts the females: The bill is pale horn colour ; near the eye, on each fide, the cheek is marked with a {mall femilunar- black fpot ; the tail is reddifh above, and grey beneath; the legs, feet, and claws are black. 6. Canadian Shrike.—5. Lanius canadenjis. 4. The tail is wedge-like; the head is crefted; the body is reddifh above, and whitifh afh: coloured beneath. L. canadenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 72. n. 18. Briff. av..ii. r7t. t. 18. £. 3: Ger. orn. i. 75. t. 62.. £.2.—Pie-griefche huppé de Canada. Buff. oif.i. 316. Pl. enl. n. 479. f. 2.—Crefted Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 182. n. 35. Arct. zool. ii. 239. n. 129.. Inhabits Canada.—The bill and claws are black; the creft is reddifh; the cheeks are dufky, with white fpots; the throat and breaft are yellowith red; the belly is whitith, or afh coloured; the wing. coverts are black, edged with white; the primary wing quills are edged with white on their outer webs; the tail is black, edged on each fide, and tipt with white. ye 264 265 266 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike, 543 7. Louifiana Shrike.—6. Lanius ludovicianus, 6. (OF an ath colour, with a wedge-like tail; the wing quills are black; the outer tail quills are white at the tips and roots. L. ludovicianus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 69. n. 8. Briff. av. ii. 162. t. 15. 4. 2.—Pie-griefche de la Louifiane. Pl. enl. n. 397.—Louifiane Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 162. n. 5. Inhabits Louifiana.—This fpecies is a good deal allied to the Cinereous and the Butcher fpecies : Under each eye is a’black bar ; the fix middle tail feathers are entirely black; the reft are white at both ends, and black in the middle; the fecondary wing quills are white at the tips. 8. Grey Shrike.—7. Lanius Nengeta. 7. The tail is wedge-like, and white at the tip; the body is afh coloured, its under parts being whitifh. L. Nengeta. Lath. ind. orn. i. 68. n. 7.—Cotinga cinerea. Briff. av. ii. 353.—Guiraru. Buff. -oif. iv. 459.—Guiraru Nhengeta. Marcgr. braf. 209. Raj. av. 166. n. 5.—QGuiraru, or American Chat. Will. orn. 235.—Grey Pye of Brafil. Edw. av..t. 318.—Grey Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 183. n. 36. Art. zool. ii. 240. A. Tnhabits Brafil, Surmam, ‘Guiana, Ruffia, and Siberia.—This fpecies is nine inches long; it fre- quents marfhy places, and is gregarious ; the irides are light fea-green ; the wings, tail, and feet are blackifh ; on each fide of the head a black line rifes from the bafe of the bill, and ftretches through - the orbits to the hind head; the wing coverts are black, tipt with dirty white; the primary wing guills are black; the ends of the outer tail quills are white. g. Hook-billed Shrike.—8. Lanius curvirofiris. 8. The tail is wedge-like; the body is white; the back is black; the five outer primary wing quills have each a white f{pot. LL. curviroftris. Lath. ind. orn. i. 72. n. 15.—Collurio madagafcarienfis. Briff. av. ii. 191. t. 19. f, 1.—Vanga, ou Becarde 4 ventre blanc. Buff. oif. i. 312.—Ecorcheur de Madagafcar. PI. enl. n. 228. Inhabits Madagafcar.—This fpecies is ten inches long; it lives much on fruits: The points of both mandibles of the bill are bent backwards ; the hind head is greenith black ; the greater wing coverts are obliquely fpotted with white ; the inner webs of the tail quills are afh coloured, their outer webs are black, and the tips are white ; the legs and feet are leaden coloured, and the claws are blackith. 10. Collared Shrike.—g. Lanius collaris, 9. The tail is wedge-like; the body is black above and white beneath; the primary wing quills are white at the bafe. L. collaris. Lath. ind. orn. i. 69. n. 10.—L. capitis bonae fpei. Briff. av. ii. 182. t. 15. f. 1.— Pie-griefche du cap. Pl. enl. 477--f, 1—Collared Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 163. n. 7. Z2Zz2 Inhabits 269 270 544 | BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—Is about the fize of the Butcher Shrike, meafuring twelve inches long: The head and bill are blackifh ; the four middle tail quills are entirely black, the reft being white at the tips. 11, Luzonian Shrike.—r1o0, Lanius lucionenfis. 10. The tail is wedge-like; the body is reddifh grey, the tail being barred with brown at the end; the fides of the head have each a black {pot behind the eyes. L. lucionenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i.67.n. 5. Briff. av. ii. 169. t. 18. f. 1 —Luzonian Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 172. n. 21. : . Inhabits the ifland of Luzonia.—Is feven inches anda half long; the bill and upper parts of the: body are brownifh grey ; the under parts and fides of the body are reddifh white. 12. Great Shrike.—11. ZLanius Excubitor. v1. The tail is wedge-like, with white fides; the back is hoary; the wings are black, with: a white band. Scop. an. i. 23. n. 18. L. Excubitor. Lath. ind. orn. i. 67. n. 6.—L. cinereus. Briff. av. ii. 141.—L. cinereus major: Gefn. av. 579. Aldr. orn. i. 384. f. p. 386. Raj. av. 18.—Falco congener. Klein, ftem. 9. t. g. f. 1. a. b.c—Ampelis caerulefcens. Faun. fuec. n..18%.—Caftrica palombina. Olin. uccell. t. 41.— Ferlotta berettina. Zinnan. uov. go. t. 19. £ 80.—Falconetti. Cett. uc. fard. 54.—Warfoger. Faun. fuec. n. 80.—Neuntoeder. Frifch, av. t. 60.—Pie-griefche grife. Buff. oif. i. 296. t. 20. PI. enl. n. 445.—White Whifky-john. Phil. tranf. Ixii.. 386.—Mattagefs, or Greater Butcher-bird.. Will. orn. 87. t. ro. Albin. av. ii. t. 13. Ellis, voy. ii. 28. Great Shrike. Brit. zoox. n. 71. t. 33.. Arct. zool. ii. 238. n. 127. Catefb, carol. app. 36. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 30.—Great cinere-- ous Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 160. n. 4. Inhabits Europe and North America.—This fpecies lives in the woods, and is among the firft to breed in fpring ; it preys on {mall birds, which it ftrangles, or kills by crufhing their heads with its bill, after which it fticks their bodies on a thorn and tears them to pieces; from this practice the genus has been called Butcher-birds ; it is faid to watch the coming of Hawks, and to give them no-- tice of birds concealed, that it may fhare in preying on fuch as it cannot. mafter; it builds a neft of dry grafs, lined thickly with feathers, in which it lays feven bluifh eggs, which are fpotted with brown... The bill and legs are black ; the crown and ferag of the neck are hoary; the cheeks are white, with a black tranfverfe line from the bafe of the bill; the lower parts of the body are white; the thighs are pale brown; the leffer wing coverts are black; the tail quills are black, and all, except the two middle ones, are tipt with white ; this whitenefs increafes:to the outermoft, which is almoft entirely white. The female has a brown bar behind each eye. RB. White Great Shrike.—11. 6. L. Excubitor albus. The whole body is white; the legs are yellowifh; the bill and claws are black. Lath.. ind. orn. i. 68. n. 6. y. Syn. i. 162. L. albus. Briff. av. ii. 145. A.. 271 272 273 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. 54g y. Larger Great Shrike,—11. y. Z. Excubitor major. The leffer wing coverts and the fhoulders are reddifh. Lath. ind. orn. i. 68. n. 6. 2. L. cinereus major. Briff. av. ii. 146. n. 2—Groeferer Neuntoeder. Frifch, av. t. 59.—Gefners great Butcher-bird. Will. orn. 88. Thefe two varieties are found in Europe along with the firft. 13. Butcher Shrike.—12. Lanzus Collurio, 12. The tail is fomewhat wedge-fhaped; the back is grey; the four middle tail quills are of a uniform grey colour; the bill is leaden coloured. Faun. fuec. n. 81. L. Collurio. Scop. an. i. 24. n. 19. Nozem, nederl. vog. t. 65. Gunth. neft. t. 23. Lath. ind. orn. i. 69. n. 11.—Lanius minor rufus, Raj. av. 18. a. 4.—Merulae congener. Raj. av. 67. n. 13. Will. orn. 195. n. 3.—Collurio. - Briff. av. ii. 152.—Ecorcheur. Buff. oif. i. 304. t. 21. Pl. enl. n. 31. f. 2.—Flefher, or Leffer Butcher-bird. Will. orn. angl. 88. Alb. av. ii. t. 14 —Red-backed Shrike. Brir. zooL. n. 72. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 30. Arct. zool. ii. 240. n. 131. Lath. fyn. i. 167. n. 25. fup. 52.—Ferlotta rofla. Zinnan. uov. gt. t. 15. f 81. Inhabits Europe.—This fpecies is about feven inches and a half long; it is migratory in England, where it arrives in May, and departs in September or October: It preys on {mall birds, killing them by piercing the fkull with its bill; it feeds likewife on beetles, grafshoppers, and various other infects, which it frequently transfixes on a thorn of the Sloe, and tears in pieces; and imitates the cries of other birds on purpofe to entrap them. On each cheek a black line, rifing from the bafe of the bill, paffes through the region of the eyes: In the female, the head is reddifh grey, and the crofs line on each cheek is reddifh: brown; the lower parts of the body are whitifh, with tranfverfe blackith femi- lunar fpots; the tail quills are brown, the outer ones being white on their exterior webs. The fes- male lays fix white eggs, which have a circle of reddifh brown towards the broad end; fhe builds in -hedges and buthes. Mr Pennant defcribes this fpecies fomewhat differently in his Arctic Zoology: The crown and. rump are grey; the back and-wing coverts rufty; the breaft and belly rofe coloured; the tail is black, the exterior quills being edged with white: The female is of a dirty ruft colour; her breaft and belly dirty white, with dufky femicircular lines; both have the black line on the cheeks. Perhaps this, defcription refers to a different variety, which might be named Aric Butcher Shrike. @. Variegated: Butcher Shrike.—12. @. L. Collurio-varius, Of a grey colour, the under parts reddifh, with brown flreaks; the feapulars are half _ white, half black; the three outermoft tail quills are reddifh white at the bafe and: tips, the outermoft being reddifh white on its outer web.. Lath. ind. orn. i. 70. n. 11. @3. L. arundinum. Klein, av. 54. n. 10—Collurio varius. Briff. orn. 201. n. 5.—Variegated Shrike,. Lath. fya. i. 168. n. 16.—Leffer variegated Butcher-bird. Will. orn. 189. Mr Latham fufpeéts that this variety may pofflibly be the female of the former; it wants the crofs- line on the cheeks.. f i 274 275 277 546 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. +. Red Butcher Shrike.—12. ». L. Collurio rufus. The body is variegated above with reddifh, white, and black; its under parts are red- -difh white. L. rufus. Briff. orn. 199. n. 3.—L. rutilus. Lath. fyn. i. 70.n. 12.—L. minor cinarefcens. Raj. av. Ig. A. 6.—Ampelis dorfo grifeo. Faun. fuec. i. 180. t. 2.—Ampelis tertia. Kram. el. 363.— Buferola, Ferlotta bianca. Zinnan, uov. 8g. t. 15. £. 79.—Pie-griefche rouffe. Buff. oif. i. 103. Pl. enl. n. g. f. 2. and n. 31. f. r.—Other Butcher-bird. Will. orn. ang. 89. § 4.—Wood-Chat. Brit. ZOOL. n. 73. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 32. Alb. av. ii. t. 16. Lath. fyn. i. 169. n. 27. Inhabits with the former.—Is of the fame fize with the Common Butcher Shrike, and has the fame manners: The female is reddifh, tranfverfely ftreaked with brown, and marked on the under parts with brown femilunar fpots ; the tail quills are barred with brown ; the eggs are pale rufty, clouded with afh colour. d. Senegal Butcher Shrike.—12. &. L. Collurio fenegalenfis. The fcapulars are of the fame reddifh colour with the body; the bafes of the wing quills are {potted with white. LL. rutilus fenegalenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 71. n. 12. 6.—Pie-griefche rouffle du Senegal. Pl. enl. n. 477. £. 2.—Senegal Wood-Chat. Lath. fyn. i. 170. n. 17. A. Inhabits Senegal, e. Black-crowned Butcher Shrike.—~12.-¢. LZ. Collurio melanocephalus. The head is black ; the tail is a good deal longer than in the former varieties. L. rutilus melanocephalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 71. n. 12. y.—Pie-griefche 4 tete noir du Senegal. Pl. enl. n. 474.—Black-headed Senegal Wood-Chat. Lath. fyn. i. 170. n. 17. B. Inhabits Senegal. 14. Antiguan Shrike.—413. Lanius antiguanus, 2 14. Antigua Ke. ; wtigUanus, 29. The tail is long and wedge-like; the body is yellowifh red above, and white below ; the head, bill, wings, legs and feet, and upper furface of the tail, are black. L. antiguanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 72. n. 16.—Pie-griefche d’Antigue. Sonner. voy. 114. t. 70.— Antiguan Shrike, Lath. fyn. i. 177. n. 20. Inhabits Luzonia and Panay, in the Philippine ifles.—Is of the fame fize with the Butcher Shrike: The upper mandible of the bill is remarkably longer than the lower, and is very much hooked ; the wings are fhort; the two middle tail quills are entirely black, “but the reft are reddifh on their lower furfaces, and red at the points. 15. Black Shrike.—14. Lanius niger. 30. Of a black colour; the fecondary wing quills being edged on their outer webs with brown; the tail is fomewhat wedge-like brown; the tail is f t wedge-lil L. niger. Lath. ind. orn. i. 73. n. 21.—Black Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 187. n. 38 Inhabits ao 280 281 282 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. 547 Inhabits Jamaica.—Is feven inches long ; the bill is an inch in Jength, and refembles that of the Tyrant Shrike. 16. Levers Shrike.—15. Lanius Leverianus. 31. The tail is long, wedge-like, and white at the tip; the bill, head, neck, the middle of the brealt, the wings, legs, and feet, are black; all the other parts are white. L. picatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 73. n. 20.—Magpie Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 192. n. 49. fup. 54. Inhabits South America.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Blackbird, and has a ftrong refem- blance to the Magpie, in colours and general appearance ; it is ten inches long ; the feathers of the greater wing coverts, and the fecondary wing quills are edged with white; the two middle tail quills are four inches:and a half long, while the re{t are only two inches; all of them are black, with white tips. r7, Surinam Shrike.—16. Lanius atricapillus, 32. The tail is black and wedge-like; the crown, fcrag, fhoulders, and the wings, are black ; the reft of the upper parts are moufe coloured; the under parts are bluith ath. L. atricapillus.. Merrem, beytr. ii. 30. t. 10.. Lath. ind. orn. i. 73. n. 19. Inhabits Surinam.—Is about the fize of a Linnet, fcarcely exceeding five inches in length; the wings are fhort; the feathers of the wing coverts, and the fecondary wing quills are edged with black; the tail quills are tipt with white, except the two middle ones. Except in fize it feems much allied to.the former f{peciess. 18. Pomeranian Shrike.—17. Lanius pomeranus. 33. The upper parts of the body are black, the lower parts white; the hind head and the {crag are dark rufty, furrounded with black; the rump is white; each wing is mark- ed with two black fpots. Muff. carlf. ni. t..1.. Inhabits Pomerania.—The bill, legs, and feet, and the wings are black; the two outer tail quills are white ; the next two or three, on each fide, are whitifh from the bafe to their middles, and tipt with white. Mr Latham quotes this as a fynenime to the Red Butcher Shrike, Ne. 274. but the- difference is very confpicuous.. rg. Tyrant Shrike.—18. Lanius Tyrannus. 13.. Is afh coloured above, and white beneath; the crown is black, with longitudinal tawny ftreaks. L. Tyrannus. Lath. ind. orn. i, 81. nz §3.—Mufcicapa Tyrannus. Brifl. av. it. 397:-—Tyram Pl. enl. n. 537.—Tiriri, Pipiri. Buff. oif. iv. 572.—Picus criftata americana, Kleiner americanif- cher Neuntoeder. Frifch, av. t. 62.—Tyrant Shrike. Lath. fyn, i. 184.n. 37.—Tyrant Fly-catcher. Ara. zool. ii. 384. n. 263. Inhabits America.—Is eight inches long; it is migratory, appearing in Carolina and Virginia, about April, where it. breeds, and.retires before winter; it builds in the hollows of trees, and, while the fe- male: 548 BIRDS. | RAPACIOUS.. Shrike. male fits on the eggs and rears her young, the male is aftonifhingly bold and impetuous in attacking and driving away other birds, even fixing on the backs of Eagles, Hawks, and Crows, perfecuting them,. and uttering a continual chattering note with great vehemence, till they are forced to retire ; Mr Pennant adds that the bill is foft, and that it only feeds on infects, and accordingly ranks it among Fly-catchers, Au/cicapae. The bill, legs, feet, and claws are blackifh brown; the irides are brown ; the longitudinal ftreak on the head is compofed of tawny feathers, with blackith tips; Mr Pennant defcribes this ftreak as being fcarlet ; in fome inftances, faid by Mr Latham to be the females, it is - yellow; the tail is brown, edged with reddifh. 283 @. Domingo Tyrant Shrike.—18. 6. ZL. Lyrannus dominicenfis. Of a brown grey colour above, and white below, with the breaft afh coloured. Lath. ind. orn. i. 81. n. 53. 6. Tyrannus dominicenfis. Briff av. ti. 394. n. 19. t- 18. f. 2—St. Domingo Tyrant. Lath. fyn. i. 185. n. 37. A. 5 Inhabits St Domingo.—The tail quills are reddifh on their outer webs, and at the tips. 284 y. Carolina Tyrant Shrike.—18. ». ZL. Tyrannus carolinenfis. Of an afh colour above, and white beneath; the head and tail are black, the laft being tipt with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 82. n. 53. v. Tyran de la Caroline. Buff. oif. iv. 577.—Gobe-mouche de la Caroline. Pl. enl. n. 676.—Ca- solina Tyrant. Catefb. carol. i. t. 55. Lath. fyn. i. 186. n. 37. B. Inhabits Carolina. 285 §. Louifiana Tyrant Shrike.—18. %. Z, Tyrannus ludovicianus. Of a leaden colour above, and white below. Lath. ind. orn. i. 82. n. 53. 3 Tyran de la Louifiane. Buff. oif. iv. 579.—Gobe-mouche de la Louifiane. PI. enl. n. 676.— Louifiana Tyrant. Lath. fyn. i. 186. n. 37.:c. Arct. zool. ii. 385. .n. 264. Tnhabits Louifiana.—The bill is long, flat, hooked at the end, and black; the head and back are brownifh afh ; the throat is flaty blue; the belly is yellowifh; the primary wing quills are bright bay ; thefe, with the larger wing coverts, are edged with white; the tail is long, of a brown ath co- lour, and white at the fides and tip. : 286 20. Chinefe Shrike.—19. Lanius Schach. 14. Ts vellow; with a black forehead and black wings. Lath. ind. orn. i. 7%. n. 2¢. Odb. voy. 75 5 Wi 227] 8 Chinefe Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 173. n. 22. Inhabits China.—Is of the fame fize with the Tyrant Shrike; the head and back of the neck are grey ; the under part of the neck is dull reddifh white ; the back and belly are pale dufky red; the wing quills are black, the primaries being white at the bafe, and the fecondaries whitifh at the tips. 21. BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. 549 287 . 21. Brafilian Shrike.—20. Lanius Pitangua, 15. Is black above, and yellow beneath; the crown is marked with a tawny ftreak, and a * white bar runs acrofs the orbits. L. Pitangua. Lath. ind. orn. i. 78. n. 42.—Tyrannus brafiliertfis. Briff. av. ii. gor. t. 36. f 5.— Pitangua guacu. Marcer. braf. 216. Raj. av. 165.—Pitangua guacu, or Bemtere. Will. orn. angl. 198. Id. lat. 146. t. 38.—Bentaveo, Cuiriri. Buff. oif- iv. 579. t. 27.—Tyran de Brefil. Pl. enl. ~ on. 212.—Brafilian Tyrant. Lath. fyns i. 187. n. 39. Inhabits Brafil—lIs nine inches long; the bill is ftrong; the cheeks are each marked with a brown {pot below the eyes; the chin is white ; the feathers on the upper parts of the body are edged with yellow; the under furfaces of the wings are yellow; the tail is brown, edged with reddith, its under furface being olive yellow. 288 22. Rufous Shrike.—21, Lanius rufus. 17. Of a red, or rufous, colour above, and white beneath; the head is greenifh black. L. rufus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 77. n. 35.—L. madagafcarienfis rufus. Brill. av. ii. 178. t. 18. f 4. Ger. orn. i. 75. t. 59. f. r.—Schet-be. Buff. oif. i. 313.—Pie-griefche roufle de Madagafcar. Pl. enl. n. 298. f. 2.—Rufous Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 180. n. 31. Inhabits Madagafcar—Is nearly eight inches long; the bill, legs, feet, and claws are leaden grey, or pale horn colour; the head and neck are black with a greenifh glofs; on the female this is lefs fplendid, and the fore part of the neck is grey. 289 23. Barbary Shrike.—22. Lanius barbarus. 18. Is black above, and red beneath; the crown and thighs are tawny. L. barbarus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 79. n. 45.—L. fenegalenfis ruber. Briff. av. ii. 185. t. 17. f. 2.— Gonolak. Buff. oif. i. 314.—Pie-griefche de Senegal. Pl.enl. n. 56.—Barbary Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 173, n. 23. Inhabits Senegal—lIs near nine inches long; the bill, tail, legs, feet, and claws are black; the head,) {crag, ventlet or under fide of the rump, and the lower wing coverts are yellow, 290 24. Yellow- bellied Shrike.—2 3. Lanius fulphuratus. 19. Is brown above, and yellow beneath; the head is blackifh, furrounded with a whitith fillet. L. fulphuratus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 79. n. 43.—H. cayanenfis luteus. Briff. av. ii. 176. t. 16. f. 4.—Becarde 4 ventre jaune. Buff. oif. i. 312.—Pie-griefche jaune de Cayenne. PI. enl. n. 296.— Yellow-bellied Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 188. n. 4o. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is the fize of the laft; the chin and throat are white; the legs and feet are” grey; the bill and claws are blackifh; the wings and tail are brown, edged with red. 291 25. Cayenne Shrike.—24. Lanius cayanus. 20. Of an afh colour ; the head, tail, and primary wing quills are black,. VoL, Hs 4 A L.. 292 293 294. 435 2.96 _ 550 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. L. cayanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 80. n. 47.—L. cayanenfis cinereus. Briff. av. ii. 158. t. 14. f. 1.— Becarde. Buff. oif. i. 311.—Pie-griefche grife de Cayenne. Pl. enl. n. 304.—Cayenne Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 189. n. 41. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is eight inches and a half long; the bill is red at the bafe, and black at the tip; the legs and feet are afh coloured, with black claws. 8. Spotted Cayenne Shrike —24. 8. ZL. cayanus naevius. Is afh coloured; the middle of each feather being marked with a longitudinal black — {treak. Lath. ind. orn. i. 80. n. 47. 2. L. cayanenfis naevius. Briff. av. ii. 167. t. 17. f. 1.—Pie-griefche tachetee de Cayenne. PI. enl. n. 377-—Spotted Cayenne Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 189. n. 41. A. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize. y. Leffer Cayenne Shrike. —Z. cayanus minor. Of a fmaller fize, and having a yellowith fndend Lath. ind. orn. i. 80. n. 47. y Syn. fup: 54. Inhabits with the two former.—The belly of this variety is,srey, and has no fpots; the fides of the head, near the ears, have each a reddifh {pot. 26. Orange Shrike.—Lanius aurantius. Is tawny yellow; the chin, throat, and breaft, being sacle, Lath. ind. orn. i. 79. n. 44. Syn. fup. 57. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is feven inches long; the head above the eyes, and the nape of the neck, are black; the wings and tail are brown; the bill is black, and the claws are pale. 27. Senegal Shrike.—25. Lanius fenegalus. 21. Of a grey colour above, and whitifh beneath; the crown, a band through the orbits, and the tail, are black. L. fenegalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 74. n. 24.—L. fenegalenfis cinereus. Briff. av. il. 167. t. 17. f. 1. Ger. orn. i. 75. t. 61. f. 1.—Pie-griefche grife de Senegal. Pl. enl. n, 297. f. 1.—Senegal Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 162. n. 6. Inhabits Senegal—ls nine inches long ; the outer webs of the wing quills are reddifh; fix of the tail quills on each fide are flightly marked with brownith bars, and their tips are of the fame general colour with their bodies; the reft are tipt with white. 28, Madagafcar Shrike.—26. Lanius madagafcarienfis. 22. Of an afh colour above, and whitifh beneath, with black ftraps on the cheeks; the tail guills are reddith. L. =e) 2098 299 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. sot L. madagafcarienfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 79. n> 46.—L: madagafcarienfis minor. Briff. av. ii. 264. t. 16. f. 1. 2—Cali-calic, Bruja. Buff. oif. i. 315.—Petite Pie-griefche de Madagaicar. PI. enl- n. 299. f. 1. 2-—Madagafcar Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 174. n. 24. Inhabits Madagafcar.—This f{pecies is about the fize of a fparrow, being fcarcely five inches long; on each fide of the head the fpace between the eyes and noftrils, called the //raps or /ra, are black; the upper wing coverts are red; the greater part of the tail quills are red: In the ma/e the chin and throat are black, in the female this circumftance is wanting. 29. Bengal Shrike.—27. Lanius Emeria. 23. Is grey above and white beneath; the temples and rump are red. L. Emeria. Lath. ind. orn. i. 74. n. 23.—L. bengalenfis fufcus. Briff. av. ii. 175. n. 14.—Muf- cicapa Emeria. Syft. nat. ed. x. 236. n. 7.—Rouge-queue. Buff. oif: i. 309.—Bengal Red-ftart. Albin. av. iii. 24. t. 56.—Indian Red-ftart. Edw. av. iv. t- t9g0.—Bengal Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. NGGo Dy Bee Inhabits Bengal.—Is five inches and a half long; the bill is brownifh afh; the irides are whitith ;. the belly, rump, and upper tail coverts, are red; each fide of the neck is marked with four curved {pots of black; the tail is light brown. the legs, feet, and claws, are black. Mr Latham adds, that the head is fomewhat crefted.. 30. Blue Shrike.—28. Lanius bicolor. 27. Of a blue colour above, and white below; having a black frontlet. Mantiff. 1771, p..124.. L. bicolor. Lath. ind. orn. i. 75. n. 26.—L. madagafcarienfis caeruleus. Briff. av. ii. 197. t. 16.- f. 3. Gerin, orn. i. 75. t. 60. f. 1.—Loxia madagafcarina. Syft. nat. ed. xii. 306. n. 42.—Pie- griefche bleue de Madagafcar. PI. enl. n. 32. f. 2. n. 298.. f. 1.—Blue Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 178. Nn. 29. Inhabits Madagafcar.—This fpecies, which lives on infects, is fix inches and a half long: The head, bill, edges of the wing quills, the two middle tail quills, and the edges of the four next tail quills on each fide are blue; the frontlet, or feathers which furround the bafe of the upper mandible, the wing quills, except at their roots, the outermoft tail quills on each fide, the legs, feet, and claws, are black: The female differs from the ma/e in having much lefs fplendid colours; her under parts are dirty white or light afh colour, and her wings are longer than thofe of the male. Mr Latham adds, that the tail of this fpecies is very flightly wedge-fhaped, being almoft equal at the end. 31. Manilla Shrike.—29. Lanzus leucorhynchos, 28. The body is blackifh above, and whitifh beneath ; the bill and rump are white. L. leucerhynchos. Lath. ind. orn. i. 77..n. 38. Mantiff. 1771, p. 524.—L. manillenfis. Briff.. av. ii. 180. n. 17. t. 18. f. 2.. Gerin, orn.i. 75. t..62.—Longraien. Buff. oif. i. 310.—Pie-griefche. de Manille.. Pl.-enl. n. 9. f. 1.— White-billed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 181. n. 33. Inhabits Manilla.—Is féven inches long ; the wings, tail, legs, feet, and claws, are black; the tail’ isequal. 4A 2 Aer 552 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike, 300 32. Rufty Shrike.—30. Lamus ferrugineus. 34. ‘The body is brownifh black above; the throat and breaft are dirty white; the belly is rulty. L. ferrugineus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 76. n. 33.—Ferruginous-bellied Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 163. n. 8. fup. 51. Inhabits at the Cape of Good Hope.—Is nine inches long; the bill is leaden coloured ; the rump and tail are dufky brown; the legs and feet are black. gol 33. Tabuan Shrike.—31. Lamius rabuenjis. 35. The body is olive brown above; the throat and breaft are afh coloured; the belly is yellowith brown ; the wing quills are black; the tail, legs, and feet, are brown. L. tabuentis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 76.n. 34.—Tabuan Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 164. n. 9. Inhabits Tongataboo, one of the Friendly ifles in the South Sea—Is near nine inches long; the bill is brown; the crown is greenifh brown; the fides of the head are olive brown ; the external mar- gins of the wings are black; the fecondary wing quills are blackith brown, edged with dirty white. 302 34 Pacific Shrike.—32. Lanius pacificus, 36. Is black; the head and neck having a green tinge, the belly, wings, and tail, being more dufky. L, pacificus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 75. n. 28.—Pacific Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 164. n. Io. Inhabits the South Sea iflands.—Is eleven inches long; the bill, which meafures three quarters of an inch, is duiky ; the feathers-of the head and neck are very narrow; the tail is three inches long ; the toes are completely divided to their origins, and the middle toe is remarkably long. 35. Northern Shrike.—33. Lanius feptentrionalis, 37. Is brown above, the chin, throat, and belly, being afh coloured; the belly and ventlet are browuifh; the bill is black; the legs and feet are lead coloured. L, feptentrionalis, Lath, ind. orn. i. 76. n. 30.—Northern Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 165. n. 11. Inhabits North America.—Is about eight inches long; the noftrils are fmall and rounded; the bafe of the upper mandible is garnifhed with five or fix black briftles on each fide; the four middle tail quills are univerfally brown; the reft are tipt with white on their inner webs; all of them are two inches long; the legs aye {hort, with {trong brown claws, oO set : : 304 36. Black-capped Shrike —Lanius pileatus, The head is crefted; the general colour is afh, the head, throat, and breaft, being black; the wing coverts are barred with white, and the tail is tipt with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 76, n, 31. Syn. fup. 54. Inhabits BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike, 553 Inhabits Cayenne.—Is fix inches long: The female has no creft, but her crown is blackifh, and her throat and. breaft are afh coloured. . 305 37. Green Shrike.—34. Lanius viridis. 38. The head, wings, and upper part of the body, are dufky green; the under parts of the body are white; the tail is black. L. viridis. Lath. ind, orn. 1. 75. n. 27.—L. madagafcarienfis minor viridis. Briff. av. ii. 195. n. 25. t. 15. f. 2.—Tcha-chert. Buff. oif. i. 310.—Pie-griefche de Madagafcar. Pl. enl. n. 32. f. 2.— Green Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 179. n. 30. Inhabits Madagafcar.—Is near fix inches long; the wings are long; the two middle tail quills are dufky green; the reft are black, or blackifh, with dufky green exterior webs; the legs, feet, and claws, are black. 306 38. White-headed Shrike.—35. Lamius leucocephalus. 39. Is greenifh black above; the head, neck, and under parts of the body, being white. L. leucocephalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 77. n. 36.—L. madagafcarienfis major viridis. Briff. ay. ii. 193.n. 24. t. 19. f. 3—Tcha-chert-be. Buff. oif- i. 314.—Pie-griefche verdatre de Madagafcar. Pl. enl. n. 374.— White-headed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 180. n. 32. Inhabits Madagafcar.—This fpecies, which has fome affinity to the Rufous Shrike, is eight inches long; the tail is dark greenifh black above, and black beneath; the bill, legs, feet, and claws, are leaden coloured. 307 39. Dominican Shrike.—36. Lanius dominicanus. 40. - Is black, with a white belly and rump. L. leucorhynchos dominicanus. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 78. n. 38. 6.—Pie-griefche dominicaine. Sonner. voy. 55. t. 26.—Dominican Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 181. Inhabits the Phillippine iflands——This fpecies is a little larger than a Sparrow; it flies with vatt fwiftnefs, is extremely bold, and is particularly troublefome to Crows: Dr Gmelin fufpects it may be a variety of the Manilla Shrike, formerly defcribed, and it is accordingly arranged as fuch by Mr Latham. The bill is conical, ftrong, and afh coloured, being garnifhed at the bafe with briftles; the wings extend beyond the tip of the tail when clofed. 308 40. Panay Shrike.—327. Lanius panayenjis. 41. Is brown; the head, throat, breaft, and belly, being red. L. panayenfis. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 78. n. 40.—Pie-griefche rouge de Panay. Sonner. voy. 114. t. 70.—Panayan Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 182. n. 34. Inhabits the ifland of Panay.—Is about the fame fize with the Butcher Shrike; the bill, legs, and feet, are black; the crown, back, wings, and tail, are brown; the irides are flame coloured. 41. S28 Bil 314 554 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS, Shrike. 41. White seid Lanius albus. 42. Is white; the bill, tail, and principal parts of the wings, being black. L. albus. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 77. n. 37.—Pie-griefche blanche de Panay. Sonner. voy. 115. t. 72.White Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 189. n. 42. Inhabits the ifland of Panay.—Is twice as large as the Red variety of the Butcher Shrike; the wings are each marked with a white band acrofs the primary quills. 42, Variegated Shrike.—39, Lanius varius. 43. Is brown ath above, the throat and breaft being yellowith buff colour; the belly, rump, and ventlet, are dirty brownifh white; the interf{capulary region is white; the tail and wings are brown. L. varius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 78. n. 39.—White-fhouldered Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 190. n. 43. Inhabits Brafil.—The bill, legs, and feet, are black; the fhoulders are each marked with a conf{pi- cuous white fpot ; the forehead and cheeks are marked with paler brown fpots. 43. Spotted Shrike.—40. Lanius naevius. 44. Is black above, and afh coloured beneath; the wings have each an oblong white fpot on the coverts. L. naevius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 81. n.. ¢1.— Spotted Shrike. Lath. Ga i. 190. n. 45. Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies refembles the Pied Shrike, but is fmaller; the bill, legs, and feet, are black; fome of the feathers at the fore part of the back are tipt with white; ee wing quills are edged with white, and the tail quills have: white tips.. 44. Dutky Shrike.-—41. Lanzus obf/curus.. 45. Is dull black above, and white beneath, having a white line over each eye. L. obfcurus.. Lath. ind. orn. i. 81. n. 52.—Dutky Shrike.. Lath. fyn. i. 191. n. 46. Suppofed, by Mr Latham, to inhabit America.—This fpecies is about the fize of the laft; the bill. is pale; the wings and tail are darker than the body; the legs and feet are brown. 45. Brown Shrike.—42. Lanius fufcus, 46. Is brown above, and white beneath ;. the ftraps are yellowith.. Brown Shrike. Lath. fyn.i.. 191..n. 47. Its place unknown.:—The tips of the fecondary wing quills, and the edges of the primaries, are yellowifh.; the bill is pale, with a black tip; the legs and feet are black. 46. Red Shrike —43. Lanius ruber. 47. Is red; the wing and tail quills being marked with eye-like fpots, and tipt with black.. L. 08 316 317 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. 555 L. ruber. Lath. ind. orn. i. 78. n. 41.—Red Lanius, or Red Butcher-bird. Bancroft, guian. 154.—Red Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 192. n. 48. Inhabits Surinam. z 47. American Shrike.—44. Lanius americanus. 48. Is black above, and afh coloured beneath; the crown is black; the throat, cheeks, and ventlet, are white. Black-crowned Shrike. Arct. zool. ii. 238. n. 128. Inhabits North America.—This fpecies is lefs than the Great Shrike, and is much akin to the Loui- fiana Shrike ; it is confidered as the fame with that fpecies by Mr Pennant; Mr Latham makes two diftiné&t fpecies, yet confufes the fynonimes, quoting the defcriptions of this {pecies by Dr Gmelin and Mr Pennant, along with Dr Gmelin’s Louifiana f{pecies to what he names the Louifiana Shrike, and referring, with Mr Pennant, the Louifiana fpecies of the Pl. enlum. to this; I have preferred, how- ever, the authority of Dr Gmelin, efpecially as Mr Latham and Mr Pennant do not agree together, and the latter naturalift feems not quite determined in his opinion.—T. The tail is long, its middle feathers are entirely black, but the reft are white at the tips, the white increafing gradually on each quill, as it recedes from the middle, till the outermoft is nearly altoge- ther white ; the primary wing quills have each a fmall white fpot, and the ridge of each wing is marked with a white fpot. 48. Leffer Shrike.—45. Lanzus minor. 49. Of an afh colour, with rofe coloured breaft and belly. L. italicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 71. n. 13.—L. minor. Gerin. orn. i. 72. t. 54.—Pie-griefche Italie. Buff. oif. i. 298. Pl. enl. n. 32.—Leffer grey Shrike. Lath. fyn. fup. 54. Arét. zool. ii. 24l. A. Inhabits Europe, particularly Italy, Spain, and Ruffia.—This fpecies is allied to the Grey Shrike, formerly defcribed: The fore-head is black, and a black line, from the root of the bill, pafles through the orbits on each fide to the back of the neck ; the throat is white; the head, fcrag, and fides of the neck, the back, and wing coverts are afh coloured, the rump being paler; the ridges of the wings are white ; the primary wing quills are black, with a white fpot on each near the bafe; the fecon- daries are black, with white tips ; the tail is wedge-fhaped, its quills are black with white tips, and white outer edges. Mr Latham thinks this {pecies is very nearly akin to the Red Butcher Shrike. 49. Nootka Shrike.—46, Lanius Nootka. 50. Of a black colour above, and white beneath; the crown is black, and a white collar furrounds the neck. L. Nootka. Lath. ind. orn. i. 80. n. 48.—Natka Shrike. Lath. fyn. fup. 55. Arét. zool. ii. 239- n. 130. inhabits Nootka Sound, on the north-weft coaft of America—Is feven inches and a quarter in length ; the bill, legs, and feet are black ; a white line, with a blackline direétly below it, extends ti over “ 318 3uy) 320 321 222 556. BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike, over each eye to the nape of the neck; the lefler wing coverts are black, and the larger coverts white, dafhed with black down the fhafts; the primary wing quills are duflcy, fringed, or edged, with yellowifh brown; the fecondaries are black, edged and tipt with white ; the tail is black, and fome- what rounded, its four outermoft quill feathers being tipt with white ; the rump is afh coloured, its feathers being edged with grey. 50. Boulboul Shrike.—Lanius Boulboul, Of a black colour, the breaft and belly having a cinereous tinge; the wings are brown, each having two white bands. Lath. ind. orn. i. 80. n. 49. Syn. fup. 57. Inhabits India.—Is about the fize of the Fieldfare ; the bill, legs, and feet are yellow. 51. Black-headed Shrike.—47. Lanius melanocephalos, 51. The bill, head, and throat, are black; the body is olive coloured above and paler be- neath; the tail is marked with a broad black band, and is yellow at the tip. L. melanocephalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 76. n. 29.—Black-headed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 165. n. 12. t. 6. Inhabits the Sandwich iflands.—Is about fix inches in length ; the legs and feet are dufky. 52. Short-tailed Shrike.—48. Lanzus brachyurus. 52. The top of the head is rufty grey, with white eyebrows, and a black band acrofs the orbits; the body is grey afh above, and yellowifh white beneath; the tail is rounded. Pall. it. ii. 693. n. 5. L. brachyurus. Lath. ind. orn. 76. n. 32,—Short-tailed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 166. n. 13. Inhabits Hungary, and is-more rarely found in Dauria.—This {pecies is about the fize of the But- cher Shrike ; the rump is fomewhat rufty ; the throat and ventlet are almoft white; the wings are blackifh, the feathers of the coverts having grey tips; the tail has ten fhort quills of a greyifh brown, and, except the middle quills, they are tipt with white. 53. Red-tailed Shrike.—49. Lanius phoenicurus. 53.. The tail is long and rounded, and, with the rump, is very bright red; the orbits are croffed by a black band; the body is reddith grey above, and yellowifh white beneath.. Pall. it. ii. 693. n. 6. : L. phoenicurus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 71. n. 14.—Rufous-tailed Shrike. Lath. fym. i. 166. n. 14.. Tnhabits rocky places on the river. Onon in Siberia—This fpecies refembles. the Butcher Shrike in fize and general appearance. 54. Pied Shrike.—so. Lanzus doliatus, 16. Is thickly variegated with black and white, in fhort interrupted bars; the tail is rounded. Muf. ad.. frid. ii. 12. ip 323 324 325 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike. . 557 L. doliatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 80. n. 50.—L. cayanenfis ftriatus. Briff. av. ii. 187. n. 21. t. 29. fF. 3.—Pie-griefche rayée de Cayenne. PI. enl. n. 297. f. 2.—Black-and-white Butcher-bird. Edw. av. V. 35. t. 226.—Pied Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 190. n. 44. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is fix inches and a half long ; the bill is dufky; the legs, feet, and claws are brown; the pied appearance is produced by each feather being barred with black and white; the feathers on the top of the head are longith, of a white colour, tipt with black, and are capable of be- ing erected into a kind of creft; the tail and wings are black, with tranfverfe oblong white fpots. 55- Jocofe Shrike.—51. Lanius jocofus. 24. The tail is rounded; the body is grey ; the lower eyelid is purple; the ventlet is blood red. -Amoen. acc. iv. 238. ; L. jocofus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 73. n. 22.—Merula finenfis criftata minor. Briffl ay. ii. 255. t. 21. f. 2.—Petit Merle huppe des Indes. Sonner. voy. fi. 189. t. tog.—Petit Merle huppé de la Chine. Buff. oif. iii. 318. Pl. enl. 508.—Jocofe Shrike. Dixon, voy. f. p. 360. Lath. fyn. i. 175. n. 26. Inhabits China and India.—Is about the fize of a Lark, meafuring feven inches and a half long ; the crown is black; the temples, chin, and throat are white; the belly whitifh ; the tail is brown, its four outermoft quills having white tips; the legs, feet, and claws are black ; the bill is ftraighter than in other fpecies of the genus, but is notched on each fide near the point. Mr Latham adds, that it is named Koo-kai-koon by the Chinefe, and Boulboul by the inhabitants of Bengal; he likewife gives as a variety of this fpecies the Chinefe Nuthatch, of his own Synopfis and of an after genus in the Syftema Naturae, where, on the authority of Dr Gmelin, it is allowed to remain in this edition ; the name Boulboul is already applied to a different {pecies. 56. Rock Shrike.—52. Lanius infaufius. 25. The back is afh coloured; the tail is red and rounded, its two middle quills being afh coloured, with a black crofs bar. Corvus infauftus. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 159. n. 22. Faun. fuec. n. 93. Brun. orn. 10.—Corvus ruf- ficus, f. Raben-art. S. G. Gmel. it. i. 50. t. 11.—Merula faxatilis. Gefn. av. 732. Raj. av. 68. n. 3. Briff. av. ii. 238.—Merle de roche. Buff. oif- iii. 351. t. 23. Pl. enl. n. 562.—Codiroffo maggiore. Olin. uc. t. 47.—Greater Red-ftart. Albin, av. ili. 51. t. 55. Will. orn. angl. 197. t. 36.—Rock Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 176. n. 27.—Rock Crow. Penn. Arét. zool. ii. 252. F.—Paifle folitaire. Belon, oif. 322.—Stein-Rotela. Gefn. av. 732.—Lappfkata, Olyckfugel, Gertrudsfogel, Ulyksfuegl. Faun. fuec. 93. This variety meafures near eight inches long; the bill is blackifh, about an inch long, and notched at both fides; the wings, legs, and feet are blackifh ; the tail, which is three inches long, has its two middle quills brown, and the reft red; the head and neck are dufky afh, with fmall red and brown fpots; the upper part of the back is dufky brown, its hind part afh coloured; the breaft and belly are orange, with {mall white and brown fpots; the rays of the feathers are foft. @. Leffler Rock Shrike.—52. 8. L. infauflus minor. The back is blackifh, mixed with red and bluifh ath, its hind part being white; the head and neck are bluifh afh. Is a good deal fmaller. Vou. I. : 4B Turdus 326 558 BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. Shrike, Turdus faxatilis. Syft. nat. ed. xi. 294. n. 4. Lath. ind. orn. i. 336. n. 33-—Merula faxatilis minor. Briff. av. ii. 240.—Petrocofyphos. Gefn. av. 767.—Blankoepfige rothe Amfel. Frifch, av. t= 32. ny , Inhabits moft of Europe, and is found in Siberia.—This fpecies lives in woods, deferts, and moun- tainous places, building in holes and caverns of inacceffible rocks, where it lays three or four eggs each brood: It has confiderable affinity in external form to the Thrufh and Crow, and accordingly Mr Latham ranks the larger variety with Crows, and the fmaller with the Thrufhes; it refembles the Shrike, however, in its noify and quarrelfome manners, and in feeding on any remains of flefh that comes in its way, and likewife feeds on worms and infects, with which it feeds its neftlings; its fong is tollerably pleafant. 57. Wreathed Shrike.—53. Lanius fauflus. 26. Of a grey colour above, with a white line behind the eyes; the under parts of the body are rufty; the tail is rounded. Amoen. acc. iv. 241. ‘White-wreathed Shrike. Lath. fyn. i. 178. n. 28. Inhabits China.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Fieldfare; the bill, legs, and feet are pale; the wings are rounded, the quill feathers being brownifh, with grey margins, and marked with crofs light- er brown lines; the tail is brown, and is lined with lighter brown, like the wings. BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. Be: Wi Lite! ies Saito: The bill is convex, and fomewhat comprefled, or flattened, at the fides. Ve) PUA RO — 5. P'S Li ieteaoU S. a5. ‘The bill is much hooked; the upper mandible is moveable, and in many fpecies is covered with a cere: The noftrils are rounded, and are fituated in the bafe of the bill: ‘The tongue is large, blunt, rounded, and flefhy: ‘The feet have two toes placed forwards, and two backwards. This very numerous genus is fo remarkably diftinguifhed from all others, that it may be reckoned ‘an arrangement of nature rather than of artificial fyftem}; this was noticed by Pliny, who gives an exceedingly good diftinétive mark from the tongue, which he juftly obferves is confiderably larger than in other birds. It is a gregarious and clamorous race, extremely docile, and very imitative of founds, even learning to counterfeit the human voice, and to articulate words with great diftinétnefs, but the natural voice is loud, harfh, and unpleafant. Parrots live chiefly in pairs, of one male with a fingle female, but thefe affociate in vaft multitudes; they may be reckoned to hold the fame place among birds that Apes and Monkeys occupy among the Mammalia; like thefe they are very nume- rous, very imitative, very mifchievous, and very wfelefs; they are likewife chiefly confined to the tro-= pical regions of Afia, Africa, and America, though a few are found in colder countries, as far north as Carolina, and even fouthward at the Straits of Magellan. The head is generally large, with a flat crown, which in feveral fpecies is furnifhed with a creft; the legs are for the moft part fhort; the feet have four toes, two of which are turned back, but one of thefé can be bronght forwards on occafion ; the toes are very flexible, and are ufed like hands for holding ary thing and carrying it to the mouth ; they may be called prehenfile fect from this property, to diftinguith them from common climbing feet, which are not fo varioufly ufeful; they climb with great facility, ufing the bill to affift the feet. Parrots are very long lived 3 they feed chiefly on nuts, fruits, and feeds, and can crack the hardeft nut-fhells with their bills. They breed in hollows of trees, without conftracting any neft, and. lay two or three white eggs each brood, which muft be frequently each feafon, from the vaft numbers that every where abound in the hot countries. To facilitate, in fome“meature, the difcovery of any particular fpecies, in fuch a prodigious number, Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham have arranged this genus under two fubdivifions, which are diflinouifhed from each other by the form of their tails; in the firft divifion, Pfittaci macrouri, the tails are long, and wedge like, the middle tail quills being longer than thofe on each fide; in the fecond fubd.vi- fion, P/itaci rachyuri, the tails are fhort and the end is equal, all the feathers being of an equal 4B 2 lengthy So 560 BIRDS. _ PIES. Parrot, length, or nearly fo. In the Enelith nomenclature, which is adopted for this tranflation, regard has been paid chiefly to precifion, preferving as much as poflible the names already in ufe, particularly as employed by Mr Latham and Mr Edwards, but efpecially avoiding long compounded terms when others equally diftinguifhable could be found: The Maccaws have ufually very long tails, and their bodies are generally larger than the other fpecies; the Cosckatoos are furnifhed with crefts; the Parra- keets are moitly {mall, but as thefe, the Parrots, and Lorys, have no particular diftin@tion, thefe names are not here employed, efpecially as thefe differences in name, in a great many inftances, have been chofen arbitrarily. * Having long wedge-like tails. £ 1. Ara.—1. Pfittacus Macao. 1. Of a red colour, having naked wrinkly cheeks; the wing quills are blue above, and ruddy beneath; the fcapulars are variegated with blue and green. Scop. an. i- 26. Pf. Macao. Lath. ind. orn. i. 82. n. 1.—Pf. maximus alter. Aldr. orn. i. 665. f. p. 666. Raj. av. 29. n. 2.—Ara brafilienfis. Briff. av. iv. 184. t. 19. f. 1—Ara premier. Fermin, furin. ii. 173.—Ara rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 179. Pl. enl. n. 12.—Maccaw. Albin, av. it. 11. Will. orn. ang]. 73.—Red-and-blue Maccaw. Edw. av. t. 158. Bancr. guian. 156. Lath. fyn. i. rgg. n. tf. Inhabits South America. —The body is as large as that of a common Hen, but with the tail mea- fures more than a yard long; Mr Latham fays two feet feven inches and a half: This fpecies lives in palm woods, on thé fruits of which it chiefly feeds; it breeds twice a year in hollows of trees, laying two eggs, not larger than thofe of pigeons, and a good deal refembling the eggs of partridges; on thefe the male and female fit alternately ; when caught young it may be eafily tamed, but the old birds are very ftubborn ; the flefh is eaten, but is dry and taftelefs. ‘The general colour of the body is a full fcarlet ; the wing quills, efpecially the outer ones, are blue; the coverts are moftly yellow ; the long tail is red, its outer quills being blue; the temples are white; the upper mandible of the bill is white, and the lower mandible black. 2. Aracanga.—2. Pfittacus Aracanga, 52. Is pale fearlet, with naked wrinkly cheeks; the fcapular feathers are yellow, tipt with green; the wing quills are blue above, and red beneath. Pf. Aracanga. Lath. ind. orn. i. 83. n. 2.—Pf. erythroxanthus. Gefn. av. 721. Aldr. orn. i. 683.—Aracanga. Marcgr. braf. 206. Raj. av. 29. n. 3—Aracanga Maccaw. Will. orn. angl. r11.— Ara jamaicenfis. Briff. av iv. 188. n. 2.—Petit Ara rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 180. Pl. enl. n. 641.— Jamaica Macaw. Alb. av. ii. t. 17. Brown, jam. 472.—Red-and-yellow Maccaw. Bancr. guian. 156. Lath. fyn. i. 201. n. 2.. Inhabits Guiana, Brafil, and Jamaica.—This fpecies is faid by Dr Gmelin to equal the former, but: Mr Latham informs us that it is fmaller, and fufpects it may only be a younger bird of the fame fpe-- cies. "The wing quills are fcarlet, mixed with violet colour, on their upper furfaces, and dufky red beneath; two of thefe quills in the middle of each wing are dufky red on the upper. half of their up- per furfaces. . % 329 J3° 33! Se 333 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 561 3. Military Maccaw.—3. Pfitiacus militaris. 2. Is green, with blue wings; the tail and forehead are red; the cheeks are moftly naked, with feathered lines. Pf. militaris. Lath. ind. orn, i. 83. n. 3.—Largeft guiana Parrot. Bancr. guian. 158.—Great green Maccaw. Edw. av. t. 313.—Military Maccaw. Gent. mag. xlii. f. p. 505. Lath. fyn. i. 203. ity Ge Inhabits Guiana ?—The bill is black ; the rump and covert feathers of the wings are green tipt with blue; the cheeks are only feathered in ftripes or lines, leaving the {kin naked in the intervals. 4. Ararauna.—4. Pfittacus Ararauna. 3. Is blue above, and yellow beneath; the cheeks are naked, with feathered ftripes. Pf. Ararauna. Lath. ind. orn. i. 83. n. 4.—Pf. maximus cyano-croceus. Aldr. orn. i. 664. Raj. av. 28. n. I. and 181. n. 5. Sloan, jam. ii. 296.—Ararauna. Marcgr. braf. 206. Albin, av. iii. t. To. and ii. t. 17.—Ara brafilienfis cyano-crocea. Briff. av. iv. 193. t. 20.—Ara bleu. Ferm. furin- ii. 174. Buff. oif. vi. roi. Pl. enl. n. 36.—Blue-and-yellow Maccaw, and Brafilian Ararauna. Will. orn. angl. 110. n. 1. and 111. n. 4. t. 15.—Blue-and-yellow Maccaw. Edw. av. t. 159. Lath. fyn. i. 204. n. 4. @. Blue Ararauna.—4. 8. Pf. Ararauna caeruleus. The body and tail are blue above, and faffron yellow beneath; the cheeks are white and naked. Lath. ind. orn. i. 84. n. 4. 6. Pf, maximus caeruleus varius. Brown, jam. 272.—Pf. caeruleo-luteus. Klein, av. 24. n. 2.— Aya jamaicenfis cyano-crocea. Briff. av. iv. 191. n. 3.—Blue Maccaw. Alb. av. ili. t. 10. Lath. fyn. i. 205. n. 4. A. Inhabits Jamaica, Guiana, Brafil, and Surinam.—This fpecies equals any of the preceding in fize. The upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail are blue; the under part of the throat, breaft, and belly are yellow ; the tail is yellow in the fema/e, and red in the male ; the bill and chin are black ;~ the eyelids are planted with black warty papillae ; the temples and cheeks are white and naked, be- ing ftriped with feathered {pots of a bluifh-black colour, which are wanting in the Blue variety. 5. Hyacinthine Maccaw.—Pfitiacus hyacinthinus, Is violet blue, the head and neck being paler; the chin and orbits are yellow and naked. Lath. ind. orn. i. 84. n. 5. Muf. parkinfon. Its place not mentioned.—This fpecies is nearly equal in fize to the former, meafuring two feet four inches in length. The bill is very large, and entirely black ; the head and neck are blue; the body is very full blue, verging to violet 5 the wing and tail quills are of the fame colour, with green- ifh edges ; the legs and feet are blackifh afh colour. 6. Makawuanna.—5. Pfittacus Makawuanna. 53. Is dufky green above, the head being green mixed with blue; the chin, throat, and uppes Los) Gs fs 335 337 3.38 562 | BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. upper part of the breaft are reddifh; the under part of the breaft and the belly are green; the rump is reddifh brown. ; Pi. Makavouanna. Lath. ind. orn. i. 84. n. 6.—Peruche Ara. Buff. oif. vi. 277.—Peruche Ara de Cayenne. Barrere, fr. equ. 145. Pl. enl. n. 864.—Parrot Maccaw. Lath. fyn. i. 205. n. 5. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana.—This fpecies, which meafures eighteen inches long, is migratory ; the cheeks are naked; the tail is nine inches long, with blue quill feathers, having brown tips on the outer webs; the wings are dufky green on their upper, and yellowifh green on their under furfaces. 7. Black Maccaw.—6. Pfittacus ater. 54. Is black, with a fplendid green tinge; the eyes and bill are red; the legs and feet are yellow. Pf. ater. Lath. ind. orn. i. 84. n. 7.—Ara noir. Buff. oif. vi. 202.—Ararauna, Machao. De Taet, defc. des Indes or. 490.—Black Maccaw. Lath. fyn. i. 206. n. 6. Inhabits Guiana.—This fpecies is found-on the barren ridges and rocky mountains in the interior parts of the country. 8. Obfcure Parrot.—7. Pfittacus obfcurus. 4. Is browa, with naked red cheeks ; the crown is variegated with blackifh afh; the tail is afh coloured. Haffelqu. it. 236. n. 18. Pf. obfcurus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 84. n. 8.—Obfcure Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 206. n. 7. Inhabits Africa—This fpecies is about the fize of a Magpie; the bill and frontlet, the legs, feet, and claws are black ; the {pace round the eyes are white; the irides are yellow; the back of the neck, or fcrag, and upper furfaces of the wings are black ; the belly is ath coloured. g. Noble Parrot. —8. P/ittacus nobilis. 5. Is green, with naked cheel:s, and fcarlet fhoulders. Muf. ad. rid. ii iS Pf nobilis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 85. n. 9.— Noble Parrot. Lath, fyn. i. 207. n. 8. Inhabits Surinam.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Turtle dove; the face is white and naked. 10. Maracana.—9. Pfittacus feverus. 6. Is green, with naked cheeks; the wing and tail quills are blue above and purplifh un- derneath. Muf. ad. frid. i. 13. Scop. an. i. 27. n. 23- Pf. feverus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 85. n. 10.—Maracana. Maregr. braf. 207. Will. orn. 112. n. 5. 6. Raj. av. 29. n. 5. Sloan, jam. ii. 297.—Ara brafiitenfis viridis. Briff. av. iv. 198. n. 6.—Ara vert. Buf. o'f. vi. 14. ts 8.--Ara vert de Beefil. Pl. enl. n. 383.—Brafilian green Maccaw. Edw. av. t. 229. Lath. fyn. i.:208. n. g. fup. 58. f. Veufky Maracana.—g. B. Pf. feverus eryibrochloruse ky green, with a brown foiehead, and greenifh blue crown, A Ta ce x a VIif.d 62 N? 439 J N° 498 N?°337 = : WAG orate 339 340 341 BIRDS. ‘ PIES. Parrot. $63 Ara brafilienfis erythrochlora. Briff. av. iv. 198. n. 7. Inhabits Brafil, Guiana, and Jamaica.—Is about feventeen inches long; the bill and claws are black; the cheeks are ftreaked with black; the irides are golden yellow ; the plumage is green; the fore-head is purplifh chefnut ; the crown of the head is blue; the upper furface of the tail is green, growing blue towards the tip; the legs and feet are brown, with black claws. In the Dufky variety the plumage is of a dufky or darker green colour ; the fore-head is brown, and the crown of the head is greenifh blue; perhaps the ditference may be owing to age or fex. 11, Gingee Parrot.—r1o0. P/ittacus Eupatria. 7. Is green, with naked cheeks, fcarlet fhoulders, and purple red bill. Pf. Eupatria. Lath. ind. orn. i. 85. n. 11.—Pfittaca gmginiana. Brill. av. iv. 343. n. 64. t. 29> f. 1.—Perruche de Gingi. Pl. enl. n. 239.—Grande Perruche a ailes. rougeatres. Buff. oif. vi. 156.—Gingi Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 209. n. Io. Inhabits Gingee in India—Meafures twenty-one inches long: The orbits are naked and ruddy ; the body is deep olive green above, and pale green mixed with yellow beneath; the chin and throat are fomewhat afh coloured ; the wings and tail are green; the upper coverts are red; the legs and feet are reddifh, with black claws ; the two middle feathers of the tail are greatly longer than the reft; the bill is of a fcarlet colour, verging to purple- 12. Japonefe Parrot.—11. P/ittacus japonicus, &. Is green above, and red beneath; the lateral tail quills are red, and the wing quills blue. Pf. japonicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 86. n. 12.—Pf. erythrochlorus macrourus. Aldr. orn. i. 678. f. p. 681. Raj. av. 34. n. 3.-—-Pfittaca japonenfis. Briff. av. iv. 362. n. 71.—Perruche vert-et- rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 159.—R ed-and-yellow, or Pale-green Parrot. Will. orn. ang]. 116.—Japonefe Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 209. n. If. Inhabits the fouthern parts of Japan.—The tail is longer than the body, its two middle quills being green with white fhafts, and the reft red with black fhafts ; the bill and irides are red; the cheeks, before and behind each eye, are marked with blue fpots ; the interfcapulary region is blue ; the chin is rufty red; the under parts of the body are ftreaked longitudinally with black lines ; the legs, feet, and claws are black. | 13. Amboina Parrot.—12. Pfittacus amboinenfis. 9. Is fcarlet, the back being blue; the wings have each a green fpot. Pf. amboinenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 86. n. 13.—Pfittaca amboinenfis coccinea. Brifl. av. 378. t. 28. f£. 2.—Lori-perruche tricolor. Buff. oif. vi. 138.—Perruche rouge d’Amboina. PI. enl. n. 240.—Amboina red Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 210. n. 12. ? {inhabits Amboina.—Is fifteen inches and a half long; the bill, legs, feet, and claws are red, the firft having a black tip; the under coverts of the tail are violet in the middle ; the two middle tail quills: meafuze 342 344 345 564. BIRDS. PIES. - Parrot. meafure nine inches and a half long, and are of a brownifh violet colour; the two outer tail quills on each fide are fcarcely fix inches long, and are red on their inner edges. 14. Blue-beaded Parrot.—13. Pfittacus cyanocephalus. 10. Is green, the head and chin being blue. Pf. cyanocephalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 86. n. 14.—Pfittaca cyanocephala. Briff. av. iv. 359. t. 19. f, 2.—Perruche a tete bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 145. Pl. enl. n. 192.—Blue-headed Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 211. n. 13. Inhabits India.—Is not quite twelve inches long; the upper mandible is yellow, with a pale afh co- loured tip, the lower mandible is wholly afh coloured; the fpace round the eyes is naked and yel- lowifh ; the under parts of the body are yellowith green ; the chin is bluish violet ; the fides of the neck are yellow ; the under furfaces of the wings are afh coloured; the ee. furface of the tail is yellowith afh ; the legs and feet are bluifh, with grey claws. 15. Red-breafted Parrot.—14. P/ittacus haematotus. 50. Is green, the breaft being red, the face blue, and the crown marked with a yellow fe- milunar fpot. , Pf. haematotus. Lin. mantiff. 1771, p. §74.—-Pfittaca amboinenfis varia. Briff. av. iv. 364. n. 72.—Perruche a face bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 150.—Perruche d’Ampoine. PI. enl. n. 61.—Red- breafted Parrakeet. Edw. glean. t. 232.—Red-breafted Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 212. n. 14. Inhabits Amboina.—This fpecies meafures fifteen inches long; the bill and cere are yellowith; the frontlet and part of the crown are blue; the hind head is greenifhs the feathers of the breaft are edged with blue ; the legs and feet are blackifh. @. Molucca Red-breafted Parrot.—14. 8. Pf; haematotus moluccanus. The breaft is red, varied with yellow; the head, chin, and middle of the belly, are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 87. n. £7. 4. Perruche des Moluques. Buff. oif. vi. 150. Pl. enl. n. 743.—Orange-breafted Parrot. Lath, fyn. i. 212. n. 14. A. Inhabits the Molucca iflands—The bill is reddifh white, with a yellowiitr cere; the whole head is blue; the belly is blue on the middle, forming a large {pot. y. Southern Red-breafted Parrot.—14. y. Pf. haematotus novae-hollandiae. The breaft is red, varied with yellow; the head, chin, and whole of the belly, are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 87. n. 17. y- Blue-bellied Parrot. Brown, illuftr. 14. t. 7. Lath. fyn. i. 213. n. 14. B. Phillips voy. to Bot. bay, f. p. 152. Inhabits New-holland. mts bill is red, with a yellowifh cere ; the head, neck, and whole of the belly are blue. . 346 347 348 349 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, tee &. Davies Red-breafted Parrot.—P/. haematotus daviefianus. The breaft is red, varied with yellow; the head, chin, and belly, are blue; the fcapu- lars are {potted with red and yellow. Lath. ind. orn. i. 87. n. 17. 2. Muf. Daviefianum. Blue-bellied Parrot. Lath. fyn. fup. 59. n. 14. c. Inhabits New-holland.—This variety refembles the one immediately preceding, except that the feathers of the nape of the neck have reddifh edges, and that the fcapulars are fpotted with red and yellow. 16. Black-crowned Parrot.—15. Pfittacus atricapillus. 55. Is blue above, with a black crown; the chin, throat, and breaft, are red; the belly and ventlet are green; the neck is furrounded by a red and green collar. Pf. attricapillus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 88. n. 18.—Pf. orientalis exquifitus, Loeri. Seba, muf. i. 63. t. 38. f. 4.—Pf. capite nigro. Klein, av. 25. n. 16.—Ara moluccenfis varia. Brifl. av. iv. 197. n. 5.—Grand Perruche a bandeau noir. Buff. oif. vi. 158. Inhabits the Molucca iflands.—Is fourteen inches long; the wings and the upper coverts of the tail are blue ; the lower tail coverts are green, varied with red; the tail quills are green above, and red beneath, with black edges ; the collar is fituated at the upper part of the neck. 17. Tabuan Parrot.—16. Pfittacus tabuenfis. 56. Is green above; the head, neck, breaft, and belly, being reddifh purple; the crown is feparated from the hind head by a femilunar blue bar; the primary wing quills, and molt of the tail quills, are blue. Pf. tabuenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. $8. n. 19.—Tabuan Parrot. Cook’s laft voy. i. 335. Lath. fyn. i. 214. n. 16. t. 7. Inhabits Tongataboo, in the friendly iflands.—Is nineteen inches long ; the bill is black, its lower mandible being furrounded with green feathers ; the back and the wing coverts are green; the fpu- rious wings are blue; the fecondary wing quills are green, with blue edges; the two middle tail quills, which meafure eight inches long, are blue, edged and tipt with green; the reft are blue, with black fhafts ; the legs and feet are duiky. @. Scarlet Tabuan Parrot.—P/. tabuenjis coccineus. Is green; the head, neck, breaft, and belly, being fcarlet; the neck is feparated from the back by a femilunar blue bar; the wings are green; the rump is blue, and the tail is deep blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 88. n. 19. 8. Tabuan Parrot. Phillips, Bot. bay, f. p. 153. Inhabits New-fouth-wales—Is of the fame fize with the preceding ; the bill is brown, its upper mandible being tinged with red ; the colour of the head, neck, and under parts of the body is very bright fearlet ; the wing coverts are crofled by a light yellowifh green bar ; the legs and feet are ath coloured. Vou, I. 4C 18. 352 Go Ny ww 354 \ 566 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, 18. Papuan Parrot.—17. P/ittacus papuenfis. 57. The head, neck, and breaft, are red; the hind head is marked with a blue fpot and two black femilunar bars; the wings and part of the back are green; the reft of the back, the belly, and tip of the tail, are red. Pf. papuenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 88. n, 20.—Petit Lori papon. Sonner, voy. 175. t. 111—Papuan Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 215. n. 17. : Inhabits Papua, in New-guinea.—Is fixteen inches long; the bill, legs, and feet are red; the wings are fhort; the hind part of the back is marked in the middle with a longitudinal ftreak, which is red at the fides and blue in the middle ; the wings are each marked, near the origin, with an ob- long yellow {pot ; the plumage of the thighs is yellow; the firft two-thirds of the tail is green, its extreme third being yellow, RB. Purpie-breafted Papuan Parrot.—17. 8. Pf papuenfis porphyroftethos. The breaft is purplifh; the belly is crofled by a black bar edged with green. Lath. ind. - orn. 1. 88. n. 20. 6. Syn. i. 215. n. 17. A. Inhabits with the former.—The black band on the belly is edged on its fore or upper part with green. y. Black-backed Papuan Parrot.—17. y. Pf papuen/is melanonotos. Is fcarlet; the hinder part of the back is bluifh black; the back is marked with a yel- - low fpot between the wings. Lath. ind. orn. i. 89. n. 20. y. Syn. i. 215. n. 17. B. Inhabits with the former.—The crown of the head is bluifh black; the fore part of the back is blue, varied with green ; the fides and the thighs are yellow. d. Green-bellied Papuan Parrot.—17. 3. Pf. papuen/fis chlorogafter. The middle part of the belly is green. Lath. ind. orn. i. 89. n. 20. ). Syn. i. 215.n. 17. c. Inhabits with the former.—The breaft is marked with an interrupted crefcent of a yellow colour. 19. Borneo Parrot.—18. Pfittacus borneus. 11. Is red; the wing and tail quills being tipt with green; the wings have each a remark- able blue fpot ; the orbits are brown. Pf. borneus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 89. n. 21.—Pfittaca coccinea bonarum fortunarum infulae. Briff? ay. iv. 373. n. 77-—Lori-perruche rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 137. n. t.—Long-tailed fcarlet Lory. Edw. av. t. 173. Lath. fyn: i. 216. n. 18. Inhabits India.—Is nine inches and a half long ; the bill is orange; the {pace round the eyes is brown and naked; the wing quills are varied with green and blue dots; the two outer tail quills have a greenifh tinge; the under tail coverts are red, with blue edges ; The crown, f{crag, and breaft have a violet tinge; the legs and feet are brown, 20. 3355 356 357 358 359 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 567 20. Indian Parrot.—19. P/ittacus indicus. 58. Is fcarlet, variegated with brown and violet; the upper part of the head and neck, the breaft, and a band behind the eyes, are violet; the feathers of the greater wing co- verts are tipt with light brown; the lefler coverts, and the tail quills, are brown, with a violet tinge. Pf. coccineus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 89. n. 22.—P{ittaca indica coccinea. Briff. av. iv. 376. t. 2c. f. 2.—Lori-perruche violet-et-rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 138. n. 2.—Perruche des Indes orientales. Pl. enl. n. 143.—Indian Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 217. n. 19. Inhabits Amboina.—Is nearly eleven inches long ; the bill is reddifh, with a black tip; the legs and feet are brown; the under parts of the body are varied with brown and violet : In the fpecimen defcribed by Buffon the primary wing quills are yellow; this circumftance therefore fhould either conftitute a feparate variety, or is to be confidered as an omiffion by Dr Gmelin. 21. Beautiful Parrot.—20. P/ittacus elegans. 59. Is brown above, and red beneath, with a red head and neck; having a greenifh brown tail tipt with whitith. Pf. elegans. Lath. ind. orn. i. 89. n. 23.—Beautiful Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 217. n. 20. Inhabits the Molucca iflands.—Is fifteen inches long ; the feathers on the upper parts of the body are brown, edged with red and green; thofe of the fhoulders, and the wing and tail quills have blue edges ; the outer tail quills are tipt with white ; the bill ts yellowifh brown. 6. Green beautiful Parrot.—20. 6. Pf elegans viridis, The upper part of the body, the wings, and the tail, are green; the head, neck, and brea({t, are fcarlet. Lath. ind. orn. go. n. 23. @. Syn. i. 218.n. 20. A. Inhabits with the former.—This variety meafures only twelve inches in length; the bill is of a leaden colour, with a yellow tip. 22. Gueby Parrot.—21. Pfittacus guebienjis. 60. Of a bright red, or fcarlet coiour; the wing quills are black, with a tranfverfe red band ; the tail is brownifh red. Pf. guebienfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. go. n. 24.—Petit Lori de Gueby. Sonner, voy. 174. t. 109.— Lori rouge-et-violet. Buff. oif. vi. 135.—Lori de Gueby. PI. enl. n. 684.—Gueby Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 219. n. 21. : Inhabits the ifland of Gueby.—Is nine inches and a half long; the bill and irides are flame colour- ed; a purple fhade begins at the back of the neck and {preads downwards to the breaft: Mr Latham adds that the interfcapulary region, the brea{t and belly, are purple, the laft being of a darker fhade. 23. Violet Parrot.—22. P/ittacus janthinus. 61. The head and upper parts of the body are red; the under’ parts are violet; the fhoul- ders are blue; the tail and wings are varied with green and red. 4C 2 PE 361 363 568 BIRDS. _ PIES. Parrot. Pf. cuebienfis janthinus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 90. n. 24. 6.—Perroquet violet. Ferm. furin. ii. 175.— Violet Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 220. n. 21. A. : Inhabits South America, on the banks of the river Amazons.—The bill is black, and the irides are golden yellow: Mr Latham, at the fame time that he ranks this as a variety only of the laft, marks his fufpicion that it may poffibly be a diftinct {pecies ; the great diverfity of the two places in which they are found ftrongly confirms this idea, 24. Wariegated Parrot.—23. Pfittacus variegatus. 62. The prevailing colour is fcarlet; the nape of the neck, beginning of the back, the breaft and belly, are bluifh purple; the wings are red above, and yellow beneath; the tail is green. Pf. variegatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. go. n. 25.—Variegated Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 220. n. 22. Inhabits India.—Is from ten to eleven inches long; the bill is dufky ; the pofterior part of the belly verges towards greenifh black ; the tail quills are reddifh on the inner webs near the bafe, and blue on the exterior webs near the tips. 25. Pennantian Parrot.—P/ittacus Pennantii. Is fearlet; the fore part of the back is black, waved with fearlet; the fides and throat are blue; the wing quills are each marked with a white fpot. Lath. ind. orn. i. go, n. 26. Syn. fup. 61. Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—Is fifteen inches long ; the lefler wing coverts are bluifh green; the outer tail quills are tipt with white. In the female the crown of the head is of a blood red colour; the back and belly are green; the thighs and ventlet are red. @. Phillips Pennantian Parrot.— Pf Pennant Phillippi. The middle of each wing is marked with a pale band. Lath. ind. orn. i. g1. n. 26. 6. Phil- lip, Bot. bay, f. p. 154. Tnhabits with the former, and is about the fame fize.—This variety refembles the former very much, being of a fcarlet colour on the head, neck, and under parts of the body; the back is black, its feathers being edged with crimfon ; the chin, wings, and tail are blue; the wing coverts are pale biue, and a pale blue band ftretches obliquely from thence through the wing ; the under coverts of the wings are black ; the wing and tail quills are black, the outer webs being blue; the three outer tail quills on each fide have the lower half of the exterior web of a pale hoary blue; the lower parts of the thighs are blue; the legs and feet are dufky, with black claws. 26. Splendid Parrot.—P/ittacus gloriofus. Is bright blood red, the back feathers being edged with black; the chin, wings, and tail, are blue. Pf. gloriofus, or Splendid Parrot. Nat. mif. N°. xviii. t. Ge. Inhabits 364 365 366 367 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, 569 Anhabits New-holland.—The body is about the fize of a Pigeon, or rather larger, and with the tail meafures fixteen inches long: The under parts of the body are paler than the upper, and want the femilunar black fpots, formed by the black edges of the feathers on the back ; the fhoulders of the wings are black ; the wing coverts are blue, the fecondary coverts being tinged with green ; the pri- mary wing quills are black, and the fecondaries blue; the rump is red, without fpots; the two middle tail quills are green, and the reft are blue; the bill is pale; the legs, feet, and claws are ath colour- ed: The colours of the fema/e are much lefs brilliant, and her back is olive green. 27. New-guinea Parrot.—24. Pfttacus novae-guineae. 63. Is black, with a fplendid blue tinge; the orbits are brown and naked; the under fug face of the tail is red. Pf. novae-guineae. Lath. ind. i. 91. n. 27-—Lori noir de la nouvelle-guinee. Sonner. voy. 175. t. 111.—Black Lory. Forreft. voy. 133. Lath. fyn. i. 221. n. 23. Inhabits New-guinea.—The bill, legs, and feet are blackifh; the irides are divided into two circles, of which the outer is blue, and the inner brownith red. 28. Javan Parrot.—25. Pfittacus javanicus. 64. Is fearlet, with filvery naked orbits, and a creft on the head; the two middle tail quills are {carlet, the fide ones are rofe colour mixed with green and tipt with blue. Pf. Bontii. Lath. ind. orn. i. 92. n. 29.—Pf. parvus Bontii. Raj. av. 34. n. §5.—Pfittaca javen- fis criftata coccinea. Briff. av. iv. 381. n. 80.— Perruche huppée. Buff. oif. vi. 160.—Bontius {mall Parrakeet. Will. orn. angl. 120. n. 7.—Crefted red Parrakeet. Lath. fyn.i. 223. n. 25. Inhabits Java.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Lark ; The bill is grey, with a whitifh cere; the eyes are black; the chin is grey; the fhoulders and wings are mixed red and green. 29. Jandaya.—26. Pfittacus Fandaya. 65. The head, neck, and under parts of the body, are yellow, the reft being green. Pf. Jandaya. Lath. ind. orn. i. 92. n. 30.—Pfittacula brafilienfis lutea. Briff. av. iv. 399. n. gt.—Jandaya. Will. orn. 116. s. 4.n. 5. Raj. av. 34. n. 5. Bui. oif. vi. 262.—Yellow-headed Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 224. n. 26. Inhabits Brafil.—Is about the fize of a Blackbird: The bill, legs, feet, and claws are black; the orbits are white and naked ; the irides are orange yellow; the hinder part of the belly is green. 30. Angola Parrot.—27. Pfittacus foljtitialis, 12. Is yellow, with red orbits; the wing coverts are green; the exterior webs of the outer tail quills are blue. Pf. folftitialis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 92. n. 31.—Pf. aurantius. Miller, illuftr. t. 5. a.—Pf. croceus. Mein, av. 25. n. 15.—Pf. luteus macrourus. Frifch, av. t. 53.—-Pfittaca angloenfis lutea. Briff. av. iv. 371. n. 76.—Perruche jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 147.—Angola Perroquet. Albin. av. iii. t. 13.— Angola yellow Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 224. n. 27. Inhabits 359 $70 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, Inhabits Angcla.—Is near a foot in length, the body being about the fize of a Turtle-dove : The bill is greenifh, with a pale afh coloured cere; the irides are yellow ; the back is fpotted with green- ~ ifh yellow; the outer edges of the wing coverts are blue; the fix middle tail quills are yellowith green on both webs, the outer ones being blue on the exterior webs 5 the legs, feet, and claws are ruddy. 31. Guarouba.—28. Pfittacus Guarouba, 66. Is yellow; the larger wing coverts being green. Pf. luteus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 92. n. 32.—Pfittaca brafilienfis lutea. Briff. av. iv. 369. n. 74.— Quarouba, Perruche jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 272.—Perruche jaune de Cayenne. Pl. enl. n. 525.—Qui- jubatui. Raj. av. 35. Will. orn. 117.—Brafilian yellow Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 225. n. 28. Tnhabits Brafil and the country of the Amazons.—This fpecies, which is eleven inches long, is of a folitary nature, and lefs numerous than moft others of the genus; it is however readily made tame, but is not eafily or perfectly taught to fpeak: The bill is grey; the eyes are black. Mr Latham adds that in young fpecimens of this fpecies the back and wings have a few fcattered green f{pots, and that the tail quills have green edges. B. Mexican Guarouba.—28. 8. Pf Guarouba mexicanus. Is yellow, with a reddifh head, orange coloured neck, and green wings. Lath. ind. orn. i. 93- N. 32. 6. Pf. mexicanus, Avis cocho. Seb. muf. i. t. 64. f. 4.—Pfittaca. mexicana lutea. Briff. av. iv. 374. n. 75.—Mexican yellow Parret. Lath. fyn. i. 226. n. 28. a. Inhabits Mexico and New Spain.—The bill is red ; the wing coverts are variegated with greens, red, and orange; the wing quills are green. 32. Carolina Parrot.—29. P/fittacus carolinenfis, 13. Is green; having the head, neck, and knees, orange yellow. Scop. an. i. 29. n. 25. Pf. carolinenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 93. n. 33.—Pfittaca carolinenfis. Briff. av. iv. 350. n. 67.— Perroquet. Ferm. furin. ii. 176. n. 7.—Parrokeeto. Lawfon, carol. 142.—Perruche & tete jaune.. Buff. oif. vi. 274.—Perruche de la Caroline. Pl. enl. n. 499.—Caroline Parrot. Lath. fyn.i. 227.. n. 29. fup. 59. Catefb. carol. i. t. rr. Arct. zool. il. 242. n. 132. Inhabits Guiana, and migrates into Carolina and Virginia during the feafon of ripe Mulberries.— ‘This fpecies is thirteen inches long, which is chiefly made up by the length of the tail, for it only” weighs three ounces and a half; it is gregarious, and very deftructive to orchards; it builds in hol-- low trees in low fwampy places, is eafily tamed, but does not readily learn to fpeak: The bill is yel- Jowifh white; the fore-head, ridge of the wings, and bracelets, or a ring of feathers round the knees,. are orange ; the head and neck are yellow; the back, body, and the wing and tail coverts are green;; the primary wing quills are duflky, mixed with blue and green ; the legs and feet are white. 33. Alexandrine Parrot.—30. Pfittacu’s Alexandrin 14. Is green; with a red breaft, red collar, and black chin, Pe 372 373 Bin BIRDS, PIES. Parrot. 571 Pf. Alexandri. Amoen. av. iv. 26. Muf. ad. frid. ii. 14. Scop. an. i. 29. n. 26. Lath. ind. orn. 1.97. n. 46.—Pf. cubicularis. Haffelqu. voy. 235.—Pf. torquatus. Aldr. orn. i. 678. Raj. av. 33. n. 1.—Pfittaca torquata. Briff. av. iv. 323. n. ¢5.—Perocello. Olin. ucc. t. 24.—Grande Perruche a collier rouge-vif. Buff. oif. vi. 141.—Perruche 4 collier des Maldives. Pl. enl. n. 642.—Ring Parrakeet. Will. orn. angl. 115. Edw. av. t. 292. f. 1.—Alexandrine Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 234. My Bae Inhabits Afia, and the Indian iflands.—This fpecies derives its trivial name from having been firft noticed during the Indian expedition of Alexander of Macedon. The body is about the fize of a Pigeon, and, with the tail, meafures fixteen inches long ; the bill is red; the nape of the neck is red, which furrounds the neck like a collar ; at the bafe of each wing is a purple mark; the tail is yellowifh on its under furface ; the legs and feet are dufky. : @. Rofe-ringed Alexandrine Parrot.— 30. 8. P/ Alexandr: rofeocollari. The collar is rofe coloured. Lath. ind. orn. i. 98. n. 46. A. Perruche 4 collier roface. Buff. oif. vi. 152. Pl. enl. n. 551.—Rofe-ringed Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 255. n. 37. A. Inhabits Africa.—Is fifteen inches and a half long; the hind head is bluifh green; the bill is blood red, with black tips to both mandibles ; the irides are yellow; the general colour, as in the former variety, is green, with a black chin; the collar confifts of a very narrow line of pale rofe co- lour furrounding the neck ; the legs and feet are ath coloured. y. Purple-ringed Alexandrine Parrot.—30, y. P/: Alexandri purpureocollarz, The collar is purple. Lath. ind. orn. i. 98. n. 46. 7. Pfittaca indica torquata. Briff. av. iv. 326. n. 56.—Eaft-indian Bracelet Parrakeet. Albin, av. il. t. 18.—Purple-ringed Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 236. n. 37. B. é Inhabits India.—Is feventeen inches long; the upper mandible of the bill is orange, and the lower mandible black; the crown is bluifh green; the throat and breaft are pale rofe colour; the orbits are brown. S. Double-ringed Alexandrine Parrot.— 30. 4. Pf Alexandri duplocollari, The collar is double. Lath. ind. orn. i. 98. n. 46. >. Pfittaca borbonica torquata. Briff. av. iv. 328. n. 57. t. 27. f. 1.—Perruche 4 double collier. Buff. oif. vi. 143-——Perruche 4 collier de Bourbon. Pl. enl. n. 215.—Double-ringed Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. AAG We Go Cs Inhabits the ifle of Bourbon.—Is thirteen inches and a half long; the throat and breaft are ftreak- ed with yellow; the general colour is green; the collar round the neck is rofe coloured, and double, being wider at the fore part ; the fides of the neck, immediately below the under mandible of the bill, are black. ) G= 375 377 572 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. e. Blue headed Alexandrine Parrot.—30. ¢. P/ Alexandri cyanocephalus. Is green; with blue head, chin, and tail, and having naked red orbits. Pf. indicus.’ Lath. ind. orn. i. 86. n. 15.—Pfittaca cyanocephala. Brifl. av. app. 129.—Perruche Atete azur. Buff. oif. vi. 148.—Blue-headed Parrakeet. Edw. av. t. 292. Lath. fyn. i. 237. n. 37. D- Inhabits India.—The bill is red; the orbits are naked and of a flefhy red or carnation colour, the irides being orange yellow ; the wings are each marked with a yellow fpot ; the under furface of the tail is yellow ; the legs and feet are afh coloured.—This bird fhould rather have been ranked as a variety of the Blue-headed Parrot, N°. 343. with which it agrees, efpecially as the particular charac- teriftic of the Alexandrine fpecies, the collar, is wanting.—T. ¢. Javan Alexandrine Parrot.—30. €. Pf Alexandri javanicus. Is green; the head being mixed blue and yellow, with black temples; the throat and breaft are reddith. ; Pf. Ofbeckii. Lath. ind. orn. i. 87. n. 16.—Pf. javanicus. Ofbeck, it. i. 156.—Javan Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i, 237. n. 37. E. - Inhabits Java.—The bill is red, with a black cere, its under mandible being yellowifh ; the orbits are brown and naked ; the colours of the head are pale blue and pale yellow mixed together; the chin is pale red ; the breaft is pale rofe colour ; the wing quills are afh coloured on their under fur- faces, and have blue edges; five of the wing covert feathers are yellow, forming a large fpot; the tail is blue above, and yellowifh underneath ; the legs and feet are greenifh grey.—This ought doubtlefs either to have conftituted a feparate fpecies, or at leaft to have been ranked as a variety of the Blue- headed Parrot. Both in this inftance and the former variety the authority of Dr Gmelin has been adhered to, perhaps too rigidly, but no great confufion can thereby be occafioned to the ftudent of Natural hiftory, as the error is pointed out; to the experienced Naturalift no fuch precaution is ne- ceflary. —T. 34. Illinois Parrot.—31. Pfittacus pertinax. 15. Is green; with tawny cheeks, the wings and tail being fomewhat hoary. Muf. ad. frid. i. 14. Pf. pertinax. Lath. ind. orn. i. 94. n. 34. Borowik. nat. ii. 94. n. 15.—Pfittaca illiniaca. Briff- av. iv. 353.n. 68.—Tui aputejuba. Marcegr. braf. 206. Raj. av. 34. n. 2.—Tui fecundus. Raj. av. 181.n. 6. Will. orn. 116.—Aputejuba. Buff. oif. vi. 269. t. 13.—Perruche illinoife. PI. enl. 528.—Klein langfchwaenziger gruner Papagay. Frifch, av. t. 54.—Yellow-faced Parrakeet. Edw. av. Ag. t. 234.—Illionois Parrot. Arét. zool. ii. 243. n. 133. Lath. fyn. i. 228. n. 30. Inhabits America.—Is about thirteen inches long; this fpecies migrates annually in fummer to a more northern clime than is ufual with this genus; it is found in Brafil and other parts of the tro- pical regions of America, and even paffes the winter in the fouthern countries on the Miffifipi, but in fummer is found almoft as high as lake Michigan; it is gregarious, and feeds on chefnuts, peafe, and other feeds and fruits ; it forms its neft in the large hills of ants or termites ; is very active, but is a bad fcholar in learning to fpeak ; the flefh is eaten in America. The bill is afh coloured; the iri- des, the fore-head, cheeks, and fometimes the hind head are rich orange yellow; the crown, upper part 378 Sie) 381 - BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 593 - part of the body, tail, and wing coverts are bright green 3 the primary wing quills are green, with blue outer edges ; the ventlet is yellow.—Mr Pennant fufpetts that this fpecies may only differ from the Carolina Parrot in fex. 35. Leverian Parrot.—32. Pfittacus Leverianus. 67. Is pale green; with yellow head and neck; the rump is fcarlet; the wing and tail quills are blue at the tips. Pf. erythropygius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 94. n. 35 —Crimfon-vented Parrot. Lath. fyn.i. 229. n. 31. Inhabits fouthern Afia.—This fpecies is of a middle fize. 36. Emeraldine Parrot.—33. P/ittacus fmaragdinus, 68. Is fplendid green; the hinder part of the belly, the rump, anc the tail, being rufly chefnut. Pf. fmaragdinus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 94. n. 36.—Perruche emeraude. Buff. oif. vi. 262.—Per- ruche des terres magellaniques. Pl. enl. n. 85.—Emerald Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 230. n. 32. fup. 60. Inhabits the coafts of the Straits of Magellan.—lIs thirteen inches long; the bill, legs, and feet are dufky ; the tail is green at the tip. Dr Gmelin exprefies a doubt, by a point of interrogation, whe- ther the place of this fpecies be, as is faid, in a country fo inhofpitable as that furrounding the Straits of Magellan ; but the general fact of Parrots being found there is indifputably proved by the concurrent teftimony of the moft refpectable navigators, from Spilbergen and Dampier to the compa- nions of Admiral Byron’s voyage of difcovery. Arét. zool. ii. p. 244. 37. Red-fronted Parrot.—34. Pfittacus canicularis. 16. Is green, with a red forehead and tawny orbits; the hind head and outer wing quills are blue. Pf. canicularis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 94. n. 37.—Pfittaca brafilienfis. Briff. av. iv. 339. n. 62.— Perruche a front rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 268. Pl. enl. n. 767. wali sesenat blue-headed Parrakeet. Edw. av. iv. t. 176. Lath. fyn. i. 242. n. 4o. Inhabits the warmer parts of America.—Is about the fize of a large Thrufh: The under parts of the body are greenifh yellow ; the billis blackifh ; the eyes are black ; the legs and feet are e reddifhs the exterior webs of the wing quill feathers are greenifh ; the tail is very long. 38. Brown-throated Parrot.—35. Pfittacus aeruginofus. 17. Is green, with afh coloured orbits; the crown, and the primary wing quills, being blue. Pf. aeruginofus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 95. n. 38.—Pfittaca martinicana. Brifl. orn. iv. 356. n. 69.— Perruche 4 gorge brune. Buff. oif. vi. 257.—Brown-throated Parrakeet. Bancr. guian. 162. Edw. av. iv. t. 177. Lath. fyn. i. 243. n. 41. ; Inkabits the tropical parts of America, and the Weft Indian iflands.—Is fomewhat more than ten inches long, and the tail is rather fhorter than the body: The frontlet, cheeks, chin, and throat are Vot. I. 4D greyiih 38 383 384 Ga Gy 57 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, greyifh brown mixed with yellow; the bill, cere, legs, feet, and claws are afh coloured ; the irides are yellowith brown ; the under parts of the body are yellowifh green; the under furface-of the tail is yellowith. i : 39. Red-billed Parrot.— 36. Pfittacus rufiroftris. 18. Is green, with red bill, orbits, legs, and feet; the tail quills being tipt with blue. Muf. ad. frid. ii. 13. Pf. rufiroftris. Lath. ind. orn. i. 95. n. 39. Ger. orn. il. 19. t. 125.—Pfittaca. Briff. orn. iv. 319 n. §4.—Perruche. Pl. enl.n. 550.—Sinvialo. Buff. oif. vi. 265.—Tui. Raj. av. 34. n. 1. Will. orn. 116.—Small long-tailed green Parrakeet. Brown, jam. 472. Tree eee green Parra- keet. Edw. av. t. 175. Lath. fyn. i. 230. n. 33. Tnhabits South America.—I!s twelve inches and a Half long, gregarious, eafily tamed, docile, and an excellent fpeaker: The red of the legs, feet, claws, and orbits is crimfon or flefh coloured ; the upper mandible of the bill is blood red, the under mandible being black; the irides are orange yellow. @. Guiana Red-billed Parrot-—36. 6. Pf rujfiroftris guianenfis. The bill, legs, feet, and claws, are whitilh red; the orbits are afh coloured. Lath. ind. orn. i, 96. n. 39. &. 4 Pfittaca aquarum Lupiarum. Brifl. av. iv. 330. n. 58.—Ajuru-catinga. Raj. fyn. 33. n. 6. 7. Will. orn, 76, Id, ang]. 115.—Guiana green Parrot. Bancr. guian. 161, Lath. fyn. i. 231. n. 33. A. Inhabits South America,—This variety is about the fize of a Thrufh ; the irides have two colour- ed circles, of which the outer is reddifh and the inner afh coloured. 40. Orange- billed Parrot.—37. Pfittacus ornatus. 19. Is yellowifh green, with red hind head, chin, and breaft; the crown and the ears being blue; the orbits are afh coloured. Pf. ornatus. Lath. ind, orn. i. 91. n. 28. Borowdk. nat. ii. 94. n. 16.—Pfittaca indica varia. Briff. orn. iv. 366. n. 73.—Avis_paradifiaca orientalis. Seb. muf. 95. t. 60. £. 2. 3.—Perruche Lori. Buff. oif. vi. 145.—Perruche yariee des Indes orientales. Pl. enl. n. §52.—Lory Parrakeet. Edw. av.t. 174. Lath. fyn. i. 221. n. 24. Inhabits India.—Is eight inches long: The bill is pale orange, with a brownifh cere; the irides are orange 3 the crown is bluifh black, and the cheeks are each marked with two {pots of the fame colour, one bchind and the other above the eyes; the under furface of the tail is reddifh; the legs and feet are ae coloured. 41. Jaguilma.—38. Phittacus Faguilma, 69. Is green, with tawny orbits; the wing quills being tipt with brown. Mbolin. chil. 228. 8 y 84 (3 ene Pf. Jaguilma. Lath. ind. orn. i. 96. n. 4o. Inhabits Chilii—This fpecies is very imperfeétly defcribed ; it pafles the fummer months in the great chain of the Andes, lives in very numerous flocks, making a great noife, and is very prolific ; it 386 387 388 389 BIRDS. : PIES. | Parrot. 555 it feeds on the buds of trees, and plants, making great havock in the country, and is reckoned tender high flavoured food. 42. Guiana Parrot.—39. P/ittacus guianenfis. 70. Is green, with red {pots on the cheeks, and red bracelets; the lefler wing coverts being fearlet, and the larger coverts yellow. Pf. guianenfis. Lath. ind. orm. i. 96. n. 41.—Pfittaca gujanenfis. Brill. av. iv. 331. n. 59. t. 28. f. 1.—Perruche pavouane. Buff. oif. vi. 255.—Perruche de la Guianne. Pl. enl. n. 167. 407.— Pavouane Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 232. n. 34. Inhabits Guiana and the Weft India Iflands.—This fpecies meafures twelve inches long, and is of a ferocious difpofition: ‘The bill and cere are whitifb, the former having an afh coloured tip; the wing quills are yellow on their under furfaces, and are edged with blackifh near the tips: In the younger animal, which is reprefented in the 167th plate of the Planches enluminées, while the other gives the full grown bird, the red {pots on the cheeks are either altogether wanting or fcarcely per- ceptible: The legs and feet are grey, with blackifh claws. 43. Luzonian Parrot.—qgo, Pfittacus marginatus, Alo Is green; the wing coverts are black, the feathers of the leffer coverts having yellowith brown edges, and the greater coverts being edged with blue. Pf. marginatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. g6. n. 42.—Perruche de Lugon. Sonner. voy. 80. t. 44.— Varied-winged Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 234. n. 36. Inhabits the ifland of Luzonia.—The frontlet is fplendid green ; the bill is large and of a carna~ tion red colour ; the irides are white ; the crown of the head is blue; the body is gratis green above, and yellowifh green beneath ; the legs and feet are blackith. 44. Sonnerats Parrot.—q1. P/ittacus Sonuerati, 72. Is green, with a blue collar; and having a red fpot at the origin of each wing. Pf. Sonneratii. Lath. ind. orn. i. 98. n. 47.—Perruche 4 collier de Lugon. Sonner. voy. 80. t. 43-—Blue-collared Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 234. n. 36. Inhabits Luzonia.—The bill and irides are red ; the head, neck, and belly are greyith green; the wings and back are grafs green ; the two middle tail quills are grafs green, and the reft of a seeyith green ; the legs and feet are blackifh grey. 45. Pondicherry Parrot.—42. Pfittacus pondicerianus. We Is green; the face and fore part of the head being variegated with blue and white, and having black ftreaks, like whifkers, on each fide, extending from the bill to the chin. Pf. pondicerianus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 99. n. 48.—Perruche 4 mouftaches. Buff. oif. v. 149. ' Perruche de Pondichery. Pl. enl. n. 517.—Muftacho Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 238. n. 38. 4D 2 Inf 576 : BIRDS. : PIES. } Parrot. Inhabits India, near Pondichery.—Is eleven inches long ; the breaft is purplifh blue; the wing co- verts are varied or {potted with yellow. ° : 8. Bearded Pondicherry Parrot.—42. 8. P/. pondicerianus barbatus. Is green; the fore part of the face being chefnut, with a brown line on each fide from the noltrils to the eyes; the chin is black, extending backwards on each fide like a beard. Lath. ind. orn. i. g9. n. 48. 8. _ Bearded Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 238. n. 38. 4. Inhabits with the former.—This variety is of the fame fize with the former, from which, perhaps, it may only differ in fex: The nape of the neck is purplifh red; the wing quills have blue edges ; the bill is red; the crown of the head is green; the legs and feet are dufky. 46. Red-headed Parrot.—43. Pfittacus erythrocephalus, 74. Is green, the head being red mixed with blue, having a black chin, and a collar of black and pale green round the neck. Pf. ginginianus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 99. n. 50.—Pfittaca ginginiana erythrocephalos. Briff. av. iv. 340. n. 65. t. 29. f. 2.—Perruche a tete rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 144.—Perruche a tete rouge de Gin- gi. Pi. enl. n. 264.—Bloflom-headed Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 239. n. 39. Inhabits India, near Gingee,—Is eleven inches long ; the under parts of the body are green verg- ing towards yellow; the wing coverts are marked with a red fpot; the legs, feet, and claws are afh coloured ; the inner edges of the tail quills are yellow; the bill is reddith. @. Bengal Red- headed Parrot.—43. 6. Pf erythrocephalus bengalenfis. Is yellowifh green, the crown and cheeks being rofe coloured; the hind head, and the two middle tail quills, on their upper furfaces, are blue, the reft being edged with blue. ath. ind. orn. i. 100.'n. 50. 2. “ Pfittaca bengalenfis. riff av. iv. 348. n. 66.—Petite Perruche a long brins. Buff. oif. vi. 154.— Perruche de Mahe, Pl. enl. n. 888.—Perruche 4 tete rouge de Lugon. Sonner. voy. 79. t- 42.— Bengal Parrakeet. Albin, av. ili. 7. t. 14.—Rofe-headed ring Parrakeet. Edw. glean. t. 233. Lath. fyn. 1. 239. n. 39. A. Inhabits Bengal—tIs ten inches long; the upper mandible is yellow, and the under mandible black, with a brownith cere; the under fide of the body is yellowifh green; the wing coverts are marked with a dufky red fpot ; the interior edges of the tail quills, and their under furfaces are yellow; the chin and under fides of the cheeks are marked with a black line; the legs, feet, and claws, are afh co- loured. y- Borneo Red-headed Parrot. —43. y. Pf. erythrocephalus borneus. Is green ; the head, chin, throat, breaft, and fore part of the belly, being of a reddith peach-bloffom colour. Lath. ind. orn, i. 100. n. 50. y- Bornean Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 240. n. 39. B. Inhabits 594 395 396 397 BIRDS. : PIES. ) Parrot. wh TInhabits Borneo.—Is twelve inches long ; the bill is reddifh, its under mandible being black; the cere and orbits are afh coloured ; the fore-head is afh coloured, with a green fpot, and having a black line acrofs from one eye to the other; the wing coverts are marked with a red fpot; the inner edges of the wing quills are blue; the legs, feet, and claws are afh coloured. Mr Latham gives a different defcription of this variety, faying that the head is purplith blue, its fore part being green, with a black crofs line; each cheek is marked at its lower part with an oblique black bar; the under part of the throat and breaft are reddifh chefnut. &. Malacca Red- headed Parrot.—43. 3. Pf erythrocephalus malaccenjis. Is yellowifh green; the hind head and orbits being rofe coloured. Lath. ind. orn. i. 100. N. 50. 0. Grande Perruche 4 long brins. Buff. oif. vi. 155.—Perruche de Malac. PI. enl. n. 887.—Ma- lacca Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 241. n. 39. c. fup. 60. Inhabits Malacca.—Is fixteen inches long ; the bill is reddifh; the wing coverts are bluith green in the middle ; in this variety the black line, which in all the others ftretches from the fauces to- wards the crown of the head, is wanting. 47. Spot-necked Parrot.—P/ittacus bimaculatus. Is green; having two oblong black fpots on the neck, and a large fulphur yellow fpot on each wing. Moff. carlf. ii. t. 30. Lath. ind. orn. i. g9. n. 49. Its place uncertain.—Is eleven inches long ; the bill is pale blood red; the fore-head, chin, throat, cheeks, and fides of the neck are orange yellow; the chin and throat are marked on each fide with a large oval black fpot, reaching from the bafe of the bill to the beginning of the breaft, and with a number of fmall black {pots ; the yellow {pot on each wing is occafioned by the edges of the quill feathers being yellow. 48. Brown-fronted Parrot.—44. Pfittacus plumbeus. 75, Is green; the bill, orbits, legs, and feet, being lead coloured; the front, cheeks, and chin, are brown; the edges and tips of the tail quills are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 95. n. 38. 6. Brown-fronted Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. 1. 243. n. 41. A. Inhabits the tropical regions of America.— Is eleven inches and a half long; the*irides are chef nut or yellowifh brown; the crown is bluifh; the edges of the wing quill feathers are blue. Dr Gme- lin fufpeéts this may be a variety of the Brown-throated Parrot, N°. 381. and Mr Latham ranges it as fuch. 49. Buff-fronted Parrot.— Pfittacus bubalinus, Is green above, and yellowifh green beneath ; having a yellowifh brown or buff colour- ed forehead. Lath. ind. orn. i. 95. n. 37. 8. Ger. orn. ii. 29. t. 127.? Perruche A front jaune. Pl. enl. n. 838.—Buff-fronted Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. fup. 61. n. 135. Inhabits 399 400 4Ol 578 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, Inhabits Cayenne.—Is ten inches long; the bill is dusky; the fore-head and orbits are buff co- loured, or pale yellowifh brown; the crown of the head and the wing quill feathers are blue; the legs and feet are dufky red. Mr Latham ranks this as a variety of the Red-fronted Parrot, N°. 380. but as it feems to agree more nearly with the preceding fpecies, which is placed here after the ex- ample of Dr Gmelin, it has been thought better to infert it in this place——T. 50. Lace-winged Parrot.—45. Pfittacus olivaceus. 76. Is olive-brown, with a bluifh {pot on the hind head ; the wings are variegated with blue, green, and orange. i ~ Pf. olivaceus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 97. n. 43.—Pf. minor lucionenfis, Pfittacula lucionenfis. Ger. orn, ii. 21. t. 130.— Perruche aux ailes chamarees. Buff. oif. vi. 151.—Perroquet de Lucon. PI. enl. n. 287.—Lace-winged Parrakeet.- Lath. fyn. i. 244. n. 42. Inhabits the ifland of Luzonia.—Is rather more than eleven inches long; the bill is red; the middle of the wings is blue; the tail is about one-third of the whole length of the body, and the wings reach to about. its middle, when folded ; the legs and feet are dufky. This fpecies has confi- derable affinity te the Luzonian Parrot, N°. 387.. 5t. Dubious Parrot.—P/itiacus dubius. Is green, with a reddifh neck, and naked yellow orbits. Lath. ind. orn. i. 97. n. 44. Syn. fup. 62. Its place uncertain.—Is nine inches long; the bill, legs, and feet, are pale horn coloured; the whole wing quills, and the four middle tail quills, have blue tips ;. the outer tail quills are tipt with yellow.. 52. Orange-bellied Parrot.—P/ittacus chryfogafier. Is green, with a greenifh bill, and having an orange coloured belly. Lath. ind. orn. i. 97: n. 45. Syn. fup. 62. Its place uncertain.—Is feven inches and a half long; the greater coverts of the wings have blue outer webs, and their inner webs are each marked with a white fpot; the four outer tail quills on each fide have yellow tips ; the legs and feet are greenifh. 53. Greenifh Parrot.—46. Pfittacus virefcens. 77. Is greenifh ; the outer wing quills being white, edged and tipt with yellow. Pf. virefcens. Lath. ind. orn. is roo. n. 5 1.—Pfittaca cayennenfis. Briff. av. iv. 334. n. 60. t. 27: f. 2.—Perruche 4 ailes variées. Buff. oif. vi. 259.—Petite Perruche verte de Cayenne. PI. enl. n. 359.—Yellow-winged Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 244. n. 43- Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies meafures eight inches in length; it is very numerous, not at all fhy, extremely docile, and feeds much on the flowers of the Evythrina coralliedendron: ‘The bill and cere are whitifh ; the wing coverts fartheft from the body are greenith blue; thofe neareft the body are bluifh green; the inner coverts are fulphur yellow ; the lefler coverts are white at the bafe, and. on 402 403 404 405 BIRDS. Fie: > Parrot. 579 on their inner webs, their outer webs and tips being yellow; moft of the wing quills have yellow outer webs and tips, with yellowifh white inner webs ; the firft five neareft the body are green, with black inner webs and white edges ; the next feven are white, edged and tipt with yellow; the inner edges of the tail quills are yellowith ; the legs and feet are grey. 54. Waved Parrot.—47. Pfittacus verficolor, 78, Is green,, with brown head and throat, the latter being waved with tawny ; the wings are biue, with a flame yellow bar; the belly is pale bluith purple, with brown waved lines. : Pf. verficolor. Lath. ind. orn. i. tor. n. §2.—Peeruche 4 gorge variée. Buff. oif. vi. 259.—Per- ruche a gorge tachetee de Cayenne. Pl. enl. n. 144.—Perruche. Fermin, furin. ii. 177. n. 2.— Waved-breafted Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 245. n. 44. Inhabits Cayenne and Surinam.—Is about the fame fize with the preceding fpecies: The bill, legs, feet, and claws are black ; the irides are flame coloured ; the frontlet is dufky blue, or flate colour, above, and fky blue next the bill; the tail is lilac, or pale purplifh blue, above, and reddith brown on its under furface ; the under parts of the body are brown; the throat.is aurora, or flame yellow, co- lour : This fpecies is extremely rare. 55. Scaly Parrot.—P/ittacus fquammofus. Is green; the feathers on the head, neck, and breaft, having orange coloured edges. Lath. ind. orn. i. ror. n. §3. Scaly-breafted Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 246. n. 45. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is eight inches and a half long: The edges of the feathers, as above defcribed, being on the lower part of both webs at the tips, give the appearance of fcales; the fhoulders are fcarlet ; the rump and middle of the belly are blood red ; the bill, legs, and feet are dufky ; the or- bits are naked and pale. 56. Carnation Parrot.—48. P/ittacus incarnatus. 70. Is green, with carnation red bill, legs, feet, and claws; the cere and orbits are whitifh; the chin and wing coverts are red. Z Pf incarnatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. ror. n. 54.—Pfittaca indica. Briff. av. iv. 341. n. 63.—Per- ruche a gorge rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 157.—Red-winged Parrakeet. Edw. glean. t. 236. Lath. fyn. i, 246. n. 46. Inhabits India.—Is eight inches and a half long, of which the tail meafures four inches and a half, the body being about the fize of a Lark; the bill is pale horn colour; the irides are chef{nut brown. 57- Grey-breafted Parrot.—ag. Pfittacus murinus, 80. Is olive; the face, chin, and brealt, being filver grey; the wing quills are green. Pf, murinus. Lath: ind. orn. i. 101. n. §5.—Perruche. Pernetty, voy. to falk. ifles. i. 312.— Perruche 406 407 408 580 BIRDS. PIES. - = «Tarren Perruche fouris. Buff. oif. vi. 148.—Perruche 4 poitrine grife. Pl. enl. n. 768. —~Grey-breafted Parakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 247. n. 47. Inhabits Monteviedo.—This fpecies is of mild and docile manners; it meafures ten inches in length, of which the tail is a half: The bill, legs, and feet are grey; Mr Latham fays the bill is carnation red. 58. Horned Parrot.—so. Pfittacus cornutus. 81. Is green, with a fcarlet head, having two long extended feathers like horns. Pf. bifetis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 102. n. 56.— Horned Parrot. Cook, voy. ii. t. p. r10. Lath. fyn. i. 248. n. 48. t. 8. Inhabits New-Caledonia.—Is eleven inches long: The bill, legs, and feet are dark blackith blue ; the temples are orange yellow, the irides golden yellow, and a pale yellow, or ftraw coloured, collar furrounds the neck ; the two elongated feathers from the crown of the head are each an inch and a half long, of a dufky colour with red tips; the wing coverts are dufky on their inner webs and at the tips; the wing and tail quills have their exterior webs edged with blue; the rump is pale yellow; the under furface of the tail is black. 59. Caledonian Parrot.—51. P/ittacus caledonicus. 82. Is olive, with a greenifh yellow crown; the tail quills have whitifh tips, and the outer edges of the four outermoft are pale blue. Pf. caledonicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 102. n. 57.—Caledonian Parrot. Lath. ee i. 248. n. 49. Inhabits New-Caledonia.—Is eleven or twelve inches long: The bill is bluifh, with a pale tip; the frontlet is red above, and blue next the bill; the colour of the upper parts of the body has a green- ifh, and of the under parts a yellowifh hue; the legs and feet are dufky or blackith blue. Both Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham fufpect this of being the female of the preceding. 60. Zealandian Parrot.—52. P/ittacus feelandicus. 83. Is brownifh-green; with a dark purple front, greenifh tawny crown, and fcarlet rump. Pf. novae-feelandiae. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 328. n. 83.—Pf. zealandicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 102. n. 53.—Red-rumped Parrot. Lath. fyn. 1. 249. n. 50. Inhabits New-zealand.—Is fifteen inches long ; from the bafe of the bill a red ftreak extends through each orbit; the tail quills are bluifh, the two middle ones having green edges; the bill is dark blue, with a black tip; a fmall number of the feathers on the crown are pale yellow, and on the middle of the back there are a few of a pale rufty brown colour; the temples are pale green; the belly is greenifh afh; the primary wing quills are brown, with blue edges; the fecondary wing quills, and the feathers of the baftard wing are dufky, with green edges, pale rufty tips, and chefnut fhafts; the legs and feet are black. 61. Hollandian Parrot.—53. Pfittacus hollandieus. 84. Is olive-brown; with a yellow creft on the head, and an oblique white bar on the wings. Pie 410 All Al2 413 BIRDS. (PIES. Parrot. gSe Pf. novae-hollandiae. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 328. n. 84. Lath. ind. orn, i. 102. n. 59.—Crefted Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 250. n. 51. Inhabits New-holland.—Is twelve inches long: The creft is compofed of fix flender feathers, two of which are almoft three inches long, the reft being a good deal fhorter ; behind each eye is a red fpot ; the bill is pale; the legs and feet are dufky: The body and head of the female are more on the tawny fhade, the rump and tail having tranfverfe grey ftreaks. 62. Wallefian Parrot.—P/fittacus wallicus. Is green; the four middle taill quills are barred with green and black, and the reft with black and yellow. Pf. formofus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 103. n. 60. Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—This rare fpecies is fuppofed by Mr Latham to be of the fame fize with the laft: The wing coverts are green, with black and yellow bars; the wing quills are black on the inner and green on the outer webs, having each two yellow fpots cn the middle, except on the three outermoft, which have a fingle yellow {pot on their inner webs, and all thofe {pots are fo ar- ranged as to form an interrupted yellow bar acrofs the wing; the two middle tail quills meafure nine, and the outer ones three, inches in length ; the four middle tail quills are green with above twenty narrow tranfverfe black bars, and the reft are yellow with a good many black bars, the bars grow lefs perceptible towards the tips. This beautiful fpecies is defcribed by Mr Latham from a mutilated f{pecimen, which had only the wings and tail. 63. Society Parrot.—54. Pfittacus ulietinus. 85. Is olive-green; with blackifh brown crown, dufky red rump, and dufky tail and wings. Pf. ulietinus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 103. n. 61.—Society Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 250. n. 52. Inhabits Ulietea, one of the Society iflands.—Is ten inches and a half long; the bill is blackifh blue, with a black tip ; the wing and tail quills have black edges; the feathers on the under parts of the body have a yellowifh tinge ; the legs and feet are black. 64. Many-coloured Parrot.—55. P/ittacus multitolor. 86. Is green; the head, chin, and belly, being blue; the fore part of the breaft red, its hin- der part and the under furface of the tail yellow, and the neck has a white col- lar. Pf. femicollaris. Lath. ind. orn, i. 103. n. 62.—White-collared Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 251. n. 53. Penn. gen. of birds, 4to ed. 59. t. 2. Inhabits the iflands of the Indian ocean.—The fize is not mentioned ; the bill is red; the crown of the head is marked with a white crefcent ; the thighs are variegated with blue and yellow. . 65. Golden Parrot.—56. Pf aureus. 87. Is green; with golden-yellow crown, the cere and orbits being carnation red. Vou. I. 4k PE. 414 415 416 ALT 418 582 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, Pf. brafilienfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 103. n. 63. Ger. orn. ii. 1g. t. 126 —Pfittaca brafilienfis. Brifl. orn. iv. 337. n. 61.—Perruche couronnee d’or. Buff. oif. vi. 271.—Golden-crowned Parra- keet. Edw. glean. t. 235. Lath. fyn. i. 251. n. 54. Inhabits Brafil.—The bill is black ; the irides are orange; the chin is mixed yellowifh-green and red; the wing coverts are crofled by an oblique blue bar; the outer webs of the wing quills are blue ; the legs and feet are reddifh, with blackifh claws. 66. Lineated Parrot.—57. P/fittacus lineatus. 48. Is green; the under furfaces of the wing quills are brown, and their inner webs are edged with pale brown. Pf. lineatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 104. n. 64.—Lineated Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 252. n. 55. Its place uncertain.—Is about the fize of a Turtle dove: The under parts of the body are yellow- ith green ; the under furfaces of the wings are ftreaked with very narrow pale brown lines ; the tail is longer than the body. 67. Pacific Parrot.—58. Pfittacus pacificus. 88. Is green, with a Td front; having a red fpot on each fide behind the eyes, and on each fide of the rump. Pf. pacificus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 104. n. 65.—Pacific Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 252. n. 56. Inhabits Otaheite and the other iflands of the Pacific Ocean.—Is twelve inches long; the bill is. filvery with a black tip; the legs and feet are brown, with black claws. ; B. Zealand Pacific Parrot.—58. 6. P/- pacificus feelandicus. The forehead is fcarlet, and the wing quills are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. ro4. n. 65. 4. Syn. i. 253-n. 56. A. Inhabits New-zealand.—In this variety the rump has no red fpots. y» Red-rumped Pacific Parrot.— 58. y. Pf. pacificus erythropygius. The frontlet, temples, and rump, are red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 104. n. 65. y. Syn. i. 253. n. 56. B. ; Inhabits with the former: 8% Caledonian Pacific Parrot.—58. 8. P/. pacificus caledonicus. .The forehead is red, and the crown yellow. Lath ind. orn. i. 104. n. 65. Syn. i. 254; n, 56. ¢. Inhabits New-Caledonia, 419 420 A2t 422 423 BIRDS.. PIES. Parrot. 583 e. Carlfonian Pacific Parrot.—P/- pacificus Carl/onianus. The hind head, a {pot on each fide below the eyes, and the fides of the belly, are fcarlet. Lath. ind. orn. i. 104. n. 65. ¢. Pfittacus Novae-zealandiae. Muf. carlf. ti. t. 28. Inhabits New-zealand.—The fides of the belly are fpotted with fcarlet ; the under furfaces of the wings and tail are brown. ‘ C. Phillipine Pacific Parrot.—P/ pacificus Phillipinus, The crown is blue; the hind head is fpotted with yellowifh green; the fhoulders are edged with yellow. Pf. auftralis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 104. n. 66.—Pacific Paroquet, or Parrakeet. Phillips, Bot. bay, iis J IG Re Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—The bill is brown, tinged at the tip with red; the cap on the crown of the head is azure blue, interfperfed at the back part with a few fmall yellowifh green feathers ; the fhoulders, or upper and fore parts of the wings, are yellowifh. 68. Palm Parrot.-—59. D/ittacus palmarum. 8o. Is green, with red bill, legs, and feet; the wing quills being edged and tipt with black. Pf. palmarum. Lath. ind. orn. i. 105. n. 68.—Palm Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 253. n. 57. Inhabits the ifland of Tanna in the Pacific Ocean.—This fpecies, which frequents the palm trees, is eight inches long, and the tail is rather {horter than the body; the green colour on the lower parts of the body is paler than on the upper, and the belly and extremity of the tail have a yellowith tinge. 69. Blue-crefted Parrot.—60. P/ittacus auftralis. go. Is green; the crown being blue and ornamented with a creft of longifh feathers; the chin and middle of the belly are red, and the thighs are purple. Pf. pipilans. Lath. ind. orn. i. 105. n. 69.—Elne-crefted Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 254. n. 58.— Pf. porphyrocephalus, or Purple-headed Parrakeet. Nat. mifc. N°. i. t. 1. ‘ Inhabits the Sandwich Tflands.—The body is about the fize of a Lark, and, with the tail, meafures fix inches and a half long ; it is very beautiful, and has a chirping voice: The bill is orange colour- ed; the fore-head pale green; the two middle tail quills are green, with yellow tips, the reft being yellowifh with green edges and tips; the legs and feet aré duiky, with black claws.—This fpecies is fubject to variety; in fome the breaft is brown ; in others the checks, chin, throat, breaft, and belly are tinged with fearlet, and in thefe the thighs are green. Lath. \ 70. Peregrine Parrot.—P/ittacus peregrinus, Is green; having a longitudinal brown fpot on each wing. . Lath. ind. orn. i. 105. n. 67. 4E 2 Peregrine 424 426 427 428 584. BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, Peregrine Parrakeet. Lath, fyn. fup. 62. Inhabiis the iflands of the Pacific Ocean.—Is eight inches long ; the bill, legs, and feet are red. _ 71. Otaheite Parrot.—61. P/. taztianus. 91. Is blue; having longifh feathers on the head; the chin and throat are white; the bill, legs, and feet, are red. © Pf. taitianus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 105. n. 70.—Arimanon. Buff. oif. vi. 175.—Petite Perruche de Taiti. Pl. enl. n. 465. £. 2.—Otaheitean blue Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 255. n. 59.—Pf. porphyrio, > or Violet-blue Parrakeet. Nat. mifc. N°. iii. t. 7. Inhabits Otaheite.—This fimall {pecies is very noify and unfettled, living chiefly on the fruits of the Banana or Mufa trees; it meafures very little more than five inches long, and the tail is rather fhorter than the body : The tongue is fringed at the end, and in fome individuals the whole under parts of the body are white. 72. Blue Parrot.—P/ittacus cyaneus. Is entirely of a fplendid full blue colour. Lath. ind. orn. i. 105. n. 70. @. Muf. carlf. ii. t. 27. Inhabits Otaheite——Mr Latham is of opinion that this is only a variety of the preceding fpecies. 73. Timid Parrot.—P/ittacus pufillus. Is olive-brown, with a fcarlet frontlet; the tail quills being fcarlet on their inner webs near the bafe. Lath. ind. orn. i. 106. n. 71. Tnhabits New-fouth-wales.—Is about the fize of a Lark, and meafures feven inches long: The bill is blackifh, being circled at its bafe with fcarlet feathers ; the under parts of the body are paler than the upper ; the tail is of the fame olive brown colour with the body, all the quills, except the two: middle ones, having the half next the rump of their inner webs fcarlet ; the legs and feet are blue.. 74. Pygmy Parrot.—62. P/ittacus pygmaeus, 92. Is green, all the feathers being tipt with yellowifh green; the inner webs of the wing quills are dufky. Pf. pygmaeus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 106. n. 72.—Pigmy Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 256. n. 60. Inhabits the iflands of the Pacific ocean.—Is fix inches long, the tail being rather fhorter than the body : The bill is whitifh, with a dufky cere; the legs and feet are leaden coloured. 75. Agile Parrot.—63. Pfittacus agilis, 20. Is green, having the coverts of the primary wing quills of a bluifh tawny colour; the tail, which is fcarcely elongated, is red underneath ; the orbits are ath coloured. Pf, agilis. Lath. ind, orn. i, 106. n. 73. Borowfk. nat. ii. 92. n. 10.—Pf. cayenenfis. Briff. av. iv. 429 #39 431 432 BIRDS. PIES, i Parrot, 585 iv. 237. n. 23.—Crik. Buff. oif. vi. 228.—Crik de Cayene. Pl, enl. n. 839.—Little green Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 168.—Agile Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 297. n. 101, Inhabits South America.—Is ten inches and a half long ; the bill, legs, and feet are afh coloured ; the irides are chefnut ; the inner webs and tips of the wing quill feathers are black ; the two middle tail quills are green; the outer ones having three quarters of the length of the mner webs red; the tail is wedge-like, but not lengthened. In the Planches enluminées the cheeks of this fpecies are co- loured yellow. 76. Red-fhouldered Parrot.—P/ittacus fanguinolentus. Is green, with a crimfon frontlet; the crown and outer edge of the wings are deep blue; the fhoulders and under furfaces of the wings are blood red. Red-fhouldered Parrakeet. Phillips, bot. bay. t. p. 269. Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—Is ten inches and a half long: The general colour is green, inclining to yellow on the under parts of the body ; the crown of the head, the outer edges of the wings, and fome parts in the middle of the wings, are deep blue; the frontlet is crimfon; the fore part of the neck is mixed with crimfon ; the fore part of the cheeks, between the bill and the eyes, is mixed with yellow ; the fhoulders and under furfaces of the wings are blood red; the primary wing quills are dufky, edged on their outer webs with yellow ; two or three of the inner wing quills, and the ventlet or under furface of the rump, are pale red; the tail is long and wedge-like, its quill feathers near the rump are chefnut, growing dull blue towards the extremity; the bill, legs, and feet are brown. ** Having fhort tails, equal at the ends. 77. Crowned Cockatoo.—64. Pfittacus coronatus. 21, Is green; with a red folding creft which is tipt with blue. Pf. coronatus. Lath. ind. orn. i, 106. n. 74.—Guiana Cockatoo. Bancr. guian.160.—Crowned Cockatoo. Lath. fyn. i. 259. n. 65. Inhabits Guiana and Surinam.—Is eighteen inches long: The fore-head is yellow; the creft is {carlet, its tip being bright blue; the outer tail quills have blue outer webs; the feathers of the vent- let are red, with blue tips. ' 78. Black Cockatoo.—65. Pfittacus aterrimus. 93. Is black, with a large paler creft, and having naked red cheeks, Pf. gigas. Lath. ind. orn. i. 107. n. 75.—Kakatoés noir. Buff. oif. vi. 97-—Great black Cocka-- too. Edw. glean. t. 316.—Black Cockatoo. Lath. fyn. i. 260. n. 66. Inhabits New-holland; Mr Latham fays Ceylon.—This fpecies equals or exceeds the Ara, N°. 327, in fize: The bill is dufky brown ; the legs and feet are brownifh black. 79. Bankfian Cockatoo.—P/fittacus Bank/iz. Is fplendid black, with a fmall creft, the head and wing coverts being dotted with buff;: the outer tail quills are fcariet in the middle, being barred, and tipt with black. Lath. ind. orn. i, 107. n. 76. Pf. 4 3 La Gn 586 BIRDS. | PIES. : Parrot. Pf. magnificus, or Magnificent Cockatoo. Nat. mifc. N®. xvii. t. 50.—Bankian Cockatoo. ae fyn. fup. 63. t. 109. Parkinf. voy. 144. Cook, voy. ii. 18. Inhabits New-holland.—Is almoft equal in fize to the former: The general colour is black; the fore part of the creft, the cheeks, below the eyes, and the fhoulders are {potted with buff, owing to the feathers being tipt with that coleur ; in fome fpecimens the fides and thighs are flightly barred with narrow buff ftreaks from the fame caufe; the bill is very large, and of a deep brown colour 5 the two middle feathers of the tail are black; the outer tail quills are black at both ends, their inter- mediate {pace is fcarlet with irregular black tranfverfe bars, the inner edge of the fcarlet, near the fhafts, becomes yellow ; the legs and feet are deep brown. In fome fpecimens the fcarlet on the tail forms one large tranfverfe band in the middle, without any black bars. @. Yellow-necked Bankfian Cockatoo.—P/f, Bank/ii flavicollo. The fides of the neck, the chin, and throat, are yellow. Lath. ind. orn. i. 107. n. 76. 8. Inhabits we the former, but is greatly fmaller, meafuring twenty inches long, perhaps it is a younger bird: The tail is marked exactly as above deferibed, with {carlet and black bars ; the bill is lead coloured; the feathers of the creft are varied with yellow ; the chin and throat are yellow, and the fides of the neck are variegated with yellow and black. y. Brown Bankfian Cockatoo.—P/. Bankfi fufcus. Is dufky brown, inclining to olive; the tail i is crofied, except the two middle quills, with a broad red bar. Variety of the Bankian Cockatoo. Phillips, bot. bay. t. p. 267. Inhabits with the former, and meafures twenty-two inches in length: The head, neck, and under parts of the body are dufky brown, inclining to olive, the belly being darkeft; the feathers on the ‘top of the head, back part of the neck, upper part of the back, and the fhoulders are edged with olive; the reft of the back, | the wings, and rump are glofly black; the two middle tail quills are black; the reit are black at both ends and vermilion red in the middle for about a third of their length, the outer edge of the two outmofi feathers being black 5. the bill is fhort, of a pale lead co- lour, and its under mandible is almoft buried in the feathers of the creft; the legs, feet, and claws are black. This variety may perhaps be a different fex of the one immediately preceding. 80, Yellow-crefted Cockatoo. —66. Phittacus fulpbureus. 04. Is white, with a folding, pointed, fulphur-yellow oe and having a fulphur-yellow fpot below the eyes. Pf. fulphureus. Lath. ind. orn i. rog. n. 81.—Pf. albus galeriatus. Frifch. av. t. 50.—Cacatua Juieo-criflata. Erifi. av. iv. 206. n. 9.—Kakatoéha orientalis. Seb. muf. i. 94. t. 59. f. 1—Kaka- toes 4 hupe jaune. Buff. olf. vi. .3. Pl. enl n. 14.—Crefted Parrot, or Cockatoo. Alb. av. ili. t. 12.—Lefier white Cockatoo. Edw, glean. t. 317. Lath. fyn. i 258. n. 64. Weir's muf. Inhabits the Molucca iflands.—Is fourteen inches and a half long: The bill and cere are blackith ; the 436 437 438 439 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 587 the irides are red; the under parts of the body, the creft, and the half neareft the body of the inner webs of the tail quills have a tinge of fulphur yellow. 81. Wallefian Cockatto.— Pfittacus galeratus. Is white, with a long, folding, pointed, fulphur-yellow creft, and haying the bafe of the tail fulphur-yellow. Lath. ind. orn. i. 109. nm. 80. Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—Is as large in the body as a common Dunghill cock, and meafures two feet three inches long, including the tail: The bill is blackifh ; the orbits are covered with feathers ; the creft rifes from the fore-head, is feven inches long, being compofed of ten or twelve fulphur yellow feathers, which are fharp at the ends ; behind this the crown of the head is bald; the tail, which is eight inches long, is fulphur yellow at the bafe; the legs and feet are blackifh. This bird refembles the former in its general appearance, but is more than twice its fize, and can therefore fcarcely be contfidered as a mere variety. Lath. 82. Red-vented Cockatoo.—67. Phittacus philippinarum. 95. Is white, having a folding fulphur-yellow creft which is tipt with white; the orbits are yellowifh red; the under tail coverts are red, dotted with white. Pf. philippinarum. Lath. ind. orn. i. 108. n. 79.—Cakatua minor. Briff. av. iv. 212. n. 11. te 22. f. 1.—Petit Kakatoés. Buff. oif. vi. 96.—Petit Kakatoés des Philippines. Pl. enl. n. 191.— Red-vented Cockatoo. Brown, illuftr.t. 5. Lath. fyn. i. 258. n. 63. Inhabits the Philippine iflands.—Is thirteen inches and a half long: The bill is white, but is for the moft part afh coloured at the bafe, with a grey cere; the orbits are yellowifh red ; the feathers of the creft are an inch and a half long, the lower feathers being fometimes pale red; the two middle tail quills are white, the inner webs of the others being fulphur-yellow from the bafe to the middle ;, the legs, feet, and claws are leaden coloured. JS 83. Molucca Cockatoo.—68. Pfittacus moluccenfis. 96. Is pale whitifh rofe colour; having a folding creft, which is red underneath. Pf. rofaceus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 108. n. 78.—Cacatua rubro-criftata. Brifl. av. iv. 209. n. 10.— Kakatoés 4 hupe rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 95. Pl. enl. n. 498.—Greater Cockatoo. Edw. av. iv. t. 160.—Great red-crefted Cockatoo. Lath. fyn. i. 257. n. 62. Inhabits the Molucca iflands.—This f{pecies meafures a little more than feventeen inches long: ‘The bill is bluifh black, with a black cere ; the orbits are grey ; the irides are red; the general colour is white inclining to pale rofy red; the lateral tail quills have their inner webs, from the bafe to the middle, of a fulphur-yellow colour; the creft is fix inches and a half long; the legs and feet are lead coloured, with black claws. 84. Yellow-crefted Cockatoo.—69. P/ittacus criffatus. 22. Is white, with a folding yellow creft.. 588 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, Pf. criftatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 108. n. 77.—Pf. albus criftatus. Aldr. orn. |. 11. ¢. 4. “Raj. av. “30. n. 1.—Cacatua. Briff. av. iv. 204. n. 8. t- 21.—Kakatoés 4 hupe blanche. Buff. oif. vi. 92.— Kakatcés des Moluques. Pl. enl. n. 263.—White crefted Parrot. Alb. av. iii. t. 12. “Will. orn. angl. 112. t. 15. Inhabits the Molucca iflands.—Is eighteen‘inches long : The bill, cere, irides, legs, feet, and claws are black ; the orbits are white and naked; the wing quills and lateral tail quills are fulphur-yellow on their inner webs from the bafe to the middle ; the feathers of the ferag of the neck are loofe and flowing ; the creft is five inches long, and is capable of being erected or laid down at pleafure, in 5? which laft ftate it covers the crown of the head, otherwife bald or naked, with a double range of fea- thers, the upper row lying immediately over the intervals of the lower ; this creft is ereéted either when angry, frightened, pleafed, or otherwife roufed. 440 85. Red-winged Cockatoo.—7o. Pfittacus erythroleucus. 23. Is afh coloured ; the rump, wings, and tail, being fcarlet. Pf erythroleucus. Aldr. orn. i. 675. Raj. av. 31. n. 7. Lath. ind. orn. i. tog. n. 82.—Cacatua rubro-cauda. Brifl. av. iv. 214. n. 12.—Kakatoés a ailes et queue rouges. Buff. oif. vi. 96.—Red- and-white Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 114. n. 8. Lath. fyn. i. 260. n. 67. {ts place uncertain.—Is about the fize of a common Hen, and -meafures feventeen inches long : This fpecies is here named Cockatoo, notwithftanding that its having a creft is omitted both by Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham, but as that particular appellation is given to it both by Mr Briffon and the Count de Buffon, it can {carcely be doubted that it is furnifhed with the appendage which chiefly di- ftinguifhes Cockatoos from Parrots. The bill is black; the under part of the back is red; the wing quills, and thofe of the tail, with the rump, are fcarlet; the legs and feet are blackith, with black claws. 44I 86. Hoary Parrot.—71. P/ittacus erythacus. 24. Of a hoary afh colour, with naked white temples, and fcarlet tail. Pf. erythacus. Muf. ad frid. i. 14. Scop. an. i. 31. n. 30. Kram. el. 332. n. 2. Lath. ind. orn. i, 109. n. 83.—Pf. guineenfis cinereus. Briff. av. iv. 310. n. 49.—Pf. cinereus, f. fubcaeruleus. Aldr. orn. i. 675.t. p. 676. Raj. av. 31. n. 8.—Jaco, Perroquet cendré. Buff. oif. vi. roo. Pl. enl. n. 311.—Ath-coloured Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 114. n. 7. Alb. av.i.t.12. Lath. fyn. i. 261. n, 68.—Grauer Papagay. Frifch, av, t. 51. 442 @. Red-winged Hoary Parrot.—71. 8. P/: erythacus erythropterus. Has red wings. Lath. ind. orn. i. 110, n. 83. 6. Briff. av. iv. 313. n. 49. A. Red-winged afh-coloured Parrot. Lath. fyn. 1, 262.'n. 68. A. This variety differs from the former in having the wings very confiderably marked with red. 443 y- Red-fpotted Hoary Parrot.—71. y. Pf. erythacus rubro varius. Is variegated with red on the body and wings, Briff, av. iv. 313. n. 49,8. Lath. ind. orn. i. 9° E10. 0. 83. y. Red- 444 445 446 447 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 589 Red-and-afh coloured Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 163. Lath. fyn. i. 262. n. 68. 3. The whole body, and the upper furfaces of the wings, in this variety, are variegated with red and afh colour. ae - Inhabits the weftern coaft of Africa. —Is twenty inches long: This fpecies is remarkably loquacious and noify, modulating its voice with great flexibility, and learns eafily to repeat almoft every thing it hears. The bill is black, with a white cere; the irides are yellowifh white; the legs and feet are ath coloured, with blackifh claws. 87. Ath-headed Parrot. —P/fittacus cinereocephalus. Is red, with an ath coloured head, naked cheeks, and brown afhiprimary wing quills. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 332. n. 24. & Lath. ind. orn. i. rro. n. 83. 3 Pf. ruber. Scop. an. i. 32. n. 31. Lath. fyn. i. 262. n. 68 c. Inhabits with the former.—Thouch this bird be reckoned a variety of the Hoary Parrot both by Dr Gmelin and Mr Latham, it is here feparated, perhaps improperly, on account of the remarkable difference in the prevailing colour: The bill, cere, irides, legs, feet, and claws, agree with the defcrip- tion of thefe in the Hoary Parrot ; on the breaft there are two brown feathers. 88. Cinereous Parrot,—72. Pfittacus cinereus, 97. Ts entirely of a bluifh ath colour. Pf.-cinereus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 110. n. 84.—Pf- brafilienfis cinereus. Briff. av. iv. 313. n. 56.— . Maracana. Will. orn. ang. 112. n. 5. Raj. av. 29. n. 4.—Cinereous Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 263. n. 69. {nhabits Guinea.—This fpecies exceeds the Hoary Parrot in fize. Sg. Southern Parrot.—73. Pfittacus meridionalis. 98. Is brown, with a hoary head; the under parts of the neck are chefnut; the rump and ventlet being brown red, Pf. Neftor. Lath. ind. orn. i. 110. n. 85.—Southern brown Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 264. n. 70. Inhabits New-zealand.—Is fixteen inches long ; the bill is large, much hooked, and blackifh; the fhafts of the tail quills are naked and flender at the tips ; the legs and feet are blackifh. This defcription, which is taken from Mr Latham, becaufe the fpecies is adopted into the Syf{tema Naturae from his Synopfis, differs very materially from the one given by Dr Gmelin, which is as fol- lows: The upper parts of the body are’ greenifh afh; the under parts are bright bay ; the orbits, crown of the head, hind head, and {crag of the neck, are afh coloured, the feathers on thefe parts be- ing tipt with brown; tie bill is bluifh black; the legs and feet are black.. go. Mafcarine Parrot.—74. Pfittacus mafcarinus. 49. Of an afh colour; the lower edge of the frontlet being black; the orbits are naked and ruddy, and the lateral tail quills whitifh at their bafes. Vor. I. 4¥ PE. 448 449 450 59° BIRDS. PIES. Bk Pf. mafcarinus. Mantiff. 1771. p. 524. Briff av. iv. 315. n. 52. Lath. ind. orn. i. 111. n. 87.— Mafcarin. Buff. olf. vi. 120. t. 5. Pl. enl. n. 35.—Mafcarine Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 265. n. 72. Inhabits Mafcarin in Barbary.—Is thirteen inches and a half long: ‘The bill, ‘cere, legs, and feet, are ruddy ; the claws are grey ; the crown of the head and fcrag of the neck are reddifh: Mr La- tham fays that the prevailing colour is brown, the face black, the head bluith, and the tail quills dark ath coloured. gt. Brown Parro.—-75. Pfitiacus fufcus, gg. Ts entirely of a brown afh colour. Pf. fufcus. Brifl. av. iv. 314. n. 51. Lath. ind, orn. i. 111. n. 88.—Brown Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 266. 0.73. Its habitation is uncertain —This fpecies meafures thirteen inches and a half long. g2. Ceram Parrot.—76. Pfittacus garrulus, 25. Is fcarlet, with afh coloured orbits, and green knees and wings, t the extreme half of the tail being blue. Pf. garrulus. Muf. ad. frid. ii. 14. It. W. goth. 137. Borowik. nat. ii. 91. n. 6. Lath. ind. orn. 113. n. 96.—Lorius ceramenfis. Bru. av. iv. 215. n. eee de Ceram. Buff. oif. vi. 129. var. 2.—Ganz rother Papagay. Frifch, av. t.45.—Lory. Raj. av. 1 gi. n. 5.—Purple Parrot. Charlet, exerc. 75. n. 16.—Scarlet Parrakeeto. Will. orn. ang. 117.—Ceram Lory. Lath. fyn. i. oe n. 76. Inhabits the Molucea iflands.—Is a little more than ten inches long: The bill is orange, with an afh coloured cere ; the irides are yellow; the legs and fect are brown, with black claws; the wing coverts are variegated with yellow and green ; the primary wing quills are dufky green, having their inner webs fcarlet, and their tips afh coloured ; the two middle tail quills are green at the bafe, and red for the reft of their length with green dots; the next quill-on each fide is red for two-thirds of its length and then green ; the reft are fearlet at the bafe, and violet farther on, with dufky green dots. 8. Noira Ceram Parrot—76. @. Pf. garrulus aurorae, Is fearlet, with black and green wings, the firft half of the tail being yellow, and the extreme half green, Syft. nat. ed. x. n. 22. Lath. ind. ern. i: 113. n. 96. 6. Pf. coccineus orientalis. Raj. av. 31. n. 9.—Lori-Noira varieté. Buff. oif. vi. 129. var. I.— Pappagallo. Zimnan. uov. 92. t. 15. f. 82.—Noira Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 270. n. 76. a. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame ‘fize.—The. legs and feet in this variety are black; the wing coverts are green, without variegation; the tips of the wing quills are black, and in other re- fpects refemble thofe of the former already defcribed ; the tail at its bafe refembles the former, but its extreme hialf is yellow, with a yellowifh green tip. y. Scarlet Ceram Parrot.—76..5. P/ garrulus moluccenfis. Is fearlet, the fhoulders being {potted with yellow. Briff. av. iv. 219. n. 14. t. 23. f. 1. Lath. ind. orn. i. 114. n. 96. ¥. (Bal 453 454 455 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 5gt Pf. moluccenfis. Ger. orn. i. 94. t. 106. Borowtk. nat. ti. gt. n. 7-—Lori-noira. Buff. oif. vi. 127-—Lori des Moluques. Pl. enl. n. 216.—Scarlet Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 270. n. 76. B. Edi. av. iv. t. 172 Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize.—In this variety the wing coverts are firft yellow, then green, and {till lower green with yellow dots; the lower furface of the tail is reddifh yellow; in other refpects it agrees with the firft defcribed variety. - &. Spotted Ceram Parrot.—76. 3. Pf. garrulus maculatus. The wing coverts are marked with a number of blue fpots. Lath. ind. orn. i. 114. n. 96. 2. Syns 27%. n. 76. €. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize.—It chiefly differs from the variety firft defcribed in having the wing coverts much fpotted with blue, and by wanting the green bracelets at the knees. 93. Blue-capped Parrot. —77. Pfittacus Domicella, 26. Is red, with a violet blue cap, and green wings; the fhoulders and knees are blue, and the orbits brown. Pf Domicella. Lath. ind. orn. i. r14. n. 97.—Lorius orientalis indicus. Briff. av. iv. 22. n. 15-- t. 24. f. 1—Lori 4 collier. Buff. oif. vi. 130.—Lori des indes orientales. Pl. enl. n. 84.—Second black-cap Lory. Edw. av. iv. t. 171.—Purple-capped Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 271. m. 77. Inhabits New-guinea and the Molucca iflands.—This fpecies is almoft eleven inches long; is very docile, and learns to {peak very plainly: The bill is red, with an afh coloured cere; the irides are yellow; the breaft is marked with a yellow femilunar fpot; the legs and feet are blackifh, with black claws. @. Collared Blue-capped Parrot.—77. 6. P/) Domicella torquatus. Is red, with a blue cap, and blue wings; the orbits are afh coloured; the neck is fur- rounded with a yellow collar. Lath. ind. orn. i. 114. n. 97. 6. Lorius torquatus indicus. Briff. av. iv. 130. n. 18.—Lori a collier des indes. Buff. oif. vi. 131.— Lori male des indes crientales. Pl. enl. n. 119.—Laurey from Brafil. Alb. av. iil. t. 13.—Blue- capped Lory. Lath. fyn. 1. 271. n. 77. A. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize.—The bill is yellowith, with an afh coloured ce- re; the irides are yellow; the neck is furrounded, at its lower end, with a yellow collar; the back, rump, and belly, are mixed white and rofe colour ; the tail is purple, its coverts being varied with red and white; the primary wing quills are blue; the fecondaries and coverts are yellowifh green ; the legs and feet are blackifh, with black claws. ‘The editor of the Planches Enluminées confiders this variety as the male, and the former as female of the fame fpecies. 94. Violet-capped Parrot.—78. Pfittacus Lory, 27. _ Is purplith fearlet, with a dark violet-blue cap, and green wings; the breaft, knees, and tail, are blue, and the orbits are flefh coloured. 4F 2 PE of Uy [we] Gy \o $92 . BIRDS. , Tg. * : Parrot. Pf. Lory. Lath. ind. orn. i. 115. n. 98: Borowtk. nat. ii. 92. n. g.—Lorius philippenfis. Briff- ‘av. iv. 225. n. 16. t. 23. f. 2.—Lori tricolor. Buff. oif. vi.'132.—Lori des Philippines. Pl. enl. n. 168.—Firft black-cap Lory. Edw. av. iv. t. 170.—Black-capped Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 273. n. 78. Inhabits the ifland of Ylo, and:the other Philippines.—Is almoft eleven inches long: The bill is exange, with an afh coloured-cere; the irides are orange ; ‘the tail quills are partly red, and partly green, the outer quills being edged at the ends -yith violet blue 3; the legs and feet are blackith. 95. Crimfon Parrot.—79. Pfittacus puniceus. 100. Is deep fcarlet or crimfon above, and violet-blue beneath; the lefer and under wing coverts, the inner webs and under furfaces of the wing quills, are blackifh brown. Pf. puniceus. Lath. ind. orn. i. rrg. n. g9.—Lorius amboinenfis. Briff. av. iv. 231. n. 19.— Lori cramoifi. Buff. oif. vi. 133.—Lori d’ Amboina. Pl. enl. n. 518.—Blue-breafted Parrot. Brown, illuftr. t. 6.—Crimfon Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 273. n. 79. g6. Red Parrot.—80. Pfifacus ruber. 1014. Is red, having black wing quills and orbits; the under tail coverts being blue, the ~wings marked with a blue fpot, and the tail tipt with chefnut. Pf. ruber. Lath. ind. orn. i. rg. n. 100.—Lori rouge. Buff. oif. vi. 134.—Lori de la Chine. Pl. enl. n. 519.—Lori de Gilolo. Sonner. voy. 177. t-.112-—Molucca-Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 274. n. 80. ; Inhabits the Molucca iflands and New-guinea.—Is from nine-to -ten inches long: The bill and iri- ccs are yellow. In the individual defcribed by Sonnerat the tail is equal and tipt with chefnut.co- lour, as mentioned above ; but in the individual delineated in the Pl. enl. n. 519. the tail is wedge- like and of an uniform colour, giving this fpecies a confiderable refemblance to the Gueby Parrot, INC 2iniG wath. @. Molucca Red Parrot.—So. 8. Pf ruber moluccenfis. Is red; the fhoulders, belly, ventlet, tips of the fecondary wing quills, and tips of the larger wing coverts, being blue. Pf{.-moluccenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 116. n. 101.—Molueca Lory. Lath, fyn. i. 274. n. 80. A. Ishabits with the'former, of which it is confidered as a variety only by Dr Gmelin, while Mr La- tham thinks it is fufficiently diftinét from it to conftitute a feparate ‘{pecies: It meafures nine inches in length ; the bill is red, with a bluifh cere; the_orbits are bluifh; the tail is dufky red, its quills having duiky edges. 97. Grand Parrot.—81. Pfittacus grandis, 102. Ee 1 3 . ‘ . : = Is red, the under parts being variegated with red, blue, violet, and green; the nape is molets tha xyes A ef A OW 1 violet; the wings are blue; and the tail is yellow at the tip. Pf. grandis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 116. n. 102.—Grand Lori. Buff oif. vi. 135.—Lori de Ja nou- i See ey. + . cr . velle Guinee. PI. enl. n. €83.—Purpur-roode Loeri. Voefm. monogr. 1769. p. 10. t. 7.—Grand Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 275. n. 81. Inhabits BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 593 *"Inhabits New-guinea.—Is thirteen inches long: The bill is black; the back and wing coverts are brownifh red ; the head and neck are fearlet, the back part of the latter from the nape to the origin of the back being ‘blue. 460 B. Blue-bellied Grand Parrot. — 81. 8. Pf. grandis porphyrogafter. Is red, the upper parts of the body Been variegated with brown, green, and blue; the under parts of the body, the edge of the wings, and their under coverts, are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 116. n. 102. 2. Grand Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 276. n. 81. A. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize.—The thighs and tail are chefnut coloured. 461 98. Cochinchina Parrot. —Pfitiacus cochinchinen/is. Is blue; the front, nape, lower part of the neck, breaft, and middle of the belly, being Acarlet. Lath. ind. orn. i. 116. n. 103. Syn. fup. 65..n. 143. Inhabits Cochinchina.—The fize of this fpecies is not mentioned: The bill is yellow; the wing co- verts, the wing quills, and the tail, are all marked with a black crofs bar; the legs and feet are black. 462 ‘99. Guinea Parrot.—82. Pfitiacus guineenfis. 103. : The head and neck are fcarlet; the eyebrows and breaft are yellowifh; the wings are greenifh yellow, with blue tips; the belly, rump, and under furface of the tail, are shoary. Pf. guineenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 116. mn. 104. Miller, illuftr. t. 29.—Yellow-breafted Lery. Lath. fyn. i. 276. n. 82. Inhabits Guinea.—Is ten inches long: The bili is black, with a white cere; the chin and orbits are white ; the tail.istipt with fcarlet; the claws are black. 463 100. Paraguan Parrot.—83. Pfittacus paraguanus. 104. Is fcarlet; the head, fcrag, ventlet, tail, fhoulders, and wings, being black. Pf. paraguanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 117. n. 105.—Lorius brafilienfis. Briff. av. iv. 229. n. 17.—~ ‘Paragua. Raj. av. 33. n. 4. Will. orn. ang. 115. n.-9. Buff. oif. vi. 248.—Paraguan Lory. Lath. fyn. i. 277. n- 83. Inhabits Brafil 2—The bill is afh coloured, and the irides are red. 464 101. Black Parrot.—84. Pjittacus niger, 29. Is biuith black, with whitifh bill and orbits. Pf. niger. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 117. n. 86. Klein, av. 25. n. 23. Ger. orn. il. 20. t. 128.—Pf. ma- dagafcarienfis niger. Briff. av. iv. 317. n. 53.—Vafa, Perroquet noir. Buff. oif. vi. rr9g-t. 4.— ‘Perroquet noir de Madagafcar. Pl. enl. n. 500.—Black Madagafcar Parrot. Edw. ay. i. t- 5.— Black Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 264. n. 71. Inhabits 465 467 468 594 BIRDS. PIES; Parrot. Inhabits Madagafcar.—TIs thirteen inches and a half long: The bill is ruddy; the irides are brown; the tail is confiderably elongated, but is equal at the end ; the legs and feet are flefh coloured, with black claws. 102, Blue-headed Parrot.—85. P/ittacus caeruleocephalus. 28. > Is blue, with a yellow crown; the belly, rump, and tail coverts, being green, and the wing and tail quills red. Pf. caeruleocephalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 117. n. 106.—Pf. gujanenfis caeruleus. Briff. av. iv. 304. n. 46.—Pf. verficolor, f. erythrocanus. Aldr. orn. i. 675. Raj. av. 31. n. 6.—Crik rouge-et-bleu. Buff. oif. vi. 226.—Red-and-blue Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 114. n. 6. Lath. fyn. i. 277. n. 84. Mhabits Guiana.—Is nine inches long: The bill is blackifh ; the orbits are naked and white; the irides are yellow ; the legs and feet are grey. 103. Variegated Parrot. —86. P/tttacus varius. 105. Is variegated with brown and blue; the cheeks, chin, and throat, being whitifh; the wing and tail quills are dufky brown, with blue outer webs. Pf varius. Lath. ind. orn. i. 112. n. go. Maerter, phyf arb. i. 2. p. 48. Inhabits South America.—This fpecies fearcely exceeds five inches in length: The bill, legs, and feet, are yellowith, with black claws. 104. Violet Parrot.—87. P/fittacus violaceus. 106. Is violet-blue, varied with green and red; the back is mixed green and brown; the primary wing quills are black, and the reft mixed yellow, green, and red; the co- verts having a rofe coloured fpot. PY. violaceus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 112. n. 91.—Pf. aquarum lupiarum. Briff. av. iv. 302. n. 44.— Crik 4 tete violette. Buff. oif. vi. 233.—Perroquet'de Guadeloupe. Du Tertre, antill. ii. 250. f. p- 246.—Ruff-necked Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 268. n. 75. Inhabits America.—Is about the fize of a common Hen: The bill and orbits are flefh coloured ; when irritated, the feathers round the neck are ereéted like a ruff or collar; the rofy {pot on the wing coverts is double, or is rather two contiguous fpots. ‘The defcription of this fpecies by Mr La- tham is fomewhat different, as follows: The upper parts of the bedy are green, and the under parts bluifh ; the head and neck are violet-blue, varied with green and black. 105. Finch Parrot. —88. Pfittacus fringillaceus. 107. Is green, with a blue head; the cheeks, chin, throat, anda fpot on the belly, being white, fmeared bloody; the belly is violet-blue. Pf, fringillaceus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 112. n. 92. Maerter, phyf. arb. i. 2. p. 47. - 7 Inhabits South America.—The body of this fpecies is not larger than that of a Sparrow, and, with y Pp gs E the tail, meafures fix inches in length: The bill, legs, and feet, are pale yellow, with brownith claws; the inner webs and tips of the tail quills are pale yellow. 106. 47° 47% 472 473 BIRDS. -PIBs. Parrot, 59 Gy 106. Molinas Parrot.—89. Pfittacus choraeus. 108. Is green above, and afh coloured beneath, with fleth coloured orbits. Molina, hift. nat. chil. 228. Lath. ind. orn. i. 112. n. 93. Inhabits Chili.—This f{pecies agrees in: manners and food with the Jaguilma, No. 385. already de- {cribed. 107. Chinefe Parrot.—-go. Pfitiacus finenfis.. 109. Is green; the fides under the wings, the under wing coverts, fome of the larger wing coverts, and the margin of the wings, being red; the under furface of the tail is brown. Pf. finenfis. Briff. av. iv. 291. n. 39. Lath. ind. orn. i. 117. n. 107.Perroquet vert. Buff. oif. vi. 116.—Grand Perroguet vert. Sonner. voy. 174. t. 108.—Perroquet de la Chine. Pl. enl. n. 514.—Green-and-red Chinefe Parrot. Edw. glean. t. 237. Lath. fyn. 1. 273. n. 85. Inhabits China, Amboina, and New-guinca.—Is of the fize of a common Hen: The bill is red above, with a yellowifh tip, and black underneath, with no cere; the orbits are clothed with plum- age; the irides are orange; the legs, feet, and claws, are black. 108, Great-billed Parrot.—9g1. Pfittacus macrorhynchos. 110. Is green above, and greenifh yellow underneath; the wings being varied with blue and green, and having black coverts edged with golden yellow. Pf macrorhynchos. Lath. ind. orn. i. 117. n. 108.—Perroquet 4 bec-de-fang. Buff. oif. vi. 122.—Perroquet de la nouvelle Guinée. Pl. enl. n. 713.—Great-billed Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 278. n. 86. Inhabits New-guinea.—Is fourteen inches long : The bill is very large, and of a blood-red colour; the back is bluifh green; the fore part of the breaft is greenifh yellow ; the tail is yellowith at the tip; the legs and feet are black. 109. Grifled Parrot.—P/ittacus na/futus. Ts green; the head and breaft being greenifh grey, and the wing coverts yellow, Lath. ind. orn. i. 118. n. tog. Syn. fup. 64. n. 141. Grand Perruche de la Chine. Sonner. voy: ii. 212 Inhabits China.—Is about twelve inches long: The bill is red, and almoit equals the head in fize; the irides are bluifh. 110. Grafly Parrot.—92. Pfittacus gramineus. 111, Is grafs-green above, and olive-green underneath; having the front and crown blue, and the under furface of the tail dufky yellow. Pf. gramineus. Lath. ind. orn. i..118. n. 110.—Grande Perruche 2 tete blue: Buff. olf. vi 122.—Perroquet d’Amboine. Pl. enl. n. 862.,—Amboina Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 279..n. 87. e Inhabits 596 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. Inhabits Amboina.—Is fixteen inches long: The bill is pale red; the face on each fide is marked with a black line from the noftrils to the eyes; the legs and feet are lead coloured. ATA 111. White headed Parrot.—93. Pfttacus leucocephalus. 30. Is green; with blue crown, cheeks, and wing quills; having a white front, white or- bits, and red chin. Pf. leucocephalus. Lath.. ind. orn. i. 118. n- 111.—PY. martinicanus. Briff. av. iv. 242. n. 26.— Amazone i tete blanche. Buf. oif. vi. 212. t. 9.—Perroquet a front blanc du Senegal. Pl. enl. n. 325.—White-headed Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 166.— White-fronted Parrot. Lath. fyn.i. 279. n. 88. Inhabits Martinico.—Is about the fize of a fmall Pigeon: The plumage is green, all the feathers having brown or red edges ; the crown and fides of the head are blue; the bill is red; the chin is red; the wing quills are black, their outer webs being blue; the tail quills are green, being red at the bafe and yellowith at the tips, the two outermoft have blue outer webs, and the fixth on each fide is entirely green; the hinder ‘part of the belly is generally rufty.. G. Purple-bellied White-headed Parrot.—93. 8. Pf. leucocephalus purpuratus. Is green, with a white front; the throat is reddifh, its feathers being edged with white; the belly is purple; the outer webs of the wing quills are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 118. Ty Tite (6 Pf. leucocephalus. Aldr. orm i. 670. Raj. av. 31. n. 5. and 18%. n. 7.—Pf. martinicanus rubro- gutture. Briff. av. iv. 244. n. 27.—Amazone 4 tete blanche. Buff. oif. vi. 212. var.—Perroquet de la Martinique. Pl. enl. n. 549.— White-headed. Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 113.n. 5. Lath. fyn. h 280.. n. 68. A. yaa Tnhabits Martinico, Jamaica, and New-fpain.—Refembles the former in fize and general colours, except as above noticed in the character, and that the hind head: is-green:- y. Green-chinned White-headed Parrot.—93. y. Pf leucocephalus. albifrons.. aN “Tr ro) Is green, with a white front, and green chin 5 the crawn and wing quills being blue; the orbits and baftard wings are red. Pf. albifrons. Lath. ind. orn. i. 119. n.113. Muf. carlifi iti. t. ¢2X—White-crowned Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 281. n. 88. B. : Inhzbits with the former, and is of the fame fize——The green plumage on: the neck, back, and breaft has all the feathers rounded at the ends and tipt with black; the tail is green, the bafes of the quills being tinged with blood-red; the legs and feet are afh coloured. AY &. Afhy White-headed Parrot.—93. 3. P/. leucocephalus cinerefcens. Is green, with a white front and bluifh afh coloured crown; the belly being fpotted with red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 11g. N. Ibi. y. Pf. martinicanus cyanocephalus. Briff. av. iv. 2517. n. 29.—Pagagai a ventre pourpre. Buff. cif. vi. 242. Pl. enl. n. 648.—Adh-crowned Parrct. Lath. fyn. i. 281. n. 88. €. Inhabits ' 478 479 480 481 BIRDS, “Baa Partots ig Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize: The plumage in this variety, like the laft, is tipt with black, and the chin or throat is green. 112. Gerins Parrot.—P/ittacus Gerint, Is green, with a white head; the fhoulders, fome of the middle wing quills, and the inner webs of the tail quills, at the bafe, are red. Lath. ind. orn. i. r19. n. 112. Ger. orn. i. 95. t. 109. Tnhabits Brafil—tIs much of the fame fize with the feveral varieties of the preceding fpecies, of which it might very properly be confidered as a variety: The bill, legs, and feet are pale ; the head is almoft entirely white ; the whole body is green; the leffer wing coverts, {ome of the wing quills in the middle of the wing, and all the tail quills on their inner webs near the bafe are red. 113, Yellow-headed Parrot.—94. P/fittacus ochreocephalus. 112. Is green, with a yellow crown; the wing coverts are red; the wing quills are variegat- ed with green, black, violet, and red; the two outer tail quills are red on their inner webs near the bafe. Pf. amazonicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 119. n. 114.—P{. amazonicus brafilienfis. Briff. av. iv. 272. n. 35. t. 26. f. 1.—Amazone 4 tete jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 208.—Yellow-headed Amazons Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 282. n. 89. Inhabits South America, and the Weft India iflands.—Is near eighteen inches long; the bill is afh coloured, with a red bafe ; the irides are yellow; the legs and feet are leaden coloured, with black claws. @. Cayenne yellow~headed Parrot.—94. 8. P/: ochreocephalus cayenenjis. Has only a yellow {pot on the crown. Lath. ind. orn. i. 120. n. 114. 8. Amazone 4 tete jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 209..var. 1.—Perroquet vert-et-rouge de Cayenne. Pi. eni. n. 312.—Yellow-crowned Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 282. n. 89. a. {nhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize: The bill is reddifh, but in all other circumftances it agrees with the former variety, except that in this the crown is only marked with a yellow fpot, while in the former the whole crown is yellow. y. Greater yellow-crowned Parrot.—94. y. Pf ochreocephalus major. The upper mandible of the bill is bluifh green, with yellow fides and white tip; the. under mandible being lead coloured, and yellow in the middle. Lath. ind. orn. i. 120. n. I14. vy Pf. poikilorhynchos. Raj. av. 30. n. 3. Briff. av. iv. 270. n. 34.—Amazone 4 tete jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 210. var. 2.—Party-billed Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 113. Lath. fyn. i. 283. n. 89. 8. Inhabits with the two former, which it refembles in every refpect, efpecially the firft, except in being confiderably larger, and in the variegation of the bill. -VoL. I. 4G TI Ay 484 435 598 BIRDS. 3 PIES. Parrot. 114. Barbadoes Parrot.—9o5. Pfittacus barbadenfis. 113. Is green, wich afh coloured front and orbits; the crown, cheeks, chin, throat, lefler wing coyerts, and thighs, being yellow; the greater coverts are blue; moft of the primary wing quills have blue outer webs; the reft are red from the bafe to the middle, and blue from thence to the end. Pf. barbadenfis. Brifl. av. iv. 236. n. 22. Lath. ind. orn. i. 120. n. 115.—Green-and-yellow Bar- badoes Parrot. Albin, av. iii. t. 2.—Ath-fronted Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 284. n. go. Inhabits Barbadoes.—Is about the fize of a pigeon: The bill is horn coloured; the legs and feet are afh coloured, with black claws, 115. Manilla Parrot.—g6. Pfittacus lucionenfis. 31. Is green, with blue hind head and rump; the wings being black, and marked with blue and red. Pf. lucionenfis. Briff. av. iv. 295. n. 41. t. 22. f. 2. Lath. ind. orn. i. 120. n. 116.—Manilla green Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 296. n. 98. Inhabits the Philippine iflands.—Is about the fize of a pigeon, meafuring twelve inches and a half long: The bill is fcarlet, with a white tip and-reddifh cere; the legs and feet are afh coloured, with blackifh claws. 116. Ajuru Parrot.—97. P/fittacus acflivus, 32. Is green, flightly fpotted with yellow; having a blue front, blood-red fhoulders, and flefh coloured orbits. Pf. aeftivus. Lath. ind. orn. i, 121. n. 117.—Pf. amazonicus. Briff. av. iv. 256. n. 31. Klein, av. 25.n. 10. Frifch, av. t. 47,—Ajuru-curau. Marcegr. braf. 205. Raj. av. 32. n. 1.—Aourou- couraou. Buff. oif. vi. 215.—Perroquet Amazone. PI. enl. n. 547.—-Middle-fized Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 115 —Common Amazons Parrot. Lath, fyn.i. 284. n. 91.. Inhabits Amazonia, Guiana, and Brafil.—Is twelve inches long, the body being about the fize of a pigeon : The back has a number of tawny yellow feathers f{cattered through its green plumage; the face is yellow, with a blue fore-head and white crown ; the tail quills are green, the tips being paler; the firft, fecond, and third, on each fide, are red on their inner webs near the bafe, the outer web of the firft being blue; the fhoulders are either tawny or blood-red; the primary wing quills are black, with bluith tips, the outer webs being green, and the inner webs black; the firft four or five of the fecondaries have. their outer webs red near the bafe; the bill is black at the tip. This defcription applies to the following varieties, except as is otherwife expreffed to each, as far as ¢ inclufively ; the varieties after that are more particularly defcribed. @. Jamaica Ajuru Parrot.—Qg7. 8. Pf aeflivus jamurcenfis. The head and breaft are yellow; the front and chin are bluifh; the edges of the wings and the ventlet are red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 121. n. 117. 8. é Pf. jamaicenfis i€terocephalos. Briff. av. iv. 233. n. 20.—Pf. viridis melanorhynchos. Aldr. orn. 1. 486 487 488 489 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 599 1. ii. c. 7. Raj. av. 30. n. 4.—Aourou-couraou. Buff. oif. vi. 216. var. 1.—Black-billed green Par rot. Will. orn. angl. 113. n. 4.—Jamaica Parrot. Brown, jam. 473. Lath. fyn. i. 285. n. ot. 4. Inhabits Jamaica. yy. Main Ajuru Parrot.—97. y. Pf acfiivus guianen/is, The lefler wing coverts are red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 121. n. 117. y- Pf. amazonicus jamaicenfis. Briff. av. iv. 276. n. 36. Ger. orn. i. 95. t. 108. Borowfk. nat. ii. 93. n. 12. Raj. av. 30. n. 2. and 181. n. 6—Aourou-couraou. Buff. oif: vi. 217. var. 2.—Main Parrot. Brown, jam. 472. Sloan, jam. 297. Will. orn. angl. 113. n. 2. Lath. fyn.i. 285. n. 91. B. Inhabits Guiana and Amazonia.—In this variety, according to Mr Latham, the crown is yellow, the cheeks and chin being paler; the fore-head is- blue; the under half of the five middle wing quills are red, as are the inner webs at the bafe of four tail quills on each fide. &. Brafilian Ajuru Parrot.—97. 3. Pf. aeftivus brafilien/is. The cap is blue, variegated with black, having a yellow fpot on the crown, and one on each fide below the eyes, and a blue chin. Lath. ind. orn. i. 121. n. 117.9. Pf. brafilienfis cyanocephalos. Briff. av. iv. 234. n. 21.—Ajuru-curuca. Raj. av. 33. n. 3. Will. orn. angl. 115. n. 9.—Aourou-couraou. Buff. oif. vi. 219. var. 3.—Blue-topped Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 286. n. gl. Cc. Inhabits Brafil—The primary wing quills, according to Mr Latham, are variegated with yellow, red, and violet-blue. e. Waried Ajuru Parrot.—9g7. ¢. Pf. aeflivus varius. The crown, cheeks, and chin, are yellow, and the front blue. Lath. ind. orn, i. 122.. Nn. 17. ¢. Pf. amazonicus varius. Briff. av. iv. 281. n. 37. t. 26. f. 2. Ger. orn. i. 96. t. 115.—Ajuru-cu- rau fecundus. Marcgr. braf. 205. Raj. av. 33. n. 2—Aourou-couraou. Buff. oif. vi. 219. var. 4.— Weft-india green Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 162. Lath. fyn. i. 287. n. oI. D. The crown is varied with blue; the {crag and upper part of the back are variegated with yellow ;, the bill is afh coloured. ' ¢. Amazonian Ajuru Parrot.—P/ aeffivus amazonicus, Is pale green, with a pale yellow front, and tawny temples. Lath. ind. orn. i. 123. n. 117. €. Pf. amazonicus. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 341. n..33.—Pf. amazonicus fronte-lutea. Briff. av. iv. 261. n. 32.—Aourou-couraou. Buff. oif. vi. 221. var. 5.—Brafilian yellow-fronted Parrot. Lath.. fyn. i. 287. n. I. E. Ynhabits Brafil and Amazonia.—This variety is almoft double the fize of all the former varieties: of this {pecies: The cap, cheeks, and chin are yellow, the feathers on the chin having bluifh tips ; the eye-brows are blue; the outer wing quills are blue, being red in the middle; the lateral tzil quills: are blue about the middle of their outer webs, and have red inner webs. ” 4G 2 Ne 490 491 493 494 600 BIRDS. PIFS. Parrot, a. Great Ajuru Parrot.—Pf aeflivus magnus. Is green, with a blue forehead; the crown, cheeks, chin, and middle of the belly, being yellow. Lath. ind. orn. i. 122. n. 117. 9. ; Inhabits Brafil—This variety is nearly as large as the former, and meafures fourteen inches and a half long: The bill and cere are blackifh ; the armpits, or fpace under the wings, are red; the wing quills are marked with a red fpot, and the lateral tail quills are red at the bafe; the belly is yellowifh brown ; the legs and feet are brown. §. Yellow-necked Ajuru Parrot.—P/. aeffivus flavicollo. Is green, with yellow head and neck, and red fhoulders. Lath. ind. orn. i. 123. n. 117. 5. Ger. orn. 1. 95. t. IIo. : Is equal in fize to the former, and like it the wing quills are marked with a red fpot, and the la- teral tail quills are red at the bafe. s, Counterfeit Ajuru Parrot.—P/ aeflivus fimulatus. Is green, variegated with yellow; having a blue forehead, and red fhoulders. Lath. ind. orn. i. 123. mn. I17.4 Perroquet Amazone varié. Pl. enl. n. 120.—Counterfeit Parrot. Will. orn. angl. tro? Lath. fyn. i. 295; Inhabits Brafil—The fize of this variety is not mentioned; as in the two former varieties the wing quills are marked with a red {pot, and the lateral tail quills are red at the bafe, 117. Yellow-fhouldered Parrot.—g9. Pfittacus luteus. 114. Is green, with a blue crown, and yellow fhoulders; the larger wing coverts being mark- ed with a large orange {pot. Pf. luteolus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 123. n. 118.—Yellow-fhouldered Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 282. n. 92. Tnhabits South America.—Is eleven inches long: The lower edge of the frontlet and the chin are _ yellow; the large {pot on the wing is tawny yellow or dull orange. 118. Yellow-winged Parrot.—1oo0. Pfittacus ochreopterus. 115. Is sreen, with white front and orbits; the crown, cheeks, chin, throat, and outer fea- thers of the lefler coverts, being yellow. Pf: ochreopterus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 123. .n. 119. Briff. av. iv. 287. n. 38. Klein, av. 25. n. 11. Frifch, av. t. 48.—Crik 4 tete et gorge jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 222.—Yellow-headed Creature. Bancr. suian. 159.—Yellow-winged Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 289. n. 93. Inhabits South America.—This fpecies, which is not very tra€table, is thirteen inches long: The bill is whitifh ; the feathers on the upper parts of the body are edged with black; the leffer wing co- verts, on the fide of the wing fartheft from the body, are yellow, and thofe on the fide next the body are ee SS BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 6or are red with yellow edges; the wing quills are black, fome having blue and green edges, and four of them in the middie of the wing having the inner webs red at the bafe; the four middle tail feathers are yellowifh at the tips; the next three on each fide are red from the bafe to the middle; the outer- moft have blue outer webs ; the legs and feet are afh coloured. 495 119. Mealy Parrot.—1ot, Pfittacus pulverulentus. 116. Is green, the upper parts of the body being as if powdered over with white. 5 Pf. pulverulentus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 123. n. 120.—Meunier, Crik poudre. Buff. oif. vi. 225.— Meunier de Cayenne. Pl. enl. n. 861.—Meally green Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 291. n. 94. Inhabits Cayenne.—This {pecies, which is perhaps the largeft of the American Parrots, is a very . diftinét fpeaker: The bill is whitifh ; the feathers on the face have their edges flightly tinged with brown; the crown of the head is marked with a yellow {pot; the wing quills are blackifh blue, their outer webs being black ; the wings are each marked with a large red {pot. 496 120. Havanna Parrot.—102. Pfittacus havanenjis. 117. Is green, the front, chin, and throat, being blue afh, the orbits afh coloured, and the breaft marked with a large red fpot. Pf. havanenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 124. n. 121.—Pf. amazonicus gutture caeruleo. Briif. av. iv. 266. n. 33. t. 25. f. 1. Ger. orn. i. 95. t. 114.—Crik a face bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 227.—Perroquet de la Havane. Pl. enl. n. 360.—Blue-fronted Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 291. n. 95. Inhabits neat the Havanna.—lIs twelve inches long: The bill is whitifh, with a black tip and afh * coloured cere ; the feathers of the upper parts of the body have blackifh tips, and of the under parts bluifh ; the primary wing quills are black, and thofe in the middle have a red fpot; the lateral tail quills are red at the bafe; the legs and feet are grey. 497 ) 121. Paradife Parrot.—103. Pfittacus paradifi. 34. Is yellow; the chin, belly, and bafe of the tail quills, being red. Pf. paradifi. Lath. ind. orn. i. 127. n. 132.—Pf. luteus Cubae. Briff. av. iv. 308. n. 48.—Pa- pagai de Paradis. Buff. oif. vi. 237.—Perroquet de Cuba. Pl. enl. n. 336.—Cuba Parrot. Brown, jam. 473. Catefb. carol. i. t. 10.—Paradis Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 300. n. 105. Inhabits Cuba.—Is about twelve inches and a half long: The bill, legs, and feet, and the naked orbits are white ; the irides are red ; the primary wing quills are white; the two middle tail quills are yellow ; the reft of the tail quills. are red, their extreme third part being yellow. 498 122. Aurora Parrot.—104. P/ittacus aurora. 50. Is yellow; the armpits, edges of the wings, and the middle of the outer webs of the primary wing quills, being red. Pf. aurora. -Mantiff. 1771. p. 524. Lath. ind. orn. i. 127. n. 133.—Pf. luteus. Briff. av. iv. 306. n. 47.—Perroquet jaune. Salern. orn. 69. n. g. t. 7. f. 2. Pl. enl..n. 13.— Amazone jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 214. t. 10.—Aurora Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 301. n. 106. | Inhabits 499 500 50k lay 602 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, Inhabits Brafil.—Is twelve inches long; being about the fame fize with the Ajuru Parrot: The bill, cere, legs, feet, and claws are white ; the eye-lids and irides are red; the tail is rounded at the end, the four outer quills being red on their inner webs from the bafe to the middle. 123. Paflerine Parrot.—s05. Pfittacus pafferinus, 47. Is greenifh-yellow ; having a blue fpot on each wing, a blue rump, and the under fur- faces of the wings being blue. Muff. ad. frid. i. 14. and ii. 16. Pf. pafferinus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 133. n. 156. Borowfk. nat. ii. gs. n. 17.—Pfittacula brafilien- fis. Briff. av. iv. 384. n. 81.—Tuiete. Raj. av. 34. n. 6. Will. orn. angl. 116. ch. 14. n. 6.—Eteé, Toui-ete. Buff. oif. vi, 283.—Leaft green-and-blue Parrakeet. Edw. glean. t. 235.—Little blue- and-green Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 319. n. 127.—Short-tailed yellowifh-green Parroquet. Bancr. guian. 162. Inhabits Brafil and Guiana.—Is about the fize of a Common Sparrow, meafuring only four inches long: The bill, cere, orbits, legs, feet, and claws are orange ; the under furfaces of the wing quills, and the upper wing coverts are blue. 124. Blue-collared Parrot.—106. P/fittacus cyanolyfeos. 118. Is greenifh-yellow; having a blue collar, and red rump. Molin. hift. nat. Chil. 227. Lath. ind. orn. i. 127. n. 134. Inhabits Chili—This fpecies, which is fomewhat larger than a pigeon, is exceeding troublefome to- the corn fields, but is docile and eafily tamed ; it forms its neft in rocky precipices, laying generally two white eggs, like thofe of pigeons in fize ; its flefh is reckoned exceedingly good, efpecially whem, young. 125. Dufky Parrot.—107. Pfittacus fordidus. 4o. Is brownifh ; with a blue chin, green tail and wings, and red bill and ventlet. Pf. fordidus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 127. n. 135.—Pf. novae hifpaniae. Briff. av. iv. 303. n. 45.— ‘Papagai brun. Buff. oif. vi. 246.—Dufky Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 167. Lath. fyn. i. 304. n. 110. Inhabits New-fpain.—Is about the fize of a pigeon: The bill is red, with a blackith cere ;’ the or- bits are naked and pale afh. coloured; the irides are chefnut ; the temples, hind-head, rump, and up-- per furface of the tail are greenifh ; the under coverts of the tail are red; the legs and feet are lead. coloured, with black claws.. 126. Red banded Parrot.—108. P/ittacus dominicenfis. 119. Is green, with a. red band acrofs the forehead; the wing quills being blue. Pf. dominicenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 126. n. 131.—Papagai a bandeau rouge. Buff. oif. vi..241.— Perroquet de St Domingue. Pl. enl. n. 792.—Red-banded Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 300. n. 104. Ynhabits Hifpaniola.—Is nine inches and a half long: The {crag of the neck and the back are marked with fmall femilunar black fpots; the bill is a pale flefh colour ; the legs and feet are afh _ coloured. 127 5°3 504 595 506 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 603 127. Crimfon-winged Parrot.—109. P/ittacus erythropterus, 120. Is green, with blackifh orbits; the fore part of the back being black, and the hinder part blue; the wing coverts are crimfon. Lath. ind. orn. i. 126. n. 130. Syn. i. 299- n. 103. fup. 60. Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—Is from ten to thirteen inches and a half long: The bill is red, with a dufky or dirty cere; the tail is rather longer in proportion than in the other fpecies of this fubdivi- fion of the genus ; the legs and feet are dirty looking.—The female of this fpecies differs from the male in having a green back, the wing coverts green, the middle feathers of the greater coverts be- ing red. Lath. 128, Feftive Parrot. —110. P/ittacus feflivus. 35. Is green, with a purplith front; the eyebrows and chin being blue, and the back blood. ' red. Pf. feftivus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 126. n. 129.—Tavoua. Buff. oif. vi. 240.—Perroquet Tahué. Pl. enl. n. 840.—Feftive Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 298. n. 102. Inhabits Guiana.—This f{pecies, which is very active, but fierce and untractable in its manners, is about the fize of a pigeon, and meafures eleven inches long: The bill is lead coloured, with a black tip, and having a blackifh grey cere ; the irides are faffron yellow ; the legs and fect are afh colour- ed, with black claws. 129. Robuft Parrot.—111. Pfittacus robuftus. 121. Is green, the head being fomewhat afh coloured ; the wing coverts are dirty black with green edges, and marked with a red fpot; the wing and tail quills are brown. Pf. robuftus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 112. n. 94.—Robuft Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 296. n. too. Its place uncertain.—Is about the fize of a pigeon, and meafures twelve inches long: The bill is large and of a white colour ; the upper edge of the frontlet is blackifh ; the feathers on the trown of the head have each a dufky ftreak in the middle; the legs and feet are dufky. 130. New-Guinea Parrot.—112. Pfittacus magnus. 122. Is grafs-green ; having the primary wing quills blue, and the under furfaces of the fe- condaries red. Pf. viridis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 125. n. 125.—Grand Perroquet vert. Sonner. voy. 74. t. 108.— New-guinea green Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 296. n. 99. Inhabits New-guinea.—Is about the fize of the Ajuru Parrot: The upper mandible of the bill is of an orpiment-yellow colour, and the under mandible black; the irides are flame yellow. 131. Eaftern Parrot. —Pfitacus orientalis. Is green; the outer margin of the wings, and the primary wing quills, are bluifh; the tail is tipt with yellow. | Lath. ind. orn. i. 125. n. 126. Syn. fup. 64. n. 140, . Inhabits 508 JOY) 510 sur 512 604 BIRDS. : PIES. Parrot. Inhabits India.—Is about the fize of the laft: The bill is red, with a galow tip; thelegs and feet are yellow. 132. Blue-cheeked Parrot.—P/ittacus ees Is green, with blue cheeks and wings; the fore part of the back is black with yellow ftreaks, and the hinder part is yellowifh. Lath. ind. orn. i. 126. n. 127. Syn. fup. 64. n. 142. Its place uncertain.—Is eleven inches and a half long: The bill and crown of the head are pale yellow; the cheeks are pale blue; the wings are bright blue; the legs and feet are dufky; the vent- let is red. 133. Batavian Parrot.—P/ittacus bataven/is. Is green with yellow flreaks; the hind head and nape being blackifh, and the face and ‘thighs fcarlet. Lath. ind. orn. i. 126. n. 128. Amber Parrot. Lath. fyn. fup. 65. n. 144. Inhabits near Batavia.—The bill is black; the legs and feet are afh coloured. 134. Tarabe Parrot.—113. Pfittacus Taraba. 123. Is green, the head, chin, throat, breaft, and lefler wing coverts, being red. ° Pf. Tarabe. Lath. ind. orn. i. 125. n. 124.— Pf. brafilienfis erythrocephalus. Briff. av. iv. 240. n. 24.—'Tarabe. Raj. av. 33. n.5. Will. orn. angl. 114. n. 9.—Tarabe, or Amazone 4 tete rouge. - Buff. oif. vi. 211.—Red-headed Amazons Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 295. n. 97. Inhabits Brafil—Is about ten inches long: The bill, legs, and feet are afh coloured, with black claws ; the orbits are naked and white; the irides are yellowifh brown. 135. Brafilian Parrot.—1 14. Pfittacus brafilienfis. 36. Is yellowifh green; with a red face, blue temples, and afh coloured orbits. Lath. ind. Orn. i. 125. n. 122. d. Pf. brafilienfis fronte rubra. Brifl. av. iv. 254. n. 30.—Crik a tete blue. Buff. oif. vi. 232. var. 3.—Brafilian green Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 161. Bancr. guian. 160. Lath. fyn. i. 294. n. 96. c. Tohabits Brafil.—s about the fize of a pigeon: The armpits are red; the fecond tail quill on each fide is red on its outer web; the reft of the tail quills and the primary wing quills have blue outer webs. Dr Gmelin fuppofes this might be confidered as a variety of the next fpecies, and Mr Latham has placed it*as fuch. 136. Autumnal Parrot.—115. P/ittacus autumnalis, 37. Is green; with a f{earlet front, and having a fcarlet fpot on the wing quills; with a blue crown, and blue primary wing quills. Pf. autumnalis. Lath. ind. orn. i,.124.n. 122.—Pf. americanus. Brill. av. iv. 293. n. 40. Ger. orn. Sie) 514 515 516 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. Gos orn. ii. 22. t. 135.—Crik 4 tete bleuee Buff. oif. vi. 232. var. 2.—Lefler green Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 164. Bancr. guian. 160.—Autummnal Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 293. n. 96. B. Inhabits Guiana.—Is about the fize of a pigeon: The bill and cere are whitifh; the orbits are blue; with a tawny fpot below each eye; the irides are golden yellow; the greater wing coverts are blue, the feathers being red at the bafe ; the wing quills neareft the body are green; the tail quills are green on their upper furfaces, and yellowifh at the tips, the outermoft on each fide having its outer web blue; on their under furfaces they are yellow, with reddifh bafes, and a green {pot on the middle. @. Blue-headed Autumnal Parrot.—115. 8. P/ autumnalis cyanocephalus. The front and chin are blue; the throat and breaft are red; the wing quills are blue, thofe in the middle having red bafes. Lath. ind. orn. i. 124. n. 122. & Crik 4 tete bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 230.—Blue-faced green Parrot. Edw. glean. t. 230. Lath. fyn. i. 293. n. 96.—Blue-headed creature. Bancr. guian. 158. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize. y. Cocho Autumnal Parrot.—115. 7. Pf autumnalis Cocho. The head is variegated with red and whitifh. Lath. ind. orn. i. 124. n. 122. y. Cocho. Fernand. nov. hifp. 38.—Crik a tete bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 231. var. 1—Red-and-white- faced Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 293. n. 96. A. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize.—This and the former variety agree in general with the firft variety of the Autumnal Parrot, except in fuch circumftances as are particularly noticed. 137. Scarlet-headed Parrot.—P/ittacus coccineocephalus. Is green, the crown and front being fcarlet; the rump is greenifh yellow; the outer webs of the wing and tail quills are blue. Pf. pileatus. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 125. n. 123. Scop. an. i. n. 32. Its place uncertain —Is about the fize of the Miffel Thrufh : The bill is pale horn coloured ; the cheeks are naked; the outer edges of the wings are yellow ; the tip of the tail is yellow. 138, Hawk-headed Parrot.—-116. Pfittacus accipitrinus. 38. Is green, with a grey head; the neck and breaft being varied with bluifh, and the wing and tail quills having blue tips. Pf. accipitrinus. Lath. ind. orn. i. rrr. n. 89. Ger. orn. i. 96. t. 120. Borowfk. nat. ii. 93. n. 13.—Pf. varius indicus. Briff. av. iv. 300. n. 43.—Pf. elegans. Cluf. exot. 365. Raj. av. 32. n. 11.—Perroquet varie. Buff. oif, vi. 117.—Hawk-headed Parrot. Edw, av. iv. t. 165. Latha fyn.i. 266. n. 74. Vor. I. 4H Tnhabits 27s 518 519; §20 606 BIRDS.. PIES. Parrot, Inhabits India.—Is about the fize of a pigeon, and meafures twelve inches and a half long: The bill, cere, and naked orbits are blackifh ; the irides are yellowifh brown, or walnut coloured ; the legs and feet are lead coloured. £. Mailed Hawk-headed Parrot.—116. @. Pf) accipitrinus loricatus. The feathers on the head are long, narrow, and white, with black ftreaks. Lath. ind. orn. i. 112. n. 89. 6. Papagai maille. Buff. oif. vi. 239. t. 12.—Perroquet maillé. Pl.enl. n. 526.—Mailed Parrot. Lath. fyn. i, 267. n. 74. A» Inhabits Guiana in a domefticated ftate, being defcended from the former; from which it chiefly differs by the long narrow white feathers on the crown and face, which are all ftreaked with black down the middle; thefe it ereéts into a kind of creft when irritated.. 139. Menftrual Parrot.—117. P/ittacus menffruus. 39. Is green, with a bluifh head, and red ventlet. Scop. an. i. 33. Pf. menftruus. Lath. ind. orn. i. rr3. n. 95.—Pf. gujanenfis cyanocephalus. Briff. av. iv. 2473. n. 28.—Papagai a tete-et-gorge bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 243.—Perroquet 4 tete bleue de Cayenne. PIl.. enl. n. 384.—Blue-headed Parrot. Edw. glean. t. 314. Lath. fyn. i. 301. n. 107. Inhabits Guiana.—This fpecies, which is not. very docile, and has the natural voice of a Jackdaw, is about the fize of a Turtle dove: The head and neck are bluifh, the.feathers being brown, with blue tips; the back and wings are green, the wing coverts being yellowifh green, and the wing quills green with brown, inner edges ; the belly is green, the feathers. having bluifh tips; the tail quills are green, with blue tips, the three outermoft on each fide having blue outer webs, and the inner webs being blood-red from the bafe to the middle; the ventlet is red, its feathers having yellowifh blue tips; the bill is horn coloured, the fides of the upper mandible being tawny; the. orbits are bluith hoary, and the eyes are black. 140. Purple-bellied Parrot.—118. P/ittacus purpureus. 124. Is blackifh-brown above, and. purple underneath; the-crown. and cheeks being black, - the orbits blue, and the neck furrounded by. a rufty collar, fpotted with dufky. Pf. purpureus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 129. n. 140.—Perroquet violet. Barrere, fr. equ. 144,—Papa- gai violet. Buff. oif. vi. 244.—Perroquet varie de Cayenne.. Pl. enl. n.. 408.—Little dufky Parrot.. Edw. glean, t. 315. Lath. fyn. i.. 302. n..108.. Inhabits Surinam.—This fpecies, which is not very tractable, is about the fize of an ordinary pi-- geon: The bill is dufky, with an orange coloured {pot on each fide; the wing and tail quills are blue, the lateral tail quills being ruddy on their inner webs and blue at the tips; the legs and.feet are dufky vor dirty-like. 141. Black-headed Parrot.—119. Pfittacus melanocephalus, 41. Is green above, and yellow beneath; having a black head, white breaft, and carnation: orbits. Mof. ad..frid. ii, 1s. lal 521 522 523 BIRDS. . oPIES. Parrot. 607 Pf. melanocephalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 128. n. 136.—Pf. mexicanus pettore albo. Briff av. iv. 297. n. 42.—Pf. atricapillus. J. F. Miller, illuftr. t. 4. a.—Maipouri. Buff. oif vi. 250. Pl. enl. n. 527.—White-breafted Parrot. Edw. av. iv. t. 169. Lath. fyn. i. 305. n. 112. Inhabits New-fpain, Guiana, and the Caraccas.—This fpecies lives in the woods, flying in fmall fiocks, with a whiftling voice; it is about the fize of a Turtle dove, being nine inches and a half long, and thicker in proportion to its length than the other fpecies of the genus; it is very untrac- table, and can fcarcely be tamed unlefs when caught very young: The bill and cere are carnation co- loured ; the cheeks are yellow ; the fcrag is orange ; the outer webs of the primary wing quills are. blue, their inner webs and under furfaces being black; the firft two or three of the fecondaries are green edged with yellow, and the reft entirely green; the tail is rounded; the legs and feet are brown afh, with blackifh claws. 142, Hooded Parrot. —120. Pfittacus pileatus. 125. Is green, with a black head and white orbits; having a blue fpot on each fhoulder, and the tail being tipt with blue. Pf. Caica. Lath. ind. orn. i. 128. n. 137.—Catca. Buff. oif. vi. 253.—Perruche A tete noir de Cayenne. PI. enl. n. 744.—Hooded Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 306. n. 113. < Inhabits Cayenne.—This fpecies refembles the former in the thicknefs of its body; it is migratory, and meafures eight inches and a half long: The bill, legs, and feet are red; the chin is yellowith ; the two middle quill feathers of the tail are entirely green, and the reft are tipt with blue. 143. Louifiana Parrot.—121. Pfittacus ludovicianus, 126, Is fea-green; with a tawny yellow head, growing reddifh near the bafe of the bill, Lath. ind. orn. i. 93. n. 33. 6. Pf. viridis capite luteo. Frifch, av. t. 52. Ger. orn. ii. 17. t. 112.—Papagai A tete aurore. Buff, vif. vi. 247. Du Pratz, voy. ii. 128.—Orange-headed Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 304. n. 111. Inhabits Louifiana—This fpecies is very wild and exceedingly difficult to tame; it flies about in large flocks, making a great noife, and feeds moftly on the feeds of Bromelia and Liriodendron: It is thirteen inches long; the bill is yellowifh white, and the legs and feet are white. Mr Latham places this as a variety of the Carolina Parrot, N°. 370. among the fpecies which have long wedge-like tails, quoting the 499th plate of the Planches enluminées, which Dr Gmelin refers to the Carolina fpecies. 144. Red-throated Parrot.—122. Pfittacus collarius, 42. Is green ; with red chin and throat. Lath. ind. orn. i. 128. n. 139. Pf. jamaicenfis gutture rubro. Briff. av. iv. 241. n. 25.—PY. minor collo miniaceo. Raj. ay. 181 n. 8.—Xaxabes. Oviedo, 1. iv. c. 4.—Saffebé. Buff. oif. vi. 245.—Common Jamaica Parrot. Sloan, jam. 297. n. 9.—Red-throated Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 303. n. Tog. Inhabits Jamaica.—Is about the fize of a pigeon: The wing quills are black, with green outer edges. 4H 2 145 ‘S) 608 BIRDS. PIES, Parrot, 145. Senegal Parrot.—123. Pfittacus fenegalus. 43. Is green above, and yellow beneath; having an afh coloured head, with naked black orbits. Pf. fenegalus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 128. n. 138.—Pfittacula fenegalenfis. Briff: av. iv. 400. n. 92. t. 24. f. 2.—Perroquet a tete grife. Buff. oif. vi. 123. Pl. enl. n. 288.—Senegal Parrot. Lath. fyn. 1. 307. n. 114. Inhabits Senegal.—This fpecies, which meafures eight inches and a half long, is very numerous about the fandy fhores of the river Senegal ; it flies about in little companies of five or fix together, making a fharp harfh noife, and roofts on the higheft tops of the trees: The bill is afh coloured, with a blackith cere ; the irides are yellow; the wing quills and feathers of the baftard wing are afh co- loured, having green edges and green tips ; the legs and feet are reddifh ath. 146. Tuipara Parrot.—124. Pfittacus Tuipara, 127. Is pale green ; with a femilunar red fpot on the front, and having a yellow fpot on the middle of each wing. Pf. Tuipara. Lath. ind. orn. i. 129. n.. 141.—Pfittacula brafilienfis erythrocephalos. Briff. av. iv. 383. n. 82.—Tuipara. Raj..av. 35. n.-7- Will. orn. angl. 117.—Red-fronted Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 308. n. 115. Inhabits Brafil.—ls about the fize of a Lark: The bill is carnation red; the tail is very fhort 3. the legs, feet, and claws are grey.. 147. Golden-winged Parrot.—125. P/ittacus chryfopterus. 44. Is green, with white naked orbits; having a blue and tawny yellow fpot on each wing. Pf. chryfopterus. Lath. ind. orn, i. 129. n. 142.-—Pfittacula alis deauratis. Brifl. av. app. 130. n..97.—Perruche aux ailes d’or. Buff. oif. vi..170.—Golden-winged Parrakeet. Edw. glean. t< 293.f. 2.. Lath. fyn. i. 309..m. 116.. Inhabits. India.—Is very little larger than a Lark ;. The bill is white ; the: firft. four primary wing quills have blue outer webs, and their inner webs are brown, all the reft.are orange on their upper furfaces and yellow underneath. 148, Ethiopian Parrot.—126. P/fittacus pullarius. 45. Is greens. with red chin and front, afh coloured orbits, blue rump, and tawny tail, ha- ving a black tranfverfe band. Pf. pullarius. Muf. ad. frid. it. 15. Scop..an.i. 33. n..34. Lath. ind. orn. i..129. n..143. Borowfk. nat. ii. 95. n. 18.—Pf. minimus. Cluf. exot. 365.—Pf. pufillus aethiopicus. Raj. av. 31. n. 10.— Pf. minor verficolor. Seb. muf. ii. 40. t. 40. f. 1:—Pfittacula guineenfis. Briff- av. iv. 387. n. 85. Ger. orn. ii. 21. t. 133-—Perruche 4 tete rouge de Guinée; Moineau de Guinée. Buff. oif. vi. (65. t. 7.—Petite Perruche de Guinée. Pl. enl. n..60.—Little red-headed Parrakeet, or Guinea Sparrow. 528 a9 539 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 609 Sparrow. Albin, av. iii. t. 15. Edw. glean. t. 237.—Red-headed Guinea Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 309. n. 117.—Indianifche Spatz. Wirfing. vog. t. 12.—Kleinfter gruner Papagay. Frifch, av. t. 54. Inhabits Guinea, Ethiopia, India, and Java.—Is about the fize of a Lark, and meafures five inches- and a half long; this {mall fpecies.is very imitative of the manners of other birds, but by no means equally dextrous in learning to {peak ; it is exceedingly fond of its own fpecies: The bill is red, with an afh coloured cere ; the irides are bluith ; the two middle tail quills are entirely green, and the reft have green tips; the legs, feet, and claws are grey. In the female the front is of a lefs vivid red colour, and the wings are edged with yellow. 149. Malacca Parrot.—P/ittacus malaccen/is. Is green; with blue front and rump, the under wing coverts being red. Lath. ind. orn. i, 130. n. 144. Petite Perruche de Malacca. Sonner. voy. ii. 212.—Blue-rumped Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. fup. 66. Inhabits Malacca.—Is about the fize of the former: The bill is of a greyifh violet colour ; the iri- des are red ;. the legs and feet are brown. 150. Red-naped Parrot.—Pfittacus cervicalis, Is green; the front, a femilunar fpot on the nape, the under part of the throat, and the breaft, being fcarlet. Lath. ind. orn. i, 130. n. 145. Red-naped Parrakeet. Muf. D. Davies.. Lath. fyn. fup. 66. Its place uncertain.—Is about the fize of the two former: The tail is entirely green. rst, Indian Parrot.—127. Pfittacus indicus, 128. Is green; with pale carnation orbits, and red or orange crown; the hinder part of the rump is red; the inner webs of the wing quills, and the under furface of the tail quills, are bluifh green. Pf. afiaticus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 130.-n. 146.—Pf. minimus. Ger. orn. ii. 21. t. 134,—Pfittacula indica. Briff. av. iv.. 390. n. 86.—Smalleft red-and-green Indian Parrot. Edw. av. i. t. 6.—Red- and-green Indian Parrot.. Lath. fyn. i. 311. n. 118. Inhabits India.—Is about the fize of the former, meafuring five inches long : The bill is orange or yellowith red; the upper tail coverts are red; the legs, feet, and claws, are carnation red. 152. Vernal Parrot.—P/ittacus vernalis. Is bright green, the wings being paler; the throat, rump, and tail, are blood-red. Muf. carlf. ii. 29. Lath..ind..orn.-i. 130. n. 147. Its place is not mentioned.—Is about the fize of the former, meafuring five inches and a half in: length: The bill is pale reddifh ; the wing coverts are very full green, and the wing quills of a light or bluifh green colour ; the under furface of the tail is blue ; the legs and feet are pale; the under parts of the body are pale green.. Lea 23.38) 534 B35) 619 BIRDS. , PIES. Parrots 153. Saphirine Parrot.—128. P/ittacus galyulus. 46, Is green, with a faphire-blue crown ; the rump and breaft being fcarlet. PY. galguiuns. Amoen. acc. iv. 236. Muf. ad. frid. ii. 16. Ofbec. voy. 101. Lath. ind. orn. i. 131. n. 148.—Pfittacula malaccenfis. Briff. av. iv. 386. n. 84.?—Avicula cechini. Aldr. orn. l. xx. 560.—Perruche 4 tete bleue. Buff. oif. vi. 163.—Petite Perruche de Pérou. PI. enl. n. 190. f. 2.— Petit Perruche de Lugon. Sonner. voy. 76. t. 33. f. inf.—Saphire-crowned Parrakeet. Edw. glean. t. 293. f. 2. Lath. fyn. i. 312. n. 119. A. Inhabits the Philippine iflands, and probably in other iflands of the Indian ocean.—This fpecies is fcarcely five inches long, and fometimes a good deal fmaller ; it is very fond of the milky juice of the cocoa-nut, and fleeps fufpended to the branch of a tree by one foot : The bill, legs, and feet are grey ; the wing quills are blue on their under furfaces, except the outer edges which are green; the under furfaces of the tail quills are bluifh; the throat is blood-red. In the ferale the red colour of the throat and the blue colour of the crown are wanting, thefe parts being of the general green colour of the body. @. Philippine Saphirine Parrot.—128. 6. P/ galeulus philippenfis. Is green; with a yellowifh blue head, having a tranfverfe orange bar on the hind head ; the front, under part of the throat, and the tail coverts, being red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 131. n. 148. 6. : = ; Pfittacula philippenfis. Briff. av. iv. 392. n. 87. t. 30. f. 1.—Coulicaffi. Buff. oif. vi. 169— Perruche des Philippines. Pl. enl. n. 520. f. 1. 2.—Philippine Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 311, n. 119. Inhabits with the former, and is of the fame fize.—The bill, legs, feet, and claws are red; the wing quills are blackifh, with dark green edges; the tail is rounded, the coverts being almoft equally long with the quill feathers, In the fema/e the head and nape are entirely green, and the cheeks have each a bluifh fpot. | Lath. 154. Anaca Parrot.—129. Pfittacus Anaca, 129. Is green above, and reddifh brown underneath ; the crown being chefnut; the tail and a fpot on the back are pale brown, and the wings are edged with red. Pf. Anaca. Lath. ind. orn. i. 131.n. 149.—Piittacula brafilienfis fufca. Briff. av. iv. 403. n. 93.— Anaca. Raj. ay. 35. n. 8. Will. orn. angl. 117. n. 8. Buff. oif. vi. 260.—Chefnut-crowned Parra+ keet. Lath. fyn. i. 314. n. 120. Inhabits Brafil and Guiana.—lIs about the fize of a Lark: The bill and orbits are brown; the un- der coverts of the tail are reddifh brown; the tips of the primary wing quills are fea-green; the legs, feet, and claws are blackifh. 155. Purple-tailed Parrow—-130. P/ittacus purpuratus, 130. Is green, with afh coloured crown and fcrag; having the rump blue, the tail coverts green and very long, and the tail quills red-purple tipt with black, Pf. BIRDS. | WEES!) Parrot, 611 Pf. purpuratus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 132. n. 150.—Pf. porphyrurus, Purple-tailed Parrakeet. Nat. mife. N°. vi. t. 16. Lath. fyn. i. 315. n. 121. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is eight inches long : The bill is yellowith ; the f{capulars, baftard wings, edges of the wings, and ends of the wing quills, are dufky; the two middle tail quills are green edged with black at the tip; the legs and feet are afh coloured with yellowith claws. 536 156. Grey-headed Parrot.—131. Pfittacus canus. 131. Is green; the head, chin, and throat, being greenifh grey; the tail is rounded, and has a broad black bar. Pf. canus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 132. n. 151.—Pfittacula madagafcarienfis. Briff. av. iv. 394. n. 88. t. 30. f. 2.—Perruche 4 tete grife. Buff. oif. vi. 171.—Petite Perruche de Madagafcar. Pl. enl- n. 791. f. 2.—Grey-headed Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 315. n. 122. Inhabits Madagafcar and Mauritius.—Is fcarcely fix inches long: The bill is grey; the legs, feet, and claws.are hoary. In the female the head is green. 537 157. Black-winged Parrot.—132. Pfittacus melanopterus. 132. Is pale green ; the back, wing coverts, primary wing quills, and a bar on the tail, being black. Pf. melanopterus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 132. n. 152.—Perruche aux ailes vari¢es. Buff. oif. vi.- 172.—Petite Perruche de Batavia. Pl. enl. n. 791. f. 1.—Petite Perruche de Lucon. Sonner. voy. 78. t. 41.—Black-winged Parrakeet. Brown, illuftr. t. 8. Lath. fyn. i. 316. n. 123. Inhabits Java and Luzonia.—Is fix inches long: The bill and legs are dufky; the green colour on: - the under parts of the. body has a_bluifh tinge; the upper part of the tail is purplifh; the two middle: tail quills are green, without any bar; the under coverts of the tail are almoft equal in length with- the tail quills ; the fecondary wing quills are yellowifh, {potted with blue. 538 158. Cape Parrot.—133. P/ittacus eapenfis. 133. Is green; the wings being varied above with blue, and entirely blue underneath; has ving reddifh bill and legs. Lath. ind. orn. i. 132. n. 153. Perruche aux ailes bleues. Buff. oif. vi. 173.—Petite Perruche du.Cap. PI. enl. n. 455. f. 1.— Blue-winged Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 317. n. 124. Inhabits at the Cape of Good Hope.—Is four inches and a half long: This fpecies is fometimes found with a blue {pot on the crown, and having yellow legs and feet. Lath. 539 159, Collared Parrot.—134. Pfittacus torquatus, 134. Is green; having a yellow tranfverfe bar ftreaked with black on the hind head. Pf. torquatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 133. n. 154.—Perruche 4 collier. Buff. oif. vi. 173.—Petite: Rerruche &.collier. Sonner. voy. 77. t- 39.—Collared Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i..317. n. 125. Tnhabits$ ~ 6p BIRDS. PIES. Parrot, ' Inhabits the Philippine iflands.—This fpecies, which does not learn to fpeak, is about the fize of the Ethiopian Parrot, N°. 527. The bill, irides, legs, and feet, are blackifh grey. In the female the hind head is blue with tranfverfe black ftreaks. Sarg 160. Leffer Parrot.—135. Pfittacus minor. 135. Is green; having a fcarlet crown, fcarlet tail coverts, blue breaft, and black primary wing quills. Pf. minor. Lath. ind. orn. i. 133. n. 155.—Perruche aux ailes noires. Buff. oif. vi. 174. Sonner. voy. 77. t. 4.—Luzonian Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 318. n. 126. Inhabits Luzonia.—Is fmaller than the preceding; it fleeps hanging by one foot to the branches of trees, and is fond of the Cocoa-nut juice: The bill, irides, legs, and feet, are yellow; the belly is yel- lowifh green; the upper tail coverts are red. In the female the frontlet and breaft are red, and the fcrag has a yellow {pot. 541 161. Tovi Parrot.—136. Pfittacus Tovi. 136. Is green; with a pale orange fpot on the throat; the wings have each a broad chefnut band, varied with fplendid golden green. Pf. Tovi. Lath. ind. orn. i. 134. n. 157.—Pfittacula gutture luteo. Briff. av. iv. 396. n. 89. t. 30. f. 3.—Tovi 4 gorge jaune. Buff. oif. vi. 280.—Petite Perruche 4 gorge jaune. Pl. enl. n. 190. f. 1.—Yellow-throated Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 319. n. 128. Inhabits America?—Is about the fize of a Lark, meafuring a little more than fix inches long; the legs and feet are grey. 542 162. Tirica Parrot.—137. Pfittacus Tirica. 137. Is green; with a carnation bill; and having bluifh legs, feet, and claws. Pf. Tirica. Lath. ind, orn. i. 134. n. 158.—Pfittacula brafilienfis. Briff. av. iv. 382. n. 81.— Tui-tirica. Raj. av. 34. n. 3. Will. orn. angl. ch. iv. § 4. n. 3. Buff. oif. vi. 281.—Petite Jafeufe. ‘Pl. enl. n. 837.—Green Parrakeet. Brown, jam. 473. Lath. fyn. i. 320. n. 129. Inhabits Brafil and Jamaica.—Is about the fize of a Lark. 163. Sofove Parrot, —138. Pfittacus Sofove. 138. Is green, with a grey bill; the coverts of the wings and tail are marked with a pale yellow fpot. Pf. Sofove. Lath. ind. orn. i. 134. n. 159.—Sofove. Buff. oif. vi. 280.—Petite Perruche de Cayenne. Pl. enl. n. 456. f. 2,—Cayenne Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 320. n. 130. 543 Inhabits Guiana and Cayenne.—This fpecies is eafily tamed, and learns to fpeak with great diftind- nefs; its fize is not noticed: The legs and feet are grey. 164. Tui Parrot.—139. P/ittacus Tui, 130, ercen ; with a black bill, orange front, and yellow orbits. Pi, 545 546 BIRDS. PIES. Parrot. 613 Pf. Tui. Lath. ind. orn. i. 134. n. 160.—Pfittacula brafilienfis iterocephalos. Briff. av. iv. 398. n. 90.—Tui. Raj. av. 34. n. 4. Will. orn. angl. 116. n. 4.—Tovi a tete dor. Buff. oif. vi. 284.— Petite Perruche de §. ‘Thomas. Pl. enl. n. 456. f. 1—Gold-headed Parrot. Lath. fyn. i. 321. Ne 130. Inhabits Brafil.—Is about the fize of a Starling : The eyes are large and blackifh. Sometimes this {pecies is found with the front pale yellow inftead of orange coloured, and having a red bill. 165. Red-tailed Parrot.—140, Pfittacus erythrochlorus. 140. Is green, the head being crefted ; and having red wings and tail. Pf. erythrochlorus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 134. n. 161.—Pfittacula criftata. Briff. av. iv. 4o4. n. 94.—Pfittacus erythrochlorus. Raj. av. 34. n. 4.—Crefted red-and-green Parrot. Will. orn. angl. 116. n. 3.—Crefted red-and-green Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 321. n. 132. Its place uncertain.—Is about the fize of a blackbird: The creft, which is moveable at pleafure, confifts of fix feathers, three of which are confiderably longer than the reft; the irides and hind head are red. 166. Mexican Parrot.—141. Pfittacus mexicanus. 141, Is green, with a creft on the front; the tail and the wing coverts are purple, the orbits blue, the chin yellow, and fcrag red. Pf. mexicanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 135. n. 162. Ger. orn. ii. 21. t. 131.—Pfittacula mexicana eriftata. Briff. av. iv. 405. n. 95.—Avis de cocho. Seba, muf. i. 94. t. 39. f. 2.—Crefted Mexican Parrakeet. Lath. fyn. i. 322. n. 133. Inhabits Mexico and New-fpain.—Is feven inches long: The bill is yellow; the wing quills have white edges; the thighs are bluifh ; the legs, feet, and claws are afh coloured. VI. TOUCAN—6.RAMPHASTOS., 46. The bill is enormoufly large, thin, light, and empty, convex, and fomewhat ridged at the top, and ferrated at the edges; both mandibles being fomewhat hooked at the tip: The noftrils are long, narrow, and placed behind the bafe of the bill: The tongue is long, narrow, and feathered at the edges: The feet are moftly climbers, having two toes pla- ced forwards and two backwards. This genus is entirely confined to the tropical regions of South America; it is very impatient of cold, and in its wild ftate flies about in little troops of eight or ten together, living moftly on fruits, particularly thofe of various palms; it breeds in hollows of trees, which have been deferted by Wood- Vou. L. 41 peckersy, a on GH 614 BIRDS. PIES, Toucan. peckers, laying ufually two eggs each brood ; it is very noify, and eafily tamed. Toucan is the Bra- filian name; the Latin name, which was given to the genus by Linnaeus, is derived from the form of its bill. :. Green Toucan.—1. Ramphaftos viridis. 1. Is green, with a yellow belly, and red- rump. R. viridis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 138. n. 9.—Tucana cayennenfis viridis. Briff. av. iv. 123. n. 8. t. 33. f. 2.—Toucan verd de Cayenne. Buff. oif. vii. 127. Pl. enl. n. 727. 728.—Yellow-breafted Toucan. Edw. t. 329.—Green Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 331. n. 9. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is fourteen inches long: The under mandible is black, its bafe and near the noftrils being red ; the upper mandible is yellow, with red fides, and having a black line along the ridge ; the teeth in both are white; the naked orbits and the irides are yellow; the tail is wedge- like, its under furface having a yellowifh tinge ; the legs and feet are lead coloured, with black claws: In the male the head, chin, and throat are black; in the female thefe parts are chefnut, di- _vided from the green colour below by a narrow black tranfverfe bar. B. Toothlefs Green Toucan.—R. viridis edentulus, The bill is not ferrated at the edges. R. glaber. Lath ind. orn. i. 138. n. 10.—Smooth-billed Toucan. Lath. fyn. fup. 67. Inhabits with the former, and is nearly of the fame fize, meafuring twelve inches long.—It is placed as a diftinét {pecies by Mr Latham, but with a doubt that it may only be a variety: It is of a green colour, the under parts being greenith yellow ; the head and neck are chefnut ; the rump is red ; the bill is brown on the upper, and black on the under mandible; the thighs are green. 2. Pavonine Toucan.—2. Ramphajios pavoninus. 9. Is green, inter{perfed with fome red fpots. R. pavoninus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 137. n. 8.—Tucana mexicana viridis. Briff. av. iv. 423. 1. 7.— Xochitenacatl. Fern. noy. hifp. 51. c. 187.—Hochicat. Buff. oif. vii. 125.—Pavonine Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 331. n. 8. Inhabits New-fpain and Mexico.—This fpecies lives near the fea-coaft, and feeds on fifh ; it re- fembles the Parrct a good deal in the general appearance of the body, and is about feventeen inches long: The bill is four inches long, and variegated with black and yellow; the legs are fhort, and with the feet are black. Eriffon, Gmelin, and Latham all add that this bird is interfperfed with peafowl ‘coloured, color pavoninus, and red fpots ; while Fernandez, who is the only author who has feen it, as quoted in Buffon’s Natural Hiftory of birds, mentions only the fcattered red fpots. 3. Pipérine Toucan. —3. Ramphaftos piperivorus, 2 The head, neck, and breaft, are black, having a narrow yellow half collar on the nape; the back, rump, and belly, are green; the tail is green, tipt with red. R. piperivorus, Lath. ind. orn. j. 138. n. 12.—Tucana cayennenfis torquata. Briff. av. iv. 429. n. So §§2 p53 BIRDS. PIES, Toucan, 615 x n. 10. t. 32. f. 2—Koulik. Buff. oif. vii. 128.—Toucan a collier de Cayenne, male. PI. enl. n. 577-—Joucan a ventre gris, female. Pl. enl. n. 729.—Green Toucan, male. Edw. glean. t. 330.— Piperine Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 334. n. 11. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is thirteen inches long: The bill is black, with a red bafe; the orbits are na~- ked and bluifh; the temples are each marked with an orange yellow fpot; the wing quills are brown, edged with green ; the tail is wedge-like, of a green colour above, tipt with red, and brown under- neath, tipt with chefnut, having red under coverts; the legs and feet are dark leaden colour, with black claws. In the fema/e the under parts of the body are grey ; the {crag is brown, and the femi- lunar half collar is pale yellow. 4. Aracari Toucan.—4. Ramphaftos Aracari, 3. Is dufky green, with the rump and ventlet red ; the breaft and belly are yellow, the lat- ter having a red bar. R. Aracari. Lath. ind. orn. i. 138. n. 11.—R. roftro nigro. Syft. nat. ed. i. 104.—Tucana bra~ filienfis viridis. Brifl. av. iv. 426. n. 9. t. 33. f. 2—Aracari. Marcer. braf. 217. Raj. av. 44. n. 2. Will. orn. angl. 140. t. 22.—Aracari Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 332. n. 10.—Grigri. Buff. oif. vii. 126.—Toucan verd de Brefil. Pl. enl. n. 166.—Kleine Toucan. Wirfing. vog. t. 41- Inhabits Brafil, Surinam, and Cayenne.—Is rather more than fixteen inches long: The back and tip of the upper mandible are black, the fides are whitifh ; its bafe near the noftrils is dilated into three lobes, having a white arched line at the root ; the under mandible is black ; the head, wings, and tail are black; the breaft and belly are yellow and red, having a roundifh black fpot in the middle of the breaft, and a tranfverfely placed oblong black fpot at the fore part of the belly; the rump is. {carlet ; the thighs are red.. 5. Collared Toucan.—5. Ramphaftos torquatus, 10. Is black above, and whitifh underneath, with a green belly which is red at its pofterior part; the neck is furrounded by a red collar. R. torquatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. r37. n. 7.—Tucana mexicana torquata. Briil. av. iv. 421. n. 6.—Cochitenacatl. Fern. nov. hifp. 46.—Cochicat. Buff. oif. vii. 124.—Collared Toucan. Lath.. fyn. i. 330. n. 7. @ : Inhabits New-fpain.—This fpecies, which meafures eighteen inches long, lives on the fea-coafts, and preys on fifh : The upper mandible is white, and the under mandible black ; the head and neck: ‘are black, the under part of the throat being whitifh with a few red {pots and fmall black ftreaks ; the wings and tail are black ; the under tail coverts are red; the thighs are reddifh purple; the legs and feet are greenifh afh, with black claws. 6. Brafilian Toucan.—6. Ramphaftos pifcivorus. 4. Is blackifh, the temples, chin, throa‘, breaft, and rump, being white; the ventlet, and a bar on the belly, being red. R. pifcivorus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 136. n. 4.—Tucana brafilienfis gutture albo. Brifl. av. iv. 413: : 4.1 2. ne SIS) tr 5 Sy 0) 56 616 BIRDS. PIES. "nea n. 3.—Picus americanus. Hern. mex. 697.—Xochitenacatl tertia. “Raj. av. 178. n. 6.—Toucan i gorge blanche. PI. enl. n. 262.—Toucan, Brafilian Pye. Edw. av. ii. t. 64. Bancr. guian. 163.— Brafilian Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 327. n. 4. Inhabits South America.—Is twenty-one inches long: The bill is yellow, having a fcarlet fpot at the tip, and the under mandible is blue; the head, back, belly, wings, tail, and thighs are black; the legs and feet are blue. 7. Rec-beaked Toucan.—7. Rampbaftos evythrorhynchos, 11. Is biackifh, the cheeks, chin, and throat, being white; the upper tail coverts are ful- phur yellow; the under tail coverts, and a femilunar mark on the breaft, are red. R. erythrorhynchos. Lath. ind. orn. i. 136. n. 5.—T'ucana cayennenfis, gutture albo. Briff. ay. iv. 416. n. 4. t. 31. f. 2.—Red-beaked ‘Toucan. Edw. glean. t. 238. Lath. fyn. i. 328. n. 5.— Grofler ‘Toucan. Wirfing. vog. t. 42. Inhabits South America.—Is of the fame fize with the preceding, of which in all probability it is merely a variety : The bafe and ridge of the bill are yellow, the tip of the upper mandible and un- der part of the lower being red; the noftrils are edged with black; the orbits are bluifh; the legs and feet are leaden coloured, with black claws. 8. Yellow-brealted Toucan.—8. Ramphaftos Tucanus. 5. Is blackifh; the rump, the ventlet, and a bar on the belly, being yellow. R. Tucanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 136. n. 3. Borowtk, nat. ii. 97. n. 1. t. 6.—R. roftro rubro. Syft. nat. ed. i. 103.—Tucana. Marcgr. braf. 217.—Tucana brafilienfis gutture luteo. Briff. av. iv. 419. n. 5. t. 32. f. 1.—Toucan furinamenfis. Pet. gaz. t. 44. £. 13.—Toucan a gorge jaune. Buff. oif, vil. 119. Pl. enl. n. 307,—Yellow-breafted Toucan. Edw. glean. t. 329. Lath. fyn. i. 326. Nn. 3. Inhabits South. America.—Is nineteen inches long: The cheeks, chin, and fcrag are orange; the bar on the belly and the ventlet are yellow with a reddith tinge; the rump is fulphur yellow ; the bill is black, with the bafe grey; the legs, feet, and claws are lead coloured, * g. Red-bellied Toucan.—g. Ramphaflos picatus. 6. Is blackifh, with a red belly and ventlet, yellow breatt, black rump, and the tail. quills 4 are tipt with red. R. picatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 137. n. 6.—R. roftro rubro apice nigro. Syft. nat. ed. i, 103-— Tucana. Brifi. av. iv. 408. n. 1.—Toucan 4 ventre rouge. Buff. oif. vii. 122. Preacher Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 329. n. 6.—Toucan, or Brafilian Pye. Albin, av. ii. t. 25. Will. orn. angl. 128. t. 20.—Pica brafilienfis. Gefn. av. 800. Aldr. orn. i. 801. Raj. av. 44. n. 1.—Nafutus fimplici- ter. Klein, av. 38. n. 1. Inhabits Guiana and Brafil.—Is fomewhat more than twenty inches long: The bill is greenifh yel- low, and reddish at the tip; the tip of the ‘ail is dotted with red. : #0. 57, 558 559 560 561 nem PIES. Toucan. Vay \ BIRDS. 10. Yellow-throated Toucan.—10. Ramphaftos dicolorus. 7. Is blackifh ; the breaft, belly, rump, and ventlet, being red, and the chin yellow. R. dicolorus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 135. n. 2.—Toucana cayennenfis gutture luteo, Briff. av. iv. A4It.n. 2. t. 31. £ r.—Toucan a gorge jaune. Buff. oif. vii. 118.—Toucan a gorge jaune de Cay- enne. Pl. enl. n. 269.—Yellow-throated Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 325. n. 2. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is feventeen inches long: The bill is olive yellow, the bafe being black, and the edges red; the cheeks are fulphur yellow; the chin and throat are orange, edged with pale yellow. 11, White-throated Toucan.—11. Ramphajffos Toco, 12. Is blackifh ; the chin, throat, and rump, being white; the orbits, the ventlet, and a {mall circle on the breaft, are red. R. Toco. Lath. ind. orn. i. 135. n. 1.—Toco. Buff. oif. vii. 117. Pl. enl. n. 82. Lath. fyn. i. 325. n. I. tg. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is nine or ten inches long, exclufively of the bill, which meafures feven inches and a half in length; the bill is reddifh yellow, with the bafe black, and the upper mandible has a black tip. 12. Yellow Toucan.—12. Ramphaftos luteus. 13. Is yellowifh white, having two black ftreaks down each fide of the neck. R. luteus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 139, n. 13.-—Tucana lutea. Brifl. av. iv. 432. n. 11.—Xochitena« catl alia. Nieremb. hift. nat- 207. Jonft. av. 119. Will. orn. angl. 386.—Aracari a bec noir. Buff. oif. vii. 130.—Black billed Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 335. n. 12. Inhabits New-fpain.—Is about the fize of a pigeon: The bill is black, the irides are yellow; the legs and feet are brown, with yellowifh claws. 13. Blue Toucan.—13. Ramphaftos caeruleus. 14, Is blue, variegated with afh colour; the bill being longer than the body. R. caeruleus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 139. n. 14.—Tucana caerulea. Briff. av. iv. 433. n. 12.—Ara-= cari bleu. Buff. vii. 131.—Altera Xochitenacatl. Fernand. nov. hifp. 47. Nieremb. hift. nat. 200. Jonft. av. 126. 157. t. 56.—Blue Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 335. n. 13. Inhabits New-fpain.—This f{pecies, which is about the fize of a pigeon, lives on the fea-coafts: The bill is yellow on the upper, and reddith yellow on the lower mandible; the eyes are black, with tawny or reddith yellow irides. 14. Doubtful Toucan—14 Ramphaftos dubius. 15. The throat is blue, Lath. ind. orn. i. 139. n. 15. Blue-throated Toucan. Lath. fyn. i. 336. n. 14, 563 618 BIRDS, PIES.. Motmot, 15. White Toucan.—15. Ramphaflos albus. 16. Is entirely white. Lath. fyn. i. 336. n. 15. Thefe two laft mentioned are very imperfeCtly known or defcribed, and are introduced by Dr Gmelin on the authority of Mr Latham, who*has omitted the White fpecies in his Index ornitho- logicus. VI. MOTMOT.—MUOMOTUS, The bill is ftrong, flightly incurvated, and ferrated at the _ edges: The noftrils are covered with feathers: The tongue is feathered: The tail is wedge-like: The feet are formed for walking; having three toes before, which are united al- moft their whole length, but not webbed, and one behind. This genus is included both by Linnaeus and Dr Gmelin in the former, as a fpecies of Toucan ; but it differs very effentially from that tribe, in the ftru€ture of the feet, in the lefs difproportioned: fize of the bill, and in its general manners and way of life ; it agrees however in the ftructure of the tongue, and in the bill being ferrated. ‘Thefe remarkable differences have not efcaped the attention of Dr Gmelin, who expreffes a doubt that this ought to be confidered as a diftin& genus, and, on the very refpectable authority of Mr Pennant and Mr Latham, it is here placed as fuch. The names, MMaotmot, is adopted by Mr Pennant from Fernandez.—T.. 1, Brafilian Motmot.—Momotus. bra/filienfis. Is: green, with a bluifh green front, violet hind head, and black crown. Lath. ind. orn. i:. TAO. M.. Le Ramphaftos Momota. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. 357. n..8. Borowfk..nat. ii. 98. n. 4.—Momotus. Brifl.. av. iv. 465. t. 35..f. 3.—-Momot. Will. orn. angl. 386. t. 24.. Raj. av. 164.—Momot, or. Houtou.. Buff. oif. vi. 430. t. 20.—Momot du Brefil. Pl. en. n..370.—Brafilian Motmot. Lath. fyn. i. 338. t. 10..—Guira Guainumbi. Marcgr. braf. r93.—Brafilian faw-billed Roller. Edw. glean. t. 328. {habits Brafil.—This fpecies.is about the fize of a Blackbird in the body, but meafures eighteen: inches long, owing to the great length of the two middle tail quills; it lives in a folitary manner in the moft fequeftered parts of the foreft, building a neft of dried grafs on the ground, or in holes which have been deferted by Armadillos, laying two eggs each brood ; it feeds on infects, and when in confinement it eats raw flefh, which it tears into {mall pieces and macerates in water; when taken it- ftrikes violently with its bill; the voice is hoarfe, tremulous, and weak. The general colour-is-a fplendid olive green above, and rufty on the lower parts of the body, a few of the feathers on the breaft being black with blue edges ; the head is rather large in proportion, being black on the crown of the head, - farrounded with blue; the corners of the mouth are garnifhed with longifh moveable whifkers ; the wing quills are blue; the tail is wedge-like and near twelve inches long, its two middle quills being much longer than the reft, and in fome individuals thefe want webs for about two inches on each fide ngar BIRDS. | PIES. Scythrops. 619 near the ends, which are webbed, and of an oval fhape; the bill is of a moderate fize, about two inches long, of a blackifh colour, its bafe being flefh coloured; the legs and feet are black, with hook- ed claws. $64 @. Variegated Brafilian Motmot.—M. bra/ilien/is variegatus. The plumage is variegated with green, tawny, blue, and afh colour. Lath. ind. orn. i. 140. n. I. 6. Momotus varius. Briff. av. iv. 469. n. 2.—Yayauquitotl. Raj. av. 167.n. 19. Will. orn. 298.— Long-tailed Bird. Will. orn. angl. 386.—Variegated Motmot. Lath. fyn. i. 340. n. 1. A. Inhabits with the former, from which it differs chiefly in colour. NTS SiCAYod EMRE ®© Bist SiG is. HRvO-P.S: The bill is large, convex, {harp edged, channeled at the fides, ~ and hooked at the point: The noftrils are rounded, naked, and placed at the bafe of the bill: The tongue is cartilagi- nous, and {plic at the point: The legs are formed for climb- ing, having two toes before and two behind. This genus, of which only one fpecies is hitherto known, holds a kind of middle rank between the Hornbill and ‘Toucan ; having a large bill, not quite fo difproportioned as in the latter, and not fer- rated, and wanting the horny excrefcence of the former, it likewife wants the feathery tongue of the Toucan. 565 1, Pfittaceous Scythrops.—Scythrops p/ittaceus, The only known fpecies. Scythrops novae-hollandiae, Lath. ind. orn. i. 141. n. 1.—Pfittaceous Hornbill. Phil. bot. bay. t. p. 165. Inhabits New-fouth-wales.—Is about the fize of a Crow, but owing to the length of the tail it meafures two feet two inches long: The bill is convex, with a ridge on the back like a boat’s keel, and having longitudinal furrows at the fides ; its edges are fmooth, and the fore part is bent down- wards; its colour is pale brown, turning yellowifh towards the tip; the noftrils are placed at the bafe of the bill, are oval, naked, and furrounded with a red wrinkled ikin; the orbits are naked, and, efpecially above the eyes, the fkin is red and wrinkly ; the tongue is a third part fhorter than the bill, and is fplit into two at the end; the head, neck, and under parts of the body are pale blue- grey ; the back, wings, and tail, are afh coloured, moft of the feathers having dufky blackith tips ; the tail is long and wedge-like, the two middle feathers meafuring elcven inches, and the outer quill on each fide little more than feven ; a black bar croffes the wholé near the end, and all the tips are white; the black tips of the feathers on the back and wings form feveral tranfverfe bars on the wings; the wings are long, and when clofed reach more than three fourths of the length of the tail; the Jegs are fhort and fealy, and, with the toes and hooked claws, are black. The above name is given to 566 567 620 BIRDS. PIES. Hornbill, to this bird by Mr Latham ; we are not informed at all of its manners, either by him or the editor of Governor Phillips’s voyage, but, from the meaning of the name, fuppofe that its voice is harfh, noify, and importunate ; perhaps it might be named Scolder in Englifh.—T. IX. HORNBILL—7,.LUCEROS, 47. The bill is large, convex, bent downwards, fharp edged, moft- ly jagged or ferrated outwardly, and having a large horny protuberance on the upper mandible at its bafe, or on the forehead: The noftrils are placed behind the bafe of the bill: he tongue is fhort and fharp pointed: The feet are formed for walking, having three toes forwards and one back toe. : This genus, with the Toucan, Motmot, and Scythrops, have all fingularly difproportioned bills, the ufe of which is not apparent ; the Hornbill inhabits the fame climates and the fame kind of places in the old world that are occupied in the new by the Toucan, and fo far as can be learned their medes of life are very fimilar. rt. Philippine Hornbill,—1. Buceros bicornis. 1. The horny protuberance is flat, and divided at its fore part into two horns; the bill is reddifh. Amoen. ac. iv. 237. _B. bicornis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 142. n. 3.—Hydrocorax philippenfis. Briff. av. iv. 568. n. 2.— Rhinoceros avis prima. Will. orn. t. 17. f..1.—Calao. Pet. gaz. 43. t. 28. f. 6. and t. 31. f. 1. Edw. av. ii. t. 281. £. p.—Philippine Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 345. n, 3. Inhabits the Philippine iflands.—Is about the fize of a common Hen: The bill is reddifh, being black at the bafe of the lower mandible, and meafures nine inches long; the upper parts of the body are black, and the under parts white ;, the wing quills have each a white {pot ; the tail is longith, its ten middle quills being black, and the four outer quills on each fide white ; the legs and feet are greenith, B. Red-billed Philippine Hornbill_—1. @. B. brcornis erythrorhynchos. The bill is vermilion red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 143. n. 3. 4. Calao, or Cayao. Phil. tranf. xxiii. 1394. Lath. fyn. i. 345. n. 3. A. Inhabits with the former.—The belly in this variety is black ; the back and rump are brown-afli; the head and neck are reddifh, and the irides are white. i = This bird is worfhipped by the Indians ; its voice refembles the grunt of a Sow, and the bellowing of a Calf; it lives much on fruits, which are fwallowed whole, and, when the pulp is digefted, the ftones are caft up unhurt. The fize of the fecond variety is not mentioned. : 9 “as 568: 569 57° BIRDS. PIES. | Hornbill,. 621 2. Abyffinian Hornbill—2. Buceros abyfimicus. 5. Ts black: The horny protuberance has a flattened femicircular furface ; the orbits, cheeks, temples, chin, and upper part of the throat, are covered with naked warty flefh, of a light blue colour, growing red when irritated. B. abyffinicus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 143. n. 4.—Calao d’Abyffinie. Buff. oif- vii. 155. Pl. enl. n- -779.—Abyflinian Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 347. n. 4.—Erkoom, Abba-gumba, eir-el-naciba. Bruce, Abyif. v. t. p. 169. Inhabits Abyffinia and Sennaar.—tis three feet ten inches long: The bill is black, with white edges; the protuberance at its bafe is of the fame colour, its upper furface being femicircularly flattened, and. fomewhat projecting at the edges; about the bafe of the upper mandible, on each fide, is a tuft of briftly hairs ; the naked flefh about the face and neck refembles that of a Turkey cock, like that too it is light blue and flaccid at times, and grows red and tumid when the animal is irritated, or when attending his female in the breeding feafon; the general colour of the plumage is footy black, the outer wing quills being white. This bird was firft obferved by the celebrated Abyflinian traveller Mr Bruce; it runs much on the ground, but when raifed flies ftrongly and toa confiderable diftance; it lives chiefly on green beetles which infeft the Zef plant, a fpecies of bread corn cultivated in that: country; it builds in large bufhy trees, generally near churches, and has numerous broods, as far as eighteen ; it has a putrid or rank fmell, which has led fome miftakenly to believe that it preys on: carrion and dead bodies. 3. African Hornbill.—3. Buceros africanus, 6. Is black : The protuberance is ftraightifh and pointed. B. africanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 143. n. 5.—Hydrocorax africanus. Briff.av. iv. 970. n..3.—Rhi- noceros avis fecunda. Will. orn. t. 17-. Muf. befler. t. 9. n..7.—Brac, Calao d’Afrique. Buff, oif. vil. 154.—Oifeau trompette, ‘Trompette de Brac.. Labat, voy. iv. 160. t. p..161. Inhabits Africa:—Is about the fize of a Turkey: The bill is partly red and partly yellow, the edges of the mandibles being black ; the general colour is black, and the head is flightly crefted. 4. Malabar Hornbill.—4. Buceros malabaricus, 7. Is black above, and white underneath: Whe protuberance is rounded above, fharp edged forwards, and the hinder part reaches to the crown of the head, behind the eyes. B. malabaricus.. Lath. ind. orn.i. 143. n. 6.—Calao de Malabar. Buff. oif. vii. 149. t. 8. Pl. en]. n. 873? Edw. glean. t. 281. f. p.—Pied Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 349. n. 6. t. 11. Inhabits India.—Is two feet anda half long, fometimes three feet.;, in confinement at Paris this bird eat raw flefh, rats, and {mall birds: The bill-is dirty yellowifh white, and the greater part of the protuberance or falfe bill, which is extremely thin, is black; the head has a pendant creft behind, and at the bafe of the under mandible fome plaits of naked white fkm; the upper parts of the body, the head, neck, and fore part of the breaft are black avith a flight violet and greenifh tinge; the un- der parts are dirty white; fome of the wing coverts have irregular brown edges; the outer quill Voz. I. 4k feathers 1 622 BIRDS. PIES. Hornbill. feathers of the wings are white at the end; the four middle tail quills are black, all the reft being white, except only at the bafe, which is black; the thighs are dirty white and feathered below the knees; the legs and feet are thick, ftrong, fcaly, and black, with long, hooked, bluntith claws. 571 @. Lathams Malabar Hornbill. —B. malabaricus lathami. The two or four middle tail quills are black, all the reft being white with black bales. Lath. ind..orn. i. 143..n. 6. 8. Syn. 350. §72 y Sonnerats Malabar Hornbill —B. malabaricus fonnerati, The tail quills are all white except the middle two, which have black bafes. Lath. ind. orn. i. 144. n. 6. y. Syn. fup. 69. Calao de‘Coromandel. Sonner. voy. ii. a15..t. 121. “Thefe two varieties are added on the authority of Mr Latham: The firft differs fo flightly from the one defcribed immediately before from Buffon as fcarcely to deferve being attended to. The fecond variety introduced from Sonnerat might perhaps be reckoned a diftinét fpecies, as the protuberance on fhe bill is fhaped like an egg, and the chin and all the wing quills are white. 573 5. Indian Hornbill.—5. Buceros Hydrocorax. 2, The protuberance is flattened forwards, and extends in a round form to the crown of the head; the neck is furrounded by a white collar; the belly is tawny. B. Hydrocorax. Lath. ind. orn. i. 144. n. 7.—Hydrocorax. Briff. av. iv. 556. n. 1. t. 45.— Corvus marinus. Cluf. exot..106.—Corvus indicus. Bont. jav. 62, Will. orn. 86. t. 17. Raj. av. 40. n.-7.—Corvus torquatus. Klein, av. 58. n. 2?—Corbeau indien. Salern. orn. gt. n. 8. t. 9. £. 3. Built. oif. ii. 41.—Calao des Moluques. Buff. oif. vil. 147. Pl. enl. n. 283.—Indian Raven. Will. orn. angl. 126. n. 7.—Indian Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 351. n. 7. Tnhabits the Molucea iflands.—This fpecies is two feet four inches long; it is frequently domefti- cated, and is ufeful for deftroying rats and mice; in its ftate of nature it feeds on Nutmegs, from which its flefh acquires a highly aromatic flavour. ‘The protuberance on the bill is blackith ath, growing whiter backwards; the crown of the head is blackith ; the fides of the head, the throat, and the wings are black; the hind head and ferag are chefnut; the back, fhoulders, rump, wing coverts, and tai coverts, are brown; the breaft and belly are blackith, the hinder part of the belly being yel- lowifh ; the tail quills are dirty whitifi: afh; the legs and feet are {hort and brown-grey, with black claws. 4 6. Rhinoceros Hornbiil.—6. Buceros Rhinoceros. 3. Wa “I The protuberance is fharp pointed, and turned upwards at its fore part. B. Rhinoceros, Lath. ind. orn. i. 141. n. 1.—Rhinoceros avis. Bont. jav. 63. t. 64. Olear. muf. te 15. f. 4. Worm. muf. 293. Aldr.orn. i. 84. Befler. muf. t. 20..—Corvus indicus cornutus. Raj, av. 40. n. 8.—Hydrocorax indicus. Briff. av. iv. 571. n. 4.—Calao Rhmoceros. Buftuoif. vil. 161. Pl. enl. n. 934.—Topau. Borowfk. nat. ii. 98. t. 7.-Rhinoceros bird, or Horned Indian Raven. Will. 5 Gn ae BIRDS. PIES. Hornbill. 623 Will. orn. angl. 127. t. 17. Edw. glean. t. 281. f. B—Rhinoceros Hornbill.’ Lath. fyn. i. 342. n. 1. fup. 69.—Great Hornbill, or Rhinoceros bird. Nat. mifc. No. xiv. t. 41. Inhabits. India, Java, Sumatra, and the Philippine ifles.—This fpecies, which meafures three feet long, and is about the fize of a Turkey, preys on rats, mice, and carrion, having a moft voracious ap- petite, and is faid to follow the hunters on purpofe to feed on the offal and inteftines of their game : The bill is whitifh yellow, and meafures ten inches long, the bafe of the upper mandible and upper furface of the horn or protuberance being red ; the horn is eight inches long, its under furface is of the fame colour with the bill, and its upper furface is marked with a longitudinal black line; the bo- dy is black, its under and pofterior parts being dirty white ; the tail is twelve inches long, of a dirty white colour with a broad black bar near the end; the under tail coverts are black and white; the legs, feet, and claws, are dufky grey. 7. Helmet Hornbill 7. Bueeros galeatus. 8. Has a ftraightifh bill, the protuberance being almoft fquare, its fore part flat and hinder part rounded. B. galeatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 142. n. 2.—Calao 4 cafque rond. Buff. oif. vii. 159. Pl. enl. n. 933-—vemenda. Aldr. orn. i. 833.—Helmet Hornbill. Edw. glean. t. 281.c. Lath. fyn. i. 343 Nn. 2. Inhabits Afia——The bill is eight inches long, and of a conical form, being moftly red; the protu— berance rifes to a great height : It would appear that hitherto only the bill and head of this fpecies have been feen by naturalifts; in the fpecimen poffeffed, by Mr Latham the bill is furrounded with black feathers at its bafe. Buffon fuppofes that this fhould be among the largeft of the genus, from the fize of the head and bill; in the fpecimen belonging to the French royal cabinet the colour of the: bill is a tarnifhed brownith red, while that delineated by Mr Edwards is vermilion red.. 8. Panayan Hornbill.—8. Buceros panayenjis. 9. ~The protuberance is fharp edged above, and flattened laterally; the Penge is greeniflfy black above, and reddifh brown underneath. B. panayenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 144. n. 8.—Calao cifele. Sonner. it. 122. t..82: 83:—Calao de Panay. Buff. oif. vii. 145. Pl. enl. n. 780. 781.—Panayan Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 353.n. 8. Inhabits the ifland of Panay in India.—Is about the fize of a Raven: The bill is very long, much: arched, ferrated or toothed at the edges, fharp pointed, and comprefied laterally; it’ is tranfverfely wrinkled, and longitudinally furrowed for two-thirds of its length, the furrows beirg orange colour— ed, and the intermediate projections brown ; the orbits are brown and naked, and. the eyelids have Riff briftly eyelathes; the irides are whitifh : In the ma/e the head, neck, back, and wings are green— ifh black; in the female the head and neck are white, except a large triangular greenifhy black fpot, on each fide, extending from the bafe of the bill to beyond and below the eye: In both the upper part of the breaft is bright brown-red, the belly, ventlet, and thighs, being dark brown-red ; the tai. has ten quill feathers which are reddifh yellow from the bafe to beyond the middle, the extreme third of their length being black ; the legs and feet are lead coloured. 4K 2 Be 577 579 580 624 BIRDS. PIES. Hornbill, 9. Manilla Hornbill.—o. Buceros manillenfis. vo. The bill is not ferrated, and has a flight protuberance; the body is blackifh brown above, and dirty white beneath. B. manillenfis. Lath. ind.-orn. i. 145. n. 9—Calao.de Manille. Buff. oif. vii. 144. Pl. enl. n. 891.—Manilla Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 354. n. 9. Inhabits Manilla, one of the Philippine iflands.—Is about twenty inches long: The bill is lefs bent, and its tip is fharper than in the other {pecies of this-genus, and the protuberance on the bill is fcarce- dy any thing more than a raifed fharp-edged longitudinal ridge, or keel-like prominence; the head and neck are yellowifh white, waved with brown, and having a black {pot on each temple, which in fome individuals extends down to the chin uniting with the mark on the oppofite fide; the tail has a reddifh bar acrofs the middle. 10. Tock,—10. Buceros nafutus. 4. The bill is black, and has no protuberance; the tail-quills are white at the bafe and tips. &e ° B. nafutus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 145. n. 10—Hydrocorax fenegalenfis melanorhynchos. Briff. av. iv. §73-n. 5. t. 46. f. 1.—Crotophaga. Forfk. faun. arab. 2. n. 4.—Tock jeune. Buff. eif. vii. 141.—Calao a.bec noir. Pl. enl. n. 890.—Black-billed Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 354. n. to. @. Red-billed Tock.—10. 8. B. nafutus erythrorhynchos. The bill is reds Lath. ind. orn. i. r4g.n. 10. B. Hydrocorax fenegalenfis erythrorhynchos. Briff. av. iv. 575. t. 46. f. 2—Tock adulte. Buff. oif. vil. 142.—Calao a bec rouge. Pl. enl. n. 260.—Red-billed Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 355. n. 10. 4. inhabits near the river Senegal, and other hot regions of Afiaand Africa.—Thefe two varieties are faid by the Count de Buffon to be the fame bird at different periods of life; the former, or Black- billed Tock, being the young bird, while the latter is the fame bird in its adult ftate : In the former the plumage is grey-afh, the wing quills being black in the middle and white at both ends: In the latter it is blackifh on the upper parts of the body, the wings, and the tail, the lateral tail quills ha- ving white tips; the under parts, the head, and neck being whitifh: In the younger birds the bill, legs, and feet, are black, growing reddifh in the older birds: In both the bill is large and bent down- wards, but has no protuberance. It is about the fize of a Woodpecker, being about twenty inches long 3 it feeds on fruits, and in confinement eats bread or almoft any thing : The young bird is New upid, eafily caught, and readily becomes tame. 11. White Hornbill.—11. Buceros albus. 11. The bill is black and very much bent downwards, having no protuberance; the body is entirely white, with black legs and feet. B. albus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 146..n, 11.—White Toucan. Hawkefw. voy. i. 123.—White Horn bal Lath. fyn. i. 257. n. 11. Inhabits 58 582 584 BIRDS. PIES. Hornbill. 625 Inhabits the Ladrone iflands.—This fpecies is about the fize of a Goofe; the neck is fmall and about a foot long: The only individual of this {pecies hitherto feen, was caught at fea between the iflands of Tinian and Pulo-timoen; it is very imperfectly defcribed. 12. Wreathed Hornbill.—-12, Buceros obfcurus. 12. The protuberance is rounded above, and divided into feven or eight lobes or plaits; the body is black, with white tail quills. B. plicatus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 146. n. 12.—Indian Raven. Will. orn. angl. t. 78. Dampier's voy, iii. 165.—Wreathed Hornbill. Lath. fyn. i. 358. n. 12. fup. 70. Inhabits the ifland of Ceram, and New-guinea.—Is about the fize of a Crow: The bill is bent, and meafures fix or feven inches long, its edges being fmooth; the protuberance on the fore-head rifes -about an inch: In fome individuals the neck is faffron yellow. B. Ceylon Wreathed Hornbill.—B. ob/curus zeylanenfis, The protuberance has five lobes; the body is clouded with black and grey, having a black tail. Lath. ind. orn. i. 146. nm. 12. @. Syn. fup. 71. § 2. Inhabits Ceylon—Mr Latham fufpeéts that this may be a young bird of the Wreathed fpecies. The bill is yellow, having a naked blue fpot at the bafe of the under mandible; the primary wing quills are black, with white tips; the outer tail quill on each fide is half white half black; the crown ‘of the head is black; the legs and feet are ftrong and bluith. 3. Gingi Hornbill.—Buceros ginginianus. The bill is bent and laterally comprefled, having a pointed protuberance on the fore- head; the body is grey above and white beneath. Lath. ind. orn. i. 146. n. 13. Syn. fup. 71. Calao de Gingi. Sonner. voy. ii. 214. t. 121. Inhabits the Carnatic_—Is two feet long: The bill from the bafe to about the middle, and the pro- tuberance are black, the reft being white, and its edges are ferrated ; the wing quills have white tips ; the lateral tail quills are black, having a brown crofs bar near the end, and white tips; the middle tail quills are grey, with a black bar near the end; the cheeks have each an oval black bar under the orbits; the legs and feet are black. 14. Eaftern Hornbill.—Buceros orientalis, The bill is convex and ridged above, its bafe being protuberant; the orbits are naked, wrinkly, and afh coloured; the body, wings, and tail, are blackifh. Lath. ind. orn. i. 147. n. 14. New-holland Hornbill. Lath. fyn. fup. 72. Inhabits New-holland.—Is fearcely fo large as a Jay: The noftrils are fituated near the bafe of the bill, and are open. 15. 585 587 526 BIRDS. PIES. Hornbill, 15. Grey Hornbill. —Buceros grifeus. The protuberance is floping at its fore part and abrupt behind; the body is grey. Lath. ind. orn. i. 147. n. 15. Syn. fup. 72. Inhabits New-holland.—The crown of the head is black; the bill is yellow, its bafe having a black {pot at the corner of each eye is a tuft of briftles, and behind each eye a naked blue fpot; the wing coverts are variegated with black; the wing quills have white tips. | 16. Green-winged Hornbill.—Buceros chloropterus. “he protuberance is abrupt ; the body is black, with greenifh wings. B. viridis. Lath, ind. orn. i. 147. n. 16.—Green-winged Hornbill. Lath. fyn. fup. 73. Its place uncertain.—The bill is yellowifh, having a naked bluifh white fpot at the bafe of the un- der mandible; the outer tail quills, the bafes of the wing quills, and the belly, are white; the legs and feet are bluifh. Perhaps this might be confidered as.a variety of the preceding f{pecies. X. BEEF-EATER.—8. BUPHAGA, 48. The billis ftrong, thick, ftraight, and fomewhar fquared; the mandibles being protuberant, chiefly at the fides; the feet are formed for walking. The Latin name of this genus, as well as its Englifh and French appellations, is derived from its cuftom of picking holes in the backs of cattle on purpofe to get at the larvae of infeéts of the Gad-fly kind which are there depofited. 1. African Beef-eater.—1, Buphaga africana, t. Only this fpecies hitherto known. B. africana. Briff. av. iv. 457. n. 1. t- 42. f. 2.—Pic-boeuf. Buff. oif. ili. 175. t. 14. Pl. enl. n 293-—African Beef-eater. Lath. fyn. i. 359. n. 1. t. 12. Inhabits Africa, near the Senegal.—Is about the fize of the Crefted Lark, meafuring eight inches and a half long: The body is brown-grey above, with a yellowifh rump, the under parts being like- wife yellowifh ; the bill, which is not quite an inch long, is fometimes yellowifh with a red tip, and fometimes entirely black ; the tail is wedge-like, having twelve brown-grey quills which are narrow at the ends, the outer quills on each fide being reddifh on their inner webs ; the legs and feet, with the claws, are brown. XI. ANI—o. CROTOPHAG A. 4g. The bill is compreffed laterally, protuberantly ridged on the back 588 589 BIRDS. PIES. Ani. 627 back of the upper mandible, bent, and almoft oval; the up- per mandible having an angular projection on its edge at each fide: The noftrils are round and open. This genus is named from its habit of feeding on certain infects: The feet in three of the fpecies are fitted for climbing ; the tongue is fiattered laterally and becomes flender at the end. Mr Ray confiders the firft fpecies as congeneric with Parrots. 1. Leffer Anii—1. Crotophaga Ani. 1. Of a blackifh-violet colour, the edges of the feathers having a coppery green calt. Lath. ind. ogn. i. 148. n. I. Crotophagus. Briff. av. iv. 177.t. 18.f.1. Ger. orn. ii. 53. t. 190. Borowfk. nat. ii. ror. t- 8.— Crotophagus ater. Brown, jam. 474.—Monedula nigra garrula. Sloan. jam. ii. 298. t. 256. f. 1.— Ani. Marcgr. braf. 193. Will. orn. 120. Raj. av. 35. n. 10. and 185. n. 129.—Ani des favanes. Buff. oif. vi. 420.—Leffer Ani. Lath. fyn. i. 360. n. 1. t. 13.—Petit bout-de-petun. PI. enl. n. 102. f. 2.—Cacalototl. Raj. av. 168. n. 27.—Razor-billed Blackbird. Catefb. carol. app. t. 3- Inhabits the warmer parts of America and the Weft India iflands.—This fpecies, which is about thirteen inches and a half long, is gregarious and builds large nefts, in which five or fix females lay their eggs twice every year, each taking care of her own particular brood, and covering them care- fully with leaves ; the eggs are of a fea green colour, fpotted at each end: It feeds on fruits, feeds, {mall ferpents, lizards, and other reptiles, worms, infects, particularly grafshoppers, and in the begin- ning of {pring on the Acarus ricinus, a fpecies of Tick, at that time very numerous on the backs of cattle ; the cattle at this feafon lie down to give the Ani an opportunity of picking off the ticks. The general-colour is black, with fome violet fhades all over the body, the feathers on the middle of the back.and of the wing coverts being flightly edged with dark {fhining green; the tail confifts of ten quills, is wedge-like, and meafures more than half the whole length ; the tip of the upper mandible is hooked ; the nofitrils are oval; the tongue is flefhy and whole at the tip; the legs and feet are black. . 2. Greater Ani.—2. Crotophaga major. 3. Of:a‘blackith-violet colour, the feathers having green edges; the wing ut being duf- ky green. Lath. ind. orn. i. 148. n. 2. Syn. i. 362. n. 2. Crotophagus major. Briff. av. iv. 180. t. 18. f. 2.—Ani des palétuviers, Bout-de-tabac, Aman- goua. Buff. oif. vi. 423. t. 19. Salern. orn. 73. n. 10.~-Greater Ani. Lath. fyn. i. 362. n. 2.— Grand bout-de-petun. Pl. enl. n. 102. f. 1. Inhabits the fame countries with the former—This fpecies meafures eighteen inches long, and is confiderably larger than the former fpecies, which it refembles very much in colour, manners, and mode of life, except that the former inhabits the woods, and this keeps chiefly to the cultivated fields, and the fides of the fea or of falt marfhes: The green edges of the feathers are likewife more re- markable in this than in the former fpecies ; it is readily made tame, but both this and the former fpecies have an unpleafant odour, and their flefh is not eatable. 3 ge 628 BIRDS. BIR Wattlee, 3. Waried Ani.—Crofophaga varia, Is varied, with black and red. Lath. ind. orn. i. 149... 3. Crotophagus varius indicus. Gerin. orn. ii. 54. t. 192. Its place uncertain.—This fpecies meafures eleven inches long; the bill is black, bent downwards, . and is weaker than in the other fpecies of the genus; the head, throat, and breaft, the larger, and the middle coverts of the wings, and the tail are black, the reft of the body being tawny red ; the tail is long; the legs and feet are tawny brown. Geerini fays that this bird was formerly kept at Ver- failes, whence a picture done from the life was fent to Florence ; it is fomewhat remarkable that this. circumftance fhould have efcaped Buffon. 4. Walking Ani.—3. Grotophaga ambulatoria. 2. The feet are formed for walking. Cr. ambulatoria. Lath. ind. orn. i. 149. n. 4.. Borowfk. nat. ii. 102. n. 2.— Walking Ani. Lath. fyn. i. 363. n. 3. Inhabits Surinam.—This fpecies refembles the Leffer Ani in every refpect except the ftructure of its feet, having three toes forwards and one back toe, while all the other fpecies of the genus have climbing feet; like the Leflér Ani likewife the:tail has ten quill feathers. Mr Latham confiders this as rather a doubtful {pecies. XI. WATTLET.—10.GLAUCOPIS. The bill is arched, and bent downwards; the under mandible being fhorter than the upper, and having flefhy wattles at its bafe: The noftrils are depreffed, and almoft covered by a fomewhat cartilaginous membrane: The tongue is fome- what cartilaginous, its tip being fplit and fringed: The feet have three fore toes and only one behind, being formed for walking. r, Cinereous Wattlet.—1. Glaucopis cinerea. 1. The only known fpecies. Callaeas cinerea. Lath. ind. orn. i. 149. n. 1.—Cinereous Wattle-bird. Lath, fyn. i. 364 n. 1. t. 14. Inhabits New-zealand.—This bird is about the fize of a Jay, and meafures fifteen inches long; it walks moftly on the ground, and very feldom perches on trees ; it feeds on berries, infects, and even preys on {mall birds; the voice is whiftling and humming, being not unpleafant ; the flefh is excel- lent. The bill is black; the body is dark afh, with a black face ; the tail is long, wedge-like, and confifts 593 594 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 629 confifts of twelve quills; at the bafe of the lower mandible are two wattles on each fide, the more advanced of which is blue, and the hinder are orange yellow; the irides are bright blue; the legs are long and blackifh, and the hinder claw is confiderably longer than the reft. Mr Latham, in his Index, has thought proper to change the Latin name of the genus, as given above from Dr Gmelin’s edition of the Syftema naturae, to Ca/laecs, but without affigning any reafon. XT. CROW.—11.CORVUS. 50. The bill is convex and fharp edged: The noftrils are covered by reverfed briftly feathers: The tongue is cartilaginous, and cleft at the tip: The feet are formed for walking. This genus is to be found in every climate; its feveral fpecies are extremely prolific, remarkably focial and gregarious, and very clamorous; they build mofily in trees, fome fpecies forming vaft affo- ciations, and lay ufually fix eggs each brood; they are promifcuous feeders, eating both of animal and vegetable food. Mr Latham adds to the Linnaean character, that the bill has a fimall tooth-like procefs on each fide near the point ; the middle toe is joined to the outmoft as far as the firft joint, 1, Hottentot Crow.—1. Corvus hottentottus. 1. Is greenifh black, with an equal tail, and having very long whifkers. C. hottentottus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 156. n. 12. Borowfk. nat. iil. 103. n. 2.—Monedula capitis bonae-fpei. Brill. av. ii. 33. n. ro. t. 2, f. 2. Ger. orn. ii. 36. t. 148.—Choucas mouftache. Buff. oif. ili. 79.-—Choucas du Cap. Pl. enl. n. 226.—Hottentot Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 380. n. to. Inhabits at the Cape of Good Hope.—Is eleven inches long, being about the fize of a Thrufh: The whifkers, which are black and near three inches long, rife from the bafe of the upper mandible above the noftrils, and fimilar whitkers, but ftiffer and fhorter, are fituated on each fide at the angle of the mouth ; the feathers of the ferag, or hind part of the neck, are longer and narrower aa the reft, and hang loofely. 2. Raven. —2. Corvus Corax. 2. Is black, gloffed with bluifh on the back; the tail is roundifh. Corvus. - Gefn. av. 334. Aldr. orn. i. 684. t. p. 685. Johnft. av. 38.t. 16. Raj. av. 39. n. 1. Briff. av. ii. 8. n. 1.—C. maximus. Scop. an. i. 34. n. 45.—C. Corax. Lath. ind. orn.i. 150. a. 1.— Kerp. Faun. fuec. n. 85. Faun. groenl. 62. n. 38.—Corbeau. Buff. olf iii. 13. t. 2. Pl. enl. n. 495.—Rabe. Gunth. neft.t. 71. Frifch. av. t. 63.—Raven. Brrr. zoon. n. 74. Arét. zool. it. 245. n. 134. Alb. av. ii. 19. t. 20. Mewin; brit. b: i. t. 33. Id. t. vii f 1. Wall.orn. 12. t. 28. Ruffel, alep. 69. Lath. fyn. i. 367. n. 1. fup. 74. Inhabits all Europe, Siberia, Kamtfchatka, and North America as far fouth as New-fpain.—This is the largeft fpecies of the genus, meafuring two feet two inches in length, and weighing three pounds: It feeds on carrion, birds, eggs, fmall birds, and fick or weakly lambs, fheep, fith, fell- fifh, and wild berries, and, when prefled with hunger, will even devour dricd tkins, and excrements; © Vou. I. Ah WU, it 595 596 7, 598 599 630 BIRDS. — PIES. Crow, it is greedy, thieving, and clamorous, and may be taught to fpeak; it builds in high trees = lofty rocks, pairing in March; the female lays five or fix bluifh green eggs fpotted with brown in April, thefe the male fits on by day and the female in the night time. The Raven is a long liver, and has a very quick fenfe of {melling; its flefh is eaten by the Greenlanders, who make clothes of the fkins, ufing the wings for brufhes, and forming the fplit quills into fifhing lines. The tail is flightly bent downwards, and has a {mall tooth on each fide near the point ; the Voice is a fhort rough croak, re- peated at intervals. @. Pied Raven.—2. 8. C. Corax varius. Has a few fcattered white feathers. Lath. ind. orn.i. 150. n. 1. 6. Syn. i. 369. n. 1. A. Corvus varius. Briff. av. ii. 12. n. 1. a.—Cacalotl. Fern. nov. hifp. 48. Inhabits Mexico.—This differs only from the foregoing by the circumftance mentioned in the cha- racter. y. White Raven.—z2. y. C. Corax albus. Is entirely white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 151. n. 1. y. Syn. i. 369. n. 1. B. Corvus albus. Briff. av. ii. 12. n. 1. B. Schwenkf. av. filef. 245. Ger. orn. ii. 32. t. 141. Inhabits Norway. dS. Northern Raven.—z. 3. C. Corax borealis. Is variegated with black and white. Lath. ind. orn.i. rsr. n. 1. 3. Corvus feroenfis. Brunn. orn. bor. 8.—Corvus borealis. Briff. av. vi. app. 33. t. 2. f. Fe. Inhabits the Feroe iflands.—This variety is_a little fmaller than the reft, meafuring only two feet long: The body is bright black, its under parts being white; the head is white, variegated with black fpots ; the breaft is black; the wing quills are white, the outermoft being edged with blackifh; the tail quills are variegated with black and white. 3. White-chtnned Crow.—3. Corvus clericus. 20. Is black, having a white chin; the bafe of the bill is afh coloured. Moff. carlf. i. t. 2. Lath. fyn. i, 152. n. 4. A. Inhabits Sweden.—The colour on the greateft part of the body is footy black, the head, neck, and middle of the back, being clear black, and the upper furfaces of the wing and tail quills having a vio- let tinge. This bird is very rare even in Sweden ; Dr Gmelin does not mention its fize, but fufpeéts it may belong to the Raven fpecies ; Mr Latham ranks it as a variety of the Carrion Crow, and fays it is of the fame fize with it. 4. Southern Crow.—4. Corvus aujfiralis, 21. Is black, with brownith-black wings; the feathers of the chin being loofe. C. auftralis. Lath, ind. orn. i, 151, n. 2.—South-fea Raven. Lath. fyn. i. 369. n. 2. Cook, laft voy. i. 109.? Inhabits 600: 601 602 603 BIRDS, PIES. Crow. 631 Inhabits the Friendly iflands in the Pacific ocean.—Is nineteen inches long, of which the tail mea- fures eight : The bill is very ftrong at the bafe, and is flattened at the fides. 5. White-necked Crow.—Corvus albicollis. Is blackifh, with brownifh wing coverts ; having a broad femilunar white patch on the {fcrag. Lath. ind. orn, i. 151. n. 3. Syn. fup. 75. § 2. Its place uncertain, perhaps Africa.—Is almoft as large as the Raven, meafuring twenty inches in length: The bill is three inches and a quarter long, being ridged on the back of the upper man- dible, almoft like that of the Ani, having its bafe covered with reflected briftly feathers ; the broad white femilunar patch almoft covers the whole back of the neck, it grows narrower as it comes for- wards, and its narrow ends almoft meet before; the tail has twelve quills, and the wings reach almoft to the end of the tail; the legs and feet are black, and extremely rough. Mr Latham fufpects it may be a variety of the Southern Crow. 6. Carrion Crow.—5. Corvus Corone. 3. Is entirely black, gloffed with violet-blue; the tail is rounded, its quills being pointed at the ends, Faun. fuec. n. 86. Scop. an. i. 35. n. 36. C. Corone. Lath. ind. orn. i. 1¢1. n. 4.—Cornix. Gefn. av. 320. t. 321. Aldr. orn. i. 734. t. p. 736. Raj. av. 39. n. 2. Briff. av. ii. 12. n. 2—Corbine, Corneille noir. Buff. oil! iii. 45. t. 3. Pl. enl. n. 483.—Blaue Raage. Brunn. n. 29.—Carrion Crow. Brit. zoor. n. 75. Arct. zool. ii. 246. n. 135. Albin, av. ii. t. 21. Will. orn. ang]. 122. t. 18. Lewin, brit. b.i. t.34. Lath. fyn. i. 370. n. 3. ‘ = Inhabits Europe, Siberia, North America, the Philippines, New-guinea, New-holland, New-cale- donia, and Madeira.—Is lefs than the Raven, meafuring eighteen inches long, and weighing from twenty to twenty-two ounces ; it preys on carrion, and even on {mall animals, and fuch larger ones as are weak and fickly, likewife feeding on fruits, feeds, and grain, from which laft circumftance it is fometimes extremely deftructive in corn fields ; it builds in woods, on the branches of trees, laying five or fix eggs very like thofe of the Raven. The whole plumage is bluifh black, the female being duller in the colour. @. Varied Carrion Crow.—5. 8. C. Corone varius. Is varied with whire in fome parts. Lath. ind. orn. i. 152. n. 4. y. Corvus varius. Brun. orn. bor. 8. n. 28.—Cornix varia. Briff. ay. ii. 15. n. 2. a.—Bunte Kraehe, Schekige Kraehe. Frifch, av. t. 66.—Variegated Crow. Lath. fyn..i. 370... 3. 4. _ Inhabits the Feroe iflands.—The throat, under part of the neck; middle of the belly, primary wing quills, and lower part of the cheeks, are white ; but different individuals are variegated differently. y- White Carrion Crow—5. y. C. Corone albus. Is entirely white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 152. n. 4.9. Cornix alba. Briff. av. ii. 15. n. 2. B—White Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 372. a7 Inhabits Iceland. 4L 2 oe 604. 605 632 3 BIRDS. PIES, - Crow, ie Rook.—6. Corvus Jrugilegus. he Is black, with a fomewhat afh coloured front; the tail being roundifh at tie end. Faun. fuec. n. 87. It. oel. 67. C. frugilegus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 152. n. 5. Kram. el. 333. n. 2. Borowfk. nat. ii, 105. n. 4.— Cornix frugilega. Aldr. orn. i. 751. t. p. 753. Raj. av. 39. a. 3. Briff. av. ii. 16. n. 3.—Freux, Frayonne. Buff. oif. ili. 55. Pl. enl. n. 484.—Schwarze Kraehe. Frifch, av. t. 64.—Roka. Faun. fuec. n. 87.—Rook. Brir. zoo. i. n, 76. -Arét. zool. ii. 250. n. A. Albin. av. ii. t. 22. Will. orn. 123. t. 18. Lath. fyn. i. 372. n. 4. fup. 76. Lewin, brit. b. i. t- 35. Inhabits Europe and Weftern Siberia.—This fpecies, which is about eighteen inches long, and weighs nearly twenty-two ounces, is chiefly diftinguifhed from the Carrion Crow by the following circumftances*; the ends of the tail quills are broad and rounded, inftead of being fharpifh; the bill is longer, ftraighter, more flender, weaker, and not fo intenfely black ; the noftrils and bafe of the bill being naked and whitith, from being frequently thruft into the ground in fearch of food; the ex- tent of the wings is rather more than in the Carrion Crow. The Rook flies abroad in large flocks, principally in the morning and. evening, being more difperfed during the day in queft of food; vaft numbers of them perch at night on trees, in which they build generally in large communities called Rookeries ; they feed principally on worms, the larvae of infects, efpecially thofe of the beetle tribe, and likewife on grain, and other feeds and vegetables, hence they become deftrutive to corn, turnips, potatoes, and other crops, but there is reafon to believe that all the harm they do to farmers is amply repaid by their deftruétion of noxious vermin ;, they are extremely clamorous and noify, efpecially about their habitations ; the eggs refemble thofe of the Raven; the younger birds, called Branchers, before they are thoroughly fledged are very good eating. The black colour of the Rook is mixed: with a purplith fhade, and the tail on part of its upper furface has a dull green tinge. 8. Hooded Crow.—7. Corvus Cornix. 5. Is dark afh coloured; with black head, chin, wings, and tail. C. Cornix. Lath. ind. orn. i. rg3. nm. 7. Scop. an. i. 35..n.. 37-—Cornix cinerea. Briff av. ii. 19. n..4. Gefn..av. 332. Aldr. orn. i. 754. t..p. 755. Raj. av. 39. 4. 4.—Cornix nigra. Ger.. orn. ii. 35. t..146. 147-—Mullachia. Cett..uc. fard. 71. Zinnan. uov. 7o. t. 10. f. 61.—Kraka. Faun. fuec. n..88.—Krage.. Leem..239.—Nebel Kraehe.. Frifch, av. t. 65.—Graue Krau, Krau-- veitl. Kram. el. 333. — Corneille mantelee. Buff. oif. iii. 61. t..4. Pl. enl. n. 754. 755.—Royfton. €row. Alb. av. ii. t..23. Will. orn. angl. 124..t..77. Ruffel. alep. 69.—Hooded Crow. _ Brit. ZooL. i.n. 77. Arct. zool..ii..251. B. Flor. Scor. i. 20. t..2.. Lewin, brit. b..i. t. 36. Lath. fyn. i. 374. n. 5. fup. 77. Inbabits Europe and Afia.—Is. about the fize of the Rook, meafuring twenty-two inches in length: This fpecies breeds in the northern parts. of England and in Scotland, and migrates more to the fouth- wards before winter; in Italy it breeds.in the forefts-near the foot of the Alps and Apennines, and. fpreads over the plains about the month of October; it is gregarious, and feeds almoft on every thing eatable, carrion, fmaller quadrupeds, birds, fhell-fith,, frogs, fails, infects, and their larvae, and very rarely on berries, grain, and feeds ; it is very unjuftly profcribed in Sweden,, as it cleans.the fields of vadt * Thefe are firht attentively noticed by tlie celebrated Mr Pennant in his Ar@ic Zoology.—T- 606 607 608 609 610 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 633 vaft multitudes of the Iarvae of various infects, which do infinite mifchief by lodging under the roots of grafs and other plants. It ufually fits with its face oppofed to the wind; and is very readily caught, during fnow, by means of a paper fnare : The eggs are bluifh green, variegated with a number of blackifh-brown fpots. g. Daurian Crow.—8. Corvus dauricus, 22. Is black, with a bluifh-black crown, the fcrag, throat, and belly, being white. Pall. it. iii. 694. n. 8. €. dauricus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 154. n. 8. Georg. it. 165.—Corneille de Senegal. Buff. oif. iin 67. Pl. enl. n. 327-—Chinefe black Raven. Ofb. voy. i. 377-—White-breafted Crow. Tryer, trav. 21. Kolb. cape, ii. 146. Lath. fyn. i. 376. n. 6. t. 15. Inhabits China, Mongalia, Perfia, near lake Baikal, near the Lena, the ifland of Jvanna (Johanna?) and Senegal.—Is rather more than a foot in length, and refembles the Jackdaw in fize and general appearance : It is gregarious, and lives on infects, and various fruits. ‘The tail and wings have a fhining greenifh glofs ; according to Mr Latham, the nape of the neck is hoary. @. Brown-throated Daurian Crow.—S. @. C. dauricus fufcefcens. Is entirely black, the throat and {crag being brown. Lath. ind. orn. i. 154. n. 8. @.. This variety is frequently found among flocks of the former. 10. Caledonian Crow.—g. Corvus caledonicus. 23. Is afh coloured, the bill, eyelids, tail, and feet, being black. Lath. ind. orn. i. 154. n. gs- New-caledonian Crow. Lath..fyn. i. 377. n. 7- Inhabits New-caledonia.—Is about fifteen inches long, of which the tail meafures five inches; the bill is a little more than an inch in length; the irides are yellowifh. 1, Jamaica Crow.—ro. Corvus jamaicenfis. 24. Is entirely black. C. jamaicenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 154. n. 10.—Cornix jamaicenfis. Briff. av. ii. 22. n. 5.—Cor= neille de Jamaique. Buff..oif. iii. 67.—Chattering Crow. Raj. av. 181.. Sloan, jam. ii. 298. Lath.. fyn. i. 377. n. 8.. Inhabits the mountains of Jamaica.—This fpecies, which meafures eighteen inches long, lives on berries and beetles; it is entirely black, and differs from the European Crow by its voice, which is a perpetual chatter. 02. Jackdaw.—11. Corvus Monedula 6. Is blackifh-brown, with a hoary hind head;. the front, wings, and tail, being black:. Scop. an. 36. n. 38.. €. Monedula. Lath. tags orn. i. 154, n. 11.—Cornix garrula, Klein, AV. 59. Ne. 4. 1d. ftem. 103. ti. 634 BIRDS. y PIES. Crow. t. 11. f. 2. a. b,—Graculus, Monedula. Gefn. av. 20. t. p. 21:—Monedula, Lupus. Aldr. orn. i. 770. t. p. 771. Raj. av. go. a. 5. Briff. av. ii. 24. n. 6. Gunth. neft. t. 11. £. inf.—Choucas. Buff. oif- iii. 69. Pl. enl. n. 523.—Taccola. Cetti, uc. fard. 72.—Mullachia nera. Zinnan, uov. 71. t. 10. f. 62.—Dohle, Grave Dohle. Frifch. av. t. 67. Kram. el. 334.—Jackdaw. Brir. zoot. i.n. 81. Lewin, brit. b. i. t. 37. Arét. zool. ii. 251. c. Alb. av.i.t. 14. Will. orn. 125. t. 19. Lath. fyn. i. 378. n. 9. fup. 78. Inhabits Europe and weftern Siberia—Is thirteen inches in length; the irides are white. 611 @. Collared Jackdaw.—11. 8. C. Monedula torquata. Has a white coilar round the neck. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155. n. 11. 6. Syn. 379. n. 9. A. Monedula torquata. Briff. av. ii. 27. n. 6. 4.—Helvetian Daw. Charlet, ex. 75. n. 7. onom. 68. n. 7. Jonft. av. t. 16. Inhabits. Switzerland. 612 _ y White Jackdaw.—11. y.C Monedula candida. Is entirely white, with a yellowifh bill. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155. n. 11. y. Syn. i. 379. n. 9. 8. Monedula candida. Briff. av. ii. 27. n. 6.8. Schewenkf. av. filef; 305. Rzacz. auct. pol. 396. Inhabits Poland and Silefia. 613 &. Black Jackdaw.—11, 5. C. Monedula nigra. Is bright black, the eyes being furrounded with white dots. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155 n. 11. 2 Syn. i. 379. N. g. C. : . Monedula nigra. Briff. av. ii. 28. n. 7.—Choucas noir. Buff. oif. iii. 69. Pl. enl. n. 522.— Chough. Charlet. ex. et onom. 67. n. 3. Sibb. Scor. ill. ii. 1. 3. p. 15.—Schwarze Dohle. Frifch, av. t. 68. Inhabits Scotland, and other parts of Europe 614 e. Red-billed Jackdaw.—11. ¢. C. Monedula erythrorhynchos. Is full black; with red bill, legs, and feet. Lath. ind. orn. i. 155-n. 11. « Monedula nigerrima. 5S. G. Gimel. it. ii. 365. t. 39. : Inhabits Perfia. 615 ¢. White-winged Jackdaw.—11. €. C, Monedula leucopterus. The wings are white, and the bill is fomewhat bent. 616 n. Hoary-headed Jackdaw.—C. Monedula leucocephalus. Is entirely black, with the hind head hoary. Phil. tranf. lvii. 347. Lath. ind. orn. i. 156. DeLee . Inhabits near the Wolga, where it is plentiful in the woods. 617 618 619 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 635 6. Brownifh Jackdaw.—11. 6. C. ey Is brownifh, with white fhoulders. Befides thefe varieties, Dr Gmelin adds one having the bill formed like a pair of pincers, the two mandibles not meeting in the middle, but as that circumftance feems accidental, it is not enumerated in the foregoing lift. _ Jackdaws are eafily tamed, and may be taught to fpeak; in their natural ftate they are gregarious and loquacious, feeding on infects, grain, and feeds; they breed in fteeples, old caftles, and high rocks, fometimes in hollow trees near rookeries, and fometimes even in rabbit holes; the female lays five or fix eggs, which are paler, fmaller, and lefs {potted than thofe of the Hooded Crow. 13. Jay.—12. Corvus glandarius. 7. The wing coverts are blue, with tranfverfe white and black lines; the body is pale ruf- ty purple dafhed with grey, and the head is crefted. C. glandarius. Scop. an. 136. n. 39. Lath. ind. orn. i? 157. n. 18.—Pica glandaria. Gefn. av. yoo. Aldr. orn. i. 788. t. f 789. Raj. av. 41. a. 2.—Garrulus. Briff. av. ii. 47. n. 1. Nozem. ne- derl. voy. t. 10. Schaef. el. t. 39.—Ghiandaja. Olin. ucc. 35. Cett. uc. fard. 76. Zinnan. uov. 67. t. 10. f. 58.—Geay. Buff. oif. iii, 107. t. 8. Pl. enl. n. 481.—Allonikrika, Kornfkrik. Faun. fuec. n. 90.—Holzfchreyer, Eichenheher, Nufsheher. Frifch, av. t. 55. Kram. el. 335. Gunth. neft. t. 38.—Jay. Brit. zooL.i.n. 79. Arét. zool. ii. 252. £. Albin. av. i. t. 16. Will. orn. 130. t. 19. Hayes, brit. b. t. 7. Lewin, brit. b. t. 38. Lath. fyn. i. 384. n. 19. fup. 79- Inhabits Europe, and Siberia as far as the Uralian mountains.—Is thirteen inches long, and weighs fix or feven ounces; the bill is ftrong, thick, and black, meafuring an inch and a quarter in length, and having a thin black tongue which is cloven at the tip; the chin is white; at each corner of the mouth is a large black fpot; the fore-head is white with black ftreaks; the feathers of the head are very long and can be ereéted into acreft; the firft quill feather of the wing is black, the next nine are afh coloured, their inner webs being dufky, the next fix are black, the lower furfaces of their outer webs being tinged with blue, the next two are black, and the inner- moft is bay tipt with black; the lefler coverts are light bay, the greater coverts are blue barred with white and black, the fcapulars are black; the rump is white; the tail has twelve black quills; the legs and feet are pale brown, with large hooked claws : The neft is built on low bufhes, being form- ed of fine fibres of tree roots; in it the female lays five or fix dull whitifh olive coloured eggs, ob- {curely mottled with pale brown.. The voice is loud and difagreeable ; when inticing the young to follow, it refembles the mewing of a cat. Jays are very docile, and may be taught to fpeak: In fum- mer they are very deftructive to cherries and peafe, and in autumn and winter they feed on acorns ; fome fay they likewife kill and devour {mall birds. P. White Jay.—12. 6. C. glandarius albus, Is entirely white, with reddifh irides. Lath. ind. orn. i. 158. n. 18. 6. Syn. i. 386. n. 19: A> Garrulus albus. Briff. av. ii. 51. n. 1. A. Ger. orn. ii. 44. t. 162, The place of this variety is not mentioned.. 621 622 623 636 BIRDS. PIES, Crow. 14, Carthagena Crow.—33. Corvus argyroplthalnus. 25. Is black, with the breaft blue, and the eyes filvery white ; the tail being white at the tip, and the bill, legs, and feet, black. Jacquin, beyt. der voeg. 1. Inhabits Carthagena in South America.—This fpecies is about the fize of the Jay; it lives in the thickeft parts of the woods, having a clear and not unpleafant whiftling voice; it feeds on infe&ts, fruits, and feeds, and when tamed will eat flefh both raw and boiled. The outer parts of the wings are blue, and the face has.a blue fpot over each eye and another beneath. Mr Latham unites this and the Surinam Crow together as fynonimous, notwithftanding the very great diffimilarity in their defcriptions as given by Dr Gmelin. 15. Doubtful Crow.—14. Corvus dubius. 26. Is rufty brown, the crown and temples being blackifh; the neck and belly are yellow- ifh, and the bill, eyes, legs, and feet, black. Jacquin, beytr. der voeg. 2. Inhabits Carthagena in America.—A white line, rifing from the bafe of the bill, pafles backwards through the orbits to the hind head where it joins a fimilar line from the other fide of the head. 16. Crefted Crow.—15. Corvus criftatus. 8. Is blue; the wing coverts being tran{verfely ftreaked with black, the neck having a white collar, and the head a blue creft. Lath. ind. orn. i. 158. n. 19. Garrulus canadenfis caeruleus. Briff. av. ii. 54. n. 2. t. 4. f. 2.—Pica glandaria caerulea. Klein, av. 61. n. 3. Robert. ic. 1676. t. 14.—Geay bleu de Canada. Buff. oif. iii. 120. Pl. enl. n. 529.— Haubenhaher. Borowfk. nat. ii. 102. t. 9. a—Blue Jay. Arét. zool. ii. 249. n. 138. Catefb. carol, i. t. 15. Edw. glean. t. 239. f. 1. Lath. fyn. i. 386. n. 20. Inhabits North America.—This fpecies refembles the Jay, but is much fmaller, meafuring only eleven inches long ; it is gregarious, and its voice is not harfh ; it feeds on chefnuts, fruits, berries, feeds, and grain, being very deftructive to the fields of Maize, and, when in great neceflity, devours worms and fmall ferpents ; it builds in marfhy places, the female laying five or fix dull olive eggs fpotted with rufty, in May. The head is furmounted by a blue creft; a black ftreak paffes on each fide from the bate of the bill beyond the eyes; the cheeks, chin, and-belly, are white; the breatft is pale reddifh, like port wine and water; the back is pale purple; the wing coverts and fecondary wing quills are rich blue barred with black, the fecondaries and one row of.the covert feathers having white tips; the tail is long and wedge-like, being barred with blue and black, all the quills having white tips except the two middle ones; the legs and feet are black. 17. Steller’ Crow.—16. Corvus Stelleri, 27. Is black, the head being crefled; the under parts of the body, the wings, and long wedge-like tail, are blue. Lath. ind. orn. i. 158. n. 20. Stellers Crow. Ar. zool. ii. 249. n.'139. Lath. fyn. 1. 387. n, 21. Inhabits the north-weft coaft of America.—Is about the fize of the Jay, meafuring fifteen inches long : 624 625 626 627 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 637 long: The bill, neck, and back are black ; the lefler wing coverts are dufky, the reft being rich fplendid blue; the outer webs of the primary wing quills are rich blue, the inner webs being dufky ; the fecondaries are rich blue crofled with diftant narrow black bars ; the rump, belly, and breaft, are dull blue ; the tail is very long, wedge-like, and of a fine glofly blue colour, the middle quills being flightly barred with black. ; 18. Cayenne Crow.—17. Corvus cayanus. 9. Of a fomewhat violet-blue colour, the under parts being white; the front and throat are black, and the tail is tipt with white. C. cayanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 160. n. 24.—Garrulus cayanenfis. Brill. av. ii. 52. n. 2. t. 4. f 1.—Geay de Cayenne, Blanche-coéffee. Buff. oif. iti. 118. Pl. enl. n. 373.—Cayenne Jay. Lath. fyn. 1. 388. n. 22. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is thirteen inches long : The bill, legs, feet, and claws, are grey; the front- tet, cheeks, and nape of the neck, are black, the fore-head feathers being rigid and erected, and the fides of the head being each marked with three white fpots; the tail is rounded and has a violet tinge. 19. White-eared Crow.—Corvus auritus. Is brown afh, and fomewhat crefted; the frontlet and chin are black; the front and each ear are marked with a white fpot; the wing quills are black, with grey edges. Lath. ind. orn. i. 160. n. 25. Petit Geay de la Chine. Sonner. voy. ii. 188. t. 107.—White-eared Jay. Lath. fyn. fup. 83. Inhabits China.—Is eleven inches iong: The bill is black, and fcarcely bent; the irides are reddifle yellow; the crown is bluifh afh, having its feathers longifh; the tail is long, rounded, and fomewhat flouching ; the legs are long and brownifh, the back claw being very {trong and much bent. 20, Purple-headed Crow.—Corvus porphyrocephalus. Is reddifh, the under parts being yellow, the head purplifh, and the wing and tail quills black. Lath. fyn. fup. 83. C. purpurafcens. Lath. ind. orn. i. 161. n. 26.- Inhabits China.—The bill is lead coloured, the legs and feet being carnation ; the tail is long. a1. Macao Crow.—Corvus macaenfis. Is greyifh afh; the back, wing coverts, and ventlet, being red; the forehead, wing quills, and tail, are black; the fecondary wing quills having each two white {pots. C. finenfis. Lath. ind. orn. i. 161. n. 27.—Pie de Macao, Sonner. voy. ii. 187.—Macao Crow. Lath. fyn. fup. 84. Inhabits the ifland of Macao in China.—Is about a third fmaller than the Magpie: The irides are yellowith. VoL. E 4M 2E~ 630 631 638 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 22. Rufous Crow.—Corvus rufus. Is red, the under parts being reddifh white; the head and neck are brown. Lath. ind. orn. i. 161. n. 28. Syn. fup. 84. Pie rouffe de la Chine. Sonner. voy. ii. 186. t. 106. Inhabits China.—Is about the fize of a Blackbird : The bill, legs, and feet, are black; the greater wing coverts and the fecondary wing quills are grey; the primary wing quills and the two middle tail quills are black ; the lateral tail quills are half brown half grey, with white tips. 23. Nutcracker.—18. Corvus Caryocatactes. 10. Is rufty brown, with fmall triangular white fpots, the wings and tail being black; the tail quills have white tips, thofe of the middle quills being worn. Scop. an. i. 37. n. 4o- C. Caryocatactes. Lath. ind. orn. i. 164. n. 39. Sepp. vog. t. 3. Ger. orn. ii. 44. t. 163.—C. cinereus. Faun. fuec. n. 75.—Caryocatactes. Gefn. av. 245. Will. orn. 90. t. 20. Raj. av. 42. Nozem. ned. vog. t. 3.—Merula faxatilis. Aldr. orn. ii. 630.—Nucifraga. Briff. av. ii. 59. n. 1. t. 1. f. 1.—Cafle-noix. Buff. oif. iii. 122. t. 9. Pl. enl. n. §0.—Waldftarl, Steinhcher. Kram. el. 334.—Tannenheher. Frifch, av. t. 56.—Nufkraehe. Schranck. nat. xviii. 67—Nufs-haeher. Gunth. ne({t. t. 38.—Allontkrika, Kornfkrika. Faun. fuec. n. go.—Nutcracker. Brit. zoou. 1. app. 625. t. 3. Arct. zool, ii. 252. p. Lewin, brit. b. t. 40. Edw. av. t. 240. Lath. fyn.i. 400. n. 38. fup. 82. Inhabits Europe, Ruffia, Siberia, and as far as Kamtfchatka.—This f{pecies, which is very rarely found in Britain, chiefly inhabits pine forefts; it feeds on infects, berries, feeds, nuts, acorns, and par- ticularly the kernels of the pine cones ; it builds in the hollows of trees, and refembles the Magpie in its manners, being thirteen inches long. ‘The crown of the head and the tail coverts are rufty brown, like the body, but without any white fpots; the ventlet is white; the feathers ufually found on the noftrils of the {pecies of this genus are frequently wanting in this fpecies; the tongue is double pointed. 24. Philippine Crow.—19. Corvus Balicaffius. Ir. Is greenifh black, with a forked tail. Lath. ind. orn. i. 156. n. 13. C. nigro-viridens. Briff. av. fi. 31. n. g. t. 2. f. 1.—Monedula philippenfis. Ger. orn. ii. 40. t. 154.—Chouicas des philippines. Buff. oif. iii. 83.—Balicafle des philippines. Pl. enl. n. 603.—Phi- lippine Crow. Lath, fyn. i. 381. inhabits the Philippine iflands, India, and at the Cape of Good Hope.—Is about the fize of the Thrufh, and the tail. is near four inches long; it finos exceedingly well: The bill, legs, feet, and claws, are black. A variety of this fpecies is fometimes found having the breaft clouded with white, and the belly grey. 25. New-guinea Crow.—20. Corvus novae-guineae. 28. Is dufky afh, the frontiet, forehead, and tail, being black; the hinder part of the back, the rump, belly, ventlet, and thighs, are white, tranfverfely ftreaked with black. C. novae-guineae. Lath. ind. orn. i. 156. n. 14.—Choucas de la nouvelle Guinée. Buff. oif. iii. Bi Zo. FI. enl. n. 629.—New-guinea Crow. Lath, fyn. i. 381. n. 13. Inhabits 633 634 635 636 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 639 Inhabits New-guinea.—Is about the fize of the Jackdaw, meafuring twelve inches in length; the bill is blackifh ; the fides of the head have each a black ftroke or bar acrofs the orbits, and another behind the eyes ; the wings are blackifh, the feathers being edged with white ; the legs and feet are fhort and dufky. . Blue-headed New-guinea Crow.—C. novae-guineae caerulefcens. Is afh coloured, the head and neck being bluifh; the breaft and belly are pale rufty. Lath. ind. orn. i. 156. n. 14. 6. Syn. fup. 78. Inhabits with the former.—Is rather larger, meafuring thirteen inches in length: The bill is black; the frontlet is black ; the face on each fide has a black bar acrofs the orbits 5 the irides are reddifh ; the legs and feet are reddifh brown, and extremely wrinkly. 26. Papuan Crow.—21. Corvus papuenfis. 29. Is grey afh, with a white belly, the wing quills being blackifh brown, Lath. ind. orn. i. iis hay Tie Choucari de la nouvelle Guinee. Buff. oif- iii. 81. Pl. enl.n. 630.—Papuan Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 381. n. 14. Inhabits New-guinea.—Is eleven inches long: The bill is pale yellow, and near an inch long, its upper mandible being angular on the back ; an oval black fpot on each fide furrounds the eyes ; the legs and feet are fmall and afh coloured, with fhort claws. 27. Bare-necked Crow.—22. Corvus nudus. 30. Is black, the feathers on the head being downy; the hind head and part of the neck being generally bare. Gracula nuda. Lath. ind. orn. i. 190. n. 4.—Colnud de Cayenne. Buff. oif. iii. 82. Pl. enl. n. 6og.—Bare-necked Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 382. n. 15. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is about the fize of a Jackdaw : The bill is yellowifh, tipt with black, its bafe being broad and dirty blue, with pervious noftrils; fome of the outer wing quills are flightly greyith.; the legs and feet are yellow ; the tail is equal at the end. 28. Bald Crow. —23. Corvus calvus, 31. Is rufty brown, the front and crown being bald. Lath. ind. orn. i. 153. n. 6. Choucas chauve. Buff. oif. iii. 80. Pl. enl. n. 521.—Bald Crow. Lath. fyn. i: 386. n. 16. _ Inhabits Cayenne.—Is thirteen inches long: The bill is dirty black, and fomewhat bent; the co- lour of the under parts of the body and of the tail coverts is rather paler than on the upper parts ; the legs. and feet are dufky. 29. Pacific Crow.—24. Corvus pacificus. 32. Is afh coloured, the under parts being bay or reddifh; the hind head, fcrag, wings, and tail, are black, the two laft being tipt with white. 4M 2 c. 637 639 640 640 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. C. pacificus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 157. n. 16.—Pacific Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 383. n. 17. Inhabits the iflands in the Pacific ocean.—Is ten inches and a half long; the bill, legs, feet, and claws, are black; the front and chin are paler than the reft of the body; the two middle tail quills are entirely black. 30. Tropic Crow.—25. Corvus tropicus. 33. Is fhining black, with a rounded tail, the ventlet and fides of the belly being fpotted with white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 157. n. 17. Tropic Raven. Cook’s laft voy. iii. 119 ?—Tropic Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 384. n. 18. Tnhabits Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich iflands.—Is twelve inches and a half long; the bill is broad at the bafe, and meafures an inch and a half in length ; the black of the upper parts of the body is very {plendid, on the wings and tail it has a greenifh caft, and the lower parts of the body are dull black; the legs, feet, and claws, are black. 3t. Red-billed Crow.—26. Corvus erythror bynchos. 2A. Is brown, with a violet tinge above, and whitifh underneath; the front, under part of the throat and brealt, being black; the tail is wedge-like, having a violet tinge at the bafe, its middle black, and tip white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 161. n. 29. Geay a bec rouge. Buff. oif: tii. 115. Pl. enl. 622.—Red-billed Jay. Lath. fyn. i. 290. n. 24. Inhabits China.—Is about the fize of the Jay: The front, throat, and breaft are extremely black ; the hind head and ferag are light grey; the primary wing quills refemble the tail quills, being tinged with violet at the roots, black in the middle, and tipt with white; the bill, legs, and feet, are red ; the claws are long, hooked, and whitifh, with black tips. 32. Chinefe Crow.—27. Corvus finenfis, 35. Is reddifh above, with a brewn crown, and white eyebrows; the tail is brown and 2 9 y > wedge-like, with a narrow tran{verfe black band near the tip, and having a roundifh dirty white fpot near the tip of each quill. Chinefe Jay. Lath. fyn. i. 390. n. 25. Inhabits China.—Refembles the Jay both in fize and general manners: The bill is lead coloured, as are the less and feet ; the face has a black line croffing the orbits ; the temples are each marked with a {pet of mixed white and bluifh furrounded by a black circle; the chin is white; the fecondary wins quills are brown. Sst 33. Siberian Crow.—28. Corvus fibiricus. 36. Is afh coloured above and rufty orange underneath, the wing quills and two middle tail quills being afh coloured, and the reft of the tail quills orange. Lath. ind. orn. i. 159. 0. 22. B. : Geay de fiberie. Buff. oif. #1. 118. Pl. en}. n. 608.—Siberian Jay. Lath. fyn. i. 391. n. 26. Inhabits 642 643 644 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 641 Inhabits Siberia.—Is ten inches long: The bill is dufky; the front, chin, and throat, are pale afh; the crown is brownifh black, and is fomewhat crefted ; the rump is rufty orange coloured; the legs and feet are afh coloured. Mr Latham confiders this fpecies as a variety of the Rock Shrike, N°. 324. which he places among the Crows, in his Index Ornithologicus. 34. Peruvian Crow.—29. Corvus peruvianus. 37. Ts pale green above and pale yellow underneath; having a white crown, a black nar- row band down the chin and throat ; and the three outer tail quills on each fide be- ing yellow. C. peruvianus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 161. n. 30.—Geay de Perou. Buff. oif iii. 116. n. 2. PI. enl. n. 625.—Peruvian Jay. Lath. fyn. i. 391. n. 27. Inhabits Peru.—Is eleven inches and a half long: The bill, legs, and feet, are blackifh; the bafe of the bill is furrounded by a blue line ; the whole under part of the throat is filky and perfectly black ; -the tail is very long and wedge-like. (0) 35. Yetlow-bellied Crow.—30. Corvus flavus. 38. Is greenifh brown above and yellow underneath ; the chin and eyebrows being white, and the wings and tail reddith brown. C. flavigafter. Lath. ind. orn. i. 162. n. 31.—Garlu, Geay 4 ventre jaune. Buff. oif. ii. 11g. Pl. enl. n. 249.—Yellow-bellied Jay. Lath. fyn. i. 392. n. 28. Inhabits Cayenne.—Is nine inches long: The bill is black ; the crown of the head is marked with a longitudinal golden yellow fireak ; the legs and feet are fhort, flender, and leaden coloured, or blackifh. / 36. Blue Crow.—32. Corvus cyaneus. 39. Is afh coloured, with a fhining black crown, the wings and tail being blue; the tail quills are very long, and tipt with white. Pall. it. iii. 694. n. 7. C. cyanus. Lath. ind. orn. i. 159. n. 21.—Blue Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 394. n. 30. Inhabits Dauria, in the eaft of Ruffia.—This fpecies is about the fize of the Rock Shrike, N°. 324. and refembles the Magpie in manners and general appearance ; it is clamorous, fly, and cunning ; it builds in fhrubs and willows ; it migrates in flocks into Dauria in April, but we are not told whence it comes: The under parts of the body are rather paler than the upper; the blacknefs of the crown reaches to the nape of the neck; the tail is wedge-like and very long, the middle quills being tipt with white. > 37. Magpie.—33. Corvus Pica, 13. Has a long wedge-like tail, and is varied with black and white. Scop. an. i. 38: n. ar. C. Pica. Lath. ind. orn. i. 162..n. 32. Ger. orn. ii. 4o. t. 155. Borowfk. nat. ii. 109. n. Io. Schaef. el. t. 56.—Pica. Nozem. neder. vos. t. 2.—Pica varia, Pica caudata. Gefn. av. 695. Aldr. orn. i. 784. t. p. 785. Johnit. av. 44. t..17. Briff. av. ii. 35. n. 1.—Pica rufticorum. Klein, av. 60. n. 647 648 642 ! BIRDS, PIES, Crow. w. 1. Id. ftem. ro. t. 12. f. 1. a. b. c. Id. ov. 22. t. 8. f. 3.—-Pie. Buff. olf. iii. 85.t. 7. Pl. enl. n. - 488.—Magpie, Pianet, or Payet. Brit. zoor. i. 225. n. 78. De. ill. 77. t. p. f. 2. Arét. zool. ii. 247.n. 136. Hayes, brit. b. t. 8. Lewin, brit. b. t. 39. Albin, av. i.t. 15. Raj. av. 41.t. 1. Will. orn. angl. 127. t. 19.—Skata, Skiura, Skara. Faun. fuec. n. 92.—Aelfter. Frifch, av. t. 58. Gunth. neft. t. 53.—Gazza, Putta. Zinnan. uov. 66. Inhabits Europe, North America, Northern Afia, Japan, and Madeira.—This common but very beautiful bird is about eighteen inches long, twenty-four in extent of wings, and weighs about nine ounces ; it is crafty, reftlefs, noify, quarrelfome, and fhy, but may be tamed, and learns to imitate the human voice; it frequents towers, villages, and fields; Dr Gmelin fays that it diflikes the woods, but in this he has certainly been mifinformed, as it is very common in the woods of Britain, and builds in trees, covering the neft very artificially with thorns, leaving a narrow entrance ; it feeds al- moft on any kind of vegetable or animal fubftance, is very deftrutive to gardens and orchards, and. even deftroys chickens : The black colour of the body and tail is moft beautifully gloffed with green. and purple: The eggs are brownifh-green, thickly interfperfed with black or dufky fpots. 6. Sooty Magpie.—C. Pica fuliginofa. Is varied with footy-black and white, having red eyes. Moff. carlf. iii. t. 53. Lath. ind. orn. i. 163. n. 32. 2 ’ This variety was found, in 1781, in the parifh of Padasjoki, in the province of Tavaftland in Swe- den: The bill, legs, and feet, are black. y- Streaked Magpie.—C. Pica firiata. Is tongitudinally ftreaked on the body with black and white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 163. n. 32- x This variety is preferved in the Leverian Mufeum.. & White Magpie.—33. 6. C. Pica candida. Is entirely white. Lath. ind. orn. i. 162. n. 32. &. Pica candida. Briff. av. ii, 39. n. 1. 4. t. 3. f. 1. We are not informed where this variety was found, but it is probable that both it and the two for- mer are merely accidental.—T. 38. Senegal Crow.— 34. Corvus fenegalenfis. 14. Is black with a violet glofs, having brown wing and tail quills edged with black, and a wedge-like tail. Lath. ind. orn. i. 163. n. 33. C. afer. Syft. nat. ed. Gm. i. 273. n. 12.—Pica fenegalenfis. Briff. av. ii. 40. n. 2. t. 3..f. 2.— Pie du Senegal. Buff. oif. iii. 97. Pl. enl. n. 538.—Senegal Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 394. n. 31. Inhabits Africa, near the river Senegal.—Is about the fize of the Magpie, meafuring fourteen inches. - long : The under parts of the body are dirty black; the bill, legs, and feet, are black; the black edges 649 650 651 652 BIRDS. PIES. Crow. 643 edges of the wing and tail quills have the fame purple glofs that enlivens the plumage of the head, neck, and back. 39. Caribean Crow. —35. Corvus caribaeus. 40. Is rufty above and white underneath, the neck being blue with a white collar. Lath. ind. orn. i. 163. n. 35. Pica antillarum. Raj. av. 152.—Pica perfica aldrovandi? Raj. av. 42. n. 6. Will. orn. go. n. 1.—Galgulus antillarum. Brifl’ av. ii. 80. n. 6.—Pie des Antilles. Buff. oif. iii. 101.—Perfian Pie. Will. orn. ang]. 132. n. 6. § 2.—Caribbean Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 395. n. 32. Inhabits the Weft India iflands.—Is about the fize of the Magpie : The bill, legs, and feet are red; the head is blue, having a longitudinal white band beginning at the front along the top of the head and neck to the bottom of the ferag; this in ma/es is tran{verfely ftreaked with black; the rump and upper tail coverts are yellow ; the tail is wedge-like, of a blue colour, and ftreaked with white ; the wing quills are greenifh blue; the leffer coverts are chefnut, the middle coverts green, and the greater coverts blue, with whitith fhafts and edges : In the female the white line on the head has no black ftreaks, and the greater wing coverts ere green, with white {hafts and edges. 4o. African Crow.—36. Corvus africanus, 41. Is brown above and fomewhat afh coloured underneath, the head and neck being purple, and the tail wedge-like, with a white tip. Lath. ind. orn. i. 163. n. 34. Syn. i. 396. n. 33. Inhabits Africa.—Is twenty-two inches in length: The bill, legs, and feet, are red; the head is fomewhat crefted ; the feathers on the hind head have grey tips; the outer edges of the wing quills are bluifh. 41, Mexican Crow.—37. Corvus mexicanus. 42. Is entirely bluifh black. Lath. ind. orn. i. 164. n. 36. Syn. i. 396. n. 34. Pica mexicana major. Briff. av. ii. 43. n. 4.—Hoitzanatl. Raj. av. 162.—Hocifana. Buff. oif, iti. 103.—Criard. Pernett. voy. i. 185. Inhabits Mexico and New-fpain.—This fpecies, which is about the fize of a Jackdaw, lives near the towns, and is very reftlefs and perpetually chattering ; the bill, legs, feet, and claws, are black. 42. Surinam Crow.—38. Corvus Jurinamenfis. 43. Is fhining green, with a blue hind head, having a pale green fpot on the {crag and two . others on each fide of the head, one above and the other below the orbit. C. argyrophthalmus.. Lath. ind. orn. 1. 164. n. 38.—Surinam Daw. Brown, illuftr. t. 10.—Su- rinam Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 397. n. 35. fyn. Sr. 2 Inhabits Surinam.—Is ‘as large as the Carrion Crow: The green colour of the body is deep, fhining, and changeable ; the primary wing quills are dufky, with blue tips; the tail is dufky; the bill is blackifh or dufky ; the legs and feet are carnation red. Mr Latham conjoins this with the Carthagena Crow, N°. 619. which feems to differ very effentially ; he adds that it is eafily tamed, and has a monotonous voice. 644 BIRDS. PIES. Crow, 653 43. Zanoe Crow.—39. Corvus Zanoe. 44. Ts blackifh, the head and neck being brownifh, and the tail very long. Lath. ind, orn. i. 164. N. 37. Pica mexicana minor. Briff. av. ii. 44. n. §.—Uzanahoei. Raj. av. 162.—Zanoe. Buff. oif. iii. 106.—Leffer mexican Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 397. n. 36. Inhabits New-fpain.—This fpecies refembles the Magpie in fize, manners, cunning, chattering, and docility : The bill, legs, and feet, are black. 654 44. Short-tailed Crow.—4o. Corvus brachyurus. 15, Is green above and tawny underneath, the head being marked with alternate brownifh - orange and white bars; the tail is extremely fhort. Lath. ind. orn. i. 166. n. 43. Merula viridis moluccenfis. Briff. av. ii. 316. n. 56. t. 32. f. 1.—Pica indica vulgaris. Raj. av. 195. t. 1. f. 10.—Breve de Bengale. Buff. oif. iii. 414.—Merle de Bengale, PI. enl. n. 258.— Short-tailed Crow. Lath. fyn. i. 398. n. 37. : Inhabits the iflands of the Indian ocean.—Is only fix or feven inches long: The bill is greyifh brown; the head is black with alternate ftreaks of white and tawny or brownifh-orange, the corners of the mouth being orange coloured, and the irides whitifh; the chin, wing quills, and tail are black, the latter being tipt with green ; the legs and feet are orange, with dirty red claws. O55. @. Philippine Short-tailed Crow.—qo. 8. C. brachyurus philippen/is. Is green, the head and neck being black, the rump and wing coverts bluifh green, and the tail black, with rofe coloured under coverts. Lath. ind. orn. i. 166. n. 43. 4. Merula viridis atricapilla. Brifl. av. ii. 319. n. 57.t. 32. f.2.—Breve des Philippines. Buf. oif. iii. 413. n. 1.—Merle des Philippines. Pl. enl. n. 89. Tnhabits with the former- 656 y. Bengal Short-tailed Crow.—4o. y. C. brachyurus bengalen/is. Is green above and yellowifh underneath; the head and neck being black, ftreaked with white and orange, and the wing and tail quills black. Lath. ind. orn. i. 167. n. 43. 7- Coturnix capenfis. Klein, av. 115. n. 2.—Breve. Buff. oif. ili. 413. n. 2.—Madras Jay. Raj.. fyn. 195. n. 12. t. 1. f. 10.—Bengal Quail. Alb. av. i. t. 31.—Short-tailed Pie. Edw. glean. t. 324. Lath. fyn. i. 399. n. 37- B. Inhabits India——The wing quills, in this variety, are white at the bafe and yellow at the tips, and the tail quills have green tips. 657 3. 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