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Pom fens Men: pel ho Pe ee Coys Pe Bipy Beas bb iat & Ce Se hae Pe Me Re ea ee ete Mate gall Hed DP pee eat Heir dhe de watdsg Lynn al | » parensracst pop b dale ry Per river aie wer Pe ee re ee howpaaal bey Be het babes Oem ee eho s i Aye te Hey ke ad be rote D vow WW ange "oo ee Bees ee ee ee et ee S4 detean ' Soden ep Moen bas Pome " Ne Oe ee boven - eee, Wye ny Meera er) ‘ily eh inet Wipe 2 heth add Pe de ' Vetted Hoa veh ae he vf Aybertett he “heb SH VoD Poh tea etieayiestrsy media Gade bide by tet a a id wr Hae ede 7 Heed eee te) et ary ry ae hee corte eka hic ; eee) hires iyi 'scal el itn! Ne HWE tery ey dst day oh poe po ee cart pie Vere e P bebe Me he te kop i ’ Pda Dab Mh ote tbob las ' eee in Pe Ee ‘ a) eo pe met ded eee ey bay pedals TER See © ean Ey 20th oe io 44 ; “nets deb yet Puy hein? A ae Daiwige hah Wisataegas De peeatry. that ite hier Panes Vv dad ge dene, ahead aseiagyabed mae os hae ones e's ae ee < Ha tancdees capers eat é wer Di set iboats 4 nee Logan, ooiheds HEM oo bei eet tev as wali vue . fade , i weeny HAD “> * : e Otis peer’ $ pene pata cal ‘ ee eC C etic r oan vitae . ' abo ye ct saeeietibe 7 ae ip oF PUN USG Mae aed qi pared Seow yn deity ih A eth be ye bork octbeai dey yee 4 Hada ald iS betes ha six. diapers vss 0 ov sede oe. gen 196 Class. lavelinta: tn coe. Ee ee 197 Order: Monadida, -.\.i8s. iiss 6.8 cae ge CIABS SS POEMZLOA 5: wuts Sead Pas hese ate whales aha eae avsncg Ce Order GOCCidyay \.. 2). sles As sti oes. sae ae 203 Order“ SareOsporvder, cos wiles? A Sjobe ode st we. be 208 Ordersilemasporida “(s;.': ose45t5.2 64g. eee 211 Class Amie: sos x aise OY a le teen ioe Sod 00 [ge ae 216 CHAPTER IV. TO. PRESERVE INSECT PARASITES .3..2. 2.2 ageoen 220 To AMount: Metozoa: csc fue sie cin ovo 0/0" 0 0 ee ce 220 To ‘Preserve=THntoz0a . os 4.5.28 s.0 ei ow aie wig Pe 220 To. Stam and Mount, Entozoa .....+..% .<./ee eee 221 Preservation of Museum Specimens...............-- 222 To Prepare Specimens to be Sent to the Laboratory 223 Technique of Staining the Protozoa in Blood Cells. 223 To Stain the Trypandsoma. .2..+4:.-s+. 1. 2 yee To Stain Coeccidia Sarcosporida or Amoeba Melea- ergs an THSsues. S.2).s eis a hele es wk ee 224 Chemistry of Animal Parasites.............\5.0.eee 226 A List of the Illustrations. Fig. Page ete RUC aTUL YEP TIVIER © Ghd) a Bie Uae: 0.70 nls ajo, ark) se 3o4sn 8/65 fotet om 2 a -Meclophasus -Ovinus, AGUIt ees. occ eiie es eign es 26 = Melpphasis -Ovinns, Pupa’..}.s'.. sass et cckens so 26 er aseropiibid. LoQua. gr VAS 6c ala» esis owl tins wine ss eieje 27 Be PEL Se LO) Vays LEV) Iv whois eye oh eine ie, o 4h nti oS Sapte we 28 &-iypoderma Lineata, Larva, . os 260 neces 04s Sus we 30 Seti Papinus “QUIS | lesa Da Gisik «x Wane a be -lediaes sages 37 ee TICMOUMECHOS SGALATIO 0290. 3c 3.9 dN Bisene es bers dhiareb. dio 5,ars 39 fe tartcnovesies:.scalaris, OVUM fsa. 5 D6 ee ee 2 ole 40 ite VeCHOMON, ESISEFLSEUNT 5 asin s-60 om ave wae beh ns Re eee 4] Lo 28 A CTTOYOS RNS 80) 6 2) si oi epg a ne 43 oe eammgges Sty liter, OVUM i. 2 o's scien ot ee vis ss eds woe 43 ioe vere Se EUS CA GUS | oys:. 5s 0 Sok: = @ of ote woeyeils 0 ik Do afore pmo 43 Pe emocoLes. ELOlOgaASteP) f.ie-..sc 6 ewes ogee Reese 45 fe AC TREES, PAAR GY ona 5-- adnan ct 6a qere ss Sinai GI pmlc dink e SPace Bs 45 16—Sarcoptes Mutans Variety Gallinae .............. 45 17—Sealey Legs, Photograph reduced one-half........ 55 18—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Ovis, Male ......... 57 19—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Bovis, Females ..... 58 20—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Ovis, Head ........ 59 21—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Bovis, Head ........ 59 22—Demodex Folliculorum, Variety Canis, Stages of RoR TAIMNENG, (6.% Sotto racd Rises ne acs og a kis see eke 66 23—Demodex Folliculorum, Variety Canis, Adult Males 66 24—-Red Mange. Photograph of two pups.............. 68 ae ae NMS AR VAE Fi. ck oars ah co oe were mies 69 So wrmimoderos Meanini, Uarva. 0... 2.6 es sala ees 70 So Marcarcapus Annulatus,.« larva’... 6. ace eee oe ele ¢ 70 pa -Dermacentor HWlectus, Larva - 0.0... ewes cee eee stele 70 2 Amblyomma Americanum, Larva ............+s555-: 76 4 le S STILL D a2 Pas (CL 1): i Ai ae a ee 90 pa SET OMbEL a MCS ASTOMIA : 6 sie eas ses aie eecalo emiece a wa ese 91 see piropterd,. MMiGFOSTOMIA «nce. 'e ess fee ad nls Woes eb ds 91 See MR MG l DIOS ve sf Rel dicis gic.3 v. 'ie acl oe» bes weal tastes 95 farang NMepaloceplidla (..skene an pp saws sw cege 98 Vill A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS, BSA Sarin. Ovi... os 2 eis Giene aiid tae ed woe eels We eee 99 DU —-ASCALIS) SUIS) ili hie spc cies we © oe eh oe oes oe ee ee 101 Si—aApenris Margmata, (cae eia un cle. oasis 2 2) 102 BOS ASCATIS: LNHOKR (i kiitos, con wie vee pia © 10.0 ee 104 39—Heterakis Papillosa, Cephalic Extremity .......... 104 39a—Heterakis Papillosa, Male and Female .......... 104 40—Oxyuris Curvula, Pemale’ ’.7.'.'..75 . 2.0.6... 4 326 eee 106 41—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Caudal Extremity of the Fe- NURAEG ate: 80k aimee ln: 6 o ore aye Suge maha win @ ae ieee ee 111 42-—-Strongylus Arnfieldi, Caudal Extremity of Male... 122 43—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Ova in Process of Segmenta- TOM Ge See kc G ale lao tele weed 8 oe ae ee 113 44—-Strongylus Arnfieldi, Male and Female ........... 113 45—Strongylus Avyvuficidi; Head Part .....2.....: 2a A 46—Strongylus Contortus (Haemonchus Contortus) Male ANd MeMmagle is ols sels eee ke ok oe Oe 117 47—Stephanurus Dentatus, Male and Female.......... 136 48—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Male and Female...... 139 49—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Cephalic Extremity...... 140 50—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Caudal Extremity of Male 140 51—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Caudal Extremity of Fe- MILAN ore ia tea phe Ait var taties Scaveceners ieueckl Son ate ia aon eee 141 52—Oesophagostoma Columbianum, Male and Female.. 142 Sd— NOMULAL IDISCASE® ci0ie ie os, ane ee sselw cet elee o 143 54—Oesophagostoma Dentatum, Male and Female...... 145 oo—Uncinaria Radiata, Male and Female. ......:.:e- 145 »6—Uneinaria Canina, Male-and..Memale........ eee 148 57—Unceinaria Canina, Caudal Extremity of Male...... 148 58—Uncinaria Canina, Cephalic Extremity ........... 149 58a—Uncinaria Canina, Section of Body of Female.... 149 58b—-Uncinaria Canina, Caudal Extremity of Female.... 149 59—Trichocephalus Depressiusculus, Male and Female.. 151 60—Trichocephalus Affinis, Male and Female.......... 153 6J—Kehmorhynehus“Gigas, Memale -. ....>... 1 157 62—Echinorhynchus Gigas, Cephalic Extremity........ 158 65-—Distoma, Hepaticwm .°6 ei. .s noe ss ee 162 64—Distoma, :Ameri¢anus’.........2..-...0.70.. eee 166 o5—Cysticercus Cellulosad * ii). 3 oe0 a ae 2 174 66—Taenia Expansa of Ox #022 0s..e0 al Fig. ce ce ce Fig. c¢ ce ce Ce ce ¢¢ c¢ m4 6¢ ce c¢ 6 ce c¢ PLATE 8a. 1—Spiroptera Microstoma, cephalic extrem- ity. 2—Spiroptera Microstoma, caudal extrem- ity of male. . 3—Spiroptera Megastoma, cephalic ex- tremity. 4-—Filaria Cervina, female. PLATE 8b. 5—Filaria Papillosa, cephalic extremity. 6—Filaria Papillosa, caudal extremity of male. 7—Heterakis Papillosa. 8—Filaria Immitis, male. PLATE 9. 1—Sclerostomum equinum, cephalic ex- tremity, female. 2—Selerostomum equinum, female natural size. 3—Sclerostomum equinum, male, natural size. 4—Sclerostomum equinum, cephalic ex- tremity, male. 5—Selerostomum equinum, caudal pouch, male. 6—Sclerostomum endentatum, front view, head, female. 7—Selerostomum edentatum, female, nat- ural size. 8—Sclerostomum edentatum, male, natural size. 9—Sclerostomum edentatum, front view, mouth. 10—Selerostomum edentatum, caudal pouch, male. 11—Gyalocephalus capitatus, cephalic ex- tremity, female. 12—Gyalocephalus capitatus, female, nat- ural size. 13—Gyalocephalus capitatus, male, natur- al size. xil Inserted between pages 92 and 93 Inserted between pages 120 and 121 a6 ce ce ce ce m4 cé cé oe PLATE 10. 14—Sclerostomum vulgare, cephalic ex- extremity, female. 15—Sclerostomum vulgare, female, natural size, 16—Sclerostomum vulgare, male natural size, 17—Sclerostomum vulgare, caudal pouch male. 18—Sclerostomum vulgare, cephalic ex- tremity, male. 19—Seclerostomum vulgare, cephalic ex- tremity, female. 20—Sclerostomum vulgare, cephalic ex- tremity, female. 21—Triodontophorus Serratus, from throm- bus. 22—Triodontophorus Serratus, cephalie ex- tremity, female. 23—Triodontophorus Serratus, male, nat- ural size. 24—Triodontophorus Serratus, female, nat- ural size. 24a—Triodontophorus Minor, cephalic ex- tremity, female. 25—Triodontophorus Minor, male, natural size. 26—Triodontophorus Minor, female, nat- ural size. 27—Cylichnostomum Labiatum, cephalic extremity, female. 28—Cylichnostomum Labiatum, male, nat- ural size. 29—Cylichnostomum Labiatum, female, natural size. 30—Cylichnostomum Labiatum, caudal ex- tremity, male. Xili Inserted between pages 120 and 121 ce oe cé 45 oe ce a4 6é cé PLATE 11. 31—Cylichnostomum Tetracanthum, cepha- lic extremity, male. 32—Cylichnostomum Tetracanthum, male, natural size. 33—Cylichnostomum ‘Tetracanthum, = fe- male, natural size. 34Cylichnostomum Nassatum, cephalic extremity, female. 35—Cylichnostomum Nassatum, male, nat- ural size. 36—Cylichnostomum Nassatum, female, natural size. _37—Cylichnostomum Bicoronatum, caudal extremity, female. 38—Cylichnostomum Bicoronatum, male, natural size. 39—Cylichnostomum Bicoronatum, female, natural size. 40—Cylichnostomum Radiatum, cephalie extremity, female. 41—Cylichnostomum Radiatum, female, natural size. 42—Cylichnostomum Radiatum, female, natural size. 43—Cylichnostomum Bicoronatum, cephalic extremity, female. 44—Cylichnostomum Bicoronatum, mouth, female. 45—Cylichnostomum Labratum, cephalie extremity, female. 46—Cylichnostomum Labratum, male, nat- ural size. 47—Cylichnostomum lLabratum, female, natural size. PLATE 12. 48—Cylichnostomum Alveatum, cephalic ex- tremity, female. 49—Cylichnostomum Alveatum, male, nat- ural size. Xiv Inserted between pages 128 and 129 oe 6¢ ce ce ce cé cé 6c ce ¢¢ 50—Cylichnostomum Alveatum, female, natural size. 51—Cylichnostomum Poculatum, cephalic extremity, female. 52—Cylichnostomum Poculatum, male, nat- ural size. 53—Cylichnostomum Poculatum, female, natural size. 54—Cylichnostomum Catinatum, cephalic extremity, female. 55—Cylichnostomum Catinatum, male, nat- ural size. 56—Cylichnostomum Catinatum, female, natural size. 57—Cylichnostomum Elongatum, cephalic extremity, female. 58—Cylichnostomum Elongatum, male, nat- ural size. 59—Cylichnostomum Elongatum, female, natural size. 60—Cylichnostomum Calicatum, cephalic extremity, female. 61—Cylichnostomum Calicatum, male, nat- ural size. 62—Cylichnostomum Calicatum, female, natural size. So PLATE: 13, 1—Heifer infested with flukes and lung worms, 2—Oesophagostoma Columbianum, cephalic extremity. 3—Oesophagostoma Columbianum, caudal extremity male. 4—Oesophagostoma Columbianum, caudal extremity female. xV Inserted between pages 128 and 129 Inserted between pages 141 and 142 eé cé 6é ‘3 PLATE 14. 1—Stephanurus Dentatus, cephalic extrem- ity. 2—Syngamus Trachealis, male and female. 3—Trichocephalus Crenatus, 1-female, 2- male. 4—Echinorhynehus Canis. 5 1 = D Inserted 5—Echinorhynchus Canis, cephalic eX- | petween pages tremity. 155 and 156 6—Echinorhynchus Canis, section through uterus. 7—Trichina Spiralis, encysted larva. 8—Paragonimus Westermanii. PLATE 15. 1—Taenia Marginata, cephalic extremity. : = ai I pa Oe ty Inserted 2—Cysticercus Tenuicollis. between pages 186 and 187 3—Taenia Fimbriata, cephalic extremity. 4—Cysticercus Echinococcus, cyst. 5—Cysticercus Echinococcus larvae. XV1 PARASITOLOGY. PVPRODUCTORY, The study of parasites is called PARASITOLOGY. The study of worms is called HELMINTHOLOGY. The condition of an animal infested with parasites is called PARASITISM. Organisms that live upon different hosts are called FACULTATIVE PARASITES. Organisms that pass their entire life upon a single host cause CONSTANT PARASITISM. Parasites that visit their host for nourishment only, as is the habit of blood-sucking flies, are INTERMITTENT PARASITES. Parasites that pass part of their life external to their host, as species of the bot-fly family, are TRAN- SITORY PARASITES. Parasites that can live only upon one species of animals are called OBLIGATORY PARASITES. Animal parasites are separated into two divisions, viz.: Ectozoa, or external parasites, and Entozoa, or internal parasites. Ectozoa (ektos—without, zoa—animal) are those parasites that live outside the body. Entozoa (entos—within, zoa—animal) are those parasites that live within the body. A Parasite is an organism, animal or vegetable, that lives upon another organism, animal or veg- etable. Parasites are placed in three branches, viz.: Arth- ropoda, Vermes, and Protozoa. 9 10 | PARASITOLOGY. The Arthropoda are those parasites that are pro- vided with jointed legs. This branch is divided into two classes, viz.: Insecta and Arachnida. Under the class Imsecta are placed the orders: Diptera, Siphonaptera and Hemiptera. The order Diptera includes the following families, viz.: Culicidae, which include the gnats and mosquitoes. Simuliidae, which include the buffalo gnat. Tabanidae, which include the horse and ox flies. Muscidae, which include the horn-fly, the horse- fly, ete. ‘+ ee Hippoboscidae, which include the sheep-tick. Qestridae, which include the bot-flies. The order Siphonaptera includes the fleas. Under the order Hemiptera are placed the follow- ing families, viz.: Pediculidae, which include the blood-sucking lice. Philopteridae, which include biting lice. Liotheidae, which include lice of birds. The first two families live upon mammals. The class Arachnida includes the orders Acarina! and Linguatulida. The order Acarina includes the families Ixodidae, Argasidae, Gamasidae, Trombidiidae, Acaridae. The family Acaridae is divided into sub families, Sarcoptidae and Demodecidae. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae include the ticks. The family Gamasidae includes minute parasites of birds and small animals. The family Trombidiidae includes the chiggers. PARASITOLOGY. Bia h The sub-family Sarcoptidae includes the scab or mange parasites. The sub-family Demodecidae includes the follicu- jar or red mange parasite. The order Linguatulidae includes a parasite which in the adult state infests the nasal chambers of the dog, etc. CHAPTER \T-. CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMMON EXTERNAL PARASITES. Branen == PRECIO POO sia coe ipsa ak eS Rosetta. ..970) 203. sees LB i 6 | 5) pene neem. ran Ue Dipierae ye |Gar2)ru | bee aaS fn Mie Cahieidss 2 Gentisrand-Speciess 00 ed oe Culex Pipiens. Culex Pungens. Anopheles Punctipennis, Stegomia Fasciata. ermal, pees hy aes 8 Simulidde. =... Ons aD. SPeCles ccs ee gs Simulium Pecuarum, Bagiiy ee ee 3 Tabanidas:.. . 22) Genus and: Species: 234. -e ee Tabanus Atratus, Tabanus Lineola. | EM 2 lh MRA ee Se Muscides 2... Gens, and Species. 2 67) tee Musca Domestica. Musca Vomitoria. Lucilia Macellaria. Sarcophaga Carnaria. Glossina Morsitans. Hematobia Serrata. Stomoxys Calcitrans. Bian yin ee weer ky Hippoboscide..Chrysops Vittatus, GENS ANC: SPECIes 2... 6 eee Melophagus Ovinus. Brea aliy s Yee Sle Oé€stridze. = EMSC OCICS c:.:, deen serene oe Gastrophilus Equi. Gastrophilus Hemorrhoi- dalis. Oestrus Ovis. Hypoderma Lineata. CG 3 Fy Mitte eine one Siphonaptera.......... (Siphon—tube; a—with- out; pteron—wing.) PARASITOLOGY. 13 Peesai tie ATL, SPCCIES 62220022 s.555.eocanscdinaeste Pulex Irritans. Pulex Serraticeps. Pulex Avium. Bie 8 eas, Hemiptera ea: (2 3b SSR see Pediculidz = 14. PapemPUe HE SO PeCieS, 5.2). cost iaccteccee Hematopinus Asini. Hematopinus Euryster- nus. Hematopinus Vituli. Hematopinus Suis. Hematopinus Piliferus. Hematopinus Stenopsis. Rees AMOS POCCIES ie... Seeee 5 -c8ecc es Trichodectes Pilosus. Trichodectes Scalaris. Trichodectes Spheroce- phalus. Trichodectes Latus. Trichodectes Subrostra- tus. ECL IN eco Liotheidz.......... Genus and Species—Menopon Pallidum. Menopon Bise- riatum. Lipeurus Baculus. Lipeurus Infuscatus, Goniocotes Hologaster. Goniodes Stylifer. 22S Sees VAT AGING A 28. csssecscons 5 “AUG Nghe a Sean ca ETN) ee ere Gamaside ........ Sey Sea cle DS etc) (5: Dermanyssus Gallinae. ey ee se rept facta so ah dno et Bee IG OMECIOS gcc cess ences Trombidium Holoseri- cium. Leptus Irritans. eo Cl VG \CG20 LG Es SRS ea lee ot ae ate Re ee BEES TA PEE Samar Ty Sarcoptide.. Petia AMIEL SHOE CIOS oe ao se acacencnence Sarcoptes Scabei Var. Equi. Sarcoptes Scabei Var. Canis. Sarcoptes Scabei Var. Suis. 14 PARASITOLOGY. Genus and Species— Continued Sarcoptes Scabei Var. Ovis. Sarcoptes Scabei Var. Caprae. Sarcoptes Mutans. Var. Gallinae. Psoroptes Communis Var. Equi. Psoroptes Communis Var. Bovis. Psoroptes Communis Var. Ovis. Psoroptes Communis Var. Caprae. Symbiotes Communis Var. Equi. Symbiotes Comma nis Var. Bovis. Symbiotes Communis Var. Ovis. Symbiotes Communis Var. Caprae. Svmbiotes Auricularum Var. Canis. Cvtodites Nudus. PVA 4 eee Se ea J INCATUIAC © ue. 0 ett -Maniiby sei sl, Demodecidae Seniisand Species...) a ee Demodex Folliculorum BRATS eos silt SI aie Var. Equi. Demodex Folliculorum Var. Bovis. Demodex Folliculorum Var. Ovis. Demodex Folliculorum Var. Suis. Demodex Folliculorum Var. Canis: Demodex Folliculorum War. Glace PARASITOLOGY. be. Sepa AIG PECICS 62 2. Seoee ca eceekns nestles Argas Miniatus. Ornithodoros Megnini. Genus and Species.............. Boe cer ee we Rhipicephalus Sangui- neus, Ixodes Ricinus. Margarapus Annulatus. Boophilus Australis. Dermacentor Electus. Dermacentor Reticula- tus, Amblyomma America- num. Pee SVANG) SPCCIOS. 2... Sc...22.0.-.e ceccneennene Linguatula Rhinaria. Pas Cee Trichophyton ‘Tonsur- ans. : Achorion Schoenleinii. Achorion Keratophagus. SaccharomycesAlbicans. Actinomyces Bovis. INSECT PARASITES. The life cycle of most insect parasites is divided into four stages, viz.: oval, larval, pupal and adult. The oval stage is the first stage—the egg. The larval stage is the second stage—the stage in which the insect is a worm. The pupal stage is the third stage—that metamor- phosis passed through in a dirt or membranous sac ; the cocoon. The adult is the fourth stage—the mature state. Some insect parasites do not pass through the oval stage. ‘Those parasites belonging to the class insecta, anatomically speaking may be divided into three parts, viz.: The head, the thorax and the abdomen. The head is provided with two eyes, two antennae (feelers) and the mouth parts. 16 PARASITOLOGY. The antennae are composed of segments (joints or articles) which vary in number according to the species. The mouth parts are provided with a proboscis for piercing the skin and sucking blood, or with an apparatus for sucking up liquid substances. The thorax of those belonging to the order Diptera is provided with three pair of legs and one pair of wings. Those we study under the orders Hemiptera and Siphonaptera are provided with three pair of legs only. With regard to reproduction,.the® female may lay the ova, larva, or ova containing the larva fully de- veloped. The insect laying the ova is called oviparous (ova—egg, parous—to bring forth). The insect producing the larva is called vivipar- ous (vivo—living, parous—to bring forth). The parasite producing the egg with the larva fully developed within is called ovoviviparous THE FLIES. MosguitroEs—(Musca—fly, ito—-small.) History.—Mosquitoes are found in all parts of the world, from the cold countries of the north to the hot countries of the south. One hundred and fifty species have been described. More than thirty spe- cies are found in the United States. Among the common species may be named the Culex Pungens, Culex Pipiens, Culex Equinus, Stegomia Fasciata, and Anopheles Punctipennis. Description.—Mouth parts provided with lancet-like piercing mandibles; long, slender body; delicate, PARASITOLOGY. 17 gauzy wings; antennae composed of fourteen seg- ments; three pair of long and slender legs; one pair of eyes. Lite Cycle.—The ova are laid in boat- shaped masses on the surface of the water. ‘The larvae are small, black, worm-like bodies, with forked tails in which are placed the breathing tubes. ‘They are noted to come with this end to the surface of the water for the purpose of obtaining oxygen. They are found in cisterns, ponds and pools of water everywhere, and are commonly called wigglers. They pass this stage in seven days, if conditions are favorable. The pupal stage is passed in twenty-four hours. The ova hatch in from sixteen to twenty-four hours. Animals Attacked.—Among the species that attack man and beast are the Culex Pipiens. The Culex Equinus especially attacks the horse. The genera Anopheles and Stegomia furnish species which attack man and communicate’ the protozoa producing mala- ria and yellow fever. Parts Intested.—The attack is made upon the skin, principally in the evening and at night, by means of the stylet of its rostrum. In piercing the skin it instills a poison which produces inflammation, itching and swelling. Prophylactic Treatment.—It has been suggested to put fish in the ponds and large bodies of water, to consume the larvae. Kerosene, one ounce to each fifteen square feet of water, will prevent deposit of ova. Cisterns and wells should be kept screened. No tin cans or other means of providing pools of water should be allowed, in which mosquitoes might 18 PARASITOLOGY. propagate. Houses should be screened. Sleeping rooms may be smoked with pyrethrum. The py- rethrum should be molded into cones and dried. These cones, when lighted, will smoulder for a long time, and give off a pungent odor which does not kill the mosquitoes, but stupefies them, rendering them harmless. SIMULIUM PECUARUM (Pecus—cattle, simulo—to simulate. ) Synonym.—Buftalo gnat. History.—Found in the South, along the Mississ- ippiriver andits tributaries. Their destructive effect upon animals dates back as far as 1850. Description.—A small black fly; abdomen broad and thick; thorax short, thick and provided with a hump from which it gets its common name, resem- bling the hump of a buffalo. The antennae are com- posed of eleven segments. Its wings are wide and short, and its three pair of legs are thick and short. Lite Cycle.—The adult flies are found from April until after June. They lay from 5,000 to 10,000 eggs in a compact mass on some object directly over the water’s edge. Upon hatching, the larva falls into the water. The larva is composed of twelve joints. It fastens itself to rocks and other objects in the river bed, often loosening its hold and floating in the current till another favorable place is found. The larvais carnivorous. The pupal stage is passedina tough brown cocoon with the upper part open. This cocoon is fastened to sticks and other objects in the water. Animals Intested.—They attack the animals, as horses and cattle, in swarms. By means of their Plate I. Fig. 1—Tabanus Atratus. a, Head showing anten- nae and compound eyes. b, Thorax with 3 pair legs and] pair wings. e, Abjiomen, Fig, 4—Tabanus Lineola, Side view, showing proboscis, Fig. 7—I-Musea Vomiteria. a. Head. b, Thorax. ce, Globular shaped abdomen. Fig. 2—Tabanus Atratus. (Cephalic extremity) a, Thorax. b, Compound eyes. ec, Antennae. d, Restrum. rig. 3—Tabanus Lineola, a, Head. b, Tho.ax. c, Abdomen. 2a Fig. 5—Sarcophaga Fig. 6—Hematobia Carnaria, a, Compound eyes. b, Thorax. c, Abdomen, d, Young larvae. Fig. 7—IIi-Musca domestica. a, b, c, same as I. a 4 d- {! _— Bh h ay j &. Serrata, a, Head. b, Thorax. c, Abdomen. d, Eggs. Fig. S—Stomoxys Caleitrans, a, Stilet. b, Eyes. c, Thorax. d, Abdomen. Fig. $—Guastrophilus Equi. Fig. 10—Hematobia Serrata (2 3%2026) a, Head. b, Thorax, Cc, Wing. d, Abdomen, e, Ovipositor,. (Egg Shell). Operculura, PARASITOLOGY. 19 rostrum they pierce the skin, suck the blood and in- still a poison into the wound which produces inflam- mation and pain. The animals may inhale the small insects in numbers, and in this way they produce irritation which results in mechanical injury, causing bronchitis and pneumonia. Many animals die. The greatest loss among live stock has been reported in the lower Mississippi Valley. Treatment.—Rub parts affected with five percent ammonia water. In weak animals give stimulants, as carbonate of ammonia, one dram to one pint of whiskey, three times a day. Keep animal in cool, dark stable. Solutions of quassia, tobacco and oil of tar are often applied externally as a preventive. TABANUS ATRATUS (Ater—black). Horse-fly. Synonyms.—Mourning horse-fly; large black horse- fly; black gad-fly; breeze-fly. History.—Widely distributed throughout the United States. Description.—The largest fly of the family Taban- idae. It measures about one inchinlength. Entire fly is black. The wings are large, and set almost at right angles with the body. Its head is provided with a powerful proboscis. Life Cycle.—The adult fly lays her eggs in moist places; they hatch into larvae composed of twelve segments each. The pupal stage is passed in the ground, and lasts only a few days. The pupae are nearly an inch anda quarter in length. The ‘adult emerges from the pupa by splitting the case length- wise. Animals Attacked.—Horses and cattle are attacked 20 PARASITOLOGY. during the warmer parts of the day. By means of its powerful proboscis it pierces the skin and sucks the blood. Often a drop of blood oozes from the point of puncture after the insect has left the animal. They do not attack the animal in swarms, as does the buffalo gnat, nor is the bite so poisonous. Horses and cattle will flee from the buzzing sound of the fly. TABANUS JLINEOLA (Linea—line). - Synonym.—Green-head horse-fly. History. —Found in all parts of the United States. Most abundant in the prairie districts. Description.—This fly is about the size of the Waeee bee. Its head is provided with a powerful proboscis for sucking blood, and is a brilliant green. Its ab- domen is elongated and brownish in color. Life Cycle.—The life cycle is similar to that of the Tabanus Atratus, passing its oval, larval and pupal stages in moist places. Animals Attacked.—They attack horses and cattle during the warm part of the day. They do not fly in cold or damp weather, and die with the frosts of au- tumn. They do not make their attack in largenumbers. Musca DomeEstTIcA (Domus—a house, Musca—fly). Synonyn.— House-fly. History.—Found in all parts of the world. Description.—Medium size; grayishincolor. Its head is provided with a trumpet-shaped suctorial ap- paratus for sucking up liquid substances. Life Cycle.—Oviparous. The eggs are oval in shape and white in color. They breed in manure’ and door-yard filth. PARASITOLOGY. yal Animals Attacked.—They produce irritation by their numbers upon the skin or wounds of any animal, and by imbibing the exudate and perspiration. They carry germs from the wounds or excreta of one ani- mal to another. Musca VomITOoRIA (Vomitoria—causes vomiting, musca—fly.) Synonyms.—Blow-fly ; bluebottle fly; calliphora vomitoria. f7istory.-—Found widely distributed. Description.—The fly is about four times the size of ahouse-fly. Its eyes are brownish in color; thorax and abdomen bluish green. Life Cycle.—The eggs are oval in shape and white in color. They are deposited on decomposing ani- mal and vegetable matter, in the wounds of animals and in fresh manure and garbage. When the weather is hot the eggs hatch in a very few hours. The larvae are called maggots, and develop rapidly. On reaching maturity the maggots, if in a wound, drop to the ground and pass through the pupal stage in a short time. LucILIA MACELLARIA. Synonyms.—Screw-worm fly; compsomyia macel- laria; cayor fly. ffistory.—Found throughout the world. Its great- est damage is done in hot climates. Description. — The fly is about one-half inch in length Fig. 1—Cayor Fry Larva. and ofa bluish green color. a, Ventral View; b, Side View. It has three longitudinal black stripes on the dorsal surface of the thorax, = aid PARASITOLOGY. The head is yellowish or reddish in color. The thorax and abdomen are covered with short, stiff black hairs. Lite Cycle.—The time at which the fly appears de- pends upon the latitude. In Texas and Louisiana they appear in June and last tillautumn. The female is Oviparous, and lays as many as 200 eggs at one laying. The larvae invade the wounds of animals, and also decaying matter. The eggs hatch in about nine hours, and the larvae develop rapidly. The head part of the larva is provided with two teat-like projections, and two hooklets. The segments are also provided with hooklets. Its general appearance is like that of a screw, from which it gets its name (screw-worm). In the wound they are found bur- rowing into adjacent tissue, with the posterior ex- tremity upright. While these are developing other eggs are laid in the wound. The pupae are brown in color, and about two-fifths of an inch in length. The pupal stage is passed in the ground, in ten days. Treatment.—Chloroform injected into the wound will destroy them; also creolin or carbolic acid solutions. Curet or forceps may be used in remov- ing them. ‘The wound can then be treated with the zine and lead solution, made as follows: aes, Line sulpls 22 32 ees GY vee Ovi Lead “acetatests 722 eee di Water! S72 oes 2 ee ee Oi SARCOPHAGA CARNARIA (Sarcophagous—filesh-eating). (Carnivora—dead meat). Synonyms.—Flesh-fly; gray carnivorous fly; car- nivorous sarcophagus. PARASITOLOGY. 23 History.—Distributed throughout the world. It was first described in 1761 by Linneeus. Description.—The fly:is about the size of the musca vouutoria, and is gtayish in color.: Its ‘markings are similar to those of the house-fly. Lite Cycle.—The female is viviparous; lays the larvae on fresh meat or in the wounds of animals. The fully developed larvae seek a secluded place and in a few days pass through the pupal stage. Gtossina MorsITANS (Glossus—tongue ; Morsitans—niting. ) Synonym.—Tse’ Tse’ fly. -History.—It is found in swamps and river-bottoms in Central Africa. Description.—It is a little larger than the common house-fly. The piercing stylet of its proboscis is barbed, and is twice as long asits head. ‘The thorax is orange colored, with four black lines on the dorsal side. The abdomen is yellowish white and the wings are aark in color. Animais Attacked.—All animals except the ele- phant, zebra and hen are attacked. It pierces the skin instantly, drawing blood. It inoculates the an- imal with the Trypanosoma Brucii, the protozoa producing Nagana. Condition Produced.—The protozo6n lives in the blood ; high elevation of temperature—104° to 106.5”; anemia; oedema in region ef the head, neck and abdomen; nasal catarrh, conjunctivitis, etc. Post Mortem Findings.—Enlargement of lymph glands and liver; spleen dark colored and friable ; petechia and hemorrhages in the serous membranes; atrophy of fat tissue and muscular structure. 24 PARASITOLOGY. HEMATOBIA SERRATA (Hema—blood; bios—life; serra—saw. ) Synonyms.—Horn-fly ; saw-fly. History.—It was introduced into this country in 1887 by an importation of cattle from Europe. It first appeared around Philadelphia, and in a few years was found in all parts of the country. Description.—A small black fly, about one-third the size of the common house-fly. When at rest the wings are -nearly parallel with the body. The head is provided with a proboscis for sucking blood. Life Cycle.—The flies appear with warm weather, and die with the frosts of autumn. The eggs are oval in shape and brown in color, and are laid in the fresh feces. Theeggs are nearly straight along one side and the larva emerges from the shell by raising a long, ribbon-shaped strip at this side. The ovum hatches in about twenty-four hours. The larvae reach their fully developed stage in about five days. They then burrow into the ground about half an inch, where they pass the pupal stage, which lasts about eight days. Animals Attacked.—Cattle are most often attacked, the flies attacking them in large swarms, burying themselves in the hair and sucking the blood. In rainy weather they are found to attack the animal under the belly. At night they may be found in clusters around the horns. Conditions Produced.—The constant harassing of the animal by large numbers of the flies causes milch cows to fall off in the yield of milk. Fattening and other animals do not thrive. Lreatment.—Fish-oil and tar, equal parts, will keep PARASITOLOGY. 25 the flies away. Coal-tar solutions, such as creolin and kreso, keep the flies away for only a short time. STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (Stoma—mouth, calcitro—sting). Synonyms.—Stomoxys stabulans; stable-fly ; sting- ing fly. ITistory.—Widely distributed, they appear in the latter part of summer. They were first described in 1761. Description.—It is about the size of the house-fly. When at rest the wings are nearly at right angles. The head is provided with a solid, elongated stylet- shaped proboscis, bent near its base. Lite Cycle.—The ova are iaid in the fresh feces, where the larval stage is passed. The pupal stage is passed in the ground. Animals Attacked.—It enters stables and attacks horses and cattle. Its bite is severe, causing vesi- cles, which rupture and produce scab; the hair be- comes erect and the legs become sore. ‘This fly has been thought to carry the germs of anthrax and of glanders, by attacking healthy animals soon after diseased ones have been feasted upon. Curysops VITTATUS. Synonyms.—Deer fly; striped ear fly. Description—About one-half the size of the common house fly. Narrow slender thorax and abdomen, yellowish with brownish-black stripes running longitudinally of the thorax and abdomen. The wings are set out from the body similar to the stomoxys and are banded wiih brown and white stripes. The mouth parts are provided with a stylette with which it pierces théskin and sucks blood. Distribution—They are common in the Rocky Mountains, where they are a great annoyance to horses and cattle. 26 PARASITOLOGY. MeLorpHacus Ovinus (Mallos—wool, phagein—to eat). Synonyms. —Sheep-tick; louse-fly. ; Description —The head is small and sunken in the thorax, It is provided with a tubular-shaped proboscis adapted for piercing the skin and sucking the blood. The thorax is distinctly separated from the abdomen, and is provided with three stout pair of legs, which are covered with hair. The last segment of each leg is provided with a bi-dentated claw. The abdomen is large, and globular in shape. Lite Cycle.—The female lays eight to ten young in the form of pupae. The pupal case is ovoid in shape and brown in color, and is cemented to a few fibres of wool. These hatch in about four weeks. Animals Intested.—They are found most abundant on long-wooled sheep. After shearing they have a tendency to leave the sheared sheep for the lambs. Fig. 2—MELOPHAGUS OVINUS. Fig. 3—MELOPHAGUS OVINUS a, Head with Piercing Rostrum PuPA. b, Thorax, with 3 Pair of Legs. a, Pupa. c, The Large, Globular Abdomen. b, Woo) Fibers. They live upon blood of the host, and grease or yolk of the wool. At point of puncture there is injected a small quantity of poison, which causes irritation and swelling. Symptoms.—The infested sheep rubs, scratches and bites itself. When present in large numbers these parasites cause unthriftiness and debility. Treatment.—The sheep dip or kerosene emulsion will kill them. . Gastrophilus Equi (Gaster-stomach) (Equi—horse) (Phileo—to love.) Synonyms.—Horse bot-fly; oestrus equi; gad-fly. History.—They were described by the earliest writers and are universally found. Description.—A fly about the size of a honey-bee ; PARASITOLOGY. 27 body heavy, and covered with soft, yellowish hair. Theeyes aresmall. Thefemaleis provided with along Oovipositor. The posterior of the male is rounded. Life Cycle. —The eggs are oval in shape, light yel- low in color, and are cemented to the hair of the animal attacked, principally in the region of the jaws and fore limbs. The fly hovers over the region on which the egg is to be deposited, then darts down, cements it to the hair in an instant, retreats a few feet, hovers again, then deposits another egg. The cap or operculum is pushed off the large end,.through which the young grub escapes when the egg is hatched. The eggs hatch in three weeks. ‘The animal, by lick- ing, gets the larva into its mouth; the larva finds its way Pik a Casvaceuus Hom to the stomach, attaches it- LARVA, _ self to the pyloric portion } mi pets by means of two hooklets (small hooks) and remains there ten months. Upon reaching the fully developed larval state it loosens its hold, passes out to the ground with the feces, burrows into the ground one inch and there passes through the pupal stage, which lasts from four to six weeks. Animal Attacked.—The horse. _ Part Infested.—The stomach. Injury to Host.—Seldom if ever any injury. Treatment.—Two drams bisulphide of carbon given in capsule followed by a physic. GASTROPHILUS HEMORRHOIDALIS (Gaster—stomach) (Phileo—to love). Synonyms.~—Oestrus hemorrhoidalis; red-tailed bot-fly ; bot-fly of horse. 28 PARASITOLOGY. fTistory.—Found in common with the Gastrophilus © Equi in North America and Europe. Description.—Not so large as the Gastrophilus Equi. The thorax is covered with olive-gray hair; a black band is found in the middle. The abdomen is white in front, black in its median part, and orange red at the posterior end. Lite Cycle.—The eggs are oval in shape and black in color. The larvae are taken into the mouth and swallowed, and then, by means of two hooklets, at- tach themselves to the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. They are found mostly in the right and left sacks of the stomach. They may loosen their hold and become attached at another point. They often become attached to the rectum, causing itching, and rubbing of the tail. The pupal stage lasts from four to six weeks, and is passed in the ground. Animal Attacked.—The horse. Parts Intested.—Stomach and intestines. OESTRUS Ovis (Oestrus—gad-fly; ovis—sheep). Synonyms.—Cephalemyia ovis (cephalo—head, myia—fly); sheep-bot; grub; ee head-maggot; sheep gad-fly. oat History. —Found in Ameri- Aa ca, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Description. — Small, yel- Fig. 5—OrEstrus Ovis LARVA lowish gray fly, slightly larger a, Side View. than: ‘the “housefly. Body Ps Fosteriesians covered with short fine hair. The abdomen is orna- mented with five rings; under side of head is white. PARASITOLOGY. 29 _ Lite Cycle.—The fly is viviparous, and attacks the sheep and goats from June to October, but only in the warmer part of the day. It deposits its larvae in the anterior nares. The larva is provided with two hooklets, by means of which it gradually works its way to the frontal sinuses, where it passes the larval stage, which requires ten months. It then passes out to the ground, burrows into the ground and there passes through the pupal stage, which lasts from four to six weeks. Animals Attacked.—Sheep and goats. Parts Intested.—Frontal sinuses and _ turbinated bones of the head. Condition Produced.—The sheep, hearing the noise of the fly, runs, thrusts its nose into the ground or amongst other sheep, and strikes at its nose with its feet in an effort to rid itself of the pest, which, slug- gish at other times, now flies at the nostrils with great rapidity. The larvae work their way to the frontal sinuses by means of hooklets and contractility of the body. In the frontal sinuses they attach themselves, by means of two hooklets, to the mucous membrane. If only three or four are present in the sinuses they do not produce much disturbance,— ‘a slight catarrhal discharge of a muco-purulent na- ture. When many are present there is noted a pro- fuse muco-purulent discharge from the nostrils, loss of appetite, frequent coughing and sneezing, slow, weak gait, and tossing of the head. The animal becomes too weak to rise, and finally dies. Treatment.—Trephine and remove larvae with for- ceps. Prophylactic Treatment.—The nose may be smeared’ 30 PARASITOLOGY. withtar. Itis advocated to make troughs with holes bored in sides large enough for a sheep to lick salt from. Tar, smeared around these holes, is lodged on the nose in the sheep’s efforts to get the salt. (Hypo—under) HYPpopDERMA LINEATA (derma—skin) (linea—line). : Synonyms.—Oestrus lineata. Ox gad-fly; warble- fly; grub-fly; striped hypoderma; heel-fly. History.—A species found in America; most com- mon in southern states. - Description.—About the size of a honey-bee. Its body is black, covered with fine hair. The thoraxis ornamented with longitudinal gray bands. ‘The fe- male is provided with a cone-shape1 ovipositor, with which she deposits her eggs, cementing them to the hair. Lite Cycle.—The fly deposits its eggs upon the hair in the vicinity of the heel. From this point the larvae are taken into the a ¥ mouth and become lodged in the mucous membrane of the oesophagus. The eggs are laid in summer Fig. 6—-HYPODERMA LINEATA LARVA. and the larvaeare found in a, Dorsal View their most fully developed » Ventral View. stage in the oesophagus about November. At this time they are about five-eighths of an inch long. They now leave this locality and wander through the connective tissue to a position under- neath the skin in the region of the back. Here PARASITOLOGY. a1 tumors are formed, with holes at their summits. The holes become larger as the tumors and larvae develop. The larval stage lasts ten months. In this stage they are called grubs, or warbles. By spring they have developed into full-grown larvae, and leave the tumors through the holes in the summits. At this time they are three-fourths to seven eighths of an inch long, and nearly one-half inch thick. It has been observed that they leave behind a tough brown or black skin. They bur- row into the ground and pass through the pupal stage in from four to six weeks. Animal Attacked.—The ox. Parts Intested.—Oesophagus and sub-dermal tu- mors in region of back. Injury to Host.—Some irritation. If attacked by large numbers the animal does not thrive. In those cattle that are slaughtered during the grubby season there is a great commercial loss to hides, on account of the holes in the skin. The percentage of cattle infested varies from practically none in the northern states to seventy-five or eighty percent in the south- ern states. THE FLEAS. PuLEX IRRITANS (Pulex—flea, irrito—to excite). Synonym.— Human flea. History —Common in dwellings in Europe. Found in the United States, particularly on Pacific coast. Description—Body flattened from side to side; head small and rounded; stylet arranged for piercing the skin and sucking the blood; two eyes and two antennae. The abdomen is provided with nine rings. 32 PARASITOLOGY. The legs are thick and strong, terminating in two hooklets or claws. The posterior pair are the long- est, giving them great power to jump. : Life Cycle.—The eggs are ovoid in shape and brown in color; they hatch in from six to twelve days, depending upon the temperature. The larvae are worm-like and are composed of thirteen seg- ments. The mouth parts are arranged for mastica- tion. The larval stage lasts about eleven days; they then pass their pupal stage in tough brown cocoons. The cocoon stage lasts about fourteen days. Fleas breed in filth, carpets, rugs, kennels and barns. Animal Intested.—Man. Injury to Host.—\n the adult state they attack the skin. The puncture causes itching and inflammation. Treatment.—Cleanliness; pyrethrum or tobacco dust sprinkled in the infested quarters. PULEX SERRATICEPS (Seco—to cut). Synonym.—Ctenocephalus Canis, dog and cat flea (Fleon—to flee). History —Universally found. Description.—Similar in appearance to the Pulex Irritans, with the exception that it is provided with fifteen to eighteen spines on the posterior margin of the pro-thorax. In the preceding species the thorax is entirely nude. Lite Cycle.—Eighteen to twenty eggs are laid in some dirty or dusty corner, which pass through the same stages as the preceding species. Animals Intested.— They attack the cuticular sur- face of dogs, cats and men. Trveatment.—Dogs can be dipped in a five per-cent Plate II. ‘oO we Fig. 2—Piercing appara‘us. (Stomoxys Calcitrans). Fig. 1—Suctorial apparatus. a, Prcboscis, (Musea Domestica). beePalipa: Fig. 3—Pulex Serraticeps a, Mandililes. b, Palpi. e, Anterior pair cf legs, d, Ocelli. e, Antennae, Fig. 4—Trombidium Holoseri- fee Rherax. cium, g. Abdonien. a, Piercing mandibles, h. E’coklets on terminal tarsus, b, Palpi, 4 ,) ec, Uterus. , #)// \ ! \ q G a u \e Fig. 6—Cytodites Nudus. Fig. 5—Dermanyssus Gallinae. a, Rostrum. a, Rostrum, b, Ambulacrum, b. Palpus. c, Pedicle to same. PARASITOLOGY. 33 solution of creolin. Creolin may prove fatal to cats. Tobacco dust or pyrethrum may be dusted in infested quarters. PuLtex Avium (Avis—bird). Synonym.—Bird flea. History—Found in central and western United States. Description.—The head is rounded, and is not pro- vided with spines on the lower border, but a row of minute bristles is found on the side. The mandibles are short. Animals Infested—The attack is made principally upon small birds. THE LICE. PuHTHIRIASIS (Lousiness)—(Louse). Phthiriasis is the condition of an animal or bird infested with lice. The lice infesting the domestic animals are divided into three families, viz.: Pedicu- lidae, Philopteridae and Liotheidae. Under the first is placed the genus Hematopinus. Under the second is placed the genus Trichodectes. Those species of lice belonging to the genus Hem- atopinus are provided with a piercing apparatus which projects anteriorly from the head. They live upon the blood of the host. Those species belonging to the genus Trichodec- tes are provided with mouth parts arranged on the under part of the head. They live by mastication from epidermis and hair of the host. The lice are oviparous; the eggs are called nits and are cemented to the hair. The eggs are oval in shape and white in color. Symptoms.—Infested horses and cattle are noted to rub against fences and posts, corners of buildings, 34 PARASITOLOGY. in an effort to relieve themselves of the itching sen- sation produced bythe lice. Cattle are noted to lick themselves. The hair has a rough, stairy, matted appearance. Dogs scratch and bite themselves, show- ing evidence of great pruritus. The hair becomes matted or scratched off and emaciation follows. Sheep and goats show much the same symptoms. In hogs, the animals rub and scratch. Upon close examination the lice and nits can be found. Inhogs a favorite place for the lice to deposit their eggs is in the folds of skin posterior to the ears. In later stages the animals may become emaciated. Lousiness is noted to be more prevalent in winter and spring, on account of close association of animals during these seasons, and the long hair, which forms a protection for them. Treatment.— All quarters, stalls, mangers, harness, blankets, curry-combs, rub-rags, etc., should be dis- infected. If in the spring of the year, the horse may be clipped. The animals may be sponged or dipped in any of the following, or in a five-percent solution of cre- olin or kreso: if “Pobacee istemesc os iv Water... Se 2h oe, ees gal. 1 M. Sig.—Boil for thirty minutes. i Stayesacre ‘seeds. oe div ECT) ie Mea Rea SIE: A ay Drea oe gal.i M. Sig.—Boil for thirty minutes. Re oOwassin: “elie. i J is ae SiVv WAGE oh soke 1 Sea aD gal.i M. Sig.—Boil for thirty minutes. For hogs, the kerosene emulsion, sprayed on the PARASITOLOGY. 35 herd by means of a sprinkling can or spray-gun will be found to be very effective treatment. The emul- sion is made as follows: Pwrckerpceme 2 2 gal. ii Maumnon soap. oo. 0S ac Sviii G5 2 Seal BS a ee gal.i M. Sig.—Dissolve the soap in boiling water; add this solution boiling hot to the kerosene, stirring the mixture for ten minutes. When used this emulsion is usually diluted as fol- lows: One part emulsion to nine parts water: HEMATOPINUS (Hema—blood, pinein, to drink). The species belonging to this genus are blood- suckers, and are much larger than the biting lice. They are bluish in color. The head, thorax and abdomen are distinct. The head is provided with a rostrum which projects anteriorly. It is arranged for piercing the skin and sucking blood. ‘There are two simple eyes and two antennae (feelers). Each antennae is composed of four or five articles, or seg- ments. The thorax is wider than the head, and is provided with three pair of legs. The legs are short and strong, and the terminal segments are pro- vided with one or two hooklets. By means of these hooklets the louse is enabled to creep, and to hold on to its host. The abdomen is large and is usually composed of nine segments. ‘The female is larger - than the male. ; The following are the common species of blood- sucking lice: HEMATOPINUS ASINI (Asinus—ass). Synonym.—Hematopinus Macrocephalus, 36 PARASITOLOGY. Animal Infested.—The horse. Description.—The head is long and narrow. A deep notch is noted just back of the attachment of the antennae. In this notch are located the eyes. The abdomen is oval. A fewhairs or bristles are found on the head, legs and body. The legs are composed of four articles each, and the antennae of five. HEMATOPINUS EURYSTERNUS (Euros—bzoad). Synonym.—The broad-nosed ox-louse. Animal Intested.—Cattle. Description.—The head is short and broad; the thorax is wider than long, and widest at the posterior border. The abdom:2nis large and oval and a broad stripe is noted on the dorsal side of the abdomen of the male; on the female two black blotches are found on the terminal segment. This louse, like the preceding one, is about one-eighth of an inch long. HEMATOPINUS VITULI (Vitulus—calf). Synonyms.—Hematopinus Tenuirostris ; the long- nosed ox-louse. | Animals Infested—Cattle. Description.—The head is long and slender and somewhat sunken in the thorax. ‘The thorax is longer than broad. The abdomen is also long and slender and the entire louse has a long and slender appearance. HEMATOPINUS Surs (SuIs—hog). Synonyms.—Hematopinus Urius; Hematopinus Ir- ritans. Animal Infested.—The hog. Description.—Largest species of the genus. Five PARASITOLOGY. 37 hairs are noted on each side of its piercing stylet. Two protuberances are noted just posterior to the attachment of the antennae, forming deep notches. The legs are marked by dark bands at the joint. The terminal end of the last segment is provided with one large and one small claw, and between them is found a disk that is provided with small Fe Fig. 7—HEMATOPINUS Suis. Photomicrograph, ix% inch. a, Head with piercing stylet. b, Antennae—5 segments. c, Deep notch in which the eyes are implanted. d, Claws on end of terminal segment. e, Abdomen. f, Thorax, bearing 8 pair of legs. spikelets, thus giving it a great power to hold on. It is about one-fifth of an inch long. While this louse is found on all parts of the body, a favorite place is in the folds of skin just back of the ears, where the nits or eggs may be found in abundance, * 38 PARASITOLOGY. HEMATOPINUS PILIFERUS (Pilus—a hair). Animal Intested.—This is the blood-sucking louse of the dog. Description.—Its head is short, almost as long as broad. The antennae and legs are short and the abdomen is large and oval in shape. HEMATOPINUS STENOPSIS (Stenos—narrow). Animals Intested.—Goats and sheep. Description.—The head is long and narrow; thorax short; abdomen long. TRICHODECTES (Trix—a hair; dectos—biter). The species of this genus are small and light in color. The mouth parts are located on the under side of the head. The mandibles are strong and are avranged for mastication. The head is provided vith two simple eyes and two short antennae. The head is as wide as long, and wider than the thorax. The abdomen is globular in shape and divided into nine segments. Its food consists principally of epi- dermis. Y TRICHODECTES PILosus (Pilos—a hair). Animals Infested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Description.—The head is rounded in front; the antennae are inserted well back and are composed of three articles each. The abdomen is oval and tapers posteriorly. TRICHODECTES SCALARIS (Scalaris—to climb—a ladder). Animals Intested.—Cattle. Description.—This species is very common. Its PARASITOLOGY. 39 head is crescent-shaped and scarcely as wide as long. The abdomen is narrow and rather ovoid in form, and is comprised of nine segments. The legs are short and are equipped with claws which aid it in Kt = [Fema = ee ED WET GANG iy COE a pe) rte si, ‘ (eV ERAT ee Do PEeeay Ps vt MA \Ps WW : Hfpece Seay ANS Beiter teins Fig. 8—TRICHODECTES SCALARIS—magnified. a,Mouth Parts. c, Legs. e, Thorax. b, Antennae. d, Head. f, Abdomen. holding on to its host. A few scattering hairs are noted over the head, legs and abdomen. TRICHODECTES SPHEROCEPHALUS (Spher—a sphere) (Cephala—a head). Anitmal Intested.—This louse infests sheep. Description.—The head is nearly as wide as long, the anterior part being crescent shaped. The thorax is narrower than the head; the abdomen is oval in shape and the legs are short. It is common. 40 .; PARASITOLOGY. TRICHODECTES Latus (Latus—broad). Animal Intested.—The dog. Description.—The head is wider than long; the antennae and legs are short and each is composed of three articles or segments; the abdomen is globular Fig. 9—TRICHODECTES SCALARIS—OVUM. a, Ovum in Process of Segmentation, b, Hair. 1x% inch, magnified. in shape. It is the host of the Cryptocyst, which is ° the larvae of the Taenia Canina. TRICHODECTES SUBROSTRATUS. Animal Infested.—The cat. Description.—The head is slightly longer than broad, and pointed in front; the abdomen is ellip- ticalin shape; the legs and antennae are short, and are composed of three articles each. LIOTHEIDAE. The lice of chickens belong to the family Liothei- dae. The lice from birds roosting in the barn, or PARASITOLOGY. 41 whose quarters are separated only by a partition, may get upon horses and cattle and cause temporary parasitism. Each parasite has its own host or hosts and will not live permanently upon another. Lice oF Brrps. The Large Hen Louse—MENOoPON BISERIATUM. This is the largest louse found upon the hen. It is about one-twelfth of an inch in length, light in color, with mouth parts arranged for mastication as illustrated in Fig. 10. The free extremities of the legs are provided with hooklets which aid in holding on. The smaller variety of this genus, MENOPON PALLipuM, also has been studied, but is far less common in the United States. This louse is found on young and old chickens. Fig. 10.—Menopon biseriatum (from a hen), greatly enlarged; a, head, which is provided with mouth parts; b, thorax provided with three pairs of legs; c, abdomen. The Turkey Louse—Gontopes StyLiFer. This louse is found on turkeys and is thicker than the one just described. Like it, the mouth parts are arranged for mastication. It is illustrated in Fig. 11. Lireurus [nFuscatus. This is another louse that may infest chickens. A study of Fig. 13, shows its mouth parts and legs similar to the other lice. Its general shape is different. It is not so common as the large hen louse. 42 PARASITOLOGY. The Pigeon Louse—Lireurus Bacutus. This is a long, slender, light colored louse with mouth parts arranged for biting, and its legs are provided with hooklets which aid it in holding to the feathers. It is illustrated in Fig. 15. Gontocotes Ho.LocaAster.—This is still another louse that sometimes infests chickens. In many respects it resembles the louse of the turkey, but it is a distinct species. It is illustrated in Fig. 14. Like the others, its mouth parts are arranged for biting. Life History —The females are slightly larger than the males. The females lay oval, white, or whitish- yellow eggs (nits) and securely cement them to the barbs of the feathers. This is illustrated in Fig. 12. The lice hatch in from ten days to two weeks in warm weather, by breaking open the ends of the eggs. The young have much the same shape as the adults, but are usually lighter in color. The males are usually less numerous than the females. | Conditions Produced.—Chicks hatched in the in- cubator are free from lice and stay free until placed with lousy hens or chicks, or in lousy quarters. Lice produce much irritation. The effect of large numbers upon chickens is quite marked. The hens scratch and pick at the feathers, show signs of being drowsy, may refuse to eat, and in growing birds, body development is interfered with. Young chicks often sit around, moping, with wings hanging down, and finally in a week or two may die. For this reason, brooder chicks thrive better, grow faster, and are free from manv ailments than chicks hatched by the hen. It has been said that a lousy bird will have more of a tendency to PARASITOLOGY. 43 dust than one not lousy. The effect upon the older birds is not so severe as upon the younger ones, but it is shown in condition of flesh and low production of eggs. The irritation is sometimes so severe that hens desert their nests. Their combs may become dark. Birds unable to rest day or night become ema- ciated and die. To find the lice, part the feathers; the lice will be found running over the skin or bases of the feathers. A favorite location for the lice is under the wings where the temperature is warmer, although they may be found on any part of the body. Ku y) C of "4 PAT Ya Lite Ml D Fig. 11—Gonicdes stylifer, (from a turkey), ventral view; a, mouth parts; b, antennae; c, legs, provided with hooklets on the free extremity of the last segments. To the right of the head is a line indicating the actual size of the louse. Fig. 12—An egg of the turkey louse. The egg is cemented to the barb of the feather at a Fig. 13.—QLipeurus infuseatus, (from a hen), female; a, mouth parts; b, abdomen, 44 PARASITOLOGY. Lice may be found at all seasons of the year, but are more common in the hotter months of July and August. In these months, conditions are more favor- able to their propagation. Treatment of Infested Birds and Eradication of Lice-——The chickens should be dusted with insect powder (pyrethrum) or pyrethrum and sulphur equal parts, or a combination of these with tobacco dust, which can be secured from a tobacco factory. This — powder can best be dusted among the feathers by aid of a powder gun, which can be secured at a drug store. It can also be placed in the dusting places. In ridding the birds of lice, it will be well to keep in mind that frequent dusting with powder will be neces- sary, as the eggs or nits are not all likely to be killed by the powder. Another means of ridding chickens of lice is to dip them in five per cent solution of Creolin, Kreso dip, or the same per cent of Zenoleum. After the flock has been freed from lice, care should be exercised that a reinfestation is not brought about by the introduction of lousy birds. The hen- house in which lousy birds are located should be thoroughly and frequently cleaned and the walls whitewashed. The whitewash should contain in it some parasiticide as carbolic acid five per cent, creolin five per cent, or corrosive sublimate one part to a thousand. The roosts should be scrubbed with boil- ing water, and after drying in the stn, should be saturated with kerosene. If the hen house be tightly closed and thoroughly fumigated with sulphur, it will aid in destroying lice or other parasites that may be in the cracks and crevices and difficult to reach with PARASITOLOGY. 4 Sp the whitewash. The litter and straw should be removed from the nests and burned, and the nests should be disinfected and new straw provided. Be- fore renlling with straw, an inch of slaked lime should be placed in the bottom. HAIN) \ Wh ld I quill) ! fut é nog Hall mi} Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 14.—Goniocotes hologaster, a louse (from a hen), ventral view; a, mouth parts; b, antennae; c, hooklets on free extremity of leg. The small mark to the right indicates the natural size. Fig. 15.—lLipeurus baculus, from the pigeon. Letters indicate same parts as in Fig. 14. _ Fig. 16.—Sarcoptes mutans, variety gallinae, the scab parasite producing scaly legs in the hen. a, the mouth parts with which it wounds the skin and causes serum to exude; b, the short legs; c, the small dot indicates its natural size. ARACHNIDA. The parasites belonging to this class are not in- sects,—the head, thorax and abdomen are not dis- tinct, and the head is not provided with antennae. ACARINA. Under this order we study the following families, and sub-families, viz: 46 PARASITOLOGY. Gamasidae and Trombidiidae, to which belong species of parasites infesting birds and small ani- mals. (The chigger belongs to the latter family. Sarcoptidae (Sarco—flesh; kopto—to cut.) This sub-family is divided into three important genera, producing scabies in allanimals. It includes the air- sac mite. Demodecidae include the parasites that produce follicular or red mange. Argasidae and Ixodidae include the ticks. In these parasites the divisions of head, thorax and abdomen are not distinctly marked, macroscopically. They are all blood-suckers. The head is provided with a stylet for piercing the skin and sucking the blood. The piercing mandibles are surrounded by two palpi. The eyes are small or wanting. The larva is provided with three pair of legs, the adult with four. The free extremity of the last segment is provided with a hooklet, ambulacrum or pulvillum, which aids the parasite in holding on to its host. ACARIASIS. This is a condition of an animal being infested with some species of parasites belonging to the order Acarina. There are two kinds of Acariasis, viz: Psoric and non-psoric. Psoric Acariasis is a condition in which the para- sites produce scab; infested by species of the sub- families Sarcoptidae and Demodecidae. Non-Psoric Acariasis is a condition in which the parasite does not produce scab; infested by species of the families Gamasidae, Trombidiidae, Argasidae and Ixodidae. PARASITOLOGY. 47 THE ACARI. DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE (Derma—skin; gallus—a cock). Synonym.—Chicken mite. fTistory.—Universally found in hen-houses. Description.—They are very smail, as the word “mite” indicates. The body is ovi-pyriform in snape and broadest through the posterior third. The pierc- ing stylet is cone shaped, and on either side is a rounded palpus. The color of the body is yellowish red, depending on the amount of blood contained in the digestive tract. The legs are arranged on the anterior half of the body. Animals Infested.—Birds. Condition Produced.—They attack the birds in large numbers, piercing the skin and sucking the blood, and produce great irritation (pruritus). They may even cause death of the host. Infested set- ting hens may leave their nests. The parasites hide in the nests, and cracks and crevices of the building. If the nests are in the same building with horses or cattle, or if the birds so infested roost in the stable with larger animals, the mites may become tempo- rary parasites of the larger animals, causing pruritus and scratching, rubbing, rough coat, ete. Treatment.—Roosts, nests and buildings should be whitewashed with limewater to which has been add- ed creolin or kreso. The roosts should be drenched with kerosene. Pyrethrum and sulphur, equal parts, may be sprinkled in the nests two or three times a week. TromMpiptumM HoLosertcEuM (Trombos—harvest) (holo—whole ) 48 PARASITOLOGY. Synonyms.—Chigger ; mite; harvest bug; red mite. History—Found in Europe and America. Description—rThis parasite is just visible to the unaided eye. The body is oval in shape and reddish in color; the legs are provided with six articles each, the terminal end of the last segment being fur- nished with two hooklets and a hair; the piercing apparatus is conical in shape and on either side is found a palpus; the legs are located on the anterior haif of the body. Lite Cycle.—The eggs are laid in the cracks and crevices and in the filth of hen houses, where they hatch, the egg first hatching into the six-legged mite, which moults and develops into the eight-legged state. Animal Infested.—They infest the cuticular surface of birds and small animals, and pierce the skin and suck the blood, producing great irritation, which may cause death. They may become parasites of large animals if the infested birds roost in quarters adja- cent to or within the stable. Treatment—Same as for Dermanyssus. One inch air slaked lime in bottom of nests. Dip hens in 1% creolin. LEepTus IRRITANS (Leptus—thin, small; irrito—to irritate.) Synonym.—Chigger. FHlistory.—Found in the grass and timber during the hot part of summer. Description.—Always in the larval form; the body is nearly round; the head is broad and is provided with piercing mandibles. Itis bright red in color. Antmals Infested.—The parasite is brushed from PARASITOLOGY. 49 the leaves of vegetation by man or animal, when it buries itself in the skin and produces intense itching. Treatment.—lf the affected part be touched with a one-percent solution of formalin it will kill the para- sites and stop the itching; or, the parts: may be touched with a two-percent solution of aqua ammo: nia. SARCOPTIDAE. The three principal genera of the sub-family Sar- coptidae are: Sarcoptes (Sarco—flesh; kopto—to cut). Psoroptes (Psora—itch). Symbiotes (Sym—togather; bios—life). The Sarcoptes live on the body where the hair is short,—in horses and dogs on the body ; in sheep, on the facial regions. The Psoroptes live on the body where the hair is long,—in horses and cattle in the mane and down the back ; in sheep, on the body. The Symbiotes live on the extremities,—legs. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FAMILY. Minute in size; the body is oval and obtuse at both ends, convex above and flat below; the mouth parts are provided with a single lancet-shaped piece, sur- rounded by palpi; the legs are divided into five arti- cles each, the free extremity of the last segment is provided with an ambulacrum or one or two hairs. The genus Sarcoptes, species Scabei, is provided with a head as broad as it is long; the rostrum is short, and is margined by two cheeks. Male.—The (first, second and fourth pair of legs 50 PARASITOLOGY. are provided with ambulacrum and the third pair with one bristle at each terminal extremity. | Female.—The first two pair are provided with am- bulacrum and the last two pair with one bristle at each terminal extremity. The genus Psoroptes, species Communis, is pre- vided with a head that is longer than broad; the rostrum is conical in shape and elongated, and not margined by cheeks. Male.—The first three pair of legs are opronded with ambulacrum, the fourth pair with two bristles. Female.—The first two and fourth pair of legs are provided with ambulacrum. The third pair with two long bristles. The genus Symbiotes, species Communis and Auricularum,—rostrum as wide as long, and desti- tute of cheeks. Male.—All legs are provided with ambulacrum. Female.—The first, second and fourth pair are provided with ambulacrum and the third pair with two bristles. LIFE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY SARCOPTIDAE. The life history is divided into five stages, viz.: The oval, larval, pupal, adult and ovigerous female. First Stage.—Ova.— Under favorable conditions the eggs hatch in five to ten days. Second Stage.—Larval Stage.—Six-legged and asex- ual; it passes through two or three moults. Third Stage. Nympha.—The last moulting in the larval stage adds a fourth pair of legs; no sexual organs; the males and females are distinguished by the difference in size, the females being larger. PARASITOLOGY. OI Fourth Stage—Mature Male and Female.—The last moulting in the nympha stage develops the distinct sexes. Fitth Stage.—The Ovigerous Female.—The impreg- nated female moults, which causes changes in the genital apparatus. It is estimated that each ovigerous female Sarcopt lays fifteen eggs, of which ten may be females and five males. Under favorable conditions it will pass its life cycle in fifteen days. At this rate, one ovig- erous female would cause the production of 1,500,000 scab parasites in 90 days. THE SCAB PARASITES. SARCOPTES SCABEI, variety Equi (Equus—horse.) Synonym.—lItch mite; mange mite. History.—In the United States it is found among horses in the Northwest, especially upon the range. Animals Infested.—This is the common scab para- site of the horse. Life Cycle.—The following may be added to what has been given as to the stages acari pass through: The ovigerous female burrows into the skin, form- ing galleries. In these galleries may be found fe- males, ova and larvae. As soon as the eggs are hatched the larvae leave the gallery. In the serum under the scab may be found the larvae, nymphae, adult males and females. Condition Produced.—The parasite is equipped with a piercing stylet with which it pierces the skin, the puncture causing a minute red spot, followed by a small vesicle, which ruptures. The serum dries and forms a minute scab. In this way the myriads of 52 PARASITOLOGY. parasites cause a piling up of scabs, thus producing a scabby condition. As the disease progresses the scabby patches enlarge and the scabs pile up, until they are often half an inch in thickness, unless the parts have been rubbed. Symptoms.—Pruritus; will rub against any post, fence, stall or other object. Itching is more intense at night than during the day, and worse in warm weather than in cold; when clothed than when not clothed. The parasite first makes its attack in the region of the withers and back, and gradually spreads over the body. Hairless scabby patches appear in later stages. Mode of Intestation.—The horse may come in contact with infested animals, or be placed in quarters in which infested animals have recently been kept; or, contact with curry-comb, rub-rag, brush, harness, blanket or saddle recently used on infested animals. SARCOPTES SCABEI; variety canis (Canis—dog). Synonym.—Mange mite; itch mite. History.—This species is widely distributed. Animal Intested.—The dog. Condition Produced, Symptoms.—It begins first on the facial region and ears; then on the breast, feet and abdomen, and last on the body. It is not un- common to find cases with the entire cuticular sur- face affected. The scabs are not allowed to pile up as we see on the backs and withers of cattle and other large animals, for because of the intense itch- ing the animal constantly rubs and scratches itself so that we find only thin scabs. The skin becomes partially denuded of hair, and in later stages the an- Plate Illa. Wig. 1—Symbioctes Communis, variety Caprae. (Male, ventral surface). a, Head. c, Segments of legs, b, Ambulacrum. d, Bristles of hairs. 1 , “a \ Fig. 2—--Symbiotes Communis, variety Caprae. (Ovigerous female). a, Ambulacrum. d, Vulva. b, 38d pair of legs with 2 bris- f, Segments of legs. tiles. b-e, Bristles of hairs. c, Head parts. . Plate IIIb. f Kig, 3—Sarcoptes Secabei, vo= riety Canis. (Male: Ventral view). a, Ambulacrum, b, Head parts, ec, Bristles. d, Segments of legs. Fig. 4—Sareoptes Seabei, vac riety Canis. (Ventral view of ovigerous female). a, Rostrum. b, Ambulacrum, ce, Bristle, d, Uterus. PARASITOLOGY. 53 imal becomes thin, even emaciated, and is a dejected looking creature. If a scraping be made from a fresh scab by aid of the knife (care being taken to secure the serum from between the scab and the skin) and this scraping be examined under the micro- scope, the parasites may be observed. If this scrap- ing be placed in a bottle and the bottle placed in the sun or other warm place, the parasites will leave the scab and will be seen as minute white specks upon the walls of the bottle. SARCOPTES SCABEI ; variety Suis (Suis—hog). Synonym.—Itch-mite. History. —Not common in the United States. Animal Infested.—It is the only species of the sub- family Sarcoptidae that infests the hog. Condition Produced, Symptoms.—The scab para- sites may begin their propagation primarily at any point on the body, though usually they begin near the ears, around the eyes, on the inner side of the thighs, or between the forelegs. The parasites cause intense itching, the animal rubs and scratches, scabs appear, the skin becomes thickened, and the hair stands erect; in later stages the hair falls out. This parasite has been transmitted to man and dog, where it produced temporary parasitism, causing intense itching for a few days. SARCOPTES SCABEI; variety ovis (Ovis—sheep). Synonym.—Face-scab parasite of sheep. Flistory.—Rare in America. Condition Produced.—A scabby condition of the head, resembling other forms of scabies. 54 PARASITOLOGY. SARCOPTES SCABEI, variety Caprae (Capra—goat). History.—The sarcoptic form of scabies in goats has been reported at different times; rare in this country. Animal Infested. —The goat. Condition Produced; Symptoms.—It usually attacks the head -and neck first, then spreads to the body, and finally, if not treated, the whole body and limbs will be affected, as in the dog. It causes intense itching, scabs pile up, and the hair falls out, reveal- ing the scabby patches. SARCOPTES MuTANS; variety Gallinae (Gallus—a cock). Ffistory.—Widely distributed. Animals Intested.—Fowls, on the legs. Description.—The acarus is much smaller than the species producing scabies in the large animals. It is round in shape and its legs are short, giving it a stubby appearance. See Fig. 16. Condition Produced.—The condition produced by these parasites is called scaly leg. They live under the scales, especially on the anterior part of the tarsi. The irritation produced by its punctures results ina scabby or scaly condition of the legs by much the same process as in scabies of the large animals. The minute scabs accumulate under the scales, displacing them and producing a lumpy, scaly condition, the crust becoming porous and honey combed. ‘The par- asites can be found in the serum between the scab and the leg, appearing as minute white specks. PARASITOLOGY. 55 _ Treatment.—After removal of all scabs possible, witha nail brush and hot water scrub thoroughly with kerosene or a kerosene emulsion made as follows: Bigs ly: Fig. 17—Photograph of scaly legs (scabies), natural size. This is due to the scab parasites, illustrated in Fig. 16. a, shows large scabby masses piled up; b, the scales of the legs which have been forced out of place by the gradually forming material, due to dried serum and accu- mulating dirt as a result of the irritation caused by the scab parasite—From Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry. Kerosene, % gallon; common soap 2 ounces; water Y% gallon. Dissolve the soap in boiling water ; add this 56 PARASITOLOGY. solution boiling hot to the kerosene, and stir with an egg beater. When ready to use, take one part of the emulsion and add to it nine parts of water. The lime and sulphur dip used warm and scrubbed thoroughly under the scales is very effective. The lime and sulphur dip is made as follows: Unslaked lime, '/, pound; sulphur, 1 pound; water, 4 gallons. This mixture should be boiled for two hours. The lime acts as a solvent for the sulphur. Other antiseptics which are parasiticides may be used. Isolate diseased birds and avoid reinfestation by the introduction of new birds to the flock. PSOROPTES COMMUNIS ; variety Equi (Equus—horse). Synonynes.—Long-nosed Psoropt; Psoroptes Long- irostris. Description.—About the same size as the Sarcoptes. Its rostrum is more than twice as long as wide. Vitality.—It will live for thirty days off of the host, if in a moist atmosphere, and temverature not too low. Animal Intested.—The cutictiar surface of the horse. Condition Produced.—I\t produces scabies in the same manner as the Sarcoptes, the parasites living in colonies under the scab. ‘The scab parasites usu- ally implant themselves on the animals where the hair is long, as the mane, back and rump. Its spread is slow, though it may later spread over the body. The maxillary space, and where the hair is thinnest, as the groin, and the axillary region, are favorite locations in later stages. The biting and rubbing, a result of the intense irritation produced by the par- PARASITOLOGY. a} 4 Mos bet | Fig. 18—Male PsoROPTES COMMUNIS, variety Ovis. Photomicrograph 1x% inch. a, Head parts. b, Legs. c, Body. (Thorax and abdomen are not distinctly marked macroscop- ically.) asites, cause the hair to become matted and present a stairy appearance. Later the hair falls out and reveals scabby hairless patches. The mode of spread of the contagion, and the treatment, are the same as in scabies produced by other parasites. If the dis- ease is not treated the animal becomes thin in flesh, anemic, and finally dies. PsOROPTES COMMUNIS, variety Bovis (Bovis—ox). History.—Widely distributed in the United States; found in the middle West and South. Animal Intested.—This is the common scab para- site of the ox. Condition Produced.—The back, loins and croup are the first parts to become infested. On account of the difficulty in scratching these parts the scabs pile up, often an inch in thickness. The animal rubs and licks himself as a result of the pruritus, gradu- 58 PARASITOLOGY. Fig. 19—PsoropTES COMMUNIS, variety Bovis. Photomicrograph. 1 and 2, Females. a, Head parts. b, Legs. c, body. ally becoming thin in flesh, and later emaciated. PsOROPTES COMMUNIS, variety Ovis (Ovis—sheep). Flistory.—Widely distributed. Found in western and southwestern parts of the United States; also in France, Germany, Asia, Australia and Mexico. Animal Intested.—This is the common scab para- site of the sheep. Condition Produced; Symptoms.—In watching a bunch of sheep that have recently become infested, it will be noted that they are restless; that they wili bite themselves; that bunches of wool will become loosened; possibly some saliva will be noted at this point. If the skin be examined with the aid of a hand lens, or if a scraping be made with a knife (care must be taken to get close to the skin), the parasite will be found. Or,if the scraping be placed in aclear glass bottle and the bottle set in the sun- PARASITOLOGY. 59 Photomicrograph 1x% inch, 21—PSOROPTES COMMUNIS, variety Bovis; head a, Head parts. b, Anterior pair of Legs. c, Thorax, Fig. Photomicrograph 1x1/6 in. a, Head parts. b, Anterior pair of Legs. Fig. 20—PsoropTEsS COMMUNIS, variety Ovis; head c, Dhorax. shine or a warm place, the parasites will soon be found crawling over the walls of the bottle. In the later stages the scabs will appear on the back and rump. The scabs continue to pile up and the wool falls out, revealing large scabby woolless patches. The animal becomes emaciated, and finally dies. This parasite causes great loss in the wool crop. Mode of Intestation.—By being placed in quarters 60 PARASITOLOGY. where infested sheep have recently been kept; by being shipped in cars not disinfected after using for transportation of infested sheep; through shipping centers, unless such centers are controlled by proper quarantine regulations; by the introduction of an infested sheep into a bunch not infested; or, by being driven over a trail recently followed by scabby sheep. PSOROPTES COMMUNIS, variety Caprz (Capra—a goat). Produces scabies in goats in the same manner as the Psoropt in sheep. SYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Equi (Equus—horse). Synonym.—Foot-scab parasite. History.—Symbiotic scabies is not common. It has been found in some parts of the old world, and is more prevalent among coarse horses and those that are poorly cared for. Description.—This mite is a trifle smaller than the species of the two previous genera. The rostrum is nearly as wide as long. Animal Infested.—The horse. Condition Produced.—It produces scabies of the legs, usually in the region of the fetlock and pastern of the posterior extremity. In later stages the scabby condition extends up the leg, possibly as high as the body. The skin becomes thickened and rigid and the legs swollen. Cracks may be formed in the pastern region from which may be found a secre- tion of a fetid nature. The parasites live in colonies under the scab. Treatment.—Thoroughly scrub the affected parts PARASITOLOGY. 61 With soap and warm water. After thoroughly soak- ing the parts with water and soap the scabs may be easily removed. Then apply any of the dip prepa- rations. SYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Bovis. H[istory.—Not common. Animals Infested.—Cattle. Condition Produced.—Symbiotic scabies in the ox ‘begins around the base of the tailandrump. It is slow to spread from this locality and has been known to affect the animal for years, with a slow tendency to spread toward the body.. It is said that it does not cause such intense pruritus as the sarcoptic form. SYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Ovis. Synonym.—Foot-scab parasite. Animals [ntested.—Sheep. Condition Produced.—It produces scabies of the feet and legs. It is slow to spread, showing a ten- dency to recovery in summer, but spreading more rom sheep to sheep in winter. Like other scabies it produces itching and the animal stamps and rubs the affected parts. Symbiotic scabies most often attacks the hind legs, but may spread to the fore limbs. SYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Caprae. Animal Infested.—The goat. Condition Produced.—Attacks by preference the neck and back. Yellowish, thick, hard crusts form. The skin underneath the scab becomes thickened and cracks are often observed. ‘Tumefaction of the lymph glands that receive the lymph from these parts has been noted. ‘The hair becomes matted and falls out, exposing the scabby area. 62 PARASITOLOGY. SyYMBIOTES AURICULARUM, variety Canis (Auris—ear) (Canis—dog). Animal Intested.—The dog. Names of Disease.—Otacariasis, auricular scabies, parasitic otitis, epileptiform disease of dogs. Condition Produced, Symptoms.—The parasites produce an inflammation of the external ear, and in some cases ulcers are observed. In the scrapings from these ulcers the Acarican be found. Evidence of itching is manifested; the dog shakes his head from side to side and scratches his ears with his paw. The hunting dog, after vigorous exercise, shows symptoms like those of epilepsy. Later the dog is attacked more frequently with these fits, and becomes sullen, with a tendency to be cross. Treatment.— Disinfect kennels with five-percent kreso, or sediment from the lime and sulphur dip, etc. Thoroughly cleanse the ear and apply the follow- neo BR Otlinetaile 2c ke ee Svii Neplithiolt. 2 22 a ee SV Mtheri SL ee ee QXV M. Sig.—Inject a small quantity of this mixture into external auditory canal once a day. A saturated solution of alcohol with boracic acid can be used. CytopiTres Nupus (Cyto—cell; Nudus—nude). Synonym.—Air-sac mite. History.—Found in Colorado, Wyoming, Iowa aad New York. Description.—Scarcely visible macroscopically. The body is rounded in shape and whitish in color. The rostrum is conical. The legs are strong, con- PARASITOLOGY. 63 ical in shape and composed of five articles each. The free extremity of the last segment of each leg is provided with an ambulacrum. (An ambulacrum is a cup-shaped sucker attached to the extremity of the leg by a pedicle.) The adult is provided with four pair of legs; the two anterior pair are located on the anterior third, and point forward; the two posterior pair are located on the posterior half, and point backward. Animals Intested.—They infest the air-sacs of fowls and pheasants. They are white in color and can be seen macroscopically as small bodies, very mi- nute in size. They even reach the air cells of the bones. Condition Produced.—Their irritation causes inflam- mation and results in death of the host. TREATMENT OF SCABIES. Large bunches of cattle and sheep which become infested with scab parasites must of necessity be dipped. For this purpose the dip which has proved the most successful is the lime and sulphur dip. The lime acts as a solvent for the sulphur. The sulphur is a parasiticide. This dip is made in the following proportion: Unslaked lime BE FR eh li gat 8 pounds. 2 CLL DLA) | PA ge 0 pS 24 pounds. Peete ae ee 100 gallons. Boil for two hours. Use at a temperature of 100 degrees to 110 degrees Fahr. Keep the animalin the dip two or three minutes by the watch. Clean the sheds or barns and yards. Disinfect the fences, stalls, racks, and feed troughs with the sediment of 64 PARASITOLOGY. the dip. Another dip is the arsenical dip, made as follows: Arsenious acid (white arsenic) __10 pounds. Sul poh thse ag ee Rie re 1 ounce. SOC eesti ee NCR BE Beet aren 10 pounds. SOUE US Oapyee eare I eees S a Ne ss 2 pounds. RIS Waker. Sie tt a Fee 2 gallons. After cooling add enough water to make twenty- - five gallons. It is estimated that this quantity of dip is sufficient for twenty-five sheep. The tobacco-sulphur dip is made as follows: "Pobaceo leaves. a. 2- ck te Se 1 pound. POUL ECs hie o> Weak sien Se yee 1 pound. WV abet 20 sep ee ewe 2 6 gallons. Place the tobacco in a vessel of warm water, cover and let steep for twenty-four hours. Bring toa boil, let cool and strain. Press all the juice out of the leaves. Mix enough water to the sulphur to makea paste, then mix with the tobacco infusion, thoroughly stir and heat to a temperature of 110 and sponge or dip the animal. Coal tar products are used to some extent. Some are reliable and some are not. The kreso dip put up by P. D. Co. is said to contain some dissolved sulphur, therefore has a double combined parasiticide effect. Scaby sheep should be clipped. After one week dip. At the end of ten days dip the second time and remove to non-infested quarters. In case of scabies in horses clip the animal. Thoroughly scrub with adip. Repeat in ten days. For dipping devices for cattle there are used the plunge dip, the cage dip and the spray dip. PARASITOLOGY. 65 Sulphur is not essential when nicotine is used. The nicotine must be at least .07%. JEMODECIDAE. The sub-family Demodecidae includes a group of parasites that live in the hair and sebaceous follicles of the skin and produce cuticular pustules. They are placed under one genus,—Demodex (worm-like) and one species,—Folliculorum (follicle). General Description.—Under a low-power micro- scope the parasite has a general outline similar in shape to an oat grain. The head part is broad and is provided with a stylet or lancet-piece arranged at the anterior extremity. The thorax is not distinctly separated fromthe abdomen, The larva is provided with three pair of legs, the adult with four. Each leg is made up of three short segments, the last one being very short and provided with two hooklets or claws. Life History.—The life history is similar to that of the sub-family Sarcoptidae. The ova are laid in the pustule. The newly hatched larvae are asexual and are provided with three pair of legs which are mere tubercles. After moulting the larvae are observed 66 PARASITOLOGY. to have four pair of legs. Another moulting brings the larvae to the pupal stage, with legs fully devel- oped, and after still another moult they are sexually mature. variety Canis. Adult Male, magnified 400 times, showing wide head, with ros- trum, short legs(3 articles each) 2 claws and elongated body. Fig. 23—DEMOLEX FOLLICULORUM, Field showing various stages of oD a z § wo . ~ O Ps me Lali e— 3 ov = o = Q. 5 a OS et So > oe ass > Ss Sa © an pe Tara cO oT Fig. 22—DEMODEX FULLICULORUM Of the varieties of Demodex Folliculorum enumer- ated only two are common in the United States. DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM, variety Canis. ffistory.—First studied in Europe. It is common in inany localities of the United States. PARASITOLOGY. 67 Animal [nfested.—The dog. Parts Intested; Symptoms.—The parasite burrows into the hair or sebaceous follicles, occluding the ducts and producing pustules. These pustules are prominent, and give the skin a rough appearance. The animal is usually first attacked by the parasite in the region of the breast, legs, axillary and facial regions. The skin becomes red, and hence it is called red mange. Considerable irritation accompa- nies the malady. The dog scratches and bites the parts, the hair falls out and the skin becomes thick- ened. In later stages the entire cuticular surface becomes affected. Treatment.—Successful treatment of this malady is difficult because of the difficulty of getting the solu- tion to the interior of the pustules. A mixture of gasoline, oil of tar and oil of cade has been used with more or less good results. Also Ofee-resin aspidii__.--_.___.. 8 parts SEY LUT I lg Sea pa ea he 42 parts Cg el or 50 parts DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM, variety Suis. History.—Frequently found in America and in Europe. Animal Infested.— The pig. Condition Produced.—The parasites attack the cu- ticular surface in the axillary region and flanks; then the disease spreads over the entire surface of the body and legs. The skin becomes thickened and rough. The pustules push up, giving the skin a papillated appearance. Mode of Intestation.—The animal may be infested 68 PARASITOLOGY. through coming in contact with infested animals, by being placed in quarters in which infested animals Fig. 24—Two pups affected with DEMoDECIC SCABIES or Red Mange. (Photograph). have been kept, or shipped in cars or other vehicles in which infested animals have been transported. PARASITOLOGY. 69 THE TICKS. ARGASIDAE. The family Argasidae includes the ticks. They are provided with flat, oval bodies. The piercing man- dibles and hypostome are located beneath an over- reaching cephalo-thorax, or anterior part of the dorsal Fig. 25—ARGAS MINIATUS, LARVA. a, Mandibles and Palpi. b, Legs. c, Body. surface. The dorsal shield is absent. The life his- tory is similar to that of the common ticks. ARGAS MINIATUS. Synonyms.—Argas Americanus; Chicken tick. ffistory.—Found in Mexico and the Southern part of the United States. Description.—The parasite is flat like a bedbug, and ovoid in shape. It is provided with an over- reaching dorsal surface, the top of which is pitted. The head parts consist of two mandibles provided with teeth at the terminal end. Beneath these is a PARASITOLOGY. n o ‘unyaing ‘9 = iieq'p og ‘kpog ‘9 ‘pog ‘9 ‘kpog ‘9 o ‘sda7Tq ‘q *s3a'q ‘q *‘sdaq ‘q S| ‘Idjeq pue salqipueyy ‘eB ‘idjeg pure sajqipuey ‘e ‘sorqipueyy ‘e *sayoul {xT ‘soyoul YXxT *soyoul §/GXT = ydeirso191woyoyd “VAUVT. | ydeisois1wojyoyg “VAUVT ydeizoisiwojyoyg “WAUNVY <= SALVIONNY SAdvuvOIVWW—8Z “3d ININDAJA SOMOGOHLINUQ—*LZ “SIA SALOATY AOLNAOVNAAG—'9s ‘S17 spatula-shaped hypostome divided into two symmet- rical halves, and on each half there are arranged three rows of irregular shaped denticles. are surrounded by palpi. — PARASITOLOGY. 71 Animals Infested—The tick is found in the hens’ nests and in the litter. They attack the birds mostly at night. They drive the hens from their nests and cause death of the host. They may be found on larger animals. It transmits the spirochetae gallinarum pro- ducing spirochetosis of fowls in Africa and Evrope. ORNITHODOROS MEGNINI (Megnin). Synonyms.—Spinose tick; ear tick; spider tick ; Rhyncoprium Spinosum. History.—Found in the South and middle West. Description.—The female, when engorged with blood, is about the size of a castor bean. The body is oval in shape, with the transverse diameter of the anterior third greater than that of the posterior third. Its cuticular surface is covered with spines, from which it gets its name,—"spinose tick.” The head parts are prominent; the hypostome not provided with denticles in the larval stage. The palpi are round in shape, and long. Its color varies. from brown to violet. A specimen, two-thirds engorged with blood, taken from a steer, moulted once, and lived from Feb. 10, 1906, to July 8, 1907. Animals Intested.—It infests the ears of horses, cattle and other animals. Condition Produced.—They attach themselves to the skin lining the conchi, and also invade the audi- tory meatus. ‘‘his causes much irritation; the anima! shakes his head and shows other signs of nervous disorder. It is reported to have caused death. Treatment.—Oil, or any antisep‘ic solution of suff- cient strength to b2a parasiticide. Oil coats over, closing the breathing tubes, and asphyxiates the tick. NI bo PARASITOLOGY. IXODIDAE. This family includes a group of ticks, the head parts of which are slightly longer than broad. The palpi are short. The head is provided with mandi- bles and hypostome as in the preceding family. RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS (Sanguis—blood. ) Distribution.—Has been reported in Southern states. Description.—Resembles the Bodphilus Annulatus in size and shape, though the head is more prominent and the palpi are short and broad, but longer than the hypostome. The base of the capitulum (or head parts) is broader than long, forming a projecting an- gle at each side. In the male the dorsal shield is red and covers nearly all of the dorsal surface. Animals Infested —Cattle and other animals. This tick transmits the piroplasma canis in Europe. IxovDEs Ricinus (Ricinus—castor oil plant; eidos—like.) Synonym.—Castor bean tick. flistory.— Found in America, Europe and Africa. Descriftion.—In shape it resembles the castor bean. Its color is variegated like that of the castor bean, the dorsal shield being a deep chestnut brown. The mandibles are armed with teeth; the hypostome is lanceolate in shape, each half being provided with six rows of denticles. The body of the male is flat, oval and of a deep reddish brown, the dorsal shield covering almost all of the dorsal surface. Animals Infested.—It attacks the cuticular surface of the horse, ox, dog, etc. Plate [Va. 3 Fig. 2—Ambliyomma Ameri- Fig. 1—Boophilus Annulatus. canum, (Engorged females). (Engorged female). A—Ventral view. A—Dorsal view. B—Dorsal view of same. B—Ventral view. 1, Anus. 1, Anus. 2, Lateral constrictions. 2, Well developed dorsal 3, Rudimentary dorsal shield. shield, showing white 4, Short rostrum. spot. 5, Longitudinal dorsal depres- 8, Rostrum. sions. 4, Longitudinal depressions, 6, Legs. 5, Stigmen., 7, Stigmen. 6, Legs. a —b 2 ag Sr: 6) Fig. 3—Ornithodoros Megnini. (Engorged females), A—Dorsal view. B—Ventral view. a, Rostrum, b, Legs. c, Body tapering posteriorly. Plate IVb. Fig. 5—Dermacentor FElectus. Fig. 4—Argas Miniatus. (Engorged female). (Engorged females), a, Prominent rostrum, A—Dorsal -view. b, Large white shield. B—Ventral yiew. ce, Legs. a, Rostrum. b, Legs. e, Body, eS Fig, C—Beoophilus Annulatus. (Mature, male). ’ Fig. S—Leg Boenhilus Annu- 3 ; Wher latus, Fig. 7—Ornithoderos Megnini. a, Tarsus. (Section of skin, showing b, Pulvillum. spines). ec, Hooklets. SJ Go PARASITOLOGY. MarGArRAPpus ANNULATUS (Annulus—a ring). Synonyms.—Boophilus Bovis; Boophilus Annula- tus; fever tick; Texas fever tick; Ixodes Bovis. History.—Found in southern part of United States and in southern Europe. Animal Intested.—The ox. Description.—The engorged female is about the size of the castor bean, has a constriction in the mid- dle of the lateral sides, with two longitudinal depres- sions anterior to, and three posterior to this con- striction, on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The legs are not strong, and are located on the ante- rior half of the body. The head is not prominent; it is provided with mandibles, palpi and hypostome, and the latter is furnished with eight rows of denti- cles. The dorsal shield is small and brownish red in color. The surface of the parasite is often marked with delicate yellowish white wavy lines. The ex- tremity of each leg is provided with a pulvillum, two hooklets and a globe shaped apparatus. Breathing is by means of a trachea located on either side pos- terior to the last pair of legs, and covered by a per- forated scale called a Stigmen. The male does not become engorged with blood, but remains flat. Its dorsal surface is a brownish red color. Life History.—The engorged female drops to the ground, seeks a secluded place, as under some ob- ject, and begins ovulation (laying eggs) in from three to five days. This period lasts about two weeks. During the period of ovulation the female scarcely moves. The eggs are ovoid in shape and brown in color, and are covered with a varnish-like substance. The eggs are pushed out from the ante- 74 PARASITOLOGY. rior extremity of the body, forming a mass number- ing, usually, 4,000 to 5,000. These eggs hatch in about three weeks, if the temperature is favorable. The larvae are small, six-legged asexual parasites. In this stage they have lived in a bottle for six months without food. They crawl over the ground or upon the blades of grass or weeds, and thus are brushed off by animals passing along. Once on the animal they attach themselves usually in the region of the thigh, between the hind legs. After one week they moult (passing through a change in the ana- tomical structure, during which time they shed the skin.) They are now provided with four pair of legs and at the end of another week they moult again, and become sexually mature. The males seek the females and place themselves in apposition, in which position the male can be found still alive after the female is fully engorged. But its life is short after being removed from the host; it dies within a few hours. The female draws blood slowly for the first two weeks, then rapidly for the third week, becom- ing fully engorged in three weeks, drops off, and is ready to begin ovulation; gradually shrinks during ovulation until she is only about one third of her original size, then dies. Condition Produced.—The tick carries the proto- zoa (Piroplasma Bigeminum) causing Texas or Splenic Fever. The larva, as soon as it gets onto the host, attaches itself to the skin and begins to draw blood. At this time it inoculates the host with the protozoa. The single celled parasites enter the red blood cells, break them up and liberate the hem- oglobin; the protozoa have multiplied in sufficient Plate V. Fig. 1—Stigmen, Boophilus Annulatus larvae. (From moult). rig. 2—Boophilus Leg, side view, a, Hooklet. b, Side view of ec, Pedicle. d, Tarsus. Australis, dise. Fig. 3—Leg of Ornithodoros Megnini. a; Hooklst. b, Sense pore, Ge Larsus. d, Protarsus. e, Tibia. f, Femur. = crochanter. h, Portion of body. Fig. 5—Stigmen from Derma- eentor Reticulatus, ‘ig. I—Stigmen from adult Boophilus Annulatus, Fiz, 6—Ventral view of capi- tulum, Boecphilus Annulz- tus. dee alpus: b, Hypostome armed with §&% rows of Denticles. c, Mandibles showing digits. d. Base of capitulum. dep Ag EUS: 1, Basal Article. 2, Ante-penultimate article. 3, Penultimate arcicle. 4, Apical article. PARASITOLOGY. 75 numbers to produce the acute symptoms of tick fever by the eleventh day. ‘The liver becomes congested, the bile thickened and granular; the spleen becomes greatly enlarged, and the contents is the consistency of blackberry jam. The urine is port wine colored, and the cancellated portion of the bone is black; the fat is lemon colored, due to staining of the cells of the tissue with hematin. During this time the ani- mal shows loss of appetite, stands off by itself, back arched, high elevation of temperature, accelerated respiration and pulse, port wine colored urine. Ticks do not live over winter in latitudes where the temperature falls to zero or below. Certain animals devour ticks, and hence aid in the ridding of such pests. These animals known to be enemies of ticks are: Kingbirds, “Jackdaws,” poultry, ants and Sowbugs (armadillidium vulgare). The arsenical cattle dip is made as follows: Arsenic (A So,), 8 to 12 pounds; sol soda, 24 to 45 pounds; water, 500 gallons. Two dippings are necessary. Emulsion of crude petroleum: Hard soap, 1 pound; soft water, 1 gallon; Beaumont crude petroleum, 4 gallons. When ready to use add 3 gallons water to 1 gallon of mixture. Pasture rotation is also used to rid cattle and pre- mises of ticks. BooPHiILus AUSTRALIS (Australia). Synonym.—Australian fever tick. History.—Found in Australia, South America, Cuba, Porto Rico and India. Animals Intested.—The ox, the deer and the horse. Descriptton.—The female is about the same size as, and has markings similar to, the Bodphilus Annula- 76 PARASITOLOGY. tus. The dorsal shield is slightly smaller, and is light in color; the palpi are short. In the male the dorsal shield covers the entire dorsal surface. The free extremity of the leg is provided with two hook- lets and a fan-shaped organ, instead of the globule shaped apparatus, as in the species Annulatus. Condition Produced.—They carry the protozoa pro- ducing fever as Bodphilus Annulatus does in the United States. DERMACENTOR ELECTUS (Derma—skin ; kentesis—puncture). Synonyms.—Dog tick; wood tick; Dermacentor Americanus. History.—Very common in the woods of the United States. Animals Infested.—Dog, horse, ox, etc. Description.—The engorged female is about the size of the fever tick, though the legs are longer and Fig. 29.—AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM LARVA. Photcmicrograph 1x2/3 : inch, an Mandibles. c, Body. b, Legs. d, Palpi. PARASITOLOGY. we the head parts more prominent. ‘The dorsal shield is large, somewhat elongated through the antero- posterior diameter, and is white in color. The hy- postome is provided with six rows of denticles. The dorsal surface of the male presents a large, white dorsal shield and silvery markings. DERMACENTOR RETICULATUS. History—Found particularly in the Rocky Moun- tain region. Ammal Infested —The ox. Description.—The tick is about the size of the der- macentor electus. Its dorsal shield is large and a rusty white in color. The stigmal plate differs in shape from the D. electus as shown in the illustration. AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM (American). Synonym.—Lone Star tick; Amblyomma _ una- puncta. Distribution.—Southern United States and South America. Animal Intested.—The ox. Description.—About the same size as the preceding described tick. The dorsal shield is triangular in shape and reddish brown ; it is marked with a white spot in the posterior border. The head parts are more prominent than in the Bodphilus Annulatus. The hypostome is furnished with six rows of denti- cles. LINGUATULIDA. This order includes a group of degraded Acari, the most common of which is the LINGUATULA RHINARIA (Lingua—tongue). Synonyms.—Pentastoma Taenoides; Linguatula 78 PARASITOLOGY. Taenoides. Distribution.—Common in Europe; not reported in the United States. Description.—The body of the adult is white, elon- gated and lanceolate shaped toward the head. It tapers posteriorly and presents the general appear- ance of- a worm. ‘The ventral surface is flattened; it is rounded dorsally; the body is composed of about ninety rings; the head part is provided with small hooklets which enable it to hold on firmly. The males are much smaller than the females. Animals Infested.—Adult infests dogs; larva infest cattle, sheep, etc. Life History.—The adult deposits the ova in the nasal chambers of the dog, and they are afterward expelled by the animal when sneezing ; thus the grass of the pastures or other food or water become con- taminated with the eggs. These eggs are taken in by the intermediate host, and upon reaching the stomach hatch and liberate the embryos. The em- bryos are ovoid in shape, flat below and convex above, and thus somewhat resemble the Acari. They are provided with two pair of legs. The head extremity is furnished with a stylet-shaped boring apparatus. By means of this boring apparatus they find their way through the stomach or intestinal wall and become located in the mesenteric lymph glands, lungs or liver, where they develop into fully formed larvae. This transformation requires about seven months. Condition Produced.—The larvae thus encysted are taken in by carnivorous animals, through consump- tion of the affected part, or the larvae may leave the PARASITOLOGY. 19 cyst by migration, and if they reach the bronchi may be expelled with mucus through fits of coughing, and thus soil the feed or water. In the adult state the parasites infest the nasal chamber, and possibly the pharynx and larynx. They hold on to the mucous membrane by means of hooklets and produce an inflammation which is accompanied by a muco-puru- lent discharge. The animal sneezes, scratches and rubs its nose, etc. FUNGI. The fungi that attack animals are vegetable para- sites and are similar to the.common moulds in their general appearance and method of reproduction. Reproduction is by spores, which are small round bodies, microscopic in size, resembling small seeds. The filaments, or hyphae, consist of a series of cells arranged end to end. These cells consist of a cell wall and protoplasm. The spores have a greater resistance to unfavorable conditions than the mycelia, and when placed under favorable conditions, or “fer- tile ground,” produce the hyphae. TRICHOPHYTON TONSURANS (Trix—hair ; phyton, a plant.) (Tonsurans—to shear.) Disease. —Tinea tonsurans: circinate ringworm; ringworm. | Animals Infested.—Man, horse, ox, hog, dog, cat, sheep, and bird. Symptoms.—The affected spot is at first red; it gradually enlarges and is covered with a thin, gray- ish scale, under which is found serum. ‘The hair is cut off at the surface as a result of the invasion of the skin by the fungi. The circumference is red, 80 PARASITOLOGY. while the older inner portion assumes a grayish color. The condition is accompanied by itching; the animal rubs and scratches itself. Common in U. S. Parts Intested.—In man it is noted in the facial region and arms; sometimes contracted by handling infected pets. In horses it infests principally the body, but has been observed on the extremities. In cattle the facial region is a favorite location. In hogs we observe the body as the most usual part attacked; in dogsthe body and extremities ; in birds the dependent part of the head, as the comb and wattles. Modes of Infection.—Animals may become infected by coming in contact with infected ones, by being shipped in cars or boats in which infected ones have recently been transported, by being placed in other infected quarters, as barns, pastures, etc., or by using blankets, rub-rags, etc., which have recently been used upon infected animals. Treatment.—The most effectual remedial agent is iodine, which should be brushed on the affected part once a day; or, four percent nitrate of silver may be used. ACHORION SCHOENLEINII (Achor—scurf ; Schoenlein) Disease-—Tinea favosa; honeycomb ringworm; whitecomb. Animals Infested.—Infests by preference the smal- ler animals, as the dog, cat, bird, rat, mouse, etc. Symptoms.—The fungi implants itself in the skin at the opening of the hair follicle; here it forms a cup-shaped mass surrounding the hair or feather. Later the hair falls out, which gives the skin a honey- combed appearance. There is an odor given off i Plate Fig. 1—Amblyomma America. num. (Ovipesiting), Note white spot in dorsal shield. Fig. 2—Boephilus Aannulatus., (Ovipositing). Note skrinking of the body posteriorly. Fig. 3—Boophilus Annulatus. (In different stages of de- velopment on skin of cow). ons Wig. H—Sarcoptic scabies, cat. PARASITOLOGY. 81 which simulates the odor of mice or cat’s urine. Mode of Infection.—Cats and dogs usually become infected from infected prey, as rats and mice. Asa result the parts most infected are the fore legs and head. Treatment.—Same as in the preceding forms, or hyposulphite of soda, one ounce to the pint of water. ACHORION KERATOPHAGUS (Kerato—horn ; phagean—to eat) Disease.—Seedy toe. Animals Infected. —The horse and mule. Parts Intected.—The mycelium develops along the line of the horny tubes; this results in a degenera- tion of the horn tissue, and a soft, powder-like sub- stance accumulates between the wall and the sole. (Saccharos—sugar) SACCHA ROMYCES ALBICANS (Myco—mycelium) (Alba—white.) Synonym.—Oidium albicans. Disease.—Thrush ; mycotic stomatitis. Animals Infected.—Foals and calves. Parts Intected.—Mucous membrane of the mouth. Condition Produced.—The infected mucous mem- brane becomes red, inflamed and tender to the touch. In the center of the inflamed area are white ulcerous spots invaded by mycelia and spores. Treatment.—Wash the mouth with a solution of boracic acid, chlorate of potash or other antiseptics. (Bovis—ox) ACTINOMYCES Bovis (Aktis—a ray) (Muke—a mushroom). Synonym.—Ray fungus, 82 PARASITOLOGY. Disease Produced.—Actinomycosis; lumpy jaw; big jaw. ' Distribution.—Widely distributed throughout the United States and Europe; especially common in the middle West. Antmals Infected. —Man, horse, ox and hog. Parts Affected.—Superior and inferior maxilla and soft structures adjacent to them, glands of the head and neck; also lung tissue; rare in other organs. In the sowit has been found involving the mammae. In the ox it has been found in the liver, prescapular and superficial inguinal lymph glands. Description of Fungus.—The fungi appear in the pus as yellowish granular bodies. A microscopic study of these bodies shows clusters of club-shaped cells in ray formation; the small ends are directed inward, forming a rosette-like circle. CHAPTER II. ENTOZOA. The internal parasites, or entozoa, are placed under the branch Vermes. Vermes (vermis—a worm) is divided into three classes, viz.: Annelida, Nemathelmintha, and Plat- helmintha. Annelida (annulus—a ring) includes the order Discophori. This order includes the family Gnath- obdellidae. This family includes the genus Haemo- pis, which infests the pharynx and mouth. Nemathelmintha (nema—thread; helminth— worm) is divided into two orders, viz.: Nematoda and Acanthocephala. Nematoda (thread-like) is divided into five fam- ilies, viz.: .Filaridae, Ascaridae, Oxyuridae, Strongy- lidae and Trichotrachelidae. Filaridae (filum—a thread) include the genera Spiroptera, Simondsia, and Filaria. They are thread-like worms infesting various parts of the body. Ascaridae (askarizo—to move briskly) include the genus Ascaris, which infests the small intestines. Oxyuridae (oxyo—pointed; oura—tail) include the genus Oxyuris, which infests the posterior bowel. Strongylidae (strongylos—cylindrical) include the genera Strongylus, Sclerostoma, Stephanurus, Syngamus, Oesophagostoma and Uncinaria, which infest the various parts of the body. Trichotrachelidae (trix—hair) include the genera Trichocephalus and Trichina, which infest the in- testinal tract. , 83 84 PARASITOLOGY. oF 5 Acanthocephala (acantha—thorn; cephale—head) includes the genus Echynorhynchus, which infests the intestinal tract. Plathelmintha (flat—wide) includes the orders Cestoda and Trematoda. Cestoda (kesto—girdle) includes the family Taenidae and genus Taenia (tape worms) which in the adult state infest the intestines. | The family Bothriocephalidae includes the genus Bothriocephalus, which passes the larval stage in fish. Trematoda (perforated) includes the families Fasciolidae, Paramphistomidae and Schistosomi- dae. The family Fasciolidae includes the genera Disto- ma and Paragonimus, which live in the liver and lungs. The family Paramphistomidae includes the genus Amphistoma, which infests the stomach. The family Schistosomidae includes the genus Schistosoma, which lives in the blood. CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMMON INTERNAL PARASITES. Branen*. Mentini@sr ists 0 ee ase had Clase -ai< eee ATHENA Slee esi Onder ae 2. Discophori. 22) >.. Pamala: SPCCIES..2. ose. ees Spiroptera Strongylina. Spiroptera Sanguino- lenta. Simondsia Paradoxa. Filaria Papillosa. Filaria ‘Cervina. Filaria Immitis. Ascaris Megalocephala. Ascaris Vituli. Ascaris Ovis. Ascaris Suilla. Ascaris Marginata. Ascaris Mystax. Ascaris Inflexa. Heterakis Papillosa. Oxyuris Curvula. Oxyuris Mastigodes. Strongylus Arnfieldi. Strongylus Micrurus. Strongylus Pulmonalis. Strongylus Filaria. Strongylus Rufescens. Strongylus Paradoxus. Strongylus Pusillus. Hemonchus Contortus. Strongylus Ostertagi. Strongylus Vasorum. Sclerostomum Equi- num. Sclerostomum Edenta- tum. Sclerostomum Vulgare. Triodontophorus Mj- nor, 86 PARASITOLOGY. Genus and Species—Continued Triodontophorus Ser- ratus. Cylichnostomum La- bratum. Cylichnostomum Tet- racanthum. ; Cylichnostomum _La- biatum. Cylichnostomum Bico- ronatum. Cylichnostomum Pocu- latum. Cylichnostomum Cali- catum. Cylichnostomum Alve- atum. Cylichnostomum Cati- natum. Cylichnostomum Nas- satum. Cylichnostomum Radi- atum. Cylichnostomum Elon- gatum. Gyalocephalus Capita- tus. Sclerostoma Hyposto- mum. Stephanurus Dentatus. Syngamus Trachealis. Oesophagostoma I[n- flatum. Oesophagostoma Co- lumbianum., - PARASITOLOGY. Genus and Species— Continued ....... ¥ eae es Trichotrachelid eels MI: SPECIES. os... ccnnenee ncn one emer... ....2..2.-.-..Acanthocephala .... Berets PGS PECIOS --..--3....-. sin Gaeeel es: Rlgors Plathelmintha.............. nee eS. Prematod a: «..-......, ay 5 ea a Fasciolidae........ Premts pic. SPecies:.-..........:.....-... 87 Oesophagostoma Dentat- um. Uncinaria Radiata. Uncinaria Cernua. Uncinaria Canina. Uncinaria Stenocephala. ae. Trichocephalus Depress- iusculus. Trichocephalus Affinis. TrichocephalusCrenatus Trichina Spiralis. Echinorhynchus Gigas. Echinorhynchus Canis, ..Distoma Hepaticum. Distoma Americanum, Distoma Lanceolata. Paragonimus Westerm- anil. dae. Amphistoma Cervi. Schistosoma Bovis. ng re Paramphistomi (PS) VS 4V50 Soyo 6 OI eee Schistosomidae Pre titi AU PPCCies -. oe noe ee teece.. Gere -Cestodde |. -.2/..:-..= (Di SS a a i ee WRaenidtae =. << Genus and Species Taenia Solium. Taenia Saginata. Taenia Perfoliata. Taenia Mamillana. © Taenia Plicata. Taenia Expansa. Taenia Alba. Taenia Denticulata. Taenia Fimbriata. Taenia Marginata. Taenia Echinococcus, Taenia Ovis. 88 PARASITOLOGY. Genus and Species—Continued............ Taenia Serrata. Taenia Serialis. Taenia Canina. Taenia Crassicollis. amily... 32200 Bothriocephalidae. Genusand Species (2). ee Gs Boe oe Bothriocephalus Latus. ANNELIDA. HAEMOPIS SANGUISUGA (Sanguis—blood ; sugere—to suck). Synonym.—Horse-leech. Distribution.—Found in Europe, America, Turkey and Africa. Description.—The leech is black or brownish in color, flattened ventrally and rounded dorsally. The body is composed of ninety-five to ninety-seven rings. It is soft, slimy and capable of great exten- sion and contraction. It is provided with an oral and an anal sucker; the suckers are shaped like the beak of a flute. The mouth is located in the oral sucker; it is arranged in the form of a three-rayed star, each ray forming a slit through which a jaw may pass. By means of this sucker it holds firmly to the mucous membrane, and by means of the teeth in the jaws to wounds it, and thus is enabled to suck the blood. ‘The anal sucker is nearly twice as large as the oral one, and aids in holding on to the host; the anus opens at the upper border. Ten eyes are located on the anterior part of the dorsal surface. The leeches are hermaphrodites; they are two to three inches in length. Life Cycle.—Leeches inhabit the water. The fe- males, at the time of ovulation, leave the water and bury themselves in the mud, where twelve to twenty eggs are laid; the female then crawls out, leaving the eggs buried as in a cocoon. ‘These eggs hatch PARASITOLOGY. 89 in from three to four weeks. The leeches reach their adult state in about five years, and may live to be fifteen to twenty years old. Animals Infested.—The horse, the ox and the dog. Parts Infested.—Mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, nasal chambers, eyes and lips. Symptoms.—When infested by large numbers there is observed loss of appetite, emaciation, anemia, hemorrhage from the nostrils or mouth, depending upon the location of the leeches; pale visible mucous membrane; later weakness and possibly death. A single leech, when engorged, will hold two drams of blood. When thus filled they loosen their hold, fall to the ground, and in this condition can fast a whole year. The buccal apparatus of the leeches secretes a fluid called hirdulin, which in a measure prevents coagulation of blood by precipitating the Calcium Salts, so that hemorrhage follows after their detach- ment from the mucous membrane. Animals become infested through drinking water from infested pools or streams. Treatment.— Leeches may be removed by throwing a strong salt solution upon them, which causes them to loosen their hold. They may be removed with the aid of a dry towel or with forceps. NEMATODA. The order Nematoda includes worms that are round or cylindrical in shape. They are provided with a complete digestive apparatus. There are two sexes—male and female; the females always larger than the males. They infest various parts of the body, as the intestinal tract, vascular system, lungs, abdominal cavity, etc. They may produce abscess, 90 PARASITOLOGY. hemorrhage, pneumonia, etc., causing unthrifty con- dition, loss of appetite, emaciation, anemia and death. FILARIDAE. The family Filaridae includes thread-like worms that infest various parts of the body, as the esopha- gus, stomach, vascular system aud abdominal bag They are not blood-suckers. (Scutem—shield) SPIROPTERA SCUTATUM (Speira—spiral) (Pteron—wing). Synonym. — Gongylonema scuta- tum. Distribution Common in Amer- ica and Europe. Description.—A. thread-like worm, yellowish in color and two to four inches in length. The tail of the male is coiled, and is provided with two wings and two spiculae. The tail of the female is straight and the head is nude. Itis ovoviviparous. Animals Intested.—The horse, the ox, the sheep and the pig. Fig. 30—SPIROPTERA Parts Intested.—They are found SCUTATA. a, Esophageal Mucous COlled in a zig-zag manner in the Membrane : mbrane of the esopha- b, Worm imbedded in ™UCOUS Membra is spiral manner. gus. Injury to Host.—No injury has been attributed to their presence. SPIROPTERA MEGASTOMA (Mega—large ; stoma—mouth). Distribution.—Common in America and in Europe. Description.—A thread-like worm, white in color Plate VII. ana Oa, Fig. 1—Spireptera Strongylina a, Male. b, Female, Fig. 2—Spiropt Strongyli- na. (Cephalic extremity show- ing mouth and oesopha- gus). cS ; “4 Fig, 4—Spiroptera § Strongyli- Fig. 3—Spiroptera Stronzyli- na, ae (Caudal extremity of fe- (Caudal extremity of male. male showing uterus filled Showing 2 spiculae and with eggs, vulva and anus). wings, also papillae). i ob! Fig. 7—Oxyuris Mastigodes. Fig. 5—-Asearis Mystax. (Female), a, Cephalic extremity. a, Cephalic ‘extremity. b, Caudal extremity. b, Caudal extremity, Fig. 6—Cephaliec extremity of Asearis Suis, (Front view). a, Oral opening. _ b, Lips. ec, Cuticular surface surround- ing mouth. d, Portion of body, PARASITOLOGY. 9] from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length. The tail of the male is coiled in a spiral manner. ‘This extremity is provided with be i two unequal spiculae and five anal papillae. > The tail of the female is straight and ob- rig. 31.-spr tuse; the vulva is situated near the ante- , ROPTERA : : : MEGASTOMA, rior third of the body ; the female is Ovo- a, Male. viviparous. The head is provided with > Female. four thick lips. Animal Intested.—The horse. Parts Intested— Condition Produced. —The worms are found in the stomach of the horse, where they cause tumors; the larvae find their way into the ducts of the gastric glands, where by their presence they pro- duce. sub-mucous tumors; these tumors develop until they are as large as pigeon’s eggs and round or oval in shape, and the cavity of the tumor may contain dozens of the worms; an opening communicates with the interior of the stomach. The color of the mucous membrane over the tumor does not differ from that of the remainder of the mucous surface. Injury to Host.—When found usually only one or two tumors are present, and no serious disturbance has been noted. SPIROPTERA Microstoma (Micro—small; stoma—mouth). Distribution.—Found frequently in the United States and in Europe. a( ¢ Description.—In shape and color this worm resembles the preceding one. The Fig. ao male is about one-half inch long, the fe- Microstoma. male three-fourths. The tail of the male a, Male. ; Se . A ; b Female, is coiled in a spiral manner; the tail of 92 PARASITOLOGY. the female is straight; she is ovoviviparous. The caudal extremity of the male is provided with two spiculae of unequal length and two anal papillae. The head is provided with two lateral lips. Life History—Ransom has shown that the larva of horse flies breeding in manure, devour the ova in which parasite it develops to fully mature larva by the time the flies are mature. Horses taking these flies into the stomach become infested. Animals Infested.— The horse, the ass and the mule. Part Infested.—The stomach, [Injury to Host.—The worms may be found in myr- iads, free in the stomach contents. Occasionally one will be found with its head lodged in the mouth of a duct of a gastric gland. They may produce ulcers and gastritis and interfere with the health of the animal. Treatment.—Benzine and gasoline, in doses of two to four drams, followed by physic. SPIROPTERA STRONGYLINA (Strongylos—round). Synonym.—Arduenna strongylina. Distribution—Found in Europe; very common in the United States. Description—A small white worm, thread-like in cali- bre. The male is about one-half inch in length; the female three-fourths to four-fifths of aninch. The mouth is round, and is not provided with lips or papillae. The worm may be straight or curved in a half-moon shape; it has narrow lateral wings on each side, just posterior to the head. Tail of male is tightly coiled, one and one-half times and is ‘provided with two broad unequal membraneous alae, six papillae and two spicule. Animal Intested.—The hog. Part Intested.—'The stomach. Injury to Host—The worms are usually found free although they have been reported to have formed Plate VIlla. Fiz. 2—Spiroptera Bs Z Microstoma. Fig. 1—Spiroptera Microstoma, (Caudal extrem- (Cephalic extremity). ily Of male). asaOral —Ganvity. a, Anus. b, Pharynx. b, Spiculae. ec, Oesophagus. e, Transverse d, Cuticular surface. markings, \--4 eae rig. 3—Spiroptera Vig. 4—Filaria Megastoma, Cervina. - (Cephalie ex- a. Cephalic extrem- tremity). ity. a, Oral cavity. b, Caudal extremity, Dae har yrex- ec, Oesophagus. Plate VIIIb. Fig. 5—Filaria Pap?ilosa. (Cephalic extremity). a, Oral cavity. b, Two rings with four papil- Wig. 6—Filaria Papillosa. lae each, two in situ. (Caudal extremity of male). ec, Pharynx. a, Spiculae. d, Oesophagus, b, Anus, b - Fig. 7—Heterakis Papillosa. (Caudal extremity of male). a, Spiculae unequal length, b, Preanal sucker, ec, Papillae. Fig. S—Filaria Immitis. (Male). a, Cephalic extremity. b, Caudal extremity, PARASITOLOGY. 93 tumors in the wall of the stomach. Gastritis has been noted in severe infestations, in others there are ulcers in the mucous folds where worms are found, and still others no lesions. Sections from stomach wall has shown eosinophilia. Another worm, slightly smaller than this one, has been found in company with it, and has been called Physocephalus Sexalatus. SPIROPTERA SANGUINOLENTA (Sanguis—blood). Distribution.—North and South America, Asia and Europe. Description.—A thread-like worm, red in color. The male measures one to one and one-half inches in length; the female two to two and one-half inches. The tail ot the male is curved in a spiral manner and provided with two unequal spiculae; the tail of the female is straight or slightly curved. The vulva is situated about one-fourth of an inch poste- rior to the head. Lite Cycle.—The cockroach is the intermediate host. The roach finds the eggs of the worm in the feces of the dog. In the digestive tract of the cock- roach the embryo is liberated from the egg; the embryo burrows through the intestinal wall and becomes encysted in the abdominal cavity. The dog in turn eats the cockroach whose abdominal cavity contains these encysted larvae. Animal Intested.—The dog. Parts Infested.—The esophagus and stomach. Condition Produced.—The larva becomes lodged in the walls of the esophagus or stomach and causes a tumor which may reach the size of a pigeon’s egg. A cavity in the center of the tumor may contain as many as twenty worms. There is usually an open- 904 PARASITOLOGY. ing at the summit of this tumor. If the tumor is located in the wall of the stomach it may rupture on the peritoneal surface, and may cause a fatal peri- tonitis. When tumors are located in the wall of the stomach vomiting is sometimes noted; catarrh of the stomach and rapid loss of condition may follow. SIMONDSIA PARADOXA (Simonds). Distribution.—Found in Europe; have not been reported in the United States. flistory.— Discovered in 1852 by Mr. Simonds in a German pig in the London Zodlogical Garden. Description.—The body is thread-like in calibre and tapers toward the head; the cephalic extremity is provided with two lateral membranous wings; the mouth is supplied with two papillae; toward the posterior part of the body of the female there is developed a rosette-shaped organ which is formed by the everted uterus; the tail of the male is coiled in a spiral manner and is provided withtwo spiculae; the male is one-half inch long, the female three-fifths inch. Animal Infested.—The pig. Part Intested.—The stomach. Con? tion Produced.—The males are found free in the stomach, while the females are found in small tu- mors. Large numbers of them may produce indi- gestion and inflammation. FILARIA PAPILLOSA (Filum—thread; papilla), Synonym.—Filaria equina ; Seta- Tia equina. PARASITOLOGY. 95 Distribution.—Found in Amer- ica, Asia, Philippine Islands, etc. Description.—The body is long, thread-like, and white in color. It is attenuated at bothends. Sur- rounding the mouth are two rings, each provided with four papillae. The tail of the male is coiled in a We. #8 Finke Parr. SPital manner; the tail of the fe- eat male is straight or slightly curved. a, Male. : 3 b, Female The male is two to three inches c, Spira] Tail of Male. d, Cephalic Extremity. Jong; the female three to four inches; the female is ovoviviparous. Animals Infested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Inftested.—Peritoneal cavity, and, by migra- tion, other parts of the body, as scrotum, pleura, between muscles, etc. Injury to Host.—The Filaria Papillosa are common in horses in the United States, but are found only in small numbers and do not produce serious results. If found in large numbers they may cause anemia, debility and death. This filaria while in the imma- ture state may find its way to the eye, an¢@ the worm can then be seen floating in the aqueous hu. . By opening the anterior chamber the worm can be taken from the eye. The name, Filaria Oculi, or Filaria Oculi Equina, has been given to this worm when found in this locality. When the worm finds its way - to the eye it may cause inflammation, swelling of the eye andclosure of the lid. The cornea may become opaque. 96 PARASITOLOGY. FILARIA CERVINA (Filaria—a hair). Synonym.—Filaria Labiato-Papillosa; Setaria La- biato-Papillosa. Distribution.—Very common in the United States, India, etc. Description.—In size, shape and color this worm resembles the Filaria Papillosa except that the head is provided with four papillae, the four outer ones being absent. The female is furnished with two lateral caudal papillae. Like the preceding it is Ovoviviparous. Parts Infested.—Peritoneal cavity and by migration other parts of the body of cattle. The worms are found free; occasionally one is found imbedded in a roll of fat just under the serous membrane. Injury to Host.—In the United States it is not found in large numbers, and no serious results are noted. Deaths due to infestation with myriads of these worms are reported from India. They have been reported as finding their way to the chambers of the eye. FILARIA ImMmMITIS (Im—in; mittere—to send). Synonym.—Dirofilaria immitis. Distribution.—America, Denmark, Italy, China, Japan, Brazil and other countries; especially preva- lent in low, marshy places. Description.—A long, thread-like worm, white in color and obtuse at both ends. ‘The mouth is circu- lar and surrounded by six small papillae. The tail of the male is coiled ina spiral manner, making about three and one-half turns, and is provided with twenty- two papillae; the spiculae are of unequal length. PARASITOLOGY. Q7 The male is six to seven inches long; the female eight to ten; the tail of the female is straight; she is ovoviviparous. Life Cycle—The mosquito is known to be an intermediate host; in the intestinal tract of this insect the minute embryo finds its way up the Malpighian tubes and there passes through a non-motile stage into the larva. Later the larva becomes motile and migrates through the tissue to the head and enters the proboscis; thus the dog is inocu- lated with the larval form at the time the mosquito punctures the skin. Animal Infested—The dog. Parts Infested —Right side of the heart and the pul- monary artery. Injury to Host.—Perhaps the first symptom noticed will be dullness, followed by debility and dropsy ; the dog is seized with convulsions, which become more severe as the worms become more numerous ; vomiting has been noted: the patient usually dies in convulsions. Post Mortem Findings.—In some cases hundreds of worms may be found in the right side of the heart and in the pulmonary artery; in other instances a lesser number. Sometimes the worms are found wound in amass obstructing the passage of blood and causing an endocarditis and endarteritis. ASCARIDAE. The family Ascaridae are commonly called Lum- bricoids because they resemble the earth worms in shape and color. They include a group of worms the bodies of which are much larger in calibre than the preceding family. The head parts are provided with three lips, and in most species stand out promi- nently, being marked by a constriction posteriorly. Species of this family infest the intestines of all 98 PARASITOLOGY. animals, principally the young. Under the family Ascaridae is placed the genus Ascaris. They are not blood suckers. ASCARIS MEGALOCEPHALA (Megalo—large ; Cephale—head). Synonym.—Ascaris Equorum. Distribution.—Widely distributed ; common in the United States. Description.—This is the largest species of the family Ascaridae. The body is as large in calibre as alead pencil; its color is a yellowish white and itis marked with transverse ridges; the head is distinct and is provided with three lips; the tail of the male is straight and it is provided with small lateral mem- branous wings and 80 to 100 papillae. Inthe female the vulva is located in the anterior one-fourth of the body. The male measures eight to ten inches; the female ten to twelve inches; the female is ovipa- rous et Animals L[nfested.— : The horse, the ass and MAF \ the mule. Parts Intested.— The small intestines. Symptoms.—They are z) Y/ found free in the small intestines and consume y) iy food taken in by the = host and digested ; thus they rob the host of its nutrients. By “thet “@ presence they may cause various troubles of di- Fig. 34.—Ascaris MrGatocrrnata (a Z@Stion : they may cause young one), a catarrhal condition of Sees vigeia see cmcton macs ce ts the small intestines, and b, Caudal Extremity. : the irritation may be PARASITOLOGY. 99 sufficient to produce diarrhoea, a rough coat and an unthrifty condition. Worms may be passed in the feces. Treatment.—An aloetic ball made of one ounce Barbadoes aloes, cne dram powdered nux vomica, with < sufficient quantity of linseed meal and glycer- ine to make a bolus, followed by two drams tartar emetic twice a day; or, two-dram doses of iron sul- phate three times a day for three or four days, con- joined with the aloetic ball; or, oil of turpentine two to three ounces, and two to three pints of raw linseed oil. AscaRIs VITULI (Vitulus—a calf.) Synonym.—Ascaris Bovis; Ascaris Vitulonim. Distribution.—Common in Southern Europe; rare in America. Description.—In this species the head is small and _ distinct; the lips are enlarged at the base and stand out prominently: the posterior extremity terminates in a conical point which is reddish white in color; the male is six to eight inches long; the female is Fig. 35.—ASCARIS OVIS. a, Cephalic Extremity. b Caudal Extremity. 100 PARASITOLOGY. been known to ascend to the abomasum. Animal Intested.—Principally calves. Parts Infested. —Small intestines. Symptoms.— Large numbers cause unthriftiness and are said to produce colic and even inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestine. Treatment.—Same as for horse; the dose should vary with the size and age of the animal; the physic should consist of from one-half to two pounds of Epsom salts. ASCARIS Ovis (Ovis—sheep). Distribution.—Found in Europe; rare in America. Description.—The head is small and provided with three lips with denticulated borders. ‘The upper lip is furnished with two small papillae; the remaining lips have only one papilla each. The parasite is yellowish white in color; is oviparous; is attenuated at both ends. The male is four to six inches long; the female six to eight inches. Animal Intested.—Sheep. Parts Infested. —Small Intestines. Symptoms.—Similar to those in calves. Treatment.—Similar to that for calves. PARASITOLOGY. 101 ASCARIS SUILLA (Suis--hog), “ Synonyms.—Ascaris Suis; Ascaris Lum- bricoides; Ascaris Suum. Distribution.—Very common inthe United States; also found in other countries. Description.—The head. is... small> ‘the superior lip is pro- vided with two papil- lae, which are located at the lower angles; the two remaining lips are provided with one papiJla each, lo- cated at the middle Fig. 36.—Ascaris Suis (a young one). of the base ; the cau- a, Cephalic Extremity. dal extremity of the SS aaen, otabaaa male is provided with sixty to seventy papillae; the male is seven to ten inches long; the fernale ten to twelve inches; it is oyiparous; pinkish white in color. Animal Intested.—The hog. Parts Intested.—The small intestines. Symptoms.—Large numbers cause various intes- tinal disorders, as indigestion, colic, diarrhoea and -obstruction, followed by emaciation. Large num- bers always cause an unthrifty condition. If the worms ascend to the stomach they cause nausea and vomiting; if they enter the pancreatic duct they cause obstruction and inflammation of that part, and 102 PARASITOLOGY. possibly jaundice. As much as two feet of the small. intestines of the pig has been noted to be thoroughly filled with worms, which, upon being removed, were found in a tangled mass. Treatment.—The matter of medicating hogs is not so easy atask asin other animals; the medicine may be put in milk or other thin fluid which is readily relished by them, then pouring this into a trough where all can share in the food; it will be found that they can thus be satisfactorily medicated. San- tonin and powdered areca nut can be given together in the following proportions: Theareca nut should be given in from one-half grain to one grain per pound weight, with santonin one to four grains per pig, depending on the size. The powdered areca nut, being an irritant, acts as a purgative. AscARIS MARGINATA (Marginatus—marginal). Synonym.—Maw worm; Toxastrus limbatus. Distribution.—Common in the United States; also found in Europe and other countries. Description.—The body is pinkish white in color; the head is usually slightly curved and is provided with two lateral membranous wings which are broader behind than in front and make A an the head resemble an Indian ar- row; each lip is provided with a papilla; the male is one and one-half to two inches long ; the female two to three inches; the elie a ee ANE female is oviparous ; the vulva GINATA. is located on the anterior third > comaueniconlts of she hody. Animal Intested.—The dog. PARASITOLOGY. 103 Parts Intested.—The small intestines. Symptoms.—The puppy is most often infested, though we find them in older dogs. About forty percent of the dogs are infested. The parasites cause irregularity of digestion, as diarrhoea, colic, nervous- ness, irregular appetite and unthrifty appearing coat, and later emaciation. If the parasites ascend to the stomach, nausea and vomiting are noted. ‘The bowel may be occupied by large masses of these worms; the passing of the worms is a diagnostic symptom. Treatment.—The dosage should vary with the age and size of the animal; puppies take one-half grain santonin with five to ten grains areca nut. As the dog grows the dose of santonin may be increased to three or four grains, according to age and size. The dosage of powdered areca nut is one to two grains for each pound weight; the areca nut is an intestinal irritant and acts as a purge. Santonin, 2 grains; Arecolin, 1/,, grain; Calomel, 1 grain; Chelidonin, 4% grain. This has worked excel- lently both in dogs and hogs, ridding the intestinal tract of round worms. ASCARIS Mystax (Mystax—mustache). Synonym.—Ascaris felis. Distribution.—Found common in America and other countries. Description.—In regard to its anatomical structure it is similar to the Ascaris Marginata of the dog, and by some is regarded as a smaller variety of the same species. Animal Intested.—The cat. Part Intested.—The small intestine. Symptoms.>zlf the worms ascend to the stomach 104 PARASITOLOGY. nausea and vomiting are noted. Cats infested by large numbers of them show symptoms of nervous- ness and loss of appetite with various digestive dis- orders. Thecat sits around and is dull and stupid. Treatment.—The same as in the dog, with corres- pondingly smaller doses. Crom TOUT ? 2 S = 5 COT qq FECL LELE Fig. 38. Fig.39a. Bigs sve Fig. 38.—Ascaris inflexa, round worms from the first portion of the intestines of a hen. Natural size. a, female; b, male. Fig. 39a.—Heterakis papillosa, natural size; a, female; b, male——From. Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry. Fig. 39.—Heterakis papillosa, round worm, head end only, from the caecum (blind gut) of a hen, magnified; a, mouth; b, oesophagus (gullet). AscARIS INFLEXA (Inflexis—to bend). Synonym.—Heterakis Inflexa. PARASITOLOGY. 105 Description.—The body is yellowish white in color ; the male is one and one-half inches long; the female one and one-half to two inches. Common in U. S. Animals Intested.—Fowls. Parts Infested —Small intestines. Condition Produced.—D gestive disorders, as indi- gestion and diarrhoea, which may terminate in death. They have been found so numerous as to obstruct the lumen. Treatment.—For adult birds, powdered areca nut, twenty to thirty grains, made into pillform. Youn- ger birds should be given doses accordingly. Tur- pentine in doses of from one to two teaspoonfuls, given before feeding. HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA. History—Found common throughout the United States. Animal Infested.—Chickens. Part Infested —Small intestines and caecum. Description.—The male measures from one-third to one-half inch in length, the female from one-half to three-fourths inches. The body is white. The mouth is provided with three lips. The caudal ex- tremity of the male is provided with two spiculae of unequal length and a pre-anal sucker surrounded with a vesicular ring. It is provided with a row of papillae. The tail of the female is gradually attenuated to a sharp point. OXYURIDAE. The worms that belong to the family Oxyuridae are commonly called pin worms. They include a 106 PARASITOLOGY. group of worms whose heads are provided with three small lips. The body is rather heavy, and in the female the tail is long and attenuated. The males are provided with spiculae and two pre-anal papillae, and a rudimentary caudal pouch. The Oxyuridae are not blood suckers. Under the family Oxyuridae is placed the genus Oxyuris. | OxvuRIS CURVULA (Oxys—pointed; oura tail). Synonym.—Pin worm; maw worm; curved Oxyuris. Distribution.—Very common in the United States. Description.—The body is whit- ish in color and rather thick; the head is blunt and is provided with three lips; the tail of the female CER eae is long and attenuated ; the vulva vuta'(Female), | 18 located in the anterior third of a, Cephalic extremity. the body. The male is provided b, Caudal extremity. ‘ . with a rudimentary caudal pouch and one spicula; the posterior extremity is blunt. Tae male is from one-half to three-fourths inch in length; the female is from one to one and one-half inches in length; the female is oviparous. Antmals Infested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Intested.—Throughout the length of the large intestine and the rectum. Condition Produced.—Their presence in large num- bers causes considerable irritation, which results in a catarrhal state. After evacuation of the bowels there is noted a small quantity of thick, whitish fluid around the anus (the product of catarrh) which dries PARASITOLOGY. 107. in this region and appears as a white deposit. Pru- ritus may accompany this affection if the worms be lodged in the rectum. The animal rubs the root cf the tail; as a result the hair becomes rough, broken, and has a matted appearance. The animal is un- thrifty; the coat is rough; worms are passed with the feces, which is a diagnostic symptom. Treatment.—An aloetic ball containing powdered aloes one ounce and powdered nux vomica two drams, followed by tartar emetic two drams twice a day for three days; or, iron sulphate, two- to three-dram doses twice daily for several days. OxyuRIS MASTIGODES (Mastix—whip ; eidos—form). Synonyn.— Long-tailed Oxyuris. Distribution.— Found throughout America and Eu- rope. Description.—Similar to the preceding species in size, shape andcolor; the tail of the female is atten- uated; the attenuated portion is three to four times the length of the body; the female measures from three to four inches in length; the male is similar to the male of the Oxyuris Curvula. Animals Infested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Intested.—The czecum, the colon and the rec- tum. Symptoms and Treatment.—Same as with the Oxy- uris Curvula. STRONGYLIDAE. The family Strongylidae includes a large group of blood-sucking worms. It includes six genera com- mon to the domesticated animals, viz.: Strongylus, Sclerostoma, Stephanurus, Syngamus, Oesophago- stoma and Uncinaria. 108 PARASITOLOGY. The condition produced by the genus Strongylus is called Strongylosis. The condition produced by the genus Sclerostoma is called Sclerostomiasis. The condition produced by the Stephanurus is called Stephaniasis. The condition produced by the genus Syngamus is called Syngamosis. The condition produced by the genus Oesophag- ostoma is called Oesophagostomiasis. The condition produced by the Uncinaria is called Uncinariosis. The heads of some are provided with papillae ; others are nude, while some have a buccal armature consisting of membranous teeth. Some infest the stomach and the small or large in- testines ; others are found in the fat around the kid- ney and in the lungs, etc. The male is provided with a caudal pouch which may be a single pouch or divided into two (bilobate). The caudal pouch is composed of finger-like projections or ribs ;_ stretch- ing from rib to rib is a delicate membranous expan- sion which forms the pouch, the ribs acting as sup- ports. Two spiculae, usually of equal length, are observed. In some species they project beyond the pouch, others scarcely to its posterior border. ‘The caudal pouch is used to clasp the female during th act of copulation. STRONGYLOSIS. Strongylosis is a condition in which the animal is infested by some of the strongle. There are five forms of strongylosis, viz.: PARASITOLOGY, 109 Bronchial or Pulmonic Strongylosis,—infestation of the bronchi or lungs. Gastric Strongylesis,—infestation of the stom- ach. Intestinal Strongylosis,—infestation of the intes- tines. Vascular Strongylosis,—infestation of the blood vessels. Renal Strongylosis,—infestation of the kidney or fat around the kidney with strongle. Wet seasons favor the development of the disease, as moisture insures the life of the embryo outside of the body of the animal. The disease is most preva- lent on low-lying and swampy lands. It may be spread by the ova or embryos being carried in the stream of water, or by infested animals being intro- duced into a herd; the animal becomes infested through contaminated food and water. Itis probably necessary for these worms to pass out of the host in order to complete a portion of their life history. If the ova or embryos fall into water or moist places they may remain alive for several months, provided there is no putrefaction of organic matter. At the end of one week they have been noted to moult, After a second moulting they apparently become shriveled and remain in the skin. In this state they may resist desiccation, and possibly cold tempera- ture, for a long time. Upon being taken in by the host they become revivified and develop into adult worms. A weakened physical condition lessens the animal’s powers of resistance to the invasion of the parasites. 110 PARASITOLOGY. BRONCHIAL AND PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS. This condition is also called Verminous Bronchi- | tis, or Verminous Pneumonia. In Bronchial Strongylosis the worms are found coiled in small balls in the bronchial tubes; their presence causes bronchitis and may occlude the bronchial tube. In Pulmonary Strongylosis the worms find their way to the air saccules and produce a like condition. Broncho-pneumonia may develop as a result of in- festation of both bronchi and air saccules. The bronchial type of the disease is most often found in the young animals, while the pulmonary form is found in the old ones. All animals are infested by their respective species of the genus Strongylus. Symptoms.—At autopsy, a few worms have been found in the lungs of animals that showed no signs of disease during life. The symptoms are slight at the commencement of an attack; there is a loss of appetite and an unthrifty appearance of the animal, and finally emaciation. There is a rise of tempera- ture; accelerated respiration due to the plugging of the bronchi with worms and mucus. It is accompanied by a cough which becomes more painful as the disease progresses. In later stages the fits of coughing are accompanied with convul- sions, andthe animal finally dies of suffocation. The animal may expectorate ova or larvae. Upon aus- cultation mucus rales may be heard; dullness may be noted on percussion. Treatment.—The problem of medicating large numbers of cattle, sheep or hogs infested by the lung worms is somewhat difficult. In horses and asses PARASITOLOGY. he the steaming with oil of eucalyptus and turpentine, of each one dram in one-half gallon of water, for one-half hour twice daily, will be effective treatment. . The can is made cone shape, so that one end of a rubber hose can be attached to the top. The other end of the hose is attached to a hole in a disc-shaped board placed in the bottom of a grain sack; in the top of the sack is a hoop which holds the sack open for the reception of the nose. THE LUNG WORMS. STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI (Arnfield). ae |)/| {edd by /y f hel Distribution.—Rare in the Unit- yee =e States. Description.—It is a thread-like worm, white in color; the mouth is orbicular and nude; the caudal pouch of the male is short; the spiculae do not project as far as the posterior border of the pouch; the tail of the female ends obtuse- ly; the male is from one to one and one-half inches long, the fe- male from two to two and one- half inches; the female is ovipa- rous. Animals Intested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Infested.—The bronchi and lungs. Hi | Fig. 41—STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI. Caudal Extremity of Female, a, Anus. 142 PARASITOLOGY. < ETT TTI "see %x\ Fig, 42—STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI; Caudal Extremity of Male a, Spiculae. b, Caudal Pouch showing special arrangement of ribs. 113 PARASITOLOGY. STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI, 43— OVA. Process of Segmentation. Drawing made from Ovain Uterc. stained with eosin and methylin blue Re Mi Serr (Ge: Th cee Ta ' + Sere = = = SS = a. m— 45—STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI Cephalic Extremity. Fig. Fig. 44—STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI Adults about natural size, b, Oesophagus c, Intestines. a, Mouth. a, Male. b, Female. 114 PARASITOLOGY. STRONGYLUS MicRuRUS (Micros—small; oura—tail). Distribution. —Common in certain localities of the United States; found in Europe. Description.—The parasite resembles the preceding one in general appearance; is white in color; the mouth is circular and nude; the spiculae of the male are short and strong, the caudal pouch small; the body of the female tapers to a short, sharp tail; the male is one and one-half to two inches long, the fe- male two to three inches; the female is ovovivipa- rous. Animal Intested.—The ox. Parts [ntested.—Bronchi and air cells. STRONGYLUS PULMONALIS (Pulmo—a lung). Distribution.—Found in America and Europe. Description.—The mouth is circular and is sur- rounded by small papillae ; the caudal pouch of the male is bell-shaped and is provided with seven ribs; the tail of the female is attenuated, tapering to a sharp point; the male is one to one and one-quarter inches long, the female one and one-quarter to one and one-half inches. Animals Intested.—Principally young calves. Parts Intested.—Principally bronchi. Condttion Produced.—The conditions and symptoms are the same as given in the general description of verminous bronchitis. The malady is cften called Hoose, Husk, or Paper Skin. STRONGYLUS FILARIA (Strongvlos—cylindrical) (filam—a thread). Distribution.—Found in the United States and other countries. PARASITOLOGY. 115 Description.—This parasite is filiform, white in color and attenuated at both extremities; the mouth is circular and nude; the caudal pouch of the male is well developed; the spiculae do not reach to the outer border; the male is two to three inches long, the female three to four inches; the female is ovo- viviparous. Animals Intested.—The sheep, the goat and the camel. Parts Infested.—Bronchi and lungs. Disease Produced.—The disease is called Hoose, Husk, Paper Skin or Lamb Disease. Conditions and symptoms are the same as de- scribed under general symptoms. STRONGYLUS RUFESCENS (Rufescent—reddish). Synonym.—Strongylus Ovis Pulmonalis. Distribution.—Found in some localities in United States. Description.—Thread-like and reddish brown in color; the mouth is provided with three papilliform lips; the caudal pouch is small and has a shallow notch on each side ; the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point ; the male is one to one and a quar- ter inches long, the female one and one-quarter to one and one-half inches. Animals Infested.—Sheep and goat. Parts Intested.—Bronchi and lungs. STRONGYLUS PARADOXUS (Paradoxum--~beside). Synonym.—Strongylus Elongatus. Distribution.—Common in the United States. Description.—The body is thread-like and white or 116 PARASITOLOGY. brownish white in color; the mouth is surrounded by six papillae; the caudal pouch of the male is fairly well developed; the spiculae are very long; the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point; the male measures about one inch in length, the fe- male one to one and one-half inches. Animal Intested.—The hog. Farts Intested.—The bronchi and lungs. STRONGYLUS PUSILLUS (Pusillus—very little). Distribution.—Rare; has been reported in Europe. Description.—A hair-like worm ; the mouth is nude; the caudal pouch of the male is short; the spiculae are long and slender; the tail of the female termin- ates in a blunt point; the male is about one-sixth inch long, the female one-half inch; the female is oviparous. Animal Intested.—The cat. Parts Intested.—The bronchi and lungs. Condition Produced.—Small pneumonic areas are produced throughout the lung by the presence of embryo or adult. These granules are yellowish white, and vary in size from a pinhead to a millet seed. The nodules project from beneath the pleura or they may be imbedded in an area of gray hepati- zation. The symptoms are similar to those mani- fested inlargeranimals. The frequent fits of cough- ing may be followed by vomiting. In later stages they lose condition,—stairy coat, emaciation and death. Treatment.—Steam inhalation of oil of eucalyptus and turpentine. PARASITOLOGY. LL7. HAEMONCHUS ConTortus (Contortus—twisted ). b Synonym.—Strongylus Contortus. Ss ) Distribution. —Common in many states, especially in the South and middle West. cate Description.—Hair-like in appearance; Srroncytus Dody white or pinkish white in color; ConTtortus the mouth is nude; two lateral papillae a, Male. : b, Female, @re noted a short distance from the head; the cuticular surface has fine transverse striations ; the caudal pouch is bilobate, z. e., the pouch is divided into two parts; the body of the female terminates in a pointed tail; the male meas- ures four-fifths of an inch in length, the female about one inch. Lite Cycle.—The female is oviparous. The ova are passed from the animal in the feces; the egg thus passed has been found to be undergoing seg- mentation, and has hatched in from two to three days. The embryo is very small and is provided with a fine-pointed tail. Inthe development from the embryonic to the fully developed larval stage, it moults at least twice; the embryo becomes shriv- eled in the last moult, and remains in the skin, in which state it is usually found upon blades of grass or other objects. In this state it can retain its vital- ity for several weeks, withstanding desiccation and freezing. When taken into the stomach the larva becomes revivified and developes into the adult stage. The worm is a bloodsucker and is often found attached to the mucous membrane, holding on by means of its buccal armature. Animals Intested.—The ox, the sheep and the goat. Parts Infested,—Abomasum and intestines. ‘ 118 PARASITOLOGY: Symptoms.—This is a serious form of intestinal strongylosis, often causing great loss among cattle and sheep. The first symptoms are those of diar- rhoea loss of appetite, followed by gradual loss of condition. The mucous membranes become pale, due to the loss of blood; the hair becomes rough; there is great thirst and languor; swellings may be noted about the head and chest; the skin becomes dry, hence the condition has been called paper skin. The animal may die. Treatment.—Kamala, thymol, benzine, turpentine and gasoline have been given with more or less good results. The best results are probably derived from the following treatment: Tocattle that have fasted over night give two to six ounces of gasoline once a day for four or five days. The first day give one to two pounds of Epsom salts. To lambs and sheep give two to eight drams of gasoline, after fasting, and drench with the proper amount of salts, as in cattle. It is recommended to give gasoline in doses sufficient to make the animal show symptoms as though drunk. STRONGYLUS OSTERTAGI (Ostertag). Synonym.—Strongylus Convolutus; Ostertagia os- tertagi. Distribution.—Found in the middle West and in the southern states; also in Europe. Description.—The anatomical structure resembles that of the Strongylus Contortus. The color of the body is brownish yellow. The male measures one- third of an inch in length, the female one-half inch. Animals Infested.—The ox, the sheep and the goat. Parts Intested.—Abomasum and intestines. PARASITOLOGY. 119 Condition Produced.—It becomes lodged in the mu- cous membrane of the abomasum and _ intestines, more commonly in the former location. Upon ex- amination of the infested tissue small nodules, the size of a pinhead or millet seed, wiil be observed. These nodules may be slightly depressed in the cen- ter. If this membrane be placed in a compressor glass it will be found to contain the larva or adult worm. Symptoms.—The symptoms are the same as those produced by the Strongylus Contortus. Treatment.—The same as for the Strongylus Con- tortus. SERONGYLES OF THE HORSE. THE STRONGYLUS-ARMATUS GROUP. In the group of parasites commonly known under the name of Strongylus armatus will be discussed the following genera: Sclerostomum and_ Triodonto- phorus. GENUS SCLEROSTOMUM. The mouth-collar is formed by a continuation of the skin and at its upper part is split into a delicate fringe-like crown. See figure 1, 4 and 6, Plate 9, and 9 in Plate 9. -The inner part of this mouth-collar rests on the anterior border of the mouth-capsule. The skin is thick. The head is pro- vided with papillae and the four sub-median are marked by a short point composed of the chitinous substance of the mouth-collar and projecting at the base of the anterior leaf-crown. The ‘fibers of the papillary nerves terminate immediately beneath them. The lateral papillae are not provided with these points 120 PARASITOLOGY. and do not project over the collar. See figures 1, 4 ‘and 6, ‘Plate. 9, and 9 in: Plate 9. “Pieeammes part of this mouth-collar rests on the anterior border of the mouth-capsule. The skin is thick. The head is provided with papillae and the four submedian are marked by a short point composed of the chitinous substance of the mouth-collar and projecting at the base of the anterior leaf-crown. The fibers of the papillary nerves terminate immediately beneath them. The lateral papillz are not provided with these points and do not project over the collar. See figures 1, 4 and 6 of Plate 9, and 9, Plate 9. The intestine is composed of two rows of epithe- lial cells, one dorsal and one ventral. These cells are very large and contain large oval nuclei. This is best seen on cross section of the worm. The digestive tract consists of the following structures: mouth, esophagus, intestine (chyle intes- tine) and rectum. The papillae are connected with the central nervous system four of the fibers going to the four lateral papillae and four to the submedian papillae. The bursa of the male is father Smameneece figure 5, Plate’ 9, and figure 10, Plates 3.398 figure 17, Plate 10. The genital opening is placed at the top of the genital cone on the ventral surface of the body. The two spicules are thin and slender. The vulva of the female is anterior to the anus and in the posterior third of the body. The male is provided with glands which secrete a gummy substance and is delivered in the region of the caudal pouch and literally cements the pouch to the female during the copulatory act, Sclerostomum edentatum, Male, Natural size. Diagonal front view of mouth. Sclerostomum edentatum. Posterior view of caudal pouch. Male. Sclerostomum edentatum. Cephalic extremity of female. Dorsal Gyalocephalus capitatus. view. Gyalocephalus capitatus. Gyalocephalus capitatus. Female. Natural size. Male. Natural size. “XI 93"Id Description of Plate IX. Figure, ub ro m a on Sclerostomum equinum ( mity. Lateral view. Sclerostomum equinum, Sclerostomum equinum, Sclerostomum equinum, lateral view. Sclerostomum equinum. Sclerostomum edentatum, Sclerostomum edentatum Sclerostomum edentatum, Sclerostomum edentatum, Selerostomum edentatum. Gyalocephalus capitatus. view. Gyalocepbalus capitatus. Gyalocephalus capitatus. strongylus armatus). Cephalic extre- Female. Female. Natural size. Male, Natural size, Cephalic extremity. Male. Dorso- Caudal pouch. Male. Lateral view. Diagonal front view. Head. Female, Female. Natural size. _ Male, Diagonal front view of mouth. Natural size. Posterior view of caudal pouch. Male. Cephalic extremity of female. Dorsal Female. Natural size. Male. Natural size. Description of Plate IX. Figure, 1. Selerostomum equinum (strongylus armatus). Cephalic extre- mity. Lateral view, Female. 2, Seclerostomum equinum, Female. Natural size. 3. Sclerostomum equinum. Male. Natural size, 4 Sclerostomum equinum, Cephalic extremity. Male. Dorso- lateral view. Sclerostomum equinum, Caudal pouch. Male. Lateral view. Sclerostomum edentatum, Diagonal front view, Head. Female, qa © o Sclernctomum edentatum. Female. Natural size. 26. 27. 28. Triodontophorus eral view. Triodontophorus Triodontophorus Triodontophorus Triodontophorus Triodontoph orus Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum serratus. Cephalic extremity. Female. Lat- serratus. Male. Natural size. serratus. Female. Natural size. minor. Cephalic extremity. Female. minor. Male. Natural size. minor. Female. Natural size. labiatum., Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal labiatum. Male. Natural size. “X 938d “X 23"%Id Description of Plate X. Sclerostomum vulgare. Cephalic extremity. Female. Ventral Sclerostomum vulgare. Female. Natural size. Sclerostomum vulgare. Male. Natural size. Sclerostomum vulgare. Caudal pouch. Male. Lateral view. Sclerostomum vulgare. Cephalic extremity. Male. Lateral view. Sclerostomum vulgare. Cephalic extremity. Female. Latero- Sclerostomum vulgare. Caudal extremity. Female. serratus, Casting its last moult arriving at mature state. Male. From a thrombus of the anterior serratus. Cephalic éxtremity. Femaler Lato serratus. Male. Natural size. Serratus. Female. Natural size. minor. Cephalic extremity. Female, minor. Male. Natural size. minor. Female. Natural size. labiatum. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal labiatum. Male. Natural size. labiatum. Female. Natural size. Figure. 14 view. 15. 16. LY 18. 19. ventral view. 20, 21. Triodontophorus mesenteric artery. 22. Triodontophorus eral view. 23. Triodontophorus 24. Triodontophorus 24a. Triodontophorus 25. Triodontophorus 26. Triodontophorus 27. Cylichnostomum view. 28. Cylichnostomum 29. Cylichnostomum 30. Cylichnostomum view. labiatum. Caudal extremity. Male. Lateral Fi 14 15. 16. Nile 18. 19 Description of Plate X. gure. Sclerostomum view. Sclerostomum Sclerostomum Sclerostomum Sclerostomum . Sclerostomum vulgare. vulgare. vulgare. vulgare. vulgare. vulgare. ventral view. Sclerostomum mature state. vulgare. mesenteric artery. 6. Sclerostomum edentatum, Diagonal front view, Head. Hemale, 7 Selernstomum edentatum. Female. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Ventral Female. Natural size. Male. Natural size. Caudal pouch. Male. Lateral view. Cephalic extremity. Male. Lateral view. Cephalic extremity. Female. Latero- Caudal extremity. Female. Triodontopkorus serratus, Casting its last moult arriving at Male. From a thrombus of the anterior PARASITOLOGY. E24 This genus has three species, viz: equinum, eden- tatum, and vulgare. They are usually found in the cecum and first portion of the large colon. Sclerostomum equinum.—(Strongylus armatus. Strongylus neglectus). This is the largest species of strongylus found in the intestines of the horse. The male measures up to 35 mm. (one and one-half inches) long and an average thickness of 1.25 mm. while the female measures up to 47 mm. (nearly two inches) long and 2.25 mm. in thickness. See figures 2 and 3, Plate 9. Three teeth are found within the mouth capsule. The teeth have rounded termina- tions. See figures 1 and 4, Plate 9. Sclerostomum edentatum.—Sclerostomum equin- um). This is the next largest species of strongylus under consideration. The male measures up to 26 mm. (one inch) long and 1.5 mm. thick. The female up to 36 mm. (one and one-half inches) long and 2 mm. in thickness. The head is distinctly divided from the body. The mouth is cup-like in shape and there are no teeth-like projections. See figure 6, Plate 9, and figure 9, Plate 9. Sclerostomum vulgare.—(Sclerostomum armatum). The male measures up to 16 mm. (two-thirds of an inch) long and diameter about .75 mm. while the fe- ‘male measures up to 24 mm. (one inch) in length and 1 mm. in diameter. The mouth 1s slightly cup- shaped with the dorsal aspect more convex than the ventral. See figures 14 and 19, Plate 10. GENUS TRIODONTOPHORUS. This genus is provided with three teeth located 19 the floor of the oral capsule, These teeth are dire-t- 122 PARASITOLOGY. ed toward the opening of the mouth. The genital opening in the female is found a short distance from the tip of the tail. The body is thick with rather abrupt narrowing at both ends. The skin is rather thick with deep transverse markings. Two uteri ex- tend forward from a short vagina. There are two species of this genus, viz: minor and serratus. The word triodontophorus comes from the fact that there are three teeth provided in the oral capsule. Triodontophorus minor—The male measures up to 13 mm. (one-half inch) long and about .7 mm. thick while the female measures up to 14 mm. (two-thirds of an inch) long and .8 mm. in thick- ness. The body of the female terminates short and blunt. The caudal pouch of the male is rather large. This worm is found principally in the last portion of the colon. See figures. 24a, 25 and 26, Plate 10. Triodontophorus serratus—The male measures up to 18 mm. (three-fourths of an inch) long and about 1 mm. in thickness and the female 25 mm. (one inch) long and about~1 mm. thick.. Sée?ieure 21, Plate 10, and figures 22, 23 and 24, Plate 10. The worm shown in figure 21 is taken from a throm- bus of the anterior mesenteric artery of an eleven- months-old colt. It is casting its last moult having just arrived at the fully developed state. It is a male worm. THE SCLEROSTOMUM-LETRACANTHUM GROUP, In the group of parasites commonly: known under the name of Sclerostomum tetracanthum will be dis- PARASITOLOGY. 123 cussed the following genera: Cylichnostomum and Gyalocephalus. fz Synonyms for this group are: Sclerostomum tetracanthum and Strongylus tetracanthus. GENUS CYLICHNOSTOMUM. The cylichnostomum was so named from the re- semblance of its mouth parts to a small cup, which the word means. The general form of the body is stout. The tail of the female is slender and pointed. The body has transverse markings in the skin. The male is pro- vided with a caudal pouch which possesses two spicu- Ise-of equal size and shape. The intestine: runs straight through the body and is usually visible to the naked eye especially after clarification of the speci- men. lLooss has apparently proven that the function of the spiculae is one of copulation as he has observed, in at least one case, the spiculae introduced into the inner genitals of the female in a copulating pair. He has also observed that the food of the cylichnostomes is a colorless crumbly more or less coarsely granular substance including to a varying extent particles of all kinds of vegetable debris, pieces of straw, starch granules and often ova and infusoria. Thus it will be seen, that from a study of the intestinal contents there may be some doubt as to whether they are true blood suckers. The writer in his study of more than 300 specimens has noted in one case the ingestion of two ova. These worms pass through their larval stage in cysts in the mucous membrane of the large intes- 124 PARASITOLOGY. tines. In making a collection of the strongylus for study I find that while the majority of worms are found close to the mucous membrane or between the fecal matter and mucous membrane yet some are in- corporated in the mass of partially digested material. The following species of this genus cylichnosto- mum have been studied in this laboratory: tetracan- thum, labratum, labiatum, bicoronatum, poculatum, calicatum, alveolatum, catinatum, nassatum, radiatunt, and elongatum. Cylichnostomum tetracanthum.—Length of male 9 mm. (one-third of an inch), thickness .25 mm, fe- male up to 12 mm. (one-half inch) long, thickness .5 mm. Lateral head papillae not prominent, subme- dian head papilla moderately long. Esophagus short and stout. See figures. 31, 32 and 33," Plgtemae Cylichnostomum labratum.—Body slender. Length of male up to 8 mm., female 9 mm. Maximum thick- ness of male, .25 mm., female .33 -mms Head separated from the body by a slight construction. Papillae same as in C. tetracanthum. See figures 45, 46 and 47, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum labiatum.—Length of male up to 9 mm., female 11 mm. Thickness of male up to .33 mm. and female 42 mm. See figures 27, 28, 29 and 30; Plate 10: Cylichnostomum bicoronatum.—Body stout and PARASITOLOGY. 125 slightly tapering towards the extremities. Length of male up to 12 mm., female up to 14 mm. Head con- tinuous with the body. Tail of female appears as though it was cut off obliquely. See figures 37, 38 and 39, Plate 11, and 438 and 44, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum poculatum.—Body delicate and slender. Length of male up to 8 mm., female up to 10mm. Head not separate from the body. Esopha- gus long. Lateral head papillae prominent. See fig- Gres 51, 52 and 53, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum calicatum.—A very small worm. Body delicate and slender. Length of male up to 6 mm., female up to 8 mm. Head slightly narrowed, esophagus short. See figures 60, 61 and 62, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum alveatum—Length of male 10 mm., female 13 mm. Thickness of male, .43 mm., female, .6 mm. See figures 48, 49 and 50, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum catinatum.—Head slightly thick- ened, esophagus short and thick. Length of male up to 8 mm., female 9 mm. See figures 54, 55 and 56, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum nassatum.—Length of male up to 10 mm., female up to 14 mm. Thickness of male up to 3 mm., female up to .7 mm. Submedian papillae moderately long. See figures 34, 35 and 36, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum radiatum.—Length of the male up to 11 mm., female up to 14 mm. Submedian head 126 PARASITOLOGY, papillae longer than the nassatum. See figures 40, 41 and 42, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum elongatum.—Length of male up to 13 mm., female up to 17 mm. Lateral head papillae large. ° See aistires. 57; 587 ard 59,, Platewis Gyalocephalus capitatus—Length of male up to 7.5 mm., female up to 9.5 mm. Body rather slender. Head distinctly separated from the body. See figures Le 2 and? 13," Plate 9: A chemical study of the strongyles shows their bodies to be composed of the following substances: fats, fatty acids consisting chiefly of butyric acid, soaps, mucin, albumoses, purin bases and creatin. A ptomain, a crystalizable alkaloid, an amino-acid and an amorphous substance containing non-protein nitro- gen and phosphorus which gives precipitating reac- tions for an alkaloid. The cuticle contains a protein like substance which has no relation to chitin. An alcoholic extract of these parasites possesses strong hemolytic properties. The soaps, fatty acids, crystalizable alkaloids and ptomains are active in this hemolytic process. The parasites secrete a lipase capable of digesting the fat contained in horse serum. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRONGYLES. The strongyles draw blood by aid of their chitinous mouth-capsule. This capsule is buried in the intes- tinal mucosa and in some cases offers quite a resist- ance to traction in an effort to remove them. These parasites are provided with neck glands and esophageal glands. The latter are composed of large irregular shaped cells and the body of the gland is imbedded in the esophageal muscles as illustrated in PARASITOLOGY, 127 the plates. These glands empty into the esophagus and the secretion in all probability is a digestive one. The neck glands appear as two large spindle-shaped cells located within the perivisceral cavity of the anterior half of the body, and united with the so- called bridge of the excretory system by twio longer or shorter peduncles of varying calibre. These glands are provided with excretory ducts which empty on the margin of the buccal lips. It is believed that this secretion has something to do with the prevention of the ready coagulation of the blood ingested by the worm. It has been found by experimentation that these glands secrete a poisonous substance which may interfere with the general health of the infected horse, ass or mule causing an unthrifty condition as well as evidence of injury by a production of an eosinophilia. As a rule we may say of the larger species of strongylus, that the Sclerostomum vulgare are found principally in the cecum and at times the colon. The Sclerostomum edentatum and S. equinum are found principally in the first portion of the colon. The Triodontophorus minor is found principally in the thickened end of the terminal portion of the large colon. The triodontophorus serratus and the Cy- lichnostomes are found scattered throughout the cecum and great colon. The loss of blood caused by myriads of the blood sucking kind amounts to considerable and yet while nearly every horse harbors a greater or less number of the various species here described but few ever show any inconvenience. Just to what extent the 128 PARASITOLOGY Key to Letters. A—Anus. B—Vulva. C—External leaf crown. D—Internal leaf crown. E—Oesophageal gland. F— Orifice of dorsal gutter of mouth capsule. G—Submedian head papillae. H—Ova. I—Mouth. J—Mouth capsule. K—Mouth collar. L—Oesophageal funnel. M—Rays, N—Web. O—Moult. P—Dorsal tooth of mouth capsule. Q—Lateral papillary nerve. R—Dorsal gutter of mouth capsule. S—Lateral head papillae. T—Teeth. U Spiculae. BA Cvlichnostomum catinatum. 40, 41, 42. Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Dorsal view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Male. Natural size. radiatum. Cephalic extremity. Female, Dorsal] radiatum. Male. Natural size. radiatum, Female. Natural size. bicoronatum. Cephalic extremity. Female. bicoronatum, Anterior view. Mouth. Female. labratum. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal labratum. Male. Natural size. labratum. Female. Natural size. PM aves b 7 Ligeia Cee "IX 23"Id 31. 32, 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. Description of Plate XI. Cylichnostomum Dorsal view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Dorsal view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum tetracanthum. Cephalic extremity of male, tetracanthum, Male. Yatural size. tetracanthum. Female. Natural size. nassatum. Cephalic extremity, Female. Dorsal nassatum. Male. Natural size, nassatum. Female. Natural size. bicoronatum, Caudal extremity. Female. bicoronatum. Male. Natural size. radiatum. Male. Natural size. radiatum. Female. Natural size. bicoronatum, Cephalic extremity. Female. bicoronatum., Anterior view. Mouth. Female. labratum. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal labratum, Male. Natural size. labratum. Female. Natural size. Description of Plate XI. Cylichnostomum tetracanthum, Cephalic extremity of male. Dorsal view. Cylichnostomum tetracanthum, Male. Natural size. Cylichnostomum tetracanthum. Female. Natural size. Cylichnostomum nassatum, Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal view. Cylichnostomum nassatum. Male. Natural size. Cylichnostomum nassatum. Female. Natural size. Cylichnostomum bicoronatum, Caudal extremity. Female. Cylichnostomum bicoronatum. Male. Natural size. Cylichnostomum bicoronatum, Female. Natural size. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum catinatum., catinatum, elongatum, elongatum, elongatum., calicatum. calicatum, calicatum, Male. Natural size. Female. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Male. Natural size, Female. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Male. Natural size. Dorsal view. Female. Natural size. nae = sce "eh foe x —_— Description of Plate XII. Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum sal view, Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum sal view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylich nostomum alveatum, Cephalic extremity. Female, Dorsal alveatum. Male, Natural size. alveatum. Female. Natural size, poculatum. Cephalic extremity. Iemale, poculatum. Male. Natural size, poculatum, Female, Natural size, catinatum, Cephalic extremity. Female, catinatum, — Mate>Wwaturar- B20 ee catinatum, Female. Natural size, elongatum. Cephalic extremity. Female. elongatum. Male. Natural size, elongatum, Female. Natural size. calicatum, Cephalic extremity. Female, ealicatum., Male. Natural size, Dorsal view. calicatum, Female. vatural size, Description of Plate XII. Cylichnostomum view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum. Cylichnostomum sal view. Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum Cylichnostomum alveatum. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal alveatum. Male. Natural size. alveatum. Female. Natural size. poculatum, Cephalic extremity. Female. Dor- poculatum. Male. Natural size. poculatum, Female, Natural size. catinatum. Cephalic extremity, Female. Dor- PARASITOLOGY. 129 animal becomes immunized to the injurious substances thrown out, some of, which is undoubtedly absorbed, is an important question to determine. INTESTINAL STRONGYLOSIS. I have noted the great activity shown by the wrig- gling Triodontophorus and S. vulgare when the colon is opened shortly after death of the host. These worms often appear red to pink in color, are thus very active, no doubt the most active bloodsuckers of all the multitude of species of strongylus that may infest the large intestines of the horse. I have known in- festations with the smaller varieties in young horses where a fatal hemorrhagic enteritis resulted. The feces were blood stained and each discharge from the bowel was loaded with the small worms. Thus it will be seen that the intestinal strongylosis may result in diarrhea, emaciation, anemia, colic and death. The treatment of the intestinal infestation consists of two drams each of iron sulphate and tartar emetic given on an empty stomach in small amount of chop, once a day for a week. This is followed by a brisk aloetic purge. This treatment should be repeat- ed at the end of a week. The colon contents is so massive and the distance from the mouth so great that the desirable results are sometimes hard to attain. As stated before thrombi and aneurisms of the abdominal blood vessels, and especially the great mesenteric artery, are common. I have found these thrombi in young horses, the youngest being eleven months old. In this case the thrombus had formed in one of the large branches of the great mesenteric artery about four inches from its origin. The vessel 130 PARASITOLOGY. was not distended and the coagulum, was slightly larger than a pea and contained three worms. One proved to be a Triodontophorus serratus, the posterior extremity of which 1s illustrated in figure 21, Plate 10. The large intestines of this young horse contained only two species, those of the Triodontophorus serra- tus and the Sclerostomum vulgare. All other worms examined up to this time for classification from throm- bi and aneurisms have proven to be the Sclerostomum equinum. (Strongylus armatus.) One investigator has ventured the opinion that this latter parasite prob- ably passes its larval stage in the abdominal blood vessels. 3 THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM. In those vessels containing small thrombi and which ” must be regarded as rather recent invasions there is noted an endarteritis with possibly some destruction of the endothelium. Later stages show atheromatous changes and in old aneurisms even areas of calcifica- tion. The middle coat shows hypertrophy and inflam- matory processes. The outer coat shows connective tissue proliferation. A vessel wall thus diseased may give way to-a more or less extent and sacculation occurs. The aneurism now developed may be saccular, fusiform or cylin- droid. On the inner side will be found a mass of coagulum adhering closely to the degenerating vessel wall. The larvae may be found in the coagulum with one end extending out into the blood stream or lodged in the walls between the coats or penetrating partially protruding on either side of the vessel wall. PARASITOLOGY. tSl From this coagulum there may break loose at differ- ent times, emboli which may produce more or less serious results depending on the size of the embolus and the location of the embolism. There will be ischemia of that portion of the intestine to which the vessel is disturbed, and paralysis of that portion of the digestive tube. The secretions are suspended and thrombi-embolic colic results. The ischemic portion, at first pale, now becomes dark red; due to the passive congestion. The mucous membrane appears swollen and hemorrhagic infarction occurs. A serous exudate may be present and the organ appears: increased in size. This condition fa- vors infection from the bowel and more serious results may follow. THROMBO-EMBOLIC COLIC. Fermentation of the ingesta of this now paralyzed part of the digestive tube may take place. The horse shows colicky pains, lies down and gets up frequently, perspires first in spots later may be covered with per- spiration. If rupture of the aneurism takes place during the attack of colic the animal will be noted to sit up on his haunches, knuckles over in its fetlocks. There will be blanched or pale visible mucous mem- branes. The extremities are cold. The pulse is weak and thready. If the aneurism be located in the pos- terior aorta this vessel is more likely to rupture be- cause of the high blood pressure in it. Bollinger records fifteen ruptured aneurisms as hav- ing taken place into the peritoneal sac and three into the intestines, 132 PARASITOLOGY. Additional symptoms noted may be those of look- ing around at the side, pinched facial expression, pass- ing a few hard fecal pellets later a total suppression of passages. The animal trembles and moves its hind feet uneasily. Large verminous aneurisms may cause frequent at- tacks of colic. These are usually brought about by embolism in the small branches of the diseased artery. If the collateral circulation takes care of the part the animal recovers. If slightly more severe the disease may run a chronic course, indigestion and possibly constipation alternated with diarrhea, light colicy at- tacks, some elevation of temperature, capricious appe- tite. This condition may finally terminate in recovery or if still more serious marasmus, cachexia and death. An embolism in one of the smaller vessels may not prove fatal on account of the free arterial anastomosis. It is where more than one vessel is in a state of em- bolism or larger vessels affected that fatal thrombo- embolic colic results. As an illustration, if an embolus should lodge at the trunk of the large faciculus of the great mesenteric artery it would shut off the blood supply to the cecum and death of that viscus results, Or if the embolus should lodge in the first branch of the great mesenteric artery which goes to the floating colon serious results would follow. The direct cause of death in these cases is probably due to intoxication by absorption of toxic substances from the intestines, from infection of the infarcted area, from cardiac syncope as a result of pain, from absorption of poisonous gases from the bowel, from nervous shock due to the pain, from alteration of PARASITOLOGY. 133 blood and disturbance to the circulation, from edema of the lungs brought about by continuous compres- sion on the diaphragm by the distended bowels or from cerebral or pulmonary apoplexy induced by in- creased arterial tension due to pressure of the dis- tended abdominal viscera on the larger arteries. Bollinger records a case in which recovery had taken place and later the animal came to autopsy. He records as high as five or six obliterated arterioles and venules in a square centimeter. There is a possibility that the larger aneurisms in- terfere to some extent with the normal blood supply to the bowel and account at least in some cases, for chronic digestive troubles so frequently found among horses of all ages and environments. At least a part of the larger sclerostomes pass their larval stage in small tumors in the wall of the large in- testines and possibly in small fecal pellets. These tu- mors vary in size according to the age of the larva and may attain a size up to that of a hazelnut. These are readily observed at autopsy as they push out the mu- cosa as well as the serous suface. When examined ~ closely especially microscopically it will be noted that they may contain blood coagulum and even pus. A local eosinophilia may be observed as well as hypere- mia. The larva merging into the adult stage leaves the tumor to be found free in the intestinal contents at which time a small opening may be observed at the summit of the tumor. There is no doubt but that these blood sucking worms in the intestinal tract wound the mucous mem- 134 PARASITOLOGY. brane so that this acts as a portal of entry of many harmful bacteria. The author has recorded shies cases of Sclerosto- mum equinum in the spermatic arteries. Two of these cases were from cryptorchids one from a “straight” colt. From the adult intestinal form the ova or embryos pass out to the external world with the feces where if not already hatched they do so in a short time if climatic conditions are favorable. Damp or even wet pastures favor this intermediate stage and parasitisms is more prevalent in horses, asses or mules pastured on such grounds. Thus contaminated food and water serves as carriers of the infection. StrRoNGYLUS VaAsoruM (Vas—a vessel). Distribution.—Reported in Europe. Description—The worm is thread-like in calibre and white or pink in color; the mouth is nude; the male is provided with a short, bilobate caudal pouch and two long spiculae; the male is two-fifths of an inch in length, the female one-half inch. Animal Infested.—The dog. Parts Infested—The adult infests the blood-vessels, especially of the right side of the heart, and the pulmon- ary artery; the larva infests the lungs. Condition Produced—lThe ovum or embryo becomes lodged in the small arteries of the lungs, and it produces thrombosis. Its presence also causes a small granule or tubercle to form in the lung tissue; in the center of the tubercle is found the ovum or embryo, surrounded by epithelial, embryonic and giant cells, as found in the tubercles caused by the bacillus of tuberculosis. Symptoms.—Sudden dyspnoea, anemia, emaciation and oftentimes cough. Ova or embryos may be expelled by the fits of coughing. PARASITOLOGY. 135 ScLEROsTOMA Hypostomum (hypo—under, stoma—mouth) Synonym.—Chabertia ovina. Distribution.— Found in the United States and Europe. Not very common. Description. —The body is thread-like, white in color and rigid; the head is slightly globular; the mouth parts are provided with a double row of mem- branous teeth; the head is surrounded by six papillae; the caudal pouch is short and gives the male a cut off appearance; the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point. The male is three fifths of an inch in length, the female about one inch. Life History. Mode of Intestation.— The female is oviparous, the ova pass out to the ground with the feces; the embryos after emerging from the ova go through certain changes and are then taken in by the host through the food and water. Upon reach- ing the intestinal tract they develop into the mature form. Animals Infested.—The sheep and goat. Parts Intested.—Small and large intestines. Condition Produced.—By means of the buccal arm- ature they hold on to the mucous membrane and suck the blood; punctiform hemorrhages have been noted in the intestinal mucosa; when in large numbers they cause disturbance in digestion, a general un- thrifty appearance, diarrhoea, emaciation, anemia and possibly death. These wounds often furnish channels through which infection may take place. Treatment.—Physic and gasoline are prescribed as in infestation with the Strongylus Contortus. (Dentos—toothed) STEPHANURUS DeENTATUS (Stephanos—a crown) ¥ (Oura—a tail). 136 PARASITOLOGY. Synonym.—Sclerostoma pinguicola. Kidney worm. Lard worm. Distribution.—In the United States found espec- lally in southern hogs, especially in the States of Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Ten- nessee. Rare in the Northern and Western States. Also found in Brazil and Australia. fos Description. —'The body is a slightly larger than a knitting needle; the outer integument is transparent; the dark intestinal tract shows through the integu- ment, which gives the worm a mottled appearance. Both caudal and cephalic extremities present a blunt appearance; the Fig. 47— F . ° . STEPHANURUs Dentatus head part is provided with six a, Male. papillae; the tail of the male is b, Female. : ; c. Caadeitextremity. provided with a caudal pouch; d, Cephalic extremity. the male is one to one and one- fourth inches long, the female one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches. Animal Intested.—The hog. Parts Infested.—It infests the fat in the sublumbar region. Condition Produced. —Small abscesses varying in size to a pigeon’s egg are found in the fat in the ° sublumbar region; when these abscesses are cut open the center is found to contain a small amount of purulent material and usually a male and female sometimes three or four worms; the worms rarely invade the kidney; occasionally they may be found in the pelvis of that organ. They may invade the PARASITOLOGY. 137 psoae muscles and lymph glands in various parts of the abdominal cavity; they have also been observed in the liver; thus multiple abscesses are sometimes observed in advanced cases. SYNGAMUS TRACHEALIS (Syn—with; Trachea.) (Gamus—Marriage). Synonyms.—Gap worm. Sclerostoma Trachealis. The syngamus bronchialis is found in palmipeds. Distribution.—Found widely distributed through- out the United States. Description.—The head is provided with capsule- like rings in the center of which are placed six lancet- like teeth; the male is small, only one-fourth to one- third of an inch in length, and is provided with a caudal pouch; the female is about one inch in length; the tail teminates in a blunt point; the vulva is located in the anterior third; the male clasps the female firmly during the act of copulation and does not release its hold even after it is removed from the host; this gives the specimen a forked appear- ance; the small one the male, the large one the female. | Life Cycle.-—Upon death and decomposition of the gap worm the ova are liberated in water or moist places, and the embryos develop into minute hair-like worms. The bird becomes infested through the food or water. It has also been claimed that earth worms act as an intermediate host. The larva migrate through the abdominal air sacs to the bronchi, where they develop to full size. 138 PARASITOLOGY. Animals Infested —Principally young chickens, tur- keys, pea fowls and wild game. Parts Infested —The trachea. Disease Produced.—Gapes, syrigamosis. Symptoms.—The worms, finding their way to the trachea, attach themselves to the mucous membrane by means of their buccal apparatus, and by means of the six teeth they wound the mucous membrane and suck the blood; the bird is noticed to open its mouth frequently and gasp for air on account of the partial occlusion of the air passage by the worms; wheez- ing and coughing are also noted. Often the worms may be expelled during a severe fit of coughing; the bird has a loss of appetite, appears dull and stands around with drooping wings; finally when the worms form sufficient bulk to occlude the lumen of the trachea the animal, in its death struggle, is observed to throw its head over the back and, gasp- ing, dies of asphyxiation. Prophylaxis.— Moisture is necessary for the devel- | opment of the larva; if birds be kept on a board floor until they are half grown the greatest danger will be eliminated; the floors and runs should be frequently sprinkled with a 1% solution of creolin or carbolic acid. The drinking and feeding dishes should be cleansed occasionally with antiseptic solu- tion. ‘The dead carcasses should be burned. Treatment.—A. horse-hair doubled several times, forming a loop, is often thrust down the bird’s throat, twisted several time and withdrawn ; the worms ir this way are removed. PARASITOLOGY. 139 OESOPHAGOSTOMA INFLATUM (Stoma—mouth ; Inflated). Distrzbution.— Found in the middle west and south. L Description.—The worm is thread- f like in calibre and white in color; the cephalic extremity is crooked, which gives the worm the appearance of a $, cane; the mouth is circular and_pro- vided with six prominent papillae ; the ee anterior extremity of the worm is pro- OESOPHAGOSTOMA , ; aero: vided with a transparent, globe shaped a, Male. apparatus; this is followed by two b, Femaie. ; : : ee Gcohalic ex--lateral wings; the male is, provided tremity. with a well developed caudal pouch, d, Caudal ex- : : fromity, which gives the worm a cut-off appear- ance; it is provided with two long spicu- lae; the tail of the female terminates in a sharp point; the male is about three-fourths of an inch long, the female one inch. Lite Cycle.—The ova find their way to the ground through the feces; the animal becomes infested through the food or water that is contaminated by by the ova or embryo. Upon reaching the intestinal tract the embryos embed themselves in the muc- ous membrane, forming a cyst, where they proceed with their development; they reach maturity only in the intestinal tract. Animals Infested.—Cattle. Parts Infested. —Smalland large intestines. Symptoms. Condition Produced.—Oftentimes cysts in the mucous membrane are so numerous as to thoroughly stud the surface of both small and large intestines; this interferes with digestion and absorp- tion and is a source of irritation; the adults in the 140 PARASITOLOGY. nme Smmammomencncrme mes te Fig. 49—OESOPHAGOSTOMA INFLATUM. (Cephalic extremity) Photomicrograph, 1x1%. a, Mouth with papillae c, Lateral membranous wings b, Globe shaped inflation. d, Anterior part of body. eo Fig. 50 -OESOPHAGOSTOMA INFLAT um Caudal extremity of maie. Photomicrograph, 1 x %. a, Caudal pouch. b, Spiculae. c, Posterior part of body, PARASITOLOGY. 141 intestinal tract are blood suckers; they wound the mucous membrane and suck the blood; this adds to the irritation and produces anemia; the symptoms as noted are diarrhoea, thirst, loss of appetite, unthrifty coat, anemia and possibly death. Treatment.—Many drugs have been tried with more or less good results; areca nut, santonin, ka- mala, etc. Good results will be obtained by fasting Fig. 51—OESOPHAGOSTOMA INFLATUM. Caudal extremity, female a, Sharp terminal point. b, Anus. Photomicrograph, 1 x % the animal for 24 hours, then give one and one-haif pounds of salts followed by from two to six ounces of gasoline; calves must receive a proportionately smaller dose; for large bunches of cattle sulphate of iron and salt kept constantly before the animals wil? be effectual in destroying many of the worms. Bs 142 PARASITOLOGY. constantly taking the sulphate of iron into the intestinal tract it will create an unfavorable place for the development and life of the worm. OESOPHAGOSTOMA COLUMBIANUM (Columbia). Synonym.—Oesophagostome of Columbia. Distribution.—Found commonly in the United States. First discovered in the District of Columbia. Description.—The worm is thread- like in calibre, white in color, slightly tapering anteriorly; the mouth is circu- b lar and provided with a double row of \ teeth arranged in a crown-like form; Fig. 52— the caudal pouch of the male is saucer- OESOPHAGOSTOMA shaped; the tail of the female termin- CoOLUMBIANUM é 3 he Nate ates in a rather sharp point; the male b, Female. measures about three fourths of an inchin length, the female about oneinch. Lite Cycle.—The ovigerous female lays its eggs in the intestinal tract, which find their way to the ex- ternal world with the feces; the embryos are taken up by the host through the contaminated food and water; upon reaching the intestinal tract they pene- trate the mucous membrane and produce nodules which are irregular in outline and vary in size up to a pea; these nodules are found in both small and large intestines; often in badly infested cases em- bryos are noted to invade the mesentery and mes- enteric lymph glands and liver. The tumor, smaller in size than a pin-head, contains a cyst in which is found a growing embryo coiled in a ring-like shape, floating in a colorless fluid; in the second stage the embryo is still in the cyst but a small quantity of Plate XIII. Fig. 1—Heifer infested with lung worms and flukes. Note emaciation and edema, NN Pe liiddaaaat ners: CI ae Fig. 2—Ocsophagostoma Co= lumbianum. (Cephalic extremity). a, Oral cavity. b, Oesophagus. e, Papillae. Fig. 3—Ocsophagostoma Co- Fig. 4—Uesophagostoma Co. lumbianum. lumbixnum. (Caudal. extremity of male). (Caudal extremity of fe- a, Rib of caudal pouch, male). b, Web. a, Vulva. e, Spiculae. ‘b, Anus, PARASITOLOGY. 143 greenish, cheesy pus has accumulated around it; in nodules larger than a pin-head the entire contents are a cheesy mass; the cyst wail is ruptured and the worm is found free, wandering within the capsule; in the larger nodules the cheesy material is quite hard except at the side where the worm is found. Nearing maturity the worm leaves the nodule and becomes sexually mature only in the intestinal tract; the nodule now gradually shrinks in size until it is quite small and filled with earthy material. Animals Intested—The sheep, goat and ox. £E ae = A ) >) i i in 7) Ni Fig. 53—NODULAR DISEASE. a, Nodule caused by larva of Oesophagostome of Columbia. b, Section of small Intestine. Parts Intested.—Small and large intestines. Disease Produced.—Nodular disease. Condition Produced.—Nodular disease 18 common in native but seldom if ever found in range sheep. In badly infested cases the entire intestinal canal may be thorougly studded with the nodules, which are irregular in outline and push the serous coat out; the nodule lies under the serous covering of the bowel and can be readily told from the tubercle pro- duced by the bacillus of tuberculosis by the fact that the latter is smooth, and that in tuberculosis the lymph glands adjacent to the affected part will be 144 PARASITOLOGY. tuberculous; in the infested sheep that are slaught- ered the gut is rendered unfit for casings, by the disease. Symptoms.—This form of oesophagostomiasis is not so fatal as that caused by the oesophagostoma inflatum; the fleece may appear dry; it may be the cause of partial loss of the wool crop. There may — be diarrhoea, general debility, anemia, sunken eyes, emaciation and death. | In cattle it does not prove serious in the United States. Only a few nodules are found when these — animals are infested; these nodules are usually con- fined to the small intestines. Treatment.—To destroy the adult worm in the intestinal tract, the same treatment is advised as in the Strongylus Contortus; salt and sulphate of iron constantly before them will also prove beneficial. OESOPHAGOSTOMA DENTATUM. (Dentis—tooth). Synonym.—Oesophagostoma Subulatum. Distribution. — Occasionally found in the United States. Description. — The body is small in calibre and white or grayish-brown in color; the worm slightly tapering anteriorly; the mouth is circular and pro- vided with six papillae; the head is followed by a constriction. The caudal pouch of the male is short; the tail of the female terminates in a rather sharp point; the male is one-third to one-half inch long; the female is one-half to three-fourths inch. Animal Infested.—The hog. Parts Infested. —The caecum and colon; the writer has found them in the kidney once; they have aiso been reported once in the liver. Wy PARASITOLOGY. 5 445 Symptoms.—If only a few worms are found no se- rious results are noted; if infested in y p great numbers they produce gradual anemia as aresult of the loss of blood; - irregularities in digestion, diarrhoea, Fig. 54— OxrsorHacostoma Unthriftiness, emaciation and _ finally yee death. Insomecases of infested hogs b, Female. when the colon is opened the con- tents are fairly alive with the wriggling myriads of the Oesophagostoma Dentatum; a posi- tive diagnosis is finding the ova and worms in the feces. Treatment.—Fast the hog for twenty-four hours; then give areca nut and santonin the same as for the Ascaris Suilla. UNCINARIA RApIATA. (Uncinatus—hooked) (Radiatus—radiate). Synonym.—Hook worm. Distribution.—Found in various parts of the United States. Common in certain parts of Texas. Description.—The worm is the size e © of a large thread in calibre and white in color; the caudal pouch of the male b causes that extremity to appear blunt; the tail of the female terminates ina d rather sharp point; the mouth parts are provided with hooklets with which ae Lee it holds on to the mucous membrane; Raprara the male is about three-fourths of an S asia tid ne inch long, the female about one inch. = d,Caudalextrem- a ity. Animal Intested.—The ox. oicGentehes ese tremity, Parts Intested.—Small intestines. Conditions Produced.—Causes uncinariosis in cat- 146 PARASITOLOGY. tle; they are blood suckers of the worst type, and myriads robbing the host of blood cause an un- thrifty condition; in calves they cause a stunted growth; later anemia, emaciation and possibly death. Treatment.—The same as for the Strongylus Con- tortus. UNCINARIA CERNUA. (Cernuus—bent down). Synonyms.—Hook worm. Dochmius Cernua. Distribution. — Frequently found in . Southern United States. Description.—A thread-like worm, yellowish white in color; the body is rigid and attenuated at both ends; the mouth is circular and provided with four hook-like teeth; the buccal cavity is ovoid in shape; the male is one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, the female one inch. Lite History. — The ova, reaching water or moist earth, hatch into the embryonic state; if conditions are favorable they moult in three days; in five days they moult the second time; when taken into the intestinal tract at this time they invade the mucous membrane (if not taken in at this stage they will perish in about four weeks) ; they now fasten them- selves to the mucous membrane and develop into the mature worm in about fifteen days; during this time they moult twice. Animals Infested.—The sheep and goat. Parts Infested. — Small and frequently the large intestines. Mode of Intestation. — Like other worms of the family Strongylidae, the pools of water, ponds, pastures and other food become contaminated by feces from infested sheep, laden with the ova; here PARASITOLOGY. 147 under favorable conditions the larval form develops; thus the sheep become infested through food and water; the embryo may be carried by small streams of water and thus spread contagion. Conditions Produced.—Seldom cause serious results, but if found in large numbers they may cause con- ditions similar to those caused by the Strongylus Contortus, such as unthrifty coat, partial loss in wool crop, diarrhoea, anemia, and if in sufficient nurnbers emaciation and death. Treatment.— The same as for the Strongylus Contortus. UNCINARIA CANINA (Canis—dog). Synonyms.—Uncinaria Trigonocephala. Dochmius Trigonocephala. Anchylostoma Trigonocephala. Distribution.—Common in the United States, also found in Europe. Description.—It has a thread-like body, white in color; a large buccal cavity ; the mouth is provided with six hook-like teeth; by means of these hooklets it holds firmly to the mucous membrane and aided by its strong muscular oesophagus draws blood; they are still found attached to the mucous mem- brane after death of the dog; the tail of the male has a well developed caudal pouch; the tail of the female terminates in a sharp point; the male is about one-half inch long, the female three-fourths inch. Life History.—Same as the other species of the Uncinaria. The methods of infestation are the same. Animals Intested.—The dog, cat, and fox. Parts Intested.—Small and large intestines. Symptoms.—Uncinariosis among the dogs is very common; it is more fatal among puppies than older PARASITOLOGY. 148 shed eb eb ole de ae D200 Ge GoGo 4. 3 3 ize. natural s ’ Fig. 56—UNCcINARIA CANINA a, Male b, Female, ters. magnified 350 diame J Fig. 57—Caudal extremity of the male b, Ribs of caudal pouch c, Web of caudal pouch d. Posterior part of body, a, Spiculae. 149 PARASITOLOGY. PSS” uv worry Oro 6 & Q ed : or sota 7 [| ~ am CE So “Boa mn b es oOog ss NSD yeaa ay Sioa he bn "t | GEO Calan 2° Bago .H-K moo mt WR o RB ERPS Moods eo ea alt ted Hen Oo O CURSE old. neinaria Canina, oO) S — YY : o od = f= Paes a Bay aS Be Bees Pen ase aoe 4 Oa 6a 2) eS Oi oUnn AS) O26 Brak Atm lane ee ac aAadars 1 Ce) 1D i) Lae! pe leon D bo due aK ae Oo _ ON sod) Ene ~aRBBg Qn Er co Bays, 6 San & a es an gs Bese Shes oO autelielay Ow th oS Ry cane Sa 150 PARASITOLOGY. dogs ; the worms, when occurring in large numbers, cause derangement of digestion, dullness and indif- ference; the young pup may whine or cry; tympani- tes, and in some cases diarrhoea; there is loss of appetite, nervousness and in some cases nausea; later anemia and emaciation is noted and the animal succumbs to the disease. Treatment. —Santonin and areca nut prove the most effectual parasiticides. The areca nut is an. irritant to the bowels and acts as a vermifuge or urge. The following combination gives good results in ridding the bowel of these worms. KR Powdered areca nut _-____-_- 5 iii Crystahisantoniny 225 ae gr xx Sytiip add. 6.2.25 82 ae 5 iv Mix. Sig—Give two to three drams at a dose. Re- peat dose in five days. Thymol is also useful. UNCINARIA STENOCEPHALA (Stenos—narrow). (Cephale—head). Synonyms.—Dochmius Stenocephala. Anchyios- toma Stenocephala. Distribution.—Not common in the United States, more common in Europe. Description.—The body is thinner than the Uncin- aria Canina; the head is narrow; the caudal pouch is trilobate; on each side of the ventral wall of the buccal cavity is a hooklet; the tail of the female terminates in a rather sharp point; the maleis about one-third to one inch long; the female three-fourths inch. The life history, symptoms, and treatment are the same as for the Uncinaria Canina. ——S 2 | PARASITOLOGY. 151 TRICHOTRACHELIDAE. The family Trichotrachelidae includes a group of blood sucking worms, provided with a nude head: in the adult state they infest the intestinal tract. (Trix—a hair) TRICHOCEPHALUS DEPRESSIUSCULUS ( Cephale—head) (Depressus depress) Synonym.—Whip worm. Distribution. — Found occasionally in the United States, also in Europe. Description.—This worm in shape resembles the old fashioned “black snake” whip; the posterior part of the body is about the calibre of a thread; the anterior two-thirds is attenuated, resembling a hair; itis white in color; its mouth is nude; the large part of the body of the male forms a coil ; the correspond- ing part of the female is straight or slightly curved; the male is provided with a spicula; the vulva of the ? female is located in the anterior t A portion of the large part of the 2 body; the male measures from / one to one and one-fourth inches a0’ — in length; the female from one and one-fourth to one and one-half Fig. oe Z inches, Trichocephalus Depres- e Z Oe aa Lite History.—The ova, placed 1, Female. in water and kept at a warm tem- 2, Male, ‘ 2 a, Cephalic extremity. Perature will hatch and develop b, Caudal > complete embryos in from four to five months; if these be fed to dogs they develop to the adult stage; drying or desiccation of the eggs or embryos stops their de- 152 PARASITOLOGY. velopment, but upon again being placed in moist sur- roundings, they will revivify and complete this phase of their life cycle, providing the desiccation has not been for too long a period. Animal Intested.—The dog. Part Intested.—The caecum. Symptoms.—They hold firmly to the mucous mem- brane of the caecum and suck blood; specimens of the bowel prepared for the museum still contain the worms, though dead, tightly holding on to the mu- cous membrane. Conditions Produced.—lf the animal is infested by large numbers it may show a progressive anemia and gradual emaciation; a derangement of digestion, diarrhoea and possibly death of the host. Treatment.—The same as for the Uncinaria Canina. (A ffinis—marriage) TRICHOCEPHALUS AFFINIS (Trix—hair) (Cephale—head) Synonym.—Trichuris affinis. 1 Distribution.—Found in the United States and Europe. Description.—Its body and general appearance re- sembles the Trichocephalus Depressiusculus; the large part of the body of the male is tightly coiled; the body of the female is straight; the tail terminates very bluntly ; the head is provided with two vesicu- lar lobes; the hair-like portion contains the oesoph- agus anda portion of the intestine; the large portion the intestine and reproductive organs; the male measures from one to two inches in length; the female one and one-half to two and one-half inches. The only difference between those of sheep and those of cattle is the length. PARASITOLOGY. 153 Animals Infested.—The ox, sheep, and goat. : _ Parts Infested. —The colon and 4 ‘a caecum. Condition Produced. — The em- 2 bryos, upon being taken into the digestive tract of the host, have a been observed to reach maturity % in two to three weeks; they hold Fig. 60— TRICHOCEPHALUS AFFINIS firmly to the mucous membrane Sheep and suck blood; only a few have 1, Female : - ~ cle been noted in infested animals a, Cephalic extremity. and no serious results have been b, Caudal extremity. - 2 reported in this country. TRICHOCEPHALUS CRENATUS (Crena—notch). Synonyms.—Whip worm; Trichocephalus Dispar. Distribution. — Occasionally found in the United States. Description.—In shape and appearance the male and female resemble the Trichocephalus Affinis of sheep; the male measures one to one and one-quarter inches long, the female one and one-half inches. Animals Intested.— The pig. Parts Intested.—The small intestines. Conditions Produced. — They are found firmly attached to the mucous membrane. When only a few are present no serious results occur; when myr- iads are present they cause diarrhoea, indigestion and an unthrifty condition. TRICHINA SPIRALIS (Trix—hair; spira—coil). Synonym.—tTrichonella spira'is. Distribution—Common in United States and manv European countries. Trichina was first discovered by Peacock in 1828,in England. Found in about one 154 PARASITOLOGY. and one-half percent of the hogs in the United States. Description.—The adult worm is capillary in size and one-twelfth inch in length; the larva is one- twenty-fifth inch in length; the female is ovovivipa- rous; the ova undergo complete development in the uterus and hatch in the external genital organs and then escape; the larvae become encysted in lemon shaped cysts which appear as very minute white specks, scarcely visible to the unaided eye; a micro- scopic examination is necessary to make a diagnosis. Lite History. — When meat containing the live encysted larva is eaten by animals, in from eighteen to twenty hours the meat surrounding the cyst and cyst capsule is digested; the larva thus liberated develops into mature form in from three to four days; frequently on the third day the ovary shows ova in process of segmentation; ovulation commences about the sixth or seventh day; this period lasts five to six weeks, during which time as many as two thousand embryos may be produced by each female; as soon as laid the embryos pass through the stomach or intestinal wall and migrate to various parts of the body; they may burrow directly through the tissues or they may enter the blood and be carried by the blood current, or the lymph vessel and be carried by the lymph stream; at the end of eight or ten days the embryo reaches a resting place and coils in a kind of loop, then in a figure three shape, finally in a coil of about one and one-half turns. Asa result of the irritation in the elements of the surrounding tis- sue there is produced a cyst enclosing the embryo; the embryo soon arrives at the fully developed larval state; the cyst is usually lemon shaped, although it PARASITOLOGY. 155 may appear nearly round; the long axis is parallel with the muscle fiber; the cyst usually contains only one larva although as many as seven have been ob- served; in this cyst the parasite remains dormant until the animal is killed and the meat is eaten, or if not slaughtered for several months the cyst will undergo degeneration. Two kinds of degeneration are noted, fatty and calcareous; in a few months the cysts are usually observed to commence fatty degeneration; first there are noted a few fat globules at the polls; these gradually increase and the fat is set free and invades the whole cyst; at about the seventh month lime salts (carbonate and phosphate) begin to ap- pear; calcification is usually complete about the twentieth month; during this process the cyst gradu- ally becomes opaque until the outline of the larva can scarcely be seen. Birds prove unfavorable sub- jects for muscular trichinosis; they, however, de- velop the intestinal form. Animals [ntested.—Man, hog, dog, rat and, experi- mentally, other animals. Parts [nfested.—Adults infests the intestine; the larval form infests the muscle structures. Conditions Produced.—This parasite produces two form of trichinosis; the adult infests the intestinal tract and produces intestinal trichinosis; the worm lives about six weeks; the larva is found wandering in the tissues and, finally encysted, this form is muscular trichinosis. | Symptoms. — Man: — Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and veztigo; elevation of temperature with acceler- ated pulse and respiration; great muscular pain dur- ing migration of the embryos; contraction of certain 156 PA\ ASITOLOGY. groups of muscles; the pain lasts only during the migrationof the embryos; atter encystment there is no pain. Hogs:—The intestinal form causes diarrhoea; the migration of the embryos pruritus, rubbing, scratching, stiffness of gait, difficulty in swallowing and mastication, difficult and painful respiration. The disease is usually fatal in man; it is not liable to be fatal in the hog or rat. Vitality.—Vermifuges and vermicides have little effect upon them. Degeneration usually destroys the larvae in the cysts in from twelve to eighteen months, although cases are on record where their vitality has lasted much longer. They will live one hundred days in decaying meat. Fourteen degrees below zero, Cent., will kill them. Complete salting kills those that are superficial in a short time, but those in the deeper parts live fora long time. Sausagein pickle 15 days destroys them. Sausage in hot smoke kills them in 24 hours, cold smoke 3 days. To determine if Trichina are alive two methods can be used. First, feed a small bird the trichinous flesh and kill the bird 8 to 10 hours after; if the trichini are dead they will be digested with the cyst; if they are alive they will be coiled or moving. Second, if a small particle of macerated meat contain- ing the cysts be placed on a platinum plate and heat- ed toa temperature of 100 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, then noted under the microscope, movement will be seen if they are alive. Thorough cooking destroys them. ‘To destroy the trichinain a ham it should be cooked thirty-five minutes for each two pounds of weight. Plate XIV. ~~ Oh --b Fig. 2—S;yngamus Trachealis. (Male and fe- male). a, Head. b, Caudal extrem- ity. AND Smo Tor Fig. 3—Trickocephalus Crena- tus. (1, Female. 2, Male). a, Cephalic extremity. extremity. Hig. 1—Stephanurus Dentatus. (Cephalic extremity). reap llae. b, Caudal b, Mouth ec; Bucal cavity. d, Oesophagus. ec, Intestines. REM Fig. 4—Echinorhynehus Canis. Big. 5—Echinorhynehus Canis. (Globe shaped proboscis showing hooklets). Fig. 6—Echinorhynehus Canis, (Section through uterus shewing ova), : Fig. S—Paragonimus Wester- Fig. 7—Larvae Triching Spi- manii. ~alis, (Ventral surface). (Encysted, surrounded with a, Oral sucker. b, Ventral sucker, muscle fibers), PARASITOLOGY. 157 ACANTHOCEPHALA (Acanthos—thorn) (Cephale—head). This order belongs to the class Nemathelmintha and includes a group of parasites that are round in shape but are not provided with a digestive tract as the order Nematoda; they obtain nourishment by absorption of digested nutrients from the intestinal tract of the host; there are complete sexes, male and female; the cephalic (head) extemity is provided with a globe-shaped proboscis armed with six rows of hooklets by which means it holds on to the mucous membrane; it includes the genus Echinorhynchus, species of which infest the small intestines of the dog, others infest birds and still another, the most im- portant, infests the hog. (Echinos—spined) ECHINORHYNCHUS GiIGASs (Rhynchus—proboscis) (Gigas—giant). Synonym.—Echinorhynchus hirudinaceous. Distribution.—Very common in the United States ; also found in Europe. Description.-Round in shape, about two- MET Nae “€4 thirds the calibre of | \y a lead pencil, with transverse markings. Milk white in color; the cephalic extrem- : ityu LEetmim@mates Fig. 61—Ecninoruyncuus Gigas, FEMALE. abruptly and is pro- a, Globe-shaped proboscis, armed with six. : See ot iuckléis, vided with a globe- b, Caudal extremity. shaped _ proboscis that is armed with six rows of hooklets irregularly 158 PARASITOLOGY. arranged, point backwards. The hooklets are very small and resemble, in shape, those of a cat’s claw. The posterior half of the female is attenuated until it is no larger than a knitting needle; the female is eight to twelve inches long, the male three to four inches. Lite Cycle.—The fe- maie is oviparous; the eggs are oblong and contain fully developed embryos, in a few days after they have passed to the ground with the feces; if they are in- gested by the intermed- iate host, which is the larva of the May bug (white worm or grub worms) they soon hatch in its digestive tract; Fig. 62—EcHINORHYNCHUS GIGAS. this embryo is very, tihelle extcomty shawibg globe small and provided hooklets. with four small hook- Pholomicr Ones Diaas lets with which it burrows through the intestinal wall and becomes encysted in the abdominal cavity ; when this cyst matures it contains the fully developed larva, which retains its vitality during the existence of the larval worm and has been noted still alive after metamorphosis into the perfect insect; it is possible that other invertebrates may act as an intermediate host; if the pig eats these white worms or May beetles containing the encysted larva, the young echi- norhynchus is set free by the process of digestion e ES : ray Mee | tom, PARASITOLOGY. 159 and attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines by means of its six rows of hooklets and develops into the adult worm. Animal Intested.—The hog. Parts Infested.—The small intestines. Condition Produced. — By the anchorage of the cephalic extremity, by means of its hooked proboscis, there is produced a small tumefaction which pushes the serous covering of the intestine out; from the serous surface of the bowel this nodule resembles a tubercle, and may be mistaken for tuberculosis; upon close examination the head of the echino- rhynchus will be found atta~*“*4 to the inner part of the nodule. Symptoms.—When infested by large numbers they may cause a loss of appetite, derangement of diges- tion, general unthrifty condition and later emaciation and convulsions; they may prove fatal among pigs. Treatment.—To remove the worms from the in- testinal tract the same treatment is used as for the Ascaris Suilla; to prevent the hogs from becoming infested it will be necessary to keep them on a board floor so that it will be impossible for the ova to reach the intermediate host, or to subject the feces laden with ovato an antiseptic solution; as the white worms are found most frequently in manure piles and in very rich earth, these are the most fertile fields for the intermediate host. ECHINORHYNCHUS CANIS. History.—It has been found in Texas. Animal Infested.—Dog. Parts Infested —Small intestines. Description —About one-half inch long. The ce- phalic extremety is provided with a globe shaped 160 PARASITOLOGY proboscis armed with six rows of hooklets, which irregularly alternate. Its body presents transverse markings. Condition Produced.—Exhaustion, tucked up abdo- men, muscular incoordination, later paralysis, loss of appetite and death.—ParkER. TREMATODA (Trematodes—fiukes). The order Trematoda belongs to the class Plat- helmintha and includes a group of worms that are commonly called flukes. They produce a disease called Distomiasis or Distomatosis, which is divided inte various forms viz.: Hepatic Distomiasis caused by the Distoma Hepaticum, Distoma Americanus, Distoma Lanceo- lata. Pulmonary Distomiasis caused by the Paragoni- mus Westermanii. Gastric Distomiasis caused by the Amphistoma Cervi. Vascular Distomiasis caused by the Schistosoma Bovis. PARASITOLOGY. 161 FASCIOLIDAE. The family Fasciolidae belongs to the order Trematoda and includes the genus Distoma. THE FLUKES. (Dis—twice) Distoma HeEpaticum (Stoma—mouth) (Hepatic—liver) Synonyms.—Fasciola Hepaticum. Liver Fluke. Distribution.—Found in the low-lying lands of the United States where the weather is warm and con- ditions are favorable for the development of the lar- val state. Also found in the low-lying land of Scot- land and other countries. Description—The body is flat and leaf-like; it is oblong, larger and rounder in front; at the extreme anterior end it is abruptly contracted in such a way as to present a conical neck; it terminates ob- tusely behind. The antero-posterior diameter is about one to one and one-fourth inches; the width measures one-third to one-half inch. It is provided 162 PARASITOLOGY. with two suckers, oral and ventral. At the bottom of the oral sucker is placed the mouth, which com- municates with the intestines by means of an oesoph- agus. The intestines consist of two ramifying branches which permeate the whole body. The ventral sucker lies about one-sixth of an inch behind the oral one. The fluke is brown in color and is a hermaphrodite; the penis projects in front of the ventral sucker, always recurved; the vulva is small and situated at the side or a little behind the male orifice. Fig. 63—DISTOMA HEPATICUM. The specimen from vhich this drawing was made was placed be- tween two glass slides with rubber bands around each end, giv- ing Specimen gentle pressure, then kept im- mersed in alcohol one week, then mounted in Canada balsam. a, Intestines. b. Oral sucker. c, ventral sucker. d, Uterus. Lite History.—The fluke is ovip- arous ; the eggs are ovoid in shape and brown in color; they are laid in the bile ducts and through the hepatic duct find their way to the intestinal tract, then to the ground through the feces; if the ova fall in dry places they soon perish, if in damp or marshy places they hatch in from five to six weeks; at this stage the whole body of the em- bryo is covered with cilia, which enables it to move about in the water. At one end is a lancet-like projection which can be thrust out or withdrawn; by means of this apparatus it bores into the second host; if it does not meet one in a day or two it dies; if it meets a water snail it penetrates it and be- comes lodged in the respiratory cavity and begins its metamorphosis into the larval PARASITOLOGY. 163 state. It loses its layer of ciliated epithelial ceils and the small mass of round cells forming the interior of the body rapidly grow; it soon develops into the Spo- rocyst. From the cells inthe sporocyst are formed five to eight redia; each redia in turn develops from fifteen to twenty Cercaria; the cercaria is the fully developed larval stage, oval in shape, provided with an oral and ventral sucker, a rudimentary di- gestive tract and a tail. It now leaves the snail and is enabled to move about in the water by means of its tail and crawls upon a blade of grass or an aquatic plant; it loses its tail at this period and be- comes encysted with a gelatinous substance with which it provides itself; this is the fully developed larval stage. The cysts are the most numerous on the part of the grass close to the ground; the larva retains its vitality for a long time if it is in a moist locality; these cysts appear as very small white specks and are eaten by the herbivora grazing upon these infested pastures. The cyst upon reaching the stomach is digested and the larva, set free, soon tinds its way to the bile duct, and thence to the liver. Animals Infested.—The ox, sheep, goat, pig, horse, and man. Part Intested.—The liver. Conditions Produced.—The worms invade the bile ducts and here develop into the mature worm; here they live for six months, then die. In autopsy work one’s attention is attracted by the enlargement of the large bile duct on the posterior face of the liver; a cut section of this part shows a greatly thickened wall and many worms contained within the duct; the bile may be somewhat thicker than 164 PARASITOLOGY. normal with a few dark flocculi. As many as a hundred flukes have been taken from the ducts of a single liver. The liver is unfit for food. Symptoms.— Distomiasis or liver rot appears mostly among cattle in the United States on account of the fact that cattle are grazed on the low lying in- fested lands; while the sheep come mostly from the high table lands where conditions are not favorable for their development into the larval stage. . In Eng- land the sheep are most often affected on account of the reversed conditions to what they are in the United States. The symptoms given us by observers in that country are as follows: The malady is di- vided into four stages or periods. First period is that of immigration; the flukes are small and do not cause excessive disturbance. This period lasts from four to thirteen weeks. Second period is that of anemia after the thir- teenth week from infestation; the sheep are less lively, the mucous membrane is pale, the appetite good and the sheep show a tendency to fatten (asa result of the stimulus to the liver which causes an increased flow of bile). In the latter part of this period the appetite diminishes, thirst increases; rumination irregular; mucous membrane yellowish; may show edema; wool is dry and brittle, and the sheep show great weakness. ‘The feces contain the ova of the fluke. Third Period.—This is a period of loss of flesh; the sheep becomes gradually weaker and emaciated ; the temperature is irregular, the respiration feeble and frequent; pregnant ewes abort; the milk of nursing ewes is poor in quality. Oedema is noted PARASITOLOGY. 165 in dependent parts, as intermaxillary space, along the trachea, under part of the thorax. Pain is noted on pressure on the region over the liver. Fourth Period,—That of emigration of the flukes, can be considered the period of convalescence. All symptoms grow gradually less. The liver, though infected only once, never entirely recovers. There is great mortality among sheep. Not such a large percentage of mortality among cattle. The symptoms in cattle are similar to those given above for sheep, though cattle have a greater resisting power to the effects of the invasion. Treatment—Tonics to aid in tiding over the attack. DistoMA AMERICANUS (Americanus—America). Syzonyms.—Distoma Magna; ~- Fasciola Ameri- canus; Distoma Texicanum; Fasciola Magna; American liver fluke. Distribution. — Found common in the cattle from the low-lying lands of the South and Southwest. Description.—The body is flattened, leaf-like and slate colored; it measures one to one and one-quarter inches long and about one inch wide; it is provided with two suckers, oral and ventral, as in the preced- ing species. The mouth is located at the bottom of the oral sucker. The ramifying intestinal branches permeate the entire worm and can be plainly seen when the worm is placed between two glass slides and pressed. It is a hermaphrodite, the male and female genital organs being placed anterior to and around the ventral sucker. The ventral sucker is located about ne-fourth inch behind the oral one. Life Cycle.—The life cycle is similar to that of the Distoma Hepaticum. 166 PARASITOLOGY. Animals [nfested.—The ox, sheep, pig, etc. Parts Intested—Liver, sometimes the lungs. The writer has noted one case of Hepatic Distomiasis in a pig; four specimens of the Distoma Americanus were found. Conditions Produced.—The larval fluke upon being taken into the stomach on grass is liberated by the dissolving of the gelatinous capsule enclosing it. It finds its way to the liver through the hepatic duct and finally becomes stationary in a small bile duct; or it may penetrate the duct and become lodged in Fig. 64—DisromMA AMERICANUS. a, Oral sucker. b, Ventral sucker. c, Intestine the tissue outside. It here forms acyst which varies in size up to a hen’s egg. The outer surface of the liver presents the appearance of black prominent elevations. Upon section of these tumefactions they are found to contain a cavity within, which is filled with a chocolate-colored fluid and some debris, and in the older cysts some earthy material. One or more flukes are found in each cyst. The portal lymph glands, that lie against the posterior surface of the liver at a point where the portal vein PARASITOLOGY. 167 enters, are swollen and appear slate colored or black. ' ‘The serous membrane adjacent to the liver is slate colored. The young. flukes may migrate through the diaphragm and become lodged in the posterior lobe cf the lung, where they form a cyst as in the liver; the attention is first attracted to the infested part by the interlobular substance being stained dark, often- times black; upon closer examination a tumefaction is found which, when sectioned, is found to contain the characteristic cyst. The adult fluke lives about six months. The symptoms and general debilitating conditions are the same as in infestation with the Distoma Hepaticum. Often cattle are infested with both Distoma Hepaticum and Distoma Americanus. DisTOMA LANCEOLATA (Lancea—lance). Distribution.—Found in countries and localities where the preceding species are found. Description.—The body is lancet shaped, brownish in color and semi-transparent; when the uterus is filled with ova the body presents a mottled appear- ance, on account of the fact that the integument is semi-transparent. The intestinal tract consists of two non-ramifying branches. The adult is from one- third to one-half inch in length and one-tenth inch wide. Lite Cycle.—The life cycle is the same as in the preceding species; the ovum undergoes segmenta- tion and develops embyos in the maternal body, but is not hatched until it has been in water three weeks. The embryo is globular or pyriform in shape, ciliated on the anterior third of the body, and armed with a sharp protractile and retractile cephalic needle. 168 PARASITOLOGY. Animals Infested. —The ox, sheep, hog, etc. Parts Infested.—The liver. Symptoms.—Similar to that caused by infestation with the preceding species. PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANII (Westerman). Synonyms.—Distoma Ringeri; Distoma Pulmonale; Distoma Westemanii. Distribution.— Rare in the United States.’ Common in China, and other Asiatic countries. Description.—The body is thick and elongated; bluntly rounded at both extremities; its other anatomical structures are similar to the preceding flukes; the ventral sucker is located about three- sixteenths of an inch behind the oral one; the adult is about one-half inch long; it is reddish brown or Slate colored. Animals Intested.—Man, hog, dog and cat. Parts Infested.—The lungs. Conditions Produced.—The fluke invades the lung tissue and produces a cyst; some are located super- ficially, some deep; the cyst is usually from one-half to one inch in diameter and contains a small quantity of chocolate colored fluid and usually two flukes. AMPHISTOMA CERVI (Amphi—both) (Stoma—mouth) Synonyms.—Conical Stomach Fluke; Amphistoma Conicum. Distributzon.— Rare in the United States. Have been reported in Canada, Europe, Australia and Egypt. : Description.—It is conical in shape, thin in front PARASITOLOGY. 169 and gradually thickening toward the posterior part; ‘slightly curved on the ventral surface. It fixes itself to the mucous membrane by means of a sucker on the posterior or large end. It is of a pinkish color and about one-half inch in length. Animals Infested. —The ox, sheep, goat, and camel. Parts Infested. —The Rumen. Condition Produced.—They attach themselves to the mucous membrane between the papillae of the rumen; most common near the oesophageal groove. They are not reported as causing serious results. SCHISTOSOMIDAE. The family Schistosomidae includes the blood flukes. (Soma—body) ScHISTOSOMUM Bovis (Bovis—ox) (Schistos—cleft). Synonym.—Blood fluke. Description.—Small in size, round in shape and provided with two suckers located on the anterior end. The female is largerthanthe male. Theeggs are elongated and armed with sharp points. Animals Infested.—The ox and sheep. Parts Infested.—Blood vessels. Condition Produced.—The animals presumably be- come infested through drinking water. The flukes are found principally inhabiting the veins of the ab- domen, more especially the venous plexuses of the bladder and rectum. They may cause nephritis, cystitis, and as a result bloody urine or feces. The adjacent lymph glands become hypertrophied. The condition may terminate in death. 170 PARASITOLOGY. CESTODA. The order Cestoda (kestos—girdle, eidos—like) belongs to the class Plathelmintha and includes a large group of worms that are provided with a ribbon shaped body, proceeding from a small head and neck. The head or scolex may be provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of hooklets. The hooklets are arranged in two circular rows in the center of a square formed by the four sucker discs at the extreme cephalic extremity. This is called an armed taenia (tapeworm). The head may be pro- vided with only four sucker discs. This is called an unarmed taenia. These constitute its fixation ap- paratus by which means it fixes itself firmly to the mucous membrane of the intestine and floats back in the intestinal contents. A neck connects the head with the body; in some species it is short, in others long and slender, while in others, as the species found in the horse, the neck is absent. ‘The body is flat, ribbon-shaped and segmented; it is composed of a network of cells with anastomosing prolonga- tions. The integument comprises a homogeneous cuticle lying on a subcuticular layer of longitudinal and transverse fibers. It is provided with a rudi- mentary nervous system which consists of two long- itudinal cords united by a transverse commissure at the head. There is no digestive apparatus; the worm absorbs nourishment through fine canaliculi which traverse the cuticle. There is no circulatory apparatus; the integument serves for the exchange of gases. The excretory canal consists of four tube- like structures which traverse the entire length of PARASITOLOGY. 171 the worm; two are located dorsaily and two ventral- iy and open at the posterior border of the last seg ment through an opening called the caudal foramen. The segments develop from the neck; each new seg- ment pushes the preceding one on, until there is a chain of segments. As the segments grow they be- come longer and wider so that the’ strobilus (strobilos—pine cone, meaning adult tapeworm) has an attenuated appearance anteriorly with a narrow neck and a very small head. Each segment is, toa certain extent, an individual within itself. It absorbs nutrients and through its integument exchanges gases. It is a hermaphrodite, possessing both male and female genital organs. The genital pore is located on the side of each segment. In some spec- ies there is a genital pore on each side, the segment being a double hermaphrodite. The sexually devel- oped segment is called a mature segment; the seg- ment whose uterus is filled with mature ova is called aripe segment and is ready to detach itself and produce its kind. The tapeworms of the horse, ox and sheep are all unarmed. The life cycle is un- known; most of the adult tapeworms of man, dog and cat are armed, and the life cycle known. Inthis life cycle the larval stage is developed in another animal; this stage is called the cystic or hydatic stage. The condition of an animal harboring tapeworms is called taeniasis. TAENIDAE. The family Taenidae belongs to the order Cestoda under which the genus Taenia is placed. Wis PARASITOLOGY. TAPEWORMS OF MAN. Two tapeworms of man find a lower animai as an intermediate host, viz.: Taenia Solium and Taenia Saginata., TAENIA Sortum (Taenia—ribbon) (Sola—alone) Synonym.—Taenia Armata. History.—Adult tapeworms in man and their effect upon the health of the host dates back to the begin- ning of history; we find the first description of tape- worms in the seventeenth century. The life cycle was worked out about 1850. Distribution.—Frequent in the United States; also found in many other countries. : Description.—The head is scarcely larger than a pin head and is provided with four sucker discs and twenty-four to thirty-tvio hooklets. Tae worm may reach the length of forty feet. The latter segments are as long or longer than broad; the genital pores are prominent and irregularly alternate; as soon as the segments are filled with mature ova they detach themselves and pass out to the ground with the feces. From one to half a dozen detach themselves at one time. Each segment contains many hundred ova. Lite Cyclee— The ova become _ disseminated through the water or food and are through these channels taken in by the intermediate host, which is the hog. In the stomach the ovum hatches into a six-hooked embryo, which, by means of its hooklets finds its way through the stomach or intestinal wall and wanders through the tissues or is carried by the blood stream or lymph current; in nine days the em- PARASITOLOGY. 173 bryo finds a resting place. From this small mass of protoplasm is developed first an acephalo cyst, which is provided with two membranes, the outer one called the hydatic membrane and the inner one called the germinal membrane; from the germinal membrane there is developed the larva; this consti- tutes the fully developed larval state. The cyst is oval in shape and about one-half to two-thirds the size of anavy bean; the larvacan be seen through the cyst wall as a small white body and consists of the head, provided with four sucker discs and twenty- four to thirty-two hooklets arranged in a double row. This head or larva is attached to the inner or ger- minal membrane by means of a pedicle and floats in a colorless fluid; each cyst contains but one larva. The cyst is fully developed in sixty days; it infests voluntary, involuntary and heart muscles, and the glands and organs of the body, invading the cancel- lated portion of bone. After cysts are quite old they undergo degeneration, beginning from without to within; through this degeneration process the cyst wall may rupture and and cyst collapse, or it may become filled with a cheesy or earthy material. Should man eat the meat of the hog infested with the cyst containing the living larva, through diges- tion the larvais liberated and finds its way to the small intestines and fixes itself to the mucous mem- brane by means of its hooklets and four sucker discs, and develops into the mature form. Animals Infested.—Man, hog and dog. Parts Intested.—Adult infests the small intestines of man. The larval form infest the muscle structure of the hog and sometimes the dog, in cyst formation. 174 PARASITOLOGY. The condition of the muscle being infested by these cysts is called measly pork; the cyst or larva cysticercus cellulosae. Symptoms.—In badly infested cases the cysts may be found bulging from the mucous surface of the sides of the tongue or phrenum, or from the conjunc- tival or rectal mucous membrane. When the cysts in the tongue are numerous they may cause partial paralysis, and as a result,di.ficult prehension of food. If the cysts are formed in the brain or spinal cord various nervous disorders, as vertigo, convulsions, etc., may be observed. When generalized the ani- Fig. 65 eee CELLULOSAE of tongue, (measly pork). a, Muscle fibers. b, cyst showing larva within. mal is unthrifty, weak and emaciated. In post mor- tem work the meat from such infested hogs should be condemned as unwholesome and dangerous. In man the adult worm causes disturbance in digestion, nausea, uncomfortable feeling in the abdominal re- gion, loss of flesh, etc. TAENIA SAGINATA (Saginatus—to make fat). Synonym.—Taenia Mediocanellata. Distribution.—More common in the United States than the preceding species; also common in other countries. PARASITOLOGY. 175 Description.—This worm is flat and ribbon shaped, with a narrow neck of medium length joining the head to the body; the head is small and provided with four sucker discs. Itis the unarmed tapeworm ofman. The latter segments area little longer than broad; the terminal segments are about three-six- teenths of an inch wide; the genital pores irregu- larly alternate. The worm may reach the length of forty feet. Life Cycle.—The life cycle is similar to that of the Taenia Solium. The intermediate host is the ox, which becomes infested through water or food contam- inated with the infested excrements of man. The Ovum upon reaching the stomach of the ox is hatched into a microscopic globular-shaped embryo provided with six hooklets. Likethe embryo of the preceding species they penetrate the tissues, through which they gradually work their way to various parts of the body, and in the course of nine days become station- ary and they form a cyst through the same trans- formation as in the preceding, whicli requires about sixty days. These cvsts are about two-thirds the size of a navy bean and contain a single larva which consists of ahead and neck. The head is provided with four sucker discs; by examining the cyst the larva appears as a small white mass attached to the mother or germinal membrane, floating in a color- less fluid, and plainly visible through the cyst wall. Should a member of the human family eat meat (beef dried, rare done or raw,) containing the cysts in which is found the living larva, he would become infested with adult tapeworm. In the stomach the larva would be liberated and upon reaching the 176 PARASITOLOGY. small intestines would attach itself to the mucous membrane by means of its four sucker discs and de- velop into the adult worm; if the meat is thoroughly cooked the larvae are destroyed. These cysts undergo degeneration as in the preceding species. The writer has observed cysts in the heart of a four year old steer in which many of the cysts had under- gone degeneration. The cystic tissues had been re- placed with a yellowish cheesy pus. The cystic larva is called cysticercus bovis. The infestation of beef with the cystic form of the Taenia Saginata is called measly beef. Animals Infested.—Man by the adult worm ; cattle by the larva. Parts Infested.—The adult infests the small intes- tines; the cystic form infests the muscle structures. The most common locations of these cysts are the masseter muscles, then the tongue and heart, and in badly infested cases in all tissues of the body. Symptoms.—The symptoms of animals and persons infested by this species are the same as that caused by the preceding species. TAPEWORMS OF HORSES. The tapeworms of horses are three. Their life history is unknown, and all are unarmed. ‘They are rare in the United States. \ TAENIA PERFOLIATA (Per—through ; folium—leaf.) Description.—The head is large and globular in shape, and is provided with sucker discs; the neck is absent; the segments are very short and at the terminal end are about one-half inch wide. There PARASITOLOGY. 144 is a slight attenuation toward the posterior extremity. The entire worm measures from two to seven inches long. ) Animal Intested.—The horse. Parts Infested.—The caecum. \ TAENIA MAMILLANA (Mammalis—mammal). Description.—The head is rounded, with the sucker discs located at the side, in the form of slits; the neck is absent, and the posterior border of the seg- ments is wider than the anterior; the worm is much smaller than the preceding one, measuring one to one and one-half inches long. Antmal Infested.—The horse. Paris Infested.—Small intestines. _4 ‘TAENIA PLICATA (Plicatus—to fold). Description.—The head is thick and wide; it is depressed on either side ; the suckers are located at the free end of the head, and are round; the neck is absent; the segments are about one-half inch wide; the worm measures from two to three inches in length. Animal Intested.—The horse. Parts Intested.—The intestines and colon. TAPEWORMS OF CATTLE AND SHEEP. The tapeworms of cattle and sheep are unarmed Taenia. The segments are wider than long. The life history outside of the body is unknown. Taeniasis among cattle and sheep is more com- mon in summer than in winter. During the grass season range cattle are especially prone toward this infestation 178 PARASITOLOGY. TAENIA Expansa (Expansus—broad). Synonym.—Moniesia Planissima. Moniesia Ex- pansa. Distribution.—Common in the United States, es- pecially in range cattle. Description.—Its head is very small, and is pro- vided with four sucker discs; the head is followed by along, slender neck; the segments of specimens from cattle often measure an inch in width; these widest segments are only about one-eighth of an Fig. 66 —TAENIA EXPANSA (from ox). a, Head. c, Mature segments. b, Neck. d, Partially developed segments. inch long. The specimens infesting sheep measure only about one-half inch in width. The worm is thin and segments translucent; each segment is pro- vided with two genital pores; one located at each margin. This worm may reach the length of twenty to forty feet. Lite Cycle.—Animals are supposed to become in- PARASITOLOGY. 179 fested through water or food contaminated by the ova or embryos. Animals Infested. —The ox and sheep. Parts Intested.—The small intestines. Symptoms.—Cattle and sheep infested by only a few worms of this species, do not show any notice- able constitutional effect. Should myriads infest them, the animal may show an unthrifty condition, due to irritation and loss of nutrients. Treatment. — After the infested animals have been fasted for twenty -four hours, they should be given a physic and parasiti- cide. Cattle take one to two pounds of Ep- som salts, according to the age; this should be accompanied with fluid extract male shield fern from four to six drams, powder- ed areca nut one-half to one ounce. Sheep i Fig. 67—TAENIA ExpANSA (from sheep.) fake. four to six Pied. ee ounces of Epsom c, Mature segments. salts according to their age. This should be given in conjunction with one to two drams fluid extract male shield fern, and one to three drams powdered areca nut. 180 PARASITOLOGY. TAENIA ALBA (Albus—white). Synonym.—Moniesia Alba. Distribution. —Common in native and range cattle and sheep. 4 Description.—This worm is whitish in color, the head small and provided with four sucker discs, which constitute the 4ixation ap- paratus. The neck is short. The segments are thicker and not so wide as com- pared to the preceding spe- ig, He EAnwrx Aveal (hear Clee: The widest segments : See Nes reach about one-half inch. ce MVGRare ceetienna: The worm, when fully de- veloped, measures from three to seven feet. The ones infesting cattle de- velop larger and longer than those in sheep. Life Cycle.—Same as preceding one. Animals Intested.—The ox and sheep. Parts Infested.—Small intestines. Symptoms.—Usually found in small numbers in cattle and no serious results. are credited to them. Outbreaks of Taeniasis among lambs have been reported in which the fatality ran fifteen to twenty percent. Ifin small numbers in sheep they do not cause serious disturbance. Treatment.—Same as for Taenia Expansa. TAENIA FIMBRIATA (Fimbria—fringe). Synonym.—Thysanosoma Actinioides. Distribution.—The most common species of tape- worm infesting sheep. PARASITOLOGY. 181 Description.—The head is some larger than that of the two preceding species and is provided with four sucker discs; the neck is short and thick; the seg- ments are wider than long. The terminal segments are narrower than the preceding ones, which gives the worm an attenuated appearance. ‘The posterior borders of the segments are fringed both dorsally and ventrally with finger-like projections; those on the border of the segments close to the head are short but on the lateral segments the fringe covers the succeeding ones. The fully developed worm varies from three to six inches in length. | Life History—The sheep tick is said to be the intermediate host. Animals Intested.—Sheep. Parts Infested.—Small intes- tines. Symptoms.—When the animal is infested by many worms they may interfere with digestion and by robbing the host of nu- trients cause an unthrifty con- dition; they may prove serious Fig. 69— to lambs. Many times the a worms find their way from the hb. neck. duodenum, through the bile © ae ScaEny duct to the gall bladder; they may clog the gall duct and cause serious results. Treatment.—Same as for the Taenia Expansa. 182 PARASITOLOGY. TAENIA OVIS. eee Found.—Frequent in western part of the United ates Description—Adult worm 12 to 36 inches long. The ter- minal segments are usually longer than broad. The head is provided with 4 oval suckers and a rostellum of from 24 to 36 hooklets. Life History.—Similar to that of the Taenia Marginata except that the cystic form develops in the musculature, both. skeletal and, eart. “ithe cystic stage is called the Cysticercus ovis. The cysts are oval in shape and average alee one-fourth inch in diameter. Each cyst contains one nea Animal Infested—Adult stage, intestines of the dog. Cystic or larval stage the musculature of the sheep. TAPEWORMS OF DOG. The tapeworms commonly found in the dog are armed; their life history is known. TAENIA Marcinata (Marginatus—margined). Synonym.—Marginate tapeworm. Taenia Hydati- gena. Distributton.—One of the common tapeworms of the dog; the shepherd dogs are a common carrier of ie worm. Description.—The head is scarce- ” C ly wider than the neck and is pro- A vided with four sucker discs be- tween which is located arostellum of hooklets; this rostellum is arranged in a double circular form and consists of from thirty to forty hooklets. The neck is short; the segments as they develop from ‘= the neck are shorter than broad. As the distance from the head Fig. 70— TAENIA MaRGINATA. grows greater the segments be- z Sen come wider and longer; the mature c, Genital pore, segments are nearly square; the d; Bape pep meee ripe segments are slightly longer PARASITOLOGY. 183 - than wide; the genital pores irregularly alternate. The worms may develop to a length of five feet. Life History.—The ripe segments detach them- selves and pass out to the ground with the feces ; the segments soon decompose and myriads of ova are liberated; these become disseminated by rain. The sheep become infested through the food and water ; upon reaching the stomach the ovum hatches into a six hooked embryo which penetrates the stomach wall and invades the liver tissues, where it passes part of its life in its transformation into the larva; later it leaves the liver and becomes lodged in the peri- toneal cavity ; here it forms a cyst which varies in size uptoahen’segg. This cyst is fully developed in 250 days and is provided with two fibrous walls, an outer thick membrane called the hydatic membrane and a thin inner one called the germinal or mother mem- brane; from this mother membrane is developed a single larva which is suspended by means of a pedi- cle and floats in a colorless fluid; the larva consists of the head and neck, from which is developed the adult worm, when ingested by the dog. The larva can be seen as a small white body through the cyst wall; these cysts are attached to the mesentery, Omenta or capsule of the liver. They are called cysticercus tenuicollis. When this cyst is devour- ed by the dog, the larva is liberated through the di- gestion of the cyst walls; upon passing out to the small intestines it becomes attached by means of its fixation apparatus, which consists of four sucker discs and a rostellum of hooklets,-and develops into the adult worm in four months. F Animals Intested.—Adult infests dog; larva infests sheep ; also observed in hog and other animals. Parts Infested.— Adults are found in the small in- 184 PARASITOLOGY. ~ mt RS We fee CORY Vf ais Ty 4 ri LAA Seg A ’ a / Zagat LAN | (WH WRN) WM Soe UTA ie Qh NT ( , A if | aH WAIN | 1 i ANG AN Fig. 71—CysTicERCUS TENUICOLLIS. a, Small intestines. b, Mesentery, c, Cyst. testines. The cystic or hydatic form in the perito- neal cavity. Symptoms.—When the dog is infested by large numbers they cause irregularity of digestion, ner- vousness and loss of condition. Treatment.—For a dog of twenty-five pounds weight, give the following: By Fide ext.male ferm=2 i242 Di Poly.;areca nutia—= Ors. Kx Simple. syrups. ad. soo Div M.S. Give at one dose. This can be repeated in four or five days. PARASITOLOGY. 185 TAENIA EcHtnococcus (Kokkus—berry). Distribution.—One of the most common tapeworms of dogs in the United States. In autopsy of eighty dogs fifty percent were found to be infested by the Taenia Echinococcus; also found in Europe Onan average about one percent of hogs harbor the cystic form ; rare in sheep; not reported in cattle in this country. Description.—The head of the adult worm is glob- ular in shape, provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of from twenty-eight to fifty hooklets; the neck is long and distinct; the entire worm consists of four segments, including the head; the terminal segment is nearly as long as the balance of the worm. Itis four or five times as long as wide. Assoonas the segment is ripe (filled with mature ova) it detaches itself, and is passed out to the ground with the feces. The entire worm measures from one-fifth to one- fourth inch long and is very slender; as a result it may be easily overlooked in holding autopsy. Lite History.—The intermediate host is the hog, sheep, ox or man. The detached segment, which passes to the ground, soon decays and liberates myriads of ova, which become disseminated over the ground, pasture and water supply by the rains; thus through contaminated water and food this microscopic egg is taken in by the intermediate host. Upon reaching the stomach a minute six-hooked embryo is liberated which invades the tissues and becomes lodged in some organ, usually the liver or lungs; it here undergoes a metamorphosis into the larval form. First is developed an acephalocyst ; this is provided with hydatic and germinal mem- 186 PARASITOLOGY. branes; the hydatic membrane is thick while the germinal membrane is thin. The cyst develops very slowly and arrives at this stage in about five months; on the inner surface of the mother mem- brane appears a minute papillary elevation which becomes hollowed in the center and forms another cyst called the daughter cyst (secondary or proliger- ous cyst). This is attached to the mother membrane by a short pedicle; the bud from the mother mem- brane may develop a larva or scolex which is attach- ed to it by a short slender pedicle; this development may proceed until fifteen or twenty heads are there attached; on the inner side of the daughter vesicle may be developed five to ten heads or larvae or another vesicle called a grand-daughter vesicle ; the grand-daughter vesicle may develop within it another cyst called a great-grand-daughter vesicle, whichis always an acephalocyst. These secondary cysts may develop so as to be practically outside of the mother cyst, thus, multiple cysts result. The cyst contains a colorless poisonous fluid of saline, neutral or slightly acid reaction; this development goes on until the entire organ is filled with multiple cysts; these cysts vary in size up to one and one-half inches in diameter. This condition is called echino- coccus veterinorum, echinococcus polymorphus, echinococcus granulosus or cysticercus echinococcus, Sometimes instead of this form of cyst formation there is formed a cluster of cysts varying in size from a mil- let seed to a pea; these are in clusters like a bunch of grapes and are called echinococcus multilocularis or echinococcus alveolaris. These cysts may undergo degeneration; the cyst wall ruptures and the cyst Plate XV. Fig. 2—Cysticercus Tenuicol- lis. (Larva of Taenia Margina- ta. Showing four sucker disc n st of Rig. 1—Tacnia Marginata. ees cide cpenicac sl (Cephalic extremity). a, Hooklets. b, Sucker. c, Neck, Fig. 3—Taenia Fimbriata, Fig. 4—Section through cyst (Cephalic extremity, Par- of Cysticercus Echinocoec- tial front view). cus, a, Sucker—a partial view of Germinal membrane Slight- under sucker. . ly detached, with larvae. b, Neck. b, Hydatic membrane. 2, First segments of body. ec. Section of liver, wth -— Kig. 5—Larvae Cysticercus Echinococcus. (Maenified). ; * a, Larvae showing rostellum of hooklets. b, Germinal membrane, to which larvae are attached by means of pedicle. PARASITOLOGY. 187 collapses. Cysts have been known to retain their vitality for many years. Dogs consuming these cysts develop the mature worm. Animals Infested.—The adult Taenia infests the dog; the larval (cystic or hydatic) form infests the hog, sheep, ox and man. Of 1814 hogs killed at the Spartanburg; S. C., muni- cipal abattoir from March 13, 1913 to March 1, 1914 2.3% were affected by the Cysticercus Echinococcus of the liver. Parts Intested.— The adult is found in the small in- testines; the larval form in the liver, principally; occasionally in the lungs and sometimes in other organs. Sections of liver adjacent to the cyst shows eosinophilia. Symptoms.—When the cysts invade an organ to a sufficient extent they interfere with the functions of that organ; animals so infested gradually lose con- dition; there is loss of appetite, jaundice, oedema under breast or neck and jaws; nervous disorders if they should invade the brain. In dogs, infestation by myriads of adults, produces indigestion, nervousness, nausea and gradual loss of condition. TAENIA COENURUS (Common tail). Distribution—Found in European countries; re- ported in the United States from New York and Montana by Hall. Description.—The head is small and provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of from twenty-two to thirty-two hooklets; the neck is narrow; the mature segments are as long as wide; the genital 188 PARASITOLOGY. pores irregularly alternate; the ripe segments are nearly twice as long as wide. The worm usually attains the length of two to three feet. Life Cycle.—The ripe segments from the small in- testines of the dog pass out to the ground with the feces; these segments soondecompose and myriads of ova are liberated which become desseminated in food and water. The intermediate host is sheep which become infested through contaminated food or water. The ova, upon reaching the stomach, hatch into six- hooked embryos which immediately begin to migrate through the tissues, or they may penetrate an artery and be carried by the blood current; the embryos will develop only in nerve tissue, and may be carried to these centers through the blood stream ; if lodged in tissue, not nerve, they perish, but if lodged in the brain or spinal column they begin their transformation into the hydatic state; in eight or nine days after the ova are ingested the embryos have reached the brain and in twenty days are about one-tenth inch in diameter; development continues and they are fully developed in ninety days. ‘The cysts possess a hydatic and germinal membrane; from this inner or germinal membrane there is devel- oped from one to two hundred heads or larva. The encysted larva is called Coenurus Cerebralis or Cysticercus Coenurus. They may develop in the coverings of the brain or spinal cord or in the brain and cord substance; if the dog eats these cysts, through digestion the larva (which consists of a head provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of hooklets and a neck) is liberated and fixes itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines and develops into the mature worm in two months. PARASITOLOGY. 189 _ Animal Infested.—The adult infests the dog; the larva infests sheep, and, rarely, cattle. Parts Infested.—The adult worm infests the small intestines of the dog; the larval or cystic form is found in the brain or spinal cord. Disease Produced.—Gid; turnsick; sturdy; water- brain. Symptoms.—A dog infested by the adult worms shows the same symptoms as when infested by any one of the preceding species, and is amenable to the sametreatment. If,.many embryos become lodged in the cranial cavity of the sheep the first symptoms will appear about the eighth or tenth day; they cause a cerebral congestion which produces dullness; the head is held in a drooping position, the eyes are red, and the head hot over the affected region; there may be spasms and paralysis. If only a few embryos are present they will not produce the symptoms so quickly; later the sheep keeps apart from the flock, the pupils are dilated, and the animal manifests an unsteady gait; the animal may turn in a circle, to the right or left, depending on which side the cysts are developed; if the cysts are in the right hemis- phere it will turn to the right; if in the left hemis- phere it will turn to the left. The limbs on the opposite side of the body are stiff or partially para- lyzed; if both hemispheres are invaded the sheep may turn to the left, then to the right, depending upon which side the greatest irritation exists; if the cysts are in the center, in the region of the corpus callosum or hippocampus the sheep elevates its nose and goes straight forward; if the cysts are lodged in the cerebellumythey produce great incoédrdination of movements; if in the corpus striatum or optic thal- 190 PARASITOLOGY. mus the animal will become blind ; if the cysts devel- op in the spinal cord, they produce partial or com- plete paralysis of the part posterior to this point. Treatment.—If these cysts are located superficially they may be removed by aid of a trocar or by trephin- ing over the part; as the fluid escapes’ frome punctured cyst the mother membrane floats out and by aid of a pair of forceps can be removed. TAENIA SERRATA (Serratus—a saw). Synonym.—Taenia pisiformis. Distribution——Found in the United States and in the European countries. Descriptton.—The head is only a trifle wider than the neck, andis provided with four sucker discs anda rostellum of from thirty-four to thirty-eight hooklets ; the first segments, like those in the preceding species, are narrow and shorter than wide; farther down the strobilus the segments are as long as wide and slightly contracted at each end, which gives the worm a serrated appearance. ‘The ripe segments are about one-half inch long. Life History.—The ripe segments detach them- selves, pass out to the ground with the fecal matter of the dog, and thus the ova become desseminated over the ground, and through the food or water the intermediate host becomes infested; the intermediate host is the rabbit. In the stomach of the rabbit the microscopic six-hooked embryo is liberated, which migrates to the peritoneal cavity and forms a cyst called the cysticercus pisiformis; the cyst contains a single larva or scolex (head) attached to the mother membrane by means of a pedicle, and floats in a colorless fluid; the dog becomes infested by eating the viscera containing the encysted larva. PARASITOLOGY. 191 Animals Infested.—The adult infests the dog; the larva infests the rabbit. Parts Intested.—TYhe adult worm is found in the small intestines of the dog; the larva or cystic form is found in the peritoneal cavity of the rabbit. Symptoms.—The adult form in the intestines of the ~ dog produces the same symptoms and is amenable to the same treatment as the preceding species; the cysticercus pisiformis as a rule do not cause serious results in rabbits. TAENIA SERIALIS. Distribution. — Not common; _ reported more common in European countries. | Description.—The head is wider than the neck and is provided with four sucker discs and a rostellum of from twenty-six to thirty hooklets; the neck is long and slender ; the segments, at first shorter than broad, farther down the strobilus are as long as broad; finally the ripe segments are about two and one-half times as long as broad; these latter segments are Marrower at the ends than at the middle. The genital pores irregularly alternate. Lite Cycle.—The intermediate host is the rabbit and rodent, which become infested through water or food contaminated with the ova from the dog; in the stomach the six-hooked embryos are liberated; they migrate to the connective tissue and develop small cysts which contain the larve suspended from the mother membrane by means of pedicles, which floats in a colorless fluid. Dogs become infested by devour- ing the carcasses of rabbits or rodents harboring the cystic form; the larval or cystic form is called the 192 PARASITOLOGY. coenurus serialis or multiceps serialis. Antmals Infested.—The adult infests the dog; the larval or cystic form infests the rabbits and rodents. Parts Infested—The adult infests the small intes- tines; the larval or cystic form the connective tissue. Synptoms.—The symptoms of a dog infested by the Taenia Serialis are the same as from infestation with other tape worms. ‘The same treatment is indi- cated. TAENIA CANINA (Canis—dog). Synonym.—Taenia Cucumerina. Dipylidium Cani- num. Distribution.—The most common tapeworm found in the middle West; found in European countries. A Description.—The head is suc- t- S ceeded by a narrow, short neck; it is provided with a club-shaped protractile proboscis which is lo- cated in the center of the head between four sucker discs; this proboscis is provided with four ‘ rows of small hooklets which point backward; by means of this pro- ty ew LOSE. OT NOVBCH, CUC. s.4 gp sine wists alg cai elanere es wedge 6 swia es aew aj se WD earth Musca domestica ............Pest of horses, etc. We Fede Sete ens ee en es, ea he, Linicareve 6] ot eatolelts wee LLM ana Crs SULT, Musea vomitoria Re Reiner MT Te Pn a Wale sash natal eels Cock Lue fot wie cae k Cie SERS E SEs Ore bern idee OV) OLE and decaying matter Lucilia macellaria RnR tha Cree Nees iA MR ta cea. hotirg 5 macabre owe eerie wht elk ahieue of ele ho uoete weelssey'e WN OMLITCLES Sarcophaga carnaria OPI Nen iy Mice eet erate nC RSR RG tae oe te Sica uss A ret Ew oie Die) Sleesics' @ mela ued one ke /e efeio esto NVA OUMMCLES and fresh meat Hematobia serrata ...........Pest of cattle, etc. SE OEE Rt St et tog ig Bas ae abla ten tite EON Ic OW, see Ce Stomoxys calcitrans .........Pest of cattle, etc. RE ee ee ieee are ara en la Meee axe eT a or eueierordtepatere ten utaLy Melophagus OvVinNUS .....+6+2-+-SNCCED ..e eee ereeeeeeeeeeeee - Pupa Dn dita at Mort trea COOL Omen ee Gastrophilus equi ...........Pest of horses ik el eee op eA Ee L a eiunieielaaeis ote ee OCOMAC Ie Ol aMOT SCS Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis .Pest of horses eee oe Be eRe ree Scam clatorecaeant deperarniatt aC OL ACM OLe WOLSeS OesirusOvise. var. ee wees et est of ssheep Ot ere teen Lae ght i Os ee es fate CEL GL a StaeU Omp Chee Senay Hypoderma lineata eee ret EET PO UVa LION =). seek nie ceca reed wie saw ape e eare mele wrasse SOM ered ie and subdernial ox Pulex serraticeps ............r.est Of dogs and cats .......-....+0- SsavbisVetene Biche o.aareterere uate POLL Ea Piles Gavi vt sseiekeceeeeeest. Ot (chickens Mid ee tS corer hin Ne. cua Wh inves fms alee onal core, weer es Hb: iC ne on inieaiiaoe ee SDeCles. Lor each animal WE es eet ON Fo A RERS EOP SMCOPAO one teiolotae OL MELOSE Pe MOEA fis a lolse vicrhate eens « Us MERC ree vere ener here heute sta sc a oa wae ta: Aho cuaiate Iniascin OR erate @ GRU CE ine fuliteh Scab parasites ee SSO DeCles orm cache host eee re hie se he ten DOr oar Weiering eateweporstele © LI LOSe AE CUSH seid el scaneier ees eee Oe eee aloe SA RUN ste PM a ee ee caine tpamdlee ae oh recs OMe MOM ane Enon Haemopis sanguisuga Ca. ee Me ATL A MGUItT C AAMTTIUBIS fy, oa) ce nos ee ed Sv aisle ee oo’ wee NEU ames Welter Spiroptera microstoma .......Stomach Of horse .......seee ee eeeeeeeees Da bono hoor aoe oon 5 MIAUISICE) - Clovmversinkoz) Spiroptera sanguinolenta ....Stomach and esophagus of iy Detect ant, Wrenn led Re recta Giehais te lain d we’erew UCM Cee MilaniaimMiMnitiseten nt dees we CALE FO aor Ee tars OO Ta. Sete, AN ies MA ig St, cusp LO MUA DOS Tiomonciia econtortus: h.c,.- sctomeach of cattle and ‘sleep... i.... 000 stc-ccees ssn ees ne DlAGEes Of Brass and water Strongylus armatus group ..Large intestines of horse Ge ea yh e an, et teat Mica setak oar PTE ONL COB Ls eile amt CURLIN ytd - Sclerostomum—tetracanthum wall of bowel PrOipee vice hoes ease eree intestines of horse Phx isk, hee conn t Sends Meas cree ONSEN Well. Of DON el Syngamus trachealis ........Treachea of young birds ......+.+se+eeees ieee ee eee he UO WO LIS Oesophagostomum inflatum ..Bowel of ox Siete DAE oak a hue een ae tee oer ELS Me MLUCDAG., OF DOWEL Ole Oe Oesophagostomum columbi- SILT Tala foie oe DOME Ol. SINCE Ties che sisiejs-s oe Be PerPeee Peay Barta ane Neots ROT CRC Ee OUST mn OE nodules of sheep Trichina spiralis So y IMTeStUINeS Ilan ana meat eat- ing animals PCR RT he Sesh reat; interes is) lene wreniote eisterere LS CULL cULUIe of host Echinorhynchus gigas Praca lt ONE a Ollins MOR As Gieire siete ayss,forehe nels Se i ee ee eee eelciny oO Ole Vict seCeLLe THINTeT a TIIKe Sen cei arhis oe dh eeVeLS | CUMTIMAMITS” © os cenel scarcer "Cysticercus cellulosae .......-On blades of grass SOT MSOULUINA Memictiie eters aide LIMCESCIMGS: STIG 0. gia ofetn oo) evwrate ._Cysticercus Bovis ............Musculature of hog Malena scedin stan Geet erected ier LICCSGIMNCS eT iyi sreresierave e+ ee ee ieee eA LUSC La Uh eur Ox MaAecmia ilimibmidtel sews sees sis ide) LILLCSLIMES (SIMCC DO Cie cicrsiey oe ‘Cysticercus tenuicollis ........Sheep tick Taenia marginata ............intestines dog Sh. seen niticeps echinococcus .......Peritoneum of sheep Taenia echinococcus .........Intestines dog .............,Multiceps coenurus Se luiver and Jungs otshos Taenia coenurus ............-lntestines dog ..............Cysticercus pisiformis Pon ete Sram) 4Onisieep Maeniaeerratce sen oeece sj. Lulestines. doe SA eee PEIN ECC SESSCLUALS che svepefene"aenels .Peritoneal cavity of rabbit Creanitde Barialtacs sa eee aid oc WegtINGB* GUE oye ccccaccldes ab cae reams e Winns Spee eaiennee.ee MUSCUIAtIMS of rabbit Taonta ‘oamitine ics ceca cess sLMtestines: Doe foc...0. sine ne Chyptocystis Abdominal cavity of flea and trichodectisuer si 1 «eee ier es a LOUse " NEI ACVISiR tie ce eae CES tiMesa GOL 6 ie sswultsele ee coy Sticercus. (OVIs 2 ee Muscmlatunes on sheep Taenia crassicollis ..........».Intestines cat .....«..«....+sCysticercus fasciolaris .....-.Liver of rat and mouse 230 Index. =I ' Acanthocephala, 84, 15 Acari, 47. ~ Aeariasis, 46. Acaridae, 10, 83, 97. Acarina, 10, 45. Acephalocyst, 185 Achorion Keratophagus, 81. Achorion Schoenleinii, 80. Actinomyecosis Bovis, 81. ~ Actinomycosis, 82. Adult Stage, 15. Air Sac Mite, 62. Amblyomma Americanum, 77. 7 Amblyomma Unapuncta, 7 Ambosporidies, 211. American Liver Fluke, 165. Amoeba, 216. Amoeba Meleagridis, 217. Amoeba Parasitica, 216. Amoeba Principes, 216. Amphistoma Cervi, 168. Amphistoma Conicum, 168. Anchylostoma Canis, 147. b] Anchylostoma Stenocephala, 150. Anchylostoma Trigonoce- phala, 147. Annelida, 83, 88. Aneurism, Verminous, 132. Anthrax, 25. Anopheles Punetipennis, 16. Antennae, 15. Apiosoma Bigeminum, 211. Anthropoda, 10. Arachnida, 10, 45. Arduanna Strongylina, 92. Argas Americanus, 69. Argas Miniatus, 69. Argasidae, 10, 46, 69. Armed Sclerostoma, 119. Armed Taenia, 170. Arsenical Dip, 64, 75. Ascaris Bovis, 99. _ Asearis Inflexa, 104. Asearis Lumbricoides, 101. Ascaris Marginata, 102. Ascaris Equorum, 98. Ascaris Suum, 101, Asearis Felis, 103. Ascaris Megalocephala, 98. Asearis Mystax, 103. Ascaris Ovis, 100. Asearis Suilla, 101. Ascaris Suis, 101. Asearis Vituli, 99. Ascaris Vitulonim, 99. Auricular Seabies, 62. Australian Fever Tick, Australian Tick Fever, Babesia Bigeminum ‘Bovis, 211. Balbina Gigantea, 210. Beef Measles, 176. Bird Flea, 33. Big Jaw, 82. Black Head, 217. Black Gad Fly, 19. Black Water, 74. Blood Fluke, 169. Bloody Murrain, 74. Blow Fly, 21. Blue Bottle Fly, 21. Boophilus Annulatus, 73. Boophilus Australis, 75. Boophilus Bovis, 73. Bot Fly of Horse, 27. Bot Fly of Ox, 30. Bot Fly of Sheep, 28. Bothriocephalidae, 194. Bothriocephalus Latus, 194. Breeze Fly, 19. Broad Nosed Ox Louse, 36. Bronchial Strongylosis, 109. 110. Broncho-Pneumonia, 110. Buffalo Gnat, 18. Calliphora Vomitoria, 21. Canine Piroplasmosis, 214. Carnivorous Sarcophagus, 22. Castor Bean Tick, 72. Cat. Flea; <32. Cayor Fly, 21. Cephalemyia Ovis, 28. Cerearia, 163. Cestoda, 84, 170. Chaberta Ovina, 135, 231 ROR Chemistry of Animal] Para- sites, 226. \ Chicken Mite, 47. Chicken Tick, 69. Chigger, 48. Chrysops Vittatus, 25. Circinate Ringworm, 79. Coecidia, 203. Coccidia Staining, 224. Coecidian Hepatitis, 204. Coccidiosis, 204, Coccidium Bigeminum iety Canis, 204. Coceidium Oviforme, 203. Coccidium Perforans, 205. Coenurus Cerebralis, 188. Coenurus Serialis, 192. Colic, Thrombo-Embolic, 131. Compsomyia Macellaria, 21. Conical Stomach Fluke, 168. Coal Tar Dips, 64. Cryptocystis Pulecidae, 193. Cryptocystis Trichodectes, Var- 40, 193. Cylichnostomum, 123. Cylichnostomum Alveatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Bicorona- tum, 124. Cylichnostomum Calicatum, 125. Se Capitalus, 26. Cylichnostomum Catinatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Elongatum, 126. Cylichnostomum Labiatum, 124, Cylichnostomum —Labratum, 124, Cylichnostomum Nassatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Poculatum, 125; Cylichnostomum Radiatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Tetracan- thum, 124. Ctenocephalus Canis, 32. INDEX, Culex Pipiens, 16. ‘]Culex Pungens, 16. ¥: Culicidae, 10. Constant Parasitism, 9. Curved Oxyuris, 106. Cysticercus Bovis, 176. Cysticereus Cellulosae, 174. Cysticercus Coenurus, 188. Cysticercus Echinococcus, 186. Cysticercus Fasciolaris, 194. Cysticerecus Pisiformis, 190. Cysticerecus Tenuicollis, 183. Coecidium Tenellum, 208. Cystospermium Villarum, In- tastinelis Canis, 204. Cytodites Nudus, 62. Cysticercus Ovis, 182. Demodecidae, 11, 46, 65. Demodex, 65. Demodex Folliculorum Var- iety Canis, 66. Demodex Folliculorum Var- iety Suis, 67. Dermacentor Americanus, 76, Dermacentor Electus, 76. Dermanyssus Gallinae, 47. Deer Fly, 25. Diptera, 10. Dermacentor Reticulatus, Dipylidium Caninum, 192. Dirofilaria Immitis, 96. Discophori, 84. Disease of Hind Quarters, 202. Distoma Distoma Distoma Distoma Distoma Distoma Americanus, 165. Hepaticum, 161. Lanceolatum, 167. Magna, 165. Pulmonale, 168. Ringeri, 168. Distoma Texicanum, 165. Distoma Westermanii, 168. Distomiasis, 163. Dochmius Cernua, 146. Dochmius Stenocephala, 150. Dochmius Trigonocephala, 147. Dog Flea, 32. Dog Louse, 38. INDEX. Doo Tick, 76. Dourine, 201. Par, Tick, “71. Eehinococcosis, 186. Echinococcus Alveolaris, 186. Echinococcus Multilocularis, 186. Echinococcus Polymorphus, 186. Echinococcus _Veterinorum, 186. Echinorhynchus Hirudinace- ous, 157. Eehinorhynehus Gigas, 157. Eehinorhynchus Canis, 159. Echinococcus Granulosus, 186. wmulsion, 75. Embolism, 130. Eetozoa, 9. Ketozoa, Classification, 12. Entero Hepatitis, 217. Entozoa, 9, 83. Epileptiform Disease of Dog, 62. Equine Piroplasmosis, 215. Equine Syphilis, 201. Eimeria Stiedae, 203. Face Scab Parasite, 53. Fasciola Americanus, 165. Facultative Parasite, 9. Fasciola Hepaticum, 161. Fasciola Magna, 165. Fasciolidae, 84, 161. Fever Tick, 73. Filaria Cervina, 96. Filaria. Equina, 94. Filaria Immitis, 96. Filaria Labiato-Papillosa, 96. 96. - Fularia Ocul, 95. Filaria Oculi Equina, 95. Filaria Papillosa, 94. Filaridae, 83, 90. Flagellata, 197. Flagellosis of Equidae, 202. Flesh Fly, 22. Flea, 31. Flies, 16. Flukes, 161. 233 Foot Seab Parasite, 61. Fungi, 79. Gad Fly, 26. Gamasidae, 46. Gape Worm, 137. Gapes, 137.- Gastric Distomiasis, 150. Gastric Strongylosis, 109. Gastrophilus Equi, 26. Gamasidae, 10. Gastrophilus Hemorrhoidalis, 27. Gid, 189. Glossina Morsitans, 22, 200. Glanders, 25. Gnathobdellidae, 84. Goat Louse, 38. Goniodes Stylifer, 41. Goniocotes Hologaster, 42. Gyalocephalus Capitatus, 126. Gongylonema Scutatum, 90. Gray Carnivorons Fly, 22. Green-Head Horse Fly, 20. Grub, 28. Grub Fly, 30. Grub in Head, 28. Haemonchus Contortus, 117. Haemopis Sanguisuga, 88. Harvest Bug, 48. Head Maggot, 28. Heel Fly, 30. Helminthology, 9. Hemasporida, 203, 211. Hematobia Serrata, 24. Hematepinus, 33, 35. Hematopinus Asini, 33. Hematopinus Eurysternus, 36, Nematopinus Trritans, 36. , Hematopinus Macrocephalus, \ 35. Hematopinus Piliferus, 38. Hematopinus Stenopsis, 38. Hematopinus Suis, 36. Hematopinus Urius, 36. Hematopinus Tenuirostris, 36. Hematopinus Vituli, 36. * Hemiptera, 10. Heterakis Papillosa, 105. Ro. Hepatic Distomiasis, 160. Heterakis Inflexa, 104. Hippoboscidae, 10. Hog Louse, 36. Honey Comb Ringworm, 80. Hoose, 114. Hook Worm, 145. Horn Fly, 24. Horse Bot Fly, 26. Horse-Fly, 49: Horse Leech, 88. Horse Louse, 35. House Fly, 20. Human Flea, 31. Husk, 114. Hypoderma Lineata, 30. Ictero-Hematuria;, 213. Insecta, 10. Intermittent Parasite, 9. Intestinal Coecidiosis, 205. Intestinal Strongylosis, 109, 129. Intestinal Trichinosis, 155. Itch Mite, 51. Ixodes Bovis, 73. Ixodidae, 10, 46, 72. Ixodes Ricinus, 72. Kidney Worm, 136. Kerosene Emulsion, Lamb Disease, 115. Lard Worm, 136. Large Black Horse Fly, 19. Larva in Head, 28. Larval Stage, 15. Leech, 88. Leptus Irritans, 48. Lice, 33. Lime and Sulphur Dip, 56. Lipeurus Baculus, 42. Lipeurus Infuseatus, 41. Linguatula Rhinaria, 77. Linguatula Taenoides, 77. Linguatulidae, 10, 11, 77. Liotheidae, 10, 33, 40. Liver Fluke 161. Live Rot, 164. Lone-Star Tick, 77: Long-Nosed Ox Louse, 36, Long-Nosed Psoropt, 56. a | Or INDEX. Long-Tailed Oxyuris, 107. Louse Fly, 26. Lousiness, 33. Lueilia Maeellaria, 21. Lumbricoides, 97. Lumbricoid of Horse, 98. Lumpy Jaw, 82. Lung Fluke, 168. Lung Worms, 111. Maggot, 21. Maladie Du Coit, 201. Mal de Caderas, 202. Malignant Malarial Jaundice in Dog, 205. . Mange, 51. Mange Mite, 51. Margarapus Annulatus, 73. Marginate Tapeworm, 182. Maw Worm, 102. Measles of Swine, 174. Measly Pork, 174. Measly Beef, 176. Melophagus Ovinus, 26. Menopon Biseriatum, 41. Menopon Pallidum, 41. Mite, 48. Monadidae, 197. Moniesia Alba, 180. Moniesia Expansa, 178. Moniesia Planissima, 178. Mosquitoe, 16. Mourning Horse Fly, 19. Musca Domestica, 20. Musca Vomitoria, 21. Multiceps Serialis, 192. Mucidae, 10. Muscular Trichinosis, 155. Myecotie Stomatitis, 81. Nagana, 22. Nemathelmintha, 83. Nematoda, 83, 89. Nodular Disease, 143. Non-Psorie Aecariasis, 46. Obligatory Parasites, 9. Oesophagostoma Columbia- num, 142. Oesophagostoma Dentatum, 144, Oesophagostoma Inflatum, 139, INDEX. 235 Oesophagostoma Subulatum, 144, - Oesophagostoma of Columbia, 142. Oesophagostomiasis, 108. Oestridae, 10. Oestrus Bovis, 30. Oestrus Equi, 26. Oestrus Hemorrhoidalis, 27. Oestrus Lineata, 30. Oestrus Ovis, 28. Oidium Albicans, 81. Ornithodoros Megnini, 71. Ostertagi Ostertagi, 118. Otacariasis, 62. Oval Stage, 15. Ovovivi Parous, 15. Ox Gad -Fly, 30. Ox Louse, 36. Oxyuris Curvula, 106. Oxyuridae, 83, 105. Oxyuris Mastigodes, 107. Oviparous, 15. Palisade Worm, 119. Paludism in Horse, 215. Paper Skin, 114. Paragonimus Westermanii, 168. Paramphistomidae, 84. Parasite, 9. Parasitic Otitis, 62. Parasitism, 9. Parasitology, 9. Pediculidae, 10. Pentastoma Taenoides, 77. Philopteridae, 10, 33. Phthiriasis, 33. Physocephalus Sexalatus, 93. Pin Worm, 105. Piroplasma Bigeminum, 211. Piroplasma Bovis, 211. Piroplasma Canis, 214. Piroplasma Equi, 215. Piroplasma Ovis, 212. Piroplasmosis, 211, 212. Pirosoma Bigeminum, 211. Pit Headed Worm, 194. Plathelmintha, 84, Plerocercoid, 195. Pork, Measly, 174% Portensis Virulentissimus, 211. Protozoa, 74, 196. Psoric-Acariasis, 46. Psoroptes, 49. Psoroptes Communis Variety Bovis, 57. Psoroptes Communis Variety Caprae, 60. Psoroptes Communis Variety Equi, 56. Psoroptes Communis Variety Ovis, 58. Psoroptes Longirostris, 56. Psorospermia Oviforme, 2J3. Psorospermosis, 203. Pulex Avium, 33. Pulex Ivrritans, 31. Pulex Serraticeps, 32. Pulicidae, 10, 33. Pulmonary Distomiasis, 160. Pulmonary Strongylosis, 109, 110, Pupal, Stage, 15. Raineys Corpusceles, 209. Ray Fungus, 81. Red Mite, 48. Red Mange 66. Red Water, 73. Red-Tail Bot Fly, 27. Redia, 163. Renal Strongylosis, 109. Rhipicephalus Sanguineus, 79 Rhynecoprium Spinosum, 71. Ring Worm, 79. Rot, 164. Round Worms, 89. Saccharomyces Albicans, 81. Sarcocystis Miescheri, 209. Sarcophoga Carnaria, 22. Sarcoptes, 49. Sarcoptes Secabei Variety Canis, 52. Sarcoptes Seabei Variety Caprae, 54. Sarcoptes Secabei Variety Equi, 51. Sarcoptes Scabei Variety Ovis, 53. 236 INDEX. Sarcoptes Scabei Variety Spiroptera Strongylina, 92. Suis, 53. Spiroptera Scutata, 90. Sarcoptes Mutans Variety Sporocyst, 163. Gallinae, 54. Sarcoptidae, 11, 46. Sarcosporidae, 49, 203, 208. Saw Fly, 24. Scabies, 63. Scabies Treatment, 63. Scab Parasites, 51. Sealy Legs, 54. Schistosomum Bovis, 169. Schistosomidae, 84, 169. Sclerostomum, 119. Sclerostoma Equinum, 121. Sclerostomum Armatum, 121. Sclerostoma Hlypostomum, 135. Selerostoma Penguicola, 136. Sclerostoma Tetracanthus, 123. Sclerostomum Edentatum, 121. Sclerostomum Vulgare, 121. Sclerostoma-Tetracanthum Group, 122. Sclerostoma Trachealis, 137. Sclerostomiasis, 108. Seolex, 170. Serew Worm, 21. Setaria Equina, 94. Setaria Labiato-papillosa, 96. Seedy Toe, 81. Sheep Bot, 28. Sheep Dip, 64. Sheep Gad Fly, 28. Sheep Louse, 38. Sheep Tick, 26. Simondsia Paradoxa, 94. Simuliidae, 10. Simulium Pecuarum, 18. Siphonaptera, 10. Southern Cattle Fever, 74. Spanish Fever, 74. Splenic Fever, 74. Spider Tick, 71. Spinose Tick, 71. Spiroptera Megastoma, 90. Spiroptera Microstoma, 91. Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, 93. Sporozoa, 203. Stable Fly, 25. Stegomia Fasciata, 16. Stigmen, 73. Stephaniasis, 108. Stephanurus, Dentatus, 135. Stinging Fly, 25. Stomach Fluke, 168. Stomoxys Calcitrans, 25. Stomoxys Stabulans, 25. Striped Hypoderma, 30. Striped Ear Fly, 25. Strobilus, 171. Strongylidae, 83, 107. Strongylosis, 108. - Strongylosis, Bronchial, 110. Strongylosis, Gastric, 109. Strongylosis, Intestinal, 129, 109. Strongylosis, Renal, 109. Strongylosis, Vascular, 109, 134, Strongylus Armatus, 121. Strongylus Arnfieldi, 111. Strongylus Contortus, 117. Strongylus Convolutus, 118. Strongylus Hlongatus, 115. Strongylus Filaria, 114. Strongylus Micrurus, 114. Strongylus Neglectus, 121. Strongylus Ostertagi, 118. Strongylus Ovis Pulmonalis 115. Strongylus Paradoxus, 115. Strongylus Pulmonalis, 114. Strongylus Pusillus, 116. Strongylus Rufescens, 115. Strongylus Vasorum, 134. Strongylus-Armatus Group, ieee Strongylus 123. Surra, 198. Symbiotes, 49. Symbiotes Communis Variety Bovis, 61. Tetracanthus, INDEX, Symbiotes Auricularum Var- iety Canis, 62. eee Communis he ariety Caprae, 61. Symbiotes Communis Variety Equi, 60. Symbiotes Communis Variety Ovis, 61. Syngamosis, 108, 13 Syngamus Bronchialis, 137. Syngamus Trachealis, 137. Tabanidae, 10. Tabanus Atratus, 19. Tabanus Lineola, 20. Tape Worms of Horses, 176. TPaenia. Alba, 180. Tapeworms of cattle, 177. -Taenia Armata, 172 Tapeworms of Sheep, 177. Taenia, Armed, 171. Taenia, Unarmed, TAA. Taenia Canina, 192. Tapeworms of Dogs, 182. Taenia Coenurus, 187. Tapeworms of Cats, 193. Taenia Crassicollis, 193. Taenia Cucumerina, 192. Taenia Echinococcus, 185. Taenia Expansa, 178. Taenia Fimbriata, 180. Taenia Hydatigena, 182. Taenia Mamillana, 177. Taenia Marginata, 182. Taenia Mediocanellata, 174. Taenia Ovis, 182. Taenia Perfoliata, 176. Taenia Plicata, 177 Taenia Serialis, 191. Taenia Saginata, 174. Taenia Serrata, 190. Taenia Solium, 172. Taenia Pisiformis, 190. Taeniasis, 171. Taenidae, 171. Tape Worm, 171. 'Tetrasporous Coccidia, 204. Texas Fever, 74. Texas Fever Tick, 74. Thrombosis, 130. Toxastrus Limbatus, 102. 237 Tobacco-Sulphur Dip, 64. Thrombo-Embolic Colie, 131. Vhrush, 81. Thy sanosoma 180. Licks, 69. Tick Fever, 69. Tinea Favosa, 80. Tinea Tonsurans, 79. Transitory Parasite, 9. Trematoda, 84, 160. Trichina Spiralis, 153. Treatment of Scabies, 63. Trichina, Staining, 225. 'Trichinosis, 1538. Trichocephalus Affinis, 152. Trichocephalus Crenatus, 153. Trichocephalus Depressiuscu- Tugs i Taras O25 Trichodectes, 33, 38. Trichodectes Latus, 40. Trichodectes Pilosus, 38. Trichodectes Sealaris, 38. Trichodectes Spherocephalus, 39. Da anbiectel Subrostratus, 40, Trichophyton Tonsuraus, 79. Trichotrachelidae, 83, 151. Trombidiidae, 10, 46. Triodontophorus, 121. Triodontophorus Serratus, 129. Triodontophorus Minor, 122. Trichuris Affinis, 152. Trichonella Spiralis, 153. Trombidium Holosericeum, 47, Trypanosoma Bruceii, 22, 200. Trypansosma Equinum, 202. Trypanosoma Equiperdum, 201. Trypanosoma Evansi, 197. Trypanosoma Lewisi, 202. Trypanosoma Staining, 224. Trypanosomidae, 197 Trypanosomiasis, 197. Tse Tse Fly, 22. Tse Tse Fly Disease, 144. Actinioives, 238 Turnsick, 189. Unarmed Taenia, 170. Uneinaria Canina, 147. Uneinaria Cernua, 146. Unecinaria Radiata, 145. Uncinaria Stenocephala, 150. Uneinaria Trigonocephala, 147. Uncinariosis, 108. Utricles of Miescheri, 209. Vascular Distomiasis, 160. Vascular Strongylosis, 109. INDEX. Vermes, 83. Verminous Bronchitis, 110. Verminous Pneumonia, 110. Verminous Thrombosis, 131. Viviparous, 15. Warble Fly, 30. Water Brain, 188. Whip Worm, 151. White Comb, 80. Wire Worm, 117. Wood Tick, 76. f y ; en 2 TIT