LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIF
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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIF)

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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of CALIFO

ARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

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VE«SITY OF CALIFORNIA

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

ARY OF THE UNIVERS

VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

URT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

,

rNVERTKBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.- 3

•

i;- ts-of the species found in them were made. Most of those tin: , as
certained to be their ordinary food were traced to their natural haiuijs
i'roui whence the fishes obtain them.

9 th. The parasites of fishes, both external and internal, were to be
collected and preserved for future study.

A large collection of such parasites was made, but the internal para
sites, which are very numerous, have not yet been studied. The inter
nal parasites were collected chiefly by Dr. Edward Palmer.

The map accompanying the present report serves to show the locali
ties explored, and the extent of the labor in dredging and sounding.
The operations during the first six weeks were under the charge of Mr.
S. I. Siiiith, who remained until July 25. He was assisted by Dr. W.
(I. Farlow, who also investigated the algre. Professor J. E. Todd, of
Tabor, Iowa, then took charge of the work for three weeks, until I was
able to join the party, on the 16th of August. During the remainder
(ff the season, until September 20, the operations were under my im me
diate superintendence ; but Professor A. Hyatt, of Boston ; Dr. A. S.
Packard, of Salem ; Dr. Farlow, of Cambridge ; and Professor D. 0. Eaton,
of !New Haven, gave very important aid in carrying out our investiga
tions, and our thanks are due to all of these gentlemen for their assist
ance. Several other naturalists were present, from time to time, and
cooperated with our party in various ways.

The dredging operations in the shallow waters of Vineyard Sound
and Buzzard's Bay were carried on at ilrst by means of a sail-boat, but
during the greater part of the time by means of a strain-launch. The
dredgings outsid'e of these waters, and off Martha's Vineyard, were all
done by means of a United States revenue-cutter, the steamer Mocca
sin, under command of Captain J. G. Baker. Oar thanks are due to
the officers of the Moccasin, who were very courteous, and gave us all
the facilities within their power for carrying out our investigations suc
cessfully. Without this important assistance we should have remained
in complete ignorance of the temperature and peculiar fauna of the
deeper waters oil' this shore, for the localities were too distant to be
reached by means of the steam-launch or sail-boats.

The examination of the bottom was done by means of dredges of
various si/.es, constructed much like those in general use for this pur
pose ; by "rake-dredges'1 of novel construction, consisting of a heavy
A-shaped iron frame, to the arms of which bars of iron armed with
long, thin, and sharp teeth, arranged like those of a rake, are bolted,
back to back ; a rectangular frame of round iron, supporting a deep
and fine dredge-net, follows just behind the rake to receive and retain
the animals raked from the»soft mud or sand by the rake; a trawl-net
with a beam about fourteen feet long, made of stout, iron gas-pipe, and
having a net, fine toward the end, about forty feet deep, and provided
with numerous pockets; "tangles," consisting of an A-shaped iron
frame, to which frayed-out hemp-ropes are attached. The best form

4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [298]

has several small chains of galvanized iron attached to the frame by
one end, so as to drag over the bottom, and the pieces of frayed-out
rope are attached along the sides of the chains.

The ordinary dredges can be used on all kinds of bottom, except
where there are rough rocks and ledges, but they generally merely
scrape the surface or sink into the bottom but slightly. The rake-
dredges are used only on bottoms of soft mud or sand, and are intended
to catch burrowing animals of all kinds, which are always numerous on
such bottoms. The trawl is adapted for the capture of bottom-iishes,
as well as for crabs, lobsters, large shells, and all other animals of con
siderable size, which creep over or rest upon the bottom. It cannot be
used where the bottom is rocky or rough, and does not usually capture
many animals of small size, or those that burrow. It is, however, a
very important instrument when used in connection with the ordinary
dredge, for it will capture those species which are too active to be
caught by the dredge, and much greater quantities of the larger spe
cies than can be obtained by the dredge alone. The " tangles " are
particularly useful on rough, rocky, or ledgy bottoms, where the dredge
and trawl cannot be used, but they cannot be depended upon for ob
taining all the small species, especially of shells and worms. They
capture mainly those kinds of animals which have rough or spiny sur
faces, such as star-fishes, sea-urchins, corals, bryozoa, rough crabs, &c.,
and those kinds which are disposed to cling to foreign objects, such as
many of the small Crustacea, which are often taken in countless numbers
by this means. Star-fishes and sea-urchins are especially adapted to be
caught by this instrument, and are often brought up in great quanti
ties. The tangles can be used on all kinds of bottoms, wherever there
are any of those kinds of animals which they are adapted to capture.

The localities where dredgings were made by these various instru
ments were located on Coast Survey charts as accurately as possible,
and were sufficiently numerous to give a pretty satisfactory knowledge
of the nature of the bottom and its inhabitants throughout the region
explored. The total number of casts of the dredges made during the
three months devoted to this work was about 400. A large part of
these, including all the more important ones, have been located on the
map accompanying this report. The more important points where the
temperature of the water was observed have also been indicated on
the map and the temperatures given, the figures above two parallel lines
indicating the surface temperature, those below such lines indicating
the bottom temperature — thus : -|f .

lu prosecuting our explorations we soon found that there are, in the
waters of this region, three quite distinct assemblages of animal life,
which are dependent upon and limited by definite physical conditions of
the waters which they inhabit. The first of these includes all those kinds
which inhabit the bottom and shores of Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, and the other similar bodies of shallow water along this coast from

[299] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. Ci L, .&

Cape Cod westward and southward. These shallow waters consist of
nearly pure sea-water, which has a relatively high temperature, especi
ally in summer, for it is warmed up both by the direct heat of the sun,
acting on the shallow waters spread over broad surfaces of sand, and by
water coming directly from the Gulf Stream, and bringing not only its
heat, but also its peculiar pelagic animals. The temperature at the
surface in August was 66° to 72° Fahrenheit. Owing to this influence
of the Gulf Stream these waters never become very cold in winter, for
some of the small, shallow harbors never freeze over. The greater part
of the animals iuhabitin'g these bays and sounds are southern forms.

The second assemblage is a very peculiar one, which inhabits the
estuaries, ponds, lagoons, harbors, and other similar places, where the
water is shallow and more or less brackish, and very warm in summer,
but cold in the winter. The third group inhabits the shores of the
outer islands and headlands and the bottoms in moderately deep water,
outside of the bays and sounds. These outer waters are comparatively
cold, even in summer, and are no doubt derived from an offshoot of the
arctic current, which drifts southward along our shores in deep water
and always has a tendency to crowd against and up its submarine
slopes, in which it is also aided in many cases by the tides. In August,
the temperature of the surface was 62° to 65°, of the bottom 57° to 62°
Fahrenheit. The animals inhabiting these cold waters are mostly
northern in character and much like those of the coast of Maine and
Bay of Fundy. The surface waters in the bays and sounds, although
usually somewhat warmer in summer than those outside, differ less in
temperature than the bottom waters. Consequently we find less differ
ence in the surface animals. We have therefore found it most conveni
ent to group all the surface animals together, as a special division of
those inhabiting the bays and sounds. In each of the groups or assem
blages we find that certain kinds are restricted to particular localities,
depending upon the character of the bottom or shore. Thus there will
be species, or even large groups of species, which inhabit only rocky
shores; others which inhabit only sandy shores; others which dwell in
the muddy places ; and still others that prefer the clean gravelly bottoms
where the water is several fathoms deep, &c.

I have found it desirable, therefore, in describing the character of the
marine life of this region, to group the animals according to the locali
ties which they inhabit, adopting the three primary divisions given
above, but, for greater convenience of reference, placing all the parasitic
species together in one group. The subdivisions of these groups will
be given under each, in the succeeding pages.

The primary groups will stand as follows:

1. The fauna of the bays and sounds.

2. The fauna of the, estuaries and other brackish waters.

3. The. fauna of the cold waters of the ocean shores and outer banks
and channels.

M3660*

0 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [300]

In describing the animals belonging in these different divisions and
subdivisions it has not been found desirable to mention, in this part of
the report, all the species found in each, but only those that appear to
be the inost abundant and important, and especially those that are
known to serve as the food of fishes. But in the general systematic list,
which accompanies this report, all the species of the region, so far as
determined, will be enumerated.

II. — TlIE FAUNA OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

In Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and Muskeget
Channel, (see map,) the water is shallow, being generally less than 8
fathoms deep, and rarely exceeding 14 fathoms, even in the deepest
spots. It will be seen by reference to the map, on which soundings have
been given and contour lines drawn, representing the zones having
depths below 3, 10, 14, and 20 fathoms, respectively, that the greater
part of Buzzard's Bay is less than 10 fathoms deep, and that the 3-fathom
curve is nearly parallel with the shore lines, and the same is true of the
6- fathom line, which has not been drawn. The 10-fathoin curve is very
irregular and only extends a short distance within the mouth of the bay ;
but an irregular area, in which the water exceeds 10 fathoms in depth,
the central part over a limited area being about 15 fathoms, is sit
uated to the west of Penikese, Nashawena, and Cuttyhunk Islands ;
this is inclosed on all sides by shallower water. The 14-fathorn curve is
situated from four to eight miles farther off and does not enter the bay
at all, showing only a very slight curvature in that direction j yet it
extends far up Narragansett Bay, and to a considerable distance within
the mouth of Vineyard Sound, but, like the 10-fathom line, does not
enter Muskeget Channel or Nantucket Sound at any point, and shows
scarcely any curvature toward those waters, which are very shallow
throughout their whole extent, and much obstructed by banks and
broad shoals of moving sands. Tbe 20-fathom line at nearly all points is
situated far off shore, and does not conform at all to the outline of the
coast. There is, however, an area of water exceeding this depth off
Newport, in the mouth of Narragansett Bay.

Vineyard Sound is deeper and much more varied in its depth and in the
character of its bottom than Buzzard's Bay or Nantucket Sound, and
therefore its fauna is richer in species and the facilities for collecting are
much greater. In Vineyard Sound the 3 fathom curve follows the out
lines of the shore very closely, and the same is true of the G-fathom curve,
which has not been represented on the map. The 10-fathom line when
it enters the mouth of the sound incloses the greater part of its width and
is approximately parallel with its shores, but after it passes the narrowest
part of the sound, between the northern end of Martha's Vineyard and
Wood's Hole, it rapidly narrows and is finally interrupted by shallows and
sand-bars after passing Holmes's Hole, but there are beyond this sev
eral isolated areas of water exceeding this depth and having their long

[1301] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 7

axes nearly parallel with the central axis of the channel, or rather parallel
with the direction of the tidal currents. One of these areas, south of
•Osterville, Massachusetts, is 15 fathoms deep, but of no great size.
These deeper depressions are surrounded by banks and ridges of sand,
some of which rise nearly to the surface and form dangerous shoals; the
shoals, like the deep channels, have their longer axes parallel with the
prevailing tidal currents, but as they are mostly composed of loose
moving sands, they are liable to be altered in form and position by
severe storms.

These moving sands are generally very barren of life, and form true
submarine deserts. Included within and nearly inclosed by the 10-
fathoni line, there is, between Martha's Vineyard and Naushon Island, a
large area of shallower water, which is connected with the shallow
water of the shore at the northern end of Martha's Vineyard, off the
•" West Chop," near Holmes's Hole. In some places this shallow rises
nearly to the surface and forms the u middle ground/' and other shoals
parallel with the current that sets through the channels on either side,
and consequently nearly parallel with the shore of Martha's Vineyard.
It is evident that this rather extensive bank is due to the action of the
tidal current which sweeps around West Chop toward the mouth of
the sound, following the direction of the deeper channels, the projecting
point at West Chop furnishing a lee in which the movement of the
water is retarded and the sediment deposited ; but this action is modi
fied by the tidal current which enters the mouth of the sound and flows
in the opposite direction, for although this current is somewhat less
rapid, its duration is longer, especially that branch of it which flows
between the Middle Ground Shoal and Martha's Vineyard, for this flows
eastward seven hours and twenty-six minutes, while the opposite cur
rent flows westward for only four hours and thirty-four minutes ; the
effect of the current flowing eastward would, therefore, be to keep this
channel from filling up by the sediments carried along by the westward
currents. The same effect would be produced in the main channel, out
side of this shoal, although the difference in the duration of the flow
in the two directions is there less, the eastward flow lasting six hours
and fifteen minutes, while the westward tide lasts five hours and forty-
five minutes.

Similar causes determine, without doubt, the position of all the other
shoals and banks of sand in this region, as well as the existence of the
isolated deep areas between them, but in many cases the direction of
the wind- waves produced by the more violent storms must betaken into
account. The 14-fathom line extends into the mouth of the sound, as
far as a point opposite Nashaweua Island ; and beyond this there are-
several isolated areas which are of this depth ; the most extensive of
these is opposite the southern half of Naushon Island and in a line with
the main channel at the mouth of the sound. Since the tides are greater
in Buzzard's Bay than in Vineyard Sound, and neither the times of low

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [302J

water and high water, nor the relative duration of the ebb and flow are
coincident, very powerful currents set through the passages, between
the Elizabeth Islands, connecting these two bodies of water. This is
most noticeable in the case of Wood's Hole, because there the channel
is narrow and shallow, and much obstructed by rocks. These channels
are, therefore, excellent collecting grounds for obtaining such animals
as prefer rocky bottoms and rapidly flowing waters.

The shores of Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay are quite diversified
and present nearly all kind of stations usually found in corresponding
latitudes elsewhere, except that ledges of solid rock are of rare occur
rence, but there are numerous prominent points where the shore con
sists of large rocks or boulders, which have been left by the denuda
tion of deposits of glacial drift, forming the cliffs along the shores.
Sandy beaches are frequent, and gravelly and stony ones occasionally
occur. Muddy shores are less common and usually of no great extent.

In Buzzard's Bay the bottom is generally muddy, except in very
shallow water about some of the islands, where patches of rocky bot
tom occur, and opposite some of the sandy beaches where it is sandy
over considerable areas. Tracts of harder bottom, of mud or sand,
overgrown with algre, occasionally occur. In Vineyard Sound the bot
tom is more varied. It is sandy over large districts, especially where
the shoals occur, and in such places there are but few living animals,
though the sand is often filled with dead and broken shells, but in
other localities the sand is more compact and is inhabited by a peculiar
set of animals. Other extensive areas have a bottom of gravel and
small stones and broken shells ; on such bottoms animal life is abun
dant, and the entire bottom seems to be covered in some places by sev
eral kinds of compound ascidians, which form large masses of various
shapes, often as large as a man's head. In still other places, chiefly off
rocky points and in the channels between the islands, rocky bottoms
occur, but they are usually of small extent. Muddy bottoms are only
occasionally met with. They occur in most of the deep areas which are
isolated, and sometimes in the deep channels, but are more common in
sheltered harbors and coves.

In IsTantucket Sound and Muskeget Channel the bottom is almost
everywhere composed of sand, and the same is true of an extensive
area to the east and northeast of JTan tucket Island, where shoals of
moving sand are numerous and often of large size, but in the partially
sheltered area on the north side of Nantucket, there is more or less mud
mixed with the sand.

For greater convenience the following subdivisions have been adopted
in describing the animals of the bays and sounds:

1. Rocky shores, between high-water and low-water marks.

2. Sandy and gravelly shores.
.'5. Muddy shores and flats.

4. Piles of wharves, buoys, &c.

[303] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 91

5. Rocky bottoms below low-water mark.
(3. Stony, gravelly, and shelly bottoms.

7. Sandy bottoms.

8. Muddy bottoms.

0. Free-swimming and surface animals.
10. Parasitic animals.

It ninst7 however, be constantly borne in mind that very lew kinds
of animals are strictly confined to anyone of these subdivisions, and
that the majority are found in two, three, or more of them, and often in
equal abundance in several, though each species generally prefers one
particular kind of locality. In other cases the habits vary at different
seasons of the year, or at different hours of the day and night, and
such species may be found in different situations according to the times
when they are sought. The more common and characteristic species
are, however, pretty constant in their habits and may be easily found
in their respective stations at almost any time.

Since those animals that inhabit the shores, between tides, are most
frequently seen and can be most easily obtained and studied by those
who are not professional naturalists, I have entered into more details
concerning their habits and appearances than in the case of those
obtained only by dredging. Such species as have not been previously
named and described in other works will be more fully described in the
systematic list, to follow this report, and references will there be given
to descriptions of the others.

II. — 1. ANIMALS INHABITING THE ROCKY SHORES OF THE BAYS ANT>

SOUNDS.

The principal localities where these animals were studied and col
lected are at Nobska Point, just east of Wood's Hole ; Parker's Point,
between Great Harbor and Little Harbor, near Wood's Hole ; the neck
of land north of Wood's Hole Channel ; several localities on Naushoii
and the adjacent islands ; and numerous localities on the shores of Long
Island Sound, as at Savin Rock and Light-House Point, near New
Haven; Stony Creek; Thimble Islands, &c.

In all these places the rocks, in a zone extending from near low-
water mark of ordinary tides to near half tide, are generally covered
with an abundance of " rock- weeds," (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus,)
which hang in great olive-brown clusters from the sides of the rocks
or lie flat upon their surfaces when left by the tide, but are floated up
by means of their abundant air-vessels when the tide rises. Mingled
with these are several other algoe, among which the green " sea-cabbage "
(Ulva latissima) is one of the most abundant. Below this zone of
Fucus there is a narrow zone which is only exposed during spring-tides ;
in this the Ulva and many other more delicate green and red algre
flourish. Above the Fucus-zone there is another zone of considerable
width which is covered for a short time by every tide ; and still higher

10 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [304]

up another zone which is ordinarily only washed by the waves and spray,
but is in part occasionally covered by unusually high tides. As the
tides do not rise very high in this region these zones are all much nar
rower and less distinctly marked than on the coast further north, and
especially on the coast of Maine and in the Bay of Fundy, but yet they
can always be easily recognized and distinguished by their peculiar forms
of animal and vegetable life. Pools of sea-water left by the tide fre
quently occur in each of these zones, among the rocks, and afford
excellent opportunities for studying and collecting the animals.

The animals of rocky shores are to be sought for in a variety of ways-
A few occur quite exposed, clinging to the rocks or weeds, in defiance of
the surf. These are chiefly univalve shells, barnacles, and such animals
as grow like plants, firmly attached to solid objects, among these are
the bryozoa, hydroids, and sponges. A much larger number seek shel
ter under the rocks, or on their lower sides, or in crevices and cavities
between them ; these must be sought by turning over the rocks and ex
ploring the crevices concealed by the Fucus, &c. Many other species
conceal themselves still more effectually by burrowing in the mud,
gravel, and sand beneath and between the rocks ; these are often
uncovered in turning over the rocks, but must 'also be sought for
by digging with a spade, stout trowel, or some other tool, in the
dirt exposed when the rocks are removed. The number of curious
species of annelids, holothuriaus, bivalve-shells, actiniae, &c., which
can be unearthed in this way is always very surprising to the inexpe
rienced in this kind of collecting. Still other kinds can be found by
carefully examining the pools and discovering the smaller animals by
their motions, or by the shadows that they cast when the sun shines,
or by noticing their burrows, or, if time will not admit of a more care
ful examination, by sweeping a fine hand-net through the weeds along
the edges. Many small Crustacea, shells, etc., may also be found cling
ing to the corallines and other algre growing in such pools, or even
among the alga3 lying upon the rocks, and especially among masses of
detached algre, thrown up by the waves.

In the uppermost zone the animals are of comparatively few kinds,
but these usually occur in great abundance. The most conspicuous is,
perhaps, the common u rock-barnacle" or " acorn-shell," Balanus lal-
anoides, which adheres firmly to the rocks by its base and can resist
the most violent surf, even on the outer ocean shores. When left by
the tide these dull white conical shells are not calculated to attract
much attention, except on account of their vast numbers, for they
sometimes completely whiten the rocks for long distances along the
zone in which they flourish best, and even so crowd against each other
that they cannot assume their normal form, but become greatly elon
gated. But when the tide comes in, each one lifts up the double-door
which closes the aperture at the summit of the shell and puts out an
organ, bearing a cluster of gracefully curved and fringed arms, which

,[1)05] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 11

it quickly sweeps fdrwaid with a grasping motion and theii quickly
withdraws, as it' in search of food, and this motion will be repeated with
great regularity for a long time, unless the creature be disturbed, when
it instantly withdraws its net and closes its doors. No one who will
take the trouble to examine this little animal, when in active operation
in one of the tide-pools, can fail to admire its perfect adaptation to its
mode of life and the gracefulness of its motions. The movement
referred to serves not only to obtain food, which, in the form of micro
scopic animals, is always abundant in the water, but also to supply
fresh currents of water for respiration. This creature is also well worthy
of mention here because it serves as food for the tautog, and probably
for other fishes that can obtain it at high water.

Two species of small univalve shells (Littorina) are always to be found
in abundance clinging to the surface of the rocks, or among the sea
weeds, or creeping about in the tide-pools. These are often found quite
up to high-wrater mark, but the full-grown ones are more common lower
down among the " rock- weeds." One of these (Plate XXIV, fig. 138)
is subglobular in form, the spire being depressed and the aperture wide.
This is the Littorina paUiata. It varies much in color ; the most com
mon color is dark olive-brown, not unlike that of the Fucus, but orange*
colored and pale yellow specimens are not uncommon, while others are
mottled or banded writh yellow or orange and brown. The second spe
cies is more elongated and has a more elevated and somewhat pointed
spire. This is Littorina rudis, and it has many varieties of form, color,
and sculpture ; one of its varieties is represented on Plate XXIV, fig. 137.
Some specimens are smooth, others are covered with revolving lines or
furrows ; in color it is most frequently dull gray, olive-green, or brown,
but it is often prettily banded, checked, or mottled with yellow or orange,
or even black, and sometimes with whitish. This species is viviparous.
These shells are both vegetarians and feed upon the alga3 among which
they live. Another allied shell, the Lacuna vincta, (Plate XXIV, fig.
139,) is found clinging to the sea weeds at low- water mark and some
times in the tide-pools. This is usually pale reddish or purplish
brown, or horn-colored, and most commonly is encircled by two or more
darker, chestnut-colored bands. This also feeds upon the alga1. Asso
ciated with the last, two or three other kinds of small shells are gener
ally found. One of the most abundant of these is the Bittium nigrum,
(Plate XXIV, fig. 154,) which is, as its name implies, generally black,
especially when young, but large specimens are often only dark brown
or even yellowish brown below 5 it occurs in great abundance, clinging
to the sea-weeds and eel-grass at and below low- water mark, and is also
to be found in the tide-pools and on the under sides of rocks. Associated
with the last, and resembling it in form and color as well as in habits,
another much less common species occurs, which is remarkable for hav
ing its whorls reversed, or coiled to the left, in the direction opposite to
that of most other shells. This is the Tnforis nigrocinctus, (Plate

12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [3'Ofi]

XXIV, fig. 152.) This species is more at home at the depth of a few
fathoms, among algfe. Another still smaller and lighter colored species,
which often occurs abundantly in similar situations, both on algre
and under stones, is the Rissoa aculeus, (Plate XXIV. fig. 141,) but this
generally seeks more sheltered situations. All these shells feed upon
the alga3. With them there can usually be found large numbers of sev
eral carnivorous species. The most abundant one is a small but pretty
shell, having a smooth surface and quite variable in color, though usually
reddish or purplish brown, and irregularly mottled or banded with yel
lowish or whitish, the light-colored spots often taking the form of cres
cents, and varying much in size and number. This is the Astyrls lunata,
(Plate XXI, fig. 110.) It lives among the algre, and also among
hydroids, and may be found in almost all kinds of localities, both above
and below low-water mark. It is usually abundant on the under sides
of rocks among hydroids, &c., and can nearly always be found in
the title-pools. Another allied species of larger size, and much less
common, the Anacliis avara, (Plate XXI, fig. 109,) often occurs with it.
Clinging to the rocks, or sheltered in the crevices and on their under sur
faces, a much larger, dull-white or grayish, roughly-sculptured shell can
usually be found in abundance. This is the Urosalpinx cinerea, (Plate
XXI, fig. 11C,) which the oystermen call u the drill," a name very suggest
ive of its habits, for it gets its living, like many other similar univalve
shells, by drilling a round hole, by means of the sharp, flinty teeth that
cover its tongue, through the shells of oysters and other bivalves and
then sucking out the contents at its leisure. It is usually very abun
dant on the oyster-beds, and often proves very destructive. Another
shell of about the same size, somewhat resembling the last, and having
similar habits, is often found associated with it on the more exposed
rocky points, as at Xobska Point, the Wepecket Islands, &c. This is,
however, a very northern and arctic shell, which extends also around
the northern coasts of Europe, and is calle:! Purpura lapillus, (Plate
XXI, figs. 118 and 119 ;) it is here near its southernmost limits, for it
is not not found in Long Island Sound or farther south • while the former
is a southern shell, abundant on the whole southern coast as far as the
Gulf of Mexico, and rare north of Cape Cod, except in a few special
localities of sheltered and warm waters. The Purpura is seldom found
living much below low- water mark, and prefers the exposed rocky head
lands on the ocean shores, where it flourishes in defiance of the break
ers. It lays its eggs in smooth, vase-shaped capsules, attached to the
sides or under surfaces of stones by a short stalk, and usually arranged
in groups, (Plate XXI, fig. 120.) The eggs of "the drill" are laid in
similar places, but the capsules have very short stalks, or are almost
sessile, and are compressed, with an ovate outline, and angular ridges
pass down their sides. The " limpet," another northern and European
shell, having a low conical form, is occasionally found clinging to the
rocks at low-water in this region, but is far more common north of

[807] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. L')

Cape Cod. This shell is the Acmcm testudinalis, (Plate XXIV. figs.
159, 159^ ;) it is extremely variable in color, but is most commonly radi
ated, checked, or 'tesselated with brown, pale greenish, and white. It
grows much larger on f,he coast of Maine than here. A peculiar narrow
form of this shell, (var. alveus,) represented by fig.l59fr, lives on the leaves
of eel-grass. Beneath the rocks, and generally attached to their under
sides, among hydroids, bryozoa, &c.. several species of small, slender,
pointed, and generally whitish shells occur, which belong to the genus
Odostomia. The most common of these are 0. trifida, (Plate XXIV,
tig. 143,) 0. Msuturalis, (Plate XXIV, fig. 140,) and 0. fusea, (Plate
XXIV, fig. 144,) but other similar species are often to be found. These
all have the singular habit of spinning a thread of mucus by means of
which they can suspend themselves from any surface. In confinement
they will often creep along the surface of the wrater, using the bottom of
the foot as a float, in a manner similar to that of many fresh-water •
shells. On the under sides of rocks are occasionally found some very
beautiful and interesting naked mollusks j but this group of animals is
far less abundant in this region than farther north. The largest and
finest species observed here is the Doris bifida, (Plate XXV, fig. 176,)
which grows to be about an inch long. Its body is deep purple, specked
with white and bright yellow, and the beautiful wreath of gills is cov
ered with bright golden specks ; the ends of the tentacles are also bright
yellow. Its eggs are contained in convoluted gelatinous ribbons, which
are attached to the under sides of rocks or in crevices. Another rare
and curious species, the Doridella ofrsewra, (Plate xxv, fig. 173,) is occa
sionally found on the under side of stones. This is a small, oval, flat
tened species, of a dark browi«i or blackish color, with small, white re
tractile tentacles on the back, but the gills are very small and situated
underneath, near the posterior end of the body, in the groove between
the mantle and foot. The eggs are inclosed in a delicate gelatinous
string, which is coiled up something like a watch-spring, and attached
to the under side of stones.

Of bivalve shells several species are common on rocky shores, espe
cially in the crevices and under the rocks. Three kinds of muscles are
usually met with. The species which lives at high-water mark, clus
tering about the small upper pools and in the crevices, and having its
shell ribbed with radiating ridges and furrows, is the Modiola plicatula,
(Plate XXXI, fig. 238.) This species is far more abundant, however,
along the borders of estuaries and on salt marshes and muddy shores,
always preferring the upper zone, where it is covered for a very short
time by the tide. The most common species among the rocks, toward
low-water mark, and in the larger pools, is the Nytilus edulis, (Plate
XXXI, tig. 234,) wrhich is the " common muscle " all along our coast
from North Carolina to the Arctic Ocean. It is perfectly identical with
the common muscle of Europe, which there forms a very important ar
ticle of food, and in many places, as on the coast of France, is exten-

1.4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [:508]

sively cultivated lor the market. On our coast it is seldom used as
food, although quite as good as on the European shores; but it is col
lected on some parts of our coast in vast quantities to be used for fer
tilizing the soil. It is most abundant in the shallow waters of bays and
estuaries, where the water is a little brackish, but flourishes well in almost
all kinds of situations where there is some mud, together with solid ob
jects to which it can attach itself. Along the coasts of Long Island and
New Jersey it is taken in almost incredible quantities from the shallow
sheltered bays and lagoons that skirt those shores. It grows very rapidly
and under favorable conditions becomes full grown in one season. Like all
other kinds of true muscles, it has the power of spinning strong threads by
means of the groove in its long, slender foot, and, by extending the foot,
glues them firmly by one end to rocks, shells, or any other solid sub
stances, while the other end is firmly attached to its body. When they
attach their threads to their neighbors they form large clusters. Thus
a very firm and secure anchorage is effected, and they are generally
able to ride out the most violent storms, though, by the giving way of
the rocks or shells to which they are attached, many are always stranded
on the beaches after severe storms. They are not confined to the shal
low waters, for very large specimens were dredged by me, several years
ago, in 40 to 50 fathoms in the deep channels between Eastport, Maine,
and Deer Island, where the tide runs with great force ; and it has since
been dredged by our parties in still deeper water in the same region,
showing that it can live and prosper equally well under the most di
verse conditions. The specimens from sheltered localities and sandy
bottoms are, however, much more delicate in texture and more brilliant
in color than those from more exposed situations. Some of the thinner
and more delicate specimens, from quiet and pure waters, are translu
cent and very beautifully colored with brown, olive, green, yellow, and
indigo blue, alternating in radiating bands of different widths; while
others are nearly uniform pale yellow, or translucent horn-color. Those
from the exposed shores are generally thicker, opaque, and plain dull
brown, or bluish black, and not unfrequently they are very much dis
torted. This species breeds early in the spring. I have found immense
numbers of the young, about as large as the head of a pin, which had just
attached themselves to alga?, hydroids, &c., on the 12th of April. These
shells are not destined to remain forever fixed, however, for they not
only swim free when first hatched, but even in after life they can, at
will, let go their anchor-threads, or a byssus," and creep about by
means of their slender "foot," until they find another anchorage that
suits them better, and they can even climb up the perpendicular
sides of rocks or piles by means of the threads of the " byssus," which
they then stretch out and attach, one after another, in the direction
they wisli to climb, each one being fastened a little higher up than
the last. Thus, little by little, the heavy shell is drawn up, much in
the manner employed by some spiders when moving or suspending an

[309] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 15

unusually large victim. This common muscle is not only useful to man
directly as food, and as a fertilizer, but it serves as an important article
of food for many fishes, both in its young stages and when full grown.
The tautog makes many a hearty meal on the fall-grown shells, as do
several other kinds of fishes, while the "scup" and others devour the
young. The common star-fishes feed largely upon muscles, as well a£
oysters, and they also have many other enemies. A small parasitic
crab, Pinnotheres maculatus. lives in their shells, between their gills,
in the same manner as the common Pinnotheres ostreum lives in the oys
ter. Another larger muscle, sometimes called the u horse-muscle,"
which is the Modiola modiolus, (Plate XXXI, fig. 237,) lives at extreme
low-water mark in the crevices between the rocks, and usually nearly
buried in the gravel and firmly anchored in its place. Sometimes it oc
curs in the larger pools, well down toward low-water mark. It is, like
the last, a northern species, and extends to the Arctic Ocean and North
ern Europe. It is much more abundant on the northern coasts than
here, and, although it is almost entirely confined to rocky shores and
bottoms, it extends to considerable depths, for we dredged it abun
dantly in the Bay of Fundy, at various depths, down to 70 fathoms.
Like the preceding, it is devoured by the tautog and other fishes. Its
thick shell, covered with a glossy, chestnut epidermis, and rudely hairy
toward the large end, are points by which it can easily be recognized,
and its shape is also peculiar. The common "long clam," Mya arena-
ria, (Plate XXVI, fig. 179) is very often met with buried in the sand
and gravel beneath stones and rocks, bat it is far more abundant on.
sandy and muddy shores, and especially in estuaries, and will, there
fore, be mentioned with more details in another place.

Another shell, somewhat resembling the "long clam," but never
growing so large, and more cylindrical in form though usually much
distorted, is occasionally met with under the rocks or in crevices. This
is the jSaxicava arctica, (Plate XXVII, fig. 192.) It is much more
abundant farther north, and has a very extensive range, being found on
most coasts, at least in the northern hemisphere. On those coasts
where limestone exists it has the habit of burrowing into the limestone,
after the manner of Lithodomus and many other shells. The only lo
calities on our coast where I have observed this habit are at Anticosti
Island, in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where the soft limestones are
abundantly perforated in this way. On the New England coast lime
stones rarely occur, and they have to be content with such cracks and
crannies as they can find ready made ; consequently their shells, in
growing to fit their places, become very much distorted. This species can
also form a byssus, when needed, to hold its shell in position. The
siphon tube is long and much resembles that of Mya, (see fig. 179,)
but is divided at the end for a short distance, and generally has a red
dish color. The " bloody clams," Scapharca transversa, (Plate XXX,
fig. 228,) and Argina pexata, (Plate XXX, fig. 227,) are occasionally

16 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [310]

met with at low water, under or among rocks, and generally attached
by a byssus, but their proper home is in the shallow waters off shore,
especially on muddy, shelly, and gravelly bottoms. The fishermen call
J them " bloody clams," because the gills are red, and when opened they
discharge a red fluid like blood. The little shell called Kcllla planulata
(Plate XXX, fig. 226) is also sometimes found under stones at low
water. Attached to the sides and surfaces of rocks and ledges along
many parts of this coast, young oysters, Ostrcea Virginiana, often
occur in vast n ambers, sometimes completely covering and concealing
large surfaces of rocks. But these generally live only through one
season and are killed by the cold of winter, so that they seldom be
come more than an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. They come
from the spawn of the oysters in the beds along our shores, which, dur
ing the breeding season, completely fill the waters with their free-
swimming young. They are generally regarded as the young of u native 77
oysters, but I am unable to find any specific differences between the
northern and southern oysters, such differences as do exist being due
merely to the circumstances under which they grow, such as the char
acter of the water, abundance or scarcity of food, kind of objects to
which, they are attached, age, crowded condition, &c. All the forms
occur both among the northern and southern ones, for they vary from
broad and round to very long and narrow ; from very thick to very
thin ; and in the character of the surface, some being regularly ribbed
and scolloped, others nearly smooth, and others very rough and irregular,
or scaly, &c. When young and grown under favorable conditions,
with plenty of room, the form is generally round at first, then quite
regularly oval, with an undulated and scolloped edge and radiating
ridges, corresponding to the scollops, and often extending out into
spine-like projections on the lower valve. The upper valve is flatter,
smooth at first, then with regular lamelhe or scales, scolloped at the
edges, showing the stages of growth. Later in life, especially after the
first winter, the growth, becomes more irregular, and the form, less sym
metrical ; and the irregularity increases with the age. Very old speci
mens, in crowded beds, usually become very much elongated, being
often more than a foot long, and perhaps two inches wide. In the
natural order of things this was probably the normal form attained by the
adult individuals, for nearly all the oyster-shells composing the ancient
Indian shell-heaps along our coast are of this much-elongated kind.
Nowadays the oysters seldom have a chance to grow to such a good old
age as to take this form, though such are occasionally met with in deep
water. The young specimens on the rocks are generally mottled or ir
regularly radiated with brown. They were not often met with on the
shores of Vineyard Sound, for oysters do not flourish well in that sandy
region, though there are extensive beds in some parts of Buzzard's
Bay, and a few near Holmes's Hole, in a sheltered pond. The oysters
prefer quiet waters, somewhat brackish, with a bottom of soft mud

[311] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 17

containing an abundance of minute living animal and vegetable organ
isms. In such places they grow very rapidly, and become fat and fine-
flavored, if not interfered with by their numerous enemies. I shall
have occasion to speak of the oyster again, when discussing the fauna
of the estuaries, &c.

Another shell, related to the oyster and like it attached by one valve
to some solid object, is common, adhering to the under sides and edges
of rocks near low-water mark. This is the Anomia glabra, (Plate
XXXII, figs'. 241, 242,) and it is often called " silver-shell" or " gold-
shell" on account of its golden or silvery color and shining luster; and
sometimes "jingle-shell" from its metallic sound when rattling about on
the beach with pebbles, &c. This shell, however, does not grow firmly
to the rock like an oyster, but is attached by a sort of stem or peduncle,
which goes out through an opening in the side of the lower valve ; this
is soft and fleshy at first, but late in life often becomes ossified, or rather
calcified, and then forms a solid plug.

Of the lower classes of Mollusca. several Ascidians and Bryozoa
occur under and among the rocks. Among the former the Molgula
Manhattensis (Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is the most common. This
usually has a subglobular form, especially when its tubes are con
tracted, and is almost always completely covered over with foreign mat
ters of all sorts, such as bits of eel-grass and sea- weeds, grains of sand,
&c. When these are removed its color is dark or pale olive-green,
and the surface is a little rough. This species is often attached to the
underside of rocks, but is still more frequently attached to sea-weeds
and eel-grass, and is sometimes so crowded as to form large clusters.
Another species, having some resemblance to the last when contracted,
is the Cynthia partita, (Plate XXXIII, fig. 246,) but besides the great
difference in the tubes and apertures, this has a rougher and wrinkled
surface and a rusty color. The specimens that grow on the under
sides of stones are often much flattened, as in the figure, but it grows
more abundantty attached to the piles of wharves and on shelly bot
toms in shallow waters, off shore, and in such places assumes its more
normal erect position, and a somewhat cylindrical form. Each aper
ture is marked with four alternating triangles of flake-white and pur
plish red. This and the preceding are eaten by the tautog. Most of
the other ascidians are much more at home on the bottom, off shore,
although some of them sometimes occur at low-water on rocks or in
pools.

A delicate and elegantly branched bryozoan, the Bugula turrita,
(Plate XXXIV, figs. 258, 259,) is often found attached to sea-weeds in
the pools, and it is also frequently thrown up in large quantities by the
waves, after storms. A smaller kind, with slender, ivory-white, and
stellate branches, the Crisia eburnea, (Plate XXXIV, figs. 260, 261,)
also occurs on the sea- weeds in pools. And with this is a coarser species,
which forms calcareous crusts and tubercles, having the surface covered
2 v

18 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [312]

with the prominent tips of the tubes ; this is the Cellepora ramulosa, and
like the Crisia it is a northern species, which inhabits also the shores
of northern Europe. Still other species of bryozoa occur in these situ
ations. One of the most abundant is Alcyonidium hispidum, which
forms soft gelatinous incrustations around the stems of Fucus. On the
under sides of the stones several additional kinds occur, the most common
of which is the Eschar ella varidbilis, (Plate XXXIII, fig. 256,) which
forms broad calcareous crusts, often several inches across, and of some
thickness, composed of small perforated cells. While living this species
is dark-red or brick-red, but it turns green when dried, and then
fades to yellow, and finally to white. It is far more abundant on shelly
bottoms, off shore, in 3 to 10 fathoms of water, and in such places often
covers every stone, pebble,' and shell, over wide areas, and in some
cases forms rounded coral-like masses two or three inches in diameter
and more than an inch thick.

Crustacea in considerable numbers may also be found upon the
rocky shores. Of crabs four or five species are common, concealed
under the rocks and in crevices. The " green crab,'' Carcinus granu-
latusj occurs quite frequently well up toward high-water mark, hiding
under the loose stones, and nimbly running away when disturbed. It
may also be found, at times, in the larger tidal pools. Its bright green
color, varied with spots and blotches of yellow, makes this species quite
conspicuous. The common " rock-crab," Cancer irroratus, is generally
common under the large rocks near low-water mark and offcen lies
nearly buried in the sand and gravel beneath them. This species is
usually larger than the preceding, often becoming three or four inches
across the shell, and though less active it uses its large claws freely
and with force. It can be easily distinguished by having nine blunt
teeth along each side* of the front edge of its shell or carapax, and by
its reddish color sprinkled over with darker brownish dots. »This crab
also occurs in the pools, where the comical combats of the males may
sometimes be witnessed. It is not confined to rocky shores, but is com
mon also on sandy shores, as well as on rocky and gravelly bottoms off
shore. It is widely diffused along our coast, extending both north and
south, and is common even on the coast of Labrador. Like all the
other species of crabs this is greedily devoured by many of the larger
fishes, such as cod, haddock, tautog, black-bass, and especialljr by
sharks and sting-rays. Two smaller kinds of crabs are also very abun
dant under the stones, especially where there is some mud. These are
dark olive-brown and have the large claws broadly tipped with black-
They are often called mud-crabs on account of their fondness for muddy
places. One of these, the Panopeus depressus, (Plate I, fig. 3,) is decid
edly flattened above, and is usually a little smaller than the second,
the Panopeus Sayi, which is somewhat convex above. They are usually
found together and have similar habits. A third small species of the
same genus is occasionally met with under stones, but lives rather

[313] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 19

higher up toward high-water mark, and is comparatively rare. This is
the Panopeus HarrisiL It can be easily distinguished, for it lacks the
black on the ends of the big claws and has a groove" along the edge of
the front of the carapax, between the eyes. This last species is also
found in the salt marshes, and was originally discovered on the marshes
of the Charles Eiver, near Boston. All the species of Panopeus are south
ern forms, extending to Florida, or to the gulf-coast of the Southern
States, but they are rare north of Cape Cod, and not found at all on
the coast of Maine. They contribute largely to the food of the tautog
and other fishes. The lobster, Homarus Americanus, is sometimes found
lurking under large rocks at low- water, but less commonly here than
farther north, as, for instance, about the Bay of Fundy. In this region
it lives also on sandy and gravelly bottoms, off shore, but in rather
shallow water. It is an article of food for many fishes, as well as for
man. Active and interesting little ''hermit-crabs,7' Eupagnrus longi-
carpiis, are generally abundant in the pools near low-water, and con
cealed in wet places beneath rocks. In the pools they may be seen
actively running about, carrying upon their backs the dead shell of
some small gastropod, most commonly AnacMs avara or Ilyanassa
obsoleta, though all the small spiral shells are used in this way. They
are very pugnacious and nearly always ready for a fight when two
happen to meet, but they are also great cowards, and very likely each,
after the first onset, will instantly retreat into his shell, closing the
aperture closely with the large claws. They use their long slender
antennae very efficiently as organs of feeling, and show great wariness
in all their actions. The hinder part of the body is soft, with a thin
skin, and one-sided in structure, so as to fit into the borrowed shells,
while near the end there are appendages which are formed into hook-
like organs by which they hold themselves securely in their houses, for
these spiral shells serve them both for shields and dwellings. This
species also occurs in vast numbers among the eel-grass, both in the
estuaries and in the sounds and bays, and is also frequent on nearly all
other kinds of bottoms in the sounds. It is a favorite article of food
for many of the fishes, for they swallow it shell and all. A much
larger species, belonging to the same genus, but having much shorter
and thicker claws, (Eupagurus pollicaris^) is also found occasionally under
the rocks at low-water, but it is much more common on rocky and shelly
bottoms in the sounds and bays. Its habits are otherwise similar to the
small one, but it occupies much larger shells, such as those of Lunatia
Jieros, Fulgur carica, &c. This large species is devoured by the sharks
and sting-rays.

The Amphipods are also well represented on the rocky shores by
a considerable number of species, some of which usually occur in
vast numbers. These small Crustacea are of great importance in con
nection with our fisheries, for we have found that they, together with the
shrimps, constitute a very large part of the food of most of our more vain-

20 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [314]

able edible fishes, both of the fresh and salt ivaters. The Amphipods, though
mostly of small size, occur in such immense numbers in their favorite
localities that they can nearly always be easily obtained by the fishes
that eat them, and no doubt they furnish excellent and nutritious food,
for even the smallest of them are by no means despised or overlooked
even by large and powerful fishes, that could easily capture larger
game. Even the voracious blue-fish will feed upon these small crusta-
cea, where they can be easily obtained, even when menhaden and other
fishes are plenty in the same localities. They are also the favorite
food of trout, lake white-fish, shad, flounders, scup, &c., as will be seen
from the lists of the animals found in the stomachs of fishes. One
species, which occurs in countless numbers beneath the masses of decay
ing sea- weeds, thrown up at high-water mark on all the shores by the
waves, is the Orchestia agilis SMITH, (Plate IV, fig. 14,) which has
received this name in allusion to the extreme agility which it displays in
leaping, when disturbed. The common name given to it is " beach-flea,"
which refers to the same habit. Its color is dark olive- green or brown,
and much resembles that of the decaying weeds among which it lives,
and upon which it probably feeds. It also constructs burrows in the
sand beneath the vegetable debris. It leaps by means of the append
ages at the posterior end of the body.

A much larger species, and one of the largest of all the amphipods, is
the Gammarus ornatus, (Plate IV, fig. 15,) which occurs in great num
bers beneath the stones and among the rock-weed near low-water mark.
The males are much larger than the females, and sometimes become
nearly an inch and a half long. They cannot leap like their cousins
that live at high-water mark, but skip actively about on their sides
among the stones and gravel, until they reach some shelter, or enter
the water, when they swim rapidly in a gyrating manner back down
ward, or sideways. But although they can swim they are seldom
met with away from the shore or much below low- water mark. The
zone of Fucus is their true home. This species is abundant on all our
shores, wherever rocks and Fucus occur, from Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey, to Labrador. Its color is generally olive-brown or reddish-
brown, much like that of the Fucus among which it lives. The only
good English name that 1 have ever heard for these creatures is that of
" scuds " given by a small boy, in reference to their rapid and peculiar
motions.

Another smaller species, Gammarus annulatus SMITH, frequently oc
curs under stones in similar places, but usually a little higher up. This
is a pale species, having darker bands, with red spots on the sides of
the abdomen. Still higher up, G. marinus often occurs.

With the Gammarus ornatus another, much smaller, light slate-colored
amphipod is generally to be found. This is the Melita nitida SMITH. Its
habits appear to be similar to those of the Gammari. Another small

[315] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 21

species, found in the same situations, is the Mcera levis SMITH ; this is
whitish in color, with black eyes.

Two species of the genus Amphithoe also live under rocks at low water,
but these, like the other species of this genus, construct tubes in which
they dwell. The Amphithoe maculata (Plate IV, fig. 16) is much the larger,
and constructs large, coarse tubes of gravel, bits of sea- weed, &c., and
attaches them in clusters to the under sides of stones. They often leave
their tubes, however, and may be found free among the weed or under
stones. The color is generally dark green, though sometimes reddish,
and there is often a series of light spots along the back, and the whole sur
face is covered with minute blackish specks ; the eyes are red. The
second species, Amphithoe valida SMITH, is much smaller, being gener
ally less than half an inch long. It is usually bright green in color, and
has black eyes. It often lives among the bright green fronds of Ulva
latissima, and its color is nearly that of the Ulva.

Another amphipod, resembling a small Gammarus, about half an inch
long, and light olive-brown or yellowish brown in color, is sometimes
found in large numbers swimming actively about in the larger tidal
pools, and occasionally darting into the growing sea-weeds for rest or
concealment. This is the Calliopius Iccviusculus. It also often occurs
in vast numbers swimming at the surface, far from land, not only in the
sounds and bays, but out at sea, as for instance in the vicinity of St.
George's Bank and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it is equally
abundant. It is devoured in large quantities by numerous fishes.
The Hyale littoralis occurs near high-water, among algae, and in pools.

The Isopods are also well represented on the rocky shores. One
of the most common is the Sphcvroma quadridentata, (Plate Y, fig.
21,) which bears some resemblance, both in form and habits, to the
."pill-bugs,7 which live upon the laud. This species is found in abun
dance under stones and rocks, or creeping slowly about among the branches
and roots of sea-weeds, on their sides and upper surfaces, from low-
water mark nearly up to high-water mark. In color it is exceedingly
variable, for no two can be found that are alike ; but the colors, consisting
of irregular blotches and dashes of dark gray, light gray, slate, greenish,
and white, are so blended as to imitate very closely the colors of the bar
nacles and gray surfaces of the rocks where they live, and no doubt
they derive considerable protection from their enemies by these imita
tive colors. When disturbed they curl themselves up in a ball and fall
to the bottom.

Another smaller and much more active species, which has a more
slender form, is found in vast numbers creeping actively about over the
rocks and barnacles, and especially beneath rocks and drift-wood. This
is the Jcera copiosa. It is also excessively variable in color, but shades
of green, gray, and brown predominate, and cause it to imitate very ef
fectively the surfaces of the rocks covered with small green algre, where

22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [316]

it loves to dwell. It is found nearly up to high- water mark, and has a
wide range both northward and southward along the coast.

Another very common and much larger isopod is the Idotea irro-
rata, (Plate V, fig. 23,) which grows to be nearly an inch long. Its
colors are extremely varied. Often the general color is dark gray, light
gray, dull green, or brownish, thickly specked and blotched with darker,
but the colors are often brighter and the markings more definite ; not
^infrequently a band of white, or yellowish, or greenish, runs along the
middle of the back, with perhaps another along each lateral border.
This species occurs creeping among the u rock-weeds " and other alga3
at low water, in the pools, creeping on the under sides of stones, ad
hering to eel-grass, and also among floating sea-weeds, away from the
shore, and in many other situations. Its colors are generally well
adapted for its concealment, by imitating, more or less perfectly, the
rocks and weeds among which it lives. Even those with bright green
markings are thus protected when living on eel- grass or Ulva ; the dark,
obscurely marked ones when on dead eel-grass or dark Fucus ; the grays
and browns when on stones and among barnacles, &c. This protection
is not perfect, however, for they often fall victims to hungry fishes of
many kinds.

The Idotea pliospliorea HARGrEH, is a closely allied species, which
grows even larger. It can easily be distinguished by the tail-piece,
which is acute in this, but tridentate in the last, and by its rougher sur
face and more incised lateral borders. ' Its colors are similar and equally
variable, though they are frequently in larger and more definite spots
and blotches, and the light spots are often bright yellow. It is, as its
name indicates, decidedly phosphorescent. It lives under the same cir
cumstances as the preceding species, but is much less common in this
region, though it is abundant in the Bay of Fundy. It often occurs
among the crowded stems of CoraUina officinalisin the larger tide-pools.

Another related species, the Ericlisonia filiformis HAHGER, (Plate
VI, fig. 26,) also occurs among the CoraUina and other alga3 in the tide-
pools. This is a smaller species than the two preceding, but is some-
Avhat similar in its colors, which are equally variable and equally adapted
for its concealment ; in this the colors are more commonly various tints
of brown, or dull reddish, or light red, which are well adapted to blend
with the colors of the Corallines. Quite a different looking creature is the
Epelys montosus, which is occasionally found concealed beneath stones
where there is more or less mud. This species also frequents muddy
bottoms, and is pretty effectually concealed by its rough -looking back
and the coating of mud and dirt that always adheres to it.

Clinging to the hydroids and delicate algte on the under sides of
stones, and in tide-pools, curious slender-bodied Crustacea belonging to
the genus Caprella (similar to fig. 20, Plate V) may often be found in
considerable numbers, but they are still more abundant on rocky bot
toms off shore. They have the habit of holding on firmly by the pos-

[317] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 23

terior legs, and extending the body out at an angle, with the long, rough
front legs stretched out in various directions. While in these attitudes
and at rest they often closely resemble the branches of the hydroids
and algiB among which they live, especially as they also imitate them in
colors, for all these species are variable in color, being generally gray,
with darker specks, when living among hydroids, but often bright red
when living among red algaB. This habit of holding themselves stiffly
in such peculiar positions recalls the similar habits of many insects, es
pecially some of the Orthoptera and the larvae of the geometrid moths,
and they also recall the larva?, just named, by their singular mode of
climbing actively about among the branches of the hydroids and algaB,
for they bend the slender body into a loop, bring the hind legs up to the
front ones, and taking hold with them stretch the body forward again,
just like those larvae, though their legs are long and slender and differ
widely in structure. These little creatures are very pugnacious and are
always ready to fight each other when they meet, or to repel any in
truder similar in size to themselves. Their large claws are well adapted
for such purposes.

The marine worms or Annelids are very numerous under the rocks be
tween tides, and concealed beneath the surface of the gravel and mud
that accumulates between and beneath the stones and in crevices.
Many kinds also live in the pools, lurking among the roots of the algae,
burrowing in the bottom, or building tubes of their own in more ex
posed situations. Many of these annelids are very beautiful in form
and brilliant in color when living, while most of them have curious hab
its and marvelous structures. Several species are of large size, grow
ing to the length of one or two feet. Some are carnivorous, devouring
other worms and any other small creatures that they can kill by their pow
erful weapons 5 others are vegetarians ; but many are mud-eaters, swal
lowing the mud and fine sand in great quantities, for the sake of the
animal and vegetable organisms that always exist in it, as is the case
with clams and most of the bivalve shells, and many other kinds of
marine animals.

All these Annelids are greedily devoured by most kinds of marine fishes,
whenever they can get at them, and, since many of the annelids leave
their burrows in the night to swim at the surface, or do this constantly
at the breeding season, they make an important element in the diet of
many fishes besides those that constantly root for them in the mud and
gravel, like the tautog, scup, haddock, &c. The young of nearly all
the annelids also swim free in the water for a considerable time, and
in this state are doubtless devoured in immense numbers by all sorts of
young and small fishes.

One of the largest and most common Annelids found under rocks,
burrowing in the sand and gravel, is the Nereis virens, (Plate XI, figs.
47-50.) It lives both at low-water mark and at a considerable distance
farther up. It grows to the length of eighteen inches or more, and is

24 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [318]

also quite stout in its proportions. The color is dull greenish, or bluish
green, more or less tinged with red, and the surface reflects bright iri
descent hues ; the large lamellae or gills (fig. 50) along the sides are green
ish anteriorly, but farther back often become bright red, owing to the
numerous blood-vessels that they contain. It is a very active and vora
cious worm, and has a large, retractile proboscis, armed with two strong,
black, hook-like jaws at the end, and many smaller teeth on the sides,
(figs. 48, 49.) It feeds on other worms and various kinds of marine
animals. It captures its prey by suddenly thrusting out its proboscis
and seizing hold with the two terminal jaws ; then withdrawing the
proboscis, the food is torn and masticated at leisure, the proboscis,
when withdrawn, acting somewhat like a gizzard. These large worms
are dug out of their burrows and devoured eagerly by the tautog, seup,
and other fishes. But at certain times, especially at night, they leave
their own burrows and, coming to the surface, swim about like eels or
snakes, in vast numbers, and at such times fall an easy prey to many
kinds of fishes. This habit appears to be connected with the season of
reproduction. They were observed thus swimming at the surface in the
daytime, near Newport, in April, 1872, by Messrs. T. M. Prudden and T-
H. Eussell, and 1 have often observed them in the evening, later in the
season. At Watch Hill, Rhode Island, April 12, 1 found great numbers
of the males swimming in the pools among the rocks at low- water, and
discharging their milt. This worm also occurs in many other situa
tions, and is abundant in most places along the sandy and muddy shores,
both of the sounds and estuaries, burrowing near low-water mark. It
occurs all along the coast from New York to the Arctic Ocean, and is
also common on the northern coasts of Europe.

With the last, in this region and southward, another similar species,
but of smaller size, is usually met with in large numbers. This is the
Nereis linibata, (Plate XI, fig. 51, male.) It grows to the length of five
or six inches, and can easily be distinguished by its slender, sharp?
light amber-colored jaws, and by the lateral laniellaB, which are small
anteriorly and narrow or ligulate posteriorly. Its color, when full
grown, is usually dull brown, or smoky brown or bronze-color anteriorly,
with oblique light lines on the sides, and often with a whitish border to
each ring, which form narrow, pale bands at the articulations ; pos
teriorly the body and lateral appendages are pale red, and the longitu
dinal dorsal blood-vessel is conspicuous. The male, of which the ante
rior part is represented in fig. 51, differs greatly from the female in
the structure of the middle region of the body, which is brighter red in
color, and has the side appendages more complicated and better adapted
for swimming. The females agree with the males very well in the form
and structure of the head and anterior part of the body, but the middle
region does not become different from the anterior, as in the male.
Both sexes are often dug out of their burrows, under stones or in the
sand, but in such places there are few males in proportion to the fe-

[319] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 25

males. The males, however, sometimes occur swimming free at the
surface in vast numbers. They swim with an undulating motion, and
are quite conspicuous on account of the bright red color of the middle
region of their bodies. Mr. S. I. Smith observed them swimming in
this way, in the daytime, in August, at Fire Island, on the southern
side of Long Island, where they occurred in incredible numbers and
were eagerly pursued by the blue-fish, which at such times would not
take bait. We often caught them in Vineyard Sound, in the evening,
at the surface, with towing-uets. These worms must, therefore, con
tribute largely to the food of many fishes. It is very common on our
sandy shores as far south as South Carolina. A third species, Nereis
pelagica* (Plate XI, figs. 52-55,) is abundant under stones farther north,
but in this region is chiefly found on shelly bottoms, in the deeper wa
ters of the sounds. These three species of Nereis are called " clani-
worms"by the fishermen. Two large species of worms belonging to
the genus Rhyncliobolus (formerly Glycera) are often met with in bur
rows, in the mud beneath stones. These are pale reddish, deep flesh-
colored, or dull purplish red, and rather smooth-looking worms, thick
est in the middle, and tapering to both ends. They have a large pro
boscis, armed at the ends with four black, hook-like jaws, and are re
markable for their rapid spiral gyrations. They belong more properly
to the muddy and sandy shores, and will, therefore, be -mentioned more
particularly in another place. They are represented on Plate X, figs.
43-46. Ophelia simplex occurs under stones at half-tide, and below.

The Marphysa Leidyi (Plate XII, fig. 64) is a large and handsome
worm, occasionally met with under stones at low-water mark, but is
more common on shelly bottoms in shallow water off shore. It grows
to the length of six inches or more, and its body is flattened, except
toward the head, where it becomes much narrowed and nearly cylin
drical. It is yellowish or brownish red, and brilliantly iridescent. The
branchia3 are bright red, and commence at about the sixteenth segment j
the first ones have only one or two branches, but farther back they be
come beautifully pectinated. There are six unequal caudal cirri, the
lower lateral ones longest. It is furnished with powerful jaws, and is
carnivorous in its habits.

A small but very active worm, PodarTce obscura V., (Plate XII, fig. 61,)
is often found in large numbers beneath stones. These are dark brown
or blackish in color, sometimes with lighter bands. They come out at
night and swim at the surface in vast numbers. They are also often met
with at the surface among eel-grass, in the daytime, in large numbers.
A large and very singular worm, which burrows and constructs tubes
in the mud and gravel beneath stones, is the Cirratulus grandis V.,
(Plate XV, figs. 80, 81.) This is usually yellowish brown, dull orange, or
ocher colored, and is remarkable for the numerous long, flexible, reddish
or orange cirri that arise all along the sides. Another very large and
interesting worm, often associated with the last, both among and under
3 V

26 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [320]

rocks, and on muddy shores, is the AmpMtrite ornata, (Plate XVI, fig.
82.) This worm constructs rather firm tubes out of the consolidated
mud arid sand in which it resides, casting cylinders of mud out of the
orifice. It grows to be twelve to fifteen inches in length. Its color is
flesh-color, reddish, and orange-brown to dark brown, and it has
three pairs of large plumose or arborescent gills, which are blood-
red. The tentacles are flesh-colored, very numerous, and capable
of great extension, even to the length of eight or ten inches, and are kept
in constant motion in gathering up the materials with which it con
structs its tube. Two species of worms, remarkable for their soft bodies
filled with bright red blood, which- is not contained in special blood
vessels, are also found under stones where there is mud in which they
can burrow. The smaller of these is Polycirrus exitnius, (Plate XVI, tig.
85.) Its tentacles are very numerous, and are extended in every direc
tion by forcing the blood into them, which can be seen flowing along in
the form of irregular drops, distending the tubular tentacles as it passes
along. The second species is a much larger and undescribed species,
remarkable for its very elongated body and for having very singular
branching gills on the sides along the middle region ; the first and last
of these gills are simple or merely forked, but those in the middle are
divided into numerous branches ; and in either case each branch is
tipped by a cluster of setse. In allusion to this remarkable feature I
have called it Chcetobranchus sanguineus. Its tentacles are like those of
the last species, but longer and more numerous; in full-grown specimens
they can be extended twelve to fifteen inches or more. Its color is blood-
red anteriorly, but more or less yellowish at the slender posterior part.
It is very fragile and it is seldom that a large specimen can be ob
tained entire. It grows to be twelve to fifteen inches long. This, like
the three species last mentioned, feeds upon the minute organisms
contained in the mud, which it swallows in large quantities. Two
species of Lumbriconereis are, also, frequently found burrowing in the
mud and sand beneath stones, but they belong more properly to the
muddy shores. They are long, slender, reddish, and brilliantly irides
cent worms, readily distinguished by having a smooth, blunt-conical
head, without tentacles. They are carnivorous and have complicated
jaws. The head and anterior part of the body of the larger species (L.
opalina V.) is represented in Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70. The other (L.tenuis
V.) is very slender, thread-like, nearly a foot long, and has no eyes.

There are several kinds of highly organized annelids which may be
found adhering to the under side of stones or concealing themselves in
crevices. Among these are three species, which have the back covered
with two rows of large scales. One of these, having twelve pairs of
nearly smooth scales, is the Lepidonotus sublevisV., (Plate X, fig. 42;)
the color is variable, but usually brown or grayish, with darker specks,
thus imitating the color of the stones. Another more common species
is the Lepidonotus squamatus, (Plate X, figs. 40, 41,) which also has

[321] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 27

twelve pairs of scales, but they are rough, and covered with small
rounded or hemispherical tubercles ; this is usually dark brown. The
third species has sixteen pairs of smooth scales, and belongs to another
genus. This is Harmothoc imbricata; it varies exceedingly in color, but
is usually grayish or brownish, more or less specked, blotched, or striped
with blackish ; sometimes there is a black stripe along the middle of
the back ; sometimes the general color is dark reddish. These three
species of scaly worms all have a large proboscis with four powerful
jaws at the end, and a circle of papillre, as in figs. 40 and 41 • they are
carnivorous in their habits and rather sluggish in their movements.
When disturbed they curl themselves up into a ball. They are very
complicated in their appendages, and the spines and setre of these ap
pendages are very curious in structure, when examined with a micro
scope. Notwithstanding their numerous sharp spines they are often
devoured by fishes, and they frequently also fall victims to their more
powerful companions belonging to the Nereis tribe, and are sometimes
destroyed even by the apparently inoffensive Nemerteans. Adhering to
the under sides of the rocks and stones there are several kinds of tubes
constructed by annelids. One of the most common and abundant kinds
of these tube-dwelling worms is the Sabellaria vulgaris V., (Plate XVII,
figs. 88, 88a.) This worm constructs firm and hard tubes out of fine sand
and a cement secreted by special glands. These tubes are bent and
twisted in various directions and are generally united together into
masses or colonies, sometimes forming aggregations of considerable
thickness and perhaps several inches or a foot across. The tubes of this
worm are also common on the shells of oysters. Another very curious
and beautiful worm, the Scionopsis palmata V., constructs much larger
and coarser tubes out of bits of sea-weeds and shells, sand, small pebbles,
and other similar materials; these tubes are long and crooked and
attached for their whole length to the under side of rocks. The worm
that constructs them has some general resemblance to the AmpJiitrite
ornata, but is seldom more than three or four inches long and is usually
darker colored, the color being generally reddish brown or dark brown,
more or less speckled with white. There are only seventeen fascicles
of setae on each side. The gills are only three in number, viz : an odd
median one, much larger than the others, placed just behind the tentacles ;
and a pair of smaller ones, but similar in form and just back of the first ;
all three gills have a stalk or peduncle, and branch toward the end in a
palmate or digitate manner, each of the divisions again subdividing.
The gills can be retracted beneath a sort of collar which arises just be
hind them ; their color is greenish, specked with white. The gills of
this worm are very elegant in form, and quite unlike those of any other
known species, both in position and form. Therefore it is necessary to
establish a new genus for this species. It has been found from Vineyard
Sound to New Jersey ; both among eel-grass in shallow water, and under
stones. The Nicolea simplex is a related species, with similar habits,
4v

28 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [322]

The crooked, round, calcareous tubes made by Serpula diantlms V.,
are often to be found adhering to the under surfaces and sides of stones
near low-water mark, and also in the pools in more exposed situations ;
sometimes they are even aggregated together into masses. When dis
turbed the worm suddenly withdraws its beautiful wreath of gills into
its tube and closes the aperture closely by means of a curious plug or
operculum. This is placed at the end of a rather long pedicle, and is
funnel-shaped, the outside longitudinally striated and the edge bordered
by about thirty sharp denticles; from the middle of the upper side
another smaller, short, funnel-shaped process arises, the edge of which
is divided into twelve or thirteen, long, rather slender, rigid processes,
which are usually a little curved inward at the top, but may be spread
apart in a stellate form. A small, rudimentary, club-shaped operculum
exists on the other side. When these tubes are placed in sea-water and
left undisturbed for a short time, the occupant will cautiously push out
its operculum and display its elegant wreath of branchiae, which varies
much in color in different specimens, but often recalls the varied hues
and forms of different kinds of pinks, (Dianthus.) The name which I have
given to it alludes to this resemblance. Fine specimens of this Serpula
may often be found, also, in the pools near low-water mark, attached to
the upper surfaces or sides of rocks, and in such situation they display
their charms to great advantage. The wreath of branchio3 is nearly
circular, consisting of two symmetrical parts, each of which is made up
of about eighteen pectinate branchiae ; these are covered on their inner
surfaces with slender filaments which extend nearly to the ends, but
leave the tips naked. Young specimens have fewer branchiaB. In the
more common varieties these branchiaB are purple at base, with narrow
bands of light red or pale yellowish green ; above this they are trans
versely banded or annulated with purplish brown, alternating with yel
lowish green, or with purple and white ; the pinnaB usually correspond
in color to the part from which they arise, but are sometimes all purple.
In other specimens the branchiae are yellowish white, or greenish white,
banded with brown. In one variety (citrina) they are bright lemon-
yellow, or orange-colored, throughout. The operculum, in all the varie
ties, is usually brownish green above, with the sides purplish brown,
lined with whitish near the edge, and with a greenish white band at the
base; the pedicle is usually purplish, with two or more bands of white.
The body is usually deep greenish yellow, with the back lemon-yellow ;
the collar is broad with an undulated border, and is pale green, veined
with darker green blood-vessels. This species is also often met with in
dredging on shelly bottoms.

The Potamilla oculifera (Plate XVII, fig. 86) is another beautiful
annelid, related somewhat to the Serpula, but its tubes are tough and
flexible ; they are constructed out of fine sand and other foreign matters,
glued firmly together with the special secretions of the animal. These
tubes are often found attached to the under sides of stones, but, passing

[323] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 29

around to the sides, open upward by a free extremity ; they also fre
quently occur in sheltered nooks in the tide-pools. The worm, when un
disturbed, puts out a beautiful Avreath of branchioe somewhat resembling
that of the Serpula, but there is no operculum. The branchiae are always
beautifully colored, though the colors are quite variable. In one of the
commonest styles of coloration, the branchiae are surrounded at base
with reddish brown ; above this with a ring of white ; next by a band
of reddish brown ; then for the terminal half the color is yellowish gray,
with indistinct blotches of brown $ on the outer sides of the branchiae
there are one to three dark red eyes. There are ten or more branchiae
in each half of the wreath, and they are longer on one side than on the
other.

Another related species, the Sdbella microphthalma Y., also occasionally
occurs in the pools and on the under sides of stones, constructing tubes
very much like those of the last species. This is a much shorter and
stouter worm, with the branchial wreath relatively much larger and
nearly half as long as the body. The branchiae are pale yellowish,
greenish, or flesh-color, with numerous transverse bands of darker green
extending to the pinnae ; on the outer side of the branchiae there are
numerous minute eye-like spots of dark brown, arranged in two rows on
each. The body is usually dull olive-green. The Fabricia Leidyi Y., is
another member of this group of worms, but is of very minute size. It
constructs delicate, flexible tubes, free toward the end, which usually
stands upright. Its tubes may be found in the pools and on the under
side of stones. The worm itself is very small, slender, and when un
disturbed protrudes a wreath, composed of six branchia3, to a considera
ble distance above the mouth of the tube. The branchiae have five
to seven pinnae on each side, the lowest much the longest, so that when
expanded they all reach nearly to one level. At the base of the bran
chiae there are two pulsating vesicles, alternating in their beats ; and
just back of these there are two minute brown eye-specks 5 two similar
eyes exist at the posterior end. Eleven segments of the body bear fas
cicles of setae. Color yellowish white, the blood-vessels red.

Two or more species of the minute but beautiful worms belonging to
the genus SpirorMs are found attached to the fronds of sea- weeds, to
shells, stones, &c., especially in the pools. These are related to the
jSerpula, and like it form solid calcareous tubes, but these are always
coiled up in a close spiral, and the coil is attached by one side. The
little worms put out an elegant wreath of branchiae, and are furnished
with an operculum. Another very interesting and beautifully colored
worm, sometimes found under and among the stones, where there is
mud, is the Cistenides Gouldii Y., (Plate XYII, figs. 87, 87a.) This
constructs very remarkable, conical, free tubes, of grains ot sand ar
ranged in a single layer, like miniature masonry, and bound together by
a water-proof cement. This worm belongs more properly to the muddy
and sandy shores and will be mentioned again.

30 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [324]

Under stones and decaying sea-weeds, near high-water mark, two or
more kinds of small slender worms are usually found in great numbers •
these differ widely from all those before mentioned, and are more nearly
related to the common earth-worms of the garden. One of these is white.,
slender, and about an inch long, tapering to both ends. This isHalodil-
lus littoralis V., apparently forming a new genus allied to Enchytrceusf
Another is of about the same size, but rather longer and more slender,
and light red in color. It has a moniliforrn intestine, with a red blood
vessel attached to it above and below. It belongs apparently to tbe
genus Clitellio, (C. irroratus V.)

In addition to all these setigerous Annelids which have been enu
merated, there are quite a number of worms to be found on the rocky
shores which are destitute of all these external appendages, and have
the surface of the body smooth and ciliated. There are two tribes of
such worms : in one of them the body is much elongated, and either
roundish, or flattened, and usually very changeable in form and cap
able of great extension and contraction. These are known as Nemer-
teans ; most of them have a proboscis which they can dart out to a great
length. In the other group, known as Planarians^ the body is broad,
short, and depressed, and often quite flat, and their internal structure
is quite different.

One of the largest of the Nemerteans, the Meckelia ingens, (Plate XIXr
figs. 96, 96#,) is met with under stones where there is sand, but it be
longs properly to the sandy shores. It is an enormous, smooth , flat worm ,
yellowish, flesh-colored, or whitish, and sometimes grows to be ten or
twelve feet long and over an inch wide. The Mecltelia rosea also occurs
occasionally in similar places. This is similar in form, but is smaller, les&
flattened, and decidedly red in color. It is often covered by adhering
sand. Another species, belonging to the Nemerteans, is often found in
great abundance under stones from mid-tide to near high-water mark.
Many of them are often found coiled together in large clusters. This is
the Nemertes socialis ; it is very slender or filiform, and often five or six
inches long when extended. Its color is dark ash-brown or blackish, a
little lighter beneath, and it has three or four eyes in a longitudinal'
group on each side of the head. Another larger species, apparently
belonging to the genus Cerebratulus, but not sufficiently studied while
living, is also abundant under stones. It is much stouter and is usually
dark olive-green, brownish-green, or greenish-black in color, but a little
lighter below and at the borders of the head. Several other small Ne-
merteans occur under similar circumstances. In the pools, creeping over
and among the algae arid hydroids, a yellowish or light orange-colored
species, one or two inches long, is often met with. This species secretes
an unusual amount of mucus, which is, perhaps, connected with its
climbing habits, and I have on this account named it Polinia glutinosa V.,1
(Plate XIX, fig. 97.) It varies in the number of its eyes, according to
its age, but they are always grouped in oblique clusters as in the figure.

[325] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 31

The color is sometimess bright orange anteriorly, but lighter posteriorly,
with a faint dusky or greenish line along the middle.

Another species, closely resembling the last in form, color, and size, is
quite common under stones, and especially in dead tubes of Serpula, near
low- water mark. This is the Cosmocephala ochracea V., (Plate XIX, figs.
95, 95rt ;) it has numerous eyes on the sides of the head, three or four
on each side forming an anterior row parallel with the margin ; the
others forming two parallel oblique groups, usually with two or three
eyes in each, farther back. On the lower side of the head there is, on
each side, an obliquely transverse groove. The color is usually dull yel
lowish-white or grayish ; the anterior part is often tinged with orange
and the posterior with ash-gray ; there is generally a distinct paler me
dian line, most distinct anteriorly. It grows to be two or three inches
long, when extended.

Of the Planariaus several species are also found creeping over the
under side of stones and in the tide-pools. One of the most abundant
is Procerodes frequens, which is a very small but lively species, found
creeping on the under side of stones near high-water. It is usually
about an eighth of an inch long, dark brown or blackish above and gray
below, and it has two reniform eyes. The Nonocelis agilis is still smaller,
elliptical, with only one median eye ; its color is dark brown or blackish .
By some writers this genus is placed among the Neinerteans. Two
larger species of this group are also occasionally found on the under
side of stones. One of these, the Planocera nebulosa, (Plate XIX, fig.
100,) is usually about half an inch wide and three-fourths long, but may
become nearly circular, or may extend into a long elliptical form. It is
flat and thin, with flexuous edges. Its color is olive-green above, with
a lighter median stripe behind, and yellowish green below. The tenta
cles on the back are whitish and retractile.

The Stylochopsis littoralis V., (Plate XIX, fig. 99,) is also frequently
found on the under side of stones. It is reniakable for having a clus
ter of eyes on each tentacle, other clusters in front of them, and two or
more rows of eye- spots around the margin, especially in front. Its color
is variable, but usually greenish, greenish yellow, or brownish yellow,
often reticulated with flesh-color ; there is generally a pale median streak
posteriorly. The eggs were laid July 12th in large clusters, composed of
many small white eggs closely crowded together, side by side, and at
tached to the surface of the glass jar in which they were kept.

There are also representatives of the " round worms," or Nematotles,
to be found beneath the stones and among the roots of algre, hydroids.
&c. The commonest of these is, perhaps, the Pontonema marinum (Plate
XVIII, fig. 94.) This is a small, very slender, smooth, white, round worm,
tapering to both ends, and very active in its movements, constantly coil
ing itself into a spiral and again uncoiling itself. Its head is furnished
with about six minute cirri ; in the male the tail is short, narrow, nearly
straight, but one-sided, rapidly tapering, and subacute ; in the female

32 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [326]

the body is much longer, and the tail is long, slightly tapered, straight,
and obtuse. The Pontonema vacillatum also occurs in similar places in
abundance. In this species the male has a short, obtuse, incurved tail ;
the female a straight, tapering, narrow, obtuse one. Both species are
oviparous, and the female genital orifice is near the middle of the body.
These worms are from a quarter to half an inch or more in length.
Their complete history is not known ; they are closely allied to many of
the parasitic worms, and it is possible that in some stages of their de
velopment these are also parasites.

Of the Radiates there are also numerous species to be found on these
rocky shores.

Although the purple " sea-urchin," Arbacia punctulata, and the green
" sea-urchin," Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis, (Plate XXXV, fig. 268,)
are sometimes met with, their occurrence is irregular and uncertain at
low- water in this region. The former occurs in abundance on rocky
and shelly bottoms in the sounds ; while the latter occurs chiefly on sim
ilar bottoms in the cold area, and at low-water on the outer rocky
shores, and still more abundantly farther north.

The green star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (Plate XXXV, fig. 269,) is
found in large numbers at low-water among the rocks at certain times,
but at other times is seldom met with, though a few young specimens
can almost always be found by careful search beneath the stones. The
adults were very abundant on the shore at Parker's Point, in the latter
part of June ; but by the middle of July very few could be found there.
Their habit of coming up to the shore may be connected with their
reproductive season. They are always abundant on shelly bottoms in
the bays and sounds, especially where there are beds of muscles or
oysters, upon which they feed. They often prove exceedingly destruc
tive of oysters planted in waters that are not too brackish for their com
fort. They manage to eat oysters that are far too large for them to
swallow whole, by grasping the shell with their numerous adhesive feet,
and then, after bending their five flexible rays around the shell so as
partly to inclose it, they protrude the lobes and folds of their enormous
saccular stomach from the distended mouth, and surrounding the
oyster-shell more or less completely with the everted stomach they
proceed to digest the contents at leisure, and when the meal is fin
ished they quietly withdraw the stomach and stow it away in its proper
place. In this way a large " school" of star-fishes will, in a short time?
destroy all the oysters on beds many acres in extent, unless their oper
ation be interfered with by the watchful owners. In one instance,
within a few years, at Westport, Connecticut, they thus destroyed about
2,000 bushels of oysters, occupying beds about 20 acres in extent, in a
few weeks, during the absence of the proprietor.

In order to stop their operations it is necessary to dredge over the
eyster-grounds and destroy all the star-fishes thus brought up, by leav
ing them on shore above high-water mark ; for if simply torn in pieces

[327] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 33

and thrown overboard, as is sometimes done, each ray has the power of
reproducing all the lost parts, so that each fragment may, after a time,
become a perfect star-fish.

The color of this species is generally dark green or brownish green,
with the inadreporic plate bright orange ; the males are more inclined
to brown, and sometimes have a reddish tint. It is found all along the
coast from Massachusetts Bay to Florida.

The eggs of this species, like those of most other star-fishes, produce
peculiar larvre, entirely unlike the parents, and provided with vibrating
cilia by means of which they swim about in the water, or at the surface,
for a considerable time. The young star-fish develops within the larva
and gradually absorbs the substance of the larva into its own organi
zation.

The development of this and our other common species has been very
fully described and illustrated by Mr. A. Agassiz.

Of the Hydroids many species occur in the pools, or attached to the
lower sides of overhanging rocks, or of stones that have an open space
beneath them, or growing upon the Fucus and other sea- weeds at low-
water mark. The most abundant of all is the Sertularia pumila, (Plate
XXXVII, fig. 279,) which grows in small tufts of delicate branches on
the stems and fronds of all the larger sea-weeds, and on the sides and
lower surfaces of stones. Another beautiful species, the Obelia commis-
suralis, (Plate XXXVII, fig. 281,) occurs at low-watermark and in tide-
pools, attached to stones and sea-weeds. It is very delicate and much
branched, and sometimes grows five or six inches high, though usually
smaller. At certain times it produces small medusas in its urn-shaped
reproductive capsules ; these are discharged and swim free for sometime,
having sixteen tentacles when they become free. Several other spe
cies of this genus also occur attached to the sea-weeds at low-water.
The most common of these is 0. diapliana, which grows about an inch high,
attached to the stems of Fucus. The Campanularia flexuosa is another
similar hydroid, remarkable for its large reproductive capsules, in which
medusas are developed that never become free. This species occurs
in the pools at low- water, on weeds and stones, and also on the lower
sides of overhanging rocks or the timbers of wharves. It is much
more abundant farther north, as at Eastport, Maine, where it grows in
profusion on the timbers of the wharves, hanging down from their
lower sides, collapsed and dripping, while the tide is low. The Pennaria
tiarella (Plate XXXVII, figs. 277, 278) is a very conspicuous and beau
tiful species on account of its much -divided black branches and numer
ous bright red flower-like hydroids. It occurs occasionally in the pools,
and just below low-water mark, attached to stones, corallines, &cv but is
more common in somewhat deeper water on rocky and shelly bottoms.
The " file- fish" feeds on this species, and probably on other allied
hydroids, for its stomach was found full of the stems and branches,
cut up in fine pieces. Its broad, sharp-edged jaws ,are admirably

34 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [328]

adapted for browsing ou hydroids, but yet this may not be its principal
food, for our observations were very few on this fish, owing to its rarity.
One £f the most interesting of the hydroids, found in the rocky pools
at low-,:iter, or in other shaded places, is the Hybocodon prolifer, (Plate
XXXVIII, fig. 282.) This is one of the largest and most beautiful of
the tubularians, and is very conspicuous on account of its deep orange-
red color. It is by no means common, and grows only in those pools
where the water is pure and cool, or under the shade of overhanging
rocks. It usually grows singly or in groups of two or three clustered
together. The delicate hydrariuni of Bougainvillia superciliaris (Plate
XXXVII, fig. 276) is also occasionally met with in the larger tide-pools
near low water mark, and the small, free medusae, which are produced
by budding from the hydrariuni, are frequently found swimming in the
waters in spring. The Clava leptostyla is a beautiful and apparently
soft and tender species, but it grows in clusters on the fronds of Fucus
at low-water mark, on the most exposed shores, and withstands the
most powerful surf, unharmed. The colonies are bright light red in
color and consist of numerous hydroids arising from creeping stolon-
like tubes, which interlace to form the base of the colony. Each of
the hydroids consists of a cylindrical stem, slender at base and about
a quarter of an inch high, at the end of which there is a thicker, club-
shaped or fusiform " head," covered with about fifteen to thirty, long,
slender tentacles, but the form both of the heads and tentacles is con
stantly changing, owing to their contractions. The small medusa-buds
are grouped in clusters below the tentacles and do not become free.
This species is also to be found in the pools and on the under sides of
large stones close to low-water mark.

The Hydractinia polyclina is often met with covering the dead shells
inhabited by the hermit-crabs, whether in the pools or in deeper water
off shore, with a soft, velvet-like, reddish coating, which is made up of
hundreds of hydroids united together by their bases into a rather firm,
continuous layer, covered with conical points. This basal layer some
times not only entirely covers the shell, but extends out considerably
beyond the borders of the aperture, so as to increase the capacity of
the interior. This is no doubt a great gain to the crab, because he will not
be so soon compelled to exchange his shell for a larger one. Each col
ony of these hydroids is either male or female ; the sexes differ in depth
of color, the male colonies being palest. But in each colony there are
also many sterile individuals, who have to do the eating and digesting for
the whole community, while the sexual individuals attend to the repro
duction of the race. Farther north, as at ^ahant, Massachusetts, this
species often incrusts broad surfaces of the rocks in the pools, but I
have not observed it growing in this way south of Cape Cod ; yet in one
instance we dredged it growing on a rock.

The Halecium gracile V. is frequently found growing in profusion on
the under side of stones, in tide-pools, and attached to oysters, dead

[329 1 INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 35

shells, &c., in shallow waters, both of the sounds and estuaries. It
forms rather dense, pale, flexible tufts, three or four inches high, with
very numerous slender branches.

Of Polyps there are several species belonging to the actinians, or
" sea-anemones," and one species of genuine coral, (Axtranyia,} but the
latter is seldom found at low-water, though common in shallow water,
on rocky bottoms. /The most common of the actinians is the "fringed
sea- anemone," Metridium marginatum. This may almost always be
found on the under sides of large stones that have sufficient space be
neath, in sheltered crevices near low-water mark, and adhering to the
rocks along the borders of the larger tide-pools, where they are shaded
and protected by the overhanging sea-weeds. In full expansion this
species has a very graceful form. From the expanded base the body
rises in the form of a tall, smooth column, sometimes cylindrical, some
times tapering slightly to the middle, and then enlarging to the sum
mit. Toward the top the column is surrounded by a circular thickened
fold, above which the character of the surface suddenly changes, the
skin becoming thinner and translucent, so that the internal radiating
partitions are visible through it. This part expands upward and out
ward to the margin, which is folded into numerous deep undulations or
frills, and everywhere covered with very numerous, fine, short, crowded
tentacles. The tentacles also cover the upper side of the disk, half
way to the mouth, but are larger and less crowded in proportion to the
distance from the margin. The mouth is oval and the lips divided into
numerous folds. The largest specimens are sometimes five or six inches
high and three or four inches across the disk. The colors are extremely
variable. Most frequently the sides of the body are yellowish brown
or orange-brown, but it may be of any shade from white, flesh-color,
pink, salmon, chestnut, orange, yellow, light brown, to dark umber-
brown ; or it may be mottled and streaked with two or more of these colors.
The upper part of the body and tentacles are translucent,' and have
lighter colors, generally either white, pink, flesh-color, or pale salmon ;
the tentacles are also frequently banded with flake- white, and often
have dark tips. This species, when much irritated, throws out from
minute loop-holes along the sides large numbers of long, slender, white
threads, which are covered with microscopic stinging-organs, powerful
enough to defend them from the attacks of fishes and other enemies ;
but they do not penetrate the human skin.

Another species, the " white-armed anemone," Sagart-ia leucolena,
(Plate XXXVIII, fig. 284,) is also common at low-water, especially on
the under side of large stones, and sometimes nearly buried in sand
and gravel. This is more elongated and slender than the last, and has
a smaller, simple and plain disk, with the tentacles much longer and
more slender, and crowded^ together near the margin ; the surface of
the body is smooth and uniform, without any thickened fold. The
color is usually pale salmon or flesh-color, and the skin is translucent,

36 KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [330J

so as to show the internal lamellae ; the tentacles are paler and more
translucent, and usually whitish, bnt sometimes pale salmon. The
tentacles, in full expansion, are over an inch long. A second elongated
species of Sagartia (8. modestcC) occurs buried up to its tentacles in the
gravel and sand among rocks. This species is quite rare, and has a
much thicker and firmer skin, which is nearly opaque and dull yellow
ish in color ; the tentacles are shorter, with dark greenish markings at
the base.

The Halocampa producta (Plate XXXVIII, fig. 285) also occurs under
the same circumstances with the last, though it may also be found
on sandy shores, slightly attached to a shell or pebble, perhaps a foot
beneath the surface, but in expansion it stretches its body so as to
expand its tentacles at the surface, above its burrow, into which it
quickly withdraws when disturbed. This species is remarkable for the
great length and slenderness of its body in full extension ; for having
only twenty tentacles, with swollen tips ; and for the rows of suckers
along the sides, to which it fastens grains of sand, &c. It has no dis
tinct disk at the base, which is bulbous and adapted for burrowing
Its color is whitish, flesh-color, or pale salmon, with the suckers whit
ish. The tentacles usually have darker brown tips, but sometimes the
tips are flake-white. In full expansion the length of large specimens
is about a foot, and the diameter about a third of an inch, but in con
traction the body becomes much shorter and more swollen.

The Astrangia Dance, which is the only true coral yet discovered on
the coast of 3sTew England, is occasionally found on the under side of
overhanging rocks, or in pools where it is seldom or never left dry. The
coral forms incrusting patches, usually two or three inches across, and
less than half an inch thick, composed of numerous crowded corallets,
having stellate cells about an eighth of an inch in diameter. The liv
ing animals are white, and in expansion rise high above the cells and
expand a 'circle of long, slender, minutely warted tentacles, which
have enlarged tips. These coral-polyps, when expanded, resemble clus
ters of small, white sea-anemones, and like them they will seize their
prey with their tentacles and transfer it to their mouths. They feed
readily, in confinement, upon fragments of mollusca or Crustacea.

Several species of sponges also occur in the rocky pools and on the
under sides of stones. The most conspicuous one is a bright red spe
cies, which forms irregular crusts, and rises up in the middle into
many small, irregular, lobe-like branches. Another species forms
broad, thin incrustations, of a sulphur-yellow color, on the under side
of stones. These species have not been identified. A small, urn-
shaped or oval species, with a large aperture at the summit, sur
rounded by a circle of slender, projecting spicula, occurs in the pools,
and is probably the same as the Grantia ciliata of Europe.

In addition to the numerous species already enumerated, most of
which belong to groups that are essentially marine animals, there are

[331] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 37

a few species of marine insects that are frequently met with under
stones, or among the small green algse. Among these a small lead-col
ored insect belonging to the family of u spring- tails/7 Anurida maritima, is
the most abundant. With it a spider, Bdella, and several species of mites
{Trombidium) are often found. Several specimens of a "false scorpion, "
Chernes oblongus, were also found by Mr. Smith near low-water mark
under stones. In the pools and on the rocks, among the green conferva
and other sea- weeds, the active green larvae of a two-winged fly, Chiron-
omus oceanicus7 is often found in abundance. This larva we have detected
in the stomach of the " torn- cod, " mixed with small Crustacea.

List of species inhabiting the rocky shores of the sounds and bays.

In the following list the species living in these situations are brought
together systematically, whether mentioned in the preceding pages or
not. The lists are not to be regarded as complete, but include most
of the species ordinarily met with. The references are to the pages of
this report, where remarks upon the species may be found :

AUTICULATA.

Insects.

Page.

Ohironomus oceanicus 331

Anurida maritima 331

Chernes oblongus 331

Bdella marina

Trombidium, several species

Page.
331
331

Crustacea.

Page.

Cancer irroratus 312

Panopeus depressus 312

P. Sayi 312

P. Harrisii 313

Carcinus granulatus 312

Eupagurus pollicaris 313

E. longicarpus 313

Homarus Americanus 313

Orchestia agilis 314

Hyale littoralis 315

Calliopius laeviusculus 315

Gammarus ornatus 314

G. annulatns 314

G. Marinus 314

Page.

Moera levis „ . 315

Melita nitida 314

Amphithoe maculata 315

A. valida 315

Caprella, sp 316

Sphseroma quadridentata . . 315

Idotea irrorata 316

I. phosphorea 316

Erichsonia filiformis 316

Epelys montosus

Jsera copiosa 315

Balanus balanoides 304

Numerous small Entomos-
traca.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [332]

Annelids, ( Clmtopods.~}

Page.

Lepidonotus sqnainatus 320

L. snblevis 320

Harmothoe imbricata 321

Phyllodoce 349

Eulalia 349

Eumidia F 349

Podarke obscura 319

Nereis vireus 317

!N". liinbata 318

N". pelagica 319

Marpliysa Leidyi - . 319

Lumbriconereis opalina 320

L. tennis , 320

Rhynchobolus Americanus . . 319

E. dibranchiatus 319

Cirratnlns grandis 319

Cirrhinereis fragilis

Ophelia simplex

Sabellaria vulgaris

Cistenides Gouldii

Mcolea simplex ,

Amphitrite ornata

Scionopsis palinata

Polycirrus eximius

Chretobranchus sangnineus .

Potamilla oculifera ,

Sabella niicrophthalma

Fabricia Leidyi

Serpula dianthus

S. dianthus, var. citrina

Spirorbis spirillnm ,

Oligochcvta.

Halodrillus littoralis

Page.
324

Clitellio irroratas .

Nemerteans.

Page. |

Neniertes socialis . . . , 324

Meckelia ingens , 324

M. rosea . . 324

Cerebratulus (?)

Cosmocephala ochracea . . .
Poliuia glutiuosa

Planarians.

Page.

Planocera uebnlosa 325

^tylochopsis littoralis 325

Procerodes frequeus
Monocelis aorilis. .

Nematodes.

Page.

Pontonema inarinurn 325

Pontonema vacillatum. . . .

Page.
397
319
321
323
321
320
321
320
320
322
323
323
322
322
323

Page.
324

Page.
324
325
324

Page.
325
325

Page.
326

MOLLUSOA.

Gastropods, ( Univalves.}

Page.

Urosalpinx cinerea 306

Pnrpura lapillus 306

Eupleura caudata 371

Fulgur carica

Sycotypus canaliculatus
Tritia trivittata . ,

Page.
355
355
354

[333] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

39

Page. I

Astyris lunata 306

Anacliis avara 306

Odostomia producta , 307

O. fasca 307

O. bisuturalis 307

O. trifida 307

O. impressa , 307

Eissoa aculeus , 306

Skenea planorbis 383

Littorina palliata 305

L. rudis 305

Lacuna vincta . 305

Bittium Digram

Cerithiopsis Greenii .
Triforis nigrocinctus .
Crepidula fornicata . .

C. couvexa

C. unguiforaris

Acmsea testudinalis .

Doris bifida

Polycera Lessonii . . .
Doridella obscura . . .
, undetermined.

Page.
305
383
305
553
553
553
307
307
400
307

Lamellibranchs, ( Bivalves.)

Page.

Mya areuaria 309

Saxieava arctica 309

Kellia planulata 310

Scapharca transversa 309

Argina pexata 309

My til us edulis

Modiola plicatula . .

M. modiolus ,

Anomia glabra

Ostrrea Yirginiana

Page.
307
307
309
311
310

Ascidians.

Molgula Manhatteusis

Page.
311

Cynthia partita

Bryozoa, (or Polyzoa.)

Page.

Crisia eburnea 311

Tubulipora flabellaris 405

Alcyonidium ramosum 404

Alcyonidium hirsutum 404

A. liispidum 312

Yesicularia gracilis 389

Yesicularia cuscuta .... 404

V. dichotoma 404

Bugula turrita 311

B. flabellata

Membranipora pilosa . .
M. lineata ,

Escharella variabilis . .
Discopora coccmea(?) . .
Lepralia, sp

Cellepora ramulosa

Pedicellina Americana.

Page.
311

Page.
389
406
406
312
424
420
312
405

RADIATA.

jEchinoderms.

Arbacia punctulata.

Page.
326

Asterias arenicola

Page.
326

40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [334]

Acaleplis.

Page.

Obelia commissuralis 327

O. pyriformis 390

O. diaphana 327

O. geniculata 407

Clytia Johnston! 408

Orthopyxis caliculata 408

Platypyxis cylindrica 408

Oampanularia volubilis 408

C. flexuosa 327

Lafoea calcarata . 408

Halecium gracile

Sertularia argentea

S. pumila

Bougainvillia superciliaris

Margelis Carolinensis

Clava leptostyla

Pennaria tiarella

Hybocodon prolifer

Hydractinia polyoliua ....

Polypi

Page.

Metridium marginatum 329

Sagartia leucolena 329

S. modesta . 330

Halocampa producta
Astrangia Danse

Page.
328
408
327
328

328
327
328
328

Page.
330
329

PROTOZOA.

Sponges.

Page.

Grautia ciliata 330

Leucosolenia botryoides (?) . . 391
Halichondria, sp 330

Tedania, sp .
Renieria, sp

Page.
330
330

II. — 2. FAUNA OF THE SANDY SHORES OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

These sandy shores vary considerably in character according to their
situations and composition. In the more exposed positions the beaches
of fine loose sand differ but little in character from those that prevail
so extensively on the ocean shores, from Cape Cod to North Florida.
In more sheltered situations there is generally more or less mud mixed
with the sand, which often forms shores with a very 'gentle slope, run
ning down to broad flats, bare at low- water ; such flats of sandy mud
are the favorite homes of large numbers of burrowing creatures ; but
even on the exposed beaches of loose siliceous sand, which are completely
torn up and remodeled by every storm, there are still to be found many
kinds of animals perfectly adapted to such conditions, finding there
their proper homes. In other cases there is more or less gravel and
pebbles mixed with the sand, which, under some conditions of expos
ure, produce a firm and compact deposit, admirably adapted to the
tastes and habits of certain tube dwelling and burrowing creatures. In
other places, especially in sandy coves or other sheltered situations, the
sandy flats are partly covered by tufts and patches of eel-grass, and

[335] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 41

there are many animals that find congenial resorts on such flats. Then
there will sometimes be pools or rivulets of sea-water on the sandy flats,
in which certain creatures often spend the short time while thus impris
oned by the tide.

The special localities where the sand-dwelling species of this region
.were chiefly studied, are the beaches on Naushon and adjacent islands;
Nobska Beach and several other beaches near Wood's Hole ; the exten
sive sand-beach between. Falmouth and Waquoit; the beach at Meneni-
sha Bight, on Martha's Vineyard ; several beaches on the shores of
Buzzard's Bay ; the beaches at South End, Savin Bock, and other local
ities near New Haven ; the beaches on Great South Baj-, Long Island ;
the beaches at the mouth of Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, &c., be
sides the outer beaches at various other points.

Along the upper part of the sand-beaches there is generally an almost
continuous belt of dead sea- weeds, broken shells, fragments of crabs,
lobsters, and various other debris cast up by the waves. Although
many of the dead shells, &c., which occur in this way, belong really to
the sandy shores near low-water, others have come, perhaps, from deeper
water and other kinds of bottom. Therefore, although such rubbish-
heaps may afford good collecting grounds for those who frequent the
shores after storms, it would be useless to enumerate the species that
more or less frequently occur in them. Beneath such masses of decay
ing materials many insects and Crustacea occur, together with certain
genuine worms. Part of these are truly marine forms, and are never
found away from the sea-shores, but many, especially of the insects, are
in no sense marine, being found anywhere in the interior where decay
ing matters abound. The two-winged flies (Diptera,) of many kinds,
are especially abundant, and their larvae occur in immense numbers in
the decaying sea- weed. Some of these flies are, however, true marine
species, and live in the larval state in situations where they are sub
merged for a considerable time by the tide. 1 have often dug such
larvae from the sand near low- water mark, and have also dredged them
at the depth of four or five fathoms off shore. During unusually high
tides immense quantities of the fly-larvae will be carried away by the
encroachment of the waters, and thus become food for fishes of many
kinds, and especially for the young ones, which frequent the shallow waters
along the shores. There are also many species of beetles (Coleoptera)
which frequent these places, and several of them are genuine marine
insects, living both in the larval and adult conditions in burrows be
tween tides. Among these are two or three species of Bledim, belong
ing to the Stapliylinidcv ; several tiger-beetles (Cicindela,) and represen
tatives of other families. The " tiger-beetles " are very active, carnivo
rous insects and frequent the dry sands just above high-water mark ;
when disturbed they rise quickly and fly away to the distance of sev
eral yards before alighting. They are so wary that it is difficult to catch
them without a net. Most of the species reflect bright, metallic, bronzy or

42 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [336J

green colors, and many of them have the elytra more or less marked with
white. Mr. S. I. Smith found the larva of our largest species (C. gene-
rosa) at Fire Island, living in holes in the sand below high- water mark,
associated with the species of Talorchestia.

Beneath the decaying sea-weeds on the sandy shores immense num
bers of the lively little crustacean, Orchestia agiUs, (p. 314, Plate IV,»
fig. 14,) may always be found. Two other related species, of larger size
and paler colors, but having the same habit of leaping, though not in
such a high degree, occur among the weeds, or burrowing in the sand,
or beneath drift-wood, &c., a little below high-water mark. In fact the
sand is sometimes completely filled with their holes, of various sizes.
Both these species are stout in form, and become about an inch long
when mature. One of them, Talorchestia longicornis, can be easily dis
tinguished by its very long antennre ; the other, T. megalophthalma,by its
shorter antennae and very large eyes. Both these species are pale gray
ish, and imitate the color of the sand very perfectly. When driven
from their burrows by unusually|high tides or storms they are capable
of swimming actively in the water. They make dainty morsels for fishes
and many shore birds, as well as for certain crabs, especially Ocypoda
arenaria.

On sandy beaches near high-water mark, especially where the sand is
rather compact and somewhat sheltered, one of the " fiddler-crabs,"
Gelasimus pugilator, is frequently found in great numbers, either run
ning actively about over the sand, or peering cautiously from their holes,
which are often thickly scattered over considerable areas. These holes
are mostly from half an inch to an inch in diameter, and a foot or more
in depth, the upper part nearly perpendicular, becoming horizontal be
low, with a chamber at the end. Mr. Smith, by lying perfectly still for
some time on the sand, succeeded in witnessing their mode of dig
ging. In doing this they drag up pellets of moist sand, which they
carry under the three anterior ambulatory legs that are on the rear side,
climbing out of their burrows by means of the legs of the side in front,
aided by the posterior leg of the other side. After arriving at the
mouth of their burrows and taking a cautious survey of the landscape,
they run quickly to the distance*often of four or five feet from the bur
row before dropping their load, using the same legs as before and carry
ing the dirt in the same manner. They then take another careful sur
vey of the surroundings, run nimbly back to the hole, and alter again
turning their pedunculated eyes in every direction, suddenly disappear,
soon to reappear with another load. They work in this way both in the
night and in the brightest sunshine, whenever the tide is out and the
weather is suitable. In coming out or going into their burrows either
side may go in advance, but the male more commonly comes out with
the large claw forward. According to Mr. Smith's observations this
species is a vegetarian, feeding upon the minute alga3 which grow upon
the moist sand. s Infeeding^the|males use only the small claw with which

[337] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 43

they pick up the bits of algae very daintily ; the females use indifferently
either of their small claws for this purpose. They always swallow more
or less sand with their food. Mr. Smith also saw these crabs engaged
in scraping up the surface of the sand where covered with their favorite
algae, which they formed into pellets and carried into their holes, in the
same way that they bring sand out, doubtless storing it until needed
for food, for he often found large quantities stored in the terminal
chamber. Mr. T. M. Prudden has since ascertained that one of the other
species of " fiddlers n on our shores ( 0. minax) is also a vegetarian and
feeds upon similar algae, which grow on the muddy salt-marshes.

The Ocypoda arenaria is a crab allied to the " fiddlers" and similar in
some of its habits. It is a southern species, ranging as far as Brazil,
and adult specimens have not yet been observed on the coast of New
England, but Mr. Smith has observed the young in abundance at Fire
Island, and we have the young from Block Island ; it occurs at Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey, of larger size, and therefore it may be looked for
on the beaches of Nantueket and Martha's Vineyard. This crab lives on
the beaches at, and even far above, high-water mark. It digs large holes
like the fiddlers, often in the loose dry sand, back from the shore, yet
when disturbed it will sometimes take to the water in order to escape,
though it soon returns to the shore. In digging its holes, according to
Mr. Smith's observations, it works in the same way as the u tiddler-
crabs," except that it is quicker in its motions, and often, instead of car
rying the pellets of sand to a distance from the hole, it throws it away
with a sudden and powerful jerk, scattering the sand in every direction,
It is even more cautious in its movements, and is always on the alert, even
the slightest movement on the part of one who is watching them is
sure to send them all into their holes instantly. In color this species
imitates the sand very perfectly, especially while young, when they
are irregularly mottled and speckled with lighter and darker shades of
gray. They also have the habit of crouching down closely upon or
into the sand, when suddenly frightened, and aided by their colors will
often thus escape observation. At other times they will trust to their
speed and scamper over the sand with such swiftness that they are not
easily captured. This crab is carnivorous in its habits and, according
to Mr. Smith's observations, it lives largely upon the u beach-fleas "
(Talorchestia) which inhabit the same localities. It will lie in wait and
suddenly spring upon them, very much as a cat catches mice. It also
feeds upon dead fishes and other animals that are thrown on the shore
by the waves.

Another inhabitant of the upper part of the sand-beaches, just below
high-water mark, is the Scyphacella arenicola SMITH, which has, as yet,
been found only on the coast of New Jersey, but probably occurs far
ther north. It is a small, sand-colored Isopod crustacean, which has no
near relatives, so far as known, except in New Zealand. It burrows in
the sand, making a little conical mound around the mouth of the holes.
5 v

44 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [338]

The only Annelid observed high up on the sand-beaches is the slen
der, white Halodrillus littoralis, referred to on page 324, which lives
under the decaying sea- weeds in great numbers.

On the lower parts of the sand beaches, toward low-water mark, and
especially on the broad flats, which are barely uncovered by the lowest
tides, a much larger number of species occurs.

Among the Crustacea of these sandy shores we frequently find the
common Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) which is very cosmopolitan in its
habits. Occasionally we meet with a specimen of Garcinus granulatus,
but this is not its favorite abode ; but the " lady-crab " or "sand-crab,"
Platyonichm ocellatus, (Plate I, fig. 4,) is perfectly at home among the
loose sands at low-water mark, even on the most exposed beaches. This
species is also abundant on sandy-bottoms off shore, and as it is furnished
with swimming organs on its posterior legs, it can swim rapidly in the
water and was taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound in several in
stances, and some of the specimens thus taken were of fall size. When
living at low-water mark on the sand-beaches it generally buries itself
up to its eyes and antenna in the sand, watching for prey, or on the look
out for enemies. If disturbed it quickly glides backward and down
ward into the sand and disappears instantly. This power of quickly
burrowing deeply into the sand it possesses in common with all the
other marine animals, of every class, which inhabit the exposed beaches
of loose sand, for upon this habit their very existence depends during
storms. By burying themselves sufficiently deep they are beyond the
reach of the breakers. The means of effecting this rapid burrowing are
very diverse in the different classes. Thus one of the fishes (Ophidium
marginatum), which lives in these places, has a long acute tail and by
its peculiar undulatory motions can instantly bury itself tail-first in the
sand. Others have acute heads and go in head-first.

The "lady-crab" is predacious in its habits, feeding upon various
smaller creatures, but like most of the crabs it is also fond of dead
fishes or any other dead animals. In some localities they are so abun
dant that a dead fish or shark will in a short time be completely covered
with them, but if a person should approach they will all suddenly slip off
backwards and quickly disappear in every direction beneath the sand ;
after a short time, if everything be quiet, immense numbers of eyes
and antenna will be gradually and cautiously protruded from beneath
the sand, and after their owners have satisfied themselves that all is
well, the army of crabs will soon appear above the sand again and con
tinue their operations. The color of this crab is quite bright and does
not imitate the sand, probably owing to its mode of concealment.
The ground-color is white, but the back is covered with annular spots
formed by specks of red and purple. It is devoured in great numbers
by many of the larger fishes.

Another curious burrowing creature, living under the same circum
stances as the last, is the Hippo, talpoida, (Pate II, fig. 5.) But this

[339] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 45

species burrows like a mole, head-first, instead of backward. It can
also swim quite actively and is sometimes found swimming about in the
pools left on the flats at low- water. It is occasionally dug out of the sand
at low-water mark, and is often thrown up by the waves, on sand-
beaches, but it seems to live in shallow water on sandy bottoms in
great numbers, for in seining on one of the sand-beaches near Wood's
Hole for small fishes, a large quantity of this species was taken. Its
color is yellowish white, tinged with purple on the back. It is one of
the favorite articles of food of many fishes. Mr. Smith found the
young abundant at Fire Island, near high-water, burrowing in the sand.
This species is still more abundant farther south.

The curious long-legged " spider-crab," Libinia canaliculata, is fre
quently met with at or just below low- water mark on sandy shores, but
its proper home is on muddy bottoms.

Creeping, or rapidly running, over the bottom in shallow water, or in
the tide-pools on the flats, the smaller u hermit-crab," Eupagurus longi-
carpiiS) (p. 313,) may almost always be observed ensconced in some dead
univalve shell, most commonly that of Ilyanassa obsoleta. This species
is still more abundant among eel-grass, and on muddy shores.

The common " sand-shrimp,'7 Crangon vulgaris, (Plate III, fig. 10,)
always occurs in great numbers on the sandy flats and in the tide-pools
and rivulets, as well as on the sandy bottoms in deeper water off shore.
This species is more or less specked irregularly with gray, and imi
tates the color of the sand very closely. When resting quietly on the
bottom, or when it buries itself partially and sometimes almost entirely,
except the eyes and long slender antennae, it cannot easily be distin
guished by its enemies, and, therefore, gains great protection by its
colors. When left by the tide it buries itself to a considerable depth in
moist sand. It needs all its powers of concealment, however, for it is
eagerly hunted and captured by nearly all the larger fishes which fre
quent the same waters, and it constitutes the principal food of many of
them, such as the weak-fish, king-fish, white perch, blue-fish, flounders,
striped bass, &c. Fortunately it is a very prolific species and is abun
dant along the entire coast, from North Carolina to Labrador, wherever
sandy shores occur. The young swim free for a considerable time after
hatching, and were taken at the surface in the evening, in large num
bers.. The common prawn, Palcvmonetes vulgaris, (Plate II, fig. 9,)
often occurs, associated with the Crangon, but it is much more abundant
among the eel-grass, and especially in the estuaries where it has its
proper home. As this is one of the most abundant species and of
great importance as an article of fish-food, it will be mentioned again,
with more details, in connection with the fauna of the estuaries.

Several species of smaller Crustacea also burrow in the sand at low-
water mark. One of the most remarkable of these is an Amphipod, the
Lcpidactylis dytiscus, which by its external form reminds one of Hippa,
with which it agrees in habits, for it burrows in the sand like a mole.

46 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [340]

It is also occasionally found under stones in sandy places. Its color is
pale yellowish white. The Unciola irrorata (Plate IV, fig. 19) often
lives in tubes in the sand in abundance, but is by no means confined to
such localities, for it occurs on all kinds of bottoms and at all depths
down to at least 430 fathoms (off St. George's Bank,) and is abundant
all along the coast, from New Jersey to Lajbrador. It is particularly
abundant on shelly and rocky bottoms, and although it habitually lives
in tubes, it does not always construct its own tube, but is ready and
willing to take possession of any empty worm-tube into which it can
get, and having once taken possession it seems to be perfectly at home,
for it remains near the eud of the tube protruding its stout claw-like
antenna3, and looking out for its prey, in the most independent manner.
It will also frequently leave its tube and swim actively about for a time,
and then return to its former tube, or hunt up a new one. It seems,
however, to be capable of constructing a tube for itself, when it can
not find suitable ones ready-made. Its color is somewhat variable, but
it is generally irregularly specked with red and flake-white, and the
antennae are banded with red. It contributes very largely to the food
of many fishes, such as scup, pollock, striped bass, &c.

On the moist sand -flats curious crooked trails made by the Idotea
cmca (Plate V, fig. 22) may generally be seen. This little Isopod bur
rows like a mole just beneath the surface of the sand, raising it up into
a little ridge as it goes along, and making a little mound at the end of
the burrow, where the creature can usually be found. This species is
whitish, irregularly specked with dark gray, so as to imitate the color
of the sand very perfectly, it is also capable of swimming quite rapidly .
The Idotea Tiiftsii is another allied species, having the same habits and
living in similar places, but it is much more rare in this region. It has
also been dredged on sandy bottoms off shore. It is a smaller species
and darker colored, with dark brown markings. The Idotea irrorata
(p. 310, Plate Y, fig. 23) also occurs on sandy shores wherever there is
eel-grass, among which it loves to dwell.

The well known "horseshoe-crab" or " king-crab," Limulus Poly-
phemus, is also an inhabitant of sandy shores, just below low- water mark,
but it is more abundant on muddy bottoms and in estuaries, where it
burrows just beneath the surface and feeds upon various small animals.
At the breeding season, however, it comes up on the sandy shores to
deposit the eggs, near high-water mark. According to the statements
of Rev. S. Lockwood, (in American Naturalist, vol. iv, p. 257,) the
spawning is done at the time of high tides, during May, June, and July ;
they come up in pairs, the males, which are smallest, riding on the
backs of the females and holding themselves in that position by the
short feet, provided with nippers, which are peculiar to the males. The
female excavates a depression in the sand and deposits the eggs in it,
and the male casts the milt over them, when they again return to
deeper water, leaving the eggs to be buried by the action of the waves.

[341] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 47

In aquaria, under favorable circumstances, the eggs batch in about six
weeks, but in their natural conditions they probably hatch sooner than
this ; under unfavorable conditions the hatching may be delayed for a
whole year. The eggs are very numerous. In addition to the interest
ing observations of Mr. Lockwood, Dr. A. S. Packard has since given
more detailed accounts of the development of the embryos and young of
Limulus in the proceedings of the American Association for the Ad
vancement of Science, 1870, p. 247, and in the Memoirs of the Boston
Society of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 155, 1872.

Annelids are quite numerous on the sandy shores where the condi
tions are favorable. It is evident that these soft-bodied creatures would
be quickly destroyed by the force of the waves and the agitation of the
sand, were they not provided with suitable means for protecting them
selves. This is effected mainly in two ways : the sand-dwelling species
either have the power of burrowing deeply into the sand with great
rapidity, or else they construct long durable tubes, which descend deeply
into the sand and afford a safe retreat. Many of the active burrowing
species also construct tubes, but they usually have but little coherence
and are not very permanent, nor do they appear to be much relied on
by the owners. There is, however, great diversity both in the structure
and composition of the tubes of different species, and in the modes by
which the rapid burrowing is effected.

The large green Nereis (N. virens, p. 317) is found on the sandy
shores in places that are somewhat sheltered, especially if there be an
admixture of mud or gravel with the sand to give it firmness and
solidity. This species barrows deeply beneath the surface and lines
the interior of its large irregular burrows with an abundant mucus-like
secretion, which gives smoothness and some coherency to the walls,
but does not form a solid tube. With this, and in greater numbers, the
smaller species, Nereis limbata, (p. 318,) is also found, and its habits
appear to be essentially the same. Both this and the preceding can
burrow rapidly, but much less so than some other worms, and conse
quently they are not wrell adapted to live on exposed beaches of moving
sands, but prefer coves and harbors. The two large species of Rhyn-
cliobolm are much better adapted for rapid burrowing. Their heads
are very small and acute, and destitute of all appendages, except four
minute tentacles at the end ; the body is long, smooth, and tapers
gradually to both ends, and the muscular system is very powerful, and
so arranged as to enable these worms to coil themselves up into the shape
of an open spiral, like a corkscrew, and then to rapidly rotate them
selves on the axis of the spiral. When the sharp head is inserted into
the loose mud or sand and the body is thus rotated, it penetrates with
great rapidity and disappears almost instantly. Both these species are
found on sandy as well as on muddy shores and flats near low-water
mark, and also in deeper water. The one usually most abundant is R.
dibranchiatus, (Plate X, figs. 43, 44;) this is readily distinguished by h*v-

48 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [342]

ing a simple gill both on the upper and lower sides of the lateral append
ages. The other, K. Americanus, (Plate X, figs. 45, 46,) has gills that
are more or less branched on the upper side of the appendages, as shown
in fig. 46, but none on the lower side; the appendages are also longer,
especially posteriorly, and differently shaped. The proboscis is remarka
bly long and large, and when fully protruded it shows four large, black,
sharp, fang-like jaws or hooks. Both these worms are destitute of true
blood-vessels, such as most of the allied worms possess, but have the
general cavity of the body filled, between the various organs, with
bright red blood, which shows through the skin, giving a more or less
red or purple color to the whole body and proboscis.

The two species of Lumbriconereis already referred to (p. 320,) occur in
similar localities, and are usually associated with the two preceding spe
cies, but they are less rapid burrowers and require for their safety lo
calities where the sand is compact and mixed more or less with mud,
or where it is somewhat sheltered from the force of the waves. In
sandy coves, and especially on the flats of sandy mud, close to low-
water mark, the smaller species, L. tenuis, is generally very abundant,
penetrating the sand, beneath the surface, in every direction. It is
often a foot or more in length when extended, and not much larger than
coarse thread or small twine, and bright red in color. When the sand
in these localities is turned up with a spade, their drawn-out, red, thread
like bodies can usually be seen in large numbers, but they are so fragile
that it is difficult to obtain an entire specimen. The head is obtusely
conical, a little flattened, smooth, pale red, and iridescent, without eyes.
The other species, L. opalina V., (Plate XIII, fig. 69,) is much larger, grow
ing to the length of eighteen inches or more, and about .10 to .12 of an
inch in diameter. Its color is dark bronze, or reddish brown, or pale
red, the surface reflecting the most brilliant opal-like colors. Ifc is
easily distinguished from the L. tenuis by its four eyes in a row across
the back part of the head. Both these species, when removed from
their burrows, coil themselves in a long spiral. They burrow readily
and deeply, but not so rapidly as many other worms, and do not seem,
to have permanent tubes. Another worm, found in similar places and
readily mistaken for L. tenuis on account of its long, slender, almost
thread-like body and red color, is the Notomastus filiformls V. ; but
in this species the head is very acute, the lateral appendages and
setre are very different, and the color is paler red, with bands or rings
of bright red. This species has, moreover, a smooth, subglobular pro
boscis, without jaws, while the former has a powerful set of compli
cated jaws, without a distinct proboscis, and they are widely different in
internal anatomy. The latter feeds upon the organic matter contained
in the mud that it swallows, while the species of Lumbriconereis are
carnivorous, feeding upon other worms, &c. A second and much larger
species of Notomastus occurs in similar places, though apparently pre
ferring a greater proportion of mud. This species, N. luridus V., grows

[343] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 49

to be about ten inches long and .10 in diameter. Its color is a dark
purplish or lurid brown, specked with white, and sometimes inclined
to red. Its head is very acute, and it has a smooth, swollen, dark
blood-red proboscis. It is a rapid burrower, penetrating deeply into
the fine mud and sand. The Maldane elongata V. is another worm allied
to the last, and usually associated with if, but this species constructs
rather firm, round tubes out of the line sand and mud, which are very
long and descend deeply into the soil, and are often .20 to .25 of an inch
iii diameter. This worm is six or eight inches long, with a round body
of nearly uniform diameter, which looks as if obliquely truncated at
both ends, but the obliquely-placed upper surface of the head is bor
dered by a slight ridge or fold on each side and behind. The color
is dark umber-brown, or reddish brown, the swollen part of each ring-
often lighter grayish or yellowish brown, but usually bright red, owing
to the blood-vessels showing through. The intestine is large and filled
with sand. Another worm, belonging to the same family with the last
and, like it, constructing long, round tubes of agglutinated sand, is the
Clymetiella torquata, (Plate XIV, figs. 71, 72, 73,) but this species often
lives where the sand is more free from mud, or even in nearly pure, sili
ceous sand, and sometimes considerably above low-water mark, though
it is also found in deep water. It generally constructs its long and
nearly straight tubes very neatly, of fine white sand, without mud.
It loves, however, to dwell in sheltered spots, in coves, or in the lee
of rocks and ledges, and is also partial to those spots on the sandy
shores where eel-grass grows, building its tubes among the roots. It is a
rather handsomely colored species, being usually pale red, with bright
red bauds around the swollen parts of the rings, but it is sometimes
brownish red or dull brown. It can always be recognized by the pecu
liar collar on the fifth ring, and by the peculiar funnel-shaped caudal
appendage, surrounded by small papilla3, and preceded by three seg
ments or rings that are destitute of seta3.

The large and singular worm, Antkostoma robustum V., (Plate XIV
fig. 76,) lives like the last, with which it often occurs, in nearly pure
sand, where it is somewhat sheltered from the violence of the waves,
but is also fond of places where there is more or less gravel mixed with
the sand. It sometimes occurs some distance above low-water mark,
and constructs a large, thick, somewhat firm tube by consolidating and
cementing the sand around its burrow. These tubes descend nearly
perpendicularly to a great depth, and can usually be distinguished by
a slightly elevated mound of dirt around the opening, which is usually
different in color from the surrounding sand ; and sometimes there are
recently-ejected cylindrical masses of such earth on the summit of the
little hillocks. The worm itself, when full grown, is fifteen inches or
more in length, and nearly half an inch in diameter. The head is very
acute and the front part of the body is firm and muscular, with very
small lateral appendages, and fascicles of setie in four rows ; but back

50 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [344]

of the twenty-fourth body-segment an appendage develops below the
lower fascicles of setae, and farther back becomes broad, foliaceous, and
divided into several lobes ; back of the twenty-eighth segment the
branchiae appear in a row on each side of the back, and soon become
long and ligulate; at the same time other ligulate appendages develop
from the upper lateral appendages, which become dorsal, and these,
with the gills, form four rows of processes along the back, outside of
which are the elongated setae and other appendages. The posterior
part of the body is more slender and much more delicate than the an
terior part, and so fragile that an entire specimen can rarely be obtained?
and those that are obtained, when in confinement very soon detach
fragment after fragment, until only the anterior part is left. In their
natural habitations they would undoubtedly be able to reproduce their
lost parts, like many other annelids. The color of this worm is ocher-
yellow, tinged with orange, or dark orange ; there are usually two rows
of dark-brown spots along the back ; the branchiae are blood-red ; and
posteriorly there is a brownish red median dorsal line. The proboscis
is very singular, for it is divided into several long, flat, digitate pro
cesses, separate nearly to the base, and somewhat enlarged at the end.

Another species of this genus, of smaller size. A. fragile V., often oc
curs in the sandy flats in great numbers, its small holes sometimes com
pletely filling the sand over considerable areas and extending nearly
up to half-tide mark. This species grows to the length of four inches
or more, with a diameter of about .10. Its head is even more acute
than in the last species, with a very slender, translucent apex. The
body has the same form, but is more slender. The processes above and
below the fascicles of setae begin to appear at the fourteenth segment,
and the setae begin to be decidedly elongated at the fifteenth. The
dorsal branchiae begin on the sixteenth segment, and become long and
ligulate at the twentieth. The color is yellowish orange to orange-brown ;
the dorsal surface, posteriorly, and the branchiae are red. The body
posteriorly is very slender and extremely fragile. The last or caudal
segment is smooth, oblong, with two long filiform cirri at the end. The
proboscis is large and broad, consisting of numerous, often convoluted,
lobes or folds, united b}~ a thinner membrane or broad web.

The Aricia ornata V. is another related species, living in similar
places with the last and having similar habits. The head is acute in
this species, but the dorsal branchiae and lateral appendages com
mence much nearer the head, and the side appendages are developed
into crest-like, transverse series of papillae, which cover the lateral and
ventral surfaces of the body anteriorly.

Two species of Spio also occur in similar situations inhabiting small
round tubes or holes made in the sand near low-water, often occuring
in great numbers in certain spots. They prefer localities that are not
exposed to the full force of the storms. One of these, S. setosa V. (Plate
XIV, fig. 77,) is remarkable for the length of the setae iu the dorsal

[345] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 51

bundles ; the two large tentacles (of which only one is drawn in the
figure) are usually folded backward between the red dorsal branchiae,
which form a row along the back on each side. The other, S. robusta
Y., is a stouter species, which has much shorter setae in the dorsal fasci
cles; the middle lobe of the head is emarginate in front and the lateral
lobes are convex. Both species have four small eyes on the top of the
head, those of the posterior pair nearest together. In similar places,
and often associated with the two preceding species, another allied
worm often occurs in great abundance, completely filling the sand, in
its chosen abodes, with its round vertical holes, and throwing out cylin
ders of mud. It is so gregarious that in certain spots hundreds may be
found within a square foot, but yet a few yards away, on the same kind
of ground, none whatever may be found. This is Scolecolepis viridis
Y. This species, like the two preceeding, has a pair of large tentacles
on the back part of the head, which are usually recurved over the back
between the rows of ligulate branchiae, and four eyes on the top of the
head ; the central lobe of the head is slightly bilobed in front, the lateral
ones convex; the branchiae are long, slender, ligulate, meeting over the
back, and exist only on about one hundred segments, or on about the
anterior third part of the body. The body is rather slender, depressed,
and about three inches long when full grown. The color is usually dark
green, or olive-green, but sometimes light green, or tinged with reddish
anteriorly; the branchiae are bright red; the large tentacles are light
green, usually with a row of black dots, and often crossed by narrow
flake-white lines or rings. This species has been found abundantly on
Naushon Island, and other localities in that region; at New Haven ; and
at Somer's Point and Beesley's Point, New Jersey. With the last species
at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, another more slender species of the
same genus occurred, Scolecolepis tennis Y. This was three or four
inches long and very slender; the body was pale green; the tentacles
longer and more slender than in the last, whitish, with a red central
line ; the branchiae red, often tinged with green, shorter than in the last.
The head is relatively broad, with the central lobe rounded in front.
The branchiae are confined to the anterior part of the body. The setae
in the upper fascicles are much longer than in the last species, those of
the three anterior segments longer than the others and forming fan-
shaped fascicles, directed upward and. somewhat forward.

Another singular Annelid, belonging to the same tribe and having
nearly the same habits, is represented in Plate XIY, fig. 78, this has
been found by Mr. A. Agassiz burrowing in sandy mud at about half-
tide, both at Naushon Island and at Nahant, Massachusetts, and he has
also described its development and metamorphoses, but I have not met
with the adult myself in this region, although the young were frequently
taken in the towing-nets in the evening. Mr. Agassiz regards it as
perhaps identical with Polydora ciliatum of Europe. It occurred in
large colonies, closely crowded together, building upright tubes in the

52 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [346]

mud. The presence of a large group of peculiar stout setae on each side
of the fifth segment will distinguish this from all the preceding species.
The young of this, like those of most of the annelids, swim free at the
surface for some time, and are often taken in great numbers in the
to wing-nets.

The Ner'iYie ayilis V., is still another representative of the group to
which the last five species belong, and like them it has two long and
large tentacles on its head, but it is a far more active and hardy species
than any of them, and much better adapted for rapid burrowing. It
accordingly lives on exposed beaches even where the sand is loose, and
can also maintain itself on the exposed sandy beaches of the outer ocean-
shores, exposed to the full force of the surf, its extremely quick burrow
ing affording it the means of protecting itself against the action of the
sea. It lives in small round holes near low- water mark ; unlike the
related species, already mentioned, it has a very sharp conical head.
The two large tentacles are about half an inch long, and originate close
together on the upper side of the back of the head, and are usually re
curved over the back when the worm is swimming in the water, as it is
capable of doing, but when it is wriggling about on the sand they are
twisted about in all directions and variously coiled ; and when in their
holes the tentacles are protruded from the opening. The eyes are four,
small, black, placed close together in front of the base of the tentacles.
The upper lobe of the lateral appendages is large and foliaceous and
connected writh the branchiae along the anterior part of the body, but
partially free farther back. The body is two or three inches long and
rather slender ; the color is reddish or brownish anteriorly, greenish
white on the sides, except on the anterior third ; the branchiae,
which extend the whole length of the body, are light red; tentacles
greenish white.

One of the largest and most beautiful Annelids of this region is
the Diopatra cuprea, (Plate XIII, figs. 67 and 68.) This species grows
to be more than a foot long, with the body depressed and often nearly
half an inch broad. It constructs a very curious permanent tube in
which it dwells very securely. The part of these tubes beneath the
surface of the sand is composed of a tough parchment-like material,
and often descends obliquely to the depth of two or three feet or more;
the upper end of the tube projects two or three inches from the surface
of the sand or mud, and is thickly covered with bits of eel-grass and
sea-weeds, fragments of shells, and other similar things, all of which are
firmly attached to the tube, but project externally in all directions, giv
ing this part of the tube a very rough and ragged appearance exter
nally, but it is very smooth within, and often it has an opening half an
inch in diameter, or large enough so that the worm can turn around,
end for end, inside of it. When undisturbed the occupant thrusts its
head and the anterior part of the body out of the tube to the distance
of several inches in search of food, or materials to add to its tube, ex-

[347] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 53

posing the curious bright red gills, which are shaped something like
miniature fir trees. The central stem is long and tapering, with a blood
vessel winding spirally up to its summit, and another winding in the
opposite direction down to its base ; the basal part is naked, but above
this slender branches are given off, forming spirals all along the stem
and gradually decreasing in length to the tip; each of the branches con
tains two slender blood-vessels. These branchia3 commence at the fifth
segment and do not extend to the end of the body, the last ones being
much smaller, with few branches. The first four setigerous segments
have an acute, conical, papilliform ventral cirrus at the base of the lateral
appendages; on the fifth and following segments these become low,
broad, rounded, whitish tubercles, with longitudinal wrinkles or grooves,
and with a dark spot in the middle ; these appear to contain the glands
which secrete the cement used in constructing the lining of the tube, for
when attaching any additional object at the end, after adjusting it in the de
sired position the worm constantly rubs this part of the lower surface back
ward and forward over the edge of the tube and the object to be cemented
to it, until a perfect adherence is effected, and a smooth coating of firm
mucus is deposited, and this operation is repeated for every piece added
to the tube. It is very interesting to watch these worms, when in con
finement in an aquarium, while engaged in constructing their tubes.
By placing bits of bright colored shells, tinsel, cloth, or even pieces
of bright colored feathers, near the tubes, they can be induced to use
them, and thus some very curious looking tubes will be produced ;
but they evidently prefer the more rough and homely materials to which
they are accustomed, when they can be had. The iridescent, opaline
colors of this species are usually very brilliant and beautiful, especially on
the back, head, and bases of the antennae. The general color of the body
is reddish brown, or deep brown, thickly specked with gray; the an
tennae are paler brown; the lateral appendages yellowish brown, finely
specked with white and dark brown; the gills usually blood-red, but
varying from light red to dark brown. There are two, small, black eyes
between the bases of the odd median and upper lateral antenna. This
species is often quite abundant on the sand-flats near low-water mark,
especially where there is more or less mud mixed with the sand, but it
is still more abundant in the shallow or moderately deep waters off
shore, on muddy and shelly bottoms. It is difficult, however, to obtain
entire specimens with the dredge, for it usually merely cuts off the up
per end of the tube, while the occupant retreats below; occasionally
the head of the worm is cut off in this way. On the shore, also, it is
not easy to obtain entire specimens unless the tubes be cautiously ap
proached and the retreat of the worm prevented by a sudden and deep
thrust of the spade below it, so as to cut off the tube. This species is
carnivorous and has a very powerful set of black jaws, which are une
qual on the two sides of the mouth, (fig. G8.)
The Marpliysa Leidyi (p. 319, Plate XII, fig. 61) is allied to the pre-

54 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [348]

ceding: species, and has somewhat similar habits, but does not construct
snch perfect tubes. It is occasionally dug out of the sand at low-water?
but is much more common in deeper water.

The Staurocephalus pallidm V. is a1 so an inhabitant of these sandy
shores, burrowing in the sand at low-water. It is a slender species,
about two inches long and one-tenth broad. It is peculiar in having
four long, slender antennae or t3iitacl< s on the front of the head, ar
ranged in a cross-like manner, to which the generic name alludes.
There are also four, small, dark red eyes on the upper side of the head.
Tiie cuiur is pule yellowish, the red blood-vessels showing through an
teriorly. This worm is allied to the two preceding, and to Lwribri-
conereis, and like them it is predacious in its habits and has a very
complicated set of jaws, consisting of numerous sharp, fang-like pieces
of various shapes, arranged in several rows on both sides.

The Sthenelais picta V. is another curious Annelid, which is some
times found burrowing in the sand at low-watermark, but it also occurs
on shelly and muddy bottoms in deep water. It has a long, slender
body, six inches or more in length, and the back is covered with two
rows of thin, smooth scales, which are very numerous. The head is
usually brownish, with a whitish spot on each side; there is generally
a dark brown band along the back; the scales are translucent, and
vary in their color-markings, but more commonly there is a border of
dark brown or blackish along the inner edge, which is usually con
nected with a similar border along the anterior edge, or with an ante
rior angular spot, and often with a dark border along the posterior
edge, leaving more or less of the central part of each scale white and

The Nephthys picta (Plate XII, fig. 57) is also sometimes found bur
rowing ui sandy mud at low-water mark, hut it is much more frequent
in the deeper waters of the sounds. It can be distinguished at once
from all the other species of Nephthys found in this region by its greater
slenderness, and by having the body whitish and variously marked or
mottled on the back, toward the head, with dark brown ; it sometimes
has a dark brown median dorsal-line. The shape of the head and posi
tion of the tentacles are also peculiar.

In sheltered situations, where there is some mud with the sand, the
Cirratulus grandis V., (p. 319, Plate XY, figs. 80, 81,) is often met with
burrowing beneath the surface. In similar places, and also in nearly
pure, compact sand, and in sand mixed with gravel, the large tubes of
Amphitrite ornata (p. 320, Plate XVI, fig. 82) are often to be seen ;
these show a round opening, a quarter of an inch or more in diameter,
surrounded by a slightly raised mound of sand, often different in color
from that of the surface, and sometimes there are cylinders of such
sand around the opening. These tubes are scarcely to be distinguished
from, those of Anthostoma robustum, described above, and are found in

[349] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 55

similar places. But the worms are very unlike in appearance and
structure.

Several species of slender, greenish worms, belonging to the gen
era, Phyllodoce, Eumidia, Eulalia, and Eteone, are occasionally dug out of
the sand. In all these the head is well-developed and provided with
four antennas at the end, and in the three last with an odd median
one on its upper side, and they all have two well- developed eyes,
and oval or lanceolate, leaf-like branchiae along the sides of the back.
They are very active species, and most of them belong properly to
the shelly and rocky bottoms in deeper water, where they are often
very abundant. In sheltered coves, where there is mud with the sand,
Cistenides Gouldii V., (p. 323, Plate XVII, figs. 87, 87a,) often occurs,
but it is more partial to the muddy shores. On various dead shells, as
well as on certain living ones, and on the back of Limulus, &c., the
masses of hard, sandy tubes, built and occupied by the Sabellaria vul-
garis V., (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88a,) often occur.

Of the Nemerteans the largest and most conspicuous is the Meckelia
ingens (p. 324, Plate XIX, figs. 96, 90«.) This species lives in the
clear sand, near low-water mark, as well as in places that are more or
less muddy, and notwithstanding its softness and fragility, by its means
of burrowing rapidly, it can maintain itself even on exposed shores,
where the sacds are loose and constantly moved by the waves. The
young, several inches or even a foot in length, are quite common, but
the full-grown ones are only occasionally met with. The largest that I
have found were at least 15 feet long, when extended, and over an inch
broad, being quite flat; but they co ild contract to two or three feet in
length, and then became nearly cylindrical and about three-quarters
of an inch in diameter; the body was largest anteriorly, tapering very
gradually to the posterior end, which was flat and thin, terminated by
a central, small, slender, acute, contractile process one-quarter of an
inch or less in length. The proboscis of the largest one, when pro
truded, was fifteen inches long, and about one-fifth of an inch in diame
ter where thickest. This proboscis, which is forcibly protruded from a
terminal opening in the head, appears to be an organ of locomotion, at
least to a certain extent, for when it penetrates the loose sand in any
direction it makes an opening into which the head can be thrust, and
then, by enlarging the opening, it can easily penetrate. But the pro
boscis is probably used, also, as an instrument for exploring the sand
in various directions, either in search of food or to test its hardness or
fitness for burrowing, thus economizing time and labor. At any rate,
the ways in which this remarkable instrument is used by these worms,
when kept in confinement with sand, suggest both these uses. But
the proboscis is by no means the principal organ of locomotion, for the
head itself is used for this purpose, urged forward by the undulatory
movements of the muscular body, and aided by the constantly chang
ing bulbous expansions, both of the head and body, which both crowd

56 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [350]

the sand aside, making the burrow larger, and furnish points of resist
ance toward which the parts behind can be drawn, or against which
the head and anterior parts can push in continuing the burrow.
The head, moreover, is extremely changeable in form, at one time
being spear-shaped, with a pointed tip and thin edges, and con
stricted at the neck; in the next minute broadly rounded; then
perhaps truncate or even deeply emarginate at the end ; then gradually
losing its distinctness and blending its outlines continuously with
those of the body; or perhaps shrinking down to a small oval form,
not more than one-third as wide as the body just back of it. All these
and many other changes can often be witnessed within a very few min
utes, and are so effected as greatly to aid the creature in burrowing
This worm can also leave the bottom and swim rapidly in the water,
the body being usually kept up edgewise and impelled forward by the
undulations of the body, which thus become horizontal. When swim
ming in this way the motion reminds one of the swimming of a snake
or an eel. In addition to the terminal pore, for the proboscis, there
is a deep lateral slit or fossa on each side of the head, and a large ven
tral orifice beneath. The latter is very changeable in form, changing
from elliptical, long oval, oblong, or hour glass-shape, to circular in rapid
succession. There are no eyes. Along each side of the greater part or
the length of the bod}7, the voluminous, transversely-banded lateral
organs can be imperfectly distinguished through the translucent integ
ument, as well as the median cavity, in which a dark pulsating tube can
sometimes be seen. The lateral organs commence at about the anterior
fourth in small specimens, but in the larger ones relatively nearer the
head, for in the largest they originate only six or eight inches back of
it. The portion in front of the lateral organs is thicker and more cy
lindrical than the rest of the body.

The color of the largest specimens is generally light red or flesh-color,
•with the lateral edges and central band translucent grayish white, the
lateral organs showing through as dull yellowish transverse branches,
with diverticula between them ; head yellowish. But one large speci
men was dull brownish yellow ; others are yellowish white, with the
lateral organs deep chestnut-brown, crossed by white lines. The small
specimens are generally paler, usually, pale flesh-color or yellowish
white and often milk-white. Some of the diversity in color may be
due to sexual differences. This species has also been dredged on sandy
and shelly bottoms in six to eight fathoms in the sounds.

Dr. Leidy has also described another similar species, from Great Egg
Harbor, under the name of Meckelia lactea, which I have not been able
to distinguish, unless it be what I have regarded as the light-colored
young of M. ingens ; the white color seems to have been the principal
character by which it was distinguished from the latter.

The Meckelia rosea is, however, a very distinct species, but it lives in
similar places and is often associated with the M. ingens. It has very sim-

[351] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 57

ilar habits, but does not grow to a very large size. The largest specimens
observed are only six or eight inches long, and about a fifth of an inch
broad. The body is also more cylindrical, the flattened part being rel
atively thicker and narrower, and not thin at the edges; in contraction
it becomes nearly cylindrical. The lateral fossae of the head are long and
deep ; the ventral opening is relatively much smaller than in M. ingens
and usually round. The proboscis is very long, slender ; color, light
purplish red or rose-color. The integument is rather firm and secretes
a tenacious mucus to which a thin coating of sand often adheres when
the worms are taken from their burrows. This species seems to con
struct an imperfect tube by slightly cementing the sand with its mucus.
All these species of Meckelia when caught and when kept in confine
ment generally break off portions from the posterior part of the body,
one after another, until nothing but the head and a lot of short segments
remain. Under favorable conditions they would doubtless be able to
restore the lost parts, for other Nemerteans, having the same habit, are
known to do so, and in some cases even the small fragments from the
central parts have been known to again become entire worms. Various
fishes feed upon these Meckelice, and it is probable that the habit of dis
membering, or rather disarticulating themselves, may serve an impor
tant purpose, by enabling them to escape, in part at least, when seized
by fishes or crabs, for if even half the body should be lost the remaining
half would be much better than nothing, for it could soon restore either
a head or a tail.

Another Nemertean, which lives in sand at low water, is the Tetra-
siemma arenicola V., (Plate XIX, fig. 98.) This is slender, subcylindrical,
and four or five inches long when extended. The head is versatile in
foniij usually lanceolate or subcouical, and has four eyes on the upper
side. There is a deep fossa on each side of the head. The ventra
opening, which is behind the lateral fossa3, is small, triangular. The
color is deep flesh-color or light purplish.

The Balanoglossus aurantiacus is a very remarkable worm, related to
the Nemerteans, which lives in the clear, siliceous sand near low-water
mark. It is gregarious in its habits and occurs abundantly in certain
spots, although not to be found in other similar places near by. It
makes tubes or holes in the sand, twelve or fourteen inches deep, and
lined with a thick and smooth layer of mucus. It throws out of the orifice
peculiar elliptical coils of sand, by which the nature of the occupant
may be known. This species was found by our party on the shore of
Naushon Island, but Mr. A. Agassiz has found it abundantly at New
port, and on the beach just beyond Nobska Light, and also at Beverly,
Massachusetts. Dr. Packard informs me that he has collected it at
Beaufort, North Carolina, and I have received specimens found at Fort
Macon, from Dr. Yarrow. The specimens first discovered were found at
Charleston, South Carolina, by Dr. William Stimpson, twenty years ago,
but they were only briefly and imperfectly described by Mr. Girard, at

58 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [352]

that time, under the name of Stimpsonia aurantiaca. Mr. A. Agassiz
has recently described and illustrated this worm, very fully, under the
new name, B. Kowalevsltil, iu the Memoirs of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, vol. ix, p. 421, and he has also given an account of
its remarkable development and metamorphoses, proving that the larva
is a free-swimming form, long known as Tornaria, and generally sup
posed to be the larva of a star-fish. This worm, when full grown, attains
a length of six inches or more and a diameter of about a quarter of an
inch. The body is elongated, tapering gradually, with a long, slender
posterior portion. The body is somewhat flattened dorsally throughout
most of its length. At the anterior end it is furnished with a broad
thickened collar, in which large numbers of mucus-secreting glands are
situated ; the anterior border of the collar is undulated, and from within
the concavity, on the dorsal side arises a large muscular proboscis, which
has a distinct peduncle, or narrower basal stem, above which it swells
out into a somewhat flattened, long, pyriform, or elongated and sub-
conical form, the shape constantly changing during life. The proboscis
is somewhat wrinkled longitudinally, and more strongly horizontally,
being furnished with muscles running in both these directions, and its
surface contains mucus-secreting glands. According to Mr. Agassiz
the cavity of the proboscis is not connected with the alimentary canal,
but opens externally by a pore at the end, and by a narrow slit on the
ventral side near the base, in advance of the mouth. The mouth is
large and situated at the base of the proboscis on the ventral side. For
some distance along each side of the back, behind the collar, is a row
of complex gills ; these are remarkable on account of their structure
and position; they are formed from diverticula of the oesophagus and
finally communicate with a row of external orifices situated along each
side of the median dorsal-vessel. The gills are supported by a system
of solid supports, constituting a sort of internal skeleton; the base of
the proboscis is also connected with a firm internal frame-work. The
color of this species is somewhat variable ; in young specimens the body
was brownish yellow with lighter mottlings, the collar red, and the pro
boscis white ; in large specimens the proboscis is pale reddish yellow,
the collar darker colored, the body purplish or brownish, the sides mot
tled with greenish and whitish, owing to the lateral organs or livor
showing through. The proboscis of this worm, according to the obser
vations of Mr, Agassiz, is the principal organ of locomotion, but the
collar also aids in the movements. The proboscis appears to be used
much as certain bivalve inollusks, such as Solen, Petricola, &c., use their
foot in burrowing ; the end being contracted to a point, is thrust for
ward into the sand ; water being then forced into it, by the muscles far
ther back, the end expands into a bulb, enlarging the hole and giving a
point of resistance toward which the rest of the body can be drawn ;
the front part of the proboscis being again contracted and the water

[353] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 59

expelled, the point can be again thrust forward and the movements
repeated.

Two species of Sipunculoid worms are also found living in the sand
at low-water. The largest and most common of these is the Phascolos-
oma Gouldii, (Plate XVIII, fig. 03.) This species grows to the length of
a foot or more, and is often nearly half an inch in diameter, though
more commonly about a quarter of an inch. The body is round and
constantly changing in size and shape, owing to its contractions and
expansions ; the surface is smoothish, but longitudinally lined with mus
cular fibers anteriorly, and transversely wrinkled posteriorly. The in
tegument is firm and parchment-like. The mouth is surrounded by
numerous short tentacles, which are partially connected together by a
thin web, and crowded together in several circles. The color is yellow
ish white, grayish white, or yellowish brown. It burrows deeply in the
sand and gravel, using its body for this purpose very much as the
Balanoglossus, just described, uses its proboscis.

Another much smaller species of the same genus occurs in sand at
low-water, and has similar habits, but it appears to be rather uncom
mon and has not been satisfactorily identified.

Comparatively few species of Mollusks naturally inhabit sandy shores,
though the shells of many species may be found on the beaches. On
the more exposed beaches of loose siliceous sand none but those which
have the power of burrowing quickly and deeply beneath the surface
can exist. We find, however, that quite a number of our species, both
of gastropods and bivalves, possess this power in a high degree and do
habitually live on the exposed beaches of loose sand.

Among the Gastropods one of the largest and most conspicuous is
the Lunatia heros, (Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136.) This species occurs all
along our coast, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Hatteras or be
yond, wherever sandy shores and pure waters are to be found, and it
even seems to prefer the outer ocean beaches, where the waves break with
full force, for it is abundant and of very large size on the outer beaches
of the coast of New Jersey. When in motion (Fig. 134) the white soft
parts are protruded from the shell to a remarkable extent and spread out
broadly on all sides, so as to nearly conceal the shell j the foot is large, flat,
and broadly expanded, with thin edges, and by means of it the animal
is able to burrow, like a mole, beneath the surface of the sand, both for
protection and in search of the bivalve shells upon which it preys. The
foot when well expanded is concave below and lubricated by a very
abundant secretion of mucus, and therefore, when extended beneath the
surface of the moist sand, it acts like a great sucker, holding the animal
in place pretty firmly by the atmospheric pressure, thus serving as a
sort of anchor in the sand. But nevertheless large numbers of these
mollusks are uncovered, overturned, and thrown high up on the beaches
by the storms, especially in winter and early spring.* This species, like
many others of its tribe, drills round holes through the sides of various
6 V

60 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [354]

bivalve shells by means of the small flinty teeth on its lingual ribbon,
which acts like a rasp, and having thus made an opening it inserts its
proboscis and sucks out the contents. All sorts .of burrowing bivalves
in this way fall victims to this and the following species, nor do they
confine themselves to bivalves, for they will also drill any unfortunate
gastropods that they may happen to meet, not even sparing their own
young.

A variety of this species (var. triseriata, Plate XXIII, figs. 135, 136)
has three revolving rows of chestnut or purplish spots, and has been
regarded by most writers as a distinct species, and sometimes as the
young ; but both the plain and spotted shells occur of all sizes, from the
the youngest to the oldest, and they are nearly always found together.
In some cases, however, a shell that has the spots well defined until
half grown, afterwards loses its spots and becomes perfectly plain, show
ing that the difference is only a variation in the color, but each style
varies considerably in form.

Another allied shell, growing nearly as large and generally much
more abundant, except on the outer beaches, is the Neverita duplicata.
(Plate XXIII, fig. 130.) This species has the same habits as the pre
ceding and in this region they are often found together $ but this is a
more southern species, extending to the Gulf of Mexico and even to
Texas, but it is not very common north of Cape Cod and does not
extend to the eastern coast of Maine and Bay of Fundy.

The curious egg-cases of this and the last species are often met with
on the sandy and muddy flats at low-water. They consist of a broad,
thin ribbon of sand, coiled up into a circle and shaped something like a
saucer, but without a bottom ; the ribbon is composed of innumerable
little cells, each containing one or more eggs and surrounded with
grains of fine sand cemented together by mucus. The cells can easily
be seen by holding one of these ribbons up to the light and looking
through it. The peculiar form of these egg-masses is due to the fact
that they are molded into shape by being pressed against the body of the
shell when they are being extruded, and while they are still soft and
gelatinous ; they thus take the form and spiral curvature of that part
of the shell, and when laid in the sand the fine grains at once adhere
to and become imbedded in the tenacious mucus, which soon hardens.

The Tritia trivittata (Plate XXI, fig. 112) is also frequently found on
sandy shores and flats. When left by the tide it creeps along the sur
face of the sand, leaving long crooked trails, and sometimes burrows be
neath the surface, and when burrowing it moves with the aperture down
ward and the spire pointing obliquely upward, but when at rest in its
burrow it reverses its position and rests with the spire downward and
the aperture toward the surface.

The Ilyanassa obsoleta (Plate XXI, fig. 113) is also generally to be
found in considerable numbers creeping over the flats, and making trails

[355] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 61

and burrows like the last, but this species has its proper home on the
muddy shores and in estuaries, and will, therefore, be mentioned again.

At certain times, especially in the spring, multitudes of the young
shells of Blttium nigmim (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 154) are found
creeping on the surface of the moist sand in sheltered places, at low-
water, and generally associated with large numbers of the Astyris lunata,
(p. 306, Plate XXII, fig. 110.) But this is not the proper habitat of
either of these species; the reason of this habit is not obvious, unless
they may have been accidentally transported to such places. They may
be found, however, on the eel-grass growing on sandy shores. The
Lacuna vincta (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 139) also frequently occurs on
eel-grass and sea- weeds in such places.

The Crepidula fornicata (Plate XXIII, figs. 129, 129a) and C. ungui-
formis (Plate XXIII, fig. 127) occur on shells inhabited by the hermit
crabs as well as on the living shells of oysters, Pecten, Limulus, &c ; and
the smaller and darker species, C. convexa, (Plate XXIII, fig. 128) occurs
both on the eel-grass, and on the shells of Ilyanassa obsoleta, especially
when occupied by the small hermit-crabs. Occasionally specimens
of Fulffur carica (Plate XXII, fig. 124) and of Sycotypus canaUcu-
latus are found crawling on sandy flats or in the tide pools, espec
ially during the spawning season, but they do not ordinarily live in
such situations, but in deeper water and on harder bottoms off shore.
The curious egg-cases of these two species are almost always to be found
thrown up by the waves on sandy beaches. They consist of a series of
disk-shaped, subcircular, or reniform, yellowish capsules, parchinent-
like in texture, united by one edge to a stout stem of the same kind of
material, often a foot and a half or two feet in length. The largest
capsules, about an inch in diameter, are in the middle, the size decreas
ing toward each end. On the outer border is a small circular or oval
spot, of thinner material, which the young ones break through when
they are ready to leave the capsules, each of which, when perfect, con
tains twenty to thirty, or more, eggs or young shells, according to the
season.

Dr. Elliott Coues, who has observed F. carica forming its cases at
Fort Macon, North Carolina, states that the females bury themselves a
few inches below the surface of the sand on the flats that are uncovered
at low-water, and remain stationary during the process. The string of
capsules is gradually thrust upward, as fast as formed, and finally pro
trudes from the surface of the sand, and when completed lies exposed
on its surface. The string begins as a simple shred, two or three inches
long, without well-formed cases ; the first cases are small and imper
fect in shape, but they rapidly increase in size and soon become perfect,
the largest being in the middle ; the series ends more abruptly than it
begun, with a few smaller and less perfect capsules. The number of
capsules varies considerably, but there are usually seventy-five to
one hundred or more. At Fort Macon Dr. Coues observed this species

62 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [356]

spawning in May, but at Xew Haven they spawn as early as March and
April. It is probable that the period of spawning extends over several
months. Mr. Sanderson Smith thinks that they also spawn in autumn,
oil Long Island. It is not known how long a time each female requires
for the formation of her string of capsules. There are two forms of these
capsules, about equally abundant in this region. In one the sides of
the capsules are nearly smooth, but the edge is thick or truncate along
most of the circumference, and crossed by numerous sharp transverse
ridges or partitions, dividing it into facets. Dr. Coues states that these
belong to F. carica. An examination of the young shells, ready to leave
the capsules, confirms this. The other kind has larger and thinner cap
sules, with a thin, sharp outer edge, while the sides have radiating
ridges or raised lines. Sometimes the sides are unlike, one being smooth
and more or less concave, the other convex and crossed by ten or twelve
radiating, elevated ridges, extending to the edge. This kind was attrib
uted to F. carica by Dr. G. H. Perkins, and formerly by Mr. Sanderson
Smith, but a more careful examination of the young shells, within the
capsules, shows that they belong to S. canaliculate.

Among the sand-dwelling bivalve shells we find quite a number of
species that burrow rapidly and deeply, some of them living in perma
nent holes or perpendicular burrows, into which they can quickly de
scend for snfety, and others burrowing in the sand in all directions,
without permanent holes.

The " razor-shell," Ensatella Americana, (Plate XXVI, fig. 182, and
Plate XXXII, fig. 245,) is a common inhabitant of sand-flats and sand
bars, where the water is pure, generally living near low-water mark or
below, but sometimes found considerably above low-water mark, as on
the sand-bar at Savin Eock. This curious mollusk constructs a deep,
nearly round, somewhat permanent burrow, which descends nearly per
pendicularly into the sand to the depth of two or three feet. These
holes can generally be recognized, by their large size and somewhat
elliptical form, when the tide is out. Sometimes they are very abundant
in certain spots and not found elsewhere in the neighborhood. They
sometimes come to the top of the burrow, when left by the tide, and pro- '
ject an inch or two of the end of the shell above the surface of the sand ;
at such times, if cautiously approached, many can easily be secured by
pulling them out with a sudden jerk, but if the sand be jarred the whole
colony will usually take the alarm and instantly disappear. When thus
warned it is generally useless to attempt to dig them out, for they quickly
descend beyond the reach of the spade. They will often hold themselves
so firmly in their holes by means of the expanded end of the long mus
cular foot, that the body may be drawn entirely out of the shell before
they will let go. When not visible at the orifice they can often be se
cured by cutting off their retreat with a sudden oblique thrust of the
spade below them. They are obliged to come up to the upper part of
the burrow on account of the shortness of their siphons, or breathing-

[357] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 63

tubes, which can be protruded only about an inch in specimens of the
ordinary size, and as they depend upon one of these to bring them both
food and oxygen, and on the other (dorsal) one to carry off the waste
water and excretions, it is essential for their happiness that the orifices
of these tubes should be at or near the opening of the burrow most of
the time. In this respect the common " long clam," My a arenaria, (fig.
179,) and many others that have* very long and extensile tubes have a
great advantage. But the "razor-shell" makes up for this disadvan
tage by its much greater activity. Its foot, or locomotive organ, (see
fig. 182,) is long and very muscular and projects directly forward from
the anterior end of the shell ; at the end it is obliquely beveled and
pointed, and it is capable of being expanded at the end into a large bulb,
or even into a broad disk, when it wishes to hold itself firmly and se
curely in its burrow. In excavating its burrows it contracts the end of
the foot to a point and then thrusts it beneath the surface of the sand ;
then, by forcing water into the terminal portion, it expands it into a
swollen, bulbous form, and thus crowds the sand aside and enlarges the
burrow ; then, by using the bulb as a hold-fast, the shell can be drawn
forward by the contraction of the foot ; the latter is then contracted into
a pointed form and the same operations are repeated. The burrow thus
started soon becomes deep enough so that the shell will maintain an up
right position, when the work becomes much easier and the burrow
rapidly increases in depth. The " razor-shell," like all other bivalves,
depends upon the minute infusoria and other organic particles, animal
and vegetable, brought in by the current of water that supplies the gills
with oxygen. It is preyed upon by several fishes that seem to be able
to root it out of the sand, or perhaps seize it when at the surface. In
this region its principal enemies are the tautog and skates. The latter
appear to eat only the foot, for in their stomachs there are sometimes
many specimens of this organ, but no shells or other parts.

The common "long clam," My a arenaria, (p. 309, Plate XXVI, fig.
179,) is also found on sandy shores from low-water nearly up to high-
water mark, but it prefers localities where there is more or less gravel
or mud with the sand, so as to render it compact, and it has a decided
preference for sheltered localities, and especially abounds on the shores
of estuaries where there is a mixture of sand, mud, and gravel. It will,
therefore, be more particularly mentioned among the estuary species.
Yet it is often found even on the outer ocean- beaches, in favorable lo
calities, but not in the loose sands. It lives in permanent burrows, and
on account of its extremely long siphon- tubes, which can be stretched
out to the length of a foot or more, it is always buried at a considerable
depth beneath the sand. The specimens of this shell that live on the
outer sandy beaches are much thinner, whiter, and more regular in form
than those found in the estuaries ; they are often quite delicate in text
ure, and covered, even when full grown, with a thin, yellowish epidermis,
and look so unlike the homely, rough, and mud-colored specimens usually

64 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [358]

sold in the markets, that they might readily be mistaken for another
species.

Tbe " sea-clam " or " surf-clam," Mactra solidissima, (Plate XXVIII,
fig. 202,) is a large species which belongs properly to the sandy shores, and
is seldom found elsewhere. It is common both in the sounds and on the
outer ocean-beaches, but is not very often found above low-water of or
dinary tides unless thrown up by the waves. Its proper home is on
sandy bottoms in shallow water, just beyond low-water mark and down
to the depth of four or five fathoms. It occurs all along our coast,
wherever there are sandy shores, from North Carolina to Labrador. Its
shells are extremely abundant and of very large size on the outer sand-
beaches of New Jersey and the southern side of Long Island. This
species grows very large, some of the shells being more than six inches
long and four or five broad ; and there is great variation in the form of
the shell, some being oval, others more oblong or elliptical, and others
nearly triangular ; some are very swollen, others quite compressed ; but
all the intermediate grades occur. The siphon-tubes are quite short and
the creature does not usually burrow very deeply, nor does it seem to
construct any permanent burrows. But it has a very large muscular,
compressed foot, with which it can quickly burrow beneath the surface
of the sand. Nevertheless large numbers are always thrown on the
beaches by violent storms, and once there they are very soon devoured
by crows, gulls, and other large birds that frequent the shores. This
species is not very largely used as food, and is seldom seen in our mar
kets ; partly because it cannot usually be so easily obtained in large
quantities as the common " long clam" and "round clam," and partly
because it is generally inferior to those species as an article of food, for
the meat is usually tougher, especially in the largest specimens. But
moderate-sized and young " surf-clams" are by no means ill-flavored or
tough, and are quite equal in quality to any of the other clams, either
" long" or " round," that are ordinarily sold in the markets.

The Siliqua costata, (Plate XXXII, fig. 244,) Lyonsia hyalina, (Plate
XXVII, fig. 194,) and Lcevicardium Mortoni, (Plate XXIX, fig. 208,) are
usually to be found on sandy shores and beaches, often in considerable
numbers, but they do not naturally live above low- water mark, and,
when found higher up, have probably been carried there by the action
of the waves. Their proper homes are on sandy bottoms, in shallow
water off shore. They are all rapidly burrowing species, and can live,
for a time at least, in the loose sand above low-water mark.

The Angulus tener (Plate XXVI, fig. 180, animal, and Plate XXX, fig.
223, shell) is a species that is partial to sandy bottoms and sandy
shores, though it is also often found in soft mud. It frequently occurs
living at low-water mark, but is more abundant in deeper water. It is
a rapid burrower, and has remarkably long, slender, white siphons,
which are entirely separate, from the base, and very flexible. On account
of the length of these tubes it can remain buried to a considerable

[359] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 65

depth beneath the surface of the sand, merely projecting the tubes up
ward to the surface. It is, nevertheless, like other bivalves, often rooted
out of its burrows and devoured by many fishes, especially, in this re
gion, by the " scup" and flounders. This species is found all along the
coast, from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to South Carolina.

The Macoma fusca (Plate XXX, fig. 222) is a related species, also
furnished with similar, very long, slender, separate tubes, and is, therefore,
able to live deeply buried beneath the surface. This species is much more
abundant than the preceding, between tides, but it most abounds on
shores that are more or less muddy, and in estuaries. But when living on
the sandy shores, and where the water is pure, it becomes much smoother
and more delicate, and is often of a beautiful pink-color and much
larger than the specimen figured. When living in the muddy estuaries
it generally has -a rough or eroded surface, more or less irregular form,
and a dull white or muddy color, often stained with black, resembling
in color the Mya arenaria, with which it is sometimes associated. It is
dug up and eaten by the tautog and other fishes.

The pretty little Tottenia gemma (Plate XXX, fig. 220) is a species
peculiar to sandy shores, both above and below low- water mark ; and
it often occurs in immense numbers on the sandy flats laid bare by the
tides, buried just beneath the surface of the sand. Owing to its small
size it is, however, liable to be overlooked, unless particularly sought
for. It is an active species and burrows quickly. It is peculiar in be
ing viviparous, as was first observed by Mr. G. H. Perkins, who found,
in January, from thirty to thirty-six, well-formed young shells, of nearly
uniform size, in each of the old ones. This shell has a lustrous, con
centrically grooved surface ; the color is yellowish white or rosy, with
the beaks and posterior end usually purple or amethyst-color. It occurs
all along the coast from Labrador to South Carolina. The common
u round clam" or " quahog-clam," Venus mercenaria, (Plate XXVI, fig.
184, animal,) is also common on sandy shores, living chiefly on the
sandy and muddy flats, just beyond low-water mark, but 'is often found
on the portion laid bare at low-water of spring-tides. It also inhabits
the estuaries, where it most abounds. It burrows a short distance be
low the surface, but is often found crawling at the surface, with the shell
partly exposed. It has short siphon-tubes, united from the base to
near the ends, and a large, muscular foot, with a broad, thin edge, by
means of which it can easily burrow beneath the sand when necessary.
The lobes of the mantle are separate all around the front and ventral
edge of the shell, and their edges are thin, white, and folded into deli
cate frills, some of which, near the siphon-tubes, are elongated and
more prominent. Owing to the broad opening in the mantle, the foot
can be protruded from any part of the ventral side, and has an ex
tensive sweep, forward and backward. The foot and mantle edges
are white ; the tubes are yellowish or brownish orange toward the end,

66 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [360]

more or less mottled arid streaked with dark brown, and sometimes with
opaque white.

This species is taken in large quantities for food, and may almost al
ways be seen of various sizes in our markets. The small or moderate-
sized ones are generally preferred to the full-grown clams. Most of
those sold come from the muddy estuaries, in shallow water, and are
fished up chiefly by means of long tongs and rakes, such as are often used
for obtaining oysters. Sometimes they are dredged, and occasionally
they can be obtained by hand at or just below low-water mark. These
estuary specimens usually have rough, thick, dull- white, or mud-stained
shells, but those from the sandy shores outside have thinner and more
delicate shells, often with high, thin ribs, especially when young ; and
in some varieties the shell is handsomely marked with angular or zig
zag lines or streaks of red or brown, (var. notata.) These varieties
often appear so different from the ordinary estuary shells that many
writers have described them as distinct species, but intermediate styles
also occur. This species is very abundant along the coast from Cape
Cod to Florida ; north of Cape Cod it is comparatively rare and local-
It does not occur on the coast of Maine or in the Bay of Fundy, except
in a few special localities, in small, sheltered bays, where the water is
shallow and warm, as at Quahog Bay, near Portland ; but in the south
ern parts of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, as about Prince Edward's
Island and the opposite coast of Nova Scotia, where the water is shal
low and much warmer than on the coast of Maine, this species again
occurs in some abundance, associated, in the same waters, with the
oyster and many other southern species that are also absent from the
northern coasts of New England, and constituting a genuine southern
colony, surrounded on all sides, both north and south, by the boreal
fauna.

The curious and delicate shell called Solenomya velum (Plate XXIX,
fig. 210) is occasionally found burrowing in the pure, fine, siliceous sand
near low- water mark, about two inches below the surface, but its proper
home is in shallow w^ater, beyond low-water mark, and it is, perhaps
most abundant where there is mud mixed with sand, and it also lives
in soft mud. Its shell is glossy and of a beautiful brown color, and is
very thin, flexible, and almost parchment-like in texture, especially at
the edges. It is a very active species, and has a very curious foot,
which is protruded from the front end of the shell, and can be used in
burrowing, very much as the " razor-shell," described above, uses its foot;
but the Solenomya makes use of its foot in another way, for it can swim
quite rapidly through the water, leaving the bottom entirely, by means
of the same organ. The foot can be expanded into a concave disk or
umbrella-like form at the end, and, by suddenly protruding the foot
and expanding it at the same time, a backward motion is obtained by
the reaction against the water ; or, by suddenly withdrawing the foot
and allowing it to remain expanded during most of the stroke, a for-

[361] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 67

ward motion is obtained. It is a singular sight to see this shell swim
swiftly many times around a vessel of water, at the surface, until,
finally, becoming exhausted by its violent exertions, it sinks to the
bottom for rest.

The common " scollop," Pecten irradians, (Plate XXXII, fig. 243,) is
also frequently found living on sandy shores and flats, or in the pools,
but it belongs more properly to the sheltered waters of the ponds and
estuaries, where it lives among the eel-grass. It will, therefore, be
mentioned again in that connection.

The " common muscle," Mytilus edulis, (p. 307,) is frequently found in
large patches on sandy flats, fastened together by the threads of
byssus. Some of the most beautifully colored varieties, (fig. 234,) with
radiating bauds of blue and yellow, are often found in such places, but
the species is much more abundant and larger in other situations,
especially in the shallow and sheltered waters of the bays, where there
is more or less mud.

Ascidians are almost entirely wanting on the sandy shores, but Mol-
gula Manhattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is sometimes found
even on sandy shores, attached to eel-grass.

Of Bryozoa only two species are usually met with, and even these do
not have their true stations on the sandy shores. The delicate and
gracefully branched Bugula turrita (p. 311, Plate XXXIY, figs. 258,
259) is occasionally found growing attached to the eel-grass, which
often grows in the sandy tide-pools, or at extreme low-water. It also
occurs in great abundance among the masses of sea-weeds thrown up
by the waves on the sandy beaches. Such specimens are often large
and luxuriant, in some cases being more than a foot in length j these
are derived from the bottom in deeper water, off shore.

The Escliarella variabilis (p. 312, Plate XXXIII. fig. 256) is often found
encrusting dead shells of various kinds, especially such as are inhab
ited by the larger "hermit-crabs." It is also cast up in abundance, on
some beaches, from deeper water.

The Radiates are not numerous on sandy shores, yet several interest
ing species may be found. Among the Echinoderms we find four
species of holothurians, one sea-urchin, one star-fish, and one ophiurau.

The most common holothuriau is the Leptosynapta Girardii, (Plate
XXXY, figs. 205, 266.) This is a long, slender, very delicate and fragile
species, which burrows deeply in the sand or gravel near low-water
mark. The holes are round and go down almost perpendicularly;
they are usually not more than a quarter of an inch in diameter. The
creature is not quick in its motions, and can usually be found in the
upper part of its burrow when the tide is out. The skin is thin and
quite translucent, so that the white muscular bands that run lengthwise
of the body, on the inside, can be easily seen, as well as the large intes
tine, which is always quite full of sand and gives a dark appearance to
the body. The tentacles are almost always in motion, and are used in

68 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [362]

burrowing as well as for other purposes. The skin is filled with minute
perforated oval plates, to each of which there is attached, by the shank,
a beautiful little anchor, (fig. 266,) quite invisible to the naked eye.
The flukes of these anchors project from the skin and give it a rough
feeling when touched ; they afford the means of adhesion to various
foreign substances, having a rough surface, and are doubtless useful to
them when going up and down in the burrows. When kept in confine
ment this species will generally soon commence to constrict its body, at
various points, by powerful muscular contractions, which often go so
far as to break the body in two, and after a few hours there will usually
be nothing left but a mass of fragments.

Another related species, L. roseola V., also occurs in similar places
and has nearly the same habits, but this species is of a light rosy color,
caused by numerous minute round or oval specks of light red pigment
scattered through the skin. The anchors are similar but much more
slender, with the shank much longer in proportion. The perforated
plates are also much smaller in proportion to the length of the anchors.

The Caudina arenata is much more rare in this region. It lives at
extreme low-water mark, or just below, buried in the sand. Its skin is
thicker and firmer than that of the preceding species, and its body is
shorter and stouter, while the posterior part narrows to a long slender
caudal portion. Its skin is filled with immense numbers of small, round,
wheel-like plates, with an uneven or undulated border, perforated near
the rim with ten to twelve roundish openings, and usually having
four quadrant-sliaped openings in the middle; or they may be regarded
as having a large round opening in the middle, divided by cross-bars
into four parts. This species appears to be rare in this region, and was
met with only by Professor H. E. Webster, at Wood's Hole, but it is
quite abundant in some parts of Massachusetts Bay, as at Chelsea
Beach and some of the islands in Boston Harbor. These and all other
holothurians are devoured by fishes.

The Thyone Briareiis is a large purple species, often four or five inches
long and one inch or more in diameter. It is thickly covered over its
whole surface with prominent papillre, by which it may easily be distin
guished from any other found in this region. It is more common in
the shallow waters off shore, on shelly bottoms.

The " sand-dollar," Ecliinar admins parma, (Plate XXXV, fig. 267,)
is the only sea-urchin that is commonly met with on sandy shores in
this region, and this is not often found living on the shore, except at
extreme low water of spring-tides, when it may sometimes be found
on flats or bars of fine siliceous sand in great numbers, buried just
beneath the surface, or even partially exposed. It creeps along beneath
the sand with a slow gliding motion, by means of the myriads of minute
extensile suckers with which it is furnished. It is far more abundant
on sandy bottoms at various depths off shore. It has a very wide range,
for it is found all the way from New Jersey to Labrador, and also on

[363] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 69

the North Pacific coast ; and in depth it ranges from low-water mark to
430 fathoms, off Saint George's Bank, where it was dredged by Messrs.
Smith and Harger. When living its color is usually a rich purplish
brown, but it soon turns green when taken from the water. It gives a
dark green or blackish color to alcohol, which stains very injuriously
any other specimens put in with it. The- fishermen on the coast of
Maine and New Brunswick sometimes prepare an indelible marking-ink
from these "sand-dollars," by rubbing off the spines and skin and,
after pulverizing, making the mass into a thin paste with water. A
number of fishes have been found to swallow this unpromising creature
for food, and the flounders consume large numbers of them.

The common green star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p. 326, Plate XXXY,
fig. 269,) is sometimes met with on sandy shores, but is much less abun
dant than on rocky shores. The curious " brittle star-fish," Ophiura
olivacea, is sometimes found among the eel-grass on sandy shores, espe
cially in tide-pools, in sheltered localities. It may be recognized by its
nearly circular, disk-like body, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
with five round, rather slender, tapering, stiff-looking arms, about three
inches long. The color is bright green, much like that of the eel-grass
among which it lives. When at home in the water it moves about over
the sand quite rapidly by means of its arms. When taken from the
water it does not usually break itself up into numerous fragments,
as readily as most of its related species do. It is rather southern in its
distribution, and Vineyard Sound is perhaps its northern limit. It
extends southward at least to North Carolina.

Of acalephs there are no species known to me that properly belong
to the sandy shores/ but Hydr actinia polydina (p. 328) is often found
on the shells carried about by the hermit-crabs, in such situations, and
there are species of Obelia and other hydroids that sometimes grow on
the eel-grass in the tide-pools, but they are much more frequent in other
situations.

Among the Polyps we find several species proper to sandy shores and
specially adapted to this mode of life. One of the most interesting of
these is the Halocampa producta, (p. 330, Plate XXXVIII, fig. 285,)
which has already been described. This often occurs in the sand at
low- water mark, and makes round holes about a foot deep, which can
sometimes be recognized by small cracks radiating from the hole when
the tide leaves them uncovered.

The Sagartia modesta (p. 330) is also found buried in the sand at low-
water, especially where there is also some gravel with the sand. The
Sagartia leucolena (p. 329, Plate XXXVIII, fig. 284) is sometimes found
in similar situations, but belongs properly to the rocky shores.

The Paractis rapiformis is a species that is still little known. It lives
buried deeply in the sand at and below low-water mark. It appears to
be common on the coast of North Carolina, at Fort Macon, where it is
often thrown up by storms, and it has also been found at Great Egg Har-

70 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [364]

bor aiid near "N'ew Haven light. The body is three or four inches long
when extended, and an inch or more in diameter, and is very changeable
in form. The surface is nearly smooth, slightly sulcated lengthwise,
and the- color is usually pink, or pale flesh-color, translucent. The
tentacles are numerous, short, tapering, pale greenish olive, with a dark
band around the' base, connected with a dark line radiating from the
mouth. Toward the upper part of the body the surface is somewhat
wrinkled and is capable of attaching grains of sand to itself. When
thrown up by the waves it contracts into a globular or pyriform shape
and " somewhat resembles a boiled onion or turnip."

List of the species ordinarily inhabiting the sandy shores.
AETICULATA.

Insects.

Page.

Muscidae, (larvae) 335

Cicindela generosa (larva) . . 33G

C. dorsalis 335

C. hirticollis 335

C. albohirta.. b35

Page.

Geopinus iucrassatus 335

Phytosus littoralis 335

Bledius cordatus 335

B. pallipennis 335

Heterocera undatus . 335

Crustacea.

Page.

Ocypoda arenaria 337

Gelasimus pugilator : . 336

Cancer irroratus 338

Carcinus grauulatus 312

Platyouichus ocellatus 338

Libiuia canaliculata 339

Hippa talpoida 338

Eupagurus pollicaris 313

E. longicarpus 339

Crangon vulgaris 339

PaUeinonetes vulgaris 339

Orchestia agilis

Talorchestia longicornis

T. megalophthalma

Lepidactylis dytiscus . .

Unciola irrorata

Idotea irrorata

I. caica

I. Tuftsii

Scyphacella arenicola

Limulus Polyphemus. . .

Annelids, (Chcutopods.)

Page.

Sthenelais picta 348

Nephthys picta 348

Eteone, sp 349

ISTereis virens 341

N. limbata - 341

Cirratulus grandis 348

Scolecolepis viridis 345

S. tenuis . 345

Poiydora ciliatum

Diopatra cuprea ,

Marphysa Leidyi ,

Lumbriconereis opaliua

L. teuuis

Staurocephalus pallidus

Rhynehobolus Americanus
R. dibranchiatus. .

Page.
340
336
336
339
340
340
340
340
337
340

Page.
345
346
347
342
342
348
342
341

[365] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 71

Page.

Spio robusta 345

S. setosa 344

Nerine agilis 346

Aricia ornata. 344

Anthostoma robustum 343

A. fragile .... 344

Maklane elongata 343

Page.

Clymenella torquata 343

STotomastus luridus 342

N. filiformis 342

Sabellaria vulgaris . . . 349

Oistenides Gouldii 349

Amphitrite ornata 348

Oligochwta.

Halodrillus littoralis

Page.

338

Clitellio irroratus

Nemerteans.

Page.

Meckelia lactea 350

M. ingens 349

M. rosea . 350

Cosmocepbala ocbracea ....

Tetrastemma arenicola

Balanoglossus aurantiacus.

Sipunciiloids.

Phaseolosoma Gouldii

Page.
353

Phascolosoma, sp.

Page.
324

Page.
325
351
351

Page.
353

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Fulgur carica . . . - 355

Syeotypus canaliculatus 355

Astyris lunata 306

Ilyanassa obsoleta 354

Tritia trivittata 354

Lunatia beros 353

L. beros, var. triseriata 354

Page.

Neverita duplicate 354

Crepidula foruicata 355

C. convexa . 355

C. unguiformis 355

Bittium nigruin 355

Lacuna vincta . 355

Lamellibranchs.

Page.

Ensatella Americana 356

Siliqua costata 358

Mya arenaria * 357

Lyousia hyalina 358

Mactra solidissima 358

Maconia fusca 359

Angulus tener 358

Page.

Venus mercenaria 359

Totteuia gemma 359

La3vicardium Mortoni 358

Solenomya velum 360

Mytilus edulis 361

Pecten irradians . 361

72 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FiSH AND FISHERIES. [366]
Bryozoa and Ascidians.

Page.

Molgula Manhattensis 3G1

Escharella variabilis . . 361

Page.
Bugula turrita 361

EADIATA.

Ucliinoderms .

Page.

Thyone Briareus 362

Caudiua arenata 362

Leptosyiiapta Girardii 361

L. roseola . 362

Page.

Echinarachnius parina 362

Asterias areuicola 3(53

Opbiura olivacea 363

Polyps.

Page.

Halocampa producta 363

Sagartia uiodesta 363

Page.

Sagartia leucolena 363

Paractis rapiforinis 363

II. 3.— FAUNA OF THE MUDDY SHORES OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

The muddy shores in this region grade almost insensibly into the sandy
shores; and shores that are entirely of mud, without any admixture of fine
sand, rarely occur except in the estuaries and lagoons. Therefore we
find, as might have been anticipated, that it is difficult to draw a very
definite line between the animals living upon the sandy shores and those
living upon the muddy shores and flats. Many of the species seem, also,
to be equally at home, whether living in mud or sand, and many others
prefer a mixture, although capable of living in either*. But if we were
to compare the animals living in pure sand with those living in clear
mud, the two lists would be quite different, although a considerable
number would be common to both lists. Moreover, the eel-grass grows
in considerable quantities both upon sandy and muddy shores, in cer
tain localities, and a large number of species which inhabit the eel-grass
will, therefore, be found in both lists.

In discussing the species found on sandy shores, in the preceding
pages, references have constantly been made to other stations inhabited
by many of the species, and especially in the case of those that are com
mon to the sandy and muddy shores. Therefore it will not be necessary
to repeat the facts in this connection, but the species will be enumerated
in the list at the end of this section.

A considerable number of species have their place in this list chiefly
because they occur on beds of oysters planted on muddy shores, at and
just below low- water mark. Without these artificial stations some of
them would hardly be found on such shores, or at least but rarely. It
is evident that the shells of oysters, when in large quantities, supply, to

[367] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 73

a certain extent, conditions similar to those of rocky shores, and conse
quently it is natural that certain rocky-shore species should be found in
such situations. Only the more common and most important of these
have been introduced into the list, however, for to include all the species
to be found among-oysters would uselessly extend the catalogue.

Among the Crustacea we find a considerable number of species which
have their proper homes on the muddy shores. Of the true crabs there
are at least eleven species that constantly occur in these situations, but
several of them, viz.,- Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) Panopeus depressus, (p.
312,) P. Sayi^ (p. 312,) and Carcinus granulatus, (p. 312,) are found in
greater numbers .elsewhere, and depend largely upon the oyster-beds for
their safety on these shores. -The Carcinus gmnulatus, however, often
resorts to the holes and cavernous places under the peaty banks of the
shores, or along the small ditches and streams cutting through the peaty
marshes near the shore. The marsh " fiddler-crab,'7 Gelasimus pugnax,
is usually very abundant in the peaty banks and along the ditches and
streams at and just above high- water mark, where it excavates great
numbers of deep holes, often completely riddling the soil. This species
is, however, more at home along the borders of the estuaries and
lagoons and will be described more fully in that connection, as well as
the Sesarma reticulata, which often occurs with it in both situations.

The " oyster-crab," Pinnotheres ostreum, (Plate 1, fig. 2, male,) is found
wherever oysters occur. The female lives, at least when mature, within
the shell of the oyster, in the gill cavity, and is well known to most con
sumers of oysters. The males (fig. 2) are seldom seen, and rarely, if ever,
occur in the oyster. We found them, on several occasions, swimming
actively at the surface of the water in the middle of Vineyard Sound.
They are quite unlike the females in appearance, being smaller, with a
firmer shell, and they differ widely in color, for the carapax is dark brown
above, with a central dorsal stripe and two conspicuous spots of whitish,
as indicated in the figure ; the lower side and legs are whitish. The
female has the carapax thin and translucent, whitish, tinged with pink.
The Pinnixa cylindrica (Plate I, fig. 1) is a related species which is
occasionally met with on muddy shores. It lives in the tubes of certain
large Annelids in company with the rightful owner. The specimens
hitherto met with in this region were either found free, or dug out of
the mud, and it is uncertain with what worm they associate, though it
is most likely to be the Nereis virens, but on the coast of South Carolina
it lives, according to Dr. Stimpson, in the tubes of Arenicola cristata
STIMPSON. It has been found in the stomach of the ocellated flounder.

The common edible-crab or " blue-crab," Callinectes liastatus, is a com
mon inhabitant of muddy shores, especially in sheltered coves and bays.
It is a very active species and can swim rapidly j it is therefore often
seen swimming at or near the surface. The full-grown individuals gen
erally keep away from the shores, in shallow water, frequenting muddy
bottoms, especially among the eel-grass, and are also found in large

74 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [368]

numbers iu the somewhat brackish waters of estuaries and the mouths
of rivers. The young specimens of all sizes, up to two or three inches
in breadth, are, however, very frequent along the muddy shores, hid
ing in the grass and weeds or under the peaty banks at high- water, and
retreating as the tide goes down; when disturbed they swim away
quickly into deeper water. They also have the habit of pushing them
selves backward into and beneath the mud for concealment. They are-
predacious in their habits, feeding upon small fishes and various other
animal food. They are very pugnacious and have remarkable strength
in their claws, which they use with great dexterity. When they have
recently shed their shells they are caught in great numbers for the
markets, and these "soft-shelled crabs" are much esteemed by many.
Those with hard shells are also sold in our markets, but are not valued
so highly. This crab can easily be distinguished from all the other
species found in this region by the sharp spine on each side of the
carapax.

The common " spider-crab," Libinia canaliculate^ (p. 339,) is very com
mon on muddy shores and flats. It hides beneath the surface of the
mud and decaying weeds or among the eel-grass, and is very sluggish
in its motions. Its whole surface is covered with hairs which entangle
particles of mud and dirt of various kinds ; and sometimes hydroids,
algaB, and even barnacles grow upon its shell, contributing to its more
ready concealment. The males are much larger than the females, and
have long and stout claws. They often spread a foot or more across the
extended legs. The females have much smaller and shorter legs and
comparatively weak claws.

Another similar species, Libinia dubia^ is also found on muddy shores
and has nearly the same habits. It has a much longer rostrum, more
deeply divided at the end.

The two common species of " hermit-crabs" are both found on muddy
shores, especially among eel-grass, but the-'-larger one, Eupagurm polli-
carisj (p. 313,) is comparatively rare. The small one, E. longicarpus, (p.
313,) is very common and usually occupies the dead shells of llyanassa
obsoleta, though many may be found in other species of shells.

The Gebiaaffinis (Plate II, fig. 7) is a crustacean somewhat resembling a
young lobster three or four inches in length. It lives on muddy shores
and digs deep burrows near low- water mark, in the tenacious mud or clay,
especially where there are decaying sea- weeds buried beneath the sur
face. The burrows are roundish, half an inch to an inch in diameter,
very smooth within, and go down obliquely for the distance of one or
two feet, and then run off laterally or downward, in almost any direc
tion, to the depth of two or three feet, and are usually quite crooked
and winding. We have found them most abundant on the shore of
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, near Beesley's Point, but they also
occur at New Haven and Wood's Hole, &c. This species is quite active ;
it swims rapidly and jumps back energetically. It is eagerly devoured

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 75

by such fishes as are able to capture it. 'When living the colors are
quite elegant. Along the back there is a broad band of mottled, red
dish brown, which is contracted on the next to the last segment: each
side of this band the mottlings are fewer, and the surface somewhat
hairy. The last segment and the appendages of the preceding one are
thickly specked with reddish brown; their edges are fringed with gray
hairs. The CaUanassa Stimpsoni SMITH, (Plate II, fig. 8, large claw,) is
also a burrowing species, but its habits are at present little known, owing
to its rarity. It has been found in the stomach of fishes, and is proba
bly more common farther south.

The Squilla empusa is a very interesting creature, whose habits are
still imperfectly known. It is often thrown on the beaches by the
waves, and probably it usually burrows in the mud below low-water
mark, but in certain localities it has been found burrowing at or near
low-water mark of spring-tides, forming large, irregular holes. The very
curious, free-swimming young (Plate VIII, fig. 36) were often taken in
the towing-nets. Large specimens are eight or ten inches long and about
two broad. The body is not so stout built as that of the lobster, and the
carapax or shell is much smaller and softer, while the abdomen is much
larger and longer in proportion. The legs and all the other organs are
quite unlike those of the lobster, and the last joint of the great claw, in
stead of forming a pair of pincers with the next, is armed with a row
of six sharp, curved spines, which shut into corresponding sockets,
arranged in a groove in the next joint, which also bears smaller spines.
By means of this singular organ they can hold their prey securely, and
can give a severe wound to the human hand, if handled incautiously. It
also uses the stout caudal appendages, which are armed with spines, very
effectively. The colors of this species are quite vivid, considering its
mud-dwelling habits. The body is usually pale green or yellowish green,
each segment bordered posteriorly with darker green and edged with
bright yellow; the tail is tinged with rose and mottled with yellow and
blackish ; the outer caudal lamellae have the base and spines white, the
last joint yellow, margined with black ; the inner ones are black, pale
at base; the eyes are bright emerald-green; the inner antenna? are
dark, with a yellow band at the base of each joint ; and the iiagellum
is anuulated with black and white.

The common shrimp, Crangon vulgar is, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is
frequent on muddy shores, where it has a darker color than when liv
ing on sandy shores. The common prawn, Palwmonetes vulgar-is, (p. 330,
Plate II, fig. 9,) is also common in such situations, especially where
there is eel-grass, among which it finds its favorite resorts, but it is
still more abundant in the estuaries. Another shrimp, the Virbius zos-
tericola SMITH, also occurs among the eel-grass, in similar places. It is
usually greenish in color.

Two other species of shrimp-like Crustacea, belonging to the genus
Jfysis, are also found on muddy shores, especially among eel-grass.
7 v

76 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [370 j

The Mys-is stenolepis SMITH, (Plate III, tig. 12, female,) is often very
abundant in such situations. The small young ones have been taken in
May, and the half-grown ones later in the season. In the early spring
the adult females, with eggs, occur in great numbers among the eel-
grass, in estuaries and ponds. Mr. Viual N. Edwards caught a large
number in a small pond at Wood's Hole, April 1. Xo males were found
at this time with the females; the only adult males observed were taken
in autumn. Possibly the males do not survive the winter. The adult
females have not been observed in summer, and they probably die after
hatching their young in the spring. The whole body is translucent;
each segment of the body has a stellate black spot ; and there is more
or less blackish pigment on the caudal lamella, telson, antennal scales,
and inner flagellum and peduncle of the antennula?. This species con
tributes largely to the food of many fishes. The other species, M. Amer
icana SMITH, also lives among eel-grass, as well as in deeper water off
shore among algae. This has been found in large numbers in the stom
achs of the shad and the spotted flounder.

Of Amphipods there are comparatively few species. The Unciola
irrorata (p. 340, Plate IV, fig. 19) is pretty common here, as elsewhere.
The AmpMthoe valida SMITH (p. 315,) is often met with among eel-grass.
Another species, A. compta SMITH, also occurs in the same places.
It differs from the preceding in many characters, but may easily be dis
tinguished by its red eyes. A third species of the genus, A. longimana
SMITH, is also found among eel-grass. It has black eyes. The Coro-
phium cylindricum and Gammarus mucronatm occur among eel-grass and
alga?, often in great numbers.

Of Isopods there are several species. The Idotea irrorata (p. 316,
Plate V, fig. .23) is common wherever eel-grass is found. The Ericliso-
nia attenuata HARGER, (Plate VI, fig. 27,) is also found clinging to
eel-grass in muddy situations. The Epclys trilobm (Plate VI; fig. 28)
is found creeping about over the bottom or among and beneath the
decaying vegetable matter and mud usually to be found in sheltered sit
uations. It is usually so covered up with adhering dirt as readily to
escape observation. The Epelys montosus also occurs in similar situa
tions.

Whenever lumber or drift-wood has been left for some time on the
muddy shores it is found to be more or less eaten by the Limnoria lig-
norum, (Plate VI, fig. 25.) This small isopod gnaws its galleries in the
wTood to a depth of about half an inch from the surface, and after a
time these galleries become so numerous that the superficial layer will
be completely honey-combed, and it will then scale off and another layer
will be attacked. This little creature often does great damage to the
piles of wharves and other kinds of submerged wood-work in this re
gion, and will be mentioned again in discussing the animals inhabiting
piles, &c.

The "horse-shoe crab/' Limulus Polyphemus, (p. 340,) is also common

[371] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 77

on muddy shores, burrowing beneath, the surface, at or just below low-
water mark.

Many of the Annelids found on muddy shores occur also on sandy
shores, especially where there is a mixture of mud with the sand, and
consequently they have been mentioned in the preceding pages.
Among these are Nereis virens (p. 317, Plate XI, figs. 47-50) and N.
linibata, (p. 318, Plate XI, fig. 51,) both of which are common on muddy
shores ; also Diopatra cuprea, (p. 320, Plate XIII, figs. 67 and 68 ;) Lum.
briconereis opalina, (p. 342, Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70;) L. tennis, (p. 342;)
Maldane elongata, (p. 343;) Notomastus luridus, (p. 342;) Notomastus fili-
formis, (p. 342;) Cirratulus grandis, (p. 319, Plate XV, figs. 80, 81;) Cis.
tenides Gouldii, (p. 323, Plate XVII, figs. 87, 87«;) all of which are
found both in mud and sand, but prefer, perhaps, a mixture of the two.
Rhynchobolus Amcricanus (p. 342, Plate X, figs. 45, 46) and R. dibran-
cliiatus (p. 341, Plate X, figs. 43, 44) are also found in mud, though per
haps more common in fine sand, or sandy mud.

The " blood-drop," Polycirrus eximius, (p. 320, Plate XVI, fig. 85) is
however, a species that belongs properly to muddy localities, and it de
lights in the softest and stickiest mud of the shores, near low- water
mark. The larger blood-drop, Clicctobranclim sanguineus, (p. 320,) is also
found in similar situations, and the soft inucl, filled with decaying veg
etable matter, seems to be its most congenial home.

Of Mollusks there are comparatively few species that are peculiar to
muddy shores, but there are many that live almost equally well in such
localities and on shores or bottoms of other kinds.

Among the Gastropods, the proper mud-dwelling species are few.
The Ilyanassa obsoleta (p. 354, Plate XXI, fig. 113) is the most abund
ant, for it occurs everywhere over the mud-flats in great numbers, ancl?
in cold weather, often crowds in large numbers into the pools left on
the flats. The Nassa vibex (Plate XXI, fig. 114) has nearly the same
habits, but is comparatively rare. It is more frequently found among
the eel-grass, and is more common farther south.

The Eupleura caudata (Plate XXI, fig. 117) is usually found rather
sparingly in this region, but in one locality, at Waquoit, it occurred in
considerable numbers in the small streams and ditches in the muddy
marshes near the shore. It occurs occasionally at low-water, but is
more often met with on muddy and shelly bottoms in the shallow water
of the bays and sounds, and is much more common farther south. The
Crepidula convcxa (p. 355, Plate XXIII, fig, 128) is very common on
the shells of Ilyanassa obsoleta, especially when they are inhabited by
" hermit-crabs." It is also frequently found on the eel-grass, where, in
August, it often deposits its bright yellow eggs inclosed in small, gela
tinous masses, which are grouped in clusters.

The Bulla solitaria (Plate XXV, fig. 161) is a species restricted 'to
muddy shores and bottoms, in sheltered situations, and is found also in
muddy ponds and estuaries. The color of the animal of this species is

•78 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [372]

quite peculiar, and when it is fully extended it has a singular appear
ance. The general color is usually orange-brown, and it is thickly
speckled with darker brown. This shell is devoured in large numbers
by the flounders, and doubtless by other fishes.

A number of species which habitually live clinging to eel-grass are
to be found in the localities where this plant flourishes, either in the
pools or at low- water mark, but they are not peculiar to or character
istic of muddy shores. Among these the most common are Antyris
lunata, (p. 306:) Bittium niyrum, (p. 305;) Triforis nigrocinctus, (p. 305;)
and Lacuna vincta, (p. 305.) The Littorina irrorata is occasionally
found in sheltered situations, but this region is north of its true range,
and such specimens as are found may have been introduced from far
ther south with oysters. It is very abundant on the southern coast.
The Urosalpinx cinerca (p. 306) occurs wherever there are beds of oys
ters, upon which it feeds.

Most of the bivalve shells to be found on muddy shores have already
been enumerated as living also on the sheltered sandy shores, and the
majority of them flourish equally on both kinds of shores, and on those
of a mixed or intermediate character. Among these are Mya arenaria,
(p. 309;) Macoma fusca, (p. 358;) Anynlus tener, (p. 358;) Venus merce-
nariciy (p. 359;) Argina pexata, (p. 309:) Mytilm edulis, (p. 307;) Pccten
irmdians, (p. 361.) There are, however, other species that are almost
peculiar to muddy shores, and are highly characteristic of them. The
Pliolas truncata (Plate XXVII, fig. 200) excavates deep holes in depos
its of tenacious clay at all elevations between tides, and is still more
frequently found living in holes in the borders of peat-bogs, or marsh
deposits, W'hich have been encroached upon by the sea. In such places
they sometimes occur nearly up to the ordinary high-wTater mark.
Their holes are round and nearly perpendicular, and increase in size
from the orifice downward. They vary in depth according to the size
of the shell; the deeper ones are often a foot or a foot and a half in
depth and often an inch in diameter. The shell remains near the bot
tom and stretches out its long siphon tubes, which are united together
quite to the end, until the tips reach the external orifice of the burrow
These tubes are generally yellowish wrhite except at the end, where they
are blackish or brownish ; the orifices and papillae are also variously
marked with purplish brown or dark brown. The dark coloration of
the end of the siphon tubes is doubtless for purposes of protection from
predacious fishes, crabs, &c. Its foot is short and stout, obliquely trun
cated, and bevelled at the end. The Petricola pholadiformis (Plate
XXVII, fig. 199) is generally associated with the preceding species and
is more abundant. Its habits are nearly the same, but it does not make
its burrows so deep ; it is more active in its motions, and can easily
climb up to the upper part of its hole by means of its long, thin, white
foot, which is tongue-shaped and very extensible and flexible. The
siphon-tubes are long and slender, tapering, and united for about a

[373] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF UINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 79*

quarter of their length, beyond which they are separate and divergent.
They are yellowish white, more or less spotted, especially toward the
end, with orange, brownish, or blackish, which, in large specimens, forms
streaks near the ends or even becomes confluent, making the tips very
dark colored. The branchial orifice is surrounded by a circle of numer
ous bipinnate papilla?, which usually alternate with smaller and more
simple ones ; the papillae of the dorsal tube are similar, but more simple-
The Tagelm yibbus (Plate XXVI, fig. 181, animal; Plate XXX, fig.
217, shell) is another inhabitant of muddy shores, which burrows deeply
into the mud. This species is confined, on the shores, chiefly to the zone
near low-water mark, but probably lives also in shallow water beyond
the reach of the tides. In this species the foot is large and muscular,
thick, tongue-shaped, and has a very wide range of motion, for the man
tle is open along the whole length of the ventral edge of the shell. The
tubes are separate, from the base, and are round, white, and capable of
very great extension, for a specimen of ordinary size, kept in confine
ment, extended the tubes to the length of nine inches. These tubes
are translucent, and at the end have small rounded lobes around the
aperture, each lobe being furnished at its base, inside, with a small,
orange, eye-like spot, which is probably an imperfect visual organ, and
with two others on the inside lower down. The branchial tube has six
of these lobes and ocelli ; the dorsal one has eight. On each tube
there is a row of small, white, slender, obtuse papilla?., corresponding
to each terminal lobe, and running along the whole length of the tubes.
The color of the animal is white throughout. This bivalve makes deep
burrows in the tenacious mud, each of which has two orifices, not far
apart, for the two tubes. By this peculiarity their burrows may be
at once recognized, whenever seen.

.The MuUnia lateral-is (Plate XX VI, fig. 185, B, animal) is occasionally
found living at extreme low-water mark, on muddy flats, but its true
home is on the soft muddy bottoms in shallow water, where t is often
excessively abundant. In this species the foot is relatively large and
muscular, more or less pointed at the en<?, and capable of assuming
many different forms and positions ; it has a wide sweep in its motions
and can be thrust forward, or backward. The siphon-tubes are united
nearly to the end, but the separation is indicated by a groove between
them for nearly half the length. The branchial tube is the largest, and
its orifice is surrounded by a circle of twelve to twenty-four, slender,
elongated, simple papilla?, each of which usually lias a small, black, eye-
like spot at its base $ a little below this terminal circle there is another,
composed of smaller, very short, blunt papilla?. The dorsal tube also has
a subterminal circle of similar papilla?, above which the tip forms a re
tractile cone, with the small, simple orifice at the tip. The animal is
yellowish white, the tubes generally pale yellow. This species burrows
just beneath the surface of the mud, and it is eaten in large numbers by
the scnp and other fishes.

SO EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [374]

The Cumingia telUnoides (Plate XXX, fig. 221) and Kellia planulata
(Plate XXX, fig. 220) are sometimes found living in the mud at low-
water, but are rare in such situations. They are more common at the
depth of a few fathoms on muddy and shelly bottoms.

The ribbed muscle, Modiola plicatula, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 238,
is very abundant near and even above high-water mark, along the
muddy borders of the marshes and banks and among the roots of grass-
The Modiola hamatus is occasionally met with, especially on oyster-
beds, adhering to the shells, where it is sometimes very abundant. It
has probably been introduced with the oysters, from the South, where
it is common. It somewhat resembles the preceding species, but it is
shorter, broader, with strong radiating ribs, many of which are forked.
Its color is yellow or yellowish brown.

The common "scollop," Pecten irradians, (p. 3G1, Plate XXXII, fig.
243.) occurs among the eel-grass on muddy shores in great abundance,
in many localities, especially in sheltered places. The young shells may
be found during the whole summer, but the adult specimens come up to
the shallow waters and shores in great numbers in the autumn. This
species is very active and can rise from the bottom and swim through
the water with great rapidity by opening and energetically closing its
valves, thus expelling the water from the gill-cavitj', the reaction send
ing the shell backward. It often remains up among the leaves of the
eel-grass, resting upon them, where they are matted together, but if
alarmed the creature suddenly swims away in the manner described, and
takes to the bottom. It is very watchful and quickly perceives its
enemies. The thickened outer edge of the mantle, both above and
below, is fringed with rows of numerous tapering papilla? or tentacles,
the inner ones largest, and among the bases of these there is a row of
very bright silvery or bluish eyes, thirty to forty or more to each valve
the number increasing with the size of the shell ; a short distance within
the outer fringe of tentacles there is a raised yellow or orange ridge,
which bears another series of smaller papilla1, and the space between
these and the outer ones is radiately striated. The central muscle which
closes the valves of this shell is large and powerful. This is the portion
which is sold in our markets in large quantities, and is highly esteemed
by many as an article of food. Its decided sweetish taste is, however,
objectionable to some persons. To some, also, it proves actually injuri
ous, sometimes producing nausea and even worse symptoms. After
storms this shell is sometimes found thrown upon the beaches in immense
quantities.

The oyster, Ostrcca Virginiana, (p. 310,) is often planted upon the
muddy shores at and below low- water mark, in many parts of Long Island
Sound and elsewhere, but for this purpose the muddy estuaries are pre
ferred, where the water is more brackish and the bottom less disturbed
by the storms. The mud, however, should not be too deep, and ought
to have a solid substratum, a few inches beneath.

[375] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 81

The Ascidians are generally uncommon on muddy shores, but wherever
the eel-grass nourishes, and especially in sheltered situations, the Molgula
Manhattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is usually to be found ad
hering to it. The Botryllus Gouldii (Plate XXXIII, figs. 252, 253) is also
frequently found growing upon the eel-grass in. such situations, as well
as upon the piles of wharves, bottoms of boats, &c. This species was
found in great profusion upon the eel-grass in Little Harbor, at Wood's
Hole, and in Waquoit Pond. In both these localities the water is nearly
pure and but slightly, if at all, brackish. But it has also been found by
Professor D. 0. Eaton on the piles at Brooklyn, New York, where the
water is more brackish. This species when young forms thin, soft, circu
lar or oval incrustations covered with stellate clusters of the minute ani
mals, (fig. 253,) which are imbedded in it $ each of these has a small
circular orifice toward the outer end, opening into the gill cavity, and
another orifice opening into a larger cavity in the center of the cluster,
which is common to all those in the cluster • and it has a central exter
nal orifice, through which the waste water from the gills, the faeces,
and the eggs are discharged. These young colonies begin to appear in
June and grow very rapidly, new individuals being formed by buds that
originate from the first ones in rapid succession, so that in two or three
weeks the small colonies will increase from a quarter of an inch in
breadth up to three or four inches, if they be situated on a flat sur
face and have room to spread. If upon the stem or leaf of the eel-
grass they will extend entirely around it, and perhaps several inches
along its length, if not opposed by other colonies. At the same time the
crusts increase very much in thickness. Thus by the end of the summer,
the eel-grass, alga?, stems of hydroids, &c., often become completely
covered up by the luxuriant growth of this curious compound animal.
The colors of this species are extremely variable and often very elegant,
and it is seldom that two colonies can be found with precisely the same
pattern of color. Growing upon the same leaf of eel-grass, many dif
ferent colonies may often be found, each showing a different arrange
ment of the colors.

In one of the most common varieties the general color of the common
tissue between the stellate clusters is dull olive-green, thickly specked
with small flake-white spots, which are formed by the enlarged terminal
portion of stolon-like processes, which bud out from the perfect individu
als composing the clusters, and are arranged somewhat in circles around
the clusters ; the lower portion of these stolons is usually yellow or
orange, and the outer part deep purple, tipped with flake-white. The
individual animals, or zooids, composing the stellate clusters, are deep
purple, with the branchial orifice yellowish white, surrounded by a circle
of orange ; a short flake-white longitudinal line runs along the middle of
the upper side, interrupted by the branchial opening, but this line is
often represented only by two white spots ; other flake-white spots are
usually irregularly scattered over the outer end.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AXD FISHERIES. [376}

Iii another variety the deep purple zooids have a circle of flake-white
around the branchial orifice, a short white bar or spot beyond it on the
outer end, a white spot on the middle between the orifices, and another
white spot on the inner end near the anal orifice ; the stolons colored as
in the preceding.

In another common variety (var. licolor) the colors are similar except
that the outer half of each zooid is almost entirely covered with flake-
white, sometimes tinged with orange, while the proximal half is deep pur
ple. Another has the purple zooids spotted and blotched with flake-
white over the whole surface; sometimes the specks are so fine and
numerous as to give a uniform silvery or frosted appearance, (var. fari-
nacea.)

One peculiar variety (annulata) has a small circle of white around the
the branchial opening, surrounded by another large circle of flake-white,
which incloses nearly the outer half of the zooid. The variety atrox has
the zooids covered to a considerable extent with flake-white, so arranged
on each as to present the appearance of a skull ; the two eyes being
formed by deep purple spots.

The variety variegata is pale yellowish olive or orange-brown; the
zooids have a white ring around the branchial orifice, inclosed by a brown
ring, which is often interrupted ; and the latter is surrounded more or
less completely by flake-white, there is usually also a median bar of
flake- white j the inner portion is deep purple, more or less mottled with
white, and there is a white spot at the inner end. In ihe variety albida
nearly the whole upper surface of the zooids is flake-white.

In another very beautiful and distinct variety (var. steUa] the common
tissue is translucent, pale olive, with white-tipped stolons ; the zooids
are brown or purple, marked on the upper side with two parallel longi
tudinal bars of flake-white, which are separated by a narrow dark line,
all of which radiate from the center of the cluster, thus producing the
appearance of a many-rayed star, with the rays alternately white and
dark j the white bars are sometimes interrupted near the inner ends,
and small specks of flake- white are sometimes scattered over the outer
end. In this form there are often ten to fifteen zooids in each cluster,
and they appear longer and less swollen than in the other varieties, ow
ing, perhaps, to the optical effect of the radiating lines. This is the most
distinctly marked variety that was observed, and was at first thought to
be a distinct species.

The Radiates are not abundant on muddy shores. The Thyone
Briareus (p. 362) is sometimes found on such shores, in sheltered situ
ations, among eel-grass. The common star-fish, Aster las arenicola, (p. 326,
Plate XXXY, fig. 269,) is often altogether too abundant on muddy shores,,
on the oyster-beds, where it commits great havoc.

The Hydractinia polyclina (p. 328) is often found on the shells occupied
by " hermit-crabs.'7 Several species of Obelia grow upon the eelvgrass,
where the water is sufficiently clear. The Halecium gracile V. (p. 328,)

[377] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

is frequently found attached to the shells of oysters, and to other solid
objects.

List of species commonly found on the muddy shores of the bays and sounds.

ARTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Page.

Gelasimus puguax 367

Sesarina reticulata 367

Pinnixa cylindrica 367

Pinnotheres ostreum . . 367

Cancer irrorattis 367

Panopeus depressus 367

P. Sayi 367

Callinectes hastatus 367

Carcinus granulatus 367

Libinia canaliculata 368

L. dubia 368

Eupagurus longicarpns . . ,. . 368

E. pollicaris 368

Callianassa Stimpspni 369

Gebia affinis 368

Virbius zostericola 369

Crangon vulgads .... 369

Pahvmonetes vulgaris 369

Mysis stenolepis

M. Americana

Squilla empusa

Gammarus rnucronatus ....

Amphithoe valida

A. compta

A. longimana

Unciola irrorata

Corophium cylindricum

Idotea irrorata

Erichsonia attenuata

Epelys trilobus

E. montosus

Limnoria lignorum

Limulus Polyphemus

Numerous small Entomos-
traca, of many genera.

Page.
370
370
369
370
370
370
370
370
370
370
370
370
370
370
370

Annelids, ( Chcetopods.)
Page.

Nereis vireus 371

N. limbata 371

Diopatra cuprea 371

Lumbriconereis opalina 371

L. tenuis 371

Maldane elongata 371

Notomastus luridus 371

N. filiformis 371

Cisteriides Gouldii ,

Amphitrite ornata

Ehynchobolus Americaims

E. dibranchiatus

Cirratulus grandis

Polycirrus eximius

Chretobranch us sanguiuens .

Page.
371
320
371
371
371
371
371

3IOLLTJSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Ilyanassa obsoleta 371

Nassa vibex 371

Eupleura caudata 371

Urosalpiux cinerea 372

Astyris lunata , 372

Crepidula convexa 371

Page.

Littorina irrorata , . 372

Lacuna vincta 372

Bittium iiigrum 372

Triforis nigrocinctus 372

Bulla solitaria . ... 371

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [378]
Lainellibranclis.

Page.

Pkolas truncata 372

Tagelus gibbus 373

Mya arenaria 372

Mulinia lateralis 373

Macoma fusca 372

Cumingia telliuoides 374

Angulus tener 372

Petricola pholadiformis 372

Page.

Yenus mercenaria 372

Kellia plauulata 374

Argina pexata 372

Mytilus edulis 372

Modiola plicatula ; 374

M. hamatus 374

Pecten irradiaiis . , 374

Ostrrea Yirginiaua . 374

Ascidians.

Page. Page.

Molgula Mauhattensis 37o Botryllus Gouldii 375

KADI AT A.

Ecliinoclcrms.

Page, j Page.

Thyoiie Briareus 376 | Asterias arenicola 376

Acalephs.

Page. Page.

Hydractinia polyclina 376 Halecium gracile 376

II. 4. — ANIMALS INHABITING- THE PILES AND TIMBERS OF WHARVES AND
BRIDGES, BOTTOMS OF VESSELS, BUOYS, AND OTHER SUBMERGED
WOOD-WORK.

In these situations a large number of species may be found, but the
majority of them are not peculiar to such stations. There are, however,
quite a number of species that are nearly always found under these cir
cumstances, and others are directly dependent for their very existence
upon submerged wood. Some of these, like the Teredo, for example, are
of so great importance, owing to the injuries which they do to valuable
property, that it seems desirable to make a special division for the
animals ordinarily found in connection with wood-work of various kinds,
whether injurious or not.

On the piles of wharves and bridges various kinds of sea-weeds often
grow in abundance, each species having a particular zone to which it is
limited ; but as these plants require light, they are found almost exclu
sively upon the outer rows of piles and timber, and are most abundant on
the outer side of the piles and on the southern exposures, where they get
the most sunlight. These alga'< afford congenial homes to a considerable
number of animals, most of which occur also among algre on the rocky
shores and in tide-pools. Beneath the wharves, where the piles are con-

[379] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 85

stantly shaded, very few alga?, and those only of the smallest and sim
plest kinds, such as Ocillatorhi* and Diatoms, are to be found. But in
these shaded situations many animals, such as Tubularians and other
Hydroids, some Ascidians, Bryozoa, &c., delight to dwell. Many of
these adherent animals also live in abundance on the outermost piles of
the wharves, at or just below low-water mark, where they are more or
less exposed to the sunlight.

The animals that are found among or attached to the seaweeds
growing on the piles are, for the most part, identical with those that
are to be found in similar situations among the algre on rocks and in
rocky tide-pools.

Among those that are nearly or quite peculiar to submerged wood-work
are several species of " ship-worms," (Teredo of several species, and the
Xylotrya fimbriata,) which are bivalve mollusks; the wood-eating Lim-
noria; several species of barnacles, which belong to. the Crustacea;
some of the tubularians, and other hydroids, &c.

Of the salt-water Insects two species have been observed on the piles
of wharves. One of these is a small, slender, green larva, with a dark,
firm head, and sharp jaws. It is the larva of a small, two-winged fly,
probably identical with the Chironomus oceanicus of Packard.

On the piles of a wharf at Menemsha, Dr. Edward Palmer found, in
October, a very interesting insect-larva. It lived in a stout tube com
posed of grains of sand firmly cemented together, and. attached by its
whole length to the piles; the single specimen is broken at both ends.
The tube is flattened, and consists of a central, subcylindrical, tapering
portion, or proper tube, which is covered on all sides with a single layer
of small grains of sand, neatly arranged ; along each side of this, and
partly covering its upper surface, and to fill the angle between it and
the surface to which it was attached, larger grains of sand are cemented.
The preserved portion of the tube is about three-quarters of an inch
long and nearly one-quarter wide, at the larger end, but not more than
half as wide at the small end. The larva is about a third of an inch
long, rather stout, and has a pair of long, sharp, curved jaws, and three
pairs of rather long, hairy legs. It belongs to the Phryganidae, among
the Neuroptera, and somewhat resembles some of the well-known larva1
of the caddis-flies, common in fresh water, which make tubes or cases
of various kinds. Dr. Hagen, who has examined this specimen, refers
it to the genus Molanna, of which three Xorth American species are
known, but only in the adult state. All the larvse of this genus, known
in Europe, live in fresh water, and no other species of the Phryganidse
has been observed in sea-water, although some live in water that is
slightly brackish.

Of Crustacea the most important species is the Limnoria lignorum,
(p. 370, Plate VI, fig. 25.) This little creature is grayish in color, and
covered with minute hairs. It has the habit of eating burrows for
itself into solid wood to the depth of about half an inch. These bur-

86 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [380]

rows are nearly round, and of all sizes up to about a sixteenth of an
inch in diameter, and they go into the wood at all angles and are
usually more or less crooked. They are often so numerous as to reduce
the wood to mere series of thin partitions between the holes. In this
state the wood rapidly decays, or is washed away by the waves, and
every new surface exposed is immediately attacked, so that layer after
layer is rapidly removed, and the timber thus wastes away and is en
tirely destroyed in a few years. It destroys soft woods more rapidly
than hard ones, but all kinds are attacked except teak. It works
chiefly in the softer parts of the wood, between the hard, annual lay
ers, and avoids the knots and lines of hard fiber connected with them,
as well as rusted portions around nails that have been driven in, and,
consequently, as the timbers waste away under its attacks, these
harder portions stand out in bold relief. Where abundant it will
destroy soft timber at the rate of half an inch or more every year, thus
diminishing the effective diameter of piles about an inch annually.
Generally, however, the amount is probably not more than half this, but
even at that rate, the largest timbers will soon be destroyed, especially
when, as often happens, the Teredos are aiding in this work of destruction.
It lives in a pretty narrow zone, extending a short distance above
and below low-water mark. It occurs all along our shores, from Long
Island Sound to Nova Scotia. In the Bay of Fundy it often does
great damage to the timbers and other wood- work used in constructing
the brush fish-weirs, as well as to the wharves, &c. At Wood's Hole it
was formerly found to be very destructive to the piles of the wharves.
The piles of the new Government wharves have been protected by
broad bands of tin-plate, covering the zone which it chiefly affects-
North of Cape Cod, where the tides are much greater, this zone is
broader, and this remedy is not so easily applied. It does great dam
age, also, to ship-timber floating in the docks, and great losses are
sometimes caused in this way. Complaints of such ravages in the
navy-yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, have been made, and they
also occur at the Charlestown navy-yard, and in the piles of the wharves
at Boston. Probably the wharves and other submerged wood- work in
all our sea-ports, from New York northward, are more or less injured
by this creature, and, if it could be accurately estimated, the damage
Avould be found surprisingly great.

Unlike the Teredo, this creature is a vegetarian, and eats the wood
which it excavates, so that its boring operations provide it with both
food and shelter. The burrows are made by means of its stout mandi
bles or jaws. It is capable of swimming quite rapidly, and can leap
backward suddenly by means of its tail. It can creep both forward
and backward. Its legs are short and better adapted for moving up
and down in its burrow than elsewhere, and its body is rounded, with
parallel sides, and well adapted to its mode of life. When disturbed
it will roll itself into a ball. The female carries seven to nine eggs or
young in the incubatory pouch at one time.

[381] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 87

The destructive habits of this species were first brought prominently
to notice, in 1811, by the celebrated Eobert Stephenson, who found it
rapidly destroying the wood -work at the Bell Bock light-house, erected
by him on the coast of Scotland. Since that time it has been investi
gated and its ravages have been described by numerous European
writers. It is very destructive on the coasts of Great Britain, where it
is known as the " gribble."

The remedies used to check its ravages are chiefly copper or other
metallic sheathing; driving broad-headed iron nails, close together,
into the part of the piles subject to their attacks ; and applying coal-
tar, creosote, or verdigris-paint, once a year or oftener.

Another singular crustacean, common on the piles at Wood's Hole,
is the Tanais fihim. This is a very slender, whitish species, almost
thread-like in form, but has the first pair of legs much thickened, with
very peculiar, stout claws, ovate in form ; the rest of the anterior legs
are very slender. The antennae are short and thick, the inner ones di
rected forward 5 the outer ones more slender, and curved outward and
backward. This species lives among the adhering ascidians and hy-
droids on the piles, and has also been found in deeper water, in the Bay
of Fundy. Its habits are little known, but some of the allied species
have been accused of boring in wood.

Two species of barnacles are very common on the piles of the
wharves. The common barnacle of the rocky shores, Balanus balanoides,
(p. 305,) is also common on the piles of wharves and bridges, between
tides, and also on the bottoms of vessels, &c. It never grows very
large, although it may become so crowded together as to form a contin
uous crust. It is easily distinguished from the other species by its
membranous base, which never forms a solid plate, like that of the
other species. The u ivory-barnacle," Balanus eburneus, is also common
on all kinds of submerged wood-work, whether fixed or floating. It
is usually abundant on the piles and timbers of wharves, buoys, oyster-
stakes, bottoms of vessels, £c. It is chiefly found below low-water
mark if on fixed objects, and is even more common in the brackish
waters of estuaries than in the purer waters outside, and it is capable
of living even in pure fresh water, for Professor Jeffreys Wymaii has
sent me specimens collected, by himself, about sixty-five miles up the Saint
John's River, in Florida, where the water is not at all brackish. This
species is sometimes found adhering to the carapax of crabs, the
shell of LimuhiSj and various mollusks. It is easily distinguished from
most species on account of its low, broad form and its smooth white
exterior. It has a shelly base. The B. crenatus^ common on shells and
stones iu deep water, also occurs 011 vessels. Other species are often
found on the bottoms of vessels that have come from warmer latitudes.
Some of them are of large size. One of the most frequent of these is
Balanus tintinabulum.

Several species of u goose-barnacles," Lepas, are frequently found

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [332]

alive on the bottoms of vessels, and especially sucli as have recently
arrived from the West Indies and other foreign countries. These
resemble, in general appearance. L. fascicularis, (Plate VII, fig. 33,)
which is a common indigenous species, usually found adhering to floating
sea-weeds and other small objects in early summer, in large numbers.
It is doubtful whether any of those found on the bottoms of vessels
can be regarded as true natives of this region. The most common of
them is L. anatifera; the valves of its shell are bordered with orange.
The other common species are L. anserifera and L. pectinata. Species
of the curious genus, Conchoderma, also occur on the bottoms of vessels.

Among the Crustacea that commonly occur among the ascidians,
hydroids, and alga? on the piles of wharves, are Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,)
P. depressus, (p. 312, Plate I, fig. 3,) Gammarus ornatus, (p. 314, Plate IV,
fig. 15,) Amphithoe compta S., (p. 370,) Coropliium cylindricum, (p. 370,)
Melita nitida, (p. 314,) Caprella, sp., (p. 316,) and various small Eutomos-
traca. Java copiosa (p. 315) often occurs abundantly near high- water
mark, on old piles and timber, living in the crevices and cracks, or
under loosened bark.

Of Annelids very few if any species occur that are peculiar to these sit
uations. The PotamiUa oculifera (p. 322, Plate XVII, fig. 86) is quite
common on the piles of wharves where the water is pure. P. micropli-
tlialma V. (p. 323) also occurs under the same circumstances, and also on
the piles in harbors, where the water is brackish.

The Leprcca rubra V. was found living in tubes among the ascidians
on the piles of the wharves. This is a Terebelloid worm, somewhat
resembling the Amphitrite ornata, (Plate XVI, iig. 82,) but is much
smaller, and there are fascicles of seta?, on all the segments. There are
three pairs of arborescently divided brauchitp, which are pedunculated,
the last pair being quite small. The body is bright red, the tentacles
pale flesh- color.

The Nicolea simplex V. (p. 321,) was also found with the last in large
numbers, but mostly of small size. Both males and females of Nereis lim-
bata (p. 318, Plate XI, fig. 51, male) were often found among the barnacles
and ascidians on the piles of the wharves at Wood's Hole, but the males
were the most abundant, while the reverse was the case with those dug
out of the sand and gravel on the shores.

Numerous other Annelids were occasionally met with among the ascid
ians and alga?. Among these were Polycirrus eximius, (p. 320, Plate
XVI, fig. 85;) Podar'ke obscura V., (p. 319, Plate XII, fig. 61;) a Pliyl-
lodoce, &c. Two Xemerteans were also common; one of these was an
olive-green species, with alight dorsal stripe, belonging probably to the
genus Cerebratulus, but it was not carefully studied ; the second was
Polinia glutinosa, (p. 324, Plate XIX, fig 97.)

Of Gastropod inollusks quite a number of species occur on the piles
of wharves, and some of them in great abundance, especially the smaller
kinds which live among the hydroids and conferva?. The most abtm-

[383] INVERTEBRATE AFIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 89

dant species is generally fheAstyris hinata, (p. 300, Plate XXI, fig. 110,)
which, generally occurs among the small algte and especially on the
Tubularians, in countless numbers; AnacMs avara (p. 300, Plate XXI,
tig. 109) is often found in considerable number ; Bittium nigrum (p. 305,
Plate XXIV, fig. 154) and Triforis nigrocinctus (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig,
152) are usually common and the former often is very abundant ; Cerith-
iopsis Greenii (Plate XXIV, fig. 153) sometimes occurs, but is rare; Ihja-
nassa obsolete, (p. 354, Plate XXI, fig. 113) and Tritia trivittata (p. 354,
Plate XXI, fig. 112) are common, especially the former; Urosalpinx
cinerea (p. 300, Plate XXI, fig. 110) is generally to be found at or below
low- water mark on the piles and buoys; Bela plicata (Plate XXI, fig.
107) is sometimes met with, but is not common ; Odostomia bisuturalis
(p. 307, Plate XXIV, fig. 140) and other species of the genus are often
found near low-water mark on the piles, especially where they are
somewhat decayed. Littorina palUata (p. 305, Plate XX1Y, fig. 138)
and L. rudis (p. 305, Plate XXIY-, fig. 137) nearly always occur near
high-water mark, on the piles, where there are algre. In the harbors,
where the water is brackish, and less frequently in the purer waters,
the Alexia myosotis (Plate XXY, fig. 108) may be found on timbers and
piles near high-watermark, and sometimes, also, Skenea planorbis, (Plate
XXIY, fig. 142,) Littorinella minuta, (Plate XXIV, fig. 140,) and Eissoa
aculeuSj (p. 300, Plate XXIV, fig. 141.) Among and feeding upon the
Tubularians growing on the piles at and just below low-water mark, the
beautiful ^Eolidictpilata,(P[sitQ XXV, fig. 174) may often be found, espe
cially in the harbors where the water is more or less brackish.

Another related species, apparently the Gavolin&~gymnota, was foun
by Professor Todd, on an old wreck in the Wood's Hole passage, but
differs in several points from any form that has been described. The
branchiae were arranged in six transverse simple rows, on each side,
those of the second and third longest ; in the anterior rows there were
four to six branchiae, the lower ones much shorter than the upper ones.
In life the branchiae were dark green or blackish.

Several other Gastropods are occasionally met with in these situa
tions, but the species above named are about all that ordinarily occur.

Among the Lamellibranchs, or " bivalve-shells,'7 s^e find the Teredo
tribe, nearly all of which are peculiar to submerged wood-work, either
fixed or floating, and most of them are capable of doing great damage,
both to ships and to the timber and piles of wharves and bridges, or
other similar structures. Although popularly known as the " ship-
worm," these creatures are not at all related to the worms, but are true
mollusks, quite nearly allied, in many respects, to the common " long-
clam" (Mi/a) and to the Pholas. Like those shells the Teredo excavates
its holes or burrows merely for its own protection, and not for food; but
the Teredo selects wood in which to form its holes, and when these have
been excavated it lines them with a tube of shelly material. The holes
are very small at the surface of the wood, where they were formed by

id ,.'•"•
it

1)0 REPORT ON COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [384 J

the young Teredos but they gradually grow larger as they go deeper and
deeper into the wood, until they sometimes become ten inches or more
in length and a quarter of an inch in diameter, but the size is generally
not more than half these dimensions. The holes penetrate the wood
at first perpendicularly or obliquely, but if they enter the side of the
timbers or planks across the grain, the burrows generally turn horizon
tally in the direction of the grain a short distance beneath the surface,
unless prevented by some obstruction, or by the presence of other
Teredo tubes, for they never cross the tubes of their companions or
interfere with each other in any way, and there is always a thin layer
or partition of wood left between the adjacent tubes. It is, however,
not necessary that they should follow the grain of the wood, for they
can and do penetrate it in every direction, and sometimes not more
than half the tubes run in the direction of the grain, and they are often
very crooked or even tortuous. They rapidly form their burrows in all
kinds of our native woods, from the softest pine to the hardest oak, and
although they usually turn aside and go around hard knots, they are
also able to penetrate through even the hardest knots in oak and other
hard woods. The Teredos grow very rapidly, apparently attaining
maturity in one season, and therefore, when abundant, they may
greatly damage or completely destroy small timber in the course of four
or five months, and even the largest piles may be destroyed by them in
the course of two or three years.

The most abundant species in this region is the Teredo navalis (cuts
land 2 5 Plate XXVI, fig. 183, animal; Plate XXVII, tig. 180. shell.)

EXPLANATION OF THE CUTS.

Fig. 1. Posterior or outer end of a living Teredo nacaiis, removed from its burrow ;
c, the muscular collar by which it adheres to the shelly lining of its burrow ; p, the
shelly "pallets" which close the aperture when the animal withdraws; t, the two
retractile siphon-tubes which project from the hole when the animal is active.

Fig. 2. Anterior end and shell of the same ; a, the front part of the shell ; /, the
foot or boring organ.

This is the same species that has attracted so much attention in
Europe, during nearly two centuries, on account of the great damage that
it has done, especially on the coast of Holland. Nevertheless no full
description of the animal of this species has yet been published, nor
any satisfactory figures of the soft parts.

When removed from its tube (see Plate XXVI7 fig. 183) the animal is

f385] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 91

found to have a very long, slender, smooth, soft, whitish body, tapering
somewhat toward the outer or posterior end, (fig. 1,) which has a muscu
lar, circularly wrinkled collar, (c,) by which the animal is, when living,
attached to the inside of the shelly lining of its tube. To the inside of
this collar two shelly plates, known as the " pallets," (jp,) are attached
by their slender basal prolongations ; their outer portions are broad and
fiat, and more or less emarginate or two-horned at the end. These are
so connected wifch the muscles that when the animal withdraws its tubes
into its hole the free ends of these pallets are made to fold together and
close the opening, thus serving as an operculuni to protect the soft tubes
against enemies of all kinds. Between the bases of the pallets arise
the siphonal tubes, (£,) which are soft and retractile, united together for
half their length or more, but separate and divergent beyond ; they are
nearly equal, but the ventral or branchial tube is perhaps a little
larger than the other, and is fringed with a few small papillae at the
end ; the tubes are white or yellowish, sometimes specked with reddish-
brown. At the anterior end of the body and farthest from the external
opening of the hole, is seen the small, but elegantly sculptured, white
bivalve shell, (cut 2, s ; and Plate XXYI, fig. 183, s.) The shell covers the
mouth and palpi, liver, foot, and other important organs. The foot (/)
is a short, stout, muscular organ, broadly truncate or rounded at the end,
and appears to be the organ by means of which the excavation of the bur
row is effected. The shell is covered by a delicate epidermis, and prob
ably does not assist in rasping off the wood, as many have supposed.
The gills are long and narrow, inclosed mostly in the naked part of the
body, and are reddish brown in color. The Teredos obtain their micro
scopic food in the same manner as other bivalve mollusks, viz., by
means of a current of water constantly drawn into the branchial tube by
the action of vibrating cilia within 5 the infusoria and other minute or
ganisms are thus carried along to the mouth at the other end, while the
gills are supplied with oxygen by the same current ; the return current
passing out of the dorsal tube removes the waste water from the
gills, together with the f»3ces and excretions of the animal, and also the
particles of wood which have been removed by the excavating process.
As the animal grows larger the burrows are deepened, the lining of
shelly matter increases in length and thickness, the shell itself and the
pallets increase in size, and the terminal tubes grow longer. But as the
orifices of the terminal tubes must necessarily be kept at the external
opening of the burrow, the muscular collar at the base of the tubes con
stantly recedes from the entrance, and with it the pallets ; at the same
time imbricated layers of shelly matter are usually deposited in the
upper end of the shelly tube, which are supposed to aid the pallets in
closing the aperture when the tubes are withdrawn. When the animal
has completed its growth, or when it has encountered the tubes of its
companions and cannot pass them, or when it approaches the exterior
of a thin piece of wood and cannot turn aside, it forms a rounded or
8v

92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [386]

cup-shaped layer of shelly matter, continuous with the lining of the
tubes, and closing up the burrow in front of its shell ; sometimes it
retreats and forms a second partition of the same kind.

This species produces its young in May and probably through the
greater part or all of the summer. The eggs are exceedingly numerous,
probably amounting to millions, and they are retained in the gill-cavit3r,
where they are fertilized and undergo the first stages of their development.
The embryos pass through several curious phases during their growth.
In one of the early stages they are covered with fine vibrating cilia, by
means of which they can swim like ciliated infusoria ; later they lose
these cilia and develop a rudimentary bivalve shell, which is at first
heart-shaped, and the mantle begins to appear and larger retractile
cilia develop upon its edge, which serve as organs for swimming ; but
at this period the shell is large enough to cover the whole body when
contracted. In this stage they swim actively about in the water ; later
the cilia become larger, a long, narrow, ligulate foot is developed, by
means of which they can creep about and attach themselves temporarily
to solid objects; the shells become rounder, a pair of eyes and organs
of hearing are developed ; after this the little animal begins to elongate,
the locomotive cilia are lost, the eyes disappear, and the mature form is
gradually assumed. These young Teredos, when they finally locate upon
the surface of wood-work and begin to make their burrows, are not
larger than the head of a pin, and consequently their holes are at first
very minute, but owing to their rapid growth the holes quickly become
larger and deeper.

This species is very abundant along the southern coast of New England,
from Xe\v York to Cape Cod, wherever submerged wood- work, sunken
wrecks, timber buoys, or floating pieces of drift- wood occur. It also infests
the bottoms of vessels not protected by sheathing. It is not confined to
pure sea- water, but occurs in the piles and timbers of our wharves in har
bors that are quite brackish. I have found it abundant in the piles of Long
Wharf in New Haven Harbor, where the water is not only quite brack
ish, but also muddy and contaminated with sewerage and other impuri
ties. At Wood's Hole it was found to be very abundant in the cedar
buoys that hadt>een taken up from various localities and placed on the
wharves to dry and be cleaned. Captain B. J. Edwards informed me that
formerly, when the buoys were not taken up, they would not usually last
more than two years, owing chiefly to the attacks of this Teredo, but
under the present system there are two sets of buoys, which are alter
nately taken up and put down every six mouths. After a set has been
taken up and allowed to dry thoroughly they are scraped to remove the
barnacles, &c., and then receive a thorough coat of verdigris paint,
each time, before they are put down. With this treatment they will
last ten or twelve years, but they are more or less perforated and in
jured every year, until finally they become worthless. Inasmuch as the
Teredos produce their young all through the summer, and they develop

[337] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 93

to a very large size in one season* it is evident that the best time to
take up the buoys would be in midsummer, before the early crop of
young have grown large, and leaving too little time for the later crop
to become large, in the buoys thus put down, before winter, when most
of them would probably be killed by the cold weather. In this way
the damage might be materially diminished, if not inconsistent with
the other duties of the officers of the vessels employed in this service.
There are, as yet, no means of estimating the extent of the damage
done to our wharves, shipping, &c., by this and the various other species
of Teredo found on onr coast, but judging from their abundance along
the whole coast, it is much greater than is generally supposed.

The Teredo navalis is also abundant on the coast of Europe, from the
Mediterranean and Black Seas to Christiania, and the coasts of Great
Britain. Its habits have been quite thoroughly investigated by several
Dutch naturalists, owing to the great damage that it has done on their
coast, at times even threatening a general inundation of the country by
destroying the wood- work of the dikes. This Teredo occupies a zone
of considerable breadth, for it often lives considerably above low-water
mark and extends several feet below it, even to the depth of fourteen
feet, according to some writers.

The best remedies in common use to resist or prevent its attacks are
copper-sheathing, used chiefly on vessels; broad-headed nails, closely
driven, used for piles and timbers; creosote and coal-tar, frequently applied.
The various poisonous substances that have been applied to timber for
this purpose, however useful they may be in other respects, have little
or no effect on the Teredo, for it does not depend upon the wood for its
food, and even protects its body externally with a layer of shell, lining
its holes. The only remedies that are likely to succeed are those calcu
lated to prevent the lodgment and entrance of the young ones beneath
the surface. Even creosote, thoroughly applied under pressure at the
rate of 10 pounds per square foot, has been found insufficient to prevent
their attacks, for piles thus treated at Christiania were found by Mr.
Jeffreys to be filled with the Teredo within two years after they were put
down.

Several other species of Teredo also occur on this coast. The Teredo
megotara (Plate XXVII, fig. 188) has been found in floating pine wood at
Newport, Rhode Island, and in cedar buoys, &c., at New Bedford,
Massachusetts; as well as in Massachusetts Bay, at Provincetown and
other places ; it is also found as far south as South Carolina at least.
This species sometimes grows to a large size, forming tubes at least
eighteen inches long. It sometimes occurs, also, in the piles of wharves
in this region. The Teredo Thomsoni (Plate XXVII, fig. 187) has been
found in great numbers in the marine railway and also in cedar buoys
at New Bedford. It has also been found at Provincetown in a whaling-
ship that had cruised in the West Indies.

The Xylotrya fimbriata (Plate XXVII, fig. 189) is very similar to the

94 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [388]

common Teredo, except that it lias long, oar-shaped pallets, with slender
stalks 5 the blade is flattened on the inside and convex externally, and
consists of ten to twelve, or more, funnel-shaped segments which set
one into another ; their margins project at the sides, making the edges
of the blade appear serrated. This species appears to be indigenous
on this coast. It has been found living in a sunken wreck in Long
Island Sound, near New Haven, and I have also taken it from the oak
timbers of a vessel, the Peterhoff', employed in the blockading service,
during the late war, on the coast of the Southern States. It grows to a
rather large size, often forming holes a foot or more in length and a
quarter of an inch in diameter, though usually smaller. The pallets are
sometimes half an inch long.

Among the kinds of bivalve shells that do not bore in wood, there are
but few species that commonly inhabit piles of wharves. The most fre
quent of these is the common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307, Plate XXXI,
fig. 234,)- which sometimes adheres in large clusters. The common oyster,
Ostrcea Virginiana, (p. 310,) often attaches itself to the piles, but in such
situations seldom survives the winter.

Ascidians often occur in large quantities attached to the piles, at and
just below low- water mark, and also on the under side of floating timber.
They often completely cover large surfaces and spread over the barna
cles, hydroids, and algse. which have previously located. They grow
very rapidly, attaining their full size during a few weeks in midsummer.

The most abundant species are usually Molgula Manhattensis (p. 311,
Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) and Cynthia partita, (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig.
246.) At Wood's Hole, on the piles of the Government wharf, in August
and September, thePerophoraviridis V. was exceedingly abundant, creep
ing over and covering up the other ascidians as well as the barnacles,
hydroids, and algre. This is a compound or " social n Ascidian, in which
stolon-like tubular processes come out from the basal portion of the first
individuals and run in every direction over the surfaces of objects to
which they are attached, producing buds at intervals, which rapidly
develop into little Ascidians like the old ones, and give out other
stolons in their turn ; thus they will very soon cover large surfaces,
though each individual Ascidian is quite small. The body is com
pressed, broad oval, or more or less rounded in outline, with a terminal
branchial, and lateral anal orifice, both slightly raised on short and
broad tubes. The body is attached to the stolons by a short narrow
pedicle, and is usually not more than an eighth of an inch high. The
color is bright green or yellowish green, and the integument is soft and
translucent.

On the piles of the same wharf, and associated with the last, was
another compound Ascidian, Amarcecium constellatum ; this forms solid
gelatinous masses, with a smooth, convex surface, usually less than an
inch in diameter and about half an inch high, but often larger. The
zooids, or individual animals, are quite small, long, and slender, and en-

[389] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 95

tirely imbedded in the gelatinous mass that unites them together. They
are arranged in circular, oval, or stellate groups, with a common cloacal
orifice in the center of each cluster. The masses are usually pale orange-
red, varying to yellowish and pale flesh-color. The stomach of each in
dividual is bright orange-red ; the branchial sac is flesh-color, pale yel
low, or orange ; the tubes and upper part of the mantle bright orange or
lemon-yellow.

The Eotryllus Gouldii (p. 375, Plate XXXIII, figs. 252, 253) also fre
quently occurs on the piles of the wharves, creeping over the stems of
Tubularians, the surfaces of other ascidians, fronds of algae, or on the
surface of the wood itself. It also frequently forms broad, soft incrusta
tions on the bottoms of boats, floating timber, &c.

The Bryozoa are also usually quite abundant on the piles and timbers
of wharves, &c.

The Bugula turrita( p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 258, 259) is one of the
most common as well as one of the most elegant of these. It occurs at
tached to the adhering sea-weeds, &c., forming delicate white plumes.

The Escliarella variaUUs (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256) usually forms
firm, coral-like incrustations, but when attached to hydroids and sea
weeds it spreads out into foliaceous or lichen-like, rigid, calcareous
fronds, which are dull red while living.

On the piles at Wood's Hole the Bugula flcibellata was also very abun
dant. This forms elegant circular or fan-shaped fronds, consisting of
numerous repeatedly forked, flat, and rather narrow branches, on which
the cells are arranged in about three longitudinal rows. This species,
like others of the genus, bears very singular structures, known as avicu-
laria, which, under the microscope, have the form and appearance of the
stout, hooked beaks of certain birds, such as the hawk, owl, parrot,
&c. These beaks are attached by flexible stems, and are provided in
ternally with powerful muscles by means of which they are constantly
opened and closed, and can bite with considerable force. In this
species these are attached to the sides of the cells, along the edges
of the branches. Their office seems to be to defend the colony against
small parasites, and dirt of all kinds, which, unless thus removed, would
soon cover up the cells and destroy the animals. In addition to these,
various less conspicuous species often occur in abundance, especially
Vesicularia gracilis ; V. dichotoma V. ; and V. cuscuta.

Of Eadiata there are but few species in such localities, with the excep
tion of the Hydroids, which are usually very abundant.

The green star-fish, Asterias arenieola, (p. 3J6, Plate XXXV, fig. 269,)
may occasionally occur adhering to the piles just below low- water mark,
but it does not have this habit to such an extent as does the A. vulgaris,
north of Cape Cod, for the latter is almost always to be seen in abun
dance on the piles of the wharves of the northern seaports, as at Port
land, Eastport, &c., and less abundantly at Boston.

One of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most abundant, of

96 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [390]

the Hydroids that occur on the piles of wharves, and on the under side
of floating timber, is the Parypha crocea, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 274.)
This species grows in great luxuriance upon the piles, especially in
those harbors where the water is somewhat brackish. It forms large
clusters of branching stems, often six inches or more in height, each of
which is surmounted by a beautiful, flower-like, drooping head of a pink
or bright red color. These heads are often broken off, or even volun
tarily cast off, when the animals are unhealthy, but new ones are soon
reproduced, and, therefore, this does not seem to be a very serious acci
dent, though certainly a very inconvenient one, for the mouth, stomach,
tentacles, and most other organs are all lost when these "heads'7
drop off. This species does not produce free-swimming medusa?, but
the buds, corresponding to those that develop into free medusae in many
other cases, in this remain attached to the heads in drooping clusters,
looking like loose clusters of light red grapes, in miniature.

The buds produced by the hydroid-heads of one colony are either all
males or females, and, while attached to the hydroid-heads, eggs or
sperm ules are developed within them; the eggs are fertilized and de
velop into young hydroids, which, when finally expelled, are provided
with a circle of slender tentacles, and need only to attach themselves
to some solid substance by the basal end of the body to become fixed,
tubularian hydroids, similar to the old ones in many respects, though
still very small and simple in structure. These young tubularians swim
and crawl about for a time, and after attaching themselves they rap
idly grow larger and produce stolons from the base, from which buds
arise that develop into forms like the first one ; other buds are pro
duced from the sides of the stems, which also become like the others,
and in this way the large clusters of tubularians are rapidly formed.

Several species of Campanulariaus are also to be found attached to
the piles and timbers of wharves and bridges. At Wood's Hole the
most abundant species was Qbelia pyriformis, which grew in great pro
fusion on the piles just below low- water mark. It is a delicate and much
branched species, with elongated, pear-shaped, reproductive capsules,
and is beautifully phosphorescent. On the hull of an old wreck in
Wood's Hole passage, where the tide flows with great force, the Obelia
flabellata was found in abundance, though it does not appear to have
been noticed on this side of the Atlantic before. It has very elongated,
slender, simple, but crooked stems, with numerous, alternate, short,
forking, fan-shaped branches ; these generally fork close to their origin^
the divisions diverging in opposite directions. The hydroid calicles
(hydrothecoe) are small, cup-shaped, or broad bell-shaped, with a smooth
rim, and they are borne on slender pedicles that are of various lengths,
but mostly short and composed of only four to six rings. The repro
ductive capsules (gonothecas) are urn-shaped, with a short, narrow neck ;
they are borne on short pedicles, of few rings, arising from the axils of
the branches. Some of the specimens were eight or ten inches long.

[391] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 97

On the piles of Long Wharf, at New Haven, the Obelia yelatinosa of
Europe was found growing in great luxuriance in September. The
water at this locality was quite brackish, but it will probably be found,
also, in pure sea- water, for on the coast of Europe it is common both
in brackish and pure ocean-water. It is probable that this species has
not been observed before on our coast, for although the name occurs
in several local lists, these refer, according to Mr. A. Agassiz, to other
species, and he does not include the present species in his Catalogue of
North American Acalephre. It is a large species, growing to the length
of ten or tvvelve inches, and branches widely and very profusely. It
differs from most of our other species in having a thick, compound
stem, composed of many united tubes. The smaller branches are, how
ever, profusely divided, and the branchlets are simple, very slender,
white, and translucent, their delicacy contrasting strongly with the
stout, dark-colored stems. The larger branches mostly arise in pairs,
close together, but immediately diverge ; the small branches and branch-
lets are alternate. The hydrothecae are very small, deeply bell-shaped,
the rim divided into ten or twelve teeth, which are squarish in form,
and slightly emarginate at the end ; their pedicles vary in length, and
are often rather long and slender, especially the terminal ones. The
gonothecre are elongated, urn-shaped, with a narrow, short, tubular
neck. I also found this species in April, growing on oysters, at Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey.

Several other species of Obelia occur in similar situations, together
with various related genera.

The Sertularia pumila, (p. 327, Plate XXXVII, fig. 279) often oc
curs attached to the Fucus and other sea- weeds growing on the piles.

The Halecium yracile V., (p. 328,) often grows on the piles in great
abundance, especially where the water is somewhat brackish, and it
sometimes also occurs in great profusion on floating drift-wood.

Of Actinians the most frequent species is the Sagartia leucolena,
(p. 329, Plate XXXVIII, fig. 284,) which can almost always be found
among the adhering barnacles and ascidians ; not unfrequently it at
taches itself within a dead barnacle, and, in fact, seems quite partial to
such a location.

The Metridium marginatum (p. 329) also frequently occurs on the
piles, but is much less frequent, and generally of smaller size than it
is farther north, as about Boston and on the coast of Maine.

Several sponges occur frequently on the piles of the wharves, but
they have not been well determined. Among them the Grantia ciliata,
or a closely allied species, is very common, and also another of the same
group, which is tubular and branched, (Leucosolenia botryoides ?).

The common, red branching sponge (p. 330) is frequent, and also
a slender branching species of Chalina, near C. oculata. Two or more
species of Tedania, forming irregular, massive, pale-yellow sponges of a
brittle texture, are common.

98 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [392]

List of species commonly found on piles and timbers of wharves and bridges
on buoys, bottoms of vessels, and other submerged wood- work.

ARTICULATA.

Insects.
Page. Page.

Cbiroiiomus oceanicus,

379 Molanna, sp 379

Crustacea.

Page.

Panopeus Sayi 382

P. depressus 382

Hyale littoralis 315

Gammarus oruatus 382

Melita nitida 382

Amphitboe compta 382

Coropbium cylindricum 382

Oaprella,sp 316

Liranoria liguorum 379

Idotea irrorata 316

I. pbospborea 316

Jsera copiosa 382

Tanais filum , 381

Balauus eburneus 381

B. crenatas 381

B. balanoides 381

B. tintinabulum 381

Lepas anserifera 382

L. anatifera 382

L. pectinata , 382

Concboderrna virgata 382

C. aurita . 382

Annelids.

Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus 320

Harmotboe imbricata 321

Eulalia, sp 349

Eumidia, sp 349

Podarke obscara 382

Autoly tus cornutus 397

Nereis limbata 382

Sabellaria vulgaris 321

Page.

Nicolea simplex 382

Leprsea rubra 382

Polycirrus eximius 382

Potainilla oculifera 382

Sabella microptbalma 382

Eucbone, sp 416

Serpula diantbus 322

Spirorbis spirillum 323

Nemerteans.

Polinia glutinosa
Nemertes socialis.

Page.
382
324

Cerebratulus, (?) sp

Page.

382

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Bela plicata 383

Urosalpinx cinerea 383

Tritia trivittata 383

Ilyanassa obsoleta 383

Page.

Astyris lunata 383

Anachis avara 383

Littorinella minuta 383

Kissoa aculeus . . 383

[393] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

99

Odostomia fusca .

Page.
307

O. trifida , , 307

O. bisuturalis . .

383

Littoriiia palliata 383

L.rudis

383

Bittium nigrum 383

Triforis nigrocinctus .
Oerithiopsis terebralis

0. Greenii .

^Eolidia pilata

Cavolina gymnota (?)
Alexia myosotis .... .

Lamellibranchs.

Page.

383

387

T. megotara 387

Xylotrya fimbriata 387

Teredo navalis,
T. Thomsoni . .

Mytilus edulis

Auomia glabra . . .
Ostrsea Virginiana .

Ascidians.

Page.

Cynthia partita 388

Molgula Manhattensis 388

Perophora viridis 388

Botryllua Gouldii

Amaroecium constellatum

Bryozoa.

P age.

Crisia eburnea . . 311

Vesicularia, dichotoma

V. gracilis

Y. cuscuta. .

389
389
389

Bugula turrita

B. flabellata ,

Escharella variabilis. .
Membranipora pilosa.

Page.
383
417
383
383
383
383

Page.
388
311

388

Page.
389
389

Page.
389
389
389
406

Asterias arenicola

RADIATA.

Ecliinoderms.

Page. 1
389|

Acalephs.

Obelia gelatinosa

Page.

391

O. flabellata 390

O. commisuralis 327

O. pyriformis 390

O. geniculata 407

Campanularia flexuosa.

Haleciuin gracile

Sertularia pumila

Penuaria tiarella

Parypha crocea ,

Polyps.

Sargatia leucolena.

Page.
391

Metridium marginatuin

Page.
327
391
391
327
390

Page
391

100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [394]

PROTOZOA.
Port/era, (Sponges.)

Page.

Grautia ciliata (?) 391

Leucosolenia botry oides (?) . . 391
Chalina, sp 391

Page.

Halichondria, sp 330

Renieria, sp 330

Tedania, sp 391

II. 5. — ANIMALS INHABITING THE ROCKY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND

SOUNDS.

In this region the proportion of rocky bottom is relatively quite
small, and mostly to be found only in quite shallow water. Therefore the
animal life is very similar to that of the rocky shores and tide-pools,
near low- water mark.

In Vineyard Sound and vicinity the rocky bottoms examined were
chiefly at the following localities, as indicated on the accompanying
chart, viz.: 1st. An area south of Parker's Point and occupying a part
of the bottom of the passage between Parker's Point and Nonamesset
Island, on both sides of the channel, and extending somewhat south of
a line drawn from Nobska Point to the southeastern end of Nonaines-
set Island. The dredgings made in this area are, 9, «, Z>, c, d ; 2, a, &/
3, a, &, c ; 4, «, b ; 5, c, rf, e ; 8, a, 1) ; 18, a, &. 2d. An area south
and southwest of Nobska Point ; dredgings, 21, &, e ; 22, a ; and
others not recorded were made on this patch. 3d. In the Wood's Hole
passage, between the north end of Nonamesset Island and the opposite
shores, there are numerous rocky patches, and the tides flow with great
force 5 dredgiugs, 14, a, Z>, c, rf, e, /, g; 16, a, I ; 17, c, d, e; 15, «, ft;
and many others were made on this bottom. 4th. A small area between
Uncatena Island and Long Neck; dredgings, 11, e, /, and 71, c, were
on this patch. 5th. A small area, south of the Wepecket Islands, where
the dredging, 73, d, was made. 6th. A region of rocks and sand off
West Chop, north of Martha's Vineyard ; in the dredgings made here,
37, c, t7, e, some very fine hydroids and ascidians were obtained. 7th.
In Quick's Hole, the passage between Nashawena and Pasque Islands,
a rocky bottom, with abundant ascidians, hydroids, and sponges, was
found, where dredgings 77, a and c, were made.

In addition to these localities numerous dredgings were made on
rocky bottoms off Gay Head and Devil's Bridge, and also between
Martha's Vineyard and No Man's Land, but these properly belong to the
cold outer region.

In the vicinity of New Haven, rocky bottoms, generally of small
extent, are found off the light-house, and off South End and Brauford
Point, also among the Thimble Islands. All these localities have
been examined by me in numerous dredging excursions made during
the past eight years. Nevertheless the fauna of the rocky bottoms of

[395] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND ETC. 101

this region is probably more imperfectly kiiown than that of other kinds
of bottom. This is mainly owing to the difficulties encountered in
dredging upon rough rocks.

Eocky bottoms are very favorable for many kinds of Crustacea, both
for those that swim free and conceal themselves among the sea- weeds
that grow on rocks in shallow ^ater, and for those that take refuge be
neath the rocks. Consequently rocky bottoms are the favorite feeding-
grounds for certain kinds of fish, especially tautog, striped bass, black
bass, dinners, £c., in this region.

The common crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,)
P. depressus, (p. 312,) the larger hermit-crab, Eupagurus pollicaris, (p.
313,) and the smaller hermit, E. longicarpus,(p. 313,) are common species
on the rocky bottoms. A small species of spider-crab, Pelia mutica, oc
casionally occurs. The Cancer borealis has hitherto been a rare species,
and little is known concerning its habits or distribution ; it appears to
frequent rocky bottoms chiefly, but most of the specimens obtained in
this region were found thrown up by the waves on the shores of Cutty-
hunk Island, No Man's Laud, and near Gay Head.

The lobster, Homarus Americanus, frequents rocky bottoms, concealing
itself under and among the rocks while watching for its prey, but it is
much less abundant in this region than on the coast of Maine and in the
Bay of Fuiidy, and does not usually grow to so large a size as in the
northern waters. It also occurs on the sandy and gravelly bottoms of
Vineyard Sound, where most of those sent to the markets from this re
gion are obtained. The young, free-swimming larvae of the lobster, in
the stages represented in Plate IX, figs. 38, 39, were often taken at the
surface in great abundance, during June and July, in the towing-nets .
The young lobsters were also found swimming actively at the surface
by Mr. S. I. Smith, even after they had acquired the true lobster-like
form and structure, and were nearly three-quarters of an inch long. In
this stage they swim and act much like shrimp. While young, there
fore, the lobster must be devoured in immense numbers by many kinds
of fishes, and even when of considerable size they are still preyed upon
by the tautog and black bass, and especially by sharks, skates, and rays,
and doubtless by other fishes. We found the lobsters very abundant
off Menenisha on a sandy and weedy bottom in shallow water. At this
place over one hundred were taken at a single haul, by the trawl. The
lobsters caught for the market are nearly all caught in " lobster -pots,"
baited with refuse fish of various kinds.

In addition to the common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate
III, fig. 10,) another quite different species (Hippolyte pusiola) was often
met with on the rocky bottoms. This is a smaller species, about an inch
long, of a pale gray, salmon, or flesh-color, often specked with red ;
there is usually a white stripe along the middle of the back, and some
times transverse bands of red or white ; the antenna are annulated
with flesh-color and light red, and the legs are sometimes specked with.

102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [396]

brown, and often annulated with brown, or with gray and white. It
differs from all the other American species in having a short, acute ros
trum, scarcely projecting beyond the eyes, with three or four sharp teeth
on its upper edge and none below. In form and general appearance it
somewhat resembles the Virbius represented in Plate III, fig. 11, but is
stouter and quite different in color. It i£ a northern species, extending
to Greenland and Northern Europe, and is more common on the coast
of Maine, where it is usually associated with several other larger species
of the same genus, all of which are remarkable for their brilliant colors,
the various shades of red usually predominating. Their bright colors
are no doubt directly connected with their habit of living among the
bright red alga3, so abundant in the shallow waters on rocky bottoms.

A beautiful little shrimp-like Crustacean, Mysis Americana SMITH,
sometimes occurs in immense numbers among the algre growing on the
rocks just below low-water mark, especially in spring. This is an im
portant species, as it is one of the principal kinds of food for the shad
and other fishes. The full grown specimens are only about an inch long.
It is almost transparent, whitish, with conspicuous black eyes ; there is
a row of more or less conspicuous, dark stellate spots along the body, both
above and below, and similar specks often occur on the tail ; a spot of
dark brown or blackish often occurs on each side of the carapax. The
intestine shows through as a greenish or brownish line.

Another small, shrimp-like species belonging to an interesting new
genus, the Heteromysis formosa SMITH, often occurred in small colonies,
sometimes hid away in the dead shell of some large bivalve or gastro
pod. The females of this species are of a beautiful light rose color, but
the males have the pale color and translucency common to most of the
species of Mysis.

Numerous Amphipods also occur, most of which are also found in
the pools or under stones at low water, and have, consequently, been
mentioned on former pages. One of the most curious Amphipods
was a small species, found living among the large compound ascidians,
which is probably Cerapus tubularis SAY. This species constructs
a little, slender, free tube, which it inhabits and carries about
upon its back when it travels, very much as the larvae of caddis-flies,
common in fresh waters, carry about their tubes. One species of bar
nacle, the Balanus erenatus, was abundant, often completely covering
small stones and shells. This has not been met with, as yet, at low-
water, although it occurs on the bottoms of vessels.

Of Annelids a large number inhabit rocky bottoms, but as most of
them live beneath the rocks, or in tubes attached to rocks and stones,
it is difficult to obtain an accurate knowledge of them. Many of the
species seem, however, to be found also in pools and beneath the stones
on rocky shores, and have already been mentioned.

Perhaps the most characteristic Annelids of rocky bottoms are the
scaly worms, of which three species are common in this region, viz. :

[397] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD S6UND, ETC. 103

Lepidonotus squamatus, (p. 320, Plate X, figs. 40, 41 ;) L. sublevis V.,
(p. 320, Plate X, fig. 42 ;) and Harmothoe imbricata, all of which cling
close to the rough surfaces of the stones, or hide away in the cracks and
crevices, or conceal themselves in the interstices between the ascidians,
barnacles, roots of algae, or in the cavities of sponges, &c. Several
long, slender, and active species, belonging to the genera Phyllodoce, Eu-
lalici, Eumidia, and Eteone, are of frequent occurrence ; most of them are
bright green or yellowish green in color, and all have small, leaf-like
branchiae along the sides.

The Nereis pelagica (p. 319, Plate XI, figs. 52-55) is very common,
living beneath the stones, and especially in the interstices between the
lobes of a large, sand-covered, compound ascidian, Amarcecium pelhici-
dum, in company with the species of Pliyllodoce, &c., just named. This
species of Nereis is remarkable for its brilliant iridescence. It is a
northern species, extending to the Arctic Ocean and northern coast of
Europe. It is very abundant on the coast of Maine, under stones
at low-water mark.

Associated with the preceding species among the sandy compound
ascidians, occurring both on rocky and gravelly bottoms, were large
numbers of the Lumbriconereis opalina, (p. 320, Plate XIII, figs. 69,
70,) conspicuous on account of the brilliant iridescent colors. Several
other Annelids also occurred among these ascidians. The Cirrinereis
fragilis, which is a small and delicate species, furnished with con
spicuous eyes, and related to the large Cirralulus, occurs beneath the
stones. The singular Naraganseta coralii occurs burrowing in the coral,
Astrangia Dance, and in this respect is similar in its habits to the allied
genus Dodecaceredj which excavates its galleries in the solid shells of
Cyprina Islandica, Pecten tenuicostatus, &c., in the Bay of Fundy. The
Sabellaria vulgaris, (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88^;) Nicolea simplex,
(p. 321 ;) Scionopsis palmata, (p. 321;) Potamilla oculifera, (p. 322,) Plate
XVII, fig. 86 ;) Sabella microphtlialma, (p. 323 ;) Serpuladianthus, (p 322 ;)
and Fabricia Leidyi, (p. 323,) all occur in tubes attached to the rocks
and stones.

A species of Spirorbis, which forms a small, white, calcareous shell,
coiled up in an open spiral, is commonly attached to the alga3 and hydroids.
The Autolytus cornutus (Plate XIII, tigs. 65, 66) constructs cylindrical
tubes, which are attached to sea-weeds and the branches of hydroids.
This is a small flesh-colored species, with conspicuous brown eyes 5 the
ends of the body are often tinged with green, and the dark, greenish
intestine shows through as a median line. The males and females
are widely different in appearance and structure, and there are also
asexual individuals (fig. 65) very different from both. The asexual ones
construct the tubes referred to, but do not remain in them constantly,
for they are also often taken swimming at the surface. The males and
females are also taken at the surface, especially in the evening, but they
also occur creeping over and among the hydroids. This worm is partic-

104 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [398]

ularly interesting on account of its remarkable mode of reproduction,
for, like several other marine annelids, it presents the phenomena of al
ternate generation. Its history has been well given by Mr. A. Agassiz.*
The very numerous eggs of the female (fig. 66, e) are at first contained in
the general cavity of the body, between the intestine and the outer wall,
along the whole length of the body ; afterwards they pass into a pouch
on the lower side of the body, extending from the twelfth to about the
twenty-sixth segment ; in the pouch they hatch into young worms, and
soon after the sac bursts and they escape into the water. The females
apparently die after discharging the young. The eggs do not develop
into males and females, but into the asexual or neuter individuals, (fig.
65,) which differ widely from the others in form and in the eyes and other
appendages of the head, as well as in the internal anatomy and lateral
appendages. After these neater individuals become nearly f nil-grown,
having forty to forty-five segments, a median dorsal swelling arises
at about the thirteenth or fourteenth segment, most commonly on the
thirteenth, and soon after two others arise from the sides of the same
segment and develop rapidly; these swellings finally become the three
front tentacles of a new head, (#, «,, «, fig. 65;) soon a pair of eyes appears
on the upper side of the segment, than a pair of tentacular cirri • then
the second pair of eyes ; then other appendages of the head, until finally
a complete head is formed, having the structure belonging to the head of
a male or female, as the case may be. As the new head, with its append
ages, becomes more completely organized, the segments posterior to it,
which are to become the body of the new individual, become more highly
developed, and the lateral appendages more complicated, those back of
the fifth in the male, or the sixth in the female, acquire dorsal fascicles
of long setas, and the dorsal cirris becomes longer ; at the same time
some additional segments are developed ; and the ova in the female, or
spermatazoa in the male, are formed. Finally the new sexual individ
ual, thus formed out of the posterior segments of the original neuter,
breaks its connection and swims off' by itself, and becomes a perfectly
developed male or female. The head of the female is represented in
fig. 66 ; a male individual is represented as developing from an asexual
individual in fig. 65. The male can be easily distinguished from the
female by the pair of large an tenure, which are forked in the male, but
simple in the female. Farther details concerning this curious mode of
reproduction may be found in the memoir of Mr. Agassiz, together with
numerous excellent illustrations, in addition to those here copied.

Associated with the preceding species a few specimens were found
which probably belong to another species of Autolytus. These were quite
slender, light-red in color, with paler annulations, but only the asexual
individuals were observed. Another species of larger size also occurs
among the hydroids, near New Haven, which belongs to Autolytus or

* On Alternate Generation in Annelids, and the Embryology of Autolytus cornutus;
Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. VII, p. 384, 1863.

[399] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 105

some closely allied genus, but of this only the asexual form lias occurred,
and it has not yet been carefully studied. This becomes nearly an inch
long and quite slender. The body is white, with about fifty annulations
of bright purplish red between the segments, but sometimes a red ring
is absent, leaving wider white bands ; the lateral appendages are simple,
and each has a dot of red on the anterior side ; the head is orange, with
four dark red eyes.

Of Mollusks there are but few species among the higher groups which
do not also occur on the rocky shores at low- water, but of the As-
cidians and Bryozoa we find numerous additional species. The Gas
tropods are represented by the large Fulgur carica (p. 355, Plate XXII,
fig. 124) and Sycotypuq canaliculatus^ (p. 355 ;) also by the " drill," Urosctl-
pinx cinerea, (p. 306, Plate XXI, fig. 116,) which is usually abundant in
shallow water ; Astyris lunata (p. 106, Plate XXI, fig. 110) is abundant on
the hydroids and algaj ; A.sonaliSj (Plate XXI, fig. Ill,) which is an allied
species, of larger size and with plainer colors, is sometimes met with, but
is rare in this region. It takes its name from two narrow spiral zones of
white that usually surround the whorls. The Crucibulum striatum
(Plate XVIII, figs. 125, 126) is often met with clinging firmly to the rocks
and stones.

The LeptocMton apiculatits (Plate XXV, fig. 167) is one of the most
characteristic and common species on rocky and gravelly bottoms ;
this also adheres firmly to the stones and dead shells, and its grayish or
dirty whitish shell, often more or less stained, blends its color with
that of its surroundings in a way that might deceive the fishes them
selves. The back is covered with a series of movable plates, so that
when removed the animal can curl itself into a ball, like a a pill-bug,'7
(Oniscus,) or like an armadillo, a habit that it shares in common with
the scaly annelids, Lcpidonotus and Harmothoe, which live in the same
places with it. The flexibility of the shell also enables the chitons to
adapt themselves more closely to the uneven surfaces of the rocks than
they otherwise could. More rarely the LeptocMton ruler (Plate XXY,
fig. 166) is met with, though farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy, this
is a very common species, while the apiculatus is quite unknown there,
being decidedly southern in its range. The ruber is, as its name implies,
a red species, and its colors are usually bright and beautifully varied
with lighter and darker. Its bright color would seem at first a fatal gift,
calculated to attract the attention of passing fishes, which are always
fond of such food, but when we examine its habits more closely we find
that it lives almost exclusively on and among rocks that are incrusted
by the curious stony algas, known as " nullipores,1' (Lithotkamnion poly
morphism,} which are red in color, but of various shades, and often com
pletely cover the rocks with irregular red incrustations, over large areas
in shallow water, especially on the coasts farther north, so that this
shell and a larger species, (C. marmoreus,) usually associated with it,
are admirably adapted by their colors for living and concealing them-

106 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [400]

selves on such bottoms, while many other species, frequenting the same
localities, have a similar coloration, though belonging to very different
groups. As examples we may mention the beautifully variegated star
fish, OphiophoUs aculeata, (Plate XXXV, fig. 270,) rare in this region, but
very abundant in the Bay of Fundy ; Crangon borcas, common on the
same bottoms in the Bay of Fuudy ; several species of shrimp belonging
to the genera Rippolyte, Pandalus, &c. The bright red colors of all these
animals would certainly be very fatal to them were there no red algre
among which they could conceal themselves and thus escape, to a con
siderable extent, from the voracious fishes, which are nearly always
ready to pounce upon them whenever they expose themselves. One or
two handsome species of JEolis (similar to fig. 174) were taken, but for
lack of opportunity they were not identified while living, and these soft
and delicate creatures cannot be preserved in alcohol so as to be identi
fied afterwards with certainty. The handsome little Doto coronata
(Plate XXV, fig. 170) occurs occasionally on the hydroids, upon the
animals of which it feeds. This species is generally less than half an
inch in length. The body is pale yellowish, or salmon -color, or rosy,
specked with pink, light red, or dark red, which often forms a median
dorsal line toward the head ; the curious papillose brauchia3 along the
back are pale orange, the lateral and terminal papillae being tipped with
bright purplish red, dark red, or carmine, with a ring of flake-white
below the tip 5 the head and tentacles are pale and translucent. The
eggs are laid upon the hydroids, in long, flattened, and convoluted gelati
nous strings, at various times during the early summer.

Another curious and beautifully colored naked mollusk, the Polycera
Lessonii, also occurs occasionally on rocky bottoms, among hydroids and
bryozoa. In this species the body is pale flesh-color, or sometimes pale
orange, and thickly covered with bright, deep green specks, giving the
whole surface a green color ; along the back is a- median line of tuber
cles or papillae, and there are two other rows on each side, which extend
as far as the gills or a little beyond ; all these tubercles are tipped with
bright sulphur-yellow, except that the last ones of the lateral rows,
posterior to the gills, are usually tipped with flake- white, but these have
two or three irregular, lateral lobes, which are tipped with yellow;
other smaller, yellow tubercles are scattered over the back, sides, head,
and tail ; the tentacles are also bright yellow, but sometimes specked
with green and yellow, with yellow tips. The gills are three in number,
in a cluster on the middle line of the back, posteriorly ; each one is
bipinuate and delicately plumose ; they are colored similar to the back,
generally more or less specked with bright yellow, and often with flake-
white ; the tips are usually bright yellow.

Another small but singular species, which also occurs among the hy
droids, as well as among dead shells, is the Doridella obscura, (Plate
XXY, fig. 173 ;) in this the colors are not conspicuous, but seem rather
intended for its concealment. The back is sometimes light, yellowish

[401] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 107

brown, finely mottled with white, and specked with darker brown ;
dorsal tentacles white and retractile ; lower surface white or light yel
lowish, a three-lobed yellowish or brownish internal organ showing
through in the middle of the foot. Other specimens are very dark-
brown or almost black above, finely mottled with whitish. The ante
rior angles of the head are prolonged into tentacle-like organs or palpi.
The gills are situated beneath, in the groove between the edge of the
foot and the mantle, on the left side, and near the posterior end of the
foot ; they consist of a tuft of slender filaments.

Of Lamellibrauchs certain species occur on rocky bottoms, which
attach themselves firmly to the rocks, either by the side of one valve,
like the oyster, Ostrcva Virginiana, (p. 310,) and the Anomia glabra,
(p. 311, Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242 ;) or by threads of byssus, which
they spin and use as cables for anchoring themselves, like the common
muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 234,) the "horse-
muscle," Modiola modiolus, (p. 309, Plate XXXI, fig. 237,) the Argina
pexata, (Plate XXX, fig. 227,) and Seapharca transversa, (Plate XXX,
fig. 228,) all of which are common in this region ; but certain other
species occur, which burrow beneath the stones, like the Saxicava arc-
tica (p. 309, Plate XXVII, fig. 192) and Mya arenaria (p. 463, Plate
XXVI, fig. 179,) and several other less common species.

The Ascidians are usually very abundant on the rocks and stones at
all depths. The CyntUa partita (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 246,) is very
common, often forming large, rough clusters, much overgrown with hy-
droids, bryozoa, and algae. The specimens mostly belong to the erect
variety, and in form are quite unlike the one figured. The body is
more or less cylindrical, oblong, or urn-shaped, about twice as high as
broad when expanded, and with a wide base; the branchial orifice is
largest, and situated at the summit of a broad, terminal tube, swollen
at base ; the anal orifice is smaller, on a short lateral or subterminal
tube. Both orifices are usually squarish, and open widely, but, when
fully expanded, they sometimes become nearly circular; they are often
surrounded at the edge with a narrow circle of red, and each tube has
eight longitudinal stripes of white, narrowing downward to a point at
the base of the tubes, and alternating with purplish brown ones, which
are usually specked with flake-white. The exterior of the test is more
or less rough and wrinkled, and generally yellowish or rusty, often
tinged with deep purplish brown on the upper parts or throughout.
The tubes are usually roughened by small, wart-like papillae. Unprom
ising as this species looks, it is devoured by the tautog. The Molgula
Manhattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is generally associated
with the former. The Perophora viridis (p. 388) is often very abundant,
creeping over and covering up the two preceding, as well as other as-
cidians, alga3, hydroids, &c. The most conspicuous species, however,
are the massive compound ascidiaus, which sometimes completely cover
the bottom. One of the most abundant of these is the Amarcecium pel-
9 v

108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [402]

lucidum, which forms large, hemispherical or irregular masses, often six
or eight inches, or even more, in diameter, with the surface more or
less completely covered by adhering sand. These masses consist of a
large number of lobes or basal branches, which come out from a com
mon base as elongated, stolon-like processes, and enlarge upwrard to the
end, which is obtusely rounded, and variable in size, but usually from
a quarter to half an inch, while the length may be from one to six
inches ; these lobes often coalesce, more or less completely, at the upper
surface, which is sometimes naked and smooth, translucent, and of a
gelatinous appearance. Each of these lobes contains a central cloacal
orifice, around which a colony of minute ascidians, or zooids, are
grouped, in a manner analogous to the arrangement in Botryllus, already
described, (p. 389,) but in the present case the zooids are very long and
slender 5 the lower end of each, containing the ovaries, with the heart
at its extremity, extends down toward the base of the lobe in which they
are contained to various distances, varying according to the age and
state of development of each zooid, but the full-grown ones are often
nearly an inch long. Each zooid has its own branchial orifice opening at
the surface, as in Botryllus, while all the anal tubes discharge the refuse
water, faeces, and eggs into the common cloacal ducts.

The Amarcecium stellatum is another related species, which is nearly
as abundant as the last, and likewise grows to a very large size. It
forms large, smooth, irregular plates, or crest-like lobes and masses,
which are attached by one edge to the stones and gravel. These plates
are sometimes one to two feet long, six inches high, and about an inch
thick, and, owing to their smooth surface and whitish color, look some
thing like great slices of salt-pork, and in fact it is often called " sea-
pork'7 by the fishermen. Other specimens will be four or five inches
high, and only one or two inches broad at the base, and perhaps half
an inch in thickness, and the summit often divides into broad, flat,
blunt lobes ; various other shapes also occur, some of them very irreg
ular. The larger specimens of this species are generally of a pale-blu
ish or sea-green color by reflected light when first taken from the water,
but pale salmon or flesh-color by transmitted light. The zooids are
much elongated and arranged in more or less regular circular groups
over the whole surface, with a small cloacal orifice in the center of each
circle. If kept in water, when they grow sickly the zooids will be
forced partially or wholly out of their cavities by the contraction of
the tissues around them — a peculiarity seen also in other species of this
genus. These zooids have the branchial tube prominently six-lobed,
and of a bright orange-color, this color also extending over the upper
or outer end of the body, between the tubes, and more or less over the
branchial sac, wrhich is pale yellow or whitish below. The stomach is
longitudinally sulcated, with bright orange-red ribs or glands ; intes
tine bright orange or yellow.

This species is devoured by sharks, skates, and the tautog, although

[403 J INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 109

it would seem difficult for them to digest it, or get much nutriment from
it. The supply is certainly sufficiently abundant.

A third species of this genus, and much more beautiful than either
of the preceding, is also common on rocky bottoms. This is the Ama-
rcecium constellatum V. (p. 388,) which has already been described as
occurring on the piles of the wharves. In deeper water, attached to
rocks, it grows to a larger size, forming thick, hemispherical or cake-
shaped masses or crusts, sometimes becoming somewhat mushroom-like
by the upper parts growing out beyond the central attached portion,
which then becomes a short and broad peduncle. It can be easily
distinguished from the last on account of its brighter colors, the general
color inclining to orange, and by the more irregular and complicated
clusters of zooids. It is less abundant than either of the two preceding.

Two other species of compound Ascidians are also abundant in this
region, as well as farther north. These belong to the genus Leptoclinum ;
they form thin, irregular, often broad, white, or salmon-colored incrus
tations over the surfaces of the rocks, shells, and other ascidians ; these
crusts are of a firm, coriaceous or gritty texture, and have a finely
grauulous surface. Under the microscope they are seen to be filled
with small, nearly globular particles of carbonate of lime, from which
points project in every direction. The zooids are very minute and
are scattered over the surface in large and scarcely distinct groups,
which have, however, a common cloacal orifice in the middle, but the
several cloacal tubes or channels leading to each central orifice are
long, with many crooked branches, reminding one of miniature rivers,
and the zooids are arranged along these ducts and their branches.
One of these species, the Leptoclinum albldum, is easily distinguished
by its chalky white color; the other, L. luteolum, is buff or salmon-
color. It is possible that the last may even prove to be only a colored
variety of the former, but the very numerous specimens that I have
collected and examined, in the living state, both in the Bay of Fundy
and Vineyard Sound, do no not warrant their union. In these locali
ties both forms are about equally common, but near New Haven the
L. luteolum has not yet been met with, though the other is not uncom
mon.

The Bryozoa are very abundant on rocky bottoms at all depths.
Borne of these incrust the rocks directly, like the Uscharella variabilis,
(p. 312, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256;) Alcyonidium Ursutum ; Escliaripora pune-
tata: &c. ; but even these seem to prefer other locations, and by far the
greater number occur attached to algas, hydroids, ascidians, and dead
shells. A large part of the species occur also in rocky pools at low-
water mark, or attached to the Fuci and other sea-weeds between tides,
or to the under sides of stones laid bare by low tides, and have, con
sequently, been previously mentioned. Others which have not yet been
detected on the shore will doubtless be found there by more thorough
search.

110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FSIH AND FISHERIES. [404]

The Alcyonidium ramosum (Plate XXXIV, fig. 257) is one of the most
conspicuous species, and is often very abundant, attached to rocks in
shallow water. In such situations we have often found arborescently
branched specimens, twelve to fifteen inches high, with smooth, cylin
drical branches about a third of an inch in diameter.

The Alcyonidium hispidum (p. 312) does not appear to have been
recorded as from our coast, by previous writers, but it is one of our most
common species, and may almost always be found incrusting the stems
of Fucus at low-water mark, as well as the under surfaces of rocks ; below
low-water mark it is less abundant, generally incrusting Phyllopliora,
and other stout, palmate algae. It is easily distinguished by the slencjer,
acute, reddish spines, of horn-like texture, which surround each of the
cells. It forms soft crusts of moderate thickness, gradually extending
over the surface of the sea-weeds to which it becomes attached.

The A. liirsutum has also been hitherto overlooked on our coast, but
is common, living under the same circumstances as the last, and some
times associated with it, both above and below low-water mark. I have
found it in the greatest abundance in some of the large, rocky tide-pools
on the outermost of the Thimble Islands, east of New Haven. It was
there growing chiefly upon PhyllopJwra membranifolia, in some cases en
tirely covering and concealing the plant, from the base of the stem to the
tips of the fronds. It also often grows on the u Irish moss," Chondrus
crispus, on rocky bottoms in shallow water. It forms rather thin, soft
crusts, which have small, soft papillae scattered over the surface ; from
the summit of each of these papillasa zooid protrudes, when they ex
pand, and displays an elegant little wreath of tentacles, much as in
A. ramosum, (see fig. 257.) The A. parasiticum is also a species hitherto
neglected on our coasts. It forms thin crusts on alga3 and hydroids,
which generally become coated with a layer of fine sand or dirt. I
have not observed it at low-water, but have found it at the depth of a
few fathoms on rocky bottoms in Vineyard Sound.

The Vesicularia dichotoma V. is a very common species, both on
rocky shores, in pools and on the under side of stones ; and in shallow
water on rocky and shelly bottoms. It is also capable of living in
brackish water, and is frequent on the oyster-beds. It usually forms
csespitose clusters of many crowded, slender, white stems, each of
which is repeatedly forked, branching in a somewhat arborescent man
ner. There is a little crowded cluster of small, dark-colored, oval or
pear-shaped cells just below each fork, the cells being sessile and
arranged in two somewhat spiral rows in each cluster. It generally
grows about an inch high, but sometimes two or three inches. When
expanded each of the zooids protrudes from its cell-like body a delicate
wreath of eight slender tentacles.

The Vesicularia cuscuta is a delicate, creeping species, which resem
bles, in miniature, the u dodder- plant," (Cuscuta,) and creeps over other
bryozoa and hydroids, very much as the dodder creeps over other

[405] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. Ill

plants. The stem is very delicate, filiform, jointed, and at intervals
gives off two very slender, opposite branches, which diverge at right
angles, and in their turn branch at intervals in the same way. The
cells are small and oval or elliptical, mostly arranged in clusters at or
near the branchings of the stems, but some are often scattered on
the branches ; they are attached by a narrow base. It occurs both at
low-water in pools and in shallow water among rocks. The V. armata
is also a creeping species, but the cells are terminated by four conical
prominences, each of which bears a slender spine when perfect. This
also occurs both between tides and in shallow water, on hydroids and
bryozoa.

With these species of Vesicularia, and often attached to them and
creeping over them, as well as on other kinds of bryozoa, hydroids,
and algre, a very curious little species often occurs, in which the cells
are small, campanulate, and raised on slender pedicels, which rise
from slender, white, creeping stems. This is the Pedicellina Americana.
The zooids, when expanded, display a wreath of twelve or more tenta
cles ; in contraction and when young they are often clavate.

The JEtea anguinea has not been recorded as from our coast, but is very
common on rocky and shelly bottoms, creeping over various hydroids,
algae, ascidians, broyozoa, &c. ; it also frequently occurs on floating eel-
grass and algre, in company with many hydroids. It consists of delicate,
white, creeping, calcareous stolons, from which arise elongated, slen
der, clavate, white, rigid, erect cells, with the aperture at the end ; the
narrower, pedicel-like portion of the cell is surrounded by fine, circu
lar, punctate strios.

The Eucrate chelata is also a slender, creeping species, and has some
what similar habits, but is much less common, and has been met with
only in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound on ascidians and hydroids.
In this species each cell arises from the back of the preceding one, near
the end, and bends upward and forward obliquely, the cell expanding
from a narrow, pedicel-like, basal portion to a more or less oval upper
part, with the aperture oblique and subterminal. This, also, is a new
addition to the fauna of our coast, although, like the last, long well
known on the coast of Europe.

The Diastopora patina grows attached to algae and eel-grass j it forms
little circular disks, with tubular cells arising from the upper surface,
those in the middle being longest.

The Tubulipora flabellaris frequently occurs attached to various kinds
of slender-branched alga?, such asAhnfeltia plicata, &c. It forms small,
blunt-lobed, coral-like masses, composed of long, crooked, tubular cells,
united by a porous mass at base. Toward the borders of the lobes the
cells are crowded and polygonal. In the central parts they are more
cylindrical and form groups or radiating rows. Associated with the
preceding on the algre, Crisia eburnea, (p. 311 ;) Mollia liyalina, (Plate
XXXIV, fig. 2G4;) Cellepora ramulosa, (p. 312;) and other species oc-

112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [406]

cur. The Membranipora pilvsa (Plate XXXIV, figs. 262, 263) is frequent
on rocky bottoms, growing chiefly upon Phyllophora and other algae.
It may be known by the oval cells, bordered by erect, bristle-like pro
cesses, of which the one at the proximal end of the cell is much longer
than the rest.

Another species, M. Uneata, is also common, incrusting rocks and
shells in broad, thin, radiating patches. In this the cells are oblong?
crowded, and separated only by the linear margins. In the most com
mon variety there are eight or ten slender spinules on each side of the
cells, which bend over so as to meet or interlock across the open cells.
The cells are much smaller as well as narrower than those of the pre
ceding species.

Of Echinoderms only a few species occur in this region, on rocky bot
toms, which causes this fauna to contrast very strongly with that of the
rocky bottoms farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy or on the coast of
Maine, where numerous other fine species of star-fishes and several addi
tional Holothurians are common. The common green sea-urchin, Stron~
gylocentrotm Drobachiemis, (Plate XXXY, fig. 268,)- so very abundant
farther north, and especially in the Bay of Fundy, where it occurs in
abundance at low-water mark, and on rocky bottoms at all depths
down to 110 fathoms, and off St. George's Bank even down to 450 fath
oms, is comparatively rare in this region and chiefly confined to the
outside colder waters, as off Gay Head and No Man's Land, where it
was quite common. But a few specimens were dredged at several local
ities in Vineyard Sound. The largest occured on the rocky bottoms off
West Chop, and off Menemsha. It has been found occasionally in Long
Island Sound, as off New Haven and Stratford, Connecticut, but is
there quite rare and small. It feeds partly on diatoms arid other small
algse, £c., which it cuts from the rocks with the sharp points of its
teeth, but it is also fond of dead fishes, which are soon devoured, bones
and all, by it in the Bay of Fundy. In return it is swallowed whole in
large quantities by the wolf-fish and by other large fishes. The purple
sea-urchin, Arlacia punctulata, is much more abundant in Vineyard
Sound and similar waters, in this region. This is a southern species
which is here near its northern limit. It is easily distinguished by its
rather stout, unusually long, purple spines ; by its ambulacral pores in
two simple rows ; by the upper surface of the shell being partly desti
tute of spines ; and by the anal region, at the summit of the shell, which
is formed of only four rather large plates. It occurred of large size,
associated with the preceding species, off West Chop and Holmes's
Hole 5 it was quite abundant in the passage at Wood's Hole, especially
on shelly and gravelly bottoms north of Naushawena Island, and it was
met with at many other localities.

The common green star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p. 326, Plate XXXV,
fig. 269,) is very common on all the rocky bottoms in this region. A
smaller and more beautiful northern star-fish was occasionally met with

[407} INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 113

in Wood's Hole passage ami several other localities on rocky or grav
elly bottoms. This was the CribreUa sanguinolenta ; it is much more com
mon north of Cape Cod, and is abundant in the Bay of Fundy and north
ward to Greenland ; it is also found on the northern coasts of Europe.
It has not been found much south of Vineyard Sound on this coast.
It can easily be distinguished by its five round, tapering rays, covered
with small spinules, and by having only two rows of locomotive suckers
in the grooves on the under side of the rays, instead of four rows, as in
the common star-fishes belonging to the genus Asterias. Its color is
quite variable. It is often orange, or purple, or rose-color, or cream-
color, and sometimes mottled with red and purple, &c. Unlike the pre
ceding, and most other species of our star-fishes, this does not have free-
swimming young. Its eggs are deposited around the mouth, and re
tained by the mother until they develop into little star-fishes capable of
taking care of themselves.

The Hydroids are very numerous on rocky bottoms. A few species,
like Hydractmia polycllna (p. 328) and the Thamnocnida tenella, attach
themselves directly to the rocks, but the greater number adhere to as-
cidians, algre, or to other hydroids. Many of the species are also to be
found on the rocky shores in tide-pools, and have already been mentioned.
Among those not yet detected at low water is a delicate species of Phi -
mularia, with slender, alternately pinnate branches, which was found
growing upon rocks in company with Hydractinia. The Thamnocnida
tenella is a Tubularian which grows in clusters, two or three inches high,
consisting of long, slender, somewhat branched stems, which are more or
less crooked, and usually irregularly and distantly annulated, with beau
tiful pink heads at the top. The general appearance is like that of the
Parypha, (Plate XXXV 1, fig. 274.) The Obelia dichotoma was found grow
ing upon ascidiaus (Cynthia partita, &c.) in 8 or 10 fathoms, among rocks.
It is a well-known European species, but has not hitherto been established
as an inhabitant of our coast. It has dark, horn-colored, slender stems,
with pretty long and rather erect, slender, alternate branches, which
branch again in the same way. The hydroid cells are deeply cainpauu-
late, with the margin slightly sinuous or scolloped, the slight notches
corresponding with faint angular ridges which run down on the upper
parts of the cells, giving the upper half a slightly polygonal form. In
this respect this species closely resembles the Obelia commisuralis. The
reproducsive capsules are elongated, urn-shaped, with a narrow, raised,
sub-conical neck.

The Obelia geniculata is often very abundant on the fronds of Lami-
naria and other alga3 having flat fronds. Its creeping tubular stolons
often thickly cover the surface with a complete net-work; from these
the erect stems rise to the height of about an inch. This species may
be known by the prominent geniculatkm at the origin of the hydroid
pedicels. The Obelia fusiformis has a similar mode of growth, but is

114 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [408]

much less common. Its hydroid cells are comparatively small and their
pedicels very short.

Several very delicate and beautiful creeping hydroids, belonging to
the Campanularians, also occur attached to larger hydroids, and the
algse. Among these are ClytiaJohnstoni, having comparatively large, bell-
shaped cups, with a notched rim, each borne on a long, slender, generally
simple pedicel, ringed at each end, and arising from the creeping stems.
The reproductive capsules are urn-shaped and aimulated. The C. inter
media is quite similar in its growth, but has smaller and deeper cups, with
smaller notches around the rim. The Orthopyxis caliculata grows in the
same manner ; it has beautiful little bell-shaped or cup-shaped cells,
with an even rim, each borne on a long, slender, annulated pedicel with
one of the rings, just below the cup, very prominent. Its reproductive
capsules are large, oblong, smooth, and obtuse at the end. The Platy-
pyxis cylindrica has small, very deep , somewhat cylindrical cups, with
the rim divided into sharp teeth or notches ; each one is borne on a small,
slender pedicel, generally less than an eighth of an inch high, feebly
aimulated at each end. The reproductive capsules are elongated, com
pressed, flaring slightly at the end. The Campanularia volubilis, is also
a very small, but elegant species ; it has deep cylindrical cups, which have
a regularly scolloped rim, the scollops being small and evenly rounded.
The pedicels are very slender, and are annulated spirally throughout
their whole length, so as to appear as if twisted ; just below the cup
there is one prominent rounded annulation, or bead, the whole resem
bling iu, miniature the stem of certain wine-glasses and glass vases.
The reproductive capsules are vase- shaped, attached by short pedicels,
and have the neck elongated and gradually narrowed to the end,
which flares slightly.

The Lafoea calcarata is also a small creeping hydroid, belonging to
another family. It has curved tubular cells. It nearly always grows on
Sertularia cornicina, which is a small species, resembling 8. pumila,
(Plate XXXVII, fig. 279.) The Sertularia argentea (Plate XXXVII, fig.
280) is a large, profusely branched species, often growing to the length
of a foot or more. It is very abundant in this region. S. cupressina is
closely related, but much less common. The Hydrallmania falcata is
also a large species very common on these bottoms. It can be easily
distinguished by the spiral arrangement of its branches and the unilateral
arrangement of its jug-shaped cells along the branches.

The Eudendrium ramosum and E. dispar are not uncommon on rocky
bottoms, and are both beautiful species, somewhat resembling the
Pennaria, (Plate XXXVII, fig. 277.)

The species of Polyps are the same as those found on rocky shores
at low-water mark. The coral, Astrangia Dance, (p. 329,) is much more
common than on the shores, and grows larger, some of the specimens
becoming four or five inches across, and rising up in the middle into

[409] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OP VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 115

lobes or irregular branches, sometimes nearly two inches high, making
very elegant specimens.

Numerous sponges also occur, but they have not yet been carefully
studied. One of the most abundant is a species of Chalina, which grows
up in clusters of slender, soft, smooth branches, five or six inches
high, and from a quarter to half an inch in diameter, of a pale
yellowish or buff-color while living. It makes very delicate, white, and
beautiful specimens when the animal matter has been thoroughly washed
out and the sponge dried in the sun, which can be best done by hang
ing them up in a reversed position, owing to the flexibility of the branches
when wet. This species is closely related to the Chalina oculata, which
also occurs in this region, in the outside cold waters, as off Gay Head,
and is abundant farther north and on the coast of Europe ; but the pre
sent species is much more delicate, with more slender and rounder
branches, and it seems to be a southern form, for it is common all along
our coast as far, at least, as North Carolina.

The common, irregularly branched, red sponge is found in abundance,
and also several light yellow, irregular, soft, massive species of Tedania,
and the firm, massive, sulphur-yellow CUona sulphured.

List of species ordinarily found on the rocky bottoms of the bays and

sounds.

ARTIOULATA.

Insects.

Page. Page.

Chiron oinus halophilus 415 Palleue, sp 421

Crustacea.

Page. : Page.

Cancer irroratus 395 j Moera levis 315

C. borealis 395 | Autonoe, sp 415

Panopeus depressus 395 I Amphithoe maculata 315

P. Sayi 395

Pelia mutica 395

Eupagurus pollicaris , 395

E. longicarpus 395

Homarus Americanus 395

Crangon vulgaris . . . , 395

Hippolyte pusiola 395

My sis Americana 396

Heteromysis formosa 396

A. longimana 370

Unciola irrorata 340

Cerapus tubularis (?) 396

Caprella geometrica 316

Caprella, sp 316

Idotea phosphorea 316

Erichsonia filiformis 316

Balanus crenatus 396

Numerous small Eutomos-

Lepidactylis dytiscus 339 ! traca.

116 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [410}

Annelids.

Page.

Lepidouotus squairiatus 397

L. sublevis 397

Harmothoe imbricata ....... 397

Pliyllodoce, sp 397

Eulalia, sp 397

Eumidia, sp 397

Autolytus cornutus 397

Autoly tus, sp , 398

Nereis pelagica 397

Podarke obscura 319

MarpLysa Leidyi 319

Lumbriconereis opaliua 397

Ophelia simplex

Cirrhinereis fragilis . . .

Naraganseta coralii

Sabellaria vulgaris

Nicolea simplex .

Scionopsis palmata. . .

Polyeirrus eximius

Potamilla oculifera

Sabella microphthalma

Fabricia Leidyi

Serpula diantlms

Spirorbis, sp

Page.
319
397
397
397
397
397
320
397
397
397
397
397

Cosmocephala ochracea

Polinia glutinosa. - , ,

Nemerteans.

Page. |

325 I Cerebratulus? sp.

324 !

Page.
324

MOLLTJSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Fulgur carica 399

Sycotypus canaliculatus 399

Tritia trivittata 354

Urosalpinx cinerea 399

Astyris lunata , 399

A. zonalis 399

Anachis avara 306

Lacuna viucta 305

Bittiuin nigruin 305

Ceritbiopsis Greenii 383

C. Emersonii , 417

Triforis nigrocinctus. . .
Crueibuluiii stoiatum . . .

Crepidula fornicata

C. unguiformis

Leptochiton apiculatus

L. ruber

Doto coronata

Polycera Lessonii

^Eolis, sp

Doridella obscura

Page.
305
399
355
355
399
399
400
400
400
400

Lamellibranchs.

Page.

Mya arenaria 401

Saxicava arctica 401

ArgiDa pexata 401

Scapharca transversa 401

My tikis edulis

Modiola modiolus . .
Anomia glabra. . . .
Ostraea Virginiana

Page.
401
401
401
401

[411] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Ascidians.

Page.

Cynthia partita 401

Molgula Manbatteiisis 401

Perophora viridis 401

Leptoclinum albidum 403

L. lutecium

Amarcecium stellatum

A. constellatum

A. pellucid urn

11?

Page,
403
402
403
401

Bryozoa.

Page.

Alcyonidium ramosnm 404

A. hispidum 404

A. parasiticutn 404

A. birsutuin 404

Vesicularia gracilis 389

V. dichotoma 404

V. cuscuta 404

V. armata 405

Tubulipora flabellaris 405

Diastopora patina 405

Orisia eburnea . 405

Eucratea chelata. . . ,

JBtea anguinea

Bugula turrita

B.flabellata

Membranipora pilosa .

M. lineata

Escharipora punctata .
Escbarella variabilis. .

Mollia hyalina

Cellepora ramulosa

Pedicellina Americana

Page.
405
405
405
389
406
406
40S
403
405
405
405

BADIATA.

EcMnoderms.

Arbacia punctulata

Strorigylocentrotus Dro-
bachiensis . . .....

Page.
406

406

Asterias arenicola ....
Cribrella sanguinolenta

Page,.
406
407

Acaleplis.

Page.

Campanularia flexuosa 327

C. volubilis 408

Platypyxis cylindrica 408

Ortbopyxis caliculata 408 ,

Olytia Jobnstoni , 408

C. intermedia 408

Obelia f usiformis 407

O. geniculata 407

O. dicbotoma 407

O. commisuralis 327

Lafoea calcarata 408

Plumularia, sp 407

Sertularia cornicina

S. argentea

S. cupressina

Hydrallmania falcata

Halecium gracile

Bougaiuvillia superciliaris

Eudendrium ramosum

E. dispar

Pennaria tiarella

Tbamnocnida tenella

Hydractinia polyclina

Page,

408
408
408

408
408-
327
40T
407

118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [412]

Polyps.

Page, j Page.

Metridium marginatum 329 Astrangia Daiwj! 408

Sagartia leucolena 329 |

PROTOZOA.
Sponges.

Page. Page.

Grantia ciliata 330 Chalina oculata 409

Cliona sulphurea 409 j Chalina, slender species 409

Tedania 409 \ Several other sponges 409

Sponge, red species 409

Foraminifera.

Page.
Numerous species 421

<J. FAUNA OF THE GRAVELLY AND SHELLY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS

AND SOUNDS.

Bottoms composed of gravel or pebbles, often with small stones, and
generally with a considerable proportion of dead and usually broken shells,
were of frequent occurence in Vineyard Sound, and a few such localities
were found in Buzzard's Bay. Similar bottoms of small extent have
also been examined in Long Island Sound, near New Haven. These
bottoms are generally the most productive and agreeable for the
dredger, for they are the favorite abodes of large numbers of animals
of all classes, and the contents of the dredge are often so clean that
they require little if any washing in the sieves. The}' vary much,
however, in character, some of them consisting mostly of gravel, with
pebbles and perhaps small scattered boulders ; others consist largely
of broken shells, especially those of Mactra solidissima and Crepidula
fornicata, mixed with more or less gravel, sand, and mud. Others
are so completely overgrown with the various large compound asci-
dians described above, that they might well be called u ascidian
bottoms." In many places, however, there are patches of mud or sand,
scattered here and there over a bottom which is mostly of gravel and
shells, so that the dredge will often bring up more or less mud or sand,
with some of the animals peculiar to such patches, mixed with those
peculiar to the gravelly bottoms, thus augmenting the number and
variety of animals. In other cases more or less mud and sand may be
mixed with the gravel throughout, or the bottom may be in process of
€hanging from inud or sand to gravel, or the contrary, owing to frequent
•changes in the directions of the currents, produced chiefly by the action
of storms upon the shoals and bars of sand. Hence it is often difficult to

[413] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 119

distinguish with certainty the animals properly inhabiting the gravelly
and shelly bottoms from those that pertain to the muddy and sandy
bottoms, but for our present purposes it is not necessary to make a very
sharp distinction between the different lists, for many species are com
mon to all, and the areas of the different kinds of bottom are generally
small in this region, and evidently may change their character from
time to time.

After a single storm the character of the bottom, in some localities,
was found to be greatly altered over wide areas, sometimes several miles
in extent, at depths of two to ten fathoms, and the animal life at the bot
tom was always found to have changed very quickly, when the physical
character of the bottom had been modified. The most frequent cause
of change was the accumulation of immense quantities of dead sea
weeds and eel-grass over bottoms that, a few days before, had been per
fectly free from it. Such accumulations must either kill the majority of
the animals inhabiting gravelly, sandy, or rocky bottoms, or else cause
them to migrate. In all probability the majority of them perish, at
such times, beneath the accumulations. In other cases one or two
storms sufficed to change gravelly and shelly bottoms to sandy ones,
causing, undoubtedly, great destruction of life and a great change in its
character over particular areas. These changes in the character of the
deposits accumulating on the bottom, attended with extermination of
life and changes in its character in particular localities, illustrate on a
small scale similar phenomena that have constantly occurred on a
grander scale in the history of the past life of the globe, during all the
geological ages, from the first commencement of life. Practically it was
found quite difficult to find, in this region, large areas of gravelly and
shelly bottoms, without some admixture with mud or sand, and it very
seldom happened that a continuous series of dredgiugs could be
made on such bottoms without encountering patches of mud and sand.
Therefore the accompanying list of species undoubtedly contains many
that belong rather to muddy or sandy bottoms than to those now
under discussion, for species have not been excluded unless well known
from many observations, to be peculiar, or nearly so, to mud or sand
and rarely met with on true hard bottoms.

The following are the principal localities where this kind of bottom
was explored in Vineyard Sound and vicinity, but those belonging to
the outside cold area are not included :

First. An extensive area extending from oft' Nobska Point eastward,
nearly parallel with the shore, with some interruptions of sandy bot.
torn, as far as Suconesset Shoal, mostly in three to eight fathoms of
water 5 on this bottom were the dredgings of line 6, a, ft, c, rf, e,f; 21,
a, fc, c, d; 22, a, &, c, d; 23, a, &, e,f; 25, &, c, d; 26, a, &, c, d, e; 34,
a, &, c, d, <?,/; 35, a, ft, c, d, e.

Second. Another similar region nearly parallel with the southeastern
shores of Naushon and Nonamesset Island and extending out into mid-

1*20 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [414]

channel; dredgings on line 5, «-, b; 7, I, c, d; 8, c, d, e,f,g; 42, «.,
b ; 43, a, b, c, d, e, were made on the shallower portion of this ground,
mostly in three to eight fathoms ; 38, a, &, c ; 39, «., ft ; 40, a, &, c, e? /
41, b ; 44, a, fc, c, <Z, e ; 46, e, were made in the deeper parts of the chan
nel, in eight to fifteen fathoms.

Third. Several areas, in the deeper waters of the sound, north and
northeast of Holme's Hole, and doubtless continuous with the last area;
dredgings, at line 28, a, &, c, d, c,f ; 29, a, &, c; 31, «, &, c, d, e ; 32,
«., &, c ; 33, a, ft, c, tf, were made on these bottoms.

Fourth. A narrow strip of clean gravelly bottom, swept by the strong
currents passing around West Chop, and situated between the " Middle
Ground'7 Shoals and Martha's Vineyard, and extending around to East
Chop, with an interruption of rocky bottom just opposite West Chop ;
dredgings on line 37, a, &, c, tf, g, h ; 47, a, and 48, #, fr, c, d, were made
on this area.

Fifth. Iii the channel, at the entrance to Great Harbor, off Nonaniesset
Island, and partially extending into the harbor, there is more or less
gravelly and shelly bottom, frequently alternating with rocks and
often composed chiefly of dead shells, (mainly Crepidula fornicata.)
This place is swept by the powerful tidal currents running through
Wood's Hole Passage; dredgings at line 3, d, e; 5, ejf,g; 13, a, b;
18, a, Z>, c, d ; 19, a ; 20, a, &, and many others not indicated on the chart,
were made here.

Sixth. Another area at the other end of Wood's Hole Passage, north
of Hadley Harbor, and extending out into Buzzard's Bay a short dis
tance ; some parts of this region had a smooth hard bottom of fine
gravel and sand, or coarse sand ; in other places it was more or less
stony : dredgings on line 10, e, f ; 11, a, ft, c, d, e, g ; 12, &, c ; 70, a,
b, c, d ; 71, «, &, were on these gravelly bottoms.

Seventh. A shallow region oif Cataumet Harbor, in Buzzard's Bay ;
the bottom here was hard gravel and shells, much overgrown with algse j
dredgings at line G5, a, Z>, and others not indicated, were made here.

Eighth. At Quick's Hole, in the channel between Nashawena and
Pasque Islands, good gravelly bottom was found; di edgings at line
45, a, b; 7G, a, Z>, c; 77, c, d, e,/, were on this area.

Similar bottoms of small extent were also met with in other places.
There are also gravelly bottoms in the southwestern part of Vineyard
Sound, near its mouth, as off Menemsha, but as these are inhabited by
the more northern species of animals, they will be grouped with those of
the outside waters.

The animals of gravelly and shelly bottoms may be burrowing or tube-
dwelling species, like many annelids, amphipods, bivalve-shells, &c. ;
they may be species that adhere directly to the shells and pebbles, like cer
tain hydroids, bryozoa, bivalve-shells, and the numerous ascidians ; the
latter are quite as numerous here as upon the rocky bottoms, and for the
most part of the same species; they may be species that hide among

[415] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 121

the shells and pebbles or between the ascidians, &c., like many of the
larger annelids, some of the crabs, and other Crustacea, &c. ; they may
be species that live among or attached to the hydroids, bryozoa, ascid
ians, and algae which grow upon the shells and pebbles ; such are many
of the small Crustacea, some annelids, many small gastropod shells, and
most of the more delicate bryozoa and hydroids ; or they may be larger-
kinds that creep or swim about over the bottom, in search of food, such
as the lobster, the larger crabs, hermit-crabs, large gastropod moliusks,
star-fishes, sea-urchins, holothurians, &c. Owing to the great abundance
of animal life on bottoms of this character they are the favorite feeding-
grounds of many kinds of fishes, such as the tautog, scup, black
bass, haddock, and cod, together with many others that are less valua
ble. Most of the "banks77 and "fishing-grounds" resorted to by the
line fishermen have either gravelly and shelly or else rocky bottoms,
and those banks most frequented by fishes are almost always found to
be rich dredgiug-grounds. The gravelly banks in this region are, in
winter and spring, fishing-grounds for cod and haddock, but these fishes
retreat to colder waters in the summer.

Among the Crustacea the most abundant and important species are
the lobster, Homarus Americanus, (p. 395,) the common shrimp, Cran-
gon vulgar is, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) the common rock-crab, Cancer
irroratus, (p. 312,) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,) P. depressus, (p. 312, Plate
I, fig. 3,) the larger hermit-crab, Eupagurus polllcaris, (p. 313,) the
smaller hermit-crab, E. longicarpus (p. 313,) the Heteromysis formosa,
(p. 396,) My sis Americana, (p. 396,) Unicola irrorata, (p. 340, Plate IV
fig. 19,) Amphithoe maculata, (p. 315, Plate IV. fig. 16,) Corophium cyl-
indricum, (p. 370,) which lives among the hydroids, and a species of
Autonoe, wThich lives in the crevices among the lobes of the sandy
ascidians (Amarcedum pellucidum) in large numbers. The barnacle, Bal.
anus crenatus, (p. 396,) is very abundant.

One of the most interesting of the Crustacea met with was the Het-
erocrypta granulata, which occurred off* Falmouth and near Suconesset
light-ship. This is one of the triangular crabs in which the carapax is
smooth ; the chelipeds are long and triangular. It is a southern
.species, occurring on the Florida coast, and is new to our fauna.

Another triangular crab, the Pelia mutica, also occurs on these bot
toms, but this has a rough carapax, and resembles a small specimen of
the common spider-crabs, Libinia.

Clinging* to and creeping over the hydroids and ascidians a singular
long-legged Pycnogonid is often met with on shelly bottoms. This is the
Phoxichilidium maxillare, (Plate VII, fig. 35.) It is most frequently
deep purple in color, but gray and brown specimens are often met with.

The larvae of a fly, Chironomus lialopliilus, was dredged in five fathoms.

The Annelids are quite numerous, and the majority of them are the
same as those found on the rocky bottoms, for the, same species inhabit
.the interstices of the massive asoidimis, found equally on both kinds of

l22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [416]

bottom, and the same tube-dwelling species can attach themselves to
stones and shells just as well as to rocks. Most of the additional species
are burrowing kinds, and some of them probably inhabited patches of
mud or sand. Among the more interesting species are Nephthys bucera,
(Plate XII, fig. 58 ;) Antliostoma acutum Y., a new species ; Scolecolepis
cirratd) new to the American coast j Scalibregma brevicauda Y., a very
interesting new species ; Cirratulus tennis Y., a new species ; Ampha-
rete setosa Y., also a new species ; Serpula dianthus Y., (p. 322.) Several
rare or undescribed species were also met with that have not yet been
fully identified. Among these were a peculiar species of Nereis ; a large
Anthostoma ; a young Polydora ; an apparently undescribed species of
Samytlia ; a species of Euclione, perhaps identical with E. elegans Y. ;
the calcareous tubes of a small worm, perhaps a Verm-ilia, which have
two carina on the upper side.

Two species of Sipunculoids occurred, one of which is probably un
described. The other is the Phascolosoma ccementarium, (Plate XYIII,
fig. 92,) a species very common on all the northern coasts of New Eng
land in deep water. This worm takes possession of a dead shell of some
small Gastropod, like the hermit-crabs, but as the aperture is always
too large for the passage of its body, it fills up the space around it with
a very hard and durable cement, composed of mud and sand united to
gether by* a secretion from the animal, leaving only a small, round open
ing, through which the worm can extend the anterior part of its body to
the distance of one or two inches, and into which it can entirely with
draw at will. It thus lives permanently in its borrowed shell, dragging it
about wherever it wishes to'go, by the powerful contractions of its body,
which can be extended in all directions and is very changeable in form.
When fully extended the forward or retractile part is long and slender,
and furnished close to the end with a circle of small, slender tentacles,
which surround the mouth ; there is a band of minute spiuules just
back of the tentacles ; the anal orifice is at the base of the retractile
part ; the region posterior to this has a firmer and more granulous skin,
and is furnished toward the posterior end with a broad band of scat
tered, blackish, acute, recurved spinules, more or less triangular in
form, which evidently aid it in retaining its position in the shell. As it
grows too large for its habitation, instead of changing it for a larger
shell, as the hermit-crabs do, it gradually extends its tube outward be
yond the aperture by adding new materials to it. Some of the fishes
often suddenly cut short this labor by swallowing the worm, shell and all.

In July the common squids, Loligo Pealii, (Plate XX, figs. 102-105,) were
taken in considerable numbers by means of the trawl, on gravelly and
shelly bottoms off Falmouth, and with them large quantities of the eggs
contained in large bunches or groups of long, gelatinous capsules.
They were apparently spawning at that time.

Although the Gastropod mollusks are seldom very numerous at any
particular spot on these bottoms, yet a pretty large number of species

[417] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 123

occur, and they are quite generally diffused. Many of them have
already been enumerated as occurring on rocky bottoms. The Fnlgur
carica, (p. 355, Plate XX, fig. 124,) and the Sycotypus canaliculatus, (p.
355,) are found chiefly on these bottoms, and are often very abundant.
Over a barrel of living specimens were obtained on a single excursion.
The Lunatia heros, (p. 354, Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136,) though generally
found on the sandy bottoms, also occurred in great numbers and of
very large size on some of the gravelly bottoms. The pretty little
Natica pus-ilia (Plate XXIII, fig] 132) is often common on these bottoms ;
it is usually delicately painted with brown.

The Crepidula fornicata (p. 355, Plate XXIII, figs. 129, 129a) was one
of the most abundant species, often occurring adhering to each other in
great clusters, the lowest ones in the group adhering in turn to dead
bivalve shells, pebbles, shells of living Fulgur and Sycotypus, and still
more frequently to these shells when dead and occupied by the larger
hermit-crabs, (Eupagurus pollicaris.} The dead shells of this Crepidula
were often found in great accumulations, covering considerable areas
of bottom, and with bat little admixture, either with other shells or with
sand and gravel.

The Crepidula unguiformis, (p. 355, Plate XXIII, fig. 127,) though very
common, did not occur in such great quantities. Crucibulum striatum
(p. 399, Plate XXIII, figs. 125, 126) is also common, adhering to vari
ous dead shells.

The Vermetus radicula (Plate XXIY, fig. 157) is a very curious shell,
looking, when full grown, very much like the tube of an Annelid, such
as Serpula or Protula, but the inhabitant is a genuine Gastropod, and
has a thin, spiral, horny operculum, for closing the aperture when it
withdraws. When young this shell often forms a very regular, closely
coiled, spiral shell, looking like that of a Turritella, and sometimes does
not become irregular until the spire is more than an inch long, but sooner
or later it goes off on a tangent and becomes irregular and crooked.
Sometimes several of these shells interlock irregularly and thus form
large clusters.

The curious and minute Ccecum pulehellum (Plate XXIV, fig. 158) is
occasionally met with in considerable numbers, though very liable to be
overlooked owing to its very small size. Ccecum costatum V. is of less
frequent occurrence, and easily distinguished by the prominent ridges
or ribs that run lengthwise of the shell.

Wherever' algaB occur in abundance on these -bottoms, the Bittium
nigrum (p. 305, XXIV, fig. 154) is found in immense numbers, and it is
generally associated with Lacuna vincta (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 139)
and with a few specimens of Triforis nigrocinctuSj (p. 305, Plate XXIV,
fig. 152,) Cerithiopsis Greenii, (Plate XXIV, fig. 153,) Astyris lunata,
(Plate XXI, fig. 110,) Anachis avara, (Plate XXI, fig. 109,) &c. On the
shelly bottoms Cerithiopsis tcrebralis and C. Emersonii ofter occur, but
they are not usually common. On similar bottoms, sometimes adhering to
10 v

124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [418]

Pecten and other shells, we cften met with the various species of Odos-
tomia, among which 0. seminuda (Plate XXI V, fig. 148,) was much the
most common; but 0. producta, (Plate XXIV, fig. 143,) 0. impressa,
(Plate XXIV, fig. 147,) and 0. trijida, (Plate XXIV, fig. 145,) occurred
in shallow water; and also Turbonilla elegans, (Plate XXIV, fig. 155,)
which is a very handsome, glossy, brown shell j and T. interrupta, which is
a similar shell, but more slender, with less convex whorls. The Eulima
oleacea (Plate XXIY, fig. 149) is a very elegant, white, polished, and
shining shell, and generally rare, but in two instances we found several
of them adhering to the skin of the large Holothurian, Tliyone Briareus,
upon which it seemed to live as a quasi parasite or " commensal."

On shelly and muddy bottoms we occasionally found Scalaria lineata,
(Plate XXI, fig. 123,) and S. multistriata, (Plate XXI, fig. 122,) both of
which are rare and elegant shells. The Pleurotoma Mcarinatum (Plate
XXI, fig. 106) occurred rarely.

The bivalve shells are also quite numerous on these bottoms. Among
them the Mactra solidissima (p. 358, Plate XXVIII, fig. 203) is most
conspicuous on account of its great size and frequent occurrence ; its
dead shells were often very abundantly scattered over the bottom, and
were generally incrusted with numerous bryozoa and hydroids. The
Gouldia mactracea (Plate XXIX, figs. 206, 207) was quite common in many
localities in a living state, while the dead shells were generally diffused.
Among the other species that are common or abundant are Scapharca
transversa^ (Plate XXX, fig. 228,) Clidiopliora trilineata, (Plate XXVII,
fig. 193,) Nucula proximo,, (Plate XXX, fig. 230,) Mytilus edulis, (Plate
XXXI, fig. 234,) Modiola modiolus, (Plate XXXI, fig. 237,) Crenella
glandula, (Plate XXXI, fig. 233,) Pecten irradians, (Plate XXXII, fig.
243,) Anomia glabra, (Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242.) The Modiolaria
nigra (Plate XXXI, fig. 236) occurred only in few localities in the deep
water of the middle of the Sound, associated with the common muscle.
The Cumingia tellinoides (Plate XXX, fig. 221) was found living occa
sionally, but its dead shells were quite common. The same is true of
Corbula contracta, (Plate XXVII, fig. 191,) which was perhaps a little more
commonly found living than the last. The Cyclas dentata (Plate XXIX)
fig. 211,) is a handsomely sculptured, pure white shell, which we met
with only a few times in the living state, though dead valves often oc
curred. The same remarks will apply to Coclodesma Leanum, (Plate
XXVII, fig. 198,) of which the shells were much more common. The
Kellia planulata (p. 310,) and Montacuta elevata also occasionally occur
on shelly bottoms, but were seldom obtained alive. The Cyclocardia
lorealls (Plate XXIX, fig. 216) and C. N'ovanglioe (Plate XXIX, fig. 215)
were quite common in the deeper waters.

The Gastranella tumida V., (Plate XXVII, fig. 190) is a small and
rare shell, recently discovered, and has, as yet, been found only on a
shelly bottom among hydroids, near Xew Haven, in 4 or 5 fathoms.
The Anguhis modestatus V. (Plate XXX, fig. 224) is a species recently

[419] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 125

described from specimens dredged by us in Vineyard Sound. It is often
handsomely banded with light red and pale yellow. It is still a rare
species, but has been dredged also near New Haven.

The Ascidians, with the exception of one or two additional species
seldom met with, are the same as those of the rocky bottoms, and they
often occur in immense quantities, especially the massive sandy ones,
Amarcecium pellucidum, (p. 401,) and the " sea-pork," A. stellatum, (p.
402,) which together often almost entirely cover the bottom over areas
many acres in extent. They furnish excellent hiding-places in the open
ings and crevices between their lobes for numerous Crustacea and Anne
lids, many of which can be easily secured by putting the masses of
these ascidians into buckets of water and leaving them until the water
begins to get stale, when they will come out of their retreats in large
numbers and seek the surface or edges of the water for oxygen. Or
they may be pulled apart directly and the various creatures secured at
once.

The Molcjula arenata (Plate XXXIII, fig. 251) is a nearly globular,
but often somewhat flattened species, which covers itself over with closely
adherent grains of sand or gravel. It is most common on sandy bottoms
but is found also on gravelly ones.

The Ciona tenella is an elongated, erect species, attached at base to
rocks, dead shells, &c. It is remarkable for the transparency, whiteness,
and softness of its integument, and for the bright orange ocelli around
its orifices. It is rare in this region, but very common in the Bay of
Fundy.

The Bryozoa are very abundant, especially on the shelly bottoms.
Some of them grow on algce, hydroids, ascidiaus, &c. ; and many
form incrustations on the dead shells and pebbles. The two most
abundant and prominent species are Bugida turrita (p. 311, Plate
XXXIY, figs. 258, 259) and Eschar dla, variabilis, (p. 312, Plate XXXIII,
fig. 256.) The former grows attached to the various sea-weeds in great
quantities, forming delicate white plumes, often six inches to a foot in
length. The latter mostly forms calcareous incrustations over the sur
faces of dead shells and pebbles, thin at first, but eventually becoming
thickened by the formation of layer over layer, until the crust may be
come half an inch to an inch in thickness, with a tabulated and vesicu
lar structure in the interior. The masses thus formed often closely
resemble genuine corals, especially some of the ancient fossil forms,
and they often occur in great quantities. When living the color is dull
red, but when recently dried they have a yellowish -green color, which
easily bleaches out, however, by exposure to the sun and air. Vesicu-
laria diclwtoma, (p. 404,) Alcyonidium ramosum, (p. 404, Plate XXXIV,
fig. 257,) and Crisia eburnea (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 260, 261) are
usually abundant. Most of the remaining species have also been men
tioned in the previous pages as inhabitants of rocky bottoms, or else
among the shore species.

Among the species not previously mentioned are Cellepora scabra,

126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [420]

which forms branching, coral-like masses on the slender red algae ; a
species of Lepralia, found with the last, and also on shells, which is allied
to L. Pallasiana of Europe; Mollia liyalina, which forms circular disks,
with irregular, more or less oblique cells; and Membranipora tennis,
which is common on the pebbles, often covering their whole surface with
a delicate lace-like incrustation, made up of very small, crowded, oval
or oblong cells, which have the inner part of the front partly closed over,
but with an irregular, mostly three-lobed aperture toward the outer end?
which is bordered by small, irregular spinules.

The Vesicularia fusca was also found in a few instances, in deep water.
It had not been previously known on the American coast. Good speci
mens of the Caberect Ellisii were also dredged in the deeper parts of Vine
yard Sound, attached to ascidians.

Of Echinoderms the number of species is not large. The common
green star-fish, Asterias arenicola (Plate XXXV, fig. 269) is very com
mon; the Cribrella sanguinolenta, (p. 407,) is comparatively rare ; and
the green sea-urchin, 8. DrobacMemis, (p. 406,) is quite infrequent.
The purple sea-urchin, Arbacia punctulata, (p. 326,) is, however, quite
common in many localities. The largest and finest specimens were
taken off Holmes' Hole, but it was quite abundant, though of moder
ate size, in Great Harbor and Wood's Hole passage. The Thyone Bria-
reus (p. 362) is not uncommon in shallow water, especially among weeds;
it has already been mentioned, (p. 418,) as carrying Eulima oleacea
attached to its skin.

Another Holothurian, the Pentamera pulcliella, seems to be quite com
mon, judging by the numerous specimens thrown on Kobska beach by
the storms, and preserved for us by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, during the
past winter, but it was dredged only in one locality, off Holmes' Hole,
by Messrs. T. M. Prudden and T. H. Russell. It is a southern species,
not previously known north of the Carolina coasts. It is easily distin
guished from the preceding species by its light color, and by having
the locomotive-suckers arranged in five broad and very distinct longi
tudinal bauds, with naked spaces between them.

A very delicate little Ophiurian, the Amphipholis elegans, was occa
sionally met with on the shelly bottoms. This is a northern species,
much more common in the Bay of Fundy, where it is found from low-
water mark to 80 fathoms, and it is found also on the northern coasts
of Europe. It has a nearly circular disk, covered with smooth scales,
regularly arranged, and each of the scales, on the sides of the slender
rays, bears three short, blunt spines. Its color is usually light gray or
whitish, frequently more or less marked with dark gray or brown.

The Hydroids are numerous on these bottoms,'aud mostly of the same
species that have been mentioned as occuring on rocky bottoms.

The Polyps are few and essentially the same as those on the rocky
bottoms. The only additional species was a small, slender, uudescribed

[421] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 127

species of Edwardsia, E. lineata V., living in the interstices among
ascidians and the tubes of Sabella and Potamilla.

Sponges also occur in considerable numbers. Among them the most
conspicuous is the Cliona sulphured, a bright sulphur-yellow species, grow
ing into hemispherical or irregular, massive forms, of firm texture, the
surface covered with scattered, low, wart-like, soft prominences, about
an eighth of an inch in diameter, which contract when the sponge is
dried, leaving shallow pits. The sponge commences as a boring species,
on various dead shells, and as it grows it penetrates the shells in every
direction, forming irregular holes and galleries, which continue to grow
larger as more and more of the substance of the shell is absorbed, until
the shells are reduced to a completely honey-combed, brittle mass, or a
mere skeleton ; finally the sponge begins to protrude from the surface,
and grows up into mammilliform masses, or small, rounded crusts,
which continue to grow and spread in every direction, until finally they
may form masses six or eight inches in diameter, with the base spread
ing over and enveloping various dead shells, pebbles, and the coral,
Astrangia Dance, though it often happens that living specimens of the
latter grow upon the sponge. Owing to the remarkable boring habits
of this and other allied sponges, they are very important in the econ
omy of the sea, for they are the principal agents in the disintegration
and decay of the shells that accumulate 'over the bottoms, thus per
forming the same function in the sea that fungi and insects perform on
the laud — the removal of dead organisms that otherwise would accu
mulate in vast quantities. In this work they are aided, in most regions,
either by certain boring Annelids, (Dod-ecacerea, &c.,) or by various bor
ing rnollusks, (Liihodomus, Pholas, Gastrochcena, &c.,) but the greater
part of this work seems to be effected by the sponges.

Numerous species of Foraminifera were obtained on these and also on
the rocky bottoms, but they have not yet been studied. The most com
mon kind occurs attached by one side to dead shells, algse, &c. It con
sists of several chambers arranged in a spiral manner, and to the naked
eye resembles a minute depressed spiral shell.

List of species inhabiting gravelly and shelly bottoms of the bays and

sounds.

ARTICULATA.

Insects.

Page, i Page.

Chironomus halophilus 415 •• Muscidee, larva 335

Pycnogonids.
Page.

Phoxichilidiuin maxillare. 415

Page.

Pallene, sp 409

128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [422]

Crustacea.

Page.

Cancer irroratus 415

Panopeus depressus 415

P.Sayi 415

Pelia nmtica 415

Heterocrypta granulata 415

Eupagurus pollicaris 41 5

E. lougicarpus 415

Horoarus Americauus 415

Crangori vulgaris 415

Hippolyte pusiola 395

Mysis Americana 415

Heteromysis forinosa 415

Page.

Lepiclactylis dytiscus 339

Mcera levis 315

Autouoe, sp 415

Amphitlioe inacalata 415

Unciola irrorata 415

Oorophiuni cylindricum 415

Caprella, sp 316

Idotea phosphorea 316

Erichsonia filiformis 316

Epelys trilobus 370

Balanus creuatus 415

Numerous Entomostraca.

Annelids.

Page.

LepidoDotus squamatus 320

L. sublevis 320

Harmothoe imbricata 321

Sthenelais picta 348

Nephthys picta 348

N. bucera 416

Phyllodoce, sp 349

Eulalia, sp 349

Eulalia, sp 349

Euinidia, sp 349

Eteoue, sp 349

Antolytus cornutus - . 397

A., sp., banded 398

Nereis pelagica . . . ; 319

N. liinbata 318

Nereis, sp . . . , 416

Diopatra cuprea 346

Marphysa Leidyi 319

Lumbriconereis opalina 320

L. tenuis 320

Authostoma acutum 416

Anthostoma, sp 416

Scolecolepis cirrata . . 416

Page.

Polydora, sp 416

Scalibregina brevicauda 416

Cirratulus tenuis 416

C. grandis 319

Girrhiuereis fragilis .... 397

Naragariseta coralii 397

Dodecacerea, sp 397

Clymenella torquata 343

Sabellaria vulgaris 349

Cistenides Gouldii 349

Ampharete setosa 416

Samytha, sp 416

Amphitrite ornata 320

Nicolea simplex 321

Polycirrus eximius 320

Potamilla oculifera 322

Sabella microphthalma 323

Euchone, sp 416

Fabricia Leidyi 323

Serpula diauthus 416

Yerinilia, sp 416

Spirorbis spirillum 323

Sipunculoids.

Phascolosoma caiineutarium 416

Phascolosoma, sp.

Page.
416

[423] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Nemer leans.
Page.

Meckelia ingens . 324

Poliuia glutinosa 324

Cosmocepbala ochracea . . .

129

Page.
325

MOLLUSCA.

Ceplialopods.

Loligo Pealii. eggs and adults .

Gastropods.

Page.

Pleurotoma biearinatum . . . 418

Bela plicata 383

Fulgur carica 417

Sycotypus canaliculatus . 417

Tritia trivittata 354

Eupleura eaudata 371

Urosalpinx cinerea 306

Astyris lunata 417

A. zonalis 399

Anachis avara 417

Odostoinia producta 417

O. fusca 307

O. trifida 417

O. seminuda 417

O. impressa 417

O. bisuturalis 307

Turbonilla interrupta.. . . 418

T. elegaiis 418

Eulima oleacea 418

Lacuna vincta . 417

Bittium nigrum

Triforis nigrocinctns. . .
Cerithiopsis Greenii. . .

C. terebralis

C. Emersonii

Verinetus radicula

Caecum pulchellum

C. costatum

Crucibulum striatum .

Crepidula fornicata

C. unguiforinis

C. convexa

Natica pusilla

Lunatia beros

Scalaria lineata

S. multistriata

Leptochiton apiculatus

Poly cera Lessouii

Doto coronata. 1

Doridella obscura..

Lamellibranchs.

Page.

Saxicava arctica 309

Mya arenaria, (young) 309

Corbula contracta 418

Clidiophora trilineata . , 418

Lyonsia byalina 358

Cochlodesma Leanum 418

Mactra solidissiina 418

Mulinia lateralis 373

Cumingia telliuoides 418

Angulus tener 358

A. inodestus

Gastranella turnida..
Cardium piunulatum

Cyclas dentata

Kellia planulata

Montacuta elevata . . .
Gouldia inactracea . .

Astarte castanea

Cyclocardia borealis.
C. Kovanglia3

Page.
416

Page.
417
417
417
417
417
417
417
417
417
417
417
355
417
417
418
418
399
400
400
307

Page.
418
418
435
418
418
418
418
432
418
418

130 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [424]

Page.

Nucula proxima 418

Argiua pexata 309

Scapharca transversa 418

Mytilus edulis 418

Modiola modiolus 418

Modiolaria nigra..
Crenella glandula .
Pecten irradians . .

Anomia glabra

Ostrsea Virginiana

Ascidians.

Page,

Cioiia tenella 419

Cynthia partita 311

Molgnla Maiihatteusis 311

M. arenata 419

Peropkora viridis . . 388

Leptoclinum albidum.

L. lutecium

Amarceclum stellatum

A. pellucidum

A. constellatum . .

Bryozoa.

Page.

Alcyonidium rarnosum 419

A. hirsututn 404

A. parasiticum 404

Yesicularia dichotoma. .. . 419

V. cuscuta 404

Y. gracilis , 389

Y. arrnata 405

Y. ( Avenella) fusca 420

Tubulipora flabellaris 405

Crisia eburnea 419

-2E tea an guinea 405

Eucratea chelata . 405

Caberea Bllisii.. 420

Bugula turrita

B. flabellata

Membranipora pilosa. . .

M. tenuis

M. lineata

Escliarella variabilis
Escbaripora punctata (?)

Lepralia, sp

Mollia hyalina

Discopora cocciuea ("?)••
Cellepora ramulosa

C. scabra

Pedicellina Americana . .

Page.
418
418
418
418
310

Page.
403
403
419
419
403

Page.
419
389
406
420
406
419
403
420
420
333
312
419
405

RADIATA.

Echinoderms.

Pentamera pulckella

Thy one Briareus

Strongylocentrotus Droba-
chiensis .

Campauularia Tolubilis
Platypyxis cylindrica. .
Orthopyxis caliculata. .

Page.
420
420

420

Page.

Arbacia punctulata 420

Asterias arenicola 420

Cribrella sanguinolenta 420

Amphipholis elegans 420

Acalephs.

Page.
408
408
408

Page.

Gly tia Johnstoni 408

Obelia fusifornris 40 7

O. geniculata 407

[425] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 131

Page.

O. dichotoma 407

O. cominissuralis 327

Lafoea calcarata 408

Sertularia argentea , , . 408

S. cupressina 408

Page.

Halecium gracile 328

Eudendrium dispar 408

Pennaria tiarella 327

Thamnocnida tenella 407

Hydractinia polyclina 328

Hydrallmania falcata 408

Polyps.

Page.

Sagartia inodesta 330

Metridium marginatum . . . , 329

Page.

Edwardsia lineata 421

Astrangia Dana3 . . 421

PROTOZOA.

Sponges.

Page.

Grantia ciliata 330

Chalina, sp 409

C. oculata . 409

Page.

Cliona sulphurea 421

Halichondria, sp 330

Tedania, sp 409

Foraminifera.

Page.
Numerous species 421

II. 7. — FAUNA OF TRE SANDY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

The sandy bottoms in Vineyard Sound are chiefly found in shallow
water, either along the shores or on the banks and shoals. In Buzzard's
Bay they were met with only in few places, near the shore, and have no
great extent. To the eastward of Vineyard Sound, throughout the
greater part of Nan tucket Sound, Muskeget Channel, and the waters
south and southeast of Nantucket and Cape Cod, the bottom is gener
ally sandy, sometimes passing into gravelly and shelly.

The true sandy bottoms are not favorable to many kinds of animals,
and where the sands are constantly changing, as on most of the shoals
in this region, the bottom is sometimes almost barren of life, though
certain burrowing species may occur.

The following are some of the special localities where dredgings were
made on sandy bottoms: In Buzzard's Bay, at line 11, d, e,f; 64, «, &;
66, a, b ; 67, a, b ; 68, a, b ; 71, a, &, d ; 73, a, &, c, e, f. In Vineyard
Sound, at line 14, g, Ji ; 25, a, b ; 27, a, b ; 30, a, b ; 37, 7t, i ; 43, a, b ;
46, c, d ; 47, d, e ; 48, a, &. A large portion of the species occurring on
these bottoms have been mentioned before either as inhabitants of the
sandy shores at low water, or as living upon gravelly and shelly bot
toms. With the exception of a few species living attached to scattered
shells or stones, nearly all the species are such as are adapted to bur-

132 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [426]

rowing beneath the surface of the sand, though many of them may also
occur creeping on its surface.

The most abundant and characteristic species of Crustacea are the lob
ster, Homarus Americanus, (p. 313,) the common shrimp, Crangon vul-
garis, (p. 339, Plate lit. fig. 10,) the " lady-crab," Platyoniclms ocellatus,
(p. 338, Plate I, fig. 4,) the larger hermit-crab, Eupagurus polllcaris, (p.
313,) the smaller hermit-crab, Eupagurus longicarpus, (p. 313,) Anthura
brunnea, Conilera concharum, Unciola irrorata, (p. 340, Plate IV, fig. 19.)

Of Annelids a considerable number of burrowing species occur, and
also a few tube-dwelling species, which attach their tubes to dead shells ;
among these last are Sabellaria vulgaris (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, S8«,)
and Serpula dianthus, (p. 322.)

The Gastropods are not numerous, and but few are peculiar to sandy
bottoms 5 the majority found have their proper homes on shelly or
muddy bottoms and live in much smaller numbers in sandy places;
others enumerated in the following list inhabit the patches of eel-grass
and alga3 that are often scattered over the sandy bottoms in shallow
water. A few species, however, have their proper homes on the sandy
bottoms. Among the most important of these are Lunatia heros, (p. 353,
Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136,) Neverita duplicata, (p. 354, Plate XXIII, fig.
130,) Natica pusilla, (p. 354, Plate XXIII, fig. 132,) Cyliclma oryza,
(Plate XXV, fig. 164,) Utriculus canalieulatus, (Plate XXV, fig. 160.)

The bivalve shells are more numerous, and most of them are species
that burrow beneath the surface. The most common and characteristic
species are Ensatella Americana, (p. 356, Plate XXVI, fig. 182, and
Plate XXXII, fig. 245,) Siliqua costata, (p. 358, Plate XXXII, fig. 244,)
Mactra soUdissima, (p. 358, Plate XXVIII, fig. 202,) Angulus tener, (p.
358, Plate XXVI, fig. 180, and Plate XXX, 223, shell;) Tottenia gemma*
(p. 359, Plate XXX, fig. 220,) Lyonsia liyalina, (p. 358, Plate XXVII, fig.
194.) In certain localities, where eel-grass grows, the scollop, Pecten
irradians, (p. 361, Plate XXXII, fig. 243,) occurs in considerable abun
dance. The common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (Plate XXI, fig. 234,) occa
sionally occurs in patches or beds. Lccvicardium Mortoni (p. 358, Plate
XXIX, fig. 208) is sometimes abundant in sheltered localities. The
Ceronia arctata appears to be abundant in some places, as it is some
times thrown on the sandy beaches in large numbers, but it was seldom
dredged. The Thracia Conradi lives on sandy bottoms, buried six
inches or more beneath the surface, but is seldom obtained alive. The
dead shells were occasionally dredged in Vineyard Sound.

Very few Ascidiaus occur. The most frequent one is Molgula arenata,
(p. 419, Plate XXXIII, fig. 251,) which lives free in the sand and covers
itself with a coating of closely adherent grains of sand. Another species,
M.pellucida, is occasionally met with ; this also lives free in the sand, but
does not attach the sand to itself. It has a clean translucent integu
ment, a round body, and two tubes which are large and swollen at their

f427] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 133

bases. Where eel-grass or algae afford opportunities for its attachment,
the M. Manliattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) generally occurs.

The Bryozoa are not numerous, unless where dead shells are scattered
over the sand for their attachment, when many of the same species that
inhabit shelly bottoms may occur. The only species that are frequent
on the true sandy bottoms are Bugula turrita, (Plate XXXIY, figs. 258,
259,) which occurs attached to eel-grass, &c., and Eschar ella variabilis,
(p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256,) which iucrusts dead shells or other solid
objects ; with the last, Membranipora lineata, (p. 406,) and several other
species may sometimes be found.

Several species of Echinoderms inhabit the sandy bottoms. The most
abundant one is the " sand-dollar," Echinarachnius parma, (p. 362, Plate
XXXV, fig. 267,) which occurs in immense numbers on nearly all sandy
bottoms, except on the most exposed shoals. Another related species,
Melitta testudinaria, was dredged two or three times in Vineyard Sound,
but the specimens were dead and broken. It is a very abundant species
south of Cape Hatteras, and may be distinguished by having five large
oblong perforations near the edge.

At least three species of Holothurians live upon the sandy bottoms.
The most common one is the Thy one Briareus, (p. 362,) conspicuous on
account of its large size and dark purplish-brown color, as well as for the
numerous long papilla that cover its body. It was found on a sandy bot
tom off Waqupit, with the Eulima oleacea (Plate XXIV, fig. 149) adher
ing to its surface, just as they occurred together on shelly bottoms, (see p.
418.) The Pentamem pulchella, (p. 420,) also inhabits sandy bottoms, in
shallow water. During the past winter Mr. Vinal N. Edwards collected
numerous specimens of this and the preceding species on Nobsca beach,
after storms. They doubtless live in the sand, in shallow water, a short
distance off the beach. In similar situations the Caudina arenata, (p. 362,)
occasionally occurs, but it is apparently rare in this region. It has a thick,
yellowish white, harsh skin, without suckers, and its body tapers off into
a slender caudal portion. The common star-fish, Asterias arenicola,
(p. 326, Plate XXXV, fig. 269,) is not uncommon on sandy bottoms, though
more abundant in rocky and shelly localities. The Ophiura olivacea
(p. 363) lives among the patches of eel-grass in shallow water on the
sandy bottoms, and travels over the surface of the sand quite rapidly
by means of its slender, flexible rays.

Of Hydroids very few species ordinarily inhabit sandy bottoms, and
the only one that is usually met with is Hydractinia polyclina, (p. 328,)
which lives on the shells occupied by hermit-crabs. Others occasionally
grow on the eel-grass or on dead shells.

The Cliona sulphured, (p. 421,) is the only large sponge that is com
monly met with on sandy bottoms, but another bright yellow siliceous
sponge, forming smooth, firm, crest-like lobes and plates, occurred on
Edgartown beach.

134 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [428]
List of species inhabiting the sandy bottoms of the bays and sounds.

ARTICULATA,

Crustacea.

Page.

Cancer irroratus 312

Carcinus granulatus 312

Platyonickus ocellatus 436

Hippa talpoida 338

Eupagurus pollicaris ...=,... 426

E. longiearpus 426

Homarus Americanus 426

Crangon vulgaris 426

Page.

Lepidactylis dytiscus 339

Unciola irrorata 426

Idotea caeca 340

Epelys trilobus 370

Conilera concharum 426

Anthura bmnnea 426

Linmlus Polyphemus 340

Annelids.

Page.

Sthenelais picta 348

Nephthys picta 348

Eteone, sp 349

Neresis pelagica 319

Lumbriconereis opalina .... 320

Bhynchobolusdibrauchiatus 341

E. Americanus 342

Anthostoma robustum . . 343

Page.

A. acutum 416

Scolecolepis cirrata 416

Polydora, sp 416

Clymenella torquata . . 343

Sabellaria vulgaris 426

Cistenides Gouldii 323

Amphitrite ornata 320

Serpula dianthus 426

Nemerteans.

Page.
Meckelia in gens 349

M. rosea
Sipunculoids.

Page.

Phascolosoma Gouldii.. 353

P. csementarium

Page.
350

Page.
416

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Fulgur carica 355

Sycotypus canaliculatus 355

Eupleura caudata 371

Urosalpinx cinerea 306

Tritia trivittata 354

llyanassa obsoleta 354

Anachis avara 306

Astyris lunata 306

Page.

Odostoinia seminuda 417

Turbonilla interrupta 418

Bittium nigrum 305

Triforis nigrocinctus 305

Cerithiopsis Greenii 417

0. terebralis 417

0. Emersonii 417

Caecum pulchellum 417

[429] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 135

Page.

C. costatnm 417

Oepidula fornicata 355

C. convexa 355

0. unguiforinis 355

Katica pusilla 420

Page.
Lunatia beros 426

Neverita duplicata 426

Cylichna oryza 426

Utriculus canaliculatus. . 426

Lamellibranchs.

Page.

Eusatella Americana . . 426

Siliqua costata 426

Mya arenaria 357

Corbula contracta 418

Clidiophora trilineata 418

Lyonsia liyalina. , . .- 426

Thracia Conradi 426

Periploina papyracea 435

Cocblodesma Leauum 418

Mactra solidissima 426

Mulinia lateralis 373

Ceronia arctata 426

Macoma fusca. . 359

Tellina tenta

Augulus modestus . . .

A. tener -

Venus mercenaria

Tottenia gemma

Lsevicardium Mortoni

Page.
432
418
426
359
426
426

Cyclas dentata 418

Solenomya velum 360

Gouldia mactracea 418

Astarte castanea 432

Myti lus edulis 426

Pecten irradians 426

Anomia glabra 311

Ascidians.

Page.

Molgula arenata 426

M. Manhattensis . . 427

Molgula pellucida

Bryozoa.

Page.

Bugula turrita 427

Membranipora lineata 427

Escharella variabilis.

Page.
426

Page.
427

EADIATA.

Ecliinoderms.

Page.

Thy one Briareus 427

Pentamera pulcliella 427

Caudiiia arenata 427

Echinarachuius parma 427

Melitta testudiuaria
Asterias areuicola . . .
Opbiura olivacea

Acalephs.

Page.

Obelia diapbana , 327

Hydractiuia polyclina

Page.

427
427
427

Page.
427

136 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [430]

Polyps.

Page.
Paractis rapiformis 363

PROTOZOA.

Sponges.

Page.

Clioua sulphurea 427

Page.

Massive siliceous sponge 427

Foraminifera.

Page.

Several species 421

II. 8. — FAUNA OF THE MUDDY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

The muddy bottoms are inhabited by a considerable number of
species, which find their true homes in such localities. Most of these
are either burrowing or tube-dwelling kinds. A few creep or swim
about over the surface or conceal themselves in the superficial layer of
mud and vegetable debris.

The character of the mud itself is quite various, and the different
kinds are often inhabited by different groups of animals. The mud may
be very thick, heavy, and tenacious, consisting chiefly of clay ; such
mud is usually inhabited by few species of animals. It may consist of
finely comminuted sand, mixed with more or less clay; such bottoms are
more favorable to animal life. In other places it consists partly of one
of the preceding kinds intimately mixed with large quantities of decay
ing vegetable debris, derived chiefly from eel-grass and algae; such mud,
unless too fetid, is often full of animal life. In some cases, especially
in well-sheltered localities, where the water is tolerably pure, the mud
may contain large quantities of living and dead microscopic organisms,
both animal and vegetable, and these may even constitute more than
one-half of the bulk of the mud, which, in such cases, is peculiarly soft
and flocculent; such mud is extremely favorable to many kinds of ani
mals that feed on the microscopic organisms, especially the bivalve
shells, Holothurians, and many Annelids, and the u menhaden " among
fishes. The last variety of bottom, when it has a substratum of sand
or gravel a few inches below the surface, is the most favorable kind for
oysters, which grow very rapidly and become very fat in such places.

In Vineyard Sound and Nantucket Sound muddy bottoms are not
common, and are mostly of small extent, situated in coves, harbors, or
in places where the tides form eddies around projecting points of laud,
or in the lee of shoals.

In Buzzard's Bay the bottom is muddy over the greater part of its
area, except a region of sandy and shelly bottom in the central part.

In Long Island Sound the bottom is generally muddy throughout its

[431] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 137

length and breadth, though small areas of rocks, gravel, and sand occur
at various places.

The special localities, indicated on the chart, where dredgings were
made on muddy bettoms, not including the outside dredgings, are as
follows : In Buzzard's Bay. at line 67, b ; 68, «, &, c : 74, «,, 1) ; 75, a, ft,
c, $, e, f ; in Hadley Harbor, at 10, a, &, c, d ; in Great Harbor, at 17,
&, c; 19, b ; in Kobiuson's Hole, at 78, «, &, c ; in Vineyard Sound, at
47, &, c, Numerous other dredgings were made on muddy bottoms in
this region that are not indicated on the chart.

In Long Island Sound numerous dredgiugs have been made by the
writer, with Mr. S. I. Smith and others, during eight years. These ex
tend from a few miles west of the entrance of New Haven Harbor to
the Thimble Islands and Faulkner's Island on the east 5 and from the Con
necticut shore nearly across the sound. The greater part of these dredg
ings were on muddy bottoms, and generally in 3 to 8 fathoms of water.

The following are some of the most common and important of the
Crustacea living on these muddy bottoms : the spider crab, Libinia can-
aUculata, (p. 368,) L. dubia, (p. 368,) Panopeus depressiis, (p. 312, Plate
I, fig. 3,) P. Sayi, (p. 312,) the " blue-crab," Callinectes liastatus, (p. 367,)
My sis Americana, (p. 396,) Ptilocheirus pinguis, (p. 431,) Unciola irro-
rata, (p. 340, Plate IV, fig. 19,) Limulus Polyphemus, (p. 340.) Numer
ous tube-dwelling Amphipods, including several species of Ampelisca
and genera belonging to the Lysianassincc occur, some of them in great
numbers, and also additional species of crabs and shrimps. All these
are of special importance, because they furnish great quantities of food
for the fishes frequenting muddy bottoms.

Of Annelids numerous burrowing and tube-dwelling kinds are to be
found, some of them in great abundance. One of the most abundant
and conspicuous species is Nephthys ingens, (Plate XII, figs. 59, 60.) This
worm burrows in mud of all kinds, even in that which is so filled with
decaying vegetable debris as to be very fetid. It grows to the length
of more than six inches, with a diameter of a quarter of an inch or more,
though most of the specimens are about half this size. The body is
whitish, with a red median blood-vessel, but the lateral appendages are
dark and the setae nearly black. It is very active, and wriggles about
energetically by undulating its body laterally, to the right and left ; this
motion enables it to burrow quickly, or to swim quite rapidly. When
captured it is very apt to break off the posterior part of its body,
but can reproduce it.

The Diopatra cuprea (p. 346, Plate XIII, figs. 67, 68) is often abun
dant where the mud is somewhat firm ; the dredge often brings up large
quantities of the projecting ends of its large tubes, but the occupant
usually escapes by retreating below the surface. The two species of
Ehynchobolus are also quite common, but R. dibrancltiatus (p. 341, Plate
X, figs. 43, 44) is generally the most abundant. The curious ^ravisia
carnea V. is seldom met with, and, like Brada setosa V., appears to be rare

138 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [432]

in this region. The Trophonia affinis (Plate XIV, fig. 75) is more com
mon, though found chiefly in the deeper waters, and more frequently in
the cold waters outside, as off Outtyhunk Island and off Block Island.
Ampharete setosa V. has been found only in Long Island Sound, near
New Haven. The Melinna cristata is a northern and European species ;
it was found in the deeper part of Vineyard Sound, inhabiting flexible
tubes covered with fine mud. Euchone eleyans V. (Plate XVI, fig. 84) was
found in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound, living in small tubes of
mud ; it was much more abundant in the deeper waters outside. The
Meckelia ingens (p. 349, Plate XIX, figs. 96, 96a) occasionally occurs on
muddy bottoms, though more common on sandy ones.

Of Gastropod mollusks a comparatively small number of species oc
cur that are characteristic of these bottoms. There are several species
that occur on eel-grass, when it grows on the muddy bottoms, which are
not included in the following list. They have been mentioned when
speaking of the fauna of muddy and sandy shores.

Among the species of special interest were Mangilia cermet, which is
a rare and little-known species ; Bela plicata (p. 383, Plate XXI, fig.
107) ; Turbonilla elegans, (p. 418, Plate XXIV, fig. 155), which was re
cently described from specimens obtained in Vineyard Sound by us ;
T. interrupta, (p. 418 ;) two species of Scalaria, (p. 418 ;) Cylichna oryza,
(Plate XXV, fig. 164;) AmphispJiyra pellucida, (Plate XXV, fig. 162;)
and Utriculus canaliculatus, (Plate XXV, fig. 160).

The bivalve shells are much more numerous and are mostly burrowing
kinds. Among the most abundant are Mulinia lateralis, (p. 373, Plate
XXVI, fig. 184 B,) which occurs in immense quantities, especially in soft
sticky mud ; Clidiopliora trilineata, (Plate XXVII, fig. 193 ;) Tellina tenta
(Plate XXX, fig. 225,) which is often very abundant in soft mud, in shel
tered places, as in Hadley Harbor ; Callista convexa, (Plate XXX, fig.
219 ;) Nucula proxima, (Plate XXX, fig. 230 ;) Toldia limatula, (Plate XXX,
232 ;) Astarte castanea, (Plate XXIX, fig. 204 ;) and Mytilus edulis, (p. 307.)

The last-named shell, which is the common muscle, occurs in patches,
" beds," or "banks," often of great extent. One of these muscle-beds, in
which the animals were living, was found extending quite across the
mouth of Cuttyhunk Harbor, at line 75, /, on the chart ; another at
Quick's Hole, at line 76, c, and 45, a, ft; others at 77, $, #,/; 46, ft, c, d.
In several instances large beds of dead muscles were found, with few
living ones, and in all these cases there were on them large numbers of
star-fishes, either Asterias arenicola, in case of those in Vineyard Sound ;
or Asterias vulgaris on those in the deeper and colder waters near the
entrance of the Sound and off Gay Head ; and sometimes both kinds, at
intermediate localities. These star-fishes had no doubt devoured the
muscles. Among the localities of this kind are, 47, «, &, c, d ; 53, &, c ;
56, &, c, d ; 55, a, 6, c ; 63, a, 1) ; 58, d ; 54, &. As this species of muscle
grows to full size, under favorable circumstances, in one year, it is prob
able that these muscle-beds vary greatly in size and position in different

[433] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 139

years. They afford habitations for various kinds of animals that belong
properly on shelly or stony bottoms, such as Arbacia punctulata (p. 326,)
Cribrella sanguinolenta, (p. 407,) and various shells, ascidians, hydroids,
&c. The Modiolaria nigra (Plate XXXI, fig. 236) was found in small
numbers, but of good size, associated with the common muscle, in the
deeper part of Vineyard Sound.

The oyster does not usually occur on true muddy bottoms in this
region, unless placed there by human agency, but unless attacked by
the star-fishes or other enemies they will flourish well in such localities.
Beds of oysters on muddy bottoms always afford lodgment for large
numbers of animals that belong properly to the shelly and rocky bot
toms ; these have mostly been omitted from the following list.

Among the shells of peculiar interest that live in the mud are the
species of Pholas. The largest and finest species, P. costata, has been
found living in New Bedford Harbor, according to Dr. Gould. It lived
buried in the mud two or three feet below the surface, and the speci
mens were dug out by the harbor-dredging machines. This is a south
ern species, found quite commonly on the coasts of South Carolina and
Florida, and in the Gulf of Mexico. With the last, P. truncata (p. 372,
Plate XXVII, fig. 200) was also obtained, but this is quite common in mud
and peat-banks, above low-water mark. Of both the preceding species
we dredged dead shells at Wood's Hole and in Great Harbor, and with
them we found fragments of another, Zirplicca crispata, which is a
northern and European species. It is seldom that living adult speci
mens of such deep-burrowing shells can be obtained by the ordinary
dredge, and they are rarely thrown up by the waves.

Ascidians are not often found on the muddy bottoms, and most of
those that do occur adhere to the shells of oysters, muscles, &c., or to
eel-grass. Hydroids and Bryozoa are likewise nearly wanting on true
muddy bottoms, though a few may occur on the eel-grass and oysters.

Of Echinoderms there are but few species. The Thyone Briarem
(p. 362) sometimes occurs where there is growing eel-grass. The common
star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p. 326,) has been mentioned above as in
habiting muscle-beds and oyster-beds. The Ampliipliolis abdita V. is a
singular Ophiuran, with a small body and very long, slender, flexible,
greenish arms, having three spines on each side arm-plate. The arms
are sometimes six inches long. The creature buries itself deeply beneath
the surface of the soft mud, and projects one or more of the long arms
partially above the surface of the mud. On this account it is seldom
dredged entire; the projecting arms are usually cut off by the dredge,
and the animal escapes; and as it has the power of restoring lost arms,
this is only a temporary inconvenience. The same thing probably hap
pens when a voracious fish seizes one of the arms.
11 V

140 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [434]

List of species inhabiting muddy bottoms of the bays and sounds.

ARTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Page.

Pinnotheres ostreum ' 367

P. inaculatus 459

Cancer irroratus 312

Panopeus depressus 431

P.Sayi .-. 431

Carcinus granulatus 312

Callinectes hastatus 431

Libinia canaliculata 431

L. dubia 431

Eupagnrus pollicaris 313

E. longicarpus . . « 313

Callianassa Stimpsoui 369

Crangon vulgaris - 339

Mysis Americana 431

Sqnilla einpusa

Lysianassinoe, several spe
cies

Phoxus Kroyeri

Melita nitida

Arnpelisca, two species

Ptilocheirus pinguis

Ampliitkoe compta — , .

Corophium cylindricum ....

Unciola irrorata

Epelys trilobns

E. inoutosus

Liinulus Polyphemus

Numerous Entomostraca. . .

Annelids.

Nephthys in gens

Phyllodoce, sp

Eulalia, sp

Nereis pelagica

Diopatra cuprea

Marphysa Leidyi

Lumbriconereis opalina . . .
Ehynchobolus Americanus
E. dibranchiatus .

Meek el i a in gens.
Cerebratulus, sp

Page.

431

349

349

319

431

319

320

342

431

Travisia carnea

Troplionia affiuis

Brada setosa

Cistenides Gouldii

Ampharete setosa

Melinna cristata

Polycirrus eximius ....,..,
ChsBtobrauchus sanguiueus.
Euchone elegans

Phascolosoma csementarium

E'ontonenia marinum

Nemerteans.
Page. ]

432 Cosmocephala ocliracea.
324

Sipunculoids.

Nematodes.

Page. I
325 j P. vacillatum

Page.
369

431

314
431
431
370
415
431
370
370
431

Page.
431
432
431
323
432
432
320
320
432

Page.
325

Page.
416

Page.
326

[435] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND. ETC. 141

MOLLTJSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Mangilia cerina . 432

Bela plicata. 432

Tritia trivittata 354

Ilyanassa obsoleta 354

Eupleura caudata 371

Odostomia semiouda 417

O. fusca 307

Turbonilla interrupta 432

T. elea-aiis . 432

Page.

Crepidula fornicata . .... ... 355

C. convexa 355

! C. unguiformis 355

Scalaria lineata

S. multistriata

Utriculus eanaliculatus . . .

Bulla solitaria ......

Amphisphyra pellucida . . .

432
432
432
371

432

Cylichna oryza 432

Lamellibranchs.

Page.

Pholas costata 433

P. truucata 433

My a arenaria 309

Clidiophora trilineata - 432

Lyonsia Lyalina 358

Periploma papyracea 429

Mulinia later alls 432

Tagelus gibbus 373

T. divisus

Cumingia tellinoides 418

Macoma fusca 359

Angulus tener 358

Tellina teuta 432

Callista convexa 432

Yen us nierceuaria ,. 359

Petricola pholadiformis 372

Page.

Cardium pinnulatum 423

Kellia plauulata 310

Montacuta elevata 418

Solenornya velum 360

Astarte castanea 432

Cyclocardia borealis 418

0. Novangliae 418

Macula proxima 432

Yoldia limatula 432

Argina pexata 309

My tilus edulis 432

Modiolaria nigra . . .' , 433

Crenella glandula . 418

Anomia glabra 311

433

Ostrsea Virginian a

Asculians.
Page, j Page.

Molgula Manbatteusis 311 \ Cyutbm partita 311

EADIATA.

EcMnoderms.

Page.

Thyone Briareus 433

Asterias arenicola. . . . 433

Page.

Aniphipholis abdita - 433

142 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [436]
II. 9.— FREE SWIMMING AND SURFACE ANIMALS.

Under this head I have included all the animals found swimming free,
whether in. the bays and sounds, or in the coldel- region outside. Nor
have I, in this case, attempted to separate those of the estuaries and
other brackish waters, although such a distinction might be useful had
we sufficient data to make it even tolerably complete. But hitherto
very little surface-collecting has been done in waters that are really
brackish ; and, moreover, since every tide must bring in myriads of free-
swimming creatures with the waters from outside, it will always be diffi
cult to distinguish between those that are thus transported and those
that properly belong to the brackish waters. A distinction between the
free-swimming animals of the bays or sounds and those of the open
coast has not been made, partly on account of the constant intermixture
of the waters and their inhabitants by the tides, and partly because the
observations that were made do not indicate any marked difference in
the life or in the average temperature of the surface waters, though the
waters of the shallow bays become more highly heated by the direct
heat of the sun in summer. The waters of the open coast are evidently
more or less warmed by the Gulf Stream, and in fact numerous species
of animals that properly belong to the fauna of the Gulf Stream are
constantly brought into Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds by the cur
rents, showing conclusively that a portion of the Gulf Stream water
must also take the same course.

In Vineyard Sound, during August and the first part of September,
the temperature of the surface water in the middle of the day was gen
erally from 68° to 71° Fahrenheit ; September 9, off Tarpaulin Cove,
the surface temperature was 60° 5 off' to the west of Gay Head, in mid-
channel, it was 07° Fahrenheit; but farther out, off No Man's Land, on
the same day, it was 62°, (bottom, in 18 fathoms, 62J° ;) a short distance
west of No Man's Land it was 63°, (bottom, in 11 fathoms, 59°;) about
sixteen miles off Newport, at the 29-fathom locality, it was 62° on Sep
tember 14, (at the bottom 59° ;) off Cuttyhunk, in 25 fathoms, it was
64° at the surface on September 13, (bottom 62J°.) According to the
record made by Captain B. J. Edwards, during the past wi liter, from
observations taken at 9 a. in. every morning, at the end of the Govern
ment wharf at Wood's Hole, (where the temperature must be nearly
identical with that of Vineyard Sound,) the average temperature of the
surface water was 31° Fahrenheit, from December 27 to February 28.
The average temperature for that hour during January was 31.42° ;
the lowest was 29° on January 29, with the wind N. W. ; the highest
was 38° on January 17, with the wind S. W.; on the 18th, 19th, and
22d it was 35°. The average for February was 30.75° ; the coldest was
29°, on February 24 and 25 ; the highest 33°, on February 8, 17, and
19. The temperature at the bottom (at the depth of nine feet) was
also taken, but rarely differed more than one degree from that of the

[437] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS QF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 143

surface, being sometimes a little lower and sometimes higher than that
of the surface, but generally the same. The higher temperatures
usually occurred with, or following, southerly or southeasterly winds,
(from the direction of the Gulf Stream,) while the lowest ones gener
ally accompanied or followed northerly winds. The tides must ob
viously also have some effect in modifying the temperature.

It must not be inferred from the preceding remarks that a distinct or
constant current flows into these waters from the region of the Gulf
Stream, for the facts do not warrant such a belief, nor is there any dif
ficulty in explaining the phenomena in another way. All that is neces
sary to account for the higher temperatures of this region, and the fre
quent occurrence of Gulf Stream animals, is to suppose that when
southerly or southeasterly winds blow continuously for a considerable
time they cause a superficial flow or drift of warmer water from the
Gulf Stream region toward these shores, which may also be aided by
the tides; such a surface-drift will gradually lose its distinctness as
it approaches the coast and mingles more and more with the cooler
waters beneath, but the animals borne along by it will still serve to
show its direction and origin, even after its temperature becomes iden
tical with that of the adjacent waters. Such surface currents would
necessarily be intermittent in character and variable in direction and
extent, as well as in duration and temperature. They would also be
more frequent in summer than in winter, according with the prevalent
direction of the winds. So far as known to me all the facts are in
harmony with this view. Accordingly the waters of Vineyard Sound
are quite cold in winter, and only occasionally receive a little heat from
the Gulf Stream region, and that, probably, largely through the medium
of the air itself; but in summer these waters are very warm, for they
not only receive frequent accessions of warm water from the Gulf
Stream, but they are also favorably situated to be rapidly warmed by
the direct heat of the sun.

The fauna of the surface in this region is very rich and varied, es
pecially in summer. In winter, life is also abundant in the surface
waters, but very different in character from that found in summer.
Had collections been made in spring and autumn, still other groups of
animals would doubtless have been found. Our knowledge of the surface
animals of Vineyard Sound , in winter, is wholly based on a series of surface-
dredgings made by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards in January, February, and
March of the past winter. A separate list of the species contained in
these collections, so far as identified, has been prepared to follow
the general list. The most noticeable feature of the winter collections
is the entire absence of the larval forms of crabs, shrimps, lobsters,
star-fishes, sea-urchins, annelids, &c., which so abound in the same
waters in summer. On the other hand there is a great abundance of
Entomostraca, Sagitta, several northern Amphipods, species of My sis ,
&c., together with eggs and young of certain fishes.

144 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [438]

Iii the general list of surface species only those that have "been ac
tually observed are introduced, but it must be remembered that the
greater part of the Crustacea, annelids, mollusks, and echinoderms are
well known to have free-swimming young, or larval forms, and that the
list might easily be doubled by the introduction of such species, on
theoretical grounds ;• but, by omittingf them, the list serves to indicate
how much yet remains to be done in this direction. There are large
numbers of common species of which neither the young nor the eggs
are known, and there are many others of which the eggs, or young, or
both, are known, but the time required for the hatching of the eggs and
the development of the young is not known. The dates given in the
lists- refer only to the time of actual capture of the species, and it must
not be inferred that at other seasons of the year any of the species so
designated are not to be found $ for, doubtless, many of those that swim
free when adult may be found all the year round. And possibly
some species may breed during every month of the year. But the
breeding season of most species is probably of short duration, and
therefore the larvas and young may occur only at particular seasons.

Mr. A. Agassiz has made a very large collection of the surface ani
mals in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and off Newport, and to his
labors we owe the knowledge of a large proportion of the jelly-fishes.
He has also described the larva? and young of several Annelids and
Nemerteans, and has described and beautifully illustrated the Iarva3
and young of the common star-fishes, (Asterias.) and the green sea-
urchin, (Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis.) The Salpa Calotti (Plate
XXXIII, figs. 254, 255) was also well described and illustrated by him;
and also other species, but a large part of the collection has not yet
been elaborated.

Our surface collections were made both in the day and evening,
at various hours, chiefly by means of towing-nets and hand-nets. The
evening or night hours are generally more productive than the day- time
in this kind of collecting, but we Avere unable, owing to lack of time
and superabundance of other specimens, to do as much night-collecting
as we desired.

Among the Crustacea there are a considerable number of species that
swim at the surface when adult, and others till nearly half-grown, but
the majority are free-swimmers only when quite young, or even only
when in the zoea and megalops stages, through which they seem, from
Mr. S. I. Smith's observations on several of our species, to pass in a
short time. The males of the common oyster-crab, Pinnotheres ostreum,
(p. 3G7, Plate I, fig. 2,) were often caught in the day-time swimming at
the surface in the middle of Vineyard Sound. The lady-crab, Platyon-
ichus occUatus, (p. 338,) of full size, was also occasionally caught swim
ming actively at the surface. The " blue-crab," or common edible
crab, CalUnectes liastatm, is well known to be an active swimmer, when
adult, but most of those seen at the surface were young. The larvae

[439] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 145

of Cancer irroratm, (p. 312, Plate VIII, figs. 37, 37a,) and of Platy-
onichus in the zoea and mega-lops stages, were taken in vast numbers,
especially in bright sunshine, together with similar larvse of many
other species. The larvre and young of the lobster (Plate IX, figs. 38,
39) were also abundant in mid-summer. The numerous specimens ob
tained have enabled Mr. S. I. Smith to describe the interesting meta
morphoses of our lobster, which were entirely unknown before. The
young swim actively at the surface, like a shrimp, until more than half
an inch long. The larvre and young of the various species of shrimps
are also abundant. The curious larvae of Squitta empusa (Plate VIII,
fig. 36) were often met with.

Several species of Amphipods are also common at the surface. The
most abundant were Calliopius Icevimculus, of which Mr. V.K Edwards
also took numerous large specimens in February and March ; Qammarus
natator^ which was usually common, and occurred in immense numbers
August 10 and on several other occasions ; and a Hyper-ia, which infests
several species of large jelly-fishes, and also swims free at will. The
Phronima- is a related genus, but is very remarkable for its extreme
transparency, which renders it almost invisible in water. Idotea irro-
rata (p. 316, Plate V, fig. 23) and I. robusta, Plate V, fig. 24) were
very common among masses of floating eel-grass and sea- weeds, and
the latter was also very often found swimming entirely free.

A species of 8a<ppliirina (Plate VII, fig. '33) was found in great num
bers among Sal-pce, off Gay Head, on several occasions, early in Septem
ber. This is one of the most brilliant creatures inhabiting the sea. It
reflects the most gorgeous colors, blue, red, purple, and green, like fire-
opal, although when seen in some positions, by transmitted light, it
is colorless and almost transparent. Under the microscope, when
living, it is a splendid object, whether seen by transmitted or reflected
light, the colors constantly changing, as it is turned in different posi
tions. When seen beneath the surface of the sea, in large numbers,
the appearance is very singular, for each one as it turns in the right po
sition reflects a bright gleam of light, of some brilliant color, and then
immediately becomes invisible, and these scintillations come from dif
ferent directions and various depths, many of them being much farther
beneath the surface than any less brilliant object could be seen. In
some cases one or more were found in the branchial cavity of 8alpce7
but whether this is normal or accidental was not determined.

The species of Argulus are parasitic on the exterior of fishes, but we
found at least three species swimming free at the surface. It is, there
fore, probable that they are able to leave their hosts for a time, and
thus to migrate from one fish to another. The species of Caligus are also
parasites on fishes, to which they firmly adhere, but the half-grown
young of one species was taken at the surface in the towing-nets.

Numerous species pf Annelids, in the larval and young stages, were
taken at the surface, but many of them have not yet been identified,

146 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [440]

for owing to the great changes they undergo, this is often impossible,
unless the specimens can be raised, or at least connected with the
adults by a large series of specimens. For a few this has been done.
Several species also swim at the surface in the adult state, especially in
the evening. With some this seems to be a habit peculiar to the
breeding season, and sometimes only the males are met with.

Among the species most frequently taken in the adult state at the
surface, are Nereis virens, (Plate XI, figs. 47-50,) chiefly males ; Nereis
Umbata, (Plate XI, fig. 51,) mostly males, which occurred both in the
evening and day-time ; Nectonereis megalops, (Plate XII, figs. G2, 63,)
which was quite common in the evening ; Autotytus cornutus, (Plate
XIII, figs. 65, 66,) the males, females, and asexual forms ; Podarke
obscura, (Plate XII, fig. 61,) which was extremely abundant in the eve
ning; and several other species. The Sagitta elegans was taken at
/' Wood's Hole, July 1, and off Gay Head, among Satycv, September 8-
It is a very small and delicate species, and so transparent as to be
nearly invisible in water. A larger and stouter species of Sagitta was
taken in large numbers at Wood's Hole, by Mr. V. N. Edwards, January
30, Febuary 10, and February 27, and at Savin Kock, near New Haven,
May 5. This species has a longer caudal portion, with a small terminal
fin ; some of the specimens were nearly an inch long and many con
tained in the cavity of the body, posteriorly, a parasitic nematode
worm, about half as long as the body. This parasite is round, not
very slender ; the head has three prominent angles ; tail with a small,
acute, terminal roucro.

Many of the Mollusca swim free by means of vibrating cilia, for a
short time in the larval stages of growth, but as such larvaB are very
minute and the period often quite short, these young are not often taken
in the nets.

The Cephalopods of this region are all free-swimming species, from
the time when they leave the eggs through life, though they may rest
upon the bottom when depositing their spawn. Numerous specimens
of the " squid," Loligo PealU, (Plate XX, figs. 102-104, embryos and
young,) were thus taken by the trawl in July, together with large
clusters of their eggs. Later in the season the free-swimming young of
this species, from a quarter of an inch to an inch in length, (fig. 105,)
were often taken at the surface and were also found in the stomach of
the red jelly-fish, Cyanca arctica, in considerable numbers. The adults
were frequently taken during the whole summer in the pounds. Some
of these were over a foot in length, but most of them, were not more
than five or six inches long. The color when living is very changeable,
owing to the alternate contractions of the color- vesicles or spots, but
the spots of different colors are much crowded, especially on the backr
and the red and brown predominate, so as to give a general reddish or
purplish brown color, and this is usually the color of preserved speci
mens. The clusters of gelatinous egg-capsules of this species were

[441] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 147

found in great abundance off Falmouth, on a shelly and weedy bottom,
as already mentioned, (p. 416 ;) and near New Haven light-house large
clusters, apparently of the same species, were found by Professer Todd,
earlier in the season, (June 19.) Some of these masses were six or eight
inches in diameter, consisting of hundreds of capsules, like fig. 102,
each of which is usually three or four inches long and contains numer
ous eggs. These last contained embryos in different stages of devel
opment, two of which are represented in Plate XX, figs. 103, 104. Even
at this early period some of the pigment vesicles are already developed
in the mantle and arms, and during life, if examined under the micro
scope, these orange and purple vesicles may be seen to rapidly contract
and expand and change colors, as in the adult, only the phenomena may
be more clearly seen, owing to the greater transparency of the skin in
the embryos, They are, therefore, beautiful objects to observe under
the microscope. At this stage of development the eyes were brown.
In these embryos the yolk is finally absorbed through the mouth, which
corresponds, therefore, in this respect, to an " umbilicus." The more
advanced of these embryos (fig. 103) were capable of swimming about,
when removed from the eggs, by means of the jets of water from the
siphon.

Another species, Loligo pallida V., (Plate XX, figs. 101, lOla,) occurs
abundantly, in autumn, in the western part of Long Island Sound,
from whence Robert Benner, esq., has sent me numerous speci
mens. This is a pale, translucent, gelatinous-looking species, with much
fewer spots than usual, even on the back, and is nearly white beneath-
It is a stout species, commonly five or six inches long, exclusive of the
arms, but grows considerably larger than that. It is often taken in the
seines in large numbers with menhaden, upon which it probably feeds.
These squids are eagerly devoured, even when full grown, by many of
the larger fishes, such as blue-fish, black-bass, striped-bass, &c. When
young they are preyed upon by a still larger variety of fishes, as well
as by the jelly-fishes, &c.

Another species of " squid," Ommastrephes illecebrosa, has been recorded
from Greenport, Long Island, by Mr. Sanderson Smith, but I have not met
with it myself, south of Cape Cod. It is common in Massachusetts Bay
and very abundant in the Bay of Fundy. Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar
Harger observed it at Proviucetown, Massachusetts, among the wharves^
in large numbers, July 28, engaged in capturing and devouring the
young mackerel, which were swimming about in " schools," and at that
time were about four or five inches long. In attacking the mackerel they
would suddenly dart backward among the fish with the velocity of an
arrow, and as suddenly turn obliquely to the right or left and seize a fish,
which was almost instantly killed by a bite in the back of the neck with
the sharp beaks. The bite was always made in the same place, cut
ting out a triangular piece of flesh, and was deep enough to penetrate
to the spinal cord. The attacks were not always successful, and were

148 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [442]

sometimes repeated a dozen times before one of these active and wary
fishes could be caught Sometimes after making several unsuccessful
attempts one of the squids would suddenly drop to the bottom, and,
resting upon the sand, would change its color to that of the sand so
perfectly as to be almost invisible. In this way it would wait until the
fishes came back, and when they were swimming close to or over the
ambuscade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would be pretty sure to secure
a fish. Ordinarily when swimming they were thickly spotted with
red and brown, but when darting among the mackerel they appeared
translucent and pale. The mackerel, however, seemed to have learned
that the shallow water is the safest for them and would hug the shore as
closely as possible, so that in pursuing them many of the squids became
stranded and perished by hundreds, for when they once touch the shore
they begin to pump water from their siphons with great energy, and this
usually forces them farther and farther up the beach. At such times
they often discharge their ink in large quantities. The attacks on
the young mackerel were observed mostly at or near high-water, for
at other times the mackerel were seldom seen, though the squids were
seen swimming about at all hours ; and these attacks were observed
both in the day and evening. But it is probable, from various observa
tions, that this and the other species of squids are partially nocturnal
in their habits, or at least are more active in the night than in the day.
Those that are caught in the pounds and weirs mostly enter in the
night, and evidently when swimming along the shores in u schools."
They are often found in the morning stranded on the beaches in im
mense numbers, especially when there is a full moon, and it is thought
by many of the fishermen that this is because, like many other noc
turnal animals, they have the habit of turning toward and gazing at a
bright light, and since they swim backwards they get ashore on the
beaches opposite the position of the moon. This habit is also some
times taken advantage of by the fishermen who capture them for bait
for cod-fish; they go out in dark nights with torches in their boats and
by advancing slowly toward a beach drive them ashore. They are also
sometimes taken on lines, adhering to the bait used for fishes.

The specimens observed catching young mackerel were mostly eight
or ten inches long, and some of them were still larger. The length of
time required for these squids to become full grown is unknown, as well
as the duration of their lives, but as several distinct sizes were taken in
the pounds, and those of each school were of about the same size, it is
probable that they are several years in attaining their full size. A
specimen, recently caught at Eastport, Maine, was pale bluish white,
with green, blue, and yellow iridescence on the sides and lower surface j
the whole body was more or less thickly covered with small, unequal, circu
lar, orange-brown and dark brown spots, having crenulate margins ; these
spots are continually changing in size from mere points, when they are
nearly black, to spots 0.04 to 0.06 of an inch in diameter, when they are

[443] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 149

pale orange-brown, becoming lighter colored as they expand. On the
lower side the spots are more scattered, but the intervals are generally
less, than the diameter of the spots. On the tipper side the spots are
much crowded and lie in different planes, writh the edges often over
lapping, and thus increasing the variety of the tints. Along the middle
of the back the ground-color is pale flesh-color, with a median dorsal
band, along which the spots are tinged with green, in fine specks. Above
each eye there is a broad lunate spot of light purplish red, with smaller
brown spots. The upper surface of the head is deeply colored by the
brown spots, which are here larger, darker, and more crowded than else
where, and situated in several strata. The arms and fins are colored
like the body, except that the spots appear to be smaller. The suckers
are pure white. The eyes are dark blue-black, surrounded by an irides
cent border, and in this genus the eyes are provided with distinct lids.
In this respect, Ommastrephes differs from Loligo, for in the species of the
latter genus, the integument is continued directly over the eye, the part
covering the eye being transparent.

Most of the higher Gastropods inclose their eggs in capsules, which
they attach to stones, alga?, or shells, and within these the eggs hatch
and the young have a well formed shell before they eat their way out of
the capsules, and when free they crawl about by means of the " foot,"
like the adult. But in the lower orders of Gastropods most of the young,
when first hatchecl, are furnished with vibrating cilia and swim free, by
this means, for a short time. These larvoe are very different from the
adults, and in case of the naked mollusks (j^udibrauchs) the larvoe are
furnished with a beautiful, little, glossy, spiral shell, which they after
wards lose.

The Pteropods swim free in all stages. The young and adults swim by
means of two wring-like appendages, developed on each side of the neck,
which may be compared to the anterior lateral lobes of the foot, seen in
yEolis, (fig. 174,) and many other Gastropods, if we suppose these to
become enormously enlarged, while the rest of the foot remains in a rudi
mentary or undeveloped condition, often serving merely for the attach
ment of the operculuni.

The Styliola v-itrea (Plate XXY, fig. 178) was taken in the day-time
at the surface, September 8, among Satyce, off Gay Head. Its shell
is a thin, white, transparent, glassy cone, about a third of an inch long?
and slightly curved toward the tip. The animal is also white. The
Spirialis Gouldii has a delicate, white, transparent, spiral shell, when
adult having seven whorls, which turn to the left. The shell is marked
by very fine revolving lines, visible only under the microscope. This
species is seldom met with at the surface in the day-time, but is often
abundant in the early evening. According to the observations of Mr.
A. Agassiz, in confinement they rarely left the bottom of the jars dur
ing the day, merely rising a few inches and then falling again to the
bottom. After dark they became very active, swimming actively near

150 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [444]

the surface of the water. "During the day they often remain sus
pended for hours in the water simply by spreading their wing-like ap
pendages, and then suddenly drop to the bottom on folding them." Mr.
Agassiz captured the specimens upon which his observations were made,
at Nahant, Massachusetts, during the summer of 1869, and judging
from the figures in Binney's Gould they were probably specimens, not
quite adult, of this species. He has also taken adult specimens at
Newport. Mr. S. I. Smith captured full grown specimens in the edge
of the Gulf Stream, off St. George's Bank, and we have specimens taken
from the stomach of mackerel, caught twenty miles south of No Man's
Land.

The Cavolina tidentata (Plate XXV, fig. 177) is a beautiful and curious
species, with a singularly shaped, amber-colored, translucent shell, much
larger than that of either of the preceding species. We did not observe
it living in these waters, but the shells were twice dredged off Martha's
Vineyard, and one of them wTas perfectly fresh and glossy, as if just
dead. It is a southern species which comes north in the Gulf Stream,
but it had not been found previously on the coast of New England.
Another Gulf Stream species, the Diacria trispinosa, is occasionally
found at Nantucket, according to Dr. Stimpson, but whether it has been
observed there alive is uncertain ; eight or nine other species were taken
in the Gulf Stream, off St. George's Bank, by Messrs. Smith and Har-
ger in 1872, all of which may, perhaps, occasionally occur about Martha's
Vineyard and Nan tucket.

Another very interesting and beautiful Pteropod, the Clione papilio-
nacect) was taken in considerable numbers at Watch Hill, Rhode Island,
April 13, by Professor D. 0. Eaton and myself. They were swim
ming at midday near the surface, associated with Pleurobmcliia rliodo-
clactyla, and appeared to be common at that time, Mr. Vinal N.
Edwards obtained two specimens in Vineyard Sound, April 30.
This differs from those named above, in being destitute of a shell, as
well as in many other characters. The body is stout, somewhat fusi
form, tapering gradually to the pointed posterior end ; in the largest
specimens the length was about 1.5 inches. The head is rounded, with
two small conical processes in front, on the upper side. Six tentacle-
like organs, or " arms," bearing minute suckers, can be protruded. The
wings or fins are large and broad oval in outline.

The body and wings are pale, transparent bluish, with opalescent
hues ; the mouth and parts around it, the " arms," and part of the
head, and some of the internal organs, are tinged with orange ; the
posterior part of the body is bright reddish orange, for nearly half an
inch. Some of the internal organs are orange-brown and olive-brown >
and show through the transparent integuments as dark patches. This
species has seldom been observed on our coast. Dekay, in 1843, men
tioned its occurrence in a single instance, off New York. In 1869, it
was taken in considerable numbers at Portland, Maine, by Mr. C. B.

[445] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 151

Fuller. It may, nevertheless, occur annually in winter, and yet be sel
dom observed ; for very few naturalists go out to collect marine animals
in winter and early spring.

The bivalve shells mostly produce minute young, or larvae, which are
at first provided with vibrating cilia and swim free for several days, as
is well known to be the case with the oysters, clams, muscles, Teredo, &c.
But a few species, like the Tottenia gemma, (p. 359,) produce well d§vel-
oped young, furnished at birth with a well formed shell.

The common fixed Ascidians, both simple and compound, mostly pro
duce eggs that hatch into tadpole-shaped young, which swim about for
a short time by the undulatory motions of the tail, but finally become
fixed by the head-end, and losing, or rather absorbing, the tail-portion,
rapidly develop into the ordinary forms of the ascidians. This pro
cess, although often very rapid, is a very interesting and complicated one
In Molgula Manhattensis there is, according to the observations of Dr.
Theodore A. Tellkampf, an alternation of generations. He states that
the minute yellow ova were discharged July 18, invested in a viscid
yellowish substance, which become attached to the exterior of many
specimens. In a few days the " viscid substance" had changed its ap.
pearance and became contractile; the ova became larger, round, and of
different sizes ; " after two or three days the largest protruded some
what above the surface of the common envelope, and presented a circular
or oval aggregation, like that of the Mammaria found a year ago ? on
the llth day, the round ova had increased in size, with a central round
or oval orifice through which the motion of the cilire of the branchial
meshes were visible. " The orifice had approached on the 1st of August
more or less to one apex; in some specimens, which were now oval, it
was terminal." In this stage he names it Mammaria Manhattensis,
regarding the Mammaria as a " nurse ;" within, each of the Mammarice, at
the end opposite the branchial orifice, there was seen a mass of cells,
which ultimately developed into a tadpole-shaped larva, similar to that of
other ascidians. He observes that the Mammarice increase after the
discharge of the Iarva3, and that gemmation takes place within the
common envelope.* These observations, if correct, are very interesting
and important, but they need farther confirmation. The development
of the larvae from the Mammarice into Molgula was not traced j neither
did he witness the actual discharge of the ova, which produced the
Mammarice, from the Molgula. They may possibly have no relation with
one another.

Several kinds of Ascidians, however, swim free in the water during
their entire life. The most common Ascidian of this kind is the Salpa
Cabotti, (Plate XXXIII, figs. 254, 255.) This, like the other species,
exists under two different forms ; or, in other words, it is one of those an
imals having alternations of generations. The sexual individuals (fig.
255) are united together into long chains by processes (c) from the sides

* Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Vol. 10, p. 83, 1872.

152 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [446}

of the branchial sac ; these chains are often a foot or even a foot and a
half long, and contain two rows of individuals, which are united to
gether in such a way that they stand obliquely to the axis of the chainr
the branchial openings being all on the upper side of the chain as it
floats in the water, while the posterior openings are all on the lower side
of the chain, close to the edge. Each individual is connected both with
its n\ate on the right or left side, and to those immediately in front and
behind on the same side. The succeeding individuals in the chain over
lap considerably. The chains do not appear to break up spontaneously,
but when broken apart by accident the individuals are capable of living
separately for several days. The chains, when entire, swim about quite
rapidly by means of the streams of water passing out of all the cloacal
orifices in one direction. The individuals composing the chains, when
full grown, are about three quarters of an inch long. They are transparent
and white, or pale rose, often with the edges of the mantle and the
nucleus bright Prussian blue, and with delicate reticulations of the
same blue over the surface of the mantle. Each of the individuals in
the chains is hermaphrodite, and each produces a single egg, which de
velops into an embryo before it is discharged, and finally when it grows
to maturity produces an asexual individual, which is always solitary,
(Plate XXXIII, fig. 254.) These are larger than those in the chains
and are quite different in form, but the color is the same. These when
mature produce, by a budding process in their interior, a series of mi
nute individuals united together along a tube into a small chain, (s, fig.
254,) which may be seen coiled up around the nucleus. The chain con
sists of three sections, those individuals in the section first formed being
largest and nearly equal in size ; those in the next much smaller ; while
new ones are just forming at the other end; as the chain grows longer,
and the component individuals larger, it projects more and more, and
finally the end protrudes from an opening in the tunic, and the little
chain becomes detached and is discharged into the sea. These chains
consist of twenty to thirty pairs of individual zooids. This operation is
frequently repeated during the summer, and these chains of all sizes,
from those just liberated up to the full-grown ones, may be taken at the
same time: They appear to grow very rapidly. Thus by autumn these
Salpce became exceedingly abundant, at times completely filling the
water for miles in every direction, from the surface to the depth of sev
eral fathoms, and are so crowded that a bucket of water dipped up at
random will often contain several quarts of Salpcv. They were found in
wonderful abundance on September 8, off Gay Head and throughout
the outer part of Vineyard Sound, and on several other occasions were
nearly as abundant.

Two species of Append icularia and a species of DoUolum were also
found in these waters by Mr. A. Agassiz, but we did not observe them.
These are also free-swimming Ascidians, related to Salpa, but very dif
ferent in form.

[447] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 153

Among the Eckinoderins there are no species that swim at the surface
when adult, but most of them produce eggs which hatch into very re
markable larvte, entirely unlike their parents in form and structure^ and
these swim free in the water, often for a considerable period, by means
of vibrating cilia.

The young star-fish or sea-urchin develops gradually within the body
of the larva, on the water-tubes, and as it grows larger it gradually ab
sorbs the substance of the larva into its own body. The development of
the Iarva3 of Aster las vulgaris (A.palUda AG-.) and A. areniwla (A. leryl-
inus AG.) has been described by Mr. A. Agassiz, from the time pre
vious to hatching from the eggs till they become young star-fishes, with
the essential characters of the adults. He has also described the young
of the common green sea-urchin (under the name of Toxopneustes Dro-
baehiensis) in the same way. The Cribrella saguinolenta, (p. 407,) like
several other star-fishes, does not have free swimming larvre, but retains
and protects the eggs by holding them by means of the suckers around
the mouth, curving the body around them at the same time. In this
position the eggs hatch and pass through a metamorphosis different
from that of Asterias, though somewhat analogous to it. The develop
ment of this species was described by Professor M. Sars many years ago.
Some of the Ophiurans are viviparous, among them the Ampliiplwlis
elcgans (p. 418) found in this region, but others have free-swimming
larvte, and pass through a metamorphosis similar to that of Asterias,
though the larvaB are quite different. Some of the Holothurians are also
viviparous, while others have free-swimming Iarva3, but the young of
most of the species of this region are still unknown.

The Acalephs all swim free in one stage or another of their existence.
Some of the Hydroids, like jSertularia and allied genera, are only free-swiM-
iners while in the early embryonic stages, when they are covered by vi
brating cilia $ but they soon become fixed and ever after remain attached
in one place. Others, like the species of Obelia, swim free in the em
bryonic state, and then develop into attached hydroids, which by bud
ding may produce large branching colonies of similar hydroids, but
ultimately they produce another kind of buds, which are developed
witliin capsules or gonothecro. These soon become elegant, little, circu
lar, and disk-shaped jelly-fishes, which are then discharged and swim
free in the water ; they soon grow larger, acquire more tentacles, and
ovaries or spermaries develop along the radiating tubes, the eggs are
formed, discharged, and fertilized, and each egg may develop into a
ciliated embryo, which in its turn may become attached and start a new
hydroid colony. Thus among these animals we find an alternation of
generations, complicated by different modes of budding.

In the case of the large red jelly-fish, Cyanea arctica, and the com
mon whitish jelly-fish, Aurelia flavidula, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 271,) the
history is somewhat different. These jelly-fishes produce immense num
bers of minute eggs, which are discharged into the water and develop

\

154 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [448]

into minute, oblong, ciliated larvae ; these soon become attached by one
end and grow up into broad-disked young, like hydroids with long,
slender tentacles ; each of these after a time sends out stolon-like tubes
from the base, and from these tubes buds are developed, each of which
grows up into a a scyphostoma,-' or hydroid-form, like the first one $ all
these eventually become much elongated, then circular constrictions begin
to form along the body, which grow deeper and deeper until they sepa
rate the body into a series of concave segments, which are held together
by a pedicle in the middle of each, their borders at the same time be.
coming divided into eight lobes, or four bilobed ones ; in the mean time
the long tentacles around the upper end or original disk of the " scyph-
ostoma" gradually grow shorter ,and are finally entirely absorbed; then
the first or upper disk breaks off, and finally all the rest, one after
another, until a mere stump is left at the base ; after becoming detached
each of the disks swims about in the water, and gradually develops its
mouth, stomach, tentacles, and other organs, and, turning right side up
and rapidly growing larger, eventually becomes a large and complicated
jelly-fish, like its grandparents or great-grandparents that produced
the egg from which the original " scyphostoma n was developed. The
stump of the hydroid produces another set of tentacles, even before the
separation of all the segments, and grows up again into the elongated
or u strobila7' form, and again undergoes the same process of transverse
division, thus producing successive crops of jelly-fishes. In these cases
there are alternations of generations, accompanied both by budding and
fissiparity. The young of this species in the "ephyra" stage were found
April 17, and at several other times during April, in abundance, by
Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. These were less than a quarter of an inch in
diameter, and must have become free only a short time before. On
April 30 he took young specimens from half an inch to about an inch
in diameter. The young of various sizes, up to nearly three inches in
diameter, were common at New Haven May 5. All these young speci
mens were taken in the day-time.

In some jelly-fishes buds may even be produced upon the proboscis of
the adult jelly-fish, which develop directly into free jelly-fishes, like the
parent. This is the case with the Dysmorpliosa fulguram, found in these
wraters, and with Lizzia grata, found farther north.

On the other nand there are many jelly-fishes that do not have a
hydroid state, nor bud, nor pass through any marked metamorphosis.
This is the case with our Pleurolrachia rliododactyla, Idyia roseola, and
other Ctenophora3. In these the young, even before hatching, become
perfect little jelly-fishes, and swim round and round within the egg by
means of the miniature paddles or flappers along their sides. The young
are, nevertheless, very different from the adults in form and structure.

It will be apparent, from the preceding remarks, that a complete
list of free-swimming animals would necessarily include all the Aca-
lephs of the region, but, as this would uselessly swell the list, only

[449] INVEKTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 155

those that have been actually taken at the surface will be here included.
Quite a number of the species were not observed by us, but have been
recorded by Mr. A. Agassiz, but in some cases he has given neither the
time nor date of capture.

\

A fine large specimen of the beautiful jelly-fish, Tima formosa, has
been sent to me by Mr. V. N. Edwards, who captured it at Wood's
Hole, April 30. He states that the same species was very abundant in
February, 1872. It has not been previously recorded as found south of
Cape Cod. The specimen received differs from the 'description given
by Mr. A. Agassiz, in having thirty-six tentacles instead of thirty-two.

Among the most common of the larger species in summer were Mnem-
iopsis Leidyl, which occurred in abundance at nearly all hours of the
day and evening, and was very phosphorescent at night; Cyanea arc-
tica, which ocurred chiefly in the day-time, and was here seldom more
than a foot in diameter; Aurelia flavidula, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 271,)
which was not unfrequently seen in the day-time ; Dactylometra quinque-
cirraj (Plate XXXVI, fig. 272,) which was quite common both by night
and day in August and September ; and Zygodactyla Grcenlandiea, (Plate
XXXVII, fig. 275,) which was common in July, both in the day and
evening, but was seldom seen later in the season.

The two species last named, and also the Cyanea arctica, were fre
quently found to be accompanied by several small fishes, of different
sizes np to three inches long, which proved to be young " butter-fishes,7
Poronotns triacanthus. These fishes swim beneath the broad disk of
these jelly-fishes, surrounded on all sides by the numerous tentacles,
which probably serve as a protection from larger fishes that are their
enemies, for the tentacles of the jelly-fishes are capable of severely sting
ing the mouths of most fishes, evidently causing them great pain. As
many as ten or twelve of these fishes were often found under a single jelly
fish, and in one case twenty-three were found under a Cyanea about ten
inches in diameter. They do not appear to suffer at all from contact with
the stinging-organs of the tentacles, and a^re, perhaps, protected from them
by the thick coating of tenacious mucus which constantly covers the skin,
and gives them their common English name. Mr. A. Agassiz states*
that he constantly observed a " Clupeoid" fish under the Dactylometra
in this region, which had essentially the same habits, according to his
account, as the species observed by us, though, if a Clupeoid, it must
have been a very different fish.

He says, however, that the fishes observed by him were occasionally
devoured by the jelly-fish : " It is strange that the fish should go there
for shelter, for every once in a while one of them pays the penalty by
being swallowed, without this disturbing the others in the least ; they
in their turn find food in the lobes of the actiuostome, and even eat the
folds themselves, until their turn comes to be used as food. I have
seen in this way three fishes eaten during the course of as many days.

* Catalogue of North American Acalepha?, p. 49.
12 V

156 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AKD FISHERIES. [450]

The specimens measured about an inch in length." The fishes found
by us were from a quarter of an inch to three inches long, and we
never saw them swallowed, and never found them in the stomachs of
any among the several dozen jelly-fishes, of the different kinds that we
found accompanied by the fishes, although we found young squids and
other kinds of marine animals in a half-digested condition. It is pos
sible that the observation of Mr. Agassiz was made on them when
kept in confinement, and that the fishes devoured were not in a perfectly
healthy and natural condition, so as to resist the stings of the nettl
ing organs. But if his fish belonged to a family different from ours, the
difference may be peculiar to the respective fishes. Yet our observa
tions afford only negative evidence, and it may be that this is one of
the peculiarities of this remarkable companionship ; though, if so, we
should suppose that the race of Poronotus would soon become extinct,
for we never observed the young under any other circumstances. The
adult fishes of this species, when five or six inches long, were often taken
in the pounds in considerable numbers.

Among the mouth-folds and lobes of the ovaries, beneath the disk of
Cyanea, we very often found large numbers of living specimens of a
delicate little jelly-fish, nearly globular in form, the Margelis Carolines-
sis, which we also frequently took in the towing-nets in the evening.

In the winter season the Mneniiopsis Leidyi is often abundant in Long
Island Sound, and I have also observed it in New York harbor in Feb
ruary, in large numbers. At Wood's Hole Mr. V. N. Edwards found
the PleurObracMa rhododactyla, both young and nearly full-grown, very
abundant in February and March; at Watch Hill, April 13,1 found
both adult specimens and young ones not more than an eighth of an
inch in diameter. It probably occurs through the entire year, for we
frequently met with it in mid-summer in Vineyard Sound. Mr. S. I.
Smith also found it very abundant at Fire Island, on the south side of
Long Island, in September.

In July and August we obtained several large and perfect specimens
of the curious " Portuguese man-of-war," Physalia Arcthusa. This species
occurs as far west as Watch Hill, Ehode Island, where it Avas observed
by Professor D. C. Eaton. The boatmen at that place state that it is
frequent there in summer. The float of this species was generally deep,
rich crimson or purple, and the hydroids beneath it were commonly
bright blue in the specimens observed by us. The float or air-bag is,
however, sometimes blue and sometimes rose-color.

According to Professor Agassiz, (Contributions, vol. IV, p. 335,) the
floating bag in windy weather always presents the same side to the
wind, and it is upon the windward side that the bunches of very long
locomotive hydroids of the lower surface are situated, and these at such
times are stretched out to an enormous length, and thus act as anchors
to retard the motion by friction in passing through the water. The
smaller locomotive hydroids, the feeding hydroids, and the reproductive
hydroids, are on the lee side.

[451] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 157

This species is capable of stinging the hands very severely if they be
brought into contact with the hydroids attached to the lower surface of
the floating air-bag.

The Idyia roseola, so abundant on the coast of New England north of
Cape Cod, was only occasionally met with, and in small numbers, while the
Bolina alata, which is one of the most abundant species on the northern
coast of New England, was riot seen at all. The Aiirelia flavidula is
less common than north of Cape Cod, but was found in abundance in
Buzzard's Bay, in May, by Y. N. Edwards.

Many of the Polyps have free-swimming, ciliated embryos, but others,
like many of the sea-anemones, are viviparous, discharging the young
ones through the mouth. These young are of different sizes, and fur
nished with a small but variable number of tentacles, but in most
other respects they are similar to their parents. Mr. A. Agassiz has,
however, recently ascertained that the young of a species of Edwardsia
swims free in the water for a considerable period, or until it develops at
least sixteen tentacles. In this condition it has been described as a dif
ferent genus and species, (Arachnactis brachiolata A. AG-.) Whether the
other species of this genus all have free-swimming young is still uncer
tain ; if so. these young must differ considerably among themselves, for
Edwardsia farinacea Y., of this coast, has but twelve tentacles when
adult, and E. elegans Y. has but sixteen, while others have as many as
forty-eight tentacles, when full grown. Among the Protozoa there are
great numbers of free-swimming forms included among those commonly
known as Ciliated Infusoria, but those of our coast have been studied
but little. The germs of sponges also swim free in the water, by means
of cilia, Species of Polycystina would probably be found, if carefully
sought for, but we have not yet met with any of them.

List of species taken at the surface of the 'water on the southern coast of

Neiv England.

In this list no attempt has been made to enumerate the numerous
species of free Copepod Crustacea, which are very abundant, but have
not been carefully studied.

AKTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Pinnotheres ostreum, males and young, (438.)

Cancer irroratus, in the zoea and megalops stages ; June, July, (438.)

Platyonichus ocellatus, young and adult; megalops; June, July, (438.)

Callinectes hastatus, young, (438.)

Many other species of Brachyurain the zoea and megalops stages.

Hippa talpoida, young, 5 or 6mjn in length; early in September, (339.)

Eupagurus, several species in the larval stages ; July to September.

Gebia affinis, young, 4mm long ; early in September.

Homarus Americanus, larv« and young; July, (395.)

Crangon vulgaris, larva? and young ; June and July.

158 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [452]

Virbius zostericola, larvae and young ; July to September.

Palremonetes vulgaris, larvae and young ; July to September.

Larval forms and young of other species of Macroura.

Squilla empusa, Iarva3 in different stages ; August, (439.)

Mysis Americana, young and adult ; April, May, (39G.)

Heteromysis formosa, young and adult.

Thysanopoda, sp. Vineyard Sound ; April 30, (Y. K Edwards.)

Cumacea, several species.

Lysianassina3, several species, young and adult.

Urothoe, sp.

Monoculodes, sp.

Calliopius Ireviusculus, adult and young ; summer and winter, (439.)

Pontogeneia iuermis, full grown ; winter.

Gammarus natator, adult and young ; summer and winter, (439.)

Mcera levis.

Ampelisca, sp., young.

Amphithoe maculata, young.

A. longiinana, young even 5 or 6mm long.

Hyperia, species ; summer, (439.)

Phronima, sp. ; September 8, (439.)

Idotea irrorata, (439.)

I. robusta, (439.)

I. pliospliorea.

Ericlisouia filiformis.

Epelys trilobus.

Tanais filum.

Sappliirina, sp. 5 September, (439.)

Eree Copepods of many genera and numerous species.

Argulus laticaudaj August, (439.)

A. latus; July.

A. megalops ; September 8.

Caligus rapax ; September 8, (439-.)

Balaims balanoides, larvae 5 April, May, June, (304.)

Lepas fascicularis j June and July, in Vineyard Sound, (382.)

Limulus Polyphemus, young, (340.)

Worms.

Phyllodoce, sp., adult ; July 3 ; evening.
Phyllodoce, sp., young ; evening.
Eulalia, sp., young; Septembers; evening.
Eulalia, sp., young; evening.
Eumidia, sp., young; September 8; evening.
Eteone, sp., young ; evening.

Autolytus coruutus, male, female, and asexual forms; July 29 to Au
gust 18; evening. Watch Hill ; April 13, asexual form, (440.)
Autolytus, sp., asexual individuals, (398.)

[453] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 159

Gattiola, sp., young ; September 3 ; evening.

Syllis (?), sp., young ; September 3 ; evening.

Ehyncbobolus Americanus, young ; September 3 ; evening.

Nereis virens, adult males ; April ; day-time, (440.)

N. limbata, adult males filled with milt, September 3, evening; Sep
tember 5, at Fire Island, day. Females, September 3, (few ;) young,
common, August, September, evening, (440.)

N. pelagica, young; August, September; evening.

Nectonereis megalops ; July 3, 11 ; September 3, 8 ; evening, (440.)

Podarke obscura, adult ; June 26 to August ; evening, (440.)

Spio setosa, young ; evening.

Scolecolepis viridis, young ; evening.

Polydora ciliatuni, young ; September 3 ; evening.

Nicolea simplex, young ; August, September ; evening.

Amphitrite ornata, young ; evening.

Lepra3a rubra, young ; evening.

Polycirrus eximius, young; August, September; evening.

Spirorbis, sp., young ; evening.

Tomopteris, sp., young ; evening.

Sagitta elegans, adult ; July 1, September 8 ; day-time, (440.)

Sagitta, sp., adult and young; January 30 to May 5; day, (440.)

Balanoglossus aurantiacus ; larvae in the u toruaria " state, (351.)

Meckelia ingens ; specimens up to ten inches long ; evening, (349.)

Pontoueina mariuum, adult ; February ; day-time.

Several other small Nematodes with the last.

Slender round worm, up to six inches long; June 29, July 13; evening.

Young of many other worms ; undetermined.

MOLLUSOA.
C&phalopods.

Ommastrephes illecebrosa, adult ; July, August, (441.)

Loligo Pealii ; June to September; young, July, August, (440.)

L. pallida, adult ; October, November, (441.)

Pteropods.

Clione papilionacea, adult; April 13, April 30, (444.)
Styliola vitrea, adult ; September 8 ; day-time, (443.)
Spirialis Gouldii, adult; August; evening, (443.)
Diacria trispinosa, (444.)
Cavolina tridentata, (444.)

Lamellibranclis.

Teredo navalis, larvas ; May, June, (386.)
Mytilus edulis. larvse ; April, (308.)
Ostrsea Yirginiana, larvae ; June, July, (310.)
Larvae of many other species, undetermined.

160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [454]

Ascidians.

Salpa Cabotti, adults and young ; August and September, (445.)
Doliolum, sp. ; summer, (A. AG-ASSIZ,) (446.)

Appendicularia, sp., (like A. furcata ;) summer, (A. AG-ASSIZ,) (446.)
Appendicularia, sp., (like A. longicauda ;) summer, (A. AofASSiz.)
Larvae of fixed Ascidiaus, (445.)

RADIATA.
Ecliinoderms.

Strongyloceutrotus Drobachiensis, larvae, (447.)
Asterias areuicola, larvae ; evening, (447.)
A. vulgaris, larvae ; evening, (447.)

Acaleplis.

Mnemiopsis Leidyi; February, July to September ; day-time, (449.)

Lesueuria liyboptera, adult ; September; day-time.

Pleurobrachia rbododactyla, adult and young; January to May,
July to September ; day-time and evening, (448.)

Idyia roseola, adult ; September ; day-time, (451.)

Cyanea arctica, adult; August, September; day-time. Young in the
"ephyra" stages; April; young of all sizes up to four inches across;
May, (449.)

Aurelia flavidula ; August, September ; day-time, young ; May, (449.)

Dactylometra quinquecirra, adult and young; July to September;
day and evening, (449.)

Trachynema digitale, young; Wood's Hole, July 1; day-time.

Tiaropsis diademata; Wood's Hole; April 17, (Y. N. Edwards.)

Oceania lauguida, medusae; June to September; day-time.

Eucheilota ventricularis, young medusas; evening.

E. duodecimals, medusa; July.

Obelia, several species, medusas ; evening chiefly, (447.)

Ehegmatodes tennis, medusas; September; evening.

Zygodactyla Grosnlandica, medusas; June to September; day and
evening, (449.)

JEquorea albida. medusa ; September ; evening.

Tima formosa, adult ; February, 1872 ; April 30, 1873, (449.)

Eutima limpida, medusas; September; evening.

Lafoea calcarata, medusas ; September ; evening.

Nemopsis Bachei, medusas; June to September; evening.

Bougainvillia superciliaris, medusas, April, May, June : evening.

Margelis Carolineusis, medusas; August and September, chiefly in the
eveniug, (450.)

Dysmorphosa fulgurans, medusas ; evening, (448.)

Modeeria, sp., medusas.

Turritopsis nutricula, medusas; July to September; evening.

[455] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 161

Stomotoca apicata, medusae.
Willia oruata, young medusre ; last of September.
Dipurnea conica, medusa ; July ; evening.
Gemmaria gemmosa, medusas ; evening.
Pennaria tiarella, medusae ; August, September.
Ectopleura ochracea, medusa3 ; September.
Nanoinia cara, August, September; evening.
Physalia Arethusa, July to September; day, (450.)
Velella mutica. August ; day.

Polyps.

Edwardsia, sp., larvae in the " Aracbuactis " stage; September;
evening, (451.)

PROTOZOA.

Numerous kinds of ciliated infusoria, (451.)
List of species taken at the surface in winter, December to March.

Crustacea.

Craugou vulgaris, young.

My sis Americana.

Anonyx, (?,) sp.

Calliopius laeviusculus, (439.)

Pontogeneia iuerniis.

Gammarus natator. «

Monoculodes, sp.

Several species and genera of Oopepods, very abundant.

Larvae of Balanus, December 21, January 7 and 8.

Annelids, &c.

Nereis virens, adult males.
Sagitta, sp., adult, abundant, (440.)
Pontonema marinurn, adult.
Other Neniatodes, undetermined.

Acalephs.

Pleurobrachia rhododactyla, young and adult, abundant, (450.)
Mnemiopsis Leidyi, adult, abundant, (450.)
Cyanea arctica, young ; March.
Tima formosa, adult, (449.)

II. 10. — ANIMALS PARASITIC ON FISHES, ETC.

Large numbers of fishes were examined, both internally and externally,
for parasites, and a large collection of such parasites was made. The in-

162 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [456]

ternal parasites were collected mainly by Dr. Edward Palmer, and will
be of great interest when carefully studied and described. As yet, noth
ing more than a casual examination of them has been made. These
internal parasites were found in nearly all kinds of fishes, chiefly in the
stomach and intestines, but also very frequently in the flesh, or among
the abdominal viscera, or in the air-bladder, or even in the eyes, &c.
The internal parasites were mostly worms, but these belong to four very
distinct orders.

1st. The " round -worms," Nematodes.

These are related to the round- worms so frequent in the intestines of
children, and also to the notorious Trichina of man and the hog. One
or more species are found in the intestine and stomach of nearly every
kind of fish, and frequently, also, in the liver, peritoneum, eyes, and
various other organs. One species, two or three inches long, is very fre
quently found coiled np spirally in the flesh of the cod. Another large
species is frequently found in the flesh of the torn-cod, or frost-fish.
Although these are not dangerous to man, they are very disagreeable
when found in fish intended for food.

A species belonging to this group is very frequently found in the body-
cavity of one of our species of Sagitta (see page 440).

2d. The flat- worms or " flukes," Trematodes.

These are short, more or less broad, depressed worms, which are pro
vided with one, two, or more suckers, for adhering firmly to the mem
branes. They pass through very remarkable transformations, as do
most of the other parasitic worms. Species belonging to this group are
common in the stomach, oesophagus, and intestine, and also encysted or
in follicles in the mouth, liver, peritoneum, and various other parts of
the body.

3d. The thorn-headed worms, Acantliocepliala.

These have an elongated roundish body, with a proboscis at the an
terior end, covered with hooks, or recurved spines. The proboscis and
front end of the body can be withdrawn and thrust out at pleasure.
Such worms are very common in the stomachs and intestines of fishes,
and are, perhaps, the worst parasites that torment them. The young of
these worms also occur quite frequently, encysted in the liver, peri
toneum, throat, mouth, and other organs.

4th. The " tape-worms," or Cestodes.

These are long flat worms, divided into many distinct segments, and
are very frequently found in the intestines of most fishes. There are
numerous species of them, ranging in size from less than an inch to
many feet in length.

Although parasitic worms are found in nearly all kinds of fishes, they
are most frequent and in the greatest variety in the large and very vor
acious kinds, such as sharks, rays, the angler or goose-fish, salmon, blue
fish, cod, haddock, &c.

Nor are other marine animals free from these internal parasites. Cer-

[457] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 163

tain species have been found in Crustacea, others in mollusks, &c. Mr.
A. Agassiz has briefly described, but not named, a remarkable worm
that he found very common in the jelly-fish, Mnemiopsis Leidyi, and the
young of this or a different species was observed by me in the same Aca-
leph. It appeared to be a species of Scolex. It was pale purple, with
light yellowish orange stripes. I have previously mentioned a round
worm (Ascarisf) which frequently occurs in winter in one of our species
of Sayitta.

Most of the species that, in the adult state, inhabit fishes, live while
young, or in the larval stages, in smaller fishes, or in other animals,
upon which the larger fishes feed, and from which they thus derive their
parasites.

Besides the parasitic worms there are also many internal parasites that
belong to the Protozoa.

The external parasites of fishes are also numerous. They are chiefly
Crustacea and leeches.

Among the Crustacea there are a few species of Amphipods that are
parasitic. One of these, Laphystius sturionis, lives upon the gills of
fishes and upon the surface of the body. It was found on the gills of
the u goose-fish," (Lophius,) in Vineyard Sound, and on the back of
skates at Eastport. It is remarkable in having large claws developed
on the third and fourth pairs of legs, those of the first and second be
ing small. Its color is light red.

Certain Isopod Crustacea, belonging to the genus Livoneca (Plate YI
fig. 29) and allied genera, live in the mouths and on the gills of fishes?
clinging firmly to the membrane of the roof of the mouth, or other
parts, by means of their strong sharp claws. These are generally
unsymmetrical inform. The species of the genus Bopyrus live on the
gills, under the carapax of shrimp and other crnstacea, producing large
tumors. A species is common on species of Rippolyte in the Bay of
Fundy : and a species has been found in this region. The genus Cepon
is allied to the last, and our species occurs under the carapax of the
" fiddler-crabs " in this region.

Among the Entomostraca the number of parasitic species is still
greater, but most of these live on the external surface and gills of fishes,
though some of them occur also in the mouth. The species of Panda-
rus and allied genera adhere firmly to the skin, and are provided with a
proboscis. They are very common on sharks, but occur also on other
fishes. A ltcntiaru( t e VII, fig. 31) and Nogagm Latreillii (Plate
VII, fig. 32) were both found on u Atwood's shark,'7 the " man-eater" of
this region, associated also with Nogagus tenax. The species of "Noga-
gusn are merely the males of other genera, for no one has yet deter
mined both males and females of the various species. The young of
one species, Caligus rapax, were found swimming free at the surface.

The species of Argulus and allied genera are less strictly parasitic, or
rather they adhere less closely, and apparently leave the fishes at pleas-

164 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [458]

ure and migrate from one to another. Three species belonging- to this
group were taken at the surface with the towing-nets. The Lerneans
are remarkable creatures. The females are generally very curious in
form and very much larger than the more active and less abnormal males,
and they are very low in structure, the reproductive system being enor
mously developed at the expense of nearly all the other organs. They
live upon the exterior and gills of fishes, with the head deeply buried
in the flesh, and subsist by sucking the blood of their victims. The
Lerncconema radiatum (Plate VII, fig. 30) is very common on the men
haden, and is also found on the alewives.

There are many kinds of parasitic leeches. One of the most remark
able is the BrancMoMella Ravenelii, (Plate XVIII, fig. 89.) This genus
is peculiar in having broad, foliaceous, lobed or scolloped gills along
the sides of the body. The large species figured was found several times
on the large " sting-rays," several of them usually occurring together,
on a large spot which had become sore and much inflamed by their re
peated bites. It is a very active species.

The Cystobranchus vividus is a much smaller and quite slender leech,
which has small, papilliform, whitish gills that alternately contract and
expand along the sides of the body, each surrounded by a semicircular
white spot. The colors are brownish or purplish, with three rows of
small white spots on the back. This species is frequent on the common
minnow, (Fundulus pisculentus,) in autumn and winter, and lives both
in brackish water and fresh water. With the last, on the minnows, is
found another slender leech, destitute of gills ; this is the Iclitliyobdella
FunduU. It has, like the last, four ocelli. The color is pale green with
darker green and brown specks, often with whitish transverse bands
anteriorly, and a white ring behind the head, at the constriction ; some
times there is a narrow pale dorsal line.

A long, slender, sub-cylindrical leech, the PontoMella rapaxV., (Plate
XVIII, fig. 91,) is quite common on the upper side of the " summer-
flounder," (Clicenopsetta ocellaris.) It is a very active species, dark olive
or brown in color, with a row of square or oblong whitish spots along
each side ; the suckers are pale greenish white. The young are reddish
brown, without spots.

A species of Pontoldella was found adhering to Mys-is Americana,
near New Haven, May 5, in three instances, but whether this be its nor
mal habit is uncertain.

The MalacoMella obesa V. (Plate XVIII, fig. 90) .is a large, stout,
yellowish white leech, often two inches long, which is quite common in
the branchial cavity of the "long clam," (Mya arenaria.)

The MalacoMella mercenaria V. is another similar species, but smaller
and more slender, which lives in the same way in the " round clani"
(Venus mercenaria.)

The MyzoMella lugulris is a small leech, which lives on the " edible
crab" (Callinectes hastatus,) adhering to the soft membranes between
the joints and at the base of the legs.

[459] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 165

List of external parasites observed on fishes and oilier marine animals of
Southern New England.

In the following list I have included all the determined species ob
served in these waters, whether living in the sounds, or in the outer
waters, or in the brackish waters of the estuaries, for most of these par
asitic species are capable of living in as diverse conditions as do the ani
mals which they infest, and most of the fishes pass from time to time into
each of the divisions named, though some, like the cod, are chiefly found
in the colder outer waters, and even there only in winter.

The list is undoubtedly very incomplete for it is based chiefly on col
lections made during two seasons, and mainly in the summer months.
In addition to the true parasites I have, for greater convenience, in
cluded in the list some that merely live on or with other animals,
either for the sake of shelter, or to feed upon their excretions, or to
share their food. Some of these would be properly classed as " commen
sals.7'

ARTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Pinnotheres ostreum, (p. 367,) in oysters.

P. maculatus, in Mytilus edulis.

Laphy stiiis sturionis, on goose-fish and skate, (457.)

Hyperia, species, on jelly-fishes, (439.)

Nerocila munda, on file-fish.

Conilera concharum.

Livoneca ovalis, on blue-fish, (457.)

Cepon distortus, in branchial cavity of Gelasiinus, (457.)

Ergasilus labraces, on striped-bass.

Argulus catostomi, on the sucker, (Catostomus.)

A. laticauda, (457.)

A. latus.

A. megalops.

A. alosai, on " alewives."

Caligus curtus, on cod-fish.

C. rapax, on sting-ray, (Trygon hastata.)

Lepeophtheirus, sp., on sting-ray.

Lepeophtheirus, sp., on flounder, (Ohsenopsetta ocellaris.)

Echthrogalus coleoptratus, on mackerel- shark, (Larnua punetata.)

E. deriticulatus, on Atwood's shark, (Carcharodou Atwoodi.)

Pandarus Grauchii, (?) on dusky shark, (Platypodon obscurus.)

Pandarus, sp., on Atwood's shark, (Carcharodon Atwoodi.)

Xogagus Latreillii, on Atwood's shark, (457.)

N. tenax, on Atwood's shark, (457.)

Pandarus sinuatus, on the " dog-fish," (Mustelus canis.)

Cecrops Latreillii, on Othagoriscus rnola.

166 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [460]

Antbosoma crassum, on mackerel-shark.

Lernrea braiickialis, ou cod-fisb.

Penella plumosa, on Diodou pilosus and Rhombus, sp.

Ancborella uncinata, on cod-fish.

Lernreoneina radiatum, on menhaden, (458.)

Lerna3onema, sp., on a species of Carangus.

Corouula diadem a, on whales.

Leeches.

Branchiobdella Eavenelii, on sting-rays ; August, September, (458.)
Cystobranchus vividus, on minnows ; October to December 18, (458.)
Ichthyobdella Funduli, on minnows ; with last, (458.)
Ichthyobdella, sp., dredged off New London, April.
Pontobdella rapax, on flounders, (458.)
Malacobdella obesa, in long clams, (458.)
M. mercenaria, in round clams, (458.)
Myzobdella lugubris, on the edible crab, (458.)
BcHloura Candida, on gills of Limulus.

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Stylifer Stiinpsonii, on the green sea-urchin.
Eulima oleacea, on Tliyone Briareus, (418.)

III. — FAUNA OP THE ESTUARIES, HARBORS, PONDS, AND MARSHES.

The region about Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, like that of the
entire southern coast of New England and the coast farther south, is
characterized by large numbers of ponds, lagoons, and estuaries, having
a more or less interrupted communication with the sea. These are
usually quite shallow, though often of great extent. The bottom is
generally muddy, with occasional patches of sand, but at the surface
usually consists largely of decaying vegetable and animal debris mixed
with mud.

The " eel-grass" (Zostera marina) grows in the shallower waters in
great quantities, sometimes in small scattered patches, at other times
covering large areas. Some of these ponds and estuaries receive con
siderable, though variable, quantities of fresh water from streams flow
ing into them, while others receive but little, except the surface drain
age of the land immediately around them ; but in most of them the
fresh water is in sufficient quantities to give a " brackish " character to
the wraters. Owing to the narrow and often shallow channels by which
the ponds communicate with the open waters, the tide is usually irreg
ular, and its rise and fall often much less than outside, so that the wa
ters have little tidal motion. The shallo wness of the water and the abun-

[461] INVERTEBTATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 167

dant eel-grass also impede the motion caused by the wind, so that these
bodies of water are comparatively quiet under ordinary circumstances.
The same causes allow the water to become highly heated during the
summer. It is evident that the heat and quietness of the waters are
unfavorable for the rapid absorbtion of oxygen from the air, while by
the rapid decay of the dead materials of the bottom large quantities of
carbonic acid and other gases must be evolved, which would in some
cases soon render the water fatal to all animal life, were it not for the
presence of the eel-grass, Viva, and other plants that flourish in such
waters, which, while absorbing the excess of carbonic acid, also help
to give the requisite amount of oxygen to the water. During storms
the mud of the bottom is quickly disturbed, causing the escape of nox
ious gases, and rendering the water turbid, while the eel-grass is torn
up in large quantities, thus adding to the decaying materials of the bot
tom and shores. Moreover, in case of rain-storms or spring- freshets, the
sudden addition of large volumes of fresh water often causes great
changes in the density and character of the water, sufficient to kill spe
cies not adapted to such varying and peculiar conditions.

We accordingly find that although animal life is usually very abun
dant, the number of species that habitually live and prosper in these im
pure and decidedly brackish waters is comparatively small. But such
as do occur are usually found in great quantities, and are remarkable
for their hardiness and ability to live under widely varying conditions.
Many of them are strictly southern species, which do not extend much
farther north ; but there are some, like the long clam, muscle, &c., which
extend even to the Arctic Ocean and the coasts of Europe.

Many of the estuaries and harbors, and some of the ponds, have a
much freer communication with the sea, and then the water is less
brackish and generally less impure in other respects, and the number
of species of animals becomes much greater. In other cases the water
is so little brackish that the fauna is nearly identical with that of the
outer bays. A few of these species are almost restricted to the brack
ish waters, but by far the greater number are able to live in pure sea-
water, and are accordingly also found in the bays and sounds. There
are various degrees of preference shown by the different species ; some
are very abundant in the brackish waters and very seldom found out
side ; some evidently prefer the estuaries but are also abundant in the
sounds; some flourish equally well in both situations 5 many are com
mon in the estuaries but much more abundant in the pure waters of the
sounds ; and a large number which are occasionally found in the brackish
waters, especially where but little freshened, have their proper homes in
the pure waters outside.

Most of our food-fishes frequent the ponds and estuaries, either for
the sake of food or for the purpose of spawning, and many spend the
earlier part of their lives entirely in such waters. It is apparent, there
fore, that among the few species of invertebrate animals living in the
brackish waters, there are some that are of great importance as food for

168 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [462]

fishes. It is true that many of the larger fishes frequent the estuaries
to prey upon smaller ones, some of which are extremely abundant in
these waters. But the small fishes, like minnows, as Avell as the young
of the larger ones, feed chiefly upon the small Crustacea, worms, and
shells that live in the waters that they inhabit. Therefore the entire
value of the estuaries as feeding-grounds for the larger fishes depends
directly upon those species of Crustacea, &c., that naturally live in
brackish water.

In discussing the fauna of the estuaries I have.found it most conven
ient to group the species under the following divisions : 1. Those of sandy
shores and bottoms. 2. Those of muddy shores and bottoms. 3. Those
inhabiting oyster-beds. 4. Those inhabiting the eel-grass. 5. Those
attached to rocks, piles of wharves, floating timber, buoys, &c.

The lists could be greatly extended by including all the species to be
found near the mouths of estuaries, or in those harbors and ponds that
are scarcely brackish, for in these localities the fauna is nearly identi
cal with that of the bays and sounds, and the lists already given on
previous pages will also apply very well to such places.

As a general rule only those species that are abundant, or at least
frequent, in waters distinctly brackish, have been included in the lists.

Ill, 1.— ANIMALS INHABITING THE SANDY SHORES AND BOTTOMS OF

BRACKISH WATERS.

Sandy shores and bottoms are generally less common and less exten
sive than muddy ones, and occur chiefly toward the mouths of estuaries,
or on the more exposed borders of the larger ponds and harbors, where
the wave-action is greatest.

When such bottoms are covered with eel-grass, as often happens, the
animals are quite numerous, but when destitute of vegetation the spe
cies of animals are but few, and mostly of the kinds^that burrow. But
when there is a mixture of mud with the sand the variety is much
greater.

Near high-water mark, colonies of the " sand-fiddler,7' Gelasimus pu-
gilator, (p. 336,) often occur, as on the sandy beaches outside. In the
same situations the beach-fleas, Talorchestia longicornis and T. meyal-
ophthalma (p. 336,) also occur, burrowing in the sand ; while the Orclies-
tia agilis SMITH is abundant under the vegetable debris at high-water
mark.

Several species of salt-water insects also occur, burrowing in the
sandy beaches at and below high-water mark. Among these are sev
eral beetles, which live in such situations, both in the larval and adult
conditions. The Bledius cordatus is one of the most abundant of these.
This is a small, dark-colored, " rover-beetle," with very short elytra.
It makes small, perpendicular holes in the sand near high-water mark,
throwing up a little mound of sand around the burrows. A larger spe
cies, Bledius pallipennis, occurs lower down, at about half-tide mark
and makes similar burrows, but they are larger and deeper. This spe-

[463] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 169

cies is yellowish brown in color. The larva of a fly belonging to the Mus-
cidre, and growing to the length of three-quarters of an inch, occurs
beneath the sand at low-water mark, and was also dredged off-shore in
three or four fathoms of water.

In the shallow waters and on the flats the common shrimp, Crangon
•vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is always to be found in abundance
where the water is not too much freshened by the rivers. The prawn,
Palcemonetes vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate II, fig. 9,) is also frequent on the sandy
bottoms, though more abundant among the eel-grass, and this species
extends far up the estuaries into the mouths of rivers, where the water
is but little salt.

The most abundant Annelids are Nereis virens, (Plate XI, figs. 47-50,)
N. limbata, (Plate XI, fig. 51,) Rhynchobolm dibranchiatus, (Plate X, figs
43, 44,) E. Americamis, (Plate X, figs. 45, 46,) and Scolecolepis viridis V.,
(p. 345,) all of which burrow in the sand at low-water mark in the same
way as on the shores of the sounds.

Under vegetable debris and stones, at high-water mark, the Halo-
drillus UttoraUs (p. 324) and Clitellio irroratus (p. 324) occur in abun
dance. The Lumbriculus tennis burrows among the roots of grass at
high-water mark.

The most abundant Gastropod shells are llyanassa obsolete^ (Plate
XXI, fig. 13,) Tritia trivittata, (Plate XXI, fig. 112,) Bittium nigrum,
(Plate XXIV, fig. 154,) Astyris lunata, (Plate XXI, fig. 110,) which occur
on the flats and on the bottom in shallow water, but all are more com
mon among eel-grass. The Melampus bidentatus (Plate XXV, figs. 169,
169a) is very abundant among the grass and weeds at and just above
high-water mark. It contributes largely to the food of the minnows
and other small fishes, as well as to that of many aquatic birds. The
Crepidula convexa (Plate XXIII, fig. 128) is frequent on the dead shells
occupied by the small herinit-crab, Eupdgurus longicarpus^ (p. 313,)
Avhich is abundant, running over the bottom in shallow water.

The most abundant bivalves are the long clam, My a arenaria, (Plate
XXVI, fig. 179,) and Macoma fu-sca, (Plate XXX, fig. 222.) These both
occur burrowing in the sand between tides, and both occur far up the
estuaries, where the water is very brackish, but they are most abun
dant where there is a mixture of sand and mud. In the estuaries the
long clam is extremely abundant all along the coast from New Jersey
to the Arctic Ocean, as well as on all the northern coa sts of Europe
It also occurs south of Cape Hatteras, as at Beaufort, North Carolina,
but in greatly diminished numbers. North of New York it is very ex
tensively used as an article of food. North of Cape Cod it is the com
mon " clam " of the fishermen ; and north of Boston it almost entirely
displaces, in the markets, the "round-clam,7' or " quahog," Venus mer-
cenaria, which is the common clam at New York and farther south.
Along the southern coast of New England both species are abundant,
and both are sold in large quantities in the markets. South of New

170 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [464 J

York the long clam is but little sought as au article of food, except for local
use. Ou the coast of New Jersey it is often called the " mauinose clam,'7
from the Indian name (frequently corrupted to " nanny-nose.") It is
also sometimes called the "soft-shelled clam," in distinction from the
" quahog," which is called " hard-shelled." The "long clams" of certain
localities on Long Island Sound, as, for instance, those from Guilford,
Connecticut, are of very excellent quality, and are very highly esteemed.

The Guilford clams are assorted into regular sizes, and are bought from
the fishermen on the spot by the hundred. Those of large size bring
about $3 per hundred ; these are retailed in the market at New Haven
for GO cents per dozen. Smaller sizes bring 48 cents and 36 cents per
dozen. During unusually low tides in winter clams of extraordinary size
are obtained at Guilford, below the zone ordinarily uncovered by the
tide; these often weigh a pound or more, and sell for about $1.25 per
dozen ; occasionally the weight is as much as a pound and a half, and the
shells become six or eight inches in length.

The ordinary long clams of small and moderate sizes bring 95 cents,
$1.25, and $2 per bushel at wholesale; these retail in our markets at
50 cents to 75 cents per peck, the smallest sizes being cheapest, while
the reverse is the case with the round clams.

In New Haven the long clams are chiefly sold in winter, being a out
of season" in summer, when the round clams supply the markets. But
in New York the long clams are sold during the whole year.

Large quantities of these clams are also collected on the. northern
coasts of New England and put up for bait, to be used in the cod-fishery
at the banks of Newfoundland.

The total amount collected and used annually is probably not less
than 1,000,000 bushels.

List of species inhabiting sandy shores and bottoms of estuaries.

ARTICULATA.

Insects.

Page.

Larvae of fly, (Muscidae) 463

Ephyd^a, sp., larvae 466

Ciciudela, larvae 335

Bembidium coristrictuin .

B. contractum

Phy tosus littoralis 335

Page.

Bledius cordatus 462

B. pallipenuis 462

Heterocera uudatus 335

Phaleria testacea

Anurida maritima. . 331

Crustacea.

Page.

Gelasimus pugilator 462

Cancer irrora" tus 312

Carcinus granulatus 312

Eupagurus lougicarpus 463

PaHemonetes vulgaris 463

Crangon vulgaris 463

Orchestia agilis

Page.

462

Talorchestia longicornis 462

T. megalophthalma 462

Epelys trilobus 370

Limulus Polyphemus ..... 340

[465] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 171

Annelids.

Page.

Page.

Nereis virens

!N. limbata

Rhynchobolus Americanus.
E. dibranchiatus

463
463
463 I
Spio robustus ............. 345 j

Scolecolepis yiridis ........ 463 \

S. tenuis . . 345

463 | Clymenella torquata 343

Cisteuides Gouldii ... 323

Sabellaria vulgaris 321

Lumbriculus tenuis
Clitellio irroratus
Halodrillus littoralis

Meckelia ingens

Nemerteans.

Page, i

349 Meckelia rosea

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

463

463
463

Page.
350

Page. |

llyanassa obsoleta 463 \

Tritia trivittata 463

Eupleura caudata 371

Page.

Odostomia trifida 307

Bittiam nigrum 463

Crepidula convexa 463

Astyris lunata 463 I Melampus bidentatus

Lamellibranclis.

463

Page.

Mya arenaria 463

Macoraa fusca 463

Angulus tener 358

Tottenia gemma 359

Venus mercenaria. . 463

Page.

Laevicardium Mortoni 358

Solenomya velum 360

My tilus edulis 307

Modiola plicatula 307

Pecten irradians . . 361

III. 2. — ANIMALS INHABITING- THE MUDDY SHORES AND BOTTOMS or

BRACKISH WATERS.

The bottoms of the sheltered estuaries, ponds, and harbors, are almost
invariably muddy, throughout the greater part of their extent, from low-
water mark to their greatest depths, or, in other words, wherever the
waves do not act with considerable force. The shores between tides are
also muddy in the more protected localities, where the waves do not
have sufficient power to remove the fine sediments. The upper and nar
rower parts of nearly all the estuaries in this region are, on this account,
muddy, for the rapidity of the tide is seldom sufficient to entirely re
move the fine sediments brought down by the streams.

A large part of the muddy bottoms is generally covered in summer by
extensive patches of eel-grass. Over other portions large beds of oys-
13 v

172 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [466]

ters are always planted, thus greatly modifying the natural conditions
of such localities and introducing a large number of species not prop
erly belonging to the true muddy bottoms.

The shores of the muddy estuaries and ponds, or lagoons, are usually
low, flat, and bordered by more or less extensive salt-marshes, with the
surface generally just above high- water mark of ordinary tides, but lia
ble to inundation by unusually high tides. These marshes are always
traversed by winding and sluggish tidal streams of brackish water and
by smaller ditches, and the surface is often diversified by small pools or
ponds of impure brackish water, in which there is generally a deep de
posit of soft, slimy mud and decaying organic matter, which often be
comes putrid, and exhales fetid gases. All such waters, whether iu the
ditches or pools, and however filthy they may be, are inhabited by cer
tain kinds of invertebrate animals, and they are also frequented by mul
titudes of minnows and other small fishes, which undoubtedly find
abundant food in such places.

In these brackish pools and ditches we find certain beetles, both in the
adult and larval stages. Among these the most conspicuous is Hydro-
pMlus quadristrtatus HORN., a large, black species, which appears to be
common. The larva of the salt-marsh, musquito (Culex, sp..) also lives in
such situations, and the adults in August, September, and October, so
swarm in these marshes as to render it extremely unpleasant to go on
or near them. The larvas of an Epliydra also occurs, and many other
insects will doubtless be found in these places when carefully sought for.

One Amphipod,the Gammarusmucronatus, commonly lives in the most
brackish pools and among the grass on the marshes. The prawn, Palce-
monetes vulgaris, (Plate II, fig. 9,) is also very abundant in these pools
and ditches, even where the water is but little salt, and also occurs in
immense numbers on the muddy bottoms and among the eel-grass of the
estuaries. In the pools there are also myriads of small Eutomostraca
of many kinds, upon which the prawn and other species feed, while the
Entomostraca find an abundance of ciliated Infusoria and other micro
scopic animals for food.

We find several species of crabs burrowing in muddy banks along the
shores of the estuaries, as well as along banks of the streams and ditches
in the salt-marshes. The most abundant of these is the marsh fiddler-
crab, Gelasimus pugnax, which is often so abundant that the banks are
completely honey-combed and undermined by them. These holes are of
various sizes up to about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and de
scend more or less perpendicularly, often to the depth of two feet or
more. Occasionally in summer these crabs will leave their holes and
scatter over the surface of the marshes, which at such times seem to be
perfectly alive with them, but when disturbed they will scamper away
in every direction and speedily retreat to their holes, but occasionally,
at least, they do not find their own, for sometimes the rightful owner
will be seen forcibly ejecting several intruders. It is probable that at

[467] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 173

such times of general retreat each one gets into the first hole that he
can find. Associated with this "fiddler" another related, crab, the Se-
sarma reticulata, is occasionally found in considerable numbers. This
is a stout-looking, reddish brown crab, with a squarish carapax ; its large
claws are stout and nearly equal in both sexes, instead of being very
unequal, as in the male "fiddlers." It lives in holes like the "fiddlers,"
but its holes are usually much larger, often an inch or an inch and a half
in diameter. It is much less active than the "fiddlers," but can pinch
very powerfully with its large claws, which are always promptly used
when an opportunity occurs.

The Carcinus granulatus (p. 312) of large size may often be found con
cealed in the cavities under the banks undermined by the two preceding
species, along the ditches and streams in the salt-marshes. On the
marshes farther up the estuaries, and along the mouths of rivers and
brooks, and extending up even to places where the water is quite fresh,
another and much larger species of "fiddler-crab" occurs, often in abun
dance ; this is the Gelasimus minax. It can be easily distinguished by
its much larger size and by having a patch of red at the joints of the
legs. Its habits have been carefully studied by Mr. T. M. Prudden of
New Haven, but his interesting account of them has not yet been pub
lished. He has also investigated its anatomy. According to Mr. Prud
den this species, like G. pugilator, (see p. 336,) is a vegetarian. He often
saw it engaged in scraping up and eating a minute green algoid plant,
which covers the surface of the mud. The male uses its small claw ex
clusively in obtaining its food and conveying it to the mouth. The
female uses either of her small ones indifferently. In enlarging its bur
rows Mr. Prudden observed that these crabs scraped off the mud from,
the inside of the burrow by means of the claws of the ambulatory legs,
and having formed the mud into a pellet, pushed it up out of the hole
by means of the elbow-like joint at the base of the great claw, when
this is folded down. He also ascertained that this crab often constructs
a regular oven-like arch of mud orer the mouth of its burrow. This
arch-way is horizontal, and large and long enough to contain the crab,
who quietly sits in this curious door-way on the lookout for his enemies
of all kinds.

This species can live out of water and without food for many days.
It can also live in perfectly fresh water. One large male was kept in
my laboratory in a glass jar containing nothing but a little siliceous sand,
moistened with pure fresh water, for over six months. During this
whole period he seemed to be constantly in motion, walking round and
round the jar and trying to climb out. He was never observed to rest
or appear tired, and after months of confinement and starvation was
just as pugnacious as ever.

Although some of the colonies of this species live nearly or quite up
to fresh water, others are found farther down on the marshes, where the
water is quite brackish, and thus there is a middle ground where this

174 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [468}

and Q. pugnax occur together. This was found by Mr. Prudden to be
the case, both on the marshes bordering West Elver and on those of
Mill River near New Haven. They are abundant along both these
streams. The holes made by this species are much larger than those of
G. pugnax. Some of them are an inch and a half to two inches in
diameter.

The "blue crab" or common edible crab, Callinectes hastat-us, (p. 367,)
frequents the brackish streams and estuaries, where it is often taken in
large quantities for the markets. These are usually brought to market
early in May, but the "soft-shelled" ones, which are more highly es
teemed, are taken later. These soft-shelled individuals are merely those
that have recently shed their old shells, while the new shell has not had
time to harden. The period of shedding seems to be irregular and long
continued, for soft-shelled crabs are taken nearly all summer. The young
and half-grown specimens of this crab may often be found in consider
able numbers hiding in the holes arid hollows beneath the banks during
the flood-tide. When disturbed, they swim away quietly into deeper
water. These small crabs are devoured by many of the larger fishes.
During flood-tide the large crabs swim up the streams like many fishes,
and retreat again with the ebb. They feed largely on fishes, and often
do much damage by eating fishes caught in set-nets, frequently making
large holes in the nets at the same time.

The "mud-crabs," Panopeus Sayi (p. 312) and P. depressus, (Plate I,
fig. 3,) are very common in all the muddy estuaries and harbors. P.
Harrisii also occurs in similar places ; it is far less common, and appar
ently usually lives higher up toward high-water mark, under stones, &c.,
but it has been found on the salt-marshes at the mouth of Charles Kiver,
according to Dr. A. A. Gould.

The Orchestia palustris SMITH, is found on the salt-marshes, where it
occurs under drift-wood, vegetable debris, &c., extending its range
nearly or quite up to fresh water, and at times living in places that are
almost dry, above high- water mark.

The Squilla empusa (p. 369) burrows in muddy shores and bottoms at
or below low-water mark.

The Gebia affinis (p. 368, Plate II, fig. 7) also lives in similar places in
deep burrows, as described on a previous page.

The " horseshoe-crab," Limulus Polyphemus (p. 340,) is also a com
mon inhabitant of muddy bottoms, in estuaries, where it grows to great
size.

The most common Annelids are partly the same as those given
above for the sandy shores. The Nereis mrens is generally very abun
dant ; the two species of Rhynchoboliis are common 5 and also Lumbri-
conereis opalina, (Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70;) Cirratulus yrandis, (Plate XV,
figs. 80,81;) Polycirrus eximius, (p. 320, Plate XYI, fig. 85;) Chwto-
Iranchus sanyuineus, (p. 320 ;) and several other less conspicuous species.

Among the Gastropods by far the most abundant species is the llya-

[469] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 175

nassa obsoleta, (p. 354, Plate XXI, fig. 113,) which creeps over the flats
and muddy bottoms in countless multitudes, sometimes almost covering
the entire surface. When left by the tide, on the flats, especially in cold
weather, they will creep into the small pools and depressions of the sur
face, where they often huddle together in great crowds, sometimes form
ing many layers, one above another. This is probably the most abundant
shell, of any considerable size, on the coast of the United States. It
occurs abundantly from the Gulf of Mexico to Massachusetts Bay. It is
essentially a scavenger, and owing to its vast numbers its services in
that line must be of great value. It occurs far up the estuaries, where
the water is decidedly brackish, but flourishes equally well on the outer
shores.

The Littorinella minuta (Plate XXIV, fig. 140) also occurs in vast
numbers on the mud-flats, and in the pools and ditches of the salt-
marshes, but it is a small and inconspicuous species. It is, however, not
overlooked by the small fishes and various aquatic birds, for they feed
largely upon it.

TheMelampits lldentatus (Plate XXV, figs. 169, lG9a) is also extremely
abundant on the muddy salt-marshes, creeping over the general surface,
or in the shallow pools and ditches, and among the grass, creeping up
the stalks. In shallow water, where not too brackish, the Bulla solitaria
(Plate XXV, fig. 1G1) is sometimes found in considerable numbers,
creeping over soft, muddy bottoms. It is a favorite article of food with
the flounders.

Among the Lamellibranchs, one of the most common species is the
Modiola.pUcatula, (Plate XXXI, fig. 258,) which occurs everywhere on
the muddy banks at and above high-water mark, and also over the salt-
marshes, along the borders of ditches and streams, and wherever there
is sufficient moisture, partially imbedding its shell in the mud or among
the roots of grass, and anchoring itself by means of a stout .byssus.
The long clam, Hya arenaria, (p. 463) and the Macoma fusca, (Plate
XXX, fig. 222) are almost everywhere abundant on the shores between
tides.

The " round clam,'7 Venus mercenaries, (p. 359, Plate XXVI, fig. 184,)
occurs on the muddy bottoms in shallow water, often in great abundance,
especially where the mud is somewhat firm, or where there is an admix
ture of sand, and the water is not very much freshened. This clam is usually
taken in such places by means of long-handled tongs, and sometimes
with the dredge. It is especially abundant in the estuaries and harbors
opening into Long Island Sound. The quantity of this clani taken
annually for food is enormous, but it is impossible, at present, to get re
liable statistics, either for this or the long clam, for they are mostly taken
and sold, a few bushels at a time, by individual fishermen, and the
traffic is diffused along the whole coast, from Florida to Boston ; but
it is probable that more than 1,500,000 bushels are annually consumed.

176 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [470]

In the New Haven markets the round clams retail at $2 to $3 per bushel
for the small ones, and $1 to $2 per bushel for the large ones.

The common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 234,) is
also extremely abundant on the muddy bottoms, forming immense beds
in many places. It is taken in vast quantities for fertilizing the land,
but is seldom used as food on our coast, although it is used extensively
in some parts of Europe.

The muddy bottoms of the estuaries, ponds, and harbors, especially
when composed largely of organic matter in a living state, afford the
best localities for "planting" oysters, and they are extensively utilized
for this purpose. The oysters thus planted are mostly brought from
farther south, but young " natives" are also transplanted on a large
scale in some localities.

It is, however, very certain that the oysters did not originally grow
on muddy bottoms, for the young cannot maintain themselves during
early life unless attached to some solid substance.

Therefore, where large oyster-beds have been planted, the bottom
should no longer be classed as "muddy," but rather as a " shelly bot
tom," for a large number of animals, in addition to those of true muddy
bottoms, live among or attached to the oysters.

Along the peaty and clayey banks, especially where undermined by
the waves, even nearly up to high-water mark, the Petricola plioladi-
formis (p. 372, Plate XXVI, fig. 199,) and Pholas truncata, (Plate XXVII,
fig. 200,) are often found in their deep burrows in considerable numbers.
The Tacjelus gibba (Plate XXVI, fig. 181, and Plate XXX, fig. 217,)
burrows at and below low- water mark on the muddy and argillaceous
shores of the estuaries, as well as on the shores of the bays. On muddy
bottoms, toward the outer parts of the estuaries and harbors, the
Mul'mia later alls (Plate XXVI, fig. 184, B) often occurs in great abun
dance. And in similar places, even where the bottom consists largely of
decaying vegetable matter, the Tellina tenta (Plate XXX, fig. 225) and
Solenomya velum (Plate XXIX, fig. 210) are sometimes found in consid
erable numbers. The Callista convexa (Plate XXX, fig. 219) also occurs
in similar places.

The Ascidians, Bryozoa, and Eadiata are almost entirely wanting on
the muddy shores and bottoms of estuaries, unless in localities where
eel-grass or oyster-beds afford them suitable stations ; but such localities
•will be discussed farther on.

List of species -inhabiting the muddy shores and bottoms of brackish waters.

ARTICTJLATA.

Insects.

Page.

Cicindela inarginata ....... 335

Hydrophilus quadristriatus 4G6

Page.

Culex, sp .......... , ...... 466

Ephydra, sp ----- .......... 466

[471] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 177

Gelasimns pugnax.

G. minax

Sesaroia reticulata

Panopeus Sayi

P. depressus

P. Harrisii

Callinectes bastatus ......

Carcinus granulatus

Libinia canaliculata

Eupagurus longicarpus. . .
Gebia affinis . . .

Grangon vulgaris

Palsemonetes vulgaris

Mysis stenolepis

Squilla empusa

Crustacea.

Page. !

466 | Orchestia agilis

4671 O. palustris

467! Gammarns mueronatus,,.

468 ! Melita nitida

468 Ampelisca, sp

468 Ampbitboe valida

468 A. compta

467; Coropbium cylindricum . .

368 Spbrcroma quadridentata

313 Idotea irrorata

468 ! Epely s trilobus

339 1 E. mootosus

466 : Jsera copiosa

370 ; Limrioria lignorum ......

468 ] Limulus Polyphemus

Annelids.

Xephthys ingens

Podarke obscura

Eteone, sp

Nereis virens

Marpbysa Leidyi

Luinbriconerels opalina

Ebyncbobolus Americauus .

Nemertes socialis

Page.
431
319
349
468
319
468
342

E. dibrancbiatus

Cirratubis grandis

Notomastus filiformis

Cistenides Gouldii ....

Polycirrus exiinius

Ohaetobranchus sangnineus

Nemerteans.

Page.
324 { Cosmocepbala ocbracea.

Nematodes.

Ponton em a inarinum

Page.
325

P. vacillattim

Page.
314
468
466
314
431
315
370
370
315
316
370
370
315
370
468

Page.
341
468
342
323
468
468

Page.
325

Page.
326

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

llyauassa obsoleta

Nassa vibex

Eupleura caudata.
Urosalpinx cinerea

Astyris lunata

Bittium nigrum . . .

Littorina rudis

L. palliata

468
371
371
306
306
305
305
305

Littorina irrorata

Littorinella miimta . . -

Crepidula convexa

0. fornicata

C. tinguiforniis

Bulla solitaria

Melampus bideutatus

Page.
372
469
355
355
355
469
469

178 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [472]

Lamellibranclis.

Page, i Page.

Pholas truncata 470 I Callista convexa 470

P. costata 433 j Mulinia lateralis 470

Mya arenaria 469 j Solenomya velum 470

Macoma fusca 469 ! Xucula proxima 432

Tellina tenta 470 ! Argina pexata 309

Angulustener 358 i Modiola plicatula 469

Tagelus gibba 470 ! M. hamatus 374

Petricola plioladiformis 470 j Mytilus edulis 470

Venus merceuaria 469 Ostrsea Virginiana 310

III. 3.— ANIMALS INHABITING OYSTER-BEDS IN BRACKISH WATERS.

Although the oyster-beds are generally planted on bottoms that were
originally muddy, when Covered wholly or partially with living oysters or
with dead oyster-shells, such bottoms may properly be regarded as "shelly
bottoms'7 analogous to the natural shelly bottoms of the outer waters.
The shells of the oysters afford suitable attachment for various shells,
bryozoa, ascidians, hydroids, sponges, &c., which could not otherwise
maintain their existence on muddy bottoms, while other kinds of ani
mals, such as crabs, annelids, &c., find shelter beneath the shells or in
their interstices. Some species have apparently been introduced from
farther south with the oysters ; among these are Modiola Jiamatus and
Panopeus Herbstii, neither of which is positively known to be fully nat
uralized on our shores.

In planting the oysters they are more or less uniformly scattered over
the bottom, from somewhat above low-water mark to the depth of ten
or twelve feet. The oysters thus planted are brought mostly from the
waters of Virginia and Maryland in spring. During the summer they
usually increase greatly in size, and often become very fat and improve in
flavor. They are taken up in the fall, for if left exposed to the freezing
weather of our winters, at least all those in very shallow water would be
killed. They often double in bulk during the summer. Besides the im
mense quantities of oysters til us brought from farther south to be " plant
ed" in our waters, large quantities of young " natives" are also collected
from the localities where they naturally breed, and are planted on muddy
bottoms in the brackish waters, where they grow very rapidly, usually
attaining a size suitable for the market in two or three years.

These u native oysters," although of the same species as those brought
from the south, are more hardy, and will live through the winter if cov
ered by a depth of water sufficient to prevent them from freezing. The
young oysters that attach themselves to stones, ledges, &c., between
tides, often in great abundance, nearly all perish by freezing during the
winter. They mostly become an inch to an inch and a half in diame'ter
during the first summer. The period of spawning lasts for some time,

[473] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 179

but most of it seems to be done in May, June, and July. The young,
after swimming about for a short time, attach themselves to any suitable
hard object, such as rocks, shells, timber, brush, &c. On our coast very
few attempts have been made to raise the young oysters by artificial
means, because the young oysters, of a size suitable to plant, can gen
erally be bought at a price less than the actual cost of raising them.
The time will doubtless come, however, when this will no longer be the
case, and then the methods so successfully employed on the coast of
France may be resorted to with great advantage.

The young oysters must find some solid substance to which they can
attach themselves, before losing their locomotive organs, otherwise they
will fall to the bottom and perish in the mud. It is evident, therefore,
that although the oysters planted on muddy bottoms of the right kind
will grow most rapidly, owing to the great abundance of their micro
scopic food in the mud and turbid water ; yet such localities are unfa
vorable for breeding- grounds, because the youug,or " spat,'' will find no
suitable objects to which they can attach themselves,unless, by chance,
to the shells of the old oysters. Therefore, if it be desired to have the
oysters in such localities produce the young ones necessary to maintain
the bed permanently, it will be necessary to place hard objects on the
bottom, to which they may adhere. Stones, broken bricks, £c., may be
used for this purpose, but nothing is better than old oyster- shells, and
they are generally cheaper than anything else.

On the coast of France bundles of twigs or fagots, prepared tiles,
and other objects have been used to catch the young, and they are al
lowed to remain on such objects until they become large enough to be
removed and planted elsewhere.

It is obvious that the best breeding-grounds are on hard bottoms,
where there are large quantities of dead shells, pebbles, &c., to which
the young will be sure to adhere. But such bottoms are not the best
localities for the rapid growth and fattening of the oysters. Therefore
it is always found profitable to transplant the young oysters, when large
enough, from hard bottoms to the muddy bottoms of the estuaries, wrhere
their natural food most abounds.

All muddy bottoms are not equally adapted for this purpose. The great
differences to be found in the muddy bottoms of various localities have
already been mentioned on a previous page. (See p. 430.) Those bottoms
that are composed mainly of tenacious clay are unsuitable, both because
the oysters become imbedded too deeply in the clay, and because such
mud contains but little organic matter. Those that consist of clay or
sand mixed with decaying vegetable matter, and have a black, putrid
layer just beneath the surface are also unsuitable and should be avoided.
Those that consist of very deep, soft, pasty mud, though the mud itself
may be of good quality, are apt to allow the oysters to sink too deeply
beneath the surface and thus become smothered in the mud.

The most suitable localities are those sheltered places wrhere there is
a firm substratum of sand or gravel, overlaid with a few inches of soft,

180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [474]

flocculent mud, consisting largely of living microscopic animals and
plants, Infusoria, Diatoms, &c. Such localities are to be found in most
of our shallow estuaries, harbors, and brackish ponds, and on such
grounds the oysters grow and become fat with surprising rapidity.

The character of such bottoms is very liable to be changed by storms,
especially in winter, either by the removal of the organic mud to
some other part of the bottom or shore, or by the washing in of silt or
clay in quantities sufficient to cover the bottom and destroy the living
organisms. Thus it happens that a locality may be an excellent oys
ter-ground one year and comparatively worthless the next, or a poor
locality may in the next year become a good one. And on this account
the great reputation that the oysters of a particular locality often ac
quire in a favorable year may not belong to them in subsequent years,
for the quality of the oysters changes with the character of the food and
bottom where they grow. I have already mentioned several of the more
important enemies of the oysters on former pages. (See pp. 306, 326.)
The star-fishes, which are among the most destructive of these, do not
flourish in brackish waters, and this is, therefore, a great advantage.

The quantity of oysters taken from our waters is far greater than is
generally supposed by those not familiar with this important business.
The best statistics are necessarily very incomplete, but they are sufficient
to show the almost incredible magnitude of this industry, which is,
moreover, rapidly increasing as the facilities for transporting the oysters
to all parts of the country, even to the Pacific coast, are multiplied.

According to the official report of Hunter Davidson, commissioner,
upon the oyster-fisheries, &c., of Maryland, January, 1872,* the quantity
of oysters taken in Maryland waters in the year 1869-'70 was 11,233,475
bushels, which, at an average value of 35 cents per bushel, would amount
to $4,031,716. To catch and convey these to market 8,070 men were em
ployed on the water ; 7,190,400 bushels were taken by 642 vessels (ton
nage 14,436) engaged in dredging, and employing 4,060 hands. The
balance, 2,043,075 bushels, were taken by 1,647 boats or " canoes," using
tongs and rakes, and employing 3,410 hands.

In 1870-'71, 597 vessels, (tonnage 13,425,) engaged in dredging, and
employing 3,775 hands, took 6,686,400 bushels ; and 1,649 " canoes "
took, with tongs, 2,261,403 bushels, employing 3,507 hands ; making the
total amount for the year, 10,947,803 bushels, valued at $3,831,731.
Many of these oysters were sold at $1 to $1.50 per bushel, while
others were sold for less than twenty-five cents, but it is probable that
the estimated average value (thirty-five cents) is considerably below the
actual value.

The quantity taken in the waters of Virginia is probably quite as
large as that from Maryland.

Large quantities are also taken along the coast of New Jersey, Long

* Report on the Oyster-Fisheries, Potomac River Shad and Herring Fisheries, and
the Water-fowl of Maryland, to his excellency the governor and other commissioners
of the State oyster-police force, January, 1872.

[475] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 181

Island, and Connecticut. It is, therefore, probable that the total amount
taken on the coast north of Cape Hatteras is not less than 30,000,000
bushels annually, having a value of more than $20,000,000. In making
this estimate we should allow for the great increase in bulk and value
of many of the Maryland and Virginia oysters that are transplanted to
northern waters, and allowed to grow before using. The average value
of the northern oysters, both native and transplanted, is probably more
than seventy-five cents per bushel. It is, therefore, probable that the
above estimate is considerably too low.

The great oyster-markets of the country are Baltimore and New York.
In Baltimore immense quantities of oysters are put up in kegs and
cans to supply the distant parts of our own country and also to ship
to nearly all foreign countries. In 1867 it was estimated that more
than 10,000 persons were employed in this branch of the business.
There were then thirty packing-houses, employing 4,500 openers. In ad
dition to the packing business great quantities of oysters are sold at Bal
timore and sent away in the shell. The total quantity sold at Baltimore
exceeded 7,000,000 bushels, of which about 5,000,000 bushels came from
Maryland waters, and the balance from Virginia. Of these over
1,000,000 bushels were sent to New York, 700,000 to Fair Haven, Con
necticut, where an extensive packing business is carried on, 450,000
to Philadelphia, 350,000 to Boston.

The oyster trade of New York, several years ago, was estimated at
over $8.000,000, employing 2,500 vessels, and it has greatly increased
since that estimate was made.

Among the most common shells that are found attached to oysters
are Crepidulafornicata (Plate XXIII, figs. 129, 129a) and C.unymformis,
(Plate XXIII, fig. 127.) They both occur together on the upper as well
as the under valves, and in all cases retain their ordinary characters,
except that the latter is more regular in form, and usually has the
upper surface slightly convex, instead of being much distorted and
with a concave upper surface, as the larger specimens that live on
the inside of dead univalves usually are. Its color, when living on the
oysters, is always white, while the C. fornicata is always more or less
marked with brown.

The common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307) frequently occurs attached
to oysters, and when it accumulates on the oyster-beds in large quan
tities it is very injurious. The Modiola Jiamatus (p. 374) is a very pe
culiar-looking muscle, having a broad, often hatchet-shaped, distorted
shell, covered with prominent radiating ribs, many of which are forked.
Its color is yellowish or brownish. It somewhat resembles Modiola plica-
tula, but is broader and has coarser ribs. This muscle is sometimes
found in New Haven Harbor, living on the oyster-beds in considerable
numbers, and of full size, attached to the oysters, either singly or in
clusters, by the byssal threads. It has been observed only in the sum
mer and fall and it may not have survived the winters, for it is possible

182 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [476]

that all the individuals may have been brought from the south, in the
spring, when quite small, attached to the oysters. It may be, however,
that it has really become naturalized on our shores. It is very common
in the Gulf of Mexico, and on other parts of the southern coast. The
Anomia glalra (p. 311, Plate XXII, figs. 241, 242, 242«) is also very
commonly found adhering to oysters.

The hard sandy tubes of Sdbellaria vulgaris (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs
88, SSa) and the calcareous tubes of Serpula dianthus (p. 322) are very fre
quent upon oyster-shells, and occasionally those of Potamilla oculifera,
(p 322, Plate XVII, fig. 86,) Scionopsis palmata, (p. 321,) and other species
are met with. Many other Annelids are to be found burrowing or hiding
beneath the oysters. The common green star-fish, Aster las arenicola, (p.
326, Plate XXXV, fig. 269,) occasionally occurs on the oyster-beds near
the mouths of estuaries, but is seldom sufficiently abundant in the
brackish waters to do serious damage to the oyster-beds.

In the brackish waters the " drill," ftrosalpinx clnerea, (p. 300, Plate
XXI, fig. 116,) is the worst enemy of the oyster, and is sometimes so
numerous as to do very serious damage.

Several species of Hydroids grow adhering to oysters. The most
abundant of these, in brackish water, is usually Halecium gracile V.,
(p. 328,) but two or three species of Obelia and some other forms occur.

Of Bryozoa, one of the most common species is the Escliarella variab-
ilisj (p. 312, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256,) which forms calcareous incrusta
tions. The Bugula turrita, (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs 258, 259,) and
Yesicularici dichotoma V. (p. 404) are also common. The Alcyonidium
Mrsutum, (p. 404,) which forms soft fleshy crusts over the surface of
the shells, is quite frequently seen.

The common red sponge (p. 330) is often abundant on the oyster-beds
where the water is not much freshened.

List of species inhabiting oyster-beds in brackish waters.

ARTICULATA.

Insects.

Page.

Chironomus oceauicus 379

Crustacea.
Page. I Page.

Pinnotheres ostreum 367

Cancer irroratus , 312

Panopeus Herbstii - . . 472

P. Sayi - 312

P. depressus 312

Carciuus granulatus 312

Libinia canaliculata 368

Eupagurus pollicaris 313

E. lougicarpus 313

Craiiffon vuljraris. - 339

Mysis Americana 370

Melita nitida 314

Ampelisca, sp 431

Unciola irrorata 340

Corophium cylindricum . — 370

Epelys trilobus 370

f477] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 183

Annelids.

Lepidonotus squainatus

L. sublevis . - -

Phyllodoce, sp

Eulalia, sp

Eteone, sp

Podarke obscura

Nereis virens

N. liinbata

Marphysa Leidyi

Lurobriconereis opalina

Rhynchobolus Americanus.
K. dibrancliiatus. .

,Page.
320
320
349
349
349
319
317
318
319
320
319

Cirratulus grandis

Sabellaria vulgaris

Cistenides Gouldii

Nicolea simplex

Scionopsis palmata

Polycirrus eximius

Chretobranchus sanguineus,

Potamilla oculifera

Sabella microphthalma

Fabricia Leidyi

Serpula dianthus ,

Spirorbis, sp ,

Page.
319
476
323
321
476
320
320
476
323
323
476
323

Nemerteam and Planar-lane.

Page. | Page.

Nemertes socialis ____ ...... 324 j Monocelis agilis ........... 325

Cosmocephala ochracea ____ 325 j Procerodes frequens ....... 325

Polinia glutinosa .......... 324 j

Nematodes.

Page. I
Pontonema marinum 325 j P. vacillatum

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

326

Page/

Urosalpinx cinerea 476

Fulgur carica 355

Syeotypus canaliculatus. .. 355

Ilyauassa obsoleta 354

Astyris lunata 306

Eissoa acnleus 306

Littorinella minuta. 469

Bittium nlgrum 305

Page.

Odostomia fusca ... 307

O. trifida 307

O. bisuturalis 307

Crepidula fornicata 475

C. UDguiformis , 475

C. convexa

Doridella obscura.

355
307

Lamellibranclis.

Page.

Venus mercenaria 469

Argina pexata , 309

Scapharca transversa 309

Mytilus edulis 475

Page.

475

361

476

Ostrsea Yirgiuiana .... 472

Modiola hamatus
Pecten irradians ,
Anomia glabra...

184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [478]

Ascidians.

Page.
Cynthia partita 311

Page.

Molgula Manhattensis 311

Bryozoa.

Page. Page.

Bugula turrita 47G | Vesicularia dichotoma 476

Escharella variabilis 476 ! Alcyonidium hirsutum 476

Membranipora lineata 406 Pedicellina Americana 405

RADIATA.

Ecliinoderms.

Page.

Asterias arenicola 476

Acalephs.

Page.

Obelia gelat inosa 391

O. diaphana 327

Page.

Halecium gracile 476

Sertularia ar gen tea 408

O. pyriformis 390

Polyps.

Page.

Metridium marginatuin . . . . 329

Page.
Sagartia leucolena. . 329

PROTOZOA.

Sponges.

Page.

Page.

Tedania, species . 330 Eed branching sponge 476

Halichondria, sp 330 !

III. 4. — ANIMALS INHABITING EEL-GRASS IN BRACKISH WATERS.

A large portion of the shallow parts of nearly all the harbors, estu
aries, and ponds is occupied by a dense growth of eel-grass, Zostera
marina, in summer. This plant flourishes both on sandy and muddy
bottoms. During the fall and winter it is mostly torn up and drifted
away bj storms, but in the spring a new crop starts up and grows very
rapidly, the narrow, ribbon-like leaves often becoming six feet or more
in length during the summer.

These tracts of eel-grass are the favorite resorts of a considerable
number of animals, which seek these places either for food or conceal
ment and shelter, or for both combined. Other species, including certain
hydroids, bryozoa, and ascidiaus, grow attached to the leaves of the
eel-grass.

[479] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 185

Many small fishes frequent tiie patches of eel-grass, and find there
abundance of food and unusual safety from their enemies.

Among the most common Crustacea found among the eel-grass are
the edible crab, CalUnectes liastatus, (p. 367 ;) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312 ;)
P. depressus, (Plate I, fig. 3 ;) Eupagurus longicarpus, (p. 313 ;) the prawn,
Palcvmonetes vulgaris. (p. 369, Plate II, fig. 9 ;) the common shrimp, Gran-
gon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10 5) the green shrimp, VirMus zosteri-
cola, (p. 369, Plate III, fig. 11;) Mysis stenolepis, (p. 370, Plate III, fig. 12;)
M. Americana, (p. 370;) Idotea irrorata, (p. 316, Plate Y, fig. 23;) Melita
nitida, (p. 314.) The common prawn (Plate II, fig. 9) has its true home
among the eel-grass, and here it occurs in countless numbers. Its trans
lucent body, marked with irregular, ill-defined, dark blotches and spots,
admirably adapts it for concealment among the discolored and dead
leaves of the plant, at or near the bottom.

Where the eel-grass grows on sandy bottoms the common shrimp is
scarcely less abundant. The VirMus is often abundant, associated with
the common prawn, and having similar habits. All these shrimps and
prawns are eagerly devoured by the fishes. The Idotea irrorata is gen
erally very abundant, and clings firmly to the leaves of the eel-grass
lengthwise. Its body is generally curiously and variously colored with
green and brown, &c., and these colors are often so arranged as to imi
tate very perfectly the colors of the eel-grass when partially dead or
discolored. Sometimes the right or left half of the body will be bright
green, while the opposite half will be dark brown. In other cases there
will be a dorsal bright green stripe, while the sides will be dark brown,
just like one of the leaves of the eel-grass that is discolored at the
edges, but green in the middle. More commonly these colors are ir
regularly disposed in blotches.

The Ericlisonia attenuata HAEGER, is a remarkably slender species^
which also lives clinging to the eel-grass. Its colors are green and
brown, and quite variable.

Several species of Amphipods are also abundant among the eel-gras?8
One of the most common. of these is the Gammarus mucronatus, (p. 466,)
which is easily distinguished by the dorsal teeth on the abdominal seg
ments. Microdeutopus minax SMITH, is a very small species, which
sometimes occurs in great abundance in the small brackish ponds. It
is remarkable for its relatively large and very broad^ hands, armed
beneath with three prominent teeth. The hands are nearly as large as
the entire body.

Among the Mollusks several interesting species occur. The Ilyanassa
obsolete, (p. 371, Plate XXI, fig. 113;) Bittium nigrum, (p. 305, Plate XXIV,
fig. 154;) and Astyris lunata, (p. 306, Plate XXI, fig. 110,) are generally
the most abundant species. The Nassa vibeoc (p. 371, Plate XXI, fig. 114)
is met with occasionally, living on and about the roots of eel-grass, but
it is an uncommon shell in our waters, though quite abundant on the
southern coasts. The Crepidula convexa (p. 371, Plate XXIII, fig. 128)

186 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [480}

may be found, both adhering to the leaves of eel-grass and attached to
shells occupied by the smaller hermit-crabs.

The curious little naked mollusk, Elysiella catulus, (Plate XXV, fig.
171,) is often quite common on the leaves of eel-grass in our harbors.
It also has the power of floating with the bottom of the foot at the
surface of the water. Its small size and bright green color, like that
of the growing leaves of the Zostera, cause it to be easily overlooked.

The related species, Elysia chlorotica, (Plate XXV, fig. 172,) appears*
to have similar habits, but is much less common. It's color is alsa
green. The pretty Doto coronata (p. 400, Plate XXV, fig. 170) alsa
occasionally occurs on the leaves of eel-grass.

A green Planarian is frequent on the eel-grass, and also a bright red
species.

List of species inhabiting the eel-grass in brackish waters.

ARTICULATA.

Insects.

Chironornus oceanicus.

Page.
379

Crustacea.

Page.

Panopeus depressus 479

P. Sayi... 479

Callinectes hastatus 479

Carcinus granulatus 312

Libinia canaliciilata 3C8

L. dubia 368

Eupagurus longicarpus 479

Crangon vulgaris 479

Virbius zostericola 479

talsemonetes vulgaris 479

Mysis stenolepis 479

M.Americana 479

Gammarus inucronatus.. 479

Page.

Melita nitida . 479

Microdeutopus minax 479

Amphithoe valida 315

A. longimana 370

A. compta 370

Corophium cylindricum 370

Caprella geometrica 382

Idotea irrorata 479

Erichsonia attenuata 479

Epelys trilobus 370

Balanus eburueus 381

Limulus Polyphemus 340

Annelids..

Page.

Lepidonotus squainatus 320

Podarke obscura 319

Autoly tus cornutus 397

Nereis limbata .. 318

Page.

Nicolea simplex 321

Scionopsis palinata 321

Polycinus exioiius 320

Spirorbis, sp 323

Nemerteans and Planar ians.

Page.

Polinia glutinosa 324

Cerebratulus, sp 324

Page.

Planarian, (red sp.) 480-

Planarian, (dark green sp.) . 480-

[481] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 187

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Illyanassa obsoleta 479

Nassa vibex 479

Astyris lunata 4?9

Anachis avara 306

Bittium iiigrum 479

Page.

Littorinella rainuta 409

Crepidula couvexa . . . . 479

Doto coronata 480

Elysia chlorotica 480

Elysiella catulus 480

Triforis nigrocinctus 305

Lamellibranchs.

Page. I Page.

Argina pexata 309 I Pecten irradians

My tilus edulis 470 j Ostrsea Yirginiana 472

Ascidicms.

Page. Page.

Molgula Manbattensis 311 Botryllus Gouldii 375

Bryozoa.

Page.
Bugula turrita 311

Vesicularia dichotoina . . 404

Page.

Escbarella variabilis 312

Membranipora, liueata 406

RADIATA.

Acalephs.

Page.

Obelia diapbana 327

Page.

Hydractinia polyclina 328

Obelia, sp . . 476

Polyps.

Page.
Sagartia leucolena , 329

III. 5. — ANIMALS LIVING ON OR AMONG PILES OF WHARVES, BRIDGES,

FLOATING TIMBER, ROCKS, ETC., IN BRACKISH WATERS.

Tbe piles of wharves in brackish harbors are often inhabited by an
abundance of animal life. The same species are mostly to be found also
on piles of wharves in the purer waters of the sounds, and many of them
have, therefore, already been mentioned in a previous place, (p. 378.)
There are some of these species, however, that appear to flourish best
in waters that are decidedly brackish.

Among the most conspicuous of these is the beautiful Tubularian
14 v

188 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [482]

Paryplia crocea-1 (p. 390, Plate, XXXVI, fig. 274,) which grows in large
tufts, several inches in height, and often covers large surfaces of the piles
and timbers at and just below low-water mark. Associated with this the
OleUa (jelatinosa (p. 391) often occurs in large quantities. This is a
large and very beautiful species, having a large dark colored stem, com
posed of numerous united tubes, but the terminal branches are white
and delicate, and the cells have an elegant bell-shaped form, with a
toothed margin. It grows to the length of a foot or more. This species
occurs on the piles of Long Wharf, in New Haven Harbor, in great
abundance, associated with the preceding ; at this place the water is not
only quite brackish, but is very impure, on account of sewerage, &c.

Other species of Obelia also occur in similar places. TheBalanus ebur-
neus is a very abundant barnacle in brackish waters, growing upon piles,
timbers, oyster-stakes, and every other kind of fixed wood- work, and
also upon the bottoms of vessels and floating timber. As already re
marked (p. 381) it is capable of living even in fresh water. The Bala*
nus balanoides also occurs where the water is less brackish. The piles
and timbers of the wharves are often badly damaged by the perfora
tions of Teredo navcdis (p. 384, Plate XXYI, fig. 183) even where the
water is very brackish.*

The Limnoria lignorum (p. 379) also attacks wood-work in waters that
are somewhat brackish.

Lists of species inhabiting piles of wharve$, floating timbers^ &c., in "brack
ish waters.

ARTICULATA.

Insects.

Page. I Page.

Chironomus oceanicus 331 i Anurida maritima 331

Crustacea.

Page.

Page,

Panopeus depressus 312 Jrera copiosa 315

Microdeutopus miiiax 479

Amphithoe compta 370

Corophium cyliudricum 370

Caprella, sp 316

Idotea irrorata > 316

Limnoria lignorum 482

Balanus balanoides 482

B. eburneus.. 482

* Since the account of the Teredo navalis, on page 384, lias been in type, I have learned
some additional facts in regard to it from Mr. V. N. Edwards. The statement that the
buoys are taken up every six mouths does not apply to the spar-buoys, which are
taken up only once a year, in April and May. Mr. Edwards states that the Teredos
would destroy an unpainted spar-buoy in one year, but when painted with verdigris
they will only work where the paint becomes rubbed off. They grow to full size in
one year. They first attack buoys or piles just below the water's edge, but eventually
will, destroy the entire submerged part of the spar-buoys. He thinks that some of
them live through the winter.

[483] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Annelids.

Page.

Nereis limbata 318

Autolytus cornutus 397

Sabellaria vulgaris 321

Nicolea simplex 321

Polycirrus eximius 320

Potamilla oculifera ........

Sabella microplithalma ____

Fabricia Leidyi ..... > .....

Serpula dianthus ..........

Spirorbis, sp . . . , ..........

Page.

Monocelis agilis 325

Poliuia glutinosa . . 324

Turbellarians.

^emertes socialis

Page.
Pontoneina marimim 325

Nematodes.

P. vacillatum

189

Page.
322
323
323
322
323

Page.
324

Page.
326

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Eela plicata 383

Ilyanassa obsoleta 468

Tritia trivittata 354

Urosalpinx cinerea . - , . 306

Astyris lunata 306

Anachis avara 306

Kissoa aculeus 306

Skenea planorbis 383

Littorina riulis 305

Page.

L. palliata 305

Odostotniabisuturalis ...... 307

Bittinm iiigriim 305

Cerithiopsis Greenii 383

Triforis nigrocinctus 305

Alexia myosotis . - 383

Melampus bidentatus 469

^Eolidia pilata 383

Laniellibranclis.

Page.

Teredo navalis 482

Argina pexata 309

Mytilus edulis 307

Page.

Modiola plicatnla. 307

Anoinia glabra 311

Ostrava Yirginiana , 310

Ascidians.

Page.

Molgula Manliattensis 311

Cynthia partita 311

Botryllus Gouldii

Bryozoa.

Page.

Vesicularia dichotoma 389

Escharella variabilis - - 312

Bugula ttirrita

Pedicellina Americana

Page.
389

Page.
311
405

190 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [484]

EADIATA.

Hydroids.
Page, i Page.

Obelia gelatinosa 482 ! Halecium gracile 328

O. pyrilbrniis 390 Parypha crocea 482

O. diaphana 327

Polyps.

Page. 1 Page,

Sagartia leueolena 329 Metridium marginatum 329

IV.— FAUNA OF THE OCEAN SHORES AND OUTER COLD WATERS.

All along this coast, from Cape Cod to Stoningtou, Connecticut, there
is a belt or current of cold water which impinges directly against the
outer islands and the open coast, especially where there are points of
land projecting outward toward the deeper waters. This is especially
noticeable at Gay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, No Man's Land, Cutty-
hunk Island, Mont-auk Point, Block Island, Point Judith, and Watch
Hill. This cold water is undoubtedly derived from the Arctic current,
which passes slowly southward in deep water off our coast, but whether
an actual current, distinguishable from the tidal currents, exists in the
waters of moderate depth along the coast is still uncertain. The tidal
currents apparently have the effect of bringing the cold water of the
outside regions up into the shallower localities along the shores, and it
is probable that the presence of the cold water in moderate depths is
due to the joint action of the tides and the slow-moving Arctic current,
which impinges more or less against and upon the slope of the sub
merged eastern border of the continent. But the position, extent, and
temperature of this cold wrater along our shores varies greatly, accord
ing to the direction of the tidal currents and the surface currents
caused by the wind. We have shown, on a former page, that at times
these local winds and tidal currents are able even to bring Gulf Stream
water and its characteristic animals directly upon this coast, even as far
westward as Watch Hill, .Rhode Island, where the Physalia is often cast
ashore in summer. At such times the cold current must necessarily be
wholly displaced, or disguised by intermixture with the warmer waters.
When the tide is flowing from Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, or
other large bodies of warm water, the cold waters will also be displaced
and the temperature raised even at the distance of twenty or thirty miles
from the shore in summer. In winter there is comparatively little
effect from the Gulf Stream, owing to the prevalence of northerly winds,
and there is also far less effect from the warm waters of the shallow
bays and sounds carried by the titles. Therefore the full effect of the
northern current is felt only in winter, and it doubtless adds to the cold
proper to the season and land climate.

In winter and early spring we accordingly find numerous species of
northern animals and alga3 which disappear partially or wholly in many

[485] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 191

of tliese localities in summer. In April, May, and June, the cod and
haddock resort in large numbers to the banks and re^fs off Stoniugton,
Watch Hill, No Man's Land, and other similar places, but are quite
unknown there later in the summer.

In consequence of the varying temperatures of the currents which
alternately pass over certain of these localities, there is a very peculiar
admixture of northern and southern species, side by side. This is par
ticularly the case on the reefs between Watch Hill and Fisher's Island,
where the southern Astrancjia Dance is associated with the northern
Alcyonium carneum, Cribrella sanguinolenta, and many other northern
forms.

The temperature of the bottom-water during the last of August and
first of September was found to vary from 57° P. to 63°, in sixteen to
twenty-nine fathoms off Martha's Vineyard and Buzzard's Bay, (see
chart.) The surface temperatures were at the same time 02° to 64°, and
occasionally as high as 67°, when affected by warmer currents.

IV. 1. — SPECIES INHABITING- ROCKY SHORES OF THE OPEN COAST.

The principal localities under this head at which we have made col
lections are Xo Man's Laud, Cuttyhunk Island, Gay Head, and Watch
Hill, Rhode Island. Dr. J. E. Leidy has published a partial list of the
species found at Point Judith,* and we have more or less information
concerning the fauna of several other similar localities. In all these
places the assemblage of animals is nearly the same, and in general not
very different from what we find on the rocky shores of the sounds and
bays, (see p. 303.) A large part of the species of these shores have,
therefore, already been mentioned in connection with the fauna of the
bays and sounds.

There are, however, many species that are characteristic of the latter,
which are found but rarely, or not at all, on the colder and more ex
posed outer shores ; and these are characterized by the abundance of
some northern species which are rare or wanting on the inner shores, or
which occur there only in winter.

Among the most abundant species of shells are Purpura lapillus, (p.
306, Plate XXI, figs. US, 110 ;) Littorina pallia ta, (p. 305, Plate XXIV,
fig. 138;) L.rudis, (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 137;) Acmcva tentudinalis,
(p. 307, Plate XXIV, figs. 158, 159;) and Lacuna vincta, (p. 305, Plate
XXIV, fig. 139,) all of which occur adhering to the rocks or algre, even
in the most exposed situations. These are all hardy northern species.
which extend their range to Greenland or beyond, and although all of
them are to be found, more or less frequently, on the inner shores, they
are there less abundant and generally of smaller size. The Littorina
palliata is extremely abundant on the Fucus, and individuals were found
at Watch Hill, copulating, April 12. The Lacuna vincta breeds still

* Jonrqal of the Academy *f Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2d series, vol. iii,
1855.

192 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [486]

earlier in the season, for its eggs were found attached to algre and eel-
grass at the date named. The eggs of this species are small, yellowish
white, imbedded in a gelatinous mass, having an annular form, but
showing a break or suture on one side. These annular egg-masaes are
attached by one side to the surfaces of flat alga? or eel-grass in large
numbers ; they are from .12 to .20 of an inch in diameter.

The JEoUs papillom was found at Watch Hill, under stones, April
12, and with it were long, much convoluted, gelatinous cords, tilled with
minute pale red or salmon-colored eggs, which probably belong to this
species, which is a northern one, and has not hitherto been recorded as
from south of Cape Cod. It is very abundant in the Bay of Fundy, and
similar egg-clusters are found there under rocks during the entire sum
mer.

Among and between the stones the northern purple star-fish, Asterias
vulgaris (p. 432) is often found at low-water, and also the green sea-
urchin, Stronyylocentrotus Drobachiensis (p. 40G, Plate XXXY, fig. 268)
during the spring tides.

The Balanus balanoides (p. 305) is quite as abundant on the most ex
posed rocks as elsewhere. The minute bivalve young of this species
were found just attaching themselves to the lower surfaces of rocks in
immense numbers at Watch Hill on the 12th of April.

Beneath the stones the rock-crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) is very
common, and occasionally the much rarer Cancer borealis is found dead
on these shores. It was thus found at Gay Head and No Man's Land,
but it is doubtful whether it lives above low-water mark. In the
Power part of the fucus zone the large Gammariis oruatus (p. 314, Plate
IY, fig. 15) is always to be found in great abundance under stones, and
in the upper half of the fucus zone the smaller species, Oammarns an-
nulatas (p. 314) and Oam mar us marinus often occur in great numbers,
associated with Jccra copiosa (p. 315) and Idotea irrorata (p. 316, Plate
V, fig. 23.) The Gammarus mar-inns occurs higher up than either of
the other species, and is sometimes abundant even near high-water
mark, where the soil beneath the stones is barely moist at low water.
The Ampliiihoe maculata (p. 315, Plate IV, fig. 16) is also a common
species under stones ; and both green and reddish brown varieties
occur.

Another species of Amphithoe] of smaller size, was found swimming
free in the rocky pools at Watch Hill, April 12. In this the general color
was red, or brownish red,- the body was transversely banded with pale
flesh-color or whitish, alternating with bands of dark red or brown, which
are made up of minute crowded specks; the antenna? are annulated with
pale red, and are thickly specked, on the bands and at the base, with
darker red. The Hyale littoralis (p. 315) is a small but very active Am-
phipod, which is often abundant near high-water mark on the rocky
shores, clinging to the Fucus and other algre, or swimming in the tide-
pools. It is capable of leaping actively like tiie beach-fleas, (Qrchestia

[487] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND; ETC. 193

agilis,) which it somewhat resembles in form. The color is very variable ;
it is often bright yellowish greet), but frequently dark green, brownish
green, or brown.

The Nereis virens (p. 317, PL XI, figs. 47-49) is very abundant in bur
rows beneath the rocks. The males of this species, six to ten inches or
more in length, and of a dark green color, were found at Watch Hill?
April 12, in great numbers, swimming about in the pools of water among
the rocks, with an undulatory motion, and discharging their milt in large
quantities. Various other Annelids burrow or build tubes beneath the
stones. A.planaria and Leptoplana folium creep over their lower sur
faces.

Attached to the stems of Fucus at low-water, several Hydroids may
usually be found, but the Sertularia pumila (p. 327, PI. XXXVII, fig.
279) is by far the most abundant. The Obelia geniculata is also very
common, attached to Laminaria and other alga3. Various Bryozoa occur
attached to stones and to Fucus and other alga3. The Alcyonidium
hispidum (p. 312) is one of the most abundant species, and usually in
vests the stems and fronds of Fucus vesiculosus, but also often covers
broad surfaces of the rocks. The A. liirsutum is often associated with
the preceding species on the rocks; it forms broad, thin, soft crusts, cov
ered with small soft prominences, but is without the spines or bristles
seen in the latter. The Zooids are also much smaller.

The Farrella familiar is is a singular and delicate species, which occurs
both on the under side of rocks and on algre. The body is small, fusi
form, attached by a long and very slender, flexible pedicel. When it
surrounds the stems of small alga3, the whitish pedicels project outward
in all directions, and thus produce the appearance of a delicate chenille-
cord. This is a northern and European species. It was also dredged on
Saint George's bank in 1872.

List of species found on the outer roclcy shores.

ARTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Page.

Cancer irroratus 486

Cancer borealis 486

Panopeus depressus 312

Panopeus Sayi 312

Homarus Americanus. 492

Orchestia agilis 315

Hyale littoralis 486

Calliopius lamusculus 315

Gam mar us ornatus 486

Gammarus annulatus. . 486

Page.

Gammarus marinus 486

Amphithoe inaculata ... 486

Amphithoe, sp 486

Caprella, sp 316

Jrera copiosa . , 486

Idotea irrorata 486

I. phosphorea 316

Erichsonia nliformis 316

Balauus balauoides. . 486

194 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [488]

Annelids.

Page. I

Lepidonotus squamatus 320

Harmothoe imbricata . 321

Phyllodoce cantenula 494

Eteone robusta 349

Antol ytas cornutus 397

Nereis virens 487

ST . pelagica 319

Ophelia simplex 319

Cirrhinereis fragilis . .
Clyinenella torquata.
Polycirrus exiinins . .
Sabellaria Tulgaris. . .
Potamilla oculifera. .

Fabricia Leidyi

Serpula diantbus

Spirorbis, sp

Turbellaria.

]Semertes soeialis,

Page.

PI an aria, species „ 487

Leptoplana folium 487 | Nemertes, sp

Procerodes frequens 325

Mouocelis agilis.

Nematodes.

Page.

Pontonema marinum , 325

Pontoueiua vacillatum

Page.

397
343
320
321
322
323
322
323

Page.
324
498
325

Page,
326

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Page.

Buccinum nndatuin 494

Tritia tri vittata 354

Urosalpinx cinerea 30(3

Purpura lapillus 485

Astyris Innata 306

Littorina palliata 485

L. rudis 485

Lacuna vincta . . 485

L. neritoidea

Bittiuni nigrum

Acmsea testudinalis

Doris bifida

Polycera Lessonii

Dendronotus arborescens. . .

^Eolis papillosa ,

Tergipes despectus

Lamellibranclis.

Page.

Saxicava arctica 309

Mya arenaria 309

Kellia planulata 310

My til us edulis
Modiola modiolus.

Anomia glabra

Ascidians.

Cyntbia partita ,

Molgula Manbattensis. . .

Page.
311
311

Amarcecium pellucidum

Page.
495
305
485
307
400
495
486
495

Page.
307
309
311

Page.
401

[489] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 195

Bryozoa.

Page.

Alcyonidinm Mrsutuin 487

A. hispid nm 487

Yesicularia gracilis 389

V. cuscuta 404

V.fusca 420

Farrella familiaris 487

Tubulipora flabellaris 405

Crisia eburnea 311

Bugula flabellata. .
Membranipora pilosa
M. lineata

Escharella variabilis
Discopora coccinea
Lepralia, sp
Oellepora ramulosa
Pedicellina Americana

Page.
311
406
406
312
333
420
312
405

RADIATA.

Eclimoderms.

Page.

StrongylocentrotusDrobachi-
eusis . . , 496

Page.

Asterias vulgar is . . 496

Cribrella sanguinolenta 407

AcalepJis.

Page.

Obelia pyriformis 390

O. geniculata 487

O. flabellata 390

O. diaphana 327

Campanularia flexuosa 327

Page.

Sertularia pumila 487

S. argentea 408

Peunaria tiarella 327

Clava leptostyla 328

Hydractinia polyclina 228

Polyps.

Metridiuin marginatuin

Page.
329

Sagartia leucolena.

Page.
329

IY. 2.— SPECIES INHABITING THE SANDY SHORES OF THE OPEN COAST.

Owing to the force of the waves the sand and gravel of the exposed
shores are kept in constant motion in stormy weather, and are often dis
turbed to a considerable depth, especially in winter. Therefore the con
ditions are very unfavorable for the existence of animal life. The fauna
of such shores is, accordingly, very meager, as compared with that of
the more sheltered sandy shores of the bays and sounds.

It often happens that one may examine these sandy beaches fora mile
or more at low- water without finding more than half a dozen species of
animals that actually live on them, though many may be found thrown
up by the waves from below low-water mark.

In coves or other localities that are somewhat sheltered, the number of
species is greater, and most of them are identical with those found on
the sandy shores of the sounds.

Toward high-water mark the Talorcliestia longicornis (p. 336) and T.

196 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [490]

megalopkthalma (p. 336) are everywhere common, burrowing in the sand.
The Cancer irromtus (p. 338) and Platyonichm ocellatus (p. 338) are rather
common at and just below low-water mark. The Hippa talpoida (p. 338,
Plate II, fig. 5) is occasionally found, and the young sometimes occur
in. large numbers, burrowing in the sand at low-water mark. The com
mon shrimp, Crangon vulyaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is usually abund
ant where there are sheltered sandy flats.

The Annelids are less numerous than on the sandy shores of the
sounds, but such as do occur are mostly of the same species. One of
the most interesting is the Nerine agilis^ (p. 346,) which is very remark
able for the rapidity with which it burrows in the sand.

The Mollusks are few in number. One of the most abundant of the
Gastropods is the Lunatia lieros, (p. 353, Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136,)
which burrows just beneath the surface of the sand, at and below low-
water mark. The Neverita duplicata (p. 354, Plate XXIII, fig. 130) is
also occasionally found, but is much less abundant than in the bays.

Of Lamellibranchs there are but few species that can maintain them
selves in such situations. Among these the " long clam,7' Mya arenaria,
(p. 463,) the ll razor-shell," Ematella Americana, (p. 356,) and the "surf-
clam," Mactra solidissiina, (p. 358,) are the most common.

Very few, if any, Eadiates are to be found on the exposed sandy shores,
unless thrown up by the waves from deeper water. In places that are
somewhat protected from the violence of the surf, the Leptosynapta Gi-
rardii (p. 361, Plate XXXY, figs. 265, 266) is often found burrowing in
the sand at low- water mark. Sometimes, in similar places, the " sand-
dollar," Echinaraclinius parma, (p. 362, Plate XXXY, fig. 267,) is found
in large numbers at extreme low- water mark.

There are no Hydroids and Polyps that properly inhabit such shores.

List of species inhabiting the sandy shores of the open coast.

ARTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Page.

Ocypoda arenaria, (young). . . 337

Cancer irroratus 490

Cancer borealis 486

Platyonichus ocellatus 490

Hippa talpoida 490

Eupagurus pollicaris 313

Page.

Crangon vulgaris 490

Orchestia agilis 336

Talorchestia longicornis 489

T. megalophthalma 489

Unciola irrorata 340

Idotea ca3ca 340

Annelids.

Page. | Page.

Nereis virens 317 Scolecolepis viridis 345

K. limbata 318 I Clymenella torquata 343

Khynchobolus Ainericanus. . 342 | Amphitrite ornata 320

ferine agilis 490 j Poly cirrus eximius 320

[491] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

197

Sycotypus canaliculatus

Page.
390

Tritia trivittata 354

Crepidula fornicata 355

Page.

0. unguiformis . . 354

Lunatia heros 490

Xeverita duplicata 490

Lamellibranclis.

Page.

Ensatella Americana 490

Siliqua costata , 426

Mya arenaria 490

Mactra solidissima 490

KADIATA.

Ecliinoderms.

Page.
Leptosynapta Girardii 490

Page,
Echinaraehnius parma 490

IY. 3. — ANIMALS INHABITING KOOKY BOTTOMS OFF THE OPEN COAST.

The fauna of the rocky bottoms in these outer waters is rich and in
teresting, and decidedly northern in character, though there is usually
an admixture with southern species.

The principal localities where dredgings were made on this kind of
ground are : First, off Gay Head and Devil's Bridge, at localities marked
on the chart, 53, «, &, c, d ; 55, a, &, c ; 5G, a, &. c, d ; 57, a, Z>, c, d ; 58,
«, &, c ; 59, a, b, c; 60, a, Z>, c ; 61, a, &, c; 62, a, &, c ; 63, a, b ; 83, a, &, c.
Second, between Gay Head and No Man's Land, and to the westward of
the latter island, at localities 82, a, b ; 84, «, ?>, c, d ; at these localities cod
are caught in the spring. Third, on and about the rocky reef extending
from Watch Hill, Khode Island, to Fisher's Island, and forming, in part,
the physical boundary of the eastern end of Long Island Sound ; this
is also a locality where cod and haddock are caught in spring. The
dredgings at this place were made by Professor D. C. Eaton, Mr. C. A.
Burr, and myself, April 13, 1873. Fourth, a locality off Cutty Imnk Island,
where dredgings were made, April, 1872, by Mr. T. M. Prudden, Mr. T.
H. Eussell, and others.

The four localities named are characterized by a similar fauna,
but each one yielded some species not found in the others, though
more numerous dredgings might have revealed them. The reef off
Watch Hill is of peculiar interest on account of the singular blending
of the northern and southern faunae at that place, as mentioned above.
It seems to be nearly at the extreme western range of many northern
species, though some of them may occur sparingly in certain favorable
localities still farther westward, in Long Island Sound itself. Many
northern alga3 were also collected there by Professor Eaton, in abuucl-

198 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [492]

ance, and some of them have not been found farther westward, and others
but rarely. Among these were Ptilota eleyans and Delesseria sinuosa, both
of which were abundant on the reef in four or five fathoms, associated
with large quantities of Phyllophora Brodicci, and P. membranifolia ;
Eutliora cristata and Lithothamnion polymorphum also occurred. The
u dulse," Rhodymenia palmata, Laminaria diyitata, L. saccharine^ and
L. longicrura^ all of which are decidedly northern species, were large and
abundant.

A similar assemblage of algae was also found on the rocks, in shallow
water, off Gay Head, though some of the species just named were not
found there.

Among the Crustacea of these localities, the most important is the
lobster, Homarus Americanus, (p. 395,) which finds its proper habitat in
such places. It is very abundant off Gay Head, and among the reefs
and rocks off Watch Hill and Stonington, Connecticut* It also occurs
plentifully in similar localities off New London, Connecticut, and still
farther west in Long Island Sound. At all these and many other locali
ties large quantities are caught for the markets. They are nearly all
taken in " lobster pots" baited with refuse fish, &c.

The lobster fishing begins in this region in the latter part of March or
early in April, according to the season. By the middle of April they
are usually taken in large quantities and shipped alive to New York,
New Haven, and other cities. The extent of this trade is enormous
even in this region, while north of Cape Cod, along the whole northern
coast of New England, and on the shores of Nova Scotia, the lobster is
taken in still larger quantities. At present we have no reliable data for
estimating the number annually caught, but it probably amounts to
several millions.

In winter the supply comes from the northern coasts of Massachusetts
and Maine, where they may be taken in moderately deep water at all
seasons. According to Captain N. E. At wood* they do not come into
shallow water at Provincetown until June and remain there until Oc
tober, when they disappear again. He also states that those that visit
that locality are nearly all females ; " they appear to come near the shore
for the purpose of depositing their young, after which they pass away
and others in turn take their places, as is indicated by the change that
is constantly taking place, for when the fishermen are catching great
quantities of large, good hard-shell lobsters, and they are unusually
abundant, perhaps the next day there will be a new kind, smaller and
not of so good quality, the former ones having passed away and others
come to take their places." " In Boston the number of lobsters sold
annually cannot be much short of a million. The male lobster is pre
ferred and is the most salable, as this city has always been supplied
from the northern shore of Massachusetts and coast of Maine, where the

* Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 11, 1866.

[493] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND ETC. 199

males are most plentiful. It is a great advantage to the fishermen that
the people prefer males. In New York it is very different in this par
ticular, that city being supplied from Cape Cod after June, and the
female lobster thus considered much the best. I have sold many lob
sters in New York, and males sell at only about half price ; the male is
much poorer than the female in meat." Captain Atwood states, in the
same place, that northward and eastward of Plymouth, Massachusetts ,
"three-quarters at least are males at all seasons of the year." Among
those that I have examined from New London, Waterford, and Stoning-
ton, Connecticut, in our markets, I have not noticed any marked in
equality in the number of the sexes. Mr. Smith examined the "lobsters in
the market at Proviricctowu on two occasions in August and September,
without finding any decided differences in the number of males and
females. He also repeatedly examined those in the fish-markets at
Eastport, Maine, in summer, with the same result. It is possible there
fore, that the fishermen do not correctly distinguish the sexes, when the
females are without eggs, and that an erroneous opinion has thus be
come current among them.

There is a great difference in the breeding season on different parts of
the coast. The lobsters from New London and Stoniugton often lay
their eggs as early as the last of April or first of May 5 while at Halifax,
Mr. Smith found females with recently laid eggs in September. At East-
port, Maine, the females carry their eggs in mid-su miner. In the male the
genital orifices are in the bases of the last pair of legs ; in the female
they are at the bases of the middle pair. This will always serve to dis
tinguish the sexes, but they also differ in the structure of the abdomi
nal appendages.

The rock-crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) is very common on these bot
toms, and C. boreaUs (p. 395) also inhabits them, judging from the large
dead specimens found on the adjacent beaches, but we only dredged a few
small living specimens. One of these was taken on the reef between
Watch Hill and Fishers Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, among algas. It is
more convex, and much more hairy than the preceding species, and the
teeth along the sides of the carapax are quite different.

A large and handsomely colored shrimp, Pcmdalus annulicornls (Plate
II, fig. 6,) often occurs in the deeper waters, outside, but is far more
common farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy. The common shrimp,
Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is common, especially
where there are spots of sand among the rocks. The little bright colored
shrimp, Hippolyte pmiola, (p. 395,) is frequently met with among the red
algre. The Unciola irrorata, (p. 340, Plate IV, fig. 19,) and Ampliitlioe
maculata, (p. 315, Plate IV, fig. 16,) together with several other Ainphi-
pods, are common, especially among the red algre, and some of them are
handsomely marked with red and other bright colors.

Among these are Podocerus fucicola, which is a small species and quite
variable in color ; some of those from the reef at Watch Hill had a

200 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [494]

transverse dorsal band of red or orange on each segment, and similar
ones on the epimera, and were minutely specked with dark brown ; the
antenna? and legs were annnlated with white and light red or orange.
Another species of Podocerus was still more abundant among the red
algae ; in this the males and females differ greatly in size, form, and color.
The females are much smaller and stouter than the males ; their colors
were generally red and white, in strong contrast,though some were pur
plish and more like the males in color \ most of the females have the
head and few anterior segments dark red ; then a band of white ; then
three or four bands of dark red7 on the middle of the body, which are
often confluent into a large dorsal spot of red or brown ; these are fol
lowed by a broad white band or spot ; the abdominal rings are alternately
banded with red and white; part of the epimera are red. The an tenure
and legs are more or less aunulated and spotted with red. The eyes are
black. In the male the color is generally reddish or purplish brown,
but irregularly specked with darker brown, and with the intervals
between the segments pale red.

Species of Caprella occur in considerable numbers, clinging, in gro
tesque attitudes, upon the delicate algre and hydroids. The Idotea
irrorata, (p. 316, Plate V, fig. 23,) is also very common, living among the
alga3, and Ericlisonia filiformis (p. 31G, Plate VI, fig. 26,) is often associ
ated with it.

The Annelids living upon such bottoms are difficult to obtain, since
they mostly burrow beneath the stones or live in tubes attached to the
rocks. The few species obtained are, with few exceptions, not different
from those found in the sounds, on similar bottoms. The Autolytus cor-
nutuSj (p. 397, Plate XIII, figs. 65, 66,) and another species of the same
genus were found in abundance, living in tubes attached to the fronds
of Laminar ia among hydroids, (ObeUa geniculata.) On the same fronds
were long, crooked tubes, formed of grains of sand and small bits of
shells, belonging to Nicolea simplex, (p. 397.)

Burrowing in the corals of Astrangia Dance we found, on the reef off
Watch Hill, the singular Annelid named Naraganseta coralii by Dr. Leidy,
who obtained his specimens at Point Judith. The specimens found by
us were mostly very dark greenish brown or black, but some had dark,
orange- colored branchiaB. The Lepidonotus angustus, Pliyllodoce gracilis,
P. catenula, and Eumidia Americana are new and interesting species.
Nereis fucata occurs rarely.

Of Gastropods many species already enumerated as inhabitants of
the rocky shores occur also on the rocky bottoms in abundance, but there
are a number of additional species. One of the largest is the " whelk,"
Buccinum undatum, (Plate XXI, fig. 121.) This is a decidedly northern
and arctic shell, found also on all the northern coasts of Europe, though
several authors believe that the American and European shells are dis
tinct species.

One of the most interesting of the northern shells that occur here is

[495] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 201

the Leptocliiton ruber, (p. 399, Plate XXV, fig. 16G.) This adheres to
rocks and stones that are incrusted by the red nullipore Lithothamnion
polymorplnun, with which its red color, of various shades, agrees very
closely. It is a far more abundant shell in the Bay of Fundy, where
it also lives among the same nullipore. Among the other less common
northern species, met with on these bottoms, are Rissoa exarata ; Lacuna
neritoidea; and Astyris rosacea.

Several very interesting species of naked mollusks (Nudibranchs) occur
on these bottoms, creeping over algae and hydroids, and feeding upon
the latter. One of the most conspicuous of these is the Dendronotus
arborescens, which is a northern form, and had not been found south of
Cape Cod until this spring, when we dredged it on the reef off Watch
Hill, in four or five fathoms. It can be easily distinguished by the two
rows of large arboresceutly-branched gills along the back ; by the
branched lobes of the tentacle-sheaths and the arborescently divided
branch on their outer side, near the base ; and by the very narrow and
almost linear foot, which is adapted for creeping over hydroids.

The Oncjnjdoris pallida ..was dredged by Messrs. Prudden and Eussell,
off Cuttyhuiik Island, in April, 1872. It has not been previously re
corded from south of Cape Cod, but it is common in the Bay of Fundy.
It can easily be recognized by its pale yellow color, and the long, blunt- i
conical papillae that cover its back.

The ^Eolis papillosa and Tergipes despectus were both found at Watch
Hill this spring, April 13, and are new additions to the fauna of south
ern New England. The former was found, with its eggs, among the
roots of Landnaria ; the latter was abundant in four or five fathoms,
creeping over Obelia geniculata, which was abundant on the fronds of
Laminaria. Its eggs, inclosed in small masses of gelatinous matter
were attached to the Obelia in large numbers. The Doto coronata,
(Plate XXV, fig. 170,) was associated with the Tergipes on the Obelia.
An undetermined species of JEolis, with bright red brauchire, was
dredged off Gay Head, on a rocky bottom.

The Larnellibraiichs are not of much interest, and scarcely any are
peculiar to this kind of bottom. The Modiola modiolus (p. 309, Plate
XXXI, fig. 237) is one of the most common and characteristic species.
The northern scaly or spiny Anomia aculeata (Plate XXXII, figs. 239,
240) is common ; it adheres to rocks, shells, and the roots and stems
of large algae.

Among the Ascidians there are several northern species, not before
found so far south. The Cynthia carnea (Plate XXXIII, figs. 247, 248) was
found off Gay Head in ten fathoms. The young specimens were numer
ous on the stones and shells. In contraction they are low and flat, with
a thin margin ; the color is light red, or flesh-color. With this a few
young specimens of Cynthia echinata were found. These are peculiar in
being covered by stellate spines. The color of the young specimens is
pink, the apertures rose-red. The Molgula papillosa also occurred spar-

202 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [496]

ingly with the last two species. This is also a northern species, common
in the Bay of Ftmdy. Among the compound Ascidians the only species
found here that did not occur also in Vineyard Sound was Amarcecium
pallidum, a small species, which forms small rounded or turbinated
whitish masses, of a firm gelatinous appearance, but with fine grains of
sand imbedded in the substance. It is a common species in the Bay of
Fundy.

The Bryozoa are represented by numerous species, some of which
are very abundant. The Membranipom pilosa (Plate XXXIV, figs. 262,
263) is one of the most abundant. It incrusts, and often entirely
covers, the fronds of various algre, especially of Phyllophora Broduci, P.
membranifolia, Rhodymenia palmata, Delesseria sinuosa, £c. On the
reet off Watch Hill it was particularly abundant on these and other
algse, shells, £c. It is easily distinguished by the single long spine at
the proximal end of the cell, and by the shorter ones along the sides.
With the preceding, Crisia elurnea, (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 2(30, 201 ;)
Tubulipora flabellaris ; Cdlepora ramulosa, (p. 312;) and a species of
Dlscopora, allied to D. coccinea, were very abundant, adhering to the
more slender red algre. A species of Lepralia, of a reddish color, and
forming both incrusting and lichen-like corals, was common. In this the
apertures of the cells are large, operculated, broadest proximally, and
each one has a short, stout, conical spine at its proximal border, which
is scarcely visible except in a profile view.

The Bugula Murrayana, which forms clusters of broad, thin, flexible
fronds nearly two inches high, was dredged several times. It is very
common in the Bay of Fundy. An incrusting species of Alcyonidium,
perhaps identical with A. gelatinosum of Europe, occurred on the red
alga3. A species of Cellularia, allied to A. ternata, was also obtained.

The Echinoderms are represented by the common green sea-urchin,
Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis, (p. 406, Plate XXXV, fig. 268,) which
is common off Gay Head, and as far as off New London, though far less
abundant than in the Bay of Fundy ; by the common red or purple
star-fish, Asterias mil-gar is, (p. 407,) which was abundant off Gay Head
and on the reef off Watch Hill 5 Cnbrella sanguinolcnta, (p. 407,) which is
not uncommon as far west as the Watch Hill reef, and off New London $
and by the Ophiopholis aculeata, (Plate XXXV, fig. 270,)which was only
once met with off Gay Head, but of which we dredged several specimens
on the reef off Watch Hill. The last-named species is extremely
abundant in the Bay of Fundy and northward, from low-water to the
depth of more than one hundred fathoms.

The Hydroids are very numerous on the rocky and stony bottoms,
attached to alga3, stones, shells, ascidians, £c. One of the most abun
dant is Obelia geniculata, (p. 407,) which grows on the fronds of Lamina-
ria, Rhodymenia, and other algaB ; it often nearly covers one or both sides
of the broad fronds of Laminar ia, for the distance of two or three feet,
the creeping stems forming an intricate net- work from which the upright

[497] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 203

stems arise in great abundance to the height of an inch or more. This
species was particularly abundant on the reef off Watch Hill, and those
obtained on the 13th of April were loaded with the reproductive cap
sules, (gonothecaB.)

At the same place we obtained luxuriant specimens of 0. fiabellata,
(p. 390,) some of which were eight or ten inches long and profusely
branched ; these also bore reproductive capsules at the same date.

The curious Antennularia antennina was dredged off Gay Head in
eight fathoms, where a number of large and fine specimens were ob
tained. This species had not been previously recorded from America,
but it is not uncommon in the Bay of Fundy.

The Alcyonoid Polyps are represented by the northern Alcyoniwn
earneum, (Plate XXXVIII, fig. ^83,) which we dredged off Gay Head,
off Cutty hunk, and on the reef at Watch Hill. This species grows up
into lobed or arborescently branched forms, with the delicate, translu
cent polyps mostly clustered toward the ends of the branches. The
general color is translucent, pale yellow, or salmon, sometimes more or
less tinged with orange or red. Among the Actinoids there is a species
of Edwardsia, (E. lineata V.,) which is as yet undesctlbed. It occurred
in considerable numbers crowded into the openings and interstices be
tween ascidians, worm-tubes, &c. It is peculiar in having no distinct
naked basal portion, at least in the numerous specimens hitherto seen,
for in all cases the rough epidermis extended entirely over the base.
The tentacles are long, slender, thirty or more, and each usually has a
flake-white line down the center. The disk is usually marked with radi
ating white lines. This species was dredged off Gay Head and also on
the reef off Watch Hill.

The Sponges are numerous on the outer rocky bottoms, and belong
to about a dozen species,*inost of which are still undetermined ; but
they are nearly all northern forms, common in the Bay of Fundy.

One of the most common is the Chalina oculata, which forms thick,
upright, more or less flattened stalks, which, as they grow larger, fork
and divide into more or less numerous, and often digitate branches,
which vary greatly in form and thickness ; scattered over the surface
are round orifices, about a tenth of an inch in diameter. The color is
dull orange-red, when living, but the color disappears when the animal
matter is removed, leaving the sponge white. The texture is open and quite
delicate. Another very curious species, (Polymastia f) when young, forms
yellowish white incrustations over stones and shells; later, it rises at sev
eral points into long, slender, round, tapering, finger-like prolongations,
which do not branch, but are often so grouped as to give a digitate
appearance to the whole. This was dredged off Gay Head in 18 to 20
fathoms, and is also common in the Bay of Fundy. One of the most
abundant species of this region forms very irregularly shaped, uneven,
pale yellow masses, attached to the stems and fronds of Phyllophora and
other small algae, and often, as it grows larger, spreading over and
15 v

204 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [498]

•entirely covering and destroying the algre. The large openings (oscnla)
-are irregularly scattered over the surface and quite unequal in size,
varying from less than .05 to .10 of an inch or more in diameter. The
texture is rather close when dried, showing a finely reticulated texture
at the surface. This appears to belong to the genus Tedania. Another
species, apparently of the same genus, occurs with the last, and has the
same habits, but its color is pale buff, or yellowish white, and its text
ure is much firmer and more compact. Another species, occurring with
the last two on the Pliyllopliora, at Watch Hill, forms small, irregular,
deep yellow masses, of a soft and somewhat gelatinous consistency.
Foraminifera of several species are abundant, attached to the fronds
of the red algre, to the rough integument of Ascidiaus, to stones, shells,
worm-tubes, &c,, but they have not yet been identified.

List of species inhabiting the stony and rocJcy bottoms on the open coast.

ARTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Page.

Cancer irroratus 493

C. borealis 493

Libinia canaliculata 339

Eupagurus lougicarpus 313

E. Bernhardus 501

Homarus Americanus .. . 492

Crangon vulgaris 493

Hippolyte pusiola 493

Pandalus annulicornis 493

Lysianassinse, (one species) . . 431
Pontogeneia inermis 452

Page.

Mcera levis 315

Amphithoe maculata 493

Unciola irrorata 493

Cerapus rubricornis 565

Podocerus fucicola 493

Podocerus, species 494

Caprella, species 494

Idotea irrorata 494

I. phosphorea 316

Erichsonia filiformis 494

Balanus crenatus . 396

Annelids.

Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus 320

L. Augustus . , 494

Harmothoe imbricata 321

Phyllodoce gracilis 494

P. catenula 494

Eumidia Americana , 494

Autolytus cornutus 494

Autolytus, species 494

Nereis pelagica 319

K fucata 494

Lumbriconereis fragilis 501

Page.

Clymenella torquata 343

Naraganseta coralii 494

Sabellaria vulgaris 321

Polycirrus eximius 320

Nicolea simplex 494

Potamilla oculifera 322

Sabella microphthalrna 323

Spirorbis spirillum 323

S. pcrrecta ? 504

Serpula dianthus . . 322

Nemerteans and Planarians.

Nemertes, species

Page.
. 505

Leptoplana folium

Page.

. 487

[499] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 205

MOLLUSCA.

Gastropods.

Tage.

Urosalpinx cinerea 30G

Bucciimin undatum 494

Tritia trivittata. . . 354

Page.

Crucibuluin striatum 417

Crepidula fornicata 355

0. uiiffuiformis . . . 355

Astyris lunata 306 [ Lunatia heros 426

Leptochiton apiculatus 399

L. ruber 495

Onchydoris pallida 495

Polycera Lessonii 400

Dendronotus arborescens 495

Tergipes despectus 495

JEolis papillosa 495

Dote coronata. . . 495

A. xonalis . . 399

A. rosacea 495

Anachis avara 306

Lacuna vincta 305

L. neritoidea 495

Eissoa exarata 495

Cerithiopsis terebralis 417

Bittium nigrum 305

Lamellibranclis.

Page.

Saxicava arctica 309

Mya arenaria 472

Kellia planulata 310

Argina pexata 309

Scapbarca transversa 309

Page.

Mytilus edulis 307

Modiola modiolus 495

Modiolaria nigra 433

Anemia aculeata. . . 495

Ascidians.

Page.

Cynthia partita , 311

0. carnea 495

C. ecbinata 495

Molgula Manhatteusis 311

M. papillosa 495

Perophora viridis 388

Page.

Amaroecium pelluciduna 401

A. pallidum 496

A. constellatum 388

Leptoclinum albidum 408

L. lutecium. . . 403

Bryozoa.

Page.

Crisia eburnea 496

Tubulipora flabellaris 496

Alcyonidium hirsutum 404

A. parasiticnm 404

A. gelatmosuin (?) 496

Vesicularia cuscuta 404

Y. gracilis ... , 389

Y. fusca 420

Farrella familiaris 487

^Etea anguina . 405

Eucratea chelata 405

Cellularia, species 496

Page.

Caberea Ellisii 420

Bugula turrita 311

B. Murrayana 496

Meinbranipora pilosa 496

M. lineata 406,

M. tenuis 420

Escharella variabilis 312

Lepralia, (species) 496

Discopora coccinea (?) 496

Mollia liyalina 420

Cellepora ramulosa 496

0. scabra.. . 419

206 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [500}

RADIATES.

Ecliinoderms.

Page.
Strongylocentrotus Drobachi-

ensis 49G

Asterias vulgaris 496

A. arenicola 326

Cribrella sanguinolenta 496

Ophiopholis aculeata 496

Acalephs.

Page.

Clytia Johnstoni 408

O. intermedia 408

Qrthopyxis caliculata 408

Platypyxis cyliiidrica 408

Campanularia volubilis 408

C. flexuosa 327

Obelia geniculata , . . 496

O. dichotoma 407

O. flabellata 497

O. diaphana 327

Page.

SertuJaria argentea 408

S. cupressina 408

Hyd rail mania falcata 408

Pin malaria, species 407

Antennularia antennina 497

Eudeadrium ramosum 408

E. dispar 408

Penriaria tiarella 327

Tbarnnocuidia tenella 407

Hydractinia polyclina 328

Polyps.
Page.

Alcyoniuin carneum 497

Metridium margiuatnm 329

Page.

Edwardsia lineata 497

Astrangia Dana) 408

PROTOZOA.

Sponges.

Page.

Chalina oculata 497

Tedania, two species 498

Eenieria, species 330

Cliona sulplmrea. . , 421

Page.

Polymastia (!) 497

Grantia ciliata 330

Leucosolenia botryoides (!) . . 391

IV. 4. — FAUNA OF THE SANDX AND GRAVELLY BOTTOMS OFF THE

OPEN COAST.

The bottom off the southern shores of Nantucket and Martha's Vine
yard is sandy or gravelly over large areas, from low-water mark down
to 25 fathoms or more. Tracts of similar bottom occur off Cuttyhunk
Island and farther west. In many of these places, especially in the
shallower waters, near shore, the material of the bottom is nearly pure
siliceous sand, varying in fineness from coarse gravel to the finest sand,
and as these sands are generally loose and moved by the storm-waves,
in shallow water, their inhabitants are but few. In deeper water, at
depths of 20 to 25 fathoms or more, the material is usually a very fine
sand, often firmly compacted, and not infrequently mixed with more or
less fine mud. Such localities are favorable for a much greater variety

[501] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 207

of animals, and especially for many burrowing annelids, Crustacea, and
bivalve shells. Bottoms of this character pass by insensible gradations
intoUhe true muddy bottoms, so that it is very difficult to make any
sharp distinction between them, or between the animals that inhabit
them. Several localities at which we dredged were quite intermediate
in character, so that it is difficult to decide in which division they should
be put. Yet there is a very wide difference between the animals of the
pure sandy and of the soft muddy bottoms. Most of the localities where
the bottom was of this mixed or intermediate character, and of very fine
material, have been classed with the muddy bottoms, because the ani
mals inhabiting them agree more closely with those of the true muddy
bottoms than with those of the genuine sandy ones. But in each case
I shall endeavor to give an idea of the fauna of typical localities of
pure sand, of true mud, of muddy sand, and of sandy mud, so that the
more general lists given under the sandy and muddy bottoms, respect
ively, need not cause confusion.

The special localities where dredgings were made on sandy bottoms
avre as follows : line 80, a, 16 J fathoms, siliceous sand j ft, 18J fathoms,
siliceous sand ; 81, a, ft, 1GJ fathoms, sand ; 85, &, &, 15 J fathoms, sili
ceous sand and gravel ; 86, a, fc, 25 fathoms, sand and gravel, with some
mud and small stones j off Watch Hill, 6 to 8 fathoms, loose siliceous
sand, with some stones. Besides these a few other dredgings were made
on similar bottoms, but not recorded.

Among the Crustacea that are characteristic of the true sandy bot
toms are Platyonichus ocellatus, (p. 388, Plate I, fig. 4,) which is, how
ever, more common in the sounds ; Eupagurus Bernhardus, a decidedly
northern hermit crab: Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10;)
Ptilocheirus pinguis ; Idotea Tuftsii. Where the bottom is of loose
siliceous sand, the common Unciola irrorata (p. 340, Plate IV, fig. 19)
frequently occurs, usually associated with but few others, except a
species of Anonyx, or some closely allied genus, which seems to live
exclusively on such bottoms. This last species is rather stout, pale
grayish or yellowish white, usually tinged with purple on the back The
posterior portion is more decidedly pprple, together with the caudal
appendages and some of the last epimera. This was dredged off Watch
Hill.

Several interesting species occurred on the bottoms of fine compact
mud and sand, in 20-29 fathoms. Among these were Phoxus Kroyeri,
which is a northern species; Siplioncecetes cuspidatus SMITH, an undes-
cribed species ; ByWis serrata SMITH, another very interesting new
species ; undetermined species of Ampelisca, &c.

Few Annelids are peculiar to true sandy bottoms. Among those of
most interest are Sthenelais picta V., (p. 348;) Lumbriconereis fmgilis, a
northern and European species ; Anthostoma acutum V. ; and Scolecolepis
cirrata. The last is a northern species found in the Bay of Fundy and
north to the Arctic Ocean, and also on the northern coasts of Europe.

208 KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [502 1

The color is chocolate-brown, with bright red, ligulate, dorsal branchiae
on the anterior third of the body. The two large tentacles exceed in
length three times the breadth of the body ; they are often coiled up, and
are greenish in color. This worm is three or four inches long.

A large purple Meckelia (M. lurida V.) was dredged in two localities.

Among the Mollnsks there are but few species that are characteristic
of these bottoms, and probably none that are peculiar to them, unless
some of the Ascidians should prove to be so. The Molgula arenata (p.
426, Plate XXXIII, fig. 251) is often common even on loose siliceous
sand and gravel, with which it forms a coating over its body. The
Molgula producta was dredged in some numbers on a bottom of fine
sand, with some mud. The integument is thin, translucent, closely
covered with a layer of fine sand ; the tubes are transparent, whitish or
flesh-color, sometimes pink at the ends ; anal tube wi th four, and branchial
with six, flake-white, longitudinal stripes, and often with a circle of flake-
white spots at the base outside, and other spots within. The anal ori
fice is square, but the branchial is either subcircular or squarish, in
expansion, and destitute of distinct lobes or papillte, in this respect dif
fering from all the other species of the geiius. The branchial tube is
generally a little the longest, and both of them are somewhat tapered,
with a swollen base.

The Glandula arenicola is another nearly globular Ascidian, which lives,
like the two preceding, free in the sand, and covers itself with a closely-
adherent coating of sand. This species grows to be about half an inch
in diameter, and can easily be distinguished from the last by its much
smaller tubes, both of which have small square orifices, and by its thicker
and firmer integument, in which the sand appears to be somewhat im
bedded. At the base there are some slender fibers for anchoring it more
securely in the sand. This was dredged by Mr. Prudden, off Cuttyhunk
Island, in 1872. Messrs. Smith and Harger dredged it in great abun
dance last year on St. George's Bank, on a bottom of clear siliceous sand,
in 28 fathoms. Dr. Dawson has also dredged it in Murray Bay, in the
St. Lawrence Eiver. It is, therefore, a decidedly northern species.

Another species of Glandula also occurred on the true sandy bottoms.
The specimens of this were all small, mostly less than a fifth of an inch
in diameter, and the integument was densely covered by rather coarse
and very firmly adherent grains of sand, in several layers ; the sand
completely concealed the tubes from view in all the specimens observed,
and it was not sufficiently studied while living to afford an accurate
description.

The Bryozoa and Hydroids that are found on the sandy bottoms are
mostly attached to dead shells and small stones that are scattered over
the surface.

Of Echinoderms several species occur on the hard bottoms of fine,
compact sand, or sandy mud, but most of these are more at home on
rocky bottoms.

[503] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 209

On the bottoms of loose siliceous sand the Ecliinaraclinius parma (p.
362, Plate XXXV, fig. 267) is often very abundant. Several hundred are
sometimes obtained at a single cast of the dredge. At locality 81, &,
off the south coast of Martha's Vineyard, in 21 fathoms, on a bottom of
clear siliceous sand, Dr. A. S. Packard dredged a fine specimen of a
rare and little known Holothurian, the Stereoderma unisemita. This has
not been found before, so far as known to me, since the two original
specimens were described twenty years ago. One of those was from the
Banks of Newfoundland, and the other was supposed to have been from
off Massachusetts Bay. As both the original specimens appear to have
been lost or destroyed, this rediscovery was of considerable interest.
This specimen was about three inches long, and half an inch in diam
eter, fusiform, tapering to each end; the body and suckers were pale
flesh-color, and the integument is filled with a great abundance of small
calcareous plates.

Most of the Polyps and Sponges that occur on these sandy bot
toms are attached to the scattering dead shells and small stones or
pebbles, and belong properly on the rocky and stony bottoms. One
large and fine sponge seems, however, to be peculiar to the sandy
bottoms. This is a firm, siliceous sponge, with a very compact and fine
texture. It is quite irregular in shape, but often grows in the form of
elongated, compressed masses, attached by one edge ; these masses are
often six inches or 'more in length and one or two in thickness, and
perhaps two or three high. Some of the largest specimens consist of
two or three such crest-like plates or lobes attached together at base.
When living the color is bright sulphur-yellow or lemon-yellow, and the
surface is nearly smooth. One fine living specimen, of large size, was
dredged by Dr. Packard off the southern shore of Martha's Vineyard, at
locality 80, &, on a bottom of clear siliceous sand. Numerous specimens
were also found thrown on Edgar town beach. These were mostly
bleached out white and more or less worn. This species has not yet
been identified. I have specimens of it from the coast of Virginia.

A very curious organism, of which the nature is still uncertain, but
which was supposed, at the time it was taken, to belong to the sandy
Foraminifera, was often extremely abundant in the clear siliceous sand.
They were nearly circular, somewhat flattened or biscuit-shaped, and
entirely covered by adherent grains of sand, except that there were
several dark-colored, hook-like processes projecting from the circumfer
ence. The size was generally less than a fifth of an inch in diameter,
and more frequently not more than .12 to .15 of an inch. When dried they
became very friable, and the sand fell asunder at a slight touch,
so that they then appeared like mere lumps of sand, but they retain
their firmness when preserved in alcohol. They were often so abundant
in the fine sand that when a dredge-full was washed through a moder
ately fine sieve several hundreds or thousands would sometimes remain
in the sieve.

210 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [504]

List of species inhabiting sandy and gravelly bottoms.

In the following list I have included nearly all the species that
ordinarily occurred on those bottoms in which sand predominated, even
though some of them are more strictly muddy-bottom species. Others
belong more properly on rocky, stony, or shelly bottoms, but are intro
duced here because they occur attached to the scattered shells and stones
that are always liable to be met with on sandy bottoms.

In order to designate those species that are more strictly character
istic of the clear sandy bottoms, I have prefixed to them a dagger,
(thus : f.) To show the character of the fauna on the bottoms of mixed
or intermediate character, I have selected a single locality, 86, &, south"
west of Cuttyhunk Island and opposite the mouth of Buzzard's Bay,
where the depth was twenty-five fathoms, and the bottom consisted of
fine sand mixed with some mud and gravel, with a few small scattered
stones, and have prefixed an asterisk (thus : *) to such species as occurred
at that particular locality, though most of them occurred also at other
localities.

ARTICULATES.

f Cancer irroratus

C. borealis

Panopeus depressus

tPlaty onicbus ocellatus

Hyas coarctatus

tEupagurus pollicaris

IE. Bernhardus

f Homarus Americanus

*Pandalus annulicornis

t*Crangoii vulgaris

*Diastylis quadrispinosa,and
other species of Cumacea.

Crustacea.

Pa-e.

312

493

312

501

548

313

501

492

493

501

507

*Phoxus Kroyeri

*Ampelisca, sp

Byblis serrata

Mo3ra levis

*tUnciola irrorata

*Ptilocheirus pinguis

tAnonyx(l), sp ,

*Siphoncecetes cuspidatus

tldotea Tuftsii

Epelys montosus

Annelids.

Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus 320

*Harmothoe imbricata 321

tSthenelais picta 501

*Nephthys ingens 431

Phyllodoce catenula 494

Nereis plagica 397

*]Slnoe nigripes 508

fLumbriconeris fragilis 501

*Rhynchobolus dibranchia-

tus 341

tAnthostoma acutum 501

t*Scolecolepis cirrata

*Ampharete gracilis

t*Clymenella torquata

*Mcomache dispar

* Ammochares, sp

*Trophonia affinis

*Ammotrypane fimbriata

*Cistenides Gouldii

*Potamilla oculifera ,

*Euchone elegans

*Spirorbis porrecta? . . . .

Page.
501
507
501
315
501
501
501
501
501
370

Page.
501
508
343
512
508
507
508
323
322
433
498

[505] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 211
Nemerteans and Plananans.

Page.

*Meckelia lurida . 50-

Page.

*Leptoplana folium 487

Kemertes, (?) red sp 498

Sipunculoids.

Page.

*Phascolosoma csementarium , 416

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.

Page. Page.

*Neptunea pygmoea 508 Crepidula foruicata. ....... 805

Buccinura undatam 494 C. unguiformis 355

Astyris lanata 306 fLunatia lieros 426

Anacbis avara , 306 Eissoa exarata 495

t*Tritia trivittata 354 ^Margarita obscura 508

*Crucibulain striatum 417

Lamellibranchs.

Page. Page.

tMya arenaria, (young) 472 f Astarte castanea 432

t*Ensatella Americana 356 fA. quadrans 509

tSiliqua costata 358 *A. imdata 508

Corbula contracta 418 t*Cyclocardia borealis 418

Clidiophora trilineata 432 f*C. Kovanglia3 418

*Lyonsia hyalina 358 *Yoldia sapotilla 509

*Periploina papyracea 509 *Nucula proxima 432

Cochlodesma Leanum 418 Scapharca transversa 309

tAngulus tener 358 *Modiolaria corrugata 509

*0umingia tellinoides 418 Pecten tenuicostatus 509

*Callista convexa 432 Anomia aculeata 495

*Cardium pinnulatum 423

Ascidians,

Page, j Page.

*0yntbia partita 311 fGlandula arenicola 502

tMolgula arenata 502 tGlandula, sp 502

t*M. producta 502 *Amaro3cium pallidum 496

*M. Manbattensis 311

Bryozoa.

Page. Page.

*Crisia eburnea 311 Bugula Murrayana 496

*Caberea Ellisii , . 420 *Cellepora ramulosa 312

212 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [506]

E ADI AT A.

Ecliinoderms.

Page. pao-e.

tStereoderma uniseinita 503 Asterias vulgaris 496

t*Echinarachnius parrna 503 I *Cribrella sanguinolenta. .. 407

Strongylocentrotus Drobach-

Ophiopholis aculeata 496

iensis 406

Acalephs.

Page.

*Platypyxis cylindrica 408

*Clytia Johnston! 408

Eudendrinm ramosum . . 408

Page.

*Plumularia, sp 407

Hydractinia polyelina. .... 328

Polyps.

Page. I Page.

Edwardsia lineata 497 | Alcyonium carneuin 497

PROTOZOA.

Sponges.
Page, j Page.

Chalina oculata 497

Polymastia (?) 497

fMassive siliceous sponge . . 503

IV. 5. — FAUNA OF THE MUDDY BOTTOMS OFF THE OPEN COAST.

Within the depths to which our dredgings extended, very few true
muddy bottoms occur. The deposits of mud on the open coast usually
begin to occur only at the depths of twenty -five to thirty fathoms, and
even at these depths there is a considerable admixture with fine siliceous
sand. The central and deeper portion of the depression in line with the
axis of Vineyard Sound is, however, occupied off to the west of Gay
Head and No Man's Land by a deposit of fine, soft, sticky mud, filled
with the tubes of Annelids and Ainphipods, (Ampelisca, &c.) Dredgings
were made on this bottom at localities 85, c, in 18 fathoms ; d, 19 fathoms ;
e, 11 fathoms. On September 9, the temperature at 85, c, was 58° Fah
renheit at the bottom, and 62° at the surface ; at d, it was 57° at the
bottom and 62° at the surface 5 at e, it was 59° at the bottom and 63° at
the surface. This muddy bottom abounded in Annelids, small Crustacea,
and bivalve shells.

In several other localities, where the bottom was a mixture of mud
and fine sand, the mud seemed to predominate and to determine the
character of the life, so that such localities have been classed with the
muddy bottoms, though the fauna differed considerably from that of the
soft muddy bottoms referred to above. In the following list, however, I
have specially designated the species found in the typical localities of
each kind.

[507] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 213

The principal localities where we dredged on the bottoms of fine sandy
mud are as follows: 80, c, south of Martha's Vineyard, in 21 fathoms;
84, &, southwest of Gay Head, in 16 fathoms ; 87, a, I, about fifteen
miles east of Block Island, in 29 fathoms. At the last locality the tem
perature, on September 14, was 62° F. at the surface, and 59° at the
bottom.

Among the Crustacea none was more abundant on the soft, muddy
bottoms than a small species of Ampelisca, which inhabits soft, flabby
tubes, covered with fine mud. When taken out of the water these tabes
are always collapsed and flat, and they were so abundant in the mud
that it was almost impossible to wasli it through the sieves, because
they soon became completely clogged up with the tubes. When a quan
tity of the mud was left in a bucket of water these Crustacea would
come out of the tubes and rise to the surface in large numbers. This
species is generally quite pale, or nearly white. Its body is much com
pressed.

Another variety, or perhaps a distinct species, found with the last, is
pale flesh-color, with a row of bright red spots along the middle of the
back ; the antenna? were specked with red ; eyes bright red ; epimera
reticulated with red lines ; and the legs and caudal appendages are
more or less marked with red.

The Unciola irrorata, (p. 340,) PtilocJieirus pinguis, and other Am-
phipods, were associated with the preceding species.

The Diastylis quadrispinosa (Plate III, fig. 13) was very abundant on
the soft muddy bottoms, together with other species of Cumacea, not
yet identified. It is pale flesh-color, with a reddish purple patch at the
posterior part of the carapax, and two small spots of pink.

The Annelids were very numerous, both on the soft muddy bottoms
and in the sandy mud. One of the most conspicuous species is the
Aphrodita aculeata, which was common in the soft mud. This is a large,
stout Annelid, the largest specimen obtained measuring about 3 inches
in length, and about half as much in breadth. It is remarkable for the
exceedingly numerous and long seta? of many kinds, which cover its sides
and back, except along a narrow dorsal space ; some of these setae are
stout, and nearly an inch long, with sharp points, and barbed near the
end, and they curve over the back much like the quills of a porcupine,
and are liable to inflict painful wounds, if the creatures are carelessly
handled. These seta? usually reflect bright, iridescent colors.

Several other northern European species, found also in the Bay of
Fundy and at Saint George's Banks, were also met with. Among these
were Lumbriconereis fragilis, Scolecolepis cirrata, Melinna cristata,
Terebellides Stroemi, and several more common species.

The Nephthys ingens (p. 431, Plate XII, figs. 59-60) is a very abundant
species on these bottoms and grows to a large size.

The curious Sternaspis fossor (Plate XIV, fig. 74) is quite common ;
and the Trophonia affinls (Plate XIV, fig. 75) was dredged several times.

214 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [508]

Many other species were also common, or even abundant, in the various
localities, and quite a number proved to be undescribed, and therefore
their descriptions will be found in the systematic catalogue accompany
ing this report. Among these were Lycidice Americana, Ninoe nigripes,
AntJiostoma, sp., Acutum, Ammotrypane fimbriata, Travisia carnea,
Eone gracilis, Brada setosa, Nicomache dispar, Rhodine attenuata, a
species of Ammochares, Ampharete gracilis, Euchone elec/ans, and a
species of Nematonereis.

Several species of Nemerteans also occur on these bottoms. The largest
and most interesting is a large species of Meckelia, (M. lurida, V.) This
grows to the length of 8 or 10 inches, and .25 broad ; its color is deep
chocolate- brown, with paler margins. It generally breaks up into numerous
fragments when caught. Another species, belonging, perhaps, to the
genus CerebratuluSj but not sufficiently studied while living, was 2 or 3
inches long in extension, and .05 to .08 of an inch broad. Its color was
dark olive-green, darkest anteriorly, the head with a white margin.
The lateral fossse of the head were long and deep ; the eyes in con
spicuous, perhaps wanting ; proboscis emitted from a terminal pore ; the
ventral orifice, or mouth, placed well forward. Both this and the pre
ceding were found at the 29-fathom locality, in sandy mud, but the
former also occurred in soft mud, in 19 fathoms.

One of the most abundant Gastropods is Neptunea pygmwa, (Plate
XXI, fig. 115,) which is a rather northern shell, very common in the
Bay of Fundy. The specimens from this region are, however, quite as
large as any that I have seen from farther north. The small disk-shaped
egg-capsules of this shell were found in great abundance early in Sep
tember attached to various bivalve shells, as well as to the shells of the
Neptimea itself.

Buccinum undatum, (Plate XXI, Fig. 121;) Bela harpularia, (Plate
XXI, fig. 108 ;) Lunatia immaculata, (Plate XXIII, fig. 131;) Margarita
obscura, (Plate XXI Y, fig. 156;) Astyris rosacea ; and Cylichna alba,
(Plate XXV, fig. 163,) are all northern shells, which were met with in
small numbers on the muddy bottoms.

The Lamellibranchs were quite abundant. One of the most con
spicuous is the northern Cyprina Islandica, (Plate XXVIII, fig. 201,)
which was quite common at several localities, especially in soft mud.
Many of the shells from the deeper dredgings in this region are north-
Fig. 3. ern and even arctic species, several of which have been
supposed not to occur south of Cape Cod. Among
these northern forms are Macoma proxima, of which
we dredged a few small specimens ; Cyclocardia borealis
and C. Novangliw (p. 418,) both of which were common;
Astarte undata, (Plate XXIX, fig. 203,) which was
dredged in considerable abundance at several localities.
A large proportion of the shells of this species,
obtained here, were quite different in appearance from the varieties
that occur in such abundance in the Bay of Fundy. The latter,

[569] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 215

although quite triable in form and sculpture, are generally compressed ;
those from this region are mostly rather swollen, and often decidedly
obese. These correspond with the type-specimen of A. lutea PERKINS,
from New Haven, (fig. 3,) which I have been able, through the kindness
of Dr. Perkins, to compare directly with our specimens. This form is,
perhaps, sufficiently well marked to be designated a sa variety, (lutea,)
but many specimens intermediate between this and the ordinary forms
occurred. This variety resembles the European A. sulcata more closely
than do any of the other varieties of our species, but in the character
of the hinge, lunule, beaks, and sculpture, it differs decidedly from any
European specimens that I have seen. The Astarte quadrans (Plate
XXIX, fig. 205) was rarely met with. Good-sized specimens of the
large scollop, Pecten tenuico status, were dredged oft' Gay Head on hard
bottoms, and also on the muddy bottom, in 29 fathoms, and in several
other localities. The northern Anomia aculeata (Plate XXXII, figs.
239, 240) occurred adhering to dead shells. The Modiolaria corrugata
(Plate XXXI, fig. 235) was dredged several times in the deepest local
ities, but M. Iccvigata, recorded by Mr. Sanderson Smith, was not met
with by us ; nor Leda tenuisulcata, which has been found off Newport,
Rhode Island. The Nucula delphinodonta (Plate XXX, fig. 229) was
common on soft muddy bottoms. The Lucina filosa (Plate XXIX, fig.
212) appeared to be not uncommon on similar bottoms, but most of the
specimens obtained were less than an inch in diameter. Small speci
mens of Periploma papymcea (Plate XXVII, fig. 197) were frequently
dredged. The specimens of Thracia truncata (Plate XXVII, fig. 195)
were few and small. The Cryptodon obesus V., (Plate XXIX, fig. 214,)
was first discovered in this region, but all the specimens were of large
size and dead, though mostly quite fresh. I have since seen smaller
specimens from Labrador, &c. C. Gouldii (Plate xxix, fig. 213,) is more
common. Yoldia sapotilla (Plate XXX, fig. 231) was generally abundant,
especially in the soft mud, but Y. obesa was only met with once, and
in small numbers, in 29 fathoms ; Y. thraci-formis we did not meet with,
but Dr. Simpson records it from off Long Island.

Of Ascidians very few species occur. The most abundant is Eugyra
pilulariSj (Plate XXXIII, fig. 249,) which, in contraction, looks like a
round ball of mud, for it completely covers itself with a thick coating
of fine sand or mud, which is held in place partly by delicate fibrous
processes from the integument, those from the base being longer, and
serving to anchor the little creature in the sand by attaching a con
siderable quantity of sand to themselves. When the sand is removed,
the integument is found to be thin and quite translucent, the tubes,
when extended, are long and transparent, close together, and inclosed
by a naked band which surrounds the base of both. It is also very

Figure 3. Original figure of Astarte lutea, natural size. From the Proceedings of
the Boston Society of Natural History.

216 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [510]

common in the Bay of Fundy, £c. The Molgula prodjtcta (p. 502) also
occurred on the sandy mud at the 29-fathom locality.

The Echinoderms appear to be very scarce on these bottoms. The
only one of special interest was the Molpadia ooliti-ca, a small, round,
rather slender species, about au inch and a half long, of a uniform flesh-
color. Of this only one specimen was dredged, at the 29-fa thorn locality,
fifteen miles east of No Man's Land, by Dr. Packard. It had not been
observed alive before, the only specimens previously known having
been taken from the stomachs of fishes.

The most interesting Hydroid that lives on the muddy bottoms is
Corymorplia pendula, (Plate XXXYI, fig. 273.) This is a very beautiful
species, which grows singly, with the bulb-like base of the stem inserted
into the mud.

Two interesting species of Polyps were found on the muddy bottoms.
One of these, the Edwardsia farinacea, occurred only on the soft muddy
bottom off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms. It is a cylindrical species, about
an inch long, and .10 or .12 of an inch in diameter, remarkable for having
only 12 tentacles, which are equal, unusually short, thick, and blunt.
The coating of mud in the middle region is thin and easily removed.

The single specimen obtained here had only 10 tentacles, but in other
respects it agrees essentially with those found on similar bottoms at
several localities in the Bay of Fundy, all of which had 12 tentacles.
The body is whitish or flesh-color, the naked portion below the tentacles ;
in the specimen from off Gay Head, was striped with 10 longitudinal
lines or bands of brown, corresponding with the tentacles ; these
bands were varied with flake-white specks and mottlings, the spots of
white becoming more distinct near the tentacles; these bands were
alternately lighter and darker. Tentacles translucent at tip, tranversely
barred on the inside, with about five brown bands and spots, the lower
ones often Y-shaped or W-shaped, and some of them extend around
to the outside of the tentacles ; alternating with these brown bands were
bars and spots of yellow and of white. The disk was pale yellow, varied
with small brown spots, mostly forming radiating rows from the mouth
to the bases of the tentacles, and there were two spots of brown between
the bases of adjacent tentacles ; mouth with ten lobes, which were also
brown, with a fine light line extending from between them to the in
tervals between the tentacles. The specimens from the Bay of Fundy
vary considerably in color, but the above is one of the more frequent
styles of coloration.

The Epizoantlms Americanus (Plate XXXVIII, figs. 286, 287) is a very
singular species, which either lives attached to stones, as in the deeper
parts of the Bay of Fundy and off Saint George's Bank, in 430 fathoms,
or else it attaches itself to univalve shells, inhabited by hermit-crabs.
All those obtained in this region had the latter habit, and were from the
29-fathom place, fifteen miles east of Block Island, on sandy mud.
After one original young polyp has found lodgment and attached itself to
the shell, its base begins to expand over the surface of the shell, and from

[511] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 217

this basal membrane buds arise, which soon grow larger and become
like the parent polyp, while the basal membrane continues to extend
itself and new buds to develop, until the whole shell becomes incrusted
by the membrane, inside and out, while a number of beautiful polyps
arise from the upper side of the shell, and turn their mouths in different
directions. The number of the polyps in these colonies varies, accord
ing to the size of the shell, from three to ten or more. Finally, by some
chemical process, the polyps, or rather their basal membranes, dissolve
the shell entirely, and apparently absorb it into themselves. And yet
the membranes retain the spiral form of the shell very perfectly, and the
hermit crab eventually actually lives inside the membranes of the polyps,
which continue to grow and even to enlarge the chamber for the use of
the crab, so that it need not change its habitation for a larger one as it
grows older. When fully expanded these polyps are about an inch high,
and are capable of changing their form considerably, but they are gen
erally more or less cylindrical, or else hour-glass shaped. There are 38
or more tentacles, in full grown ones, and they are subequal, long,
slender, acute, arranged in two close circles, and usually held in a
recurved position, (as in fig. 287,) with those of the outer circle more
recurved than those of the inner ones ; corresponding with the bases of
the alternate tentacles there is an outer circle of triangular points or
lobes, covered externally, like the rest of the exterior of the body, with
adherent and imbedded grains of fine sand. The mouth is bilabiate,
often somewhat raised on a conical protrusion of the disk, the lips many-
lobed, or plicate. The integument of the body when fully expanded is
translucent, pale flesh-color, or salmon color $ disk and tentacles salmon-
color, or pale orange, sometimes white, the lips and inside of the mouth
brighter orange.

List of species inhabiting bottoms composed of soft mud and sandy mud off

the outer coast.

In the following list those species t'hat were found on the soft, sticky
mud, in 11 to 19 fathoms, off Gay Head, are designated by the sign J, pre
fixed to their names. Those that occurred at 87, a, Z>, in 29 fathoms,
fine sandy mud, fifteen miles east of Block Island, are designated by an
asterisk prefixed.

AllTICULATA.

Crustacea.

Page.

| Libinia canaliculata 339

Eupagurus longicarpus 313

* Pandalus annulicornis 493

Hippolyte pusiola , 395

Crangon vulgaris 339

* ! Diastylis quadrispinosa. . 507
Phoxus Kroyeri 501

* Moera levis . . 315

Page.

* J Ampelisca, sp 507

* Byblis serrata 501

* J Ptilocheirus pinguis 507

* | Unciola irrorata 507

* Siphoucecetes cuspidatus. 501

| Epelys montosus 370

E. ^rilobus 370

Anthura brachiata 573

218 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [512]

Annelids.

Page.

* £ Aphrodita aculeata 507

* Harmothoe imbricata 321

Lepidonotus squamatus 320

* | ISTephthys ingens 507

!N. bucera 416

\ Eumidia, sp 397

Phyllodoce, sp 397

* Nereis pelagica 397

J Lycidice Americana 508

* J Lumbriconereis fragilis — 507

* Nematouereis, sp 508

* Ninoe nigripes 508

| Eone gracilis 508

J Anthostoma acutum 508

Anthostoma, sp 508

* Scolecolepis cirrata 507

{ Arnmotrypane fimbriata... 508

Page.

J Travisia carnea 508

Brad a setosa 508

* | Trophonia affinis 507

t Sternaspis fossor 507

* Cirrhinereis fragilis 397

* J Clymenella torquata 343

* Ammochares, sp . . . 508

* Nicornache dispar 508

Khodine attenuata 508

Cistenides Gouldii 323

* Ampharete gracilis 508

Melinna cristata 507

* Terebellides Stroemi 507

| Poly cirrus eximius 320

Potamilla oculifera 322

* J Euchone elegans „ 508

* Spirorbis, sp 397

Nemerteans and Planarians.

Page. Page.

* | Meckelia lurida 508 * Polinia glutinosa 324

Cerebratulns, (?) green sp . . 508 * Leptoplana folium 487

Sipunculoids.

Page.

* | Phascolosoroa caementarium 416

MOLLUSC A.
Gastropods.

Page. Page.

Bela harpalaria 508 Crepidula unguiformis . . 355

| Buccinum undatum 508 c- foruicata 355

* | Neptunea pygmsea 508 * Lunatia heros, var. trise-

* Tritia trivittata 354 riata - • - 354

Astyris lunata 306 * L- immaculata 508

* Astyris rosacea 508 * Margarita obscnra , 508

* Crucibulum striatum 399 * Cylichna alba 508

Lamell'tbranclis.

Page. Page.

Ensatella Americana 356 * | Olidiopliora trilineata 432

* Siliqua costata 358 '* t Lyonsia hyalina 358

| Corbula contracta 418 * | Periploma papyracea 509

[5131 INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 219

Page.

* Thracia truncata 509

Angalus tener , . 358

* Macoma proxima 508

Cuiningia tellinoides 418

* £ Callista couvexa 432

* t Cy priii a Islandica ...... 508

* I Cardinal pinnulatum 423

* { Lucina filosa. 509

* Cryptodon Gouldii 509

*{0. obesus 509

* | Astarte castauea 432

| A. quadrans . 509

* { A. undata 508

* Oyclocardia borealis 508

*C. Novanglije 508

* J ]S"ucula proxima 432

Page.

* J N. delpliinodonta 509

£ Yoldia limatula , 432

* | Y. sapotilla 509

Y. tliraciformis 509

* Y. obesa 509

Leda tenuisulcata 509

Argina pexata 309

Scapharca transversa 309

Mytilus edulis . 307

* | Modiolaria nigra 433

M. corrugata . . 509

M. laevigata 509

* J Creuella glandula 418

* J Pecten tenuicostatus . . , . 509

* Anomia aculeata . . 509

Ascidians.

* | Eugyra pilularis.

* Molgula producta.

* Caberea Ellisii

Cynthia partita

Page.
509
510

Bryozoa.
Page. I

420| * Bugula Murrayana

T^ADIATA.

Ecliinoderms.

Page.
311

Page.
496

* Molpadia oolitica

Stroiigylocentrotus Droba-
chiensis ,

510

Asterias vulgaris

Cribrella sanguinolenta . .

406
Acaleplis.

* Clytia Jolinstoni

* Eudendriuin ramosum

t Ed wardsia farinacea .
16 v

Page.
408
408

Polyps.

* Coryroorpha pendula

Page.
510

*Epizoantlms Americanus.

Page.
496
407

Page.
510

Page.
510

220 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [514]

B.— LISTS OF SPECIES FOUND IN THE STOMACHS OF
FISHES— FOOD OF FISHES.

Iii the following lists I have brought together the principal results of
the various recorded examinations of stomachs of fishes in this region,
up to the present time, whether done in connection with the United
States Fish Commission or independently. The special dates and local
ities are given in each case.

The observations from June to September, 1871, were made in con
nection with the work of the commission. Those from May to July,
1872, are based on collections made at Wood's Hole by Mr. Vinal N.
Edwards, for Professor Baird. Those at Great Egg Harbor, New Jer
sey, April, 1871, were made by Mr. S. I. Smith and the writer while on
an independent visit to that place.* The observations made at East-
port, Maine, in 1872, are not included in this report.

The names of the fishes used in this list are those adopted by Profes
sor Baird, and agree, for the most part, with those used by Professor
Theodore Gill in his Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of
North America.

STRIPED BASS; KOCK-FISH, OR "KocK;" (Boccus lineatus.)

At Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871, several specimens,
freshly caught in seines, with menhaden, &c., contained Crangon vid-
garis (shrimp) in large quantities.

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, July 22, 1872, contained a large
mass of " sea-cabbage," Ulva latissima, and the remains of a small
fish.

Specimens taken at Wood's Hole, August, 1871, contained crabs, Can
cer irroratus ; and lobsters, Homarus Americanus.

WHITE PERCH j (Nor one Americana.)

Numerous specimens caught with the preceding at Great Egg Har
bor, New Jersey, contained Crangon vulgar is.

BLACK BASS ; SEA-BASS ; ( Centropristis fuscus.)

Specimens caught in Vineyard Sound, June 10, contained the common
crab, Cancer irroratus ; the mud-crab, Panopeus Sayi ; three species of
fishes.

Another caught May 25 contained a squid, Loligo pallida.

SCUP ; PORGEE ; (Stenotomus argyrops.)

Forty young specimens, one year old, taken at Wood's Hole in August,
contained large numbers of Amphipod Crustacea, among which were
Unciolairrorata, Ampelisca, sp., &c. ; several small mud-crabs, Panopeus
depressus; Idotea irrorata; Nereis virens, and numerous other Annelids of
several species, too much digested for identification.

* The results of the observations made at Great Egg Harbor were published by the
writer in the American Naturalist, vol. vr p. 397, 1871.

[515] ITSTVERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 221

Other specimens, opened at various times, show that this fish is very
general feeder, eating all kinds of small Crustacea, Annelids, bivalve
and univalve mollusks, &c.

TAUTOG; BLACK FISH; (Tautoga onitis.} •

Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, May 23, contained the common
rock-crab, Cancer irroratus; hermit-crabs, Eupagurus longicarpus ; shells,
Tritia trivittata, all crushed.

Others caught May 26 contained Eupagurus pollicaris ; E. longicar-
pus ; the barnacle, Balanus crenatus ; the squid, Loligo Pealii ; Tritia
trivittata. Others taken May 29 had Cancer irroratus ; mud-crabs,
Panopeus depresses ; lady-crabs, Platyoniclms ocellatus ; shells, Tritia
trivittata, Crepidula fornicata, Argina pexata, and the scollop, Pecten
ir radians ; barnacles, Balanus crenatus, all well broken up.

Another taken May 31 contained Platyoniclms ocellatus ; Tritia trivit
tata.

Others taken June 3 contained the mud-crab, Panopeus depressus ; tri
angular crab, Pelia mutica; Crepidula unguiformis ; Tr if or is nigrocinctus ;
the common muscle, Mytilus edulis ; and the u horse-muscle," Modiola
modiolus.

Another, on June 10, contained the common rock-crab, Cancer irrora
tus ; mud-crab, Panopeus Sayi ; Nuculaproxima ; several ascidians, Cyn
thia partita and Leptoclinum albidum.

Two caught July 8 and 15 contained small lobsters, Homarus Ameri-
canus; Crepidula fornicata ; Bittium nigrum ; abryozoan, Crisia eburnea ;
sand-dollars, Echinaraclmius parma.

A specimen caught in August contained long-clams, Hya arenaria ;
muscles, Mytilus edulis ; Petricola plioladiformis.

WEAK-FISH ; SQUETEAGUE ; (Cynoscion regalis.)

Several caught in seines at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871,
with menhaden, &c., contained large quantities of shrimp, Crangon vul-
garis, unmixed with other food.

Specimens taken at Wood's Hole, in July, often contained sand-crabs,
Platyoniclius ocellatus ; and very frequently squids, Loligo Pealii.

; (Menticirrus nebulosus.)

Four specimens taken in seines at Great Egg Harbor, April, 1871, con
tained only shrimp, Crangon vulgaris.

Others taken at Wood's Hole, May 29, were filled with Crangon vul
garis.

Specimens taken in July contained rock-crabs, Cancer irroratus ;
squids, Loligo Pealii.

EuDDER-FiSH ; (PalinurichtJiys perciformis.)

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained a small
Squilla empusa; and young squids, Loligo Pealii.

222 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [516]

MACKEREL $ (Scomber vernalis.)

Specimens taken July 18, twenty miles south of No Mans Land, con
tained shrimps, Thysanopoda, sp. $ larval crabs in the zoe'a and megalops
stages of development ; young of hermit-crabs ; young of lady-crabs,
Platyoniclms ocellatus ; young of two undetermined Macroura j numer
ous small Copepod Crustacea $ numerous shells of a Pteropod, Spirialis
Gouldii.

SMALL TUNNY; (Orcynus tJnmnina.)

One specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained eleven
squids, Loligo Pealii.

BONITO ; (Sarda pelamys.)

Specimens taken at Wood's Hole, in August, contained an abundance
of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris..

BLUE-FISH ; HORSE-MACKEREL ; (Pomatomus saltatrix.)

Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in August, frequently contained
squids, Loligo Pealii ; also various fishes.

Off Fire Island, Long Island, August, 1870, Mr. S. I. Smith saw blue-
fishes feeding eagerly on the free-swimming males (heteronereis) of Nereis
limlata, (p. 318,) which was then very abundant.

SEA-EOBIN $ (Prionotus Carolinus.)

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, May 27, contained shrimp, Cran
gon vulgaris ; and a small flounder.

Another caught May 29 contained Amphipod Crustacea, Anonyx (?),
sp. ; and Crangon vulgaris.

Specimens dredged in Vineyard Sound, in August, contained mud-
crabs, Panopeus Sayi ; rock-crabs, Cancer irroratus ; and several small
fishes.

ToAD-Fisii; (Batraclius tau.)

Several specimens examined at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April,
1871, contained young edible crabs, Callinectes liastatus of various sizes
up to those with the carapax two inches broad 5 shrimp, Crangon vul.
garis ; prawn, Palccmonetes vulgaris ; llyanassa obsoleta ; various fishes,
especially the pipe-fish, Syngnathus Pecldanus ; and the anchovy, Engrau-
lis vittatus.

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in July, contained the common
rock-crab, Cancer irroratus.

GoosE-Fisti ; ANGLER ; (Lopliius Americanus.)

A specimen caught in Vineyard Sound, in June, contained crabs,
Cancer irroratus ; and squids, Loligo Pealii.

COD; (Gadus morrhua, var.)

The cod-fishes devour a great variety of Crustacea, Annelids, Mol-
lusks, star-fishes, &c. They swallow large bivalve shells, and after
digesting the contents spit out the shells, which are often almost unin-

[517] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 223

jured. They are also very fond of shrimps, and of crabs, which they
frequently swallow whole, even when of lafge size. The brittle star
fishes (Oplilurans) are also much relished by them. I have taken large
masses of the Opliiopliolis aculeata from their stomachs on the coasts of
Maine and Labrador ; and in some cases the stomach would be distended
with this one kind, unmixed with any other food.

In this region I have not been able to make any new observations on
the food of the cod. This deficiency is partially supplied, however, by
the observations made by me on the coast of Maine, &c., coupled with
the very numerous observations made at Stouington, Connecticut,
many years ago, by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, who examined large numbers of
the stomachs of cod and haddock, caught within a few miles of that
place, for the sake of the rare shells that they contained. This collec
tion of shells, thus made, was put into the hands of the Kev. J. H. Lins-
ley, who incorporated the results into his " Catalogue of the Shells of
Connecticut," which was published after his death, and in a somewhat
unfinished state, in the American Journal of Science, Series I, vol.
xlviii, p. 271, 1845. In that list a large number of species are particularly
mentioned as from the stomachs of cod and haddock, at Stonington, all
of which were collected by Mr. Trumbull, as he has informed me, from
fishes caught on the fishing-grounds near by, on the reefs off Watch
Hill, &c. Many other northern shells, recorded by Mr. Liusley as from
Stoningtou, but without particulars, were doubtless also taken from
the fish-stomachs by Mr. Trumbull. There was no record made of the
Crustacea, &c., found by him at the same time.

The following list includes the species mentioned by Mr. Linsley as
from the cod. For greater convenience the original names given by him
are added in parentheses, when differing from those used in this report:

List of molluskSj&c.) obtained by Mr. J. H. Trumbull) from cod-fish caught
near Stonington, Connecticut.

GASTROPODS.

Sipho Islandicus (?), £>oung, (Fusus corneus.)
Ptychatractus ligatus, (Fasciolaria ligata.)
Turbouilla interrupta, (Turritella interrupta.)
Turritella erosa.

Eissoa exarata, (?), (Cingula arenaria.)
Lunatia immaculata, (Natica iinmaculata.)
Amphisphyra pellucida, (Bulla debilis.)
Chiton marmoreus, (?), (Chiton fulrninatus.)

LAMELLIBRANCHS.

Martesia cuneiformis, (Pholas cuneiformis.)
Periploma papyracea, (Anatina papyracea.)
Thracia truncata.

224 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AKD FISHERIES. [518]

Tagelus divisus, (Solecurtus fragilis.)

Seinele equalis, (?), (Ampliidesma sequalis.)

Ceronia arctata, (Mesodesma arctata.)

Montacuta elevata, (Montacuta bidentata.)

Callista convexa, young, (Cytherea morrliuana.)

Cardium pinnulatum.

Cyprina Islandica.

Gouldia inactracea, (Astarte mactracea.)

Yoldia sapotilla, (Nucula sapotilla.)

Y. limatula, (N. limatula.)

iNucula proxima.

K. tenuis.

Modiolaria nigra, (Modiola nexa.)

Crenella glandula, (M. glandula.)

Pecten tenuicostatus, young, (Pecien fuscus.)

ECHINODERMS.

Echinaraclmius parraa.
HADDOCK 5 (Melanogrammus ceglifinus.}

The haddock is not much unlike the cod in the character of its food.
It is, perhaps, still more omnivorous, or, at least, it generally contains a
greater variety of species of shells. &c. ; many of the shells that it
habitually feeds upon are burrowing species, and it probably roots
them out of the mud and sand.

A complete list of the animals devoured by the haddock would
doubtless include nearly all the species belonging to this fauna. We have
had few opportunities for making observations on the food of the haddock
south of Cape Cod, but have examined many from farther north.

A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, November 6, 1872, contained a
large quantity of Gammarus natator, and a few specimens of Crangon
vulgaris. Another from Nantucket contained the same species.

The following species of shells were mentioned by Mr. Linsley, in
his catalogue, as from the haddock : .« c

ton. Con-

List of mollusks obtained from stomachs of haddock, at Stoningt
necticutj by Mr. J. H. Trumbull.

Neptunea pygmaea, (Fusus Trumbulli.)

Astyris zonalis, (Buccinum zonale.)

Bulbus flavus, (?), (Natica flava.)

Margarita obscura,

Action puncto-striata, (Tornatella puucto-striata.)

Cylichna alba, (Bulla triticea.)

Serripes Groenlandicus, (?), (Cardium Grcenlandicuin.)

The above list doubtless contains only a small portion of the species
collected by Mr. Trumbull, but they are all that are specially recorded.

[519] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 225

As an illustration of tbe character and diversity of the haddock's food,
I add a list of the species taken from the stomach of a single specimen,
from the Boston market, and doubtless caught in Massachusetts Bay,
September, 1871.

Natica clausa.
Margarita Groenlaudica.

GASTROPODS.

LAMELLIBRANCHS.

Leda tenuisulcata.
Nucula proxima.
N. tenuis.
Crenella glandula.

ECHINODERMS.

Psolus phantapus.
Lophothuria Fabricii.

In addition to these there were fragments of shrimp, probably Panda-
lus annulicornis, and numerous Annelids, too much digested for identi
fication.

TOM-COD ; FROST-FISH ; (Microgadus tom-codus.)

Several specimens from New Haven Harbor, January 30, contained
numerous Amphipods, among which were Moera levis ; Gammarus, sp. ;
Ampelisca, sp. ; an undetermined Macrouran; numerous Entomostraca;
the larva of Chironomus oceanicus.

A lot taken in a small pond at Wood's Hole, in March, by Mr. Vinal
N. Edwards, contained the common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris ; large
numbers of the green shrimp, Virlius zoster icola ; the prawn, Palcemo-
netes vulgaris ; large quantities of Amphipods, especially of Gammarus
annulatus, G. natator, CalUop'ms Iceviuscula, and Microdeutopus minax ;
and smaller numbers of Gammarus ornatus and G. mucronatus.

Another lot of twelve, taken in April at the same place, contained
most of the above, and in addition several other Amphipods, viz : Mcera
levis, Pontogeneia inermisj PtilocJieirus pinguis, and Caprella ; also Nereis
and various small fishes.

OCELLATED FLOUNDER; SUMMER FLOUNDER; (Chwnopsetta ocellaris.)
Several specimens taken in the seines, at Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey, in April, contained large quantities of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris
and Mysis Americana ; one contained a full-grown Gebia affinis.

One caught at Wood's Hole, June 6, contained twenty-six specimens
of Yoldia limatula; arid numerous shells of Nucula proxima, Angulus
tener, and Tritia trivittata; and Amphipod Crustacea belonging to the
genus Ampelisca.

226 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [520]

Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in July, contained rock-crabs,
Cancer irroratus ; Pinnixa cylindrica ; Crangon vulgaris ; squids, Loligo
Pealii; Angulustener ; Nucula proxima ; and many " sand-dollars/' EcU-
naracJinius parma.

WINTER FLOUNDER; (Pseudopleuronectes Americanus.)

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained large num
bers of Bulla solitaria.

SPOTTED FLOUNDER ; (Lophopsetta maculata.}

Numerous specimens caught in seines at Great Egg Harbor, April,
1871, contained large quantities of shrimp, especially Mysis Americana
and Crangon vulgaris; the prawn, Palcemonetes vulgaris ; numerous Am-
phipods, Gammarm mucronatm ; one contained a QeUa affinis.

MINNOAV ; (Fundulus pisculentus.)

Specimens caught in July, at Wood's Hole, contained large numbers
of Melampus Mdentatus, -unmixed with other food.

SEA-HERRING; (Clupea elongata.)

Specimens taken in Vineyard Sound, May 20, contained several
shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, about 1.5 inches long; Mysis Americana, and
large numbers of an Amphipod, Gammarus natator ; also small fishes,

SHAD ; (Alosa tyrannus.)

Several specimens taken in the seines, at Great Egg Harbor, April,

1871, contained finely-divided fragments of numerous Crustacea, among
which were shrimp, Mysis Americana.

Several from the mouth of the Connecticut River, May, 1872, contained
fragments of small Crustacea, (Mysis, &c.)

HICKORY SHAD ; (Pomolol)us mediocris.)
Several specimens taken in the seines at Great Egg Harbor, April,

1872, contained large quantities of fragmentary Crustacea ; one con
tained recognizable fragments of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris.

MENHADEN ; (Erevoortia menhaden.)

A large number of specimens freshly caught in seines at Great Egg
Harbor, April, 1871, were examined, and all were found to have their
stomachs filled with large quantities of darls mud. They undoubtedly
swallow this mud for the sake of the microscopic animal and vegetable
organisms that it contains. Their complicated and capacious digestive
apparatus seems well adapted for this crude and bulky food.

FiLE-Fisii; (Ceratacantlius aurantiacus.)

A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, in August, contained a quantity of
the finely-divided sterns and branches of a Hydroid, Pennaria tiarella.

DUSKY SHARK ; (Eulamia obscura.)

Several specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in July and August, con
tained lobsters, Homarus Americanus ; rock-crabs, Cancer irroratus.

[521] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 227

BLUE SHARK ; (Eulamia Milbcrti.)

A large specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained a
quantity of small bivalve-shells, Yoldia sapotilla.

TiGER-SiiARK; (Galerocerdo tigrina.)

Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained large univalve
shells, Buccinum undatum and Lunatia lieros.

Doa-Fisii ; (Mustelus can-is.)

Several specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained lob
sters, Homarus Americanus; spider-crabs, Libinia canaliculata ; rock-
crabs, Cancer irroratus.

SAND-SiiARK; (Eugomplwdus littoralis.)

Many specimens taken at Wood's Hole, in July and August, contained
lobsters, Homarus Americanus^ in abundance; Cancer irroratus; and
squids, Loligo Pealii.

COMMON SKATE; " SUMMER SKATE;" (Eaia diaphana.)

A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, May 14, contained rock-crabs,
Cancer irroratus; a young skate; a long slender fish, (Ammodytes ? .)
Another, caught in July, contained Cancer irroratus.

PEAKED-NOSE SKATE; (Eaia lewis f.)

Specimens caught in Vineyard Sound, May 14, contained numerous
shrimps, Crangon vulgaris ; several Conileraconcharum; several Annelids,
among them Nephthys ingens j Meckelia ingens; two specimens of Phasco-
losoma Gouldii ; razor-shells, Ensatella Americana, (the "foot" only, of
many specimens ;) a small fish, Ctenolabrus burgall. Specimens taken at
Menemsha, in July, contained large numbers of crabs, Cancer irroratus ;
and of lobsters, Homarus Americanus.

STING-BAY; (Tnjgon centroura.)

Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in July and August, contained
large numbers of crabs, Cancer irroratus ; squids, Loligo Pealii ; clams,
Mya arenaria ; Lunatia heros.

LONG-TAILED STING-KAY; (Myliobaiis Freminvillei.)

Specimens taken in Vineyard Sound, in July, contained an abundance
of lobsters, Homarus Americanus; crabs, Cancer irroratus; also clams,
Mya arenaria; and Lunatia heros.

" RABBIT-FISH."

A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, in Juty, contained a lobster, Homa
rus Americanus.

" FOG-FISH."

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, July 1, contained hermit-crabs,
Eupagurus polUcaris.

228 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [522]

C.— THE METAMORPHOSES OF THE LOBSTER, AND OTHER
CRUSTACEA.— BY S. I. SMITH.

Most of the larger crustaceans of our coast, whatever may be their
habits when adult, are, in the early stages of their existence after hatch
ing from the eggs, essentially free-swimming animals, living a large part
of the time near the surface of the water. In this stage they are con
stantly exposed to the attacks of other predaceous animals, and, as they
occur in vast numbers, afford food for many valuable fishes. They are
most abundant at the surface in calm, clear weather, and they especially
resort, like the young of many other marine animals, to spots and streaks
of smooth water where the tidal currents meet.

Very little has yet been written upon the forms or habits of the young
crustaceans of our own coast ; but, in connection with the investigations
carried on in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, a great amount of
material for such work was collected. This material has not yet
been fully studied, and only a sketch of some of the more important re
sults is presented in this report. During the few weeks in June and
July, in which I was myself at Wood's Hole, the time was so fully occu
pied in collecting, that very little time was left for studying the animals
while alive; hence most of the observations which follow, except occa
sionally those on color, have been subsequently made from specimens
preserved in alcohol. While at Wood's Hole, I was much assisted in
obtaining these young animals by every one then associated there in the
work of the commission; and I would especially acknowledge such
assistance from Dr. W. Gr. Farlow, Mr. V. N. Edwards, and Capt. John
B. Smith. After I left, the collecting was kept up as before, and many
valuable notes were made by Professors Verrill and J. E. Todd.

Special attention was given to the early stages of the lobster, as per
haps the most important crustacean found on our coast, and I have gone
more fully into the account of its early history than that of any other
species. As this will serve as an example to illustrate the development
of most of the other Macrourans, it is presented first.

Numerous specimens of the free-swimming young of the lobster, in
different stages of growth, were obtained in Vineyard Sound during
July, but it was too late for any observations upon the young within the
egg. This deficiency was partially supplied by a few observations at
New Haven in 1872. Eggs taken May 2, from lobsters captured at New
London, Connecticut, had embryos well advanced, as represented in fig.
4. In this stage the eggs are slightly elongated spheroids, about 2.1mm
in the longer diameter, and 1.9mm in the shorter. One side is rendered
very opaque dark green by the unabsorbed yolk mass, while the other
shows the eyes as two large black spots, and the red pigment spots on
the edge of the carapax, bases of the legs, &c., as irregular lines of
pink markings.

In a side view of the embryo, the lower edge of the carapax (Z>, figure)

[523] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 229

is clearly defined and extends in a gentle curve from the middle of the
eye to the posterior border of the embryo. This margin of the cara-
pax is marked with dendritic spots Fig. 4.*

of red pigment. The whole dorsal
portion, fully one-half the embryo,
is still occupied by the unabsorbed
portion of the yolk, (a, a,) of which
the lower margin, represented in the
figure by a dotted line, extends from
close above the eye in a curve near
ly parallel with the lower margin
of thecarapax, but with a sharp in- '
dentation a little way behind the
eye. The eyes (c) are large, nearly
round, not entirely separated from
the surrounding tissues, and with a
central portion of black pigment.
The antennulse (d) are simple, sack-
like appendages, arising from just beneath the eyes, with the terminal
portion turned backward and marked with several large dendritic spots
of red pigment. The antennae (e) are but little larger than the anten-
nula3 and are sack-like and without articulations, but the scale and
flagellum are separated and bent backward, the scale being represented
by the large and somewhat expanded lobe, and the flagellum by a
shorter and slender lobe which arises from near the base of the scale.
The mandibles, both pairs of maxillre, and the first and second pairs of
maxillipeds are not sufficiently developed to be seen without removing the
antennas and the edge of the carapax, and are only represented by several
small lobes, of which the anterior, apparently representing the mandi
bles, are distinctly defined, while those that follow are much smaller,
indistinct, and confused. The first and second maxillipeds are each re
presented by a small lobe divided at the extremity. The external max
illipeds (/) are well developed and almost exactly like the posterior
cephalothoracic legs. Both the branches are simple and sack-like, the
main branch, or endoguathus,t much larger and slightly longer than the
outer branch, or exognathus, which is quite slender. The five pairs of

* Embryo, some time before hatching, removed from the external envelope and
shown in a side view enlarged twenty diameters; a, a, dark-green yolk mass still
uuabsorbed; b, lateral margin of the carapax marked with many dendritic spots of red
pigment ; c, eye ; d, anteunula ; c, antenna ; /, external maxilliped ; g, great cheliped
which forms the big claw of the adult ; h, outer swimming branch or exopodus of the
same : t, the four ambulatory legs with their exopodal branches ; Jc, intestine ; /, heart ;
m, bilobed tail seen edgewise. [Drawn by S. I. Smith.]

t To prevent confusion, the terms here used are those proposed by Milne Edwards to
designate the different branches of the cephalothoracic appendages: endopodus, for the
main branch of a leg ; exopodus, for the accessory branch, (a in iig. D, Plate IX;) epipo-
dus, for the rlabelliform appendage, (&/) and endognathus, exognatlms, and epignathua, for
the corresponding branches of the mouth organs.

230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [524]

cephalothoracic legs (</, /*, i) are all similar and of about the same size,
except the main branch of the first pair, (</,) which is much larger than
that of the others, but is still sack like and entirely without articula
tions. The outer or exopodal branches of all the legs are slender, wholly
imarticulated, sack-like processes, while the inner or main (endopodal)
branches of the four posterior pairs are similar, but much stouter and
slightly longer processes arising from the same bases. The bases of all
the legs are marked with dendritic spots of red pigment like those upon
the lower margin of the carapax.

The abdomen (m) is curved round beneath the cephalothorax, the
extremity extending between and considerably in front of the eyes.
The segments are scarcely distinguishable. The extremity, as seen from
beneath the embryo, is slightly expanded into a somewhat oval form,
and very deeply divided by a narrow sinus, rounded at the extremity.
The lobes into which the tail is thus divided are narrow, and somewhat
approach each other toward the extremities, where they are each armed
along the inner edge with six small obtuse teeth.

The heart (?) is readily seen, while the embryo is alive, by its regular
pulsations. It appears as a slight enlargement in the dorsal vessel,
just under the posterior portion of the carapax. The intestine (k) is
distinctly visible in the anterior portion of the abdomen as a well defined,
transparent tube, in which float little granular masses. This material
within the intestine is constantly oscillating back and forth as long as the
embryo is alive.

The subsequent development of the embryo within the egg was not
observed. The following observations on the young larvae, after they
have left the eggs, have all been made upon specimens obtained in Vine
yard Sound, or the adjacent waters, during July. These specimens were
mostly taken at the surface in the day-time, either with the towing or
hand net. They represent three quite different stages in the true larval
condition, besides a later stage approaching closely the adult. The
exact age of the larvae of the first stage was not ascertained, but was
probably only a few days, and they had, most likely, molted not more
than once. Between the third stage, here described, and the last, there
is probably an intermediate form wanting.

First stage. — In this stage, (Plate IX, Figs. A, B, C, D,) the young are
free-swimming Schizopods about a third of an inch (7.8 to S.0lmu) in
length, without abdominal appendages, and with six pairs of pediform
cephalothoracic appendages, each with the exopodus developed into
a powerful swimming organ. The general appearance is represented
in the figures. The eyes are bright blue ; the anterior portion and the
lower margin of the carapax and the bases of the legs are speckled with
orange; the lower margin, the whole of the penultimate, and the basal
portion of the ultimate segment of the abdomen, are brilliant reddish
orange.

The antennula3 (Fig. C.) are short and sack-like, with a single articu-

[525] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 231

lation at the base, and three setre at the tip. The antennae have large
well developed scales, furnished along the inner margin with long
plumose hairs, but the flagellum is shorter than the scale, not divided
into segments, and has three plumose setse at tip. The mandibles are
unlike on the two sides 5 the inferior edges are armed with acute teeth,
except at the posterior angle, where there is a small molar area ; the palpi
are very small, with the three segments just indicated. The exognathus
in both pairs of maxillae is composed of only one article, and is furnished
with several setae at tip. In the first maxillipeds the exognathus is an
unarticulated process, furnished with short plumose hairs on the outer
side. The second maxillipeds have the principal branch cylindrical,
not flattened and appressed to the inner mouth organs as in the adult ;
the exognathus is short, and as yet scarcely flabelliform ; and the epig-
nathus is a simple process, with not even the rudiment of a brauchia.
The external maxillipeds are pediform, the endognathus as long as and
much resembling the endopodi of the posterior legs, while the exog
nathus is like the exopodi of all the legs, being half as long as the en
dognathus, and the terminal portion furnished along the edges with long
plumose hairs. The epignathus and the branchiae are very rudimentary,
represented by minute sack-like processes. The anterior cephalothoracic
legs, (Fig. D,) which in the adult develop into the big claws, are exactly
alike, and no longer than the external maxillipeds. The pediform branch
is, however, somewhat stouter than in the other legs, and subcheliform.
The legs of the second and third pairs are similar to the first, but not
as stout. The legs of the fourth and fifth pairs are still more slender,
and styliform at the extremity, as in the adult.

The exopodal branches of all the legs and of the external maxillipeds
are quite similar, and differ very little in size. In life, while the animal is
poised at rest in the water, they are carried horizontally, as represented in
Figure J?, or are curved up over the carapax, sometimes so as almost to
cover it. The blood circulates rapidly in these appendages, and they
undoubtedly serve, to a certain extent, as respiratory organs, as well as
for locomotion. By careful examination, small processes were found
representing the normal number of branchiae to each leg.* These rudi
mentary branchia3, however, differ somewhat in different specimens,
being very small, and scarcely distinguishable, in what appear to be
younger individuals, from the rudimentary epipodi, while in others, ap
parently older, they are further developed, being larger, more cellular in
structure than the epipodi, and even showing an approach to crenulation
in the margins, as shown in Figure D.

The abdomen is slender, the second to the fifth segments each armed
with a large dorsal spine, curved backward, and with the lateral angles

* The number of branchiae, or branchial pyramids, in the American lobster is twenty
on each side ; a single small one upon the second maxilliped, three well developed ones
upon the external maxilliped, three upon the first cephalothoracic leg, four each upon
the second, third, and fourth, and one upon the fifth.

232 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [526]

produced into long spines, and the sixth segment with two dorsal spines.
The proportional size and the outline of the last segment are shown in
Figure B ; its posterior margin is armed with a long and stout central
spine, and each side with fourteen or fifteen plumose spines or setae, which
are articulated to the margin.

In this stage the young were first taken July 1, when they were seen
swimming rapidly about at the surface of the water among great num
bers of zoeae, inegalops, and copeopods. Their motions and habits re
call at once the species of Mysis and Thysanopoda, but their motions
are not quite as rapid and are more irregular. Their bright colors ren
der them conspicuous objects, and they must be readily seen and cap
tured by fishes. They were frequently taken at the surface in different
parts of Vineyard Sound from July 1 to 7, and several were taken off
Newport, Ehode Island, as late as July 15, and they would very likely
be found also in June, judging from the stage of development to which
the embryos had advanced early in May in Long Island Sound. Besides
the specimens taken in the open water of the Sound, a great number
were obtained July 6, from the well of a lobster-smack, where they were
swimming in great abundance near the surface of the water, having un
doubtedly been recently hatched from the eggs carried by the female
lobsters confined in the well. Some of these specimens lived in. vessels
of fresh sea-water for two days, but all efforts to keep them alive long
enough to observe their molting failed. They appeared, while thus in
confinement, to feed principally upon very minute animals of different
kinds, but were several times seen to devour small zoeae, and occasionally
when much crowded, so that some of them became exhausted, they fed
upon each other, the stronger ones eating the weaker.

Second stage. — In the next stage the young lobsters have ' increased
somewhat in size, and the abdominal legs of the second to the fifth seg
ments have appeared. The rostrum is much broader, and there are
several teeth along the edges. The basal segments of the antennula?
have become defined, and the secondary flagellum has appeared, but is
not subdivided into segments. The antennae and mouth organs have
undergone but slight changes. The first cephalothoracic legs are propor
tionally larger and stouter than in the first stage, and have become truly
cheliform. The succeeding legs have changed little. The epidodi of all
the legs and of the external maxillipeds have increased in size, and the
branchial processes are distinctly lobed along the edges, and have be
gun to assume the form of true branchiae The segments of the abdomen
have the same number of spines, but they are relatively somewhat
smaller, and the last segment is relatively smaller and broader at base.
The appendages of the second to the fifth segments differ considerably
in size in different specimens, but are nearly as long as the segments
themselves ; their terminal lamellae, however, are represented only by
simple sack-like appendages, without sign of segmentation, or clothing
of hairs or setae. The penultimate segment is still without appendages.

[527] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 233>

Specimens in this stage were taken only twice, July 1 and 15. They
have the same habits and general appearance as in the first stage, but
are readily distinguished by the possession of rudimentary abdominal
legs. In color they are almost exactly the same, only the orange-colored
markings are perhaps a little less intense.

Tliird stage. — In the third stage (Plate IX, figs. U, F, (r,) the larvae
are about half an inch (12 to 13mm) in length, and the integument is of a
much firmer consistency than in the earlier stages. The antennula3 are
still rudimentary, and considerably shorter than the rostrum, although
the secondary flagellum has increased in length, and begins to show
division into numerous segments. The antenna retain the most marked
feature of the early stages — the large size of the scale — but the flagellum
is much longer than the scale, and begins to show division into segments.
The mandibles, maxillae, and first and second maxillipeds have changed
very little, although in the second maxillipeds the extremity of the ex-
ognathus begins to assume a flagelliform character, and the branchiais
represented by a small process upon the side of the epignathus. The
external maxillipeds have begun to lose their pediform character. The
anterior legs have increased enormously in size, and those of the second
and third pairs have become truly chelate, while the swimming exopo-
dal branches of all the legs, as well as of the external maxillipeds, are
relatively much smaller and more unimportant. The epipodi (fig. G)
are furnished with hairs along the edges, and begin to assume the char
acters of these appendages in the adult. The branchiae (fig. G) have
developed rapidly, and have a single series of well-marked lobes along
each side. The abdomen still has the spines characteristic of the ear
lier stages, though all of them are much reduced in size. The appen
dages of the second to the fifth segments have become conspicuous, their
lamellae have more than doubled in length, and the margins of the ter
minal half are furnished with very short ciliated setae. The appendages
of the penultimate segment (fig. F) are well developed, although quite
different from those in the adult. The outer lamella wants wholly the
transverse articulation near its extremity, and both are margined, ex
cept the outer edge of the outer lamella, with long plumose hairs. The
last segment is relatively smaller and more quadrangular in outline,
and the spines of the posterior margin are much smaller.

The only specimens procured in this stage were taken July 8 and 15.
In color they were less brilliant than in the earlier stages, the orange
markings being duller and whole animal slightly tinged with greenish
brown.

In the next stage observed, the animal, about three-fifths of an inch
(14 to 17nnn) long, has lost all its schizopodal characters, and has assumed
the more important features of the adult lobster. It still retains, how
ever, the free-swimming habit of the true larval forms, and was fre
quently taken at the surface, both in the towing and hand net. Although
resembling the adult in many features, it differs so much that, were it

234 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [528]

an adult form, it would undoubtedly be regarded as a distinct genus.
The rostrum is bifid at tip, and armed with three or four teeth on each side
toward the base, and in some specimens with a minute additional spine,
on one or both sides, close to the tip. The flagella of the antennulre ex
tend scarcely beyond the tip of the rostrum. The antennal scale is very
much reduced in size, but is still conspicuous and furnished with long-
plumose hairs along the inner margin, while the flagellum is as long as
the carapax. The palpi of the mandibles have assumed the adult
character, but the mandibles themselves have not acquired the massive
molar character which they have in the older animal. The other mouth-
organs have nearly the adult form. The anterior legs, although quite
large, are still slender and just alike on the two sides, while all the
cephalothoracic legs retain a distinct process in place of the swimming
exopodi of the larva. The lateral angles of the second to the fifth abdomi
nal segments are prolonged downward into long spiniform teeth, the ap
pendages of these segments are proportionately much longer than in the
adult, and the margins of their terminal lamelhB are furnished with very
long plumose hairs. The lamellae of the appendages of the penultimate
segment are oval, and margined with long plumose hairs. The terminal
segment is nearly quadrangular, as wide at the extremity as at the
base, the posterior margin arcuate, but not extending beyond the promi
nent lateral angles, and furnished with hairs like those on the margins
of the lamellae of the appendages of the penultimate segment.

In color they resemble closely the adult, but the green color of the
back is lighter, and the yellowish markings upon the claws and body
are proportionately larger.

In this stage, the young lobsters swim very rapidly by means of the
abdominal legs, and dart backward, when disturbed, with the caudal
appendages, frequently jumping out of the water in this way like shrimp,
which their movements in the water much resemble. They appear
to be truly surface animals, as in the earlier stages, and were often seen
swimming about among other surface animals. They were frequently
taken from the 8th to the 28th of July, and very likely occur much
later.

JFrorn the dates at which the different forms were taken, it is probable
that they pass through all the stages here described in the course of a
single season. How late the young, after reaching the lobster -like
form, retain their free-swimming habit was not ascertained.

The young of the different kinds of shrimp, Cranyon vulgar is ^ Palcemo-
netes vulgaris, and Virbius zostericola, when hatched from the egg, are free-
swimming animals, similar in their habits to the young of the lobster.
In structure, however, they are quite unlike the larvae of the lobster, and
approach more the zoea stages of the crabs, which are described farther
on. When they first leave the egg, they are without the five pairs of
cephalothoracic legs, the abdomen is without appendages, and much as
it is in the first stage of the young lobster, while the maxillipeds are

[529] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 235

developed into long locomotive appendages, somewhat like the external
maxillipeds of the first stage of the young lobster. While yet in the free-
swimming condition the cephalothoracic legs are developed, the maxilli
peds assume the adult form, and the abdominal limbs appear. The
young of these shrimp are very much smaller than the young of the
lobster, but they remain for a considerable time in this immature state,
and were very frequently taken at the surface in the towiug-net.

The young of Crangon vulgaris are hatched in the neighborhood of
Vineyard Sound, in May and June, and arrive at the adult form before
they are more than 4 or 5mm long. Specimens of this size were taken at
Wood's Hole, at the surface, on the evening of July 3. Later in the
season much larger specimens were frequently taken at the surface
both in the evening and day-time.

The young of Palcemonetes vulgaris did not appear till near the middle
of July. Soon after hatching, the young are 3mm long. The cephalo-
thorax is short and broad with a slender spiniform rostrum in front, an
enormous compound eye eack side at the anterior margin, and a small
simple eye in the middle of the carapax. The antennulae are quite rudi
mentary, being short and thick appendages projecting a little way in
front of the head ; the peduncle bears at its extremity a very short ob
tuse segment representing the prim ary flagellurn, and inside, at the base of
this, a much longer plumose seta. The antenna? are slightly longer,
than the antennulae ; the short peduncle bears a stout appendage, corre
sponding to the antenna! scale, the terminal portion of which is articu
lated and furnished with long plumose setae, and on the inside at the base
of the scale, a slender process corresponding to the flagelluin, and ter
minated by a long plumose seta. The first and second pairs of maxillae
are well formed and approach those of the adult. The three pairs of
maxillipeds are all developed into powerful locomotive appendages ; the
inner branches, or endognathi, being slender pecliform appendages ter
minated by long spines, while the outer branches, or epignathi, are long
swimming appendages like the swimming branches of the legs of the
young lobsters in the first stage. Both branches of the first maxillipeds
are considerably shorter than those of the following pairs, but otherwise
like them, and the inner branch of the second pair is somewhat shorter
than that of the third, but its outer branch is about as long as that
of the third pair. The five pairs of cephalothoracic legs are wanting
or only represented by a cluster of minute sack-like processes just behind
the outer maxillipeds. The abdomen is long and slender, wholly with
out appendages beneath, and the last segment is expanded into a short
and very broad caudal lamina, the posterior margin of which is truncate
with the lateral angles rounded ; these angles each bear three, and the
posterior margin itself eight more stout plumose setae, the setae of the
posterior margin being longer than those upon the angles, and separated
by broader spaces in which the margin is armed with numerous very
small setae. They arrive at the adult form before they are more than 5mm
17 v

236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [530]

1, and they were often taken at the surface until 8 to 12mm in length,
the larger ones being taken in the first part of September.

The young of VirMus zostericola appear at about the same time as
those of Palamonetes, or a very little later, and pass through quite simi
lar changes. The young attain the adult form when not more than 3mm
in length, and were frequently taken at the surface, both in the day
time and the evening, until they were 10mm long, those 8 to 10U!m long
being common in late August and early September.

The larval forms of several other Macrourans were taken at different
times, but none of these were abundant, and I have not been able to
connect them with the adult forms of any of the common species of the
New England coast.

The young of Gebia affinis, only 4mm long, but with nearly the form of
the adult, was taken at the surface on the evening of September 3.
The young of Callianassa Stimpsoni, about 4inm long and with nearly, all
the adult characters, was also taken at the surface early in September.

The hermit-crabs (species of Eupagurus) when first hatched have much
resemblance to the young of shrimp at the same period, and have simi
lar habits. The young of one of the species, after it has passed through
the earlier stages, and when it is about 3™m long, and has all the
cephalothoracic appendages similar to those of the adult, has still a
symmetrical abdomen, like that of a shrimp, with long swimming-legs
upon the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments, and broad laminated
appendages upon the penultimate segment, Young, in this and the
earlier stages, were common at the surface in Vineyard Sound during
the last of August and the first of September.

Hippa talpoida probably passes through a metamorphosis similar to
that of the hermit-crabs. The young attain nearly the adult form before
they are more than 5 or 6mm long, and specimens of this size were
taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound on the evening of September 3.
I have also found, early in September, the young a little larger
upon the outer shores of Fire Island Beach, where they were left
in large numbers by a high tide, and soon buried themselves in the
sand.

All, or at least nearly all, the species of Brachyura living on the coast
of New England pass through very complete and remarkable meta
morphoses. The most distinct stages through which they pass were
long ago described as two groups of crustaceans, far removed from the
adult forms of which they were the young. The names zoea and meg.
alops, originally applied to these groups, are conveniently retained for
the two best marked stages in the development of the crabs.

The young of the common crab, (Cancer irroratus,} in the earlier or
zoea stage, when first hatched from the egg, are somewhat like the form
figured on Plate VIII, (fig. 37, the latest stage of the zoea of Cancer
irroratus, just before it changes to the rnegalops,) but the spines upon
the carap'ax are all much longer in proportion, and there are no signs of

[531] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 237

the abdominal legs or of any of the future legs of the megalops and
crab. In this stage they are very small, much smaller than in the stage
figured. After they have increased very much in size, and have molted
probably several times, they appear as in the figure just referred to.
The terminal segment of the abdomen, seen only in a side-view in the
figure, is very broad and divided nearly to the base by a broad sinus,
each side the margins project in long, spiniform, diverging processes, at
the base of which the margin of the sinus is armed with six to eight
spines on each side. When alive they are translucent, with deposits
of dark pigment forming spots at the articulations of the abdomen and
a few upon the cephalothorax and its appendages. In this stage they
were taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, in immense numbers, from
June 23 to late in August. They were most abundant in the early part
of July, and appeared in the greatest numbers on calm, sunny days.

Several zoe<e of this stage were observed to change directly to the
megalops form, (Plate VIII, fig. 38.) Shortly before the change took
place they were not quite as active as previously, but still continued to
swim about until they appeared to be seized by violent convulsions, and
after a moment began to wriggle rapidly out of the old zoea skin, and
at once appeared in the full megalops form. The new integument seems
to stiffen at once, for in a very few moments after freeing itself from the
old skin the new megalops was swimming about as actively as the oldest
individuals.

In this megalops stage the animal begins to resemble the adult.
The five pairs of cephalothoracic legs are much like those of the adult,
and the mouth-organs have assumed nearly their final form. The eyes,
however, are still enormous in size, the carapax is elongated and has a
slender rostrum and a long spine projecting from the cardiac region far
over the posterior border, and the abdomen is carried extended, and is
furnished with powerful swimming-legs as in the Macroura. In color
and habits they are quite similar to the later stage of the zoeas from
which they came 5 their motions appear, however, to be more regular
and not so rapid, although they swim with great facility. In this meg
alops the dactyli of the posterior cephalothoracic legs are styliform, and
are each furnished at the tip with three peculiar setre of different lengths
and with strongly curved extremities, the longest one simple and about as
long as the dactylus itself, while the one next in length is armed along
the inner side of the curved extremity with what appear to be minute
teeth, a*id the shortest one is again simple.

According to the observations made at Wood's Hole, the young of
Cancer irroratus remain in the megalops stage only a very short time,
and at the first molt change to a form very near that of the adult.
Notwithstanding this, they occurred in vast numbers, and were taken in.
the towing-nets in greater quantities even than in the zoea stage. Their
time of occurrence seemed nearly simultaneous with that of the zoe'ge,
and the two forms were almost always associated. The exact time any

238 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [532]

particular individual remained in this stage was observed only a few
times. One full-grown zoea (like the specimen figured) obtained June
23, and placed in a vessel by itself, changed to a megalops between 9
and 11J a. m. of June 24, and did not molt again till the forenoon of
June 27, when it became a young crab of the form described farther on.
Of two other zoese obtained at the same time, and placed together in a
dish, one changed to a megalops between 9 and 11J a. m. of June 24,
the other during the following night; these both changed to crabs dur
ing the night of June 26 and 27.

The following memorandum on a large number of the same lot of both
stages of the young, kept together in a vessel of fresh sea-water, also
indicates the rapidity of these changes. In the columns "zoea" and
u megalops" the total number of individuals in each of these stages is
given ; under u crabs" the number which had appeared since the last
observation, and under u dead " the number which had died since the
last observation:

Time of observation.

Zoea. ! Megalops.

Crabs.

Dead.

June 23, 7 p. m. .

15 22

0

0

June 24 5am

5 23

2

7

June 24 9 a in

4 i 22

2

0

June 24 114- a m. . ....

2 ! 22

1

1

June 24, 7 p ni.

1 ; 22

1

0

June 25, 6 a. m.

0 i 20

0

3

June 25, 2 p. m

! 19

1

0

June 26 6 a m

16

1

2

June 27 6 a in

..... 14

2

0

June 27 2-ir p in

12

0

2

June 27, 7 p. m. . . . ..... ... ....

! 11

0

1

June 28 7am

1 9

2

0

June 28, 4 p. m

4

3

2

June 29 7 a. m

. .1 2

2

In the two or three instances in which the change from the megalops
to the young crab was actually observed, the megalops sank to the bot
tom of the dish and remained quiet for some time before the molting
took place. The muscular movements seemed to be much less violent
than in the molting at the close of the zoea stage, and the little crab
worked himself out of the megalops skin quite slowly. For a short time
after their appearance the young crabs were soft and inactive, but the
integument very soon stiifened, and in the course of two or three hours
they acquired all the pugnacity of the adult. They swam about with
ease and were constantly attacking each other and their companions in
the earlier stages. Many of the deaths recorded in the above memo
randum were due to them, and on this account they were removed from
the vessel at each observation. In this early stage the young crabs are

[533] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 239

quite different from the adult. The carapax is about 3mm long and
slightly less in breadth. The front is much more prominent than in
the adult, but still has the same number of lobes and the same general
form. The antero-lateral margin is much more longitudinal than in the
adult, and is armed with the five normal teeth, which are long and
acute, and four very much smaller secondary teeth alternating with
the normal ones. The antenna and ambulatory legs are proportionally
longer than in the adult. The young crabs in this stage were once or
twice taken in the towing-net, but they were not common at the surface,
although a large number were found, with a few in the megalops stage,
among hydroids upon a floating barrel in Vineyard Sound, July 7.

The young of Platyoniclim ocellatus in the zoea and megalops stages
were frequently taken in the towing-net from the last of June till August,
but they were much less abundant than the young of Cancer irroratus.
On June 29, however, they occurred in great numbers. Twenty-two
out of forty of those in the zoea state changed to the megalops during
the first twenty- four hours, and in the same time ten out of fifty in the
megalops stage changed to the adult form, so that they probably do not
remain in the megalops state longer than the young of Cancer irroratus.
They apparently do not molt during the megalops stage.

The megalops of the PlatyonicJius is about the size of that of Cancer
irroratus, and resembles it much in general appearance, but the carapax
is much broader in proportion, the rostrum is a little longer, and there
is a marked prominence at the anterior margin of the orbit, representing
the lateral tooth of the front of the adult, and a similar prominence, rep
resenting the stout postorbital tooth, at the posterior angle of the orbit.
The spine upon the cardiac region is rather more slender than in the
megalops of the Cancer. The chelipeds are more elongated, and much
like those of the adult Plati/onicJms, except that they want the stout
spines of the latter. The dactyli of the posterior legs already approach
in form those of the adult, being expanded into narrow oval plates a
fourth as broad as long. The tips of each of these dactyli are furnished
with four peculiar seta? of diiferent lengths and with strongly curved ex
tremities, the longest and two shortest of which are simple, while next
to the longest one is furnished along the inner side of the curved extrem
ity with little, closely set, sack-like appendages.

Another megalops, belonging apparently to some swimming-crab, was
several times taken in the towing-net, in Vineyard Sound, from August
11 to September 3, and was also taken by Mr. Harger and myself, east
of George's Bank, latitude 41° 25' north, longitude 63° 55' east, Septem
ber 14. It would fall in the genus Cyllene of Dana, and is closely allied
to his Cyllene furciger (Crust. U. S. Expl. Expd., p. 494, Plate XXXI,
fig. 8) from the Sooloo Sea. In one specimen the carapax, including
the rostrum, is 2.0mm long, excluding rostrum, 1.6mm, breadth, l.lmm. The
front is quite narrow between the bases of the ocular peduncles, and
has a long and slender rostrum. There are no prominences either side

240 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [534]

of tbe orbit, and no dorsal spine upon the carapax. The fourth segment
of the sternum is armed each side, just within the bases of the legs, with
a long and broad spine projecting backward and slightly (Alt-ward, as in
Cyllene fur tiger. Tbe chelipeds and ambulatory legs are long and slender,
and the dactyli of the posterior pair of legs are expanded and lamellar,
as in the megalops of Platyonichus. The abdomen is about as long as
the carapax excluding the rostrum, and the fifth segment is armed with
a stout spine each side of the postero-lateral angles.

A very large megalops, quite different in structure from those already
mentioned, is occasionally found thrown upon outer beaches on the
southern coast of ISTew England and Long Island, but is apparently much
more common upon the coast of the Southern States. This is undoubt
edly the young of Ocypoda arenaria, and was long ago described by Say
(Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 157, 1817) as Monolepis
inermis, and it is partially figured by Dana, (Crust. U. S. Expl. Exp.,
Plate XXXI, fig. 6.) The carapax is very convex above, broader behind,
and has no dorsal spine. The front is deflexed sharply downward and
. a little backward, and the extremity is tricuspidate, the median tooth
being long and narrowly triangular, while the lateral teeth are small
and obtuse. The sides are high and impressed so as to receive the three
anterior pairs of ambulatory legs. The third pair of ambulatory legs
are closely appressed along the upper edge of the carapax and extend
forward over the eyes, their dactyli being curved down over the eyes
and along each side of the front. The posterior legs are small and
weak, and each is folded up and lies in a groove on the latero-posterior
surface of the carapax. The external inaxillipeds have almost exactly
the same structure as in the adult Ocypoda, and, as in the adult Ocypoda,
there is a tuft of peculiar hairs between the bases of the second and
third ambulatory legs. I have specimens of this megalops from Block
Island, and have myself collected it, late in August, at Fire Island
Beach, Long Island. In the largest specimen from the last locality the
carapax is 6.4mm long and 5.6mm broad.

A large number of young specimens of the Ocypoda, collected at Fire
Island Beach, indicate plainly that they had only recently changed from
this megalops. The smallest of these specimens, in which the carapax
is 5.6 to 6.0mm long and G.I to 6.5mm broad, differ from the adult so
much that they might very easily be mistaken for a different species.
The carapax is very slightly broader than long, and very convex above.
The front is broad, not narrowed between the bases of the ocular
peduncles, and triangular at the extremity. The margin of the orbit is
not transverse but inclines obliquely backward. The ambulatory legs
are nearly naked, and those of the posterior pair are proportionately
much smaller than in the adult.

The adult Ocypoda is terrestrial in its habits, living in deep holes
above high- water mark on sandy beaches, but the young in the zoea
state are undoubtedly deposited in the water, where they lead a free-

[535] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 241

swimming existence like true pelagic animals, until they become full-
grown in the megalops state. Say mentions that his specimens were
found cast upon the beach by the refluent tide and " appeared desirous
to protect themselves by burrowing in the sand, in order to wait the
return of the tide,77 but they were more likely awaiting the final change
to the terrestrial state. The tufts of peculiar hairs between the bases
of the second and third ambulatory legs, and, in the adult, connected
with the respiration, are present in the full-grown megalops. and are
undoubtedly provided to fit the animal for its terrestrial existence as
soon as it is thrown upon the shore. The young in the magalops stage
occur on the shore of Long Island, in August, and perhaps earlier. At
Fire Island Beach in 1870 no specimens of Ocypoda were discovered till
the last of August, and those first found were the smallest ones obtained ;
by the middle of September, however, they were common on the outer
beach, and many of them were twice as large as those first obtained.
Although careful search was made along the beach for several miles,
not & specimen of the adult or half-grown crab could be found ; every
individual there had evidently landed and developed during the season.
Probably all those living the year before had perished during the win
ter, and it is possible that this species never survives long enough to
attain its full growth, so far north.

A small megalops, taken in the towing-nets in considerable numbers
at Wood's Hole on the evening of September 3, resembles in several
characters the megalops of Ocypoda, and is probably the young of one
of the species of Gelasimus. The carapax is 1.0mm long and 0.7
broad. The front is narrowly triangular, deflexed perpendicularly,
somewhat excavated between the eyes, and terminates in a long, slen
der, and acute tip. The sides are high and impressed for the reception
of the three anterior ambulatory legs as in the megalops of Ocypoda,
although in the alcoholic specimens examined the legs are not closed
against the sides. The posterior ambulatory legs are small, and lodged
in grooves on the surface of the carapax, much as in the megalops of
Ocypoda. The external maxillipeds are very much like those of the
megalops of Ocypoda.

A peculiar megalops, belonging apparently to some Grapsoid group
of crabs, was several times taken in the towiug-net in Vineyard Sound
from August 5 to September 3, on the latter date in the evening. In
these the carapax is 1.2 to 1.3mm in length and 0.9 to 1.0mm in
breadth. The front is broad, concave above between the eyes ; the
middle portion projects obliquely downward and terminates in a short,
obtuse rostrum ; Avhile the lateral angles project forward into a promi
nent tooth above each eye, so that, when seen from above, the frontal
margin appears transverse and tridentate, the teeth being separated by
considerable spaces. There are no dorsal spines or tubercles upon the
carapax. The sides are high, and are apparently impressed for the
reception of the anterior ambulatory legs. The posterior ambulatory

242 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [536]

legs are subequal with the others and have stylifonn dactyli. The
ischial and meral segments of the external inaxillipeds are short and
broad.

Another megalops, of which several specimens were taken in the
towing-net, in Vineyard Sound, August 5, has a remarkable, elongated
and tuberculated carapax. The carapax, including the rostrum, is
1.3mm long and O.S4mm broad, is armed above with several large
tubercles, and the posterior margin is arcuate and armed with a median
tubercular prominence. The front is somewhat excavated above and
expanded each side in front of the eyes, the anterior margin being trans-
verse3 as seen from above, with a short and spiniforrn rostrum curved
obliquely downward. The chelipeds have slender hands and the am
bulatory legs are long and slender, the posterior pair being subequal
with the others, and all having the dactyli stylifonn. The abdominal
legs are very long.

Several other forms of zoea and megalops were taken in Vineyard
Sound and vicinity, but, as they were not traced to the adult forms and
were none of them very abundant, they are not here described.

Squilla empusa passes through a remarkable metamorphosis, but none
of the earliest stages were observed. Specimens in one of the later
larval stages (Plate VIII, tig. 36) were taken at the surface in Vine
yard Sound, August 11. These are nearly 6mm long. The carapax is
proportionally much larger than in the adult, covering completely the
whole cephalothorax, has a long slender rostrum projecting far in front
of the eyes, and the lateral angles projecting backward in two slender
processes as long as the rostrum. There is also on each side, just behind
the eye. a small tooth on the margin of the carapax, and another similar
one on the posterior margin just beneath each of the posterior processes.
The eyes are very large and almost spherical. The antennulre are short,
projecting scarcely beyond the eyes, and biramous, one of the flagella
being short and uu segmented, the other longer and composed of three
segments. The antennas are still without flagella, and the scale is
quite small. The first pair of legs (the appendages corresponding to
the first pair of maxillipeds in the Macroura, &c.) are well developed,
long, and slender, like those of the adult. The great claws are propor
tionally larger than in the adult, and have very much the same structure.
Of the six succeeding pairs of cephaloth oracle legs, only the three ante
rior, subcheliform ones are as yet developed, and these are quite small,
those of the third pair being smaller thairtUe others, and projecting but
slightly beyond the carapax ; the three posterior, stylifonn legs are en
tirely wanting, or represented only by slight sack-like protuberances.
The abdomen is not quite as long as the cephalothorax, including the ros
trum and posterior processes, and the five anterior segments are subequal
in length, smoothly rounded above, and furnished with well developed
swimming-legs, much like those of many macro uraii as. The sixth seg
ment is much shorter than the others, and has rudimentary appendages

[537] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 243

scarcely longer than the segment itself. In these appendages the spini-
form process from the base is long and simple, not biramous, as in. the
adult, and the lamellae are small, much shorter than this process, and
the outer one has no articulated terminal portion. The terminal seg
ment is as long as the four preceding segments, about as broad as long,
the lateral margins slightly convex in outline, and each armed with two
sharp teeth, while the posterior margin is concave in outline, with the
lateral angles projecting into sharp teeth, between which the edge is
armed with about twenty small and equal slender spines.

D.— CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE INYETEBRATE ANIMALS
OF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, AND AD
JACENT WATERS.— BY A. E. YERRILL, S. I. SMITH, AND
OSCAR HARGER.

In the following catalogue nearly all the marine invertebrates which
are known to inhabit the coast between Cape Cod and New York are in
cluded, except those belonging to certain groups which have not yet
been studied by any one, sufficiently for their identification. Such are
chiefly minute or microscopic species, belonging to the Entomostraca,
Foraminifera, Ciliated Infusoria, &c., together with the intestinal worms
of fishes and other animals. Our sponges, also, have hitherto received
very little attention, and it has not yet been possible to identify but a
small number of the species. It is not to be supposed, however, that
the list is complete in any group, for every season in the past has served
to greatly increase the 'number of species in almost every class and
order, and this will doubtless be the case for many years to come. But
as no attempt has hitherto been made to enumerate the marine ani
mals of this region, excepting the shells and radiates, it is hoped that
this catalogue will prove useful, both to show what is already known
concerning this fauna, and to serve as a basis for future work in the
same direction.

In some instances species that have not actually been found on the
part of the coast mentioned, but which occur on the shores of Long
Island and New Jersey, under such circumstances as to render it pretty
certain that they will also be found farther north, have been included in
the catalogue, but the special localities have always been given in such
cases.

In order not to make the list'too long, only those synonyms are given
which are really necessary to make apparent the origin of the names,
and to refer the student to some of the best descriptions and figures in
the works that are generally most accessible, and in which more com
plete synonymy may be found.

For the same reason, in describing the new species, the descriptions
have been made as brief as seemed consistent with the purpose in view,
viz : to enable students and others wTho may not be experienced natu-

244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [538]

ralists to identify the species that they may meet with. To this end,
the portions of the descriptions relating to strictly microscopic parts
have frequently been omitted, when more obvious characters, sufficient
to distinguish the species, could be found.

References to the plates at the end of this volume have been inserted,
and also to the pages in the first part of the report where brief descrip
tions, remarks on the habits, or other information may be found.

The catalogue of the Crustacea was prepared by Mr. S. I. Smith and
Mr. Oscar Harger. The rest of the catalogue is by Professor A. E. Ver-
rill, with the exception of the descriptions of the insects, wrhich have
been furnished by Dr. A. S. Packard and Dr. G. H. Horn; the Pycno-
gonids, which have been determined by Mr. S. I. Smith; and a few
of the Bryozoa, which were identified by Professor A. Hyatt, who also
furnished most of the figures of the species belonging to that class.

Hitherto there has been no attempt to enumerate the marine inverte
brates of the entire southern coast of New England. Several partial
lists have been published, however, and these have been of considera
ble use in the preparation of the following catalogue.

In the Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, by Dr. A. A.
Gould, 1841, numerous localities for shells on the southern coast of
Massachusetts are mentioned.

A catalogue of the shells of Connecticut, by James H. Liusley, was
published in the American Journal of Science, vol. 48, 1845. In " Shells
of New England,77 1851, Dr. William Stimpson gave much accurate in
formation concerning the distribution of our Mollusca. In 1809 Dr.
G. H. Perkins published a very useful catalogue, in the Proceedings of
the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xiii, p. 109, entitled " Mol-
luscau Fauna of New Haven."

The " Report on the Mollusca of Long Island, New York, and of its
Dependencies/' by Sanderson Smith and Temple Prime, in the Annals
of the Lyceum of Natural History, vol. ix, p. 377, 1870, also contains
much useful information.

A paper by Dr. Joseph Leidy, entitled " Contributions toward a
Knowledge ef the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Coasts of Rhode
Island and New Jersey,77 in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy,
vol. iii, 1855, although very incomplete, contains the only published
lists of the Annelids and Crustacea of this region. In his "Catalogue
of North American Acaleph«3,77 18G5, Mr. A. Agassiz has enumerated
all the species discovered on this coast up to that time. Other papers
will also be referred to in the synonymy.

[539 1 INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 245

ARTICITLATA.

INSEOTA.

The insects included in tlie following catalogue have mostly been de
termined by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D., and by George H. Horn, M. D.,
who have also kindly furnished descriptions of the ne\v species. Our
thanks are also due to Dr. II. A. Hagen, who has identified some of the
species. The Pycuogonids have been determined by Mr. S. I. Smith.

DIPTERA.

CHIRONOMUS HALOPHILTJS Packard, sp. nov. (p 415.)

Full-grown larvae were dredged in 10 fathoms in Vineyard Sound,
several miles from land, among compound Ascidiaus, (A. E. Y.;) and
several young larvae were dredged in 8 to 10 fathoms in Wood's
Hole Passage, September 10, (A. S. P.)

"This is a true Chironomns, the body being long and slender, with
the usual respiratory filaments at the end of the body. Head red as
usual, chitiuous; au tenure slender, ending in two unequal spines; eyes
black, forming conspicuous dots ; mandibles acute, three-toothed.

Froai lower side of antepenultimate segment arise two pairs of long
fleshy filaments, twice as long as the diameter of body, not containing
trachere, so far as I can see; and from the end of penultimate segment a
dorsal minute tubercle, forming a cylindrical papilla, giving rise to eight
respiratory hairs about as long as the segment is thick; anal legs long
and slender, with a crown of about twelve spines. Two prothoracic
feet, as usual. In one larva the semi-pupa was forming ; length, II111111,
(.45 inch.)

This species belongs in the same section of the genus with Chirono-
mm plumosus, figured by Eeaumer, (vol. iv, PI. 14, figs. 11 and 12; and
vol. v.)"— A. S. P.

CIIIRONOMUS OCEANICUS Packard, (p. 331.)

Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 42, figs. 1-4, 1869.

Specimens apparently belonging to this sjjecies have been obtained
near New Haven, at low- water mark, among confervre. It occurs at Sa
lem. Massachusetts; Casco Bay; and the Bay of Fundy, from low-water
mark to 20 fathoms.

CULEX, species undetermined, (p. 466.)

A species of mosquito is excessively abundant on the salt-marshes in
autumn, and the larvre inhabit the brackish waters of the ditches and
pools.

246 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [540]

MUSCID.ZE. — Larva? of an undetermined fly. (p. 415.)

This larva was found living beneath the surface of the sand, at low-
water mark, on the shore of Great Egg Harbor, at Beesley's Point, Kew
Jersey, April 28, 1871. (A. E. V.) The same larva, or an allied spe
cies, was found May 5, under stones below high- water mark. " Specimens
were brought tome from New Jersey, and kept living in sea-water for
some time. The following description is from the living specimens :
Body white, long, slender, cylindrical, tapering gradually from the penul-
penultimate segment toward the head ; thirteen segments, counting the
head as one. Segments smooth, thickened at the hinder edge, the su
tures being distinct; tegument very thin and transparent, allowing the
viscera to be easily distinguished. The terminal segment of the body is
conical; seen from beneath it is nearly a fourth longer than broad, the
end subacute and deeply cleft by a furrow which diminishes in size and
depth to beyond the middle of the segment, where it fades out. This
conical extension is flattened vertically above ; from the middle of the
same ring project the supra-anal, conical, fleshy tubercles, one-fourth the
length of the entire ring, which give rise to two main tracheae running
to the head, and which separate and close together at the will of the
animal. When extended the prothoracic ring is considerably longer
than the others. Head one-third as large as prothorax, and a little
more than half as wide. Length, 9mm.

I cannot detect any spiracles on either of the thoracic rings. The
trachea3 are not nearly so regular as in the larvre of the Anthomyia ce-
parum, with living specimens of which I placed it side by side ; head
much the same, showing it may be of this family. Minute antennaB
present ; no traces of them in Anthomyia, and their presence throws
a doubt whether it be a muscid." — A. S. P.

ERISTALIS, species undetermined.

One large-sized larva was found in Vineyard Sound among alg«3 in
April, by Mr. Yinal N. Edwards.

EPHYDRA, species undetermined, (p. 4GG.)

Packard, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 50.

Shores of Narragansett Bay, puparium found under sea-weeds by
Dr. T. d'Orexmieal. According to Dr. Packard, " scarcely distinguish
able from E. halophila Packard, which lives in salt brine at the salt
works in Gallatin County, Illinois.7'

COLEOPTERA.*

A number of species of tiger-beetles (Clcindela) are common on the
sandy shores and beaches just above high- water mark, and some of
them are seldom found away from the sea-shore, while others are also
found far inland. The larvae of some of these, and perhaps of all, live
below high water, but this has not yet been observed in the case of several

* The Coleoptera were mostly determined by Dr. George H. Horn.

[541] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 247

in the following list, which includes those most characteristic of the sea
shores.

CICINDELA GENEROSA Dejeau. (p. 336.)

Sp6cies Ge'ne'ral des Coleopteres, vol. v, p. 231, (teste Lee.;) Gould. Boston
Journal Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 42. PI. 3, fig. 2.

Adult common on sandy beaches at high-water mark ; larvae burrow
ing in sand below high-water mark, in company with the species of
Talorchestia.

CICINDELA DORSALIS Say. (p. 364.)

Journal Academy Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 20 ; Gould, op. cit., p. 47.

Martha's Vineyard, on the sandy beaches.
CICINDELA MARGINATA Fabricius. (p. 470.)

Systema Eleutheratorum, vol. i, p. 241 ; Gould, op. cit., p. 48.

Barren spots in salt marshes that are occasionally covered by the
tides.

CICINDELA REPANDA Dejean. (p. 364.)

Species Gen. des Coleopteres, vol. i, p. 74.

With the last, and on sandy beaches at Martha's Vineyard, &c.
CICINDELA HIRTICOLLIS Say. (p. 364.)

Trans. Arner. Phil. Society, new series, vol. i, p. 411, PL 13, fig. 2.

With last, also at a distance from the coast.

CiCINDELA DUODECIMGUTTATA Dejean.

Spec. Ge"n. des Col<5op., vol. i, p. 73 ; Gould, op. cit., p. 51.

Sandy beaches near the salt water; appears both in spring and au
tumn.

GEOPINUS INCRASSATUS (Dej.) (p. 364.)

Species G6u. des Coleoperes, vol. iv, p. 21.

Several specimens were found on the outer beach of Great Egg Har
bor, New Jersey, burrowing in sand between tides. This species is not
confined to the coast, but occurs even west of the Mississippi in sandy
places, (Horn.)

BEMBIDIUM CONSTRICTUM Lecoute. (p. 464.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. iv, p. 362.

Between tides at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
B. CONTRACTUM Say. (p. 464.)

Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. ii. p. 85.

Between tides at Great Egg Harbor. <* This and the preceding occur
also along the margins of streams emptying into the ocean. (Horn.)

HYDROPHILUS (TROPISTERNUS) QUADRISTRIATUS Horn. (p. 466.)

Trans. Auier. Entomol. Soc., 1871, p. 331.

In brackish pools, near Beesley's Point, New Jersey, associated with
P&lccmonetes vulgaris and other brackish-water species.

248 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [542]

" Elongate oval, more attenuate in front, black, with slight olivaceous
tinge ; surface densely, finely, and equally punctured. Head with a
sigmoid row of coarse punctures on each side, meeting at the vertex.
Anteunne and palpi testaceous. Thorax with a small fovea on each side,
near the anterior margin, behind and within the eyes, and an angulate
row of punctures on each side near the middle, and a few coarse punc
tures very irregularly disposed. Elytra with four strife of moderate
punctures, the first two sutural and extending nearly from base to apex,
inclosing at base a short scutellar row ; the outer two rows subhumeral,
obliterated at base, extending nearly to apex, and becoming confused,
extending toward the inner rows. Body beneath black, opaque, and
pubescent, abdomen with a row of brownish patches at the sides of
each segment. Legs pale testaceous, femora at base and tarsi black.
Length, .38 inch; (9.5ram.)

Eesembles later alls in form, but more narrowed in front than behind.
The elytra are evenly punctured, and the body along the median line
moderately convex. It differs from all our species by the four distinct
strite of punctures on each elytron. The outer two correspond in posi
tion with the eighth and ninth, and traces of a third, fourth, and fifth
are visible at base.77 — Horn.

PHILHYDRUS REFLEXIPENNIS Zimniermanu.

Trans. Amer. Entomol. Socv 1869, p. 250.
Great Egg Harbor, between tides.
This and the next occur also inland. (Horn.)

P. PERPLEXUS, Leconte.

Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1855, p. 371.

Great Egg Harbor, between tides.

PlIYTOSUS L1TTORALIS Horn. (p. 4G4.)
Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 1871, p. 331.

"Head, brownish testaceous, moderately shining, sparsely clothed with
yellowish hairs, front feebly concave ; parts of mouth and an tenure tes
taceous, the latter darker at tip. Thorax paler than the head, as broad
as long, disk depressed, sides strongly rounded in front, behind the
middle sinuate; base truncate, feebly emarginate at middle, and but
slightly broader than half the width of thorax* at middle ; surface
sparsely punctured and pubescent. Elytra pale testaceous, sparsely
punctured and pubescent, short, sides strongly divergent behind ; body
apterous. Abdomen elongate oval, broader behind the middle, piceous,
shining, and very sparsely pubescent. Legs pale testaceous. Last
segment of abdomen $ slightly prolonged at middle and sinuate on each
side. Length, .08 inch, (2mm.)

The male resembles in its several characters P. Balticus Kraatz, of
Europe, but the median prolongation of the last abdominal segment is
broader. The penultimate segment is subcarinate along the median
line behind. The mandibles in the present species are much more exsert
than in the species from California.

[543] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 249

This is an interesting addition to our insect fauna. Its occurrence
has been looked for on the ground of the occurrence of a species on the
Pacific Coast, for, as a rule, (rapidly losing its exceptions,) any genus
represented in Europe and on the Pacific Coast will have a representa
tion in the Atlantic faunal region." — Horn.

This species was found burrowing in sand, between tides, at Becsley's
Point, New Jersey.

BLEDIUS CORDATUS (Say.) (p. 4G2.)

Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. iv, p. 4C1.

This small species occurred in considerable abundance near Beesley's
Point. It forms its small burrows in the loose sand at and just below
high-water mark, in company with Talorchestia longicornis. ScyphaceUa
arenicola SMITH, &c. It throws up a small heap of sand around the
opening of its burrows, wh'ch are much smaller than those of the
following species.

" This species is somewhat variable in the form of the elytral dark
spot. The elytra are pale testaceous or nearly white in color, and nor
mally with a cordate space of brownish color, and with the apex in front.
This spot may become a narrow median fusiform space, or be divided
so that the suture is pale ; the spot frequently becomes larger by the
apex of the cordate spot, extending to the scutellum and along the basal
margin." — Horn.

BLEDIUS PALLIPENNIS (Say.) (p. 462.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. iii, p. 155.

Shores of Great Egg Harbor, near Beesley's Point, common, burrow
ing perpendicularly in moist sand considerably below high-water mark.
The holes are round, with a small heap of sand around the orifice. This
species is also found far inland. (Horn.)

HETEROCERUS UNDATUS Melsheimer. (p. 404.)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 98.

Beesley's Point, burrowing in sand, between tides. This species
occurs also on the margins of inland streams. (Horn.)

PHALERIA TESTACEA Say.

Long's Expedition, vol. ii, p. 280.

Somer's Point, on the shore of Great Egg Harbor, between tides.

NEUROPTERA.

MOLANNA, species undetermined, (p. 379.)

This larva was found in a firm, straight, flattened, tapering tube,
made of grains of sand, and attached to the piles of a wharf, below
high-water mark, at Meneinsha Bight, on Martha's Vineyard, October,
1871, by Dr. Edward Palmer.

250 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [544]

ANURIDA MARITIMA (Guerin.) (p. 331.)

This Poclurid is very abundant on the under surfaces of large stones
from high-water mark to about half tide, New Haven, Wood's Hole,
Nantucket ; also on the coasts of Europe and Greenland. (Fabricius.)

ARACHNIDA.
CHEENES OBLONG-US Say. (p. 331.)

Hagen, Record of American Entomology for 1868, p. 51.

Under stones near low-water mark, at Wood's Hole, (S. I. S.,) several
specimens were found together. This species is recorded from Florida
and Georgia. I am not aware that it has been observed below high-
water mark before. These specimens were identified by Dr. Hageu.

TROMBIDIUM, species, (p. 331.)

Several species of mites belonging to this or allied genera are found
beneath stones near high-water mark, or even running over the/wci and
rocks near low-water mark, but it is uncertain whether they become
submerged by the rising tide or rise on its surface.

BDELLA MARINA Packard, sp. nov. (p. 331.)
Savin Bock, near New Haven, under stones between tides.
" Elongated pyriform, of the usual form of the genus, the body being
thickest at the insertion of the third pair of legs. Body with a few scat
tered hairs, especially toward the end. Palpi twice as long as labium,
hairy toward the tip, four-jointed, basal joint not so long as second,
third, and fourth conjointly; second a third shorter than third. Mandi
bles very acutely conical, projecting one-fourth their length beyond the
beak, with about four hairs on the outer side ; tips very slender acute,
corneous. Legs rather hairy ; fourth pair but little longer than the
others. Claws consisting of two portions, the basal much compressed,
subovate, with about six hairs on the under edge, and carrying a stout
curved claw. Beak half as long as the body is wide. Length 2.5mm.

"It differs from Say's Bdella oblonga ('from Georgia, under bark of
trees,' &c.) in its pyriform shape, the shorter first joint of the palpi,
and much shorter beak." — A. S. P.

. PIIOXICHILIDIUM MAXILLARE Stimpson. Plate VII, fig. 35. (p. 415.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 37, 1853.
Common in Vineyard Sound and the Bay of Fundy.

PALLENE, species, (p. 421.)

A small species, perhaps young, found upon piles of the wharf at
Wood's Hole, and dredged in Vineyard Sound, in 14 fathoms, off Tar
paulin Cove on Ascidians, and off Holmes's Hole on Hydroids ; also off
Watch Hill, Khode Island, and New Haven.

[545] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND ETC. 251

CRUSTACEA.

The following catalogue of the Crustacea has been prepared by Mr. S.
I. Smith, excepting the portion relating to the Isopoda, which has been
written by Mr. O. Harger.* The list is by no means complete, even for
the higher groups which are treated, and no attempt has been made to
enumerate the Ostracoids and free-swimming Copepods. Among the
Amphipods, the difficult group of Lysianassina3 has not been studied,
as the species require careful comparison with those of our northern
coast and of Europe. The same is true of the species of Ampelisca, and
partially of some other geneva. In several cases species are omitted
which are as yet only represented in our collections by imperfect, young,
or too few specimens. The catalogue is intended, however, to include
every species which has been mentioned, on good authority, in any pub
lished work as inhabiting the southern coast of New England.

BRACHYURA.
GELASIMUS MINAX Leconte. (p. 467.)

Proceedings Acad. Nat. ScL, Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1855, p. 403; Smith, Trans.
Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 128, PI. 2, fig. 4, PI. 4, fig. 1, 1870.

Southern coast of New England to Florida. This species, the largest
of our "fiddler-crabs," lives upon salt marshes, usually farther from the
sea than the others, and frequently where the water is most of the time
nearly fresh.

GELASIMUS PUGNAX Smith, (p. 466.)

Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 131, PL 2, fig. 1, PL 4, fig. 2. G. vocans, var. A,
De Kay, Nat. Hist, of New York, p. 14, PL 6, fig. 10, 1844, (not Cancer vocans
Linne.) G. pugilator Leconte, loc. cit., p. 403, (not of Bosc.)

From Cape Cod to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the West Indies.
It makes its burrows only upon salt marshes, but is often seen in great
companies wandering out upon muddy or sandy flats, or even upon the
beaches of the bays and sounds.

GELASIMUS PUGTILATOR Latreille. (p. 336.)

Nouvean Dictionnaire d'Hist. nat., 2e edit., tome xii, p. 520, 1817; Smith, Trans.
Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 136, PL 4, fig. 7, 1870. Ocijpode pugilator Bosc, Hist. nat.
des Crust., tome i, p. 167, 1820. Gelasimus vocans DeKay, op. cit., p. 14, PL 6r
fig. 9.

Cape Cod to Florida, upon muddy and sandy flats and beaches.
OOYPODA AIIENARIA Say. (pp. 337, 534.)

Journal Acad. Nat. ScL, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 69, 1817 ; Edwards, Hist. nat.
des Crust., tome ii, p. 44, PL 19, figs. 13, 14.

This species, which is common upon the sandy beaches from Xew Jer
sey southward, and which I have found upon]Fire Island Beach, Long

* The description of Scyphacella arenkola and the reference of Idotea trilola to Epelys
are taken from Mr. Smith's unpublished manuscript, and his name, therefore, appears
as authority in these cases.

18 v

252 KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [546]

Island, will very likely be found rarely upon the beaches at Kan tucket,
and on the southern part of Cape Cod. It lives in deep burrows, above
the reach of tides, upon sandy beaches. It is readily distinguished from
the "fiddlers'7 by the nearly equal claws or hands, which are alike in
both sexes, and by its color, which is almost exactly like the sand upon
which it lives. It is carnivorous and very active, running with great
rapidity when pursued. 9

The synonymy of this species is in much confusion, and I have not
attempted to rectify it here, although there are apparently several
names which, antedate that of Say. The Brazilian species, usually
called rhombea appears to be identical with ours, and if it is really the
rhomlea of Fabricius, his name should undoubtedly be retained.

SESARMA RETICULATA Say. (p. 467.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, pp. 73, 76, PL 4, tig. 6, 1817 ; p. 442,
1818 ; Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 156.

From Long Island Sound to Florida, usually upon salt marshes and
associated with Gelasimus pugnax.

PINNIXA CYLINDRICA Say. Plate I. fig. 1. (p. 3G7.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 452, 1818.

Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound to South Carolina.
/ PINNOTHERES OSTREUM Say. Plate I, fig. 2, male. (p. 367.)

Loc. cit., p. 67, PL 4, fig. 5, 1817 ; DeKay, op. cit., p. 12, PL 7, fig. 16.

Massachusetts to South Carolina.
/ PINNOTHERES MACULATUS Say. (p. 434.)

Loc. cit. p. 450, 1818.

It lives in Mytilus edulis on the New England coast, and is found from
Cape Cod to South Carolina.

CANCER IRRORATUS Say. (pp. 312, 530.)

LOG. cit., p. 59, PL 4, fig. 2, 1817 ; Stimpson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York,
vol. vii, p. 50, 1859. Platijcarcinus irroratus EcUvards, Hist. nat. des Crust., torne
i, p. 414, 1834 ; DeKay, op. cit., PL 2, fig. 2. Cancer Sayi Gould, Report on the
Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1st edit., p. 323, 1841. Platycarcinus Sayi DeKay,
op. cit., p. 7. Cancer borealis Packard, Memoirs Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. i.
p. 303, 1867.

Labrador to South Carolina.
CANCER BOREALIS Stimpson. (pp. 486, 493.)

Loc. cit., p. 50, 1859. Cancer irroratus Gould, op. cit., p. 322.

Xova Scotia to Vineyard Sound and No Man's Land. It very likelj
occurs both north and south of these limits, as it seems to be rare or
local, and js often, perhaps, confounded with the far more common (7.
irroratus, although it is a perfectly distinct species.

[547] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 253

PANOPEUS HERBSTII Edwards, (p. 472.)

Op. cit., vol. i, 403, 1834; Smith, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat, Hist., vol. xii, p.
276, 1859.

Long Island Sound to Brazil/ but not common north of Xew Jersey.
It is readily distinguished from the following species, by the tubercle on
the subhepatic region, just below the first lobe of the antero-lateral
border of the carapax ; by the postorbital tooth being separated from the
second tooth of the antero-laterar margin by a rounded sinus; and by
the dactylus of the larger cheliped having a stout tooth near the base
within.

f PANOPEUS DEPRESSUS Smith. Plate I, fig. 3. (p. 312.)

Loc. cit., p. 283, 1859.

From Cape Cod to Florida, and often carried with oysters much
farther north. It is, perhaps, native in Massachusetts Bay.

, PANOPIUS SAYI Smith, (p. 312.)

Loc. cit,, p. 284, 1859.

Associated with the last, and having the same range. It is easily dis
tinguished from the last species by its narrower, more convex, and
swollen carapax, and by the more projecting and arcuate front. The
terminal segment of the abdomen of the male is also quite different in
the two species; in P. Sayi it is broader than the preceding segment,
about two-thirds as long as broad, the edges slightly concave, and the
tip abruptly triangular, while in P. depressus it is narrower than the
preceding segment, about three-fourths as long as broad, the edges con
vex, and the tip broadly rounded.

PANOPEUS HARRISII Stimpson. (p. 313.)

Loc. cit., p. 55, 1859. Piltimnns Harrisii Gonld, op. cit., p. 326, 1841.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida.
.. OARCINUS GRANULATUS (Say, sp.) (p. 312.)

Cancer yrannlatus Say, loc. cit., p. 61, 1817. Cardnus ma'nas Gould, op. cit., p.
321 ; DeKay, op. cit., p. 8, PI. 5, figs. 5, 6. (?) Cardnus mccnas Leach, Edwards,
&c.

Cape Cod to Xew Jersey, and perhaps much farther south. Our
species may, very likely, be the same as the Cardnus mcunas of Europe,
but its not extending north on our own coast throws some doubt upon
this until there has been a careful comparison of specimens from the
two sides of the Atlantic.

. PLATYONICHUS OCELLATUS Latreille. Plate I, fig. 4. (pp. 338, 533.)

Encyclopedic methodiqne, tome xvi, p. 152 ; DeKay, op. cit., p. 9, PI. 1, tig. 1, PI.
5, fig. 7. Cancer ocellatus Herbst, Krai/ben und Krebse, Band iii, erstes Heft,
p. 61, PL 49, fig. 4, 1799. Portunus plcins Say, loe. cit,, p. 62, PI. 4, fig. 4,
1817.

Cape Cod to Florida.

254 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [548]

. CALLINECTES HASTATUS Ordway. (pp. 367, 468.)

Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 568, 1863. Lupa hastata Say, loc. cit., p
65, 1817. Lupa diacantha DeKay, op. cit., p. 10, PI. 3, fig. 3.

Cape Cod to Florida, and occasionally in Massachusetts Bay.

j LIBINIA CANALICULATA Say. (p. 368.)

Loc. cit., p. 77, PI. 4, fig. 1, 1817; DeKay, op. cit., p. 2, PI. 4, fig. 4; Streets,
Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1870, p. 105, 1871.

Found as far north as Casco Bay, on the coast of Maine, and common
from Massachusetts Bay southward, at least as far as Florida.

LIBINIA DUBIA Edwards, (p. 368.)

Op. cit., tome i, p. 300, PI. 14 bis, fig. 2, 1834 ; Streets, loc. cit., p. 104.

Cape Cod to Florida.
I TELIA MUTICA fetimpsou. (p. 415)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 177, 1860. Pisa mutica Gibbes,
Proceedings Amer. Association Adv. Sci., 3d meeting, p. 171, 1850.

Vineyard Sound to Florida.
I H-YAS COARCTATUS Leach, (p. 504.)

Trans. Linn. Soc.. London, vol. xi, p. 329, 1815. Regne animal de Cuvier, 3me
^dit., PI. '32, fig. 3. Lism fissirostra Say, loc. cit., p. 79, 1817.

Leidy mentions this species as having been found on the coast of New
Jersey, and Say mentions it from the coast of Long* Island, but it seems
to be rare south of Cape Cod. It lives in deep water from Cape Cod
northward, and on the European coast, and is frequently found in the
stomachs of the cod-fish.

HETEROCRYPTA GRANULATA Stirnpsou, (p. 315.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 102, 1871. Cryptopodia granulafa
Gibbes, loc. cit., p. 173; and Proceedings Elliott Soc., Charleston, vol. i, p. 35,
wood cut.

This species, dredged several times in Vineyard Sound, was before
known only from North Carolina to Florida and the West Indies.

ANOMOURA.

I HIPP A TALPOIDA Say. Plate II, fig. 5. (pp. 338, 530.)
Loc. cit,, p. 160, 1817.

Cape Cod to Florida.

I EUPAGURUS POLLIOARS StlmpSOU. (p. 313.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 92, 1859. Pagtirus pollicarix
Say, loc. cit,, p. 162, 1817; Gould, op. cit., p. 329: DeKay, op. cit., p. 19, PI. 8,
fig. 21.

Massachusetts to Florida.
I EUPAGURUS BERNHARDUS Stimpson. (p. 501.)

Loc. cit,, p. 89, 1859. Pagurus BemhardiiN (Limit' sp.,) Fabricius, EntomolDgia
systeinatica, vol. ii, p. 469, 1793; Gould, op. cit., p. 329; DeKay, op. cit., p. 20.

[549] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 255

Vineyard Sound, &c., in deep water, more abundant north of Cape
Cod, and extending to Northern Europe on one side, and to Puget
Sound on the other.

EUPAGURUS PUBESCENS Stimpson.

Loc. cit., p. 89, 1859 ; and Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1858, p. 237,
1859. Pagurus piibescens Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskrift, Bind ii, p. 251, 1838.

This species has been taken in deep water off the coast of New Jer
sey, and will, doubtless, be found off Long Island and Vineyard Sounds.
It extends northward to Greenland and Northern Europe.

EUPAGURUS LONGICARPUS Stimpson. (p. 339.)

Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1858, p. 237, 1859. Pagnrus lonyicar-
pus Say, loc. cit., p. 163, 1817 ; Gonld, op. cit., p. 330 ; DeKay, op. cit., p. 20,
PI. 8, fig. 22..

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina.

MACROURA.

GEBIA AFFINIS Say. Plate II, fig. 7. (pp. 307, 530.)

Loc. cit., p. 195, 1817.
Long Island Sound to South Carolina.

CALLIANASSA STIMPSONI Smith, sp. nov. Plate II, fig. 8. (p. 369.)

Carapax smooth and shining. Greater cheliped (fig. 8) about three
times as long as the carapax ; carpus and hand convex on both sides ;
carpus sometimes considerably longer, sometimes not at all longer than
broad ; both fingers of the same length, and about as long as the basal
portion of the dactylus ; the prehensile edge of the dactylus without
a strong tooth or tubercle at base. Smaller cheliped about half as long
as the greater ; carpus and hand about equal in length ; fingers equal,
slender, as long as the basal portion of the propodus. Abdomen smooth
and shining above, gradually increasing in breadth to the fifth segment ;
second segment longest, much longer than broad ; third and fifth equal
in length ; fourth shorter, and sixth a little longer than third or fifth ;
telson much broader than long, shorter than the fourth segment.

Length of a large specimen, 61Inm; length of carapax, 15; length of
larger cheliped, 44.

In the character of the chelipeds this species seems to be closely allied
to C. longimana Stimpson, from Puget Sound.

Our species ranges from the coast of the Southern States north to
Long Island Sound.

HOMARUS AMERICANUS Edwards, (pp. 395, 492, 522.)

Hist. nat. des. Crust., tome ii, p. 334, 1837. Astacus marinus Say, loc. cit. , p. 165,
1817, (not of Falmcius.)

New Jersey to Labrador.

256 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [550]

. CKANGON VULGARIS Fabricius. Plate III, fig. 10. (pp. 330, 529.)

Supplemeutum Entornologire system., p. 410, 1798. Crangon septemspinosus Say,
loc. cit., p. 246, 1818.

North Carolina to Labrador and Europe. In depth it extends from
low water to 60 or 70 fathoms, and probably much deeper.

I HIPPOLYTE PUSIOLA Kroyer. (p. 395.)

Mouogruttsk Fremstlling Hippol., p. 319, PI. 3, figs. 69-73, 184-2.

Vineyard Sound and northward to Greenland and Europe.

VIRBIUS ZOSTERICOLA Smith, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 11. (p. 369.)
/ Female : Short and stout. Rostrum about as long as the carapax,
and reaching nearly, or quite, to the tip of the antennal scale ; the upper
edge nearly straight and unarmed, except by two, or rarely three, teeth
at the base ; under edge with three (sometimes two or four) teeth on the
anterior half. Carapax smooth and armed with a stout (supra-orbital)
spine on each side at the base of the rostrum and above and a little
behind the base of the ocular peduncle, a small (antennal) spine on the
anterior margin beneath the ocular peduncle, and a stout (hepatic) spine
behind the base of the antennae Inner flagellum of the anteunula ex
tending very slightly beyond the tip of the antenual scale ; outer flagel
lum considerably shorter. Abdomen geniculated at the third segment ;
the posterior margin of the third segment prominent above, but not
acute.

The males differ from the females in being smaller, much more slen
der, and in having the rostrum narrower vertically.

The color in life is very variable. Most frequently the entire animal
is bright green, sometimes pale, or even translucent, tinged with green.
Others were translucent, specked with reddish brown, and with a broad
median band of dark brown extending the whole length of the body.

Length of female, 20-26mm ; male 15-20.

It is at once distinguished from V. pleuracanthus Stimpsou, to which,
in many characters, it is closely allied, by its very much longer rostrum.

Among eel-grass about Vineyard Sound, and probably common at
other points on the coast.

Virbius pleuramnthm Stimpsou, (Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New
York, vol. x, p. 127, 1871,) abundant upon the coast of New Jersey, will
very likely be found farther north. In habit it is similar to the spe
cies just described.

. PANDALUS ANNULICORNIS Leach. Plate II, fig. 6. (p. 493.)

Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britannia?, PI. 40, 1815.

Deep water in Vineyard Sound, off Newport, &c.
North of Cape Cod it is common, and extends to Greenland and Eu
rope. In depth it extends down to 430 fathoms at least.

PAL^EMONETES VULGARIS Stimpson. Plate II, tig. 9. (pp. 479, 529.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 129, 1871. Pdlcemon vulgaris Say,

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 224, 1818.
Massachusetts to South Carolina.

[551] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 257

/PEN./EUS BRASILIENSIS Latreille.

Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., torue ii, p. 414 ; Gibbes, loc. cit., p. 198 ; Stiiup-
son, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 132.

According to Stimpson, this species has been found in the Croton
Eiver at Sing Sing, New York, by Professor Baird. It will therefore be
very likely to occur in the rivers of Southern New England. It is com
mon on the coast of the Southern States, and extends to Brazil.

SQUILLOIDEA.

. SQUILL A EMPUSA Say. (pp. 369, 53G.)

Loc. cit.. p. 250, 1818 ; Dekay, op. cit., p. 32, PI. 13, fig. 54 ; Gibbes, Proceedings
Amer. Assoc., 3d meeting, p. 199.

Florida to Cape Cod.

The young of this species is figured on Plate VIII, fig. 30.

MYSID.EA.

MYSIS STENOLEPIS Smith, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 12. (p. 370.)

Male : Anterior margin of the carapax produced into a very short,
broad, and obtusely rounded rostrum, and each side at the inferior angle
into a prominent, acutely triangular tooth, between which and the base
of the ocular peduncle there is a broad and deeply rounded sinus. Pe
duncle of the auteunula about a third as long as the carapax along the
dorsal line ; the sexual appendage slender, tapering, nearly as long as
the peduncle ; inner flagellum half as long as the outer. Antenna! scale
rather longer than the carapax along the dorsal line, narrow, about ten
times as long as broad, tapering to a slender and acute point, both edges
ciliated and nearly straight ; flagellum about as long as the rest of the
animal. Abdomen somewhat geniculated between the first and second
segments ; sixth segment about twice as long as the fifth. Appendages
of the fourth segment reaching nearly to the distal extremity of the
sixth segment ; inner ramus slender, slightly longer than the base ; outer
ramus naked, composed of six segments ; the first, third, and fourth sub-
equal in length, and together equaling about three-fourths of the entire
length; the second, fifth, and sixth subequal; penultimate segment armed
with a stout spine on the outside at the distal extremity, and the last
segment terminated by a similar spine. Inner lamella of the appen
dages of the sixth segment extending slightly beyond the telson, narrow
and tapering to an obtuse tip ; outer lamella narrow, linear, about seven
times as long as broad, nearly a third longer than the inner, both edges
ciliated and nearly straight, and the tip narrow and somewhat truncated.
Telson considerably longer than the sixth segment, tapering slightly,
the sides nearly straight, and each armed with about twenty- four spines ;
the extremity cleft by a deep sinus rounded at bottom, and its margins
convex posteriorly and armed with very numerous slender spines.

Length of a male from tip of rostrum to extremity of telsou, 23.2mm$
length of carapax along the dorsal line, 6.5; length of antennal scale,
€.7 ; length of telson, 3.8. Length of female, 30mm.

258 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [552]

The females differ but little from the males except in the usual sexual
characters. The figure, (Plate III, fig. 12,) made from a small female
specimen, does not properly represent the anterior margin of the cara-
pax.

In life the young females are semi-translucent, a spot on each ocular
peduncle, the peduncles and inner flagella of the aiitennulie, the
antennal scale, the telson and caudal lain elite more or less blackish
from deposits of black pigment, while each segment of the abdomen is
marked with a rudely stellate spot of black.

Large males of this species Avere found in the autumn among eel-
grass, at New Haven, Connecticut, and the young abundantly in the
same situation in May. Young females were collected in abundance
during June and July, among the eel-grass in the shallow bays and
coves about Vineyard Sound, while adult females, with the marsupial
pouches filled with young, were collected, at Wood's Hole, in abun
dance, April 1, by Mr. Y. N. Edwards.

MYSIS AMERICANA. Smith, sp. nov. (p. 396.)

Anterior margin distinctly rostrated, but only slightly projecting 5
evenly rounded, the inferior angle projecting into a sharp tooth. An-
tennul*, in the male, with the densely ciliated sexual appendage similar
to that in M. vulgaris of Europe ; the outer flagellurn nearly as long as
the body, the inner slightly shorter. Antenna! scale about three-fourths
as long as the carapax, about nine times as long as broad, tapering
regularly from the base to a very long and acute tip ; both margins
ciliated. Appendages of the fourth segment of the abdomen in the
male similar to those in M. vulgar-is. The outer ramus is slender and
naked, and its pair of terminal stylets are equal in length, slender, curved
toward the tip, and the distal half armed with numerous short seta3 •
the ultimate segment of the ramus itself is little more than half as long as
the stylets, the penultimate segment four or five times as long as the
terminal. Inner lamella of the appendages of the sixth segment about
as long as the telson, narrow, slightly broadened at the base, and taper
ing to a slender but obtuse point; outer lamella once and a half as long
as the inner, and eight times as long as broad, slightly tapering, the ex
tremity subtruncate. Telson triangular, broadened at base, the lateral
margins slightly convex posteriorly, and armed with stout spines alter
nating with intervals of several smaller ones; the tip very narrow,
truncate, armed with a stout spine each side, and two small ones filling
the space between their bases. Length 10 to 1211"".

This species was found, in April, at Beesley's Point, New Jersey, in
pools, upon salt-marshes, and at the same locality the stomachs of the
spotted flounder were found filled with them. Professor D. 0. Eaton
found it in great abundance among sea-weeds, &c.,just below low- water
mark, at New Haven, Connecticut, May 5, 1873. It was also taken in
the dredge, in 4 to G fathoms, at New Haven, Connecticut, and in 25

[553] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 259

fathoms off Vineyard Sound, and has been found in the stomachs of the
shad, mackerel, &c.

HETEROMYSIS FORMOSA Smith, gen. et sp. nov. (p. 396.)

Body rather short and stout. Carapax broad behind and tapering
anteriorly ; the anterior margin produced into an obtusely triangular
rostrum. Ocular peduncles short and thickened nearly to the base.
Peduncle of the anteimula stout, extending to the tip of the antennal
scale 5 the terminal segment in the male wanting the usual elongated
sexual process, but having in its place a very dense tuft of long hairs ;
inner flagellum nearly as long as the carapax; outer flagelluin stout at
base and more than twice as long as the inner. Antennal scale about
three and a half times as long as broad, not quite reaching to the ex
tremity of the peduncle of the auteunula, ovate, obtuse at the tip, ex
ternal margin without a spine antl ciliated like the inner; peduncle
elongated, penultimate segment considerably longer than the ultimate;
flagellum nearly as long as the entire body. Mandibles, maxilloe, first
and second niaxillipeds, as in J\lysis. The first pair of legs (second pair
of gnathopoda) differ remarkably from those in all the described genera
of Mysida?. The whole leg is stouter than in the succeeding pairs, and
the terminal portion, corresponding to the rnultiarticulate portion of the
inner branch (endopodus) in Mysis, &c., consists of only three segments.
including the terminal claw; the first of these segments is stout, slightly
shorter than the preceding (meral) segment, and armed with stout
spines along the distal portion of the inner margin ; the second seg
ment is very short, not longer than broad, and closely articulated to the
preceding segment so as to admit of very little motion ; the ultimate
article is a long, slightly curved claw, freely articulated to the preceding
segment. In the five posterior pairs of legs the terminal portion of the
inner branch is multiarticulate as in Mysis, in the first composed of five
segments, besides a stout terminal claw like that in the preceding pair,
and in the four remaining pairs of six segments and a slender terminal
claw. The exopodal branches of all the legs are well developed.

Abdomen a little more than twice as long as the carapax, the sixth
segment a little longer than the fifth. The appendages of the first five
segments alikein both sexes ; short, rudimentary, and like the same appen
dages in the female My sis. Inner lamella of the sixth segment projecting
very slightly beyond the extremity of the telsou, broad, ovate; outer
lamella only a little longer than the inner, about two- sevenths as long
as broad, inner margin quite convex, outer very slightly, tip rounded.
Telson short, broad at base, and narrowed rapidly toward the extremity,
the width at base .about two-thirds the length, at the extremity only a
third as wide as at base ; the lateral margins each armed with twelve
to fourteen spines, which increase in size distally, and a very long ter
minal spine; the posterior margins cleft by a sinus deeper than broad,
and armed with numerous small spines.

r

260 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [554]

In life the males are semitranslucent and nearly colorless, while in the
females the antennulae, the flagella of the antennae, the ocular pedun
cles, the thorax with the marsupial pouch, and the articulations of the
-caudal appendages are beautiful rose color.

Length of a male, 6.0inm ; carapax along the dorsal line, 1.8 ; antenual
scale. 0.70; telson, 0.90. Length of a female, 8.5mm; carapax, 2.5; an-
tennal scale, 0.88 ; telson, 1.16.

The absence of the sexual appendages from the anteunulne of the male,
the peculiar structure of the anterior legs, and the similarity of the
abdominal appendages in the two sexes, at once separate the genus
Heteromysis from all known allied genera.

TIIYSANOPODA, species. (452.)

A great number of small specimens were taken from the stomach of
mackerel caught twenty miles off Xo Man's Laud, July 18, 1871.

Several were also caught swimming at the surface in Vineyard Sound,
April 30, 1873, by Y. N. Edwards.

A single specimen of a species apparently the same as this was taken
•at New Haven, Connecticut, May 5, 1873, by Professor D. C. Eaton.

CUMACEA.

DIASTYLIS QUADRISPINOSA, G. O. Sars. Plate III, tig. 13. (p. 507.)

Ofversiglit af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1871, Stockholm, p. 72.

Dredged in 23 fathoms of Martha's Vineyard and in 29 fathoms of
Buzzard's Bay. It is also found in the Bay of Fundy. Sars's specimens
were dredged by the Josephine expedition in 18 fathoms off Skiunecock
Bay, Long Island, and in 30 to 35 fathoms, latitude 39° 54' north, lon
gitude 73° 15' west, off the coast of Xew Jersey.

Our specimens agree well with Sars's description, except that the sec
ond segment of the inner ram us of the lateral caudal appendages has
but three, or rarely four, spines upon the inner margin, while in Sars's
specimens there were five.

DIASTYLIS SCULPTA Sars.

LOG. cit., p. 71.

With the last species, in 18 fathoms, off Skinnecock Bay, according to
Sars.

DIASTYLIS ABBREVIATA Sars.

Loc. cit., p. 74.

Rare in 30 to 35 fathoms, off the coast of ^ew Jersey, with the
first species, (Sars.)

EUDORELLA PUS1LLA Sars.
Loc. cit., p. 79.

iN"ot infrequent in 18 fathoms, off Skinnecock Bay, (Sars.)

[555] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 261

EUDORELLA HISPIDA SarS.

Loc. cit., p. 80.

Bare in 30 to 35 fathoms, with the other species mentioned, off the
coast of New Jersey, (Sars.)

AMPHIPODA.

ORCHESTIA AGKLLIS Smith, sp. nov. Plate IT, fig. 14. (p. 314.)

Male : Autennula not quite reaching the distal extremity of the
penultimate segment of the antenna; second and third segments of
the peduncle about equal in length, and each slightly longer than the
first j flagellum about as long as the two last segments of the peduncle.
Antenna less than half as long as the body; segments of the peduncle
stout and swollen, the ultimate longer than the penultimate ; flagellum
stout, compressed vertically, much shorter than the peduncle, composed
of twelve to fifteen segments. Propodus in the second pair of legs
short and thickened laterally, the palmary margin with a small promi
nence on the outer edge of the posterior angle, behind which the tip of
the dactylus closes, and along the inner edge, inside the dactylus, with
a thin ridge, which is broken by a small notch near the posterior angle,
so that the margin when viewed laterally shows a broad lobe next the
base of the dactylus and two small, rounded lobes next the posterior
angle, the tip of the dactylus resting between the small lobes ; dactylus
slender, curved so as to fit closely the palmary margin, and furnished
with very minute setre along the prehensile margin. Posterior thoracic
legs slightly longer than the preceding; carpus in full-grown specimens
short, much swollen, and thickened so as to be nearly cylindrical.

Female : Carpus and hand in the second pair of legs unarmed ; pro-
podus short, slightly spatulate in outline, with a pair of minute seta3 at
the base of the dactylus, which is very short, not reaching the extremity
of the propodus.

Length : male, 10-15111111 ; female, 10-14.

Bay of Fundy to New Jersey.

ORCHESTIA PALUSTRIS Smith, sp. nov. (p. 408.)

Male : Antennulre reaching slightly beyond the distal extremity of
the penultimate segment of the peduncle of the antennae. Antennae
less than half as long as the body ; peduncle slender ; flagellum slen
der, longer than the peduncle, composed of eighteen to twenty-six seg
ments. Propodus in the second pair of legs nearly oval in outline, the
palmary margin spiuous, regularly curved to the posterior angle, which
projects on the outer edge in a slight, rounded prominence, within which
the tip of the dactylus closes ; dactylus slender, curved so as to nearly
fit the palmary margin, and furnished with minute setue along the pre
hensile margin. Posterior thoracic legs slightly longer than the pre
ceding ; carpus and propodus both long and slender.

The female differs from the male as in the last species.

Length, male, 15-22mm ; female, 12-1S111111.

Cape Cod to Kew Jersey, and verv likelv farther north and south.

262 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [556}

TALORCHESTIA LONGICORNIS Smith, (p. 336.)

Talitrus longicornis Say, loc. cit., p, 384, 1818. Orcliestia Jongicornis Edwards,
His. nat. des. Crust., tome iii, p. 18, 1840; De Kay, op. cit., p. 36, PI. 7, fig. 19.

Cape Cod to New Jersey, and probably farther south.
TALORCHESTIA MEGALOPHTHALMA Smith, (p. 33C.)

Orchestia megalophtlialma Bate, Catalogue Ampliip. Crust., British Museum, p. 22,
1862.

Cape Cod to New Jersey, and probably farther south.

Talitrus quadrifidus, De Kay, (op. cit., p. 36, PI. 14, fig. 27,) may be
based on the female of one of the preceding species, but it so is badly
described and figured as to be indeterminable.

HYALE LITTORALIS Smith, (p. 315.)

Allorchestes littoralis Stirnpson, Marine Invertebrata of Graud Manan, p. 49., PI. 3,
fig. 36, 1853; Bate, Catalogue Ampbip. Crust., British Museum, p. 48, PI. 8, fig.
2, 1862.

This species was found at New Haven, Connecticut., by Professor
Verrill, May 5, 1873, and is one of the inhabitants of rocky shores, piles
of wharves, &c. I have found it at Provincetown, Massachusetts, and
it is abundant in the Bay of Fundy. It is undoubtedly abundant on the
whole New England coast, but its station upon the shore is so high up
on the beach that it is likely to be overlooked.

LYSIANASSA, species, (p. 431.)

A species of this genus, as restricted by Boeck, was several times
dredged in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.

Several other species of Lysianassince were taken in Vineyard Sound
and the neighboring region, but they have not yet been sufficiently
studied to be enumerated. The species of this group are much less
common and the individuals smaller on the coast of Southern New Eng-
and than they are upon the coast of Maine and farther north.

LEPIDACTYLIS DYTISCUS Say. (p. 339.)

Loc. cit., p. 380, 1818.

Georgia to Cape Cod.
PHOXUS KROYERI Stimpsou. (p. 501.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 58, 1853.

Kare in Vineyard Sound and usually in deep water. Common in the
Bay of Fundy.

UROTHOE, species, (p. 452.)

A species with long, slender antenme and very large black eyes,
and apparently belonging to this genus, was taken in great numbers at
the surface at Wood's Hole, on the evening of July 3, and on one or
two other occasions. In life it was whitish, slightly tinged with orange-
yellow.

MONOCULODES, species, (p. 452.)

A single specimen taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, December
21, by Mr. V. N. Edwards.

[557] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC* 263

LAPHYSTIUS STURIONIS Kroyer. (p. 457.)

Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 157, 1842. Darwinia compressa Bate, Report Brit. Assoc.,
1855, p. 58 ; Catalogue Ampbip. Crust., Brit. Mus., p, 108, PL 17, fig. 7 ; Bate
and Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, vol. i, p. 184, wood cut.

A parasitic amphipod, apparently quite identical with this species of
Europe, was found in the mouth of a goose-fish (Lophius Americanus]
taken in Vineyard Sound. A species, apparently the same, was also
taken from the back of a skate (Kaia lewis) in the Bay of Fundy the
past summer. It is readily distinguished by its broad depressed form,
and by having the third to fifth pairs of legs very stout and their distal
segments forming powerful talon-like claws, while the first and second
pairs are small and slender.

CALLIOPIUS L^VIUSCULUS Boeck. (p. 315.)

Crust. Ampbipoda borealia et arctica, p. 117, 1870. Amphithoe Icvvinscula Kroyer
Gronlands Amtipoder, p. 53, PI. 3. fig. 13, 1838. Calliope Icevinsoula Bate, Cata
logue Ampbip. Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 148, PI. 28, fig. 2, 1862 ; Bate and Westwood,
op. cit., vol. i, p. 156, wood cut.

Vineyard Sound and northward to Greenland, Northern Europe, and
Spitzbergen.

PONTOGrENEIA INERMIS Boeck. (p. 452.)

Op. cit., p. 114, 1870. Amphithoe inermis and crenulata, Kroyer, Gronlaiids Am-
fipoder, pp. 47, 50, PI. 3, figs. 11, 12, 1838. Iphimeclia vulgaris Stimpsoii,
Marine Invertebrata of Grand Mauan, p. 53, 1853. Atylus inermis, crenulatus,
and t'M^am Bate, Catalogue Ampbip. Crust. Brit. Mus., pp. 138, 139, 142, PI. 27,
figs. 5,6, 1862. Atylus vulgaris Packard, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
i, p. 298, 1867. (Not Atylus (Paramphitoe) inermis Packard, loc. cit., p. 298, PL
8, fig. 3.)

Taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, in March, by Mr. V. N. Ed
wards. It is abundant, in company with Calllopius Icuviusculus, about
the Bay of Fundy in pools left by the tide, and 'ranges north to Labra
dor and Greenland.

GAMMARUS ORNATUS Edwards. Plate IV, fig. 15. (p. 314.)

Ann ales des Sci. nat., tome xx, 1830, p. 367, PL 10, figs. 1-10 ; Hist. nat. des
Crust., tome iii, p. 47; Bate, op. cit., p. 212, PL 37, fig. 8. Gammarus locusta
Gould, op. cit., p. 334. Gammarmpu-lex Stimpson, Marine Invert. Grand Mauau,
p. 55.

New Jersey to Greenland.

GAMMARUS ANNULATUS Smith, sp. uov. (p. o!4.)

Anterior margin of the head produced each side beneath the an ten -
uulae into a truncated lobe, which extends farther forward than in G.
ornatus; eyes scarcely reniform, less elongated than in G. ornatusyaiid
their lower margins not reaching, by considerable, the anterior border
of the truncated lobe. Antennas longer than the antenuulas ; the ulti
mate segment of the peduncle longer than the penultimate ; the flagel-
lum much more slender, the segments more elongated and with fewer
hairs, than in G. ornatus. Hands of the first pair of legs more elongated
than in G. ornatus, and the palmary margins very oblique. Propodus in

264 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [558}

the second pair very narrow and elongated, subcyliudrical, slightly
flattened on the inner side, the palmary margin longitudinal, and scarcely
distinct from the posterior margin. Fourth segment of the abdomen
with a median fascicle of two large and two small spines, but no lateral
fascicles. Fifth and sixth segments with both median and lateral
fascicles of spines.

Color in life grayish white, the posterior margins of the segments
bordered with brown, giving the body an annnlated appearance.

Length, 12-18mm.

Xew Haven. Connecticut, and East-port, Maine, and doubtless abundant
at other points on the coast.

This species closely resembles the fresh- water G. fasciatus, but is
distinguished from it by the proportions of the segments of the pedun
cles of the antennae, and by wanting the lateral fascicles of spines upon
the fourth segment of the abdomen.

GAM3IARUS NATATOR Smith, Sp. UOV. (p. 439.)

Male : Eyes large, enlongated, but only slightly reuiform. Anten-
uula short and stout, about three-sevenths as long as thabody ; flagellum
but little longer than the peduncle ; secondar}7 flagellum nearly half as
long as the primary. Antenna considerably longer than the antennula;
penultimate segment of the peduncle reaching to the extremity of the
peduncle of the antennula ; ultimate segment of the peduncle longer
than the penultimate; flagellum about two-thirds as long as the pedun
cle. Both antennulie and antennae are furnished with very long hairs,
of which many on the antennulae are plumose. First, second, and third
epimera margined on the inferior edges with long cilia. First pair of
legs more slender than the second ; propodus oval, twice as long as-
broad, palmary margin continuous with the inferior, with a very narrow
lamellar edge, a stout obtuse spine in the middle, and two smaller ones
at the inferior angle ; dactylus strongly curved. In the second pair the
propodus is more than half as broad as long, and somewhat rectangular
in outline, except that the palmary margin is slightly oblique ; the pal
mary margin has a narrow lamellar edge, with a slight emargination in
the middle, from which a stout obtuse spine arises, and at the inferior
angle there are two or three smaller spines, as in the first pair. The
inferior edges of the carpi and propodi of both pairs of legs are thickly
clothed with long hairs. Xatatory [legs reaching to the tips of the
telson. Second and third segments of the abdomen with the sides
produced backward, and the postero-inferior angle acute. Fourth
segment with only a median fascicle of spines ; fifth and sixth
segments with median and lateral fascicles. Kami of the posterior
caudal stylets lanceolate, five or six times as long as broad, the outer
extending beyond the inner by the]length of its terminal article, which
is very slender, almost spiniform, the edges of both rami clothed with
long plumose hairs. Each division of the telson nearly three times as.
long as broad.

[559] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 265

In the female the hands of the first and second pairs of legs are
smaller and slenderer, and the propodi somewhat oval and nearly alike
in both pairs ; otherwise the females do not differ from the males, except
that the rami of the posterior caudal stylets are, 'perhaps, a very little
shorter and broader in proportion.

Length, 10-12—.

Vineyard Sound, in vast numbers at the surface of the water, usually
among floating sea- weeds and eel-grass. Also from stomach of mackerel,
May 20.

GAMMAKUS MARINUS Leach, (p. 486.)

Trails. Linuean Soc., London, vol. xi, p. 359, 1815; Bate, Catalogue Amphip.
Crust., Brit. Mus., p. '215, PI. 38, fig. 4 ; Bate and Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed
Crust., vol. i, p. 370, wood-cut.

A species which I cannot distinguish, by the published figures and
descriptions, from this common species of Europe, was not uncommon,
associated with Amphithoe maculata, under stones at the Wepecket
Islands, Gull Island, Cuttyhunk Island, and at other places on Vine
yard Sound and Buzzard's Bay. It has also been found at Watch Hill,
Rhode Island, and at New Haven, Connecticut, by Professor Verrill.
It is at once distinguished from all the other species of our coast by its
slender form, slender antennae, by having the sides of the second and
third segments of the abdomen narrow and not produced or acute at the
postero-inferior angle, and by having the outer rami of the posterior
caudal stylets four or five times as long as the inner.

GAMMABUS MUCKONATUS Say. (p. 479.)

Loc. cit., p, 376, 1818; De Kay, op. cit., p. 37. Gammamcanthus mucronatus Bate,,
op. cit,, p. 203.

Readily distinguished from the other species of the coast by having
the posterior margin of each of the anterior segments of the abdomen
produced into a slender, spiniform, dorsal tooth. In life, it is translu
cent, tinged with green, or yellowish green, minutely specked with brown
or black; these black or brown markings and the green color being fre
quently so arranged as to give the antenna and legs a banded appear
ance. Our species cannot be referred to Bate's genus Gammar acanthus r
for the dorsal margin is not distinctly cariuated, and the third, fourth,,
and fifth segments of the abdomen are furnished with fascicles of spines.

Usually iu brackish water, North Carolina to Cape Cod, and, accord
ing to Say, from Florida also.

MCERA LEVIS Smith, sp. uov. (p. 315.)

Eyes nearly round; black in alcoholic specimens. Anteunula two-
thirds as long as the body ; first and second segments of the peduncle
equal in length, third about two-thirds as long as the second ; flagelluni
about as long as the peduncle. Antenna about as long as the peduncle
of the autenimla ; ultimate and penultimate segments equal in length,
antepenultimate very short ; flagelluin much shorterthan the peduncle.
Legs of the first pair small ; carpus as broad as the propodus, but little

266 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [560]

longer than broad, the posterior margin straight and furnished with fas
cicles of stout hairs ; palmary margin nearly transverse, slightly arcuate,
and armed with short setie ; dactylus slender and fitting closely the pal
mary margin. Legs of the second pair larger; carpus short, as broad
as the base of the propodus, the posterior angle thickly clothed with
stout hairs ; propodus in the male stout, broadest distally, the palmary
margin expanded toward the inferior angle and excavated on the inner
side to receive the long and strongly curved dactylus ; in the female,
elongated, slightly narrowed distally, the posterior margin continuous
and nearly parallel with the palmary, and furnished with fascicles of
stout hairs. Fifth pair of legs but little longer than the third or fourth :
sixth and seventh much longer than the fifth, subequal, stout, their
meral and carpal segments considerably expanded, especially in the male.
Ultimate caudal stylets projecting a little beyond the preceding pairs ;
rami short, broad, and with spiuous tips ; the outer ramus slightly longer
and broader than the inner, and its outer margin armed with a very few
fascicles of spinules. Telson reaching to the bases of the rami of the
posterior caudal stylets, nearly as broad as long, and cleft two-thirds of
the way to the base.

Length, 5-7lllm.

New Jersey, Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound.

MELITA NITIDA Smith, sp. uov. (p. 314.)

Eyes small, round, black. Antennula about two- thirds as long as
the body ; first segment of the peduncle slightly shorter than the second,
which is nearly twice as long as the last; flagelluni longer than the pe
duncle. Antenna shorter than the antennula, but the peduncle consid
erably longer than the peduncle of the antennula, the penultimate seg
ment being scarcely shorter than the penultimate segment of the au-
tennula, while the ultimate segment is subequal with it. First pair of
legs with the carpus longer and broader than the propodus; propodus
oblong, slightly curved ; dactylus very small but stout, curved, and at
tached in a notch in the middle of the extremity of the propodus, not
closing upon the extremity of the propodus but projecting inward*
Second pair of legs stout; carpus short, triangular; propodus some,
what oval, the palmary margin oblique, arcuate, continuous with the
posterior margin, and armed with a series of minute spines and with
numerous stiff hairs, the clothing of hairs continuing round upon the
posterior margin to the carpus; dactylus curved, tip resting within the
palmary margin. Third pair of legs slightly longer than the fourth.
Three posterior pairs slender, the fifth somewhat shorter than the sixth
and seventh, which are subequal, and have the anterior margins of the
bases armed with small spines and the posterior margins minutely ser
rate. None of the dorsal margins of the segments of the abdomen ser
rate or emarginate, but the margin of the fifth segment armed with
several slender spines on each side near the median line of the dorsum.
Penultimate caudal stylets not quite reaching the tip of the preceding

[561] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 267

pair. The ultimate pair very long and armed with fascicles of spines
along the margins. Divisions of the telson slender, spinous at the tips-

In life dark greenish slate-color, changing in alcohol to dark slate.

Length, 7-9mm.

New Jersey to Cape Cod.

AMPELISCA. Plate IV, lig. 17. (pp. 431, 507.)

The species of this genns found upon our coast have not yet been
carefully studied. At least two species were taken in Vineyard Sound
and Buzzard's Bay. The genus is readily recognized, but the species
are difficult to distinguish.

BYBLTS SERRATA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 501.)

Female : Dorsum rounded above, with no trace of a longitudinal carina
upon the abdomen 5 third segment of the abdomen broadly rounded at
the postero-lateral angle. Autennula about as long as the peduncle of
the antenna ; fourth segment of the peduncle of the antenna longer than
the fifth. Inferior margins of the epimera of the first and second pairs of
legs serrate, with slender and acute teeth alternating with the marginal
cilia; carpus in the first pair scarcely if any longer than the propadus-
carpus in the second pair very much longer than the propodus. In the
third and fourth pairs of legs the dactylus as longas the propodus. Basal
segment in the seventh pair of legs expanding distally, the posterior
margin nearly straight, the anterior and inferior margins evenly arcuated,
and reaching as far as the distal end of the carpus; carpus about as long-
as the ischitun and merus together, a little less than twice as long as
broad, and armed with long spines upon the anterior and distal margins,
but the posterior margin wholly unarmed ; propodus almost as long as
the carpus, and nearly four times as long as broad, anterior margin un
armed, the posterior armed upon the outside with two transverse rows
of three or four spines, decreasing in size as they recede from the mar
gin, the distal end with a spine each side the slender dactylus. Kami
of the first pair of caudal stylets equal, as long as the base; outer raini
of the second pair shorter than the inner; rami of the posterior pair
equal, longer than the bases, reaching to the tips of tke rami of the first
pair, Telson as long as the breadth at base, cleft rather more than half
its length, the lateral margins arcuate, and rapidly converging toward
the evenly rounded extremity.

Alcoholic specimens are pale yellowish, the epimera, bases of the pos
terior legs, and the sides of the abdomen specked and mottled with
numerous points of dark pigment crowded irregularly together.

Length, 10-12nmi.

Deep water off Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.

PTILOCIIEIRUS PINGUIS Stimpson. (p. 431.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 56, 1853. Protomcdia pingus Bate,
Catalogue Amphip. Crnst. Brit. Mus., p. 170, PI. 31, fig. 2, 1862.

Common on the whole coast of New England upon muddy bottoms
19 v

268 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [562]

and north to Labrador. In depth it extends down to 150 fathoms,
and probably much farther.

MICRODETJTOPUS MINAX Smith, sp. nov. (p. 470.)

Antennula about two-thirds as long as the body; first segment of the
peduncle stout, about as long as the head ; second segment a little
longer and much more slender; third segment nearly half as long as the
first; flagellum slender, about a third longer than the peduncle; second
ary flagellum very small, consisting usually of but one segment. An
tenna about two-thirds as long as the antennula; ultimate and penul
timate segments of the peduncle equal in length, and each fully twice as
long as the antepenultimate; flagellum scarcely as long as the last seg
ment of the peduncle. Hands of the first pair of legs in the male greatly
developed; carpus very large, scarcely longer than the breadth in the
middle ; superior margin strongly arcuate, the inferior angle produced
into a stout process opposed to the propodus, and the inferior margin
arcuate and armed distally with two teeth, a large and prominent one at
the base of the terminal process, the other small, obtuse, or even obso
lete; propodus not more than half as long as the carpus, much longer
than broad, the inferior margin with two broad obtuse teeth ; dactylus
stout, a little shorter than the propodus. Legs of the second pair with
the basal segment broad and squamiform; carpus elongated; propodus
as long as the carpus and as broad as its distal portion, rectangular,
about two and a half times as long as broad; dactylus short and hooked
at the tip. In the female the hands of the first pair of legs are only
moderately developed ; carpus broad ; propodus scarcely as broad as
the carpus, rectangular, the palmary margin somewhat oblique, and the
inferior margin armed with a spine at the obtusely rounded inferior
angle. In the second pair the basal segment is not expanded but narrow j
the carpus and propodus much as in the male, except that they are
clothed with numerous long, plumose hairs. The bases of the first and
second pairs of caudal stylets are armed with a long, slender, spiniform
process, arising from the distal end just below the bases of the rami.
The outer rami of the posterior stylets are a little longer than the inner.
All the stylets extend to the same point.

Length, about 4mm.

Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound.

Another species of Microdeutopus was collected in Vineyard Sound,
but it was not abundant.

ATJTONOE, species, (p. 415.)

A species belonging apparently in this genus, as defined by Boeck,
was common in Vineyard Sound, living in tubes in masses of a compound
Ascidian (Amouroucium pellucidum Verrill) in 3 to 8 fathoms. It is 6 or
7mm in length, and in life the antennuhe and antenna) are obscurely
banded and specked with pink; the body above, except upon the fifth
segment and the posterior part of the abdomen, is almost black, the

[563] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 269

color extending down upon the epimera, while the legs and caudal ap
pendages are semi- translucent. The eyes are large and black.

AMPHITHOE MACULATA Stimpson. Plate IV, fig. 16. (p. 315.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 53, 1853.

Vineyard Sound to the Bay of Fundy and Labrador.

AMPHITHOE VALID A Smith, sp. nov. (p. 315.)

Male : Eyes round, black in alcoholic specimens. Antennuloe and
an tenure subequal in length. Peduncle of the anteunula extending
scarcely beyond the distal extremity of penultimate segment of the
peduncle of the antenna; the second segment but little longer than the
first; ultimate segment short and slender. Ultimate and penultimate
segments of the peduncle of the antenna subequal in length. First
pair of legs short, compressed ; carpus as broad as the propodus ; pro-
podus broad, oval in outline, the posterior and palmary margins forming
a continuous, nearly semicircular curve; dactylus fitting closely the pal
mary margin. Second pair of legs very large; carpus small; propodus
oblong, broadest at the distal extremity, very large and thickened, the
outer surface convex, the inner flattened, palmary margin transverse,
with a broad, low, median tooth, and a rounded prominence at the in
ferior angle, within which the tip of the very stout and strongly curved
dactylus closes.

The female differs in having the hands of the first pair of legs slightly
more elongated, and those of the second pair smaller than in the male,
and the palmary margin slightly oblique.

Color in life, bright green.

Length, 10-13mm.

Xew Jersey and Long Island Sound.

AMPHITHOE LONGTMANA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 370.)

Male : Eyes round, and, in specimens preserved in alcohol, black.
Autennula slender and as long as the body; second segment of the
peduncle a little longer than the first; third segment about half as
long as the second; flagellum about twice as long as the peduncle. An
tenna considerably stouter and slightly shorter than the antennula, the
peduncle about twice as long as the flagellum; third segment of the
peduncle a little more than half as long as the first segment of the pe
duncle of the antennula ; fourth segment nearly three times as long as
the third; fifth considerably longer than the fourth; flagellum a little
longer, or sometimes only as long, as the fifth segment of the peduncle.
Hands of the first and second pairs of legs stout and much elongated.
Carpus in the first pair nearly as long as the first segment of the pedun
cle of the antenuula, narrow ; propodus much more than twice as long
as broad, as wide and long as the carpus, of the same width throughout,
slightly curved, and the very short palmary margin transverse; dacty
lus stout, very little curved, more than half as long as the propodus,
and projecting far beyond its inferior edge ; the posterior margins of

270 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [564]

both propodus and carpus densely clothed with long, stiff hairs. Carpus
in the second pair of legs short, with an angular prominence upon the
posterior side ; propodus as long as in the first pair, and much broader,
the palmary margin oblique, projecting at the inferior angle, just inside
of which there is a .deep sinus in the margin. Posterior edges of the
bases of the sixth and seventh pairs of legs unarmed.

In the female the antenna are shorter and not quite as stout, and the
hands of the first and second pairs of legs are very much shorter,
smaller, and much less hairy ; in the first pair the carpus and propodus
are very much shorter and proportionally broader, and the palmary
margin of the propodus more oblique 5 in the second pair the propodus
is short and somewhat oval, with a slight prominence at the inferior
angle of the palmary margin.

Length, 6-9mm.

New Jersey; Great South Bay, Long Island ; Vineyard Sound. Com
mon among eel-grass in sheltered situations. The young, even 5 or Gmm
long, were taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound several times.

AMPHITHOE COMPTA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 370.)

Eyes small, round, red in life, but fading in alcohol to whitish. An
tennula slender, as long as the body; first segment of the peduncle as
long as the head ; second slightly longer than the first; last a third as
long as the second ; flagellum very slender, nearly three times as long
as the peduncle. There is a rudimentary secondary flagellum, not
longer than the first two segments of the primary flagellum and very
slender. Antenna a little shorter than the antennula; the peduncle
very little shorter than that of the autennula; last two segments about
equal in length, the penultimate reaching as far as the same segments
of the antennula; flagellum about as long as the peduncle. First and
second pairs of legs, in the male, about equal in size, as long as the head
and thorax together, and clothed on both margins with long, plumose
hairs. Carpus in the first pair longer than, and as broad as, the pro
podus, the distal extremity truncate and right-angled at the inferior mar
gin ; the propodus much longer than broad, the palmary margin oblique,
very nearly straight, and armed at the inferior angle upon the inner side
with a stout spine. Carpus in the second paif narrower than in the first,
the distal extremity obliquely rounded at the inferior angle ; propodus
as long as the carpus and no broader, the palmary margin less oblique
than in the first pair, without any spine, and the inferior angle slightly
projecting ; dactylus, strongly curved and closing by the margin of the
propodus. In the female the legs of the first and second pairs are nearly
alike in form, very much smaller and weaker than in the male, and only
sparsely clothed with mostly simple hairs, except upon the inferior margin
of the carpus in the second pair. In both pairs the carpus is about as long
and broad as the propodus ; the propodus is short, narrowed toward the
carpus, the palmary margin oblique, convex in outline, with the infe
rior angle rounded and armed with a stout spine on the inside. Second

[5C5] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 271

and third segments of the abdomen produced into a slight angular
prominence at the postero-inferior angle. The posterior edges of the
bases of the sixth and seventh pairs of legs not serrated but armed with
two to four small spines. First and second pairs of caudal stylets ex
tending scarcely beyond the posterior pair. In the first pair there is a
long, slender spine projecting from the distal extremity of the base be
neath the rami.

Length of largest specimen examined, 13mm.

Xorth Carolina to Cape Cod. Common among eel-grass. Taken at
surface in Vineyard Sound.

PODOCERUS FUCICOLA Smith, (p. 493.)

Cerapus fticicola Stimpson, Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 48, PI. 3,
fig. 34, 1853.

This species was dredged by Professor Verrill, in 4 to 5 fathoms, off
Watch Hill, Rhode Island, in April, 1873. It is common in the Bay of
Fundy.

PODOCERUS, species, (p. 494.)

Another species of the same genus was taken in abundance with the
last. It is a large and dark-colored species.

CERAPUS RUBRICORNIS Stimpson. Plate IV, fig. 18.

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manaii, p. 46, PI. 3, fig. 33, 1853; Bate, Catalogue
Ampliip. Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 256, PI. 45, fig. 4.

Not common south of Cape Cod, but very abundant in the Bay of
Fuudy and north to the coast of Labrador. In depth it extends down
to 100 fathoms at least.

CERAPUS MINAX Smith, sp. nov.

Autenuulre and antennae about equal in length, rather more than half
as long as the body. Second pair of legs greatly developed in the male,
the hand nearly half as long as the body; carpus elongated, narrow,
nearly three times as long as the breadth in the middle, the posterior
angle projecting into a broad process about as long as the dactylus, and
armed on the inside with a tooth nearly as stout as the distal part of
the process itself, but projecting only about half as far; propodus about
half as long as the carpus, twice as long as broad; dactylus consider
ably shorter than the propodus, the tip in most of the larger specimens
furnished with a pencil of long hairs. In the female the hand in the
second pair of legs is small ; the carpus produced into a long process on
the inferior edge of the propodus to the palmary margin ; propodus
short, broad, somewhat oval, the palmary margin arcuate and armed
with several short spines on the portion next the carpal process.

Length, about 4mm.

Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound.

? CERAPUS TUBULARIS Say. (p. 39G.)

Loc. cit., p. 49, PL 4, fig. 7-11, 1817.

Several specimens of a small amphipod, dredged, June 27, in Vine3rard

272 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [566 J

Sound, among masses of a large compound Ascidiau, (Amouroucium pel-
lucidum,) in eight to ten fathoms, off Nobska Point, are probably this
species, but unfortunately females only were obtained, while Say de
scribes and figures the male alone. In our specimens, the antennulre
and antennae are spotted with very dark purplish-brown, the anterior
part of the body almost black, the middle and posterior portions spotted
with black, or very dark purplish brown. They are between 4 and 51U1U
long and inhabit unattached tubes as described by Say. The tubes are
regularly cylindrical, quite thin and delicate, black, about 5mm long, and
0.4mm in diameter, and are carried about by the animal very much as the
larva? of some of the Pnryganeidse carry about their tubes in fresh water.
In the structure of the caudal appendages, our specimens are quite differ
ent from the species usually referred to Cerapus, but I have not thought
best to make any changes in nomenclature until the discovery of the
male shall make it certain whether our specimens belong to the species
described by Say.

COROPHIUM CYLINDBICUM Smith, (p. 370.)

Podocerns cylindricus, Say loc. cit., p. 387, 1818, (not of Bate, Catalogue Amphip.
Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 256.)

New Jersey to Vineyard Sound. Very abundant among weeds and
hydroids about piles of wharves, and almost everywhere in shallow
water.

Length, about 4mra.

SlPHONCECETES CUSPID ATUS Smith, Sp. 110V. (p. 501.)

Male: Head produced into a long, slender, acute rostrum, and each
side between the autennula and antenna into a long lobe rounded at
the end where the eye is situated, and contracted toward the base.
Antennula reaching about to the middle of the fourth segment of the
peduncle of the antenna; segments of the peduncle equal in length;
flagellum scarcely longer than a segment of the peduncle, and composed
usually of five segments. Antenna a little longer than the body ; third
segment of the peduncle a little longer than any segment of the peduncle
of the attennula ; fourth segment nearly twice as long as the third ; last
segment nearly one-half longer than the third; flagellum a little shorter
than the last segment of the peduncle. Legs much like Kroyer's fig
ures of 8. typicus, those of the first pair with the carpus twice as long
as broad ; propodus slightly narrower and a little longer than the car
pus, the posterior edge furnished with long hairs and several stout spines.
Legs of the second pair much stouter. Posterior caudal stylets with
the terminal process fully as long as the rarnus itself, the ramus as broad
as long, the extremity obtusely rounded and furnished with very long
hairs. Telson broader than long, transversely elliptical.

In the female the antennae and second pair of legs are more slender
than in the male.

In alcoholic specimens the antennulie are marked with narrow bands
of black or dark brown upon each segment of the flagellum and at

£567] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 273

both ends of the second and third segments of the peduncle, and the
antenna) are obscurely banded and tinged with a lighter color.

Length, about 6mm.

It inhabits tubes constructed of grains of sand.

In deep water off Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.

UNCIOLA IRRORATA Say. Plate IY, fig. 10. (p. 340.)

Loc. cit., p. 389, 1818 ; Stimpson, Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 45.

This species grows to a much larger size than described by Say, being
frequently 15mm in length.

New Jersey to the Bay of Fundy, and probably much farther north,
and from low water to more than 400 fathoms in depth.

HYPERIA, species, (p. 439.)

A large species of Hyper ia was several times found upon the large
red jelly-fish (Cyanca) in Vineyard Sound. The same species is com
mon in the Bay of Fundy, but has not been identified with certainty.

Another species of Hyperia was taken at the surface, in company
with Salpa, in Vineyard Sound, early in September.

PHRONIMA, species, (p. 439.)

A species of this peculiar genus was taken at the surface, in company
with Salpa, off Gay Head, early in September. It is closely allied to
the P. Atlantica of Guerin. According to Professor Yen-ill's notes it
is, in life, translucent, scarcely tinged with yellowish white, and nearly
invisible in the water ; the eyes red.

Another form allied to the last was taken with it, and is possibly the
male of the same species, but differs from it, and from the characters
usually assigned to the genus, in possessing well-developed antennulse.
In life, according to Professor Verrill, it was translucent whitish, the
body spotted with dark brown, and the eyes blackish.

THYROPUS, species.

A single specimen of a species of this genus was taken with the Phro-
nima and Salpa, off Gay Head, early in September.

. CAPRELLA GEOIMETRICA Say. Plate V, fig. 20. (p. 480.)

Loc. cit., p. 390, 1818; Bate, Catajpgtte Ampliip. Crust. British Mas., p. 357, PI.
56, fig. 8.

North Carolina to Vineyard Sound, especially among eel-grass ; very
abundant in Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871.

CAPRELLA, species, (p. 31G.)

A larger species of Caprella, which is common in the Bay of Fundy,
was frequently dredged in Vineyard Sound.

ISOPODA.

SCYPHACELLA Smith, gen. iiov.
Near Scyphax, Dana.* Antenna composed of eight distinct segments,

* U. S. Exploring Expedition, Crust., p. 734, PL 48, n». 5.

274

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [568]

with a geniculation at the articulation of the fourth with the fifth seg
ment; terminal portion, corresponding to the flagellum, composed of
three closely articulated segments, besides a minute apical one; mandi
bles slender, without palpi; exposed portion of the maxillipeds formed
of only two segments; the basal one with a narrow, elongated portion,
which is abruptly narrowed at the articulation of the terminal segment,
and sends a slender process beneath it to the middle of its inner margin ;
the terminal segment much narrower than the basal, and tapering
toward the extremity; legs subequal, the posterior not shorter than
the others ; terminal segment of the abdomen produced between the
posterior caudal appendages, which are short and essentially as in the
allied genera.

This genus differs from Seypliax most notably in the form of the max
illipeds, which in Scypliax have the terminal segment broad and serrately
lobed, while in our genus it is elongated, tapering, and has entire mar
gins. In Seyphax, also, the posterior pair of thoracic legs are much
smaller than the others, and weak ; the last segment of the abdomen is
truncated at the apex, and the articulations between the segments of
the terminal portion of the antenna} are much more complete than in our
species. The general form and appearance of the genera are the same,
and the known species agree remarkably in habits, the Scypliax, accord
ing to Dana, occurring on the beach of Parua Harbor, New Zealand,
and found in the sand by turning it over for the depth of a few inches*

SCYPHACELLA ABENIGOLA Smith, sp. I10V. (p. 337.)

Body elliptical; abdomen not abruptly narrower than the thorax; the
whole dorsal surface, except the extremity of the abdomen, covered with
small, depressed tubercles, which give rise to minute spiuules ; eyes
prominent, round ; antenna a little longer thaii the breadth of the body;
first and second segments short, equal ; third, fourth, and fifth succes
sively longer, the fifth being rather longer than the terminal portion,
w^hich is more slender than the fifth segment, tapers regularly to the
tip, and is composed of three successively much shorter segments, and
a very short, somewhat spiniform, but obtuse, terminal one; all the seg
ments, except the minute terminal one, scatteriugly beset with spinules}
legs beset with small spines ; the ischial, uteral, carpal, and propodal
segments subequal ; terminal x>rocess of the last segment of the abdo
men narrow, triangular, with the apex slightly rounded, and the dorsal
surface a little concave; posterior caudal appendages much shorter than
the abdomen; rami slightly unequal, the outer stout, spinulose, the inner
a little shorter and much more slender.

Color, in life, nearly white, with chalky white spots and scattered,
blackish dots arranged irregularly. Eyes black.

Length, 3-4mm. v

Found at Somers's and^Beesley's Points, on Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey, in April, 1871, burrowing in the sand of the beaches, just above

[569] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 275

ordinary high- water mark, in company with several species of Staphyli-
nidcej and will very likely be found on Long Island and the southern coast
of New England.

PHILOSCIA VITTATA Say.

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 429, 1818.

Under rubbish below high-water mark, Connecticut and Xew Jersey.
SPHJEROMA QUADRIDENTATA Say. Plate Y, fig. 21. (p. 315.)

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 400, 1818.

Massachusetts to Florida.

IDOTEA G^ECA Say. Plate Y, fig. 22. (p. 340.)

L^. cit., p. 424, 1813. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 337, 1841.

Massachusetts to Florida.
IDOTEA TUFTSII Stimpson. (p. 340.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Mauan, p. 39, 1853.

Bay of Fundy and off New London, Connecticut.
- IDOTEA IRRORATA Edwards. Plate Y, fig. 23. (p. 316.)

Hist. nat. des Crust., vol. iii, p. 132, 1840. Stenosoma irrorata Say, loc. cit., p. 423,
1818; Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 338, 1841.

Bay of Fundy to Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
IDOTEA ROBUST A Kroyer. Plate Y, fig. 24. (p. 439.)

Naturhist. Tidssk., 2d R., Bind ii, p. 108, 1846 ; Stimpsoii, Proceedings Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1862, p. 133.

South shore of Long Island to the Arctic Ocean. A pelagic species.

IDOTEA PHOSPHOREA Harger, sp. nov. (p. 316.)

Resembling I. irrorata in size and shape, but easily distinguished
from that species by the pointed abdomen.

Antennae less than half the length of the body, antennulse attaining
the end of the third segment of the antennae. Front slightly excavated
with the lateral angles salient. Head about twice as broad as long,
turgid, and usually with a pair of tubercles on the vertex. Eyes placed
a little before the middle of the lateral margin, hemispherical, black.
First segment of thorax produced laterally around the back part of the
head nearly to the eyes, showing no epirneral sutures. Second segment
much longer on the median line, but shorter at the sides than, the first ;
the epimera occupy the anterior two-thirds of the lateral margin. Third
segment slightly longer than the second ; the epirnera occupying still
more of the lateral margin. Fourth segment of about the same length
as third ; the epimera occupying nearly or quite all the lateral margin.
The remaining three thoracic segments gradually decrease in size; the
epimera occupy the whole lateral margin and increase in size poste
riorly. The first two abdominal segments are distinct and acute at the
sides. The third is similar to these at the sides, but is only separated

276 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [570]

from the last by an incision reaching about half way to the median line,
Last segment entire, ovate behind, and cuspidate. The style on the
second pair of branchial plates in the male is slender, surpasses the
laminae, and reaches the middle of the terminal cilia; it is obliquely
truncated at the end.

Many of the specimens, especially the smaller ones, are furnished
with a row of prominent tubercles along the back, and sometimes with
lateral rows.

Length, 10-25 imn ; breadth, 3-7.5mm.

Long Island Sound to Bay of Fundy.

ERICIISONIA FILIFOEMIS Harger. Plate VI, fig. 20. (p. 316.)

Stenosoma filiformis Say, loc. cit., p. 424, 1818.

Small, slender, and nearly linear in outline. Antennuloe not quite
attaining the fourth segment of the antennae, which are six-jointed, and
more than half as long as the body, with the first segment short, second
and third increasing in length, last three segments about equal; head
elevated between the eyes, where it is surmounted by a bifid tubercle ;
first and second thoracic segments with a lateral salient angle behind
the evident an gulated epimera; third and fourth segments with their
lateral borders emarginate, and the epimera concealed or rarely visible
from above at theemargination; last three thoracic segments angulated
in front of the epimera, which are also angular. This arrangement,
especially in the smaller specimens, gives the appearance of fourteen
serrations on each side of the thorax. There is a row of tubercles
along the median line. Abdominal segments consolidated into a
single piece, which is furnished with a divergent tooth on each side
near the base, and is expanded and obtusely triangular at the apex.
The style on the second pair of branchial plates in the male is strong
and curved, surpasses the cilia, and is acute and sharply serrate near
the end.

Length, o-9imu.

Vineyard Sound to Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.

ERICIISONIA ATTENUATA Harger, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. 27. (p. 370.)

Body smooth, narrowly linear in outline. Antennula? slightly sur
passing the second segment of the antennae, which are more than half
the length of the body, and have the last segment longest. Head exca
vated in front; eyes small, black, prominent; first thoracic segment
short; second, third, and fourth segments about equal in length, twice
as long as the first; third segment broadest, last three segments gradu
ally decreasing in length. Epimera visible from above only in the last
two or three segments, but the sutures are evident, except in the first
segment, and their position moves gradually from the anterior portion
of the segment in the second to the posterior in the seventh segment.
Abdominal segments consolidated into a single piece, which is slightly
dilated laterally near the base, and obtusely triangular at the tip. The

[571] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 277

style ou the second pair of branchial plates in the male is straight,
slightl 3' surpasses the cilia, and is acute at the end.

The color in life is usually uniform dark green, sometimes with an
obscure dorsal stripe of a lighter color.

Length, 15nim.

Abundant among eel-grass at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, and
also found at New Haven, Connecticut.

EPELYS TRILOBUS Smith. Plate VI, fig. 28. (p. 370.)

Idoica triloba Say, loc. cit., p. 425, 1818.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey to Vineyard Sound.
EPELYS MONTOSUS Harger. (p. 370.)

Idotea montosa Stiinpson, Marine Invert., Grand Man an, p. 40, 1853.

Bay of Fundy to Long Island Sound.

COPIOSA Stimpson. (p. 315.)
Loc. cit., p. 40, PI. 3, fig. 29, 1853. J. nimlis Packard, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. i, 296, (non Kroyer.)

Long Island Sound to Labrador.
LIMNORIA LIGNORUM White. Plate VI, fig. 25. (p. 379.)

Pop. Hist. Brit. Crust., p. 227, PI. 12, fig. 5. Cymotlwa llgnorum Rathke, Skrivt.
af Naturh. Selsk., vol. 101, t. 3, f. 14, 1799, (teste Bate and Westwood.) Lim-
noria tcrebrans Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, vol. xi, p. 371, 1815. Gould,
Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 388, 1841.

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, to the Bay of Fundy and Europe.

KEROCILA MUNDA Harger, sp. nov. (p. 459.)

Elongated, oval, smooth, and polished. Antenna} and antennulse nearly
equal in length, about as long as the head. Head flattened, about one-
third broader than long, slightly narrowing anteriorly, produced and
broadly rounded in front, subequally trilobed behind, the middle lobe
largest. Eyes black, consisting of an irregularly rounded patch of
rather indistinct ocelli visible both above and below. First thoracic
segment longer than the others, excavated in front for the three lobes
of the head 5 epimeral sutures of this segment indistinct, but the
posterior lateral angles of the segment are somewhat produced and
broadly rounded. The next three segments have this angle produced
so as to become a small tooth in the fourth thoracic segment; in the last
three segments it is much produced, becoming a long acute tooth in the
seventh. The epimera of the second segment are rounded behind ; the
remaining epimera are slightly angular behind, becoming more acute
posteriorly ; those of the second, third, and fourth segments extend
backward about as far as the segment to which they belong, but in the
last three segments the produced angles of the segments surpass the
epimera, so that the angle of the sixth segment nearly attains the end
of the seventh epimeron.

278 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [572]

The abdomen is composed of six segments, the first five short and
about equal in length ; the sixth equal in length to the other five, trun
cate in front and rounded behind. The spines beneath the abdomen, or
"abdominal epiinera," are acute, the second a little more slender than the
first, and extending not quite to the posterior angle of the fourth ab
dominal segment. The internal plate of the caudal stylets is oval and
obliquely truncate, shorter than the external, which is narrow, ovate,
acute behind, extending about half its length beyond the tip of the ab
domen and longer than the preceding segment of the stylet. Claws of
the anterior feet strongly hooked, those of the posterior feet feebly so.

Color, in alcohol, brown, with two narrow dorsal bands of lighter
color.

Length, 15lum ; breadth, 7mm.

This species is allied to N. bivitlata, but differs from that species as
figured by Milne Edwards, (Atlas du Begne animal de Cuvier, Crust.,
Plate 66, fig. 5,) in the shortness of three posterior epimera, the
regularly rounded terminal segment of the abdomen, and the shape of
the caudal stylets.

A single specimen was obtained on the dorsal fin of Ceratacanthus au-
rantiacus.

CONILERA CONCIIARUM Harger. (p. 459.)

jEga concharum Stimpson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, p. 42, 1853.

Vineyard Sound ; Charleston, South Carolina.
LIVONEOA OVALIS Harger. Plate VI, fig. 29. (p. 457.)

Cymothoa ovalis Say loc. cit., p. 394, 1818.

These animals are usually distorted, and not, as represented in the
figure, symmetrical on the two sides.
The specimen figured was taken from a blue-fish near the gill.

ANTHURA BRUNNEA Harger, sp. nov. (p. 426.)

Nearly uniform in size throughout, but slightly narrower anteriorly.
Antennulae and antennae nearly equal in length, scarcely longer than the
head. Front projecting between and each side of the bases of the anten-
nula3 into prominent angles. Eyes small and situated in the sides of the
lateral prominences. Thoracic segments smooth and shining above ; the
third with a slight semicircular depression on the middle of the anterior
margin. This depression is still more strongly marked on the three fol
lowing segments. First segment slightly longer and narrower than the
others ; second to fifth about equal ; sixth and seventh considerably
shorter ; the seventh about three-fourths the leugth of the sixth; all
the segments carinated below. Dorsal surface of the basal portion of
the abdomen similar to the posterior segment of the thorax, showing
no indication of segments. Terminal portion flat, smooth, and narrowly
ovate at tip. Appendages of the penultimate segment lamelliform,
similar in form to the terminal plate but not quite equaling it. First
pair of feet short and thickened. All the feet slightly hairy.

£573] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 279

Iii life whitish mottled with dull, purplish brown above. Eyes black,
retaining their color in alcohol. Length, 14-15mm.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, and Vineyard Sound.

ANTHURA BRACHIATA Stimpson. (p. 511.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manau, p. 43, 1853.

This species is greatly constricted at the articulations of the second
thoracic segment, and by that character is easily distinguished from
A. brunnea.

Bay of Fundy to Vineyard Sound.

TAN ATS FIL.UM Stimpson. (p. 381.)

Marino Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 43, 1853.
Bay of Fundy to Vineyard Sound.

OEPON DiSTORTUS Leidy. (p. 557.)

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. iii, p. 149, PI. 11, figs. 26-32, 1855.

Branchial cavity of Gelasimus pugilator, Atlantic City, New Jersey.
ENTOMOSTKACA.

The Ostracoda and the minute Copeopoda of our coast have not yet
been sufficiently studied by any one for us to attempt to enumerate even
the more common species.

COPEOPODA.

SAPPHIRINA, species. Plate VII, fig. 33. (p. 439.)

A beautiful species of this remarkable genus was taken off Gay Head,
Martha's Vineyard, September 2 and 8.

PHYLLOPODA.

ARTEMIA GRACILIS Verrill.

Amer. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. xlviii, p. 248, 1869 ; Proceedings Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., vol. xviii, p. 235, tigs. 1 and 2, 1870.

In tubs of concentrated sea-water at New Haven, Connecticut; Charles-
town, Massachusetts ; and in salt- vats at Falrnouth, Massachusetts.

SIPHONOSTOMA.

ERGA.SILUS LABRACES Kroyer. (p. 459.)

Nat. Tidsskrift, 1863-'64, p. 303, PI. 11, fig. 2, (teste Zoological Record for
1865.)

According to Kroyer, found upon the striped bass (Roccus lineatus)
from Baltimore, and liable, therefore, to occur on the coast of New
England.

ARGKULUS CATOSTOMI Dana and Herrick. (p. 459.)

Amer. Jour. Sci., 1st series, vol. xxx, p. 383, 1836, and vol. xxxi, p. 297, plate,

- 1837.

Parasitic on the "sucker" (Catostomus) in Mill River, near New
Haven, Connecticut.

280 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [574]

ARGULUS LATICAUDA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 452.)

Carapax orbicular, longer than broad; antero-lateral margin with a
deep sinus from which a deep sulcus extends to the center of the cara
pax; sinus of the posterior margin about twice as deep as broad,
extending a little less than a third of the length of the carapax. Eyes
large. Body scarcely projecting beyond the posterior margin of the
carapax. Tail orbicular, slightly longer than broad, its posterior sinus
narrow, extending scarcely a fourth the length. Antennulre and antennae
much as in A. Catostomi, to which the species bears considerable resem
blance. The squaruiform appendage upon the base of the prehensile
legs expands into a broad posterior margin, which is divided into three
broad, closely approximated lobes, of which the extremities are broad,
truncated, and slightly and irregularly excavated; the terminal portion
of the leg is much as in A. Gatostomi, the ultimate segment longer than
the penultimate and armed at the tip with two claws. Natatory legs
short, the anterior ones not projecting beyond the carapax.

In alcoholic specimens most of the carapax is opaque and black with
a thick deposit of pigment.

Length of entire animal, in the largest specimen, 51U1" ; length of
carapax, 3.7; breadth of carapax, 3.2; length of tail, 1.3; breadth of
tail, 1.1.

Found among algo3 in Vineyard Sound.

A small specimen taken at surface early in September had the opaque
portions of the carapax dark brown in life, and in alcohol it retains
about the same color.

ARGULUS LATUS Smith, sp. nov. (p. 452.)

Carapax large, orbicular, broader than long; the antero-lateral border
with a broad shallow sinus; the sinus of the posterior margin not-
deeper than broad, its depth scarcely more than a fifth of the length of
the carapax. Body projecting considerably beyond the posterior margin
of the carapax. Tail a third as long as the carapax, about two-thirds
as broad as long, the lateral margins slightly curved and nearly parallel,
the sinus very broad and extending more than a third of the whole
length. Disks of the sucking legs about a fourth as wide as the carapax.
Squamiform appendage upon the base of the prehensile legs with a pap-
pilose area upon the expanded distal portion, the posterior margin
without teeth or lobes, but the outer margin of the expanded portion
armed with numerous very small teeth ; ultimate segment longer than the
penultimate, and apparently without any hooks at the tip. Natatory
legs all long, even the anterior projecting beyond the sides of the
carapax.

Color of alcoholic specimens yellowish white.

Length, 3.0mm; length of carapax, 2.2; breadth of carapax, 2.5; length
of tail, 0.7; breadth of tail, 0.45.

Taken at the surface, in Vineyard Sound, July 1.

[575] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 281

ARGULUS MEGALOPS Smith, sp. nov. (p. 452.)

Carapax subelliptical, longer than broad ; the antero-lateral margin
with a deep sinus; the posterior lobes of the carapax, each side of the
shallow and narrow sinus, broady rounded. Eyes very large, their
diameter a tenth as great as the breadth of the carapax. Body pro
jecting much beyond the posterior margin of the carapax. Tail some
what ovate, about two-thirds as broad as long, the sinus only a small
notch, extending not more than a tenth of the length. Natatory legs very
long, all projecting beyond the carapax. Squamiform appendages upon
the bases of the prehensile legs, with a pappilose area upon the expanded
portion, and the posterior margin armed with three rather slender
teeth, separated by broad spaces; the terminal segment of the leg
armed with two small hooks.

Color of alcoholic specimens, yellowish white.

Length, 2.2mm ; length of carapax, 1.3; breadth of carapax, 1.0 ; length
of tail, 0.7; breadth of tail, 0.47.

Vineyard Sound, taken at the surface, July 8.

ARGULUS ALOS^E Gould, (p. 459.)

Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 340, 1841.

Parasitic upon the alewife in Massachusetts Bay, according to Gould.
OALIGUS CURTUS Miiller. (p. 459.)

Eutomostraca,p. 130, PI. 21, figs. 1,2, 1785 ; Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. i, p. 619,
PI. 6, fig. 2, 1837. CaUym M'dlleri Leach, Encycl. Brit., Suppl., vol. i, p. 405,
PL 20, figs. 1-8, 1816, (teste Baird et al. ;) Baird, British Entoniostraca, p. 271,
PI. 32, tigs. 4, 5. Caligits Amerlcanus Pickering and Dana, Arner. Jour. Sci.,
vol. xxxiv, p. '225, PI. 3-5, 1838 ; Dana, U. S. Expl. Expd., Crust., PL 93.
Abundant upon tbe cod-fish of our coast and of Europe. It is prob
ably the Caliym pi acinus of Gould and other American writers.

CALIGUS RAPAX Edwards, (p. 457.)

Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 453, PL 38, fig. 9-12, 1840 ; Baird, op. cit.,p. 270,
pi. 32, figs. 2, 3; Steenstrup and Liitken, Bidrag til Kundskab om det aabue
Havs Snyltekrebse og Lermeer, p. 359, PL 2, fig. 4, 1861.

Vineyard Sound, on the stingray, (Trygon centroura,) and small speci
mens, both male and female, taken at the surface at Wood's Hole, Sep
tember 3, in the evening. These specimens from the surface, according
to Professor Verrill's notes, were light flesh color, thickly speckled with
minute brown spots, the eyes bright red.

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS, species, (p. 459.)

A species with a long tail, and somewhat like the L. gracilis, (Van
Benaden sp.,) was found upon the stingray (Trygon centroura) taken in
Vineyard Sound.

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS, species, (p. 459.)

A species with a very short tail, and approaching Heller's genus Anu-
retes. South shore of Long Island, upon a flounder, (Chcmopsetta ocel-
laris.)

282 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.' [576]

The Lepeophtlieirus salmonis Kroyer, is found upon the salmon of the
northern coast of New England.

ECHTHROG-ALEUS COLEOPTRATUS Steeiistrup and Liitken. (p. 459.)

Op. cit., 380. Dinematura coleoptrata Gue"rin, Icnographie du Regne animal, Crnst.
PI. 35, fig. 6. Dincmoura alta Baird, British Entomostraca, p. 285, PI. 33, ligs.
6,7.

Vineyard Sound, September 19, from the back fin of the mackerel-
shark, (Lamna punctata.) It has been found upon the English coast and
oif the Azores.

ECHTHROG-ALEUS DENTICULATUS Smith, sp. nov. (p. 459.)

Carapax broader than long, with a very slight median emargi nation
in the outline of the front. Posterior portion of the body scarcely longer
and not quite as wide as the carapax. Dorsal plates, or elytra, covering
much more than half the genital segment, their inner and posterior
margins armed with a regular series of small teeth. The posterior lobes of
the genital segment somewhat triangular and each terminated by a stout
spine. Dorsal plate of the tail elongated, obtusely rounded at the ex
tremity, and exposed from above by the very broad sinus in the genital
segment. The tail itself broad, somewhat rectangular, but narrowed dis-
tally and not projecting behind the dorsal plate ; the terminal lamella}
nearly as long as the tail, narrow, linear, nearly three times as long as
broad, and armed at the tip with several setae.

Length, 9mm ; breadth of carapax, 5.1 ; length of elytra along the inner
margin, 2.5.
Vineyard Sound, on Atwood's shark, (CarcJiarias Atwoodi.}

?PANDARUS CRANCIIII Leach, (p. 459.)

Diet, des Sci. nat., tome xiv, p. 535, 1819, (teste Edwards et al.;) Edwards, Rogue
animal do Cuvier, 3me cd.. Crust., PI. 73, fig. 2 ; Steeiistrup and Liitkeu, op.
cit., PL 11, fig. 22.

A number of specimens of a Pandarus, taken from a dusky shark
(Eulamia obscura) on the south side of Long Island in 1870, differ only
very slightly from the figures and descriptions of P. Cranchii quoted
above.
PANDARUS, species. Plate VII, fig. 31. (p. 457.)

Vineyard Sound, on Atwood's shark, (CarcJiarias Atwoodi.} It is, per
haps, only a variety of the last species, but differs considerably from it,
wanting almost wholly the series of spines upon the posterior margin
of the carapax, having the caudal appendages shorter and obtuse, besides
some slight differences in the natatory legs.

NOGAGUS LATREILLII Leach. Plate VII, fig. 32. (p. 457.)

Diet. des. Sci. nat., tome xiv, p. 536, 1819, (teste Edwards et al. ;) Regne animal
cle Cuvier, Crust., PI. 79, fig. 3 ; Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 459 ; Steen-
strup and Liitken, op. cit., p. 384, PI. 9, fig. 18.

Vineyard Sound, in company with the last species, on Atwood's shark.
All the species of Nogagus are males of the allied genera, Pandarus,

[577] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 283

EchtlirogaleuSj &c., and are only provisionally retained in a separate
group, until it can be determined to wkicli of these genera the different
species really belong. This species is probably a Pandarus, and very
likely the male of the last species.

Our specimens differ slightly from the figures given by Steenstrup and
LUtken, the dentiform prominences on the sides of the genital segment in
our specimens being much smaller than represented in their figures, the
segments of the tail somewhat shorter and broader, and the terminal
lamellae also shorter and broader, while in other respects they agree well.
Steenstrup and Liitken's specimens were taken from sharks caught in
latitude 31° north, longitude 76° west, (in the Gulf Stream, off the South
Carolina coast,) and in latitude 40° south, longitude 31° west, while

Leach's came from latitude 1° south, longitude 4° east.

•

NOGAGUS TENAX Steenstrup and LUtken. (p. 457.)

Op. cit., pp. 384, 388, PJ. 10, fig. 20, 1861.

Vineyard Sound, with the last species, upon AtwootVs shark. It has
nearly as extended a range as the last species.

It is very different from the last species, having the branches of the
posterior pair of natatory legs each composed of a single segment, and
the tail also composed of a single segment, which is broader than long,
and has the short, truncate caudal lamellre attached to its obliquely
truncated posterior angles. Length, 4.omm.

This species probably belongs to a different genus from the last, and
is perhaps the male of Eckthrogalens denticulatus, with which it was asso
ciated. Both species of Nogagus, the Pandarns and Eohthrogaleus denticu-
latiiSj were, however, all found on the same specimen of the shark, so
that the association of males and females in one or two instances is not
very good proof of their identity.

S SINUATUS Say. (p. 459.)
LOG. cit., p. 436, 1818.

This species is apparently, as far as can be judged from Say's descrip
tion, allied to P. licolor Leach, a European species, which is probably
not congeneric with the species which we have previously mentioned.

CEOROPS LATREILLII Leach, (p. 459.)

Encyl. Brit., Suppl., vol. i, p. 405, PL 20, 1816, (teste Edwards et al. ;) Edwards,
Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 475; Baird, op. cit., p. 293, PI. 34, figs. 1, 2.

According to Gould, (op. cit., p. 341,) this species has been found upon
the sun-fish (Orthagorlscus mola) taken on the coast of Massachusetts.

ANTHOSOMA CRASSUM Steenstrup and LUtken. (p. 4GO.)

Op. cit., p. 367, PI. 12, fig. 24, 1861. CaUgus crassus Abildgaard, (teste Steen
strup and LUtken,) Naturh. Selsk. Skr., Bind iii, p. 49, pi. 5, [1794 ?] (teste
Kroyer.) Anthpsoma Smithii Leach, Eucycl. Brit., Snppl., vol. i, p. 406, PI. 20,
1816, (teste Edwards et al. ;) Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. i, p. 295, PI. 2, fig.
2, 1836 ; Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, 493, PI. 39, fig. 5 ; Regne ani
mal de Cuvier, Crust., PI. 79, fig. 3 ; Baird, op. cit., p. 299, PI. 33, fig. 9.
According to Gould, (op. cit., p. 341,) Anthosoma Smithii has been
20 v

284 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [578]

found upon the mackerel- shark (Lamna punctata) taken on the coast of
Massachuset t s.

LERIOEA BRANCHIALIS Liniie. (p. 460.)

System a Naturae; Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 528; Steenstrup
and Liitken, op. cit., p. 403, PI. 13, fig. 28.

Found attached to the gills of the cod in the Bay of Fundy, and,
undoubtedly, extends as far south as that fish. It is common in Xorth-
ern Europe.

PENELLA PLUMOSA DeKay. (p. 460.)

Op. cit.,. p. 60, 1844.

Found, according to ".DeKay, upon Diodon pilosus, and a species of
Rhombus.

ANCHORELLA UNCINATA Nordmann. (p. 460.)'

Mikrographische Beit-rage, Heft ii, p. 102, PL 8, figs. 8-12, PL 10, figs. 1-5, 1832;
Baird, op. cit., p. 337, PL 35, fig. 9. Lerncea untinala Miiller, Zoologia Danica,
vol. i, PL 33, fig. 2, 1788, (teste Nordmarm el al. ;) Van Benaden, Poissous des
cotes de Belgique, Memoires Acad. Royale Belgique, tome xxxiii, PL 2, fig. 7,
1871.

Found upon cod-fish taken at Xew London, Connecticut. It is a com
mon European species.

LERNEONEMA RADIATA Stp. and Ltk. Plate VII, fig. 30. . (p. 458.)

Op. cit., p. 400, 1861. Lerneoccra radiata Leseur, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila
delphia, vol. iii, p. 288, PL 11, fig. 1, 1824.

At Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, and in Vineyard Sound and Buz
zard's Bay, very common upon the menhaden, (Brevoortia Menhaden.)

LERNEONEMA ?, species, (p. 460.)

A species belonging to this, or a closely-allied genus, was found upon
a species of Carangus taken in Vineyard Sound.

According to Gould, (op. cit., p. 341,) Penella filosa Cuvier, (Guerin,
op. cit., Zoophytes, PI. 9. fig. 3 ; Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome
iii, p. 525,) has been found upon Orthayoriscus mola, and might, there
fore, occasionally occur south of Cape Cod. The same author also men
tions (p. 341) Chondr acanthus conuitus Cuvier, (Xordmann, op. cit., p.
Ill, PI. 9, figs. 5-10; Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 500, PL
40, figs. 18-22,) and BranchieUa Thynnl Cuvier. (Edwards, op. cit., tome
iii, p. 512 ; Steenstrnp and Liitken, op. cit., p. 420, PL 15, fig. 36,) as
occurring upon the coast of Massachusetts.

CIRRIPEDIA.
BALANUS AMPIIITRITE Darwin, (p. 381.)

Monograph of the Cirripedia, pp. 240, 614, PL 5, fig. 2, 1854.

Found upon the bottoms of ships, but probably does not live long
after arriving upon our coast. It is found in all the tropical and warmer
temperate seas.

Balanus tintimuibulum Liune, (Darwin, op. cit., pp. 194, 611, PL 1, 2?

[579] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 285

fig. 1,) occurs with the last species, but has not been noticed living. It
has about the same range as the J5. ampliltrite.

BALANUS EBURNETJS Gould, (p. 381.)

Op. cit., p. 15, PL 1, fig. 6, 1841, Darwin, op. cit., pp. 248, 614, PI. 5, fig. 4.

From Massachusetts Bay to Florida and the West Indies. It sometimes
occurs in brackish or even fresh water. Professor J. Wyman found it
living about 50 miles up the St. John's River, Florida, where the water
was fresh enough to drink, and the specimens lived well when trans
ferred to a vessel of perfectly fresh water.

BALANUS IMPROVISUS Darwin.

Op. cit., pp. 250, G14, PI. 6, fig. 1.

Darwin gives this species as occurring in England, Nova Scotia, United
States. West Indies, and South America, so that it undoubtedly occurs
upon the coast of New England.

BALANUS CRENATUS Bruguiere. (p. 381.)

Encyclop. Method., 1798, (teste Darwin;) Darwin, op. cit., pp. 261, 615, PL 6, fig. 6.
Balanas rugosus Gould, op. cit.,*p. 16, PL 1, fig. 10.

Dredged abundantly in Vineyard Sound. It ranges from the arctic
regions of the Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope and the West Indies.

BALANUS BALANOIDES Stimpson. (p. 305.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 39, 1853 ; Darwin, op. cit., pp. 267, 615
PL 7, fig. 2. Lepas lalanoides Linne, Systema Naturae, 1767, (teste Darwin.)
Balanus ovularis and elongatus Gould, op. cit., pp. 17, 18, PL 1, figs. 7, 8.

Extremely abundant between tides. It inhabits the whole North
Atlantic.

CORONULA DIADEMA De Blainville. (p. 460.)

Diet, des Sci. nat., 1824, (teste, Darwin ;) Gould, op. cit., p. 12; Darwin, op. cit.,
pp. 417, 623, PL 15, fig. 3, PL 16, figs. 1, 2, 7. Lepas diadema Linne, Systema
Natime, 1767, (teste Darwin.)

Attached to whales taken on the coast, both north and south of Cape
Cod. It is found throughout the whole North Atlantic.

LEPAS FASCICULARIS Ellis and Solander. Plate VII, fig. 34. (p. 382.)

Zoophytes, 1786, (teste Darwin;) Darwin, op. cit., p. 92, PL 1, fig. 6.

Found in vast numbers in Vineyard Sound, in June and July, and
frequently taken in the Bay of Fundy in August.

LEPAS PECTINATA Spengler. (p. 382.)

Darwin, op. cit., p. 85. PL 1, fig. 3. Anatifa dentata Gould, op. cit., p. 21, PL 1, fig.
11.

Attached to ships' bottoms, but probably does not live long after
arriving on our coast. It lives throughout the warmer parts of the
Atlantic.

286 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [5SO]

LEPAS ANATIFERA Linne. (p. 382.)

Systema Naturae, 1767, (teste Darwin ;) Darwiii, op. cit., p. 73, PL 1, fig. 1.

Occurs in the same way as the last species. It is common to the
Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and the Mediterranean.

LEPAS ANSERIFERA Linne. (p. 382.)

Systema Naturae, 1767, (teste Darwin ;) Darwin, op. cit., p. 81, PL 1, fig. 4. Anatifa
striata Gould, op. cit., p. 20.

This species probably occurs in the same way as the last. It has the

CONCHODERMA AURITA OlferS. (p. 392.)

Darwin, op. cit., p. 141, PL 3, fig. 4. Lepas aurita Linue, Systema Natime, 1767,
(teste Darwin.) Otion Cuvieri Gould, op. cit., p. 23.

On ships' bottoms, &c. It ranges through all the seas.

CONCHODERMA YIRGATA Olfers. (p. 392.)

•

Darwin, op. cit., p. 146, PL 3, fig. 2. Lepas virgata Spengler, 1790, (teste Darwin. )
Cineras vittala Gould, op. cit., p. 22.

Occurs in the same way, and has the same range as the last species.

XIPHOSURA.

LIMTILUS POLYPHEMUS Latreille. (p. 340.)

Hist, des Crust., (teste Edwrards,) Hist. uat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 549; Say, loc.
cit., p. 433 ; Gould, op. cit., p. 339 ; Packard, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. ii, p. 155, PL 3-5, 1872, (on the development ;) A. Milne Edwards, Anuales
des Sci. nat., 5e ser., tome xvii, nos. 1 et 2, Dec., 1872, PL 5-16, (on the anatomy.)
Monoculus Polyphemus Linne", Systema Naturre ; Polyphemus occidenialis Lamark,
Hist, des Anim. sans vert.; De Kay, op. cit., p. 55, PL 11, fig. 50. Limuliis
aiistrdlls Say, loc. cit.. p. 436. Xiphosura Polyphemus White, List of Crust, in
British Mus., p. 121, 1847.

Casco Bay, on the coast of Maine, to Florida.

ANNELIDA.

POLYCILETA.

APIIRODITA ACULEATA Linn. (p. 507.)

Systema Naturae, ed. xii, vol. i, p. 1084, 1767; Malmgren, O'fvers. af Kong. Yet.-
Akad. Forhandlingar, 1865, p. 52; Johnston, Catalogue of British Non-Par
asitical Worms, p. 101, PL 9, 1865 ; Quatrefages, Histoire naturelle des Au-
netes, vol. i, p. 191, 1865.

Off Gay Head in 15 to 19 fathoms, mud; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 106
fathoms, mud; St. George's Bank, 50 fathoms; northward to Labra
dor. Northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and Mediterranean.

[581] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 287

* LEPIDONOTUS SQUAMATUS Leach. Plate X, figs. 40, 41. (p. 320.)

Aplirodita squamata Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 665 ; ed. xii, p. 1084. Polynoe
squamata Savigny, Syst. Annel., 20 (t. Quatr.) ; Quatr., op. cit., p. 218. Aphro-
dita punctata Mu'll., Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 218 (t. Malnigren). Lepidonotus
squamatns Malmgren, op. cit., p. 56; Johnston, op. cit., p. 109, PI. 7, fig. 1.
Lepidonote armadillo Leidy, Marine Invert, of Rhode Island and New Jersey,
p. 16, PI. 11, fig. 54. Polynoe dasypus Quatr., op. cit., vol. i, p. 226.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; New Haven ; Watch Hill, Rhode
Island 5 Vineyard Sound, &c. Very common north of Cape Cod to
Labrador and Iceland; -northern coasts of Europe; Great Britain;
France.

In the Bay of Fundy it occurs abundantly from above low-water
mark to the depth of 80 fathoms.

LEPIDONOTUS SUBLEVIS Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate X, tig. 42. (p. 320.)

Body oblong, somewhat narrowed toward each end, entirely covered
by twelve pairs of large scales, or " elytra,'7 which, with the exception
of the first and last pairs, are broad oval, evenly rounded posteriorly, the
outer lateral edge with a fine fringe ; the posterior margin smooth. Their
surface is iridescent and nearly smooth throughout, and destitute of
tubercles, but has minute rounded granules, and appears punctate
under a lens. The scales of the last pair are elongated, with the inner
edge curved inward, but without a distinct emargination, such as is
seen in the preceding species. Setae numerous, slender but stiff,
amber-yellow. Scales usually reddish or greenish brown, finely specked
with dark brown. Length up to 30mm ; breadth, 8mm.

This species is easily distinguished from the last by its nearly smooth
scales, the form of the last pair, and the lighter- colored and more
slender seta3.
Savin Eock, near New Haven ; Vineyard Sound.

LEPIDONOTUS ANGKJSTUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 494.)

Body elongated, narrow, of nearly uniform width throughout, convex
above. Twelve pairs of elytra, which are only slightly imbricated and
hardly* cover the back completely, there being often a narrow naked
dorsal space, but when the elytra are closely appressed the back is
nearly covered. The elytra are rather small, regularly oval, except those
of the terminal pairs ; outer edge irregularly fringed ; surface covered
with small, slightly prominent, roundish granules. Posterior elytra
with a deep emargination on the inner margin. Head larger and rela
tively broader than in L. squamatus, convex, with well-rounded sides,
'eyes larger and farther apart. Antennae rather short. Setae shorter
than in either of the preceding species, of nearly uniform length, rather
rigid, light amber-colored, forming short dense fascicles. Color varia
ble; in one specimen the scales were yellowish gray and brownish,
varied with dark specks, and with a central subcircular or somewhat
crescent-shaped white spot, surrounded by a circle of dark brown specks.

288 REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [582]

which form an irregular dark spot on the inner border of the pale central
spot.

Eeefs off Watch Hill, Khode Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, among rocks
and algae.

HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA Malmgren. (p. 321.)

Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, op. cit., p. 67, 1865, PI. 9, fig. 8. A-E. Aplirodtta inibri-
cata Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1084, 1767. Aphrodita cirrata Miiller, Prodr-
Zool. Dan., No. 2644 (t. Malmgren); Fabricius, Fauna Grcenlaudica, p. 308, PI.
1, fig. 70. Lepidonote cirrata CErsted, Gron. Ann. Dorsib., 1843, p. 14, PL l,figs.
1, 5, 6, 11, 14, 15; Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Man an, p. 36, 1853. Folynoe
cirrata Sars, Arcb. fiir. Naturg., vol. xi, 1845, p. 11, PI. 1, figs. 12-21 (embry
ology).

New Haven ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Vineyard Sound ; Massa
chusetts Bay ; Bay of Fundy and northward to Greenland ; Iceland ;
and Spitsbergen. Northern coasts of Europe ; Scotland. In the Bay
of Fundy it is common from above low-water mark to 60 fathoms ; in
Vineyard Sound, from low-water mark to 15 fathoms; 25 fathoms off
Buzzard's Bay.

STHENELAIS PICTA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 348.)

(?) Sigalion Mathilda' Leidy, Marine Invert. Fauna of tbe Coasts of Rhode Island
and New Jersey, p. 16, PL 11, f. 53, from Journal Philadelphia Acad., series ii,
vol. iii, 1855 (non And. and Edw.) (?) Stlienelais Leidyi Quatr., op. cit., vol. i,
p. 278 (no description).

Body depressed, much elongated, nearly uniform in breadth through
out; back convex; ventral surface flat. The whole dorsal surface is
closely covered by the imbricated scales, of which there are more than
150 pairs. These, with the exception of the anterior and posterior pairs,
are broadly lunate, with a deep emargination in the center of the ante
rior edge; the posterior and lateral margins are broadly rounded ; the
outer lateral edge is laciuiately fringed; the posterior edge is smooth;
the whole surface of the anterior scales is covered with minute, slightly
elevated granules ; farther back, the exposed portion of the surface of
the scales is smooth, and the microscopic granules are restricted to the
anterior and inner portions. The scales of the anterior pair are oval, and
have their entire outer and anterior margins minutely but irregularly
denticulate.

The head is small, rounded, contracted behind the posterior eyes and
in front of the anterior ones ; the eyes are near together, in a quadran
gle ; those in the anterior pair are a little farther apart, and lateral.
The head is prolonged anteriorly into a narrow elliptical or oval portion,
which forms the base of the median antenna ; close to and below each
of the anterior eyes a prominent, membranous, ciliated process arises.
The feet of the first pair, which are directed forward, are elongated, and
bear a pair of slender, elongated, dorsal cirri, which are nearly as long-
as the antennoe; a much shorter, slender cirrus from the lower lobe, with
a small, thin, membraneous process below ; and a large fascicle of long,

[583] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 289

slender setse, as long as the median antennae. The palpi are slender,
longer than the antenna? ; lateral feet prominent, projecting beyond the
scales ; setse light yellow.

Color variable, generally light gray, with a dark brown median dorsal
band, each scale often bordered on the posterior and inner edges with
brown, which is connected with a blackish angular spot near the ante
rior margin, the rest of the scale being transparent and whitish ; head
dark brown, with a red central spot and a round whitish spot on each
side. Length up to 150mm ; breadth usually about 4mm.

Vineyard Sound, low-water mark to 14 fathoms ; off Martha's Vine
yard, 21 fathoms, sand; off New Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, shelly. Great
Egg Harbor (Leidy).

This species differs considerably in the form of the head, antennae,
&c., from the figure given by Leidy. His description is insufficient to
determine whether he observed the same species.

NEPHTHYS INGENS Stimpson. Plate XII, figs. 59, GO. (p. 431.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 33, in Smithsonian Contributions, 1853.

Long Island Sound, off New Haven, 3 to 8 fathoms, mud, common ;
off Block Island, in 29 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 10 to GO fathoms.

This species is readily distinguished by the form of the head and
position of the small antennae; by the large median dorsal papilla on the
proboscis, and the smaller ventral one; by the very prominent and widely
separated rami of the posterior feet; and the dark color of the setaB.
It grows to the length of 130mm or more.

NEPHTHYS PICTA Ehlers. Plate XII, fig. 57. (p. 348.)

Die Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 632, PI. 23, figs. 9, 35, 1868.

Vineyard Sound, low- water mark to 8 fathoms, muddy and shelly.
JSTahant; Charleston (Ehlers).

NEPHTHYS BUCERA Ehlers. Plate XII, fig. 58. (p. 41G.)

Die Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 617, PI. 23, fig. 8.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 10 fathoms, shelly ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island,
4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and sand. Massachusetts Bay (Ehlers).

This species is remarkable both for the form of the head and the
length of the setre, which often exceed the diameter of the body.

NEPHTHYS CILIATA Kathke.

Beitriige zur Fauna Norwegens, p. 170,1843; Malmgren, op. cit., p. 104, PL
12, figs. 17, A-C, 1865; Quatrefages, op. cit., p. 429 (Nephtys); Ehlers,
Borsteuwiirmer, vol. i, p. 629, PI. 23, fig. 38, 1868. Nereis ciliata Muller, Zoolog.
Danica, vol. iii, p. 17, PI. 89, figs. 1-4 (t. Ehlers). Neplithys borealis CErsted,
Annnlat. Danicor. cousp., p. 32, 1843 (t. Malnigren).

Ehlers gives Edgartown as a locality for this species. It is a northern
form, found at Iceland, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and along the northern
coasts of Europe and Great Britain. Stimpson records it from the

290 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [584 J

Bay of Fundy, in 40 fathoms, inud. It was dredged near St. George's
Bank in 85, 110, and 150 fathoms, mud, by Dr. A. S. Packard, on the
"Bache," 1872.

EUMIDIA AMERICANA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 494.)

Body long and slender. Head triangular, subcordate, broad and
slightly eniargmate posteriorly, the sides rapidly converging, the front
end narrow and rounded, with four slender antennae, which are as long
as the head ; odd median antenna long and slender, tapering, as long as
or longer than the head. Eyes moderately large, round, convex, near
the posterior margin of the head. Tentacular cirri long and slender ;
crowded. Proboscis elongated, subclavate, enlarging to the end, which
is surrounded by about fourteen triangular papillae ; the basal two-thirds
covered with small, slender, prominent papillae, which are not crowded,
but arranged in longitudinal rows; this part of the proboscis is, in the
preserved specimens, longitudinally ridged and transversely wrinkled 5
the terminal third is nearly smooth, but usually minutely granulous.
The lateral lamellae, or branchiae, are ovate-lanceolate, leaf-like, with
curved tips ; posteriorly they are larger and more acute. Length up to
50mm ; breadth, 1.5mm.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians.

EUMIDIA VIYIDA Yerrill, sp. nov.

Head relatively a little longer than in the preceding species, with the
sides more convex, and the front rounded ; antennae long and slender.
Eyes brownish, very large, about twice as large as in the preceding
species. Proboscis long, slender, clavate, nearly smooth, but with a
few minute, distant papillae 5 the terminal orifice surrounded by about
eighteen very small papilliforni deuticulations. Branchiae of the ante
rior segments long and narrow lanceolate ; of the middle segments
ovate. Length up to 45mm ; breadth, 1.5mm.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians.

EUMIDIA TAPILLOSA Verrill, sp. nov.

Head short, rounded, convex, emarginate posteriorly, the sides
convex ; antennae not very slender ; median odd one stout, tapering,
acute, as long as the head. Eyes large ; brown. Tentacular cirri
rather stout, those of the two posterior pairs more than twice as long as
the others. Proboscis long, clavate, densely covered with short,
rounded papillae, and with a circle of minute papillae at the orifice.

Length up to 40mm ; breadth, 2mm.

Vineyard Sound, G to 10 fathoms, among compound ascidians.

EULALIA PISTACIA Verrill, sp. nov.

Body moderately slender, depressed. Head convex, shorter than
broad 5 in preserved specimens, sides wTell rounded, posterior margin
slightly emarginate ; median odd antenna small, slender, considerably

[585] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. '291

shorter than the head. Eyes large, brown. Tentacular cirri moder
ately long 5 the four posterior ones considerably longer than the others.
Branchiae narrow lanceolate anteriorly; ovate and leaf-like on the middle
segments ; longer and lanceolate posteriorly. Proboscis long, more or
less clavate, smooth, but often showing longitudinal striations, and
sometimes with a few very minute scattered papilla toward the end ;
the orifice surrounded by a circle of numerous minute papillae. Color
bright yellowish green (epidote-green or pistachio-green), often with
obscure darker markings posteriorly, and at the base of the append
ages. Length up to 40mnj ; breadth, 1.5mm.

Vineyard Sound, G to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidiaus ; off Xew
Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids.

EULALIA GRANULOSA Yerrill, sp. nov.

Body not very slender, considerably stouter than in the preceding
species, and less tapering anteriorly. Head short cordate, decidedly
eniarginate behind, broader than long; sides prominently rounded;
front small, rounded. Antenae short; odd one slender, originating
between the eyes, more than half the length of the head. Eyes large,
round, convex, dark brown. Proboscis long, clavate, thickly covered
throughout with round, scarcely prominent, crowded, rather large
granules, each of which has a dark central spot ; orifice surrounded by
a circle of small papillae. Tentacular cirri slender, acute, the two poste
rior pairs long, reaching the eighth segment. Lateral appendages
large and prominent for the genus. Branchiae of upper ramus rather
large, ovate, leaf-like anteriorly; larger and obliquely ovate, with
acuminate tips, farther back ; branchiae of lower ramus similar in form
and nearly as large. Color bright grass-green. Length 55mm, or more ;
breadtb, 2mm; length of proboscis, 6imn.

Off New Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids.

EULALIA ANNULATA Yerrill, sp. iiov.

Body moderately slender, convex, tapering to both ends. Head
longer than broad, somewhat oblong, truncate behind, the sides but
little convex, narrowing but little to the obtusely rounded front. Pro
boscis covered with small prominent papillae. Eyes two, large, dark
brown or blackish, rather near together. Odd median antenna slender,
more than half as long as the head, placed far in advance of the eyes;
frontal antennae rather large, about the same in length, but much
stouter than the median one, with slender tips. Tentacular cirri very
unequal, the two upper pairs much longer than the others, not very
slender, reaching to the seventh or eighth segment in preserved speci
mens; the two lower pairs not more than one-third as long. Dorsal
branchiae narrow and acute throughout ; the anterior ones are narrow
lanceolate, with subacute tips; those farther back become still more
elongated, narrow lanceolate, or almost linear lanceolate, with acuminate

292f REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [5361

tips, and in length equal to half the diameter of the body ; posteriorly
they become somewhat wider, with acute, curved tips. Caudal cirri
small, narrow lanceolate, about as long as the posterior lateral lamellae,
or branchiae Color of preserved specimens pale greenish or bluish
gray, with narrow aunulations of golden brown, and iridescent. Length
50mm, or more ; breadth about 1.25mm.

Vineyard Sound, 4 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians.

EULALIA GrRACiLis Verrill, 'sp. nov.

Body very long and slender, with the segments deeply incised ; pos
terior segments elongated. Head small, elongated, truncate behind ;
posterior angles not prominent, oblong, tapering but little toward the
front, which is obtusely rounded ; sides not swollen. Eyes of moderate
size, brown, situated close to the posterior margin of the head. The
four frontal antennas are more than half as large as the head, rather
stout, tapering, and the head is slightly constricted behind them ; odd
median one, small, slender, inconspicuous, about one-third the length of
the head, placed considerably in advance of the eyes. Tentacular cirri
rather stout, the two upper ones longest, rather more than twice as long
as the head ; the posterior pair, when extended backward, reaches the
fifth setigerous segment in preserved, specimens ; the two lower ones
are considerably stouter and smaller, nearly equal, and are somewhat
longer than the head in alcoholic specimens. BranchiaB of the anterior
segments short, oval, obtuse at the tip ; posteriorly larger, elongated
oval, leaf-like. Color light greenish brown or olive, with a row of dark
brown spots along each side of the dorsal surface of the body.

Length up to 65mm; breadth about lmm.

Vineyard Sound, G to 14 fathoms, among ascidiaus and hydroids.

This species is very active in its motions. In general appearance it
resembles certain species of Phyllodoce, for which it might easily be
mistaken, owing to the small size and translucency of the odd median
antenna, which is not easily observed, especially with living specimens.
The position of the tentacular cirri is, however, sufficient to distinguish
the genus from Phyllodoce and Eumidia. The form of the head is quite
peculiar, but somewhat resembles that of Phyllodoce gracilis, and also
the preceding species.

One specimen of the Eiilalla gracilis was found in which fissiparity
was apparently about to take place. In this, one of the segments was
larger than the rest, and had developed a distinct pair of eyes. The
specimen unfortunately died before the separation took place.

PHYLLODOCE GRACILIS Verrill, sp. uov. PL XI, fig. 56. (p. 494.)

(?) Phyllodoce maculata A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum New York, vol. viii, p. 333,
fig. 53, 1866 (non Miiller, nee CErsted).

Body very long and slender. Head longer than broad, decidedly
cordate behind, with the posterior angles well rounded; the sides swell-

[587] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. '293

ing out opposite the eyes, then narrowing to near the antenna;, where
there is a slight constriction, and expanding slightly at the end, which
is obtusely rounded. Eyes very large, brown, wide apart, and sub-lateral,
connected by a curved band of brown specks; antenna) rather large and
long, about one-third as long as the head. Tentacular cirri large, the two
posterior much the longest, reaching to about the eighth setigerous seg
ment. Branchke of anterior segments broad oval or sub-circular, rounded
at the end ; posterior ones larger, broad oval, narrowed to the end. Pro
boscis with a large, swollen, basal portion, on which are twelve longi
tudinal rows of large, prominent, obtuse papilla?, about seven in each
row ; and a terminal smooth portion, which is somewhat longer, and
about as broad at the end as the basal portion, but considerably narrower
at its commencement; the orifice is surrounded by a circle of large,
rounded papilla?. Color greenish, with a median dorsal row of dark
brown spots, and another less conspicuous row along each side of the
back, at the base of the lateral appendages.

Length up to 75mm; breadth, 1 to 1.25mm.

Watch Hill, Ehode Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, rocky bottom.

The figure (56) copied from one of those given by Mr. Agassiz does
not agree perfectly with the specimens described, but probably represents
the same species. The head, as figured, is more oblong and the eyes
nearer together than in niy specimens ; the tentacular cirri are less
crowded. The anterior ones, in the preserved specimens at least, appear
to arise from beneath the base of the head. Some of these differences
may be due to the different states of extension and contraction ; for the
species in this family are all quite changeable in form during life, and
usually contract very much in alcohol.

PHYLLODOCE OATENULA Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 404.)

Head somewhat longer than broad, slightly cordate posteriorly, with
the posterior angles well rounded, and the sides full and convex ; front
broadly rounded, a.ud with a slight emargination in the middle. Eyes
large, dark brown, placed on the dorsal surface of the head; antennoe
rather long, slender. Tentacular cirri long and slender, the two posterior
much longer than the others. Branchiae of anterior segments broad
ovate, with rounded tips ; farther back larger and longer, ovate, leaf-like,
with acuminate tips. Proboscis with twelve rows of papillae on the
basal portion, which are prominent, somewhat elongated, obtuse, seven
or eight in the lateral rows, those in each row close together. Color of
body and branchia3 pale green, with a median dorsal row of dark brown
spots, one to each segment; and two lateral rows, in which there is a
spot at the base of each " foot f head pale, or greenish white.

Length up to 75mm; breadth about 1.5mi".

Watch Hill, Ehode Island, in 4 to 0 fathoms, among rocks and alga?-,
and in tide-pools; Wood's Hole, at surface, evening, July 3. Very
common in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water to 50 fathoms.

294 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [588]

This species is closely allied to P. pulchella Malmgren, from Northern.
Europe, but differs somewhat iii the form of the head, which is shorter
and rounder in the latter ; the branchiae also differ in form. It is a very
active species, and secretes a large quantity of mucus.

ETEONE ROBUST A Yerrill, sp. noy. (p. 488.)

Body large, stout, depressed, broadest in the middle, tapering gradu
ally to each end. Head small, about as long as wide, convex, with a me
dian depression 5 the sides rounded; front obtusely rounded. The four
frontal antennae are very small, short, obtuse, less than half the diameter
of the head. Eyes very small, black. Tentacles very small and short?
tapering, their length about one-half the diameter of the head, the two
pairs about equal. BranehiaB small, sessile, anteriorly very small, oval,
obtuse; in the middle region rounded, sub-oval. Color dark green, with
the anterior portion somewhat paler, and with light green transverse
bands between the segments; lateral appendages pale green.

Length, 125mm; breadth in middle, 5mm; length of head, 0.6mm.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, under stones, between tides, April 12, 1873.

ETEONE LIMICOLA Yen-ill, sp. nov. (p. 349.)

Body very long and slender, tapering gradually to both ends; depressed,
and with deeply incised, elongated segments posteriorly; less depressed
and with shorter and less distinct segments anteriorly. Head small,
about as broad as long, the posterior angles well rounded, the sides with
a slight constriction in advance of the eyes, narrowing rapidly; front
narrow, convex ; antennae slender, about half the length of the head.
Eyes minute, inconspicuous. Tentacular cirri about equal to the length
of the head. Lateral appendages small on the anterior segments, becom
ing much more prominent farther back; anterior branchiae very small,
ovate, sessile; those farther back much larger, and narrow ovate.
Color, when living, light green throughout.

Length about S0mm ; breadth, including appendages, 1.5mm.

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, in mud at low- water.

ETEONE SETOSA Yen-ill, sp. nov.

Body long and slender, resembling the preceding in form, but some
what less slender. Head shorter and broader, the posterior angles
prominently rounded ; two slight notches or emarginations on the
posterior margin, the middle portion extending farther back than the
lateral; sides rapidly tapering; front narrow. Antennae less than half
the length of the head. Eyes small, but quite distinct. Tentacular
cirri scarcely as long as the head. Lateral appendages a little promi
nent on the anterior segments, but much less so than farther back; setae
numerous. The branchiae are small, sessile, and inconspicuous anteriorly ;
larger and ovate farther back.

Length up to 75mm ; breadth about 2mm.

Yineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians.

[589] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 295

ETEONE, species undetermined.

A small and slender species was dredged off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms,
soft mud.

Another very peculiar species of Eteone was obtained at Great Egg
Harbor, New Jersey. In this the head is depressed and elongated,
tapering, with short antennae. The anterior part of the body is round
and with the lateral appendages very small, closely appressed, and not
at all prominent, giving to this part of the body a smooth appearance 5
on this part of the body the branchia3 are very small, lunate, sessile,
closely appressed; farther back they become much larger, and rounded
or ovate, while the setigerous lobe becomes prominent, and the setae
much longer and more numerous.

PODARKE OBSCURA Yerrill, sp. nov. PI. XII, fig. 61. (p. 319.)

Body convex above, flat below, with the segments deeply incised at
the sides, moderately slender in fall extension, but capable of great con
traction, tapering gradually to the caudal extremity, and less toward the
head. Head small, broader than long, emarginate in front, sides forming
rounded angles; posterior margin nearly straight. Antennae five, sub-
equal, the outer pair articulated upon a short, thick basal segment; the
odd median one is somewhat shorter, articulated upon a small basal
segment, which arises in front of the anterior pair of eyes. Tentacular
cirri long, slender, six on each side, two arising from each of the first
three annulations, on each side; those on the middle are longest, those
on the first shortest. Eyes four, small, red; those on each side close
together, but those of the anterior pair are farthest apart. Proboscis
with a large, swollen basal portion, and a smaller cylindrical terminal
portion, the surface nearly smooth. Lateral appendages, or "feet,"
elongated, biramous. The upper branch is short, conical, bearing
at its extremity a long, slender dorsal cirrus, nearly as long as the
breadth of the body, or even exceeding it, and having a short basal
joint; the setae of the upper ramus are very few and small. The lower
branch is much larger and longer, thick at base, tapering somewhat to
the obtuse end, from which a small, terminal, obtuse, papillilbrm process
arises; the short, acute, ventral cirrus arises from about the terminal
third, and is less than half as long as the dorsal cirrus; the setae are
numerous and long, forming a broad, fan-shaped fascicle, in which the
middle setae are' 'considerably longer than the upper and lower ones, and
in length about equal to the setigerous lobe ; these setae are all compound,
the middle ones having a very long, slender, acute terminal joint, and
the shorter ones beneath having a much shorter terminal joint. Last
segment small, rounded, bearing two long, slender anal cirri, much longer
than the dorsal cirri. Color variable, most commonly very dark brown
or blackish ; sometimes dark brown with transverse bauds of light flesh-
color between the segments, and two intermediate transverse whitish
lines on each segment.

296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [590]

Length up to 40mm when extended ; breadth, including setae, 3mm.

Wood's Hole, among eel-grass and at the surface, very abundant,
especially at night, in July and August ; also under stones, between
tides.

AUTOLYTUS CORNUTUS A. Agassiz. PL XIII, figs. 65, 66. (p. 397.)

Journal Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vii, p. 392, Plates 9-11, 1863.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard
Sound; Massachusetts Bay ; Eastport, Maine. Low-water mark to 15
fathoms.

AUTOLYTUS, species undetermined, (p. 398.)
Off New Haven, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly, among hydroids.

AUTOLYTUS, species undetermined.

Females, filled with eggs, of a large species of this genus were taken
at the surface of Vineyard Sound, April 30, by Mr. V. N. Edwards.
These were about 40111111 in length, as preserved in alcohol, and rather
stout, tapering to each end. The head is small, short, rounded in front.
The eyes are small, and the two pairs are near together. The odd
median antenna is more than twice as long as the breadth of the head;
the lateral ones are about half as long ; the first six setigerous segments
have short seta?; the following ones have a fascicle of long, slender ones,
equal to the breadth of the body.

SYLLIS, species undetermined, (p. 453.)

A single specimen from Vineyard Sound. The body is about 12mm
long; the antenna? are not very long; the palpi short; the dorsal cirri
are rather long, and, like the antenna^, regularly beaded ; the ventral
cirri are small, tapering; the seta? are numerous, rather short.

GATTIOLA, species undetermined, (p. 453.)

Young specimens were taken several times in Vineyard Sound, at the
surface. Adult specimens of a fine species of this genus were dredged
in the Bay of Fundy in 1872, in 80 fathoms.

NEREIS VIRENS Sars. PL XI, figs. 47-50. (p. 317.)

Beskrivelser og lakttagelser, etc., p. 58, PL 10, fig. 27, a, b, c, 1835 (t, Malmgren).
Nereis grandis Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 34, fjg. 24, 1853.
Nereis TanUana Quatrefages, Hist, des Anuelds, i, p. 553, PL 17, figs. 7, 8
1865; Alittavirens Malmgren, op. cit., p. 183; Anuulata polychreta, p. 56, PL
3, figs. 19, A-E, 1867.

New Haven, at low water ; Watch Hill ; Vineyard Sound ; Massachu
setts Bay; Eastport, Maine; northward to Labrador. Northern coasts
of Europe to Great Britain.
NEREIS LIMBATA Ehlers. PL XI, fig. 51. (p. 318.)

Die Borsten warmer, vol. i. p. 567, 1868.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay ; half-tide mark to
4 to G fathoms in Long Island Sound.

[591] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 297

KEREIS PELAGIOA Linn. PI. XI, figs. 52-55. (p. 310.)

Systema naturae, ed. x, p. 654 ; ed. xii, p. 1086; Malragren, Annulata polychaeta
p. 47, PL 5, figs. 35, A-D, 1867 ; Ehlers, op. cit., p. 511, PI. 20, figs. 11-20, 1868.
Heteronerds grandifolia Malmgren, Nordiska Hafs-Aniiulater, p. 108, PI. 11, figs.
15, 16, B, Bl, C ; Ann. polychoeta, p. 60, PI. 5, figs. 31, A-D; Heteronereis arctica
CErsted, Greenland's Annul, dorsibr., p. 27, PL 4, figs. 50*, 51, 60, PL 5, figs. 65, 68
70*, male (t. Ehlers); Heteronereis assimilis CErsted, op. cit., p. 28, PL 4, figs.
54, 61, PL 5, fig. 72, female (t. Ehlers).

Off New Haven ;• Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound ; northward to Labra
dor. Greenland; Iceland; Spitsbergen ; northern coasts of Europe to
Great Britain. In the Bay of Fundy from low-water mark to 106
fathoms, common.

NEREIS- FUCATA And. and Edwards, (p. 494.)

Histoire nat. litt. de la France, vol. ii, p. 188 (teste Malmgreu) ; Lycoris fucaia
Savigny, Syst. des Annelides, p. 31, 1820 (t. Ehlers) ; Descr. de 1'Egypte, ed.
2, xxi, p. 357 (t. Malmgren); Nereilepas fucata Malmgren, Aunulata polychaeta,
p. 53, PL 3, figs. 18-18 E ; Johnston, Catalogue, p. 158, fig. 30, 1865. Hetero
nereis ylaucopis Malmgren, Nordiska Hafs-Aimulater, Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.
Akad. Forb., 1865, p. 181, PL 11, figs. 16, 16 A; Annulata polychseta, p. 60, PL
4, figs. 26, 27, 1867. Nereis fucata Ehlers, Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 546, PL 21,
figs. 41-44.

A specimen was dredged at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, in 4 to G fath
oms, among rocks and algae, which agrees well with Malmgreu's descrip
tion and figure of Heteronereis glaucopis. Ehlers regards the latter as
the heteronereis-form of N. fucata.

NEREIS, species undetermined.

Head sub-conical; antenna? small, slender; palpi small, shorter, and
thicker; two upper pairs of tentacular cirri moderately elongated, sub-
equal, lower ones very small. Posterior eyes elongated and on the upper
side of the head; anterior pair small, lateral. Feet terminated by four
small papillae; dorsal and ventral cirri small, slender.

The only specimen observed is preserved in alcohol ; it is a female
filled with eggs. Vineyard Sound, 0 to 8 fathoms.

NECTONEREIS Verrill, genus nov.

Head prominent, depressed, oval, rounded in front, bearing two pairs
of large eyes on the upper and lateral surfaces, and a pair of small
antenna beneath; palpi small or rudimentary. Tentacular cirri four on
each side, as in Nereis. Proboscis small, similar to that of Nereis, but
more simple; furnished with a pair of terminal hooks ; with two anterior
clusters of denticles on the upper side, and with five small clusters be
low, in a ring extending nearly half-way around it. Anterior part of
body fusiform, consisting of about fourteen segments, on which the feet
are divided into small, rounded lobes, with small ventral cirri; and with
long dorsal cirri, those on the first seven segments swollen and gibbous
toward the end, with a small acute terminal portion. Posterior part of

298 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [592]

the body composed of numerous short segments, on which the feet are
furnished with lamelliform appendages.

This remarkable annelid bears some resemblance, in the structure of
the body and " feet," to Heteronereis, and there is probably another form
to which it bears the same relation that Reteronereis bears to Nereis ; but
the structure of the head is very unlike that of any known genus, and,
indeed, would not allow it to be placed in the family of Nereides without
modifying the family-characters. There are are no large palpi, corre
sponding to those of Nereis, and nothing to represent them, unless two
small lobes close to the mouth be considered rudimentary palpi.

NEOTONEREIS MEGALOPS Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XII, figs. G2, G3. (p.

440.)

Body slender, consisting of two parts; the anterior portion, contain
ing fourteen setigerous segments, is broadest in the middle, tapering
both ways, and separated from the posterior portion by a distinct con
striction ; the posterior portion is much longer and more slender, taper
ing gradually to the end, and consists of very numerous short segments,
which are furnished with complex lateral appendages, with thin lamellae
and compound bladed setre. Head broad oval, somewhat convex, and
very smooth above ; the lateral margins a little convex ; the front
obtusely rounded. Eyes very large, convex ; the anterior ones largest,
lateral and partially dorsal, oval ; in contact with the posterior ones,
which are somewhat smaller and more dorsal. T\vo small decurved
antennae, with swollen bases, are on the ventral side of the head ; two
small, rounded processes in front of the mouth. Tentacular cirri
slender, the upper pair much the longest ; the rather short lower pair
arising near the mouth; the two intermediate pairs arise behind and
close to the anterior eyes ; all are slightly annulated. The " feet" on the
first seven segments have a large dorsal cirrus, increasing in length
from the first to the seventh, narrow at base, swollen and gibbous
toward the end, with a slender, oblique, terminal portion ; on the seven
following segments the dorsal cirri are smaller, , slender, tapering;
the ventral cirri are small, with swollen bases on the first five seg
ments, slender and tapering on the rest ; the intermediate lobes of the
feet are small and rounded, but more elongated on the first five seg
ments. Seta? of different forms, many of them with a slender, often
curved, acute terminal piece.

The lateral appendages of the posterior region have, on the upper
ramus, a long, slender dorsal cirrus, strongly creuulate-lobed on the
lower side; a small, rounded lamelliform process above its base; and a
long, lanceolate process arising just below it, and in length equaling
the cirrus ; an ovate setigerous lobe, bearing a broad fan-shaped fascicle
of compound seta3, extending about to the end of the dorsal cirrus ;
and a lower ovate-lanceolate lamelliform process, with the base expanded
and extending backward, the tip reaching to about the outer third of

299

the cirrus ; a single strong black spine supports the setigerous lobe.
The lower ramus has a rounded setigerous lobe, and a large broadly-
rounded lamelliform process, nearly as long as the longest one of the
upper ramus and much broader ; the setigerous lobe bears a broad fan-
shaped fascicle of compound setae, similar to those of the upper ramus,
but a little shorter, and a single black basal spine; the ventral cirrus
is slender, and there is a broad, rounded ventral lamella at its base.
The setae are rather stout, with a broad, thin, blade-like, terminal piece,
which is generally lanceolate, with a rounded point, and often some
what curved, but more commonly straight. A few setc'e have a slender
acute terminal piece. Anal segment with numerous small slender papil-
liform processes on each side, forming a circle.

Length up to 35mm ; breadth about 2.5mm.

Vineyard Sound, swimming actively at the surface, both in the even
ing and in the brightest sunshine, in the middle of the day ; July 3 to
August 11.

r DIOPATRA CUPREA Claparede. Plate XIII, figs. 67, 68. (p. 346.)

Aunelides ch6topodes du golfe de Naples, in Memoires de la Societe' de Physiques
et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vol. xix, p. 432, 1863. Nereis ouprea Bosc, Hist. nat.
des Vers, vol. i, p. 143 (t. Claparede).

Charleston, South Carolina, to Long Island Sound and Vineyard
Sound.

MARPHYSA LEIDYI Quatrefages. Plate XII, fig. 64. (p. 319.)

Histoire nat. des Anneles, vol. i, p. 337, 1865 (M. Leidii}. Eunice saiigninea
Leidy, Mar. Inv. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 15, 1855 (non
Montagu).

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Long Island Sound and Vineyard
Sound. Low-water mark to 10 fathoms.

LYCIDICE AMERICANA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body depressed, slender, narrowed toward each end; segments well-
marked. Head much depressed, oblong, narrowed somewhat toward
the front, which is truncate and somewhat emarginate in the middle ;
lower side bilobed, the lobes well rounded. The two eyes are lateral,
just outside the bases of the lateral antennae. The three antenna are
subequal, nearly as long as the diameter of the head; the odd median
one is apparently a little longer than the lateral, and placed slightly
farther back. The dorsal cirri are long and slender, exceeding the
diameter of the body in living specimens; they have a small lobe near
the base. Anal cirri four ; the two lower exceeding the diameter of the
body ; the two upper ones less than half as long. Color light red, with
a bright red dorsal vessel and dark brown intestines, showing through in
the middle ; eyes dark red.

Length, while living, about 40mra ; greatest diameter, 1.5mm.

Off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft mud.
21 v

300 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [594]

NEMATONEREIS, species undetermined, (p. 508.)

A species, apparently belonging to this genus, was dredged in 29
fathoms, east of Block Island. The specimens have been lost or mis
laid. In life the head was small, rounded, with one median dorsal
antenna, about as long as the diameter of the head. Eyes two, small
but conspicuous, dark brown. Dorsal cirri slender.

LlTMBRICONEREIS FRAGILTS (Ersted. (p. 507.)

Conspec. Ann. Dan., p. 15, figs. 1, 2, 1843 (t. Malmgren). Luminous fragilis
Miiller, Prod. Zool. Dan., p. 216; Zool. Dan., vol. i, p. 22, PL 22, figs. 1-3, 1788,
(t. Malmgren). Lumlrinereis fragilis Malmgren, Annulata polychaita, p. 633
PI. 14, figs. 83-83, D.

Mouth of Vineyard Sound and deeper waters outside; northward to
Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Northern coasts of Europe.
From low-water mark, in the Bay of Ftindy, to 430 fathoms, off Saint
George's Bank.

LUMBRICONEREIS OPALINA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70. (p.

342.)

Lumlriconereis splcndida Leidy., op. cit., p. 15 (non Blainville).

Body cylindrical, much elongated, largest in the middle, tapering
gradually toward the head, which is comparatively small; segments
well, marked. Head conoidal, obtuse, changing much in form during
life; in extension considerably longer than broad, and more acute than
in the figure. Eyes four, in a transverse row, the two middle ones
larger and a little in advance of the others. The lateral appendages, or
"feet," consist of a short, obtusely-rounded basal papilla, which bears
the setas ; from the posterior and ventral end of this a prominent elon
gated lobe arises, which is some whot curved and obtuse. These appen
dages are longer in the middle of the body than anteriorly. Seta3 five to
nine in each fascicle, and of several forms ; one or two in each fascicle
usually have a long, slender, flexible capillar}T point, Color reddish or
brownish, with brilliant iridescence.

Length up to 400mm; diameter in middle, 3mm.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound; low- water mark to 14 fathoms.

LUMBRICONEREIS TENTHS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.)

Body very long, slender, filiform, of nearly uniform diameter through
out, capable of great extension ; segments very numerous, well marked.
Head a little narrower than buccal segment, depressed, obtusely pointed
or rounded in front, without eyes. In the first to ninth pairs the late
ral appendages have about six slender lanceolate seta?; those of the ninth
pair have two slender spatulate setae, with about six or seven lanceolate
ones ; at the sixteenth pair they begin to have recurved spatulate setae,
with two or three hook-like denticles at the end, while two or three
lanceolate ones remain; posterior to the twenty-third or twenty-fourth
pair only one of the long, slender, acute setre remains, accompanied by

[595] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 301

two or three of the spatulate hooks; the latter are about half as long as
the former, slender toward the base, but gradually becoming broader
toward the end, which is twice as broad, obtusely rounded, and
curved back from about the middle ; the hooks are nearly terminal on
one side, the thin margin projecting beyond them. The basal lobe of
the "feet" is very small; the posterior lobe is small but prominent.
Color light red to dark red, somewhat iridescent.

Length up to 350mm ; diameter, 0.05mm to lmm.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound.

NINOE NIGKRIPES Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body elongated, slender, broadest a short distance behind the head,
at the middle of the branchiferous segments. Head depressed, elongated,
conical, blunt at end, about twice as long as broad. The branchiae are
represented on the first two setigerous segments by a short, flattened
lobe, arising from the outer and posterior face of the setigerous lobe.
On the two following segments the lobe is divided into two or three
parts; on the fifth there are usually three, more elongated, round, and
more slender branchiae, which increase in number and length on the suc
ceeding segments until there are five, six, or more long, slender branchial
filaments, which arise from the posterior face of the setigerous lobe, and
diverge, forming a somewhat fan-shaped or digitate group ; about the
twenty-fourth segment the number rapidly diminishes, and after the
twenty-seventh or twenty-eighth there remains but one small branchial
process. The setigerous lobe is prominent, obtuse, turned forward. The
seta3 are numerous on the branchial segments, and rather long, of various
shapes, but mostly bent, with an acute lanceolate point; posteriorly they
are shorter and fewer, and mostly slender, margined setae, with hooks at
the spatulate end. Body flesh-color ; the setae dark, often blackish ;
branchiae bright red.

Length of broken specimens, 20mm ; breadth anteriorly, 2mm.

Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, and waters outside ; in 8 to 29
fathoms, mud.

STAUROCEPHALUS PALLIDUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 348.)

Body rather slender, convex above, flattened below, largest in the
middle, tapering slightly toward each end, composed of about seventy seg
ments. Head small, depressed, rounded in front; antennae four, slen
der, longer than the breadth of body, the two upper ones longer and more
slender than the lower ones, strongly annulated or beaded ; lower ones
stouter, smooth, tapering. Eyes four, dark red; the posterior pair very
small, placed between the bases of the upper antennae; the anterior pair
farther apart, placed between the bases of the upper and lower antennae.
Anal cirri four, the upper pair slender and about twice as long as the lower
ones. Dorsal cirri elongated, slender, more than twice as long as the
setigerous lobe, absent on the first setigerous segment, very small on the

302 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [596 J

second, but well developed on the third. Setae rather long and slender.
Color pale yellow, with red blood-vessels showing through anteriorly.

Length, 50mm ; breadth, 2mm. This species moves like a Nereis.

Near New Haven light-house, in sand, at low-water mark.

, • EHYNCHOBOLUS AMERICANUS Yen-ill. Plate X, figs. 45, 46. (p. 342.)

Glycera Americana Leidy, op. cit., p. 15, PL 11, figs. 49,50, 1855; Ehlers, Borsten-
wiirrner, vol. i-, p. 668, PL 23, figs. 43-46, 1868.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Long Island Sound and Yiueyard
Sound. Low-water mark to 10 fathoms.

I follow Claparede in adopting Rhynchobolus for those species of the
old genus Glycera which have the proboscis armed at the end with four
hooks or faugs.

* KHYNCHOBOLUS DIBRANCHIATUS Yerrill. Plate X, figs. 43, 44. (p.
341.)

Glycera dilrancldata Ehlers, op. cit., pp. 670-702, PL 24, figs. 10-28, 1868.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Long Island Sound ; Yiueyard
Sound ; and Massachusetts Bay. Low- water mark to 8 fathoms.
Ehlers has given a very full anatomical description of this species.

EONE GRACILIS Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body very slender, terete ; surface iridescent. Head elon gated, acutely
conical, composed of eight distinct, rounded annulations, the basal one
with a pair of minute reddish eyes ; antennae four, slender. Feet prom
inent, elongated, more than equal to half the diameter of the body ; they
are uniramous on about thirty-two segments of the anterior part of the
body, and bilobed, with a small obtuse dorsal cirrus ; the upper lobe
is prominent, more elongated than the lower one, both cylindrical,obtusely
pointed; seta3 compound, in two small fascicles^ long, the free part ex
ceeding the entire length of the foot. On the posterior half of the body
there is a small, slightly elevated, mammilliform upper rainus, above
the base of the lower ramus, and entirely separate from it, containing
two or more small, acute, dark setae, which project but slightly ; the
lower ramus is deeply bilobed, the lobes elongated, round, the upper
one longest, the lower one acute; on the posterior side of the base of the
upper lobe there is a minute, rounded setigerous lobe, and at the junc
tion of the two lobes, on the posterior face, there is another small setig
erous lobe ; the setse are long and slender, acute, many of them curved,
arranged in small fascicles.

Length, 20mm ; diameter less than lmm.

Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, in soft mud.

ARICIA ORNATA Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 344.)

Body rather stout, composed of numerous very short segments, much
depressed and flattened anteriorly, strongly convex beneath in the .mid
dle region, flattened above throughout; breadth nearly the same

[597] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 303

through a large part of the length, narrowed slightly and gradually
toward the posterior end, and abruptly narrowed anteriorly close to the
head, which is very small, short, conical, and acute at the tip. On the
anterior thirty-two setigerous segments the feet consist of a small upper
ramus, having a small, tapering dorsal cirrus and a minute setigerous
lobe, bearing a small fascicle of slender and short set»3, and a lower ra
mus, separated by a narrow space, and consisting of a small upper
papilla, and a long transverse row of minute, rounded papilla, which
surmount a narrow, somewhat elevated, crest-like ridge; the first twelve
or thirteen segments having shorter rows, so as to leave a broad, naked
ventral space, but those farther back having rows of papillae that nearly
meet beneath, and thus entirely covering the sides and ventral surface
for a short distance; these crest-like ridges bear close rows of minute,
hooked setae. The branchioe commence on the upper surface of the fifth
setigerous segment, in the form of elongated papillae, which become
more elongated and narrow ligulate farther back. Posterior to the
thirty-second segment the papilliform crests of the lower ramus disap
pear, and the lower ramus consists of an elongated papilliform, and finally
cirriform, upper process, with a minute setigerous lobe at its base,
bearing fine inconspicuous setae ; and an elongated membranous basal
portion, decurrent down on the lateral surface of the segment; the up
per ramus is connected at the base by a membranous web with the lower
one, and consists of an elongated dorsal cirrus, similar in size and shape
to the branchia, and a very small setigerous lobe, bearing a small fas
cicle of fine setae. The branchia3 are connected by a slight web-like
basal ridge with the dorsal cirri. Thus there are three parallel rows of
cirriform or slender ligulate processes along each side of the back, leav
ing a broad, central, naked space all along the back.

Length up to 60mm or more; breadth, 4llim.

Savin Rock, burrowing in sand at low-water mark, May, 1872.

ANTHOSTOMA ROBUSTUM Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIV, fig. 76. (p. 343.)
Body large, long, stout, thickest and rounded, or but slightly depressed,
anteriorly; tapering rapidly to the head; posterior portion very long,
narrowing gradually to the posterior end, flatter or concave above, well
rounded below, higher than wide, with three rows of long, erect, ligu
late, or narrow lanceolate processes along each side of the back, the four
inner rows largest; and a pair of foliaceous processes on the sides of
each segment. Head short, conical, acute. Proboscis large, broad, di
vided into about eighteen long, narrow, digitate, and sulcated lobes, with
convoluted margins, broadest at the end, and free for a large part of
their length, but united at the base by a membranous web; or it might be
described as divided into a lower, two lateral, and two upper main lobes,
each of which is again divided into three or four digitations. During
life these are all continually changing in form and length, and generally
only a few of the processes are protruded at one time. Branchiae com-

304 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [598]

meuce on the twenty-sixth setigerous segment as minute papillae; on
the twenty-eighth they become prominent and acute-conical ; farther
back they become long, lanceolate, thin, foliaceous, as long as the diame
ter of the body.

On the twenty-three anterior setigerous segments the " feet" are rep
resented by two short, dense, fan-sbaped fascicles of seta? on each side-
On the twenty-fourth segment a small papilliform lobe, or ventral cirrus,
appears below the lower ramus, which rapidly becomes larger on the
succeeding segments, becoming quite conspicuous on the twenty-ninth
segment; at about the twenty-eighth it becomes broader, and divided
into three small lobes, the lowest broadest and thinnest, and a bilobed
setigerous lobe is developed. At the thirtieth the ventral lobe becomes
broader, somewhat foliaceous, with a rounded outline; farther back
this becomes still larger and more foliaceous, with a broadly-rounded
fiexuous outer border, and the upper branch of the setigerous lobe be
comes an elongated ligulate process, directed upward, and similar in
form to the branchia3, though smaller and more slender, but the lower
branch remains small and rounded ; a small fascicle of long, slender
setse arises from between them. On the twenty-seventh segment an
upper cirrus appears on both the upper and lower rami, in the form of
a small papilla, which becomes somewhat elongated and tapering at the
twenty-ninth ; that of the lower ramus continues small throughout, and
much shorter than the setigerous or ventral lobes, but that of the upper
ramus becomes rapidly larger, longer, and more ligulate, corresponding
nearly with the branchia3 in size, form, and rate of increase. On the
middle and posterior regions the upper ramus consists of this long,
thin, lanceolate cirrus and a fascicle of long, slender setae, arising from
the anterior face of its base, and in length considerably exceeding the
cirrus; the setas are pale yellow. Those of the upper ramus are short
anteriorly, and become decidedly longer at the twenty -eighth segment,
and on the thirty-second and subsequent segments they form a long,
divergent, fan-shaped fascicle; color, when living, ocher-yellow, orange-
yellow, to 3Tellowish brown, generally brighter yellow posteriorly. Usu
ally there are two rows of brown spots along the back, and posteriorly
there is a dorsal red or reddish brown line ; branchia3 blood-red.

Length of large specimens up to 375mm or more; breadth, 10mm; ordi
nary specimens are about 300mm long and 7mm broad. Owing to the
facility with which it breaks up when disturbed, it is difficult to obtain
entire specimens of large size.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Xew Haven; Wood's Hole; in sand,
at low-water.

ANTHOSTOMA FRAGILE Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 344.)

Body long and slender, composed of very numerous segments, very
fragile, and prone to divide spontaneously when disturbed; thickest
and sub-cylindrical anteriorly, tapering rapidly to the head; posterior part

[599] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 305

very long and slender, tapering gradually, flattened dorsally. Head
distinctly annulated, elongated conical, very acute, with the tip slender
and translucent ; proboscis short and broad, not extending far beyond
the tip of the head, with six or more broad, convoluted, changeable
lobes, which are united at the base by a broad membranous expansion.
The dorsal branchiae first appear on the sixteenth setigerous segment
as small papillae ; they become well developed and long ligulate at about
the twentieth, increasing somewhat in length on the segments farther
back. On the first thirteen segments behind the buccal the "feet" are
represented by a very small, slightly-elevated lobe, above and below,
each bearing a dense fascicle, that of the lower ram us widest, but the
length of the setae about equal in both. On the fourteenth segment a
small tubercle appears on both rami ; on the sixteenth these become
elongated and somewhat cirriform, and the setae become considerably
longer on the fifteenth segment. At about the seventeenth segment the
lower ramus becomes distinctly tri-lobed, and at the twentieth four-
lobed, with the setigerous lobe bifid, and the two lower lateral lobes
conical, acute, and swollen at the base ; while the upper ramus is long
and ligulate, like the branchiae, and the setae are long and slender, the
lower fascicle smallest. Farther back the lobes of the lower ramus be
come still more developed, but keep their acute conical form, and the
upper ramus and setae continue to elongate until, on the posterior part
of the body, they exceed in length the diameter of the body. Anal seg
ment oblong, sub-cylindrical, smooth, with two long filiform, cirri on the
upper side; color, when living, brownish orange, dull yellow, ocher,
light reddish, or flesh-color, with a red median dorsal line, and some
times with the dorsal surface tinged with red posteriorly : a narrow,
light ventral line, bordered with reddish. Sometimes the upper surface
is maculate with fine polygonal, whitish spots, due, perhaps, to ova
contained within the body; there are sometimes two obscure brownish
spots on the upper side of the head.

Length up to 125mm; diameter, 3mm.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; New Haven; Watch Hill; Wood's
Hole ; in sand, between tides, and gregarious.

ANTIIOSTOMA ACUTUM Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 501.)

Body long and quite slender, tapering most toward the head, and
very gradually posteriorly. Head very acutely pointed, with two
rather indistinct reddish spots above, resembling imperfect ocelli. The
branchiae commence at the eleventh setigerous segment as small dorsal
papillae, and become prominent on the thirteenth ; on the succeeding
segments they become long and ligulate. Anteriorly the feet are rep
resented by an upper ramus, consisting of a very small tuft of setae,
with a very small papilliform lobe above it, and a lower ramus, consist
ing of a small prominent papilla, with a fascicle of slender setae, much
larger than the upper one. On the fourteenth and succeeding segments

306 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [600]

the dorsal cirrus of the upper ramus becomes longer, more slender, and
ligulate. On the fifteenth segment a small, short, rounded ventral cirrus
appears on the lower ramus, and farther back it becomes larger and more
prominent, and the setigerous lobe becomes bilobed. Anal segment
rounded, obtuse ; cirri long and slender. Color light red.

Length up to 40mm; diameter, 2.5mm.

Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; also from the deeper parts of
Vineyard Sound.

ANTHOSTOMA, species undetermined, (p. 508.)

Another species, not well studied, was dredged in the deeper waters
off Gay Head and Buzzard's Bay. It differs from all the preceding in
having eighteen anterior segments without branchiae.

NERINE AGILIS Yei'iill, sp. nov. (p. 346.)

Body long and rather slender, anteriorly flattened, posteriorly more
rounded. Head long conical, with a slender acute tip; mouth a trans
verse fissure beneath; eyes four, placed in frout of the bases of the
two large antennae, small, black, the anterior ones a little farther apart ;
anteuua3 long, slender, with thickened bases, placed on the dorsal
surface of the head, with their bases contiguous.

The branchiae are slender, ligulate, and exist on all the segments
except the first. On the first segment the "feet" are represented on
each side by two small rounded lobes, bearing very small setae, and
placed just below the bases of the antennae; on the succeeding twenty
segments the lower ramus consists of a larger, somewhat semicircular
lobe, bearing a broad cluster of slender, acute seta3, and separate from
the upper ramus, which consists of a thin foliaceous process joined to
the branchial cirrus, but with a free terminal portion, and bearing a
broad, comb-like cluster of long acute set*, nearly as long as the bran
chiae, and much longer than those of the ventral ramus. On the
twenty-first setigerous segment a small papilliform ventral cirrus ap
pears on the lower ramus, and farther back it becomes more prominent
and separate from the setigerous lobe. In the middle and posterior
region the free portion of the cirriform lobe of the upper ramus is longer.

Color reddish or brownish green anteriorly, light green on the sides;
branchia3 bright red. Length up to 60mm ; breadth, 2mm; length of
antennae, 12mm.

Great Egg Harbor, ^ew Jersej-, on the outer beach, burrowing in
sand, at low-water mark.

SCOLECOLEPIS VIRIDIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 345.)

Body long, slender, depressed; both the upper and lower surfaces
flattened, of nearly uniform breadth throughout most of the length,
abruptly narrowed at each end, and somewhat tapering and more
rounded posteriorly. Head with the central plate longer than broad,

i.601] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 307

forming an acute angle behind, anteriorly suddenly expanding into a
wide transverse frontal lobe, broadly rounded in front, with a slight
emargination in the middle, the lateral angles prominent and slightly
aurieulate or recurved. Eyes four, distant, the two pairs nearly parallel.
Proboscis small, smooth, rounded. Antennae slender, twice as long as
the breadth of the body. The branchiae are slender and ligulate an
teriorly, and meet over the middle of the back; but farther back they
gradually decrease in length, and disappear at about the anterior third.
The upper rainus of the feet consists of a broad, thin, foliaceous upper
ramus, rounded outwardly, connected, for most of its length, with the
branchia, the upper end a little prominent ; and a broad cluster of setae,
consisting of a small upper fascicle of slender aciculae, scarcely as long
as the branchia, and a comb-like group of shorter and somewhat stouter
bent and acute setaa. The lower ramus consists of a small, thin, rounded
process, bearing a transverse row of acute bent seta3, and a ventral tuft
of longer and more slender ones. Posteriorly the slender setae in the
dorsal and ventral tufts are considerably longer ; and several stouter,
recurved, two-hooked, uncinate setae appear in the transverse rows of
acute setae, both in the upper and lower rami. Anal segment short,
truncate or suburceolate, somewhat bilobed ; the margin of the orifice
crenulated with small rounded lobes, and with four small conical papillae
on the upper side. Color olive-green or bright green, darker posteriorly ;
branchiae bright red; antennae light green, with a row of black specks,

Length up to 100mm ; breadth, 3mm.

Great Egg Harbor; New Haven; Watch Hill; Wood's Hole; burrow
ing in sand, at low- water.

SCOLECOLEPIS TENUIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 345.)

Body very long and slender, depressed, especially anteriorly, gradually
tapering posteriorly. Head short and broad, slightly three-lobed in
front, the central lobe broadly rounded, the lateral ones also rounded,
somewhat smaller. Antennae long and slender. The branchiae are small,
ligulate, and exist only on the anterior segments. The setae of the dor
sal fascicle are long and slender ; but those of the first three segments
are longer than the others, forming large fan-shaped fascicles directed
upward and forward; those of the first segment longest, about twice as
long as the breadth of the head. Farther back the setae of the upper
ramus become shorter, the upper ones slender, capillary, the lower ones
stouter, somewhat bent, mostly acute, some uncinate. Those of the
lower ramus are shorter, setiforrn, forming large fascicles anteriorly.
Farther back the upper ones are partly stouter, somewhat bent, and
acute, and partly uncinate, while a small ventral fascicle of slender ones
still remains. Posteriorly the setigerous lobes of the feet become very
small. Color light green ; branchiae red, tinged with green ; antennae
whitish, with a red central line.

Length, 80mm ; breadth, 1.25inm.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; burrowing in sand, at low- water.

308 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [602]
SCOLECOLEPIS CIKRATA Malmgren. (p. 501.)

Annnlata polychaeta, p. 91, PI. 9, figs. 54 A-54 D. Nerine cirrata Sars, Nyt. Mag.,
vol. vi, p. 207 (teste Malmgren).

This is a larger and stouter species than either of the preceding.
The front of the head is broadly rounded, with prominent, rounded,
lateral angles ; the foliaceous lateral appendages are larger and much
wider.

Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, and in the deepest parts of Vine
yard Sound, near the mouth; off Saint George's Bank, in 110 and 150
fathoms. Northern coasts of Europe; Spitzbergen; Greenland. In 20-
250 fathoms. (Malmgren).

SPIO SETOSA Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XIV, fig. 77. (p. 344.)

Nerine coniocephala ? A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York, vol.'
viii, p. 333, PL x, figs. 39-45, 1866, (now Johnston.)

Body long, moderately slender, flattened dorsally, convex below,
obtuse anteriorly, slightly tapered toward the posterior end. Head with
a prominent median lobe, which is sub-truncate and a little turned up
at the front end, with the corners a little prominent and rounded ; lateral
lobes shorter than the median; on the posterior part of the vertex
there is a small median, conical prominence. Eyes four, on the vertex,
the posterior pair nearest together; antennae long. Branchiae moder
ately long, slender, ligulate, largest on the anterior segments. On the
first three or four segments the upper ram us ot the feet has a slender
dorsal cirrus, which disappears farther back. The setae of the upper
ram us are long, acute, and form a broad fascicle, in which the upper
ones are much longer and more slender, divergent; the lower stouter
and more or less bent; they are longest on the first four or five
segments, the upper ones considerably exceeding the branchiae. The
lower ramus is small and but slightly elevated; on the anterior
segments it bears a small fascicle of short, acute, bent setae, much
shorter than those of the upper ramus, and closely crowded together
in two or more rows, with a small ventral tuft of longer and more
slender setae; farther back the acute bent setae begin to be replaced
by uncinate setae, which, at about the tenth segment, form a complete
transverse row, parallel with a row of slightly longer, pointed setae,
wrhile the small ventral tuft of longer acute setae still remains, and all
the setae in the broad fascicle of the upper ramus are acute and much
longer. In the middle region of the body, the uncini of the lower
ramus form a close row, containing fifteen to twenty; they are strongly
recurved near the end and margined.

Length up to 80mm; diameter about 2.5mm.

New Haven : Wood's Hole ; and Naushou Island ; in sand, at low-
water.

This species appears to be the same as the one studied by Mr. Agassiz,
though it differs slightly from his figures, one of which 1 have copied.

[603] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 309

SPIO ROBTJSTA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 345.)

Body stout, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, but little de
pressed except anteriorly, very convex beneath, flattened above. Head
broad., somewbat angular 5 the median lobe truncated and slightty emar-
ginate in front ; lateral lobes a little shorter, wide, obtuse in front,
slightly augulated laterally ; a small median, conical elevation on the
posterior part of the head. Antennae long, rather stout. Branchiae
long, narrow, tapering. Upper rani us of the feet with a small, obtuse
setigerous lobe, bearing a small fascicle of short setae, considerably
shorter than the branchiae, even on the anterior segments, and a foli
aceous process arising behind the setrgerous lobe, broadly rounded on
its thin outer edge ; the upper end free and obtusely pointed ; farther
back the setae are shorter and the foliaceous process smaller and less
prominent. The lower ram us on the anterior segments has a small,
prominent, semicircular foliaceous process and a small, dense fascicle of
short seta3, crowded in several transverse rows ; on the eighth and sub
sequent segments the foliaceous processes become larger and wider, and
the setae more numerous, crowded, and partly unemate ; still farther
back the setae are nearly all uncinate, except a very small ventral tuft
of slender ones, and form long, double, transverse rows, projecting but
little beyond the surface. Color greenish.

Length, 50mm, or more ; breadth, 3mm to 3.5mm.

Wood's Hole and Naushon Island 5 in sand, at low-water mark.

POLYDORA CILIATUM Claparede(?). Plate XIY, fig. 78. (p. 345.)

A. Agassiz, On the Young Stages of a Few Annelids, in Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist,
of New York, vol. viii, pp. 323-330, figs. 26-38, 1866 (embryology).

Naushon Island and Massachusetts Bay; in muddy sand, at about half-
tide (A. Agassiz).

The adults of this species were not found by us. The young were
frequently taken in the towing-uets.

A young Polydora, belonging perhaps to a different species, was
dredged off New Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly bottom. It was about
12mm long. The color was pale yellow, with small black spots along
the sides between the fascicles of setae ; a red dorsal vessel ; antennae
white.

OPHELIA SIMPLEX Leidy. (p. 319.)

Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 16, 1855.
Body short, smooth, iridescent, well rounded above, flat below ;
usually found coiled up, so that the extremities meet, or nearly so, and
resembling in "general form the larvae of certain beetles and flies. Head
very acute conical 5 the buccal segment suddenly enlarges ; mouth be
neath, with thick evertile lips, the lower one generally protruded as a
large rounded lobe. Posterior end terminated by about ten unequal,
round, blunt, fleshy, simple papillae, of which the two ventral ones

310 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [604]

are considerably longest. The setae commence opposite the mouth and
extend to the posterior end ; they form two fan-shaped fascicles on each
side of each segment, closely approximate at their origin, bat strongly
divergent, the upper ones directed upward, the lower ones downward ;
the setae are very long aud slender on the middle segments, those of the
upper fascicles longest, and exceeding half the diameter of the body ;
anteriorly they are considerably shorter ; they are somewhat expanded
toward the base, but have long and very slender tips. Dorsal cirri
rather long and stout, transparent and wrinkled, blunt at tip, thickened
at base; in length nearly equaling a third of the diameter of the body.
Color yellowish white, tinged with brownish on the sides.

Length, 8mm to 10mm; diameter, 1.5mm.

Savin Rock, at half-tide. Point Judith, Khode Island, below low-
water mark (Leidy).

The specimen above described was found under stones at Savin
Eock, near New Haven, May 5. Its body was completely filled, from
one end to the other, with comparatively large yellowish white eggs,
which show through the transparent integument of the dorsal side very
distinctly.

TRAVISIA CARNEA Yerill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body with twenty-four setigerous segments, oblong or fusiform, very
changeable, round, usually tapering abruptly to each end. Head small,
conical, acute; posterior end terminated by a small, bluntly rounded,
or slightly clavate papilla; setae small and slender. Branchiae short,
slender, commencing on the third setigerous segment and ceasing at
the twentieth ; longest about one-fourth as long as the diameter of the
body. Segments of middle region tri-annulated. Color light red or
deep flesh-color ; branchiae bright red.

Length, in extension, about 25mm; 3inm to 4mm in diameter. It can
contract to 12mm or less in length.

Off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, in 19 fathoms, soft mud.

AMMOTRYPANE FIMBRIATA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XV, fig. 79.

(p. 508.)

Body elongated, slender, smooth, thickest in advance of the middle,
tapering gradually to both ends, convex, and well rounded above ;
lower surface with a median sulcus and rounded margins, separated
from the upper surface by a deep groove. Head very acute. Eyes
two, small, black. Proboscis small, sub-globular, smooth. Branchiae
long aud slender. Caudal appendage spoon-shaped, deeply concave,
transversely striated ; the outer margin fringed with a row of small,
slender papillae; a pair of slender cirriform processes, about half its
length, arises at its ventral base, and a longer single median one is
generally concealed in its cavity. Setae of the anterior segments long
and slender, more than half the diameter of the body, shorter farther
back. Color, when living, purplish flesh-color, shining and iridescent

[605] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 311

on the dorsal surface; a row of elongated .dark spots on each side be
tween the fascicles of set«3 ; the seta? dark gray.

Length, 75mm ; diameter, 3mm.

Off Buzzard's Bay, in 25 fathoms, mud; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90
fathoms, mud; near Saint George's Bank, 110 and 150 fathoms, mud.

SCALIBREGrMA BREVICAUDA Verrill, Sp. I10V. (p. 410.)

Body rather short, with a narrow, tapering anterior portion ; a swollen
middle region ; and a narrow, tapering caudal portion ; lower surface
with a very narrow, smooth median area, divided transversely into a
series of small rounded prominences by slight depressions. Head small,
transverse, truncate or slightly concave in front, the angles produced
and prominent. On the anterior region four segments bear short, tufted
branchiae, close to the base of the upper fascicles of setae, which are
rather long and slender; each of these segments also has a dorsal
transverse row of rather large and conspicuous blackish granules on its
posterior margin, and also a black spot on the sides below the branchiae.
The surface of all the anterior segments is regularly and rather finely
granulous, the granules in transverse rows. The middle region, com
posed of about ten segments, is thicker, and sometimes much swollen,
and the feet are represented only by small fascicles of slender seta3.
The caudal region is less than one-half the entire length in preserved
specimens, and is rather slender and tapering, composed of about sixteen
segments; the rarai of the feet consist .of a prominent, obtuse papilla,
both above and below, with a blackish spot at the end, and bearing a
fascicle of slender setae, in length rather exceeding half the diameter of
this part of the body. Color, when living, dark brownish red, tinged
with yellow at both ends.

Length, 32mm; diameter, 2.5mm.

Off New Haven, 4 to 0 fathoms, shelly bottom.

TROPHONIA AFFINIS Verrill. PL XIV, fig. 75. (p. 507.)

Siphonostomum affine Leidy, op. cit., p. 16 (148), 1855.

Body rather slender and elongated for the genus ; skin irregularly
rugose, granulous, anteriorly covered with small papillae. The eight
branchia3 are cylindrical, thick, blunt, unequal; two tentacles stouter
than the branchiae, sulcate beneath. On the four anterior segments the
upper and lower fascicles of seta3 are much elongated and directed for
ward. On the fifth and following segments those in the upper fascicles
are capillary, divergent, six to ten in each fascicle ; in the lower fascicles
there are about three stout, slightly curved, acute, deep yellow setaB.
On the third and fourth segments the seta3 of the upper fascicles are
longer and larger than those in the lower ones ; posteriorly the lower
seta3 become longer, stouter, and more curved at the tip, the lowest one
becoming hook-like.

Length, 60mm ; diameter. 3.5mm.

312 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [606]

Off Block Island, 29 fathoms; off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms, mud.
Great Egg Harbor (Leidy).

BRADA SETOSA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body short, oblong, sub-cylindrical, flattened below, tapering a little
toward both ends, which are obtuse; composed of seventeen setigerous
segments. Skin covered with small, prominent, acute papillae. Upper
fascicles of seta3 long, slender, light colored; lower fascicles larger, com
posed of stouter, long, dark colored setae, surrounded at base by small
cirriforrn appendages. Ventral cirrus small.

Length of preserved specimen, 10mm; diameter, 2.5mm.

Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, among muscles, &c.

STERNASPIS FOSSOR Stimpson, Plate XIV, fig. 74. (p. 507.)

Marine Invertebrata of Graud Manan, p. 29, fig. 19, 1853.

Off' Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; common in the Bay of Fundy
in 10 to 90 fathoms, mud; near Saint George's Bank, 110 fathoms,
sandy mud ; Casco Bay, 20 fathoms.

CIRRATULUS GRANDIS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XV, figs. 80, 81. (p. 319).
Body large and stout, anteriorly subcylindrical, somewhat flattened
and tapering slightly posteriorly, and rather abruptly tapered anteriorly.
Head small, acute, with obscure brownish spots above, but apparently
without distinct ocelli. Posterior end obtuse, the orifice surrounded by
a thickened, slightly crenulated border. Posterior to the mouth there
are about seven rather indistinct annuli (perhaps four biannulated
segments) destitute of appendages; the two next segments bear two
fascicles of small seta3 on each side, and two crowded dorsal clusters of
long slender branchial cirri ; these clusters nearly meet on the dorsal
line, leaving only a narrow naked, space, and contain a large number of
cirri, usually of various lengths, closely crowded together. Farther
back the " feet77 consist of small and slightly prominent upper and lower
rami, connected by a slightly raised, transverse ridge ; each ram us bears
a small fascicle of short, slender, acute setae, in a transverse row ; and
a few stouter curved spinule>, which project but little from the surface ;
posteriorly the spinules are more numerous and the slender setae fewer
and a little longer, but they are scarcely equal to one-tenth of the diam
eter of the body. Along nearly the whole length of the body long-
slender branchial cirri arise from above most of the upper rami, but
many of these are generally broken off in preserved specimens. In
alcohol the lower surface of the body is generally flat or concave ; the
"feet77 occupy an elevated lateral ridge, often separated from both the
ventral and dorsal surface by a deep groove ; and the dorsal surface is
moderately convex. The annotations are short, very numerous, and
distinct. Color, when living, dull yellow, yellowish green, yellowish
orange, greenish orange to orange-brown, darkest anteriorly, and often

[607] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 313

iridescent beneath 5 sides often with dark brown specks ; anterior
branchial cirri usually bright orange, with a red central line ; lateral ones
darker yellow or orange, generally with a central line of bright red, due
to the blood-vessels showing through.

Length up to 150mm; diameter, 5mm to 7mm; length of branchial cirri,
60mm to 100mm.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound; low- water to 6 fathoms, in sand and
gravel; common.

CIRRATULUS TENTHS Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 41G.)

Body slender, elongated, strongly ammlated. Head conical, de
pressed, acute. The first four rings behind the mouth are longer than
the rest, and destitute of appendages. The branchiaB and seta3 com
mence at the fifth segment ; the branchia3 form a cluster on each side,
and are long and filiform ; farther back and on the middle region there
is usually a pair of branchial cirri on each segment, but posteriorly they
become distant and irregular. Setse long and slender in each ramus, the
upper ones exceeding in length the diameter of the body on the anterior
and middle regions, but becoming much shorter posteriorly. In alcohol
the integument is iridescent. No eyes were detected.

Length, 40mm; diameter, 1.25mm.

Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians ; 23
fathoms off Martha's Vineyard.

CIRRHINEREIS FRAGiLis Quatrefages. (p. 397.)

Histoire naturelle des Auricles, vol. i, p. 464. Cirrhatulus fragilis Leidy, op. cit.,
p. 147 (15), Plate 11, figs. 39-43, 1855.

Point Judith, Rhode Island, under stones at low water (Leidy).
Specimens, apparently of this species, were dredged in Vineyard Sound.

NARAOANSETA CORALII Leidy. (p. 494.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), PI.
11, figs. 46-48, 1855; Quatrefages, op. cit., vol. i, p. 468.

New Haven ; Watch Hill ; Point Judith ; in Astrangia Dance.

Our largest specimen had ten pairs of cirri ; the first three pairs orig
inate from one segment, the lowest being stouter and lighter colored
than the rest.

DODECACEREA, species undetermined, (p. 422.)

A species, belonging apparently to this genus, was dredged off Xew
Haven Harbor, in shallow water, but the specimens are too young for
accurate determination.

CLYMENELLA Verrill, gen. nov.

Body elongated, composed of about twenty-two segments exclusive of
the cephalic and anal segments. All the segments, except the buccal
and three anteanal, setigerous ; they bear fascicles of slender setaB above

314 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ]608]

and series of hooks below. The anterior margin of the fourth setiger-
ous segment is prolonged into a thin membranous collar. Proboscis
swollen, longitudinally ribbed. Head with a prominent convex median
plate, and with a raised border on each side and behind, the lateral and
posterior lobes separated by notches. Anal segment funnel-shaped, the
edge surrounded by papillae.

/ CLYMENELLA TORQUATA Verrill. Plate XIV, figs. 71-73. (p. 343).

Clymene torqnatus Leidy, op. cit., p. 14 (146), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Vineyard Sound; Bay
of Fundy ; Saint George's Bank, &c. Low- water to GO fathoms.

NICOMACHE DISPAR Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 512.)

Body elongated, with eighteen setigerous segments. Head elongated,
sub-conical, with a small central plate, and a depressed point in front,
and with low, narrow, lateral and posterior marginal lobes, separated by
slight notches ; on the anterior part of each lateral border there is a
cluster of small, reddish brown, ocelli-like specks. Buecal lobe coal-
escent with the cephalic above. Proboscis swollen and plicate. The lirst
two setigerous segments have small fascicles of slender, short setae above,
and a single nucinate seta or hook below on each side. The third seg
ment has much longer seta3 in the upper fascicles and two hooks in the
lower ones. The fourth has still longer, slender setae in the upper fasci
cles, and about eight hooks in each of the lower ones. In the following
segments the hooks become much more numerous. There is one short,
biannulated, anteanal segment, destitute of seta3. Anal segment subur-
ceolate, as long as broad, cylindrical toward its border, which is fur
nished on the ventral side with one long, slender cirrus, often as long
as the diameter of the anal segment, and two short lateral ones ; the
rest of the border has a few, mostly very small, distant, unequal, obtuse
papillae or den tic illations. The anal orifice is situated at the summit of
a small cone, which rises from the bottom of the funnel. The last setig
erous segment is longer than the anteanal, and a little longer than any
of the ten that precede it, which are all short and subequal, broader than
long, those toward the posterior end deeply incised at the intervals be
tween them. The three anterior setigerous segments are shorter than
broad ; the fourth is twice as long ; the fifth is three times as long ; the
sixth is five times as long. The color, when living, was light red, trans
lucent, with conspicuous bright red blood- vessels, and with a bright red
band at about the anterior third. The largest specimen obtained was
5()mm jong amj 2.5mm in diameter after preservation in alcohol. In this
specimen the anal segment is long, funnel-shaped, flaring but little toward
the margin, and with four or five slight transverse annulations. The
buccal segment has two transverse reddish lines on each side.

Oft' Buzzard's Bay in 25 fathoms ; fifteen miles east of Block Island
in 29 fathoms, sandy mud. It forms rough tubes of sand, which are not
very firm.

[609]

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 315

MALDANE ELONOATA Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 343.)

Body large and mucli elongated, cylindrical, obliquely truncated at
both ends ; with nineteen setigerous segments, those of the middle region
elongated ; head depressed, with its dorsal surface very oblique ; median
lobe low, convex, obtusely rounded in front ; lateral marginal lobes, or
folds, low, rounded, thickened, separated by a shallow emargination
from the posterior transverse fold, which is also thickened, little elevated,
and divided into two parts by a slight sulcus ; from the notch between
the lateral and posterior lobes of the head, a lateral oblique sulcus
curves downward and backward, and joins the first of the two trans
verse sulci, which are strongly marked on the ventral side of the buccal
segment. Anterior setigerous segments strongly biannulated ; the first
two are short, the length about equal to the diameter; the next two
are considerably longer ; and those farther back become very much
elongated ; the last setigerous segment is short. The segments are
considerably swollen where the setse arise, especially in the middle
region. The upper setae are long and slender, mostly about half the
diameter of the body, and form rather large fascicles on most of the
segments. The last segment is obliquely truncated, its posterior border
surrounding the base of the large anal process, which is obliquely placed,
foliaceous, obovate, with the posterior edge broadly rounded, the upper
surface concave, and the margin entire. Color dark umber-brown, or
reddish brown, iridescent ; the swollen parts of the rings are lighter
yellowish brown, or grayish brown, the dark red blood-vessels often
showing through ; near the bases of the setse there are usually small
dark colored specks ; head and buccal lobe thickly specked with dark
brown or blackish.

Length of largest specimens, 300mm; diameter, 4mm to 5mm; more fre
quently about half this size.

Savin Rock, near New Haven ; in sandy mud at low- water mark, form
ing thick tubes composed of fine mud.

EHODINE ATTENUATA Yen-ill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body slender, elongated, with the segments strongly marked, and the
first setigerous segment very long. Head elongated, depressed, ob
tusely rounded in front; median lobe, or ridge, broad and but little
elevated, except near the front of the head, where it becomes suddenly
narrowed, more convex, with well marked foveae on each side ; lateral
lobes rudimentary, scarcely apparent ; on the posterior part of the head
there is a prominent transverse elevation. Buccal lobe confluent with
the cephalic. First setigerous segment swollen anteriorly and about
as broad as the head at its anterior end where the setae arise, but nar
rowed and gradually attenuated backward, its total length being about
eight times its diameter ; second and third setigerous segments about
equal, nearly twice as long as broad, swollen in the middle, the front
margin of each prolonged into a sheath-like collar; the three next
22 v

316 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

segments are short and rounded, about as long as broad, much narrowed ^
at each end, and swollen in the middle ; next two about twice as long as
broad; succeeding segments more elongated. Anal segment wanting
in the specimens examined.

Length about 50mm ; diameter about lmm.

Off Gay Head, 6 to 8 fathoms; fifteen miles east of Block Island, in
29 fathoms, sandy mud.

The Clymene urceolata Leidy, from Great Egg Harbor, will probably
be found on the Xew England coast, but we have not met with it. It
is peculiar in having an urceolate anal segment, with a smooth margin.

AMMOCHARES, species undetermined, (p. 508.)

A species which constructs slender, flexible tubes, covered with grains
of sand, regularly and curiously attached by one end in an imbricated
manner, was dredged fifteen miles east of Block Island, in 29 fathoms
sandy niud, and in 23 fathoms off Martha's Vineyard. The worm is
very slender, flesh-color, with a red dorsal vessel, and two small, redr
ocelli-like spots.

, KOTOMASTUS LURIDUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.)

Body long and rather large, composed of numerous segments, nearly
cylindrical when living, and tapering but little, except close to the
ends. In preserved specimens the anterior region, including about ten
segments, is often a little swollen and slightly larger than the rest of
the body; at other times it is even more slender than the posterior
region. Head small, acute. Proboscis short and broad, swollen; in
full expansion nearly twice the diameter of the body, nearly smooth,
dark blood-red. The segments of the anterior region are longer than
broad, in extension nearly twice as long, biannulated, and each of the
annuli is again annulated with several transverse, more or less irregu
lar sulci or furrows ; ten of these segments bear fascicles of slender
seta3 both above and below, the fascicles on the first two setigerous
segments being very small, and containing few setre. The segments
following the tenth setigerous one have a small transverse row of
slender uncinate seta3 above, and a longer lateral transverse row of
the same kind of setae on each side; the "feet," or setigerous lobes,
are but little prominent, the upper ones being dorsal and much smaller
than the lateral ones. The surface of the body is transversely wrinkled,
and covered with minute, irregular reticulations, giving it a slightly
granulous appearance. Color, when living, dark purplish brown, with
a bluish iridescence anteriorly, and a darker median dorsal line pos
teriorly ; minute, white, raised spots, or slight papillae, are scattered
over the surface.

Length, 150mm or more; diameter, 2ram.

Savin Bock, near New Haven; in muddy sand, at low- water mark.

[611] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 317

NOTOMASTUS FILIFORMIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.)

Body very long and slender, filiform, composed of very numerous
short segments. Head very changeable in form, usually long, conical,
and very acutely pointed. Proboscis smooth, obovate, or trumpet-
shaped, when extended, and bright red. In the anterior region there
are eleven setigerous segments, which bear small fascicles of slender
seta3 in both rami, those in the first five longer and acutely pointed ;
these segments are short, biannulate; the lower fascicles of seta3 are
largest and fan-shaped. In the middle region the segments are about
as long as broad. Color, pale red to bright red, often mottled with
whitish, and more or less yellowish posteriorly.

Length, 100mm; diameter, lmm.

Great Egg Harbor, low-water to one fathom, in sandy mud; New
Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound.

SABELLARIA VULGARIS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVII, figs. 88, SSa.
(p. 321.)

Body rather stout, thickest anteriorly, tapering backward to the base
of the long, slender caudal appendage. Two slender, red, oral tentacles
arise near the mouth, between the bases of the operculigerous lobes,
and, when extended, reach beyond the bases of the opercula. A single
median lanceolate process also arises between the operculigerous lobes.
A deep emargination exists on the ventral side, back of the mouth; on
each side of this the front margin of the segment is prolonged into a
trideutate lobe, the teeth or lobes being unequal, the inner ones largest,
the middle ones more slender and acute, the outer one smallest and
shortest; beyond these, toward the sides, there is another small acute
process; two conical processes also project forward from the lateral
margins, and also a fascicle of setae. The ciliated prehensile cirri, or
tentacles, are long and slender when extended, and reach considerably
beyond the opercula. The setae composing the opercula are golden yel
low; the outer circle white at base. A row of small conical papillae
surrounds the bases of the opercula. Branchiae long, lanceolate, acute,
longer than the diameter of the body. Color of body yellowish flesh-
color, or pale reddish, often with two rows of brown spots along the
ventral surface; operculigerous lobes whitish or grayish, specked with
blackish; branchiae reddish or yellowish, with a red central line, often
with a greenish tinge, or red centered with green ; tentacles pale flesh-
color, sometimes purplish; opercula blackish or grayish on the anterior
surface, golden yellow on the sides, white at base ; caudal process pale
red or flesh-color.

Length about 25mm, exclusive of caudal process: 2mm to 2.5mm in diam
eter.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound ;
low-water to ten fathoms ; very common. Eggs are laid in May and
June.

318 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [612]

CISTENIDES GOULDII Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVII, figs. 87, S7a. (p.
/ 323).

Pectinaria Belgica Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Isted., p. 7, Plate 1, fig.
1 (tube), 1841 (not of European writers). Pectinaria auricoma Leicly, op. cit.?
p. 14 (146), 1855 (not of European writers).

Body rather stout, little curved. Head with the dorsal surface
obliquely truncated, its posterior marginal fold with a smooth border.
Antennae long, tapering, acute; frontal membrane or veil semicircular,
its edge divided into rather long, slender, acute papillae, about twenty-
eight in number. Cephalic setae in two broad groups, each containing
about fifteen light golden setae, which are somewhat curved upward,
with long, slender, very acute tips, those in the middle of each group much
the longest. Tentacles stout, obtuse, flattened, and folded up so as to
form a groove beneath. Color light red or flesh-color, handsomely mot
tled with dark red and blue.

Length up to 40mm; diameter, 7mui.

Great Egg Harbor to New Havea and Cape Cod ; low-water to 10
fathoms.

This species can easily be distinguished from C. granulatus, which is
common in the Bay of Fundy, by the cephalic setae or spines, which are
fewer, much stouter, obtuse, and darker colored in the latter.

AMPH ARETE GKRACILIS Malmgren. Plate XVI, fig. 83. (p. 508).

Nordiska Hafs-Anuulater, Ofvers. af kongl. vet. Akad. Fork., 1865, p. 365, Plate
26, figs. 75-75D.

Body flesh-colored, greenish posteriorly, with a conspicuous red median
vessel ; branchiae light sea-green.

Length, 25mm to35mm; diameter, 2.5mu) to 3mm; length of branchiae,
6mm to 9mm.

Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms ; off Martha's Vineyard, 23 fathoms; east
of Block Island in 29 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90 fathoms ; north,
ern coasts of Europe, Bahusia, at Koster Island, in 130 fathoms. Our
specimens differ slightly from the description and figures of Dr. Malm
gren, especially in usually having but twelve uncigerous segments in
the posterior region, instead of thirteen, found by him in the European
specimens. This may be due to difference of age or sex. There are,
however, thirteen in one of our specimens.

AMPHARETE SETOSA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 416.)

Body rather thick anteriorly, tapering rapidly backward. Cephalic
lobe acute, with a much shorter, small, lateral lobe on each side. Bran
chiae eight, transversely wrinkled, rather short ; in preserved specimens
about equal to the breadth of the body. Palmulae, or cephalic fascicles
of setae, short and broad, rounded, fan-shaped, the setae being nearly
equals the ventral ones a little longer than the lateral. Fourteen seg
ments bear small fascicles of long setae, supported by prominent lobes
at the base. The posterior region consists of about ten uncigerous seg-

[613] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 319

rnents. Anal segments sin all, with two long slender cirri. Color of
body translucent, light yellowish green ; the anterior part of the body
tinged with bright blood-red, due to the circulating fluid, showing
through the integument ; branchiae greenish, with a central series of
white spots ; setae of the palinulse, deep yellow.

Length about 20mm; diameter, 2.5mm to 3mm.

Off New Haven, low-water mark to 6 fathoms, shelly. It makes rough
tubes about an inch long, covered with coarse sand and mud.

AMAOE PUSILLA Verrill, sp. nov.

Body rather slender. Head obtusely rounded in front ; the middle
lobe small, and but little larger than the lateral. Eight slender
branchiae, about twice as long as the diameter of the body, arranged in
a crowded group ; two farther back than the rest ; and with no apparent
naked median space. Twelve of the setigerous segments bear long
fascicles of slender setae. No " palmulae," or cephalic setae. Tentacles
numerous and slender. Two small, slender anal cirri.

Length, 12mm ; diameter, 1.5mm.

Off New Haven, 5 to 6 fathoms; shelly bottom.

MELINNA CRISTATA Malmgren. (p. 432.)

Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, loc. cit., p. 371, Plate 5iO, figs. 50-50D. Sdbellldes
cristata Sars, Fauna littoralis Norvegise, vol. ii, pp. 19, 24, PL 2, figs. 1-7, 1856.

Mouth of Vineyard Sound, on muddy bottoms, in the deepest water;
Bay of Fundy, on muddy bottoms, in 10 to 90 fathoms ; near Saint
George's Bank, in 110 and 150 fathoms, mud. Off the Scandinavian
coast in 40 to 200 fathoms ; Greenland ; Spitzbergen.

The tube is soft, flexible, slender, and covered with fine mud.

TEREBELLIDES STROEMI Sars. (p. 507.)

Beskriv. og lakttag., p. 43, Plate 13, figs. 31, a-d (teste Malragren) ; Malmgren,
Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, loc. cit., p. 396, Plate 43-43D, 1865.

East of Block Island, in 29 fathtfms, sandy mud ; Bay of Fundy,
10 to 90 fathoms, muddy ; near Saint George's Bank, 85 to 150 fathoms.
Greenland, 10 to 250 fathoms ; Iceland ; Spitzbergen ; northern coasts
of Europe ; Adriatic Sea.

AMPHITRITE ORNATA Verrill. PI. XVI, fig. 82. (p. 320).

Terebella ornata Leidy, Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New
Jersey, loc. cit., p. 14 (146), Plate 11, figs. 44, 45 (setae), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound 5
common in sand and gravel at low- water mark.

NICOLEA SIMPLEX Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 321.)

Body elongated, swollen anteriorly, especially above, attenuated
posteriorly. Head with a rather large, well rounded, or nearly circu
lar frontal membrane, which has a smooth margin ; mouth with a small

320 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [614]

posterior fold. Tentacles very numerous, crowded, long, and slender.
Branchiae four, rather small ; those of the anterior pair somewhat the
larger ; those of both pairs are repeatedly dichotomously divided from
close to the base. The divisions are short and not very numerous, and
diverge at a wide angle. Fifteen segments bear small fascicles of slender
setae, commencing at the next behind the last brauchiferous segment.
The third and fourth setigerous segments of the male bear small, slender
lateral cirri. Ventral shields about thirteen ; the first six transversely
oblong, and nearly equal in width ; the last seven narrowing rapidly
to the last, which is acutely triangular. Color, when living, light red,
or flesh-color.

Length, 35mm ; diameter, 3mm to 4mm.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound, from low- water to 6 fathoms; off
Watch Hill, 4 to 6 fathoms, in tubes composed of bits of shells and grains
of sand, attached to Laminaricv.

SCIONOPSIS Verrill, gen. uov.

Body composed of numerous segments, of which 17, following the
third, bear fascicles of slender setas, and the following ones have only
small uncigerous lobes ; second and third segments bear branchiae,
and have their anterior margins prolonged into membranous, collar-like
expansions; that of the second forming broad, lateral lobes behind the
tentacles ; that of the third forming behind the branchiae a dorsal col
lar or sheath, beneath which they can be retracted. Branchiae typically
four. Those of the first pair usually larger, but generally one or more
are absent, and frequently the anterior ones are smallest, or those of the
same pair may be unequal, owing probably to the facility with which
they may break off and be reproduced ; they are palmately branched
and supported on elongated pedicels. Tentacles numerous and crowded.

This genus is allied more closely to Pista than to any other yet de
scribed, but differs in the structure of the branchiae and character of
the collar formed by the third segment.

SCIONOPSIS PALMATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 321.)

Body elongated ; rather slender ; thickened but not distinctly swollen
anteriorly, tapering gradually to the posterior end. The setigerous feet
commence at the fourth segment, or next behind the branchial collar,
and are all quite prominent, the first three or four being a little smaller'
than the rest ; the setae are rather long. The uncigerous feet commence
on the second setigerous segment. Behind the last setigerous segment
the uncigerous feet are smaller, somewhat prominent, and extend to the
anal segment. Ventral shields about 20 ; the most anterior ones are trans
versely oblong ; the succeeding ones squarish, gradually tapering to the
last, which are very narrow. Anal segment tapering ; its orifice with
a crenulated margin. Branchias large, with numerous palmate divisions

;[615] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 32 1

arising from the summit of the stout and rather long pedicels.* There
are usually five or more main divisions in good-sized specimens, these
spread outward from one point, are recurved at the ends, and flexuous
and bipinnately branched, the lower pinnae being longest each time,
and the ultimate divisions very numerous, fine, slender, and acute.
The branchiae of the posterior pair, in normal specimens, are consider
ably smaller, with the divisions less numerous, and the ramuli longer
and more delicate. The pedicels of the anterior branchia3 are about as
long as the diameter of the body, and are very contractile, as well as the
branches, so that the gills can be contracted into a small compass and
withdrawn under the dorsal collar, beneath which the pedicels arise.
This branchial collar is formed by the prolongation of the margin of the
third segment ; on each side "of the median line above, it is divided into
two narrow, lanceolate processes directed forward ; exterior to these there
are two other wider and usually less prominent angles or lobes ; laterally,
the collar is prominent, with a broadly rounded, thin margin, which
forms another angle on. each side beneath ; on the ventral side its edge
recedes and is but little raised. The tentacular collar, formed by the
second 'segment, expands into a broad, rounded, prominent lobe on each
side 5 and on the ventral surface becomes narrower, though still promi
nent, and recedes in a broad, rounded sinus behind the posterior lobe
of the mouth. The cephalic segment is bordered by a rather broad
frontal membrane, emarginate above, and broadly rounded laterally.
Tentacles very numerous, long, and slender. Color, light red, brownish
red to dark reddish brown ; the annulations often darker ; the upper
surface is usually more or less specked with flake- white ; along each
side, below, there is usually a row of squarish spots, brighter red than
the rest of the body, each pair connected by a narrow, transverse line
of red between the ventral shields, which are dull yellowish red 5 the
segments along the sides are often bordered with red ; branchiae usually
green, specked on the outer sides of the branches with flake- white, and
with internal blood-red vessels, showing distinctly in all the divisions ;
the pedicel is usually bright red ; tentacles, flesh -color.
Length up to 70mm ; diameter, 3mm.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound ; low-water
mark to one fathom.

LEPR.EA RUBRA Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 382.)

Body elongated, somewhat swollen anteriorly, rapidly tapering to the
very long, slender, posterior portion. All the segments posterior to the
branchiae bear small fascicles of slender setae, as well as uncini ; pos
terior to the twenty-fifth setigerous segment the uncigerous feet become

*In mentioning this species, on page 321, it was stated that it has but three gills,
-and, in fact, this is the most frequent number. Among the numerous examples exam
ined, I have only recently found a specimen with both pairs of gills in their normal
• condition.

322 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [616]

much narrower and more prominent ; anteriorly they are very broad.
Ventral plates rather broad anteriorly, those posterior to the seventh
or eighth suddenly narrowed. Branchiae in three pairs, small, finely
arborescently divided, the divisions numerous ; posterior pair consider
ably smaller than the others. Cephalic lobe with a somewhat prolonged
frontal border, broadly rounded in front, with an entire margin. Color
bright red ; tentacles flesh-color.

Length, 50mm or more ; diameter, 2.5mm to 3mm.

Vineyard Sound; Wood's Hole on piles of wharves just below low-
water mark.

POLYCIRRUS EXIMITJS Verrill. Plate XVI, fig. 85. (p. 320).

Torquea eximia Leiily, op. cit, p. 14 (146), Plate 11, figs. 51, 52 (setae), 1855.

In this species there are twenty-five setigerous segments, bearing
small fascicles of long, slender setre ; about seventy posterior segments
bear uncini only ; anteriorly the uncini commence on the eighth setig
erous segment. There are nine ventral shields, divided by a median
ventral sulcus. The frontal lobe of the head is large, elongated oval
or elliptical. The posterior lobe of the mouth is large, rounded. Body
and tentacles bright blood-red ; the body is often more or less yellowish
posteriorly.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound ; low-water
to 10 fathoms.

A species of this genus was also dredged in 19 fathoms off Gay
Head, but its identity with the above is uncertain. Another species,
remarkable for its brilliant blue phosphorescence, is common in the
Bay of Fundy. The P. eximius does not appear to be phosphorescent.

CH^TOBRANCHUS Verrill, genus nov.

Allied to Polyclrrus and, like the latter, destitute of blood-vessels.
Body much elongated, composed of very numerous segments, nearly
all of which bear fascicles of setse. Segments of the middle region bear
simple, or more or less branched, branchial cirri, each of their divisions
tipped with slender seta3; these cirri are wanting on the anterior and
posterior segments, the first and last ones being smaller and more simple
than the rest. The cephalic segment expands into a broad, tentacular
or frontal lobe, which is rounded or emarginate anteriorly, and often
more or less scolloped laterally. Tentacles crowded, very numerous,
long and slender in extension, capable of being distended by the blood,
as in Polycirrus, &c.

CH^ETOBRANCHUS SANGUINEUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 320.)

Body greatly elongated, much attenuated posteriorly, more or less-
swollen anteriorly, but narrowed toward the head, the thickest portion
being usually between the tenth and fifteenth segments. The branchial
cirri commence at about the ninth segment, those of the first pair being
short, simple cirri; those on the next segment are once forked ; those on

[617 J INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 323

the next have three or four branches ; farther back they divide dichotom-
ously above the base into numerous branches, all of which are supported
upon a short basal pedicel, which may be a little elongated in expansion,
the total length of the branchiae being then greater than the diameter of
the body ; the branches are clustered, slender, delicate, and elongated,
and each one is terminated by a small fascicle of slender, sharp, serrate
setae two to four or more in a group, so that the entire appendage may
be regarded as a very remarkable enlargement and modification of the
setigerous lobes of the "feet."

On the segments anterior to the ninth the setigerous lobes of the feet
are short, conical, swollen at base, and bear a small fascicle of setse ; the
ventral surface of the anterior segment is somewhat raised, and divided by
a series of sulci or wrinkles into several lobes or crenulations, which are
somewhat prominent and papilliforrn at the posterior margin of each
segment, and have a granulous surface. There is a distinct median ven
tral sulcus. Between the adjacent branchial cirri anteriorly there are,
on each side, four or more thickened, somewhat raised, squarish organs,
with a granulous and apparently glandular structure ; farther back these
are reduced to two, then to one, and finally disappear on the segments
of the posterior region, which is very long, slender, attenuated, composed
of very numerous short segments, with only rudimentary appendages $
after the branchial cirri become reduced to simple processes they still con
tinue, on about forty segments, gradually decreasing in length and size :,
beyond this small setre still exist on the segments, till near the end of the
body. Anal segment small and simple, the orifice with slightly crenu-
lated margins. Frontal membrane large and broad, versatile in formr
often with a deep emargination in front, each lateral lobe divided into
two or three subordinate lobes, or unequal scollops, the edges undulated ;
at other times the front edge and sides are broadly rounded and entire.
The mouth is furnished with a large elongated ovate lobe, which is
rounded, free, and prominent posteriorly. Tentacles very long, much
crowded, and very numerous ; in extension usually as long as the body.
Color of body, anteriorly, deep blood-red ; posteriorly, more or less mot
tled or centered with yellow, owing to the internal organs showing
through the integument ; tentacles and branchial cirri bright blood-red.

Length up to 350mm ; diameter 5mm to 7mm or more anteriorly ; length
of tentacles, in extension, 400mm or more.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound ; common at
low-water mark, in mud.

POTAMILLA OCULIFEBA Verrill. Plate XVII, fig. 86. (p. 322).
Sdbella oculifera Leidy, op. cit., p. 13 (145), Plate 11, figs. 55-61, 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven ; Vineyard Sound, low-water mark
to 25 fathoms, off Buzzard's Bay. In the Bay of Fundy from low-water
mark to 60 fathoms.

Closely related to P. reniformis of Northern Europe, and possibly iden
tical with it.

324 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [618]

SABELLA MIOROPHTHALMA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 323.)

Body rather short arid stout, narrowed slightly anteriorly, tapering rap
idly close to the posterior end, composed of about sixty segment, de
pressed, moderately con vex above, flat below, especially when preserved
in alcohol ; anterior region composed of eight setigerous segments, hav
ing moderately long fascicles of setae ; posterior region composed of about
fifty short segments, bearing very small fascicles of setae ; anal segment
small, simple, with two very small ocelli-like spots ; ventral shields of
the anterior segments short, transversely narrow, oblong ; median sulcus
very distinct in the posterior region, dividing the ventral shields into
two nearly rectangular parts, which are broader than long. Branchiae
numerous and long, often half as long as the body, connected by a
slight web close to the base; the stalks smooth, with numerous minute
ocelli, in two irregular rows; pinnae numerous, long and slender; tips
of the branchiae without pinnae. Collar broadly interrupted above, flar
ing and reflexed at the sides, with rounded upper angles, erect and sin
uous at the latero- ventral margins, reflexed below, forming two short,
rounded lobes, separated by a narrow but deep central sinus, within
which there is a short bilobed organ. Tentacles thin, lanceolate, acute,
in preserved specimens not so long as the diameter of the body. The
anterior segment is divided by a deep dorsal sulcus, which is not con
spicuous on the succeeding segments. Color of body greenish yellow,
dull olive-green, or greenish brown ; branchiae pale yellowish, greenish,
or flesh-color, often with numerous transverse bauds of lighter and
darker green, which extend to the pinnae, and sometimes blotched with
brown; collar translucent, specked with flake- white; ocelli dark red
dish brown. Specimens, apparently belonging to this species, were taken
from wood bored by Teredo, near New Haven. These had the body
olive-green, specked with flake-white anteriorly, on the ventral side,
especially on the first two segments ; branchiae mottled with greenish
brown and white and specked with flake-white ; ocelli brown, numerous.

Length, 30mm; diameter, 2.5mm to 3mm. Preserved specimens are
about 20mm long, 2.5mm broad.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound ; low- water mark to 5 fathoms.

EUCHONE ELEGANS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVI, fig. 84. (p. 432).

Body rounded, slender, gradually tapered backward; the anterior
region, which forms about one-half of the entire length, consists
of eight setigerous segments; these are biannulated and divided by
a dorsal, longitudinal sulcus, and by a lateral sulcus on each side be
low the uncigerous lobes. The middle region consists of thirteen
shorter biannulated segments, which bear small fascicles of setae on the
lower rarni ; these are divided by a ventral sulcus, and also by the
lateral ones. The caudal region consists of about ten very short seg
ments ; all of which, except the last, bear small fascicles of setae. These
:segments are margined by a rather broad membrane, wider and rounded

£619] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 325

anteriorly, narrowing to the end. Collar broad, with, a nearly even
margin, often somewhat sinuous at the sides, divided above and below,
the lobes rounded at the angles. The collar is a little broader below
than above. Branchiae long, slender, recurved in expansion, connected
by a broad and very thin membrane, continued as thin borders of the
branchiae to their tips, which are destitute of pinnae for some distance.
Body pale flesh-color, with a darker median line, reddish anteriorly,
darker greenish or brownish, posteriorly ; branchiae pale yellowish or
greenish, each with a flake-white spot near the base outside. Other
specimens were greenish gray, with green branchiae. Some were flesh,
color, with a bright-red dorsal vessel; the branchiae flesh-color, without
the white spots at the base. •

Length, in extension, about 20mm ; diameter of body, 1.5mm.

Deep water off the mouth of Vineyard Sound; off Martha's Vineyard,
in 21 and 23 fathoms ; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, sandy mud,
abundant. Cosco Bay, 7 to 20 fathoms.

This species makes slender tubes, covered with flue sand.

FABRICIA LEIDYI Verrill, sp. nov/ (p. 323.)

Body very small and slender, tapering a little to both ends, in exten
sion considerably exsert from the slender tube ; eleven segments bear
fascicles of setae; the segments are about as long as broad, slightly con
stricted at the articulations, with the anterior margin a little promi
nent; anal segment small, tapered to a blunt point, bearing two small,
dark ocelli. Branchiae six, subequal, forming three symmetrical pairs, each
one with five to seven slender pinnae on each side ; the basal pinnae are
about as long as the main stem, the others successively shorter, so that
all reach to about the same level. Tentacles short, thick, bluntly rounded
at the end, strongly ciliated. At the base of the branchiae, on each side,
is a red, pulsating vesicle, the pulsations alternating in the two; just
back of these, on the first segment, are two brown ocelli; a little farther
back, and near together, on the dorsal side, are two auditory vesicles,
each with a round central corpuscle. The fourth and eleven succeeding
segments bear small fascicles of acute, bent setae, about as long as half
the diameter of the body ; on the middle segment there are about four
or five setae in a fascicle ; on the ninth, three ; on the tenth, two ; on the
eleventh, one or two, in the specimens examined. Intestine rather
wide, but narrowed at the eighth setigerous segment, and after that
slender, bordered by a red blood-vessel on each side. In the fourth
setigerous segment there are three globular granulated organs, color,
yellowish white, tinged with red by the circulating fluid.

Length about 3mm; diameter about 0.25mm; expanse of branchiae,
0.8mm. The specimens measured may be immature.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound, common at and below low- water
mark ; Cisco Bay.

326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [620 J

SERPULA DIANTHUS Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 322.)

Body elongated, gradually attenuated to the posterior end ; the pos
terior region considerably flattened; dorsal surface covered with
minute papillae and having a finely pubescent appearance under a lens.
Collar broad and long, in living specimens sometimes one-third as long
as the body; the posterior portion free dorsally, and in expansion about as
long as the attached portion, extending backward and gradually narrow,
ing to the end; the margins thin and undulated ; the anterior border is di
vided into a broad revolute dorsal lobe, with an undulated margin, and
tvro narrower lateral lobes, which are broadly revolute laterally, with the
margin rounded and nearly even. Seven segments bear rather large
fascicles of long, acute setae. The first fascicle is remote from the next,
and directed downward and forward, with the setae longer than in the
others ; the six folio wing fascicles are broad, and are directed downward
and backward. The uncinate setae form long transverse rows anteriorly,
but toward the posterior end they form short rows. Operculuin funnel-
shaped, longitudinally striated externally, with a long, slender pedicel ;
the upper surface is concave, with abput thirty small, acute denticles
around the margin; an inner circle of about twelve long, slender
papillae, incurved at tips and united at base, arises from the upper
surface of the operculum. On the left side is a small rudimentary oper-
culum, club-shaped at the end, with a short pedicel. Branchiae are long
rather slender, united close to the base, about eighteen on each side, in
mature specimens, those toward the ventral border considerably longer,
than the upper ones ; tips naked for a short distance, slender, and acute ;
pinnae very numerous, slender. Colors quite variable, especially those
of the branchiae; the branchiae are frequently purplish brown, trans
versely banded with flake-white, alternating with yellowish green, the
pinnae usually having the same color as the portion from which they
arise ; on the exterior of the branchiae the purple bands are often divided
by a narrow longitudinal line of whitish ; operculum brownish green
on the outer surface, purplish on the sides, with white longitudinal lines
toward the margin, greenish white at base ; pedicel purplish, banded
with white ; collar pale translucent greenish, veined with darker green ;
body deep greenish yellow, the dorsal surface light yellow. Many other
styles of coloration occur, some of which are described on page 322.

Length up to 75mra ; diameter about 3mm.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Cape Cod ; low-water mark to
8 fathoms.

The tubes are long, variously crooked, and often contorted, sometimes
solitary, frequently aggregated into masses four or five inches in diame
ter. They are nearly cylindrical, with irregular lines of growth, and
sometimes with faint carinations.

SERPULA DIANTHUS, var. CITRINA Yerrill. (p. 322.)
I have applied this 'name to a very marked color- variety, in which the

[621] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 327

branchiae are lemon-yellow or orange-yellow, without bands, but usually
with a reddish central line; the operculum is usually yellow ; collar and
base of branchia3 bright yellow ; body light yellow.
Found with the preceding, and often in the same cluster of tubes.

YERMILIA (?), species undetermined, (p. 416.)

The species thus indicated forms slender, more or less crooked, angu
lar tubes, with two distinct cariuations on the upper surface ; they are
about half an inch long, attached firmly by one side along their whole
length. The branchiae form a wreath, with about six on each side ; pinnae
long and slender ; two or more of the branchiae bear pink, sack-like
appendages. The branchiae are reddish brown, annulated with narrow
bands of white.

Diameter of tubes, about 1.25mm ; of expanded branchiae, 4mm. The
specimens have been lost, and no observations were recorded concerning
the operculum, so that the genus is still uncertain.

Long Island Sound, off New Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, on shells. .

SPIRORBIS BOREALIS Daudin (?).

Rec. des m6m. de mollusques, 1800. Serpala spirorbis Liune, System a Naturae ,
ed. xii, p. 1265. (?) Spirorbis spirillum Gould, luvertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 8?
1841; A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum Nat. History of New York, vol. viii, p.
318, Plate 7, figs. 20-25 (embryology), 1866 (not of Linne" and other European
writers).

New Haven to Cape Cod, the Bay of Fundy, and northward; abun
dant on Fucus, Chondrus crispus, and other algae, at low- water mark.

Whether this, our most common species, be identical with the Euro
pean species known by this name is still uncertain.

The animals of the various species of Spirorbis are still very imper
fectly known, and many species have been described from the tubes
alone. Accurate descriptions or figures of the animals are necessary
before the species can be determined satisfactorily.

This species has nine branchiae, five on one side and four on the other
with the operculum. The branchiae are large and broad with long pinnae,
the basal ones shorter, the distal ones increasing in length to near the
end, so that each branchial plume is somewhat obovate in outline ; the
tips are naked only for a short distance. The branchial wreath, in full
expansion, is about as broad as the entire shell. The operculum is oblique
and one-sided, and supported on a long clavate pedicel, which is trans
versely wrinkled, and expands gradually into the operculum at the end,
the enlargement being chiefly on one side ; the outer surface is roughly
granulous and usually covered with adhering dirt. The collar is broad,
and has three fascicles of setae on each side. The branchiae are pale
greenish white, centered with brighter green, due to the circulating fluid.

This is the species mentioned in the early part of this report (p. 332)
under the name of S. spirillum. The true spirillum of Linne as a trans
lucent tube, and is found in deeper water, on hydroids, &c.

328 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [622]

SPIRORBIS LUCIDUS Fleming.

Edinburgh En cyclop., vol. vii, p. 68; Johnston, Catalogue of British Non-Parasiti
cal Worms, p. 349 ; Malmgren, Annulata polycheeta, p. 123. Serpula lucida Mon
tagu. Test. Brit., p. 506 (t. Johnston). Serpula porrccta Fabricius, Fauna Grcen-
landica, p. 378 (non Miiller). Spirorlis sinistrorsa Montagu, op. cit., p. 504 :
Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 9, Plate 1, fig. 4, 1841.

Deeper parts of Vineyard Sound, near the month, in 10 to 12 fathoms, on
hydroids and bryozoa ; off Gay Head, 10 fathoms ; off Buzzard's Bay, in
25 fathoms, on Cciberea Ellisii ; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, on Cabe-
rea ; Casco Bay, 6 to 20 fathoms, on alga3, &c. ; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 80
fathoms, on hydroids; Saint George's Bank, 30 to 60 fathoms. Green
land ; northern coasts of Europe.

This species forms small, translucent, glossy, reversed spiral tubes?
coiled in an elevated spire, the last whorls usually turned up, or even
erect and free.

There are six branchiae, which are large and broad, with long, slender
pinnae, which do not decrease in length till near the end ; the naked tips
are short and acute. The operculum is sub-circular, somewhat obliquely
attached to the slender pedicel, which is about half as long as the ex
tended branchia3, and enlarges rather suddenly close to the operculum ;,
the outer surface of the operculum appears nearly flat, and is covered
with adherent dirt. The collar is broad, with undulated and revolute
edges. The three fascicles of seta3 are long and slender. Ocelli twor
conspicuous. The animal, in expansion, is usually much exsert from
the tube. Anterior part of the body bright red ; branchiae pale green
ish ; their bases and posterior part of the body bright epidote-green.

It is the species catalogued as S. por recta (?) on pages 498 and 504.

OLIGOCII^ETA.

CLITELLIO IERORATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 324.)

Body very slender, the largest about G0mm long, 0.75mm in diameter, dis
tinctly annulated. Head conical, a little elongated, subacute ; seta?
commencing on the first segment ; those on the anterior segments in
fascicles of two or three, very short, small, in length not one-third the
diameter of the body, more or less curved like an italic /, obtusely
pointed at the end; some of them are but slightly bent at the tip, others
are strongly hooked ; farther back there are three or four setse in the
fascicles, and they are somewhat longer, and two or more in many of
the fascicles are forked, the others simple, spiuous, more or less curved;
in the upper fascicles posteriorly, and sometimes throughout the whole
length, there are two or three much longer, very slender, hair-like, flexi
ble bristles, but these are often absent from most of the segments,
perhaps accidentally. The intestine is voluminous, slightly con
stricted at the articulations; two bright red blood-vessels, distinctly
visible through the integuments, run along the intestine, one above
and one below, following its flexures, without contractile lacuna?.

[623] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 329

New Haven to Wood's Hole and Casco Bay, under stones in the
upper part of the facus-zone, and nearly up to high-water mark.

The above description was made from living specimens taken at Savin
Kock, near New Haven.

Some of the specimens obtained at Wood's Hole appear to differ some
what from this description, but the differences may be chiefly due to
their being taken in the breeding season. In these the anterior fasci
cles consist of two short setre, which are slightly curved in the form of
an italic/, and are subacute, notjbifid at tips. At the ninth to twelfth seti-
gerous segments a thickening occurs, forming a clitellus ; on the ninth
segment the setre are replaced by a small mammiform, bilobed organ ;
on the tenth there is a pair of prominent obtuse papillae, swollen at
base. On the posterior segments only two setre were observed in each
of the four fascicles, but they were longer, more slender, and more
curved at the tip than the anterior ones. In each of the segments
slender caeca! tubes, forming about two loops on each side, were no
ticed. Length, about 35mm.

LUMBRICULTJS TENTHS Leidy.

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 16 (143), Plate
11, fig. 64, 1855.

Point Judith, Rhode Island, abundant about the roots of grasses on
the shore of a sound (Leidy). We did not obtain this species.

HALODRILLUS Verrill, genus nov.

Body long and slender. Blood white or colorless. Seta3 small, acute,,
in four fan-shaped fascicles on each segment. The alimentary canal
consists of a pyriform pharynx, followed by a portion from which sev
eral (five to seven) rounded or pyriform crecal lobes, of different sizes,,
arise on each side and project forward and outward ; these are followed
by a large two-lobed portion, beyond which the intestine is constricted
then thickened and convoluted, and covered with polygonal, greenish 9
glandular cells, which become fewer farther back, where the intestine
becomes a long, narrow, convoluted tube. In the anterior part of the
body, around the stomach and crecal lobes, there are numerous convo
lutions of slender tubes. The blood-vessels running along the intes
tine contain a colorless fluid.

HALODRILLUS LITTORALIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 324.)

Body round, slender, moderately long, tapering to both ends, but
thickest toward the anterior end, tapering more gradually posteriorly.
Head small, conical, moderately acute, or obtuse, according to the state
of contraction ; mouth a transverse, slightly sinuous slit beneath. The
setae commence with four fascicles on the first segment behind the buc-
cal ; the setae are slightly curved, forming rounded, fan-shaped fascicles
of four to six setae, the middle setre being longer than the upper and
lower ones ; posteriorly the setoa are less numerous. Caudal segment

330 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [624]

tapered, obtuse, or slightly ernarginate at the end, with a simple orifice.
The "blood contains minute, oblong corpuscles. Color milk-white.
Length, 25mm to 40mra ; diameter, 0.5ram to lmra.

New Haven; Wood's Hole; Casco Bay, Maine; very common under
dead sea- weeds and stones near high- water mark.

ENCHYTR^EUS TRIVENTRALOPECTINATUS Minor.

American Journal of Science, vol. xxxv, p. 36, 1863.

In this species, according to Minor, there are three pairs of ventral
fascicles of seta3 before the dorsal ones commence ; the pharynx extends
to the fourth pair of ventral fascicles, from which a narrow oesophagus
extends to a little back of the sixth pair ; here a gradual enlargement
of the alimentary canal occurs, ending abruptly just back of the eighth
in a narrow, twisted tube, and this gradually enlarges at the ninth ven
tral fascicle into a moderate sized alimentary canal. No eyes. Length,
about 10mm.

New Haven, near high- water mark (Minor).

BDELLODEA.

Comparatively few leeches have hitherto been met with in this region.
Many additional species, parasitic on fishes, undoubtedly remain to be
discovered.

BRANCIIIOBDELLA EAVENELII Diesing. Plate XVIII, fig. 89. (p. 458.)

Sitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, xxxiii, p. 482, 1859.
Pkyllobranehus Eavenelii Girard, Proceedings of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science for 1850, vol. iv, p. 124, 1851. (?) Branchellion
OrHniensis Quatrefages, Annals des sci. natur., sdr. 3, vol. xviii, pp. 279-325,
Plate 6, figs. 1-13, PL 7-8, 1852 (anatomy).

In describing this species Mr. Girard mistook the anterior for the
posterior end, and described the large posterior sucker, or acetabulum,
as the head. The color is dark brown, purplish, or dark violaceous,
specked with white.

Vineyard Sound, on a stingray (Myliobcitis Freminvillei), in several
instances ; a number usually occurred together. Charleston, South
Carolina, on a " skate,"- species unknown (Girard). Atlantic Ocean, on
a torpedo (Quatrefages).

CYSTOBRANCHUS VIVIDUS Verrill. (p. 458.)

American Journal of Science and Arts, ser. 3, vol. iii, p. 126, fig. 1, 1872.

New Haven, on the minnow (Fundulus pisculentus), both in fresh and
brackish water ; November and December.

ICHTHYOBDELLA FUNDTJLI VerrJll. (p. 458.)

American Journal of Science and Arts, loc. cit., p. 126.

New Haven, on Fundulus pisculentus, with the last.

[625] INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL^ OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 331

PONTOBDELLA RAP AX Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XVIII, fig. 91. (p. 458.)

Body, in extension, long and slender, rounded, thickest behind the
middle, attenuated anteriorly. Acetabulum nearly circular, not much
wider than the body. Head small, obliquely truncated, rounded. Color
dark olive, with a row of square or oblong white spots along each side;
head and acetabulum whitish, tinged with green. The young are red
dish brown.

Length, 3()mm to 40nim ; diameter, 1.5nim to 2mm.

Vineyard Sound, on the ocellated flounder, (CJtienopsetta ocellaris).

PONTOBDELLA, species undetermined, (p. 458.)

Body slender, cylindrical, strongly annulated ; the largest seen was
about 12miu long and 0.75mm in diameter when extended. Head obliquely
cauipanulate, attached by a narrow pedicel-like neck. Acetabulum
oblique, round, only a little wider than the body. Color pale greenish
or greenish white, with scattered microscopic specks of blackish. No
distinct ocelli, but there are several dark stellate pigment-spots on
the head, similar to those on the body. Perhaps all the specimens
are immature.

Savin Bock, .New Haven, on My sis Americanus, below low- water
mark.

MYZOBDELLA LUGTUBRIS Leidy. (p. 458.)

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 243,

1851 ; Diesing, op. cit, p. 489.

Parasitic on the edible crab (Callinectes hastatus), attached about the
bases of the legs. We have not obtained this species on the coast of
New England, but it may be expected to occur here.

MALACOBDELLA OBESA Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XVIII, fig. 90. (p. 458.)

Body stout, broad, thick, convex above, fiat below, broadest near the
posterior end, narrowing somewhat anteriorly ; the front broadly rounded,
with a median vertical slit, in which the mouth is situated. Acetabu
lum large, rounded, about as broad as the body. Intestine convoluted
posteriorly, visible throng the integument. Between the intestine and
lateral margins, especially posteriorly, the skin is covered with small
stellate spots, looking like openings, within and around which are large
numbers of small round bodies, like ova. Color yellowish white.
Length, 30llim to 40mm; breadth, 12mm to 15mm.

Salem, Massachusetts ; Long Island Sound ; parasitic in the branchial
cavity of the long clam (My a arenaria).

MALACOBDELLA MEECENAEIA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 458.)

MalacoMella grossa Leidy, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
vol. v, p. 209 (non Blaiuville).

Body, in extension, elongated, oblong, with nearly parallel sides, or
tapering slightly anteriorly ; anterior end broad, obtusely rounded,
23 v

332 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [626]

emargiuate in the center, but not deeply fissured. In contraction the
body is broader posteriorly. Dorsal surface a little convex; lower side
side flat. Acetabulum round, rather small, about half the diameter
of the body in the contracted state, but nearly as broad when the body
is fully extended. The intestine shows through the integument dis
tinctly ; it is slender, and makes about seven turns or folds. Color
pale yellow, with minute white specks beneath and on the upper sur
face anteriorly, giving it a hoary appearance; middle of the dorsal
surface irregularly marked with flake-white ; laterally reticulated with
fine white lines.

Length in extension, 25mm ; breadth, 4nim ; in partial contraction,
I8lnm long; 5llim to Gmm wide.

New Haven, parasitic in the branchial cavity of the round clani ( Venus
mercenaria), October, 1871. Philadelphia, in the same clam (Leidy).

GYMNOCOPA.

TOMOPTERIS, species undetermined, (p. 453.)

Young specimens of a species of this genus were taken in the even
ing in Vineyard Sound. They are too i in mature for accurate identifica
tion.

A large and fine species of Tomopteris was taken by Mr. S. I. Smith,
in Eastport harbor, in July, 1872. This was about 40""u in length. An
excellent drawing of it was made by Mr. Emerton from the living
specimens. It is, perhaps, the adult state of the Vineyard Sound
species.

CH2ETOGXATHA.

SAGITTA ELEGANS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 410.)

Body slender, thickest in the middle, tapering slightly toward both
ends. Head somewhat broader than the neck, and about equal to the
body where thickest, slightly oblong, a little longer than broad, obtuse,
rounded in front or sub-truncate, sometimes with a slightly prominent
small central lobe or papilla; the anterior part of the head rises into a
crest-like median lobe considerably higher than the posterior part;
ocelli two, minute, widely separated, on the posterior half of the head ;
the anterior lateral borders of the head are slightly creuulated. The
fascicles of setae or spinules on the sides of the head each contain about
eight setse, which are considerably curved, with acute tips, and reach
as far as the anterior border of the head. Caudal fin ovate; its poste
rior edge broadly rounded. The posterior lateral fins commence just
in advance of the ovaries, and extend back considerably beyond thern^
so as to leave a naked space somewhat less than their length between
their posterior ends and the caudal fin ; on this naked part, just in ad
vance of the caudal fin, are two small, low, lateral papillae connected
with the male organs; two other smaller papillae are situated at about
the posterior third of the lateral fins. The median lateral fins are about
equal in length to the posterior ones, and separated from them by a

[627] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 333

naked space less than their own length; the distance from the anterior
end of the middle fins to the anterior border of the head is equal to
twice the length of the fins; the length of the latter is about one-sixth
of the entire length of the body. The color is translucent whitish,
nearly diaphanous.

Length, about 16ram; diameter, about 0.9'lim.

Wood's Hole and Vineyard Sound, at surface, July 1 ; off Gay Head,
among Salpw, September 8, in the day-time.

SAGITTA, species undetermined, (p. 440.)

A much larger and stouter species than the preceding was taken in
abundance by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, in Vineyard Sound, at various
dates, from January to May.

Its length is generally 25""n to 30:nm. I have not seen it living.

GEPHYREA or SirUNCULOIDS.

PHASCOLOSOMA CLEMENT AEIUM. Verrill Plate XVIII, fig. 92. (p. 416.)

Sipunculus cwmentarius Quatrefages, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 628, 1865. Phascolosoma
Bernhardns Pourtales, Proceedings American Association for Adva iiceinent of
Science for 1851, p. 41, 1852. iSipunculus Bernhardus Stimpson, Invertebrata of
Grand Manan, p. 28 (non Forbes.)

Beeper parts of Vineyard Sound, 10 to 15 fathoms ; off Block Island,
29 fathoms; Bay of Fuudy, 2 to 90 fathoms, abundant; near Saint
George's Bank, 45 to 430 fathoms.

PHASCOLOSOMA, species undetermined, (p. 353.)

A species similar to the last in size and form, with a thick integu
ment, thickly covered throughout with small rounded papillas or granules,
but without the dark cliitinous hooks seen on the posterior part of the
latter.

Vineyard Sound.

/ PHASCOLOSOMA GOULDII Diesing. Plate XVIII, fig. 93. (p. 353.)

Revision der Rhyngodeen, op. cit., p. 764, 1859. Sipunculus Gouldii Pourtales,
Proceedings of American Association for the Advancement of Science for
1851, vol. v, p. 40, 1852 ; Kefersteih, Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
vol. xv, p. 434, Plate 33, fig. 32, 1865, and vol. xvii, p. 54, 1867.

New Haven to Massachusetts Bay, at Chelsea Beach ; common in
sand and gravel at low-water mark.

SCOLECIDA.

TUKBELLAPJA.

RHABDOCCELA or NEMERTEANS.

^ BALANOGLOSSUS AUKANTIACUS Verrill. (p. 351.)

Stimpsonia aurantiaca Girard, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences ot Phila
delphia, vol. vi, p. 367, 1854. Balanoglossus KowalevsTcii A. Agassiz, Memoirs
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. ix, p. 421, Plates 1-3, 1873.

Fort Macon, North Carolina, to Naushon Island. Charleston, South

334 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [623]

Carolina (Girard). Newport, Khode Island, to Beverly, Massachusetts
(A. Agassiz). In sand between tides.

A reexamination of living specimens of tlie southern form will be

necessary before their identity with the northern one can be positively

established. I am unable to separate them with preserved specimens.

See page 351 ; also American Journal of Science, ser. 3, vol. v, p. 235.)

XEMERTES SOCIALIS Leidy. (p. 324.)

Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Very com
mon under stones, between tides.

NEMERTES VIRIDIS Diesing.

Sitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, vol. xlv, p. 305, 1862. Pla-
nariaviridis Miiller, Zool.Dan. Prodromus, 2684, 1776 (t. Fab.) ; Fabricius, Fauna
Groenlandica, p. 324, 1780. Notospermua viridis Diesing, Syst. Helminth, vol. i,
p. 260, 1850. Xemcrtes olivacea Johnston, Mag. of Zoology and Botany, vol. i,
p. 536, PI. 18, fig. 1. Borlasia olivacea Johnston, Catalogue British Non-para
sitical Worms, p. 21, PL 2b, fig. 1, 18G5. Nemertes obscura Desor, Boston Journal
of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 1 to 12, Plates 1 and 2, 1848. Polia olscura
Girard in Stimpson's Marine Invertebrata of Grand Man an, p. 28, 1853.

Body very changeable in form ; in full extension long and slender,
sub-terete, tapering toward both ends, the length being sometimes 150mm
to 200mm, while the diameter is 2mm to 3inm • in contraction the body
becomes much shorter and stouter, more or less flattened, and obtuse at
the ends, large specimens often being only 30mm or 4011UU long and 4mm to
5mm broad. The head is flattened, more or less bluntly rounded, and is
furnished with a row of small dark ocelli on each side, which vary in
number and size according to the age, the large specimens often having
six or eight on each side, while the small ones have but three or four, and
the very young ones have only a single pair. The lateral fossa3 of the%i
head are long and deep, in the form of slits, and extend well forward to
near the terminal pore. The latter in some states of contraction appears
like a slight vertical slit or notch, but at other times appears circular; the
proboscis is long, slender toward the base, clavate toward the end, the
terminal portion transversely wrinkled. The ventral opening or mouth
is situated opposite to or a little behind the posterior ends of the lateral
fossa? $ it is ordinarily small and elliptical, with a distinct lighter colored
border, but is capable of great dilation when the creature is engaged in
swallowing some annelid nearly as large as itself.

In alcoholic specimens the body is usually thickened and rounded
anteriorly, more slender and somewhat flattened farther back, often acute
at the posterior end; head obtusely rounded or sub-truncate, with a
small terminal pore and two lateral fossa3, which are short and extend
forward very near to the terminal pore; ventral opening or mouth
small and round, situated slightly behind the posterior ends of the lat
eral fossa? : ocelli not apparent. The color, when living, is very variable,

[629] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. OOO

most commonly dark olive-green or blackish green above, and somewhat
lighter below, the head margined with lighter ; frequently the color is
dark liver-brown or reddish brown, and the back is usually crossed by
faint pale lines, placed at unequal distances.

Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, under stones, between tides, and
in 4 to 0 fathoms, rocky bottoms, very common; Casco Bay and Bay of
Ftindy ; and northward to Labrador and Greenland. Also on the north
ern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Abundant under stones between
tides, and in shallow water.

The specimens referred to on page 324 as probably belonging to Cere-
bratulus, were most likely identical with this species.

XEMEETES (!) species undetermined (a), (p. 498.)

Body elongated, moderately stout ; head not distinct from the body.
Color uniform bright brownish red.

Length, 251!im.

Off Watch Hill, Ilhode Island, among rocks, in 4 to 6 fathoms. A
species, apparently the same, also occurred in 25 fathoms off Buzzard's
Bay.

This was red with two dark red spots anteriorly, No ocelli were
detected.

S, (?), species undetermined (&). •

Body slender, sub-terete ; head not distinct from bod}r. Ocelli incon
spicuous, apparently about three in a row on each side of front of head.
Color of head and body, above, brownish red, with a whitish ring around
the neck, which recedes in the middle, above.

Length, 8mi".

Off Watch Hill, with the preceding.

This is, perhaps, a species of Cosmocephala.

XEMERTES, species undetermined (c).

Body slender; head not separated by a constriction. Ocelli very
numerous, arranged in a long cluster on each side of the head. Color
uniform olive-green above and below.

Length, 35mm; breadth, 1.3mm to 2"1"1.

New Haven Harbor, on the piles of a wharf, in brackish water.

TETIIASTEHMA AKENICOLA Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 98. (p.
351.)

Body sub-terete, long, slender, slightly depressed, of nearly uniform
width ; the head is very versatile, usually sub-conical or lanceolate,
flattened, occasionally becoming partially distinct from the body by a
Blight constriction at the neck. Ocelli four, those in the anterior pair
nearer together. The lateral fossae are long and deep slits on the sides
of the head ; month or ventral pore small, often sub-triangular, situated
just back of the posterior ends of the lateral fossaB. Body deep flesh-
color or pale purplish. Length, about 100mm, in extension.

336 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [630]

Savin Rock, near New Haven, in sand at low-water mark.
This species is, perhaps, not a true Tctrastcmma. It is here only pro
visionally referred to that genus.

MECKELIA ING-ENS Leidy. Plate XIX, figs. 90, 9G«. (p. 3-19.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855. (?)
Meckelia Pocohontas Girard, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, vol. vi, p. 366, 1854.

Fort Macon, North Carolina ; Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and
Vineyard Sound. Low-water mark to 8 fathoms. Charleston, South
Carolina (Girard).

MECKELIA LACTEA Leidy. (p. 350.)

Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 243, 1851.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Low-water
mark to 10 fathoms. Perhaps the young of the preceding species.

MECKELIA ROSEA Leidy. (p. 350.)

Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 244, 1851.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Common in
sand at low- water mark.

MECKELIA LURID A Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)

Body long, large, stout, much depressed throughout, and thin poste
riorly, somewhat thickened anteriorly. Head changeable in form, often
acute ; lateral fosses long. Ventral opening large, elongated. Proboscis
long, slender, emitted from a terminal pore. In some specimens there was
a slender, acute, caudal papilla. Color deep chocolate-brown, with lighter
margins. Length, 150mm to 250mm ; breadth up to 10nuu or more.

Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms;
off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud ; Casco Bay, 10 to 68 fathoms.

CEREBRATULUS (?), species undetermined (a), (p. 508.)
This is a dark olive-green species, with paler margins, the anterior

part darkest.

Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms; off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft

mud.

COSMOCEPHALA ociiRACEA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, figs. 95,

(p. 325.)

Body elongated, moderately slender, somewhat flattened but thick,
and with the margins rounded, obtuse at both ends or subacute poste
riorly ; broadest and often swollen anteriorly ; gradually and slightly
tapering posteriorly ; the integument is translucent and the internal
median organs show quite distinctly ; lateral organs voluminous, ex
tending the whole length of the body along each side, and showing
through as dull yellowish white mottlings. Head continuous with the

[631] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. ,')37

body, obtuse ; a slight groove, usually appearing as a whitish line on
each side, runs obliquely across the ventral and lateral surface of the
head, diverging from the mouth and curving somewhat forward at the
sides ; terminal pore small and inconspicuous ; mouth, or ventral pore,
small. Ocelli numerous, arranged as in the figure, but varying some
what in number. (See p. 325.) Color dull yellowish, or yellowish white,
often tinged with deeper yellow or orange anteriorly, with the median
line lighter ; a reddish internal organ shows through as an elongated
red spot between the posterior ocelli.

Length, 50»im to 70mm ; breadth, 2.5111"1 to 3nim.

Xew Haven to Vineyard Sound ; under stones, between tides.

POLINA GLUTINOSA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 97. (p. 324.)

Body rather slender and elongated in extension, usually broadest in
the middle and tapering to both ends, but quite versatile in form ; head
not distinct, usually obtuse ; posterior end narrower, usually obtuse or
slightly emarginate ; integument soft, secreting a large quantity of mu
cus ; the lateral organs extend to the head. Ocelli numerous, variable
in number, usually eight or ten on each side, arranged in three pairs of
short, oblique, divergent rows, two to four in each ; terminal pore of the
head moderately large ; no lateral fossa? could be detected. There ap
pears to be a terminal opening at the posterior end. Color dull yellow
or pale orange yellow, sometimes brighter orange, especially anteriorly ;
posteriorly usually lighter, with a faintly marked dusky or greenish
median line.

Length, 25inm to 30mm in extension ; breadth, 1.3mm to 2ram.
Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound; low- water
mark to 6 fathoms.

MONOCELIS AGILIS Leidy. (p. 325.)

Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855.
Monops (?) agilis Diesing, Sitzungsbericbte der kais, Akad. der Wissenschaf-
ten, vol. xlv, p. 2:>2, 1302 (non Monops acjilis Sckultzo, sp.)

New Haven; Point Judith, IJliode Island, at low-water, creeping on
Hytilus edulis (Leidy).

ACELIS CRENULATA Diesing.

Op. cit. p. 20G. Acmostomum crenulatum Scbmarda, Neuo wirbcll. Tb., vol. i,
p. 1, 3, PI. I, fig. 2 (t.

Hoboken, Xew Jersey, in brackish water (Schmarda).

GENUS UNDETERMINED.

Body very long and slender, almost filiform, slightly flattened, with
rounded sides ; the flat sides are longitudinally striated, the narrower
rounded sides are marked with numerous short, distinct, separate, trans
verse lines or depressions, corresponding to opaque internal organs. In
one of the smaller specimens one end is acute conical, terminated by a

338 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [632]

slender incurved point; the other end is obtusely rounded, depressed
and translucent at the end, apparently with a trans verse orifice beneath.
The largest specimen, and one of the smaller, has one end correspond
ing in form to that last described ; the other is rounded, a little enlarged,
subtruncate, apparently with a terminal orifice. A yellowish internal
organ, with transverse divisions, runs along each side internally. In life
the color wag grayish white, with four very slender double longitudinal
lines of dark slate -color.

Length of largest specimens, in alcohol, SO"1"1; diameter, 0.7mm ; small
est ones, 40mm ; diameter, 0.5mm.

Wood's Hole, swimming very actively at the surface in the evening,
June 29 and July 13, 1871.

This species was taken by Mr. S. I. Smith, who recorded the color. I
did not observe it myself in the living state. The above description
was made from preserved specimens. Its characters cannot all be made
out satisfactorily with alcoholic specimens, and its generic and family
affinities are uncertain. In general appearance, when living and moving,
it resembles Gordius and Rliamplioyordius.

DENDROCCELA or PLANARIAXS.

STYLOCHOPSiSLiTTORALisYerrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 99. (p. 325.)
Body flat with thin margins, very changeable in form, broad oval,
elliptical or oblong, rounded or sub-truncate at the ends, often with the
margins undulated. The tentacles are small, round, obtuse, translu
cent, each containing an elongated group of about ten or twelve minute
black ocelli on the anterior surface. The tentacles are situated at about
the anterior fourth of the body, and are separated by about one-fourth
of its breadth. Dorsal ocelli about eight, forming four groups of two
each, in advance of the tentacles; marginal ocelli numerous, small,
black, most conspicuous beneath, and most numerous on the anterior
portion, arranged in two or more irregular rows near the margin, ex
tending back to the middle of the sides or beyond. Color pale greenish
or brownish yellow, veined or reticulated with lighter, and with a light
median stripe posteriorly; beneath flesh-color, with a median elongated
light spot, narrowest in the middle, due to internal organs.
Length, 8mm; breadth, about 6inm.
NCAV Haven to Vineyard Sound ; under stones, between tides.

PLAXOCERA NEBULOSA Girard. Plate XIX, fig. 100. (p. 325.)

Proceedings of the Academy of Xatural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1853, vol.
vi, p. 367, 1854.

Savin Rock near Xew Haven, under stones at low-water. Charleston,

S. C. (Girard).

LEPTOPLANA FOLIUM Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 487.)

Body very flat, with the margin thin and undulated ; outline versatile,
usually cordate or leaf-like, broadest and emarginate posteriorly, the

1 633] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 339

posterior borders well rounded, and the side a little convex, narrowing
to an obtuse point at the anterior end; sometimes oblong or elliptical,
and but little narrowed anteriorly ; the posterior einargination is usually
very distinct, often deep, and sometimes in contraction has a small pro
jecting angular point in the middle, but at times the emargination nearly
disappears. Ocelli in four groups, near the anterior end ; the two posterior
clusters are smaller than the anterior and wider apart ; the anterior
clusters are very near the others, and close together, almost blending
on the median line, and are composed of numerous very minute crowded
ocelli, less distinct than those of the other clusters. Color pale yel
lowish flesli-color, veined with dentritic lines of darker flesh color, or
with whitish ; an indistinct pale reddish spot behind the anterior
ocelli; an interrupted longitudinal whitish stripe in the middle, due to
the internal organs, and a small median whitish stripe posteriorly.

Length, 20inm to 25'nm; breadth, 10mm to 15mm.

Off Watch Hill, 4 to 6 fathoms, among rocks and algre; off Block
Island, in 29 fathoms; off Buzzard's Bay, in 25 fathoms.

PLANARIA GRISEA Yen-ill, sp. nov. (p. 487.)

Body elongated and usually oblong in extension, often long oval or
somewhat elliptical, obtusely pointed or rounded posteriorly ; head sub-
truncate in front, often a little prominent in the middle ; the angles
are somewhat prominent, but not elongated. Ocelli two, black, each sur
rounded by a reniforni, white spot. Color yellowish green or grayish,
with a central whitish stripe in the middle of 'the back, surrounded
by darker; head margined with whitish.

Length, in extension, 12"im; breadth, 3""".

Watch Hill, Khode Island, under stones, between tides.

PROCERODES WIIEATLANDII Girard. (p. 323.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. iii, p. 251, 1851; Stimpson, op.
cit., p. 6, 1857. Planaria frequens Leidy, Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island
and New Jersey, p. 11, 1855. Proccrodes freqneiis Sti.in.pson, op. cit., p. 6 ; this
Report, p. 325.

New Haven to Casco Bay. Point Judith (Leidy). Manchester, Mas
sachusetts (Girard). Abundant under stones, between tides.

FOVIA WARRENII Girard. (p. 480.)

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 211, 1852;
Stimpsou, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857. Vortex Warreni'i Girard, op. cit., vol. iii, pp.
284 aud3G3, 1851 ; Diesing, Op. cit., vol. xiv, p. 229, 1882.

A small, narrow, oblong, red Planarian, apparently belonging to this
species, was collected at Wood's Hole, among eel-grass, and also in
Casco Bay. Chelsea, Massachusetts (Girard).

340 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [634]

BDELLOURA CANDIDA Girard. (p. 460.)

Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, vol. iv, p. 211,1852. Vortex Can
dida Girard, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 264, (for 1850), 1851. Bdelloura parasiticaLiei&y,
Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1851, vol. v, p. 242,
1852; Stimpson, Prodromns, p. 6, 1857.

Great Egg Harbor; New Haven : Massachusetts Bay. Parasitic on
the gills of the " horseshoe-crab" (Limulus Polyphemus).

BDELLOURA TUJSTICA Leidy.

Proceedings Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 2i-2, 1852;
Stimpsou, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857.

Great Egg Harbor, on Ulva latissima (Leidy).

NEMATODES.

PONTONEMA MARLNUM Leidy. Plate XVIII, fig. 94. (p. 325.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound; very abund
ant from above low-water mark to 10 fathoms.

VACILLATUM Leidy. (p. 32G.)
Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144). 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to Vineyard Sound, with the preceding.

Various other small, free Nematodes are frequently met with, but
they have not been carefully examined.

Numerous species are also parasitic in the stomach, intestine, muscles
and other organs of fishes, Crustacea, worms, &c. (See page 456.)

MOLLUSCA.

CEPHALOPODA.
DIBRANCHIATA.

OMZMASTREPHES ILLECEBROSA. (p. 441.)

Loligo illecebrosa Lesueur, Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii,
p. 95, Plate 10, 1821 ; Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 318.
1841 ; Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 4, 1843. Ommaslrephes
sayittatus Binuey.* in Gould's Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 510, 1870, but
•not Plate 25, fig. 339 (HOW Lamarck, sp.)

A large specimen, taken at Eastport, Maine, was ten inches long, ex
clusive of the arms. When preserved in alcohol the caudal-fin was
rather more than one-third of the length of the head and body together ;
its width was equal to about three-fourths of its length. The colors of
this specimen were described on page 442. A small specimen from
Xewport, I*. I., agrees in color and most other respects with the larger
specimens, but differs somewhat in the proportions, especially of the
caudal fin, probably owing to its immaturity. This specimen, in alcohol,

* Binney's, Plate xxvi, Figs. 341-344, erroneously referred to Loligopsis pavo, appar
ently represents this species.

[G35] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 341

is SI11"11 long, exclusive of the arms ; the body is 72nim long, 15Ium broad ;
the caudal tin is 25mm long and 3C"im broad.

A fresh specimen, caught in Casco Bay, had the following propor
tions : Length of head and body, not including the arms, 221Ium ; length
of caudal fin, 86lum ; breadth of fin, 90lum ; diameter of body, 35lum ;
length of upper arms, 80mm ; of second pair, 100mm ; of third pair, 100mm •
of extensile arms, 182mra ; of the ventral pair, 90mm.

Greenport, Long Island, (Sanderson Smith) ; Newport, Rhode Island ;
Provincetown, Massachusetts ; Casco Bay ; Mount Desert, Maine ; Bay
of Fuudy.

Ommastrephes Bartramii (Lesueur, sp.) is found in the Gulf Stream off
our coasts, and may sometimes occur accidentally on our shores. It is
a more slender and elongated species than the preceding, with a rela
tively shorter caudal fin. It is also darker colored. The figure given
by Biuney in the last edition of Gould's Iiivertebrata of Massachusetts
(Plate 25, fig. 340) does not represent this species.

LOLIGO PEALII Lesueur. Plate XX, figs. 102-105. (p. 410.)

Journal Acacl. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 92, PI. 8, 1821; Dekay,
Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 4, PI. 33, fig. 354 (copied from
Lesueur) ; Binney, in Gould's Iiivertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 514 (PI.
25, fig. 340,) probably represents this species, certainly not 0. Bartramii.}

South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Very common in Long Island
Sound and Vineyard Sound.

The young, from an inch to two inches in length, were taken from the
middle of July to the last of August in great numbers, at the surface,
in Vineyard Sound, by Mr. Vinal TST. Edwards.

LOLIGO PUNCTATA Dekay.

Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 3, PL I, fi^. 1, 1843; Binney, in
Gould's Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 513.

This is probably identical with the preceding species. The slight
differences noticed are probably sexual, but as I have not been able to
fully satisfy myself in regard to this, I have not thought it proper to
unite them at this time.

Long Island Sound.

LOLIGO PALLIDA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XX, figs. 101, lOla. (p. 411.)
Body stout, tapering rapidly backward. Anterior border of mantle
with a prominent, obtusely rounded, median dorsal lobe, from which the
margin recedes on each side ; on the lower side the margin is concave
in the middle, with a projecting angle on each side. Caudal fin large,
about as broad as long, more than half as long as the body. Siphon
large and stout ; upper pair of arms considerably smaller and shorter
than the others, slender at tips, margined along the inner dorsal ridge
with a thin membrane. Second pair of arms stouter and longer, trique-
tral, slightly margined on the outer angle. Third pair much stouter and
considerably longer, with a membranous fold along the middle of the

342 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [636]

outer surface, wliicli expands into a thin membrane toward the end.
Tentacular arms long and slender, in extension longer than the body,
the portion that bears suckers forming about one-third the whole
length; in the female the larger suckers on the middle of this portion
are not so large as the largest on the other arms, and are arranged" in
about four rows; those near the tips of the arms are very small and
crowded. In the male the principal suckers of the tentacular arms are
very much larger than in the female, and considerably exceed those of
the other arms; they form two alternating rows along the middle of the
arm, and external to them there is a row of smaller suckers on each side,
alternating with them; the suckers toward the tips are very numerous,
small, and crowded ; outside of the suckers, on each side, there is a mar
ginal membrane with a scolloped edge; another membranous fold runs
along the outer surface and expands into a broad membrane near the
end ; the arms of the ventral pair are intermediate in length between
those of the second and third pairs. Ground-color of body, head, arms,
and fins pale, translucent, yellowish white ; entire ventral surface pale,
with small, distant, brownish circular spots, which are nearly obsolete on
the siphon and arms; the upper surface is covered with pale brown,
unequal, circular spots which are not crowded, having spaces of whitish
between them ; the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, but
somewhat clustered above the ej'es. The general appearance of the
animal when fresh is unusually pale and gelatinous. The "pen" is
broad, quill-shaped, translucent, and amber-colored. A medium-sized
male specimen preserved in alcohol measures 145mmfrom the base of the
dorsal arms to the posterior end of the body ; length of body, 120mm ;
length of caudal fin, 70mm ; breadth of fiu, 75llim; length of first pair of
arms, 42mm ; of second pair, 50mm ; of third, 60inm ; of tentacular arms,
150mm ; of ventral pair, 53mm.
Long Island Sound.

The Spirula Peronii Lamarck, (ISpirula fragilis in Binney's Gould, p.
516, fig. 755), is occasionally cast up, on the outer beaches of Nan tucket,
but it probably does not occur alive in our waters.

GASTROPODA.

PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

BELA IIAKPULARIA Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 108. (p. 508.)

II. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 92, 1858 ; Gould's Inverte-
]>ruta of Mass., ed. ii, p. 352, fig. 191. Fusus harpulariuH Couthony, Boston
Journal Natural History, vol. ii, p. 106, PL 1, fig. 10, 1838; Gould's Iiiverte-
brata of Mass., ed. i, p. 291, fig. 191, 1841. Zlangelia harpularia Stinipsou, Shells
of New England, page 48, 1851.

Massachusetts Bay to Labrador and Greenland. Off Gay Head, 10
to 10 fathoms ; in the Bay of Fundy frequent in from 1 to 80 fathoms.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene "Leda-clays" of Labrador (Packard); and
Canada (Dawson).

[037] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 343

BEL A PLEUROTOMARIA Adams.

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollnsca, vol. i, p. 92, 1858 ; Gould, Invert,
of Mass., ed. ii, p. 355, fig. 625. Fusus pleurotomarlus Couthouy, Boston Journal
of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 107, Plate 1, fig. 9, 1838. Fusus rufus Gould, Invert,
of Mass., ed. i, p. 190, fig. 192 (non Montagu). Biiccinum pyramidale Strom, N.
A. Dan. iii, p. 296, fig. 22 (t. Loven). Defrancia VahUi (Beck) Moller, 1842 (t.
Loveu). Mancjdia pnjamidalis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49.

Off the coast of Long Island, in 46 fathoms (Stimpson). Massachu
setts Bay to Labrador ; in Casco Bay and the Bay of Tandy not uncom
mon in 18 to 60 fathoms. Greenland (Moller). Finmark (Loven).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Canada, Labrador, Great Britain,
and Scandinavia.

The identification of this species with the Buccinum pyramidale Strom,
is somewhat uncertain ; if correct, the latter name has priority.

BELA PLTCATA Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 107. (p. 383.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollnsca, vol. i, p. 92, 1858. Pleurotoma pli-
cata C. B. Adams, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. iii, p. 318, Plate 3,
fig. 6; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 282, fig. 187 ; ed. ii, p. 350, fig. 612.
Pleurotoma plicosa C. B. Adams, Contributions to Conchology, vol. i, p. 54, 1850 ;
Jay, Catalogue, ed. iv, p. 327. Pleurotoma brnnnea Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 121, 1869.

Xear Xew Haven, rare. Huntington and Greenport, Long Island
(Sanderson Smith). New York (Dekay). Dartmouth, Massachusetts,
and Xew Bedford Harbor, in mud, (C. B. Adams). Beaufort, X. C. (Dr-
E. Coues). Indian Pass, Florida (E. Jewett).

MANGELIA CERINA. (p. 432.)

Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 210, 1872. Pleurotoma cerinnm
Kurtz and Stimpson, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
vol. iv, p. 115, 1851 ; Stimpsou, Shells of New England, p. 49, PI. 2, fig. 2, 1851.

Shell elongated, fusiform, rather acute at apex, composed of about
seven whorls ; apical whorls smooth, the others angulated in the middle
and decidedly flattened just below the suture; suture distinct, but
shallow, undulated ; the body whorl has about eleven prominent, longi
tudinal, sub-acute plications or ribs, separated by w7ide, concave inter
spaces. The ribs are most prominent at the angulation above the middle
of the lower whorl, and do not extend on the flattened sub-sutural band.
The whole surface is covered by fine, raised, revolving lines, often
alternately larger and smaller, separated by wider stria?, and crossed by
fine, distinct lines of growth, rendering them slightly nodulous. The
revolving lines are most distinct on the sub-sutural band, and are often
nearly obsolete over the summits of the ribs. Outer lip acute, with a
decided angle at about the posterior fourth, where it recedes to form a
decided, rounded notch, at and just above the angle; middle portion
nearly straight, gradually curving and receding toward the anterior end;
canal short, straight, and somewhat contracted. Color whitish, or
slightly yellow ; inner surface light wax-yellow. Length, 6.5mm ; breadth,
3uim ; length of aperture, 3mm.

344 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [638]

Vineyard Sound, 3 to 10 fathoms; near New Haven. New Bedford,
Mass., and Charleston, S. C. (Stimpson). Staten Island ; Greenport
and Huntington, Long Island, low water to 3 fathoms, (S. Smith).
Beaufort, N. C. (Coues). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.
PLEUROTOMA BICARINATUM Couthouy. Plate XXI, fig. 100. (p. 418.)

Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 104, Plate 1, fig. 11, 1838; Gould,
Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 231, fig. 180 ; ed. ii, p. 349, fig. 618. Mangelia Mcarinata
Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49. Defrancia licarinata H. aucl A. Adams*
Genera of Mollusca, vol. i, p. 95.

Stoningtou, Conn. (Linsley). Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, rare ;
Massachusetts Bay; Bay of Fundy. This is a rare and imperfectly
known species. I have never had opportunities to examine the living
animal.

The generic relations of this and the t\vo preceding shells are still
doubtful.

BUCCINUM ITNDATUM Linne. Plate XXI, fig. 121. (p. 494.)

Systema Natune, ed. xii, p. 1204. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i,
p. 305; ed. ii, p. 3G6, fig. 634. Bticcinum undulatum Moller, in Kroyer's Tids-
skrift, vol. iv, p. 84, 1842 (t. Stimpson). Stimpson, Review of the Northern
Buccinums, in Canadian Naturalist, October, 1865. Bnceinum Labrador en se
Reeve, Couch. Icon., vol. Hi, Buc. i. 5, 1846 (t. Stimpsou).

Mouth of Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, G to 19 fathoms. Off
New Jersey, north latitude 40°, west longitude 73°, in 32 fathoms,
sandy bottom, (Captain Gedney).

Near Stonington, Conn. (Linsley) ; Montauk Point, Long Island,
and Little Gull Island (S. Smith). Not common south of Cape Cod,
except on the outer islands and in deep water ; common in Massachu
setts Bay ; and very abundant on the coast of Maine, and northward to
Greenland. On the European coast it occurs from Iceland and the
North Cape to France, and from low water to 650 fathoms. In the Bay
of Fundy it is abundant from above low-water mark to 100 fathoms.

As a fossil it is common in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Maine, Can
ada, Labrador, and Great Britain. Mr. Desor obtained it from the Post-
Pliocene formation of Nantucket Island.

The ordinary American specimens from shallow water differ consider
ably in form from the typical European specimens, but the species is
quite variable on both coasts, and I have examined large specimens
from Saint George's Bank and La Have Bank, dredged by Mr. S. I.
Smith, which differ very little from the common European form, and it
is easy to form series connecting these with our common shore speci
mens. I am, therefore, unable to agree with Dr. Stimpson, who con
sidered our shell distinct from the European, and adopted the name
undulatum for it.
NEPTUNEA CURTA Verrill.

Fusus corncus Say, Amer. Conch., iii, Plate 29, 1831 (non Liime, Pennant, etc.),
Fusus Mandicus Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 284; ed. ii, p. 371, fig. 638
(non Chemnitz, Gmelin, etc.). Fusus curtus Jeffreys, British Conchology, vol.
iv, p. 336, 1867.

[639] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OK VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 345

Massachusetts Bay to Labrador. Casco Bay, C to 50 fathoms; com
mon in the Bay of Fundy from low- water mark to 80 fathoms. Linsley
reports it, as F. cornew, from fish-stomachs at Stonington, Connecticut.
In the Yale Museum are dead shells of this species, which have been
occupied by Eupacfuri, found on Fire Island Beach, on the south side of
Long Island, by Mr. S. I. Smith. It probably inhabits the deep water
off Block Island.

The dentition of this species is decidedly buccinoid. The central
plates are transversely oblong1, deeply concave above, with the lateral
angles produced ; below armed with three small, nearly equal, short teeth,
the central one largest, beyond which, on each side, it is concave, the outer
angles being a little prominent. The lateral plates are large, with an
outer, very strong, curved tooth, and two much smaller, slightly curved
ones near the inner end, the innermost being slightly the largest.

The dentition agrees very closely with that of N. cuitiqua, the type
both of the genus Neptunea, Bolton, 1798, and CUrysodomus, Swainson,
1840, but it is very different from that of Sipho Bermclensis (S. Island-
icus Trosch.), which Troschel refers to the Faciolaridse. The latter is
evidently the type of a genus (Sipho) very distinct from Neptunea; but
among the European species, gracilis, propinqua, buccinata, and the true
Islandica (as described by Jeffreys) are closely related to curta, and be
long to the genus Neptunea, in the family Buccinidoe.

NEPTUNEA (Neptunella) PYGM.EA. Plate XXI, fig. 115. (p. 508.)

Fastis Islandicus, var. pygmcms, Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 284, fig. 109,
1841. Tritoninm pygmcvum Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 46, 1851.
Fn8H8 TrumluUii Liusley, Amer. Journal Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 28, fig.
1, 2, 1845 (non Gould, 1818). Fastis pygmyms Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii,
p. 372, fig. 639. Neptunea (S'tplio) pygnuca, H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent
Mollusca, vol. i, p. 81, 1858. Chnjsodomus pygnuvus Dall, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. xiii, p. 242, 1870.

Deep water off New London and Stonington, Connecticut, northward to
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud •
off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms ; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, mud, abun
dant and large; off Edgarton, 18 to 20 fathoms ;' Casco Bay, 10 to 40
fathoms, common ; Eastport, Maine, and Bay of Fundy, low water to
100 fathoms (A. E. Y.). Near Saint George's Bank, 40 to 150 fathoms ;
east of Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms ; and off Halifax (S. I. Smith).

The odontophore in this species is long and slender • the dentition is
buccinoid. The middle plate is small, transversely oblong, concave
above, below convex, with one very small central tooth ; lateral plates
relatively large and strong, with a large, curved outer tooth, and a
smaller bifid inner tooth, widely separated from the outer one.

The peculiarities in the dentition of this species, in connection with
the singular wooly or velvety epidermis, indicate that this species
should form the type of a sub-genus, or perhaps even a distinct genus.
For the group I would propose the name Neptunella.

346 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [640]

FULGUR CARICA Conrad. PI. XXII, fig. 127. (p. 355.)

Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vi, p. 319,
1853 ; Gill, on the Genus Fulgur and its Allies, in American Journal of Con
chology, vol. iii, p. 145, 1867. Murex carica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3545, 1788.
Fulgur eliceans (pars) Moutfort, Conch. Syst., vol. ii, p. 503, 1810, fig. (fc. Gill).
Fyrula carica Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vii, p. 138, 1822 ; Gould,
Invert, of Mass., ed. i,p. 296. Busycon carica Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 383, fig.
646 ; Stimpson, in American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 61, 1865.

Eastern coast of the United States ; northward to Cape Cod ; south
ward to northern Florida, and west Florida. Abundant in Vineyard
Sound, in 1 to 10 fathoms; also in Long Island Sound, near New
Haven. Nantucket ( Adams); St. Augustine, Florida (H. S. Williams) ;
west Florida (E. Jewett.) It occurs in the Miocene formation of Mary
land and Virginia, and in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida.

SYCOTYPUS CANALICULATUS Gill. (p. 355.)

American Journal of Conchology, vol. iii, p. 149,1867. Mnrex canaliculatus Linnd,
Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1222. Pyrula canaliculata Lamarck, Anim. -sans Vert.,
vol. vii, p. 137, 1822 ; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 294, tig. 206. Busycon
canaliculatuiu H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 151, 1858 ;
Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. "ii, p. 380, fig. 645. Fulgur canaliculata Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, 1822 ; Conrad, Proc. PhiL
Acad., vol. vi, p. 219, 1853.

Eastern coast of the United States ; northward to Cape Cod and Nan-
tucket $ southward to Georgia and Northern Florida, Western Florida,
and northern shores of Gulf of Mexico. Abundant in Vineyard Sound,
Long Island Sound, &c., in 1 to 8 fathoms. .St. Augustine, Florida
(H. S. Williams). Found fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North
and South Carolina, and Northern Florida ; in the Pliocene of South
Carolina ; and Miocene of Maryland.

NASSA VIBEX Say. Plate XXI, fig. 114. (p. 371).

Journal Academy Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 231, 1822 ; Gould,
Invertehrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 365, fig. 633. Nassa fretensls Perkins, Pro
ceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. xiii,p. 117, figure, 1869 (variety).

Eastern coast of the United States $ northward to Vineyard Sound ;
southward to Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico ; not abundant north of
Cape Hatteras. In Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound, found
sparingly in shallow water among eel-grass. New Bedford (Adams).
Lloyd's Harbor, Huntington, and North port, Long Island (S. Smith) ;
Egmont Key, Florida (Jewett). It has been found in the Pliocene and
Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Some of Say's original specimens were from South Carolina, others
from Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. At the latter locality I have also
collected among eel-grass, in shallow water, the variety described by
Dr. Perkins as N. frctensis, which is the most common, form in all the
more northern localities. Specimens intermediate between these and the
ordinary southern forms are, however, of frequent occurrence, and the
typical form also occurred in Vineyard Sound, with the variety.

[641] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 347

TBITIA TRIVITTATA Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 112. (p. 354.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 122, 1858. Nassa trivittata

Say, Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 231 ; Gould, Invert.

of Mass., ed. ii, p. 364, fig. 632. Buccinum trivittatum Adams, Boston Journal

of Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 265 ; Gould, op. cit., ed. i, p. 309, fig. 211.

Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Northern Florida. Eastport, Maine, and

Bay of Fundy, 3 to 30 fathoms, not abundant ; CascoBay, 1 to 40 fathoms,

abundant; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 0 to 14 fathoms, abundant;

off Block Island, 29 fathoms; Long Island Sound, common. Gaspe,

Canada (Dawson). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Mass.,

Nan tucket (Desor), Gull Island (Smith), Virginia, South Carolina, and

North Carolina ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and in the Miocene

of Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina.

ILYANASSA OBSOLETA Stimpson. Place XXI, fig. 113. (p. 468.)

American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 61, Plate 9, figs. 11, 12, 1865. Nassa
obsoleta Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 232, 1822 ; Bin-
ney's Say, p. 77, 1858 ; Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 362, fig. 631 ; Buc
cinum obsoletum Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 308, fig. 210 ; Tritia obsoleta
H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 122, 1858.

Eastern and southern coasts of the United States; northward to
Casco Bay, Maine, and the mouth of the Kennebeck Kiver, and local in
the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; southward to Florida
and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Extremely abundant
on the whole coast south of Cape Cod ; more local farther north, and
mostly restricted to sheltered bays and harbors. It has not been found
on the eastern part of the coast of Maine nor in the Bay of Fundy. An
isolated colony of this species is found on the western and southern
shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Prince Edward's Island (Bell,
Dawson).

As a fossil it has been found in the Post-Pliocene deposits at Point
Shirley, in Chelsea, Massachusetts (Stimpson) ; at Nantucket Island
(Desor); Virginia; and South Carolina. It is also reported from the
Pliocene of South Carolina.

UROSALPINX OINEREA Stimpson. Plate XXI, fig. 116. (p. 306.)

American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 58, Plate 8, figs. 6 and 7, 1865. Fusus
cinereus Say, Journal Academy Nat. Science, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 236, 1822;
American Conchology, Plate 29, 1831. Buccinum plicosum Menke, Syn., ed. ii,
p. 69, 1830, (t. Gould); Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 303, fig. 213.
Buccinum cinereum Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 370, fig. 637.

Eastern coast of the United States; northward to Massachusetts Bay,
and local farther north, to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; southward to
Georgia and Northern Florida, and on the west coast of Florida, at
Tampa Bay. Abundant in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Long
Island Sound, and along the coast of the Middle States, especially on
oyster-beds. In Vineyard Sound it occurs from above low-water mark
to 8 fathoms. It occurs in some of the shallow and sheltered branches
24 v

348 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ' [642]

of CascoBay, especially at the upper end of Quahog Bay, but has not
been found on the islands, nor farther eastward along the coast of
Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. A colony exists, however, in the
southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, associated with the pre
ceding and other southern species. It is found fossil in the Post-Plio
cene of Point Shirley, Massachusetts, Nantucket, Gardiner's Island,
Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina ; in the Pliocene of South
Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland.

EUPLEURA CAUDATA H. and A. Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 117. (p. 371.)

Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 107, 1858 ; Stimpson, Ainer. Journal of
Conchology, vol. i, p. 58, Plate 8, fig. 5 (dentition), 1835. Ranella caudata Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 238, 1822 j Gould, Invert,
of Mass., ed. i, p. 297, fig. 176 ; ed. ii, p. 386, fig. 648.

Eastern coast of the United States ; northward to Nantucket and Cape
Cod ; southward to northern Florida, and western Florida, at Tampa
Bay. At Vineyard Sound it occurred living in considerable numbers in
the shallow ditches on the marshes, as well as in the sound itself, in 1
to 8 fathoms ; off New Haven, in 1 to 5 fathoms, not abundant ; Great
Egg Harbor, frequent among eel-grass in shallow water. Egrnont Key,
Florida (Jewett).

In the fossil state this species has been found in the Post-Pliocene of
Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Florida; in the Pliocene of
South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland and South Carolina.

PURPURA LAPILLUS Lamarck. Plate XXI, figs. 118 to 120. (p. 306.)

Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vi, 1822; ed. ii, vol. x, p. 79; Gould, Invert, of
Mass., ed. i, p. 301; ed. ii, p. 360, fig. 630. Buccinum lapillus Liniie", Syst.
Naturse, ed. xii, p. 1202, 1767.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Montauk Point, Long Island ; Cuttyhuuk
Island; shores of Vineyard Sound, at Nobsca Point; northward to the
Arctic Ocean. On the European coast southward to Portugal. North
eastern coast of Asia. Sitka ( Midden dorff). This species is local south
of Cape Cod, and has not been found to the eastward of Stonington, Con.
necticut, in Long Island Sound. It is extremely abundant along the
northern coasts of New England and Nova Scotia, often nearly cover
ing the surface of the rocks toward low-water mark, where they are en.
crusted by Balanus balanoides, upon which it chiefly feeds, inserting its
proboscis between the opercular valves of the barnacle.

This shell has been found in the Post-Pliocene deposits at Water ville»
Maine, and at Gardiner's Island, but is not a common fossil in this
country. In England it is found in the Red- Crag and all later forma
tions ; it also occurs in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Scandinavia. The
fossils show the same variations that are seen in the recent shells.

PTYCHATRACTUS LIG-ATUS Stimpson.

American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 59, plate 8, fig. 8 (dentition), 1885.
Fasciolaria Ugata Mighels and Adams, Boston Journal of Nat. History, vol. iv,
p. 51, Plate 4, fig. 17, 184}; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 385, fig. 647.

Casco Bay, Maine; to Labrador. Stonington, Connecticut (Liusley).

[643] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 349

Casco Bay, 20 to 40 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy, 15 to 60 fathoms. Halifax
(Willis) 5 Gaspe (Whiteaves) ; Murray Bay (Dawson); Mingan (Foote).
This shell occurs sparingly at all these localities. It has not been
recorded from south of Cape Cod by any one except Linsley, and it
must be regarded as a very doubtful member of the fauna of Southern
New England until rediscovered.

Dr. Dawson records one broken specimen from the Post-Pliocene of
Montreal.

ANACHIS AY AHA Perkins, (p. 306.)

Proceedings, Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 113, 18(i9 (iu part). Colum-
bella avara Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 230, 1822 ;
(in part) Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 313; ed. ii, p. 356 (in part).

Cape Cod to Northern Florida; Western Florida and the northern
shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Vineyard Sound, from 0 to 10 fathoms ;
Long Island Sound ; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; Nantucket (Ad
ams) ; Fort Macon (Cones) ; South Carolina (Gibbes); Georgia (Couper) ;
Western Florida (Jewett). North of Cape Cod, it is local and rare ;
Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina, and in
the Pliocene of South Carolina.

Among the shells usually referred to this species there are great va
riations in form and sculpture, and the color is quite inconstant. The
numerous specimens that I have examined from various localities can,
however, be arranged in two groups, between which I have found no
specimens that can be regarded as truly intermediate, although most of
their distinctive characters are variable in each series. For the pres
ent, therefore, I have with some hesitation followed Mr. Ravenel in re
garding these two principal forms as distinct species. As these species
(or varieties) have not been distinguished by most writers, it is probable
that some of the northern localities given above should properly go
under the next species, which is far more abundant in Vineyard Sound
and Long Island Sound than the typical avara, while the latter predom
inates in the collections from Fort Macou, North Carolina, and south
ward. The figures given by Dr. Gould represent the ordinary northern
form of the following species. In the first part of this report both forms
are included under avara.

From Fort Macon I have specimens that agree perfectly with Say's
original description of avara. These are less elongated than the next
species, and rather fusiform, the thickest part being but little below the
middle, with the spire acute. The mature shells have ten flattened
whorls; the first three or nuclear whorls are smooth ; some of the suc
ceeding ones usually have numerous vertical costre ; the last whorl has
10 to 13 more or less prominent, smooth obtusely rounded, somewhat
curved costre, separated by wider concave intervals, and gradually dis
appearing below the middle; below the costa3 are numerous, well im-

350 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [644]

pressed revolving grooves, of which 8 or 10 are wider and deeper than
the rest j similar but finer grooves cross the spaces between the costa?,
but are mostly obsolete on the costse ; the middle whorls usually have a
similar number of costa3, which are less prominent, and often more or
less obsolete, while the spaces between are crossed by numerous fine
revolving striae The canal is short, broad, and nearly straight ; the
outer lip well rounded, not incurved anteriorly, but with a decided
emargination posteriorly. Length of mature shells, 13mm; diameter,
6nim, often smaller.

Specimens of the same size and form from Vineyard Sound and New
Haven agree closely with the above description in most respects, but
have 14 or 15 costas on the last whorl, and about 20 on the preceding
ones, where the costas are so crowded that the spaces between are often
narrower than the costae.

ANACHIS SIMILIS Verrill. Plate XXI, fig. 109.

ColumMla similis Raveuel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861, p. 41. Columbella
translirata Ravenel, op. cit., p. 42. Columbella avara (in part) Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 313, fig. 197 : ed. ii, p. 356, tig. 726.

Massachusetts Bay to Georgia. Abundant in Vineyard Sound and
Long Island Sound j Great Egg Harbor. Fort Macon (Dr. Yarrow.)
This species is usually much more elongated than the preceding, with a
more elevated spire, the broadest place being a little above the lower
third of the length. Whorls, 10 ; flattened ; the nuclear whorls smooth
The canal is longer, and usually distinctly excurved : the outer lip is
more or less incurved anteriorly, so as to slightly narrow the canal ; the
body- whorl has 18 to 20 or more rather regular, obtuse costse, sepa
rated by spaces of about the same width, generally slightly nodular close
to the suture; at some distance below the middle of the whorl they
gradually disappear, but sometimes there are also smaller intermediate
costce below the middle of the whorl (var. translirata) ; the lower part
of the whorl is covered with numerous well-impressed, revolving
grooves, which cross the lower ends of the costae, rendering them nodu
lous ; on the upper part of the whorls the revolving grooves are larger
and more distinct than in the preceding species, and usually continue
over the costse ; the one next below the suture is usually larger than
the rest, and thus produces the subsutural nodules ; the grooves are
generally least distinct in the middle of the lower whorl, which is some
times slightly angulated. On the middle whorls there are numerous
(usually more than 25) regular costse, like those of the last one, and
crossed by about 5 distinct revolving grooves, more conspicuous in the
spaces between; the upper one largest, usually producing a distinct series
of nodules on each whorl. Color exceedingly variable, generally dark
reddish brown, chestnut, or light yellowish brown, more or less mottled
and specked with whitish ; there is often a subsutural band of white,
or the nodules are white, and also a band of white around the re id die

[645] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD k SOUND, ETC. 351

of the last whorl, but these are frequently absent. Length of a rather
large specimen, 17mm ; breadth, 7mra ; length of an average specimen,
13mm; breadth, 5mm ; length of a slender specimen, 15mm ; breadth, 5mm.

ASTYRIS LUNATA Diill. Plate XXI, fig. 110. (p. 306.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. xiii, p. 242, 1870. Nassa lunata Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 213, 1826. Buccinum
lunatum Adams, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 226; Gould, Invert, of
Mass., ed i., p. 312, fig. 193. Colunibella lunata Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 359,
fig. 629. Fiims TrumbulH Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. vi, p. 235, fig. 7,
1848, (non Linsley). Buccinum Wheatleyi Dekay, Nat. Hist, of New York,
Mollusca, p. 132, Plate 7, fig. 162, 1843. Colunibella Gouldiana Ag. MSS. ; Stimp-
son, Shells of New England, p. 48, 1851 ; Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist,
of New York, vol. viii, p. 398, fig. 5, 1865. Astyris " Umata Say" aiidJ.
"Turnbullii Liusl.," H. and A. Adams, Gsnera, vol. i, p. 187 (typographical
errors).

Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida and the northern shores of
the Gulf of Mexico ; local and not abundant north of Cape Cod, at Prov-
incetown, Nahant, and Swampscott, Massachusetts. Very abundant in
Vineyard Sound, from low- water to 10 fathoms ; and in Long Island
Sound ; Great South Bay, Long Island ; and Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey; Fort Macoii, North Carolina, and southward. Estella Pass,
Florida (Jewett) ; Georgia (Couper).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene deposits of South Carolina; and at Gardiner's
Island, New York (S. Smith) ; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina.

The color-variety, separated by several writers as C. Gouldiana, is
identical with the Wheatleyi of Dekay.

ASTYRIS ZONALIS Verrill. Plate XXI, fig. 111. (p. '399.)

Buccinum zonalis Linsley, American Journal of Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 285,
1845 (no description); Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, series ii, vol. vi, p. 236,
fig. 8, 1848. ColumbeUa dissimilis Stimpson, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat.
History, vol. iv, p. 114, 1851 ; Shells of New England, p. 47, 1851 ; Gould, Invert,
of Mass., ed. ii, p. 358, fig. 628.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven; Vineyard Sound ; Casco Bay ;
Eastport, Maine, 10 to 60 fathoms. Grand Menan, New Brunswick,
in 8 fathoms, sand, (Stimpson). Storiington (Linsley).

ASTYRIS ROSACEA H. and A. Adams, (p. 508.)

Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 187, 1858. Buccinum rosaccum Gould, Ameri
can Journal of Science, xxxviii, p. 197, 1840; Invert, of Mass., ed. i, .p. 311,
fig. 195, 1841. ColumbeUa rosacca Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 47,
1851; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 257, fig. 627. (^)Fusus Holbollii
Moller, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 88, 1842.

East of Block Island, 29 fathoms, fine sandy mud; Stonington, Con
necticut (Linsley); Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; Isles of
Shoals, 20 fathoms, and West Isles, 10 fathoms (Stimpson) ; Casco Bay,
10 to 20 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy, 8 to 60 fathoms ; Sable Island, Nova
Scotia (Willis) ; Grand Menan, in deep water, (Stimpson).

352 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [646]

The identity of A. Holbolli\ from Greenland, with this species, is very
doubtful, for it was described as smooth, with a firm corneus, fusco-
luteus epidermis.

LUNATIA HERDS Adams. Plate XXIII, figs. 133 to 136. (p. 353.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207, 1858 ; Gould, Invert,
of Mass., ed. ii, p. 338, figs. 608, 609. Natica Jieros Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 248, 1822 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 231. Natica triseriata
Say, op. cit., vol. v. p. 209 (color-variety) ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 233.
Lunatia triseriata Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 340, fig. 610.

Georgia to Gulf of Saint Lawrence and southern coast of Labrador.
Coast of New Jersey, near Great Egg Harbor, abundant and large,
(A. E. Y.) ^southern side of Long Island, at Eire Island beach, abundant,
(S. I. Smith) ; Long Island Sound, at New Haven, not common ; Vine
yard Sound, abundant from low-water to 10 fathoms; Casco Bay, com
mon ; Bay of Furidy, common from low- water to 40 fathoms; Saint
George's Bank, common, (S. I. Smith); Gaspe (Dawson); Georgia
(Couper). The variety triseriata has the same distribution, and is the
more common form in the deeper waters, but is also found on the sand-
flats at low-water. It is common in Casco Bay and Bay of Eundy, in
1 to 40 fathoms; off Martha's Vineyard, 10 to 20 fathoms ; and off New
London, Connecticut, 10 fathoms.

This species has been found fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, Vir
ginia, and South Carolina ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and in
the Post-Pliocene of Canada and South Carolina.

LUNATIA IMMACULATA Adams. Plate XXIII, fig. 131. (p. 508.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207. Natica immaculata
Totteu, American Journal of Science, ser. i, vol. xxviii, p. 351, fig. 6, 1835 ;
Gould, Invertebrata, ed. i, p. 234, fig. 168, 1841. Mamma (?) immaculata Gould>
ed. ii, p. 344, fig. 614.

Stonington, Connecticut, and eastern end of Long Island, to Gulf of
Saint Lawrence. Off Martha's Vineyard, 20 fathoms ; east of Block
Island, 29 fathoms. Stonington (Liusley); Off Napeague Point, Long
Island (S. Smith); Newport, K. I. (Totteu). Massachusetts Bay, Casco
Bay, and Bay of Fuudy, 5 to 80 fathoms, common ; often found living
at low-water mark in the Bay of Fuudy.

NEVERITA DUPLICATA Stiinpson. Plate XXIII, fig. 130. (p. 354.)

Smithsonian Check List, p. 5, 1860 ; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 345, fig.
615. Natica dupUcata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p.
247, 1822 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 236, fig. 164, 1841. Lunatia dupUcata H.
and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207, 1858.

Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida; northwestern Florida to
Yucatan. Local and not common north of Cape Cod. Abundant at
Nantucket ; Vineyard Sound ; Long Island Sound ; southern coast of
Long Island; New Jersey ; and southward. Saint Augustine, Florida
(Williams). Tampa Bay, Florida, and Egmont Key, abundant, (Jew-
ett). Texas (Schott). Near Vera Cruz, Mexico (coll. T. Salt).

[647] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 353

Fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Caro
lina ; Pliocene of South Carolina ; and Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Saint John's Eiver, and Tampa Bay, Florida.

NATICA PUSILLA Say. Plate XXIII, fig. 132. (p. 417.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 257, 1822 ; Stimpson, Shells
of New England, p. 43, 1851 ; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 344, fig. 613,
(not of ed. i) ; Sanderson Smith, in Annals Lye. Nat. History, New York, vol.
ix, p. 396, fig. 4, 1870.

Vineyard Sound to Northern Florida. In Vineyard Sound and Buz
zard's Bay this species is common in 2 to 10 fathoms. Huntington
and Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, (S. Smith). South
Carolina (Kurtz). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Georgia
(Couper).

Acrybia flava H. and A. Adams, = Naticaflava Gould, Invert., ed. i, p.
239, fig. 162; Bulbus flavus Gould, op. cit, ed. ii, p. 347, fig. 610. This
species was catalogued by Linsley (1845) as from the stomachs of had
dock taken off Stonington, Connecticut. It has not been subsequently
recorded from south of Cape Cod by any one. It is not improbable that
there was some mistake, either in respect to the locality or the identity
of the specimens referred to by Linsley. It is an arctic species, found in
the Bay of Fundy and at Saint George's Bank ; northward to Greenland
(Moller, as N. toana).

Natim clausa Brod. and Sowerby, was erroneously given by Mr. Per
kins (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 162) as from " Stonington,
Connecticut, Linsley." It d6es not occur in Mr. Liusley's list, nor has
it been found living, to my knowledge, south of Cape Cod. It occurs
in Massachusetts Bay and northward to the Arctic Ocean. It is not
uncommon in the Bay of Fundy from 6 to 109 fathoms ; and in Casco
Bay from 9 to 60 fathoms. One small dead specimen was dredged by
us in 19 fathoms, off Gay Head.

CERITHIOPSIS GREENII Verrill. Plate XXIV, fig. 153. (p. 383.)

Cerithium Grcenii C. B. Adams, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, p.
287, Plate 4, fig. 12, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 579, fig. 184. Bittium
Grcenii H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 287, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii,
p. 322, fig. 591.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 3 to 10 fathoms ; Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Dartmouth
Harbor (Adams) ; Boston Harbor (Stimpson) ; Long Island (S. Smith) ;
Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Also reported from Bermuda.

Jeffreys (in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872, p. 244) regards
this as identical with the European C .tubercular is, and gives it a north
ern distribution. Both opinions appear to be incorrect.

354 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [648]

CERITHIOPSIS EMERSONII Adams. Plate XXIY, fig. 151. (p. 417.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 240, 1858 ; Gould, Invert., cd. ii, p. 387, fig. 649
Cerithium Emersonii C. B. Adams, op. cit., p. 284, Plate 4, fig. 10, 1838 j Gould,
Invert., ed. i, p. 275, fig. 180.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 3
to 10 fathoms, shelly. Nantucket (Adams) ; Huntington and Greenport,
Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Miocene of North Carolina,
(Conrad). Jeffreys (in British Conchology, vol. iv, p. 257) regards this
species as identical with Cerithium metula Loven, 1846, on the authority
of Danielssen. This appears to be an erroneous identification.

CERITHIOPSIS TEREBRALIS Adams. Plate XXIV, fig. 150. (p. 417.)

II. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 241, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 389, fig.
650. Cerithium terebraleC. B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p, 320,
Plate 3, fig. 7, 1840 ; Gould, Invert,, ed. i, p. 276, fig. 181. Cerithium terebellum
C. B. Adams, Catalogue Genera and Species of Recent Shells in Collection of
C. B. A., p. 13, 1847.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 2
to 12 fathoms, not uncommon. New Bedford, Massachusetts (Adams).
Greenport and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Coues).

TRIFORIS NIGROCINCTUS Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 152. (p. 305.)

Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 323, fig. 592. Cer
ithium mgrocinctum C. B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 286, Plate
4, fig. 11, 1838 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 277, fig. 182.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay,
low-water to 10 fathoms, not uncommon ; near New Haven ; and Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). Huut-
ington arid Greeuport, Long Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon (Coues)-

BITTIUM NIGRTJM Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 154. (p. 305.)

Smithsonian Check -List, p. 5, 1860 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 321, fig. 590. Pasr
thea nigra Totten, American Jour, of Science, vol. xxvi, p. 369, Plate 1, fig. 7>
1834. Cerithium reliculatum Totten, op. cit., vol. xxviii, p. 352, fig. 8, 1835 (non
Da Costa). Cerithium Sayi Menke (t. Gould); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 278, fig.
183.

Massachusetts Bay to §outh Carolina; local north of Cape Cod, in
Boston Harbor (Totten), and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Pictou
and Prince Edward's Island (Dawson). It is not found on the coast
of Maine nor in the Bay of Fundy. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, abundant, low- water to 8 fathoms, among algre and eel-grass ; Long
Island Sound ; and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, abundant. Fort
Macon (Coues).

The Bittium alternatum ( TurriteUa alter nata Say, 1822) is a very closely
related species, and probably identical with this.

TurriteUa erosa Couthouy, recorded, with a mark of doubt, by Lin-
ley, as from the stomach of a cod, oft' Stonington, Conn., was perhaps

[649] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 355

incorrectly identified. It may have been a worn Cerithiopsis terebralis.
The true T. erosa is a decidedly northern species, common in Gasco Bay
and the Bay of Fundy, and extending northward to the Arctic Ocean,
and southward on the northern coasts of Europe, and on the North
Pacific coast of America. It has not been recorded from south of Cape
Cod by any one except Linsley.

VERMETUS RADICULA Stimpson. Plate XXIY, fig. 157. (p. 417.)

Shells of New England, p. 37, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed ii, p. 316, fig. 584. Ver-
metus lumbricalis Gould, ed. i, p. 246, and various other American authors,
(non Lamarck).

Cape Cod to Florida. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 3 to 10
fathoms, not uncommon ; Long Island Sound. Fort Macon, North
Carolina, common, (Coues).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina.

PULCHELLUM Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 158. (p. 417.)

Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 112, 1851; Shells of
New England, p. 36, Plate 2, fig. 3, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 315, fig. 583.

Vineyard Sound, 1 to 4 fathoms, and dead on shore at Nobsca Beach.
New Bedford (Stimpson). Greenport, Long Island, 10 fathoms, sand,
(S. Smith).

Dead shells of this species readily lose the outer layer, in which the
annulations are formed ; they then become white and smooth, without
any trace of aunulations, and might be mistaken for a different species.

COOPERI Smith.

Sanderson Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 154, 1860 ;
op. cit., vol. ix, p. 393, fig. 3, 1870, (non Carpenter, 1864). Cceciim costatum
Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 283, 1872; this Report, p. 417.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 10 fathoms. Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, 4 to
5 fathoms, sand, (Smith).

The first description of this species was formerly overlooked by me ;
as it antedates the description of the Californian species to which Dr.
Carpenter gave the same name, the present species must be called
Cooperi.

In the adolescent stage of growth this species enlarges rather rapidly,
and has 12 or 13, distinct, elevated, rounded costre, narrower than the
intervals between ; the circular grooves are numerous, unequal, inter
rupted over the eostse, and broader toward the aperture. The aperture
is rounded within ; its margin is stellated externally by the costre.

CREPIDULA FORNICATA Lamarck. Plate XXIII, fig. 129. (p. 417.)

Animaux sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 641 ; Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadel
phia, vol. ii, p. 225, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 158, fig. 17; ed. ii, p. 271,
fig. 532(?). Patella fornicata Liune", Syst, Nat., ed. xii, p. 1257.

Casco Bay, Maine, to Florida, and the northern shores of the Gulf of
Mexico. Local north of Massachusetts Bay j in the southern part of

356 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [650]

the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Prince Edward's Island, &c. Halifax
(Willis). Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). It is common in the shal
low and sheltered parts of Casco Bay, but has not been found east of the
Kennebeck River, on the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy.
Yery abundant in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, from low-water
to 12 fathoms; in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, low- water to 6
fathoms; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; and everywhere southward.
Egmont Key and Tampa Bay, Florida (E. Jewett).

Fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, North and South Carolina ; Plio
cene of South Carolina ; and Post-Pliocene of North and South Caro
lina, Gardiner's Island, New York, and Nantucket Island.

The fornicata of Linne was described as a Mediterranean species, and
may not be identical with the American shell.

CREPIDULA PLANA Say. Plate XXIII, fig. 127.

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 226, 1822; Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 159, fig. 1C; ed. ii, p. 272, fig. 533. Crepidula unguiformis Stimpson,
Shells of New England, p. 307 1851 ; this Report, pp. 355, 417 (non Lamarck,

1822).

Massachusetts Bay to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of
Mexico. Local and less abundant farther north, in Casco Bay, Maine ;
Nova Scotia (Willis) ; Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Bell, Dawson) ; and
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Not found on the eastern part cf
the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Yery common in Vine-
yard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound, from low-water
mark to 12 fathoms, on the outside of oysters, Limuli, and various dead
shells, as well as on the inside of various dead univalve shells ; in all
these situations frequently associated with the preceding species, but
no intermediate forms have been observed.

Fossil in the Miocene of North and South Carolina ; Pliocene of South
Carolina; and in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island, New York,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida.

The Mediterranean shell, C. unguiformis Lamarck, is a distinct species.

CREPIDULA CONVEXA Say. Plate XXIII, fig. 128. (p. 355.)

Journal Acad. ]XTat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 227, 1822 ; Gould, Invert., ed.
i, p. 160, fig. 15; ed. ii, p. 273, fig. 534. Crepidula glanca Say, op. cit., p. 226;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 274, fig. 535; ed. i, p. 151, fig. 14. Crepidula acuta H.
C. Lea, American Jour. Science, ser. i, vol. xlii, p. 108, Plate 1, fig. 4, 1842.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida. Less .abundant and local farther
north ; at Quahog Bay, Maine; Nova Scotia (Willis) ; and Gulf of Saint
Lawrence. Yery common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Long
Island Sound, shores of Long Island, and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Georgia (Couper).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia and South Carolina.

The distribution of this species is probably identical with that of Eu-
pagurus longicarpus and Ilyanassa obsoleta, with which it is nearly always

[651] INYERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 357

associated. At Quabog Bay, Maine, this species occurs on the back of
the dead shells of 1. obsoleta, which are occupied by the hermit-crab,
just as in the waters of Southern New England ; and these, with numer
ous other southern forms associated with them, constitute a genuine
southern colony, occupying a warm, sheltered bay, surrounded on all
sides by the northern fauna.

The depressed variety (glauca) is found chiefly on broad and nearly
flat surfaces of large bivalve shells, stones, &c. The very convex varie
ties adhere mainly to the surfaces of small convex univalves.

CRUCIBULUM STRIATUM Adams. Plate XXIII, figs. 125, 126. (p. 417.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 366 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii,
p. 275, fig. 536. Calyptrcea (Dispotcva) striata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences
Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 216, 1836. Crucibulum (Dispotcca} striata H. and A.
Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 366, 1858.

Bay of Fundy to New Jersey. Eastport Harbor and Bay of Fundy,
low-water mark to 30 fathoms, common ; Frenchman's Bay and Mount
Desert, Maine, 3 to 10 fathoms, common ; Casco Bay, Maine, 6 to 40
fathoms; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 3 to 12 fathoms, not un
common. Gardiner's Bay and Montauk Point, Long Island (S. Smith).
Off New London, Conn. (coll. T. M. Pruddeu). Saint George's Bank
(S. I. Smith). Northern New Jersey (Say).

LITTORINA IRRORATA Gray. (p. 372.)

Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage, p. 138, Plate 38, fig. 1, 1839. Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 311, fig. 579. Turbo irroratus Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phil
adelphia, vol. ii, p. 239, July, 1822; Binney's Say, p. 81. Phasianella sulcata
Lamarck, Animaux sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vii, p. 54, Aug., 1822; ed. ii, vol. ix,
p. 244. Littorina sulcata Deshayes, in Lamarck, op. cit., vol. ix, p. 203, 1843.

Vineyard Sound to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of
Mexico. Vineyard Sound, sparingly; Long Island Sound, near New
Haven, rare. Stratford, Connecticut, on high sedge (Linsley). Hunting-
ton, Long Island (S. Smith). Comparatively rare and local north of Mary
land; very abundant farther south.

Many of the shells of this species found on our shores have undoubt
edly been brought from Virginia and Maryland with the southern oys
ters planted in our waters, but it is probably indigenous in certain
localities.

LITTORINA RUDIS. Plate XXIV, fig. 137. (p. 305.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 257, fig. 165, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 304, fig. 575. Turbo rudis
Maton, Nat. Hist, and Antiq. West. Count., vol. i, p. 277, 1797, (t. Jeffreys) ;
Donovan, British Shells, vol. i, Plate 33, fig. 3, 1800, (t. Gould.) Turbo obligatus
Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 241, 1822. Turbo vestitus Say, op.
cit., p. 241, 1822 (variety tenebrosa). Littorina Gronlandica Moller, in Kroyer's
Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 82, 1842. Turbo ten ebrosus Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 303,
Plate 20, fig. 4, 1803 (variety). Littorina tenebrosa Gould, ed. i, p. 259, fig. 166 ;
ed. ii, p. 306, fig. 576.

Among the additional names that appear to have been applied to the various

358 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [652]

states of this variable species are : L. saxatilis Johnson ; Turbo sulcatus Leach ;
Turbo jugosus Montagu; L.patula(var.) Jeffreys; L. negleota Bsan ; T. vsntricosns
Brown; L. marmorata Pfetffer; Neriia littorea Fabricius (non Linue") ; L.
Gronlandica Moller, Love"n, Morch ; L. rudissima Bean; L. zonaria Bean ; L.
ncglecta Bean, etc.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, northward to the Arctic Ocean ;
Greenland ; Iceland ; Spitzbergen. Northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain and Spain. Local south of Long Island Sound ; abundant on
all the rocky shores of Southern New England, from New York to Cape
Cod, and at the eastern end of Long Island ; local at Great Egg Har
bor, among Fucus, on the stones of an old pier. Extremely abundant
on all the northern shores of New England and northward. Fossil in'
the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Great Britain, and Scandinavia.

LITTORINA PALLIATA. Plate XXIY, fig. 138. (p. 305.)

Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 260, fig. 167, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 309, fig. 578. Turbo
palliatus Say, op. cit., p. 240, 1822. Littorina neritoidea Dekay, Mollusca New
York, p. 105, Plate 6, figs. 109-111 (non Turbo neritoidea Linne). Littorina
littoralis Stimpsori, Shells of New England, p. 33, (non Forbes and Hanley ;
non Nerita littoralis Linne"). Turbo littoralis Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica,. p.
402, 1780 (non Linne). Littorina arctica Moller, Kroyer's Tidsskrift, vol.
iv, p. 82, 1842. (?) Littorina limata Lov<5n, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vet.-Akad.
Forhandlingar, vol. iii, p. 154, 1846. Liltorina Peconica S. Smith, Annals
Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 155, 1860.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to the Arctic Ocean ; Greenland,
Spitzbergen, Einmark, and Norway. Very abundant from New York
to Cape Cod and northward, wherever Fad grow on rocks between
tides ; local and less abundant south of Long Island Sound.

Eossil in the Post-Pliocene of Great Britain and Scandinavia.

Should this species prove to be identical with L. obtusata (Liune, sp.) of
Europe, as there is reason to anticipate, its range will be nearly coinci
dent with that of L. rudis, with which it is always found associated on
our coast. Several writers have already united the two forms, but no
satisfactory comparisons of large series of specimens, from many local
ities on both coasts, have been made.

LACUNA VINCTA Turton. Plate XXIY, fig. 139. (p. 305.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 262, figs. 169, 178*, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 302, fig. 573. Turbo
vincla Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 307, Plate 20, fig. 3, (t. Gould). Trochus divarica-
tus Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 392, 1780 (non Linne"). Lacuna divaricata
Love"n, op. cit., p. 155, 1846 ; Jeffreys, British Conchology, vol. iii, p. 346.

According to Jeffreys, the following are among the synonyms or vari
eties of this species : Turbo canalis Montagu ; T. quadrifasciata Mont.;
Phasianella fasciata, P. bifasciata, P. cornea, and P. striata Brown ; La
cuna solidula Loven; L. labiosa Loven ; L.frigida Loven.

New York to the Arctic Ocean ; Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, Scan
dinavia, Great Britain, France; on the Pacific coast of America south
ward to Puget Sound. Long Island Sound, common, but rather local ;
Watch Hill, Ehode Island, among algae, in 4 to 5 fathoms; Vineyard

[653] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 359

Sound ; Buzzard's Bay. Very abundant north of Massachusetts Bay,
in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, Labrador, etc. Staten Island and Long
Island (S. Smith). •

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of northern Great Britain and Scandi
navia.

Lacuna neritoidea Gould. 9

American Journ. of Science, vol. xxxviii, p. 197, 1840; Invert., ed. i, p. 203, fig.
170 ; ed. ii, p. 303, fig. 574.

This species is a very doubtful inhabitant of this region, having been
recorded by no one except Linsley, 1845, who reports it from Long
Island Sound (Oyster Eiver and Long Beach, Stratford, Connecticut).
I have never been able to find it in the same region, nor has any one else
had better success. Linsley's specimens may have been incorrectly
named. It occurs in Massachusetts Bay; at Cape Elizabeth, Casco Bay ;
Grand Menan Island, etc. ; northward to Greenland ; and on the northern
shore of Europe.

LITTORINELLA MiNUTA Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 140. (p. 469.)

Researches upon the Hydrobiinte and Allied Forms, p. 42, May, 1865, in the
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Turbo mimitus Totten, American Journ.
Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 369, fig. 6, 1834. Cingula minuta Gould, Invert., ed. i,
p. 265, fig. 171. Eissoa minuta Gould, op. cit.,-ed. ii, p. 298, fig. 566. EcroUa
minuta (provisional name) Stimpson, op. cit., p. 42, 1865. f Cingula modesta
Lea, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. v, p. 238, Plate 24, fig. 5.

The tentacles in this species are rather short, scarcely exceeding the
breadth of the head, slightly tapering, blunt; the eyes are on low prom
inences on the outer side of the bases of the tentacles ; rostrum large,
stout, transversely wrinkled, longer than the tentacles, tapering some
what, but divided at the end by a deep ernargination into two rounded
lobes, which are often somewhat expanded. Foot short and broad, sub-
truncate anteriorly, with the angles broad and but little produced, pos
terior end broadly rounded.

New Jersey to Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Abundant
along the brackish and muddy shores of Long Island Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of
Fundy.

It is not confined to brackish waters, but often occurs also on the
ocean shores, under stones between tides.

LlTTORINELLA L^EVIS Verrill.

Cingula Icucis Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. Ill, Plate 6,
fig. 118 (poor), 1843. Odostomia limnoidea (Dekay, MSS.), Linsley, Amer.
Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 284, 1845 (no description). (?)Ri88oa
Sti7npsoni S. Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. ix, p. 393,
fig. 2, 1870.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Stratford, Connecticut
(Linsley); near New York (Dekay); Greenport, Long Island (S.
Smith).

360 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [654]

RISSOA ACULEUS StimpsoD. Plate XXIV, fig. 141. (p. 30G.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851 ; Shells of New England, p.
34 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 299, fi<£ 568. Cingula aculeus Gould, Invert., ed.
i, p. 266, fig. 172, 1841. Troclim striatellm Fabricius, Fauna Gronl., p. 393, (non
Linne). (f)Hi88oa saxatilis Moller, Index Mollusca Groul., in Kroyer's Tids-
skrift, vol. iv, p. 82, 1843. (f)Rissoa arctica Love~n, Ofversigt af Kongl., Vet.-
Akad. Forhandlingar, vol. iii, p. 156, 1846.

Long Island Sound to Greenland. Kew Haven, Connecticut, and vicin
ity, common. Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Vineyard Sound ; Stratford,
Connecticut (Liusley); Gull Island (Smith). Common on the shores
of Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy.

Loven's E. arctica was from Finmark, and, to judge from the de
scriptions, may not be identical with our species. Mr. Jeffreys regards
it as a variety of E. striata of Europe. He also unites the American
shell with R. striata^ thus : " The variety arctica (under the specific
name aculeus given to it by Professor Stimpson) inhabits the northern
sea-board of the United States." (See British Conchology, vol. iv, p. 38).
It is natural to infer that a writer who does not appear to have seen
the accurate description and figure of this species published in the
well-known work of Dr. Gould, ten years previous to Dr. Stimpson's
earliest publications, cannot have devoted much time or attention to
the American shells, and therefore his opinions should not have too
much weight in such cases.

In reality, our shell differs widely from R. striata. It agrees more
nearly with the English R. proxima (Alder, Forbes and Hanley), but
apparently differs from it in the soft parts. The foot in our shell is
broadly and slightly rounded anteriorly, with the angles only slightly
produced, and tapers backward to a bluntly-rounded posterior end.
The tentacles are long, slender, slightly tapering, with blunt tips. The
eyes are situated near their bases on the dorso lateral aspect, and are
scarcely elevated above the general surface. The snout is rather long,
often a little expanded at the end, and divided by a deep emargination
into two lobes, which often, in a dorsal view, show a slight emargina
tion on their outer surface. No opercular cirrus was observed. This
species belongs to the genus Onoba of H. and A. Adams. The R.
saxatilis was described by Moller as having the whorls smooth, but he
refers to T. 'striatellus of Fabricius, which had spiral striations, as in our
species.

RISSOA EXARATA Stimpson. (p. 495.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England,
p. 34, Plate 1, fig. 3, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 301, fig. 571. Cingula
arenaria Mighels and Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 49, Plate 4,
fig. 24, 1842 (non Montagu, sp.). Eissoa Mighehii Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851 ; Shells of New England, p. 34 ; Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 301, (but not figure 570, which is probably E. sulcosa).

Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Watch Hill, Ehode
Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and alga*, (white variety) ; Casco Bay,

[655] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 361

6 to 25 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy, 4 to 20 fathoms. Fossil in the Post-
Pliocene of Canada. This species is usually brownish or chestnut-color,
but is also frequently white.

Eissoa eburnea Stimpson, has been recorded (as Rissoella(f) eburnea)
by Dr. G. H. Perkins, from Long Island Sound, near New Haven, but
I have seen no undoubted shells of this species from any locality south
of Massachusetts Bay. The shell referred to by Dr. Perkins was beach-
worn, and may have been some other species. The figure given in the
second edition of Gould's Invertebrata (fig. 564, p. 297), does not rep
resent this species. See the figure in Stimpson's Shells of New England,
Plate 1, figs. 1, la. This shell appears to be a Jeffreysia.

From Huutiugton, Long Island, I have seen a shell closely resembling
Rissoa latior Stimpsou, (M. and Adams, sp.), if not identical with it.

SKENEA PLANOEBIS. Plate XXIY, fig. 142. (p. 383.)

Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, vol iii, p. 156, Plate 74, figs. 1-3, and Plate
G. G, figs. 1 and la (animal) ; Stirnpson, Shells of New England, p. 35; Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 296, fig. 563. Turbo planorbis Fabricius, Fauna Gronl., p.
394, 1780. Skenea serpuloides Gould, Invert., ed. i, 247, fig. 189.

Long Island Sound to Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Scandinavia;
and northern and eastern coasts of Europe generally, to England and
France. Near New Haven, Connecticut, common; Watch Hill,Ehode
Island ; Cuttyhunk Island. Yery common on all rocky shores in Massa
chusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene
of Scotland and Scandinavia.

STYLIFER STIMPSONII Yerrill. (p. 460.)

American Journal of Science, vol. iii, pp. 210 and 283, 1872.

Shell white, short, swollen, broad oval ; spire short, rapidly enlarging.
Whorls four or five, the last one forming a large part of the shell ; con
vex, rounded, with the suture impressed, surface smooth, or with very
faint striaB of growth; a slightly impressed revolving line just below
the suture. Aperture large and broad. Length about .15 of an inch ;
breadth, .12.

Parasitic on the dorsal surface of Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis,
from oif New Jersey, in 35 fathoms (Captain Gedney); and Saint George's
Bank, north latitude 41° 25', west longitude 65° 50', 3", in 60 fathoms,
(S. I. Smith).

EULIMA OLEACEA Kurtz and Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 149. (p. 418.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 115, 1851; Stimpson, Shells of New

England, p. 39, Plate 1, fig 6, 1851 j Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 332, fig. 603.
Vineyard Sound to Beaufort, North Carolina. In Vineyard Sound it is
not uncommon on Thyone Sria-reus, in 4 to 10 fathoms. Buzzard's Bay
(Stimpson).

362 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [656]

ODOSTOMIA PRODUCTA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 143. (p. 418.)

Invert., ed. i, p. 270, fig. 175, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 325, fig. 593. Jaminia producta
Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 322, Plate 3, fig. 8, 1840.

Vineyard Sound to New Jersey.
ODOSTOMIA FUSCA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 144. (p. 307.)

Invert., ed. i, p. 270, fig. 176 ; ed. ii, p. 325, fig. 594. Pyramis fasca Adams, op.
cit., vol ii, p. 282, Plate 4, fig. 9, 1839.

Cape Cod to New Jersey.

This species is referred both to Turbonilla and Odostomia by H. and
A. Adams, in the same work (Genera Moll., pp. 231, 232).

ODOSTOMIA DEALBATA Stimpson.

Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 327, fig. 595.
Chemnitzia dealbata Stimpson, Proc., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 114,
1851; Shells of New England, p. 41.

Long Island Sound to Boston Harbor. New Haven, Connecticut
(Perkins). Boston (Stimpson).

ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS Gould, (p. 307.)

Invert., ed. ii, p. 327, (not fig. 597). Turritella Usuturalis Say, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822. Chemnitzia bisuturalis Stimpson,
Shells of New England, p. 42. Jaminia exigua Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat.
Hist., vol. ii, Plate 1, fig. 7, 1838. Odostomia exigua Gould, Invert., ed. i, p.
272, fig. 177.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Boston (Say); Chelsea (Couthouy) ;
Staten Island ; Greenport, and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith).
Not uncommon in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard's
Bay.

The figure (597) in the second edition of Gould's Invertebrata does
not represent this species, but apparently a variety of 0. trifida.

ODOSTOMIA TRIFIDA Gould. Plate XXIV, figs. 145, 146. (p. 307.)

Invert., ed. i, p. 274, fig. 179, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 328, fig. 598. Actceon trifidus Totten,
Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 368, Plate 1, figs. 4, a, &, 1834.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Staten Island (S. Smith) ; Lynn,
Massachusetts (Haskell). Common in Long Island Sound, Vineyard
Sound, and Buzzard's Bay.

ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 147. (p. 418.)

American Journ. Science, vol. xxiv, p. 444, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
330, fig. 600. Odostomia insculpta Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Mollusca, p. 115,
Plate 31, fig. 297, 1843. Turritella impressa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel
phia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822; Binney's Say, p. 84. Chemnitzia impressa Stimpson,
Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851.

Ik Long Island Sound to South Carolina. Near New Haven, Connecticut,
rare. East Eiver (Dekay) ; Maryland (Say) ; Beaufort, North Carolina
(Stimpson, Coues).

[057] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 363

ODOSTOMIA SEMINUDA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 148. (p. 418.)

Invert., ed. i, p. 273, fig. 178, 1841; ed. ii, p. 329, fig. 599. Jaminia seminuda C.
. B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 280, Plate 4, fig. 13, 1839.
Chemnitzia scminudd Stirnpson, Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851. Turbo n ilia
seminuda H. and A. Adams, Genera Moll., vol. i, p. 231.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in Vineyard Sound
and Buzzard's Bay, in 2 to 10 fathoms 5 Long Island Sound, less common.
Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson). Greenport and Huntington, Long
Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Cones).

TURBONILLA INTERRUPTA Adams, (p. 418.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 231, 1858 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 231. fig.
601 (bad figure). Turritclla interrupta Totten, Amer. Jour. Science, ser. i, vol-
xxviii, p. 352, fig. 7, 1835; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 268, fig. 173 (incorrect).

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Quite common in Vineyard Sound and
Buzzard's Bay, in 3 to 10 fathoms; Long Island Sound, off Thimble
Islands and New Haven, 3 to 5 fathoms, rather rare. Huntington
and Greenport (S. Smith). Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). New
port, Ehode Island (Totten). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues).

I have received from Prof. E. S. Morse specimens of this shell ob
tained from mud in the harbor of Portland, Maine, but they are dead
and bleached. I am not aware that it has been found living so far
north on our coast. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Loven records this species as from the coast of Norway, but possibly
his shell is a different species, or else a variety of T. rufa of Southern
Europe, which is certainly very closely related to our species, and is con
sidered the same by Jeffreys. If so, the name given by Totten has prece
dence of rufa (Philippi, 1836). Farther and more extensive compari
sons must be made before the identity of the two forms can be estab
lished.

The figure given in the first edition of Gould's Invertebrata, and copied
in the second edition, does not correctly represent this shell, and was,
perhaps, drawn from some other species, for it does not agree with
Gould's description, which is accurate. The spire, as represented, is too
acute and too rapidly tapered ; the last or body whorl is too large ; the
aperture has not the right form ; and the peculiar sculpture is not
brought out at all. Totten's figure, though somewhat coarse, is char
acteristic.

TURBONILLA ELEGANS Verrill. Plate XXIV, fig. 155. (p. 418.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. iii, pp. 210, 282, Plate G, iig. 4, 1872.

Shell light yellowish, elongated, moderately slender, acute. Whorls
ten or more, well rounded, not distinctly flattened ; suture rather
deeply impressed ; surface somewhat lustrous, with numerous rounded
vertical costa1, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out
below the middle of the last whorl; and with numerous fine revolv-
25 v

364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [658 J

ing grooves, which, are interrupted on the costo?, but distinct in the in
tervals; on the upper whorls there are about five; and on the lower
half of the last whorl usually five or six distinct and continuous o*nes.
Aperture broad oval, anteriorly rounded and slightly effuse ; outer lip
thin, sharp; columella nearly straight at base within, slightly revolute
outwardly, regularly curved anteriorly where it joins the outer lip, and
not forming an angle with it. The epidermis is thin, light yellow,
sometimes with a darker, yellowish, revolving band on the middle of the
last whorls, and also with the revolving striae darker.

Vineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms; Long Island Sound, near New Haven?
5 fathoms.

TURBONILLA ABEOLATA Verrill, sp. nov.

Shell small, slender, with eight or more whorls, slightly obelisk-
shaped, owing to the more rapid narrowing of the upper whorls ; apical
or nuclear whorl very small, reversed ; the other whorls are moderately
convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, and crossed by numerous
rather crowded, narrow, transverse costas, of wrhich there are twenty-
five or more on the lower whorls ; interstices interrupted by numerous
rather conspicuous, revolving, impressed lines, of which there are about
six on the upper whorls; these divide the interstices into series of
pretty regular, small, squarish pits, but do not cross the costie; the body-
whorl is subangulated below the middle, where the costre disappear,
below which the base is marked only by fine revolving lines; suture
impressed. Aperture oval, acute posteriorly, rounded and slightly
spreading anteriorly; outer lip sharp, thin, slightly angula4;ed below
the middle, rounded and slightly effuse anteriorly; columella. smooth,
somewThat curved, scarcely forming an angle at its junction with the
outer lip. Length, 4nmi; breadth, 1.5miu.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven.

The crowded costa3 and numerous spiral lines produce a closely can
cellated appearance, which is sufficient to distinguish this from the two
preceding species. From the following it differs much in sculpture,
form, shape of aperture, and columella, and especially in the minute
size of the apical whori.

TURBONILLA COSTULATA Verrill, sp. uov.

Shell small, long conical, translucent, glossy white, banded faintly
with pale brown, subacute, with a relatively large, smooth, reversed
apical whorl ; the other whorls are six or more, flattened, and but
slightly convex, enlarging regularly, crossed by numerous straight,
smooth, rounded, transverse costa3, of which there are upward of twenty
on the lower whorls ; interstices rather narrower than the costa3, deep,
and interrupted by numerous very minute revolving lines, which are
scarcely visible under an ordinary pocket-lens, and do not cross the
costre ; suture impressed. The body-whorl is subangulated below the

[659] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 365

middle, the costas vanishing at the angulation ; the base is covered with
numerous microscopic revolving lines ; on the body-whorl there are two
revolving bands of pale brown, one above and one below the angulation.
Aperture long ovate, acute posteriorly, alittle angulated on the outer side,
rounded and slightly prolonged anteriorly. Outer lip thin and sharp,
round and slightly effuse anteriorly ; columella smooth, nearly straight,
but scarcely forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length,
4mm . Breadth, 1.5mm.

Somewhat resembles T. interrupta, but the costoi are more crowded,
the spiral lines are very much finer and more numerous, and the
auclear-whorl is much larger.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Conn.

TURBONILLA STRiCTA Verrill, sp. nov.

Shell white, subulate, very acute, with a very minute reversed apical
whorl; whorls ten, besides the nucleus, gradually and regularly enlarg
ing, flattened or only very slightly convex, crossed by straight, obtuse,
transverse costre, of which there are about sixteen or eighteen on the
lower whorls.; the two upper whorls are nearly smooth; suture im
pressed. Aperture irregularly oblong-ovate, acute posteriorly, rounded
anteriorly ; outer lip flattened, thickened internally, in mature shells,
and minutely crenulate within ; columella smooth, nearly straight,
thickened, forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length, 4.5mm ;
breadth, lmm.

Long Island Sound, off New Haven, Connecticut.

This is probably the shell recorded from this region as T. nivea(Stimip.
sou, sp.) by Dr. G. H. Perkins. It differs from the nivea in the form of
the aperture and lip, and in being smaller and much more acute, though
having the same number of whorls.

TUPJBONILLA EQUALIS Verrill.

Turritella (cqualis Say, Journal Acacl. Nat. Sciences, vol. v, p. 208, 1826 ; Bin.

ney's Say, p. 119.

u Shell subulate, white ; volutions ten, each with about twenty-two,
transverse, elevated, obtuse, equal lines, with interstitial grooves of
the same diameter; suture distinct, impressed; aperture rounded at
base, and destitute of any distinct emargination. Length one-fifth of
an inch." (Say.)

My specimens agree well with the above description. The shell is
very slender and acute, with a small distinctly reversed apical whorl ; the
remaining nine whorls are somewhat flattened, and all are crossed by
obtuse, transverse costa3, which are a little oblique, especially at the
upper ends, close to the sutures; on the body-whorl there are about
twenty, but fewer on the upper ones; at the base of the body- whorl
they vanish, leaving it smooth ; the interstices between the costse are
deep and apparently smooth. The aperture is round ovate, well rounded
or sub-circular anteriorly; the inner lip having a raised and thin

366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [GGOJ

margin. Length, 4.5lnm; breadth, 1.25mm. Vineyard Sound, G to 8
fathoms.

Menestlio albula Moller (Fabricius, sp.), was recorded by Linsley (as
Pyramis striatula Couth.) from the stomachs of ducks at Bridgeport,
Connecticut. It has not been found south of Cape Cod by any one
else, and as it is a rare deep-water shell on our northern coast, it is not
likely to have been obtained by ducks. It is found in Massachusetts
Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fuudy, and northward to Greenland. Linsley's
shell may have been Odostomia impressa.

SCALA-RIA LINEATA Say. Plate XXI, fig. 123. (p. 418.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 242, 1822; Biuney's Say,
pp. 83, 180, Plate 27, lower left figure ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 250 ; ed. ii, p.
312, fig. 580.

Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound; southward
to South Carolina and Georgia. Fossil in the Post- Pliocene of North
and South Carolina.

SCALARIA MULTISTRIATA Say. Plate XXI, fig. 122. (p. 418.)

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 203, 1826 ; Amer. Conchology,
iii, Plate 27; Biuney's Say, pp. 119, 180, Plate 27, lower right figure; Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 313, fig. 581.

Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay and Long Island Sound; southward to
Florida. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

SCALARIA ANGULATA Say.

American Conchology, iii, Plate 27, upper figures, 1831, as a variety of S. clathms ;
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., part iv, p. 86, Plate 32, fig. 5, 1844. Scalarla Humphreys'^
Kiener, Iconographie des Coquilles Viv., p. 15, Plate 5, fig. 16, 1838-9.

Connecticut to Florida. Stonington (Liusley) j Greenport, Long Island
(S. Smith). Outer beach at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey (A. E. V.) ;
Fort Macon and Beaufort, North Carolina, common, (Stiinpson, Coues);
South Carolina (Kiener). Eare and perhaps accidental north of New
Jersey.

SCALAUTA GRCENLANDICA Perry.

Conch., 1811, (t. Morch); Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., part iv, p. 101, Plate 34.
figs. 105, 106, 1844 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 249, fig. 170* ; ed. ii, p. 314, fig,
582. Turlo clathms Grccnlandicus Chemnitz, Couch., xi, t. 1878, 1879 (t. Gould).
Scalaria subul:ita Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 93, Plate 3, fig.
4, 1838.

Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean, and northern coasts of Europe, south
ward to Bergen. South Shoals, offNantucket (Agassiz, t. Stiinpson).
Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fuudy, from 10 to 109 fathoms.
Fossil in the Post-Plicoeue of Nantucket, rare, (Desor) ; and in the
Bed-Crag, Norwich-Crag, and later deposits in Great Britain.

Janthina fragilis Lamarck ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 240; ed. ii, p. 277.
This has been found cast ashore at Nantucket, but probably does not
occur living so far north. It inhabits the Gulf Stream farther south.

[661] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 367

RHIPIDOGLOSSA.

MARGARITA OBSCURA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 156. (p. 508.)

Invert, ed. i, p. 253, fig. 171*, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 283, fig. 545. Turbo obacurua Cou-
thouy, Boston Jonru. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 100, Plate 3, fig. 2, 1838.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Labrador. Eare and confined to the outer
waters south of Cape Cod ; off Martha's Vineyard, 20 to 25 fathoms.
Stonington, from haddock's stomach, (Linsley). Common in Massachu
setts Bay, Casco Bay, and in the Bay of Fundy, from extreme low-
water mark to 100 fathoms. East of Saint George's Bank, in 430 fath
oms, (S. I. Smith).

Margarita ornata Dekay, N. Y. Mollusca, p. 107, Plate 6, fig. 104, 1843,
was described as occurring in the vicinity of New York, but I have not
met with it in Long Island Sound.

DOCOGLOSSA.

TESTUDINALIS Forbes and Hanley. Plate XXIV, figs. 159,

(p. 307.)

British Mollusca, vol. ii, p. 434, Plate 62, figs. 8, 9, and Plate A A, fig. 2; Car
penter, Report of British Association for 1856, pp. 219, 366, 1857 ; Dall (sub-
genus, Collisella Dall), American Journal of Couchology, vol. vi, p. 249,1871.
Lottia testudinalis Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 153, fig. 12. Tectnra testudinalis
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 267, fig. 529. Patella testudinalis Miiller, Prodromus
Zool. Danica, p. 227, 1776.

Variety alveus. (fig. 159 a). Patella alveus Conrad, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Philadelphia, vol. vi, Plate 11, fig. 20, 1831. Lottia alveus Gould, Invert., ed. i,
p. 154, fig. 13. Tectura alveus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 269, fig. 530.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; circnmpolar. It extends
southward on the European coasts to Southern Sweden, England, and
Ireland ; in the Xorth Pacific, southward to Sitka and the Island of
Jesso, Japan. It is comparatively rare and local south of Cape Cod ;
at New Haven, very rare ; Watch Hill, Ehode Island ; Martha's Vine
yard, Cuttyhunk, and adjacent islands. Huntington and Greenport,
Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Labrador (Pack
ard) ; Greenland, Scandinavia, and Great Britain.

POLYPLACOPHORA.
CflJETOPLEURA APICULATA Carpenter. Plate XXV, fig. 167.

Chiton apiculatus Say, Amer. Conch., part vii, appendix, (?) 1834 ; Binney's Say,
p. 231 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 146, fig. 20 ; ed. ii, p. 258, fig. 522. Lepto-
chiton apiculatus, this Report, p. 399.

Cape Cod to Eastern and Western Florida. Common in Vineyard
Sound and Buzzard's Bay, in 3 to 12 fathoms, shelly. Off New Lon
don, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Pruddeu).

Dr. P. P. Carpenter informs me that this species belongs to the genus
Chcetopleura of Gray (non Adams).

368 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [662]

TRACHYDERMON RUEER Carpenter. Plate XXV, fig. 1G6.

Chiton ruler Lowe, Zool. Jonrn., vol. ii, p. 101, Plate 5, fig. 2 (t. Gould); Gould,
Invert., ed. i, p. 149, fig. 24 ; ed. ii, p. 260, fig. 523. Leptochiton ntber H. and
A. Adams, Genera, vol i, p. 473 ; this Report, p. 399.

Off New London, Connecticut, to the Arctic Ocean and northern
coasts of Europe. Bare and local in the colder outer waters south of
Cape Cod. Off Xew London, 8 fathoms ; off Watch Hill, 5 fathoms.
Stonington (Linsley). Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy,
from low-water mark to 40 fathoms.

Dr. Carpenter assures me that this species should be referred to
Tracliydermon.

Liusley records u Chiton fulminatus Couth." (= C. marmoreus Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 201, fig. 524) as from cod-fish taken off Stonington, Con
necticut, but as it has not been confirmed from south of Cape Cod, this
must be regarded as a doubtful identification. This species is found
from Massachusetts Bay northward to the Arctic Ocean and northern
coasts of Europe. It is common in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water
mark to 40 fathoms, on "nullipore" (Lithothamnion).

u Chiton albus" (= Tracliydermon albus, t. Carpenter) has been men
tioned as from this region, but probably erroneously. White specimens
of C. apiculatci are often mistaken for it, when superficially examined.
The genuine albus is a northern species, with about the same distribution
as the preceding. It is abundant in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water

to 80 fathoms.

PULMONATA.

MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say. Plate XXV, figs. 169, 169a. (p. 463.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, A^ol. ii, p. 245, 1322 ; Gould. Invert., ed.
ii, p. 467, fig. 721. Auricula bidentata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 117, fig. 131. Me-
lampus comeus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 51, 1851.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida, and along the northern shores of the
Gulf of Mexico to Texas. Very common on the shores of Vineyard
Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Long Island, and Long Island Sound. Fossil in
the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.
ALEXIA MYOSOTIS Pfeiffer. Plate XXV, fig. 168. (p. 383.)

Pfeiffer, Mou. Auric. Viv., p. 148, (t. Biuney) ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 463, figs.
718, 719. Auricula myosotls Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. Fr., p. 5'3. Auricula den-
ticulata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 199, fig. 129 (non Montfort).

jSTew Jersey to Nova Scotia; also on the Atlantic and Mediterranean
coasts of Europe. It is common at Eastport, Maine ; Portland, Maine;
and at the mouth of West Eiver, near New Haven, Connecticut ; also
near New York City.

TECTTBRANCHIATA.

BULLA SOLITARIA Say. Plate XXV, fig. 161. (p. 371.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822; Biuuey's Say, p.
84 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 162, fig. 92 ; ed. ii, p. 222, fig. 513. Bulla insculpta
Totten, American Journ. Science, vol. xxviii, p. 350, fig1. 4, 1835.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in the muddy lagoons

[663] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 369

aiid salt-ponds along the shores of Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay,
and Long Island Sound. Abundant in a small pond near Holmes' Hole ;
in New Haven Harbor, in ditches near Fort Hale.

CYLIOHNA ORYZA Stimpson. Plato XXV, fig. 10 L (p. 4!3J.)

Smithsonian Check List, p. 4, 1830 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 221, fig. 512. Bttlla
oryza Totteu, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xxviii, p. 350, fig. 5, 1835 ; Gould,
Invert., ed. i, p. 163, fig. 93.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Not uncorn:uo:i in Vineyard Sound,.
Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound. This species was recorded as
from Casco Bay by Dr. Mighels, but as this habitat has not been con
firmed subsequently, it was probably based on an erroneous identifica
tion. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson).

CYLICHNA ALBA Loven. Plate XXV, fig. 163. (p. 508.)

Ofversigt af Kongl. Vet.-Akail. Forhaudlingar, vol. iii, p. 14), 1343; Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 220, fig. 511. Volvaria alba Brown, 111. Conch. G. B., iii, p.
3, figs. 43, 44. Eidla tritloea Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 83,
Plate 2, fig. 8, 1833 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 165, fig. 93.

Near Block Island, northward to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts
of Europe to Bergen ; and on the northwest coast of America, south to
Sitka. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada and Great Britain.

Most of the specimens of this shell dredged in the Bay of Fundy are
opaque, yellowish brown or chestnut color, but those from Casco Bay
are nearly all clear white and translucent, although of equal siz3.

UTRIOULUS CANALICULATUS. Plate XXV, fig. 160. (p. 432.)

Stimpsou, Smithsonian Check-List, p. 4, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 219, fig.
510. Volvaria canaUculata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Scienc'es, Philadelphia, vol.
v, p. 211, 1826; Binuey's Say, p. 121. Bull a canaUculata Gould, Invert., ed. i,
p. 166, fig. 97. Tornatina canaUculata H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 13.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in Buzzard's Bay and
Vineyard Sound, in 2 to 8 fathoms ; less common in Long Island Sound.
Fort Macon, North Carolina, abundant, (Dr. Yarrow). Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina ; and the Pliocene of South
Carolina.

AMPHISPHYRA DEBILIS Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 1G2. (p. 432.)

Bulla debilis Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxxviii, p. 196, 1840 ; In
vert., ed. i, p. 164, fig. 95, 1841. Diaphana deUUs Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 216,
fig. 507. Bulla pellucida Brown, 1844. Amphisplnjra pdlucida Lov6u, op. cit.,
p. 143, 1846. Bulla Injalina Turton, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 353, 1834, (t.
Jeffreys), (non Gnielin).

Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean ; and on the northern coasts of Europe,
southward to Great Britain, Madeira, etc. Stoniugton, Connecticut,
from stomach of cod (Liusley). Not uncommon in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, and northward, in 6 to 50 fathoms. Very rare south of Cape
Cod. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Great Britain, Norway, arid
Sweden.

370 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [664]

ACTION PUNCTO-STRIATA Stimpson. Plate XXV, fig. 165.

Shells of New England, p. 51, 1851 ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 5. Tor-
patella puncto-striaia C. B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 323,
Plate 3, fig. 9, 1840; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 245, tig. 188 ; ed. ii, p. 224, fig. 515.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard's Bay,
not uncommon ; Long Island Sound, rare j Huntington and Greenport,
Long Island (S. Smith).

DORIDELLA Verrill.

Body smooth, oval, convex. Dorsal tentacles retractile, without
sheaths. Head prominent, the lateral angles prolonged anteriorly as
short oral palpi or tentacles. Foot broad, cordate. Branchiae tufted,
situated near the posterior end, on the right side, in the groove between
the mantle and foot.

DORIDELLA OBSCURA Verrill. Plate XXAr, figs. 173 a, b. (p. 400.)

American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 408, figs. 2, 3, November, 1870.

Body broad oval, 7.5Ium long and 5nim broad ; back convex, smooth.
Foot broad, cordate in front. Oral disk broad, emargiuate or with con
cave outline in front ; the angles somewhat produced, forming short,
obtusely pointed, tentacle-like organs, which in extension project beyond
the front edge of the mantle. Dorsal tentacles small, stout, retractile.
The branchiae consist of a tuft of slender filaments, usually concealed
by the edge of the foot. Color of body dark brown, lighter toward the
edge, as if covered with nearly confluent blackish or brown spots, the
whitish ground-color showing between them; foot, oral disk, and dorsal
tentacles white ; the central part of the body, beneath, with a three-lobed
yellow spot due to the internal organs. Young specimens are flesh-
color or yellowish brown above, specked with darker brown.

Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound to Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey. Savin Rock, at low-water, under stones; oif South End, 4 to 5
fathoms, shelly.

NUDIBRANCHIATA.
DORIS BIFIDA Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 176. (page 307.)

American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 406, 1870.

'Outline broad oval, widest anteriorly, about 25mm long by I2mm broad,
in extension ; back very convex, mantle covered with numerous, scat
tered, small but prominent, pointed papillae. Tentacles rather long,
thickest in the middle, the outer half strongly plicated with about twenty
folds, but with a smooth tip, the base surrounded by small papilla).
Gills retractile into a single cavity, united together by a partial web,
deeply frilled, much subdivided, bipinnate, the subdivisions fine and
slender. Foot very broad, in extension projecting back beyond the
mantle about a quarter of an inch, slightly tapering, rounded and
slightly notched at the end. Oral disk or veil crescent-shaped, the front

[665] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND. ETC. 371

a little prominent, the sides extended backward, and forming a curve
continuous with that of the foot.

Color purplish brown, sprinkled with white specks ; tentacles deep
brown, specked with white, tips yellowish ; gilis purplish at base, the
edges and tips usually yellow : toot similar in color to mantle, but
lighter.

Long Island Sound, at Savin Rock, near New Haven, to Eastport,
Maine, under stones, at low-water mark.

ONCHIDORIS PALLID A Verrill. (p. 495.)

American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 403, 1870 ; vol. iii, p. 212, 1872. Doris
pallida Ag. MSS. ; Stiinpsou, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 25, 1853; Gould, In
vert., ed. ii, p. 229, Plate 20, figs. 284, 287, 288, 291.

Off Cuttyhunk Island ; Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay ; Bay of
Fundy. In Eastport Harbor, not uncommon, from low- water mark to
30 fathoms.

POLYCERA LESSONII D7Orbigny. (p. 400.)

Magazine de Zool., vol. vii, p. 5, Plate 105 (t. Gould) ; Alder and Hancock, Brit.
Nud. Moll., Fain, 1, Plate 24 ; Gould, Invert., eel. ii, p. 226, Plate 17, figs-
242-248. Doris illuminate Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 4, 1841.

Long Island Sound to Labrador ; European coasts, from Sweden to
France and. Great Britain. Savin Rock, near New Haven, Connecticut,
at low-water, and off South End in 4 to 5 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode
Island, 3 to 6 fathoms. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fuudy, from
low- water mark to 20 fathoms.

DENDRONOTUS ARBORESCENS Aid. and Hancock, (p. 495.)

British Nad. Mull., Fam. 3, Plato 3, 1850 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 234, Plate 22,
figs. 311-313. Doris arborescens Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 229, 1776; Fabri-
cius, Fauna Groul., p. 346, 1780. Tritonia arboresoens Cuvier ; Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 5. Tritonia Reynoldsii Couthouy, Boston Jouru. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p-
74, Plate 2, tigs. 1-4, 1838.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, in 4 to 5 fathoms, common on Laminaria
among Obelice; northward to Greenland; on the European coasts south
to Great Britain and France; Sitka (Middendorff). Very common in
the Bay of Fundy and Casco Bay, from above low-water mark to 60
fathoms. Rare and local south of Massachusetts Bay.

DOTO co BOX AT A L >v6 Q. Plate XXV, fig. 170. (p. 400.)

Arch. Scand. Nat., p. 151 (t. Sti.mpson); Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forliand-
lingar, vol. iii, p. 139,1846; Alder and Hancock, Brit. Nud. Moll., Fam. 3,
Plate 6; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 236, Plate 16, figs. 233-237. Doris coronata
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3105. 1790.

Xew Jersey to Labrador; on the northern European coasts, southward
to Great Britain, Holland, and France. Great E gg Harbor, Xew Jersey,
1 fathom, (A. E. V. and S. I. Smith) ; Long Island Sound, near New
Haven ; off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard ; off Watch Hill, Rhode Isl
and, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Obelia. Common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco
Bay, and Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 15 fathoms.

372 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [666]

2EOL1S PAPILLOSA Loven. (p. 495.)

Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forli., vol. iii, p. 139, 1846 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
238, fig. 518, and Plate 18, figs. 257-263. Limax papiUosus Linne", Syst. Nat., ed.
xii, vol. i, p. 1082, 1767. ^Eolls fannacea Gould, MSS. ; Stiuipsou, Invert.
Grand Marian, p. 25, 1853.

Rhode Island to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to
Great Britain. Eare south of Cape Cod; Watch Hill, among roots of
Lamina/rice ; very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from above
low-water mark to 20 fathoms.

, OR MoNTAG-UA. Species undetermined, (p. 495.)
A species about an inch long, with bright red, fusiform branchiae, ar

ranged in seven or eight transverse clusters on each side. Foot with

prominent and acute auricles anteriorly.
Off Gay Head, 4 to 5 fathoms, rocks.

MONTAGUA PILATA Verrill. (p. 383.) A£ J2Z-J

J2o1i8 pilataGonld, Invert., ed. ii, p. 243, Plato 19, fig?. 270, 277, 279, 231, 1870.
^Eolidia pllata, this Report, p. 383. (See errata.)

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Abundant in New Haven
Harbor, on piles of Long Wharf.

MONTAG-UA VERMIFERA ¥emtt^l?u

^Eolls vermtfenis S. Smith, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. ix, p. 391, 1870.

Greenport, Long Island (Smith). Long Island Sound, off Thimble
Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks.

The specimens from Thimble Islands differ somewhat from the original
description. They were about half an inch long; moderately stout;
the foot lanceolate, rapidly tapered posteriorly to a point, but not pro
duced far beyond the branchiae, nor slender-pointed; anteriorly the
angles are somewhat produced, triangular, and pointed, their length
equal to about half the breadth of the foot. Head rounded ; tentacles
rather stout, obtuse ; the oral longer than the dorsal ones ; the latter
are transversely wrinkled. The branchial papilla) are fusiform, moder
ately stout, obtuse, arranged in about twelve transverse rows on each
side, forming six clusters, the two rows forming each cluster separated
by a narrow elliptical naked space, narrower than the spaces between
the clusters ; in each anterior row there are six or seven papillae,
the upper ones larger, the lowest short and blunt. Foot translucent,
white, with a flake-white streak on the upper side posteriorly ; body pale
yellowish, minutely specked with greenish and flake- white ; back of the
dorsal tentacles there is, on each side, an orange patch, and there
are others along the back; papilla? dark brown internally, irregu
larly specked with flake-white externally, forming toward the end an
ill-defined white ring ; the extreme tips are white; tentacles similar in
color to the body.

[G67] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS uF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 373

MONTAGU A GOULDII Verrill, sp. HOV.

Body elongated, rather slender ; foot with the anterior angles only
slightly prominent, and obtusely rounded; posteriorly it tapers gradu
ally to an. elongated slender point. Tentacles long, slender, not serrate,
the dorsal ones a little longer than the oral ; eyes small, black j branchial
papilla? fusiform, moderately stout, grouped in eight or more tranverse
rows on each side, the rows being grouped two by two, so as to form
transverse clusters, with two rows each, the rows of the clusters being
separated by spaces narrower than those between the clusters. Color
of body light yellow or tinged with pale orange; tentacles pale orange,
with a flake-white stripe on the posterior surface ; branchial papillae
dark brown or reddish brown internally, with a ring of opaque white
close to the tips.

Length about 20nmi.

Oft' Thimble Island, in 4 to 5 fathoms, with the preceding species.

This is nearly allied to M. Nananensis Stimpson, but the angles of the
foot are less produced and not acute, and the proportions of the tenta
cles are different. Dr. Gould seems to have confounded this species-
with M. diversa (JEolis diver sa Couth.), and one of his figures (Plate
19, fig. 280) apparently represents this species ; but certainly does not
represent M. diversa, which was originally described and figured as hav
ing the oral tentacles longer than the dorsals (See Gould's figs. 267, 268,
copied from Couthouy.)

CORYPIIELLA GYMNOTA Verrill.

Eolis ( Tergipcs) gymnota Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 69, Plate 1.
fig. 3, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 7; ed. ii, p. 249, Plate 16, tigs. 233-241.
Montagna gymnota H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 74. Carolina gymnota.
this Report, p. 383. (See errata.)

Wood's Hole to Boston, Massachusetts.
TEBGIPES DESPECTUS Adams, (p. 495.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 76, 1858. Eolldia dcapecta Johnston, Loud.
Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 378, fig. 35e. Eolis despecta Alder and Hancock,
Brit. Nud. Moll., Fara. 3, Plate 37. JEolis (Tcrgipcs) dcspcct-a Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 248, Plate 16, figs. 222-225.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Bay of Fumly and northward ; northern
coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Off Watch Hill, 4 to 5 fathoms, on
Laminaricii among hydroids. abundant ; Casco Bay ; Eastport .Harbor.

HEIOL/EA CRUCIATA A. Agassiz, MSS. Plate 25., fig. 175.

Gould, Invert,, ed. ii, p. 253, Plate 17, fig. 256.

Naushon Island (A. Agassiz).
ELYSIA OHLOROTICA Gould. Plate XXV, fig. 172. (p. 480.)

Invert., ed. ii, p. 255, Plate 17, figs. 251-255, 1870.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in pools on salt-marsh at lovy-water
(A. E. V. and S. I. Smith). Cambridge, Massachusetts (Agassiz).

374 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [668]

ELYSIELLA CATULUS Verrill. Plate XXV, fig. 171. (p. 480.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 284, Plate 7, figs. 5, 5a, 1872. Placobranchus
catulus Agassiz, MSS. ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 256, Plate 17, rigs. 249, 250,

J870.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Massachusetts Bay. New Haven
Harbor and Wood's Hole, among eel-grass, common.

P T E R O P O D A .
GYMNOSOMATA.

CLIQUE PAPILLONACEA Pallas, (p. 444.)

Spicil. Zool., x, p. 37, Plate 1, figs. 18, 19, (?) 1774. Clio Jhnacina Phipps, Voyage
to North Pole, p. 195, 1774 (t. Gould). Clio rcttisa Miiller, Prod. Zool. Dan., 2742,
1776 (non Liune); Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 334, 1780 (description ex
cellent). Clio borealis Brugiere, Encyc. Metb., Vers., i, p. 502, 1792 (t. Gould).
Clione borealis Gray, Brit. Mus. Pteropoda, p. 36, 1850 ; Stimpson, Sbells of New
England, p. 27, 1851 ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 62, Plate 7, fig. 7-
Clione Umacina Stimpson, Sniitbsouiau Check-Lists, p. 4, I860; Binney in Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 507, fig. 754 (poor). Clio Miquelonensis Rang, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
ser. i, vol. v, p. 285, Plate 7, fig. 2, 1825.

-New York to the Arctic Ocean; on the northern coasts of Europe
south to- Great Britain. Off Stonington, Connecticut (A. E. V. and D-
C. Eaton) ; Vineyard Sound (Y. N. Edwards) ; Portland, Maine (C. B.
Fuller).
The synonymy of this species has been greatly and unnecessarily con
fused. The Clio retusa of Linue was a southern Pteropod, having a tri-
quetral shell. In a foot-note on page 1094 of the twelfth edition of the
Systema Naturae, he states that he had not seen the genus 0/io, but
adopts it from Brown. He gives three species mentioned by Brown, all
having shells.

THECOSOMATA.

STYLIOLA VITBEA Yen-ill. Plate XXY, fig. 178. (p. 443.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 284, Plate G, fig. 7, 1872.

Shell smooth, polished, diaphanous, almost glassy, long conical, rather
slender, slightly curved toward the acute apex; animal white ; locomo
tive organs obovate, with the end broadly rounded, and bearing
slender tapering tentacle-like processes near the middle of the anterior
edge; intermediate lobe short, rounded in front.

Length of shell, 11.5uim ; diameter, 2""".

Taken among Salpcc, off Gay Head, Martha's Yineyard, in the after
noon, September 9, 1871.

Several other species of this and other related genera were taken by
Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar Harger, off Saint George's Bank, in 1872,
on the United States steamer Bache. These may occasionally occur
also in the vicinity of Nantucket and Martha's Yineyard.

[669] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 375

CAVOLINA TRIDENTATA. Plate XXV, fig. 177. (p. 444.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 51, Plate 6, figs. 1, la ; Verrill, op. cit., p. 284.
Anonua tridentata Forskal, Fauna Arab., p. 124, 1775 ; Icon., Plate 40, fig. b,
(t. Lamarck). Hyahea cornea Lamarck, Syst. des Auim., p. 140, 1801. Hyalcea
tridentata Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 415.

Mediterranean Sea and the warmer parts of the Atlantic. The shells
were dredged off Martha's Vineyard, at two localities, in 19 and 22
fathoms.

DIACRIA TRisriNOSA Gray. (p. 444.)

British Museum Pteropoda ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, i, p. 52, Plate 6, fig. 2a ;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 504. Hyaltm trispinosa Lesueur, in Blainville, Diet,
des Sci. Nat., vol. xxii, p. 82, 1824 ; Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. ii, p.
380, Plate 5, fig. 3 ; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 27.

Gulf Stream and warmer parts of the Atlantic generally. Occa
sionally cast ashore at Nantucket (Stimpson).

SPIRIALIS GOULDIT Stimpson. (p. 443.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. [iv, p. 8, ]851 ; Shells of Ne\v England, p. 27 >
Plate 1, fig. 4. Heterofmus balea and //. retroversus Biuney, in Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 505, Plate 27, figs. 345-349, (not of European writers). Spirialis
Flemlng'd A. Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 14, 1865, (not of
Forbes). Heterofnsits Alexandra Verrill, Arner. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 281?
1*872 (young).

Near Naushon Island and Nahaut, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz).
Twenty miles off No Man's Land, in stomach of herring, (S. I. Smith).
Off Saint George's Bank, in Gulf Stream, (S. I. Smith arid O. Harger).
The identity of this species with the Lunacina balea Moller, of Green
land, is very questionable. The description of the latter is brief, and
no mention is made of the spiral sculpture, which is an important char
acter of 8. Gouldii.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

DIMYARIA.

..TEREDO NAVALIS Linne. Plate XXVI, fig. 183. Plate XXVII, fig.
186. (pp. 384, 482.)

Systema Naturae, ed. xii, p. 1267,1767; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol.
xiv, p. 468, 1862; Gould, Invert., ed. ii. p. 23, fig. 355; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,
vol. iii, p. 171.

Coast of United States, from Florida to Vineyard Sound ; coasts of
Europe, from Sweden (Christiania) and Great Britain to Sicily; Algeria:
and the Black Sea (Jeffreys) ; Senegal. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ;
New Haven Harbor, in piles of wharves; Wood's Hole, in piles of
wharf; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, in cedar buoj'S.

This is the most abundant species on our Atlantic coast, south 01
Massachusetts Bay, where it also probably occurs.

376 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [670]

TEREDO MEGOTARA Hanley. Plate XXVII, fig. 188. (p. 387.)

Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Conch., vol. i,p. 77, Flate 1, figs. 1, 2; Plate 18, figs. 1,
2; vol. iv, p. 247; Tryon, op. cit., p. 466, 1862; Jeffreys op. cit., p. 176;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 30, fig. 357.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in floating drift
wood, in the North Atlantic ; north to Greenland, Iceland, and Spitz-
bergen ; coasts of Scandinavia and Great Britain. Fossil in the Post-
Pliocene of Scandinavia.

TEREDO THOMSONII Tryon. Plate XXVII, fig. 187. (p. 387.)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. xv, p. 28, Plate 2, figs. 3, 4, 5, 1863;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 31, fig. 358.

Xew Bedford, Massachusetts, in cedar buoys (Tryon). Provincetown,
Massachusetts, in whale-ship (Atwood).

TEREDO DILATATA Stimpson.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 113, 1851 ; Shells of New England, p. 26 ;
Tryon, op. cit., p. 464, 1882; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 32, tig. 359.

Massachusetts to South Carolina (Tryon). Cape Ann, in buoys,
(Stimpson). Provincetowu, Massachusetts (Gould). Greeuport, Long-
Island (S. Smith). I have not met with this species south of Cape Cod.

XYLOTRYA FIMBRIATA Jeffreys. Plate XXVII, fig. 189. (p. 387.)

Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. vi, p. 126, 1860 ; Tryon, op. cit., p. 478,
1862 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 34, fig. 361. Teredo palmulata Forbes and
Hauley, " Brit. Moll., vol. i. p. 86, Plate 2, figs. 9-11, (non Lamarck). Xyl-
oirya palmulata Stimpson, Check-List, p. 3, 1860 ; Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 141, 1869.

Long Island Sound to Florida ; Pacific coast, at the Straits of Fuca ;
Europe. In an old submerged wreck near New Haven. From the hull
of the " Peterhoff," used in the blockade of the southern coast during the
late war. Frequent in vessels from foreign ports.

PHOLA.S TRUNCATA Say. Plate XXVII. fig. 200. (p. 372.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. i, vol. ii, p. 321, 1822 ; Binuey's Say,
p. 107 ; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 6, Plate 9, fig. 26 ; Tryon, op. cit., p. 202 ;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 38, fig. 364.

Vineyard Sound to Florida. Payta, Peru (Tryon). Common on the
shores of Long Island Sound, near Xew Haven. The large specimens
from Sable Island (Gould), mentioned by Tryon, were not this species,
but Zi. crispata.

PIIOLAS COSTATA Linne. (p. 433.)

Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1111, 1762 ; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila
delphia, xiv. p. 201, 1862 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 37, fig. 363.

Caribbean Sea to Buzzard's Bay. Southern Europe (Linne). New
Bedford Harbor, living, (Gould); Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, dead

[671] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 377

shells dredged, (A. E. Y.) ; Long Island Sound. Atlantic City, New
Jersey (Tyron). Specimens Prom the east and west coasts of Florida;
and from near Yera Cruz, Mexico (coll., Mr. Salt), are also in the
museum of Yale College.

^EA CEISPATA Morch, 1853. (p. 433.)
H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii,p. 327, Plate 89, figs. 5, 5a, 1853 ; Tryon, op.
cit., p. 211, 1862. Pholas crispata Liiane, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1111,1767 ;
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 27. Zirfcva crispata Gray, Figures of Moll. Anirn.,
Plate 338, fig. 5, and 339, fig. 5, 1857 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol.
viii, p. 385, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 39, fig. 365.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence •; Iceland ; north
ern coasts of Europe, south to France, and the southern coasts of Great
Britain ; west coast of North America, south to California. Charles
ton, South Carolina (Stimpson, t. Gould). New Jersey (t. Gould).
Wood's Hole, dead shells dredged, (A. E. Y.). Common in Casco Bay,
in 10 to 20 fathoms, perforating hard clay and sunken but sound wood ;
also in the Bay of Fundy, in 8 to 70 fathoms, in hard clay. Mr. C. B.
Fuller has obtained fine large specimens in submerged tree-stumps at
extreme low-water mark on Jewell's Island, Casco Bay. Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of Maine, Scandinavia ; and in the Coralline and Bed
Crags of Great Britain. Its occurrence at Charleston, South Carolina,
needs confirmation.

Martesia cuneiformis Gray, 1851; Tryon, op. cit.. p. 219. Pholas cunei-
formis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 322, 1822.

This species was found by Mr. Perkins in oyster-shells, near New
Haven, but it was probably brought from farther south (Maryland or
Virginia) in the oysters. It inhabits the coasts of Florida and the
West Indies.

Diplothyra Smith-ii Tryon, op. cit., p. 450, 18G2.

This species was described from specimens found in oyster-shells at
Staten Island, where they were supposed to have lived. If really indig
enous there, it may be expected to occur in Lang Island Sound.

SAXICAVA AROTICA Deshays. Plate XXYII, fig. 192. (p. 309.)

Elem. Conch.. Plate xii, figs. 8, 9 (t. Gould) ; Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol.
i, p. 141, Plato 6, figs. 4-6; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 89, fig. 397. Mya arctica
Liun6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1113, 1767. Mytiltis rugosus Liuiid, Syst. Nat.,
eel. xii, p. 1156. Saxicava rugosa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p.
152 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 87 ; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iii, p. 81. Mytilus
2>hola(Us Linne, Mant. Plant., p. 543. Saxicava plioladis Lamarck, op. cit., vol.
vi, p. 152. (?) Saxicava distorta Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 318,
1822; Gould, ed. i, p. 62.

Georgia and South Carolina to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of
Europe to the Mediterranean : Pacific Coast of America, south to Santa
Barbara, California. Yarious other parts of the world are given as locali
ties by different authors. On our coast this shell is very common from
Massachusetts Bay to Labrador, occurring from low-water mark to 50

378 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [672]

fathoms or more. In Casco Bay it is extremely abundant in rocky, cav
ernous pools, among the ledges at low- water mark, and mostly attached
by a byssus, associated with Modiola modiolus. I also found specimens
in 10 to 15 fathoms, perforating recent and sound shells of Cyprina
Islandica. In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, near Auticosti Island, where
limestone abounds, I have found it burrowing in the limestone in large
numbers. South of Cape Cod it is far less abundant, though not un
common in Long Island Sound. Yar. distorta (Say) is common from
Fort Macon to Georgia, and is possibly a distinct species. Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of Maine, New Brunswick, Canada, Auticosti, Labrador,
Scandinavia, and Great Britain ; in the Coralline and Eed Crags of Eng
land, etc. Yar. distorta is found in the Miocene of Maryland.

. MYA ARENARIA Lin ne. Plate XXVI, fig. 179. (pp. 357, 463.)

Systema Naturae, ed. xii, p. 1112, 1767 ; Gould, Invert, ed. i, pp. 40, 359 ; ed. ii, p.
55, fig. 375. Mya mercenaria and M. acuta Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila
delphia, vol. ii, p. 313, 1822.

South Carolina to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe, south
to England and France 5 northeastern coast of Asia, south to China and
Japan (Hakodadi). Sitka (Middendorff). South Carolina (Gibbs). Fort
Macon, North Carolina (Dr. Yarrow). Comparatively scarce south of
Cape Hatteras. Very abundant from New Jersey northward, both in
brackish estuaries and on the open coasts. Particularly large and fine in
Long Island Sound (see p. 463). Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from
half- tide mark to 40 fathoms, those dredged being all young. Fossil in
the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia, Greenland, Labrador, Canada, New
England, Virginia, South Carolina, etc.; in the Red-Crag and all later
formations in Great Britain ; and in the Miocene of Virginia.

COHBULA CONTRACTA Say. Plate XXVII, fig. 191. (p. 418.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 312, 1822; Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 43, iig. 37 j ed. ii, p. 60, fig. 377.

Cape Cod to Florida. Common, living, in Vineyard Sound and Buz
zard's Bay, in 5 to 19 fathoms ; Long Island Sound, near New Haven,
not uncommon in shallow water. Georgia (Couper). Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of Virginia, Northland South Carolina ; and in the Plio
cene of South Carolina. A closely related species occurs in the Mio
cene of Maryland.

LYOXSIA HYALINA Conrad. Plate XXVII, fig. 194. (p. 358.)

American Marine Conchology, p. 51, Plate 11, iig. 2, 1831 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
64, fig. 380. Mya hyalina Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. vi,
p. 261, Plate 11, fig. 12, 1831. Osteodexma hyalina Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat.
Hist., vol. ii, p. 166, 1839 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 46, fig. 31.

Florida to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island Sound,
Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and
Bay of Fundy ; low-water mark to 30 fathoms ; Beaufort, North Carolina
(Coues).

[073] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 379

CLIDIOPHOKA TRILINEATA Carpenter. Plate XXVII, fig. 193. (p. 418.)

Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1864, p. 597 ; Mollusks of W. N. America, p. 226. Pan
dora irllineata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 261,
1822 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 44 ; ed. ii, p. 62, fig. 379.

Florida to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island Sound ;
off Block Island, 29 fathoms 5 Buzzard's Bay; Vineyard Sound; Casco
Bay; and Bay of Fundy ; low water mark to 30 fathoms; Great Egg
Harbor, New Jersey, 1 fathom. Beaufort, North Carolina (Coues, Yar
row). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia and South Carolina ; and in
the Pliocene of South Carolina. A closely-related form, C. cmssidens
(Conrad, sp.), occurs in the Miocene of Virginia.

PERIPLOMA PAPYRACEA Yerrill. Plate XXVII, fig. 197. (p. 509.)

Ainer. Journal Science, vol. iii, pp. 213, 285, Plate 7, figs. 1, la, lb (animal and
hinge), 1872. Anatina papyratia Say, op. cit., p. 314, 1822. Anatin'a papyracea
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 47, fig. 28; ed. ii, p. 66, fig. 382. Anatina fragilis
Totten (name provisional), Amer. Jonr. Science, vol. xxviii,p. 347, fig. 1, 1835-

New Jersey to Labrador. Anticosti Island (A. E. V.) ; not uncommon
in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 10 to 100 fath
oms. Less frequent south of Cape Cod ; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms,
(A. S. Packard): Newport, Rhode Island (Totten); Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). Chateau Bay, Labrador (Packard).

This species, when young, is liable to be confounded with Thracia
myopsis Beck = T. Couthouyi Stimpsou (see Plate XXVII, fig. 196), but
they are easily distinguished by the structure of the hinge. The latter
occurs in Massachusetts Bay, Bay of Fundy, etc., northward to Green
land, but has not been recorded from south of Cape Cod.

COCIILODESMA LEANU3I Couthouy. Plate XXVII, fig. 198. (p. 418.)

Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 170, 1839; Stimpson, Shells of New England,
p. 22 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 49, figs. 29, 30 ; ed. ii, p. 68, fig. 383. Anatina
Leana Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. vi, p. 263, Plate 11, fig. 11, 1831.

North Carolina to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Vineyard Sound and
Long Island Sound, not uncommon in 3 to 10 fathoms; Casco Bay and
Eastport, Maine, rarely obtained alive; banks off Nova Scotia (Willis) ;
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith and O. Harger). A related species,
C. antiqiiatum (Per-iploma antiquata Conrad), occurs in the Miocene of

THRACIA CONRADI Couthouy. (p. 426.)

Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 153, Plate 4, fig. 2, 1839 ; Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 50; ed. ii, p. 69, fig. 384. Thracia decUvis Conrad,. Amer. Mar. Conch.,
p. 44, Plate 9, fig. 2, 1831 (not of Pennant).

Long Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fath
oms; Casco Bay, 6 to 15 fathoms; Frenchman's Bay, near Mount Des
ert, Maine, 3 to 8 fathoms. Eastport, Maine, in 6 fathoms, and Grand
Menan (Stimpson) ; Nahant, Massachusetts (Haskell) ; Ehode Island
26 v

380 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [674]

and Buzzard's Bay (Gould) ; Labrador (Packard). Fossil in the Post-
Pliocene (Leda-clay) at Saco, Maine (Fuller).

This species burrows so deeply in the mud or sand that it is seldom
taken alive with the dredge.

THRACIA TRUNCATA Miguels and Adams. Plate XXVII, fig.. 195. (p.

509.)

Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 38, Plate 4, fig. 1, 1842; Gould, Invert., eel. ii,
p. 72, fig. 386.

Long Island to Greenland. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms; Casco
Bay, 10 to 20 fathoms 5 Bay of Fuudy. Off Long Island, 37 fathoms,
(Gould). Greenland, in GO fathoms, (Morcli).

ENSATELLA AMERICANA Verrill. Plate XXVI, fig. 182 ; Plate XXXII,
fig. 245. (p. 35C.)

American Jour. Science, vol. iii, pp. 212, 284, 1872. Solen American us Gould, In vert. ?
ed. ii, p. 42, 1870 (provisional name). Solen ensis Gould, op. cit., ed. i, p. 23 ;
and ed. ii, p. 40 (non Linue) ; Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Moll., p. 242, Plate
33, fig. 313. Ensis Americana II. and A. Adams, Genera, vol ii, p. 342.

Florida to Labrador. Common at Great Egg Harbor. New Jersey;
Long Island Sound ; Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard Sound ; Massachusetts
Bay; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy ; Gulf of Saint Lawrence; low-water
mark to 20 fathoms, sandy. Fort Macoti, North Carolina, abundant,
(Coues). Georgia (Couper). Labrador, rare (Packard). Saint George's
Bank (S. I. Smith).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Portland, Maine ; Point Shirley, Massa
chusetts; Nautucket; Virginia; and South Carolina ; in the Pliocene
of South Carolina ; and Miocene of Maryland ; North and South Caro
lina.

In this species the siphonal tubes, in mature shells, protrude about
35mm, and are united together for about half their length, beyond which
they are round and divergent, subequal. Both orifices are surrounded
by a similar circle of numerous papillae, of three sizes ; the larger ones
are enlarged in the middle, acute at tips, with a large black spot on
each side of the base ; alternate with these are somewhat smaller ones
of the same form and with similar basal spots ; alternating with the
primary and secondary ones are small tapering papillae, less than half
the length of the longest ; numerous slender tapering papillae are also
scattered irregularly over the sides of the free portions of both tubes,
in some cases in irregular rows of four to six, while on the ventral side
of the branchial tube two rows of alternating papillae extend along the
whole length of the siphon. The mantle is closed ventrally for most of
its length ; there is a posterior opening for the protrusion of the foot,
and a small opening just in advance of it, and another opening near the
middle of the ventral border ; the latter is fringed wTith small conical
papilla?. Foot long; the end bulbous, obliquely truncated and beveled
laterally.

[675] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 381

Solen viridis Say. This species lias been recorded from the southern
coast of New England by several writers (Stonington, Connecticut, Lins-
ley : Ehode Island, Conrad), but I have myself met with no authentic
New England specimens. It may, however, occur 'rarely and perhaps
accidentally. It is not uncommon on the outer beach at Great Egg
Harbor, New Jersey, and farther south, to Florida.

SILIQUA COSTATA Adams. Plate XXXII. tig. 244. (p. 358.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 345, 1858. Solen contains Say, Jour. Acad.
Nat, Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 315, 1822; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 15, Plate 9, fig.
28 (non Leguminaria costata Sebum., 1817 = Slliqua radiafa Lhm£, sp.). Solen
Sayii Gray, Griffith's Cuvier, xii, Plate 31, fig. 3 (t. Gould). Maclucra costata
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 34, and fig. on p. 24, 1841 ; ed. ii, p. 47, fig. 370.

Cape Hatteras to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Eare or local north of
Casco Bay. Not observed in the Bay of Fundy. Common in Massa
chusetts Bay; Vineyard Sound; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Comparatively rare in Long Island Sound, near New Haven ; Fire
Island Beach, Long Island (S. I. Smith). Coney Island, etc. (S.
Smith). Bimouski, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, common, (Bell). Banks off
Nova Scotia (Willis). The earliest name for this genus appears to be
Siliqua Muhlfeldt, 1811. It was named Leguminaria by Schumacher in
1817, and Maclmra by Gould, in 1841. The latter name is, moreover,
preoccupied by Macliccra Cuvier, 1832.

TAGELUS GIBBUS Gray. Plate XXVI, fig. 181 ; Plate XXX, fig. 217.
(p. 373.)

Proc. Zool. Soc., London, xv, 1847; D.ill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii,
p. 251, 1870. Solen glVbm Spongier, Skrivt. Nat. Selks., vol. iii, p. 104, 1794
(t. Gould). Solen, Guinecnsis Chemnitz, Conch., xi, p. 202, Plate 198, fig. 1937,
1799. Solcn Car'ibcKUS Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p. 58.
Solecurtua Caribcvus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 30. Solccnrtas gibbus Forbes and
Hauley, Brit. Moll., vol. i, p. 267 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 43, fig. 367. SiU-
qnaria notata Schumacher, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. des Habit, des Vers test., p.
129, Plate 7, figs. 2, 3, 1817 (not the genus SiUquaria Brug. ; Lamarck, 1801).
Siliquaria 'gilba H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 347, Plate 93, figs. 5, 5«, 1858.

Caribbean Sea, West Indies, and Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod. Simi
lar if not identical species are found on the Pacific coast of Central
America, and on the west coast of Africa. Vineyard Sound and Buz
zard's Bay, not uncommon ; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, abundant.
Fort Macon, North Carolina, very common (Coues). Alabama (Mighels).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida ; in
the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and in the Miocene of North and South
Carolina.

The name, Siliquaria Schumacher, 1817, adopted for this genus by
several recent writers cannot be retained, because preoccupied by Bru-
giere, 1791, and by Lamarck (see Syst. des Anim., 1801, p. 98) for a
genus of Vermetidce.

This genus is widely different from the restricted genus Solecurtus

382 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [676]

Blainv,, 1824,=J/«cAa Oken, 1835, and undoubtedly belongs to the
Tellinidce, near Psammobia, as shown by the structure of the soft parts.
(See page 373 and Plate xxvi, fig. 181).

TAGELIJS DIVISUS. Plate XXX, fig. 218. (p. 435.)

Dall, op. cit., p. 251, 1870. Solen divisus Spengler, op. cit., p. 96, 1794 (t. Gould).
Solen lideits Chemnitz, op. cit., p. 203, Plate 198, fig. 1939, 1799. Solen fragilis
Pulteney, Dorset Catal., p. 28, Plate 4, fig. 5, 1.799 (t. Gould). Solen centralis
Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pbilad., vol. ii, p. 316, 1822. Solccurtus Widens
Forbes and Hanley, op. cit., vol. i, p. 266 ; Stimpson, Shells of New England,
p. 22. Solecurtus divisus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 44, fig. 368. Macha divisa
Gray, Catal. Brit. Moll., p. 160. Leguminaria Floridana Conrad, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. iv, p. 121, 1848. Mesopleura Mdentata Conrad, Catal.
Solenidai, Amer. Jour. Conch., vol. iii, Appendix, p. 23, 1867.

Gulf of Mexico and West Indies to Cape Cod. Vineyard Sound and
Buzzard's Bay, not common. Ehode Island, rather common, (Gould).
Fort Macon, North Carolina, common, (Coues). Tampa Bay, Florida,
(Conrad, Jewett).

MACOMA FRAGILIS Adams. Plate XXX, fig. 222.

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 400, 1858.

Var. fusca == Hacoma fusca Adams, (p. 359.)

Genera, vol. ii, p. 400 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 93, fig. 400. Psammobia fus.ca
Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. v, p. 220, 1826. Sangiiinolaria fusca Con
rad, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 34, Plate 7, fig. 1, 1831 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 66,
fig. 42.

Var. fragilis.

Venus fragilis 0. Fahricius, Fauna Groulandica, p. 413, 1780. Tellina Gronlan-
dica Beck, Lyell, in Trans. Geol. Soc., London, vol. v, p. 137, Plate 16, fig. 8,
1841. Macoma Gronlandica Packard, Mem. Boston Soc., vol. i, pp. 235, 243, etc.j
1866; Dawson, Notes on Post-Pliocene Geology of Canada, p. 72, from Cana
dian Naturalist, vol. vi, 1872. Tellina Fcibricii Hanley; Sowerby, Thesaurus, p-
112, (t.Morch).

Georgia to Greenland. Var. fusca is abundant on the entire coast of
New England, Long Island, and New Jersey. Georgia (Say, Couper).
Var. fragilis is abundant from Long Island Sound and Massachusetts
Bay to Labrador. The two forms grade into one another insensibly.

A closely related but apparently distinct species, M. Balthica (Linne,
sp.), is abundant in the Baltic and elsewhere on the northern coasts of
Europe, and has been regarded as identical by several writers. Another
similar form, inconspicua (Sowerby), occurs on the northwest coast of
America, but is regarded as distinct by Dr. P. P. Carpenter and others.

As a fossil, var. fragilis is abundant in the Post-Pliocene deposits of
Xew England, New Brunswick, Canada, Labrador, and Greenland; var.
fusca occurs in the Post-Pliocene of New England, Virginia, North Caro
lina, and South Carolina.

[677] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 383

MACOMA SABULOSA Morch.

TcU'tna (Macoma} sabulosa Morch, in Natnrh. Bidrag til Beskr. af Gronlaud, p_
90, 1857. TelUna sabulosa Speugler, Skrivt. Nat., vol. iv, part 2, 1798. Tellina
proximo, Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 154, Plate 44, fig. 4, 1839. TelUna
sordida Coutbony, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 59, Plate 3, fig. 11, 1839.
Sanguinolaria sordida Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 67, 1841. Tellina lata Loven,
Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad., Forhand., vol. xi, p. 195, 1846 (not Tellina lata
Gmelin, 1790, which is a Thracia, t. Morch). Tellina calcarca Lyell, Phil.
Trans., 1838 (not Chemnitz, 1782== a Mactra, t. Morch). Macoma proxima
Gould,- ed. ii, p. 95, fig. 401 ; this Report, p. 503. Macoma cnlcirea Adams;
Dawson, op. cit., p. 73.

Connecticut to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe; North
Pacific ; south on the coast of Asia to Hakodadi, Japan ; and, perhaps
(as M. expansa, a doubtful variety), on the west coast of America south
to Puget Sound. Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, rare; Casco Bay, 3
to GO fathoms, not uncommon ; Quahog Bay, Maine, 3 to 5 fathoms, soft
mud, large and abundant ; Bay of Fundy, 4 to 80 fathoms. Stonington
and Stratford, Connecticut (Linsley) ; Saint George's Bank (S. I.
Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, New Brunswick, Canada,
Labrador, Scandinavia, and Great Britain.

The TelUna tenera Leach, 1818 (non Say), has been regarded as a
synonym of this species by most writers ; Morch considers it identical
with M. fragilis.

ANGULUS TENER. Plate XXVI, fig. 180 ; Plate XXX, fig. 223. (p. 358.)

Tellina (Angulus) tenera H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 398, 1858. Angu-
lu.s tener Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 290, Plate 6, figs. 1, la,
1872. Tellina tenera Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 303,1822;
Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 65, Plate 9, fig. 38 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 68, fig. 44 ;
ed. ii, p. 97, fig. 403.

Florida to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common on the coast of New
Jersey, Long Island, Long Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound,
Massachusetts Bay ; less common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy.
Gaspe, Canada (Dawson). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). A
closely-allied form (A declivis = Tellina declivis Conrad, Journ. Acad.
N. Sc., Phil., vol. vii, p. 131) occurs in the Miocene of Virginia.

ANGULUS TENELLUS Verrill. Plate XXX, fig. 22-1.

Angulus modestns Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, pp. 210, 285, Plate
6, figs. 2, 2a, 1872; this Report, p. 418, (non Carpenter, 1864).

Shell smooth, shining, more or less iridescent, with very fine concen
tric stria*. Form similar to that of A. tener, but more oblong, and with
the anterior dorsal margin nearly straight, or even slightly concave ;
the beaks are at about the posterior third, and scarcely prominent ; the
posterior end slopes rapidly, and is. snbtruncate at the end 5 the ven
tral margin is but slightly convex in the middle, and sub-parallel with
the dorsal margin. The shell is often a little thickened, and firmer than
in A. tcner, but is sometimes as thin. Color, pink, light straw-color, or

384 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [678]

white 5 often banded concentrically with these colors. The hinge-mar
gin is stouter and the teeth stronger than in A. tener, and different in
relative size and proportions; the ligament-plate is also longer.

Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound ; 4 to 10 fathoms, mud and
sand.

TELLINA TENT A Say. Plate XXX, fig. 223. (p. 432.)

American Concliology, Part vii, Plate 65, fig. 3,' 1837; Binney's Say, p. 228 ; Han-
ley, Recent Shells, p. 65, Plate 14, fig. 10 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 68, fig. 43 ; ed.
ii, p. 96, fig. 402. Tellina (Peroncm} tenta H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii,
p. 499, 1858.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 2
to 10 fathoms, mud, common ; Long Island Sound ; Great Egg Harbor.
Greeuport, Long Island (S. Smith) ; .Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues)j
South Carolina (Say).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina

Tellina versicolor Cozzens.

Jay, Catalogue Shells, ed. ii, p. 12, 1833 ; Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Moll., p.
208, Plate 26, fig. 272.

Glass House Point, near Xew York (Cozzeus); Stratford, Connecticut
(Linsley).

I have met with no shells corresponding precisely with the descrip
tion of this species.

GASTBANELLA Verrill.

American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 286, 1872.

" Shell oblong, more or less irregular, and sometimes with the ven
tral margin inflexed; pallia! sinus large ; ligament external, elongated.
Eight valve with two small cardinal teeth ; the posterior one thin,
directed obliquely backward. Left valve with two cardinal teeth ; the
posterior one stout, bilobed ; the anterior one smaller. ]STo distinct lat
eral teeth. Animal with long, slender, separate siphonal tubes, with a
simple circle of papillae at the ends ; mantle well open anteriorly ; foot
ligulate. The curious little shell for which this genus is constituted
apparently resembles Gastrana more than any other described genus."

GASTRANELLA TUMLDA Verrill. Plate XXVII, fig. 190. (p. 418.)

American Jour. Sci., vol. iii, pp. 210, 286, Plate 6, figs, 3, 3rt, 1872.

Shell small, variable in form, swollen above, more or less elongated
oval, or oblong, with rounded ends, compressed posteriorly. The beaks
are rounded, somewhat prominent, incurved but not approximate, and
directed somewhat forward ; the anterior dorsal margin is deeply concave
in front of the beaks, but without a distinct lunule, at the anterior end
regularly rounded or a little prolonged, compressed 5 ventral margin
slightly convex, or nearly straight and sub-parallel with the dorsal mar
gin, or incurved, in the different specimens ; posterior end broadly
rounded in some, decidedly prolonged in others; dorsal posterior mar-

[679] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 385

gin usually nearly straight for at least naif its length, sometimes a little
convex and gradually sloping throughout. Surface with fine, somewhat
irregular, concentric stride, slightly iridescent. Color white, with the
umbos purple. Length, 4mm ; height, 2.5mm.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven, 4 to G fathoms, shelly and grav
elly bottom, among hydroids and sponges (A. E. V.).

Abra cuqualis Say.

American Conch., Part iii, Plate 28 ; outer figures, 1331 ; Binney's Say, p. 182,
same plate; Stimpson, Check-List, p. 3, 1860. Aniphidcsma wqualls Say,
Jouru. Acad.Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 307, 1822 ; American Conch., Part
iii, Plate 28; Binuey's Say, pp. 100,182. Semele equalis Verrill, Amer. Jour.
Science, vol. iii, p. 210, 1872.

Florida and Gulf of Mexico to Cape Hatteras ; rare and local farther
north. Stonington, Connecticut, from cod-stomachs (Linsley). Fort
Macon, North Carolina, abundant (Coues, Yarrow). Texas (Rcemer).
Charleston, South Carolina (Say).

The occurrence of this southern species at Stonington needs confirm*
ation. I have seen no specimens from north of Cape Hatteras.

Fossil in the Miocene of North and South Carolina.

CiniiNGiA TELLINOLDES Conrad. Plate XXX, fig. 221. (p. 418.)

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. vii, p. 234, 1837; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 56,
fig. 36; ed. ii, p. 79, fig. 390. Mactra tellinoidcs Conrad, Jouru. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Philad., vol. vi, p. 258, Plate 9, figs. 2,3, 1831.

Cape Cod to Florida. Common in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 3 to 12 fathoms ; Long Island Sound, less common. Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Coues, Yarrow). Florida (Conrad), Fossil in the Post-
Pliocene of Nantucket Island, South Carolina, and North Carolina; in
the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and in the Miocene of Virginia and
South Carolina.

CERONIA ARCTATA Adams, (p. 426.)

II. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 414, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 80, fig.
391. Mactra arctata Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. vi, p. 257,
Plate 11, fig. 1, 1831. Mcsodeama arctata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 57, fig. 39.

Long Island to Kiver Saint Lawrence. Stonington. Connecticut
(Linsley). East Hampton and Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith). Nan-
tucket (Gould). Common in Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay, and East,
port, Maine, rare. Nova Scotia (Willis).

Donax fotssor Say.

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 306, 1822 ; Binuey's Say, pp.
99, 226, Plate 61, fig. 2.

This species may possibly occur occasionally on the Southern New
England coast, but I am not aware of any authentic instances. I have
found it quite common living on the outer beach at Great Egg Harbor,
New Jersey, and it has been found as far north as the southern side of
Long Island.

386 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [680]

MAOTRA SOLIDISSIMA Chemnitz. Plate XXVIII, fig. 202. (p. 358.)

Conch., x, p. 350, Plate 170, fig. 1656, 1788 ; Gould, Invert., cd. i, p. 51 ; ed. ii, p.
73, fig. 387. Macira gigantea Lam., Anira. saris Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p. 97. Mac
ira similis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 309, 1822 ; Binney's
Say, p. 101. Spisula soUdissima Gray, Charles worth's Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. i,
p. 373, 1837 ; H. and A. Adams, vol. xi, p. 378. Hemimactra solidissima Conrad,
Amor. Journ. Conch., vol. iii, appendix, p. 32 ; Perkins, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. xiii, p. 346, 1889. Spisula Sayi Gray, op. cit., p. 373.

Florida and Gulf of Mexico to Labrador. Very abundant on the
outer beach at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Long Island; Long
Island Sound ; Vineyard Sound ; Cape Cod ; Massachusetts Bay ; Casco
Bay; Bay of Fundy, low water-mark to 10 fathoms, sandy. Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Coues); Labrador (Packard); St. George's Bank (S.
I. Smith) ; West Florida (Jewett) ; Texas (Roemer).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Point Shirley, Chelsea, Massachusetts
(Stimpsou) ; and apparently in the Miocene of North and South Carolina
(Conrad, as "IT. similis?").

MULINIA LATERALIS Gray. Plate XXVI, fig. 185, B. (p. 373.)

Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 376, 1837 ; Meek, Smithsonian Check-
Lists, Miocene, p. 11, 1864. Mactra lateral! s Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad.,
vol. ii, p. 309,1822; Gould, Invert,, ed. i, p. 54, figs. 34, 35; ed. ii, p. 77, fig.
389. Standella lateralls II. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 382, 1858; Conrad,
Proc. Philad. Acad., vol. xiv, p. 573, 1862.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida, and on the northern shores of the
Gulf of Mexico to Galveston, Texas. Very abundant in Long Island
Sound; common in Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 15 fath
oms, mud. Boston and near Lynn, Massachusetts (Gould). Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Coues). Georgia (Couper). Texas (Rcemer).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina?
and Florida (Saint John's River) ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and
in the Miocene of Virginia, North and South Carolina.

PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS Lamarck. Plate XXVII, fig. 199. (p.

372.)

Auim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. v.. p. 505,1818; ed. ii, vol. vi, p. 159; Say, Aruer.
Conch., Part vi, Plate 60, fig. 1, 1834 ; Binuey's Say, p. 222 (same plate) ; Han-
ley, Recent Shells, p. 52, Plate 13, fig. 49 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 63 ; ed. ii, p.
90, figs. 398, 399. Pctricola fornicata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,
vol. ii, p. 319, 1822. Pelricola dactylus Say, Araer. Conch., Part vi, Plate 60,
fig. 2 (MOM- Sowerby, Hanley, etc.); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 65 : cd. ii,p. 92;
fig. 41.

Florida and Gulf of Mexico to Massachusetts Bay; local and more
rare farther north, at Quahog Bay, Maine; and in the southern part of
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, as at Prince Edward's Island (Dawson) ;
Nova Scotia (Willis). Very common in Long Island Sound, near New
Haven ; Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard Sound (Lackey's Bay, etc.) ; and
Massachusetts Bay (Chelsea, Nahant, etc.). Fort Macon (Coues) ;

[681] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 387

Florida (Conrad) ; Texas (Rojmer) ; Cuba (D'Orbiguy). Fossil in
the' Post-Pliocene of Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida 5 and
in the Pliocene of South Carolina. A similar form, if not identical
(P. Carolmensis Conrad), occurs in the Miocene of South Carolina.

A species scarcely to be distinguished from this was sent to me in
large numbers from La Paz, Gulf of California, by Captain Pederseu.

VENUS MERCENARIA Linne. Plate XXVI, fig. 184 (animal), (p. 359.)

Systema Natunc, ed. xii, p. 1131, 1767 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 85, fig. 67 ; ed.
ii, p. 133, fig. 445. Mercenaria violacca Schumacher, Essai d'un Nouveau
Syst., p. 135, Plate 10, fig. 3, 1817 ; Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 419. Mercenaria
mercenaria Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. ii, p. 82, figs. 356-358, 1862. Crasstienus
mcrcenaria Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 147, 1869. Venus
notata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 271, 1822 (variety) ;
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 87, fig. 67 ; ed. ii, p. 135, fig. 446. Venus i>ra'parca
Say, op. cit., p. 271, 1822 ; Binney's Say, p. 95.

Florida to Massachusetts Bay ; more rare and local farther north, at
Quahog Bay, Maine; Nova Scotia (Willis) ; and in the southern part of
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, to the Bay of Cbaleur. It is not found on
the coast of Maine, east of Kennebeck River, nor in the Bay of Fundy.
Very common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Long Island Sound,
and southward. Fort Macon (Cones) ; South Carolina (Gibbes) ;
Georgia (Couper) ; Texas (Rcemer). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point
Shirley, Nautucket Island, Gardiner's Island, Virginia, and South Caro
lina ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina : and in the Miocene of Mary
land, Virginia, North and South Carolina.

CALLISTA CONVEXA Adams. Plate XXX, fig. 219. (p. 432.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 425, 1858. Cythcrea convexaSay, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phil., vol. iv, p. 149, Plate 12, fig. 3, 1824 (fossil) ; Gould, Invert,, ed.
i, p. 84, fig. 49 ; ed. ii, p. 131, fig. 444 (recent). Dione convexa Deshayes, Catal.
Conch. Biv., British Museum, p. 71, 1853. Cytherea morrhuana Liusley, Ainer.
Jour. Sci., vol. xlviii, p. 276, 1845 (no description) ; Gould, op. eit., ser. ii, vol.
vi, p. 233, 1848 (young). Cythcrea Say an a Conrad, Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. i, vol.
xxiii, p. 345, 1833 (recent) ; Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of the U. S., p. 13, Plate
7, fig. 3, 1838 (fossil). Cytherea JSayii Perkins, Proc., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. xiii, p. 147, 1869. Callista (Caryalin') convcxa Romer ; Verrill, Amer. Jour.
Sci., vol. xlix, p. 277, March, 1870.

New Jersey to Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Fort Macon, North Carolina,
dead valves on the beach, plenty, but perhaps fossil, (Cones, Yarrow).
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Long Island Sound; Vineyard Sound,
and Buzzard's Bay, 2 to 10 fathoms, mud, common ; Casco Bay, 3 to
8 fathoms, mud, adult, living; Eastport, Maine, rare. Nova Scotia
(Willis); Prince Edward's Island (Dawson).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina ; in the
Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland, North
and South Carolina.

The name Saijana given to this species in 1833 (loc. cit.) by Mr. Con-

388 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [682]

rad, was accompanied by a short description of recent specimens from
Rhode Island arid Xew Jersey. He gave G. convexa Say as a synonym,
however, remarking that it " appears not to differ from the G. convexa
of Say, but I have changed the name because M. Broguiart had pre
viously applied it to a very dissimilar species." More recently, how
ever, he has indicated his belief that the two are distinct (Catal. Miocene
Shells, in Proc.,Phil. Acad., vol. xiv, p. 575, 1862), although he recog
nizes the " Sayana" as a Miocene shell, but he has not pointed out the
differences, if any exist, so far as known to me. Should the recent shell
prove to be distinct from the fossil one described by Say, it should
therefore bear the name Gallista Say ana.

In this species the animal is white, or pale salmon-color. The border
of the mantle sometimes protrudes considerably beyond the edge of the
shell, and is delicately undulated or frilled ; the siphon tubes, in full
expansion, are smooth and rather longer than the shell, and are united
quite to the ends ; the orifices are simple, without apparent papillae,
and the branchial is considerably larger than the other; a well-marked
groove extends along the whole length of the siphon, indicating the
partition between the tubes.

TOTTEXIA GEMMA Perkins. Plate XXX, fig. 220. (p. 359.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, 1869 (in errata) ; by error, Totteniana
(p. 148). Venus gemma Totten, Arner. Jour. Science, vol. xxvi, p. 367, figs. 2a, d,
1834. Gemma gemma Deshayes, Catal. Conch. Biv., British Museum, p. 113,.
1853 ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 419, Plate 107, fig. 3. Gemma Tottcni
Stimpson, Check-List, p. 3, 1860.

South Carolina to Labrador. Very abundant in Long Island Sound,
Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket, and Massachusetts Bay ;
common in Casco Bay, and at Grand Men an Island. Nova Scotia ( Willis).
Prince Edward's Island (Dawsou). Indian Harbor, Labrador (Packard).
Port Macon, Xorth Carolina (Cones).

An allied species (T.splucrica H. C. Lea, sp.) occurs in the Miocene of
Virginia.

TOTTEXIA MAXHATTEXSIS Verrill.

Venus Manhattensis Prime, in Jay's Catalogue of Shells, ed. iv, supplement, p.
466,1852. Venus (Gemma} Manhattensis Prime, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
vol. vii, p. 482 (figure), 1862. Gemma Manhattensis Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 138;
fig. 449.

North Carolina to Vineyard Sound. Hell Gate (Prime). Greenport
and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Near New Haven, rare.
Fort Macon, Xortli Carolina (Yarrow).

I have seen but few specimens of this shell, and am not fully satisfied
that it is distinct from the preceding. Its color is not constant, some
specimens being pale straw-color, others purplish. Mr. Prime originally
described it as white.

[683] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 389

CYPRINA ISLANDICA Lamarck. Plate XXVIII, fig. 201. (p. 508.)

Aniinaux sans Vert., eel. ii, vol. vi, p. 290 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 82 ; ed. ii, p. 443.
Venus Islandica Linue, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1131.

Eastern end of Long Island to the Arctic Ocean ; on the northern
European coasts southward to England. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms,
sandy mud ; off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, 19 fathoms, soft mud ;
common in Casco Bay, 10 to 80 fathoms j Bay of Fun'dy, C to 90 fath
oms ; Saint George's Bank, 45 fathoms; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Scan
dinavia, Scotland, England, Sicily, and other parts of Europe, In
North America it appears not to have been found fossil hitherto, and it
must, therefore, be rare in our northern Post- Pliocene or glacial de
posits, if not altogether absent.

OAKDIUM PINNULATUIVI Conrad. Plate XXIX, fig. 209. (p. 505.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. i, vol. vi, p. 260, Plate 11, fig. 8,
1831; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 90, fig. 57 ; ed. ii, p. 141, fig. 452.

Long Island Sound to Southern Labrador. Near New Haven, Connec
ticut, rare ; Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, 4 to 12 fathoms, common ;
very common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Eundy, and
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 2 to 80 iathoins. Labrador, south of Straits of
Belle Isle (Packard). Huntington, Gardiner's and Peconic Bays, Long
Island (S. Smith.) Off New London, Connecticut, (coll. T. M. Prudden).

Eossii in the Post-Pliocene of New Brunswick.

L^viCARDimi MORTONI. Plate XXIX, fig. 208. (p. 358.)

Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 150, 1869. Cardlum Moiioni Con
rad, op. cit., vol. vi, p. 259, Plate 10, figs. 5,6,7; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 91;
Liovardiiim Morton i Stimpson, Check-List, p. 2, 1850 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
143, fig. 453.

Florida and northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod ;
rare and local farther north. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, Vineyard Sound, and about Nantucket. Dartmouth Lakes, Hal
ifax, Nova Scotia (Willis, t. Gould). West Florida (Jewett). Fort Macon
(Coues). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Serripes Groiilandicm Beck (Aphrodite Gronlandica Stimpson ; Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 144, fig. 454). This species wasrecorded as from Storiing-
ton, Connecticut, by Linsley, but has not since been found south of Cape
Cod, and must, therefore, be regarded as a doubtful inhabitant of our
waters. It occurs from Massachusetts Bay to the Arctic Ocean, but is
rare south of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Labrador. Casco Bay
and Mount Desert, Maine, 8 to 30 fathoms, rare, (A. E. V.).

CYCLOCARDIA BOREALIS Conrad. Plate XXIX, fig. 210. (p. 418.)

Ainer. Jouru. Concliology, vol. iii, p. 191, 1867. Cardita ~borcalis Conrad, Amer.
Mar. Conch., p. 39, Plate 8, fig. 1, 1831 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 94, fig. 59 ; ed. ii,
p. 146, fig. 455. Actinoboliis lorcalis H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 487, 1858.

390 • EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6S4]

(?) Venericardia crlbraria Say, Arner. Condi., Part v, cover, 1832 ; Binney's Say,
p. '205. (?) Venericardia granulata Say, Jour. A. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol.
iv, p. 142, Plate 12, fig. 1. Cardita granulata Conrad, Fossils of Medial Tert.
of U. S., p. 13, Plate 7, fig. 1.

Xew Jersey to Labrador. Common in the deeper parts of Vineyard
Sound, near its month, and off Gay Head and Buzzard's Bay, 10 to 25
fathoms; off Block Island, 29 fathoms ; very common in Casco Bay, Bay
of Fuudy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 3 to 80 fathoms. Sandy Hook,
and Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith). Off Xew London, Connecticut
(T. M. Pradden). Saint George's Bank, 25 to 65 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).
Straits of Belle Isle, 50 fathoms; Chateau Bay, 50 fathoms ; Long Island,
Labrador, 15 fathoms, (Packard). A species,. regarded as identical by
Dr. Carpenter, occurs on the North Pacific coast of America as far south
as Catalina Island, and on the northeast coast of Asia.

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island; IsTantucket and Point
Shirley, Massachusetts ; and Labrador. The Miocene form, C. granu
lata (Say, sp.) is very closely allied to this, if not identical. It is found
in Virginia and Maryland.

CYCLOCARDIA XOYANGLI^G Morse. Plate XXIX, fig. 215. (p. 418.)

Actinobolus (Cyclocardia) Nova-anglice Morse, First Annual Report of Trustees
of Peabody Acad. of Science, Salem, p. 76, cut, 1889. Cyclocardia Nomng-
lice Verrill, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 211, 1872.

Connecticut to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Mouth of Vineyard Sound
and off Gay Head, 10 to 25 fathoms ; Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy,
3 to 40 fathoms, not uncommon. Off New London, Connecticut (T. M.
Prudden).

ASTARTE UNDATA Gould. Plate XXIX, fig. 203. (p. 508.)

Invert., ed. i, p. 80, fig. 46, 1841 (provisional name); Philippi, Abbildungen uud
Beschr. neuer oder wenig gek. Conch., vol. ii, p. 1, Plate l,fig. 1, 1850; Verrill,
Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Crasina latisulca Hanley, Recent
Shells, p. 87, Plate 14, fig. 35, 1843. Astarte sulcata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 78,
fig. 46, 1841 (not of European writers) ; ed. ii, p. 119, fig. 432 (poor figure;
from an old, deformed shell).

Var. lutea= Astarte lutea Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 150,
figure, 1869.

Long Island Sound to the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Law
rence. Off Gay Head and Buzzard's Bay, and in the deeper parts of
Vineyard Sound, 8 to 25 fathoms, common ; off Block Island, 29 fath
oms: very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 5 to 100 fathoms;
Saint George's Bank, 20 to 85 fathoms. Off New London, Connecticut,
(T. M. Prudden). Southern part of Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Whit-
eaves). Var. lutea occurs rarely near New Haven (Perkins) ; and more
frequently off Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, 8 to 19 fathoms, with
the ordinary varieties. It resembles the European sulcata more than the
common or typical varieties do, but passes insensibly into the ordinary
forms. The shells referred to undata, by Dawson and Whiteaves, from

[685] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 391

Gaspe, Canada, are not this species, but a short variety of A. clliptica.
The latter is a much more northern shell, and I have dredged but one
specimen on the STew England coast (off Casco Bay, 65 fathoms).

Fossil at Point Shirley, Massachusetts, in the Post-Pliocene, (Stimp-
sou, as A. sulcata) ; and at Gardiner's Island (S. Smith).

ASTARTE CASTANEA Say. Plate XXIX, fig. 204. (p. 432.)

American Conchology, Part i, 1830, Plate 1 ; Biimey's Say, p. 150, Plate 1 ; Gould,
Invert., ed. i, p. 76, fig. 45; ed. ii, p. 117, fig. 431. Venus castanea Say, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 273, 1822 j Binuey's Say, p. 98. Crassina
castanea Lamarck, Aninl. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p. 258 ; Hanley, Recent
Shells, p. 88, Plate 9, fig. 27.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Nova Scotia. Common on the
shores of Long Island, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Cape Cod ;
Long Island Sound, not very common ; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 5 to 20 fathoms, frequent 5 Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 5 to 20
fathoms, not common. Massachusetts Bay, abundant, (t. Gould). Saint
George's Bank, 25 to 40 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Halifax and Sable
Island, Nova Scotia (Willis). Off Cape Sable, Nova Scotia (A. E. V.)-
Oft' New London, Connecticut (T. M. Prudden). Fossil in the Post-
Pliocene at Nantucket and Point Shirley, Massachusetts.

ASTARTE QUADRANS Gould. Plate XXIX, fig. 205. (p. 509.)

Invert., ed. i, p. 81. fig. 48, 1841; ed. ii, p. 123, fig. 434 ; Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci.,
vol. iii, p. 287, 1872. Astarte Portlandica Miguels, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist.,
vol. iv, pp. 320, 345, Plate 16, fig. 2, 1843 (variety) ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
127, fig. 441.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Mouth of Vine
yard Sound, and off Martha's Vineyard, 19 to 25 fathoms, rare ; Massa
chusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, in G to 40 fathoms, not un
common. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Gulf of Saint Lawrence
(Whiteaves).

Var. Portlandica occurs, with intermediate forms, in Casco Bay and
Bay of Fundy, 10 to 25 fathoms, not common.

GOULDIA MACTRACEA Gould. Plate XXIX, figs. 20G, 207. (p. 418.)

Invert., ed. ii, p. 128, fig. 442, 1870. Astarte mactracea Linsley, Amer. Jour. Sci.,
vol. xlviii, p. 275 (figure), 1845 ; Gould, op. cit., ser. ii, vol. vi, p. 233, figs. 1.
2, 1848. (?) Astarte lunulata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol.
vii, p. 151, 1837 ; Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of the U. S., p. 45, Plate 21, fig.
8, 1840; Gouldia lunulata Conrad, Catal. of Miocene Shells, in Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. xiv, p. 578, 1862.

Florida and northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod.
Common, living, and of large size, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, especially at Wood's Hole, 3 to 10 fathoms. Stonington, in
stomach of cod (Linsley). Huntington and Greenport, Long Island
(S. Smith). Off New London, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Prudden). Fort
Macon (Cones). South Carolina (Kurtz). West Florida (E.. Jewett).
Tampa Bay (Conrad).

392 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [686]

Fossil (G. lunulata] in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina;
in the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and in the Miocene of Maryland and
Virginia. The fossil shell is probably identical with the recent one, but
I have not had suitable specimens of the former for comparison; if
identical, the species should be called G. lunulata.

LUCINA FILOSA Stimpson. Plate XXIX, fig. 212. (p. 509.)

Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 98, fig. 404. Lu-
cina radula Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 69 (non Montagu, sp.). ? Luc'ina contracta,
Say, Jour. Acad.Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iv, p. 145, Plate 10, fig. 8 ; Conrad,
Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of U. S., p. 40, Plate 20, fig. 5, 1840.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Maine. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy
mud ; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud ; Casco Bay and Portland
Harbor. Stonington (Linsley). Boston Harbor (Stimpson). Phillip's
Beach (Holder). Rhode Island (Conrad, as L. contracta).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island (S. Smith). L. con
tracta occurs in the Miocene of Virginia ; it was formerly regarded by
Conrad as identical with the recent shell from Rhode Island, but is
probably a distinct, though closely-allied species. Mr. Jeffreys identi
fied this species with L. borcalis (Linue) of Europe; the latter is also
found on the Pacific coast at Vancouver Island and Catalina Island
(Cooper and P. P. Carpenter).

CYCLAS DENTATA. Plate XXIX, fig. 211. (p. 418.)

Lucina dentata Wood, General Couchology, p. 195, Plate 46, fig. 7, 1815 ; Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 99, fig. 45. Lucina divaricata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 70, (non
Linn6, sp). Lucina strigilla Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851.

Brazil and West Indies to Cape Cod. Not uncommon, dead, but rarely
obtained living, in Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms. Coney Island (S.
Smith). Nantucket (Gould). St. George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Fort Ma-
con, North Carolina, abundant, (Cones, Yarrow). Georgia (Couper).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Florida; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. The same, or a closely-
related species, (L. Gonradi D'Orb., Prod., iii, p. 117, 2194, t. Conrad, in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 18G2, p. 577=Z. divaricata Conrad, Fossils
of Med. Tert., p. 38, Plate 20, fig. 3) occurs in the Miocene of Virginia.

CRYPTODON GOULDII Adams. Plate XXIX, fig. 213. (p. 509.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 470, 1858 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 100, fig.
406. Lucina Gouldii Philippi, Zeitscb. f. Malak., 1845, p. 74 (t. Gould).
Thyasira Gouldli Stimpson, Shells of New Eng., p. 17, 1851. Lucina flexuosa
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 71, fig. 52 (non Montagu, sp.).

Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Block
Island, 29 fathoms ; Buzzard's Bay, C fathoms, mud ; common in Mas
sachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 5 to GO fathoms, muddy
and sandy. Nova Scotia (Willis). Gaspe, Canada (Whiteaves). Mur
ray Bay (Dawsou). Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 20 to 300 fathoms (White-

[637] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 393

aves). Greenland (Morch). Labrador, 15 to 50 fathoms, (Packard). Fos
sil iu the Post-Pliocene at Montreal, rare, (Dawson) ; Brunswick, Maine
(Packard).

Possibly some of the Gnlf of Saint Lawrence specimens may belong
to the following species.

CRYPTODON OBESUS Yerrill. Plate XXIX, fig. 214. (p. 509.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, pp. 211, 237, Plate 7, fig. 2, 1872.

Shell white, irregularly and rather coarsely concentrically striated,
much swollen in the middle; the transverse diameter nearly equal to
the length 5 the height considerably exceeding the length. The beaks
are prolonged and turned strongly to the anterior side. The lunular
area is rather large and sunken, somewhat flat, in some cases separated
by a slight ridge into an inner and an outer portion. Anterior border
with a prominent rounded angle ; ventral margin prolonged and round
ed in the middle ; posterior side with two strongly-developed flexures,
separated by deep grooves. Interior of shell with radiating grooves,
most conspicuous toward the ventral edge.

Length of the largest specimen, 15mm; height, 18inm ; thickness, 13mm.
The smaller specimens have about the same proportions.

Six single valves, some of them quite fresh, were obtained off Xo-
m an's Laud at different localities. They were all right valves, and the
smallest was 12.5mm of an inch in height. The specimen from Labrador
agrees nearly in form and structure, and is only 5.75imu in height and
5mm in length.

This species appears to be more nearly related to C. flexuosus of Eu
rope than to C. Gouldii. The European species is nearly intermediate
between the two American shells in form; but judging from the speci
mens that I have had opportunities to examine, the three forms ought
to be kept distinct, C. Gouldii is a thinner and more delicate shell,
more rounded, relatively much longer, and is seldom more than 6min to
7mm in breadth.

Block Island to Labrador. East of Block Island, in 29 fathoms, fine
sandy mud ; off' Gay Head, 19 fathoms, mud; Casco Bay, GO fathoms,
mud. Labrador (Packard). East of Saint George's Bank, 430 fath
oms (S. I. Smith).

Turtonia minuta Stimpson.

Sbells of New England, p. 16, 1851 (uon Alder, Forbes and Hauley, etc.); Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 85, fig. 395. Venus minuta Fabricins, Fauna Gronlandica, p.
412, 1780. Tarionia nitida Verrill, Anier. Journ. of Sci. vol. iii, p. 286, Plate 7,
figs. 4, 4rc, 1872.

Massachusetts Bay to Greenland. Common under stones and in rocky
pools at low-water, in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay. Although
this species has not yet been found south of Cape Cod, so far as I am
aware, it will probably be found hereafter on the more exposed rocky
shores, as at Point Judith, Watch Hill, or on some of the outer islands-

394 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [688]

The American specimens of this shell differ so widely in form, and
especially in the structure of the hinge, from all the European speci
mens with which I have compared them, as well as from the descrip
tions and figures, that I cannot regard them as identical. Dr. Gould has
well defined the form and external characters of our shell. I have seen
no European specimens so elongated in form as the American examples
seen by me invariably are, but depend less on the external form than on
the structure of the hinge for distinguishing them. (See the greatly en
larged figure in the Anier. Journal of Science).

Having had opportunities to study northern specimens of this shell,
since I gave it the name nitida, I have become fully satisfied that the
original shell described by Eabricius is identical with the American
species, rather than with the European. His description corresponds
well with our best specimens. The European species, if, as I believe,
distinct from ours, should, therefore, retain the name T. purpurea (Mon
tagu, sp. )j and minuta should be restored to the American form.

KELLIA PLANULATA Stimpson. Plate XXX, fig. 22G. (p. 310.)

Shells of 'New England, p. 17, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 83, fig, 393. A'eUia
ndn-a Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 60, (non Montagu, sp.).

Long Island Sound to Greenland. Near New Haven, Connecticut, rare $
Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 1 to 8 fathoms, not common $ Casco
Bay ; Eastport, Maine, 8 to 15 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy. Montauk and
Greeuport, Long Island, low-water to G fathoms, mud 5 and Gull Island,
low-water, under stones, (S. Smith). Boston Harbor, 5 fathoms, shelly,
(Stimpson). Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Willis). Greenland (Morch).

MONTACUTA ELEVATA Stimpson. (p. 418.)

Shells of New England, p. 16, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii. p. 86, tig. 393. Mon-
tacuta l)ideniata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 59, 1841 (non Montagu, sp., 1803).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Savin Rock, near New
Haven, rare; Naushon Island, Vineyard Sound, rare. Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). New Bedford (Gould). Chelsea Beach (Stimpson).

LEPTON FABAGELLA Conrad.

Marine Conchology, p. 53, Plate 11, fig. 3,1831; Dekay, Nat. History of New
York, Mollusca, p. 243, Plate 32, fig. 307, A, B.

Khode Island (Conrad).

I have not seen specimens of this shell. It seems to be rare and little
known.

A closely-related species (L. mactroides Conrad, Fossils Medial Tert.,
p. 19, Plate X, fig. 5, 1839) is found in the Miocene of Maryland.

. SOLENOMYA VELUM Say. Plate XXIX, fig. 210. (p. 360.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Pliilad., vol. ii, p. 317, 1822 (Solemya); Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 35 : ed. ii, p. 48, fig. 371.

North Carolina to Nova Scotia. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; Long
Island Sound, near New Haven, low-water to 6 fathoms, not uncommon ;

[689] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 395

very common in Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 5 fathoms,
especially in soft mud, in coves ; Chelsea Beach, etc., Massachusetts Bay,
common ; Casco Bay, rare. Nova Scotia (Willis). Huntington and
Greenport, Long Island, rare, (S. Smith).

SOLENOMYA BOREALIS Totten.

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xxvi, p. 306, fig. 1, h, i, 1834 (Solemya borealis); Gould,
Invert., ed. i, p. 36 ; ed. ii, p. 50, fig. 372.

Connecticut to Nova Scotia. Newport, Rhode Island (Totten). Chelsea
and Nahant, Massachusetts (Gould). Casco Bay and Portland Harbor
rare ; Vineyard Sound, at Cnttyhunk Island, rare. Stoningtou, Connec
ticut (Linsley).

This species may prove to be only the mature state of the preceding,
but I have never seen specimens intermediate in character.

YOLDIA LIMATULA Stiinpson. Plate XXX, fig. 232. (p. 432).

Shells of New England, p. 9, 1851 ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548,
Plate 126, figs. 5, 56, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 154, fig. 462. Nitcula
limatula Say, Amer. Conch., ii, Plate 12, middle figures, 1831 ; Gould, Invert.,
p. 98, fig. 62. Leda limatula Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 10, 1851.

North Carolina to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island
Sound 5 Buzzard's Bay; Vineyard Sound; Casco Bay, in 2 to 12 fathoms,
soft mud ; less common in the Bay of Fundy, 4 to 30 fathoms. Beaufort,
North Carolina (Stimpson, Cones). Huntiugton and Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). Nova Scotia (Willis). The specimens from Long
Island Sound are as large and fine as the northern ones.

Fossil iii the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Virginia, North and South
Carolina; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. An allied species ( Y
Icevis Say, sp., Conrad) occurs in the Miocene of Maryland and Sonth
Carolina.

Yoldia myalls Stimpson ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 1GO, fig. 4C7 ; Nuculci
myalls Couthouy, 1838. This is often confounded with Y. limatida, though
quite distinct. It is a more arctic species, ranging from Massachusetts
Bay to the Arctic Ocean and Spitzbergeu, but it has not been found
south of Cape Cod, so far as known to me. The shells reported as such,
that I have seen, are Y. limatula. Gould reports the latter as from Nord-
land (McAndrew), but we suspect that Y. myalls or Y. sapotilla may
have been, in this case, mistaken for Y. limatula.

YOLDIA SAPOTILLA Stimpson, 1851. Plate XXX, fig. 231. (p. 509.) .

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 159, fig. 466.
Nucula sapotilla Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 100, fig. 61, 1841 ; Hanley, Eecent
Shells, p. 170, Plate 20, fig. 3. Leda ( Yoldia) sapotilla Stimpson, Shells of New
England, p. 10, 1851. Yoldia arctica Morch, op. cit., p. 93, 1857 (t. Dawson,
from specimen ; non Y. arctica Sars).

Long Island to the Arctic Ocean, comparatively rare and local, chiefly
in deep water, south of Cape Cod. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud ;
off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms, sand; east of Block Island, 29 fathoms,
27 V

39 G EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [690]

fine sandy mud; common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fuudy, 4 to 100
fathoms, mud. Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Massachusetts
Bay (Gould). Nova Scotia (Willis). Labrador (Packard). Greenland
(Morch).

This species seems to be unknown among our Post-Pliocene shells.
Having examined several hundred specimens from many different local
ities and depths, I am satisfied that it is perfectly distinct from Y. lima-
tula, with which certain writers are inclined to unite it.

Yoldia Gouldii.

Nncula Gonldii DeKay, Nat. Hist. New York, Mollusca, p. 180, Plate 13, fig.
•221, 1843.

This was originally described by Dekay as from Long Island Sound.
I have seen no specimens corresponding with the description in all
respects. It is, perhaps, a short variety of Y. sapotilla.

YOLDIA OBESA Stimpson, 1851. (p. 509.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548, 1858 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p, 155, fig.
463. Leda obesa Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 13, 1851 ;
Shells of New England, p. 10, Plate 2, fig. 1, 1851. Nncula navicularis Mighels,
Boston Journal Nat. History, p. 323, 1843 (non Couthouy, Gould).

Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. East of Block Island, 29
fathoms, rare ; Casco Bay and off Cape Elizabeth, 30 to 95 fathoms ;
Bay of Fundy, 40 to 100 fathoms, rare ; near Saint George's Bank, 110
and 150 fathoms (Packard). Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson).

YOLDIA THRACIFORMTS Stimpson, 1851. (p. 509.)

Smithsonian Check-List, p. 2, 1860; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548,
1858 (thracifeformis) ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 157, fig. 465 ; Morch, op. cit., p.
21, 1857. Nucula thracicrformis Storer, Boston Jour. Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 122,
figure, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 97, fig. 66. Leda thracAccformis Stimpson,
Shells of New England, p. 9, 1851. Nucula navicularis Couthouy, Boston Journ.
Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 178, Plate 4, fig. 4, 1839, (young) ; Gould, Invert., ed. i,
p. 103. Yoldia angularis Moller, op. cit., p. 92, 1842 (t. Morch).

Long Island to Greenland. Off Fire Island, south of Long Island, in
10 fathoms; and off Eace Point, Cape Cod, in 30 fathoms, (Stimpsou).
Not uncommon, and of large size, in Casco Bay, 15 to 95 fathoms; and
Bay of Fundy, 10 to 100 fathoms ; near Saint George's Bank, 85 fath
oms (Packard).

LEDA TENUISULCATA Stimpson. (p. 509.)

Shells of New England, p. 10, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 161, fig. 468. Nucula
tenuisulcata Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 64, Plate 3, fig. 8, 1838.
Nucula minuta Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 101, 1841 (non Fabricius, sp).

Rhode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Massachusetts
Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, G to 80 fathoms. Nova Scotia
(Willis). Newport, Rhode Island (t. S. Smith). Southern part of the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence ( Whiteaves). Particularly abundant in Eastport
Harbor, 10 to 30 fathoms ; Saint George's Bank and vicinity, 40 to 150

[691] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 397

fathoms (Smith, Packard). Fossil in. the Post-Pliocene at Saco and
Portland, Maine (Packard) 5 ? Canada (Dawson, as L.pemitla, var).

NUCULA PROXIMA Say. Plate XXX, fig. 230. (p. 418.)

Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philacl., vol. ii, p. 270, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p.
103, fig. 63 ; ed. ii, p. 150, fig. 458.

South Carolina to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island
Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Vineyard Sound, 2 to 19 fathoms ; off Buz
zard's Bay and Block Island, 25 to 29 fathoms 5 common in Massachu
setts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 4 to 80 fathoms ; very abun
dant in Trenton Bay, Mount Desert, Maine, 10 fathoms, soft mud.
Nova Scotia (Willis). Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Cones). Long Island, abundant, (S. Smith). Fossil
in the Post -Pliocene of North and South Carolina; in the Pliocene of
South Carolina ; and in the Miocene of Maryland and South Carolina.

NUCULA DELPHINODONTA Mighels. Plate XXX, fig. 229. (p. 509.)

Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 40, Plate 4, fig. 5, 1842 ; Gould, Invert., ed.

11, p. 153, fig. 461. Nucula corticata Moller, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. iv>
p. 90, 1842. ? Xucula radiata Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Moll., p. 179, Plate

12, fig. 216, 1843.

Ehode Island to Greenland. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms ; off
Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; Massachusetts Bay, common; Casco
Bay, 6 to 95 fathoms, common ; Frenchman's Bay, Mount Desert, com
mon; Bay of Fundy and Eastport Harbor, 10 to 100 fathoms, mud,
common ; Nova Scotia (Willis) ; Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves).
Greenland (Moller, Morch). Northern Europe (t. Jeffreys).

Nucula tennis Turtou (Montagu, sp.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i., p. 105, fig. 64; ed. ii, p. 149, fig. 457.

This species was recorded as from cod-stomachs, at Stonington, Con
necticut, but was not met with by us. Its occurrence south of Cape Cod
needs confirmation. It is an arctic species ; common in Casco Bay and the
Bay of Fundy, in 10 to 100 fathoms, mud ; and northward to the Arctic
Ocean. Also on the northern coasts of Europe, south to Great Britain.
It is also found in the Post-Pliocene of New England and Canada.

SCAPHARCA TRANSVERSA. Plate XXX, fig. 228. (p. 309.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 533, 1858. Area transversa Say, Jour. Acad .
Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 269, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 98; ed. ii, p.
148, fig. 456a.

Florida to Cape Cod. Long Island Sound, near New Haven, low-water
to 8 fathoms; Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, 2 to 10 fathoms;
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, 1 fathom. Nautucket (Gould). Long
Island, abundant; Greenport, 3 to 10 fathoms (S. Smith). Fprt Macon,
North Carolina (Cones). South Carolina (Kurtz). Georgia (Conper).

398 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [692]

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Nan tucket, Gardiner's Island, Virginia,
North and South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Virginia and North
Carolina. According to Gould, found fossil at Provincetown, Massa
chusetts, in an artesian boring, 120 to 200 feet beneath the surface,
(Post-Pliocene ?)

ARGINA PEXATA Gray. Plate XXX, fig. 227. (p. 309.)

Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1847; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 540, Plate
125, figs. 7, la, 1858. ArcapexataSa,y, Jour. Aoad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ii
1). 268, 1822 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 95, fig. 60 ; ed. ii, p. 147, fig. 456.

Florida and northern shores of Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod; rare
and local farther north, in Massachusetts Bay. Very common in Long
Island Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms ; Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard
Sound ; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. On beach at Provincetown,
Massachusetts (S. 1. Smith). Staten Island and Long Island, abun
dant (S. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Yarrow). Georgia
.(Couper). West Florida (Jewett). Texas (Roemer).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island (!) (S. Smith) ; in the
Miocene of South Carolina.

ARCA PONDEROSA Say.

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 267, 1822; Binney's Say, p. 92.

This species occurs on the beach at Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard,
associated with the other common sand-dwelling shells of that region.
The valves are apparently tolerably fresh, though worn, and no fossil
shells have been found in that vicinity. It occurs in the same way on
*the southern side of Long Island, near Fire Island (S. I. Smith and S-
Smith). But I am not aware that it has been found living north of
Cape Hatteras ; nevertheless, it may occur locally in shallow water off
shore. The specimens found may possiblyhave been washed out from
submerged Post-Pliocene deposits.

It is found living at Fort Macon, North Carolina, and southward to
the Gulf of Mexico.

HETEROMYARIA.

MYTILUS EDULIS Linne. Plate XXXI, fig. 234. (pp. 307, 432.)

Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1157, 1767 ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 121, fig. 82 ; ed.
ii. p. 183, figs. 483, 484. Mytilus borealis Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii,
vol. vii, p. 46; Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,Moll., p. 182, Plate 13, fig. 222, Plate
24, fig. 256. Mytilus pellucidus Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. iv, p. 237, Plate 66, fig.
3, (t. Gould) = variety pellucidus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 184, fig. 484. Mytilus
notatus Dekay, op. cit., p. 182, Plate 13, fig. 223, 1843.

'Circumpolar : Arctic Ocean south to North Carolina, on the American
•coast; south to Great Britain, France, and the Mediterranean and
Black Seas, on the European coast ; south to Monterey and San Fran
cisco, on the North Pacific coast; south to China and Japan, on the
Asiatic coast. Very abundant in Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Long

[693] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 399

Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay,
Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy (littoral to 50 fathoms), and northward. Fort
Macon, North Carolina (Coues),

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Greenland, Labrador, Canada, Lake
Champlain, Maine, New Brunswick, Point Shirley, Massachusetts,
and Saint John's River, Florida ; in the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia,
Bussia, and Great Britain 5 in the Bed Crag and all later formations in
England.

MODIOLA MODIOLTJS Turton. Plate XXXI, fig. 237. (p. 309.)

British Bivalves, p. 199, Plate 15, fig. 3, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 123; eel.
ii, p. 186, fig. 485 ; Dekay, op. cit., p. 185, Plate 24, fig. 257. Mytilns modiolus
Linne", Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1158. (f)Modiola papuana Lamarck, Anim.sans
Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 17 ; Say, Amer. Conch., Plate 45.

Circumpolar : Greenland southward to New Jersey ; on the European
coast from Spitsbergen southward to Great Britain and France ; in the
North Pacific southward to Monterey, California, on the American
coast ; and southward to Northern Japan on the Asiatic coast. Long
Island Sound, not very common ; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay,
not abundant 5 common in Massachusetts Bay ; abundant in Casco Bay
and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 80 fathoms. Stateu Island and Long
Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Massa
chusetts, Montreal, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, Sicily, etc. ; in the Cor-
aliue Crag, Bed Crag, and later formations in England.

MODIOLA PLICATULA Lamarck. Plate XXXI, fig. 238. (p. 307.)

Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, 1819 ; ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 22 ; Gould, ed. i, p. 125, fig. 81 ; ed. ii,
p. 188, fig. 486 ; Dekay, op. cit., p. 184, Plate 14, fig. 253 ; Hauley, Recent Shells,
p. 240. Mytilns plicatus Deshayes, Encyclop. Meth., Plate 220, fig. 5 ; Stimpsou,
Shells of New England, p. 12. Modiola semicosta Conrad, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philad., vol. vii, p. 244, Plate 20, fig. 7, (t. Gould). Mytilus demissus Dillyn,
Catal. Recent Shells, vol. i, p. 314 ft. Gould). Braoliydonies plicatiilus H. and
A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 517 ; Perkins, op. cit., p. 156.

Georgia, to Casco Bay, Maine ; more rare and local farther north ;
in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and on the coast of
Nova Scotia ; nor observed on the coast of Maine east of the Kennebeck
Eiver, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Very abundant at Egg Harbor, New
Jersey, Long Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Vineyard Sound ; less
abundant in Massachusetts Bay, near Salem, Massachusetts, etc.; local in
sheltered muddy coves about Casco Bay and Quahog Bay, Maine. Mouth
of the Kennebeck Eiver (C. B. Fuller). Prince Edward's Island (Daw-
son). Nova Scotia (Willis). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues).
Georgia (Couper).

MODIOLA IIAMATUS Yerrill. (pp. 374. 475.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 7, fig. 3, 1872. Mylihis hamatns
Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 265, 1822; American Con-
chology, Plate 50; Binney's Say, pp. 91, 204, Plate 50. Aulacomya Jiamatus
Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 513. Bracliydontes hamatus Perkins, op. cit., p. 156, 1869.

Long Island Sound to Florida, and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico

400 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [694]

to VeraCruz. New Haven, common on oysters, lining, but perhaps intro
duced from Virginia. New York Harbor, on oysters, (S. Smith). Fort
Macon, North Carolina (Yarrow). Georgia (Couper). Tampa Bay, Flor
ida (Conrad, Jewett). Texas (Rosmer). Near Vera Cruz (coll. T. Salt, in
Yale museum).
MODIOLARIA NIGRA Loven. Plate XXXI, fig. 236. (p. 433.)

6'fvers. af Eongl. Vet.-Akacl., Forhandl., vol. iii, p. 187, 1846 ; Morch, Naturhist.
Bidrag, Grouland, p. 93, 1857; H. and A.Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 515, 1858 ;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 190, figs. 487, 488. Modiola nigra Gray, Appendix to
Parry's Voyage, p. 244, 1824 ; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 242. Mytilus discrepans
Stirapson, Shells of New England, p. 12, 1851 (not of European authors).
Modiola nexa Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 128, fig. 86 (young).

Circumpolar : Greenland, southward to Long Island ; Spitzbergen,
southward to Great Britain and Holland; Behring's Straits, southward
to Okhotsk. Not uncommon and of good size in Vineyard Sound, 10
to 15 fathoms, off Gay Head, etc. ; common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, of large size, low- water to 60 fathoms ; Stouiugton, Connecticut,
in stomach of cod, (Linsley).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, Canada, Labrador, and Northern
Europe.
MODIOLARIA DISCORS Beck.

Love"n, Ofvers. af Kongl.Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., vol. iii, p. 187, 1846 ; Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 83, figs. 489, 490. Mytilus discors Linne", Syst. Nat., ed. xii,p. 1159;
Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 12, (wow Gould, ed. i). Mytilus discrepans
Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 169. Modiola discrepans Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed.
ii, vol. vii, p. 23; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 129, fig. 83. Modiola laevigata Gray,
Appendix to Parry's Second Voyage, p. 245. Mytilus lemgatus Stiinpson, Shells
of New England,, p. 12. Modiolaria Icevigata Loven, op. cit., p. 187, 1846; Stiinp-
son, Check-List, p. 2, 1860 ; this Report, p. 509.

Circumpolar: Greenland, southward to Long Island; Einmark,
southward to Great Britain; Behring's Straits, southward to Puget
Sound. Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to
100 fathoms; not uncommon in Massachusetts Bay; rare and local
south of Cape Cod. Saint George's Bank and vicinity, common, (S. I.
Smith, Packard). Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, rare, (S. Smith). North
of Hebrides, in 530 fathoms, (t. Jeffreys).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Greenland, and Northern
Europe. I am unable to separate M. Iccvigata, as a species, from the
ordinary New England form, usually referred to M. discors, the differ
ences being due chiefly to age. The common European form of discors
shows more differences, but is probably only a dwarf variety of the
same species.
MODIOLARIA CORRUGATA Morch. Plate XXXI, fig. 235. (p. 509.)

Op. cit., p. 94, 1857; Stimpson, Check-List, Smithsonian lust., p. 2, 1860; Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 193, fig. 491. Mytilus corrugatus Stimpson, Shells of New
England, p. 12, 1851. Mytilus discors Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 130, fig. 84 (non
Linu6, sp.).

Long Island to Greenland and Northern Europe. Off Martha's Vine-

[695] INYERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 401

yard and Buzzard's Bay, 20 to 25 fathoms, rare; Casco Bay, 15 to 95
fathoms, Dot common ; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 100 fathoms, frequent.
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith, A. S. Packard). Gardiner's Bay, 5
fathoms, one specimen, (S. Smith). Off New London, Connecticut (T.
M. Prudden). Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Whiteaves). Murray Bay
(Dawson). Nova Scotia (Willis). Labrador (Packard). Arctic Ocean,
near Behring's Straits, 30 fathoms, (Stimpson, N. P. Expl. Exp.,
t. Gould).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson).

CRENELLA GLANDULA Adams. Plate XXXI, fig. 233. (p. 418.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 515, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 194, fig.
492. Modlola (jlandula Totten, American Journal Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi,
p. 367, figs. 3, e, f, g, 1834; Gonld, Invert., ed. i, p. 131, fig. 87 (pars). Mijtilus
decussatus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 11, 1851, (non Montagu, sp.) ;
Dekay, op. cit., p. 186, Plate 22, fig. 248.

Connecticut to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard
Sound, 5 to 15 fathoms, not uncommon ; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft
mud ; off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud ; common in Massa
chusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 3 to 60 fathoms. Halifax
(Willis). Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Gaspe (Whiteaves). Gardiner's
Bay, Long Island (S. Smith). Stonington (Linsley). Off New London,
Connecticut (T. M. Prudden). Sandy Hook, New Jersey (Fergu
son). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Montreal, Canada (Dawson). A
related species, C. cequilaterata Conrad (H. C. Lea, sp.) occurs in the
Miocene of Virginia.

This species was undoubtedly confounded with C. decussata (Montagu,
sp.) by both Gould and Stimpson. The genuine decussata is quite com
mon in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and is
usually associated in those waters with C. glandula. It is a northern,
and common European species, and is also recorded from the North
Pacific coast of America by Dr. P. P. Carpenter. It also occurs in
Greenland (Morch).

MONOMYARIA.

PECTEN IRRADIANS Lamarck. Plate XXXII, fig. 238. (p. 374.)

Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, 1819 ; ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 143; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 199,
fig. 496. Pecten concentricus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philacl., vol. ii, p.
259,1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 134, fig. 88; Dekay, op. cit., p. 172, Plate 9,
fig. 205.

Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Coxl ;
rare and local farther north in Massachusetts Bay ; and Nova Scotia
(Willis). Very common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, shores of
Long Island and Connecticut, New Jersey, and southward. Tampa
Bay, Florida (Conrad, E. Jewett). Texas (Kcerner).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina and Tampa Bay,
Florida ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of

402 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [696]

Maryland. Dug up from beneath the mud in the harbor of Portland,
Maine, in a semi fossil state by the mud-dredging machines (Fuller).

PECTEN ISLANDICUS Chemnitz.

Conch., vii, p. 304, Plate 65, figs. 615, 616, 17S4, (t. Gould) ; Lamarck, op. cit., ed.
ii, vol. vii, p. 145; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 133, fig. 87; ed. ii, p. 198, fig. 495.
Oslrca Mandica Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., No. 2990, 1776 ; Fabricius, Fauna,
Gronl., p. 415, 1780. Pecten Pealii Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 12, Plate 2,
fig. 2, 1831.

Arctic Ocean south to Cape Cod, local and rare farther south; on the
northern European coasts, south to Bergen, Norway, and Great Britain.
Not uncommon and of good size in Casco Bay, 20 to 70 fathoms ; com
mon in the Bay of Fuudy, low-water to 100 fathoms. Saint George's
Bank, 40 to 65 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). More common farther north.
Stonington, Connecticut, in an eel-pot, (Linsley). I am not aware that
any one except Linsley has recorded it from the southern coast of New
England.

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine (abundant), New Brunswick,
Canada, Labrador, Greenland, Scandinavia, Denmark, Scotland, etc.
Naples (Jeffreys). Mr. Sanderson Smith reports fragments from Gard.
iner's Island.

PECTEN TENUICOSTATUS Mighels. (p. 509.)

Mighels and Adams, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 49, 1841 ; Boston
Journal of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 41, Plate 4, fig. 7, 1842 (young); Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 196, fig. 494. Pecten Magellanicus Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed.
ii, vol. vii, p. 134 (? non Gmeliii, sp.) ; Hauley, Recent Shells, p. 274 ; Gould, In
vert., ed. i, p. 132. Pecten fusciis Linsley, Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. i, vol. xlviii, p.
278, 1845; Gould, ser. ii,vol. vi, p. 235, fig. 6,1848 (young). Pecten brunneiis
Stimpson, Shells of New England, in errata, 1851.

New Jersey to Labrador. Eare and local south of Cape Cod. Not
uncommon in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay, 4 to 80 fathoms;
abundant in Frenchman's Bay, Mount Desert, Maine, in 3 to 10 fathoms ;
common in Passamaquoddy Bay and Bay of Fundy, 1 to 109 fathoms.
Saint George's Bank, 45 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Nova Scotia (Willis).
Labrador, 2 to 15 fathoms, (Packard). Off Block Island (Gould). Stoii-
ington, Connecticut, in cod stomachs, (Linsley, as P. fuscus). Coney
Island and Sandy Hook. New York (S. Smith).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene near Saint John, New Brunswick, and
Gardiner's Island, New York. A closely related species occurs in the
Miocene of Virginia.

ANOMIA GLABRA Yerrill. Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242, 242a. (p. 311.)

American Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Anomia ephippium (pars) Linne",
Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1150; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 138; ed. ii, p. 204, fig. 497.
Anomia clectrica Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 140; ed. ii, p. 205, fig. 499, adult, [non
Linnd.) Anomia squamula Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 140 ; ed. ii, p. 206, youug>
(non Linnd.)

Florida to Cape Cod ; rare and local farther north, in Massachusetts
Bay, Casco Bay, and on the southern coast of Nova Scotia, off Cape

[G97] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 403

Sable, S fathoms. Not observed on the eastern part of the coast of
Maine, nor in the Bay of Fuudy. Very common in Long Island Sound,
Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound; along both shores of Long Island;
New Jersey, and southward ; low-water to 12 fathoms. Southern part
of Saint George's Bank, 2(1 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina ; and in the
Pliocene of South Carolina.

Linue gave " Pennsylvania" as one of the localities for his A. ephippi-
unij and, therefore, probably confounded our shell with the European
species, as most subsequent writers have done. Gould has \vell described
our species in its different states, under the names quoted above, fig
ures 499 of the second edition (our figures 241, 242), represent the ordi
nary adult form, which is everywhere abundant on the southern shores
of New England. The specimens from Eastport, Maine, referred to A.
cphippium by Gould, were undoubtedly the smooth or squamose variety
of the following species.

ANOMIA ACTJLEATA Gmeliu. Plate XXXII, figs. 239, 240, 240a. (p.

495.)

Syst. Nat., p. 3346, 1790 ; Gould, Invert., eel. i, p. 139, fig. 90 ; ed. ii, p. 204, fig.

498.

Long Island to Labrador, and northern coasts of Europe. Off Ston-
iugtou, Connecticut, 4 to 5 fathoms rocky ; off Gay Head, 10 fathoms,
scarce ; very common in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and northward, low-
water to 80 fathoms. Greenport and Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith).

Varieties of this species occur frequently in the Bay of Fundy and
Casco Bay, in which the aculeate scales are more or less abortive, or
even entirely absent, leaving the surface either nearly smooth or irregu
larly squamose, but such varieties are easily distinguished from the
young of the preceding species.

This may possibly be a variety of the true epMppium of Europe, as
supposed by many writers, but 1 believe it to be perfectly distinct from
A. glabra.

OSTREA VIKGINIANA Lister, (pp. 310, 472.)

Favaime, Couch., Plate 41, fig C 2, 1780 (t. Gould) ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 136 ;
ed. ii, p. 202; Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Ostrea Virgin-
lea Graelin, Syst. Nat, p. 3336, 1790 ; Lamarck, Aniin. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii,
p. 225. Ostrca borealis Lamarck, op. cit., p. 220; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 137;
ed. ii, p. 203; Dekay, op. cit., p. 169, Plate 10, figs. 203, 204. Ostrea Canadensis
Brngniere, Encycl. Meth., Plate 180, figs. 1-3 ; Lamarck, op. cit., p. 226 ; Han-
ley, Recent Shells, p. 299.

Florida and the northen shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Massachu
setts Bay; local farther north, off Damariscotta, Maine, and in the
southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Prince Edward
Island, in Northumberland Straits, and Bay of Chaleur. Not found
along the eastern shores of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Abundant

404 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [698]

in tbe ancient Indian shell-heaps on the coast of Massachusetts, on the
islands in Casco Bay, and at Damariseotta. The shells, in a semi-fossil
state, have been dug up from deep beneath the mud in the harbor of
Portland, Maine, in large quantities, but native oysters appear to be
entirely extinct in Casco Bay. Very abundant in Long Island Sound ;
in the upper part of Buzzard's Bay ; rare and local in Vineyard Sound ;
very abundant on the shores of Maryland and Virginia. Mouth of
Saint John's Eiver, and in Tampa Bay, Florida (Conrad). Texas
(llcemer).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Point Shirley, Massachusetts, Nan-
tucket Island (abundant), Gardiner's Island ; in the Pliocene of South
Carolina ;" and in the Miocene of Virginia and South Carolina.

The occurrence of large quantities of oyster-shells beneath the har
bor mud at Portland, associated with Venus mereenaria, Pecten irradians,
Turbonilla interrupt^ and other southern species, now extinct in that
locality, and the occurrence of the first two species in the ancient In
dian shell-heaps, on some of the islands in Casco Bay, though not now
found living among the islands, indicates that the temperature of those
waters was higher at a former period than at present. These facts also
point to the most satisfactory explanation of the existence of numerous
southern shells, associated with the oyster and Venus mercenaria in the
southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, though not now found in
the intermediate waters, along the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of
Fuudy.

All the various forms of this species, upon which the several nominal
species, united above, have been based by Lamarck and others, often
occur together in the same beds in Long Island Sound, and may easily
be connected together by all sorts of intermediate forms. Even the
same specimen will often have the form of borealis in one stage of its
growth, and then will suddenly change to the Virginiana style, and,
perhaps, later still, will return to the form of borealis. Or these differ
ent forms may be assumed in reverse order. Great variations in the
number and size of the costa3 and undulations of the lower valve occur,
.both in different specimens from the same locality, and even in the
same specimen, at different stages of growth. All these variations
occur in precisely the same way in the shells taken from the ancient In
dian shell-heaps along our entire coast, from Florida to Maine.

TUN1CATA.
SACCOBRANGXHIA.
CiCXXA TENELLA Verrill. (p. 419.)

American Journal Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 99, figs. 12, 13, 1871. Ascidla tcnella
Stirnpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 228, 1853 ; luv. of Grand Manan, p.
20,1853; Binuey, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 24,1870. f Ascidia ocellata Ag.,
Proc. Arner. Assoc. for Adv. Sci., ii, p. 159, 1850 (description insufficient) ; Bin-
ney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 24, Plate 24, fig. 332, 1870.

Cape Cod to Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; rare and local south of Cape

[699] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 405

Cod. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Furidy, low-water to 100
fathoms. New Bedford, Massachusetts (L. Agassiz).

MOLGULA MANHATTENSIS Yerrill. Plate XXXIII, fig. 250. (pp. 311,

445.)

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. i, p. 54, Jan., 1871; Tellkainpf, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist.,
New York, vol. x, p. 83, 1872. Ascidia Manhattensis Dekay, Report on the Nat
ural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 259, 1843 ; Binney, in Gould's Inverte-
brata of Massachusetts, ecL ii, p. 25, 1870 (copied from Dekay). Ascidia
amphora Ag., MSS. ; Binney, op. cit., p. 25, Plate 24, fig. 333.

North Carolina to Casco Bay, Maine. Very common in Great Egg
Harbor, New Jersey, Long Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard
Sound, and Massachusetts Bay. Less common in Casco Bay. Great
South Bay, Long Island, abundant, (S. I. Smith).

MOLGULA PELLUCID A Verrill. (p. 426.)

Ainer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 289, Plate 8, fig. 2, 1872.

Body subglobular with a smooth, thin, pellucid test. Tubes termi
nal, contiguous, much swollen at base, long, divergent, tapering, reticu
lated within by longitudinal and circular white lines (muscular fibers).
Branchial aperture with six papilla. Intestine conspicuously visible
through the test ; stomach covered by deep orange-colored hepatic
glands. Ovaries large, whitish. Color of test, pale hyaline bluish 5
tubes toward the ends, dull neutral tint.

Diameter of the largest specimens about 25mm.

North Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Massachusetts Bay (L. Agas
siz). Long Island (Coll. Peabody Academy of Science). Bird Shoal
near Beaufort, North Carolina (Dr. H. C. Yarrow).

Mr. Biuney has published (Plate 22, figs. 315, 316) characteristic col
ored figures of this species under the name of M. producta (Stimpson),
which is a very different, sand-covered species.

MOLGULA PRODUCTA Stimpson. (p. 502.)

Proc. Boston Society Natural History, vol. iv, p. 229, 1852 ; Verrill, op. cit., p. 289,
Plate 8, fig. 6, 1872; Binney, in Gould, p. 21 (not the figures, which are
M. pellucida).

Off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms, sandy. Massachusetts Bay, low- water
to 6 fathoms, (Stimpson).

MOLGULA ARENATA Stimpson. Plate XXXIII, fig. 251. (p. 419.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 230, 1852 ; Biuney, in Gould, Invert., ed.
ii, p. 21 ; Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. iii, Plate 8, fig. 5, 1872.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven, 3 fathoms, sand ; Vineyard
Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 5 to 15 fathoms, sand and gravel. Nan-
tucket (Stimpson).

MOLGULA PAPILLOSA Verrill. (p. 495.)

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. i, p. 57, fig. 4, b, 1871 ; op. cit., vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 8, fig.

4, 1872.

Body free, nearly globular, or transversely suboval, usually slightly

406 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [700]

compressed laterally. Integument rather thin, translucent, the surface,
both of the tubes and body, entirely covered by particles of sand,
broken shells, foraminifera, etc., which adhere firmly. When cleaned
the whole surface is thickly covered with prominent granule-like papillaB
and numerous slender fibrous processes; the granules are most con
spicuous on the tubes, where they usually have a rusty color. The
tubes are long, subequal, and their bases are separated by a space usually
greater than their diameters ; they are quite divergent, both of them,
curving outward, the anal tube most abruptly. The branchial tube is
cylindrical, somewhat longer than the. anal, equal to or exceeding the
diameter of the body, the orifice surrounded by six rather long and
slender, conical, divergent papillaB. The anal tube often bends suddenly
outward, tapers slightly, and has a small square aperture, surrounded
by a circle of dull reddish brown. In contraction the tubes are not re
tracted, but are usually shortened to about one-half their length. In
life the body, when cleaned, is pale grayish, with an almost transparent
integument, through which the convolutions of the dark intestine are
conspicuous.

The largest specimens are about 10mm in diameter.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 10 fathoms, stony; Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, 10 to 20 fathoms.

EUOYRA PILULARIS Yerrill. Plate XXXIII, fig. 240. (p. 500.)

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 8, tig. 3; 1872. Molgula pilularis Verrill,
op. cit., vol. i, p. 56, fig. 4, c, 1871.

Body unattached, globular, covered with a thin layer of mud, and,
when the tubes are retracted, looking like a small soft ball. Integu
ment of the body, when cleaned, very thin, soft, nearly transparent,
thickly covered with minute granules, and minutely fibrous, usually
concealed by the adhering particles of mud and fine sand, but this can
be easily removed. The tubes are naked, smooth, nearly transparent,
subconical, slender, as long as the diameter of the body, originating
close together, and but slightly divergent, both of them nearly straight;
they can be wholly retracted, and their bases are surrounded and con
nected by a narrow, naked, oval or oblong band, which is usually con
spicuous when the tubes are withdrawn: -in partial contraction, the
tubes are conical, subpellucid, reticulated with white lines. The
branchial tube is a little shorter than the anal, the aperture surrounded
by six acute, conical papillae, and twelve small, dark, brownish spots.
Anal tube a little smaller, slightly longer, a little tapering, with a small
square aperture, surrounded by four small lobes and four small, reddish
brown eye-spots.

In life the body, when cleaned, is transparent grayish, the dark in
testine showing through very distinctly ; tubes greenish at base.

Diameter usually about 5nim, seldom more than 6mm or 8mm.

Off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, 10 fathoms, soft mud ; Casco Bay,

[701] INVERTEBRATE ANJMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 407

10 to 20 fathoms 5 Bay of Fundy, off Grand Menan, Eastport Harbor,
and South Bay, 6 to 20 fathoms, soft mad. Gulf of Saint Lawrence
(Whiteaves).

GLANDULA AKENICOLA Verrill. (p. 502.)

Amer. Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. iii, pp. 211, 283, 1872.

Body subglobular, rather higher than broad, the whole surface cov
ered with grains of sand, forming a continuous layer. When the sand
is removed the surface of the test is reticulately wrinkled and pitted,
Dot furnished with fibers, except at base, where there are a few long,
slender, thread-like white ones. Tubes terminal, near together, in the
alcoholic specimens short, forming low verrucse, swollen at base, the
ends a little prominent and naked. Apertures square, with four small
lobes. The test is tough and opaque. Height, about 12mm; breadth,
lO™111 ; often larger.

Murray Bay, Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Dr. J. W. Dawson). Saint
George's Bank, 28 fathoms, sand, abundant, (S. I. Smith). Off Cutty-
hunk Island and Buzzard's Bay (T. H. Prudden).

GLANDULA. Species undetermined, (p. 502.)
Vineyard Sound and off Martha's Vineyard, 10 to 20 fathoms, sand.

f CYNTHIA PARTITA Stimpson. Plate XXXIII. fig. 246. (p. 311.)

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. History, vol. iv, p. 231, 1852; Binney, op. cit., p. 18 : Verrill,
Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. (?) Cynthia rugosa Agassiz, Proc.
Amer. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 159, 1850 (description inadequate) ; Binney, op. cit., p.
20 (copied from the preceding). Cynthia stelUfera Verrill (var.), Amer. Jour.
Science, vol. i, p. 93, figs. 5, 6, a, b, 1871.

North Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Common in Long Island
Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard's Bay, low-water to 15 fathoms.
Boston Harbor, 4 fathoms (Stimpson). Off New London, Connecticut
(T. M. Pruddeu).

CYNTHIA CAKNEA Verrill. Plate XXXI LI, figs. 247, 248. • (p. 495.)

American Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 94, figs. 7,8,9,1871. Ascidia carnca
Agassiz, Proc. American Assoc. for Adv. Sci., ii, p. 159, 1850 (description insuffi
cient) ; Binney, in Gould's Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 25,. Plate 24, figs. 334,
335, 1870 (young), (f ) Cynthia f/utta Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol .
iv, p. 231, 1852 (young) ; Binney, op. cit., p. 19, 1870. Cynthia placenta (pars)
Packard, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 277, 1867 ; Biuney, op. cit., p. 19,
Plate 23, figs. 322, 1870 ; Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xlix, p. 424, 1870.

Martha's Vineyard to Labrador. Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, stony ;
common in Eastport Harbor and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 109
fathoms; Casco Bay, less common, 10 to 40 fathoms. Massachusetts
Bay (Stimpson). Labrador (Packard).

This species is closely allied to C. rustica (Linue, sp.) from Iceland,
and may eventually prove to be identical.

408 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [702]

CYNTHIA ECHINATA Stimpson. (p. 495.)

Invert, of Grand Menan, p. 20, 1854; Bianey, op. cit., p. 18, Plate 23, fig. 326;
Verrill, Ainer. Jour. Science, vol. i, p. 96, 1871; vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Cynthia
lilrsnta (young) Agassiz, op. cit., 1850; Binney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 20,
Plate 24, fig. 336. Ascidia echinata Linn6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1087, 1767.
Ascidia ecliinata Fabr., Fauna Groeul., p. 331, 1780 ; Rathke, Zoologica Dauica,
vol. iv, p. 10, Plate 130, fig. i, 1806 ; Moller, Index Mollusc. Grcenl., in Kroyer's
Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 95.

Martha's Vineyard to Greenland, Iceland, and northern coasts of
Europe. Off Martha's Vineyard, 10 fathoms, stony, rare; common in
Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 109 fathoms, attached to
stones, shells, and other ascidiaus. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).
Banks of Newfoundland (T. M. Coffin). Labrador (Packard).

J3OLTENIA. Species undetermined.

Boltenia reniformis Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Mollusca, p. 260, Plate 34, fig. 324
(non Macleay).

New York Harbor (t. Dekay.)

The description and figure of the single poor specimen seen by Dekay
are insufficient for its determination. I have not met with the genus
south of Cape Cod, and the locality given may possibly be incorrect.
PEROPHORA VIRIDIS Verrill. (p. 388.)

American Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 359, 1871.

Colonies composed of numerous nearly sessile individuals, which are
small, about 2.5mm to 3mm high, connected by slender stolons, and
thickly covering the surfaces over which they creep. Test compressed,
seen from the side, scarcely higher than broad, oval, elliptical, or sub-
circular, often one-sided or distorted, with a short pedicle, or subsessile
at base. Branchial orifice large, terminal ; anal lateral or subterminal,
both a little prominent, with about 16 angular lobes, alternately larger
and smaller. Test transparent; mantle beautifully reticulated with
bright yellowish green ; intestine yellow.

Vineyard Sound, 2 to 12 fathoms, on alg»3 and ascidians, common ;
Little Harbor, Wood's Hole, on piles of wharves, at and below low-
water mark, very abundant.
r BOTRYLLUS GOULDII Verrill. Plate XXXIII, figs. 252, 253. (p. 375.)

Ainer. Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. i, figs. 14, 19, 1871. Botryllus stcllatus Gould,
Rep. on Inv. of Mass., 1st ed., p. 320,1841 (non Pallas). Botryllus Schlosseri Bin
ney, in Gould, Inv. Mass., ed. ii, p. 3, Plate 23, fig. 319, 1870 (non Pallas) ; Dall,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 255,1870.

This species commonly forms thick, fleshy, translucent incrustations
on sea-weeds and zoophytes, the form which it assumes depending upon
the shape of the object. The masses are often several inches in length
and half an inch or more in widt^h. The animals are short oval, as seen
at the surface, and form circular or elliptical groups, of from five to six
teen or more, surrounding circular or elliptical cloaca! orifices. The
" marginal tubes7' or buds are numerous in all parts of the common

[703] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 409

tissue, the enlarged ends appearing as oval or pyriform spots, lighter
than the ground-color. The branchial openings are small and circular,
surrounded by a light halo. The animals differ considerably in form,
according to the state of contraction.

The color is extremely^variable; several of the color-varieties have
been named and described on pages 375, 376.

Brooklyn, Kew York, to Boston, Massachusetts. Very abundant at
Wood's Hole, Waquoit Pond, and other similar localities along the
shores of Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay; abundant at the mouth
of Charles Kiver, near Boston. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, and Brook
lyn, New York (D. 0. Eaton).

AMARCECIUM PELLUCIDUM Yerrill. (p. 401.)

Amouroucium pellucidnm Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 290, 1871 ;
vol. iii, 13. 211. Alcyomdium f pellnddum Leidy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Science,
Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, 1855, p. 142, Plate 10, fig. 25, (mutilated zooid).

Colonies large, complex, consisting of a large number of small, elong
ated, clavate colonies, arising from a common base, and more or less
separate laterally and at summit, thus forming large aggregated hemi
spherical or irregular masses, often six inches in diameter, the surface
generally covered thickly with adhering sand, but frequently naked
over the summits of the colonies, or even over large surfaces of the
masses, when, as often happens, the central colonies coalesce ; when
naked, the tissue is smooth, translucent, gelatinous-looking, and soft.
The small side-colonies are long, with a slender stolon-like base, curv
ing outward and ascending, enlarging gradually to the summit, which is
more or less convex, usually with a single central cloacal orifice, sur
rounded by an irregular circle of individual zooids, varying in number
according to the size or age of the colony to which they belong. The
zooids, when mature, are long and slender, varying greatly in length in
each colony, according to the state of development of the post-abdomen ;•
the largest are often 20mm to 25mm in length. The stomach is bright
orange-red, and quite conspicuous ; the slender post-abdomen exceeds
in length the rest of the body, but is not more than half the diameter
of the thorax, and is slightly constricted at base. In young individuals,
not half grown, the post-abdomen forms nearly half the whole length,
and is very slender. The branchial aperture has six, short, round papil
lae ; the anal is situated a short distance from the end of the body, and
has short inconspicuous lower lobes, with an elongated, pointed lobe
above. The branchial sac is oblong, with numerous longitudinal and
transverse vessels and a broad ventral duct. The stomach is about as
broad as long, subglobular, with the ends truncated and the surface
covered with numerous, interrupted, longitudinal, glandular ridges.
The post-abdomen is nearly filled by the large, elongated ovary, which
extends nearly to the posterior end on the dorsal or atrial side, and con
tains numerous closely-packed ovules of comparatively large size, and

410 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [704]

the conspicuous male organs, extending through the whole length on
the ventral or branchial side, in the form of a slightly-convoluted duct.
The posterior end terminates in a small, obtuse papilla. The atrium, or
cloacal cavity, often contain eggs in which the embryos are well devel
oped, and, in some cases, the free, tadpole-shaped larvre. The tunic is
specked with numerous, minute, purplish brown pigment-cells.

One of the zooids measured 7.5mra in length ; thorax, 2mm ; abdomen,
1.5'mn; post-abdomen, 4imn; diameter of thorax, .8mm to .9min; of abdomen,
about the same; of post-abdomen, .375mm to .5mm.

North Carolina to Vineyard Sound. Very abundant in Vineyard
Sound, in 0 to 12 fathoms.

, AMAECECIU3I STELLATU3I Verrill. (p. 402.)

Amouroucium stellatiini Verrill, Amer. Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 291,
1871.

Masses large, variable in form, often in the form of thick vertical
plates, or erect crest-like lobes, frequently irregular; surface nearly
smooth, naked ; tissue firm and cartilage-like externally, somewhat
translucent, generally pale yellow or flesh-color by transmitted light..
The fronds are often six inches or more in breadth and height, and from
half an inch to an inch thick. The zooids are grouped in more or less
regular, and generally simple, circular, stellate clusters, scattered over
the whole surface, and usually containing from six to twenty individuals,
arranged around a central, sub-circular cloacal orifice ; in contraction
the position of each individual is indicated by an oval spot, more trans
parent than the common tissue, with a small flake-white spot around
the branchial orifice. The individual zooids are elongated and slender ;
the post-abdomen more slender, usually considerably exceeding in length
the rest of the body, and but slightly constricted proximally ; the thorax
and abdomen are shorter and stouter than in the preceding species ;
branchial sac with about twelve transverse vessels ; stomach oblong-
oval, with numerous longitudinal glandular folds, which are bright
orange-red in life ; intestine large, light orange or yellow. Branchial
tube elongated, bright orange; the orifice with six prominent rounded
lobes. Anal orifice subterrninal, with a prominent ligulate process
above, and several small lobes below.

North Carolina to Cape Cod. Very abundant in Vineyard Sound, in
5 to 15 fathoms, on gravelly and shelly bottoms. Fort Macou, North
Carolina (Dr. Yarrow).

AMARCEOIUM CONSTELLATUM Verrill. (pp. 388, 403.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 359, 1871 (Amouroucium).

Masses thick, turbiuate, often incrusting, surface usually convex,
smooth ; substance firm, gelatinous, translucent, but softer than in A.
stellatum. Groups stellate, circular, oval or elliptical, often narrow and
elongated, or irregular and complex; zooids much elongated; slender ;
the branchial tube short, with six rounded lobes. Branchial sac eloug-

[705] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 411

atecl. Color of the masses usually light orange-red, varying to yellowish
and pale flesh-color; the branchial orifices with six radiating white
lines. Anal orifices often surrounded by a pale or whitish border ;
zooids generally orange-yellow ; the orifices and tubes with upper part
of the man tie bright orange, or lemon-yellow ; branchial sac usually flesh-
color or pale yellow, sometimes bright orange; stomach with bright
orange-red longitudinal glandular ribs ; intestine light orange; mantle
with minute opaque white specks. In some specimens the cloacal cham
ber or u atrium" contained three or four bright purple tadpole-shaped
larvae.

Vineyard Sound, 4 to 12 fathoms, frequent ; Wood's Hole, on piles of
wharf; off' Stouington, Connecticut, 4-5 fathoms.

AMARCECIUM PALLIDUM Yerrill. (p. 496.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 289, 1871 (Amouroucitim).

Masses sessile, hemispherical or sub-globular, usually attached by a
large base. Surface generally evenly rounded, sometimes irregular iu
large specimens, smoothish, but thinly covered with minute, firmly ad
herent particles of fine sand, which are imbedded iu the surface of the
common tissue and scattered throughout its substance. The cloacal
openings are few in number and irregularly placed, except in small
specimens, which usually have but one large central opening. The ani
mals are much smaller and more numerous than in the preceding species,
often forming somewhat circular groups of six or eight individuals
around the cloacal openings ; outside of the circular groups they are
usually irregularly scattered, but sometimes form linear series of eight
or ten, and in young specimens with but one central opening they often
form a larger outer circle, which is near the margin, more or less irregu
lar, and composed of numerous individuals. The post-abdomen, in all
the numerous examples examined, was small, thick, obtuse, and decid
edly shorter than the abdomen and thorax taken together ; it often ter
minates in two slender papilhe. Color of the masses pale yellowish or
grayish ; stomach dull orange-yellow ; ovaries yellowish white.

The larger specimens of this species are 15mm to 25mm in diameter;
the largest zooids are 3mrn to 4mm long, by .75mm to 1.2 jmm in diameter;
but many are much smaller.

Martha's Vineyard to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Buzzard's Bay,
25 fathoms, gravel ; south of Gay Head, 10 fathoms, stony ; Casco Bay,
8 to 40 fathoms; Eastport Harbor and Bay of Fuudy, low- water to 80
fathoms.

LEPTOCLINUM ALBIDUM Verrill. (p. 403.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol.i, p. 446, 1872.

Colonies incrusting stones, dead shells, ascidians, etc., forming broad,
thin, irregular, coriaceous crusts, with an uneven surface, filled with
minute, white, spherical, calcareous grains or corpuscles, which, under
28 V

412 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [706]

the miscroscope, have tbe surface covered with projecting points. Sur
face of the crusts covered with small, irregular, scattered prominences,
in which the branchial orifices are situated. Cloacal orifices few and
distantly scattered. Systems irregular, the zooids scattered, but often
arranged in rather indistinct concentric groups around the cloaca! open
ings, and connected with them by cloacal ducts, which are variously
branched, often showing through the integument as dark dendritic lines?
converging toward the cloacal orifices from different directions.

Color white, the zooids light yellowish.

The colonies often become 200mm to 300mm across ; thickness seldom
more than 2.5mm, commonly about 1.25 mm ; zooids ,5mm to .75mm long ;
diameter .25mm to .30mm.

Long Island Sound to Labrador. Thimble Islands, near New Haven,
4 to 6 fathoms, rocky; off Stouingtou, 4 fathoms, rocky; common in Vine
yard Sound, 8 to 15 fathoms ; abundant in Casco Bay, 6 to 40 fathoms ;
abundant in the Bay of Fundy, low- water to 80 fathoms. Banks of
Newfoundland (T. M. Coffin). Mingau Islands, 10 fathoms (A. E. V.).
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

LEPTOCLINUM LUTEOLUM Yerrill. (p. 403.)

American Jour. Science, loc. cit., p. 440, 1872.

This species forms thin, coriaceous crusts, like the preceding, filled in
the same way with similar spherical corpuscles. The branchial orifices
open at the summits of low verrucas. The cloacal orifices are small,
with four to six lobes, and distantly scattered. Color deep salmon, or
somewhat rosy.

The crusts are of all sizes up to 300mm or more in diameter, and are
usually somewhat thicker than in the preceding species, with larger and
darker colored zooids.

Connecticut to Bay of Fundy ; off Stouiugton, Connecticut, 4 fathoms,
rocky 5 Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms, common ; Casco Bay, 10 to 40
fathoms, common 5 Bay of Fundy, low-water to 80 fathoms, common.

TJ5NIOBRANCHIA.

SALPA CABOTI Desor. Plate XXXIII, figs. 254, 255. (p. 445.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 75, 1848 (not described) ; A. Agassiz,
op. cit., vol. xi, p. 17, figs. 1 to 5, 1866 ; Binney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 6,
figs. 350 to 354, 1870 (description and figures copied from A. Agassiz).

In the typical variety, as described by Mr. Agassiz, the color is pale
pink or rosy; the nucleus deep chestnut. Long Island Sound to Saint
George's Bank. Common in Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound. Off
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

Var. cyanea. (p. 44G.)

Nucleus and the borders of the mantle are bright Prussian-blue j sur
face of the latter delicately reticulated with fine blue lines.

Vineyard Sound, especially off Gay Head, in September,

[707] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 413

DOLTOLUM (species undetermined), (p. 446.)
Vineyard Sound (A. Agassiz).

LARVALIA.

APPENDICULARIA (species undetermined, a). (p. 446.)

Allied to A. longicauda (t. A. Agassiz), op. cit., p. 23, 1866 ; Binney, op.cit., p. 13
(copied from A. Agassiz).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).
APPENDICULARIA (species undetermined, b). (p. 446.)

Allied to A. furcata (t. A. Agassiz), op. cit., p. 23, 1866 ; Binney, op. cit., p. 13
(copied).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).
BEYOZOA OE POLYZOA.
PHYLACTOL^MATA.

PEDICELLINA AMERICANA Leidy. (p. 405.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 143, Plate X, fig. 25,
1855.

"Sew Haven, Connecticut, to Vineyard Sound. Point Judith, Ehode

Island (Leidy).

GYMNOL^MATA.

CYCLOSTOMATA.

ORISIA EBURNEA Larnouroux. Plate XXXIV, figs. 260, 261. (p. 311,)

Polyp, flex., p. 138, 1816 ; Exp. methodique, p. 6 ; Johnston, British Zoophytes,
ed. i, p. 262, Plate 30, figs. 3, 4 ; ed. ii, p. 283, fig. 62, and Plate 50, figs. 3, 4 ;
Smitt, Kritisk fort, ofver Skaudiuaviens Hafs-Bryozoer, in Ofvers. af Kongl.
Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1865, p. 117, Plate 16, figs. 7 to 19. Sertularia eburnea
Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 810 ; ed. xii, p. 1316.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; Spitzbergen to the Mediter
ranean (t. Smitt); California (t. Johnston). Common near New Haven,
and at Thimble Islands, 1 to 6 fathoms, rocky, and in tide-pools ; off
Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, on algae ; common in Vine
yard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms ; very common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, low-water to 80 fathoms.

DIASTOPORA PATINA Smitt. (p. 405.)

Smitt, op. cit., p. 397, Plate 8, figs. 13 to 15. Tubulipora patina Lamarck, Animaux
sans Vert., ed. i, vol. ii, p. 163; ed. ji, vol. ii, p. 244; Johnston, Brit. Zooph.,
ed ii, p. 266, Plate 47, figs. 1 to 3.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean : northern coast of Europe,
from Finrnark to Great Britain. Near New Haven, at Thimble Islands,
1 to 5 fathoms; Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms; Vineyard
Sound, off Holmes' Hole, 3 to 4 fathoms; very common in Casco Bay,
Bay of Fundy, and northward.

414 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [706]

TUBULIPORA FLABELLARIS Slllitt. (p. 405.)

Op. cit., p. 401, Plate 9, figs. 6 to 8. TuUpora fldbellaris Fabricius, Fauna Grosnl.,
p. 430, 1780 (non Johnston, sp.). TubuUpora phalangea Johnston, Brit. Zooph..,
ed. ii, p. 273, Plate 46, tigs. 1, 2.

Long Island Sound to Greenland ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Common at Thimble Islands, 1 to 5 fathoms, on alga3, hydroids,
etc.; Watch Hill, Khode Island; Vineyard Sound; Casco Bay ; Bay of
Fundy, and northward.

CTENOSTOMATA.

ALCYONIDIUM RAMOSUM Verrill. Plate XXXIV, fig. 257. (p. 404.)

American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 289, Plate 8, fig. 10, 1872.

Much branched, when full-grown; the branches round, irregularly
dichotomus, usually crooked. Surface glabrous, smooth, or nearly so,
the cells rather small and crowded, their margins not elevated; zooids
with sixteen slender tentacles. Color ashy brown, or dull rusty brown.

Diameter of branches, mostly 5mm to 6.5mm. Height, .250mm to .375mm.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Vineyard Sound ; common in Long
island Sound, near New Haven, in 1 to 5 fathoms ; Thimble Islands;
Watch Hill, Ehode Island, etc.

ALCYONIDIUM HIRSUTUM Johnston, (p. 404.)

British Zooph., ed. i, p. 303, Plate 42, figs. 1, 2 ; ed. ii, p. 360, Plate 69, figs. 1,2:
Smitt, op. cit., p. 496, Plate 12, figs. 3 to 8. Alcyonium hirsutum Fleming, Brit.
Aiiim., p. 517.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; Spitzbergen ; northern
coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Savin Kock, near New Haven, low-
water ; Thimble Islands, in tide-pools, on Fucus, Pliyllopliora, etc. ; '
Vineyard Sound ; and Casco Bay.

ALCYONIDIUM HISPIDUM Smitt. (p. 404.)

Op. cit., p. 499, Plate 12, figs. 22 to 27, 1866. Flmtra Uspida Fabricius, Fauna
GrosnL, p. 438, 1780 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii., p. 363, Plate 66, fig. 5.
Flustrella hispida Gray, Brit. Mus. Catal., part i, p. 108.

Long Island Sound to Greenland ; Fiumark to Great Britain. Very
common at Savin Eock, near New Haven, at low water, encrusting
stones, Fucus, etc. ; Thimble Islands ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Vine
yard Sound ; Casco Bay ; Bay of Fundy, etc.

ALCYONIDIUM PARASITICUM Johnston, (p. 404.)

British Zooph., ed. i, p. 304, Plate 41, figs. 4, 5 ; ed. ii, p. 362, Plate 68, figs. 4, 5 ;
Smitt, op. cit., p. 499, Plate 12, figs. 14-19. Alcyonium parasiticum Fleming,
Brit. Anim., p. 518.

Ehode Island to Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Vineyard Sound, on Phyllophora.

[709] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 415

(?) ALCYONIDIUM G-ELATINOSUM Johnston, (p. 496.)

Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 300, Plate 41, figs. 1-3; ed. ii, p. 358, Plate 68, figs. 1-3;
Sinitt, op. cit., p. 497, Plate 12, figs. 9-13. Alcyonium gdatinosum Linne",
Fauna Suec., ed. ii, p. 538 ; Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1295.

Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; Spitzbergen to Great Britain . A few small
specimens, apparently belonging to this species, were dredged in the
deeper parts of Vineyard Sound.

VESICULARIA CUSCUTA Thompson, (p. 404.)

Zool. Res., mem. v, p. 97, Plate 2, figs. 1-4 ; Sinitt, op. cit., p. 501, Plate 13, figs.
28, 34, 35. SertuJaria cuscuta Linne", ed. xii, p. 1311. Falkeria cuscuta Flem
ing, Brit. Anim., p. 550 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 252 ; ed. ii, p. 374.

New Jersey, northward ; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain.
In Vineyard Sound it was found on hydroids attached to floating eel-grass,
and was also dredged in 6 to 8 fathoms, on algaB, Sertularia argentea,
and other hydroids ; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, low water, on Ser~
tularia pumila ; Casco Bay, on piles of wharf.

VESICULARIA GRACILIS Verrill. (p. 389.)

Bowerbanlria gracilis Leidy, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii
p. 142, Plate 11, fig. 38, 1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Vineyard Sound. Point Judith,
Rhode Island (Leidy). Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms, on hydroids.

VESICULARIA DICHOTOMA Verrill, new sp. (p. 404.)

Stems clustered, csespitose, usually one or two inches high, slender,
flexible, white, and repeatedly forking. The branches stand in differ
ent planes, so as often to produce miniature tree-like or shrub-like forms,
-many of which generally arise close together, forming crowd-ed tufts
upon rocks, oyster-shells, or algaB. When the stem or a branch divides,
there is a joint formed at the base of each of the forks, by the inter
position of a very short segment of a dark brownish, opaque substance,
which contrasts strongly with the white translucent substance of the
rest of the stern. Zooids arranged closely in two subspiral rows of six
to twelve each, just below each fork of the stem and branches, and not
occupying half the length of the iuternodes. which are naked and
smooth below the crowded clusters of the zooids; these are smooth,
greenish brown, broad oval or obovate in contraction, subcylindrical or
elliptical in expansion, entirely sessile, and but little narrowed at the
base, and so crowded as to appear imbricated. The tentacles are eight,
long and slender, in expansion usually more than half the length of the
cell.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters 5 Savin Bock, at low-
water ; off New Haven Light, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly and rocky ; Thim
ble Islands, in rocky tide-pools; Norwalk, Connecticut, on oysters.
This is probably the species recorded by Dr. Leidy from Great Egg
Harbor under the name of ValJceria pwtulosa, which is an allied Eu
ropean species.

416 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [710]

VESICULARIA ARMATA Verrill, new sp. (p. 405.)

Cells stout, oval, broad at base, with a short and narrow pedicel, at
tached either singly or in pairs along slender, filiform, creeping stems,
which often anastomose, the branches being mostly opposite. Distal
end of cells prolonged into four conical processes, each of which, when
perfect, supports a long slender spinule, nearly half as long as the cell.
Tentacles not seen. Cells yellowish horn-color, with an oval, dark
brown internal organ, visible in most of the cells.

Vineyard Sound, on floating sea-weeds attached to Sertularice, Hale-
oium gracile, etc. ; also in 6 to 10 fathoms, rocky, on Sertularia argentea.

VESICULARIA FUSCA Smitt. (p. 420.)

Op. cit., p. 502, Plate 13, figs. 37-39, 1866. Avenella fusca (?) Dalyell, Rare and
Rem. Anim. of Scotland, vol. ii, p. 65 ; vol. i, Plate 12, fig. 11, (t. Smitt).

Long Island Sound northward ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Off South End, near New Haven, 3 to 5 fathoms, on Alcyon-
idium ramosum.

FARRELLA FAMILIARIS. (p. 487.)

Vesicularia (Farrella) familiaris Smitt, op. cit., p. 502, Plate 13, fig. 36, 1866.
Plumatella familiaris Gros, Bulletin Soc. Imp. Mascou, vol. xxii, p. 567, Plate 6,
G. figs. 1-10 (t. Smitt). Farrella pedicellata Alder, Catal., p. 68, Plate 6, figs.
1-3 ; Quart. Jour. Miscrosc. Soc., vol. v, p. 24, Plate 14, figs. 1-3.

Long Island Sound to Vineyard Sound and northward ; coasts of
Scandinavia and Great Britain. Thimble Islands, near New Haven, in
tide-pools, on algae ; Casco Bay. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

CHILOSTOMATA.

Cellularina.
^ETEA ANGUINA Lamotiroux. (p. 405.)

Soc. Phil., 1812, p. 184 (t. Smitt) ; Polyp, flex., p. 153, Plate 3, fig. 6 ; Expos.
Metkodique, p. 9, Plate 65, fig. 15 ; Smitt, op. cit., p. 280, Plate 16, figs. 2-4,
1867. Sertularia angnina Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1317. Anguinaria spat-
ulata Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 290, Plate 50, figs. 7, 8.

Long. Island Sound, northward ; coasts of Scandinavia and Great
Britain. In Vineyard Sound it was common at low-water mark and in
6 to 14 fathoms, on Phylloplwra and hydroids. Off New Haven, 4 to 6
fathoms, on Halecium gracile.

EUCRATEA CHELATA Lamouroux. (p. 405.)

Polyp. Corall. flex., p. 149, Plate 3, fig. 5, 1816 ; Expos. Meth., p. 8, Plate, 65, fig.
10 ; Smitt, op. cit., 1865, Plate 5, fig. 3 ; 1867, p. 281, Plate 16, figs. 7-9 ; Johns
ton, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 288, fig. 64. Sertularia chelata Linne", Systema Nat.,
ed. x, p. 816. Cellularia chelata Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 25, 1766.

Martha's Vineyard northward; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, on hydroids and ascidians. Our
specimens differ somewhat from the figures of the European form ; the

[711] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND. ETC. 417

cells are simple, more slender, and in ore el on gated; aperture of primary
cells somewhat bilabiate ; of lateral cells simple and scarcely raised ;
no processes were observed on the front of any of the cells ; the primary
cells taper below into a slender, often crooked pedicel, which is about
one-third as long as the cell.

(!) CELLULARIA TERNATA Johnston, (p. 496.)

British Zooph., ed. ii, p. 335, Plate 59, 1848; Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 282, Plato
16, figs. 10 to 26. Cellaria ternata Ellis and Solander, Zooph., p. 30. Menipca
ternata Busk, op. cit., p. 21, Plate 20, figs. 3 to 5. (?) Cellularia densa Desor,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 66, 1848 (description inadequate).

Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Off Gay Head, 10 to 20 fathoms ; common in Casco Bay, Bay
of Fundy, and at Saint George's Bank, 6 to 100 fathoms. South Shoals?
22 fathoms, (Desor).

CABEREA ELLISII Smitt. (p. 420.)

Op. cit., 1867, p. 237, Plate 17, figs. 55, 56. Flmtra Ellisii Fleming, Mem. Wern.
Soc., vol. ii, p. 251, Plate 17, figs. 1 to 3 (t. Smitt). Flmtra setacea Fleming,
Brit. Anim., p. 536 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 346. Cellularia Hookeri
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 338, Plate 60, figs. 1, 2. Cdberea Hoolceri
Busk, op. cit., p. 39, Plate 37, fig. 2.

Martha's Vineyard, northward to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts
of Europe, from Finmark to Great Britain. Mouth of Vineyard
Sound, off Gay Head, 8 to 12 fathoms ; off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms ;
very common in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Saint George's Bank, 6
to 100 fathoms. Labrador (Packard).

BUGULA MURRAY ANA Busk. (p. 496.)

Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, Brit. Mus., part i, p. 46, Plate 59 ; Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 292,
Plate 18, figs. 19 to 27. Flustra Murrayana Bean Mss., Johnston, Brit. Zooph.,
ed. i, p. 347, Plate 63, figs. 5, 6. Flustra truncata Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. iii, p. 66 (non Linne).

Martha's Vineyard to Spitzbergen; northern coasts of Europe to
Great Britain. Off Gay Head, 10 to 20 fathoms; very common in
Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 1 to 100
fathoms. Saint George's Bank, 20 to Go fathoms, (S. I Smith). Labra
dor (Packard).

/ BUGULA FLABELLATA Busk. (p. 389.)

Catal. Marine Polyzoa, Brit. Mus., part i, p. 43, Plates 51, 52. Bu-gida avicularia,
forma flabellata, Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 290, Plate 18, fig. 11. Flustra ariculana
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 286, Plate 36, figs. 3, 4 ; ed. ii, p. 346, Plate 03,
figs. 3, 4.

Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms ; Wood's Hole, abundant on the piles
of wharves. Coasts of Great Britain and Belgium.

418 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [712]

• BUGULA TURBITA Verrill. Plate XXXIY, figs. 258, 259. (p. 311.)

Cellularia turrita Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 66, 1848. Cel-
lularia fastiglata Leidy, op. cit., p. 142 (non Liune", sp.).

North Carolina to Casco Bay. Very abundant in Great Egg Harbor,
New Jersey; Long Island Sound; Buzzard's Bay; and Vineyard Sound,
low-water to 15 fathoms; Portland, Maine, on piles of wharf.

Flustrina.
* MEMBRANIPOKA PILOSA Farre. Plate XXXIV, figs. 2G2, 263. (p. 496.)

Phil. Trans., 1837, p. 412, Plate 27, figs. 1 to 5 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 280,
Plate 34, figs. 10, 12, 1838; ed. ii, p. 327, Plate 56, fig. 6, 1847; Sinitt, op. cit.,
1867, p. 368, Plate 20, fig. 49. Fluslra pilosa Linne", Fauna Suec., ed. ii, p. 53'J
(t. Smitt). Eschara pilosa Pallas, Eleuch, Zooph., p. 50, 1766. Hippotlioa
rugosa Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manau p. 18 (variety catenularia). Tubipora
catenularia Jameson, Wern. Mem., vol. i, p. 561 (t. Smitt).

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; Finmark to the Mediter
ranean. Very abundant near New Haven, at Savin Eock, Thimble
Islands, etc., in 1 to 6 fathoms, and in tide-pools, on Chondrus crispus,
Phyllophora and other algre, stones, etc. ; Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4
to 5 fathoms, on algse, abundant; Vineyard Sound; Massachusetts Bay :
Gasco Bay; Bay of Fuudy, and northward. The variety catenularia is
common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from above low- water mark
to 50 fathoms. It occurs on the coasts of Northern Europe at various
depths down to 300 fathoms. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada and
Labrador (Dawsou).

MEMBRANIPOKA LINEATA Busk. (p. 406.)

Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, part ii, p. 58, Plate 61, fig. 1 ; Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 363,
Plato 20, figs. 23 to 31. Flmtra lineata Linne", System a Nat., ed. xii, p. 1301 ;
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 349, Plate 66, fig. 4. Escharina lineata Leidy,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., eer. ii, vol. iii, p. 141, Plate 10, fig. 22,
1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to the Arctic Ocean; Spitzbergen to
Great Britain, low-water mark to 50 fathoms. Common near New Haven,
from low-water mark to 6 fathoms, on stones, oysters, alga3, etc.; Watch
Hill; Ehode Island; Vineyard Sound; Casco Bay; Bay of Fuudy, and
northward.

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada.

MEMBRANIPORA TENUIS Desor. (p. 420.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 66, 1848.

Long Island Sound to Cape Cod. Common near New Haven and in
Vineyard Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms. Muskeget Channel, in 5
fathoms, (Desor).

[713] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 419

JEscharina.

ESCHARIPORA PUNCTATA Smitt. (p. 424.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Appendix, p. 4, (separate copies, p. 4), Plate 24, figs. 4-7, 1368.
Lepralia punclata Hassal, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 368. Plate 9, fig. 7 ; vol. ix,
p. 407 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, pp. 312 and 478, Plate 55, fig. 1.

Vineyard Sound, northward ; northern coasts of Europe to Southern
Norway and Great Britain. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, on
shells, etc., common. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). (I) Fossil in
the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson).

ESCHAHELLA VARiABiLis Verrill. Plate XXXIII, fig. 256. (p. 419.)

Escliarina variaUlis Leidy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, ser. ii, vol. iii, p.
142, Plate 11, fig. 37. Lepralia variolosa Desor, op. cit., p. 66, 1848 (not of
Johnston).

South Carolina to Cape Cod and Massachusetts Bay. Very abundant
in Great Egg Harbor ; Long Island Sound ; Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard
Sound ; Nantucket Harbor ; low- water to 25 fathoms. Saint George's
Bank, 20 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr.
Yarrow).

HYALINA Smitt. Plate XXXIV, fig. 264. (p. 420.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 16, (separate copies, p. 16), Plate 25, figs. 84-87, 1868. Cel-
lepora hyalina, Liiine", Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1286. Lepralia hyalina Johnston,
Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 301, Plate 54, fig. 1. Ctllepora nitida Fabricius, Fauna
Groenl.,p. 435, 1780.

Long Island Sound to Greenland; Spitzbergen to Great Britain.
Common near New Haven and at Thimble Island, in tide-pools and from
1 to 6 fathoms, on algse ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms;
Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, abundant; Casco Bay; Bay of
Fundy, and northward. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Daw-
son).

(?) LEPRALIA PALLASIANA Busk. (p. 496.)

Catal. Mar.Polyzoa, Brit. Mus., part ii, p. 81, Plate 83, figs. 1, 2 ; Smitt, op. cit->
for 1867, Ap., p. 19, (separate copies, p. 19), Plate 26, fig. 93, 1868. Eschara Pal-
lasiana Moll, die Seerinde, p. 64, Plate 3, fig. 13 (t. Smitt). Lepralia pediostoma
Hassal, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 368, Plate 9, fig. 4 ; vol. ix, p. 407 ;
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 315, Plate 55, fig. 7. Escliarina pediostoma
Leidy, op. cit., p. 141, Plate 10, fig. 23, 1855.

Khode Island, northward ; northern coasts of Europe to Southern
Norway and Great Britain. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms,
on algae; Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms, on Pliyllopliora and other
algse, shells, etc.

Our specimens do not agree perfectly with the European form. Close
to the proximal border of the aperture there is a large, but not very
prominent, broad-based spine, or subconical process, which is not
conspicuous in a view from above, but is prominent in a side-view. In

420 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [714]

some specimens a few of the cells have several slender spines around
the margin of the aperture.

This may prove to be a species distinct from 8. Pallasiana, but at
present I regard it as a variety.

(?) DISCOPORA OOCCINEA Smitt. (p. 496.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 26, (separate copies, p. 26), Plate 27, figs. 162-176. (?) CeUe-
pora coccinea Abildgard, Zool. Dan., vol. iv, p. 30, Plate 146, figs. 1, 2 (t. Smitt).
Lepralia Peaclrii Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 315, Plate 55, figs. 5, 6.

Long Island Sound, northward; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, on red algae ; Vine
yard Sound and Quick's Hole, on alga3, etc., in 4 to 12 fathoms.

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson as L. Peachii).

The specimens from our coast, referred to the above species, differ
considerably from the typical European forms, and may eventually
prove to be a distinct species when a careful direct comparison with a
large series of European specimens can be made.

The aperture is usually surrounded by a circle of stout, conical or
elongated spinules, variable in number, the one nearest the angle of the
aperture, on each side, often stouter; but the spines are often absent.
A small semicircular avicularium is often seen near one side of the cell,
and distant from the aperture. The tooth or spine at the proximal edge
of the cell is elongated and more or less bifid at the end.

Celleporina.
CELJ/EPORA SOABRA Smitt. (p. 419.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 30, (separate copies, p. 30), Plate 28, figs. 183 to 197, 1868.
Eschara scabra Fabricius, Nye Zool. Bidr., Vid. Selsk. Phys. Skr., Haunise,
vol. i, p. 29 (t. Smitt). Millepora reticulata Fabricius, Fauna Grceul., p. 433,
1780 (non Linne').

Vineyard Sound to Greenland ; Spitsbergen ; northern coasts of
Europe. Vineyard Sound and Quick's Hole, 5 to 10 fathoms, on Phyl-
lopliora, etc., not uncommon.

CELLEPORA RAMULOSA Linne. (p. 312.)

Syst. Nature, ed. xii, p. 1285, 1767 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 296, Plate
52, figs. 4, 5 ; Smitt, op. cit., for 1867, Ap.,p. 31, (separate copies, p. 31), Plate 23,
figs. 198-210. Cellepora verrucosa Fabricius, Fauna Grcenl., p. 434 (variety)
Cclleporapumicosa(pars}~L\\m6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1286; (?) Johnston, Brit.
Zooph., ed. ii, p. 295, Plate 52, figs. 1-3 (variety).

Long Island Sound to Greenland ; Spitsbergen ; northern coasts of
Europe to Great Britain. Very common near New Haven, off South
End, at Thimble Islands, and Faulkner's Island, in large tide-pools,
low-water to 8 fathoms, chiefly on Sertulariw and other hydroids, and
slender red algae, (mostly the variety tuberosa, or verrucosa) ; Watch
Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms ; Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard
Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms, on hydroids, common ; abundant in Casco Bay;
Bay of Fundy; and at Saint George's Bank; low- water to 145 fathoms.

[715] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 421

RADIATA.

ECHINODERMATA.

HOLOTHURIOIDEA.

THYONE BRIAREUS Selenka. (p. 362.)

Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. xvii, p. 353, 1867. Holothuria
J3riareu8~Lesn&nr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. i, vol. iv, p. 161,
1824. Sclerodactyla Briareus Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, pp. 6,
7, 101-3, 1851 ; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 342, 1866. Ana
perus Bryareus Pourtales, Proceedings American Assoc. for Adv. of Science, for
1851, p. 10, 1852. Anaperus Carolinus Troschel, Miiller's Arch, fiir Auat., 1846, p.
62 ; Pourtales, op. cit., p. 10.

Texas to Cape God. Long Island Sound, at West Haven, Connecti
cut, Thimble Islands, etc., not common ; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 1 to 10 fathoms, not uncommon; Gardiner's Bay, Long Island;
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Fort Macon, North Carolina, common
(coll. Dr. Yarrow) ; West Florida (coll. E. Jewett).

STEREODERMA UNISEMITA Ayres. (p. 503.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 46, 1851 ; Selenka, op. cit., p. 344, Plate
19, figs. 96, 97. Anaperus unisemita Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
iv, p. 8, 1851 ; Verrill, op. cit., vol. x, p. 357, 1866. Cucunmria fusiformis Desor,
Proc. Boston- Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 67 (non Forbes).

Off Martha's Vineyard, 22 fathoms, sand ; Banks of Newfoundland
(Stimpson). South Shoals of Nantucket, 22 fathoms, (Desor).

PENTAMERA PULCHERRIMA Ayres. (p. 420.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 207, 1852; Selenka, op. cit., p. 346.
South Carolina to Vineyard Sound. Off Holmes's Hole, 4 to 5 fathoms ;
Nobsca Beach, after storms, abundant ; Fort Macou, North Carolina
(coll. Dr. Yarrow). Fort Johnson, South Carolina (Stimpsou).

? MOLPADIA OOLITICA Selenka. (p. 510.)

Op. cit., p. 257 (in part), 1867. Chirodota oolitica Pourtales, Proc. Amer. Assoc.
for 1851, p. 13, 1852. E nib ol us pauper Selenka, op. cit., p. 359, Plate 20, fig. 132
1867.

Off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud : off Boon Island, 95 fathoms,
muddy, (A. S. Packard). Massachusetts Bay, in fish stomachs, (Pour-
tales). Selenka gives " Cape Palmas (!) " as the 'locality for his " Em
balm pauper? which was based on specimens sent from the Museum of
Comparative Zoology — perhaps the original ones described by Pour-
tales ; the locality given is evidently erroneous.

The single specimen from off Block Island is small and imperfect, and
may not be this species.

CAUDINA ARENATA Stimpson. (p. 362.)

Marine Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 17, 1853 ; Selenka, op. cit., p. 358, Plate 20,
figs. 129-131 ; Clark, Mind in Nature, p. 187, figs. 114-116; A. and E. C. Agassiz.

422 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [71C]

Sea-Side Studies, p. 97, fig. 126. Chirodota arenata Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed.
i, p. 346, (figure), 1841 ; Ayres, op. cit., p. 143 ; Pourtales, op. cit., p. 13. Caudina
(Molpadia) arenata Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 345, 1866.

Vineyard Sound to Chelsea, Massachusetts. Sometimes abundant on
Chelsea Beach, after storms. Wood's Hole (H. E. Webster). Selenka
gives "Grand Manan'' (J? from specimens in Mas. Comp. Zool.), but
after very careful search during several excursions to that island, I have
never been able to find it there, and believe this to be an error. Stimp-
sou knew it only from Massachusetts Bay.

, LEPTOSYNAPTA GIRARDII Verrill. Plate XXXV, figs. 265, 266. (p.

361.)

Synapta Girardii Pourtales, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, for 1851, p. 14.

Leptosynapta tennis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i, p. 325. Synapta tennis

Ayres, op. cit., p. 11, 1851, (non Quoy and Gaimard) ; A. and E. C. Agassiz,
. Sea-Side Studies, p. 95, figs. 124, 125; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.

x, p. 342. Synapta Ayresii Selenka, op. cit., p. 362, 1867. (f ) Synapta gracilis

Selenka, op. cit., p. 363, Plate 20, figs. 123, 124.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Common in Long Island Sound,
at Savin Kock, and other localities near New Haven, in sand at low-
water ; abundant in Vineyard Sound, on Naushon Island, etc. ; Cape
Cod ; Chelsea Beach, Massachusetts. Sag Harbor, Long Island,
(Ayres). Selenka erroneously gives "Cape Florida" as the locality for
8. Girardii. It was based on Massachusetts specimens.

LEPTOSYNAPTA ROSEOLA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 362.)

Body long, slender: integument translucent, filled with numerous
minute, scattered, opaque, light-red spots, oval or sub-circular in form ;
perforated plates smaller than in the preceding species ; anchors rela
tively much longer, with a very slender, elongated shank. General
color, rosy or pale red, due to the minute red spots. Length 100mm to
15()mmj diameter about 5Inm to 6Q)m.

Long Island Sound, at Savin Rock, near New Haven ; Vineyard
Sound, at Naushou Island ; in sand at low-water mark.

ECHINOIDEA.

STTCOTVttVT.nflTCTVTRnTTTS T)R<

DROBACHIENSIS A. Agassiz. Plate XXXV,

figs. 368. (p. 406.)

Revision of the Echini, Parts I and II, pp. 162, 277, Plate 4a, figs. 2-4, Plate 9,
Plate 10, 1872. Echinus Drobachiensis Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 235, 1776,
Toxopneusles Drobachiensis Agassiz, Catal. Rais., in Annal. des Sci. Nat., vol. vi.
p. 367, 1846. EuryecMnus Drobachiensis Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. x, pp. 341, 352, 1866; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i, p. 304, 1867; American,
Jour. Science, vol. xlix, p. 101. Echinus neglectus Lamarck, Anirn. sans vert., p.
49, 1816. Echinus granularis Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. v, p.
225, 1827 (non Lamarck). Echinus granulatus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 344,
1841. Euryechinus granulatus Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc., vol. x, pp. 340, 352.
Stronyylocentrotus chlorocentrotus Brandt, Prodr., p. 264, 1835.

Circuinpolar : New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean $ Spitsbergen to Great

[717] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 423

Britain ; Behring Straits to Gulf of Georgia ; Northern Siberia to
Okhotsk Sea and De Castrie's Bay. Very abundant in the Bay of Fuudy,
from low- water to 109 fathoms ; CascoBay; Massachusetts Bay ; mouth
of Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, 10 to 20 fathoms, common ; off
Holmes's Hole ; off Watch Hill, Kliode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, not un
common ; off New London, Connecticut, plenty, (coll. Prudden) ; Faulk
ner's Island. Thimble Islands, and near New Haven, 4 to 8 fathoms, un
common and small. Off New Jersey, on a bank, in 32 fathoms, (Captain
Gedney). Off Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Portland, Maine ; New Brunswick ;
Canada 5 and Labrador.

ARBACIA PUNCTULATA Gray. (p. 406.)

Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1835, p. 58 ; A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, Parts
I and II, pp. 91, 263, Plate 2, fig. 4, Plate 5, figs. I to 18, 1872. Echinus punc-
tulatus Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., p. 47, 1816. Echinocidaris punctulata Des-
rnoulin, Syn., p. 306, 1837. Echinocidaris Davisii A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus,
Comp. Zoology, vol. i,p. 20, 1863; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x,
p. 340, 1866.

Vineyard Sound to the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico. Common at
Wood's Hole, and in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 1 to 12 fathoms;
off Watc.h Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms ; Long Island Sound, near
New Haven, and at Charles Island, not common ; Fort Macon, North
Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). Off Tortugas, 13 to 125 fathoms, (Pour-
tales). West Florida (E. Jewett).

ECHINARACHNIUS PARMA Gray. Plate XXXV, fig. 2C7. (p. 362.)

Ann. Phil., p. 6, 1825 ; A. Agassiz, Revision of Echini, Parts I and II, pp. 107, 316,
Plates lld, figs. 4, 5, lle, figs. 4, 5, 12, figs. 1-13, 1872. Scutdla parma Lamarck,
Anim. sans vert., p. 11, 1816.

New Jersey to Labrador. According to Mr. A. Agassiz, it occurs in the
North Pacific, on the west coast of America, from the Aleutian Islands
to Vancouver Island, and on the coast of Asia at Kamtchatka, 30 to 70
fathoms ; and also at New Holland ; India; Indian Ocean; Ked Sea,
etc. Common along the entire coast of New England and Long Island,
irom low- water to 100 fathoms, sand. Off New Jersey, on a distant
bank, in 32 fathoms, (Captain Gedney). Very abundant at Saint
George's Bank and vicinity, 15 to 430 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).

MELLITA PENTAPORA Liitken.

Bidrag til Knndskab pm Echiniderne, p. 107, in Vidensk. Middelelser, 18G4 ; Ver
rill, Trans. Connecticut Academy, vol. i, p. 345, 1867. Echinus pentaporus
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3189, 1788. Encope pentapora Agassiz, Monog. Scut.,
Plate 3, 1841. Scutdla quinquefora Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., p. 9, 1816. Md-
lita quinquefora Agassiz, Mon. Scut., p. 36, 1841 ; Catal. Rais.. in Ann. Sci., vol.
vii, p. 138, 1847. Melllta testudinaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1851, p. 36 ;
Verrill, this Report, pp. 427, 429, (see errata). Mellita testudinata Agassiz,
Mon. Scut., p. 40, Plate 4a, figs. 7-9, 1841 ; A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini,

424 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [718]

pp. 141, 322, Plate 11, figs. 13-22, Plate 12a, Plate 12C, figs. 1, 2, (name adopted
from Klein, 1734, accidentally binomial).

New Jersey to Brazil ; very abundant along the whole eastern coast
of the United States, south of Cape Hatteras, and along the entire
coast of the Gulf of Mexico; rare and local north of Cape Hatteras.
Vineyard Sound, 5 to 8 fathoms, rare and dead ; outer beach at Great
Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, dead. Nan tucket (Agassiz).

ASTERIOIDEA.
ASTERIAS ARENIOOLA Stinipson. Plate XXV, fig. 269. (p. 326.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 268, 1862 ; Verrill, vol. x, p. 339, 1866.
Asteracanthion berylinus Ag. MSS., A. Agassiz, Embryology of Echinod., in Proc.
Amer. Acad., 1863; Embryology of the Starfish, in Agassiz Contributions, vol.
v, p. 3 ; Sea-Side Studies, p. 108, figs. 141-145, 1885* (t. Agassiz).

Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida and the northern shores of
the Gulf of Mexico ; rare and local, in sheltered localities, north of Mas
sachusetts, as at Quah og Bay, east of Portland, Maine $ but not known
from the eastern part of the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy.

Very common in Long Island Sound ; Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard
Sound; and along the shores of Long Island, from low- water to 15
fathoms. Not uncommon in Massachusetts Bay, at Nahant, Beverly,
&c.

I ASTERIAS FOKBESII Yerrill.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 345, 1866. Asteracanthion Forbesii Desor,
Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. iii, p. 67, 1848.

Buzzard's Bay to Beverly, Massachusetts. Vineyard Sound and off
Gay Head, 6 to 14 fathoms ; Buzzard's Bay, 6 fathoms ; Chelsea and
Beverly, Massachusetts, low-water. Vineyard Sound, 8 fathoms, (De
sor).

This is probably identical with the preceding species, the differences
being, perhaps, chiefly sexual, but I have not yet had opportunities to
satisfy myself fully in regard to this point, and, therefore, leave them,
for the present, under separate names. Should they be united, the
name Forbesii has the precedence over all others.

ASTERIAS VULGARIS Stimpson, MSS. (p. 496.)

Packard, in Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, Dec., 1863 (no description);
Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 347. 1868 (description). Astera
canthion pallid as Ag. MSS. ; A. Agassiz, Embryology, in Proc. Araer. Acad.,
1863 (no description); Embryology of the Starfish; in Agassiz' Contributions,
vol. v, p. 3. Asterias nibens Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 345 (non Linne").

Long Island Sound to Labrador, and (?) Greenland. Very abundant
in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, from above low- water
mark to 40 fathoms ; in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound and off
Gay Head, in 6 to 25 fathoms, not uncommon ; off Watch Hill, Ehode
Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, cominon; Faulkner's Island, Connecticut, low-
water, very rare.

[719] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS UF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 425

LEPTASTERIAS OOMPTA Yerrill.

Proc. Boston Soc., vol. x, p. 350, 1856. Asterias compta Stirapson, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 270, 1862 ; Verrill, op. cit,, p. 340.

Off New Jersey, 32 fathoms, (Captain Geduey). Off Martha's Vine
yard, 20 to 25 fathoms, rare ; off Casco Bay, 30 to 50 fathoms.

CRIBRELLA SANGUINGLENTA Liitken. (p. 407.)

Grcenl. Echinod., p. 31, 1859; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat Hist., vol. x, p. 345,
1866. Asterias sanguinolenta Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., 2836, 1776. Asterias
oculata Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. iv, p. 61, Plate 30, fig. 56, 1777. Asterias
spongiosa Fabricius, Fauna Gro3nl., p. 363, 1780. Linkia oculata Forbes, Wern.
Mem., vol. viii, p. 120, 1839. Cribella oculata Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 100,
(figure), 1841. Echinaster oculatus Miiller and Troschel, Syst. Asterid., p. 24, 1842.
Linkia oculata Stimpsou, Invert, of Grand Manau, p. 14, 1853. Linkia pcrtusa
Stinipson, op. cit., p. 14. Echinaster sanyuinolentus Sars, Fauna Litt. Norveg., i,
p. 47, Plate 8, tigs. 3-6 ; Oversigt af Norges Echinoderaier, p. 84,1861.

Connecticut to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain and France. Very common in the Bay of Fundy, Casco Bay,
and on the entire coast of Maine, from low- water to 100 fathoms ; Massa
chusetts Bay ; Vineyard Sound, 5 to 20 fathoms, not uncommon ; off
Watch Hill, Khode Island, 3 to 5 fathoms; off New London, Connecti
cut (coll. T. H. Prudden).

OPHIUROIDEA.
OPHIURA OLIVACEA Lyman. (p. 363.)

111. Catal. Mus. Cornp. Zoology, No. 1, Ophiuridae and Astrophytida3, p. 23, 1865;
Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 339. Ophioderma olivaceum Ayres,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 134, 1852.

Cape Cod to North Carolina. Wood's Hole, Buzzard's Bay, and Vine
yard Sound, not common; shores of Long Island, frequent; Fort
Macou, North Carolina, common, (Dr. Yarrow).

OPHIOPHOLIS ACULEATA Gray. Plate XXXV, fig. 270. (p. 496.)

List of British Animals in Coll. of Brit. Mus., Part I, Rad. Anim., p. 25, 1848 I
LiitkeuAdditameutaadHist. Ophiuridarum, p. 60, Plate 2, figs. 15,a. b, 16, a, b,
1858; Verrill, op. cit., p. 344, 1866. Asterias aculeata Liune (pars), Syst. Nat.,
p. 1101 ; Retzius Vetersk.-Akad., vol. iv, p. 240, 1783 ; Miiller, Prod., 2841, 1776 ;
Zool. Dan., vol. iii, p. 29, Plate 99, 1789. Ophiura bellis Fleming, Brit. Anim., p.
488, 1828. Ophioeoma bellis Forbes, Wern. Mem., vol. viii, p. 226 ; Brit. Star
fishes, p. 53, figure. Opliiopholis bellis Lytuan, op. cit., p. 96, Plate 1, figs. 4-6.
Opliiolepis scolopendrica Miiller and Troschel, Syst. Aster., p. 96, 1842. Ophiopli-
olis scolopendrica Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 13, 1853.

Rhode Island and New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean ; Iceland ; Spitz-
bergen ; northern coasts of Europe, to the English Channel, Ireland,
etc. Very abundant in the Bay of Fundy, Casco Bay, and along the
whole coast of Maine, from low- water to 100 fathoms ; Massachusetts
Bay ; off Gay Head, 6 to 8 fathoms, rare ; off Watch Hill, Ehode Island,
in 4 to 5 fathoms, rocky. Off New Jersey, 30 to 38 fathoms, N. lat. 39°
54' ; W. long. 73° 15', (Josephine Exp., t. Ljungmann). A similar species,
perhaps identical, occurs on the northwestern coasts of America.

426 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [720]

AMTHIPHOLIS ELE&ANS Ljungruann. (p. 420.)

Ophiuroidea viventia hue usque cognita, Ofvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., I860,
p. 312. Opliiura clegans Leach, Zool. Miscell., iii. p. 57, 1815. Amphiura elegans
Norman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xv, p. 109, 1885. Ophiocoma neglecta
Forbes, Brit. Starfishes, p. 30, 1841. Oplnolepis tennis Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 133, 1852. Amphiura tennis Lyman, Proc. B. S. N. H., vol.
vii, p. 194, 1860. AmpliiplioUs tennis Ljuugmann, Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad.
Forh., 1871, p. 635. Amphiura squamata Lyman, Catalogue Ophinr. and •
Astroph., p. 121. 1865 (now. Delle Chiage, t. Ljungtnann).

Off New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to the
English Channel. Common in Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms ; Mas
sachusetts Bay 5 CascoBay; Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms.
Greenland, 15 fathoms, (Ltitken, as A. neglecta). Off New Jersey, 36 to
38 fathoms, N. lat. 39° 54', W. long. 73° 15', (Josephine Exp., t. Ljung-
mann).

Mr. Ljungmann, in his latest paper, regards this species as distinct
both from the Mediterranean species (Amphiura squamata}, and the
English and Norwegian species (AmpMpholis elegans). The former I
have here regarded as distinct, but consider the latter identical with
the American form, the differences mentioned being slight and appar
ently inconstant.

AMPHIURA ABDITA Verrill. (p. 433.)

AmpMpholiif abdita Verrill, Amer. Jour, of Science, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 132, 1871 ;
this Report, p. 433. (See errata).

Body plump, pentagonal; the interradial margins concave, and the
angles, at base of arms, incised ; margin thick, rounded ; upper surface
of disk covered with very numerous, minute, crowded scales, which en
croach more or less upon the radial shields and run up between them in
a wedge-like area; lower surface thickly covered with still more minute,
granule-like scales. Radial shields elongated, three or more times
longer than wide, curved ; the outer end geniculate or bent downward,
forming a prominent angle above; they are divergent, and separate for
their whole length, or barely touch at the outer ends, and are more or
less concealed laterally and proximally by the encroachment of the small
scales. Arms or rays, 16 times as long as the diameter of the body,
or even more, slender, flexible, gradually attenuated to the tips.

Six mouth-papillae in each angle of the mouth, and two to four addi
tional small rounded papillae, or tentacle-scales, near the extreme outer
angle. Two of the mouth-papilla3, on each side, are placed close together,
at about the middle of the edge of the jaw ; the outer of these, which is
about twice as wide as the inner, is flat, scarcely longer than wide, with
the end obtusely rounded or truncate; the inner one is scarcely wider
than thick, oblong, rounded at the end ; in one case these two papilla
are united together. The third mouth-papilla is stout and rounded,
obtuse, larger and longer than either of the others, separated from them
by a considerable interval, and brought close to the tooth at the end of
the jaw, be3Tond which it projects inwardly and downwardly.

[721] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 427

The mouth-shields are long-oval, or somewhat hexagonal, narrowed
outwardly, the outer part of the lateral edges being nearly straight,
the outer end rounded or sub-truncate, the inner end broadly rounded.
Side mouth-shields triangular with the three edges concave, the inner
ends not united, the surface finely granulated. The lower arm-plates
are separated by the side plates ; the first two are longer than broad,
pentagonal, the inner end forming an obtuse angle, the outer edge
straight ; the next two are about as wide as long, squarish, with the
corners rounded or truncate; the following ones are broader than long,
somewhat octagonal, the outer and inner edges longest and nearly
straight ; beyond the middle of the arm they are again pentagonal, with
an inner angle. On the first five joints of one specimen there is only a
single pair of tentacle-scales, which are small and rounded ; on the suc
ceeding joints there are generally two pairs, one of them being consid
erably smaller than the other; the largest specimen has two pairs of
tentacle scales on all the joints.

Arm-spines three, on each side of all the joints, except the first, which
has but two ; they are thickened at base, gradually tapering, blunt at
tip, sub-equal; the lower one a little curved downward; the upper one
stoutest, flattened, scarcely tapering, obtuse; the middle one a little
longer than the others, the length about equal to width of lower arm-
plates. The upper arm-plates are transversely sub-elliptical, with the
outer edge well rounded, the inner edge slightly prominent or angular
in the middle, and a little concave to either side, so that the lateral por
tions are somewhat narrowed ; the plates generally touch each other.

Color, when living, brown above, the central area dark brown, a
radiating band of the same extending to each interradial margin, and
bordered like the central area with pale gray ; opposite the base of
each arm is a squarish area or radial band of olive-brown ; radial plates
yellowish brown, the space between them bright blue. In the center of
the disk is a small darker brown spot, and five similar ones, correspond
ing to the bases of the arms, form a circle around the center; five
others, more distant, correspond to the interradial spaces ; other more
minute dark spots are scattered over the disk. Upper arm-plates are
mostly dark brown, edged with pale brown or whitish ; some of the
plates are partially or wholly lighter, yellowish brown, and thus form
transverse light bands, or mottliugs, consisting of one or more plates ;
toward the tips these light bands become more numerous, and wider ;
spines bright brown. Lower side of disk yellowish brown, with a tinge
Of greenish ; plates around the mouth whitish ; each of the jaws with
two brown spots; mouth- tentacles orange-yellow. Under arm-plates
yellowish brown, with the edges paler, and with a distal median spot
of whitish ; lower arm-spines yellowish brown. In some specimens the
arms are dull "greenish above, instead of brown.

Diameter of the disk, of the largest specimen, llmm; length of arms,

t

29 v

428 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [722]

Long Island Sound ; off New Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, mud ; off
Thimble Islands, 3 to 8 fathoms, soft mud, rare.

This species is, in some respects, intermediate between AmpJiipJiolis
and Amphiura. With the former it agrees best in the number of the
arm-spines and general appearance ; bat in the structure of the mouth-
parts it agrees better with the latter. It will, however, not go into any
of the sections or sub-sections established by Ljungmann. It appears to
be more nearly allied to A. Eugenice Ljung., from La Plata, than to any
other species hitherto described ; the latter has, however, four arm-
spines instead of three.

ASTROPHYTON AoAssizn Stimpson.

Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 12, 1853 ; Lyman, Catalogue, p. 186.

This species was first described from a specimen obtained " not far
from the shoals of Nan tucket," by Governor John Winthrop, in 1670
and 1671 (Philosophical Transactions), under the name of " Basket-
fish''' or u Net-fish." Crab Ledge, off Chatham, Massachusetts, (Y. N.
Edwards.) It occurs on the banks east and north of Cape Cod, and
on Saint George's Bank, and is very common in the Bay of Fundy,
low-water to 110 fathoms ; and is especially abundant in Eastport
Harbor, in 10 to 20 fathoms. According to Dr. Liitken it is also
found at Greenland and Finmark.

CRINOIDEA.
Antedon dentatus Verrill.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 339, 1866. Alecio dentata Say, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 153, 1825.

This species was described by Say, from a specimen obtained at Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey. It may possibly occur on the southern coast
of New England, but I am not aware that it has actually been found so

far north.

ACALEPH^E.

CTENOPHOFLE.

MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI A. Agassiz. (p. 449.)

Illustr. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zoology, North American Acalephas, p. 20, figs. 22-24,
1865.

Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound ; Long Island Sound, off New
Haven.

LESUEURIA HYBOPTERA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

Catal. North American AcalephaB, p. 23, figs. 25-28.
Newport, Khode Island, to Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

PLEUROBRACHIA RHODODACTYLA Agassiz. (p. 448.)

Memoirs Arnev. Academy, vol. iv, p. 314, Plates 1 to 5, 1849 ; Contributions to
Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iii, pp. 203, 294, Plate 2a, 1860; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p.
30, figs. 38-51, 1865.

Southern side of Long Island, to Greenland. Not uncommon in Long

[723] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 429

Island Sound, near New Haven ; common in Vineyard Sound and Massa
chusetts Bay ; very abundant in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf
of Saint Lawrence. Off Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Fire
Island, Long Island (S. I. Smith).

IDYIA ROSEOLA Agassiz. (p. 451.)

Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iii, pp. 270-296, Plates 1, 2, 1860; A.
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 36, figs. 52-62, 1865.

Vineyard Sound to Labrador. Off Gay Head, riot common ; common
in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay ; very abundant in Bay of Fuudy
and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Labrador (Packard).

? Cesium Veneris Lesueur.

Nouv. Ball. Soc. Phil., 1813, p. 281, Plate 5, fig. 1 ; Lesson, Zoophytes Acalephes,
p. 70, Plate 1, fig. 1.

Mr. S. I. Smith observed a species, apparently identical with this, at
Saint George's Banks, and Mr. A. Agassiz has observed fragments of a
similar species near Newport, Ehode Island. This is properly a more
southern species, found in the warmer parts of the Atlantic and in the
Mediterranean Sea.

DISCOPHOR.E.

AURELIA FLAVIDULA Peron and Lesueur. Plate XXXVI, fig. 271. (p.
449.)

Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 47, 1809; Lesson, op. cit., p. 376, 1843; Agassiz,
Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iii, Plates 6-llb ; vol. iv, pp. 10, 160 ; A.
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 42, figs. 65, 66. Aurelia aurita Stimpsou, Invert., of
Grand Manan, p. 11, 1853.

Buzzard's Bay to Greenland. Common in the upper part of Buzzard's
Bay, in spring; off Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, in August 5
abundant in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Frenchman's Bay ; Bay
of Fundy ; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

CYANEA ARCTIC A Peron and Lesueur. (p. 449.)

Ann. Mus., vol. xiv, p. 51, 1809 ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iii, Plates 3, 4, 5, 5a,
10, 10a ; vol. iv, pp. 87, 162 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 44, fig. 67. Cyanea Pos-
telsii Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 347; Stinipson, op. cit., p. 11 (non BrandtJ.

Long Island Sound to Greenland. Common near New Haven ; in
Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard Sound ; very abundant in Massachusetts Bay ;
Casco Bay ; Bay of Fuudy ; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Fire Island,
Long Island (S. I. Smith).

Cyanea fulva Agassiz.

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 119, 162, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 46 (no de
scription).

Long Island Sound (L. Agassiz). Vineyard Sound (A. Agassiz).
I have been unable to distinguish more than one species among the
Cyanece of our waters, although they vary considerably in color, just as

430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [724]

they do farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy. This is • probably only
a color- variety of C. arctica.

DACTYLOMETRA QUINQUECIRRA Agassiz. Plate XXX VI, fig. 272.
(p. 449.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 125, 166, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 48, fig. 69.
Pelagia quinqueeirrha Desor, Proc. Boston Soc.Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 76, 1848.
Bermudas to Cape Cod. Long Island Sound, near New Haven ; com
mon in Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.

Pelagia cyanella Peron and Lesueur.

Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 37, 1809; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iii,
Plates 12, 13, 13a ; vol. iv, pp. 128, 164 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 47, fig. 68.

Oft' Saiut George's Bank (S. I. Smith). This species inhabits the Gulf
of Mexico 5 Caribbean Sea; and coasts of Florida and North Carolina.
It is carried northward by the Gulf Stream to the vicinity of Saint
George's Bank, and is, therefore, like the two following, likely to occur
occasionally at Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.

Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz.

Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 14, 1860; vol. iv, pp. 138, 151, 1862; A. Agassiz,
'Catalogue, p. 40.

Coast of Georgia (Agassiz). Off Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).
? Charybdea periphylla Peron and Lesueur.

Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 332, 1809 ; Edwards in Cuvier, Regue Auim.,
PL 55, fig. 2 (from Lesueur) ; Lesson, op. cit., p. 265, 1843 ; Agassiz, Contribu
tions, vol. iv, p. 173.

This species was originally described and figured from mutilated
specimens taken under the equator in the Atlantic Ocean, and seems
not to have been seen by later writers. Mr. S. I. Smith has apparently
rediscovered this interesting species off Saint George's Bank.

The specimen obtained by him, while on the United States Coast-
Survey steamer Bache, in 1872, is not quite perfect, but agrees pretty
nearly with the descriptions and figure cited.

The body in the alcoholic specimen is elevated, bell-shaped, rounded
above, with a marked constriction toward the border ; transparent, the
inner cavity showing through as a large, conical, dark reddish brown
spot, with the apex slightly truncated. Border deeply divided into six
teen long, flat lobes, which are of nearly uniform breadth throughout,
and slightly rounded, or sub-truncate, at the end ; the edges and end
thin and more or less frilled ; the inner side with two sub-marginal
carinre. Eyes inconspicuous, but small bright red specks are scattered
over the marginal lobes. The intervals between the lobes are narrow
and generally smoothly rounded, without distinct evidence of the exist
ence of tentacles, except that, in one of these intervals, there is a small
and short papilliform process, with brown pigment at the base. The

[725] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 431

ovaries are mostly wanting, but portions are to be seen as slightly con
voluted organs in the marginal region, opposite the intervals between
the lobes.

TRACHYNEMA DIGITALE A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

Catalogue, p. 57, figs. 81-86, 1865. Medusa digitale Fabricius, Fauna Grcenl,, p.
366, 1780.

Vineyard Sound to Greenland. Wood's Hole, July 1, young speci
mens. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

HYDROIDEA.

Sertularina.
TIAROPSIS DIADEMATA Agassiz. (p. 454.)

Memoirs Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 289, Plate 6, 1849 ; Contributions, vol. iii, p.
354, Plate 31, figs. 9-15 ; vol. iv, pp. 308, 311, figs. 45-48 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
. p. 69, figs. 91-93.

Vineyard Sound to Bay of Fundy. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).
Greenland (Morch). Wood's Hole, April, 1873.

OCEANIA LANGUID A A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862 ; Catalogue, p. 70, figs. 94-102,
1865.

Buzzard's Bay to Bay of Fundy. Common in Vineyard Sound ; not
uncommon in Eastport Harbor.

EUCHEILOTA VENTRICULARIS McCready. (p. 454.)

Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor, in Proc. of Elliott Society of Nat
History, vol. i, p. 187, Plates 11, figs. 1-3, 12, figs. 1, 2, 1857; Agassiz, Contr
butions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 74, figs. 104, 105, 1865.

Charleston. South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound.
EUCHEILOTA DUODECIMALS A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862 ; Catalogue, p. 75, figs. 106-107a.
Buzzard's Bay, Naushon Island (A. Agassiz).

CLYTIA JOHNSTONI Hincks. (p. 408.)

Hist. British Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 143, Plate 24, fig. 1, 1868. Campanularia
Johnstoni Alder, Northum. and Dur. Catal., in Trans. Tynes. F. C., vol. v,
p. 126, Plate 4, fig. 8 (t. Hincks). Sertularia uniflora (pars) Pallas, Elench.
Zooph., p. 121, 1766. Campanularia voluMlis Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, pp.
107, 108, fig. 18 (not of Liune" and Pallas). Clytia voluUHs Lamouroux,
Expos. Meth., p. 15, Plate 4, figs. E, f, F, 1821. Clytia bicophora Agassiz, Con
tributions, vol. iv, pp. 304, 354, Plate 27, figs. 8, 9; Plate 29, figs. 6-9, 1862;
A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 78, figs. 108-111.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe
to Great Britain and France. Common near New Haven and at Thim
ble Islands, in tide-pools and 2 to 6 fathoms ; Watch Hill, Rhode

432 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [726]

Island, 3 to 5 fathoms; Buzzard's Bay ; Vineyard Sound, 1 to 14
fathoms, common; off Block Island, 29 fathoms; abundant in Casco
Bay and Bay of Fuiidy, low-water to 40 fathoms. Saint George's
Bank (S. I. Smith).

This species is undoubtedly the one described by Pallas, and accord
ing to the strict rules of priority it should be called Clytia uniflora.

CLYTIA INTERMEDIA Agassiz. (p. 408.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 305, Plate 29, figs. 10, 11, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. 77 (no description).

Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms, on Phyllophora. Massachusetts
Bay (Agassiz).

PLATYPYXIS CYLINDRICA Agassiz. (p. 408.)

Clytia (Platypyxis) cyUndrica Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 306, 354, figs.
42-44 (not 41, nor Plate 27, figs. 8, 9), 1862. Platypyxis cyUndrica A. Agassiz,
Catalogue, p. 80, figs. 112-114. Campanularia volubilis Leidy, Jour. Phil.
Acad. Nat. Sciences, ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 138, 1855 (not Liuu6, sp.).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Near New Haven, 4 to 6
fathoms, on Halecium ; Thimble Islands ; Watch Hill, Ehode Island ;
Vineyard Sound ; off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms.

ORTHOPYXIS CALIOULATA Verrill. (p. 408.)

Campanularia caliculata Hincks, in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol. xi, p.
178, Plate 5, B, 1853; Brit. Hydroid Zooph., p. 1(<4, Plate 31, figs. 2-2d
Clytia (Orthopyxis) poterium Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 297, 302, fig. 40
Plate 28, Plate 29, figs. 1-5, 1862. Orthopyxis poterium A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. 81, 1865.

Vineyard Sound to Labrador ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Off Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms ; com
mon in Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay ; and Bay of Fundy, low water
to 30 fathoms. Mingan Islands, Labrador, 6 fathoms, (A. E. V).
Henley Harbor, Labrador, 20 to 30 fathoms (A. S. Packard, as Clyiia
volubilis).

CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS Alder, (p. 408.)

Catal. Zooph. Northumb. and Durham, in Trans. Tynes. F. C., vol. iii, p. 125,
Plate 4, fig. 7, 1857 (not of Johnston) ; Hiucks, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., p. 160, Plate
24, fig. 2. Sertularia volubilis Liund (pars), Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 19; ed. xii, p.
1311 ; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 122, 1766. Clytia volubilis A. Agassiz, Cata
logue, p. 77 (not of Larnouroux).

Vineyard Sound to Greenland and Iceland; northern coasts of
Europe to Great Britain ; low- water to 100 fathoms. Common in the
Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms.

CAMPANULAHIA FLEXUOSA Hiucks. (p. 327.)

Brit. Hyd. Zooph., p. 168, Plate 33. Laomedeaflexuosa Hincks, Devon, and Corn
wall Catalogue, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. viii, p. 260, 1861.

[727] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 433

Laomedea amphora Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 311, 314, fig. 50, p. 352,
Plate 30, Plate 31, figs. 1-8, 1882 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 93.

Long Island Sound to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; northern coasts of
Europe, Isle of Man. New Haven, on piles of Long Wharf; Thimble
Islands, near New Haven ; Vineyard Sound, oif Gay Head ; abundant
on the timbers of the wharves at Eastport, Maine.

OBELIA DIAPHANA Yerrill. (p. 327.)

Thaumantias diapliana Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad., voL.iv, p. 300, figs. 1, 2, 1849
(? non Morch). Europe diaphana (pars) Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, Plate
33, fig. 2, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 83, figs. 115-125.

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Abundant in New Haven
Harbor and Vineyard Sound, on Zostera, Fucus, etc.

OBELIA GENICULATA Allman. (p. 407.)

Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, May, 1864 (t. Hincks) ; Hincks, Brit. Hyd-
Zoophytes, p. 149, Plate 25, fig. 1, 1868. SertulariageniculataLi\nu6, Syst. Nat.,
ed. x, sp. 23 ; ed. xii, sp. 21, p. 1312 ; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 117, 1766.
Laomedea geniculata Lamouroux, Pol. Flex., p. 208; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed.
ii, p. 103, Plate 25, figs. 1, 2. Eueope diaphana (pars) Agassiz, Contributions,
vol. iv, p. 322, Plate 34, figs. 1-9, 1862. Eucope alternata A. Agassiz, Catalogue •
p. 86, 1865.

Long Island Sound to Labrador. Northern Europe, from North Cape
to Great Britain. Common near New Haven ; at Thimble Islands ;
Watch Hill, Ehode Island ; Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms ; Massa
chusetts Bay ; Casco Bay ; Bay of Fundy, and northward, low-water to
40 fathoms, on Laminaria, Rlwdymenia, etc.

OBELIA POLYGENA Verrill.

Eucope poli/gena A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 88, fig. 126, 1865.

Off Gay Head, 4 to 5 fathoms, not common. Nahant, Massachusetts
(A. Agassiz).

OBELIA DIVARICATA Verrill.

Laomedea divaricata McCready, op. cit., p. 195, 1859. Eucope ? divaricata A. Agassiz,
Catalogue, p. 91, 1865.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready, Agassiz). A few specimens
were found on floating alga3 in Vineyard Sound, which appear to belong
to this species. It is closely allied to 0. fusiformis (A. Agassiz, sp.).

OBELIA PYRIFORMIS Verrill. (p. 390.)

Catalogue, p. 88, figs. 127-129, 1865. Laomedea gelatinosal^Qidy, Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 138, 1855 (not Pallas, sp.).

Long Island Sound to Bay of Fundy. Very abundant on piles of
wharves, etc., at Wood's Hole.

This species is closely allied to the following ; in the latter the young
inedusre have sixteen tentacles when set free, and the reproductive
capsules differ slightly in form.

434 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [728]

OBELIA DIOHOTOMA Hincks. (p. 407.)

Brit. Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 156, Plate 28, fig. 1, 1868. Sertularia dichotoma Linn 6,
Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 24 ; ed. xii, sp. 22, p. 1312. Laomedea dichotoma, var. a,
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 102, Plate 26, figs. 1, 2.

Vineyard Sound, northward; northern eopr-t* of Europe to Great
Britain. Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, u a.scidians; Eastport,
Maine.

OBELIA LONGISSIMA Hincks.

Brit. Hydroid Zooph., p. 154, Plate 27, 1868. Sertnl c.-ia iongissima Pallas, Elench.
Zooph., p. 119, 1766 (excl. synonymy). Laomedea Iongissima Alder, Trans.
Tynes. F. C., vol. iii, p. 121 (t. Hincks). Laomedea dichotoma, var. b, Johnston,
Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 102. Campanularia gelatinosa Van Beueden, Me'm. sur le
Campan., p. 33, Plates 1, 2 (t. Hincks).

Gay Head ; Cape Ann, Massachusetts ; Bay of Fundy. Coasts of
Belgium and Great Britain.

OBELIA FLABELLATA Hincks. (p. 390.)

Brit. Hydroid Zooph., p. 157, Plate 29, 1868. Campanularia fldbellata Hincks,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. xviii, p. 297.

Off Thimble Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Astrangia ; Watch Hill, Ehode
Island, on Laminaria ; Wood's Hole, on old wreck, in the passage.
Coasts of Great Britain.

The hydrarium of this species very closely resembles the Obelia com-
missuralis of Agassiz, and may prove to be identical with it. But the
original 0. commissuralis of McCready, from Charleston, South Carolina,
is, perhaps, distinct from that described by Agassiz.

OBELIA COMMISSURALIS McCready. Plate XXXYII, fig. 281. (p. 327.)

Proc. Elliott Soc., vol. i, p. 197, Plate 11, figs. 5-7, 1859 ; (?) Agassiz, Contribu
tions, vol. iv, pp. 315, 351, Plate 33 (except fig. 2), Plate 34, figs. 10-21, 1862 ;
(?) A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 91, fig. 134. Laomedea dichotoma Leidy, op. cit., p,
138. Plate 11, fig. 36 (not Linn€, sp.). f Laomedea gelatinosa Stimpson, Invert,
of Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853 (not Pallas, sp.).

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). New Jersey (Leidy). New
port, Rhode Island, and Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). New
Haven Harbor, on piles ; Vineyard Sound, on floating alga?. Grand
Manan (Mills, t. A. Agassiz).

The northern specimens possibly belong to the preceding species.

OBELTA GELATINOSA Hincks. (p. 391.)

British Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 151, Plate 26, fig. 1, 1868. Sertularia gelatinosa
Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 116, 1766. Laomedea gelatinosa Lamouroux, Polyp
Flex., p. 92 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 104, Plate 27, fig. 1 (var. 6).
Campanularia gelatinosa Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p. 134 (t. Hincks).
Laomedea gigantea A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 86, 1865.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay; northern coasts of Europe, from
North Cape to Belgium and Great Britain ; low-water to 20 fathoms.
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters ; New Haven, on piles of
Long Wharf, abundant. Mouth of Charles Hiver, near Boston (H. J.
Clark, t. A. Agassiz).

[729] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 335

RHEOMATODES TENUIS A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 361, 1862 ; Catalogue, p. 95, figs. 136-133.

Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.

ZYGODACTYLA GRCENLANDICA Agassiz. Plate XXXVII, fig. 275. (p.
449.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 360, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 103, figs. 153-156.
Mqnorea Grcenlandica Pe'ron and Lesueur, Ann. du Mus., vol. xiv, p. 27, 1809
(t. A. Agassiz).

Buzzard's Bay to Greenland. Common in Vineyard Sound, in June
and July.

^BQUOREA ALBIDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 359, 1862 ; Catalogue, p. 110, figs. 160-162.
Buzzard's Bay (A. Agassiz).

TIMA FORMOSA Agassiz. (p. 449.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 362, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 113, figs. 164-172.
Vineyard Sound, February and April. Massachusetts Bay (A.

Agassiz).

EUTIMA LiMPiDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 363, 1862; Catalogue, p. 116, figs. 173-178.

Buzzard's Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz).
LAFOEA CALCARATA A. Agassiz. (p. 408.y

Catalogue, p. 122, figs. 184-194. Lafoea cornuta Agassiz, Contr., vol. iv, p. 351
(not of Lamouroux). Laodicea calcarata A. Agassiz, in Agassiz, Contributions,
vol. iv, p. 350, 1862. Campanularia dmnosa Leidy, op. cit., p. 138, 1855 (not of
Fleming).

South Carolina to Vineyard Sound; Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard
Sound. The hydrarium was abundant on floating Zostera and algse in
Vineyard Sound, creeping over Sertularia cornicina; also at low- water,
and in 6 to 8 fathoms on Phyllophora ; Thimble Islands, in tide-pool, on
Vesicnlaria. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready, described as a
constituent part of his Dynamena cornicina).

HALECIUM GR AGILE Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 328.)

Stems slender, flexible, clustered, compound, consisting of many very
slender, united tubes, light brown or yellowish, pinnately much branched ;
branches alternate, ascending, long, slender, tapering, similar to the main
stern, and usually similarly subdivided ; the branches and brauchlets
mostly arise from opposite sides of the stem, so that they stand nearly
in one plane ; ends of branches and the brauchlets simple, very slender,
translucent, whitish, divided into rather long segments; the articula
tions not very conspicuous, somewhat oblique ; each segment usually
with a prominent cylindrical process, arising from near the upper end,
which, on the older branches, bears the hydroid cell, but on the young
branchlets are themselves hydroid cells, furnished with a thin, slightly

436 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [730]

expanded border, having a circle of dots near the edge ; the older or
secondary cells, arising from these, are rather elongated, narrow, cylin
drical, with slightly expanded rim, more or less bent and crooked or
geniculate at base, and usually with one or two irregular constrictions.
Many of the older cells are much elongated, and have two or three old
rims below, separated by distances equal to two or three times the
diameter. The hydroids are long, slender, with numerous long tentacles,
much exsert from the cells. The branchlets and gonothecse (reproduct
ive capsules) arise in the axils of the hydroid cells, and, like the latter,
the gonothecse are often secund on the branchlets. The male and female
capsules are different in form. The male gouothecse are oblong, sub-
fusiform, about three times as long as broad, obtusely rounded at the
end, more gradually tapered to the base ; the female gouothecpe are
broader, somewhat flattened, usually a little shorter, gradually expand
ing from the narrow base to near the distal end, which is emargiuate ;
the outer angle broadly rounded and slightly produced ; the inner angle
prolonged into a short cylindrical hydroid cell, with the edge slightly
everted, from which two hydroids usually protrude. Height, 75mm to
150mm ; diameter of stems, seldom more than lmm ; length of female
gonotheca3, about lmm; breadth, 0.40mm to 0.45mm; length of male gono-
thecse, lmm to 1.10mm ; breadth, 0.30mm to 0.40mm ; diameter of hydro-
thecse, about 0.12mm.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters, just below low-water
mark ; Long Island Sound, near New Haven, in 2 to 6 fathoms, abundant,
and also in brackish water on floating timber ; Thimble Islands, 2 to 6
fathoms; Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.

This species is more nearly allied to H. lialecinum of Europe and
Northern New England than to any other described species. It is a
much more slender and delicate species, with longer joints, and narrower
and more elongated hydrothecaB and polyps. The female gonothecre,
although similar, differ in having the distal ends decidedly emarginate?
with the outer angle somewhat produced, though much less so than in
those of H. Beanii.

ANTENNULAHIA ANTENNINA Fleming, (p. 497.)

Brit. Anim., p. 546 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 86, Plate 19, figs. 1-3 ;
Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 280, Plate 61. Serlularia aniennina Linne", Syst.
Nat., ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1310. Antennularia indivisa Lamarck, Anim. sans
Vert., ed. ii, vol. ii, p. 156.

Martha's Vineyard to Bay of Fundy ; northern coasts of Europe to
Great Britain and France. Off Gay Head, 8 fathoms ; Casco Bay, 6 to
30 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 60 fathoms, not uncommon.

AGLAOPHENIA ARBOREA Verrill.

Plumularia arlorea Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 65, 1848 ; A.
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 140.

The original specimen of this species is still preserved in the collection

[731] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 437

of the Boston Society. It consists of a large number of long, mostly
simple, but occasionally forked stems, forming a dense plume-like cluster,
united at base by an intricate mass of creeping stolons, which cover
what looks like the dead axis of a Gorgonia, but is most probably a
dried-up black alga, and is certainly not, as Desor supposed, a part of
the hydroid. The stems are mostly 4 to 6 inches long, more or less re
curved, composed of short joints, and densely covered with the secund
pinnaB, which increase in length from the base toward the tips; the
pinnae arise from every joint, and form two close alternating rows along
the inner side of the stems ; they are directed upward, and more or less
curved inward, toward each other, near the tips, and mostly 5mm to 8mm
in length, composed of short, stout, oblique joints, not twice as long as
broad. Hydra-cells deep, slightly flaring, rising at an angle of about
45°, attached only at base, the upper side less than half as high as the
lower, border strongly dentate ; one slender median denticle on the up
per edge; four lateral ones on each side, of which three are subequal,
triangular, rather wide, obtuse, with rounded intervals ; the lower or
outer lateral one is twice as long, rather acute ; the single odd median
one, on the outer margin, is equally long and more slender, and usually
bent upward. A single large tubular median nematophore is attached
to the outer side of the cell, along most of its length, but separated at
the end, which is obliquely truncate, with the aperture on the inner
side, its tip nor extending beyond the long lateral denticles of the hydra-
cell. Lateral nematophores small, sessile, not so long as the upper or
inner side of the cells. The large, closed, oblong corbulaB are irregu
larly scattered among the other pinnaB; they occupy the terminal part of
the modified pinnae, but there are usually three or four unaltered hydra-
cells on the basal portion, below the corbula ; the piunas bearing cor-
bulae are somewhat shorter than the others.

Shoals of Nantucket, ten miles east of Sancati Head, 14 fathoms,
(Desor).

PLUMULARIA TENELLA Verrill, sp. uov. (p. 407.)

Stems clustered, simple, slender, 1 to 2 inches high, horn -colored ;
branches alternate, very slender, not very long, mostly unbranched,
placed toward one face of the stem, inclining forward, and ascending
at an angle of about 45°, and originating from the alternate joints of the
stem, the internodes being longer than the joints that bear branches ;
at one side of the base of each branch there is a hydrotheca and accom
panying nematophores ; the internodes of the stem also bear one or two
nematophores. The basal segment of each branch is short ; the rest
are of three kinds ; every third one is usually stouter, and bears a hydro
theca ; just in front of each hydrotheca there is usually a very short
segment, scarcely longer than broad, and sometimes indistinct, destitute
of nematophores; then follows a much longer, slender segment, five or
six times as long as broad, articulated by a very oblique joint at its dis-

438 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [732]

tal end with the thicker and shorter polypiferous segment, and bearing
one or two nematophores on the median line, which may be either near
the middle or toward the proximal end. Hydrothecse broad, sub-
cylindrical, a little longer than broad, with a slightly flaring, even rim ;
the axis forms an angle of about 45° with the branches; the free
part of the distal side is about half the length of the proximal side. Ne-
matophores relatively large, usually three with each hydrotheca: one on
each side, shorter than the hydrotheca, trumpet-shaped, with a round,
cup-like opening, narrowed below, nearly sessile ; another, similar in
form, placed toward the proximal end of the segment, inclined forward,
and nearly reaching the base of the hydrotheca. Gonothecas not ob
served.

Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, among ascidians; Vineyard Sound,
8 fathoms.

This species is related to P. Catharince Johnston and P cornucopicc
Hiucks, from the English coast. The former differs in having opposite
branches, smaller and more elongated nematophores, etc. ; the latter
agrees in having alternate branches, but the nematophores are smaller,
longer, and more slender, and the joints of the branches are different.

This is the first genuine species of Plumularia that has been discov
ered on the New England coast.

SERTULARIA ARGENTEA Ellis and Solander. Plate XXXVII, fig. 280.
(p. 408.)

Zoophytes, p. 38 ; Johnston, Brit. Zoopb., ed. ii, p. 79, Plate 14, fig. 3, Plate 15»
figs. 1-3 ; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 268, Plate 56 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. 144.

New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean; northern shores of Europe to Great
Britain and France ; low-water to 110 fathoms. Great Egg Harbor,
New Jersey, in April ; common and of large size in Long Island Sound,
near New Haven, Thimble Islands, and at Faulkner's Island, 1 to 8
fathoms ; Watch Hill, Ehode Island ; Vineyard Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms,
very common ; abundant in Casco Bay ; Bay of Fundy ; Nova Scotia
coast ; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, low-water to 110 fathoms. Saint
George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

SERTULARIA CUPRESSINA Linne. (p. 408.)

Syst. Naturae, ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1308; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 142, 1766;
Johnston, op. cit., p. 80, Plate 16, figs. 1, 2; Hiucks, op. cit., p. 270, Plate 57 ;
A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 143.

New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain and France. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, with reproductive
capsules, in April ; Vineyard Sound, not common ; Massachusetts Bay ;
Casco Bay ; Bay of Fundy, in tide-pools and from 1 to 110 fathoms,
common. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Absecom Beach, New
Jersey (Leidy).

SERTULARIA PUMILA Linne. Plate XXXVII, fig. 279. (p. 327.)

Syst. Naturae, ed. x, 1758 ; ed. xii, p. 1306 ; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 130 ; Johnston,
op. cit., p. 66, Plate 11, figs. 3, 4 ; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 260, Plate 53,

[733] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 439

fig. 1. Dynamena pumila Lamouroux, Bulletin Soc. Phil., vol. iii, p. 184. 1812 ;
Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 326, 355, Plate 32, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Cata
logue, p. 141, figs. 225, 226.

New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean ; Finmark to Great Britain and
France. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on Fucus ; abundant on the
shores of Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and northward, between
tides.

SERTULARIA CORNICINA Verrill. (p. 408.)

Dynamena cornicina (pars) McCready, op. cit., p. 204, 1859 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. J42, 1865.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Not uncommon in
Vineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms, often onHalecium gracile ; also on float
ing Zostera, etc., and covered with Lafoea calcamta.

This species somewhat resembles the preceding, but the hydra-cells
are more distant, longer, more prominent, and freer, while the end is
distinctly bent outward, making the lower side concave in the middle ;
aperture strongly bilabiate, often appearing tridentate.

HYDRALLMANIA FALCATA Hincks. (p. 408.)

Brit. Hyd. Zooph., p. 273, Plate 58, 1868. Sertularia falcata Linn6, Syst. Nat., ed.
x, 1758 ; ed. xii, p. 1309 ; Plumularia falcata Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p.
160; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., p. 90, Plate 21, figs. 1, 2. Sertularia ienenssima
Stimpson, Mar. Invert. Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; northern shores of Europe
to the British Channel. Common near New Haven, and off Thimble
Islands, 4 to 8 fathoms ; Watch Hill, Ehode Island ; Vineyard Sound,
and off Gay Head, 6 to 20 fathoms ; Massachusetts Bay, abundant;
very abundant; in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 110 fath
oms; Mingan Islands, Labrador. Saint George's Bank, very abundant,
20 to 150 fathoms, (S. I. Smith, A. S. Packard).

Tubularina.
NEMOPSIS BACHEI Agassiz. (p. 454.)

Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 289, figure, 1849 ; Contributions, vol. iv, p. 345 ;
A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 149, figs. 227-231. Nemopsis Gibbesi McCready, op. cit.,
p. 58, Plate 10, figs. 1-7, 1859.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Nantucket.

BOUGAINVILLIA SUPERCILIARIS Aggasiz. Plate XXXVII, fig. 276.

(p. 328.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 289, 291, figs. 37-39, Plate 27, figs. 1-7, 1862 ; A. Agas
siz, Catalogue, p. 153, figs. 232-240. Hippocrene siiperciliaris Agassiz, Mem.
Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 250, Plates 1-3, 1849.

Newport, Rhode Island, to Bay of Fundy ; ? Greenland.
MAUGELTS CAROLINENSIS Agassiz. (p. 450.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 156, figs. 241-248.
Hippocrene Carolinensis McCready, op. cit., p. 164 (separate copies, p. 62), Plate
10, figs. 8-10.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Wood's Hole, at
surface, evening.

440 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [734]

EUDENDRIUM DISPAR AgaSSlZ. (p. 408.)

Coutribntions, vol. iv, pp. 285, 289, 342, fig. 36, Plate 27, figs. 10-21, 1862 ; A
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 159, fig. 249.

Vineyard Sound to .Bay of Fundy 5 1 to 20 fathoms.

EUDENDRIUM TENUE A. Agassiz.
Catalogue, p. 160, fig. 250, 1865.

Buzzard's Bay to Bay of Fundy, low-water to 15 fathoms. This is
closely allied to the English E. capillare Alder, but the latter seems to
be a smaller and more delicate species.

EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM Ehrenberg. (p. 408.)

Corall. roth. Meer, p. 72, 1834; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 46, Plate 6,
figs. 1-3 ; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 82, Plate 13 ; f A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. 160. Tubularia ramosa Linne", Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1302.

Martha's Vineyard to Labrador; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Oft' Gay Head, 8 to 20 fathoms; Casco Bay, 10 to 60 fathoms ;
Bay of Fundy. 6 to 100 fathoms. Off Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms,
(S. 1. Smith).

DYSMORPHOSA FULGURANS A. Agassiz. (p. 448.)

Catalogue, p. 163, figs. 259, 260, 1865.

Buzzard's Bay, Naushou, and Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).
TURRITOPSIS NUTRICULA McCready. (p. 454.)

Op. cit., pp. 55, 86, 127, Plates 4, 5, 8, fig. 1, 1857-9 ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol.
iv, p. 347 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 167, figs. 269, 270.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound.
STOMOTOCA APICATA Agassiz. (p. 455.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 347, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 168. SapJienia
apicata McCready, op. cit., p. 129, Plate 8, figs. 2, 3, 1859.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready) ; Newport, Khode Island (A.
Agassiz).

CLAVA LEPTOSTYLA Agassiz. (p. 328.)

Contributions, vol.. iv, pp. 218, 222, fig. 32, Plate 20, figs. ll-16a, Plate 21, figs.
l-10a, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 170, fig. 274; Hiucks, op. cit., p. 6, Plate
2, fig. 1, 1868. Clara multicornis Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, p. 11, 1853 ;
Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iii, p. 135, Plate 11, figs. 33, 34,
1855 (not of Johnston).

Long Island Sound to Labrador; coasts of Great Britain. Near New
Haven Light 5 Thimble Islands, in tide-pools; Beverly, Massachusetts ;
Casco Bay, on rocks and Fucus, abundant ; Eastport, Maine, on piles.
Point Judith, Rhode Island (Leidy). Nahant, Massachusetts (Agassiz).
Morecombe Bay (Hincks).

CORDYLOPIIORA, species undetermined.

Syncoryna, sp., Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 339 (no description).

Newport Harbor, Rhode Island (Leidy, t. Agassiz). la 1860 I ob
tained a species of this genus from the vicinity of Cambridge, Massa-

r?35] INVERTEBRATE ANJMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 441

chusetts, in water that was fresh, or nearly so. It grew to the height
of two inches or more, with long slender branches.

WILLIA ORNATA McCready. (p. 455.)

Op. cit., p. 149 (separate copies, p. 47), Plate 9, figs. 9-11, 1859 (Willsia) ; Agassiz,
Contributions, vol. iv, p. 346, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 171, figs. 274a,
275.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). Buzzard's Bay (A. Agassiz).

CORYNE MIRABILTS Agassiz.

Contributions, vol. iii, Plate llc, figs. 14, 15, Plates 17-19 ; vol. iv, pp. 185-217, figs.
9-31, Plate 20, figs. 1-9, Plate 23% fig. 12 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 175, figs.
283-287. Sarsia mirabllis Agassiz, Mern. Araer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 224, Plates 4, 5,
1849. ? Tubularia stellifera Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 56,
1839. Coryne gravata Wright, Edinb. New Phil. Jour., Apr., 1858, Plate 7, fig.
5 (t. Hincks). Syncoryne gravata Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 53, Plate 10, fig. 1.

The species described by Couthouy may, possibly, have been this ;
but his species was described as unbranched, and as if it had two dis
tinct circles of tentacles. Martha's Vineyard to Greenland. Common
in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; and Bay of Fuudy. Scotland
(Hincks).

DIPURENA CONICA A. Agassiz. (p. 455.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 341, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 181, figs.
301-305.

Buzzard's Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz).
GEMMARIA GEMMOSA McCready. (p. 455.)

Op. cit., p. 151, Plate 8, figs. 4,5, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 184, fig. 308.
Zanclea gemmosa McCready, op. cit., p. 151, 1849 ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv,
p. 344.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). Buzzard's Bay (A. Agassiz).

PENNARIA TIARELLA McCready. Plate XXXVII, figs. 277, 278, (p.
327.)

Op. cit., p. 153, 1859 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 187, figs. 311-315. GloUceps tia-
rella Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 193, 1852. Eucoryne elegans
Leidy, op. cit., p. 136, Plate 10, figs. 1-5, 1855. GloUceps tiarella Agassiz, Con
tributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay. Great Egg Har
bor, New Jersey ; near New Haven ; Vineyard Sound, common, low- water
to 10 fathoms, and on floating algse.

ECTOPLEURA OCHRACEA Agassiz. (p. 455.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 343, 1862; Catalogue, p. 191, figs. 320-323.
Buzzard's Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz).

442 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [736]
CORYMORPHA PENDULA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 273. (p. 510.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 276, 343, Plate 26, figs. 7-17, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Cata
logue, p. 192, fig. 324. Corymorplia nutans Stirapson, Invert, of Grand Manan,
p. 9, 1853.

Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Casco Bay and
Bay of Fundy, 8 to 30 fathoms ; off Block Island, 29 fathoms. Off
Cape Cod (A. S. Bickmore).

HYBOCODON PROLIFER Agassiz. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 282. (p. 328.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 243, 343, Plate 23% figs. 10, 11, Plate 25, figs. 1-15,
1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 193, figs. 325-328.

Vineyard Sound to Massachusetts Bay.
PARYPHA CROOEA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 274. (p. 390.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 249, 342, Plates 23, 23a, figs. 1-7, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Cata
logue, p. 195. ? Tubitlaria cristata McCready, op. cit., p. 156, 1859= Par yplia
cristata Ag., op. cit., p. 342.

Brooklyn, New York, to Boston, Massachusetts. Very abundant near
New Haven, on piles in harbor, and in 2 to 6 fathoms, off Thimble
Islands; Wood's Hole, on piles, abundant. Warren Bridge, Boston
(Agassiz).

This is probably not distinct from P. cristata, which is abundant at
Charleston, South Carolina, and Fort Macon, North Carolina.

THAMNOONIDIA TENELLA Agassiz. (p. 407.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 275, 342, Plate 22, figs. 21-30, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Cata
logue, p. 195.

Rhode Island to Bay of Fun dy. Off Watch Hill, 4 to 5 fathoms;
Vineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms ; common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, low- water to 40 fathoms.

HYDRACTINIA POLYCLINA Agassiz. (p. 407.)

Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 16; vol. iv, pp. 227, 339, figs. 33-35, Plate 26, fig. 18,
1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 193, figs. 329, 330. Hydmctinw ecliinata Leidy,
op. cit., p. 135, Plate xi, fig. 35, 1855 (? not of Johnston).

New Jersey to Labrador. Very abundant in Long Island Sound,
Vineyard Sound, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. low-water to 60 fath
oms. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Labrador (Packard). Green
land (Morch). ? Charleston, South Carolina (McCready).

The identity of this with the European species is somewhat doubtful,
though united by Hincks and others. The latter extends southward on
the European coasts to Great Britain and France.

Physophorce.
NANOMIA CARA A. Agassiz. (p. 455.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 181, 1863 ; Catalogue, p. 200, figs. 332-350.
Newport, Khode Island ; Massachusetts Bay; Nahant (A. Agassiz).

. [737] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 443

Porpitce.
+ PHYSALIA PELAGICA Lamarck, (p. 450.)

Syst. des Aiiim. sans Vert., p. 356, 1801 ; Lesson, Acaleplies, p. 545, 1843. Physalis
pelagica Osbeck, Itin., p. 284, Plate 12, fig. 1, 1757 (t. Lesson). Holothuria
physalis Linne", Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1090, 1767. Medusa caravella Miiller, Besch.
der Berl. Naturf., vol. ii, p. 190, Plate 9, tig. 2 (t. Lesson) ; Ginelin, Syst. Nat.,
p. 3139, 1789. Physalia caravella Eschscholtz ; Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Zooph.
Acaleplies, Plate 11 (explanation). Physalia arethusa Tiiesius, in Krusensterna
Reise, vol. iii, p. 91, Plate 23, figs. 1-6, 1813 (t. Lesson) ; Agassiz, Contributions ,
vol. iv, pp. 335, 367, Plate 35, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 214, figs. 351-354 ;
this Report, p. 450. Physalia aurigera McCready, op. cit., p. 176, 1859.

Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, coming north
ward in the Gulf Stream to the southern coast of New England and
Long Island ; and off Saint George's Bank and Nova Scotia. Not un
common, in good condition, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.
Watch Hill, Rhode Island (D. C. Baton). East of Saint George's Bank
(S. I. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll- Dr. Yarrow).

-- VELELLA MUTICA Lamarck, (p. 455.)

Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 355, 1801 ; Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers., vol. ii, p. 158;
Lesson, Voy.de la Coquille, Zool., vol. ii, pp. 2,52, Plate 6, figs. 1,2; Aca
leplies, p. 571, Plate 12, figs. 1,2; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 216, figs. 355-357.
Medusa velella Linne", Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1098.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, coming northward
in the Gulf Stream as far as Nantucket and off Saint George's Bank.
Aspinwall (coll. F. H. Bradley) ; coasts of Florida (Agassiz) $, Long Is
land Sound (A. Agassiz).

POLYPI or ANTHOZOA.
ALCYONARIA.

I ALCYONIUM CARNEUM Agassiz. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 283. (p. 497.)

Proc. American Association for Adv. of Science, 1850, p. 209; Verrill, Revision
of Polyps of Eastern Coasfc U. S*, in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p.
4, 1864 ; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 343, 1866. Halcyonium
carneum A. and E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 19, figs. 21-23, 1865.

Khode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Watch Hill, Khode Island,
4 to 5 fathoms; off (Juttyhunk Island, 10 to 15 fathoms; off Gay Head, 8
to 10 fathoms ; common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundyr
and coast of Nova Scotia, low- water to 80 fathoms. Gulf of Saint Law
rence (Whiteaves). Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

. Leptogoryia tennis Verrill.

Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i,p. 8,1864. Gorgonia tennis Verrill, Proc.
Boston Soc. N.H., vol. x, p. 339, 1866. Leptogorgia teres (error typ.) Verrill,
Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xlviii, p. 420, 1869.

"Bay of New York." Specimens in the museum of Yale College are
supposed to have come from Long Island Sound, but the exact locality
is not known.
30 v

444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [738]

ACTINARIA.

METRIDIUM MARGINATUM Milne-Edwards, (p. 329.)

Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 254, 1857; Verrill, Revision of Polyps., in
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 22, 1864 ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. x, p. 337, 186G ; American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 252; Tenney, Natural
History, p. 523, tigs. 515-517, 1865; A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side
Studies, p. 7, rigs. 2-7, 1865. Actinia marginata Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Philad., vol. i,p. 172,1817; Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. i, p. 349, 1841;
Leidy, Journ. Acad. N. S., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 140, 1855 Agassiz, Contri
butions, vol. iii, p. 39, fig. 8, 1860. Actinia dianthiis Dawson, Canadian Nat
uralist and Geologist, vol. iii, p. 402, figs. 1,2, 1858.

New Jersey to Labrador. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, and Vineyard Sound, but mostly smaller than further north;
abundant in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, low-
water to 90 fathoms.

SAGARTIA LEUCOLENA Verrill. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 284. (p. 329.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 336, 1866 ; American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 261.
North Carolina to Cape Cod. Common in Long Island Sound, Buz
zard's Bay, and Vineyard Sound ; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow).

SAGARTIA MODESTA Verrill. (p. 330.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 337, 1863.

Long Island Sound to Vineyard Sound. Savin Bock, near New
Haven; Goose Island 5 Stony Creek ; Naushon Island ; low-water,
buried in sand or gravel.

PARACTIS RAPIFORMIS Milne-Edwards, (p. 3G3.)

Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 249, 1857; Verrill, American Journal of
Science, vol. iii, p. 436, 1872; Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 23, figure, (in
<ed. i, as Sagartia modesta V.). Actinia rapiformis L'esueur, Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Philad., vol. i, p. 171, 1817; Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. i, p. 35, 1864 ; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 338.

North Carolina to Long Island Sound. Fort Macon (coll. Dr. Yar
row) ; New Jersey (Lesueur) ; near New Haven (Dana).

HALOOAMPA PRODUCTA Stimpson, MSS. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 285.
(p. 330.)

Verrill, Revision, in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 30, Plate 1, figs, 10, 11,
1864. Actinia producta Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v, p. 110,
1856. Corynactis albida Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 24, 1859.
Halcampa albida Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 29, 1864 ; A.
and E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 16, fig. 15, 1865 ; Verrill, Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 338, 1870 (Halocampa).

South Carolina to Cape Cod. Shores of Long Island Sound, at
Stony Creek, etc. ; Naushon Island; Martha's Vineyard; Nantucket;
Cape Cod. Charleston, South Carolina (Stimpson).

[739] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 445

EDWAKDSIA FABINACEA Verrill. (p. 510.)

American Journal of Science, vol. xlii, p. 118, 1866.

Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms ; Casco Bay, 10 to 70 fathoms ; Bay of
Fundy, 8 to 90 fathoms.

EDWARDSIA LINEATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 497.)

Body cylindrical, elongated, covered over the base and sides with a
dirty, brownish, slightly rough and wrinkled epidermis, except anteriorly,
below the tentacles, where it is smooth, translucent, and usually with
eight impressed, longitudinal, flake- white lines, showing through. Tenta
cles, 24 to 30, or more, in the larger specimens, slender, tapering, obtuse,
white or pale flesh-color, each with a flake- white, longitudinal line along
the inner side. Disk, with a white circle around the mouth, and often
with 8, or more, radiating, white lines, extending to the base of the
inner tentacles ; border of the mouth sometimes pale red ; naked part
of column pale flesh-color, often with a circle of white below the bases
of the tentacles, and usually with eight oblong or fusiform flake-white
spots between the longitudinal impressed lines.

Length, 25mm to 35mm; diameter, 2.5mm to 3mm. A very young speci
men had 18 slender, equal, long tentacles, each with a median longi
tudinal line of white on the inside; disk with 6 radiating lines of
white; naked part of the column with 6 impressed white lines, and
with 6 oblong, flake- white spots between them. Breadth across the
expanded tentacles, 3rnm.

This species is remarkable for not having, in any of the specimens
found, a naked basal area, nor any true disk for attachment, thus differ
ing both from Phellia and the other species of Edwardsia. This may be
due to its peculiar habit of nestling in the crevices and interstices
between rocks, ascidians, worm-tubes, etc.

Off Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, in cavities in and
beneath Astrangia, etc. ; Vineyard Sound arid off Gay Head, G to 12
fathoms, among ascidians, annelid-tubes, etc., abundant. •.

Arachnactis brachiolata A. Agassiz. (p. 451.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 159, 1862; Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,
vol. vii. p. 525, 1863 ; Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. N. H., p. 33 ; Proceedings,
vol. x, p. 343.

Mr. A. Agassiz has recently ascertained that this is only a larval form
of some species of Edivardsia. .As it had already developed 16 tenta
cles, it must belong to one of the species having numerous tentacles
when adult.

Peacliia parasitica Verrill.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 338, 1866 ; Biddium parasiticum Agassiz,
Proc. Boston S. N. H., vol. vii, p. 24, 1859; Verrill, Revision of Polyps, in Me
moirs Boston S. N. H., vol. i, p. 31, Plate 1, figs. 14, 15, 1864 ; A. and Mrs. E. C.
Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 15, fig. 14, 1865.

Cape Cod to Bay of Fundy, on Cyanea arctica ; Eastport, Maine, buried
in gravel at low- water mark (two specimens, of very large size). I am

446 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [740]

uot aware that this species has been found south of Cape Cod, but it
will probably be found hereafter, siuce the Cyanea is common.

EPIZOANTHUS AMERICANUS Verrill. Plate XXXVIII, figs. 286, 287.
(p. 510.)

American Journal of Science, vol. ii, p. 361, 1871 ; Dana, Corals and Coral Isl
ands, ed. i, p. 62, figs 1, 2, 1872. Zoanthus parasiticus Verrill, Revision of
Polyps, in Mem. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. i, p. 34, 1864, (not of Ducli. and Mich.,
1860.) Zoanthus Americanus Verrill, op. cit., p. 45; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. x, p. 335, 1866. G-emmaria Americana Verrill, American Naturalist, vol. ii,
p. 9, fig. 42.

Off New Jersey to Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in deep water. Off Block
Island, 29 fathoms, on shells occupied by Eupagurus ; off Grand Manaii,
in 40 to 50 fathoms, on shells covering Eupagurus, and in 109 fathoms,
on rocks ; off Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms, on rocks, (S. I. Smith
and O. Harger) ; Saint George's Bank, 60 fathoms, on shells occupied
by Eupagurus (Smith and Harger) ; Gulf of Saint Lawrence, on rocks,
( Whiteaves) ; Massachusetts Bay (J. E. Gray). Off New Jersey, N. lat.
40°, W. long. 73°, 32 fathoms, on shells inhabited by Eupagurus pubeseem,
(coll. Captain Gedney).

MADREPORARIA.

ASTRANGIA DAN^E Agassiz. (p. 408.)

Proc. American Assoc., vol. ii, p. 68, 1849 (not of Edw. and Haime, 1850) ; Ver
rill, Revision Polyps, p. 40, 1864; A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p.
16, figs. 16-20, 1865 ; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 335, 1866 ;
Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 68, figures, 1872. Aatrangia astrwiformis
Edw. and Haime, Ann. des. Sci. Nat., vol. xii, p. 181, 1850 ; Coralliaires, vol. ii,
p. 614, 1857 ; Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iii, p. 139, Plate
x, figs. 9-16, 1855 ; Verrill, Revision of Polyps, p. 39, 1864.

North Florida and west Florida to Cape Cod. Common in Long
Island Sound, near Kew Haven, at Savin Eock, off Thimble Islands,
etc., 1 to <3 fathoms, rocks ; Watch Hill, Ehode Island. 4 to 5 fathoms ;
Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 2 to 15 fathoms ; FortMacon, North
Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). Charleston, South Carolina (Agassiz).
West Florida (E. Jewett).

PROTOZOA.

POEIFERA or SPONGLE.

CALCAREA.

j GRANTIA CILIATA Fleming, (p. 330.)

British Anim., p, 325 ; Johnston, Brit. Sponges and Lithophytes, p. 176, Plate
20, figs. 4, 5, Plate 21, figs. 6, 7, 1842 ; Bowerbauk, Monog. British Spougiadae,
vol. i, Plate 26, figs. 345, 346°; vol. ii, p. 19, 1866. Spongia ciliata Fabricins,
Fauna Grcenlaudica, p. -448, 1780. Sycandra ciliata Heeckel, Die Kalkschwamnie,

[741] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 447

vol. ii, p. 296, Plate 51, figs. I8-!*, Plate 58, fig. 9, 1872. Spongia coronala
Ellis and Solander, Zoophytes, p. 190, Plate 58, figs. 8, 9. Grantia coronata
Hassall, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 174.

Rhode Island to Greenland ; northern coasts of Europe. Common in
Casco Bay and Bay of Fuudy, low-water to 60 fathoms ; Vineyard
Sound, not uncommon. Point Judith, Rhode Island (Leidy).

? LEUCOSOLENIA BOTRYOIDES Bowerbank. (p. 500.)

Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 28, 1866. Spongia botryoides Ellis and Solander, Zooph.,
p. 190, Plate 58, figs. 1-4, 1786. Grantia botryoides Fleming, Brit. Anim.. p.
525 ; Johnston, op. cit., p. 178, Plate 21, figs. 1-5. Ascaltis botryoides Haickel,
op. cit., vol. ii, p. 65. Plate 9, fig. 10, Plate 10, figs. 7a-7e.

Martha's Vineyard to Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; northern coasts of
Europe to England and France.

I refer some of our larger specimens to this species with considerable
doubt. They appear to be distinct from the following species, with which
they have formerly been confounded.

ASCORTIS FRAGILIS Ha3ckel.

Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 74, Plate 11, figs. 5-9, Plate 12, figs. 5*-5's 1872. Leucosolenia
thamnoides Hasckel, Prodrom., p. 243, spec. 70. Leucosolenia botryoides H. J.
Clark, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, part 3, p. 323, (sep. copies, p. 19),
Plate 9, figs. 40-44, Plate 10, fig. 64, 1866 (not of Bowerbank) ; this Report,
pp. 334, 391. Grantia botryoides Leidy, op. cit., p. 135, 1855.

Long Island Sound to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Western coast of
Norway, at Bergen, etc. (Ha^ckel). Common in Long Island Sound, near
New Haven, at Thimble Islands, etc.; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vine
yard Sound; Casco Bay, etc. Massachusetts Bay (H. J. Clark).

Haeckel names the form figured by Clark yar. Ufida.

SILICEA.

I MICROCIONA PROLIFERA Verrill.

Spongia prolifera Ellis and Solander, Zoophytes, p. 189, Plate 58, fig. 5, 1786 ;
Lniiionroux, Expos. Mdtliodique, p. 31, Plate 58, fig. 5. Eed sponge, this Re
port, pp. 330, 409, 476.

This species, when young, forms broad, thin, bright red incrustations
over the surfaces of stones and shells. In this stage it agrees well with
the British species of Microciona described by Bowerbank, all of which
are said to be incrustiug forms. Our species, at a later period, rises up
into irregular lobes and tubercular prominences, which eventually be
come elongated and subdivided into slender branches, until they often
form a profusely and intricately branched sponge, frequently six inches
high and as much in diameter. The branches are repeatedly dichoto-
mous, more or less flattened, and often digitate or palmate at the ends
They also frequently anastomose irregularly. The branches, when dry,
are brittle and hispid. They consist of stout, horny libers, which radiate
outward and upward from the axis to the periphery, terminating in

448 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [742]

more or less irregular, slender, blunt papillre, each of which bears a tuft
of numerous slender, acute, more or less bent spicules, arising from its
lateral and terminal surfaces. At the tips of the branches the papillae
are more slender and divergent, arid the texture is more open and loose.
During life these papilhe are connected together by a thin dermal mem
brane, through which the spicules project but little. The oscules are
small and scattered over the surface. Color, when living, dark red to
orange-red; when dried, generally dark grayish brown or umber-colored,
fading to dull yellowish brown and gray. Diameter of branches mostly

9inm -J-Q PJium

South Carolina to Cape Cod. Very abundant in Long Island Sound
and Vineyard Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms, on oysters and other
shells, stones, etc. ; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; Fort Macou, North
Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow).

ISODICTYA, species undetermined.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Vineyard Sound and Nantucket, washed
ashore after storms in winter; Casco Bay ; Bay of Fuudy.

The specimens from Watch Hill have few broad, thick, palmate
branches, with large oscules and an open texture, with multispiculose
fibers. They resemble Isodictya palmata Bowerbank.

CHALINA OOULATA Bowerbank. (p. 497.)

British Spongiadui, vol. i, p. 208, Plate 13, fig. 262 ; vol. ii, p. 361. Spongia ocnlata
Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 2; ed. xii, p. 1299; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 390,
1766. Halicliondria ooulata Jobustoii, op. cit., p. 94, Plate 3.

Rhode Island to Labrador ; northern coast of Europe to Great Brit
ain. Off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms ; off Gay Head, 4 to
15 fathoms; very common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay
of Fundy ; low- water to SO fathoms.

CHALINA ABBUSCULA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 409.)

Sponge profusely branched, from close to the thick base ; branches
repeatedly diehotomous, slender, round or somewhat compressed, seldom
broad or palmate. Oscules small, round, irregularly scattered. Texture
of the surface finely reticulated when dry, with very delicate fibers,
which usually have but a single row of very slender fusiform spicules,
covered by a thin layer of horny matter ; the reticulations do not usu
ally exceed the length of a single spicule. Primary longitudinal fibers
of the larger branches strong, horny, with several lines of spicules;
secondary fibers at right angles to the primary ones, much smaller,
with fewer spicules. The spicules are slender, fusiform (" acerate1'),
much smaller and more slender than in the preceding species. Color,
when living, dull gray ; when dried, brownish, yellowish, or white. The
largest specimens are about one foot high ; more commonly 6 to 8 inches
(I«j0nim to 200umi) ; breadth often nearly as much ; diameter of branches,

[743] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 449

4mm to 10mm, mostly about 5mm to 6mm ; diameter of the oscules, in dry
specimens, about I111"1.

Korth Carolina to Cape Cod. Very common in Long- Island Sound
and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island $ Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey.

This species has a much finer and more delicate texture than C. ocu-
lata* due to the smaller fibers and spicules, as well as to the smaller
meshes of the skeleton. The branches are also smaller and much more
numerous than they usually are in that species.

HALICHONDRIA. PANICEA Johnston.

Brit. Sponges, p. 114, Plate 10, Plate 11, fig. 5, 1842 ; Bo werbank, British Spongiadae,
vol. i, p. 195, Plate 19, figs. 300, 303 ; vol. ii, p. 229, 188G. Spongia panicea Pallas,
Elench. Zoopli., p. 383, 1766. Tedania (?), this Report, p. 498.

Rhode Island to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Abundant at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, on algre, in 4 to 8
fathoms ; off Gay Head 5 Casco Bay j Bay of Fundy.

HALICHONDRIA, species undetermined, a.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, associated with the preceding.

Grows in large tuberous masses, on algas, like the last, but has a
smoother surface and finer and firmer texture. (See p. 498.)

HALICHONDRIA ?, species undetermined, &. (p. 334.)
Long Island Sound near New Haven ; Vineyard Sound.
Forms broad, uneven incrustations on the under side of stones, at

low-water mark. Color when living, bright yellow. Oscules rather large,

conspicuous.

HALICHONDRIA ?, species undetermined, c.

Vineyard Sound, on the under side of overhanging banks, on the salt
marshes near Waquoit; on the piles of wharves at Wood's Hole.

Forms large, irregular, thick masses, often containing much foreign
matter; surface uneven, rising into irregular prominences. Soft and
brittle.

This is, perhaps, a species of Reniera Schmidt (Hymeniacidon Bow-
erbank).*

RENIERA ?, species undetermined, a. (p. 334.)

Vineyard Sound, 1 to 10 fathoms. Forms large, irregular, soft
masses, 3 to 5 inches in diameter, of a light yellow color when living.

EENIERA ?, species undetermined, &.

Vineyard Sound, 3 to 10 fathoms. Forms large, irregular, thick
masses, ^vith numerous acute, irregular, often ragged, conical promi
nences, rising from its upper surface.

* It was not studied carefully when recerit ; and I have no specimens of this and sev
eral of the other species at hand, for most of the sponges were sent elsewhere for com
parison with named types, and have not yet been returned.

450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [744]

HALISARCA ?, Species undetermined, a.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms. Forms small, soft, some
what gelatinous masses, on red alga?. (See p. 498.)

SUBERITES COMPACTA Verrill, sp. nov.

This species is remarkable for the compactness of its tissues and the
smallness of the canals and pores permeating its substance, as well as
for the large size of the plates and crest-like lobes in which it grows.
A transverse section of the dried sponge shows very numerous irregular
canals, most of them not larger than pin-holes (or less than 0.15mm
in diameter). The tissue is very compact throughout, but is more dense
close to the surface, which is nearly smooth, the oscules being small and
inconspicuous. The spicules are very abundant, crowded, very slender,
mostly pin-shaped (spinulate), with the point very acute and the " head"
but little enlarged, and otteu largest a slight distance fVum the end, so
as to give the head a slightly ovate form. Color, when living, bright
yellow.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 10 fi; thorns, sand ; Nantucket; Eastern Shore
of Virginia.

This is the species described as a u firm siliceous sponge," on page
503. In general appearance it somewhat resembles Suberites suberea

Gray (Hymeniacidon suberea Bowerbank).

j
OLIONA SULPHUREA Verrill. (p. 421.)

Spongia sulphured, Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. Hi, p. 68, 1848.
South Carolina to Cape Cod ; local farther north. Great Egg Harbor,
Xew Jersey ; very abundant in Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound,
on oysters and various other shells, I to 15 fathoms. Portland Harbor,
Maine, in sheltered localities (C. B. Fuller).

? POLYMASTIA ROBUSTA Bowerbank. (p. 497.)

British Spongiadre, vol. i, p. 178, Plate 29, fig. 358 ; vol. ii, p. 62, 1866.

Off Gay Head, 18 to 20 fathoms; common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, 8 to 70 fathoms. Coast of Great Britain (Bowerbank).

The American specimens do not agree in all respects with the descrip
tion, and may prove to be distinct when a direct comparison can be
made. In our specimens the surface is finely hispid; the dermal tissue is
firm, and tilled with small, slender, often curved, needle-shaped (" acuate"),
and pin-shaped (u spinulate") spicules, which project from the surface.
The latter form is the predominant one, but the " head" is very small,
and they pass gradually into the former kind, in which the "head" is
obsolete, or not larger than the shaft. The spicules of the large, radi
ating fascicles iu the body of the sponge are long and large/ needle-
shaped, with the central portion thickest (" fusiformi-acuate"). The
large spicules in the longitudinal fascicles of the cloacal tistuhe are of
the same form; the secondary fascicles of the body and the transverse
secondary spicules of the fistulas also have the same form, though much

[745] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 451

smaller. The "cloaeal fistula7' are numerous, and, when living, are
round and tapering*, but when dry become flat and bent, or curved to one
side. They are mostly 20mm to 40mra long, and 4mm to 6mra in diameter
near the base.

Several other species of sponges were collected, which have not been
examined.

I have been unable to identify any of our specimens with the Spongia
urceolata of Desor (Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 67).
Possibly it was based on a peculiarly-shaped young specimen of Micro-

ciona prolifera.

FORAMINIFERA.

Numerous species were collected, especially in the deeper parts of
Vineyard Sound and off Martha's Vineyard, but they have not been
, identified.

ADDENDA. ,

Crustacea.
CANCER BOREALIS Stimpson. (p. 546.)

A small specimen of this species was dredged off Watch Hill, Ehode
Island, in 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and alga3, in April. It was found
in abundance, and of large size, at Peak's Island and Pumkin Knob, in
Casco Bay, Maine, in August, clinging to the sea-weeds, and in tide-
pools, above low-water mark.

OCYPODA ARENARIA Say. (Megalops stage.) (p. 337.)

The megalops of this species was found in large numbers, swimming
at the surface of Vineyard Sound in September, by Mr. Viual N. Ed
wards.

HOMARUS AMERIOANUS Edw. (Lobster.) (p. 492.)

Subsequent observations have shown that the breeding-season of the
lobster extends over a large part of the year. In Casco Bay female
lobsters wjre found carrying eggs in August and September. Mr. Vinal
N. Edwards has forwarded two living females, of medium size, taken in
Vineyard Sound, December 12th, both carving an abundance of freshly
laid eggs. He states that he finds about " one in twenty ?? carrying eggs
at that season.

THEMISTO, species undetermined.

A species of this genus was taken in large quantities in Vineyard
Sound, in September, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. It occurred swimming
at the surface in vast numbers, and was thrown up by the waves in
windrows, extending several miles along the shores of Martha's Vine
yard.

452 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [746]

CONILERA CONCIIARUM Harder, (p. 572.)

This species, previously quite rare, was taken this year in large num
bers, in Vineyard Sound, both, in spring and autumn, by Mr. Viual N.
Edwards.

Annelida.

ORNATA Verrill, sp. nov.

Autolytus (?), banded species, tins Report, p. 398.

Head short and broad, bluntly rounded or subtruiicate above, slightly
bilobed or emarginate below. Eyes moderately large ; the anterior pair
wider apart. Median antenna white, very long, slender, variously
curled, reaching to about the twelfth body-segment; posterior tenta
cles also very long and slender, reaching to about the ninth segment,
white at the tips ; inner antennae about one-fourth as long as the
median one; the other two pairs of antennae and tentacles about one-
fourth as long as the median one; tentacular cirri of the second (post-
buccal) segment short, about equal to the diameter of the body. Dorsal
cirri short, about one-third as long as the breadth of the body ; setiger-
ous lobe short and broadly rounded; setas short. Gizzard small, short,
elliptical, situated at about the eighth segment. Caudal cirri two, slen
der, tapering, their length about equal to the diameter of the body.
Color of the body white or pale yellowish, annulated with bands of
bright red at unequal distances. Length, about 15mm ; breadth, 0.5mm.

Long Island Sound, oft New Haven : and at Thimble Islands, 1 to 5
fathoms, among hydroids and bryozoa.

ETEONE ROBUST A Verrill. (p. 588.)

This species, previously known only from a single specimen, was taken
at Wood's Hole, in abundance, and of large size, in November, by Mr.
Vina! N. Edwards.

Turbellaria.
EHYNCHOSGOLEX PAPILLOSUS Diesing.

Revision der Turbellarien, op. cit., vol. xlv., p. 245, 1882. Rhynchoprobolns papil-
losus Schmaida, Neue wirbell. Thiere, i, p. 1, 11, Plate 2, iig. 25 (t. Diesiug).
Hoboken, New Jersey, in brackish water, (Sebrnarda).

POLYOELIS MUTABILIS Verrill, sp. nov.

Body much depressed, thin, changeable in form, often elliptical or
oval, frequently broad and emarginate in front, and tapered posteriorly.
Marginal ocelli minute, black, forming several rows along the front
border, but only one row laterally. Dorsal ocelli larger, forming three
pairs of rather ill-defined clusters ; the outer clusters are largest, con
vergent backward; a pair of smaller clusters are situated a little in
advance, and nearer together; the third pair is a little farther forward

[747] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 453

and closer together, often more or less confused with those next behind
them. Color, yellowish brown, darker centrally; or pale yellowish,
thickly specked with yellowish brown. Length, about 71U1U to 9mm,
breadth, 5mm to 6mm.

Thimble Islands, 1 to 2 fathoms, among algre.

Bryozoa.
GEMELLARIA LORIOATA Busk.

Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, Brit. Mas., part i, p. 34 ; Smitt, op, cit., p. 286, Plate 17, fig.

54. Sertularia loricata Liune, S3rst. Nat., ed. x, p. 285 (t. Soiitt). Gemellaria
loriculata Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, pp. 233, 477, Plate 47, figs. 12, 13.

Nautucket to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Britain. Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to
110 fathoms.

The specimens from Nantucket differ somewhat from the ordinary
form. They consist of rather dense tufts of stout stems, two or three
inches high, and rather sparingly branched. The cells are larger than
usual, elongated obovate, five or six times as long as broad ; those of
the same pair are not exactly opposite. Aperture deeply crescent-
shaped, facing a little outward. Many of the cells, toward the base of
the stems, give rise to one or more curious processes from near the base
of the cell ; these are, at first, slender tubes, rising from a thin roundish
spot on the cell, but soon they divide at the tip into two, three, or
four forks, which are at first regularly recurved ; later these become
much elongated, and are converted into slender rootlets or stolons.

ERRATA.

Page 307, line 23, for cavaluted,read convoluted.

Page 310, line 8, page 401, line 12, and elsewhere, for Ostrcea, read Ostrea.

Page 383, line 23, for jiEolidia, read Montagua.

Page 383, line 26, for Cavolina, read Corypliella.

Page 392, line 23, for micropthalma, read microphthalma.

Page 393, last line, for Sargatia, read Sagartia.

Page 399, line 2J,for Leptochiton, read Chcetopleura.

Page 399, line 32, for Leptoohiton, read Trachydermon.

Page 405, line 27, for Eucrate, read Eucratea.

Page 407, line 38, for reproducsive, read reproductive.

Page 415 line 25, for Unicola, read Unciola.

Page 427, line 15, and page 429, line 28, iovMelitta testudinaria, read MelUta pentapora,

Page 433, line 34, for Ampliipholis, read Ampliiura.

Page 444, line 12, for tidentata, read tridcntata.

Page 457, line 39, for Pandaru, read Pandarus.

Page 459, line 36, for Eohthrogalus, read Echthrogaleus.

Page 487, line 10, for A. planaria, read A Planaria.

Page 488, line 4, for cantenula, read catenula.

Page 496, line 28, for J. ternata, read C. ternata.

Page 498, line 5, for Tedania, read Halichondria panicea.

Page 498, line 30, for Augustus, read angustus.

Page 504, line 41, for page 433, read 432.

Page 508, line 5, for Acutum, read ^4. acutum.

Page 509, line 18, for Icevigata, read discors.

Page 509, line 32, for thraci-formis, read thraciformis.

Page 509, line 33, for Simpson, read Stimpsou.

Page 547, line 15, for Panopius, read Panopeus.

Page 561, line 43, for pingus, read pinguis.

Page 619, line 16, for Cosco,read Casco.

Page 619, last line, for Cisco, read Casco.

Page 640, first line, for fig. 127, read fig. 124.

Page 666, line 15, after Montagua pilata, insert Plate XXV, fig. l)B4.

Page 680, line 18, for 185, B., read 184, B.

Page 695, line 34, for fig. 238, read 243.

Page 716, line 35, for fig. 368, read 268.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA
OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND.

fin the following; index the first reference, for the names of genera and species, is to the systematic
catalogue, where the synonymy, descriptions, and references to plates may be found. In many cases
references to the nominal lists have beea omitted. The figures refer to the inside paging of the report.]

Page.

Abra requalis 679

Aealepha? 722

Acanthocephala 456

Acelis crenulata 631

Acimea testti din alls 661, 307, 333, 485

Acmostomum .creimlatum 631

Acorn-shell 304

Actfeon puncto-striata 664, 518

trifidus 656

Actiuaria 738

Actinia dian thus 738

marginata 738

producta 738

rapiformia 738

Actinobolus borealis 683

Novangliae 684

Addenda 745

./Ega coucharum '. 572

.Eolidia pilata 660, 383, 393, 749

./Eolis farinacea 666

papillosa 666, 486 495

pilata 666

JEquorea albida , 729

Grcenlandica 729

uEtea anguinea 710, 405, 411, 424

Aglaophenia arborea 730

Ahnfeltia plicata #. . 405

Alcyonaria 737

Alcyonidium gclatinosnra 700, 496

hirsutuni...708, 333, 403, 411,
424,476,487

hispidurn...708, 312, 333 04

411,487

parasiticum.708, 404, 411, 424

pelluciduin 703

raiuosum.. .708, 333, 404, 411,
419, 424

Alcyonimn carneum 737, 485, 497

gelatinosurn .. 709

hirsutum 708

parasitieurn 708

Alecto dentata 722

Alexia myosotis 662, 383, 393

Alitta virens 590

Allorchestes littoral is 556

Page.

Alosa tyrannns 520

Am age pusilla 613

Auiaroecium coustellatum 704, 388, 393,

403,411,424

pallidnm 705, 496

pellucidum .703, 397, 401, 411,
415, 419, 424

stellatum . . .704, 402, 411, 419,
424

Ammochares, sp 610, 508

Ammody tes, sp 521

Am mot ry pane firnbriata 604, 508

Amouroucium pellucidum 703,562

stellatum 704

Anipeli sea, species. .561, 431, 434, 452, 514,

519

Ampharete gracilis 612, 508

setosa 612, 416, 422, 432, 434

Amphidesma rcqualis 679, 518

Amphipholis abdita 720, 433, 435, 749

elegans 720, 420, 424, 447

teuuis 720

Amphipoda 555

Ampbisphyra debilis 663

pellucida. .663, 432, 435, 517
Amphithoe conipta . . 564, 370, 377, 382, 392,

434

crenulata 557

inermis 557

heviuscula 557

lougimaua .. .563, 370, 377, 409,
452

maculata 563, 315, 331, 409,

415, 422, 452, 486, 493

valida . . . .563, 315, 331, 370, 377

Ampbitrite ornata. . .613, 320, 321, 332, 348,

365, 377, 382, 422, 428, 453

Auiphiura abdita 720

Eugeuias 722

elegans 720

squamata 720

Anachis avara. . -643, 306, 313, 333, 383, 392,
410, 417, 423, 428

• similis 644

Anaperus Bryareus 715

458

INDEX.

Page.

Anaperns Carolinns 715

unisemita 715

Anatifa dentata 579

Htviata ! 58'0

Auatiua fragilia 073

Leana 673

papyracea 673, 517

papyratia 673-

Anchorella uncinata 578, 460

Angler 516

Angninaria spatulata 710

Aligning modestns 677, 418, 423, 429

tenellus 677

teuer . .677, 358, 365, 372, 378, 423
426,429,435,519,520

Annelida 580

Auoniia acnleata - — 697

electrica 696

epliippinm 696

glabra. .696, 311, 333, 393, 401, 410,
418, 424, 429, 435, 476, 495, 509

sqnamula 696

trideiitata 669

Anomonra 548

Autedoii dentatns \ 722

Anteuunlaria antenuina /73u, 491

indivisa .;-•- 730

Antbosoma crassum 577, 460

Smithii 577

Autkostoma acntum.599, 416, 422, 428, 501,

508

fragile 598, 344, 365

robustum . ..597, 343, 348, 365,
428

species 600, 416, 422, 508

Anthozoa 737

Antbura bracbiata 573

bruimea 572, 426, 428

Anurida maritima 544, 331, 464, 482

Apbrodita aculeata 580, 507

cirrata 582

irabricata 582

punctata 581

squamata 581

Appendicularia, species 707, 446, 454

Aracbn actis bracbiolata 739, 451

Aracbnida 544

Arbacia punctulata 717, 326, 333, 406,

411, 420, 424, 433

Area pexata 692

ponderosa 692

transversa 691

Arenicola cristata 367

Argina pexata. .692, 309, 333, 372, 378,'401,
410, 424, 435, 515

Page,

Argnlus Alosai 575, 459

Catostomi 573, 459

laticanda 574, 452, 459

latus 574, 452, 459

megalops 575, 452, 459

species 439,457

Aricia ornata 596, 344, 365

Artemia gracilis 573

Ascaltis botryoides 741

Ascaris 457

Ascidia ampbora 699

caruea 170

ecbinata 702

Manbattensis 699

ocellata 698

tenella 698

Awci dians, larvae of 454

Aseortis fragilis 741

Aslacns mariaus 549

Aslarte castanea 685, 423, 429, 432, 435

limulata 685

lutea 684,509

mactracea 685, 518

Portlandica 685

quadrans 685, 509

sulcata 684,509

undata. 684,508

Asteracantbion berylinus 718

Forbesii 718

pallidns 718

Asterias acnleata 716

arenicola . ..718, 326, 333, 363, 366,

376, 378, 389, 393, 406, 411, 420,

447, 454, 476, 429, 432, 433, 435,

438, 424, 427

berylinus 447

'compta 719

Forbesii 718

ocnlata 719

pallida 447

rubens 718

sanguinolenta 719

spongiosa 719

vulgaris . . . .718. 389, 432, 447, 454,
486, 496

Asterioidea 718

Astrangia asteiformis 740

Danee 740, 330, 334, 397, 408,

412,421,425,485,494

Astropby ton Agassizii 722

Astyris limata 645

luiiata. . .645, 306, 333, 355, 365, 372

377, 383, 392, 399, 410, 417, 423,

428, 463, 479

rosacea 645, 495, 508

INDEX.

459

Page.

Astyris Turubullii 645

zonalis 645, 396, 410, 4.23, 518

Atwood's shark 457

Atylus crenul atus 557

inermis 557

vulgaris . 557

Aulacomya harnatus 693

Amelia aurita 723

flavidula 723, 447, 449, 451,

454

Auricula bidentata 662

denticulata 662

rnyosotis 662

Autolytus cornutus. . 590, 392, 397, 410, 422

440, 452, 494

species 590, 746, 410, 422, 452

Autonoe 562,409,415,422

Avenella fusca 710

Balan colossus aurantiacus . 627,351,365,453

Kowalevskii 627, 352

Balanus amphitrite 578

balauoides. .579, 304, 331, 381, 392,
452, 482, 486

crenatus.. - 579, 381, 392, 396, 409,
415, 422, 515

ebnraeus 579, 381, 392, 482

elongatns 579

improvisns 579

ovularis 579

rugosus 579

tintiunabulum 578, 381, 392

larvae 455

Batrachus tau 516

Bays and sounds, fauna of 300

Bays and sounds, fauna of gravelly

and shelly bottoms 412

Bays and sounds, fauna of muddy

bottoms 430

Bays and sounds, fauna of muddy

shores 366

Bays and sounds, fauna of piles, tim
ber, vessels, buoys 378

Bays and sounds, fauna of rocky

bottoms 394

Bays and sounds, fauna of rocky

shores 303

Bays and sounds, fauna of sandy

bottoms 425

Bays and sounds, fauna of sandy

shores- 334

Bays and sounds, fauna of surface. . 436
Bays and sounds, list of species of

gravelly and shelly bottoms 421

Bays and sounds, list of species of

muddy bottoms 434

31 V

Page.
Bays and sounds, list of species of

muddy shores - - 377

Bays and sounds, list of species of

piles, timbers, buoys, vessels 392

Bays and sounds, list of species of

rocky bottoms 409

Bays and sounds, list of species of

rocky shores 331

Bays and sounds, list of species of

sandy bottoms 428

Bays and sounds, list of species of

sandy shores 364

Bays and sounds, list of species of

surface - - - - 451

Bays and sounds, list of species of

surface in winter 455

Bdella marina 544, 331

oblonga 544

Bdellodea 624

Bdelloura Candida 634,460

parasitica 634

rustica 634

Bela harpularia 636, £08

pleurotomaria 637

plicata 637, 383, 392, 423, 432, 435

Bembidiurn constrictum 541, 464

contractum 541, 464

Bicidinm parasitic urn ?3(J

Bittiurn Greenii 647

nigrurn. 648, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372,

377, 383, 393, 410, 417, 423, 428,

463,479,515

Black bass T>14

Blackrish 515

Bledius cordatus 543, 364, 462, 464

pallipennis 543, 364, 462, 464

species 335

Blood-drop 37 1

Bloody-clams 309

Blue-crab 367,468

Blue-fish 516,339

Blue-shark 521

Boliua alata 451

Boitenia reuiformis 70 J

Bonito 516

Bopyrus 4C7

Borlasia olivacea 628

BotryllusGouldii..702, 375, 375, 378, 381),

39:5, 483

var. albida 3715

var. anuulata 37u

var, atrox 376

var. bicolor 376

var. farinacea 376

var. Stella... 376

460

INDEX.

Page.

Botryllus var. variegata 376

Sclilosseri 702

stellatus 702

Bougainvillia superciliaris .. .733, 328, 334,

411,454

Bowerbankia gracilis 709

Brachydontes hamatus 693

plicatulus 693

Brackish waters, fauna of 460

Brackish waters, fauna of eel-grass. 478
Brackish waters, fauna of estuaries

and harbors 460

Brackish waters, fauna of muddy

shores and bottoms 465

Brackish waters, fauna of oyster-
beds 472

Brackish waters, fauna of piles of
wharves, bridges, floating timber,

&c 481

Brackish waters, fauna of sandy

shores and bottoms 462

Brackish waters, list of species of

eel-grass 480

Brackish waters, list of species of

muddy shores and bottoms 470

Brackish waters, list of species of

oyster-beds 476

Brackish waters, list of species of
piles of wharves, bridges, floating

timber, &c 482

Brackish waters, list of species of

sandy shores and bottoms 464

Brachyura 545

Brada setosa 606, 431, 434, 508

Branchellion Orbiuiensis 624

Branchiella Thyimi 578

Branchiobdella Ravenellii. . . 624, 458, 460

Brevoortia menhaden 520

Brittle star-fish 363

Bryozoa 707

Buccinum cinereum 641

Labradorense 638

lapillus 642

lunatum 645

obsoletum 641

plicosurn 641

pyramidale 637

rosaceum 645

trivittatum 641

undatum 638, 494, 508, 521

undulatum 638

Wheatleyi 645

zonale 645, 518

Bugula avicularia 711

Page.

Bugula flabellata 711, 333, 389, 393, 411,

424, 489

Murrayana 711, 496

turrita.. 712, 311, 333, 361, 366, 389,
393, 411, 419, 424, 427, 429, 476

Bulbus flavus 647, 518

Bulla canaliculata 663

debilis 517,663

hyalina 663

insculpta 662

oryza 663

pellucida 663

solitaria. . .662, 371, 377, 435, 469, 520

triticea 663,518

Busycon caualiculatum 640

carica 640

Byblis serrata 561, 501, 511

Caberea Ellisii 711, 420, 424

Hookeri 711

Caecum Cooperi 649

costatum 649, 417, 423, 428

pulchellum 649, 417, 423, 428

Calcareous sponges 740

Caligus Americaims 575

cnrtus 575,459

crassus 577

Miilleri 575

rapax 575, 452, 457, 459

species 439

Callianassa lougimana 549

Stimpsoni. . . 549, 369, 377, 434.
530

Caliope laeviuscula 557

Calliopius Iseviusculos.. .557, 315, 331, 439,

452, 455, 519

Callinectes liastatns.548, 367, 377, 431, 434,
438, 451, 458, 468, 479, 516

Callista convexa 681, 432, 435, 470, 518

Calyptrsea striata 651

Catnpauularia caliculata 726

dumosa 729

flabellata 728

flexuosa. . 726, 327, 334, 393,
411

gelatinosa 728

Johnston! 725

volubilis. . 726, 334, 408, 411,

424

Cancer borealis . . 546, 745, 395, 409, 486, 493

granulatus 547

irroratus...546, 312, 331, 338, 364,

367, 377, 395, 409, 415, 422, 428,

434, 439, 451, 464, 486, 490, 493,

514,515,516,520,521,530

INDEX.

461

Page.

Cancer ocellatus 547

Sayi 546

vocans 545

Caprella geouietrica 567, 409

species. 519, 316, 382, 392, 409, 422,

494

Carcinus granulatus.547, 312, 331, 338, 364
367,377,464,428,434,467

mojnas 547

Carclita borealis 683

granulata 684

Cardium Groenlaiidicum 518

Mortoni 683

pinniilatiim .... 683, 423, 435, 518

Caudina arenata 715, 362, 366, 427, 429

Cavoliua gyniuota 667, 383, 749

trideutata 669, 393, 444, 453

Cecrops Latreillii 577, 459

Cellaria ternata 711

Celleporina 714

Cellepora cocciuea 714

hyalina 713

nitida 713

puniicosa 714

ramulosa. 714, 312, 333, 405, 411,
424, 496

scabra 714, 419, 424

verrncosa 714

Cellularia chelata 710

densa 711

fastigiata 712

Hookeri 711

ternata 711,496

turrit a 712

Cellularina 710

Centropristis fusctis 514

Cephalopoda 634

Cepon distortus 573, 459

Cerapus fucicola 565

minax 565

rubricornis 565, 396, 409

Ceratacauthus aurantiacus 1 520

Cerebratulus, species.630, 324, 332, 382, 392,

410, 434

Cerithiopsis Emersonii . . 648, 410, 417, 423,

428

Greenii. 647, 333, 383, 393, 410,
417, 423

terebralis. . . 648, 393, 417, 423,
428

Cerithium Emersonii 648

Greenii 647

nigrocinctura 648

reticulatum 848

Page.

Cerithium Sayi 648

terebrale 648

Ceronia arctata 679, 426, 429, 518

Cestodes 456

Cestum Veueris 723

Chsetiopsetta ocellatus 458, 519

Cluetobranchus sanguiueus . . 616, 320, 332,
371, 377, 434, 468

Chtetognatha 626

Chretopleura apiculata 661

Chalina arbuscula 742

oculata. .742, 391, 409, 412, 425, 497

Charybdea periphylla 724

Chemnitzia bisuturalis 656

dealbata 656

impressa 656

seminuda 657

Chernes oblongus 544,331

Chilostomata 710

Chirodota arenata 716

oolitica 715

Chiton apiculatus 661

fulmmatus 517

marmoreus 517, 399

ruber 662

Chironomus halophilus.. .539, 409, 415, 421

oceanicus.. . . 539, 331, 379, 392,

519

Chondracanthus cornutus 578

Chondrus crispus 404

Chrysodomus pygm?eus 639

Cicindela albohirta 364

dorsalis 541, 364

duodecimguttata 541

generosa 541, 336, 364

hirticollis 541, 364

larvre 464

" marginata 541

repanda 541

Cineras vittata 580

Cingula aculeus 654

arenaria 654, 517

laevis. ..-•.; 653

minuta 653

modesta 653

Ciona tenella 698, 419, 424

Cirratulus fragilis 607

grandis . .606, 319, 332, 348, 364,
371,377,422,468

tennis 607, 416, 422

Cirripedia 578

Cirrhinereis fragilis. .607, 332, 397, 410, 422
Cistenides Gouldii . . 612, 323, 332, 349, 365,
371, 377, 422, 428, 434

462

INDEX.

Page.

Clam, bloody 309

long ..463,357,309

maninose 464

quahog 359

round 359

sea 358

soft-shell 464

surf 358

Clam-worms 319

Clava leptostyla 734, 328, 334

multicoruis 734

Clidiophora trilineata.. .673, 418, 423, 429,

432, 435

Clio borealis „ 668

limacina 668

Miquelonensis 668

Clioua retusa 668

Clioiie borealis 668

limacina , 668

papillonacea 668, 444, 453

sulphurea 744, 430, 409, 412, 421,

425, 427

Clitellio irrorata 623, 324, 332, 365, 463

Clupea elongata 520

Clytia bicopbora 725

cyliudrica 726

intermedia 726, 408, 411

Jobustoni 725, 334, 408, 411

poteriurn 726

uniflora 726

volubilis 726,725

Clymenella 607

torquata 608

Clymenetorquatus. . .608, 343, 365, 422, 428

urceolata - 610

Cocklodesina Leanum. . . .673, 418, 423, 429

Cod 516

Cod-fish, rnollusks found in 517

Cold waters of tbe ocean sbores,

fauna of 484

Coleoptera 540,335

Collisella Dalli 661

Columbella avara 643

dissimilis 645

Gouldiana 645

• lunata 645

rosacea 645

trauslirata 644

Common muscle 307, 361

Common prawn . , 339

Common skate 521

Coucboderma aurita 580,392

virgata 580,392

Conilera concbarum .572, 746, 426, 428, 459,

521

Page.

Copeopoda 573, 455

Copepods, free 451, 452

Coralliua officinalis 316

Corbula contracta 672, 418, 423, 429

Cordylopbora, species 734

Coronula diadema 579, 460

Coropbiunicylindricum. .566, 392, 382, 377,
370, 434, 422, 415

Corymorpba nutans 736

pendula 736, 510

Corynactis albida 738

Coryue gravata 735

mirabilis 735

Corypbella gymnota 667

Cosmocepbala ocbracea. .630, 325, 332, 365,

410, 423, 434

Crab, blue 367

edible 367,458

fiddler 336,367

green 312

hermit 313, 339, 368, 415

horseshoe 340, 370

lady 338

land 337

mud 312

oyster 367

rock 312, 415

sand 338

soft-shelled 368

spider 339, 368, 395

Crangon boreas 400

septemspinosus 550

vulgaris. . - . 550, 339, 364, 369, 377,

395, 400, 409, 415, 422, 428, 434,

451, 455, 463, 464, 479, 490, 493,

501, 514, 515, 516, 518, 519, 520,

521, 529

Crassina castanea 685

latisulca 684

Crassivenus mercenaria 681

Crenella glandula. . . 695, 418, 424, 435, 518,

519

Crepidula acuta 650

convexa...650, 333, 355, 365, 371,

377, 423, 429, 435, 463, 479

fornicata..649, 333, 355, 365, 410,

412, 414, 417, 423, 429, 435, 475,

515

glauca 650

plana 650

unguiformis. ..650, 333, 355, 365,
410, 417, 423, 429, 435, 475, 515

Cribella oculata 719

Cribrella sanguinolenta.719, 407, 411, 420,
424, 433, 447, 485, 496

INDEX.

463

Page.

Crinoidea ... 722

Crisia oburuea. .707, 311, 333, 393, 405, 411,

419, 424, 496, 515

Crucibnlum striatum.651, 399, 410, 417, 423

Crustacea - 545

Cryptodon Gouldii 686, 509

obesns 637, 509

Cryptopodia granulata 548

Ctenophorae 722

Ctenolabrus burgall 521

Ctenostomata 708

Cuenmaria fusiformis 715

Culex, species 539, 466

Cumacea 452, 554

Cumin giatellinoides.679, 374, 378, 418, 423,

435

Cyaneaarctica . -723, 440, 447, 449, 450, 454,

455, 739

fnlva 723

Postelsii 723

Cyclas dentata 686, 418, 423, 429

Cycloeardia borealis..683, 418, 423, 435, 508
Cyclocardia NovangliaB..681, 418, 423, 435,

508

Cyclostomata 707

Cyliclma alba - 663, 508, 518

oryza 663, 426, 429, 432, 435

Cyllene furciger 533

lignorum 571

Cymothoa ovalis 572

Cynoscion regalis 515

Cynthia carnea 701 , 495

echinata 702,495

gutta... 701

hirsuta 702

partita .701, 311, 333, 388, 393, 401,
411, 424, 435, 515

placenta 701

riignsa 701

stellifera 701

Cyprina Islandica 633, 397, 508, 518

Cystobranclnis vividus. 624, 458, 460

Cy therea convexa 681

morrhnana 681, 518

Sayana 681

Sayii 681

Dactylometra quinqnecirra . .724. 449, 454,

495

Darwinia compressa*- 557

Defrancia bicarinata 638

Vahlii 637

Delesseriasinuosa 492, 496

Dendrocccla 632

Dendronotus arborescens 665

Diacria trispiuosa 669, 444. 453

Page.

Diaphana debilis 663

Diastopora patina 707,405,411

Diastylis abbreviata 554

qnadrispinosa 554, 511, 507

scnlpta 554

Dibranchiata 634

Dinematura coleoptrata 576

Dinemoura alta 576

Dimyaria 669

Diodon pilosus 460,578

Dione convexa 681

Diopatra cuprea.593, 346, 364, 371, 377, 422,

431, 434

Diptera 539,335

Dipurnea conica 735, 455

Dieoophorae - 723

Discopora coccinea 714, 333, 424, 496

Docoglossa 661

Dodecacerea, species 607,397,422

Dog-fish 521

Doliolura, species 707,446,454

Donax fossor 679

Doridella obscura .. .664, 307, 333, 400, 410,

423

Doris arborescens — 665

bifida 664,307,333

coronata 665

illuminata 665

pallida 665

Doto coronata . . .665, 400, 410, 423, 480, 495

Drill 306,399

Dusky shark 520

Dynamena cornicina 733, 729

puraila 733

Dysmorphosa fulgurans 734, 448, 454

Echinarachnius parma. . .717, 362, 366, 427,
429, 490, 503, 515, 578, 520

Echinaster oculatus 719

sanguinoleutus - 719

Echinocidaris Davisii 717

punctulata 717

Echinodermata 715

Echinoidea 716

Echinus Drobachiensis 716

granularis - 716

granulatus 716

neglectus 716

pentaporns 717

punctulatus 717

Echthrogaleus coleoptratus - - 576, 459, 749

denticnlatns 576, 459

Ecrobia minuta 653

Ectopleura ochracea 735, 455

Edible crab 357, 458

Etlwardsia elegaus 451

464

INDEX.

Page.

Ed wardsia farinacea 739, 451, 510

liueata 739, 421, 425, 497

Eel-grass 460

in brackish water, animals

inhabiting 478

list of species inhabiting

the 480

Elysia chlorotica 667, 480

Elysiella catulus 668, 480

Embolus panper 715

Euchy tra3us triventralopectinatus . . 624

Eugraulis vittatns 516

Eusatella Americaua.674, 356, 365, 426, 429,

490, 521

Ensis Americana 674

Entouiostraca-...422, 434, 573, 331, 337, 409

Eolidia despecta 667

Eolis despecta 667

gymnota 667

Eone gracilis 596

Epelys montosus-571, 316, 331, 370, 377, 434

trilobus ..571, 370, 377, 422, 428, 434,

452, 464

Ephydra, species .540, 464, 466

Epizoauthns Araericanus 740, 510

Ergasilus labraces 573, 459

Erichsouia attennata 570, 370, 377, 479

nliformis.570, 316, 331, 409, 422,
452, 494

Eristalis, species 540

Eschara Pallasiana 713

pilosa 712

scabra 714

Escharella variabilis 713, 312, 333, 361, 366,
389, 393; 403, 411, 419, 424, 427, 429, 476

Escharina 713

liueata 712

pediostoma 713

variabilis 713

Escharipora punctata 713, 403, 411, 424

Eteone limicola 588

robnsta 588, 746

setosa 588

species- . .589, 349, 364, 397, 428, 452

Eucheilota duodecimals 725, 454

veutricularis 725, 454

Euchone elegaus 618, 432, 434, 508

species 422, 392, 416

Eucope alteruata 727

diaphana 727

pentapora Tltf

polygeua 727

Eucoryne elegans 735

Eucratea chelata 710, 405. 411, 424, 749

Eudendriurn dispar 734, 408, 411, 425

Page.

Eudendrium ramosum 734, 408, 411

tenue 734

Eudorella hispida 555

pusilla 554

Eugomphodus littoralis 521

Eugy ra pilularis 700, 509

Eulalia anuulata 585

gracilis 586

grauulosa 585

species . .452, 332, 349, 392, 397, 410,
422, 434

Eulamia Milberti 521

obscura 520, 576

Eulima oleacea . . 655, 418, 420, 423, 427, 460

Euiuidia Americana 584, 494

papillosa 584

pistacia 584

species 452, 332, 349, 392, 397,

410,422,452

vivida 584

Eunice sanguiuea 593

Eupagurus Bernhardus 548, 501

Iarva3 451,

lougicarpus . .549, 313, 331, 339,

364, 368, 395, 377, 409, 415, 422,

426, 428, 434, 463, 464, 479, 515,

pollicaris.548, 313, 331, 364, 368,

377, 395, 409, 415, 417, 422, 426,

428, 434, 515, 521

pubescens 549

Eupleura caudata. . .642, 332, 371, 377, 423,

428, 435

Euryechinus Drobachiensis 716

granulatus 716.

Euthora cristata 492

Eutima limpida 729, 454

Fabricia Leidyi..619, 323, 332, 397, 410, 422

False scorpion 331

Farrella familiaris 710, 487

pedicellata 710

Fasciolaria ligata 642, 517

Fiddler crabs 336, 457, 467

File-fish 520,327

Fishes, food of 514

list of external parasites ob
served on 459

parasites of 455

Flounder, ocellated, or summer. ..519, 339

spotted 520

winter 520

Flustra avieuhiria 711

Ellisii 711

hispida 708

liueata 712

Murrayana 711

INDEX.

465

Page.

Flustra pilosa 712

setacea 711

truncata 711

Flustrella bispida 708

Flustrina 712

Fog-fish 521

Food of fishes 514

Foramiuifera 745, 425, 430, 412

Fovia Warrenii 633

Free swimming and surface animals 436

Fringed sea-anemone 329

Frost-fish 519

Fucus uodosus 303

vesiculosus 303, 487

Fulgur canalicnlata 640

carica . . .640, 313, 332, 355, 365, 399,
410, 417, 423, 428

eliceans 640

Fundulus pisculentus 520, 458

Fusus ciuereus 641

corneus 638,517

curtus 638

harpularius 636

Holbolli 645

Islaudicus 638

pleurotomarius 637

pygmaeus 639

rufus 637

Trumbullii 639, 645, 518

Gad us niorrhua 516

Galerocerdo tigrina 521

Gammaracanthus mucronatus 559

Gammarus aunulatus 553, 314, 331, 586

519

locusta 557

ruarmus 559, 314, 331, 486

mucronatus.. 559, 370, 377, 466,
479, 519, 520

natator.. 558, 439, 452, 455, 518,
519, 520

ornatus. . 557, 514, 331, 382, 392,
455, 486, 519

pulex 557

Gastranella tunrida 678, 418, 423

Gastropoda 636

Gattiola, species 590. 453

Gebia affiuis . . -549, 368, 377, 451, 468, 519,

520, 530

Gelasinms minax 545, 337

pugilator. 545, 336, 364, 462, 464,

467

pugnax . . . 545, 367, 377, 466, 468

vocans 545

Gemellaria loricata 747

loriculata 747

Gemma Totteni 682

Page.

Gemma Manhattensis 682

Gemmaria Americana 740

gemmosa 735

Geopinus incrassatus 541, 364

Glandula arenicola 701, 502

Globiceps tiarella 735

Glycera Americana 596

dibranchiata 596

Goose-barnacles 381

Goose-fish 516

Gorgouia tennis 737, 457

Gouldia lunulata 685

mactracea . . .685, 418, 423, 429, 518

Grautia botryoides 741

ciliata. . 740, 330, 334, 391, 394, 412,

425

coronata 741

Gravelly and sandy bottoms off the
open coast, list of species inhabit
ing 504

Gravelly and shelly bottoms of bays

and sounds, fauna of the 412

Gravelly bottoms off the open coast,

fauna of . . . , 500

Green-crab 312

Gribble 381

Gymnocopa 626

Gy mnosomata 668

Gymnolsemata 707

Haddock, mollusks taken from

stomachs of 518

Halcampa albida 738

Halcyonium carneuin 737

Halecium gracile. . ..729, 328, 334, 376, 378,
391,393,411,425,476

Halichondria oculata 742

panicea 743, 749

species 743

Halisarca, species 744

Halocarnpa producta.738, 330, 334, 363, 366
Halodrillus littoralis.623, 324, 332, 338, 365,

•463

Harbors, fauna of the 460

Harger, Oscar, on Isopod Crusta
cea 545, 567

Harmothoe imbricata 582, 321, 332, 392,

397, 410, 422

Hemimactra solidissima 680

Hermit-crabs 313, 339, 368, 371

Hermaea cruciata 667

Heterocerns undatus 543, 364, 464

Heterocrypta granulata 548, 415, 422

Heteromyaria 692

Heteromysis forrnosa 553, 396, 409, 415,

422, 452
Heterouereis arctica 59

466

INDEX.

Heteronereis assimilis ...

glaucopis ..

grandifolia
Heterofusus Alexaudri ..

balea...

Page.

591

591

591

689

669

Hickory shad 520

Hippa talpoida.,548, 338, 364, 428, 451, 490,

530

Hippocrene Carolineusis 733

superciliaris 733

Hippolyte pusiola. . . 550, 395, 409, 422, 457,

493, 511^

Hippothoa rugosa 712

Holothuria Briareus 715

physalis 737

Holothurioidea 715

Hornarus Americanus 549, 313, 331, 395,

409, 415, 422, 426, 428, 451, 492, 515,
520, 521, 745

Horseshoe-crab 340, 468

Horse-mackerel 516

Horse-muscle 309

Hy as coarctatus 548

Hy alaea cornea 669

tridentata 669

trispinosa 669

Hyale littoralis 556,315,331,392,486

Hybocodon prolifer 736, 328, 334

Hydractinia echinata 736

poiyclina. . . 736, 328, 334, 363,

376, 378, 407, 411, 425, 427, 429

Hydrallmania falcata . . . .733, 408, 411, 425

Hydroidea 725

Hydrophilus quadristriatus .541, 466

Hymeuiacidoii 743

suberea 744

Hyperia, species 567, 439, 452, 459

Ichthyobdella Ftmduli 624, 458, 460

Idotea creca 569,340,364,428

irrorata .569, 316, 331, 340, 364, 370,

377, 392, 439, 452, 479, 486,

494, 514

tnontosa 571

phosphorea. .569, 316, 331, 392, 409,
422, 452

rolmsta 569, 439, 452

triloba 571

Tnftsii 569, 340, 364, 501

Tdyia roseola 723, 448, 451, 454

Ilyaiiassa obsoleta. . 641, 313, 339, 354, 355,

365,368,371,377,383, 392, 428,435,

463, 469, 479, 516

Infusoria, ciliated 455

Insecta.. 539

Page.

Invertebrate animals, habits and dis
tribution of the 294

Imphimedia vulgaris 557

Irish moss 404

Isodictya palmata 742

species 742

Isopoda 567

Ivory-barnacle 381

Jaera copiosa... 571,315,331,382,392,486

nivalis 571

Jaminia exigua 656

producta 656

. semiuuda 657

Janthina fragilis 660

Jingle-shell 311

Kellia planulata.688, 310, 333, 374, 378, 418,

423, 435

rubra 688

King-crab 340

King-fish 515,339

Lacuna divaricata 652

frigida 652

labiosa 652

neritoidea 653, 495

solidula 652

vincta . . 652, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372,
377, 410, 417, 423, 485

Lady-crab 338, 426

La3vicardium Mortoni . . . 683, 358, 3G5, 4:26,,

429
Lafosa calcarata.729, 334, 408, 411, 425, 454

coruuta - 729

Lamellibranchiata 669

Laminarin digitata 492.

longicrura 492

saccharina 492

Laodicea calcarata 729

Laomedea amphora 727

dichotoma 728

divaricata 727

flexuosa 726

gelatiuosa 728, 727

geniculata 727

gigantea 728

longissima ,= . . 728

Laphystitia stnrionis 557,457,459

Larva} of balanus 455

Larvalia 707

Larval imicroura 452

Leda limatula 689

obesa -. 690

sapotilla 689

tenuisulcata 690, 509, 519

thraciajformis 690

INDEX.

467

Leguminaria Floridana.
Lepas anatifera

aurita

anserifera

balauoides . .

Page.

67fi

.580,382,392

580

.588, 382, 392
579

diadema 579

fascicularis 579, 382, 452

pectiuata 579, 382, 392

virgata 580

Lepeophtheirus salmonis 576

species 575, 459

Lepidactylis dytiscus 556, 339, 364, 409;

42-2, 428

Lepidonote armadillo 581

cirrata 582

Lepidouotus angustus 581,494

sublevis.. .581, 320, 332, 397,
410, 422

squamatus 581, 320, 332,

392, 397, 410, 422

Lepiwa rubra 615, 382, 392, 453

Lepralia hyalina 713

Pallasiana 713, 420

Peachii 714

pediostoma 713

punctata 713

species 496, 424, 333

variolosa 713

Leptasterias compta 719

Leptochiton apiculatus . . 661, 423, 399, 410,

749

r nber.. .662, 399, 410, 495, 749
Leptoclinum albidum.. .705, 403, 411, 424,

515
luteolum. . .706, 403, 411, 424

Leptogorgia tennis 737

teres „ 737

Lepton fabagella 688

Leptoplana folium 632, 487

Leptosynapta Girardii. . .716, 366, 361, 490

roseola 716, 366, 302

tennis ., 716

Leruioa branchialis 578, 460

nncinata 578

Lerneocera radiata 578

Lerneonema radiata 578, 458, 465

Lesueuria hyboptera 722, 454

Lencosolenia botryoides.,741, 334, 391, 394

thamnoides 741

Libinia canaliculata.548, 339, 364, 368, 377,
431,434,511,521

dnbia 548, 368, 377, 431, 434

Limacina balea 669

Limax papillosus 666

Page.

Limnoria lignoruui . . 571, 360, 377, 379, 392,

482
terebrans 571

Limpet 306

Limnlus australis 580

Polyphemus .... 580, 340, 355, 364,
370, 377, 423, 431,
434, 452, 464, 468

Linkia oculata 719

pertusa 719

Liocardinni Mortoni 683

Lissa fissirostra 548

Lists of species found in the stomachs

of fishes 514

List of parasites observed on fishes. 459

List of species inhabiting eel-grass

in brackish waters 480

List of species inhabiting gravelly

bottoms of the outer waters 504

List of species inhabiting gravelly
and shelly bottoms of the bays
and sounds 421

List of species inhabiting muddy

bottoms of bays and sounds 434

List of species inhabiting muddy

bottoms of brackish waters 470

List of species inhabiting sandy or
soft muddy bottoms of outer wa
ters 511

List of species commonly found on

muddy shores of bays and sounds 377

List of species inhabiting muddy
shores and bottoms of brackish
waters 470

List of species inhabiting oyster-
beds in brackish waters . . . 476

List of species inhabiting piles of
wharves and bridges, buoys, bot
toms of vessels, &c., in bays and
sounds 392

List of species inhabiting piles of
wharves, floating timbers, &.c., in
brackish waters 432

List of species inhabiting rocky bot
toms of the bays and sounds 409

List of species inhabiting rocky bot
toms of the outer wat ers 498

List of species inhabiting the rocky

shores of the bays and sounds 331

List of species found on the rocky

shores of the outer coast 487

List of species inhabiting sandy bot
toms of bays and sounds 428

468

INDEX.

Page.

List of species inhabiting sandy bot
toms of estuaries 464

List of species inhabiting sandy bot
toms of outer waters 504

List of species inhabiting sandy

shores of bays and sounds 364

List of species inhabiting sandy

shores and bottoms of estuaries.. 464
List of species inhabiting sandy

shores of the outer coast 490

List of species inhabiting surface

waters 451

List of species inhabiting surface

waters in winter 455

Lithodomus 309

Lithothamnion poly morplmm. 399, 492, 495

Littorina arctica 652

Grceulandica 651

irrorata 651,372,377

lirnata '.. 652

littoralis 652

marmorata 652

neglecta 652

neritoidea 652

palliata 652, 305, 333, 383 393, 485

Peconica 652

rudissima 652

rudis. . 651, 305, 333, 383, 393, 485

saxatilis 652

sulcata 651

tenebrosa 651

zoua.ria* 652

Littorinella Ia3vis 653

minuta 383, 392, 469, 653,

Livoneca ovalis 572, 459

Lizzia grata 448

Lobster and other Crustacea, meta
morphoses of. By S. I. Smith . . . 522

Lobster, habits 395, 492, 745

Loligo illecebrosa 634

pallida 635, 441, 453, 514

Pealii . . 635, 416, 423, 440, 453, 515
516, 520, 521

punctata 635

Long clam 309, 357, 458, 490

Long-tailed, sting-ray 521

Lophius Americanus 516, 457

Lophopsetta maculata 520

Lophothuria Fabric!! 519

Lottia testudinalis 661

Lucina contracta 686

dentata 686

di varicata 686

filosa 686, 509

flexuosa . . 686

Page.
Lucina Gouldii ggg

radula 686

strigilla 686

Lumbriconereis fragilis 594, 501, 507

opalina . 594, 320, 352, 342,

364, 371, 377, 397, 410,

422, 428, 43^, 468

splendida 594

tennis . . 594, 320, 332, 342,
364, 371, 377, 422, 463

Lumbriculus tennis 623

Lumbricus fragilis 594

Lumbrinereis fragilis 594

Luuatia triseriata 646, 365

heros . 646, 313, 353, 354, 365, 423,
426, 429, 490, 417, 521

immaculata 646, 508, 517

Lupa diacantha 548

hastata 548

Lycidice Americana 593, 508

Lycoris fucata 591

Lyonsia hyalina 672, 358, 365, 423, 426,

429, 435

Lysianassa, species 556, 434, 452

Ly sianassinse 431

Macha divisa 676

Macliflera costata 675

Mackerel 442, 516

Macoma calcarea 677

fragilis 676

fusca. . .676, 359, 365, 372, 378, 429,
435, 463, 469, 508

Grceulandica 676

proxima 677

sabulosa 677

Macroura 549

Mactra arctata 679

gigantea 680

lateralis 680

similis 680

solidissiina.. 680, 358, 365, 412, 418
423, 426, 429, 490

tellinoides 679

Madreporaria 740

Malacobdella grossa 625

mercenaria - . „ . 625, 458, 460

obesa 625, 458, 460

Maldane elongata. . . 609, 343, 365, 371, 377

Mamma immaculata 646

Marnmaria Manhattensis 445

Mangelia bicarinata 638

ceriua 637,432,435

harpularia 636

pyramidalis 637

Margarita Gixenlaudica 519

INDEX.

469

Page.

Margarita obscura 661, 508, 518

oriiata 661

Margelis Carolinensis ... 733, 334, 450, 454

Marpbysa Leidyi . . . 593, 319, 332, 347, 364,

410, 422, 434, 517

Marshes, fauna of the 460

Martesia cuneiformis 671

Meckelia ingens . 630, 324, 332, 349, 365, 423,
428, 432, 434, 453

lactea 630,350,365

lurida 630,502,508

Pocahontas 630

rosea. . 630, 324, 332, 350, 365, 428

Medusa digitale 725

earavella 737

velella 737

Megalops and zoea - 451

Melampus bideutatns . . . 662, 4G3, 469, 520

Melanogramnms seglifmus 518

Melinua cristata 613, 432, 434, 507

Melitanitida.560, 314, 331, 382, 392, 434, 479

Mellita pentapora 717

quinquefora 717

testudiuaria 717, 427, 429, 749

testudinata 717

Membrauipora lineata . . 712, 333, 406, 411,

424, 427, 429

pilosa.... 712,333,393,406,
411, 424, 496

tennis 712,420,424

Menestho albula 670

Menhaden 520

Menipea ternata 711

Menticirrus nebulosns 515

Mercenaria mercenaria 681

violacea 681

Mesodesma arctata 679, 518

Mesopienra bidentata 676

Metamorphoses of the lobster and

other Crustacea. By S. I. Smith . 522
Metridiuni marginatum. 738, 329, 334, 391,

393, 412, 425

Microciona prolifera 745, 741

Microdeutopus miuax 562, 479, 519

Microgadus toin-codus 519

Millepora reticulata 714

Minnow 520

Mnemiopsis Leidyi. . .722, 449, 450, 454, 457

Modeeria, species 454

Modiola discrepans 694

glandula 695, 518

hamatus 693, 374, 378, 472, 475

laivigata 694

modiolus. . . 693, 309, 333, 401, 410,
418, 424, 495, 515

Page.

Modiola nexa 694, 518

nigra

papuana 693

plicatula . . . .693, 307, 333, 374,378
469, 475

semicosta 693

Modiolaria corrugata 694, 509,

discors 649

Isevigata 694, 509, 749

nigra.694, 418, 424, 433, 435, 518
Mcera levis. .559, 315, 331, 409, 422, 452, 51g

Molanna, species 543, 379, 392

Molgula areuata-699, 419, 424, 426, 429, 502

Manhattensis . . 699, 311, 333, 361,

366, 378, 388, 393, 375, 401,

411,424,427,429,435,445

papillosa 699, 495

pellucid a 699, 426, 429

pilularis 700

producta 699, 502, 510

Mollia hyaliua 713, 405, 411, 420, 424

Mollusca 634

Mollusks found in stomach of cod
fish 517

Mollusks found in stomach of had
dock '. 518

Molpadia oolitica 715, 510

Mouocelis agilis 631 325, 332

Monoculodes, species 556, 452, 455

Moiioculus Polyphemus 580

Mouops agilis 631

Moutacuta bidentata 688, 518

elevata . . .688, 418, 423, 435, 518

Montagua Gouldii 667

gymnota 667

pilata ...._'. 666

vermifera 666

Monomyaria 695

Morone Americana 514

Mud-crabs 468

Muddy bottoms of bays and

sounds, list of species inhabiting. 434
Muddy bottoms of the open coast,

fauna of 506

Muddy shores and bottoms of brack
ish waters, fauna of 465

Mulinia lateralis. . . . 680, 373, 378, 423, 429,

432, 435, 470

Murex caualiculatus 640

carica - - 640

MnscidsB -- 540

Iarva3 364,421,464

Muscle, common 432

horse 432

ribbed 432

470

INDEX.

Page.

Mustelus canis 521

My a acuta 672

arctica 671

arenaria . . . 672, 309, 333, 357, 359, 365,

372, 378, 410, 423, 429, 435, 458,

463,469,490,515,521

byalina 672

mercenaria 672

Myliobatis Fremiuvilloi 521, 624

Mysis Americana. . . 552, 370, 377, 396, 409,

415, 422, 431, 434, 452, 455, 458,

479, 519, 520

stenolepis 551. 370, 377, 479

vulgaris 552

Mytilus borealis 692

corrngatus 694

decnssatus 695

demissus 693

discors . , 694

discrepans 694

edulis . . 692, 307, 333, 361, 365, 372,

378, 388, 393, 401, 410, 418, 424,

426, 429, 432, 435, 453, 470, 475,

515, 546

levigatus 694

lugubris 460

modiolus 693

notatns 692

pellncidus 692

pholadis , 671

plicatus 693

rugosns 671

Myzobdella lugubris 625

Nanomia cara 736, 455

Naraganseta coralii . . 607, 397, 410, 422, 494

Natica clausa 1 647, 519

dnplicata 646

flava 518

lieros 646

immaculata 646, 517

pusilla 647, 417, 423, 426, 429

triseriata 646

Nassa fretensis 640

liraata 645

obsoleta 641

tri vittata 641

vibex 640, 371, 377, 479

Nectonereis megalops 592, 440, 453

Nematodes 634, 453, 455, 456

Nomatonereis 594, 508

Nemerteans 627, 324

Nemertes obscura 628

olivacea 628

species 629

Page.

Nemertes socialis 628, 324, 332, 392

viridis 628

Nemopsis Bacbei 733, 454

Gibbesi 733

Nephtbys borealis 583

bucera 583, 416, 422

ciliata 583

pieta 583, 348, 364, 422, 428

ingens 583, 431, 434, 507, 521

Neptunea curta 638

pygmasa 639, 508, 518

Nereilepas fncata 591

Nereis ciliata 583

cnprea 593

fucata 591, 494

grandis 590

limbata..590 318, 332, 341, 364, 371,
377, 382, 392, 422, 440, 453, 463, 516

pelagica 591, 319, 332, 397, 410,

422, 428, 434, 453

virens . . .590, 317, 332, 341, 364, 367,

371, 377, 440, 453, 455, 463, 468,

487, 514, 519

Yankiana 590

Nerine agilis 600, 346, 365, 490

cirrata 602

coniocepliala 602

Nerocila nmnda 571, 459

Nenroptera 543

Neverita duplieata ..646, 354, 365, 426, 429,

490

Nicoraacbe .dispar 608, 508

Nicolea simplex 613, 321, 332, 382, 392,

397, 410, 422, 453, 494

Ninoe nigripes 595, 508

Nogagus Latroillei 576, 457, 459

tenax 577, 457, 459

Notomastus filiformis.611, 342, 365, 371, 377
luridus. . 610, 342, 365, 371, 377

Notospernms viridis 628

Nucula corticata 691

delphinodouta 691, 509

Gouldii 690

limatula 689,518

niinuta 690

navicularis 690

proxima 691, 418, 424, 432, 435,

515, 518, 519, 520

radiata 691

sapotilla 689,518

tennis ....691,518,519

tenuisulcata 690

thraciaeformis 690

tbraciformis .690, 749

INDEX.

471

Page.

Nudibranchiata 664

Obelia commissuralis 728, 327, 334, 393,

407, 411, 425

diaphana 727, 327, 334, 429

dichotoma 728, 407, 411, 425

divaricata - - - 727

flabellata 728, 390, 393, 497

fusiformis 407,411,424

gelatinosa 728, 391, 393, 482

geniculata - - -727, 334, 393, 407, 411,
424, 487, 494, 495, 496

longissinia 728

polygena 727

pyriformis 727, 334, 390, 393

species 476, 363, 376, 447, 454

Oceania languida 725, 454

Ocean shores and outer cold waters,

fauna of ------ 484

Ocellated flounder 519

Ocypoda arenaria . . .545, 745, 336, 337, 364,

534

Ocypode pugilator 545

Odostomia bisuturalis . . .656, 307, 333, 383,

393, 423
dealbata 656

exigua

656

fnsca .656, 307, 333, 393, 423, 435
impressa..660, 656, 333, 418, 423

iiisculpta 656

limuoidea • 653

prod n ota 656, 333, 418, 423

seminnda -657, 418, 423, 428, 435
trifida 656, 307, 333, 393, 418, 423

OligochcBta - . 622

Ommastrepbes Bartrauiii 635

illecebrosa 634, 441, 453

sagittatus 634

Onchidoris pallida 665, 495

Oniscus 399

Open coast, fauna of gravelly bot
toms 50(

Open coast, fauna of muddy bot
toms 506

Open coast, fauna of rocky bot
toms 491

Open coast, fauna of sandy bot
toms 50(

Open coast, fauna of rocky shores.. 48t
Open coast, fauna of sandy shores.. 48

Ophelia simplex 603, 319, 332, 41

Ophidium marginatum 33

Ophiocoma bellis 71

neglecta 72

Ophioderma olivuceum 71

Ophiolepis scolopendrica 71

Page.

phiolepis tennis 720

phiopholis aculeata 719, 400, 496, 517

bellis 719,400

scolopendrica 719

)phiura bellis 719

elegans 720

olivacea 719, 363, 366, 427, 429

)phiuroidea 719

)rchestia agilis .555, 314, 331, 336, 364, 462,

464, 486

longicornis 556

megalophthalma 556

palustris 555, 468

Orcyuus thunuina 516

)rthagoriscu8 mola 578

Drthopyxis caliculata . . . 726, 334, 408, 411,

424

poteriurn 726

3steodesma hyaliua 672

Dstrea borealis 697

Cauadeusis 697

Islaudica 698

Virgiuiana . . .697, 748, 310, 333, 374,
378, 388, 393, 401, 410, 424, 435, 453

Virginica 697

Otion Cuvieri 580

Outer coast, fauna of, on rocky

shores 485

Outer coast, fauna of, on sam'.y

shores 489

Outer coast, fauna of, ou gravelly

bottoms 500

Outer coast, fauna of, on rocky

bottoms 491

Outer coast, fauna of, on sandy

bottoms 500

Outer coast, list of species of

muddy bottoms 511

Outer coast, list of species of

rocky bottoms 498

Outer coast, list of species of rocky

shores 487

Outer coast, list of species of sandy

and gravelly bottoms 504

Outer coast, list of species of sandy

shores 490

Oyster 472, 355

Oyster-beds in brackish waters,

animals inhabiting 472

Oyster-beds in brackish waters, list

of species inhabiting 476

Oyster-crab 367

Pagurus Bernhardus 548

lougicarpus 549

pollicaris 548

472

INDEX.

Page.

Pagurus pnbeseens 549

Palseniou vnlgaris 550

Palamionetes vulgaris .. .550, 339, 364, 389,
377, 452, 463, 464, 466, 479, 516, 519, 520,

529

Palinurichtbys perciformis 515

Pallene, species 544, 409, 421

Pandalus anntilicornis ...550,493,511,519

Paudarus, species 457, 459

brancliii 576, 459

sinuatus 577, 459

Pandora trilmeata 673

Panopeus deprcssus .547, 312, 331, 367, 377,
382, 392, 395, 409, 415, 422,
431, 434, 468, 479, 514, 515

Harrisii 547, 313, 331, 468

Herbstii 547,472

Saji . .547, 312, 331, 367, 377, 382,
392, 395, 409, 415, 422, 431, 434,
468, 479, 514, 515, 516, 749
Parasites, external, observed on

fishes, &c 459, 455

Paractis rapiformis 738, 363, 366, 430

Parypba cristata 736

crocea 736, 390, 393, 482

Pasithea nigra 648

Patella alveus 661

fornicata 649

testudinalis 661

Peacbia parasitica 739

Peaked-nosed skate 521

Pec ten brnnneus 696

concentricns 695

fnscns 696, 518

irradians .... 695, 361, 365, 372, 374,
378,418,424,426,429,515

Islandicus 696

Magellan! ens 696

Pealii 696

tenuicostatns 696, 397, 509, 518

Pectin aria auricoma 612

Belgica 612

Pectinibrancbiata 636

Pedicellina AmeFicaua. ..707, 333, 405, 411,

424

Pelagia cyanella 724

quinquecirrha 724

Pelia mntica 548, 395, 409, 415, 422, 515

Pensons Brasiliensis 551

Penella filosa 578

plnmosa • 578, 460

Pennaria tiarella 735, 327, 334, 393, 411,

425, 455, 520

Pentamera pulcberrima..715, 420, 424, 427,

429

Page.
Periploma papyracea.673, 429, 435, 509, 517

Perophora viridis 702, 388, 393, 401, 411,

424

Petricola dactylus 680

fornicata 680

£ holadiformis . . 680, 372, 378, 435,
470, 515

Phaleria testacea ,543, 464

Pbascolosoma Bernhardus 627

csenientarium 627, 422,

428, 434
Gouldii . . . .627, 353, 428, 521

Pbasianella bifasciata 652

cornea 652

fasciata 652

striata 652

sulcata 651

Pbilbydrus perplexus 542

refl exipennis 542

Pbiloscia vittata 569

Pbolas costata 670, 433, 435

crispata 671

cuneiformis 671, 517

truneata..670, 372, 378, 433, 435, 470

Phoxicbilidiuni maxillare 544, 415, 421

Pboxus Kroyeri 556, 434, 501, 511

Phronima, species 567, 439, 452

Pbylactolaemata 707

Phyllobrancbns Ravenelii 824

Phyllodoce catennla 587, 494

gracilis 586, 494

.inaculata 586

species . . . 332, 349, 382, 397, 410,
422, 434, 452

Phyllopoda 573

Phyllophora Brodiaei 492, 496

ineinbranifolia . . 492, 496, 404

Phy salia aretbnsa 737, 450, 455

aurigera 737

caravella 737

pelagica 737

Physalis pelagica 737

Physophorre 736

Phy tosus Balticus 542

littoralis 542, 364, 46.4

Pill-bug 399

Pilumnns Harrisii 547

Piimixia cylindrica 546,367,377,520

Pinnotheres maoulatus. . .546, 309, 434, 459

ostremn 546, 309, 317, 377,

434, 438, 451, 459

Pisa mntica 548

Placobrancbus catulus 668

Planaria freqnens 633

grisea 633

INDEX.

473

Page.

Planaria species : . . - 487

Plauaria viridis 628

Planarians 632

Planocera nebulosa 632, 325, 332

Platy carcinus irroratus 546

Sayi 546

Platyonichusocellatus.547,338;364,426,428,

438, 457, 490, 501, 515,

516, 533

Platypyxiscylindrica.726, 334, 408, 411, 424

Pleurobracbia rhododactyla 722,444,448,

450 , 454, 455

Pleurotoma bicarinatum 638. 418, 423

brunnea 637

cerinuin 637

plicata 637

plicosa 637

Plumatella familiaria 710

Pluniularia arborea 730

Catharines 732

cornucopias 732

falcata 733

species 407,411

tenella 731

Podarke obscura ...589,319, 332, 382, 392,

410, 440, 453

Podocerus cylindricus 566

fucicola 561,493

Polia obscura 628

Poliuiaglutinosa..631, 324, 332, 382, 392,

410, 423
Polycera Lessonii . . .665, 333, 400, 410, 423,

Polycbseta 580

Polycirrus eximius. 616, 320, 332, 371, 377,
382, 392, 410, 422; 434, 453, 468

Polycystina * 451

Polydora ciliatum 603, 345, 364, 453

species 428,416,422

Polymastia robnsta 744

Polyuoe cirrata 582

dasypus 581

squaraata 581

Polyphemus occidentalis 580

Polypi 737

Polyplacopbora 661

Polyzoa 707

Pom atom us salt atrix 516

Pomolobus mediocris 520

Ponds, brackish, fauna of 460

Pontobdella rapax 625, 458, 460

Pontogeneia inermis 557, 452, 455, 519

Pontonema marinum.. 634, 325, 332, 434,

453, 455

vacillatnm . .634, 326, 332, 434
Porgee 514

Porifera 740

Poronotus triacanthus 449

Porpitao 737

Portunus pictus 547

Potamilla podophtbalmia 382

oculifera .617, 322, 332, 382, 392
397, 410, 422, 476

Prawn, common 339

Prionotus Carolinus 516

Procerodes frequens 633, 325, 332,

Wheatlandii 633

Protomedia pinguis 561

Protozoa 740

Psammobia fasca 676

Pseudopleurouectes Americanus ... 520

Psolus phantapns 519

Pteropoda 668

Ptilota elegaus 492

Ptilocheirus pinguis .561, 431, 434, 501, 507,

519

Ptychatractus ligatus 642, 517

Pulmouata 662

Purpura lapillus 642, 306, 332, 485

Py cnogonidea 544

Pyrula caualiculata 640

carica 640

Pyramis fusca 656

Quahog-clam 359, 463

Rabbit-fish 521

Radiata 715

Raia diaphana 521

laevis 521

Rauella caudata 642

Razor-shell 356, 490

Reuiera, species 744, 334. 394

Rhabdocrela 627

Rbegmatodes tennis 729, 454

Rhipidoglossa 661

Rhodiue attenuata 609, 508

Rhodymeuia palmata 496, 492

Rhyuchobolus Americanus ..596, 332, 342

364, 371, 377, 428, 434, 453,

463

dibranchiatus~-596, 332, 341,
364, 371, 377, 428, 431, 434, 463,

Rbynchoprobolus papillosus 746

Rhynchoscolex papillosus 746

Rissoa aculens 654, 306, 333, 383, 392

arctica 654

exarata 654, 495, 517

Mighelsil 654

minuta 653

Stimpsoui 653

Roccus liueatns 514

Rock.. ... 514

474

INDEX.

Page.

Rock-barnacle 304

Rock-crab 312

Rock-fish 514

Rock-weeds 303

Rocky bottoms of the bays and

sounds, fauna of 394

Rocky bottoms of the open coast,

fauna of 491

Rocky bottoms of bays and sounds,

list of species of 409

Rocky bottoms of outer waters, list

of species 498

Rocky shores on open coast, fauna of. 485
Rocky shores on bays and sounds,

fauna of 303

Rocky shores of bays and sounds,

list of species of 331

Rocky shores on the outer coast, list

of species 487

Round clam 359, 458, 469

Rudder-fish 515

Sabella oculifera 617

microphthalma . .618, 323, 332, 392,
397, 410, 422

Sabellaria vulgaris.611, 321,332, 349, 365,
392, 397, 4 10, 422, 428, 426, 476

Sabellides cristata 613

Saccobraiichia ~ 698

Sagartia leucoleua. .738, 329, 334, 3G3, 366,

391,393,412
modesta .738, 330, 334. 365, 366, 425

Sagitta elegans 626, 440, 453

species . .453, 455, 456, 457

Salpa 507,430,436

Caboti 706, 43*, 439, 445, 454

var. cyanea 706

Samytha 416, 422

Sand-crab 338

Sand-dollar 362,427

Sand-shark 521

Sand-shrimp 339

Sandy bottoms in bays and sounds,

fauna of 425

Sandy bottoms in brackish waters,

fauna of 462

Sandy bottoms in outer waters, fauna

of 500

Sandy bottoms in bays and sounds,

list of species 428

Sandy bottoms in brackish waters,

list of species 464

Saudy bottoms in outer waters, list

of species 504

Sandy shores in bays and sounds,

fauna of . . 334

Sandy shores in outer waters, fauna

of 462

Sandy shores in outer waters, fauna

of 489

Sandy shores of bays and sounds, list

of species 364

Sandy shores of brackish waters, list

of species 464

Sandy shores of outer waters, list of

species 490

Sauguinolaria fusca '. 676

sordida 677

Saphenia apicaia 734

Sapphiriua, species 573, 439, 452

Sarda pelaniys 516

Sarsia ruirabilis 775

Saxicavaarctica.. 671, 309, 333, 401, 410,

423

distorta 671

pholadis 671

rugosa 671

Scalaria angulata 660

clathrus 660

Groenlandica 660

Humphreys!! 660

lineata 660, 418, 423, 435

multistriata 660, 418, 423, 435

subulata 660

Scalibregma brevicanda 605, 416, 422

Scapharca transversa 691, 309, 333, 401, 410,

408, 424

Scionopsis palinata..G14, 321, 332, 397, 410,

476

Sclerodactyla Briareus 715

Scolecida ^ 627

Scolecolepis cirrata. -602, 416, 422, 428, 501,

507

tennis 601,345,364

viridis . .600, 345, 364, 453, 463

Scolex 457

Scollop 361,374

Scomber vernalis 516

Scup 514

Scutella parma 717

quinquefora 717

Scyphacella areiiicola . . . .568, 543, 337, 364

species 567

Scy phax 567

Sea-anemones 329

Sea-bass 514

Sea-cabbage 303

Sea-clam 358

Sea-herring 520

Sea-pork 402,419

Sea-robin.. 516

INDEX.

475

Page,

Sea-urchin 326,438,447

Semele equalis 679, 518

Serpula dianthus. . . .620, 322, 332, 392, 397,
410, 416, 422, 426, 428, 476

porrecta 622

lucida 622

spirorbis 621

Serripes Grcenlandicus 518

Sertularia anguina 710

antennina 730

argentea. .732, 334, 408, 411 , 425

chelata 710

cornicina 733, 729, 408, 411

cuscuta 709

cupressina 732, 408, 411, 425

dichotoraa 728

eburnea 707

falcata 733

gelatinosa 728

geniculata 727

loiigissima 728

loricata 747

pumila . . .732, 327, 334, 391, 393,
408, 487

tenerissima 733

uniflora 725

volubilis 726

Sertularina 725

Sesarma reticulata 546, 367, 377, 467

Shad 520

Ship-worm 379,383

Shrimp, common 369

sand 339

Sigalion Mathilda 582

Silicea 741

Siliqua costata 675, 358, 365, 426, 429

Siliquaria gibba 675

notata 675

Sipho Islandicus 517

Siphoncecetes cuspidatus 566, 501, 511

Siphonostoma 573

Siphonostomum affine 605

Sipuuculoids 627,353

Sipimcnlus Bernhardus 627

c:ementarius 627

Gouldii 627

Skate, common 521

Skenea planorbis 655, 333, 383

serpuloides 655

Small tunny 516

Smith, S. I. Catalogue of Crustacea . 545
Smith, S. I. Metamorphoses of the

lobster and other Crustacea 522

Soft-shelled crabs 367

Solecurtus bidens .'. 676

32 v

Page. \

Solecurtus Caribous 675

divisus 676

iragilis 518

gibbus 675

Solemya borealis 689

Solen Americanus 674

bidens 676

Caribceus 675

centralis 676

costatus 675

divisus 676

eusis 674

fragilis 676

gibbus 675

Guineensis 675

Say ii 675

viridis 675

Solenomya borealis 689

velum .... 688, 360, 365, 429, 435,
470

Sphoeroma quadrideutata 569,315,331

Spider-crab 339,368

Spio robusta 603, 345, 365

setosa 602, 344, 365, 453

Spirialis Flemingii 669

Gouldii 669, 443, 453, 516

Spirorbis borealis 621

lucidus 622

sinistrorsa 622

species 397, 323, 410, 453

spirillum 621, 332, 392, 422

Spirula Peronii 636

Spisula Sayii 580

solidissima 680

Sponge, massive siliceous 430

red 412

Spongia botryoides 741

ciliata 740

coronata 741

prolifera 741

oculata 742

panicea 743

sulphurea 744

urceolata 745

Spongire 740

Springtails 331

Squeteague 515

Squid 440,441

Squilla empusa. . 551, 369, 377, 434, 439, 452,

468, 515, 536

Squilloidea 551

Standella lateralis 680

Staphylinidre 335

Star-fish 438

Stanrocephalus pallidus 595, 348, 364

476

INDEX.

Page.

Steuosonia irrorata 569

filiformis 570

Stereoderma unisemita 715, 503

Sternaspis fossor 606, 507

Steuotomus argyrops 514

Stimpsonia aurantiaca 627, 352

Stheuelais Leidyi 582

picta 582, 348, 364, 422, 428, 501

Sting-ray....... 521,458

Stomachs of fishes, species found in. 514

Stomolophus meleagris 724

Stomotoca apicata 734 , 455

Striped bass 514, 339

Strqngylocentrottis chlorocentrotus. 716

Diobachiensis 716, 326,

406,411,420,424,438,

454, 486, 496, 447

Stylifer Stimpsouii 655, 460

Styliola vitrea 668, 443, 453

Stylochopsis littoralis 632, 325, 332

Suberites compacta 744

suberea 744

Surface and free swimming animals 436

Surface species in winter 455

Surf-clam 358,490

Summer flounder 458, 519

Summer skate 521

Sycandra ciliata 740

Sycotypus caualiculatus .640,332/355,3655
399, 410, 417, 423, 428

Syllis, species 590,453

Sy ncoryua 734

Synapta Ayresii 716

Girardii 716

gracilis 716

tenuis 716

Syucoryne gravata 735

Syuguathus Peckianus 516

T.eniobranchia 706

Tagelus divisus 676, 435, 518

gibbus 675, 373, 378, 435, 470

Talitrus longicornis 556

quadrifi dus 556

Talorchestia longicornis .556, 336, 364, 462,

464, 489, 543

megalophthalma 556, 336, 364,
462, 464, 490

Tamils iilnin 573, 381, 392, 452

Tape-worms 456

Tan tog 515

Tautoga onitis 515

Tectibranchiata - 662

Tectura alveus 661

testudiualis 661

Tedauia, species. 743, 334, 391, 394, 412, 425,

498, 749

Tellina calcarea 677

Fabricii 676

Gro3nlandica 676

lata 676

proxirua 677

tenera 677

tenta 678, 429, 432, 435, 470

sabulosa 677

sordida 677

versicolor 678

Temperature of water 298, 299, 436, 485, 506

Terebella ornata 613

Terebellides Stroemi 613, 507

Teredo 378,380,383

dilatata 670

navalis 669, 384, 393, 453, 482

megotara 670, 387, 393

palmulata 670

Thomsonii 670, 387, 393

Tergipes despectus 667, 495

Tetrastemma arenicola 629, 351, 365

Thamnocnidia tenella 736,407,411,425

Thaumantias diaphana 727

Thecosomata 668

Themisto, species 745

Thracia Conradi 673, 426, 429

truncata 674, 509, 517

Thyasira Gouldii 686

Thyoue Briareus715, 362, 366, 376, 378, 418,
420, 424, 427, 429, 433, 435

Thyropus, species 567

Thysanopoda, species 554, 452, 516

Tiaropsis diademata 725, 454

Tiger-beetles 335

Tiger-shark 521

Tima formosa 729, 448, 454, 455

Toad-fish 516

Tom-cod 519,331

Tomopteris, species 626, 453

Tornaria 352

Tornatella puncto-striata 664, 518

Tornatina canaliculata 663

Torquea eximia 616

Tottenia gemma. 682, 359, 365, 426, 429, 445

Manhattensis 682

Toxopneustes Drobachiensis 716, 447

Trachydermou niber 662

Trachynema digitale 725, 454

Travisia carnea 604, 431, 434, 508

Trematodes 456

Trichina 456

Triforis nigrocinctus.648, 305, 333, 372, 377,
383, 393, 410, 417, 423, 428, 515

Tritia obsoleta 641

trivittata.641, 332, 354, 365, 283, 392,
410, 423, 428, 435, 463, 515, 519

INDEX.

477

Page.

Tritonia arborescens 665

Reynolds!! 665

Tritonium pygmamm 639

Trochus divaricatus 652

striatellus 654

Trombidium 331

Trombidium, species 544

Trophonia affinis 605, 432, 434, 507

Trumbull, J. H., mollusks found in

stomach of cod-fish 517

Trumbull, J. H., mollusks found in

stomach of haddock 518

Trygon centroura 521

Tubipora eaten ularia 712

Tubnlarina 733

Tubularia cristata 736

ramosa 734

stellifera 735

Tubnlipora flabellaris . . .708, 333, 405, 41 1,

425, 496

phalaugea 708

patina 707

Tunicata 698

Tunny, small 516

Turbellaria 627

Turbo caualis 652

irroratus 651

jugosus 652

littoralis 652

miuutus 653

obligatus 651

obscurus 661

palliatus 652

planorbis 655

quadrifasciata 652

rudis 651

sulcatus 652

tenebrosus 651

ventricosus 652

vestitus 651

vincta 652

Turbonilla areolata . 658

costulata 658

elegans ...657,418,423,432,435

equalis 659

interrupta . . .657, 418, 423, 428,
432, 435, 517

seminuda 657

stricta 659

Turritella sequalis 659

erosa 517

bisuturalis , 656

impressa 656

iuterrupta 657, 517

Turritopsis mitricula 734, 454

Page.

Turtouia inhmta 687

nitida 687

Ul va latissima 303, 315

Unciola irrorata 567, 340, 364, 370, 377, 409,
415, 422, 426, 428, 431, 434, 493, 501, 507,

514, 749

Urosalpinx cinerea ..641, 306, 332, 372, 377,
383, 392, 399, 410, 423, 428, 476

Urothoe, species 556, 452

Utriculus canaliculatus 663

Valkeria cuscuta 709

pustnlosa 709

Velella mutica 737, 455

Venericardia cribraria 684

granulata 684

Venus castanea 685

fragilis C76

gemma 682

Islandica 683

Manhattensis 682

mercenaria . .681, 359, 365, 372, 378,
429,435, 458, 463, 469

minuta 687

notata 681

praaparca 681

Vernietus lubricalis 649

radicula 649

Verm ilia, species 621,416,422

Vesicnlaria armata 710, 405, 411, 424

cuscuta .709, 333, 389, 393, 404^
411, 424

dichotoina . . 709, 333, 389, 393,
404, 411, 419, 424, 476

familiaris 710

fusca 710,420,424

gracilis .709, 333, 389, 393, 411,
424

Virbius pleuracanthus 550

zostericola. .550, 369, 377, 396, 452,
479, 519, 530

Volvaria alba 663

caualiculata 663

Vortex Candida 634

Warrenii 633

Weak-fish 515, 339

White-armed anemone 329

White perch 339, 514

Willia ornata 735,455

Winter fiouuder 520

Xiphosura *...,.. 580

Polyphemus 580

Xylotrya fimbriata 670, 379, 387, 393

palmulata 670

Yoldia angularis 690

arctica 689

478

INDEX.

Pa<?e. 1

Yoldia Oouklii 690

liinatula 689, 432, 435, 518

obesa 690 509

sapotilla 689, 509, 518, 521

thraciformis 690, 509

Zanclea gernmosa 735

Zirfiea crispata 671, 433

Page.

Zirpha>a crispata 671

Zoanthus Americanns 740

parasiticus 740

Zoea and megalops 451

Zostera marina 460

Zygodactyla Grcenlandica. . ..729 449, 454

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

FIGURE 1. — Pinnixa cylindrica Say, (p. 546;) male, enlarged four diameters.
2. — Pinnotheres ostreurn Say, (p. 546 ;) male, enlarged four diameters.
3. — Panopeus depressus Smith, (p. 547 ;) male, natural size.
4. — Platyonichus ocellatus Latreille, (p. 547 ;) male, slightly reduced in size.

(All the figures were drawn by J". H. Eraerton.)

Plate I.

Fig. 1.

No. 501

Fig. 3.

Fig. 2.

No. 502

Fig. 4.

iNb. 504

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

FIGURE 5. — Hippa talpoida Say, (p. 548;) dorsal view, enlarged about two diameters.
6. — Pandalus armulicornis Leach, (p. 550 ;) dorsal view, slightly reduced in

size.

7.— Gebia affinis Say, (p. 549;) female; lateral view, slightly enlarged.
8. — Callianassa Stimpsoni Smith, (p. 549 ;) larger cheliped ; outside, natural

size.
9.— Palaemonetes vulgaris Stimpson, (p. 550;) male; lateral view, enlarged one

and one-half diameters.

(All tLe figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.)

Plate II.

Fiji. 5.

Ft.;.-, ti.

Jfo. 515

Fig. 7.

508

Fig-.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

FIGURE 10. — Crangon vulgaris Fabr., (p. 550 ;) male : dorsal view, natural size.

11. — Virbius Zostericola Smith, (p. 550 ;) female ; lateral view, slightly en
larged.

12. — Mysis stenolepis Smith, (p. 551;) young female; lateral .view, enlarged
four diameters. The anterior margin of the carapax is not well repre
sented in this figure ; see description.

13. — Diastylis quadrispinosa G. O. Sara, (.p. 554 ;) lateral view, enlarged seven
diameters.

(All the figures were drawn by J. H. Eruertoii.)

Plate III.

Kip. 10.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

!No. 520

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

FIGURE 14.— Orchestia agilis Smith, (p. 555;) male; lateral view, enlarged five di
ameters.

15. — Gammarus ornatus Edwards, (p. 557;) male; lateral view, enlarged two
diameters.

16. — Amphithoe maculata Stimpson, (p. 563 ;) male ; lateral view, enlarged
two diameters.

17. — Ampelisca sp., (p. 561 ;) lateral view, enlarged five diameters.

18. — Cerapus rubricornis Stimpson, (p. 565 ;) female ; lateral view, enlarged
five diameters; and hand of th'e second pair of legs of the male, en
larged the same amount.

19.— Unciola irrorata Say, (p. 567;) male; dorsal view, enlarged six diameters.

(All ttie figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton and S. I. Smith.)

Plate IV.

EXPLANATION OF PL ATE 'V.

FIGURE 20. — Caprella geometrica Say, (p. 567;) lateral view, enlarged about three
diameters.

21. — Sphseroma quadridentata Say, (p. 569 ;) dorsal view, enlarged five diam
eters.

22. — Idotea cseca Say, (p. 569 ;) male ; dorsal view, enlarged three diameters.

23.— Idotea irrorata Edwards, (p. 569;) male; dorsal view, enlarged two
diameters.

24.— Idotea robusta Kroyer, (p. 569;) male; dorsal view, enlarged two diam
eters.

(rig-ores 20, 21, 23, and 24, were dravrn by J. H. Emerton ; iignre 22 by O. Harger.)

Plate V.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

.FIGURE 25. — Liinnoria lignorum White, (p. 571;) dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters
26. — Erichsonia filiformis Harger, (p. 570 ;) dorsal view, enlarged five., diain

eters.

27.— Erichsonia attenuata Harger, (p. 570 ;) dorsal view, enlarged three diam
eters*

28. — Epelys trilobus Smith, (p. 571 ;)^dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters.
29.— Livoneca ovalis Harger, (p. 572 ;) dorsal view, enlarged three diameters
(Figure 25 was drawn by S. I. Smith ; 26 and 23 by 0. ILarger ; 27 and 29 by J. H. En ertori.)

Plate VI.

Fig. 26.

Fig. 27

No. 535

Fig. 28.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

FIGURE 30.— Lerueonema radiata Steenstrup and Liitken, (p. 578 ;) female, enlarged two

diameters.

31. — Pandarus, (p. 576 ;) female ; dorsal view, enlarged five diameters.
32.— Nogagiis Latreillit, (p. 576;) male; dorsal^view, enlarged five diameters
33. — Sapphirina, (p. 573 ;)• male ; dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters.
34. — Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander, (p. 579;) lateral view of a single

animal from a large cluster, slightly enlarged.
35.— Phoxichilidium maxillare Stimpson, (p. 544;) male ; dorsal view, enlarged

two diameters.
(Figure 33 was drawn by S. I. Sraitli : all the others by J. H. Emerton.)

Fig. 30.

Plate VII.

Fig. 31

Fig. 33.

INo. 53C

Fig. 35.

Fig. 34

ISTu. 5-10

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

FIGURE 36.— Squilla empusa Say, (p. 536;) lateral view of the free-swimming larvao
in one of its later stages, enlarged ten diameters.

37. — Zoea of the common crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 530 ;) in the last stage just
before it changes to the megalops condition ; lateral view, enlarged
seventeen diameters.

38. — Megalops stage of the same, just after the change from the zoea condi
tion ; dorsal view, enlarged thirteen diameters.

(All the figures were drawn by J. H. Eraerton.)

Plate VIII.

Fie. 36.

Ub. 519

Fig. 37.

:NO. .005

Fig. 37 a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Larval young of the Lobster, Homarus Amcricanus Edwards, (p. 522.)
FIGURE 38. — A. Lateral view of the larval young in the first stage observed, enlarged
seven diameters.

B. The same in a dorsal view, the abdomen held horizontally.

C. Antennula, enlarged fourteen diameters.

D. One of the thoracic legs of the second pair, enlarged fourteen diam
eters ; a, exopodus ; &, epipodus ; c, branchiae.

39. — E. Lateral view of the larval young in the third stage, enlarged five and
one-half diameters.

F. Terminal portion of the abdomen seen from above, enlarged ten diam
eters ; a, one of the small spines of the posterior margin of the terminal
segment, enlarged fifty diameters.

G. Basal portion of one of the legs of the second pair, showing the epip
odus and branchias, enlarged fourteen diameters.

(All the figures were dra\vu from alcoholic specimens, by S. I. Smith.)

Plate IX.

Fig. 3

No. 512

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

FIGURE 40. — Lepidonotus squarnatus, (p. 581;) anterior part of the body, head, and
proboscis ; dorsal view.

41. — The same; end of the-" proboscis ; front view, showing the jaws and
papillae.

42. — Lepidonotus sublevis, (p. 581.;) dorsal view.

43. — Rhynchobolus dibranchiatus, (p. 596;) anterior part of body, mouth and
head ; lower side.

44. — The same; lateral appendage, showing the dorsal cirrus, the upper and
lower branchiae and the setigerous lobes between them.

45.— Rhynchobolus Americanus, (p. 596;) anterior part of the body and ex
tended proboscis ; dorsal view.

46.— The same; lateral appendages, showing the dorsal cirrus, the branched
gill, the setigerous lobes, and the ventral cirrus.

(Figures 40, 41, 42, 45, were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 44 by A. E. Verrill; 43 and 46
•were copied from Ehlers.)

Plate X.

Fig. 40.

Fig. 43.

Fig. 45.

Fig-. 42.

No. 543

Fig. 41.

No. 545

Fig. 44.

No. 558

Fig. 46.

No. 559

. 560

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

FIGURE 47. — Nereis virens, (p. 590;) Lead little more than natural size ; dorsal view.
48. — The same ; extended proboscis ; dorsal view.
49. — The same ; probosci ; sventral view.
50. — The same ; lateral appendage.
51. — Nereis liinbata, male, (p. 590;) a few segments of the middle region of the

body, anterior region, head and extended proboscis ; dorsal view.
52. — Nereis pelagica, female, (p. 591 ;) natural size ; dorsal view.
53. — The same ; male, natural size ; dorsal view.
54. — The same ; head more enlarged ; dorsal view.
55. — The same ; proboscis ; ventral view.
56. — Phyllodoce gracilis?, (p. 586;) head ; dorsal view.

(Figure 51 was drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 47, 43, 49, 50, 52, 53, wore copied from Ehlers;
54, 55, from Malrugren; 56, from A. Agassiz.)

Plate XI.

Fig. 47.

Fig. 51.

Fig. 53. Fig. 52.

Fig. 48. Fig.

STo. 552

'Fig. 50.

Fig. 54.

No. 518

Fig. 55.

565

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

FIGURE 57.— Nephthys picta, (p. 583 ;) anterior part of body and head, ranch enlarged

dorsal view.
58. — Nephthys bucera, (p. 583 ;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged ; ven

tral view.
59. — Nephthys iugeus, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and extended proboscis

ventral view. *

60. — The same ; dorsal view.
61. — Podarke obscura, (p. 589 ;) dorsal view, from a specimen preserved ir

alchohol and much contracted in length.
62. — Nectonereis megalops, (p. 592;) ventral view.
63. — The same ; anterior region of body and head ; dorsal view.
64. — Marphysa Leidyi, (p. 593;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged abou

three diameters ; dorsal view.

(figures 57 and 58 were copied from Elilers ; all the rest were drawn from nature l>y J. H. Emerton

Plate XII.

Fig. 61.

Fig. 57.

Fig. 5*.

No. ;>06

Fig. 63.

F 62.

Ho. 567

No. 564

Fig. 64.

Fig. 60.

No. 779

No. 563

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

FIGURE 65. — Autolytus cornutus, (p. 590;) an asexual individual, from which a male is
about to separate ; dorsal view, enlarged about six diameters ; A, A, A,
antenna? of the former; C, C, C, C, two tentacles and one tentacular
cirrus on each side, followed by the dorsal cirri ; F, the intestine ; d, the
long setoB and dorsal cirri of the male.

66. — The same ; anterior part of a female, more enlarged ; the letters as before ;
&, the eyes; c, the eggs; /, the intestine ; 3, one of the appendages of
the anterior region of the body ; c, the dorsal cirrus ; h, the setigerous
tubercle, supporting hooked setse.

67.— Diopatra cuprea, (p. 593 ;) head and anterior part of body, showing part
of the branchiee ; side view.

68. — The same ; ventral view, showing the mouth open and jaws thrown back.

69. — Lumbriconereis opalina, (p. 594 ;) anterior part of body ; dorsal view.

70. — The same ; lateral appendage and setse.

(Figures 65 and 66 were copied from A. Agassiz ; 67, 68, 69 were drawn from nature by J. H. Emer-
ton ; 70, by A. E. Verrill.)

Plate XIII.

Fig. 65.

:NTo.777

Fig. 70.

^o. 556

Fig. 68.

Fig. 67.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

FIGTJKE 71. — Clymenella torquata, (p. 608;) natural size; lateral view.

72. — The same; head and extended proboscis^' front view.

73. — The same ; posterior and caudal segments ; dorsal view.

74. — Sternaspis fossor, (p. 606 ;) dorsal view.

75. — Trophonia affinis, (p. 605 ;) anterior portion ; dorsal view.

76. — Anthostoma robustum, (p. 597 ;) anterior portion of. body, head, and ex
tended proboscis ; dorsal view, natural size.

77. — Spio setosa, (p. 602;) anterior segments and head; side view; only one of
the two large tentacles is represented.

78. — Polydora ciliatum, (p. 603;) anterior and posterior parts ; dorsal view.

(Figures 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, were dr'awn from nature by J. H. Eincrton ; 74, by A. E. Yerrill ; 77, 78, were
copied from A. Agassiz.)

Plate XIV.

Fie. 71.

Fig. 72.

Fiji. 74.

If o. 378

Fig. 73.

No. 579

Fig. 75.

stag?

570

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

FIGURE 79.— Ammotrypane fimbriata, (p. 604;) ventral view.

80. — Cirratulus grandis, (p. 606;) natural size, from a living specimen ; lateral

view.
81. — The same ; natural size, from a preserved specimen ; dorsal view.

(Figures 79 and 81 were drawn from nature by J. H..Emerton ; flgnre 80, by A. E. Yerrill.)

Plate XV,

Fig. 79.

Fig. 80.

Xo. 571

573

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

FIGURE 82. — Amphitrite ornata, (p. 613 ;) lateral view, somewhat reduced, from a

living specimen.

83. — Ampharete gracilis, (p. 612 ;) lateral view.
84. — Euchone elegans, (p. 618 ;) lateral view.
85. — Polycirrus eximius, (p. 616;) dorsal view of a living specimen creeping

by means of its tentacles ; natural size.
(Figures 82, 84, 85, were drawn from nature "by A. E. Verrill ; 83, by J- H. Ernerton.)

Plate XVI.

Fig. 82-

.No. 586

Jib. ">65

Fig. 83.

Fig. 85.

. 587

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

FIGURE 86.— Potamilla oculifera, (p. 617 ;) in its tube, with branchiae fully expanded,

from a living specimen, found at Eastport, Maine.
87. — Cistenides Gouldii, (p. 612 ;) lateral view.
87 a. — The same ; head and branchiae, dorsal view.

88. — Sabellaria vulgaris, (p. 611 ;) lateral view.
88a. — The same ; view of the operculi

lum and tentacles, from above.
(Figures 84, 88, 88« were drawn from nature, by J. H. Emerton ; 87, 87a by A. E. Yerrill.)

Plate XVII.

FiR. 86.

Fig. 87.

Uo. 581

Fig. 88a.

No. 583

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

FIGURE 89. — Branchiobdella Ravenelii, (p. (524 ;) dorsal view, natural size.
90. — Malacobdella obesa, (p. 625;) dorsal view.
91. — Pontolxlella rapax, (p. 625 ;) dorsal view.
92. — Phascolosoma ccementarinm, (p. 627;) lateral view.
93. — P. Gouldii, (p. 627 ;) lateral view, reduced one-half.

94. — Pontonema inarinum, (p. 634;) female, lateral view, enlarged 15 diam
eters; Oj eggs; v, genital orifice.

(Figure 94 was drawn from a living specimen, by A. E. Verrill ; all f\e others were drawn from pre
served specimens, by J. H. Emerton.)

I

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 89.

Fig. 90.

Fig. 91.

No. 781

Fig. 92.

Fig. 93.

. 596

Fig. 94.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

FIGURE 95.— Cosmocephala ochracea, (p. 630 ;) anterior portion, enlarged nearly three

diameters, dorsal view.
95a. — The same ; ventral view.
96. — Meckelia iugens, (p. 630 ;) anterior portion of a specimen not full grown,

natural size.
96a. — The same; ventral view of the anterior portion and head of a larger

specimen, in a different state of contraction, natural size.
97. — Polinia glutinosa, (p. 631 ;) dorsal view, enlarged two diameters.
98. — Tetrastemma arenicola, (p. 629 ;) dorsal view.
99. — Stylochopsis littoralis, (p. 632 ;) dorsal view.
100. — Planocera nebulosa, (p. 632;) dorsal view.
(All the figures were drawn from living specimens, by A. E. Verrill.)

Plate XIX.

Fig. 96.

Fig. 98.

Fig. 95.

€

Fig. 97.

Fig. 93a.

/ '

Fig. 96a.

Fig. 99.

!No. 096

Fir. 100.

No. 595

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

FIGURE 101. — Loligo pallida, (p. 635 ;) dorsal view, about one-third natural size.
101«. — The same ; the "pen " dorsal side.
102.— Loligo Pealii ?, (p. 635 ;) a cluster of the eggs.
103. — The same; an embryo just before hatching, much enlarged; a', a", a1",

a"', the right "arms'7 belonging to four pairs; c, the side of the head;

e, the eye ; /, the caudal lins; h, the heart ; ?«, the mantle in which

color-vesicles are already developed and capable of changing their

colors ; o, the internal cavity of the ears ; s, the siphon ; i/, the portion

of the yolk not yet absorbed.
104. — The same; an embryo in an earlier stage of development, more highly

magnified ; the letters are the same as before.
105. — The same; a young specimen, recently hatched, found swimming at the

surface, dorsal view.

(Figures 103, 104 are camera-lucida drawings made from the living specimens, by A. E. Yerrill;
all the others were drawn from preserved specimens, by J. II. Emertou.)

Plate XX,

Fig. 103.

Fig. 101.

"So. 622
Fig. 102. Fig. 101a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

FIGUIIE 106. — Pleurotoma bicarinaturu, (p. 638;) natural size.
107. — Bela plicata, (p. 637 ;) natural size.
108. — Bela harpularia, (p. 636;) natural size.
109. — Auacliis similis, (p. 644 ;) natural size.
110.— Astyris lunata, (p. .645;) enlarged.
111. — Astyris zonalis, (p. 645 ;) enlarged.
112.— Tritia trivittata, (p. 641;) natural size.
113. — Ilyauassa obsoleta, (p. 641 ;) natural size.
114. — Nassa vibex, (p. 640 ;) natural size.
115. — Neptunea pygmrca, (p. 639 ;) natural size.
116. — Urosalpiux cinerea, (p. 641 ;) natural size.
117. — Eupleura caudata, (p. 642 ;) natural size.
118. — Purpura lapillus, (p. 642;) natural size.
119. — The same ; banded variety.
120. — The same; egg-capsules, enlarged one-third.
121. — Buccinum undatum, (p. 638 ;) natural size.
122. — Scalaria multistriata, (p. 660;) enlarged.
123. — Scalaria lineata, (p. 660;) enlarged.

(Figure 120 was drawn from nature by J. II. Emerton ; the rest are from Binney's Gould, drawn by
E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXI.

Fig. 107.

Fig. 106. Fig. 109.

Fig. 111.

Fig. 110.

*

Fig. 112.

Fig. 114.

Fto. 113.

Fig. 118.

Fig. 119.

Fig. 120.

Fig. 115.

No. 78.0

vis. in.

Fig. 116.

I

Fig. 132.

Fig. 1-J3.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII

FIGURE 124.— Fulgur carica, (p. 640 ;) natural size.
(From Binney's Gould, drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXII.

Fig. 124.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

FIGURE 1*25.— Crucibulum striatnui, (p. 651 ;) natural size.
126. — The same ; side view.
127. — Crepidula plana, (p. 650 ;) natural size.
128. — C. convexa, (p. 650 ;) natural size.
129.— C. fornicata, (p. 649;) natural size.
129a. — The same; young specimen.
130.— Xeverita duplicate, (p. 646 ;) natural size.
131. — Lnuatia immaculata, (p. 646 ;) natural size.
132.—- Natica pnsilla, (p. 647 ;) slightly enlarged.
133.— Luuatia heros, (p. 646;) natural size.

134. — The same; with the animal extended, as in crawling; dorsal view.
135. — The same, variety triseriata, (p. 354;) young, natural size.
136. — The same variety ; natural size, lower side.
(From Binney's Gonlil, drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 125.

Fig. 126.

Fig. 127.

Fig. 128.

Fig. 129.

Fig. 130.

Fig. 13"). Fig. 131)

Fig. 134.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

FIGUIIE 137. — Littorina rudis, (p. 651 ;) natural size.

138. — Littorina palliata, (p. 652 ;) natural size.

139. — Lacuna vincta, (p. 652;) enlarged.

140. — Littorinella miuuta, (p. 653 ;) enlarged.

141. — Rissoa aculeus, (p. 654 ;) enlarged.

142. — Skenea plauorbis, (p. 655;) enlarged.

143. — Odostoinia producta, (p. 656;) enlarged.

144. — O. fusca, (p. 656;) enlarged.

145. — O. trifida, (p. 656 ;) enlarged.

146.— O. trifida, var., (p. 656 ;) enlarged.

147. — O. inipressa, (p. 656;) enlarged.

148.— O. semimida, (p. 657;) enlarged.

149. — Eulima oleacea, (p. 655;) natural size.

150. — Cerithiopsis terebralis, (p. 648 ;) enlarged.

151. — C. Emersouii, (p. 648;) enlarged.

152. — Triforis nigrocinctus, (p. 648 ;) enlarged.

153. — Cerithiopsis Greeuii, (p. 647;) enlarged.

154. — Bittiura nigruni, (p. 648;) enlarged.

155. — Turbouilla elegans, (p. 657;) much enlarged.

156. — Margarita obscura, (p. 661 ;) natural size.

157. — Vermetus radicula, (p. 649;) natural size.

158. — Caecum pulchellum, (p. 649 ;) natural size and enlarged.

159. — Acnuea testudinalis, (p. 661 :) natural size.

159a. — The same ; lower side,

1596. — The same, variety alveus ; natural size.

(Figure 155 was drawn from nature, by A. E. Verrill ; the others are from Binney's Gould, mostly
drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXIV.

Fig. 137. Fig. 138. Fig. 139. Fig. 140. Fig. 141. Fig. 142.

Fig. 143. Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 146. Fig. 147. Fig. 148. Fig. 149.

Fig. 150. Fig. 151. Fig. 152. Fig. 153. Fig. 154. Fig. 155.

Fig. 156.

Fig. 157.

Fig. 158.

Fig. 159.

Fig. 159&.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

FIGURE 160. — Utriculus canaliculatus, (p. 663 ;) enlarged.
161. — Bulla solitaria, (p. 662;) natural size.
162. — Ampliisphyra debilis, (p. 663;) enlarged.
163.— Cyliclma alba, (p. 664 ;) natural size.
164. — Cylichna oryza, (p. 664 ;) enlarged.
165. — Action puncto-striata, (p. 664;) enlarged.
166.— Trachydermon ruber, (p. 662 ;) natural size.
167. — Cheetopleura apiculata, (p. 661 ;) natural size.
168. — Alexia myosotis, (p. 662;) natural size.
169. — Melampus bidentatus, (p. 662 ;) natural size.
169a. — The same; banded variety, (p. 662;) natural size.
170.— Doto coronata, (p. 665;) a, dorsal view, enlarged; I, liead, from above;

c, one of the branchiae

171.— Elysiella catulus, (p. 6(58;) enlarged three diameters.
172. — Elysia clilorotica, (p. 667 ;) enlarged two diameters.
173. — Doridella obscura. (p. 664 ;) o, dorsal view ; &, ventral view, enlarged.
174.— Montagua pilata, (p. 666;) natural size.
175. — Henna? a cruciata, (p. 667;) enlarged.
176. — Doris bifida, (p. 664 ;) enlarged three diameters.
177. — Cavoliua tridentata, (p. 669;) natural size.
178. — gtyliola vitrea, (p. 668;) enlarged three diameters.

(Figures 171, 172, 173, 174, 178 were drawn from nature, by A. E. Verrill: 1G9«, 170 by E. S. Morse ;
175 by A. Agassiz; 17(>, by J. IT. Emerton ; 177 was copied from Cuvier. (last ill. ed.). The rest are from
Binney's Gould, mostly by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXV.

Fig. 160. Fig. 161. Fig. 162. Fig. 163. Fig. 164. Fig. 165. Fig. 166.

Fig. 170.

Fig. 168. ig. 169. Fig. 169a. Fig. 167.

Fig. 172. Fig. 171.

Fig. 177.

Fig. 178.

Fig. 176.

Fig. 175.

:NO. 770

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

FIGURE 179.— Mya areuaria, (p. 672;) with animal in extension, reduced to one-half
the natural size.

180. — Augulus tener, (p. 677;) animal reduced one-half.

181.— Tagelus gibbus, (p. 675;) with animal, the siphons not fully extended,
one-half natural size.

182. — Ensatella Americana, (p. 674;) •with animal extended, one-half natural
size. The figure at the right shows some of the terminal papillte en
larged.

183. — Teredo navalis, (p. 669;) enlarged two diameters.

184, A. — Venus mercenaria, (p. 681 ;) natural size.

184, 13. — Mulinia lateralis, (p, 680;) natural size.

(The figures were all drawn from nature, by A. E. Yerrill.)

Fig. 179.

Fig. 183.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 4

Plate XXVI.

No. 705

lsro. ass

Fig. 183.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

FIGURE 186.— Teredo navalis, (p. 669;) shell and pallets.

187.— Teredo Thomsoni, (p. 670;) shell and pallets.

188. — Teredo megotara, (p. 670;) shell and pallets.

189.— Xylotrya fimbriata, (p. 670;) shell and pallets.

190. — Gastranella tumida, (p. 678;) shell, enlarged six diameters.

191.— Corbula contracta, (p. 672;) natural size.

192. — Saxicava arctica, (p. 671 ;) natural size.

193. — Clidiophora trilineata, (p. 673;) natural size, with animal.

194. — Lyonsia hyalina, (p. 672;) natural size.

195. — Thracia truncata, (p. 674 ;) natural size.

196. — Thracia myopsis, (p. 673;) natural size.

197.— Peri ploma papyracea, (p. 673;) natural size.

198. — Cochlodesma Leanum, (p. 673 ;) natural size.

199. — Petricola pholadiformis, (p. 680 ;) natural size.

200.— Pholas truncata, (p. 670 j) natural size.

(Figure 190 was drawn by A. E. YerriU : all the rest are from Binney's Gould, mostly drawn by E.
S. Morse.)

Plate XXVII.

Fig. 186.

Fig. 188.

Fig. 187.

Fig. TO.

Fig. 192.

Fig. 189.

Fig. 191. Fig. 195.

Fig. 193.

Fijr. 194.

Fig. 196.

Fig. 200.

Fig. 198.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.

FIGUKE 201.— Cyprina Islandica, (p. 063;) natural size.
202.— Mactra solidissima, (p. 680;) natural size.

(The figures are both from Binney's Gould, drawn liy E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXVIII.

201.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

FIGURE 203. — Astarte uudata, (p. 084;) somewhat reduced.
204. — Astarte castanea, (p. 685 ;) natural size.
205. — Astarte quadraus, (p. 685;) natural size.
206. — Gouldia mactracea, (p. 685;) natural size.
207. — The same, inside of one valve, enlarged.
208. — Loevicardium Mortoni, (p. 683;) natural size, with animal.
209. — Cardium pinnulatum, (p. 683 ;) natural size.
210. — Solenomya velum, (p, 688;) natural size.
211. — Cyclas dentata, (p. 686 ;) natural size.
212. — Lucina filosa, (p. 686;) natural size.
213. — Cryptodon Gouldii, (p. 686;) enlarged two diameters.
214. — Cryptodon obesus, (p. 687;) enlarged three diameters.
215. — Cyclocardia Nbvanglice, (p. 684;) natural size.
216. — Cyclocardia borealis, (p. 683;) natural size.

(Figures 203, 207, 214 "were drawn by A. E. Ten-ill : 215 by E. S. Morse ; the rest from Binney's Gould,
and mostly drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXIX.

Fig. 203.

Fig. 208.

Fig. SlO.

Fig. 204.

Fig. 205.

Fig. 209.

Fig. 211.

Fig.

Fig. 206.

Fig. 212.

Fig. 213.

Fig. 210.

Fig. 214.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

7. — Tagelus gibbus, (p. 675;) natural size.
218. — Tagelus divisus, (p. 676;) natural size.
219. — Callista couvexa, (p. 681 ;) natural size.
220.— Totteiiia gemma, (p. 682;) enlarged.
221. — Cumingia tellinoides, (p. 67J;) natural size.
222.— Macoma fragilis, var. fusca, (p. 676 ;) natural size.
223. — Angulus teuer, (p. 677 ;) natural size.
224. — Augulus tenellus, (p. 677 ;) natural size.
225. — Tellina tenta, (p. 678 ;) natural size.
226. — Kellia planulata, (p. 688;) enlarged.
227. — Argina pexata, (p. 692:) natural size.
228.— Scapharca transversa, (p. 691 ;) natural si/e.
229. — Xueula delphinodonta, (p. 691 ;) enlarged.
230. — Nucula proxima, (p. 691 ;) natural size.
231.— Yoldia sapotilla, (p. 6*9 ;) natural size.
232. — Yoldia limatula, (p. 689;) natural size.

(Figure 22i \v.is diM-,v:i l»y A. E. V.M-rill ; tin rost are fi:r\\ IVuni \v'.s G >;iM. by E.S. Mors?.)

Plate XXX.

Fig 217.

Fig. 218.

Fig. 219.

Fig. 220.

Fig. 221

Fig. 222.

Fig. 224.

is. 223.

Fig. 227.

Fig. 228.

Fig. 232.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.

FIGURE 233.— Crenella glaudula, (p. 695.)
234._Mytilu8 edulis, (p. 692.)
235.— Modiolaria corrugate, (p. 694.)
236.— Modiolaria nigra, (p. 694.)
237.— Modiola modiolus, (p. 693.)
238.— Modiola plicatula, (p. 693.)

(All the fissures are

of natural size, and from Binney's Gould, drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXXI.

Fiji 2:14.

Fig. 235.

Kig. 236.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.

FIOVKE -m-Anomia aculeata, (p. 097 ;) lower side, natural size,
040. — The same, upper side.

•>40a.— The same, portions of the upper side magnified.
•Ml — Anomia glabra, (p. (596;) profile view, natural size.
;>42 —The same, (p. 696 ;) lower side.
242a.— The same, (p. 696;) young, natural size.
243.— Pecten irradiaus, (p. 695;) natural size.
244.— Silimia costata, (p. 675 ;) natural size.
245.--Ensatella Americana, (p. 674 ;) natural size.

(The figures -are from Humpy's Gould, drawn l.y E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXXII.

Fig. 239. Fig. 240.

Fig. 241.

Fig. 242a.

Fig. 240a.

Fig. 242.

Fig. 245.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

FIGURE 246.— Cynthia partita, variety stellifera, (p. 701;) natural size.

247. — Cynthia caruea, (p. 701 ;) natural size.

248. — The same, (p. 701 ;) younger specimens, natural size.

249. — Eugyra pilnlaris, (p. 700 ;) natural size.

250. — Molgula Manhatteusis, (p. 699;) smooth variety, natural size.

251. — Molgula areuata, (p. 699;) natural size.

252.— Botryllus Gouldii, (p. 702 ;) colony incrusting the stem of Tubularia,
somewhat enlarged.

253. — The same ; one of the zooids, enlarged ten diameters ; a, anal tube and ori
fice; s, somach ; g, groove and vessels along the edge of the branchial
sac, inside ; o, left ovary : &, bud, attached by a slender stolon.

254. — Salpa Cabotti, (p. 706 ;) solitary individual, from the dorsal side, enlarged ;
h, heart; s, small chain of salpu3 budding within the old one.

255. — The same ; one of the individuals from a mature chain, three-quarter
view enlarged ; a, posterior or anal opening; &, anterior or branchial
opening; c, processes by which the individuals of the chain were
united ; h, heart ; n, nervous ganglion ; o, nucleus ; r, gill.

256. — Escharella variabilis, (p. 713 ;) few of the cells, much enlarged.

(Figure 2515 was drawn by A. Hyatt ; 254 and 25,1 were copied from A. Agassiz ; the others were
drawn by A. E. Verrill.)

Plate XXXIII.

Fig. 246.

Fig. 254.

Fig. 249.

Fig. 251.

750

Fig. 252.

751

-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

FIGURE 257. — Alcyonidium ramosum, (p. 703 ;) a young unbranched specimen, enlarged

two diameters.

258. — Bugula turrita, (p. 712;) extremity of a branch, enlarged.
259. — The same ; a branchlet more highly magnified.
259a. — The same ; a branchlet bearing ovicells.
260. — Crisia eburnea, (p. 707;) a cluster of branches, enlarged.
261. — The same ; a branch bearing an ovicell, more highly magnified.
262. — Membranipora pilosa, (p. 712 ;) a few of the cells, seen from above,

magnified.

262a. — The same ; a single cell, seen in profile.
263. — The same ; one of the zooids expanded.
264.— Mollia hyalina, (p. 713 ;) one of the zooids in expansion, highly magnified.

(Figures 257, 259, 259a -were dravn by A. E. Yerrill ; the rest were furnished by A. Hyatt.)

Plate XXXIV.

Fig. -258.

Fig. 259. Fig. 2o9a.

Fig. 2fil.

:No. 766

INb. 769

Fig. 257.

Fig. 262. Fig. 2«2a.

Fig. 264.

754

No. 763

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.

FIGURE 265. — Leptosynapta Girardii, (p. 71C ;) anterior part of the body, enlarged one-

lialf.
266. — The same ; perforated plates from 'the skin, and the " anchors," highly

magnified.
267.— Echinarachnius parma, (p. 717 ;) upper surface with the spines partly

removed, natural size; a, arnbulacral zones; &, interambulacral

zones.

263. — Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis, (p. 716 ;) side view, natural size.
269. — Asterias arenicola, (p. 718 ;) dorsal view, somewhat reduced.
270. — Ophiopholis aculeata, (p. 719;) dorsal view, about one-half natural size

(Figures 265, 266 wore drawn "by A. E. Yen-ill ; 267, 269 were copied from A. Agassiz; 268, 270 were
drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXXV.

Fig. 207.

Fig. 270.

:No. 615

617

Fig. 269.

Fig. 265.

C.16

Fig. 266.

Fig. 268.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

FIGURE 271. — Aurelia flavidula, (p. 723;) upper side, albout one-fourth the natural

size.
272. — Dactylometra quinquecirra, (p. 724 ;) lateral view, one-fourth the natural

size.

273.— Corymorpha pendula, (p. 736;) natural size.
274. — Parypha crocea, (p. 736;) natural size.

(Figure 272 was copied from A. Agassiz, Catalogue Acalephs; the others were copied from L. Agassiz,
Contributions to Natural History of United States.)

Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 271.

:No. 613

No. 608

Fig. 274.

.No. 607

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII.

FIGURE 075.— Zygodactyla Grceulandica, (p. 729;) profile view, one-half natural size,
276.— Bougainvillia superciliaris, (p. 733 ;) a branch, much enlarged.
277.— Pennaria tiarella, (p. 735 ;) a branch, natural size.
278.— The same ; one of the hydroids, with medusa}, buds developing at the

base of the proboscis.
279.— Sertularia pumila, (p. 732 ;) part of a colony on a frond of sea- weed

natural size.
280.— Sertularia argentea, (p. 732 ;) a branch bearing reproductive capsules

(gonothec«,) with the soft parts removed, much enlarged.
281.— Obelia commissuralis, (p. 728;) a branch bearing hydroids and one

female gonotheca, much enlarged.

(Figures 275 and 279 were copied from A. Agassiz ; 276 and 281 from L. Agassiz ; 278 from J. Leidy ;
77 and 230 were drawn by A. E. Verrill.)

Plate XXXVII.

Fig. 275.

Fin. 276.

Fig. 279.

Fig. 280.

2*0.605

No. 610

^

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.

FIGUEE 282. — Hybocodon prolifer, (p. 736 ;) natural size, the head seen from the back
side.

283.— Alcyonium carneum, (p. 737 ;) three of the polyps fully expanded, much
enlarged.

284.— Sagartia leucolena, (p. 738 ;) natural size, in expansion, but the tentacles
are not fully extended ; the * indicates the long odd tentacle.

285. — Halocampa producta, (p. 738 ;) natural size, well expanded, but the body
may be much more elongated.

286. — Epizoanthus Americanus, (p. 740 ;) a colony which had completely cov
ered and absorbed a shell occupied by a hermit-crab, (Eupagurus
pubescens,) which still lived \vithin the cavity; the polyps are not
expanded, natural size.

287. — The same ; one of the polyps in full expansion, natural size.

(Figure 282 was copied from L. Apnssiz ; 28G is from the American Naturalist, drawn by E. S. Morse;
the rest were drawn by A. E. Verrill.)

Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. 283.

Fig. 282.

INo. 598

Fig. 285.

No. 000

'

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