ae 3 Seine linden om } hoe a oh eae ee ee ee mS a . (Chiba V8 Tae yay ge | ee a, ee ee eT ee ee eee ee i ena es Presented to The Library of the University of Toronto by Mrs.E.M.Walker, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Humen Biology Te ree , a COPA aU TOT ee f Widen 7 of d, Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/annalsento16ento ol — ANNALS OF The Entomological Society of America VOUUE.<$x 6 SC ORRCIRe Seo OIC EER ee 30 MATHESON, ROBERT—The Wax Secreting Glands of Pseudococcus Citri IRUSQO)ae ae Sado ctvcs SES GEM hoc 0 nd Or cele eee en ae 50 ALEXANDER, CHARLES P.—Undescribed Species of Japanese Crane-Flies, Meleiotalicl ase) saan) (Sa ee eS ne cock we see ae tcletareeye cis a 8a ss 57 MacGILiivray, ALEx. D.—The Value of Landmarks in Insect, Morphology.... 77 Proeeeumep sot thesposton, Meeting, 1923). 2. ao sc. cee cece twee dee se ete 85 FuNKHOUSER, W. D.—Walker’s Species of Membracide from United States aie! (CRITE © coc 0 Big, Big oe RISEN 0, RO CRS ERRATIC NR Cae es narra ee 97 TuHompson, W. R.—A Criticism of the ‘“‘Sequence’’ Theory of Parasitic Control.115 SmitH, RoGER C.—The Life Histories and Stages of Some Hemerobiids and Allied: Spectess(NeunOplend) pent an cite oe ats Aen cles ee ete 129 GARMAN, Puitip—Notes on the Life History of Clastoptera Obtusa and Mepy cotton Otrrdran cml aki shes sh.) 25) aiid Wy Jockey Sain ree Pa set we Oe 153 FRACKER, S. B—A Review of the North American Coreini (Heteroptera)... .165 Members of the Entomological Society of America.................0.0000055 a WY REGAN, W. S.—An Introductory Study of the Psammocharinze with Special Reference to the American Species of the Genus Lophopompilus TRANG LO SVAKON IS ath Es clon ab Se ee aeRO eee re eee Po SES SE GEREN Ge Oe Re, 177 CLAUSEN, Curtis P.—The Biology of Schizaspidia Tenuicornis Ashm., a BueharidyParasierol CamponOcuSsa.-acms55e- sees te ae anes sa a eepaichefoereree AM) MAKE HELEN G.—The Biology of the Staphylinidz.....:.......2....525....-% 220 SmitH, M. R.—The Life History and Habits of Bicyrtes Quadrifasciata Say.. .238 McATEE, W. L., and MAttocu, J. R.—Notes on American Bactrodine and SECIS Te Cia Se eat Bir gee Rey ico OR eR hia BOR Oa a ine Acris Can ene eh eee 247 Tietz, HARRISON M.—The Anatomy of the Digestive System of the Carolina LOGE o a aS D4 elo etal oie Meee ies Re Or ats (Rn 256 WASHBURN, F. L.—Notes on Collecting Insects in the Marquesas Islands. ...274 SmiTH, RatpH H.—Technique in Studying by Dissection the Internal Anatomy Gi? Siaaveillil TiS CUSS oom amen cletrsu 80's dots ote oo ooo GSE Onn Eee 277 Wapbrety, F. M.—Factors Affecting the Proportion of Alate and Apterous Haka SIOleAp iG Supnet vera neem te aka soi eak weannds 279 AvpricH, J. M.—The Genus Philornis—A Bird-infesting Group of Anthomyide..304 OsBoRN, HERBERT, and LATHRop, F. H.—The Genus Phlepsius in North ASAD ECT ha bal OB hora oy orecereee a eles Mena Ss Cea i re 310 DeELonc, D. M.—The Distribution of the Leafhoppers of Presque Isle, Pa., and their Relation [RO ed auabel NowaaaeninVori nn <4 k one OSE EE EEO IO Oooo 363 MILLER, ELLEN ROBERTSON—Observations on the Bellura (Lepidoptera)...... 374 Ewinc, H. E.—Holosiro acaroides, New Genus and Species—the Only New World Representative of the Mite-like Phalangids of the Suborder (US TRIECO sO Ln ASU Wea sok Ol Re gS ae ne ae 387 Officers of the Entomological Society of America. PRESIDENTS. Jo HAComMstock: i: c.5 =a see Gy, VL. KRELiOGGre- ea oe 1915 WILLIAM WiHEEDER. 32 ane 1908 FE. M. WEBSTERG. che ore 1916 HENRY: SKINNER: 4.5 oe sneer 1909 LAWRENCE BRUNER: a eee 1917 eB AOMOTH he) hack. cee Sone NATHAN BANKS... 3.0, o5-0 5 one 1918 HiERBDRIZ OSBORNE SE ee eee 1911 J..G. INEEDRIAM=S.,.0.. 2) eee 1919 Se ANU ORBES HW. oat cone 1912 L. (OO HOWARDS. ...0.e cer One 1920 Coo BETHUNE no ees ene 1913 Ji Mis ALDRICHRI. 7 fe a. 5. eer 1921 PEP CALVERT: spe cated bce oe 1914 ARTHUR: GIBSON@ i. o52 conte ee 1922 T.. PD. A. COCKERERD eee eee 1923 FIRST VICE-PRESIDENTS. JAMES PUETCHER DN. cic <0) cae oo 1907 J. SSHUINES. ss aes aa 1915 Seip MIDE tye Seen Sat Re Fala lsiestes 1908 EB. P. BELT. ogee ae eee 1916 HERBERT OSBORIN-ERULEE Ee ire 1909 B.. Mi. WALKER.« 1.00. eee 1917 SG 7AS FORBES oH eee no ee 1910 T.. D. A. COCKERELL =) ee ete 1918 LAWRENCE BRUNER.............. 1911 JAMES W. FOLSOM. ....°:.2-7e eer AGRI) SHOPKING occeee coe eo ale BiB UZ ccc couse eee 1920 PPM CALVERT eh tcaniscee es see 1913 ARTHUR GIBSON, «0... ce ee 1921 James G. NEEDHAM.............. 1914 WAR RIGEY 4). 2.<\.. cite. cronrs See AMOR IMUNRSEUNUD. s coosnmoop ee sox 1923 . SECOND VICE-PRESIDENTS. HENRY SKINNER: ccc srioe ieee 1907 ees ALDRICH... .c.c.0ccageee ee pee Ole Coss bELHUNE AS coca treks 1908 Ave MIELANDER 3. cece eee 1916 AGM EIORKINS Wt rancor ee 1909 PCR ALL faction aca 1917 Vale IME LPOG Gasca oaie sehen 1910 EP oVANIDUZER Gy Ae eee 1918 Abe) MIA GGIDIIVIRAVE ere sonics 1911 R. V. CHAMBERLIN.............. 1919 Avs) SEIORKINS HM eins. see aoe ao Ole IEDITH Mi: PATCH .,.3:.0955-ee eeu PEP NCAMVERT porn souk neee 1913 BiCe VAN DYKES och one 1921 James G. NEEDHAM.............. 1914 RA. ‘COOLEY,.2-.. ices ae 1922 | eae Det C1 Ob YA nen eat od aRniom oe 1923 SECRETARY-TREASURER. J. CHESTER BRADLEY.............1906-09 CR: CROSBY... nsec ces oe ee 1910 A= DSMACGILEIVRAV: oe eater 1911-15 J.Ms ALDRICHS <2 ise cee ee 1916-20 C.-L... METCALES....0-2 poe 1921 MANAGING EDITOR. Herbert Osborne eee 1908- MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. JuNE 1, 1923. The date of election as Honorary Fellow, Fellow or Member is shown by the date preceding the name. Ch. signifies a charter member, December 28, 1906. In the list of Fellows, the date following the address shews the date of election as a Member. In the list of Honorary Fellows, the date of election as a Member is followed by the date of election as a Fellow. The last item following the Member’s name and address indicates the taxo- nomic groups or other phases of entomology in which he is particularly interested. If these group names are written in italics, it indicates he is willing to make identifications in these groups. Arrangements for such identifications should ordinarily be made by correspondence before materials are sent. HONORARY FELLOWS. 1914. BrTHUNE, CHARLES J. S., 16 Washington Ave., Toronto, Canada. (Ch. 1906). 1914. Comstock, JoHN Henry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Ch. 1906). 1907. Cresson, Ezra TowNnsEND, Hedgleih, Swarthmore, Pa. (Ch. 1907). 1915. ForBEs, STEPHEN ALFRED, University of Illinois, Urbana, Il. (Ch. 1907). 1914. ScHwWARZz, EUGENE AmANDUs, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. (Ch. 1907). FELLOWS. 1907. Atpricu, J. M., National Museum, Washington, D. C. (Ch.) Diptera. 1920. ALEXANDER, C. P., Fernald Hall, Massachusetts Agr. College, Amherst, Mass. (1910). Tipulide. 1908. Baw, E. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D.C. (Ch.) Jasside, Cer- copide, Membracide, Fulgoride. 1914. Banxs, NATHAN, Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. (1908). 1913. BARNEs, Wo., 320 Millikin Bldg., Decatur, Illinois. (Ch.). 1908. BEUTENMULLER, Wm., Box 258, Highwood, New Jersey. (Ch.) Cynipide. 1920. Bezz1, Mario, Via Pio Quinto, 3, Torino, Italy. (1918). 1914. Brapvey, J. CHESTER, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Ch.). 1914. Britton, W. E., Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Conn. (Ch.). Aleyrodide. 1914. Bruges, C. T., Bussey Institution, Boston 30, Mass. (Ch.). 1907. BRUNER, LAWRENCE, Auburn, Calif. (Ch.). 1917. BurGess, A. F., Melrose Highlands, Mass. (Ch.). Carabide. 1917. Cakrsar, Lawson, Ont. Agr. Coll., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (1912). 1907. Catvert, P. P., Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. (Ch.). Odonata. vi 1917. 1908. 1917. 1917. 1917. 1917. 1907. 1907. 1908S. 1914. 1907. 1920. 1917. 1907. 1920. 1917. 1907. 1914. 1914. 1907. 1907. 1907. 1921. 1914. 1907. 1907. 1920. 1917. 1917. 1920. 1908. 1908. 1917. 1914, 1920. 1914, List of Members CHAMBERLIN, R. V., Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. (Ch.). CocKERELL, T. D. A., 908 Tenth St., Boulder, Colo. (1907). Bees, Fossil Insects. Crampton, Guy C., 86 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. (1911). Davis, JoHN J., Agr. Exp. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. (Ch.). Aphidide, Lachnosterna. Davis, WILLIAM T., 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y. (Ch.). Cicadas, Orthoptera. DEAN, Geo. A., Kansas State Agr. Coll., Manhattan, Kansas. (1913). Emerton, J. H., 30 Ipswich St., Boston, Mass. (Ch.). Spiders. Fai, H. C., Tyngsboro, Mass. (Ch.). Coleoptera. Fett, E. P., State Museum, Albany, New York. (Ch.). Itonidide. FERNALD, H. T., Mass. Agr. Coll., Amherst, Mass. (Ch.). Sphecide. Fotsom, J. W., Box 32, Homer, Ill. (Ch ). Collembola, Thysanura. FuNnkKHouSER, W. D., Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. (1911). Mem- bracide. GiBpson, ARTHUR, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada. (Ch.). Gimrerre, © 22 Fort Collins, Colon y(Chs): HeaDLE*, THomAS J., New Brunswick, N. J. (Ch.). Heparp, Morean, Chestnut Hill, Pa. (Ch.). Orthoptera, Blattide. HENSHAW, SAMUEL, 28 Fayerweather St., Cambridge, Mass. (Ch.). HERRICK, GLENN W., 219 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y. (Ch.). Mallophaga, Diaspine. Hine, JAs. S., Chio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. (Ch.). Tabanide, Asilide. HoLuanp, W. J., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Ch.). Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. (Ch.). Howarp, L. O., U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. (Ch.). Aphelinine. HUNTER, S. J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. (Ch.). JOHANNSEN, O. A., Roberts Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Ch.). Diptera. JoHnson, CuHas. W., Boston Society Nat. Hist., Boston, Mass. (Ch.). Diptera. KELLOGG, VERNON, Nat. Research Council, 1701 Mass. Ave., Washington, D.C. (Ch.). Mallophaga, Anoplura. Kwaus, W., McPherson, Kans. (Ch.). Coleoptera. LENG, C. W., 33 Murray St., New York City. (1912). Lutz, FRANK E., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City. (Ch.). McDunnouau, J., Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Canada. (1912). MAcGILLIVRAY, ALEX. D., 603 W. Michigan Ave., Urbana, Ill. (Ch.). Saw-flies, Coccids, Insect Morphology. Martatt, C. L., U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D.C. (Ch.). Cicadide, Coccide. MARSHALL, Wo. S., 139 E. Gilman St., Madison, Wis. (Ch.). Anatomy and Embryology. MELANDER, A. L., State Coll., Pullman, Wash. (Ch.). Diptera. Mercatr, C. L., Nat. Hist. Bldg., Univ. Illinois, Urbana, Ill. (1912). Animal Parasites. Syrphide. Morse, AvBert P., Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. (Ch.). Orthoptera, ESSE List of Members vil MosHErR, Epna, Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, N. M. Immature Insects. Murr, F., H. 5. P. A. Exp. Sta., Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ch.). NEEDHAM, JAMEs G., 6 Thurston Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. (Ch.). Odonata, Ephemerida, Plecoptera. OsBorN, HERBERT, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. (Ch.). Homoptera, Cicadellide. OsBurRN, RaymonD C., Botany-Zool. Bldg., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. (Ch.). Syrphide. Parrott, P. J., Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. (Ch.). Patcu, Epira M., Exp. Sta., Orono, Me. (Ch.). Aphiide. QUAINTANCE, A. L., Bur. Entom., Washington, D.C. (Ch.). REHN, JAMEs A. G., Academy Nat. Sci., Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ch.). Orthoptera, Dermaptera. RiteEy, W. A., University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. (Ch.). Tabanide. SANDERS, J. G., Bur. Plant Ind., Harrisburg, Pa. (Ch.). Cicadellide, Coccide. ScHAus, WILLIAM, U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C. (1919). Lepidoptera. SHELFORD, Victor E., Vivarium Bldg., Champaign, Ill. (Ch.). Cicin- delide, Ecology. SILVESTRI, Firrppo, R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura, Portici, Italy. (1915). Thysanura, Protura, Termites, Myriopods. SKINNER, HENRY, Logan Sq., Philadelphia, Pa. (Ch.). Rhopalocera. SLOSSON, ANNIE T., 36 Gramercy Park, New York City. (Ch.). SWAINE, J. M., Dept. Agric., Ottawa, Canada. (1920). VAN DvzZEE, E. P., Cal. Acad. Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. (Ch.). Van Dyke, Epwin C., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (Ch.). Coleoptera, Elateride, Carabide. Waker, E. M., Univ. Toronto, Toronto, Canada. (1910). Odonata, Orthoptera. (Canadian species). WetcuH, P. S., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1912). Aquatic Lepidoptera. WHEELER, W. M., Bussey Institution, Boston 30, Mass. (Ch.). Ants. WicxuaM, H. F., 911 E. lowa Ave., Iowa City, Ia. (Ch.). Coleoptera. Wiuiams, C. B., Ministry of Agric., Cairo, Egypt. Thysanoptera, Tomas pis. WILLIAMSON, E. B., Bluffton, Ind. (Ch.). Odonata. MEMBERS. AINSLIE, C. N., 5009 Orleans Ave., Sioux City, Iowa. Hymenoptera, Microhymenoptera. AINSLIE, G. G., R. D. No. 9, Knoxville, Tenn. Crambine, A phidide, Jasside, Thysanoptera. ALLEE, W. C., Zoology Bldg., Univ. Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Insect Behavior. ALLEN, A. R., Jr., B. 22, Give Hall, Cambridge, Mass. ARNOLD, GEORGE F., State Plant Board, A. & M. College, Miss. Cerambycide. Vili 1918. 1922. 1919. 1911. 1912. Ch. 1922. 1919. 1922. Ch. Ch. Ch: 1913. Ch. 1922. 1918. 1922. 1914. 1922. 1910. 1920. 1915. 1914. Ch. 1917. 1909. 1920. 1913. Ch. 1913. Ch. Ch. 1913. 1918. Ch. 1916. 1922. 1914. 1923. 1917. 1922. 1919. List of Members Babcock, O. G., Box 407, Sonora, Texas. Mallophaga and Anopleura. BAERG, W. J., Fayetteville, Ark. Barrp, A. B., Dom. Ento. Lab., Box 845, Fredericton, N. B., Canada. Parasitic Hymenoptera. Baker, A. C., East Falls Church, Va. A phiide and Aleyrodide. Baker, A. W., Ontario Agr. College, Guelph, Canada. Mallophaga, Coleoptera. Baker, C. F., Los Banos, Philippines. Jassoidea, Fulgoridea. BAKER, HowarbD, 88 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. Ba.pur, W. V., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Chrysomelide. BANGHART, JOSEPH, 934 Hollister St., Olney, Ill. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera. Banks, C. S., Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippines. Diptera, Hemiptera. BARBER, H. G., 143 Third Avenue E., Roselle, N. J. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. BarsBeER, H.S., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. BaRBER, L. S., Florida State College for Women, Tallahasse, Fla. BARLOW, JOHN, State College, Kingston, R. I. BartLeEy, Hastincs N., 40 Hanover Road, Silver Creek, N. Y. BASINGER, A. J., State Insectary, Capital Park, Sacramento, Calif. BA?CHELDER, CHARLES H., 38 N. Main St., Orono, Maine. BAUMBERGER, J. P., 2520 Folsom St., San Francisco, Calif. BEAL, JAMES A., 496 Linwood St., Abington, Mass. BECKER, G. G., State Plant Board, Little Rock, Ark. BEpFoRD, HuGuH W., Khartoum, Sudan, Africa. BENJAMIN, F. H., State Plant Board; Agr. College, Miss. Noctuide, Bombyces. , BENSEL, G. E., Spreckels, Calif. BENTLEY, G. M., 406 Morrill Hall, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. BEQUAERT, JOSEPH, American Museum Natural History, New York City. BERGER, E. W., State Plant Board, Gainesville, Fla. BERRY, LuLu, Vinton, Iowa. BETHUNE-BAKER, G. T., 20 Newbold Terrace, Leamington Spa., England. BETTEN, CoRNELIUs, 3 The Circle, Ithaca, N. Y. Trichoptera. BitsinG, S. W., College Station, Texas. Cerambycide, Orthoptera. BirpD, HENRY, 600 Milton Road, Rye, N. Y. Noctuide—Papaipema. BisHopp, F. C., Box 208, Dallas, Texas. Ixodoidea, Siphonaptera, Ano- pleura. Biacxman, M. W., N. Y. S. Coll. Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. Ipide, Cerambycide, Buprestide. BLACKMORE, E. H., Box 221, Victoria, B.C. Canadian Lepidoptera. BLAISDELL, F. E. Sr., 1520 Lake Street, San Francisco, Calif. Tene- brionde, Melyvride, Hydrophilide. Buss, C. i., Dept. Zoology, Columbia Univ., New York. Erythroneura on grape. Bourne, ARTHUR I., 12 E. Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. Bovine, A. G., U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C. Coleopterous larve. Bowen, W. W., Wellcome Tropical Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan. Bowers, H. L., 31 N. Eastfield Ave., Trenton, N. J. Lepidoptera. Boyp, F. W., Box 1094, Billings, Mont. Orthoptera. BRADLEY, GEORGE H., Mound, La. Diptera. List of Members ix BRANCH, HAZEL E., 3756 East Douglas Ave., Wichita, Kansas. Chir- onomide, Trichoptera. BRANNON, CLARENCE H., Box 299, Charlottesville, Va. BRAUN, ANNETTE F., 2702 May St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Microlepidoptera. BReETHES, DR. JUAN, Mar Chiquita, 5033, General Urquiza (F. C. C. A.), Buenos Aires, Rep. Argentina. BRINLEY, FLoyp J., Japanese Beetle Lab., Riverton, N. J. Ecology. BROLEMANN, HENRY W., Box 22, Pau, Basses-Pyrenees, France. BROMLEY, STANLEY W., 17 Phillips St., Amherst, Mass. Asilide, Tabanide. Brooks, FRED E., French Creek, W. Va. Fruit and Nut Insects. Brunprett, H. M., 702 Carter Bldg., Houston, Texas. Bryan, Epwin H., Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Hawaiian Diptera. BucHanan, L. L., U.S. Biol. Survey, Washington, D.C. Rhynchophora. BuENo, J. R. DE LA TorRE, 11 North Broadway, White Plains, N. Y. Aquatic Hemiptera. BuLcer, Jacos W., Dept. Zoology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. BurrRiLL, A. C., State Board Agr., Jefferson City, Mo. Ants. Buys, Joun L., University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. Homoptera. Bynum, Ett K., Box 331, Gulfport, Miss. CALDER, EDWIN E., Longmeadow, R. I. CAMERON, A. E., Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Diptera. CAMPBELL, Roy E., 200 S. Third St., Alhambra, Calif. Syrphide. Campos, Francisco R., Mus. Natural History, Guayaquil, Ecuador, Apartado No. 484. Capp, S. B., Box 2054, Philadelphia, Penn. CARNOCHAN, FREDERIC G., New City, Rockland Co., N. Y. Coleoptera. CARR, FREDERICK S., 222 Fourth St., S. W., Medicine Hat, Alberta. Coleoptera. CarTER, HENRY F., Bacteriological Institute, Colombo, Ceylon. CARTER, WALTER, Entomological Lab., Lethbridge, Alta., Canada. CartwriGut, W. B., Box 283, Centralia, Illinois. CasEY, THomAS L., Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C. CaupDELL, A. N., U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C. Orthoptera, Nearctic Neuroptera. CHAFFEE, Mrs. GERTRUDE B., Amenia, North Dakota. CHAMBERLIN, JOSEPH C., Box 878, Stanford Univ., Calif. Pseudoscor- pionida, Coccide. CHAMBERS, E. L., Office of State Entomologist, Madison, Wis. Cuampion, H. G., W. Almora Division, Almora, U. P., India. CHANDLER, S. C., 402 W. Walnut St., Carbondale, Ill. CuaPIN, Epwin A., Bureau Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Cleride of world, Siphonaptera, Mallophaga. CHAPMAN, JAMES W., Silliman Institute, Dumaguete, Negros, P. I. CHAPMAN, R. N., Dept. Animal Biology, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. CHERMOCK, HuGo L., 1308 Tell St., North Side, Pittsburgh, Pa. CuiLps, LeRoy, Hood River, Oregon. CLAASSEN, P. W., 102 Irving.Place, Ithaca, New York. Plecoptera. CLAUSEN, Curtis P., 2900 Negishi-macpi, Yokahama, Japan. Chalci- doidea, Proctotrypoidea. List of Members CLEMENS; Mrs. Witpurt A., Dept. Biology, Univ. Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Coap, B. R., Tallulah, La. Cote, CHARLES J., Elkins Park, Penna. CoLe, FRANK R., Box 177, Redlands, Calif. Hymenoptera, Diptera. Cotitns, C. W., Gipsy Moth Lab., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Calosoma. CoLMAN, WALLACE, 121 Russell Ave., Ames, Iowa. Diptera. Compton, C. C., Box 12, Aurora, Il. Coox, Met T., Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, P. R. Insect Galls. Coox, Wit1aMm C., Montana State Coll., Bozeman, Mont. Noctuide. Cootey, R. A., Montana State Coll., Bozeman, Mont. Coccide. Corcoran, J. A., Loyola College, Montreal, Quebec. Costa-Lima, ANGELO M., Gabinete de Entomologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Fonseca, Nictheroy (E. do Rio), Brasil. Nycteribiide, Cicadide. Corton, RicHARD T., U. S. Bur. Entomology, Washington, D.C. Larve of Calandride. Cow tes, Raymonp B., 116 Oak Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Coleoptera, Diptera. CRAIGHEAD, EUGENE M., Bur. Plant Ind., Harrisburg, Pa. Chrysomelide, Siphonaptera. CRAWFORD, J. C., 1616 H. St., N. W., Washington, D. C. CREEL, Cecit W., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada. Cresson, E. T. Jr., 11 Amherst Ave.; Swarthmore, Pa. Acalyptrate Diptera, Ephydride. CrIDDLE, NorMAN, Treesbank, Manitoba. Orthoptera, Coleoptera. Crossy, C. R., Roberts Hall, Ithaca, N. Y. Spiders. CrossMaA\N, S. S., 17 E. Highland Ave., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Parasitic Hymenoptera. CurRAN, C. H., Orillia, Ontario, Canada. Curtricut, C. R., Ohio Agr. Exp. Station, Wooster, Ohio. Aphiide. DacuisH, A. A., 7 Keir St., Pollokshields, Glasgow, Scotland. Davipson, W. M., Vienna, Va. Syrphide. Davis, EpGarR W., Box 488, State Agr. Coll., Manhattan, Kansas. De GrysE, JOSEPH J., Charlottesville, Va. DE Lone, D. M., Dept. Zoology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. Cicadellide, Fulgoride, Membracide. DETWILER, JOHN D., 693 Queen’s Ave., London, Ontario, Canada. DICKERSON, EDGAR L., 106 Prospect St., Nutley, N. J. Homoptera. Dierricu, HENry, Appleton, N. Y. Coleopiera. Dretz, H. F., 3225 Boulevard PI., Indianapolis, Ind. DiEtTz, WM. G., 21 N. Vine St., Hazelton, Pa. Doang, R. W., Stanford University, Calif. Dopps, CLirrorD T., 201 Agriculture Hall, Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Calif. Callimonide. DOERING, KATHLEEN C., 1214 Tennessee St., Lawrence, Kans. Cercopide. DoeGnin, PAauL, Demt. a Les Pipots, Rue Wimille (Pas-de-Calais), Paris, France. DonaniAn, S. M., 17 E. Highland Ave., Melrose Highlands, 77, Mass. DoTeEN, S. B., Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada. . a Ea, List of Members xi DOoUCcETTE, CHARLES F., Greenhouse Insect Lab., Willow Grove, Pa. Green- house Insects. DowELL, Putvip, 86 Bond St., Port Richmond, N. Y. DowveEN, P. B., Sandwich, Mass. DRAKE, CARL J., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Tingitide. Dunn, Marin S., 4746 Hazel Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Diptera, Lepidoptera. Du Porte, E. MELVILLE, Macdonald College, Quebec. Diptera, Ixodoidea. Duran, Victor, 1554S. Wilton Place, Los Angeles, Calif. DusuaM, E. H., College Heights, State College, Pa. Coleoptera. Easton, NorMAN, 458 Hight St., Fall River, Mass. Coleoptera. Epmonston, W. D., Box 1658, Tucson, Arizona. Forest Entomology. Epwarps, EDWIN H., 7317 Clinton Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Coleoptera. ExRHORN, Epw. M., Box 2520, Honolulu, Hawaii. E.uis, WILLtAM O., 10 Court St., Arlington, Mass. Evrop, M. J., Missoula, Mont. ELy, CHARLES R., 6 Kendall Green, Washington, D.C. Gracilariide. EMERSON, ALFRED, Dept. of Zoology, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Termites. EMERY, GEORGE, 249 Lakeside Ave., Marlboro, Mass. ENBURG, JOHN M., 5207 Baltimore Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. ENGELHARDT, GEORGE P., Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y. Aegeriide. Esaki, Te1so, Ento. Lab., Coll. Agr., Kiushiu, Imperial Univ., Fukukoa, Japan. Heteroptera. Essic, E. O., Room 201 A. H., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Calif. A phidide, Coccide. EVENDEN, JAMES L., Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. Forest Entomology. Ewers, WILLIAM V., 44 N. Goodman St., Rochester, N. Y. Diptera. EwIneG, H. E., U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C. Acarina-Protura- Mallophaga-Arachnida-Anoplura-Siphonaptera. EYER, JOHN R., Univ. Club, State College, Pa. FACKLER, Harry L., State Entomologist’s Office, Knoxville, Tenn. FattiG, P. W., 207 Pine St., Farmville, Va. Faz, ALFREDO, Bandera No. 714, Santiago, Chile, South America. FENTON, F. A., Dept. Entomology, State Coll., Ames, Iowa. Anteonine. Ferris, G. F., Stanford Univ., Calif. Coccide, ectoparasites. FIELD, W. L. W., Milton Academy, Milton, Mass. Lepidoptera, Orthoptera. FILINGzR, George A., Box 6, Kansas State Agr. Coll., Manhattan, Kansas. Fink, D. E., Riverton, N. J. FisHER, W. S., U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C. Buprestide; Cerambycide. FLEMING, ANDREW, Sibley, Adams Co., Miss. FLETCHER, FRANK C., 2816 W. 44th St., Minneapolis, Minn. Coleoptera, Tenebrionide. FLETCHER, RoBERT K., College Station, Texas. Heteroptera. Fiint, W. P., Natural History Bldg., Urbana, Il. FLORENCE, LAuRA, Box 284, Princeton, N. J. Siphunculata. ForsBEs, WILLIAM T. M., 23 Trowbridge Road, Worcester, Mass. Lepidop- tera of Northeastern States. xii 1914. IS} 1918. 1922. 1916. Ch. 1922. 1912: 1913. Ch: 1922. 1916. 1911. 1911. 1919. 1916. 1921. 1908. Ch: Ch; 1917. List of Members Forp, Norma, 96 Dunn Ave., Torofito, Ontario, Canada. Fortun, Gonzota M., Calle 9, No. 5, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Fournier, Mrs. Gaston, 90 Boulevard, Malesherbes, Paris (8) France. Lepidoptera. Fox, Henry, Mercer Univ., Macon, Ga. Orthoptera, Cicindelide, Scara- baeide. FRACKER, S. B., State Capitol, Madison, Wis. Coreide. FRANCE, L. V., University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Apiculture. FRANK, ARTHUR, Puyallup, Wash. FRIEND, Rocer B., 23 Ashmont St., Dorchester, Mass. Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera. Frison, T. H., Nat. Hist. Bldg., Urbana, Ill. Bremide. Frost, C. A., 67 Henry St., Framingham, Mass. Coleoptera. Frost, S. W., Arendtsville, Pa. Phytomysa, Agromyzide. Futtaway, D. T., 1480 Kewalo St., Honolulu, Hawaii. Hymenoptera. Braconide. Futton, B. B., Oregon Agric. Coll., Corvallis, Oregon. Orthoptera. Gauan, A. B., Berwyn, Md. Chalcidoidea, Braconide. Gaice, Freperi¢cK M., Museum of Zoology, Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Formicide. GaRLICK, W. GILBERT, 302 Museum, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Tethhredinoidea. GaRMAN, Puitip, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Conn. Odonata, Acarina. Garnett, R. T. DE, 583 Merrimac St., Oakland, Calif. Buprestide, Cicindelide. Garrison, G. F., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. GEHRING, JOHN GEORGE, Bethel, Maine. GENTNER, Louis G., 213 Bailey St., East Lansing, Mich. Halticint. GERHARD, Wo. J., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, Il. Hemiptera. GERRY, BERTRAM, 7 Howard Ave., Peabody, Mass. Diptera, Coleoptera. Gisson, E. H., R. D. No. 1, Alexandria, Va. Gipson, FRANK M., 235 W. Lafayette Ave., Baltimore, Md. Lepidoptera. GIFFARD, W. M., Box 308, Honolulu, Hawaii. GILMER, Paut M., Div. of Ento., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Minn. GLASER, Rupotr W., Rockefeller Inst. for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J. Pathology of Insects. GLasGow, HucGu, Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. GLasGow, Roser? D., Nat. Hist. Bldg., Urbana, Ill. Phyllophaga. Guiick, Perry A., State Entomological Bldg., Phoenix, Arizona. Goon, A. J., 3485 Townsend Ave., Detroit, Mich. Goop, Henry G., Dept. Ento., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., Coleoptera. Goopwin, W. H., Wooster, Chio. GossarpD, H. A., Agric. Exp. Sta., Wooster, Ohio. Orthoptera, Hemiptera. GRAENICHER, SIGMUND, Box 14, Larkins, Fla. Aculeate Hymenoptera; Muscoid Diptera. GRAHAM, SAMUEL A., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Scolytide-Cerambycide- Buprestide. 1908. LELe 1914. 1919. 1919. 1913. 1912. List of Members Xili GRANOVSKY, ALEXANDER A., 1532 University Ave., Madison, Wis. Aphidide. GREENE, CHARLES T., Box 51, East Falls Church, Va. GRINNELL, ForpDyce, Hilo, Hawaii. GRISWOLD, GRACE H., 126 Roberts Place, Ithaca, N. Y. GUBERLET, JOHN E., A. & M. Coll., Stillwater, Okla. Gunn, Davin, Box 597, Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. Guyton, T. L., Bur. of Plant Ind., Dept. of Agr., Harrisburg, Pa. Guyton, F. E., Auburn, Ala. Blattide. HapDweEn, S., U.S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. HAGAN, HAROLD R., Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. Diptera. Hat.t, Maurice C., Zoological Div. Bur. An. Ind., Washington, D. C. Parasites of domestic animals. HAttock, Haroip C., Weatherly, Pa. Diptera. HALLINEN, J. E., Cooperton, Kiowa Co., Oklahoma. HamiLton, C. C., Univ. Md., College Park, Md. Larve of Cicindelide and Carabide. HAMLIN, JOHN C., Box 509, Uvalde, Texas. Membracide, Homoptera. HaMNeR, A. L., Box 1252, Auburn, Ala. Aphidide. HANSEN, JAMES, St. John’s Univ., Collegeville, Minn. HARINGTON, R. J., 86 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. HARNED, R. W., State Plant Board, Agricultural College, Miss. HARTLEY, EpDwIn A., N. Y. State Coll. of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. Para- sitic Hymenoptera. HARTZELL, ALBERT, Dept. Entom., Agr. Exp. Station, Geneva, N. Y. Empoasca; Orgerini. HARTZELL, FREDERICK Z., 321 W. Main St., Fredonia, N. Y. Coleoptera. Harwoop, R. D., Claremont, Calif. HAsEMAN, L., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Hatcu, MELviLtLteE H., Zoology Dept., Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Histeride, Silphide. Hayes, Wy. P., Kans. State Agr. Coll., Manhattan, Kansas. HeErssT, PAuL, Casilla 3528, Valparaiso, Chile. Hymenoptera. HERTIG, MARSHALL, Dept. Animal Biol., Univ. Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. Insect Symbionts. Hess, WALTER N., De Pauw Univ., Greencastle, Ind. HeEywoop, Mrs. R. S., Webster City, Iowa. Hm, C. C., U. S. Entom. Lab., Carlisle, Pa. Embryology and ecology of Hymenoptera. Hitton, W. A., Claremont, Calif. Hinps, W. E., Ala. Exper. Sta., Auburn, Ala. Hopexiss, H. E., Botany Bldg., State College, Pa. Eriophyide. HoFer, GEo., Entom. Ranger, Box 1658, Tucson, Arizona. Forest Insects. HorrMAN, Ws. A., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. HOFFMAN, WILLIAM E., Div. of Entom., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Aquatic Heteroptera. HoKeE, Giapys, 1104 M Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. Coccide. Hotioway, T. E., Sugar Expt. Sta., Audubon Park, New Orleans, La. Hoop, C. E., Melrose Highlands, Mass. 1921. Ch. 1914, 1912. 1923. 1919. 1918. 1916. 1920. 1911. 1922. List of Members Hoop, J. D., 104 Chestnut St., Rochester, N. Y. Horton, JoHN R., 126 S. Minneapolis Ave., Wichita, Kans. Phyllophaga. Thysanoptera. Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Wooster, Ohio. Coccide. HowarD, CHARLES T., 1735 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Lepidoptera. Howarp, Cuas. W., Christian College, Canton, China. Howarp, NEALE F., Drawer E, Woodlawn P. O., Birmingham, Ala. Howe, R. HEBER, Jr., 58 Highland St., Cambridge, Mass. Odonata. Howes, GEORGE, 432 George St., Dunedin, New Zealand. Ephemeride. Huarp, V. A., 2 Richelieu St., Quebec, Canada. Lepidoptera. Huser, L. L., 111 E. Main St., Geneva, Ohio. Chalcidoidea. Hucxett, H. C., Box 152, Riverhead L. I., N. Y.Anthomyiine. Hutt, Frank M., Dept. Entom., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. Syrphide, Stratiomyide, Tabanide. HunGatTeE, J. W., State Normal School, Cheney, Wash. HUNGERFORD, H. B., Dept. Entom., Lawrence, Kansas. Corixide, Nepide, Notonectide, Hydrometride, Aquatic Hemiptera. Hunter, W. D., Carter Bldg., Houston, Texas. Hussey, ROLAND F., Bussey Institution, Boston 30, Mass. Hemiptera. Hystop, J. A., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Elateride. ILLINGWoRTH, J. F., Meringa near Cairns, North Queensland, Australia. IsELy, Dwicut, Agr. Exp. Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. Eumenide. IsHimor1, Naoto, Ueda, Shinano, Japan. Lepidoptera. Jackson, C. F., Durham, N.H. Ecology. Jackson, L. O., 317 E. Carr Ave., Cripple Creek, Colo. A philanthops. JAQUES, H. E., Mt. Pleasant, lowa. Phyllophaga. JENNINGS, H. R., Lowell High School, San Francisco, Calif. JEWETT, H. H., R. R. No. 2, Lexington, Ky. Jounson, S. A., 612 Elizabeth St., Fort Collins, Colo. Jones, C. R., Colo. Agric. Coll., Fort Collins, Colo. JONES, FRANK M., 2000 Riverview Ave., Wilmington, Delaware. Psychide. Kani, Hueco, Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh, Pa. Odonata. KEEN, Sabie E., Drawer J., Forest Grove, Ore. Cerealand Forage Insects. KELLER, GEORGE J., 68 Treacy Ave., Newark, N. J. Catocale. KENNEDY, CLARENCE H., Entom. Dept., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Odonata. KeEssEL, Mrs. Quinta CATTELL, Garrison, N. Y. Kincaip, TREvoR, Univ. Washington, Seattle, Wash. Psychodidae. Ten- thredinoidea. KinG, H. H., Wellcome Tropical Research Lab., Khartoum, Anglo- Egyptian Sudan, S. Africa. KiNG, J. L., 3283 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Tachinide of Japan. KinG, KENNETH M., Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada. KinG, Rosert L., Zool. Lab., Univ. Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. Orthoptera. | Kinsey, ALFRED C., 620S. Fess St., Bloomington, Ind. Cynipide. | Kist1uk, MAx, JR., 1384S. Second St., Philadelphia, Pa. Muscide. Knapp, Mrs. CHARLEs M., 437 Waverly Ave., Syracuse, N. Y. Knicut, HArry H., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Heteroptera, Miride. Knicut, PauL, Dept. Entom., Urbana, Il. List of Members XV Kotinsky, Jacos, 5154 Parkside Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Adelgine (Chermes). KRaAatz, WALTER C., Zoology Bldg., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. LaAKE, E. W., Box 208, Dallas, Texas. Diptera. LACKEY, JAMES, 146 Waycaster Pl., Jackson, Miss. Coleoptera. Lacrorx, Don, 90 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. . *Lacat, GEorGE, 440 Bedford Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I., N. Y. LAMBERT, FLoyp, 4321 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. LAMKEY, ERnEsT M. R., Agr. Exp. Sta., Newark, Delaware. Lang, M. C., Box 498, Ritzville, Wash. LANG, JosEPH N., 1433 S. 59th Ave., Cicero, Iil. LANGE, Ricu. C., U. S. Entom. Lab., 628 Yeddo Ave., Webster Groves, Mo. Catocala. Lancston, J. M., A. & M. College, Miss. Phyllophaga. LARRIMER, W. H., Box 95, W. Lafayette, Ind. Cicadellide. LATHROP, FRANK H., Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Cicadellide. LatHy, Percy I., 90 Bd. Malesherbes, Paris, France. Lepidoptera. LAURENT, Pup, 31 E. Mt. Airy Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Lawson, Paut B., 605 Maine St., Lawrence, Kansas. Homoptera, Cicadellide. LEARNED, ELMER T., 46 Franklin St., Fall River, Mass. Lepidoptera, Arctiide. LerBy, R. W., State Dept. Agric., Raleigh, N.C. Insect Polyembryony. LILJEBLAD, E., 1018 Roscoe St., Chicago, Ill. Linpsey, A. W., Box 782, Granville, Ohio. Hesperioidea of world; Pterophoride of N. A. LITTLER, FRANK M., Box 114, Lannceston, Tasmania, Australia. Lioyp, J. T., 34 Walnut Ave., Wyoming, Hamilton Co., Ohio. LocHHEAD, W., Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada. Lockwoop, STEWART, Box 1094, Billings, Mont. Orthoptera. LouNSBURY, CHARLES P., Box 513, Pretoria, S. Afr. Lovett, A. L., Agric. Coll., Corvallis, Oregon. Lowry, P. R., New Hampshire Coll., Durham, N. H. Coccide, Mealy Bugs. LUGINBILL, Puitip, U. S. Entom. Sta., Columbia, S. C. Phyllophaga. LunpBECK, Wm., Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denrnark. Diptera. LUTKEN, ALFRED, Logtown, Miss. McAtTEE, W. L., Biolo. Sur., U. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D. C. Heteroptera, Homoptera, Diptera. McBripe, O. C., Whitten Hall, Columbia, Mo. McCottocu, JAMEs W., Agric. Exp. Sta., Manhattan, Kans. Scarabaeide, Tenebrionide. McCracken, Miss ISABEL, Stanford Univ., Calif., Box 44. Cyntpide, Apoidea. McDanieEL, EuceEnta, I., Agric. Coll., East Lansing, Mich. McInpoo, N. E., Bur. Entom., Washington, D. C. Insect Physiology. McMauon, ARTHUR, 9 Dalhousie St., Montreal, Canada. Hymenoptera. McNEILL, JEROME, Thonotosassa, Fla. Orthoptera. MaHeux, Geo., Parliament Bldg., Quebec, Canada. Xvi List of Members MaAnk, EpiTH W., 12 Reservoir St., Lawrence, Mass. Coleoptera. MANK, HELEN GARDNER, 12 Reservoir St., Lawrence, Mass. Mann, B. PICKMAN, 1918 Sunderland Place, Washington, D. C. MANN, WILLIAM M., U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C. Formicidae, Ant Guests, Termitophiles. MarcovitcuH, Stmon, Univ. Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn. Mason, ARTHUR C., Box 576, Lindsay, Calif. Thrips. Mason, P. W., U.S. Bur. Entom., Washington, D.C. A phide. Mason, SHIRLEY L., 5554 Avondale Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. MaTHESON, ROBERT, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Jxodoidea, Culicide, Parasitic Insects. May, Raout M., 106 Hammond St., Cambridge, Mass. Matca.F, Z. P., State College Sta., Raleigh, N. C. Homoptera. MICKEL, CLARENCE E., Box 417, Rocky Ford, Colo. Sphecoidea, Mutillide. MIDDLETON, WILLIAM, Bur. of Entom., Washington, D. C. Chalasto- gastrous larve. MILLER, AuGusT E., Care of Ross County Farm Bureau, Chillicothe, Ohio. Mites. MILLER, ELLEN RoBErtTs, 115 W. High St., Painesville, Ohio. MITCHELL, THEO. B., State Dept. Agric., Raleigh, N. C. Apoidea. Morratt, ELIZABETH M., Wheaton, Ill. Avranezda. MontcGomery, Basit E., Poseyville, Ind. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera. Moore, WILLIAM, American Cyanimid Co., 511 Fifth Ave., New York. MoretrraA, CARLOS, Rau Sta. Clara 26, Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MorGan, ANN H., South Hadley, Mass. Ephemeride. Moreau, H. A., Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn. MorriLi, A. W., 382 W. Ave., 538, Los Angeles, Calif. Aleyrodide. Morris, FrANcIs J. A., 643 Aylmer St., Peterborough, Ont., Canada. Morris, WALTER MARKLEY, 44 Triangle St., Amherst, Mass. Morrison, HAroip, Federal Horticultural Board, Washington, D. C. MosELeEyY, MartTINn E., 94 Campden Hill Road, Kensington, London, Eng. Trichoptera, Ephemeride, Plecoptera, Scent Organs. Mosue_r, F. H., 17 E. Highland Ave., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Mote, Don C., Box 348, Phoenix, Arizona. MusEBECK, C. F. W., 17 E. Highland Ave., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Braconide, Microgasterine, Meteorine. MUTCHLER, ANDREW J., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City. Lampyride. Murrxowskl, R. A., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Aquatic Insects. Myers, P. R., U.S. Entom. Lab., Carlisle, Pa. NaAupE, T. J., Botany-Zoology Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. Cicadellide. NEILLIE, CHAS. R., 4317 E. 116th St., Cleveland, Ohio. NEILson, Ernest, Care of Chris E. Olsen, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City. NEISWANDER, C. R., Dept. Entom., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. NELSON, Jos. A., Route 8, Mt. Vernon, Ohio. NEss, H., 821 Kellogg Ave., Ames, Ia. Ch. Ch. 1907. 1915. £919: 1922. 1917. 1908. 1916. 1908. Ch. 1920. 1917. 1915. 1913. 1918. 1919. 1918. 1916. 1916. 1918. 1912. Ch. 1919. 1920. 1922. 1911. 1907. Ch. 1921. 1912. Ch. 1913. 1918. 1921. Ch: 1915. 1916. 1916. Ch. 1923. List of Members XVil NeEwcoms, W. W., 90 Webb Ave., Detroit, Mich. Lycaenide, Notodontide, Noctuide. Newcomer, E. J., Box 248, Yakima, Wash. Thysanoptera. NEWELL, WILMON, Agric. Exp. Sta., Gainesville, Fla. NEwMaN, GEorGE B., Univ. Club, State College, Pa. NININGER, H. H., 310 College St., Winfield, Kansas. Noste, W. B., Box 95, W. Lafayette, Ind. NotMAN, HowarpD, 136 Joralemon St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Carabide, Staphy- linide, Stenus. O’Kang, W. C., State College, Durham, New Hampshire. OLsEN, Curis E., Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York City. Cicadelline. Ossorn, H. T., H. S. P. A. Exper. Sta., Honolulu, Hawaii. OsLar, ERNEsT J., Denver, Colo., 4535 Raleigh St. OTANES, FAustTINO Q., Bureau of Agric., Manila, Philippine Islands. OUELLET, JOSEPH, 1145 St. Viateur St., Outremont, Quebec. PacKARD, C. M., 600 Twenty-sixth St., Sacramento, Calif. Pappock, F. B., Sta. A., Ames, Iowa. Apiculture. PAINTER, H. R., U.S. Entom. Lab., Box 95, W. Lafayette, Ind. Orthoptera. PAINTER, REGINALD H., Address unknown. PaRKER, J. B., 1217 Lawrence St., N. E., Washington, D. C. Bembecide. PARKER, R. R., Hamilton, Mont. Sarcophagide. Parks, H. B., Box 838, San Antonio, Texas. Apiculture. Parks, T. H., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. PARSHLEY, H. M., Smith College, Northampton, Mass. Heteroptera. Paxson, OWEN S., Radnor, Delaware Co., Pa. Pearrs, L. M., Morgantown, W. Va. Mallophaga, Thysanoptera. PEARSON, GEORGE B., Box 95, W. Lafayette, Ind. Buprestide. PEARSON, JOHN C., 116 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. PETERSON, ALVAH, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Diptera. PETRUNKEVITCH, ALEXANDER, Osborn Zool. Lab., Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. Arachnida. : Pertit, R. H., Agric. Exper. Sta., East Lansing, Mich. Coccide. Puitiies, E. F., Bureau of Entom., Washington, D.C. Apiculture. Puitties, W. J., U. S. Entom. Lab., Box 299, Charlottesville, Va. Harmolita. Prerce, W. Dwicut, San Mateo, Calif. Rhynchophora, Strepsiptera. Poos, FreD W., Care of European Corn Borer Lab., Sandusky, Ohio. Harmolita, Bombide. Pore, THoMAS E. B., Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. POTGIETER, JOHANNES, Box 32, Zastrom, O. F. S., S. Africa. PowELL, P. B., Clinton, N. Y. Powers, EpwIn BootH, Univ. of Tennessee, College Medicine, Memphis, Tenn. Price, W. A., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Psota, FRANK J., 4046 W. 26th St., Chicago, Ill. Cetonide. RaMSDEN, CuHas. T., Apartado 146, Guantanamo, Cuba. Lepidoptera, Sphingide. RANDOLPH, ABRAHAM M., Casilla 1, Valdivia, Chile, S. Amer. List of Members Rav, Pui, 2819 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. Aculeate Hymenoptera. REED, WILLIAM D., Ent.-Zool., Clemson College, S. C. REED, W. V., State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga. Insects of Ornamental Plantings. REEHER, Max M., Forest Grove, Oregon. Cereal and Forage Insects. REGAN, W. S., Montana State Coll., Bozeman, Mont. Psammocharide. Rets, JAcoB A., Jr., Edea, Cameroun, West Africa. Remy, T. P., Box 225, College Station, Texas. REss_eErR, I. L., Dept. Entom., Iowa State Coll., Ames, Iowa. RICHARDSON, CHARLES H., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Insect Physiology. Ries, Donacp T., 401 Thurston Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Hymenoptera. Ris, F., Rheinau, Canton Zurich, Switzerland. Roserts, H. E., U.S. Entom. Lab., Webster Groves, Mo. Rhyncophora. Rosinson, J. M., Box 264, Auburn, Ala. Coccidz, Coleoptera. RocKkwoop, L. P., Forest Grove, Ore. RODRIGUEZ, MAuRO G., State Coll., Bozeman, Mont. Tropical Insects. RocErRs, J. SPEED, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Tipuloidea, Erioptera. Root, Francis M., School Hyg. & Pub. Health, 310 W. Monument St., Baltimore, Md. Diptera, Anopheles. ROSENFELD, ARTHUR H., 2142 Sixteenth Ave., S., Birmingham, Ala. Ross, WitttAM A., Dominion Entom. Lab., Vineland Sta., Ontario. A phidide. Row ey, R. R., 1115 N. C. St., Louisiana, Mo. Catocala, Sphingide, Nymphalide. RucKES, HERBERT, 1171 Sherman Ave., New York City. RuGc ies, A. G., University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. Rumsey, W. E., Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown, W. Va. SAMPSON, HowarbD, Osborn Zool. Lab., New Haven, Conn. Parasitic Insects. SANDERS, G. E., Entom. Lab., Annapolis Royal, N. S., Canada. SASSCER, E. R., 1225 Decatur St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Coccide. SATTERTHWAIT, ALFRED F., U. S. Entom. Lab., Webster Groves, Mo. Calandra. ScHAFFER, C. H., Box 5, Agric. Coll., Amherst, Mass. SCHMIEDER, RupDoLF G., 4351 Pechin St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHOENE, W. J., Agric. Exp. Sta., Blacksburg, Va. SCHWARZ, FRED, 4323 Tennessee Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Scott, E. W., Rockville, Md. SEAMON, Haro_p L., Canadian Dept. Agric., Dom. Exp. Farm, Lethridge, Alberta. SELLERS, WENDELL, 90 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. SEVERIN, H. C., State Coll., Brookings, S. D. Orthoptera, Heteroptera. SHAFER, GEO. D., 321 Melville Ave., Palo Alto, Calif. SHANNON, Raymonp C., U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D. C. SHEPARD, HAROLD H., 86 Pleasant St., Amherst, Mass. Hesperiide. SHERMAN, FRANKLIN, State Dept. Agric., Raleigh, N. C. Carabide, Cicindelide, Cerambycide. SHERMAN, JOHN D., JR., 182 Primrose Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Ch. 1919. Ch. 1922. 1919. 1918. 1914. 1914. Ch. 1918. 1922. 1914. 1919. 1921. Ch. 1922. 1910. 1917. 1919. Me 1921. 1923. 1914. 1915. 1922. 1913. 1912. We Ch. 1908. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1921. 1913. Ch. List of Members 25 4 SHULL, A. FRANKLIN, 520 Linden St., Ann Arbor, Mich. Aphids, Thysanoptera, Whiteflies. SIBLEY, CHARLES K., Dept. Entom., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Tri- choptera, Leptoceride, Neuropteroids. Situ, JAMEs A., 401 Lenox Ave., Westfield, N. J. Smiru, L. B., U. S. Dept. Agric., Riverton, N. J. SmitH, Marion R., Agric. College, Miss. SmiTH, Ravpu H., 425 Battery St., San Francisco, Calif. SmitH, RoGer C., Agric. Coll., Manhattan, Kans. Neuropteroids, Chrysopide. SMULYAN, Marcus T., U. S. Bur. Entom., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Tenthredinide, Tenthredella. SmMytH, Exiison A., Jr., Va. Poly. Inst., Blacksburg, Va. Papilio, Sphingide. Snapp, OLIVER I., U. S. Bur. Entom., Fort Valley, Ga. Rhynchophora, Conotrachelus. SNYDER, THomAs E., U. S. Bur. Entom., Washington, D. C. Isoptera. SPENCER, G. J., O. A. College, Guelph, Ont., Canada. Trypetide. SPENCER, HERBERT, Va. Truck Exp. Sta., Norfolk, Va. Hymenoptera. SPENCER, RoBERT D., Ashland State Hospital, Ashland, Pa. Diptera. SPOONER, CHARLES S., 1436 Seventh St., Charleston, Ill. Hemiptera. SPULER, ANTHONY, 611 Michigan Ave., Pullman, Wash. Diptera, Bar- boride. STAFFORD, E. W., Agric. College, Miss. Acalyptrate Muscoids. STAHL, C. F., Care of Citrus Exp. Sta., Riverside, Calif. SreaR, J. R., 406 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa. Muiride. STEARNS, Louis A., Box 155, Leesburg, Va. Cercopide, Cicadellide. Stevens, O. A., Agricultural College, N. Dak. Bees and Wasps. STEWART, Morris ALBION, Tri Gamma House, Durham, N- H. STICKNEY, FENNER S., Indio, Calif. Coleoptera. STILES, CHARLES F., Box 37, Stillwater, Okla. STIRRETT, GEO. M., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Halticini. SToNER, Dayton, 603 Summit St., Iowa City, Iowa. Scutelleroidea. Coleoptera. STRICKLAND, E. H., The University, Edmonton, Alberta. SuLtivan, K. C., Horticulture Bldg., Columbia, Mo. Summers, H. E., 712 Edison St., Los Angeles, Calif. SumMERS, JOHN N., 964 Main St., Melrose Highlands, Mass. SWEET, GEORGINA, The University, Melbourne, Australia. Arachnida, Insects. Swezey, Otro H., H. S. P. A. Exp. Sta., Honolulu, Hawaii. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera. Swirt, F. R., Corcoran Manor, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera. SWINGLE, Homer S., Sta. F, Columbus, Ohio. Homoptera. TAKAHASHI, Ryoicut, Dept. Agric., Govt. Research Inst., Taihoku, For- mosa, Japan. Aphidide. TALBERT, THOMAS JESSE, Whitten Hall, Columbia, Mo. Tanouary, M. C., Agric. Exp. Sta., College Station, Texas. 1913. 1915. 1921. 1918. List of Members TayYLor, LELAND H., Dept. Zoology, W. Va. Univ., Morgantown, W. Va. Chrysidide, Vespoidea. TERANISHI, CHo, No. 12, Nagi, Shirokita-mura, Higashinari-gun, Osaka, Japan. Scoliide, Formicide. Tuomas, C. A., 120 Broad St., Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. Aphidide, Hymenopterous parasites of same. Tuomas, F. L., Box 24, Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn, Ala. Tuomas, W. A., Bur. Entom., Chadbourn, N. C. THOMPSON, BENJ. G., 600 Twenty-sixth St., Sacramento, Calif. TuHompson, W. R., European Parasite Lab., Le Mt., Fenouillet, Hyeres, Var. France. Parasitic Insects. THORNTON, CLARENCE P., R. F. D. No. 2, Amherst, Mass. TiETZ, HARRISON M., 10326 118th St., Richmond Hill, L. I., New York. Lepidoptera. TILLYARD, R. J., Cawthron Inst., Neison, New Zealand. Odonata, Neuropteroids. TIMBERLAKE, P. H., H. S. P. A. Exp. Sta., Honolulu, Hawaii. Encyrtide, Syrphide, Coccinellide. Titus, E. G., 215 S. 3rd East, Salt Lake City, Utah. Megachilide, Osmine. TorHILL, Joun D., Fredericton, N. B., Canada. Tachinide. TOWNSEND, M. T., 301 N. H. Bldg., Urbana, Ill. Ecology. TREHERNE, R. C., Entom. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa, Canada. Troop, JAMES, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. TULLOCH, BRUCE, Care of Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, S. W., London. TURNER, CHARLES H., Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo. TURNER, Wo. B., 600 26th St., Sacramento, Calif. Elateride. TURNER, WILLIAM F., Thomasville, Ga. Heteroptera. Uicuanco, L. B., College of Agric., Los Banos Coll., Laguna, Philippine Islands. Thysanoptera, Psyllide, Aphidide. Uricu, F. W., 107 Frederick St., Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. VANCE, ARLO M., U.S. Entom. Lab., Charlottesville, Va. VAN Dine, D. L., Box 113, State College, Pa. VAN DuZzeEE, MILLARD C., 12 Abbotsford Place, Buffalo, N. Y. Dolicho- podide. VAN ZWALUWENBURG, R. H., Care of United Sugar Co’s., Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. Elateride. VickerY, R. A., 10 Court St., Arlington, Mass. Aphidide. ViERECK, H. L., U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. Andrena, Odontophotopsis. Voruigs, Cuas. T., University Sta., Tucson, Ariz. WabDE, JoE S., Bur. Entom., Washington, D. C. Scarabaeide. WaDLEY, F. M., 126 S. Minneapolis Ave., Wichita, Kansas. Aphids, Hemiptera. WAINWRIGHT, COLBRAN J., Daylesfond, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham, England. Tachinide. List of Members XXi WAKELAND, CLAUDE, Entomological Substation, Parma, Idaho. WALKDEN, HERBERT H., 126 S. Minneapolis Ave., Wichita, Kansas. WALLACE, FRANK N., State Entomologist, Indianapolis, Ind. Wat.is, J. B., School Board Office, Winnipeg, Canada. Coleoptera; Haliplide, Gyrinide A gabus, Coelambus. Watton, W. R., Room 5, Bur. Entom., Washington, D. C. Cereal and Forage Insects. WASHBURN, F. L., Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. Watson, J. R., Agric. Exp. Sta., Gainesville, Fla. Thysanoptera. Watt, Morris N., St. John’s Hill, Wanganui, New Zealand. Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera. WEBBER, R. T., 17 E. Highland Ave., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Tachinide. WEBSTER, MILTON F., 121 Glenwood St., Malden, Mass. WessteER, R. L., Agricultural College, N. Dak. WEED, CLARENCE M., State Normal School, Lowell, Mass. WEEsE, A. O., 13821 W. Wood St., Decatur, Il. Ecology. WERRIE, L. P., Renwick Heights, Ithaca, New York. WEIGEL, CHARLES A., U. S. Bur. Entom., Washington, D. C. Insects of Ornamentals. Wetss, Harry B., 19 No. 7th Ave., Highland Park, New Brunswick, N. J. Buprestide. WELD, Lewis H., U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, D.C. Cynipide. WELDpDoNn, Geo. P., Chaffey Jr. College Agric., Ontario, Calif. Thrips. WELLHOUSE, W. H., Agric. Coll., Ames, Iowa. WELLs, B. W., State College, Raleigh, N.C. Insect Galls. WELts, M. M., 1177 E. 55th St., Chicago, Il. WELLs, R. W., Box 208, Dallas, Texas. Insects affecting health of animals. WENDLER-FUNARO, KARL H., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. West, LUTHER S., Dept. Entom., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Tachinide, Dexiide. WHEDON, ARTHUR D., 525 So. High St., West Chester, Pa. Odonata. WHEELER, GEORGE C., Dept. Zoology, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, N. Y. Parasitic Hymenoptera, Ants. WHITEHEAD, FRED E., 1015 Bluemont Ave., Manhattan, Kansas. Win, WiiiaM, 359 Walnut St., East Aurora, N. Y. Microlepidoptera. WILEy, GRACE OLIVE, 2291 Doswell Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Nepide, Velide, Hydrometride, Rheumatobates. WittiaMs, R. C., JRr., 4537 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Hesperide. Witurams, S. H., State Normal School, Slippery Rock, Pa. WILLIAMSON, WARREN, R. F. D. No. 5, Galesburg, IJ. Wing, T. N., 417 Clearance Ave., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Witson, H. F., Univ. Wisc., Madison, Wisc. WIRTNER, M., St. Bonifacius, Pa. WoctvM, R. S., 831 Consolidated Realty Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. Wo tcort, R. H., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. Woop, H. P., Box 238, Dallas, Texas. Saree f To > Troemrenen (Cs W., Kiangsu Provinee, Shanghai, Chass WoopwortH, H. E., 2237 Carlton St., Berkeley, Calif. Thys WoRTHLEY, Peng NS Agric. Exp. Stas Amherst, Mass. YotTHERS, W. W., Box 491, Orlando, Fla. Yuasa, H., Care ‘OE jepemieene Botschaft, Koningsplatz 4, Berlin, Deutsch- land. Siwily larve. ZAHROBSKY, V. J., 287 Wood St., Wilmerding, Pa. ZERNY, Hans, Wien I, Burgring 7, Austria. Heterocera. ZETEK, JAMES, Box 245, Ancon, Canal Zone. Injurious insects of Canal Zone and Panama. Ut , ANNALS OF The Entomological Society of America Volume XVI MARGE; 1923 Number | SOME BRACONIDS PARASITIC ON APHIDS AND THEIR LIFE-HISTORY. (HYM.)* EsTHER W. WHEELER. The present paper deals with the larval development of some very interesting Hymenopterous parasites of the Aphidide. Most of the known parasites of these destructive insects belong to the Braconid subfamily Aphidiine, the numerous genera of which appear to parasitize aphids almost exclusively. In spite of their abundance, practically nothing has been known previously regarding the structure of the larve, although the group has received considerable attention at the hands of economic entomologists on account of its practical importance in the natural control of injurious plant- lice. The adult Aphidiinz are small, slender creatures, usually about two mm. long, with delicate, transparent wings. In color, they vary from black through reddish-brown to yellow. The mandibles are triangular, bidentate; the antenne, filiform, many-segmented; the lateral mesothoracic plate or mesepi- sternum, very large; the legs are long and slender with very small claws; the abdomen of the female is lanceolate and very flexible; that of the male, short ovate. The wing veins are considerably reduced and exhibit great variation, but there are always two complete basal or median cells. On account of the greatly scattered literature, a résumé is given of the previous studies on the larval stages and * Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University. No. 218. ~ 2 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, development of other parasitic Hymenoptera as well as the Aphidiine, including the Chalcidoidea, Proctotrypoidea, Ich- neumonoidea, etc. I wish to express my gratitude to Professor C. T. Brues and Professor W. M. Wheeler for their criticism and encourage- ment in this work, and also to Doctor Edith M. Patch and Mr. A. B. Gahan for assistance in the identification of the species of the Aphidide and Aphidiune. LARVAL TYPES. The types of larva used in the ensuing discussion may be briefly defined as follows: 1. Hymenopteriform. This type is fourteen-segmented, apodous, tapering toward the extremities, and having very small head and tail segments. It is common to all species discussed in their mature stage except possibly (a) Polynema (here Ganin’s (69) descriptions may be those of younger stages); (b) Perilampus, Orasema, and Spalangia, which have tuberculate hymenopteriform larve; and (c) Archirileya inopinata Silv. (20), whose fifth stage with an anal vesicle probably belongs to the next type. 2. Caudate. The caudate type possesses an anal segment elongated to form a simple tail usually without appendages or with a globular anal vesicle. The first segment is enlarged into a definite head. The intervening segments are either of the same diameter or decrease slightly toward the tail. 3. Cyclopoid. The cyclopoid larva is divided into (a) a large cephalothorax, composed of the head and at least one of the thoracic segments, and (b) a narrow, segmented, tail-like region ending in a dentate or hairy bifurcation. As the name suggests, it is much like the Crustacean in appearance. The enormous head bears long, curved mandibles. This type is found chiefly in the Proctotrypoidea. 4. Planidium. The heavily chitinized, motile, ectoparasitic larva, called a planidium, is widest at its thorax; the head is rather rounded with strong mandibles, but the posterior part of the body is attenuated, often ending in two bristle-like appendages. Spines may be present dorsally and ventrally. This type is restricted to the Chalcidoidea. oe 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 3 Some other larval types found among the parasitic Hymenoptera, less widespread but nevertheless striking, are the following: 5. Embryonic larva. This larva is composed of a sac-like group of undifferentiated cells and has been found only in a species of Polynema of the Chalcidoidea, by Ganin (’69). 6. ‘‘Spindle-shaped.’’ This type exhibits a definite head with a prominent ventral prolongation, a tapering body with circular fringes of hairs, and a long tail with basal serrations. The only species found to have this larva is Polynema bifasciati- penne Girault (710). 7. Eucoilaform. This kind of Cynipid larva has a bird shaped head without mandibles, a definite thorax with three pairs of unsegmented appendages, and narrow abdominal segments curving dorsally, ending in a tail at right angles to the dorsum. It has been found as the first instar of Eucozla keilint Kieff. (Keilin 713). 8. Agriotypiform. The mature larva of Agriotypus armatus Walk. has been called an agriotypiform larva. The diameters of the segments vary, presenting a very irregular body outline. The mandibles are coarsely serrated. (Klapalek ’89). 9. Chrysidiform. This type, found in Chrysis dichroa Dhlb. (Ferton ’05), is characterized by a peculiar caudal segment, the two tips of which are mobile, retractile, and lie bent toward one another when at rest. CHALCIDOIDEA. Ganin (’69) gives an account of the larva of an undetermined species of Polynema, parasitic on the eggs of a dragon fly, Agrion virgo. The embryo leaves the egg when only a ‘“‘mere flask-shaped sac of cells.’’ After five or six days, this embryonic larva takes on a definite larval form. The head and tail segments are of about the same width as the body segments. The head is square with two thick lateral antenne and two smaller, anterior, median, very sharply pointed projections. The anal segment bears three pairs of tubercles. Ayers (’84) in his thesis ‘‘On the Development of Gicanthus niveus and its Parasite Teleas,’’ devotes a small part of his paper to the two earliest larval stages of the parasite which has since been identified as the Chalcidoid Polynema bifasciati- 4 Annals Entomological Society of America |Vol. XVI, penne Girault (10). The animal hatches into the yellow yolk-mass of the Gicanthus egg. ‘At first, it is composed of head and tail with from five to eight rather indistinct body segments between, each bearing a row of spines about its equator. The head is elongated in front to form a blunt process and, strange to say, has four mandibles (probably the two mandibles, the labrum, and the labium), the posterior anterior ones working at right angles to the lateral ones. The long tail shows on the ventral part of its base some tooth-like projections with a varying number of basal spines. The second stage resembles Ganin’s first stage or cyclopoid larva of Teleas and Marchal’s intermediate .arva (Proctotrypoidea), to be described later. The body is rather flat and possesses a prominent head and hooked mandibles. The tail is not posterior but projects ventrally and ends in a ‘‘dentate knob.”’ The mouth has a strikingly hooked lower lip which may be bifid, but always remains concave on its upper surface. The antennz are very noticeable.* Ayers thought there were three or four larval stages but unfortunately did not complete his study. The Chalcidoid Ageniaspis (=Encyrtus) fuscicollis Dalm. was found by Bugnion (’92), parasitic on the caterpillar of Hyponomeuta cognatella. This insect develops polyembryont- cally, and the multiple embryos form a chain, provided with a membranous covering, such as Marchal (04) found. About them there is developed an extensive ramification of the trachez of the host. The first larval stage found is hymenopteriform, tapering more posteriorly than anteriorly, and bent only slightly. The chitin is free posteriorly, forming ‘‘une sorte de capuchon caudal.’’ This may represent one of the two following con- ditions, (1) either the caste skin adheres to the anal segment as Silvestri (19, a and b; ’20) has found recently to be of common occurrence among Chalcidoids; or (2), the process of molting has begun, commencing at the tail and proceding forward, as de la Baume-Pluvinel (15) found to be the case with the Braconid Adelura gahani. His figure resembles more closely the second condition, but the first is of greater distribution. * McColloch (’15) found a larval stage of Eumicrasoma benefica Gahan, para- sitic on the chinch bug, to be similar to this larva. 1923] . Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic.on Aphids. . 5 Embleton’s (’04) Comys infelix is. related to the Ageniaspis of Bugnion’s paper, but has different habits. It is parasitic on a Coccid, Lecanium hemisphericum var. filicum. There is a great disproportion of sexes, about one thousand females to one male. After ovipositing in the thoracic region of the host, the female applies its mouth to the wound. This habit of feeding from the puncture, made by the ovipositor, is characteristic of many Chalcids. The first larva of Comys has its thickest portion in the middle and possesses two tail-like appendages. The second larval stage is marked by an increase in diameter and the disappearance of the tails. The third stage, of the usual hymenopteriform shape, has a queer modification of the tracheal system. From each of the four spiracles ‘‘there is a double tracheal tube running out into the host’s body; these two branches become subdivided and ramify in the host’s tissue.”’ Whether these ramifications originate from the host or parasite was not determined. Riley (’07) has reviewed Silvestri’s work (’06) on Litomastix, which oviposits in the egg of a species of Plusia. Two types of larve develop from the one egg—about one thousand normal and about one’ hundred ‘‘asexual. larve.’’ The ‘‘asexual larve’’ with their very strong mandibles are probably useful in breaking down the tissues of the host for the consumption of their relatives, but they soon degenerate, never attaining the adult state. He calls this phenomenon ‘‘precocious develop- ment of caste.”’ Wheeler (’07) discovered a new type of Chalcidoid larva in the genus Orasema, parasitic on Formicide. The young larva or planidium partly encircles the neck of the ant semi-pupa. In 1912, Smith found a planidium of Perilampus hyalinus Say, and in 1917, another planidium of a parasite on Chrysopa, called Perilampus chrysope Crawford. Thompson (15) dis- covered planidium larve as secondary parasites of a Noctuid. Recently Ford (’22) records a planidium larva of Perilampus sp., — parasitic on a Locustid, Conocephalus fasciatus De Geer. Spal-/} angia muscidarum Richardson (’13), described by that author as ectoparasitic on house-fly pupe, has a first stage larva which he considers as belonging to the planidium type. Packard (’16) published a study of three Chalcidoids parasitic on Mayetiola destructor Say, the Hessian fly. They are external parasites, with five larval stages and a naked pupal 6 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, stage. ‘The first, Eupelmus allynii French, has a curious egg usually with a stalk at each end ‘‘fastened to the inner surface of the puparium by a little net-like structure.’’ The mandibles are the same in all stages except for a successive increase in size. The mature larva has characteristic hairs on the body, a labrum with six points, and a bristle near the base of each mandible. The second, Merisus destructor Say, has an elongate, kidney- shaped egg, very similar to that of Homoporus (= Micromelus) subapterus Riley, the third Chalcidoid studied. Both have two pairs of tubercles on the larval head. The mandibles of the later stages are alike in being rather straight and pointed for a Chalcidoid, but that H. subapterus is more suddenly sharpened. Aphycus lounsburyi How. (Smith and Compere ’20), an Encyrtid, is parasitic on the black scale, Saissetia ole@ Bern. I quote their description of the oviposition which was observed on a scale glued to the lower side of a glass slide. The parasite backs up to the scale and inserts the ovipositor under the rim, ‘‘when the egg is forced from the uterus into the ovipositor; it is compressed to a long cylindrical form so as to pass through the channel in the long, slender ovipositor. The egg is hardly recognizable as it passes through the ovipositor, for so rapid and even is the movement that it looks more like a flow of quick- silver than the passage of an egg. The forepart of the egg, which still retains its cylindrical form, acts like a probe to penetrate some distance beyond the tip of the ovipositor into the body of the scale. Suddenly the liquid contents of the egg rush forward, inflating the anterior portion, * * * *, The hind section of the egg remains tube-shaped after the contents have rushed forward. The parasite then withdraws the ovipositor, leaving the tube molded in position, supporting the bulb or main body at one end, and the other end of the tube projecting through the integument of the host into the outer air.’”’ After hatching, the larva is suspended at its posterior end by the stem which protrudes through the scale shell and ‘probably ‘‘functions as an air line’ for the respiration of the insect. It remains attached to this stem until the third stage, when the trachee become well developed.* * Since this paper was written, studies on Chalcid by paghera sites of aphids have been published by Haviland (Quart. Jour. Micr. Sc., N.S., ’20, LXV, no. 257; 22, LXVI, 321-338.) 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids F PROCTOTRYPOIDEA. The life-histories of the Proctotrypoids have been studied chiefly by Ganin (’69), Kulagin ('92, ’97), and Marchal (706). (Marchal’s work on ‘‘ Les Platygasters’’ brings to date the work of the others and presents the entire embryological development in detail. Platygastrine, such as Synopeas rhanis Walk., have a long stalked egg and a very characteristic cyclopoid larva. It has a large head and a narrow tail, ending in two appendages. The head bears extremely long, curved, sharp mandibles, two- jointed antenne, a strongly chitinized labrum with teeth, and a ligula (labium?) with a smaller series of teeth. The insect hibernates in the ‘‘intermediate stage.’’ The head and tail characters of the first stage persist, but the body is large and rounded. The ‘‘secondary’’ larva has no visible segmentation. The mandibles, minute, bidentate, are situated in the mouth, which has muscles to open and close it and is probably adapted to sucking. The third stage, not separated by a molt as Ganin thought, has small, sharp mandibles and is clearly segmented. Trichacis remulus Walk. is interesting as an example of those Proctotrypoidea which lay their eggs in the nerve chain of their host, where they induce the formation of gall-like structures. Pemberton and Willard (18 b) describe a Proctotrypoid, Galesus (=Diapria) stlvestri1 WKieff., which may live either as a primary or as a secondary parasite of the fruit-fly pupa. This species has a large head, curved mandibles, very prominent antenne, and a bidentate labrum. It passes through three or four similar larval stages, the others having small heads and simple bodies. ICHNEUMONID. Lyonnet (’32) described and figured the mature larva of Ophion luteus L. Ratzeburg (’44) decided that the Ichneumonide had four and five larval stages. Anomalon (=Exochilum) circumflexum L. has a first instar of the caudate type, but with a very accentuated tail. In the second and third stages, the larva becomes stouter, and this tail gradually disappears until it is completely absent in the fourth stage, small-headed hymenopter- iform larva. 8 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI Paniscus (=Parabates) virgatus Fourc., parasitic on Mam- estra:‘pisa, according to Newport (’52), deposits a black egg with a stalk, the end of which is imbedded in the caterpillar’s skin. The egg cracks longitudinally. The larva pokes its head: out, bites a hole in the host’s skin and begins to feed. As it increases in size, it gradually emerges but remains attached to the egg shell. The three exuvie of the larva form a covering for the posterior part of the body. Newport found the larva of Ichneumon atropos Curtis between the heart and stomach of the pupa of Sphinx ligustri. It has lateral and ventral tubercles on all the body segments. Ventral tubercles have not been discovered elsewhere on Ichneumonid larve. The anal segment is produced into two spines. Riley (88) made a study of Thalessa atrata Fab. and Thalessa lunator Fab., which lay their eggs in burrows of Tremex columba L. He describes a hymenopteriform larva of lunator and figures a lateral view of the head (which, by the way, is upside down). Bugnion ('04) found the egg of Rhyssa persuasoria (a related genus) with an extremely long stem, the whole measuring 12: to 13.5.mm. Limnerium (=Campoplex) validum Cress., a parasite of the brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhea L., according to Timberlake (’12), has three larval stages. The first has an enormous head and a long tail; the mouth is characterized by a circular rim. In his figure there are ventral projections on some of the middle segments. The second stage has a cylin- drical body of thirteen segments, with a funnel-shaped mouth cavity. The third stage is of the usual hymenopteriform type, but with thirteen segments and complicated facial characters. BRACONIDE, Early mention of a Braconid larva was made by Ratzeburg (44), who described the larval stages of Microgaster nemorum Hart. (now A panteles fulvipes Hal.). The first instar is a twelve- segmented, simple, caudate larva. The second stage possesses a double pair of silk glands and an anal vesicle. The other three stages show a gradual change to the fifth stage hymen- opteriform larva. Seurat (99) in a work on the ‘‘Hyménoptéres entomo- phages’’ discusses the growth of the externally living Braconid, ) 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 9 Doryctes gallicus Rein., parasitic on Callidium sanguineum L. Ten to fifteen Doryctes larve are found on a single host with their mouths applied to cuts made in the chitin. The mature larva has the usual thirteen segments and a head, which bears the mouth, labrum, strong mandibles, maxille with palpi, labium, and orifice of the silk glands. On its anterior dorsal surface is a pair of small antenne. The body is covered with spines. He distinguishes six larval stages. Keilin and Picardo (’13) published an account of Diachasma crawfordi Keil., a Braconid parasitic on the fruit-fly, Anastrepha striata Schm. A curious fact about its larva is that, since the dorsal surface is concave, it appears to be inverted. The nerv- ous system and the two Malpighian tubules seem to be dorsal to the stomach; the salivary glands and gonads just under them, overlapping the ventral part of the stomach. Dorsally, the me- dian heart is visible. ‘This superficial semblance of inversion is heightened by appendages (really dorsal) on the first and third thoracic segments. The pair on the first thoracic segment are large and rounded with three papillz on the apex of each; the pair on the third thoracic segment are very much smaller, but have sharply pointed tips. Laboulbene (58) found the larva of an Ichneumonid, Pimpla (= Polysphincta) fairmairet Lab. which has ‘‘pseudopodia”’ on each segment of its convex dorsal surface. They are single protuberances with a ring of hairs on the tip. The Diachasma larva is composed of a head and twelve or thir- teen segments. The mouth opening is located on the anterior dorsal surface. The region of the clypeus, distinctly separated from the so-called ‘‘pleural plates,’’ is strongly chitinized and probably corresponds to the labium of the Aphidiine. The man- dibles are large and curved as in cther Opiine which have been studied. He found antenne on the clypeus, and near them a pair of palpoid organs. Another pan is situated at a short distance ventrally, on the pleural plates. The mature larva is covered with spines. The mandibles are sn. ll, far apart, and weakly chitinized. The labrum has several pairs of sense organs in the form of hairs and single or double chitinous rings. Otherwise the face is much like that of a mature Aphidtine larva. De la Baume-Pluvinel (’15) related the facts pertaining to the growth of another Braconid, Adelura gahani Baume, 10 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, parasitic on a Dipteron. The first instar has a large, distinct head and tail, with twelve segments between. The animal is concave dorsally and like Diachasma crawfordi appears to be inverted. It has well-developed organs including trachee. The antennze and mandibles are dorsal as well as the paired tufts of hair on the margin of each dorsal segment. The second stage is marked by an unchitinized head, a slight pro- longation of the anal segment, three prominent pairs of papille, small mandibles, and by the absence of trachee. The third stage is covered with teeth, but these are not described in sufficient detail for comparison with those found in the Aphidiine. The head of this instar is strongly chitinized, divided into plates, and covered with hairs and circular papille. Trachez are present. Thersilochus conotracheli Riley develops in the plum curculio (Cushman ’16). The first larval stage, very much like that of Limnerium validum Cress., has thirteen segments and is char- acterized by a tail and a large head with ‘‘heavily chitinized, acute, curved mandibles, and very delicate labrum, maxille, and labium.’’ The second stage has lost the prominent head, tail, and strong mouth-parts. The third instar is separable by its stouter size and wider head (0.07 mm. wider). The fourth is curved, tapering toward the ends like most parasitic larve, i. e., hymenopteriform. The fifth is very similar, but larger and more heavily chitinized. From the work done on the Mediterranean fruit-fly in Hawaii by Back and Pemberton (’18) and Pemberton and Willard (18, a and b), the life-histories of several parasites are recounted. The Opiine, Diachasma tryoni Cam., has four larval stages. It hatches with a large, heavily chitinized head, long sickle-shaped mandibles, two palpi and two teeth on the labium. Ventrally, behind the head, are two bag-like appendages, which seem to arise from the suture between the head and the first thoracic segment. They may be the same as the prothoracic legs which Keilin found on D. crawfordi. The body of the second stage larva is composed of thirteen segments and a small, poorly differentiated head with soft mandibles. The third stage is much like the second. Except for the head, the fourth is covered with very attenuate, acuate spines. The mandibles are more pointed. There are present also the —s! 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 11 maxille, two pairs of palpi, and a chitinized labrum with its palpi (probably the antennz). Willard has recently published (’20) the results of parasitism on the melon-fly, Bactrocera cucurbite Coq. by another Opiine, Opius fletchert Silvestri. This has a large-headed, strong- mandibled larva, like the other Opiine, with two teeth on the labium and appendages on the second segment. The remaining three larval stages are hymenopteriform; the mandibles of the second and third stages are very slightly chitinized, for the larva lives then on the soft parts of the host. The head of the mature instar has characteristic hairs and papille. The body spines are like those of D. tryoni in shape, but slightly larger and thicker. In 1918, Muesebeck grew a Braconid, Meteorus versicolor Wesmael, on larve of the brown-tail moth. The first stage, a caudate larva, has a long anal appendage and ‘‘a large, brown, heavily chitinized head capsule, containing a pair of strong, curved mandibles.’’ The head of the second stage is not chitinized, and the anal appendage is smaller. In the third, the mandibles are chitinized, and the anal appendage is very short. Another parasite of the brown-tail moth, a Braconid, Apanteles lacteicolor Viereck, is found in the posterior half of the host’s body, where, in its first stage, it passes the winter. Dorsally, a transverse row of short, posteriorly projecting spines is present on each of the last nine segments. The mandibles are very heavy and pointed. The larva has a tail and the caudal swelling or ‘‘bladder-like structure’? known as the anal vesicle. Ratzeburg (’44), Seurat (’99), and Kulagin (92), have studied this organ; and Weissenberg (’08) sum- marized their work and determined it to be an evaginated portion of the intestine. The tracheal system in A panteles glomeratus Latr., the species studied by Weissenberg, is not formed until the last endoparasitic stage, when the vesicle begins to be reinvaginated, hence it is possible that its function is respiratory, but he considers that, as an excretory organ, it is of more importance. In the second stage larva of A. lactet- olor, it is much enlarged, but the tail is small; the unchitinized mandibles are bidentate. The third instar has pectinate mandibles. Trachee are hithertofore not present. The vesicle disappears. 12 Annals Entomological Society of ‘America [Vol. XVI, APHIDIINZE. ' According to De Geer (1771), the first observers to notice internal aphid parasites were Swammerdam (1737) and Leeu- wenhoek (1695, 1700). De Geer observed that the essential internal organs of the host are not touched at first by the parasite, and that the dead aphid is attached to the substratum, not by the legs, but by a quickly hardening, sticky substance. He also depicts the mature larva, its face, and the curved pupa in tiny figures. An interesting footnote by Haliday (’34, p. 98) in his ‘‘ Classi- fication of Parasitic Hymenoptera’’ describes the habits of Aphidius rose Hal. I have been able to find only two papers dealing with studies made on the larval stages of the Aphidiine. Seurat (99) made an incomplete life-history study of a species of A phidius, dwelling chiefly on the anatomy and tracheal system of the larva. His figure illustrating the latter resembles a late stage secondary Chalcid parasite such as Lygocerus. Ihave not yet found any tracheze in Aphidiines. His diagram of the anatomy will be discussed later. The second study is that of Timberlake (10) which is mentioned in another section of this paper. THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE APHIDIIN&. The following species were used in this study: TABLE 1. PARASITE ApuHip Hosts PLANT Apidius ribis Hal........:...| Macrosiphum sp........... Jerusalem Artichoke Aphidius phorodontis Ash..... MNZUS PerSic Cane eee Radish Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cress. | Macrosiphum tanaceti....... Tansy Praon simulans Prov.......... Myzus persic@. ........2..<- Radish Ephedrus incompletus Prov....| Aphis pseudobrassic@....... Radish MIN SUSSDET STC © ane Radish Dieretus rape Curtis......... MI NSUs\persiC C5, eee eee Cabbage 1923] © Wheeler: _ Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 13 MATING. Aphidiines which have never been at liberty will mate freely in petri dishes or even in small glass vials. Copulation lasts from 30 to 60 seconds. Withington (’08) found that it averaged 52 seconds for Lysiphlebus sp. (= Ephedrus). OVIPOSITION. Oviposition generally occurs during the morning from eight o’clock until one. After that time, the females stand scattered about, usually on the under side of the leaves or in incon- spicuous crevices of the stems. During the egg laying period, when in the vicinity of the aphid, the parasite begins to vibrate the antenne excitedly and stealthily approaches from behind. The wings are out- spread and the abdomen bent under the thorax so that the point projects in front of its head.* In this position, it makes a sudden lunge at the aphid, sometimes, though not always, tapping the animal first with its antenne. In order to hold the Ovipositor in place long enough to lay the egg, it is forced to beat its wings frantically or else it would lose its balance in this acrobatic position. The whole process lasts only a few seconds. The aim of the ovipositor is not sure, for although the abdomen is probably the most advantageous spot, the thorax or a leg is sometimes punctured. I have witnessed attempts to oviposit in bits of debris in the neighborhood of aphids and even in the aphid eggs at about the natural height of the aphid abdomen. Likewise, the instinct of the insect to lay eggs in unparasitized hosts, as sometimes is claimed, is not exact. Especially, if the supply of aphids is limited, the same female, in the course of her rounds, has been observed to return three and four times to oviposit in the same aphid. Although it may come back, the parasite leaves the aphid immediately after egg laying and never feeds at the puncture. * Hunter (’09) Illustration, p. 144, fig. 4. 14 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. The egg is colorless, elliptical, narrower at one end than at the other, with its long axis slightly curved. It is rather transparent and has no stalk. In two species its dimensions are as follows: Aphidius phorodontis Ash., length, 0.125 mm.; greatest width, 0.031 mm.; Ephedrus incompletus Prov., length, 0.148 mm., width, 0.0388 mm. (Fig. 1 a). Fig. 1. Ephedrus incompletus Prov. a, Egg; b, Reproductive system; 1, Alkaline gland; 2, Ovaries; 3 Poison glands; 4, Receptacle. Fig. 2. Aphidius phorodontis Ash. a, Second stage larva; 1, Stomach; 2, Nervous system; 3, Rudimentary intestine; 4, 2sophagus; 5, Mandible; b, Fourth stage larva; 1, Stomach; 2, Silk gland; 3, Nervous system; 4, Malpighian tubule; 5, Gsophagus; 6, Mouth; 7, Anus; 8, Silk gland ori- fice; 9, Gonad; 10, Intestine; 11, Blind extremity of the stomach. The female organs of Aphidius phorodontis Ash. and Ephedrus incompletus Prov. were examined and found to be similar. As those of the second species were examined in freshly killed material, the following description is based on Ephedrus rather than Aphidius which was represented only by specimens in alcohol. The eggs are packed very closely in the two ovaries. The extremities of the ovarioles are coiled in the fatty tissue about the stomach. The end is thickened, but soon narrows down 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids is) to a long tube which, in turn, enlarges into a bulb. The narrow tube is four to five times as long as the bulb. The short ducts of the two ovarioles join in the oviduct, which soon meets the ovipositor. Also leading to the ovipositor are the poison gland and the alkaline gland. The two poison glands are shorter than the bulb and squared at their ends. At the point where they come together in a duct, there is a round receptacle. The single alkaline gland is slightly thicker than the poison gland and three times as long. (Fig. 1, b). It is characterized by its contents, which consist of globular, rather evenly packed masses. Pemberton (’18 b, p. 437) has depicted a Braconid repro- ductive system, that of Dzachasma tryonit, which has three parts—ovaries, poison glands, and alkaline gland. However, each ovary consists of two tubules which taper more gradually to the tips; the poison glands are very long and sinuous, large at the base, where they enter the receptacle, and attenuated at the ends; the alkaline gland is more or less leaf-shaped rather than tubular. Larval Stages of Aphidius phorodontis Fitch. Four or five days after oviposition, small larve were found in Myzus persice, varying in length from 0.376 to 0.481 mm., of white color, with the mandibles brown at the tips. There are thirteen segments. Probably the narrow, attenuated tail, which is as long as the three preceding segments, is composed of two, making, in reality, fourteen. The head, about as long as the tail, tapers to a truncated extremity where the mouth is situated. The two mandibles which protrude anteriorly, are long, very sharply pointed and slightly curved inward. The animal seems to be smooth in this stage, but in the second stage (length 0.496-0.706 mm.) the tail has a few scattered spines, and there are occasional spines visible on the dorsum. (Fig. 2 a). The tail is somewhat shorter and the head smaller with incon- spicuous antennal palpi. The mandibles are of the same shape and size as the first stage, although they seem smaller because of the increase in the size of the insect. The third stage is characterized by the loss of the tail. Although the larva was previously curved ventrally, the curvature now becomes exaggerated so that it is unable to straighten out. Since the curve varies, the measurements . 16 Annals Entomological Society of America __[Vol. XVI, of length can be only approximate. The length of this stage in its curved position is from 0.466 mm. to 0.646 mm. The anal segment has a blunt point, but no definite elongation. The shape of the body has changed. Segments two to seven are of about the same diameter; the following ones taper only gradually. The width of the anal segment, at its base, is about one-half that of the second segment. The fourth stage (approximate length 0.676-1.022 mm.) is similar, but larger, thicker, with a comparatively smaller head and posterior segment. (Fig. 2 b). I have been unable to find the mandibles of the third and fourth stages. Fig. 3. Aphidius ribis Hal., mature larva; 1, Silk gland orifice; 2, Mouth; 3, Imaginal disc of the eye; 4, Imaginal disc of the antenna; 5, Supra- cesophageal ganglion; 6, Imaginal discs of the wings; 7, Stomach; 8, Silk gland; 9, Ileum; 10, Rectum; 11, Anus; 12, Imaginal discs of the genetalia; 13, Gonad; 14, Nervous system; 15 Malpighian tubule; 16, Imaginal discs of the legs. The fifth stage or mature larva (approximate length 1.082- 1.503 mm.) is white, with brown-tinted stomach cavity and white spots under the chitin, probably groups of adipose tissue. The animal, composed of fourteen definite segments, is of a different shape from the preceding. (cf. lateral view of A. ribis, fig. 3). It is widest at the middle and tapers toward 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 17 the head and anal segment. The last segment is blunter than the head. The dorsum is thickly set with reclinate, short spines which fade out toward the ventral portion. The ventrum is smooth except on the head, where the spines are like those of the back, but with a tendency to point forward. The head, similar to that of Dieretus rape Curtis, is about as long as the second segment or the thirteenth and fourteenth together. The process of molting was not observed. Consequently, the determination of the five stages has been made by appear- ance and by differences in size. Fig. 4. Di@retus rape Curtis, anterior view of the head. 1, Mandible; 2, Maxillary palpus; 3, Labium; 4, Silk gland orifice; 5, Labial palpus; 6, Maxilla; 7, Papilla on the maxilla; 8, Mouth opening; 9, Labrum. Mature Larva of Dieretus rape Curtis. The shape is like that of other mature Aphidiine larve— hymenopteriform, wide at the middle and tapering toward the two ends with the posterior end rounder than the anterior. The body is covered with blunt spines which are reduced to simple folds ventrally, but dorsally on segments three to seven, the spines become very sharp, reclinate, and are arranged in TOWS. The mouth opening, which is anterior in position, is long, rectangular in shape (Fig. 4). At its short lateral ends, extend- a 18 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, ing only a quarter of the distance across the cavity, are the small mandibles, with heavily chitinized tips. The labrum is differentiated from the remaining smooth dorsal part of the head segment by its covering of very blunt spines, or rather, protruding, truncate, chitinous plates, bearing occasional tiny, needle-pointed hairs. Below the mouth, in the center, is the labium, on each side of which and under the mandible is a maxilla. The labium is circular in shape, and divided in halves by the slit-like orifice of the silk glands. The upper half Fig. 5. Dieretus rape Curtis, anterior lateral view of the head. Fig. 6. A phidius ribis Hal., lateral view of the head. 1, Labrum; 2, Mandible; 3, Mouth opening; 4, Maxilla; 5, Maxillary palpus; 6, Labium; 7, Silk gland orifice; 8, Labial palpus; 9, Papilla on the maxilla. is covered with large chitinous plates which degenerate into folds at the mouth and at the gland opening; the lower half, more oval and bearing two palpi, has more rounded plates, which become spine-like ridges ventrally. The maxilla is egg- shaped with the broad end toward the mouth, and is clothed by irregular narrow plates which form concentric circles about the maxillary palpus. This palpus, of the same size as the labial palpus, is situated near the mouth opening. It is composed of a short peg-like projection set in a heavily chitinized circle. a 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 19 On the central lateral portion of the maxilla is a small palpus- like papilla about one-fourth the size of this large one. Beneath the labium, the surface is very thickly set with heavy spines, although not sharp like the dorsal spines of the animal. The head of Aphidius ribis Hal. is very similar, (Fig. 6). The mandibles are of the same shape, but a little longer. The plates of the maxilla do not extend so far back, and the small papilla seems to be absent. First Stage Larva of Ephedrus incompletus Prov. Length 0.524 mm., white with ferrugineous mandibles. Head large, broadly rounded, almost as long as the three following segments which are the widest; the rest of the body tapering to the anal segment, which is about as long as the head and composed of a slightly curved tail with successive rows of hairs, and two shorter, hairless, ventral projections. Around the equator of each body segment is a fringe of hairs, which seem to be connected at their bases so as to form a saw-edged band, whose teeth become blunter ventrally except on the last two segments before the tail, where they are sharp all the way round. The body is curved, but can be straightened out, a fact which is not true for the later stages. In the anterior ventral part of the head is the broad, oval mouth opening, across which the two small, short mandibles operate. Anterior to the mouth are two prominent palpiform appendages, the antenne. Ventrally, near the suture of the second segment, are two pairs of protuberances, probably sensory papille. Timberlake (10) has described the first stage larva of Praon simulans Proy. which reminds one of E. incompletus. The head, according to his figure, is rounded, but comes to a point on its ventral anterior portion, in front of the small mandibles. The first three segments are apparently without hairs, but he describes the ‘‘metathoracic and first to ninth abdominal segments provided with a comb of comparatively coarse bristles along their posterior margins.’’ The tail has a few bristles at its apex and the two smaller ventral appendages. He also figures. and describes briefly the first stage larva of Aphidius rose Hal. (?) which is like A. phorodontis except for the ‘‘ projecting lobes’”’ on each side of the ventral posterior margin of the head, and a slight irregularity in the diameters of segments two to seven. 20 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The first and second stage larvae of Aphidius phorodontis have a long, narrow stomach, widest in the fourth and tapering to a point in the tenth segment. (Fig. 2a). Thence into the tail there extends a narrow mass of cells, tapering at both ends, and representing the rudiments of the posterior intestine. The silk glands are not yet formed. In the third stage, the stomach is of a similar shape, but wider throughout, as is also the body of the animal. The posterior intestine is formed and the ileum and rectum are becoming differentiated in outline. In the fourth stage there is an increase in size of all the organs except the nervous system. (Fig. 2 b). The mouth opening of the mature larva (Fig. 3 of A phidius vibis Hal.) lies as far above the most anterior point of the head as the salivary gland orifice is below. The narrow oesophagus runs back to the middle of the third segment where it suddenly enlarges into the vast stomach, which almost fills the body cavity as far as the eleventh segment. The lining of the cesophagus is composed of a thin inner membrane and a single layer of large gland cells, surrounded by a layer of sustentative tissue. Outside of the whole, muscle fibres are visible. (Fig. 8c). The proclinate gland cells are parallelograms in section, becoming irregular near the thicker portion where the cesophagus abruptly opens into the stomach. There is no definite pro- ventriculus as Seurat (’99) suggests in his figure, but some of the cells at the juncture of the cesophagus and stomach project into the pouch and suggest a peritrophogen. However, no peritrophic membrane has been observed. The wall of the stomach has one or more layers of gland cells separated from the cavity by a thin membrane. These cells are rectangular, more or less rounded on the inner edge, which is the longer side of the cells situated in the forward part of the stomach, and the shorter side of those in the posterior portion. (Figs. 8, a and b). Although the intestine is closely applied to the wall of the stomach, there is no open connection between them. The ileum and rectum are distinct. The latter has a thick outer membrane of sustentative tissue, resembling that of the cesophagus. It is filled with glandular cells provided with long 1923] . Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 21 stems. A single cell starts at the membrane and extends till it almost meets those coming from the opposite wall. Each cell has a prominent nucleus in its stem and a granular secretion in its globular part. (Fig. 8d). Such fully developed gland cells are remarkable in a non-functioning part of the alimentary tract, for there is no open connection between the stomach and intestine nor between the Malpighian tubules and intestine. This is contrary to the findings of Seurat (’99) who figures the tubules as opening into the intestine. es 2--_# it i Fig. 7. Ephedrus incompletus Prov. a, First stage larva; 1, Mandible; 2, Antenna; 3, Appendage; 4, Tail; 5, Fringe of hairs. 6, Ventral view of the head of the first stage larva. 1, Antenna; 2, Mouth opening; 3, Mandible; 4, Labium; 5, Papilla. Fig. 8. Aphidius phorodontis Ash. a, Longitudinal section of the gland cells of the stomach near the center; b, The same, near the posterior extremity; c, Longitudinal section of the left half of the cesophagus (arrow indicates the direction of the food passage); 1, Muscle fiber; 2, Sustentative tissue; 3, Gland cells; 4, Inner wall. d, Longitudinal section of the closed intestine near the center; 1, Sustentative tissue; 2, Gland cells; 3, Muscle fiber. e, Longitudinal section of a single gonad; 1, Gonad proper; 2, Duct; 3, Ventral wall of the twelfth segment. f, Cross sections of the silk gland. g, Cross sections of the Malpighian tubule. 4, Cross section of a paired ganglion; 1, Outer layer; 2, Inner layer. 7, Adipose cell. Fig. 9. Praon simulans Prov. a, Diagrammatic cross section of a cocoon; 1, Empty body of the aphid; 2, Cocoon proper; 3, Filled in slit through the ventral part of the aphid’s abdomen; 4, Outer wall; 5, Inner wall; 6, Points of attachment to the substratum. 0, Surface view of a portion of the outer wall. c, Silk; 1,-Inner core; 2, Outer covering. 22 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, From the region where the stomach is applied to the intestine, the two Malpighian tubules arise and extend forward on each side to the fifth or sixth segment, where they end in an upward curve. In cross-section they are composed of three to six cells, surrounding a very small lumen, and have large nuclei. (Fig. 8 g). NERVOUS SYSTEM. In the second stage larva (Aphidius phorodontis, Fig. 2 a) the very conspicuous ventral nervous system consists of twelve ganglia and is so wide that it occupies one-third of the body cavity between the head and the anal segment. This pro- portion remains about the same till the fourth stage is reached, (Fig. 2 b), when the nervous tissue is reduced to about one- fourth of the contents of the body; and in the fifth stage it forms only a small part, (Fig. 3). In the fourth stage, the last ganglion (thirteenth) is larger and longer than the more central ganglia. The nervous system of the mature larva (Fig. 3) was especially observed in Aphidius ribis Hal. The large supra- cesophageal ganglion, located dorsally in the second segment, is about four times as large as each of the four following ganglia— the subcesophageal, situated in the second segment at the crotch of the two joining silk glands, and the three thoracic gangha. The remaining eight ganglia, completing the series of thirteen, are of the same size, except the last, which is again larger and situated in the twelfth segment between the two gonads. The ganglia are all thick and lie close together. The commissures are also thickened, causing the ventral nerve chain to appear of almost the same width throughout. It is, of course, not circular in cross-section (see Fig. 8, h), but each ganglion is composed of two closely applied lateral halves which together form a sausage-shaped mass. The gonads are two in number, bulb-like in shape, with a common duct (Fig. 8, e). Each is a solid mass of cells. The duct is partly hollow, but not yet open. abe ase Tho Oe Geseet ee: Lateral to the supracesophageal ganglion 4 iS a large imaginal disc, that of the antenna, and lateral to this, but extending forward into the first segment, is the disc of the compound eye. The large disc of the mesothoracic wing and the smaller one of the metathoracic wing are centrally situated on each side of the eh 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 23 third and fourth segments. The three pairs of leg discs, lie ventrally in segments two, three and four, and the two pairs of discs representing the genitalic appendages in segments thirteen and fourteen. Just before pupation, these discs already exhibit the parts of the adult organs, so that, for example, the segments of the antenna are clearly visible. No heart nor tracheal system has been observed in the larve. SILK GLANDS. The silk glands first become clearly visible in the fourth stage, as a slightly wavy, single tube in the dorsal region on each side of the stomach. Anteriorly these enter a common duct of smaller diameter in the region of the suture between the first two segments. (Fig. 2 b). In this stage, they are much narrower than the Malpighian tubules which originate at the juncture of the stomach and intestine and extend forward, parallel to the ventral line of the stomach, ending in the fourth segment. In the adult larva the large, sinuous glands are the most conspicuous organs in specimens stained with borax carmine. (Fig. 3). They are composed of a single layer of cells, usually four in cross section, with prominent nuclei. The diameter of the lumen is almost as great as the thickness of the secretory epithelium. (Fig. 8 f). The two glands lead to a short duct in the head, close to the orifice. Posteriorly they terminate in an incomplete coil in the eleventh and twelfth segments. ° LOCOMOTION OF THE LARV#. The first stage larva is very active. I have examined care- fully the youngest larva of A. phorodontis, which can move either backward or forward. To advance, the head is retracted and the tail drawn back dorsally. Then the head is suddenly shot forward, the tail elongates and gives a push downward. When the animal moves backward, the tail is not raised dorsally, but is pushed out in a line with the body. It is then drawn in with a hook-like movement, while the head is simultaneously retracted. The natural curve of the body causes the animal to move always inacircle. Yet, this is the only type of move- ment necessary for an animal enclosed in a rounded cavity like that of the aphid’s body. 24 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Pemberton and Willard (18 b) say of Diachasma tryont: ‘The first instar moves about by contorting the body, and its movements are aided by gripping fresh tissues coming into contact with the mandibles coincident with the body move- ments.’’ It is possible that these Aphidiine may use their mandibles in such a way, but I have never observed them in the act. In its later stages the larva is more or less torpid, moving slowly with worm-like waves of muscle contraction along the successive segments. POSITION OF THE PARASITE IN THE BODY OF THE HOST. In the majority of cases, the young larve (Stages I to III) are found in the posterior half of the abdomen. In twelve perfect specimens of A. phorodontis, nine were in the normal position. In one of the three abnormal cases the parasite was in the anterior part of the abdomen; in the second, in the middle; and in the third the larva was too large for the size of the host and occupied most of the abdominal cavity. The later stages, IV and V, are curved so that the head and tail usually meet. If they are slightly straightened, the head is nearer the anterior extremity of the host. This position is very constant, as I have found only a single exception. The parasite is always confined to the abdomen. FORMATION OF THE PUPAL ENVELOPE. When the contents of the host’s body has been exhausted, the gorged larva fills the cavity almost to the bursting point and then proceeds to cut an opening, along the midventral line of the abdomen. This slit soon becomes so widely spread by the strain on the delicate cuticle of the host that.a broad oval opening is formed.* It must be a considerable strain on the fat and tightly housed insect to accomplish the move- ments necessary, but when once the hole is made, it starts diligently to work. First the edges of the now oval slit are attached to the substratum. Next the bottom is filled in, and the whole cavity is lined with strands of silk. Muesebeck (18) observed that the Braconid, A panteles lacteicolor, looped * Webster (’08) considers that the parasite stretches out the aphid by certain movements which I am sure are only those made by the larva in spinning the cocoon after the slit has been cut. 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 25 the thread, but in this case, it is put on rather irregularly, sometimes with two or three superimposed so that the thread appears to be compounded. The silken thread itself is very fine and tenuous, more oval than round in cross-section, brownish white and slightly opaque. It-is composed of an inner core, with an owter covering. (Fig. 9 c). Branching of the thread sometimes occurs, but this is an exception rather than the rule. Matheson (’07), in speaking of the silk glands of A panteles glomeratus L., says that the anterior portion serves as a reservoir and the posterior as a secretory organ. The secretion is enveloped in a different material, ‘‘a peripheral layer of silk oxydized in the reservoir.’’ The inner core and outer covering of this Aphidiine silk suggests the silk he describes, but as mentioned before, the parts of the silk glands are undiffer- entiated, as the same type of cells extend throughout the entire length of the organs. If turned upside down while attaching the aphid, the larva will worm itself entirely out of its covering in its endeavor to reach some foundation. If the shell of the aphid is thus lost, the larva spins a cocoon, but I have never been able to bring one in this predicament to maturity. If the larva _ comes partly out and finds the substratum, it drags the aphid husk after it, just as a snail draws its shell, and soon sticks it down. Praon similans Prov., after cutting the slit, leaves the aphid’s body entirely, but uses it as a sort of roof. The now rounded slit is covered over, while tent-like walls of a hght layer of silk, separated by a thin membrane (Fig. 9 b) serve to hold the aphid body over the larva, while it spins its cocoon underneath. (Fig. 9 a). This central capsule is made of the same silk as the outer walls, but is packed tightly and thickly together without any intervening membrane. How this mem- brane is formed I have been unable to determine; perhaps the silk strands are made more fluid by exuded juices from the mouth. One could hardly attribute to such simple glands the power of secreting thread and a membrane, probably fluid, at the same time. The oval cut is entirely filled in and serves as the top of the main cocoon, which is of a rounded, oval shape and of about the same size as the dead aphid’s body, exclusive of the appendages. 26 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol. XVI, REARING THE PARASITES. Three experiments in rearing Aphidius phorodontis under control were carried on in May and June with these results. In the first experiment, four females parasitized, in four days, twenty-one aphids out of seventy six. The offspring took an average of twenty-three days until maturity. In the second, three females parasitized, in four days, thirty-six aphids out of seventy, and the adults emerged in twenty days. In the third, four females parasitized, in six days, twenty- eight out of twenty-nine aphids. The developmental period was approximately twenty days. The hosts in the last experiment, as would be expected, were very heavily parasitized. Also, seventeen more aphids were present ultimately than at the start. The same is true in the first where six more were present. This increase is natural, as the viviparous female aphids are constantly laying their young. In the three series of rearings, there were eleven cases out of the fifty-nine parasitized specimens where more than one larva was present in a single host; six cases with two, four cases with three, one with seven, and one with eight. In only two instances where two or three were present, were the parasites of the same age and these larve were in the first instar. In the others, one larva was much older, and the young ones were usually dead. In the case of the seven larve, all were in the first instar; but in that of the eight, three second stage larve and one first stage individual were alive, although the remainder were dead. Since never more than one larva reaches maturity, a problem presents itself, concerning the reason for the disappearance of the supernumerary larve. Though usually dead in the presence of a later stage, they are not necessarily devoured when they die, nor are they killed; but they must be devoured sooner or later, since no vestige of them remains at the time of pupation. There are four possibilities for their death: First, by starvation; but this can hardly occur, since the host always contains plenty of food material after the death of the larve. Starvation would be likely only if they were capable of digesting but one kind of food tissue, which might have already been consumed by the older larva. 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 74 | A second possibility is through the action of some poisonous principle. Timberlake (10) suggests that ‘‘the more advanced and stronger larve secrete or excrete some fluid or material into the body of the host, which eventually destroys their younger or weaker brothers and sisters.”’ Third, through deliberate injury by the older inhabitant. Pemberton (18 a) pictures a larva D. tryoni with its mandibles buried in the body of an Opius humilis larva and observes that they feed on the extra parasites. In only one case did I find an old larve feeding on the half empty husk of a smaller one, but I was unable to determine if they were both the same species. Fourth, by accidental injury. A slight mechanical injury, unobservable because of their minute size, might cause death, and afterwards, whether dead or alive, the animal would be devoured because it had the misfortune to be in the path of the sweeping mandibles of the dominant parasite. When the larve are all of the same size and strength, the idea of starvation or poisoning seems impossible. Therefore the survivor must be the one to escape injury. Yet I have never noticed an instance where all larve of the same stage were dead. LENGTH OF LIFE. Withington (’08) found a species of Lysiphlebus (= Ephedrus) on Aphis maidis which required thirteen to twenty-three days for development from egg to Be under a daily mean tem- perature of 62.6° F. Hunter (09) observed that 17.66 days was the average developmental period of Lysiphlebus tritici during the whole year. During April and May, Aphidius phorodontis required approximately nineteen to twenty-three days. Some meager data, obtained during May and June, indicated from thirteen to eighteen days. The acceleration at this time is probably due to higher temperature. The larval stages last about ten days and the pupal con- dition, four or five days. Without food, the life of the adult varies from two to seven days, four days being the mean; with food, life is prolonged to eight days and longer, but the limit has not been determined. 28 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, SUMMARY. "1. Various larval types of parasitic Hymenoptera are defined. ' 2. Previous papers on the larval stages of the Chalcidoidea, Proctotrypoidea, and Ichneumonoidea are reviewed. — 3. The life-histories.of Aphidiinz (Braconide) are discussed with special reference to the larval stages of A phidius ribis Hal., Aphidius phorodontis Ash., Lysiphlebus testacetpes Cress., Praon simulans Prov., Ephedrus incompletus Prov., and Dvieretus rape Curtis. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ashmead, W. H., ’88. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, no. 760. A phidius phorodontis Ash., p. 662. Ayers, H., 84. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., III, no. 3, 225-281, 8 pl. Back, E. A., and Pemberton, C. E.,’18. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bull. 536, 1-119, 24 fig., Hai pl. Baume-Pluvinel, G. de la, 115. Arch. Zool. Exp., 47-59, 1 pl., 3 fig. Bugnion, E., 92. Recueil Zool. Suisse, 435-534, 5 pl. Bugnion, Ey 04. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 80-83, 2 fig. Cresson, E. T., 79. Comstock, Rep. Ent., Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 208, Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cress. Cushman, R.A.,’16. Jour. Agr. Res., VI, no. 22, 847-856, 9 fig., 1 pl. De Geer, C., 1771. Histoire des Insects. Stockholm, II, part 2, 866-875, 1 pl., 10. fig. Embleton, A. L., 04. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., London, ser. 2, IX, 231-254, 2 pl. Ferton, Ch., 05. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 2 LX XLV 56-104, 2 pl. Ford, N., 22. Can. Ent., LIV, 199-204, 1 fig. Ganin, M., ’69. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., XIX, 381-451, 4 Taf. Girault, A. A., 10. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, p. 254, Polynema bifasciati- penne Gir. Haliday, A. H., 34. Ent. Mag., I, 480-491; II, 93-106. A phidius ribis Hal., p. 101. Hunter, S. J., ‘09. Bull. Univ. Kansas, IX, no. 2, 1-221, 65 fig., 3 pl. Keilin, D., et Baume-Pluvinel, G. de la, 13. Bull Sc. France et Belgique, ser. 7, XLVII, fase. 1, 87-104, 2 pl. Keilin D., et Picardo, C., 13. Bull. Sc. France et Belgique, ser. 7, XLVII, fasc. 2, 203-214, 4 fig. Klapalek, F., 89. Ent. Monthly Mag., XXV, 339-348, 7 fig. Kulagin, N., ’92 (a). Zool. Anzeig., 85-87. Kulagin, N., 92 (b). C. R. Cong. Int. Zool., Moscou, 253-277. Kulagin, N., 97. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., LXIII, 193-235, 2 Taf. Laboulbene A., 58. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 797-816, pl. 17, no. 2, fig. 1-11. Leeuwenhoek, A. van, 1695. Letteres du 20 aout, p. 182. 1700. Lettres du octobre, p. 284-289. ones P., 32. Mémoirs postumes, Paris. Ophion luteum, p. 256, pl. 24, fig. 6 McColloch, J. W., 15. Jour. Econ. Ent., VIII, 248-267, 3 fig. Marchal, P., 04. Arch. Zool. Exp. et. Gen., II, 257-335, 5 pl. Marchal, P., 06. Arch. Zool. Exp. et. Gen., IV, 485-640, 13 fig., 8 pl. Marshal, T., 91. Les Braconides. André, Spec. Hym. Europe. Gray. p. 615. Dieretus rape Cur. 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 29 Matheson, R., and Ruggles, A. G., 07. Am. Nat., XLI, 567-585, 3 pl. Muesebeck, C.F. W., 18. Jour. Agr. Res., XIV, no. 5, 191-206, 4 pl. Newport, G., 52. Linn. Trans. XXI, 61-102, Tab. 8-9. Packard, C.M.,’16. Jour. Agr. Res., VI, no. 10, 367-381, 2 pl. Pemberton, C. E., and Willard, H. F.,'18 (a). Jour. Agr. Res., XII, no. 5, 285-295, 4 pl. Pemberton, C. E., and Willard, H. F., 18 (b). Jour. Agr. Res., XV, no. 8, 419-465, 41 fig., 1 pl. Provancher, L., 89. Additions et Corrections au Vol. II de la Faune Entomol- ogique du Canada. Hym. p. 153 and fig. 16, Praon simulans Prov., jos UG Ephedrus incompletus Prov. Ratzeburg, J. T. C., 44. Die Ichneumon der Forstinsekten. Berlin, III, 13-29, Taf. 9, fig. 1-32 for larve. Richardson, C. H., 13. Jour. Morph., XXIV, no. 4, 513-549, 17 fig. Riley, C. V., 88. Insect Life, Wash., I, 168-179, 4 fig., 1 pl. Riley, W. A., 07. Ent. News, XVIII, 9-11. Seurat, L. G., 99. Ann. Soc. Nat. Zool., ser. 8, X, 1-159, 5 pl. Silvestri, F., 19 (a). Boll. Scuol. Agr., Portici, XIII, 70-126, 38 fig. Silvestri, F.,’19 (b). Boll. Scuol. Agr., Portici, XIII, 127-192, 34 fig. Silvestri, F.,’20. Boll. Scuol. Agr., Portici, XIV, 219-250, 20 fig. Smith, H.S., 12. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 19, Part 9, 33-69, 8 fig. Smith, H.S.,’17. Psyche, XXIV, no. 3, 65-68, 4 fig. Smith, H. S., and Compere, H., ’20. Monthly Bull. Cal. State Dept. Agr.; IX, no. 8, 310-320, 4 fig. Swammerdam, J. J., 1737-1738. Bybel der Natur. Leyden, I, joe CAP Thompson, W. R., ’15. Bull. Sc. France et Belgique, ser. 7, XLVIII= fase. 3, 310-349, 5 fig. Timberlake, P. H., 10. Psyche, XVII, no. 4, 125-130, 2 fig. Timberlake, P. H., 12. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. no. 19, Part 5, 71-92, 9 fig. Webster, F. M., 08. Pr. Ent. Soc. Wash., IX, 110-114, 1 pl. Weissenburg, R., 08. Sitz. Gesell. nat. Freunde, Berlin, no. 1, 1-18, 9 fig. Wheeler, W. M., 07. _ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1-93, 6 pl. Willard, H. F., 20. Jour. Agr. Res. XX, no. 6, 423-438, 13 fig. Withington, C. T., ‘08. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sc., XXI, 138-140. THE PELASTONEURUS OF NORTH AMERICA (Dolichopodidae, Diptera.) By M. C. VAN DUZEE, Buffalo, N. Y. In the following pages I have described eleven new forms of Pelastoneurus, several of which have remarkable distinguishing characters. The accompanying plate gives drawings of wings or wing tips where it seemed that they would be a help in determining specimens. Dr. J. M. Aldrich has greatly assisted me in the preparation of this paper by sending me specimens of several of the species described by him, thus enabling me to more fully differentiate these species and make out the new tables of species. He also sent me his undetermined material, among which were several interesting forms new to me. The drawings were made by Mr. William Wild, of East Aucora, N.Y. Pelastoneurus dissimilipes and cyaneus Wheeler. These two forms, although very much alike in color and in the form of the hypopygium and its lamell# are easily separated by the bend in the last section of the fourth vein. In cyaneus (Fig. 10) it is further from the cross-vein and much more abrupt than in dissimilipes (which is about as in 21), in the former it is bent near its apical third, the upturned portion being only about half as long as the part from the cross-vein to the bend; in dissimilipes the bend is before the middle and so gradual as to make it difficult to say exactly where it starts. The hind tibize are black in dissimilipes, but yellow in cyaneus. The fore femora are largely black in dissimilipes in all the specimens I have seen, they are usually wholly yellow in cyaneus, but sometimes a little blackened; the antenne in this species is usually considerably yellow, still it may be almost black, but in all my specimens of dissimilipes it is nearly all black. ' I have compared 23 specimens of dissimilipes with 43 of cyaneus and there does not seem to be any grading except a little in color. 30 vegare ster 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America al In Dr. Wheeler’s large paper on Dolichopodide in the Proc. of the Calif. Acad. of Sci., 3d Series, Vol. Il, pl. 1, Fig..21, he gives the drawing of a wing marked in ‘‘the explanation of Plate I, as Pelastoneurus nigrescens, female, wing,’’ as no species of that name is mentioned by him and as the drawing is a good figure of the wing of P. dissimilipes, I think it was no doubt drawn from that species. Pelastoneurus heteroneurus Macquart. Female: Length, 4.5mm. Face very wide and long, covered with brownish gray pollen, which is a little more yellowish below and is thin on upper part so that the metallic green ground color shows through; it is concave on upper portion and convex below; this lower part is longer than the upper, the dividing suture is not conspicuous but distinct, the pollen on the sides of the lower half of the lower portion is whitish. Palpi black with the edges yellow, they are covered with white pollen so as to appear white unless viewed obliquely. Antenne yellow, third joint very small and mostly blackish; arista black, feathered with long hairs. Front shorter than wide, violet with green reflections in the middle. Orbital cilia wholly black. Dorsum of thorax greenish black with a narrow violet line on each side of the acrostichal bristles, on the posterior slope these lines are wider and more conspicuous; scutellum green with a median violet line; the dorsum of the thorax is dulled with brownish pollen, which gives it a spotted appearance; pleurzee more green with white pollen. Abdomen green with the last segment violet; it has abundant white pollen, which forms spots on the sides of the segments; the bristles on the hind margin of the last segment are strong. Fore coxe yellow, infuscated at base, on the anterior surface the infuscation extends about one-third their length, on the outer surface nearly three-fourths their length, but narrower apically; middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips; the fore and middle pairs with numer- ous black hairs. Femora yellow; posterior pair narrowly but sharply blackened at tip except on lower surface. All tibia yellow. All tarsi brownish, still the first and second joints more or less yellowish. Calypters and halteres pale yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings grayish, tinged with brownish in front; last section of fourth vein with its bend near its end and very abrupt, although broadly rounded, this upturned portion only a little more than one-third as long as the straight portion extending from the cross-vein to the bend (Fig. 23) and but little longer than the cross-vein, which is at right angles to it and about as long as the last section of the fifth vein. Redescribed from one female sent me by C. W. Johnson and taken by him at St. Augustine, Fla., April 19, 1919. Type location, ‘‘North America.”’ oe Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, This was described from a female by Macquart, in his Dipteres Exotique, Vol. II, Supp. IV, p. 128; and figured on Pl. XII, Fig. 10, as Dolichopus heteroneurus. 1 do not know as it has since been recognized, so I am redescribing it here, his description being rather meager. It is readily recognized by the great distance of the bend in the last section of the fourth vein from the cross-vein, the wholly black orbital cilia and the color of the legs and feet. The form and color of the face and front are also rather distinctive. Pelastoneurus nigrifacies, sp. nov. Male: Length, 4 mm.; of wing, 3 mm. Face wide, black, very shining, the suture below the middle; face concave above the suture, convex below; the lower portion has a narrow margin of white, almost silvery, pollen along the lower edge and on the sides, where it widens above at the suture. Palpi blackish with apical half yellowish red and with a few black hairs. Front shining violet on the sides, more black in the middle. Antennze brown; lower edge of first joint and most of second reddish yellow; third joint rather pointed. Arista feathered with rather long hairs on apical third. Lower orbital cilia white. Thorax dark green; dorsum dulled with brown pollen and with violet reflections; the ante-alar black spots nearly divided by the green of the dorsum, the white spot at the suture indistinct in described specimen; there is quite a distinct spot of whitish pollen in front of the scutellum; this pollen has a brownish cast when viewed in certain lights. Abdomen dark green with spots of white pollen on its sides. Hypopygium black; its lamelle long, rounded at tip, fringed with black hairs (they are formed very much as in vagans Loew). Fore coxee brown, yellow at extreme base and at tip, their anterior surface with black hairs. Middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips. Femora yellow, posterior pair black at tip, except on lower edge. Tibiz yellow, anterior pair brownish above, middle ones narrowly black at tip and with three brown rings; posterior ones quite brownish, broadly black at tip and with three darker rings (they are probably sometimes yellow with three brown rings). Fore tarsi blackish from the tip of the first joint, fifth joint (Fig. 9) rather large, with the inner claw elongated and bent back along the lower edge of the joint, which has a small prominence. Middle tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, hind ones wholly black; second joint of hind tarsi only a little longer than the first. Calypters and halteres pale yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings grayish, veins brown; first section of costa not enlarged; last section of fourth vein a little bent at about the length of the cross-vein from that vein and then gently arched, approaching third at tip (Fig. 8); > last section of fifth vein about one and a fourth times as long as the cross-vein. 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 30 Described from one male taken at Amates, Gautemala, Jan. 18, 1905. Type in the author’s collection. There are three species with the inner claw of fore tarsi enlarged so as to form a grasping organ. Dr. Aldrich described two of these. Hamatus Ald. has the legs and feet almost wholly black, the antenne are also black and the hypopyginal lamelle short, in both the other forms the legs are yellow, the antenne partly yellow, and the lamelle large. WNvgrifacies, new species, differs from unguiculatus Ald. chiefly in the form and color of the face, but the last section of the fourth vein is a little longer and more arched in nzgrifacies. The face in unguiculatus is conspicuously divided by a longitudinal groove, so that there are two prominant convexites below, the depressed lower part extending up between them as a slender triangle, while in nigrifacies the upper part is decidedly concave and extends down as a point in the middle of the face onto the lower part, which is very short, the face not having a trace of a groove or depressed line in the center. The face in unguiculatus is Opaque with pollen, while in this new species it is shining, polished black both above and below the suture, except that it is narrowly white pollinose along the lower orbits. Pelastoneurus ramosus, sp. nov. Male: Length, 3.75 mm.; of wing, 2.75mm. Face wide, the suture below second third, the upper part with quite a distinct depressed median line, and with a shallow depression across its middle, the lower part but little convex; in the type the face is black with a little gray pollen along the sides and in the sutures (perhaps it has been rubbed). Front blue with yellowish brown pollen along the orbits and above the antenne; palpi a little infuscated at base, their hairs mostly yellowish. First two antennal joints yellow; third mostly brown, about as long as wide, cut off rather abruptly at tip, so as to make them subquadrate. The orbital cilia appear to be wholly black. Thorax bronze green, its posterior slope violet, dorsum with gray pollen along the front. Abdomen green. Hypopygium (Fig. 16) black, shining on upper part, it consists of two parts of nearly equal length, the basal part being a little more slender; its lamelle black, large, wide at base, narrowing rather abruptly into a long curved point, which makes them somewhat sickle-shaped; they are fringed with yellow hairs, which are short on outer, longer on inner edge, especially towards the apex; inner appendages blackish, long, linear, elbowed, each with four yellow bristles which are branched like the limb of a tree. Fore coxze wholly yellow with a few small black hairs in the anterior surface; middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips. Femora and 34 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, tibiz yellow. Fore tarsi about as long as their tibiae, yellow with the fifth joint black. Middle and hind tarsi infuscated from the tip of the first joint, the latter with the first joint about two-thirds as long as second. Calypters yellow, their cilia yellowish. Halteres yellow, the knob of one black at tip, the other wholly yellow. Wings uniformly tinged with blackish; first section of costa not thickened; last section of fourth vein rather evenly curved from the cross-vein to its tip; it is furthest from third vein near the middle of its length and approaches third to the tip; last section of fifth vein about as long as the cross-vein, (Fig. 17). Described from one male taken at Petersburg, Chesterfield Co., Va., June 1, and one male taken at Lafayette, Ind., July 12 1918, by De. Jz M. Aldrich: Holotype in the author’s collection. Pelastoneurus arboreus sp. nov. Male: Length, 3 mm.; of wing the same. Face wide, upper half gently concave with a depressed median line, and with thin yellowish pollen which does not conceal the ground color; lower half rather flat, with thick yellow pollen; across the middle of the face the pollen is more brown. Palpi covered with thick yellow pollen and with a few black hairs. Front shining violet with a yellowish central space. Orbital cilia wholly black. Thorax green with violet reflections on the posterior half of the dorsum and dulled with brown pollen; the velvety black line above the root of the wing broad, reaching the suture, where there is a rather large white spot below it; there is another black spot on each side just before the scutellum, which is bronze-green. Abdomen bronze green with white pollen on the sides of the segments, sixth segment covered with thin gray pollen. Hypopygium (Fig. 14) greenish black, pedun- culate, not very large, its lamelle large black, slightly reddish at base, where there are minute yellow hairs below; they are nearly as long as the main portion of the hypopygium, but not quite as wide, somewhat oval in outline, half as broad as long, fringed with long black hairs, which appear pale in certain lights; a pair of long slender appendages above are not quite as long as the lamella and have several pale, branched bristles on their lower surface. Fore cox and all femora and tibiz yellow; middle and hind coxe blackened on outer surface. Fore tarsi yellow with last joint blackened. Middle and hind tarsi infuscated from the tip of the first joint. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings dark grayish; last section of fourth vein quite abruptly bent at its middle, ending close to the tip of third vein; last section of fifth vein but little longer than the cross-vein (Fig. 15); the hind margin of the wing slightly indented at tip of fifth vein. OE OP pet te - 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 35 Female: Face with a broad brown stripe, its sides and the palpi with grayish pollen; the lower half conspicuously convex. Fore and middle coxze black almost to their tips. Thorax with some yellowish brown pollen on the dorsum. Described from two males and two females. One male which I am making the holotype was taken at Lafayette, Ind., May 25, 1916, by Dr. J. M. Aldrich; the other specimens were taken at Slidell, La., July 2-6, 1905, by J. S. Hine. Holotype in the collection of J. M. Aldrich. This is the third species to be described from North America having the inner.appendages of the hypopygium long and slender with their bristles branched like the limb of a tree. Dr. Loew described the first form; it was from Texas; this is furcatus and has the hypopyginal lamellz forked and fringed with black hairs. In the other two forms which are described above, the lamelle are entire, not forked; in ramosus the lamelle are some- what sickle-shaped and acutely pointed (Fig. 16) and fringed with yellow hairs; in arboreus they are oval and scarcely a little pointed at tip, which is somewhat rounded (Fig. 14), and although their hairs appear black in certain lights, still in ethers they are decidedly yellow. Pelastoneurus aurifacies, sp. nov. Male: Length, 2.75 mm.; of wing, 2.5 mm. Face moderately wide, not wider below, its suture nearly at the middle of its length; lower portion rather flat, with a slightly depressed median line and another shorter depressed line on each side in front; upper portion almost golden yellow, the lower part a paler yellow, still somewhat golden. Palpi rather small, covered with white pollen and a few black hairs. Front opaque with brown pollen on lower half, above with a shining blue spot on each side of the ocellar tubercle. Orbital cilia wholly black. First two joints of the antenne yellow, third mostly brown, yellow only at base. (Arista broken off in type). Thorax and scutellum shining blue-green, when viewed obliquely the dorsum appears more opaque with yellowish brown pollen; when seen from in front this pollen leaves two shining lines on the dorsum; pleurze with whitish pollen; the ante-alar black spot and the usual white spot on the suture can scarcely be seen. Abdomen bronze or coppery, rather dull, with spots of white pollen on the sides, last segment wholly covered with whitish pollen. Hypopygium rather short, black, dulled with whitish pollen; its lamelle blackish, more yellow at base, small, rounded, fringed with a few conspicuous black hairs. Fore coxz yellow with black hairs on their anterior surface; middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips. Femora and tibize yellow. 36 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol. AVA, Fore tarsi equal to their tibiz in length, first three joints yellow, last two black; middle and hind tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, the latter with the first joint about two-thirds as long as the second. Calypters yellow with black cilia. Halteres yellow with the knobs a little brownish. Wings tinged with brown, the hind margin more grayish; first section of costa not thickened; last section of fourth vein quite abruptly bent, (Fig. 12), the bend being very near its middle tip, close to the tip of third vein; last section of fifth vein not longer than the cross-vein. Described from one male which I took at Bradentown, Fla., in March. ‘Type in the author’s collection. Pelastoneurus aldrichi sp. nov. Male: Length, 4-4.5 mm.; of wing, 3.5-3.7 mm. Face wide, covered with white pollen, which is thin on the upper concave portion, where the metallic ground color shows through more or less; the convex lower part is not as long as the upper portion. Palpi blackish, with yellow margin and black hairs, so thickly covered with white pollen as to appear white when viewed in an oblique direction. Front violet, which color extends onto the upper part of the occuput. Antenne yellow; third joint about as long as wide, rounded at tip, its apical half brown; arista feathered with rather long hairs. Orbital cilia wholly black. Thorax violet, more green on the antericr slope and median line; pleuree black with white pollen; the black line above the root of the wing and the white sutural spot distinct. Abdomen deep violet with the sides below green; sometimes the green is confined to the sides of the first segment; the usual spots of white pollen seem to be confined to the sides of the second, third and fourth segments; most of the small sixth segment covered with white pollen. Hypopygium and its append- ages black; its lamelle rather small, fringed with long black hairs and with a few minute pale ones at their root, there are very small testaceous appendages at their base; inner appendages stout, horn-like, curved and acutely pointed, longer than the lamelle; at the upper edge of the tip of the hypopygium is a small appendage protruding a little and bearing a brush of short black hairs. Coxee and femora black, trochanters, narrow tips of coxee and base and tip of femora yellow; fore coxee covered with white pollen and coarse black hairs on anterior surface. Tibia yellow, sometimes the posterior pair quite brown, at least at base, the middle ones may also be a little brownish at base; bristles of middle and hind tibiz usually inserted in brownish spots; apical half of fore tibia on anterior surface with a glabrous streak; middle and hind tibiz almost glabrous above, posterior ones with the upper row of hairs on inner edge distinctly longer than those on outer surface, especially near the tip. Fore tarsi a little longer than their tibiz, yellow, the upper surface of the three last joints infuscated, their lower surface nearly glabrous and covered 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 37 with white pollen; the lower row of hairs on the anterior edge black, close, stiff and rather long. Middle and hind tarsi brown, darker apically, the posterior ones with the second joint considerably longer than the first. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with black cilia, still it appears quite yellow in certain lights. Wings grayish (Fig. 3); last section of fourth vein quite abruptly bent near its third fifth; the cross-vein a little more than its length from the wing margin, measured on fifth vein. Female: Face formed as in the male, with a broad bronze brown stripe in the middle, leaving only a narrow edge of white pollen next the eyes, which is wider below; palpi and antennz colored as in the male; thorax green with its posterior slope and the scutellum violet; abdomen green, with large spots of white pollen on its sides; coxe as in the male; femora more or less black, sometimes the posterior pair almost yellow; tibize as in the male; fore tarsi colored as in the male, about as long as their tibiz; middle and hind tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, second joint of the latter but little longer than the first; cilia of the calypters and the wings as in the male. Described from sixteen males and eleven females taken by by Dr. J. M. Aldrich in Utah; nineteen were taken at Brigham, July 4, 1911, and seven at Salt Lake City, July 18-20, 1917. Holotype and Allotype in the collection of J. M. Aldrich. I am pleased to dedicate this interesting and distinct species to Dr. Aldrich, who took the type specimens and who has described so many of our species in this genus. Pelastoneurus caeruleus sp. nov. Male: Length, 4 mm.; of wing, the same. Face wide, with the suture not quite half way down, making the concave upper portion scarcely as long as the convex lower part; above it is bright metallic green, the lower part thickly covered with white pollen. Palpi blackish with yellow apical margin, its hairs black. Front violet with the edges narrowly green. Antenne yellow; third joint short, rounded and blackened at tip; arista feathered with long hairs. Lateral and inferior orbital cilia whitish, about eight of the upper cilia on each side black. Dorsum of thorax dark violet, with green reflections and a median steel-blue vitta, its anterior slope more bronze; pleure blackish with white pollen, dorsum with thin brownish pollen, which is more con- spicuous on the posterior slope; the black spot above the root of the wing narrow, but reaching the suture, where there is a conspicuous white spot below it. Abdomen green with spots of white pollen on its sides, sixth segment almost wholly white pollinose. Hypopygium green, rather thick and large; its lamelle slender, black, extending upwards and outward, they are a little yellow at base where they have small, yellow-haired, yellow, lamellee-like appendages, extending beyond these are two thick yellow inner. appendages which have a slender black bristle below near the middle of their lower edge. 38 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Fore cox yellow, a little blackened at extreme base and with black hairs on their anterior surface; middle and hind coxee black with yellow tips. Femora and tibie yellow; middle tibize with a pair of bristles below near their middle. Fore tarsi about one and a third times as long as their tibiae, almost wholly yellow. Middle and hind tarsi mostly brownish. Wings dark grayish; last section of fourth vein bent at its middle; last section of fifth vein about as long as the cross-vein; anal angle rounded, not very prominent. Female: Almost like the male, except that the fore tarsi are but little longer than their tibiee. Described from three males and two females taken at Santa Lucia, Gautemala, February 2. I received these specimens from Prof. James Hine. Holotype and Allotype in the author’s collection. This is very much like argantifer Ald., agreeing in the form and color of the face and hypopyginal lamelle and in the venation of the wings; but differ in having the inner hypopyginal appendages yellow with a black bristle below; in argantifer these appendages are black and have no bristle below, but have a long, curved, black bristle at base which is not found in this species. This form also has one black bristle at the lower end of the orbital cilia, while argentifer has no black bristle on the lower part of the head. Pelastoneurus costalis sp. nov. Female: Length, 4 mm.; of wing the same. Face wide, covered with grayish white pollen, which is a little brownish in the center, the green ground color shows through a little on the concave upper portion, which is decidedly shorter than the convex lower part. Antennz yellow, the upper edge of the first joint and most of the third joint black; arista feathered with long hairs. Front shining, almost black, still with slight blue reflections; orbital cilia white with about ten of the upper ones on each side black. Thorax very dark green, dorsum dulled with brown pollen; the usual black spot above the root of the wing rather narrow, but reaching the suture; the white spot at the suture large, reaching the humeri; pleuree with white pollen. Abdomen green, the hind margins of the segments black; the spots of white pollen on the sides of the segments large. All the coxze black, a little yellow at tip. Femora and tibia yellow, tips of hind femora above and tips of all tibiz black. Fore tarsi black- ened almost to their base; middle and hind tarsi black from the tip of the first joint. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with black cilia. 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 39 Wings (Fig. 22) dark grayish; costa much enlarged before the tip of the first vein, especially when viewed from the front of the wing; last section of fourth vein gently arched from the cross-vein to its tip, which is close to the tip of third vein. Described from one female which was taken at Atoyac, Vera Cruz, May. Type in the collection of J. M. Aldrich. An interesting form, it being the only species in the genus known to me with enlargement of the costa. It is the third species we have with black fore coxze where the lower orbital cilia is pale, the others being vagans Loew; and occidentalis Wheeler. Pelastoneurus insulanus sp. nov. Male: Length, 3 mm.; of wing, 2.5 mm. Face rather wide, covered with white pollen, upper half shghtly concave with a depressed median line, lower half a little convex. Palpi black with black hairs. Front violet. Occiput green. Antennz reddish yellow, rather large; third joint a little longer than wide; arista feathered with rather long hairs. Orbital cilia whitish. Dorsum of thorax brown, a little shining, the black spot above the root of the wing narrow but distinct, the silvery white spot at the suture conspicuous; scutellum bronze-green, its center deep black; pleurze greenish. Abdomen blackish with large spots of white pollen on the sides of the segments. Hypopygium and its lamelle black; lamelle elongate, ribbon-like, fringed with long black hairs, their base yellow, oval and fringed with yellow hairs; inner appendages blackish, small, lamelle-like. Fore coxe yellow, a little infuscated at base on outer side; middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips. Femora and tibiz yellow; hind femora black at tip on upper edge. Fore and middle tarsi a little longer than their tibiz, yellowish brown, darker at tip. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings tinged with brownish; last section of fourth vein bent at its middle, so as to approach third at tip (Fig. 20); cross-vein one and a fourth times its length from the wing margin, measured on fifth vein. Described from one male taken by Baker at Havana, Cuba. ype in the collection of Dr je M. Aldrich. Pelastoneurus nigricornis sp. nov. Male: Length, 4mm.; of wing the same. Face wide, covered with silvery gray pollen, the upper portion above the suture shorter than the lower part. Palpi black with yellow edges and whitish pollen. Front green, more blue near the orbits. Antenne wholly black; third joint about as long as wide, rounded at tip; arista feathered with long hairs. Orbital cilia wholly black. 40 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Thorax green, with violet reflections on the posterior half of the dorsum; the black spot reaching from the root of the wing to the humeri is narrow and not conspicuous, there is a spot of whitish pollen above the root of the wing and a large one below at the suture, but these spots are not glistening white as in some species; scutellum green, more blue on the median line and on the margin. Abdomen green with large spots of white pollen on the sides of the segments; sixth segment wholly white pollinose. Hypopygium black; its lamelle oval, testaceous, not large, fringed with rather long, black hairs on their edges, which are blackish, their sides nearly bare. The inner appendages are some- what thickened and nearly as large as the lamellae; above these at upper apical corner of the hypopygium are small appendages with short hairs at tip. Coxe black, with narrow yellow tips, fore coxze covered with snow white pollen and black hairs on their anterior surface. Fore femora blackened on basal half; middle ones blackened on upper and lower edges at base and hind ones at tip on upper edge; fore and middle tibie, fore tarsi and first joint of middle tarsi, except extreme tip, rather pale yellow, remainder of middle tarsi black. Fore tarsi nearly bare below where they'have a little white pollen. Hund tibize and base of their tarsi brownish yellow. Middle tibiz with two bristles below, one before the middle and one near apical third. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with black cilia. Wings (Fig. 1) about as in P. dissimilipes Wh. They are nearly hyaline; only a little grayish. Described from one male, taken at Atherton, Mo., August 12, 1901; Type in the collection of Dr. J. M. Aldrich. This is almost like dissimilipes Wh. The venation, antenne, face and general color are the same; the hypopyginal lamellz are somewhat different, although at first sight they might be thought to be alike, they differ, however, in the lamelle, being a little smaller and more oval, not at all triangular, and also in having their outer surface bare or nearly so; while in dis- similipes the outer surface is covered with long black hairs, as well as their edges; this form also has large inner appendages which are not found in dissimilipes. In the type specimen the small appendages at upper apical corner of the hypopygium has only short hairs at tip as far as I can see, but the similar appendages in dissimilipes have long hairs at tip. In this species the fore and middle tibiz and fore tarsi are not at all infuscated in the single specimen before me, while in dissimilipes they are quite black in all my specimens. Both species differ from cyaneus Wh. in the venation of the wings, Fig. 10 being that of cyaneus and Fig. 1 is that of nzgricornis, and also about as that of dissimilipes. 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 4] Pelastoneurus tibialis new species. Male: Length,4 mm. Face wide, silvery white, suture above the middle. Palpi blackish with silvery pollen and black hairs. Front bronze brown or blackish, rather dull. Antenne black, first and second joints slightly yellowish at tip below; third joint scarcely as long as wide, rounded at tip; arista as long as the antenna, feathered with long hairs. Orbital cilia wholly black. Thorax bronze brown with brown pollen, sometimes it has green or violet reflections or stripes on the dorsum; there are no black dots at the root of the bristles, at least none that are conspicuous; pleuree black with a little silvery pollen. Scutellum bronze colored. Abdomen green with bronze reflections. Hypopygium black; lamellae shining black, somewhat triangular, convex on outer surface, with black hairs on the edges and on the outside of apical half, inner appendages a little yellowish, not conspicuous; upper outer angles of the hypopygium with several bristles, but not prolonged. Coxe black with narrow yellow tips; anterior pair with silvery pollen and black hairs on the front surface. Fore femora black with apical third and extreme base yellow; middle ones mostly black on basal half; posterior pair yellow with the tip slightly brownish above. Fore tibiz yellow, usually a little blackened at base above, middle tibice wholly black (in one specimen they are yellow with a black tip and base). Hind tibize yellow with the base and sometimes the tip black. Middle tibiz with two bristles near the lower surface besides those on upper side. Fore tarsi yellow, as long as their tibia, first joint as long as the three following joints taken together, fourth joint the shortest. Middle and hind tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, the latter with the first and third joints of nearly equal length, second con- siderably longer. Calypters, their cilia and halteres yellow. Wings grayish; venation about as in Figure 1, except that the last section of the fifth vein is less curved. Female: Colored about as in the male, except the legs and face. Face brownish, with the sides quite widely whitish and the lower edge shading into grayish. Femora and tibie yellow. Tarsi about as in the male. Cilia of the calypters black with several of the upper hairs white. Described from three males and one female taken by Mr. C. F. Adams, at Jemezsprings Mts., New Mexico, in June. This is very near dissimilipes Wheeler. The male differs in the color of the tibia, and the hypopygium does not seem to have any appendages on the upper outer corners as in dis- similipes, but only a few bristle-like hairs. The female differs in having the first and second joints of the antenne distinctly yellow below; the face is grayish, especially below, and the white pollen on the sides of the face is considerably wider. 42 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Pelastoneurus dorsalis new species. Male: Length, 4 mm. Face wide, covered with silvery white pollen, its suture above the middle; upper portion a little concave with a median, longitudinal, depressed line; lower part convex with the oral margin rounded. Palpi black, with yellow edge and black hairs. Front green with blue and bronze reflections. Antenne black with first joint a little yellow below; third joint about as long as wide, rounded. Arista as long as the antenna, feathered with rather long hairs. Orbital cilia wholly black. Thorax green, dorsum with purple reflections; the black stripe above the root of the wings is not conspicuous, the spot of white pollen at the suture large; humeri with a little white pollen; there are stripes of white pollen, which has a greenish shade in certain lights, along the lines of dorsocentral bristles, these lines are broken into spots by the black dots at the insertion of the bristles; on each side of the acrostichal bristles is a purplish brown line; scutellum green, with a depression on each side of the median line. Abdomen green with the incisures metallic brown, its hairs long and black; it is dulled with white pollen, which forms large spots on the sides of the segments; last segment wholly silvery pollinose; fifth segment with a row of long, black bristles on its hind margin. Hypopygium black, with a very short peduncle; it has a patch of black hairs on the left side at base; lamelle rather large, shining black, still a little dulled with white pollen, fringed with rather long, slender, brown hairs. Coxe black with silvery white pollen; anterior pair with the extreme tips yellow, hairs on anterior surface and bristles at tip black. Fore femora black on basal half, yellow on apical half; middle ones yellow with their lower edge a little blackened and with a row of black hairs on their lower anterior edge, which are not very long. Hind femora wholly yellow, with a large preapical bristle above and stiff black hairs on lower outer edge, which are longer apically, the last ones bristle-like. All tibiz yellow; middle pair with two rather small bristles on lower anterior edge; extreme tip of middle pair and extreme base and tip of hind ones a little blackened, the latter with the two rows of bristles above large and with a glabrous line between them; they have no bristle below. Fore tarsi about as long as their tibiae, infuscated from the tip of the first joint, which is as long as the following three taken together; third and fifth of equal length, fourth slightly shorter. Middle tarsi longer than their tibize, black from the tip of the first joint and with the fourth and fifth joints of equal length. Hind tarsi longer than their tibiz, yellowish at base, becoming black at tip; first and third joints of equal length, second longer. Calypters, their long delicate cilia and the halteres yellow. Wings grayish; last section of fourth vein about as in arboreus (Fig. 15), but the last section of fifth vein is not so much bent; anal angle rounded. Described from one male taken at San Evaristo, Lower California, June 10, 1921, by Edward P. Van Duzee. Type in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. POO FZ 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 43 Pelastoneurus barbicauda new species. Male: Length, 3.2 mm.; of wing, 2.7 mm. Face rather wide, silvery white, its suture near the middle, upper portion with a depressed median line, lower part convex, its lower edge nearly straight, but little rounded. Palpi black with yellow edges, black hair and white pollen. Antenne yellow; third joint largely brown, rounded; arista feathered with long hairs. Front blue with the upper edge violet, lower half covered with brown pollen. Orbital cilia wholly black. Dorsum of thorax metallic brown, dulled with brown pollen; posterior slope violet, but with a green space in the middle before the scutellum; the velvety black stripe above the root of the wing distinct and quite wide; there is a round spot of silvery white pollen at the suture and another smaller one above the root of the wing; pleuree green with white pollen; scutellum coppery. Abdomen green with black hairs and thin white pollen, which forms rather small spots on the sides of the segments; fifth segment with a row of long black bristles on its posterior margin. Hypopygium greenish with the usual patch of black hairs on the left side at base; lamelle rather large, shining black with the stem a little yellowish at root, where there are short yellow hairs, outer part rounded and covered with long, stiff, black hairs on both edge and disk. Coxze black with yellow tips, silvery white pollen and black hair and bristles. All femora yellow, without longer hair below; middle pair with one preapical bristle, posterior ones with two preapical bristles, one above and one below on outer surface, and are black above at extreme tip. All tibiz yellow; posterior pair slightly infuscated at extreme tip and on upper edge of extreme base. Middle and hind tibize with one large bristle on lower anterior surface. Fore and middle tarsi about as long as their tibiz, with their first joint a little longer than the two following taken together; anterior pair mostly yellowish, stout and rather hairy, third and fifth joints of equal length, fourth slightly shorter; middle tarsi black from the tip of the first joint, with fourth and fifth joints of equal length. Hind tarsi wholly black, still the first joint is slightly yellowish at base, first joint slightly shorter and the second longer than third. Calypters and halteres yellow, the former with long black cilia. Wings grayish (Fig. 18); last section of fourth vein bent beyond its middle. Anal angle of wing rounded. Female: Color and tarsi as in the male, except that the face is brown with its edges narrowly silvery white. The fore coxe are largely yellow on inner and anterior surfaces; the wings are more tinged with brown than in the male. Described from two males and three females; two pair were taken at San Evaristo, Lower California, June 10, 1921, and one female taken at Loreto, Lower California, May 19, 1921, by Edward P. Van Duzee. Type in the California Academy of Sciences. 44 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, TABLE OF SPECIES FouND IN AMERICA NorTH OF CENTRAL AMERICA, AND FROM THE WEST INDIES. MALES. I. Memora black vatleastione pain lancelyaplackenc sianes alee aire: 2 Femora yellow, the tip of the hind pair or the upper edge may be black... .8 2. Half, or more than half, of the fore femora black; middle ones black at base; hind ones yellow with or without a black tip; wings about as LAW ERSA GU = yo DPR MEAN Me pe EMRE aes Poe GR fk WA | Ra ee yoo bo oe 3 Alltemorarandihibic almost whollliyalacloa: te ree ee eee u 3. All tibiz black or considerably infuscated, hind ones always black, (Calif ee Re AS 27 i ea oe Fe eee dissimilipes Wheeler. Anterior and posterior tibice largely yellows. “ys... seas eee Fee ae 4 4-~ dindwtemora.wholly: yellow: e.:.:lx aoe ene eran eee ken eee 5 Taprof hind temoray black 75 8.0.7: ek sce eer Cece oe ee eae ea 6 5. Middle tibiz wholly yellow; thorax green with purple reflections and conspicuous black spots at base of dorso-central bristles, (Lower Califormiay iia des. iii )ichus ) Geel a Oe ee ee eee dorsalis, new species. Middle tibiz wholly black or spotted with black; thorax bronze brown with green reflections, without noticeable spots at base of bristles, (New: Mexico) eer 5 0". do ee ee ee ee tibialis, new species. 62) Cilia’of the calypters black. (Miussount)pea eee ee nigricornis, new species. Cilia of the calypters whitish, (New Mexico)........... tibialis, new species. 7. Antenne almost wholly black; inner claw of fore tarsi much enlarged, WANS case iment Sir Caan MEXICO) anaes eet ane ee hamatus Aldrich. Antenne reddish yellow with the third joint black; claws of fore tarsi normal, wins, as ined sire, | (UW:tal)) see ee eee aldrichi, new species. 8. Wings with one or more brown spots or clouds, other than those that MAW DE OM, THE VES oye tie con +n Mees Sota eee 9 Wings without spots, except sometimes on the cross-vein and on the miadie of last section of fourth vem: .5) 2... 22. t ee ene ee ibl 9. Wings with a rounded, but not very sharply defined, apical spot, as ial Veer rtey 22 om ONAWES <1CYC) MG Amine ae one oes nn ela cage ae Ae bigeminatus, Aldrich. Winesiwith numerous spots.in the. cellls.2.c.a2 te... «9544 eee 10 10. Last section of fourth vein uniformly approaching third towards its tip tne uTevo wl (IMIERICO) oe ao Seay cae ee ee punclipennis, Say. Last section of fourth vein abruptly bent towards third at a point beyond TAS. OHSS, iayeqonns (Oy, KUMKorCW Eos ons csnconseonoeone pictipennis, Wheeler. 11. Thorax with a more or less conspicuous spot of white pollen before the scutellum, which is best seen when viewed from behind. Hypopyginal lamelizesplackisi esas. oss oka. te ee: a ee ee 12 Thorax without such a spot, or the pollen forming it more brown........ 15 12. Hypopyginal lamella rather small; last section of fourth vein abruptly bentatatcmaddle-tclawsiok fore tarsi mo icicles eens eae 13 Lamelle rounded at tip, long; last section of fourth vein only slightly arcuated, approaching third from the cross-vein, about as in figure 8; inner clawlOntore tarsienlarsed ashmehiotire. 9 aes aera eee 14 18. Antenne black with first joint narrowly yellow below, (N. Y., Fla., ait) sie ate cake snes Sims. n: «2 ORES ee as longicauda, Loew. Antenne yellow with apical half of third joint blackened, (Lower Cal- UEOTHME )i 3 Gee weeje ic eabhe «ys orgtPsials o/s b's ales sin adie ete sae vec DOT OIBGUNG me W ape CIes: 14. Face covered with white or brownish pollen, (W. I., Mex., a Guaitemalan)ysse sade. Usama llc ee ee eae oe unguiculatus, Aldrich. Face black, very shining, with only a narrow border of white pollen on the lower portion of the orbits, (Guatemala)... .nigrifacies, new species. 15. “Orbital eilia wholly black ..5. 3. ... 0... sc. eee eee ee 16 Inferion-orbitaleilia pale 50.80 i... 2,\ a). eee a hee eaten ee 30 16.. Fore‘coxa blackjmore or less: yellow at tipsanus sed eee eee i¢/ Fore coxe yellow, sometimes a little blackened at base................... 20 + ee hd = egths. o 1923] Van Duzee: Pelastoneurus of North America 45 17. Abdomen dark green or bronze-green; coxz almost wholly black......... 18 JN lorakavanrin (GLE iO) ANGI ELE Se me te ee Gs 6 ce nC ene Ae ie arene a a 19 18. Outer hypopyginal lamella somewhat crescent-shaped, inner appendages with long, delicate, pale hairs; first and second antennal joints black AN dE ee abbreviatus, Loew. Outer lamellz large, almost round with a short stem; inner appendages almost bare; first and second antennal joints wholly yellow, (Lower (CHM bivOsai") ie Ate ee eh. 3 pee ooo cS ee er barbicauda, new species. 19. Bend in last section of fourth vein near apical third, figure 10, (Calif., Wiles INGA GR 2he Sy DY) eee erg ec ba cyaneus, Wheeler. Bend in last section of fourth vein at its middle, figure 7, (Fla., N. Y., CANES) oo a oh ce. c ARMY oc ots Ogee © Cae rE aan longicauda, Loew. 20. Hypopyginal lamelle divided, forming four long filaments, (Kansas). kansensis, Aldrich. Hypopyginal lamelle of different structure, blackish...................... 21 21. Hypopyginal lamellz small, rounded, or crescent-shaped.................. 22 amelizedarseycomewhatpombed ati tipensssss. 25. . fcc see ace l ek 25 22. Face with a more or less distinct brown line or band; dorsum of thorax rather opaque, brown; wing as in figure 11, (N. Y., Ill., Fla., Mex.). lugubris, Loew. Face of male without brown band or line; dorsum of thorax shining...... 23 23. Face thickly covered with yellow pollen, wings as in figure 12, (Florida). aurifacies, new species. Face with white pollen, the bluish ground color sometimes showing ENOL CARINE HOO LOM oe =o ost caty are Sepa s ee heme a ss es oh ee ahem 24 24. Hypopyginal lamella rounded, with short black hairs on the edge and minute yellowish ones on the surface, wing as in figure 13, (La., Fla., SE) a Seen Se ee Ree. 2) ee ee parvus, Loew. Lamelle somewhat triangular or crescent-shaped, with long black Bier, (INGEN LASS) )oeh crake. 5 3: AORN» otis e Aa fRok lamellatus, Loew. 25. Inner appendages of the hypopygium slender, with long branched peels ol See mene, eee, ARES. Te mW ein, SAUTEED CWA eo cate ces 26 Inner appendages with their hairs and bristles simple.................... 2a. Elypopyeimal lamellae furcate, (lexas).............-. 025-55. furcifer, Loew. Ramelie cnkine aot at @iMrOnked:. |... geet a. scons Pool cee ole eats cee 27 27. Hypopyginal lamella somewhat oval in outline, still obtusely pointed at tip; face with yellow pollen; see figures 14 and 15, (Ind., La.) arboreus, new species. Lamellz more sickle-shaped, quite acutely pointed at tip; face silvery white; see figures 16 and 1'7, (Va., Ind))...:........ ramosus, New species. Zomnace with brown pollen, (Wouisiana)..+.....--:0.+--+..... proximus, Aldrich. HAC CmWLE HU VEE bes PRONG Mery or pA Sno SRR es wn hy . ee Sr ont occidentalis, Wheeler. oo) Eypopysinal lamelize lareely blackish#@e = 22)... ......-22..-2e.2. 0. 33 Lamelle largely yellow or whitish; upper half of the hypopygium and its CHE DNSUUCN 2 08 5p Ape Opie 4 ae. WAN ce ie a a 39 Sa pMetnicnoL face Shining STEN... = 2. eee ioe ec ee oe cc dove ohne ces 34 nase wholly opaque with pollen... .4 “SRA foo. oo ees d le... 35 34. Lamelle of the hypopygium long and narrow with minute yellow append- ages at base, between those and projecting beyond them are what seem to be the inner appendages; they are thick and shining black with a long black bristle at base, (W. I., Mex., Guatemala). argentifer, Aldrich. 46 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Lamellz as above; inner appendages formed as above, but yellow and without the bristle at base, still there is a bristle on their lower edge near the middle which is not found on the proceeding species, (Gia temialan)i crits eet datacom oo. << | ee nee ele eae caeruleus, new species. 35. Thorax with a small glistening white dot in the sutural groove, (Eastern Sates WMIEKICO) ter ov ce, See elon cle ene eee ee Pr cognatus, Loew. The white spot at the sutural groove larger, sometimes indistinct........ 36 36:. Hypopyeinal lamella lone and strap-likes aon tenet eee 37 Pamells not atall-strap-lnkes | cc sik. erent eae ces ae men me eee 38 37. All coxe yellow, still the middle and hind ones a little darkened at base, (island of Steamy ii. ra akc reece eee taeniatus, Becker. Fore coxe yellow, a little blackened at base; middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips; the long strap-like lamellz have a very small, oval, yellow base which is fringed with small yellow hairs. Wing as in fier 20. (Cub ale, ce or o0 Airc perenne a nee insulanus, new species. 38. Hypopy ginal lamelle short, rounded, (Florida)......... floridans, Wheeler. Lamelle ax-shaped, (Georgia) FIRE an NR Ristori asciaeformis, Becker. 39. Antennal arista long, not a its va rather blunt, pee TINY ee Gaz)... pin Lice See bie _ neglectus, Wheeler. Arista normal, tapering ‘to a fine point. Oe AE Sle are % tune 40 40. Abdomen shining steel-blue; pollen of the face wholly white, (West ravchV=\s) Knee Me onin co Sian o 2d eacrd and Ser ..fasciatus, Roeder. Abdomen green; upper half of face with its pollen almost golden yellow; Wine asim Hsune Alem ex... Galen Gallus) eee etree ee wheeleri, Melander. FEMALES. ie. Femoraiblack vat leas one pain larcely blacker en essen 2 Femora yellow, the tip or upper edge-may be blackened................... 3 2. Face with yellow pollen, which may be thin on upper portion; antenne black, except the lower edge of first joint.............. hamatus, Aldrich. Pollen of the face brown, except a narrow line of white on each side; upper portion of face green in the center; antenne mostly yellow. aldrichi, new species. 3. Wings with numerous spots or clouds mthe cells. 3.5 eee eee 4 Wings with one to three spots, which are sometimes small and placed on TOR WIGIIIG HRs edo os okey Sie = evades si ee ee ho er ee 5 Wings unspotted, but sometimes with the front margin more or less fineedeiwith rOWillnl.ce fac da. eke oe Slates aa ee oO ee eee eee u 4. Last section of fourth vein abruptly bent towards third, at a point beyond ESATA Cll oem (MOAN) a cteuac, acess) s,=5, | See eRe es tee eae pictipennis, Wheeler. Last section of fourth vein uniformly approaching third towards its ENORR Cas zicn Teen ch ae an ga SMR ARE ooh IRD we ohh cmtic ley arp punctipennis, Say. 5. Wings with a faint cloud at tips of third and fourth veins (about as in figure 4); the usual silvery spot at the suture is yellow in this species bigeminatus, Aldrich. Wings with a brown spot on the middle of the last section of the fourth vein and another on the cross-vein and near the root of the wing. umbripictus, Becker. 6. Fore coxe black, at least considerably blackened at base.................. qi Fore cox yellow; there may be a blackish spot at base on outer surface... .18 7. Thorax with a more or less distinct spot of white pollen before the scutellum, best seen when viewed from behind.......................... 8 ANnvoreeh< Wrilarorbin Sutolm. 2) Soyer Oe ollie so dnancouscockcopoacososedac s0n0n- 10 8. Last section of fourth vein rather abruptly bent near its middle, as TUE TT OUI ite et os ee So a ok ee eer eae longicauda, Loew. Last section of fourth vein gently arched from the cross-vein to its tip, which is near the tip of third vein, about as in figure 8.................. 9 9. Antenne yellow, below. -a:déa)ic)s.c lage ie es Maes unguiculatus, Aldrich. Antennas awiollvanlaGle.,c2:-du-2- ors aeRO Eee dissimilipes, Wheeler. 10: ip. 108)) <2 ee eee $841.31 Appreciation on nine, War Savings Otamps.... ot. 29h ae see ae ee 2.69 Two life memberships, Mrs. Moffatt and Wm. Mann...................... 100.00 kc): a MMe onioccat vita nade old anmaah GoeHO5.0 - $944 .00 SECURITIES HELD. Liberty Bonds estimated at their face value. Birst Laberty. Loan Bond Bo. BOOSLIVSi5 ste eee ee eee $ 50 Second! Wiberty, Loan Bond No: BO2Z78((525 nana ee eee 50 Mhindwwibentyavoany sound NiO 5876270 mere m tatters 50 hindsbibertys oant bond: No. 58762 78en seme eee ete err 50 iid Maiberty oan bond No. 5876280 ines eee pee ee 50 wbhindetabpentyazoant bond NOs 4203250 seinen ee tere enre eee 100 hind yibentysleoanks.onc Nios 4203251] aeepree reine etre ener erate 100 Fourth Liberty Loan Bond No. H05821828.......... Oe aks eae ee 100 Hourthelibernylwoan bond No, C0492 15 pensar ee renee 50 Houninvleibertys.oan bond! No. D04921514 eee eer 50 Rournthplibertyleoantbond No: H0492i1 ol asses nee ire 50 (The last named converted from No. 14, 145, 891). INinewWiar caving srobam pS...) ae. ee pene ee nee Ce ieeece 45 PotalsPace Value of Securitiess.2.. ..e eee een ee ee eee $745.00 Balance carmed'in current accountssc ac: coe oe ee ee 199 .00 Victory Liberty Loan Bond No. A1,562,358 has been called and cashed for face value, $50.00. Respectfully submitted, C. L. METCALF, Jreasurer. On motion, the report of the Treasurer was accepted and the finan- cial matters involved referred to the Auditing Committee. The next item of business was the Report of the Managing Editor of the ANNALS, Ps oe ae 1923] Proceedings of Boston Meeting 91 REPORT OF MANAGING EDITOR. I am pleased to report that the numbers of the ANNALS issued for the year will be covered by income, and while not as large as might be desired, we believe it will be a creditable volume. The receipts of the office have totalled $745.58; the classified summary of receipts and expenditures being as follows: Receipts. DUUSCEOGM ACCOM. 5. . JAM ce ea ae fe hang, Ae Sec, : $349 51 Dale OL Wacie@lames.-.,. Semen eee 85.22 Reprints and contributions for engraving......................... 310.85 LESTE eS Ah, SRI |! ye Se am 745.58 Expenditures. Stenographic, clerical help and labor............................. $ 37.26 Postage, postal deposit, exehange, etc... ...-. 0... 26. esec. acc. 61.76 = SGIEE ata i _ . -| Sey I coe 147.09 Eel awaCe COVE ne aE Na gis ok fA ci siw o/s AOU oe eck oath he 499 .47 GA OI TO lel GS Ne 8 toa oe RSET ay et rae $745.58 Our library subscription list has been maintained, and foreign subscriptions somewhat increased. The income from back volumes, while not equal to that of last year, will be somewhat augmented by sets recently ordered but not yet paid for. We may, therefore, plan, I think, for a somewhat enlarged volume for the coming year. As in recent years we have had desirable papers that could not be published promptly for lack of funds, and any increase of income can be readily used in the publication of creditable papers. I am much indebted to Dr. C. H. Kennedy for his efficient assistance. Respectfully submitted, HERBERT OSBORN. On motion, this report was accepted and referred to the Auditing Committee. The next report was that of the Treasurer of the Thomas Say Foundation. REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION (For the Year 1922.) Receipts. Besnec om ual sania bh 1922 ee eae sk ee we $285.73 SEG Slee aetna sa el | 21.00 MineReSerOr! 20000) (tor Sept. 1)... ek ee eee el eee ce 8.50 PROiemeceeta isl Gln eye a aes I ee ce ca $315.23 Expenditures. Or eipeea SCN Ctl COPIES raise ewer) Sepa oe Hts REIS deeper « we eee >. 1201 Potalespenditures; L022 rely ..°. ee IRD)... ec ooo ee nec $ 1.01 et eish acco Datance tt ee ee 314.32 i ec Bee ed kee re $315.23 me inecwareiagce, jantaryalsts1923,., 2. 2+ tesee yen odes s. cs seses-. 2. $814.32 92 Annals Entomological Society of America Vol. 20 There are outstanding obligations to the original subscribers of $260.00, leav- ing a net balance of $54.32 to the credit of Volume I if the original grant of the Society of $50.00 is neglected, or $4.32 if it is considered. E. D. BALL, Treasurer. On motion this report was accepted and referred to the Auditing Committee. The following report was then presented and accepted: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Be It Resolved, that the Entomological Society of America extend its sincere thanks to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for its hospitality and for the splendid facilities furnished, which have made these meetings a success. ALVA PETERSON, G. C. CRAMPTON, Grace H. GRISWOLD. The Report of the Auditing Committee was not presented to the Society at this session, nor at the later sessions, but by vote of the Society the receipt of this report was delegated to the Executive Com- mittee, with power to act. (Secretary’s Note-—Each member of the Executive Committee has approved in writing the report of the Auditing Committee, which is as follows:) REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE. Your Auditing Committee has examined the accounts of the Entomological Society of America, the Managing Editor of the Annals, and the Thomas Say Foundation, and finds them to be correct. (Signed) H. M. ParsHLey, Chairman, D. M. DELOoNG, P. R. Lowry: The Report of the Nominating Committee was presented as follows: For President—T. D. A. COCKERELL. For First Vice-President—Wm. S. MARSHALL. For Second Vice-President—F. E. Lutz. For Members of the Executive Committee—ARTHUR G1BsoNn, W. A. RILEY, R. A. CooLey, C. W. JoHNson, E. P. Feit, A. L. MELANDER. For Secretary-Treasurer—C. L. METCALF. On motion, the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot for the unanimous election of these officers. This being done, the officers were declared duly elected. The following reports of special committees were read and received: REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE INTER-SOCIETY CONFERENCE Washington, D. C., April 21. At the Toronto meeting, the Society delegated its Secretary and President to represent it at an Inter-society Conference, created to study the feasibility of 1923] Proceedings of Boston Meeting 93 a federation of the various biological societies in America, and to develop plans for such a federation. The Division of Biology of the National Research Council requested that only one representative from each society be sent to this conference. It was agreed that the Secretary should act as the official representative of the Society at this meeting, while the President was good enough to be present on his own responsibility. This conference, after some debate, affirmed its belief in the desirability and feasibility of a federation of biological societies and adopted a general plan in accordance with which such a federation might be established. Outlines of this plan as it has been further developed and a proposed constitution embodying the details of the plan which was worked out by a special committee meeting in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, August 4 and 5, 1922, have been published from time to time in Science, and a rather full report was sent to each member of this Society with the announcement of the present meeting. (Signed) C. L. METcatr, ARTHUR GIBSON. REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE Appointed to extend to prominent entomologists of Central and South America an invitation to become members of the Entomological Society of America. At the Toronto meeting the Society appointed a special committee, consisting of the President, the Secretary, and Dr. J. Chester Bradley, to invite officially the entomologists of Central and South America to join the Entomological Society of America. As a result of the work of this committee, about twenty-five personal letters of invitation have been written to a list of prominent entomologists whose names and addresses were supplied by Dr. Bradley, and most of these have been accompanied by a personal letter from Dr. Bradley. Up to the present time, no replies have been received from these invitations, but it is hoped that the work may bear fruit that can be reported upon at the next annual meeting. (Signed) ARTHUR GIBSON, C. L. METCALF, J. CHESTER BRADLEY. On motion the Society voted to enter into the Union of Biological Societies, and to adopt the recommendations of the Executive Com- mittee, as recorded above, with respect to this matter. On motion the Society voted to raise the annual dues of members from $2.00 to $3.00, and the subscription price to non-members from $3.00 to $4.00, 1n accordance with the recommendation of the Executive Committee, recorded above. It was moved that the life membership fee be raised from $50.00 to $75.00, but after some debate the motion was defeated. 94 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, The following amendments to the Constitution, which were proposed last year, were passed by vote of the Society: Article V, Section 4, The Election of Honorary Fellows, which read as follows: All nominations for Honorary Fellows shall be made in the manner prescribed for the nomination of Fellows, (that is, signed by three or more Fellows and accompanied by full information concerning the nominee) the nominations being presented to the Executive Committee, who shall mail ballots to Fellows. Election shall be by mail ballot of the Fellows of the Society, a two-thirds vote of all Fellows being required for election. is thereby amended to read as follows: Honorary Fellows may be nominated by unanimous vote of the members of the Executive Committee present at an annual meeting. The nominee shall be voted on by the members by ballot, and must receive four-fifths of all ballots cast to be elected. Not more than one Honorary Fellow may be elected in three suc- cessive annual meetings. Article VI, Meetings, which read as follows: An annual meeting shall be held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and at such time and place as the officers may elect. is thereby amended to read as follows: An annual meeting shall be held in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, or at such time and place as the Executive Com- mittee may select. The following amendment to the Constitution was proposed, and will be acted upon at the next annual meeting. ArTICLE IV, SECTION 3. Councilors to the American Association—The Pres- ident and the preceding past President shall represent the Society upon the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In case of the death or resignation of either or both Councilors, the vacancy shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It is proposed to amend this Section to read as follows: Two representatives in the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting for the term of one year, and shall be eligible for re-election. In case of the death, resignation, absence, or inability to serve, of either or both Councilors, the vacancy shall be filled by the Executive Committee. Adjournment. THIRD SESSION. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 27th. The Society was called to order at 1:30 P. M. by the President. The following program was presented: . Fryer VEE 1923] Proceedings of Boston Meeting 95 SYMPOSIUM ““ADAPTATIONS OF INSECTS TO SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS” PAR le (Each paper to occupy ten minutes and to present the more noteworthy examples of adaptations to the particular environment discussed, the more striking features of the habitat, and something of the course of evolution or development of the adaptations.) Adaptations to the Aquatic Habitat. NatHan BAanxs, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Adaptations to the Subterranean Habitat. HERBERT OsBorN, Ohio State Uni- versity. Adaptations to the Boring Habit. J. M. Swatne, Canadian Department of Agriculture. Adaptations to Cold. Royat N. CHAPMAN, University of Minnesota. Adaptations to the Fertilization of Flowers. F. E. Lutz, American Museum of Natural History. Adaptations of Gall Insects. E. P. FELT, State Entomologist of New York. Adaptations to Social Life. THos. E. SNypER, United States Bureau of Entomology. Adaptations of Ant and Termite Guests. C. T. Bruges, Bussey Institution. Part II. (Each paper to occupy not more than three minutes, and to deal with a single species of insect or a single unit of adaptation.) The Most Remarkable Adaptation I have Observed Among the: Orthoptera. Jas. A. G. REHN, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Ephemerida. ANN H. MorGan, Wellesley College. Odonata. P. P. CALVERT, University of Pennsylvania. Trichoptera. CORNELIUS BETTEN, New York State College of Agriculture. Fulgoridae. Z. P. Metcatr, North Carolina State College. Aphididae. A. C. BAKER, United States Bureau of Entomology. Coccidae. G. F. Ferris, Stanford University. Heteroptera. H.M. PARSHLEY, Smith College. Micro-lepidoptera. ANNETTE F. Braun, University of Cincinnati. . Tipulidae. C. P. ALEXANDER, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Sarcophagidae. J. M. ALpricu, United States National Museum. Tachinidae. J. D. Toruitt, Canadian Department of Agriculture. Vespidae. J. C. BRADLEY, Cornell University. Araneida. J. H. EMErToN, Boston. It was moved and carried that the Editorial Board be requested if possible to assemble the papers of the Symposium, to be published in a single number of the ANNALS. By ballot vote, the Society selected as the subject of the Symposium for the Cincinnati Meeting in 1923, ‘‘ Methods of Protection and Defense Among Insects.”’ Adjournment. FOURTH SESSION. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 27th. The Society was called to order at 8:30 P. M. by the President, who introduced the speaker of the evening, Doctor W. M. Wheeler, who delivered a most entertaining and instructive address on ‘‘The Physiog- ”) nomy of Insects.’”’ The attendance at this session was about 250. Following this address the Society adjourned to attend the biol- ogists’ smoker in Walker Memorial Hall. FIFTH SESSION. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 29th. 96 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol, A Vik | . The Society was called to order at 10:00 A. M., with the President in the chair. The following papers were presented: RavpH H. SmirH, San Francisco. The Insect Collections of the Boston Society of Natural History. CHARLES W. _@ JoHNSON, Boston Society of Natural History. | Stone Flies of the Genus Nemoura. P. W. CLAASSEN, Cornell University. \rite Exoskeleton as a Factor Limiting and Determining the Direction of Insect } Evolution. CLARENCE H. KENNEDY, Ohio State University. | Wing-venation of the Buprestidae (Coleoptera). HENRY G. Goop, Cornell | University. Injury to Wood Caused by Oviposition of Ceresa bubalus Fabr. F. A. FENTON and J. C. Goopwin, Iowa State College. Notes on Insect Polyembryony. R. W. Lerpy, North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Some Observations on the European Dichomeris marginellus Fabr. L. HASEMAN, University of Missouri. The following exhibits were available for examination during the entire course of the meetings: An Inexpensive and Efficient Variable Illuminator for use with the Binocular Microscope. C. T. Brues, Bussey Institution, Harvard University. Drawings of the Fulgoridae of Eastern North America. Z. P. Metcaur, North Carolina State College. } Larval Habits of Coleophora coenospiennella. ANNETTE F. BRAUN, University of { Cincinnati. Photographs of Scent-organs in the Genus Hydroptila (Trichoptera). Martin E. MoseEty, London, England. Si Ba in Studying by Dissection the Internal Anatomy of Small Insects. SPECIAL NOTICE TO MEMBERS. The revised membership list of the Entomological Society of America will be published with the June issue. At the request of certain members the Secretary will undertake to include in addition to the correct address a statement of the taxonomic group in which any member is especially interested and whether he is willing to make identifications in such group. Members are therefore urged te make sure that the Secretary has their correct mailing address and also a state- ment of their special interests, if such statement has not been made on the information blank already sent to the Secretary. C. L. METCALF, Secretary-Treasurer, Nat. Hist. Bldg., University of Illinois, Urbana, III. at ee . peli’ ie a Pog Gey e: gheteere ANNALS OF The Entomological Society of America Volume XVI _ PUNE. 19:23 Number 2 WALKER’S SPECIES OF MEMBRACIDAE FROM UNITED STATES AND CANADA W. D. FUNKHOUSER, University of Kentucky. Francis Walker in his ‘‘List of Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum” (Part II, 1851) and in his Supplement to that catalogue (1858) described twenty-nine species of Membracidae from America north of Mexico. Unfortunately, many of his descriptions are so inad- equate that although the membracids of this region are now fairly well known, yet a large number of his species have never been certainly recognized and a few have been practically relegated to the limbo of ‘‘lost species.’’ A number of years ago the writer began a critical study of the literature of these species together with careful examina- tion of specimens of the known North American forms as rep- resented in extensive collections in order to determine if pos- sible the species to which Walker’s descriptions referred. At the same time an attempt was made to secure accurate figures of Walker’s types in the cases of all species which had not been surely recognized. Through the courtesy of Mr. W. L. Distant the services of Mr. Horace Knight, an artist of the British Museum, were secured for this work. Mr. Knight had been making drawings for Mr. Distant for over thirty years, his work was recognized as unusually excellent, and the drawings were to be personally checked by Mr. Distant. Mr. Knight, however, had completed but one study—two views of Walker’s “Thelia collina’’—when his illness brought his work at the 97 98 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Museum to an end in the summer of 1917. In 1919 the work was resumed by his son, Mr. Edgar S. Knight, who completed studies of six more of the type specimens and then reported that it was impossible for him to go further with the work until Mr. Distant returned to the Museum as there was no other person who was familiar with the arrangement of the collections and who could positively locate the desired specimens for him. At about the same time Mr. Distant wrote that he had been forced to leave London for a rest cure and might not be able to return for some time. The matter of the figures was therefore left in abeyance. Mr. Distant’s death last summer has made it necessary to abandon the idea of securing the remaining drawings of type specimens but with the work which has been done in the matter of comparisons and with the figures already received, it is believed that the following list may be offered as representing the correct status of Walker’s species. The species are listed in the order in which they were described and the synonymy is indicated. . In interpreting Walker’s descriptions it is assumed that his measurements given for the wings in lines refer to the dis- tance between the wing-tips of the spread insects. Also, we are convinced that in the matter of genera Walker generally followed for the Membracidae the classification proposed by Fairmaire (Revue de la tribu des Membracides. Annales de la societe entomologique de France) in 1846. 1. Enchenopa antonina Walker =Campylenchia latipes Say. 1824. Membracis latipes Say. Narr. Long’s Exped. Append. 302.5. 1851. Enchenopa antonina Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 488.32. 1869. E. (Campylenchia) curvata (part) Stal Hem. Fabr. 43.3. 1894. Campylenchia curvata Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 464.223. 1916. Campylenchia latipes VanDuz. Check List Hem. 62.1734. This species must be referred to Stal’s genus Campylenchia on account of the structure of the pronotal horn and the mark- ings of the pronotum as described. Stal included it in his sub- genus Campylenchia in 1869 and considered both it and Mem- bracis latipes Say as synonyms of C. curvata. It was correctly assigned to the genus Campylenchia by Goding in 1894 (Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. VII 3, p. 464) but Goding followed Stal in confusing C. curvata and C. latipes and making beth C. latipes and C. antonina synonyms of C. curvata. Only two species of the genus Campylenchia are known to occur in the United States (the locality given by Walker for = > a. bea - 1925] Funkhouser: Walker’s Membracidae 99 his E. antonina). Of these, C. latipes Say is by far the more abundant and more widely distributed, the other species, C. curvata Fabr., being a small southern form found rarely in the southern part of this country.* Unfortunately the two species were confused for many years and most of the ref- erences to C. curvata in the literature up to the publication of VanDuzee’s Check List in 1916 really referred to C. latipes. C. latipes shows a wide range of variation in size, in the shape of the pronotal horn, and in coloration, and to this species must be assigned a number of the supposed new species of the earlier writers. 2. Enchenopa venosa Walker =Campylenchia latipes Say. 1824. Membracis latipes Say Narr. Long’s Exped. Append. 302.5. 1851. Enchenopa venosa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 488.33. 1869. E. (Campylenchia) curvata (part) Stal Hem. Fabr. 43.3. 1894. Campylenchia curvata (part) Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 464.223. 1916. Campylenchia latipes VanDuz. Check List Hem. 62.1734. Walker apparently separated this species from the preceding only on the characters of larger size, slight differences in the branching of the ridges of the horn, and some variation in color. With our present knowledge of the variation commonly found in C. latipes these characters can not be considered as specific. The localities given by Walker are the United States and New York. Since C. latipes is the only member of the genus known to occur in New York it would appear that E. venosa must be assigned to that species. 3. LEnchenopa frigida Walker = Campylenchia latipes Say. 1824. Membracis latipes Say Narr. Long’s Exped. Append. 302.5. 1851. Enchenopa frigida Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 490.36. 1858. Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. Suppl. 126. 1869. E. (Campylenchia) curvata (part) Stal Hem. Fabr. 43.3. 1894. Campylenchia curvata (part) Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 464.223. 1916. Campylenchia latipes VanDuz. Check List Hem. 62.1734. This species has had the same history as the two preceding. It was placed in the subgenus Campylenchia by Stal as a syno- nym of C. curvata and was so accepted by later writers who followed Stal in considering C. Jatipes a synonym of C: curvata. E. frigida was described from Nova Scotia and a variety described in the Supplement is recorded from Canada. C. latipes is our only northern species of the genus. * We have a small series from Agricultural College, Mississippi, and have seen specimens from Texas. ; 100 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, E. frigida seems to have been described as a new species chiefly because of a slight tomentose pubescens on the pro- thorax and a somewhat different shape of the pronotal process. These characters would certainly not be sufficient to distinguish it specifically from C. latipes. 4. Enchenopa bimaculata Walker = Campylenchia latipes Say. 1824. Membracis latipes Say. Narr. Long’s Exped. Append. 302.5. 1851. Enchenopa bimacula Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 491.37. 1869. E. (Campylenchia) curvata (part) Stal Hem. Febr. 43.3. 1894. Campylenchia curvata (part) Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 464.223. 1916. Campylenchia latipes (part) VanDuz. Check List Hem. 62.1734. There seems to be no question but that the above synonymy as accepted by recent homopterists is correct. We have exam- ined several thousand specimens of C. Jatipes and find that at least one out of every three of the northern forms (E. bimacula is described from Trenton Falls, N. Y.) shows the triangular extension of the vertex on each side where it meets the clypeus decidedly ferruginous or lighter in color than the rest of the head, and the anterior ridge of the horn the same color, thus agreeing with Walker’s description and doubtless representing the character which suggested the specific name. 5. Enchenopa brevis Walker =Enchenopa binotata Say. 1824. Membracis binotata Say Narr. Long’s Exped. 301.4. 1851. Enchenopa brevis Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 492.39. 1908. Enchenopa binotata (part) VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 112. E. binotata is the only abundant and widely distributed species of the genus in the United States (Walker gives ‘‘ United States’’ as the type locality for E. brevis) and is the only species of Enchenopa known in this country which has the two char- acteristic spots on the dorsal ridge. Walker’s description of E. brevis, however, states that the posterior of these spots is ‘‘at the tip.’”’ An examination of many hundred specimens of E. binotata fails to show an example which agrees with this descrip- tion as in all cases the posterior spot is some distance from the posterior end of the pronotum. In all other respects his descrip- tion will fit numerous specimens with attenuated anterior processes. If our synonymy is correct, Walker must have been either careless in writing his description or he had before him an aberrant example in which the posterior spot reached the end of the process. — De eee et — ee i a 7 1923] Funkhouser: Walker’s Membracidae 101 6. Ceresa basalis Walker. 1851. Ceresa basalis Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 527.12. 1889. Ceresa brevicornis (error) Prov. Pet. Faun. Can. 3.235 (female). 1889. Ceresa semicrema (error) Prov. Pet. Faun. Can. 3.235 (male). 1893. Ceresa melanogaster Osborn. Bull. Nat. Hist. Lab. Iowa State Museum, sok Caren tarbida Godg. Cat. Mamb. N. A. 406.44. The dark color, hairy pronotum, dark markings on head, acute black-tipped posterior process, black underparts, and broad black bands on femora, as described by Walker, have been accepted as characters sufficient to distinguish this species. It is common in the type locality (Nova Scotia) and throughout southern Canada and northern United States. We can not agree with VanDuzee (Check List and Cat- alogue) in making Stictocephala semi-brunnea Buckton (spelled ‘“semibrunneata’’ for the figure, Pl. 36, Fig. 6) a synonym. Buckton’s description is, to be sure, entirely inadequate, and his figure practically worthless from a scientific standpoint, but we believe that both, refer to a Stictocephala, as he notes only color differences between S. semibrunnea and S. inermts, and plainly states that the latter is without suprahumerals. Lar A 7. Ceresa brevis Walker. (Fig. 1). 1851. Ceresa brevis Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 528.13. 1869. Stal Bid. Memb. Kan. 245.3. 1877. Butler Cist. Ent. 11:218.21. 1894. Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 403.29. 1908. (error) VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 40.12, Pl. 1, figs. 35, 36. 1913. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. No. 36:135. 1916. (error) VanDuz. Check List Hem. 58.1582. 1917. (error) Gibson and Wells Bull Brook. Ent. Soc. 12.5.111. 1917. (error) VanDuz. Cat. Hem. 525.1582. 1920. Britton Check List Ins. Conn. 53. This species is close to C. basalis Walk. but may be at once distinguished superficially by its larger size, longer horns, and smooth shining pronotum. It has black markings on the under surface similar to C. basalis but C. basalis is densely hairy while C. brevis is entirely without pubescence. We believe that Gibson and Wells were entirely wrong in their diagnosis of this species. They give as the key characters ‘‘suprahumerals short, reduced to a short tubercle’ although the original description plainly states that the suprahumerals are ‘‘acute, rather long, and slightly curved backwards”’ and Mr. Knight’s figure shows this to be the case. We believe, also, that VanDuzee is mistaken in his identifi- cation (which he gives as doubtful). We think that we have 102 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, specimens of the species which he describes in his “‘Studies of North American Membracidae”’ and consider them as distinct. Reference to his description and the figures accompanying it will at once reveal decided differences when compared with Walker’s description and Knight’s drawing. We have specimens of C. brevis ranging from New York to Kentucky. New York is the type locality. 8. Ceresa apicalis Walker = Vanduzea arquata Say. 1831. Membracis arquata Say. Journ. Acad. Sci. Phila. V1:302. 12. 1851. Ceresa apicalis Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 533.33. 1894. WVanduzea apicalis Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 441.139. 1916. Vanduzea (?) apicalis VanDuz. Check List Hem. 61.1711. 1917. VanDuz. Cat. Hem. 552.1711. Goding recognized this species as a Vanduzea, and VanDuzee, while questioning the validity of the species, lists it under that genus in his Check List and Catalogue. Examination of a long series of V. arquata Say, probably the most abundant and widely distributed species of the genus in eastern North America, shows that Walker’s description will fit perfectly many individuals, particularly females of small size with weak pubescence and distinct markings. It seems unwise, therefore, to consider apicalis as distinct. 9. Aconophora guttifera Walker =Platycotis vittata Fabricius. 1803. Centrotus vittatus Fabr. Syst. Rhynch. 20.23. 1851. Aconophora guttifera Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 539.15. 1869. Platycotis vittata Stal Hem. Fabr. 11:37. This species with its variety quadrivittata Say has been much confused because of its great variation, its wide distribution, and the fact that both sexes are found both with and without the porrect horn. The result has been a large number of synonyms. Walker’s description undoubtedly refers to the typical form as he certainly would have noted the four red lines char- acteristic of the variety had they been present on his type specimen. PP. witata was described from “Carolina.” It is common in Florida, the type locality of Walker’s species. 10. Entylia concisa Walker. 1851. Entylia concisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 547.6. 1851. Entylia decisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 548.7. 1889. Entylia concava (error). Prov. Pet. Faun. Can. I11:233. \. 1923] Funkhouser: Walker’s Membracidae 103 The genus Entylia is still in much confusion due largely to the number of species which have been described, some of which are doubtless invalid, and the hesitancy of systematists to attempt to reduce these species to synonymy because of the apparent lack of natural specific characters and the overlapping of the forms. Matausch in 1910 (Matausch, Ignaz. Entylia Germar and its different forms. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVIII: 4. pp. 260-263, and Plate VIII, Dec., 1910) believed not only that E. sinuata had been described under twenty-one different names, but suggested that the genus Publilia should also be considered as a synonym. While this extreme view can not be supported, there is no question but that several of the species now usually listed as distinct really represent a single form with its variations. A good many years ago, when the writer had only a few hundred specimens of the genus in his collection, he was quite sure that he could distinguish a number of very distinct species; at the present time, with many thousand specimens of the genus, representing all parts of the United States, available for study, he is far less sure of his determi- nations. However, it is believed that at least four species may be recognized in the United States and Canada. These are E. sinuata Fabr., E. bactriana Germ., E. concisa Walk., and E. carinata Forst. It is admitted that the characters used in their recognition are largely artificial and superficial, being chiefly those of size, sculpturing, structure of pronotum, and color, all of which are known to vary to a considerable degree within a species, but these species seem to be rather well delimited by an absence of intermediate forms, and in some cases by a more or less definite geographical distribution. We can not agree with VanDuzee that E. bactriana should be made a synonym of FE. carinata, chiefly for the reason that while we may be fairly sure of the form which Germar described, we can not be equally sure of the insect which Forster had before him, and also because we have Canadian material which answers to Forster’s description and which we do not consider identical with E. bactriana. If E. concisa is distinct, as we believe, its chief distinguish- ing characters are the large size, the short head, the high falcate anterior process which leans over the head and extends at a sharp angle far caudad: at its dorso-caudal margin, including 104 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, with the posterior crest, in Walker’s words “three-fourths of a circle.” Its range as represented in our collection is limited chiefly to the eastern part of the United States south of the Ohio River. The type locality as given by Walker is St. John’s Bluff, E. Florida. We are finding it the dominant form in Kentucky. 11. Entylia decisa Walker =Entylia concisa Walker. 1851. Entylia concisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 547.6. 1851. Entylia decisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 548.7. Apparently described from a dark-colored specimen of the preceding. We have individuals which are entirely black. The type locality for E. decisa is the same as that of E. concisa and the species seems to have been distinguished by Walker only on the basis of a slight difference in size and a considerable variation in color. 12. Entylia accisa Walker = Entylia bactriana Germar. 1835. Entylia bactriana Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. [11:248.3. 1851. Entylia accisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 548.8. 1851. Entylia indecisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 549.10. 1851. Entylia reducta Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 549.11. 1877. Entylia accisa Butler Cist. Ent. 11:211.3. 1894. Entylia sinuata (part) Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 396.14. 1916. Entylia accisa E. E. carinata torva VanDuz. Check List Hem. 61.1716a. We have a suspicion that this may be another variation of E. concisa. Walker notes the lower crests and the different colors but states that it, as well as E. indecisa, is “‘in general structure like E. concisa.’’ If this similarity in ‘‘ general struc- ture’’ includes the peculiar shape of the caudal projection of the anterior crest, it would support this conjecture, but of this we can not be certain. On the other hand, the lower crests and the prominent black and yellow markings strongly suggest E. bactriana and since we have examples of E. bactriana which exactly fit Walk- er’s description, we are placing it as a synonym of Germar’s species. Butler recognized E. accisa as distinct on account of the shallower sinus and the blackish and yellowish coloration; Goding considered it a synonym of E. sinuata; VanDuzee makes it a synonym of Fitch’s subspecies torva which latter he con- siders a variety of E. carinata Forst. ee be 1923] Funkhouser: Walker's Membracidae 105 13. Entylia indecisa Walker =Entylia bactriana Germar. 1835. Entylia bactriana Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. I11:248.3. 1851. Entylia indecisa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 549.10. 1851. Entylia reducta Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 549.11. 1877. Entylia indecisa Butler Cist. Ent. I1:211.3. 1894. Entylia bactriana (part) Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 396.14. 1916. Entylia indecisa E. E. carinata VanDuz. Check List Hem. 61.1716. We agree with Goding in making this a synonym of E. bactriana and considering E. bactriana a valid species. Certainly E. indecisa must be considered as identical with E. accisa since Walker indicates only color differences between the two. E. bactriana is the most abundant and most widely distributed species of the genus in New York, which is the type locality for E. indectsa. Butler considered E. indecisa a variety of E. accisa; VanDu- zee makes it a synonym of E. carinata with which he includes FE. bactriana. 14. Entylia reducta Walker = Entylia bactriana Germar. 1835. Entylia bactriana Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. II1:248.3. 1851. Entylia reducta Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 549.11. 1877. Butler Cist. Ent. 11:211.5. 1894. Entylia bactriana (part) Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 397.15. 1908. Entylia reducta VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 105. 1903. Buckton Mon. Memb. 185. 1916. Entylia carinata var. reducta VanDuz. Check List 61.1716b. We can not admit that this form is even a distinct variety as recognized by VanDuzee. We have reared it repeatedly from egg-masses of E. bactriana and have found all intermediate gradations from specimens answering Walker’s description of E. reducta perfectly, to typical examples of EF. bactriana, all from the same egg-mass. 15. Oxygonia extensa Walker =Publilia concava Say 1824. Membracis cocava Say Append. Long’s Exped. I1:301.3. 1835. Entylia concava Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. I11:249.4. 1851. Oxygonia extensa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 554.20. 1854. Entilia (sic.) concava Emm. Agr. N. Y., V:153, Pl. 13, fig. 10. 1866. Publilia concava Stal Analect. Hem. 388. 1869. Ceresa concava Rathv. Momb. Hist. Lance. Co. Pa. 551. 1894. Publilia nigridorsum Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 399.20. 1903. Publilia grisea Buckt. Mon. Memb. 184, Pl. 39, figs. 5, 5a. This species seems to have been entirely overlooked by all cataloguers of American Membracidae, although Walker lists it from three localities, ‘‘United States,’ ‘‘Cincinnati’’ and ‘‘Trenton Falls, N. Y.’’ It has not been mentioned in literature, so far as we can discover, since its original description. 106 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol... 2eVi, The writer in 1920 called Mr. VanDuzee’s attention to the fact that it was omitted from his Check List and Catalogue and was advised that its omission was due to an oversight, as in the MS catalogue it had been entered under Ophiderma with the penciled note ‘‘equals Publilia concava’’ and under the latter species it was entered as a synonym. We believe that VanDuzee’s diagnosis is entirely correct. The genus Oxygonia (preoccupied, and now Gelastogonia as proposed by Kirkaldy, Ent. 37 : 279. 1904) as recognized by Fairmaire (see key to genera, Rev. Memb. p. 240) and Walker, would include Stal’s genus Publilia (erected 1866). Moreover, it would include practically no other genus not known to Walker which could contain an insect such as he described. Again, P. concava is abundant throughout eastern United States and occurs in the two definite localities mentioned. The chief reason, however, for our decision is the fact that Walker’s description of his O. extensa actually fits P. concava and does not fit any other known form of American membracid so far as we can discover. Both Distant and Knight reported that the type specimen could not be located at the British Museum and it was thus impossible to secure a figure. ~~ 16. Thelia conica Walker=Telamona conica Walker. (Fig. 2). 1851. Thelia conica Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 557.9. 1894. (?) Archasia conica Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 426.90. 1903. Archasia conica Buckt. Mon. Memb. 218.3. 1908. Telamona conica VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 73. 1916. Telamona (?) conica VanDuz. Check List Hem. 60.1657. 1917. Telamona conica VanDuz. Cat. Hem. 541.1657. This species seems never to have been certainly recognized since its original description, and Mr. Distant was unable to locate the type specimen in the British Museum. A species found in Mississippi agrees very well with Walker’s meager description and is here figured. If it is not Walker’s species it is new, and we prefer to consider it T. conica. It has not as yet been reported from the type locality given for IT. conica (Florida) but there seems to be no reason why it should not occur there. 17. Thelia angulata Walker =Ceresa femorata Fairmaire. 1846. Ceresa femorata Fairm. Rev. Memb. 289.24. 1851. Thelia angulata Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 558.10. 1851. Thelia tacta Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 560.15. 1877. Eumela tacta Butler Cist. Ent. I1:354. 1895. Stictocephala femorata Fowler B. C. A. 108.1. 1908. Ceresa femorata VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 41.14. Pl. 1, fig. 38. 1923] Funkhouser: Walker's Membracidae 107 Ceresa femorata Fairmaire was described from Mexico but is common through the southern portion of the United States where it has a wide range and shows considerable variation. The small size, very short suprahumerals, slender black-tipped posterior process, and the dark markings on the undersurface of the insect are usually characteristic. The first three of these characters were apparently considered by Walker as distinctive for T. angulata. We have examined a large number of specimens of C. femorata which fit Walker’s description of T. angulata so closely that we cannot escape the conclusion that this was the species which he had before him. The type local- ity given for T. angulata is North Carolina and we know of no other membracid found in that region which can be considered as Walker’s species. Walker was familiar, of course, with the genus Ceresa, but apparently considered only those species which showed well developed suprahumerals as belonging to that genus for he places this, and the slender-horned species C. constans in the genus Thelia. 18. Thelia substriata Walker = Stictocephala substriata Walker. (Fig. 3.) 1851. Thelia substriata Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 558.11. 1894. (?) Thelia substriata Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 414.64. 1908. Stictocephala substriata (error?) VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 45.4. Pl. 1, fed, PA) It is evident from Mr. Knight’s figure that VanDuzee was correct in assigning this species to the genus Stictocephala. It is equally evident, however, that the species which Van Duzee believed to be substriata and which he redescribed and figured in his ‘‘Studies in North American Membracidae’’ was not the one which Mr. Knight had before him as the type of Walker’s species. The species which VanDuzee recognized and which has been accepted as substriata by Smith, Metcalf, Barber and the writer in later publications, has a convex metopidium with apex farther front than in inermis, posterior process scarcely attain- ing tip of abdomen, clypeus scarcely longer than cheeks (Cf. VanDuzee Stud. N. A. Memb. p. 45) and a high sharp median carina (Ibid. Pl. 1, Fig. 20). Mr. Knight’s figure shows an insect with an almost flat metopidium with apex much farther back than inermis, posterior process extending beyond the abdomen, 108 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, clypeus decidedly longer than genae and median carina not elevated above sides of dorsum as seen from a front view. We have not seen an example which agrees with Walker’s description and Mr. Knight’s figure. We are convinced, how- ever, that VanDuzee’s substriata is distinct and should be renamed. 19. Thelia rufivitta Walker =Stictocephala festina Say. 1830. Membracis festina Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. V1I:243.5. 1851. Thelia rufivitta Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 559.12. 1851. Ceresa festiva (sic) Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 1141.38. 1869. Stictocephala festina Stal Bid. Memb. Kan. 246.2. 1895. Stictocephala dubia Fowler B. C. A. 109.2. 1904. Stictocephala rubrovitta (sic) Snow. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 2.349. 1908. Stictocephdla festina rufivitta VanDuz. Stud. N. A. Memb. 46. Stictocephala festina is very abundant throughout the southern states on alfalfa. In general collecting in a given locality about one-half of the males usually show the reddish color on the dorsum. ‘We have never seen a female. The two hundred or more specimens of rufivitta which we have retained in our collection to show distribution as represented by the locality labels are all males. We can not admit this as a distinct variety. 20. Thelia lutea Walker =Stictocephala lutea Walker. (Fig. 4). 1851. Thelia lutea Walk. List Ham. Brit. Mus. 559.13. 1854. Gargara pectoralis Emm. Agr. N. Y. V: 157. Pl. 13. Fig. 12. 1869. Stictocephala lutea Stal Hem. Fabr. 11:24. Stal fixed the status of this species when he indicated it as the type of his subgenus Stictocephala. The species shows some variation in structure and considerable variation in color. We should consider the form as figured by Mr. Knight as typical. 21. Thelia tumida Walker = Xantholobus tumidus Walker. 1851. Thelia tumida Walk List. Hom. Brit. Mus. 650. 14. 1894. Cyrtolobus tumidus Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 433.111. 1916. C. (Xantholobus) (?) tumidus VanDuz. Check List Hem. 61.1699. 1917. Cyrtolobus (Xantholobus) tumidus VanDuz. Cat. Hem. 550.1699. If we have determined this species correctly, it is very close to X. muticus Fabr. and may be a variety of that species. Superficially it differs considerably on account of its small size, shining yellow color, and lack of conspicuous markings. We have specimens from Florida and Mississippi. Florida is the type locality. 1925] Funkhouser: Walker’s Membracidae 109 22. Thelia semifascia Walker =Cyrtolobus tuberosus Fairmaire. 1846. Thelia tuberosa Fairm. Rev. Memb. 307.6. 1851. Thelia semifascia Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 561.16. 1903. Argante semifasciata (sic) Buckt. Mon. Memb. 190, Pl. 40, fig. 9; Pl. 41, fies. Wy lak 1916. Cyrtolobus tuberosus (part) VanDuz. Check List 60.1673. Buckton’s figures which were presumably made from the type specimen, since they are credited as being British Museum material from the type locality, seem sufficient for the identi- fication of this species as C. tuberosus and it was so recognized by VanDuzee. Both Walker’s and Buckton’s measurements, however, are small for typical forms of C. tuberosus as this species averages from eight to ten millimeters in length. 23. Thelia constans Walker =Ceresa constans Walker. (Fig. 5). 1851. Thelia constans Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 563.21. 1869. Ceresa constans Stal Bid. Memb. Kan. 245.5. Mr. Knight’s excellent figures verify the diagnosis made by Stal and accepted by all later writers. Many specimens show the suprahumerals more recurved than the type drawn. The species may be generally recognized by its small size, red- dish carina, and long slender, recurved, black-tipped supra- humerals. 24. Thelia collina Walker=Telamona collina Walker. (Fig. 6). 1851. Thelia collina Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 565.35. 1877. Telamona collina Butler Cist Ent. I1:220.2. 1903. ago ee pruinosa Ball. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XVI:177. Pl. 1, figs. 7, We have long been convinced that Ball’s T. pruinosa was a synonym of T. collina and Mr. Knight’s drawing leaves no doubt in our mind that this is the case. We have taken this insect commonly in New York, the type locality for 7. collina, and the specimens identified by Ball as his pruinosa agree with Walker’s description and with Knight’s figures. We can not understand VanDuzee’s reason for placing Buckton’s T. turitella as another synonym of this species (Cat. Hem. 541. 1953.). Buckton’s description does not fit 7. collina, he gives the type locality as Sanguanay, and his figure, Pl. 43, Fig. 7 (not Pl. 44, Fig. 6 as given by VanDuzee) resembles T. collina only in approximate outline. 110 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, 25. Darnis tripartita Walker =Carynota mera Say. (Fig. 7). 1831. Membracis mera Say Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI:310.10. 1851. Carynota mera Fitch Cat. Hom. N. Y. 48.650. 1851. Darnis tripartita Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 576.15. 1854. Gargara majus Emm. Agr. N. Y. V:156. Pl. 13, fig. 6. 1856. Ophiderma mera Fitch, 3rd Rpt. Ins. N. Y. 465.191. 1878. Hypheus tripartita Butler Cist. Ent. 11:343. 1894. Carynota strombergi Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 443.148. 1916. Carynota marmorata (part) (error?) VanDuz. Check List 59.1613. The venation of the tegmina as shown in Mr. Knight’s figure clearly places this species in the genus Carynota but we can not agree with VanDuzee in making it a synonym of C. mar- morata. We have specimens of a southern form of C. mera from Kentucky, Mississippi and Florida, which have the brown band on the sides of the pronotum expanded into a dark triangle exactly as described by Walker and figured by Knight. More- over, the original description does not mention, nor does Knight’s drawing show, the light points on the metopidium and sides of the pronotum which are so characteristic of C. mar- morata. Our specimens show the extremity of the posterior process and the tips of the tegmnia brown as in the original description. These characters do not appear in the figure, due perhaps to the age and faded condition of the type specimen. 26. Darnis stupida Walker =Carynota stupida Walker. (Fig. 8). 1851. Darnis stupida Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. 577.16. 1878. Hypheus stupida Butler Cist. Ent. I1:343. 1889. Ophiderma marmorata (error) Prov. Pet. Faun. Can. II1:247. 1894. Carynota muskokensis Godg. Cat. Memb. N. A. 444.145. 1903. Hypheus albopicta Buckt. Mon. Memb. 135. PI. 29, figs. 1, la. 1916. Carynota stupida VanDuz. Check List Hem. 59.1611. There seems to be no question but that the above synonymy as adopted by VanDuzee is correct. It will be noted, however, that Mr. Knight’s figure does not show the small triangular yellowish spot at the margin of the pronotum which is mentioned by Walker in the original descrip- tion and which is present in all of the specimens of the species which we have seen. 27. Aconophora lineosa Walker =Platycotis vittata Fabricius. 1803. Centrotus vittatus Fabr. Syst. Rhynch. 20.23. 1858. Aconophora lineosa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. Suppl. 134. 1917. (?) Aconophora lineosa (Probably a Platycotis) VanDuz. Cat. Hem. 507d. 1722. — 1923] Funkhouser: Walker’s Membracidae 111 Mr. Distant was unable to locate the type of this species in the British Museum collection so that our recognition must be based only on comparisons. Walker gives as the type locality ‘North America,’”’ but our experience has been that this desig- nation by Walker almost always refers to the United States or Canada, since his Mexican and Central American species are usually definitely indicated as to country. We are inclined to believe, therefore, that the species in question should be included in our list. The genus Aconophora has not as yet been reported from the United States but the genus Platycotis (which at the date of Walker’s catalogue had not been split off from Aconophora) is found in this country and in Canada. We have carefully compared Walker’s description of A. lineosa with the descrip- tions or with specimens of all species of Aconophora and of Platycotis found in the United States and Mexico and find that it best fits the horned form of P. vittata as represented in our southern States. | 28. Entylia impedita Walker =Entylia carinata Forster. 1771. Cicada carinata Forst. Nova Spec. Ins. Cent. 1:67. 1858. Entylia impedita Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. Suppl. 137. 1917. Entylia carinata Van Duz. Cat. Hem. 553.1716. Walker’s meager description of E. impedita will fit almost any specimen of any species of Entylia, since the characters which he gives are common to the genus. In our Canadian material the two prominent ridges on the anterior elevation of the pronotum, the brown and punctured basal half of the tegmina, and the vitreous hind wings, are most characteristic in the forms which we determine as E. carinata and we are therefore placing Walker’s species as a synonym of this form. E. impedita was described from West Canada. 29. Hemiptycha diffusa Walker =Telamona diffusa Walker. (Fig. 9). 1858. Hemiptycha diffusa Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus. Suppl. 143. 1917. Telamona unicolor (part) (error?) VanDuz. Cat. Hem. 540.1651. Mr. Edgar Knight wrote us under date of Jan. 30, 1920, that up to that time he had been unable to locate the type of this species owing to a new arrangement of the index at the British Museum. However, we have a Telamona from Canada 112 Annals Entomological Society of America which agrees with Walker’s description so perfectly that we feel sure of our identification. We can not agree with VanDuzee in making this a synonym of T. unicolor. Walker’s description fits the male of T. unicolor (T. fasciata Fitch) in a number of respects but Fitch’s species is nearly twice as large as the species described by Walker and does not agree in the markings, especially those of the metopidium. We figure a specimen from Waubanin, Canada. locality for H. diffusa is given as Orella, West Canada. (0) EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV... Front and lateral views of Ceresa brevis Walker. Drawing by Mr. Edgar Knight. Front and lateral views of Thelia conica Walker. Drawing by W. D. Funkhouser. Front and lateral views of Thelia substriata Walker. Drawing by Mr. Edgar Knight. Front and lateral views of Thelia lutea Walker. Drawing by Mr. Edgar Knight. Front and lateral views of Thelia constans Walker. Drawing by Mr. Edgar Knight. Front and lateral views of Thelia collina Walker. Drawing by Mr. Horace Knight. Front and lateral views of Darnis tripartita Walker. Drawing by Mr. Edgar Knight. Front and lateral views of Darnis stupida Walker. Drawing by Mr. Edgar Knight. Lateral view of Hemiptycha diffusa Walker. Drawing by W. D. Funkhouser. [Vol. XVI, The type ANNALS, E. S. A. W. D. Funkhouser Vot. XVI, Pirate IV. 113 A CRITICISM OF THE “SEQUENCE” THEORY OF PARASITIC CONTROL. W. R. THOMPSON, Specialist in Parasites, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The theory of the action of entomophagous parasites with which I propose to deal in this paper, was first put forward by W. F. Fiske in 1910, in a comprehensive account of the par- asites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths*; and in the year following it was incorporated in the larger bulletin on the same subject written in collaboration with Dr. L. O. Howard.j From that time to this, the ‘‘Sequence’’ theory does not seem to have been subjected to any serious criticism; and there are good reasons for believing that it has exerted and still exerts consid- erable influence upon the thoughts and plans of entomologists concerned with practical problems of parasitic control. The ‘‘Sequence”’ theory of the parasitic control was stated by Fiske (1. c. 1910, p. 13), as follows: ‘‘no one parasite is capable of effecting the necessary amount of control in an insect of the character of the gypsy moth, and capable of a similarly rapid rate of increase when unchecked by parasites; but a sequence of parasites, which will attack the insect in different stages of its development, and all the component members of which will work together in harmony, is absolutely necessary before the best results may be expected.” The arguments advanced in support of this statement in the publication cited (p. 14) are in the first place, ‘‘the fact that not in a single instance has one species of parasite been found sufficiently abundant abroad to bring about the per- centage of destruction which will certainly be necessary in order to offset the six-fold rate of increase of the gypsy moth... ”’; and in the second place, the fact that, ‘‘there is not a single species of defoliating caterpillar, similar in habit to the gypsy moth, of which the parasites have been studied and which is *W. F. Fiske, Parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths introduced into Massachusetts. Boston, 1910. t L. O. Howard and W. F. Fiske, The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the Gypsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bu. Ent. Bull. 91. 1911. 115 116 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, controlled by them to any extent, which does not support a sequence of parasites similar to that which it is proposed to establish for the gypsy moth.”’ The method of operation deduced from the theory, outlined in the work cited and explained in greater detail in the 1911 publication, consists, in the case of the gypsy moth, in the establishment of a sequence of parasites, attacking different stages of the host and working in harmony, sufficient to elim- inate each year 83.33 per cent of the population of the host insect; which, having an effective rate of increase of only six fold annually, would thus cease to increase in numbers, as a moment’s reflection will show. Now it may be conceded, for the purposes of this argument, that if it be shown that in nature, the control of injurious insects is invariably the work of a sequence of parasitic enemies, the establishment of such a sequence ought to be the main object of our practical operations, success without the formation of a sequence being extremely improbable if not impossible. It does not appear, however, that this has really been demon- strated by Fiske. It is indeed true, that among the vast multi- tude of entomophagous parasites, there are to be found species and groups of species attacking injurious insects in almost every stage of development; and that for any given host, inves- tigation will usually—though not necessarily always—disclose parasites of the egg, parasites of the larva and parasites of the pupa. But from the fact that such sequences frequently exist in nature we cannot legitimately conclude that they are essen- tial for the natural control of the host; or that, were they incom- plete, the host would not be held in check. It may be that in many cases, one or two members of the sequence are really responsible for control, the other members being in fact negli- gible for all practical purposes. It is certainly a fact, as shown long ago by Fiske for Clisio- campa disstria* and recently by Picard for Pieris brassicaet, that many insects in their native homes are attacked by groups of parasites which seem to destroy a certain average proportion of hosts year after year, the combination of parasitic and other *W. F. Fiske, A Study of the Parasites of the American Tent Caterpillar. New Hamp. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 6, 1903. {+ F. Picard, Contribution a l’etude des Parasites de ‘‘Pieris brassice.’’ L. Bull. Biol. France, Belgique, T. LVI, Fasc. I, 1922. —a_e “aA 1923] Thompson: Sequence Theory 117 destructive influences, usually being sufficient to prevent the hosts from becoming overwhelmingly injurious. It does not seem, however, that the authors who have studied these cases have shown clearly in just what manner normal conditions are restored when a disturbance of the natural equilibrium results in an abnormal increase of the injurious species: in other words, they do not tell us just how an outbreak of the pest is reduced. But this is precisely the point of greatest interest to us; for we can scarecly hope to reproduce 7m toto in the new home of an introduced pest the conditions under which it lives in a state of average abundance in its native country, these conditions being the result of the action and interaction of a vast multitude of various factors throughout the course of many ages. All we can hope to do is to parallel in the new home of the insect the process leading to the reduction of an outbreak in the native home. But since, as we have seen, the authors quoted do not provide us with definite information as to this process, it would seem, that the statement cited above, that ‘“no one parasite is capable of effecting the necessary amount of control in an insect of the character of the gypsy moth... but a sequence of parasites . . . is absolutely necessary before the best results may be expected,’’ arising as it does out of observations which either do not give the information essential for such a deduction, or concern a state of affairs other than that presented by an outbreak, may be considered for the present as not proven. It is now necessary to consider with some care, the implica- tions of the “‘Sequence’’ theory; for, once these are fully realized, the limitations of this theory, as a basis for practical operations, immediately become evident. As we have seen, according to Fiske, the rate of increase of the gipsy moth being six fold per generation, a parasitism of 83.33 percent is necessary, in order to secure control. To put this into a more general form, if the effective rate of reproduc- tion of the host per generation be ‘‘h,”’ the proportion of hosts Under these parasitized must be constantly equal to h circumstances, the host population will obviously remain sta- tionary, generation after generation. No further increase will occur. 118 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, But, if, as the theory explicitly postulates, the host remains stationary, then the parasite population must also remain sta- tionary; for if the parasite population increases in each genera- tion, then the numbers of the host will obviously not remain constant but will decline, as could very readily be shown. And if the parasite population remains constant, the effective reproductive rate of each of the species in the sequence must be equal to ‘‘I’’; from which it follows, that if the natural repro- ductive rate of any given member of the series were ‘‘s,”’ per generation, (‘‘s’’ being greater than ‘‘I’’), then a proportion s—I represented by , would have to be eliminated by some cause S or causes, in every generation, after the death of the parasitized hosts. And if, as the theory postulates, the total percentage of destruction accomplished by the sequence remains constant, then, other things being equal, a similar elimination of offspring would have to oecur for each member of the sequence. However, if, at any given stage in the development of the population of a parasite, we postulate an elimination of a pro- portion of the offspring such that the parasite will not there- after increase in numbers, but will remain stationary, why should this elimination not be postulated for every other stage? On the other hand, if such an elimination fails to occur during a large number of generations following the introduction of the parasite, what reason is there to suppose that it will ever occur? In other words, we may reasonably suppose that the factors responsible for the destruction of the required proportion of the parasite population will operate continuously in every gen- eration from the moment of introduction, that they will never operate, or finally, that they will operate only at irregular intervals. But what reasons have we for supposing, that the eliminating factors will begin to operate only after the parasite populations have increased sufficiently, so that during a given generation, the host is held stationary; and that at this precise moment, the eliminating factors intervene, so that after this point, the parasite is also held stationary. For this is precisely the supposition implied in the theory. ‘‘It goes without saying, ‘“wrote Fiske, (1. c. 1910, p. 22) ‘‘when the habits of the par- asites are taken into consideration, that the few paltry thous- ands which it has been possible to secure . . . must be allowed sufficient time to increase to the millions and billions necessary - a eee ee a eS ¥ Sy 1923] Thompson: Sequence Theory 119 to cope with the tremendous quantities of gypsy moths which are everywhere in evidence throughout the infested district. Fortunately, this increase . . will be by geometrical progression.’’ Now, if a parasite can increase by geometrical progression up lp h what reason is there for supposing that it will not increase further, to the relatively slight extent necessary for the practical extermination of the host? Later in this paper, an attempt will be made to answer these questions. Before doing so, however, it must be noted that by the theory we are discussing, the increase to this point is not assumed for a single species of parasite, but for a group of par- asites, no one of which, taken separately, destroys the required proportion of hosts; this proportion being attained by their combined efforts. But this fact is of no importance, the argu- ments concerning the increase of a single species being equally applicable to a group of species working together. Nevertheless, for reasons which will appear in a moment, the question of the action of a sequence of parasites requires special attention. If, as postulated by the ‘‘Sequence”’ theory, we have a group of parasites attacking the host, either, one or more of these parasites will have a rate of reproduction equal to or greater than, the rate of reproduction of the host; or else the rate of reproduction of each one of them will be individually less than the rate of reproduction of the host. But if the rate of reproduction of any one of the parasites is equal to or greater than the rate of reproduction of the host, then this parasite alone will not merely increase to the point where it parasitizes a proportion of the host population equal to the point where the proportion of parasitized hosts is a, but will in many cases increase further to the point where complete control is secured, the host population being for practical purposes exterminated, by the unaided efforts of the species in question. In such a case, therefore, a sequence of parasites would not be necessary in order to secure the best results; which is contrary to the theory we are discussing. If, on the other hand, the rate of reproduction of each of the parasites in the sequence is individually less than that of the host, then let there be at the beginning of the experiment, 120 Annals Entomological Society of America Vol, 2cv ‘‘py” parasites with a reproductive rate of ‘‘a’’, “‘p”’ parasites with a reproductive rate of ‘‘b,” “‘p ’’parasites with a repro- ductive rate of ‘‘c,’’ ‘‘p’’ parasites with a reproductive rate of ‘‘d,’’ and so on,' the colonies being assumed to be equal in numbers merely to facilitate calculation; and let the repro- ductive rate of the host be ‘“‘h.” The investigation of this case is a rather complex matter; but the results, obtained by mathematical operations which need not be given here, may be resumed as follows: If, at the beginning of the experiment, there are ‘‘n’’ hosts with a reproductive rate of “*h,” “‘p”’ parasites with a repro- ductive rate of ‘‘a,’’ “‘p’’ parasites with a reproductive rate of ‘*b,”’ ‘‘p” parasites with a reproductive rate of “‘c,” “‘p’’ par- asites with a reproductive rate of ‘‘d,’’ and so on, each repro- ductive rate being singly less than ‘‘h’’ in numerical value, then the proportion which must exist between the initial number of hosts and the initial number of each species of parasite, must not be greater than that given by the equation, A pins te p -) “hea al h-b if the parasites are ever to increase to the point where control is secured. Thus, take a case where we have a host whose reproductive rate per generation is equal to 20, and let there be at the begin- ning of the experiment equal numbers of 10 species of parasites whose reproductive rates are respectively equal to 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, and 10, their combined reproductive rates being thus 145, which is more than 7 times the reproductive rate of the host—the case chosen being thus exceptionally favorable to the ‘‘Sequence’’ theory. Then in this case, if con- trol is to be effected, there must not be less to begin with, than 10 parasites of each kind for 485.7 hosts; and if control is to be effected within measurable time, then the number of parasites must be greater, in proportion to the number of hosts, than the number given by the formula. Otherwise control, though theoretically possible, will occur only after an infinite number of generations. Again, let there be 20 parasites instead of 10, with repro- ductive rates of 19, 18, 17... 1, respectively, in this case there must not be at the beginning of the experiment more than 51.93 individuals of the host for one individual of each separate Aces oe Agee YS Sern ie ae eee — ee hee ee = “he re Ajermnnins, p . 1923] Thompson: Sequence Theory 121 species of parasite, that is, there must be at least 20 individuals of all the species of parasites taken together, for every 51.95 individuals of the host, if control is ever to occur and a greater number of parasites. if it is to occur within measurable time. It is, of course obvious, that no such numbers of parasites as are required to produce such proportions between the host population and the parasite population, at the beginning of the experiment, can really be introduced. Thus, to summarize briefly the results obtained from our examination of the sequence theory, either the reproductive rates of one or more of the parasites introduced are equal to or greater than the reproductive rate of the host; and in this case a sequence is not necessarily indispensable; or else the repro- ductive rates of each of the species introduced is individually less than the reproductive rate of the host; and in this case the method implied in the sequence theory cannot be put into practice. Nevertheless, although the ‘‘Sequence’’ theory as put for- ward by Fiske, is not universally applicable, 1. e., is not accept- able as a complete general theory of parasitic action, this hypothesis is valid within certain definite limits. As we have seen, the theory implies that after the requisite time for mul- tiplication has been allowed, the group of parasites forming the sequence will have increased to the point where the result of their attack, added to the destructive effect of nonparasitic influences, will be the reduction of the effective reproductive rate of the host to I; after which they will cease to increase further, so that a permanent equilibrium between host and parasite will be secured. The conditions required in order that this may be possible, are as follows: 1. The action of the parasites must be so limited by factors acting in space’and time, that the percentage of hosts destroyed can never rise above a certain average figure. 2. The total maximum percentage destroyed by non- parasitic causes, must be such that the effective reproductive rate of the host is reduced to I. 3. No one parasite is capable of destroying the required proportion of the host population, even in conjunction with non-parasitic causes; the combined maximum efforts of all the species forming the sequence being necessary. 122 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, Suppose, for example, that we have a host which continues to oviposit over a considerable period of time, so that there results a series of overlapping life cycles. In this case, which is almost universal, we will find in the field during a considerable period of time, almost all stages of the host insect; any given stage occurring in nature during a period much longer than that required for the passage through this stage for any given individual. ee ye us nes ROPES SG par baEey Sane. Ets rirers a | vi 7 Ee ee on PUe ne sce aa eta ats nee aye ¥ os 5 3 oa beste cae ee ; soph t ns fn ai aa AREAS Te ate eee ei q Westar Fae e zn 2 ze eke pace ne + eaets v a ee EES ae eS My cheek eae tbe oe via Te a } ri peeaen pestias Fs URE FES ape E m Fig. 1. Distribution of Host and Parasites in Time. I-VI, 6 overlapping life cycles of the host insect, comprising each, the egg stage (e), four larval stages (1-4) and pupal stage (p); Bly 10, (Gy periods of oviposition of three parasites, attacking respectively the egg, third larval, and pupal stage. _ If the oviposition periods are as shown in the upper dotted lines, any one of these parasites is poten- tially capable of exterminating the host. If they are as shown by the lower short solid lines, no one of the parasites can destroy more than 16.6% of the host population. Now if a parasite attacks the host in any given stage; but does not continue to oviposit during the whole period when this stage is available, then it will never succeed in destroying more than a certain fraction of the host population, the fraction destroyed depending on the relation between the oviposition period of the parasites and the period during which the host is to be found in the field in the stage attacked by the parasite considered. The diagram in Figure 1 will make this clear. wt, baa 8 1923} Thompson: Sequence Theory 123 This covers the question of the distribution of host and parasite in time; but their distribution in space is equally important. Here, as before, there may be certain cases in which the parasitism by a given species is necessarily limited to a certain proportion of the host in a given stage. For example, as has been shown, the parasites attacking the egg masses of Fig. 2. Distribution of Host and Parasites in Space. N.-B., line representing a natural spatial barrier. The vertical lines, e, 1-4, p, represent the distribution of the host in space in the egg, first to fourth larval, and pupal stages. The solid part of each line, above N.-B., represents the proportion of the total host population available for attack by the parasite of the stage in question; the broken part of each line, below N.-B., represents the proportion of the host population protected by the natural barrier in this stage. Thus, in J\, 2) parasite attacking the Ist stage larva might eventually exterminate the host; whereas the parasite of the pupa could not do so. Again, if A and B represent alternate generations, in which the proportion of host protected in the various stages differs to the extent shown, it will be evident that although the parasites of the egg, 1st, 2nd and 3rd stage larvae could attack all of the host population in any of these stages, in generation, B, in generation A only the parasite of the Ist stage larva could attack the whole population of the host. All of the other parasites would be more or less limited in their power of attack in generation A. certain injurious insects are unable to oviposit in the eggs beneath the external layers. For this reason, as our second diagram shows, these parasites can never rise above a certain figure in relation to the total population of the host. Again, the spatial distribution of the host in the stage attacked by a given parasite, may be regularly favorable to the 124 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol. Sova: parasite in one generation and as regularly unfavorable in the next, in the case of hosts having more than one generation per annum. Consequently, the effectiveness of the parasite will be constantly reduced in alternate generations. The second dia- gram represents also this state of affairs. Without taking into account any of the more complicated examples which might be given, it will be evident that there really are cases, in which the percentage of parasitism by a given species may never rise beyond a certain maximum point; as the Sequence theory implies. If, in addition, all of the par- asitic species attacking a given injurious insect are so limited, either in space or in time, or in both, and if, furthermore, the maximum percentage which can be destroyed by all taken together, in conjunction with non-parasitic factors, is such, that the effective reproductive rate of the host is reduced to I; then we shall have a case to which the Sequence theory com- pletely applies. But it is also evident that such cases, far from being the general rule, as the Sequence theory implies, are probably rare in nature. For although any given parasite may be more limited in space and time than the host in the particular stage which the parasite attacks, this will not necessarily be true of all of the species attacking the host in question; nor even of the majority of the members of the parasitic sequence. And as we have seen, if one single species in the sequence is not in fact so limited in its power of attack, then there is no reason to suppose that if it can increase to the point where it destroys an appre- ciable fraction of the host population, it will not increase further to an extent sufficient to produce what we may term for practical purposes, extermination. Again, admitting that the population of a given host in the country of origin is held stationary by the combined effect of parasites and non-parasitic influences, it must still be remem- bered that in a new country conditions may be very different. The effect produced by the sequence of parasites may be the same, but the elimination by non-parasitic causes may be greater or it may be less. In the former case, extermination, and not merely control, will result; in the latter, the host will continue to increase and spread, in spite of the establishment of the sequence. Because of the absence of specific secondaries, or other causes unfavorable to the parasites; or of the presence of 1923] Thompson: Sequence Theory 125 more favorable conditions, the parasites themselves may be less restricted in the new environment than they were in the old, in which case the parasitic cycle will be completed and extermination of the host will occur. Or, again, the parasite in the new country may prove to be more restricted than it was in its original home; and then the action of the parasites will be insufficient to prevent the increase and spread of the host. In short, in the opinion of the writer of this paper, the ‘‘Sequence’’ theory implies the existence of an equilibrium between host and parasite, too delicate and too unstable to be permanent. Nevertheless, the fact that the sequence theory is limited in its application does not mean that the introduction of parasites forming a sequence is useless or inadvisable. On the contrary, there is no doubt that this method—which is only one among many brilliant contributions made by Fiske to the study of natural control—ought to be followed as far as possible in all attempts to bring about parasitic control. But this is not because in order to obtain control, we must have a series of parasites attacking different stages of the host and working together in harmony. It is simply because, by introducing a number of parasites, we are more likely to hit upon a species whose reproductive rate is equal to or greater than that of the host and which for that reason will eventually produce control, the parasites chosen being preferably those attacking the host in different stages of its development, in order that a conflict between species may not result to the detriment of the action of the parasites as a whole. It is true, as could easily be shown, that if the reproductive rates of the several parasites are equal and if they are equally unrestricted in their choice of environments, no better results will be obtained by the introduction of ‘‘p’”’ parasites of one species, ‘‘p’’ of a second and ‘‘p”’ of a third, than we obtain by introducing ‘‘3p’’ of any one of these; but if their choice of environments differs slightly, then the more species we intro- duce, the more likely we are to provide parasites fitted to all of the various environments in which the host is found. Again, curious as this may seem, the mere fact that the reproductive rates of different parasites may differ, is also extremely advantageous: for it can be shown that ‘‘p”’ par- asites with a reproductive rate of ‘‘a,”’ ‘‘p’’ with a reproductive 126 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, 9? ” rate of ‘‘b,’’ and ‘‘p”’ with a reproductive rate of “‘c,” will overtake and control the host more rapidly—other things being equal—than ‘‘3p’’ parasites of one species, whose repro- (a+ b+ c) 2) ductive rate is equal to These advantages, though undoubtedly real and important, are not those implied in the ‘‘Sequence”’ theory and claimed by its author for the method deduced from it. Nevertheless, since they exist—since on several grounds the introduction of a sequence of parasites of an introduced pest is desirable—it may be asked, what real objection can there be, to the ‘‘Sequence”’ theory as a basis for practical work; why should we not continue to take this theory for granted since the method deduced from it turns out after all to be the best method? The answer to this is, that the ‘‘Sequence”’ theory as it stands is objectionable because of its implication that a sequence of parasites is not merely desirable, but absolutely essential, if parasite control is to be obtained in any given case. Success in practical operations is thus made to depend entirely upon the establishment of a perfect sequence; failure is considered to imply, that the sequence of parasites is incomplete, from which it naturally and inevitably follows that if, after waiting for what seems on vague general grounds to be a reasonable period of time after the introduction of a number of parasites, control does not occur, we feel obliged to conclude that the sequence of parasites introduced is still incomplete; and, consequently, that more species of parasites must be introduced. The fact is, however, that the attainment of control by intro- duced parasites primarily depends, not simply and solely on the establishment of a perfect sequence, but rather on the ratio between the rates of reproduction of the host and the parasite; while the time required for control depends, on the one hand, on the factor just mentioned and on the other, on the ratio between the initial number of parasites introduced and the initial number of hosts:* In the opinion of the writer, one of the most difficult points to realize in connection with parasite work, is the enormous dis- proportion which exists between the initial population of the introduced parasite and the initial population of the host in ’ * Assuming that the ratio between the sexes is the same in host and parasite and that only one egg is deposited by the parasite in each individual of the host attacked, i. e., neglecting the factor of super-parasitism. 1923] Thompson: Sequence Theory 127 the infested area. That this disproportion exists, everyone knows. What is difficult to grasp is its significance and more especially the fact, that because of it, control may require a long period of time; and yet eventually occur to such a degree that the host is for all practical purposes exterminated. Thus, if at the beginning of the experiment, we have 100 million hosts and 2000 parasites and if the reproductive rate of the parasite is twice as great as the reproductive rate of the host, about 15 generations would be required for control, which, in the case of an insect like the Gypsy Moth, would mean 15 years and 7!% years in the case of an insect like the Corn Borer. Nevertheless, unless the effect of certain factors acting in nature were on the whole very unfavorable to the parasite and at the same time very favorable to the host, which is on general grounds unlikely, control would certainly occur. Once this conception of the slow but certain action of a specific parasite—a conception lost sight of in the ‘‘Sequence”’ theory—has been thoroughly grasped by the entomologist, he will not allow himself to become discouraged because results are slow to follow the establishment of parasites; and if he has observed that the species already introduced are increasing in a reasonably satisfactory manner, he will be in no hurry to introduce additional species which might possibly come into conflict with those already in the field, on the pretext of com- pleting the sequence. Again, according to the ‘‘Sequence’’ theory, the object of the introduction of parasites is primarily to prevent the host from increasing further; this object being attained by the estab- lishment of a series’of parasites whose action will result in the reduction of the reproductive rate of the host to one fold. The entomologist who takes this theory as a basis for practical work will therefore be led to consider his work a failure, if he observes that the host continues to increase; and this may also induce him to attempt the introduction of additional species whose only effect may be to retard the process of control by a conflict arising between the new species and those already established. But, as has been shown, the attainment of the type of control where the host ceases to increase, remaining numer- ically stationary, is perhaps in many cases an impossibility. In reality, the idea that this is the prime object of parasitic intro- duction is at least partially erroneous. The object of parasite introduction—or at all events the most probable satisfactory result of parasite introduction—is not the reduction of the bi) 128 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vole2evT, reproductive rate of the host to such an extent that it thereafter remains numerically stationary; it is the extermination of the host, for all practical purposes. Finally, the idea that the par- asite will affect the multiplication of the host to any per- ceptible extent, seems also without any solid foundation. The truth is, that even in a perfectly successful case of parasite introduction, we may expect the host to go on increasing from generation to generation, becoming year after year more numerous and increasingly destructive; until it has reached a certain maximum point, at which it will suddenly disappear. The entomologist who expects that the parasites he has intro- duced will arrest the increase of the host is likely to be disap- pointed; and if he judges his work to be unsuccessful because the host continues to increase and spread, although the per- centage of parasitized hosts is constantly rising, he may be completely mistaken.” We may therefore conclude that the ‘‘Sequence”’ theory cannot be considered as a valid general theory of parasitic action; since it applies simply to a very limited group of special cases, in which we have what may be called for the present, ‘blocked cyclical’’ parasitism, since it results from the inter- ruption of the multiplication of the parasites at the expense of the host, by unfavorable factors, which come into action at the precise moment when the effective reproductive rate of the host insect has been reduced to unity. That such cases exist in nature, cannot be denied. But they are much less important for the theoretical study of parasitic action, than pure or unin- terrupted cyclical parasitism, of which they are simply derivatives. *Note.—If, as has been frequently alleged, the behavior of injurious insects parasitized in the feeding stage differs in no respect from the behavior of unpara- sitized individuals, then parasites will not produce any reduction of damage until the extermination point is reached. But Crossman seems to have shown (S. 5S. D. A. Bull. No. 1028, March 13, 1922) that larve of the Gypsy Moth parasitized by A panteles melanoscelus have a feeding capacity of only one-third to one-half that of normal individuals; from which it follows, that in such cases, toward the upper end of the parasitic cycle, when the percentage of parasitized hosts is high, the amount of damage done by the injurious insect will be considerably less than it would be, were all the larve of the host healthy. Nevertheless, as the numbers of the host continue to increase, the actual aggregate damage in a generation where 50 per cent of the hosts are parasitized, may be greater than in the preceding where only 30 per cent were parasitized, the increase in the number of hosts being only partly compensated by the reduction in the feeding capacity caused by the increase in the proportion of parasitized hosts. A reduction in aggregate damage would thus only occur when the reduction in feeding capacity more than compen- sates the effect of the increase of the host; although, other things being equal, if the increase of the hosts manifests itself in spread rather than in increased concentration, the damage per unit area may fall, as a little reflection will show. THE LIFE HISTORIES AND STAGES OF SOME HEME- ROBIIDS AND ALLIED SPECIES (NEUROPTERA)* ROGER C. SMITH. Hemerobiids, which are very closely related to the Chryso- pids, were frequently observed by the writer in his study of the Chrysopids, and he early undertook their study as oppor- tunity was afforded. The account here given follows the general plan used in the discussion of the Chrysopids (Smith, 1922B) and where characteristics are practically identical, the reader is referred to this paper for further details. This account is based on random collections and rearings covering a period of about six years. The greater part of this work, including the making of the photographs, was done while the writer was connected with the Bureau of Entomology, Division of Cereal and Forage Insects, at the Charlottesville, Virginia, laboratory. The notes and photographs made at that time are used with the kind permission of Mr. W. R. Walton, Chief of the Division, and Mr. W. J. Phillips, Director of the laboratory. Further collections and rearings have been made at Manhattan, Kansas.t These families of insects are unfamiliar to most people, since they are rare in nearly all localities. They are, however, widely distributed in the tropical and temperate zones, occurring, as far as known, all over the United States. They are of import- tance chiefly because of their destruction of plant lice and other small, soft bodied forms for food which makes them pre- dominately beneficial, and also because of their phylogeny, morphology, and life histories. There has been some question for many years, as pointed out by Tillyard (1916), as to what constituted a Hemerobiid. The genus Hemerobius as used by Linnaeus (1758) included in addition to some Hemerobiids and more closely allied forms, * Contribution No. 86, from the Entomological Laboratory, Kansas State Agricultural College. 7 The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. S. Fred Prince, for the plate of drawings; to Messrs. Edgar Davis and Charles Hadley for assist- ance in collecting and rearings; to Dr. Nathan Banks for identifications at various times of all species mentioned. 29 130 Annals Entomological Society of America (ANG oA, aap le some Sialids, Chrysopids, a Psocid, and similar forms. . These more distant forms were soon removed and made the basis of families. This process of removal of species or genera and rais- ing them to families has followed additions to our knowledge of the species. More recently the following families have been removed from what was included in the Hemerobiide in Bank’s Revision (1905), the Sisyride, Sympherobiide, Dilaridz, Bero- thide, and the Polystoechotide. Tillyard (1916) defined the family and its relatives, since which Comstock (1918) removed Lomamyia and Sympherobius and placed them in separate families because of their venation. Because of superficial resemblance, most species of these families may be confused with some Chrysopids, especially Ereomochrysa, some Trichoptera, and certain small moths. Upon close scrutiny, however, the coloration, morphology, and manner of flight will be found to be distinctive. These insects are often called ‘‘Brown lace wings’’ or ‘‘smaller lace wings,” while the Chrysopids are known as ‘‘green lace wings,’’ or merely ‘‘lace wings.’ They are, however, so similar to the Chrysopids in habits and life history that in discussing them, a comparison with these better known insects will probably be the best system to follow. The chief contributions to our knowledge of these families are contained in the writings of Fitch, Hagen, Banks, Moznette, » Tillyard, and Comstock. Moznette (1915) has given the only account of a life history. The facts and discussions here presented are based on the collections and rearings indicated in Table I. 1923] Smith: Life Histories of Hemerobuds 131 TABLE I. Name of Species} Localities and Some of the | Habitat or Plant Stages Collection Dates on Which Taken Seen Lomamyia Manhattan, Kans., 6-16-20; | Oak Adult and flavicornis Walk. 6-17-20 Egg FHemerobius | conjunctusFitch.| Charlottesville, Va., 10-2-19 | Pine Adult Hemerobius | Ithaca, N. Y., 7-31-16; 9-10-16] Oak, spiraea humuli Linn. Charlottesville, Va., 4-8-19; | Oak, apple, elm, | All stages 4-23-19 spiraea Manhattan, Kansas, 9-18-20; | Pine; alfalfa 6-26-22 Hemerobius Ithaca, N. Y. (No collection stigmaterus data) Fitch. Charlottesville, Va., 11-24-19 | Oak, apple, All stages alfalfa Manhattan, Kansas, 4-7-20; S==wle Gs =A0s oil Oak, pine, alfalfa Sympherobius | Charlottesville, Va., 4-28-19; amiculus Fitch. 6—9-20; 6-17-20 Apple All stages Manhattan, Kansas, 6-12-20 | Oaks Sympherobius Manhattan, Kansas, 7—7-20; barberit Banks 10-14-20; 5-12-20; 7-22-20; | Oak and alfalfa All stages 23-22 Micromus Ithaca, N. Y., 94-16; 10-1-16; posticus Walk. 7-31-16 Oak Charlottesville, Va., 7-38-19; | Apple All stages 7-8-19; 5-30-19 Manhattan, Kansas, 3-5-20; 10-10-20; 6-26-22 Oak and alfalfa DESCRIPTION OF EGGS. The eggs ofthe above species (see Plates V-VII) are elongate- elliptical in shape, being approximately twice as long as the greatest diameter, and without stalks. At the anterior end there is a fairly prominent, white, button-like micropyle. The surface is smooth, except that in most species there is a series of minute, raised, oblong, whitish, somewhat gelatinous flecks or reticulations arranged in regular rows. In M. posticus these reticulations are absent, the chorion appearing perfectly smooth and shining; the pearly iridescence, however, may indicate very fine striations on the surface. In Lomamyia the reticula- tions are connected in the form of hexagons, giving the appear- ance of a minute hexagonal network covering the egg. 132 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, The color varies both with the genera and the stage of embryonic development. The eggs are predominately grayish in color, with a tinge of yellow. In eggs of Lomamyia there is a tinge of purple or maroon observed. The eggs of M. posticus are predominately pink. The eggs are glued to the substratum on the dorsum, or what will be the dorsum of the embryo. The chorion here is smooth, lacking the reticulations and surface markings found on the upper surface. It is apparently thinner, more transparent, and gelatinous, which causes the egg to adhere so securely that it is frequently torn or crushed in an effort to remove it. The eggs are not often found in the open. The writer has found them on apple buds (Fig. 4, Pl. VY) in pits and crevices of bark, around buds or near ends of twigs, and on leaves infested with aphids. They may be confused with some Syrphid eggs, which are deposited in the same habitat. However, these Syrphid eggs are usually larger and the surface markings are far more prominent, approximately six times the size of those on Hemerobiid eggs. They can be readily distinguished from eggs of our known Chrysopids in that the latter are borne on long hyaline stalks. The eggs proper are slightly smaller but of the same shape as the Chrysopids. HATCHING. The writer (1922) has described hatching in Micromus posticus, and there is no essential difference in the manner of hatching in the different species studied, all making use of a specialized knife blade structure to rupture the chorion (See Figs. 3 and 4, Pl. V). The distinctness with which the burster can be seen just before hatching varies somewhat. In some instances it is rather indistinct, but generally it is prominent, resembling a small thorn beneath the chorion. The bursters of the different genera differ somewhat though they are of the same general type. The hatching process is very similar to that of the Chrysopide. The black eyes of the embryo are generally quite distinct before hatching (Fig. 3, Pl. VI). During the hatching process, a rhythmic pulsating of the dorsum of the head can be observed. This may be an accessory pulsating center, function- ing to assist in the circulation of the blood, but it either ceases or is no longer visible externally after the cuticula hardens. It may also assist in pushing the burster through the chorion. — ee ee 1923] Smith: Life Histories of Hemerobiids 133 * DESCRIPTION OF LARVAE. Larvae of these species resemble chrysopid larve rather closely. They are somewhat shorter, being 4 to 7 mm. in length, and noticeably more slender, being only 0.4 to 1.5 mm. wide at the metathorax. They are often described as spindle- shaped, being broadest in the middle and tapering at both ends, especially at the posterior. The colors do not develop until the larve are about five hours old, and then only faintly. The predominant color in newly hatched larvae is gray or smoky gray. The spots are usually some shade of red, varying from very light pinks to deep reds. Occasionally a tinge of purple or a shade of brown may be noticed. The coloration is influenced somewhat by the viscera and intestinal contents also. The head is somewhat smaller in proportion to the size of the body than in Chrysopid larve, being 0.3 to 0.5 mm. in width at the eyes in fully grown larve. The eye spots, which contain five circular ocelli very unequal in size, are located 1n a prom- inent black spot at the outer anterior margins of the head. The jaws are quite stout at the base and extend usually more nearly straight forward than in the Chrysopide, and then bend rather sharply mesad near the tips. The antennz are relatively shorter and stouter than in those of Chrysopid larve. They consist of two or three very unequal segments, the distal segment being pointed but not always bearing a seta. The labial palpi are three segmented, the terminal segment being pointed instead of rounded as in the Chrysopide. The dorsal head markings vary in the different instars and in the different genera. There is usually a black or dark, smoky gray border at each side of the head and a black median bar, otherwise the head is light gray. The head of young larve is either a uniform smoky gray color, without definite markings dorsally, or there are three more or less triangular black spots separated by light gray areas. The body is divided as in the Chrysopide into three thoracic and ten abdominal segments, each of which is more or less distinctly divided into a small anterior and a much larger posterior subsegment (Fig. 1, Pl. V). The prothoracic sub- segments are very much more elongated than in the Chrysopide known to the writer. The larve, because of this elongated prothoracic segment, appear to have a prominent neck. The 134 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, first abdominal segment is more nearly comparable to the other abdominal segments than in the Chrysopide and is, therefore, readily distinguished. The posterior abdominal segments are modified similar to those of the Chrysopids into a tapering tubular structure which is used for walking. The dorsal blood vessel is plainly visible in the mid-dorsal line as in the Chrysopids. The lateral tubercles, so prominent in most Chrysopids are exceedingly small and inconspicuous or entirely lacking in the Hemerobiids studied by the writer. There are, however, a few short and indistinct sete on the pleural lobes. It has often been stated in the literature and accepted by some entomologists that Hemerobiid larve are trash carriers (Sharp 95, Fig. 311). No Hemerobiid larve studied by the writer have exhibited this habit and in no published accounts of life stages have there been described the well-defined packets characteristic of some species of Chrysopidez (Smith, 1922, B). The morphology of the larve does not suit them to trash or packet carrying. The absence of the long, stout, dorsal and lateral setz, the short dorsal-hooked sete, and the lateral tubercles of the characteristic trash carrying Chrysopids would indicate that the Hemerobiids are not trash carriers as the term is commonly used. The chief point of interest in connection with the legs of the Hemerobiids is that the fairly prominent trumpet-shaped pulvillus (Fig. 2, Pl. V), which is so conspicuous in Chrysopid larve is present only in the first instar and may possibly offer a clue for identifying the instar. The Hemerobiid larve have a distinctive manner in walking and running. The head sways or is jerked rapidly from one side to the other as they proceed. The tail is usually held stiffly horizontal, but is brought into use in climbing. There is present a gelatinous anal secretion as in the Chrysopids. The larve can run relatively rapid. The mid intestine is closed behind as in the larve of closely related families, and no excrement is voided until the adult stage. Silk is spun from the anus for building the cocoon. Molting is almost identical with that described for the Chrysopids. Immediately before molting, the cuticula appears dull. The sete are shrivelled. The head is somewhat dis- torted, the posterior portion being broader than it was earlier in 1923] Smith: Life Histories of Hemerobiids 135 the instar. The black eye spots migrate posteriorly and are found near the middle of the side of the head (Fig. 2, Pl. I). A drop of heavy gelatinous fluid from the anus holds the end of the abdomen fast, enabling the stretching movements to take place. The species studied by the writer, and according to Moznette (1916) Hemerobius pacificus molt three times in addition to the embryonic molt at hatching, the last molt occurring in the cocoon. The larve were fed plant lice, which they ate readily, but the smaller aphids were found to be preferable for rearing. The following were fed in these rearings: Rosy and green apple aphids and aphids from spiraea, snow-ball, cabbage, elm, and pine. The feeding process was practically identical with that of the Chrysopids. The Hemerobiide, however, were more cowardly in attacking aphids than were Chrysopid larve. They were frequently frightened away by the slightest move- ments of plant lice. The larve were also cannibalistic, devouring the eggs and larve of their own or related species. However, by abundant feeding, as many as ten larve of H. humuli were reared to adults in the same vial. The larve were taken only a few times in the open, viz., on apple leaves and on spiraea, and by sweeping alfalfa. In collecting, because of their food habits, they would naturally be sought on aphid-infested plants. They are inconspicuous both in color and size, and often hide in curled leaves and leaf or flower clusters. The identification of the larve is difficult. IAS. ai aide ta classification, the spots on the head, the size and shape of the larva, the coloration, including shade of colors, and the size and arrangement of the spots on the body are of value. The genera are readily recognized, but the species are very difficult to distinguish. SPINNING THE COCOON. The larve which are full grown after a minimum of eight or ten days, generally seek a somewhat protected place and spin white, rather flimsy cocoons in which to pupate. Some larve do not spin cocoons, but curl up (Fig. 7, Pl. VI) and undergo their transformation outside a cocoon. By observing its size, the lobed appearance of the sides, and the somewhat distended abdomen due to the silk secretion, one can usually predict when 136 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, a larva will spin. It also ceases feeding for a short time prior - to spinning, and can often be readily tumbled about in the vial. The larva first spins a frame-work of small, white, silk threads and occasionally much time and silk is wasted in finding suitable attachments. No general spinning pattern is discernable. The cocoon at the start is much larger than appears necessary to accommodate the prepupa. At first the threads are loose but gradually become taut as threads are attached one to another. The larva generally holds the threads in contact for an instant and appears to press and seal the two together. The threads do not adhere to any part of the body. After making this outer or foundation cocoon, it begins to spin the inner or cocoon proper. This is much smaller and uniformly oblong in shape. Many of the threads of the cocoons of H. humuli and Micromus posticus are two or more times the size of other threads. This difference in size of threads is due to the prepupa slowly retracing certain of the threads and depositing an additional layer of silk, an act which may be repeated several times. The meshes are rather large and are three, four, or five sided. The cocoon at best is flimsy and a poor protection. They are occasiona!ly found in the open in curled leaves, or in flower or leaf clusters. Aas, JPY eve\- The pupa resembles the adult rather closely, though the wings are compressed into small pads. As development pro- ceeds, the body coloration, which suggests in many cases the old larvai coloration, appears. The pupa leaves the cocoon after a period of seven to ten days. It does not leave the cocoon through a neat, circular opening as in the Chrysopids, but it bursts the end by tearing the threads and pushing the ends outward, leaving a jagged, irregular opening (Fig. 8, Pl. VI). The pupa immediately seeks to climb up some support to molt. It finds a suitable place, braces itself head always upward, and begins the expansive movements. In a few minutes the abdomen is freed and is shifted forward, causing the cuticula to tear in the mid-dorsal line over the prothorax. The tear extends forward to the bases of the antenne, and the body is slowly withdrawn. The wings expand in about twelve minutes. In an hour or less it voids the black mass of excrement stored 1923] Smith: Life Histories of Hemerobiids seri up during the larval and pupal stages. Two hours after the emergence the coloration of the wings is practically normal. In rearings, the pupal molt is the most critical stage in the life of Hemerobiids and rather large numbers failed to shed this molt. If no support is found for them to mount and brace themselves for the stretching process they become so weakened after a few hours that they cannot molt, and eventually die. Providing supports for them and a drop or two of water daily during the pupal stage materially reduced the fatalities in rearings. THE ADULT. Adults require and accept food as do the Chrysopids. In rearings they were usually fed small aphids, especially the green and rosy apple aphids, which they ate readily by crushing them, sucking up the body fluids and generally devouring the skin also. The palpi hang downward during the eating process and are thus out of the way. The writer observed an adult H. humult devour a young Syrphid larva. Circumstantial evi- dence, such as exhausted or crushed eggs frequently found in batches deposited by a female over night, supports the view that they may devour or suck the contents from their own eggs. They relish water daily and may be fed for rather long periods on dilute sugar water which they take readily. The adults clean their pulvilli frequently when walking about in a vial. This is accomplished apparently by biting them with the jaws. They void rather frequently brownish or black, some- times watery excrement containing recognizable parts of aphids. Some adults of the genus Hemerobius deposited eggs freely in confinement. As a rule, however, they either failed to Oviposit or rarely deposited more than thirty or forty eggs. A female of H. humuli was observed to deposit 460 eggs, the largest number obtained from one female in these rearings. This individual was captured and this number may, therefore, not represent all that she deposited. Oviposition was observed many times in these rearings. A very noticeable feature of females ready to oviposit is the large and much distended abdomen. The abdomen may assume a salmon or light amber coloration between the sclerites because of the eggs within. They walk about excitedly, stop suddenly, and bend the abdomen forward, arching it in the middle. The egg 138 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, appears quickly at the vulva, micropyle end last, and is deposited flat on the substratum to which it adheres. The time required for this performance is but a few seconds. The sexes are readily distinguished in the Hemerobiide. The males have rather prominent external copulatory append- ages which have been figured largely by Banks (1905) and are used in their identification. The female genitalia resemble those of the Chrysopids. Females begin ovipositing about five days after emergence from the cocoon. about 6. Another grown third instar larva of M. posticus, but showing less white on dorsum. X 6. Eggs of M. posticus on maple leaf as deposited in the laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y., about natural size. Egg of M. posticus. X 15. An early prepupa of MW. posticus in cocoon. X about 5. An early reared pupa of M. posticus in its cocoon. X about 6. Newly deposited egg of Sympherobius amiculus Fitch. X about 70. A second instar larva of S. amiculus on apple leaf. X about 10. A nearly grown third instar larva of S. amiculus. XX 7. Killed before photographing. A grown third instar larva of S. amiculus photographed alive on an apple leaf. X 5. A prepupa of S. amiculus in its cocoon. X about 5. A nearly mature pupa of S. amiculus. X 13. (All photographs by the author.) nea ieee —— ss llr a | Annats E. 5S. A. VoL. XVI, PLate V- 1 one = ON ; : Ae ets : : : fae” ; pe Nein | : ~ - ahs BT) es. ° R MEXR, Roger C. Smith. 149 My XVI, PLATE VoL. ANNALS E Orreresstacemeaetioe cons eee meats cin eee: Spe gee ee i eC le, ene emer yn ep om pets t C. Smith Ro ger 50 1 ANNALS E. 5S. A. Roger C. Smith. 151 f ' \ ' Wadabe ! NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF CLASTOPTERA OBTUSA AND LEPYRONIA QUADRANGULARIS* (Order Hemiptera, Family Cercopidae). PHILIP GARMAN. The following notes relate to the habits and life history of two cercopids or spittle bugs and constitute records on the length of the different stages at New Haven as well as descrip- tions of some of the early stages. The first of these bugs (Clastoptera obtusa Say) feeds on alder,f while the second (Lepyronia quadrangularis Say) feeds upon golden rod and other weeds. THE ALDER SPITTLE BUG. Clastoptera obtusa Say. This species is very common in Connecticut and the white masses of spittle may be seen on nearly every twig of some bushes. The eggs of the first or spring brood are laid in the fall, during September and October, hatch in May (May 10-22, 1922) and the nymphs remain on the twigs from 29-42 days, depending on the temperature. Adults may be found beginning the middle of June and become mature early in July, laying eggs until the latter part of this month. Judging from what happens in the case of the grass-feeding species (Philenus lineatus) which begins to lay about the same time, the eggs should remain until the following spring without hatching, but they do not. Nearly 90 eggs obtained in captivity hatched in from 12—21 days, the outdoor average for this time of year being 16.5 days. The second brood nymphs give forth adults from the middle of August to cold weather or in this locality to the last of September and begin to lay eggs about the middle of this month. Field observations have verified the above facts, it being noted at New Haven that there is a considerable inter- val between first and second generation when few or no nymphs can be found. This interval occurs between the middle of June * Contribution from the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1922. 7 Alnus rugosa (Du Roc) Spreng. (Smooth alder). 153 154 Annals Entomological Society of America iWol; KV and the middle of July. Freshly emerged adults are numerous shortly after the middle of June and the middle of August and few are found between these dates. Eggs become numerous on new growth after the first of July. Adults reared in confinement from nymphs of the spring generation emerged June 21 and laid eggs in July which hatched after the usual interval for the second brood. fed Sa Diagram showing life history of Clastoptera obtusa. St_ppled a ea shows p_cbable overlapping of first and second generation adults. The cause for the early hatching of the eggs laid in July as contrasted with that of the grass-feeding species which remains until the following spring is not well understood, but it may be explained as suggested by Dr. A. C. Baker, by the fact that the species is of southern origin while P. /ineatus is a distinctly northern species. Another reason for this two brooded condition lies in the fact that alders provide a continual supply of fresh green food throughout the summer and well into the fall so that the younger stages of the spittle bug can continue feeding without interruption nearly until frost. On the other hand the redtop and timothy grasses grow most rapidly in spring and there is less chance for continual feeding in the case of the 1923] Garman: Clastoptera and Lepyronia "155 grassfeeding species. However, it must be remembered that there are often varietal and specific differences in habit which cannot be accounted for by known differences in environment. The egg (Fig. 1) is laid just underneath the bark usually in a diagonal position similar to that of other cercopids. The opening in the bark is then covered with a tough adhesive sub- stance for protection. Winter eggs are frequently laid just above and behind a bud, which grows and protects them as seen in Fig. 7. The summer eggs are laid in almost any position on the new growth, though usually in a diagonal position. A week or so before hatching, the egg-covering splits and the egg is seen protruding. When first laid it is nearly white and if the covering is removed in mid winter, the egg will be found with only a slight yellow tint. When the covering splits the exposed portions turn black. THE NYMPH. There are probably five nymphal instars though in a great many cases only four moults have been found in reared exam- ples. The first two instars are similar in many details. They are orange in color with darker conspicuous spots on the sides of the abdomen. The antennae consist of two segments and the eyes of from six to nine divisions. The third instar turns grayish in color especially the abdomen, while the antennz increase in length and number of segments. As yet there is little development of the wings. The fourth instar shows con- spicuous wing development but the thorax js usually much narrower than the abdomen. The fifth instar shows still further wing development, the latter being now curved and extending on to the ventral surface in freshly collected specimens. The thorax also widens perceptibly in this stage and the structures of the adult thorax soon become visible through the cuticle. In all stages the antenne are folded beneath the head and are invisible from above, the species differing in this respect from most other cercopide. There is also considerable variation in color pattern, and some specimens are much darker than others. DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES. (Plate, VIII) Hep (Hig. 1). \Sizen3 by .8 mm., long ovate, white or slightly yellowish, becoming black on exposure to the air before hatching. 156 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, First Nymphal Stage —(Fig. 2). Length .8-.9 mm. Compound eye with about 10 divisions, antennee inconspicuous, with two divisions. Head and thorax infuscated including the legs; wings not visible. Abdomen pale yellow, with a large orange spot (spittle gland) on each side, tip of abdomen infuscated. Second Nymphal Stage—(Fig. 3). Length 1.2-1.7 mm. Head and thorax infuscated, including the legs; eyes with 10-12 divisions, antennze with three segments. Wing-pads not visible. Abdomen yellow at first, turning pale later, spittle glands conspicuous. Third Nymphal Stage-—(Fig. 4). Length 2-2.5mm. Head brown, antennz consisting of three segments, the proximal one being dark, distal segment much longer than the rest; eyes with numerous facets. Thorax and legs brown, the wings slightly developed as lateral extensions of the margins of the thorax. ‘Abdomen gray, the orange glands at the sides still conspicuous. Fourth Nymphal Stage—(Fig. 8). Length 2.5-3 mm. Head brown below, mottled above near caudal margin; antennz consisting of three or four well defined proximal segments and a number of indistinct distal segments, the distal portion irregularly marked with dark rings. Thorax mottled above, the legs fuscous. Abdomen gray, the spittle glands less conspicuous than in the third stage, tip of abdomen dark. Fifth Nymphal Stage—(Fig. 9). Length 3-5 mm., greatest width 2-2.5mm. Color green or yellowish. Head and thorax green or cream colored, mottled with brown. Antennze black preceded by a pale ring on the head, segments 3 and 4 each with pale rings; legs and rostrum brown, the legs with tips of tibia and tarsi darker. Wing pads well developed, dark, and extending well onto the venter of the thorax. Abdomen frequently with dark patches caudad of the wing pads. Adult Male. GE Aes Fig. 5). Dorsal aspect most commonly as in Fig. 5. Head with 7-8 interrupted brown lines between the antenne, the face behind these hme below nearly black; rostrum dark brown. Thorax: Pronotum rugose, the caudal half and cephalic margin usually brown, and a narrow brown stripe as in Fig. 5 connecting the lateral angles. Scutellum brown, margins and apex usually paler. Femora dark brown to black, tips paler; tibize and tarsi brown, those of the hind legs much paler than the front and middle coxez and lateral thoracic sclerites of meso and metathorax nearly black; venter of metathorax light brown; elytra as in Fig. 5, usually dark brown with irregular white line from scutellum to costal margin; apices also pale, with a dark spot on costal margin; elytra finely pubescent with pale hairs. Abdomen: Abdominal segments dark brown below with pale caudal margins. Female.—Length 4-5.5 mm., usually lighter in color than the male, especially the ventral surface of the abdomen. Variations. Two varieties of this species have been found in Connecticut; var. achatina Germar and testacea Fitch. The variety : 4 1923] Garman: Clastoptera and Lepyronia 157 achatina was reared from hickory at New Haven and differs from the variety obtusa in having the pronotum entirely brown and the elytra without the pale transverse mark at middle. The variety lestacea was collected at Rainbow, Connecticut, and is uniformly brown except for the stigmal spot on the costal margin of the elytra and dark areas behind the mesocoxe. It differs from the variety achatina in having the face entirely brown below. The life history notes here presented refer only to C. obtusa variety obtusa. HABITS OF THE NYMPH. The nymph does not make many changes in its position after once establishing itself. At about the time of the third molt it may migrate a considerable distance from its first posi- tion but this 1s the only time that it shows signs of restlessness. For the most part the nymph remains at one point feeding and molting within the spittle. However, the adult is not formed within as with the grass-feeding frog-hopper, but the nymph leaves the mass and wanders about until it finds a suitable place to transform. HABITS OF THE ADULT: The adult like most other cercopids is sluggish, easily cap- tured and when disturbed flies only a short distance. It feeds upon the tender shoots of the host plant and apparently does not leave the latter being usually found upon it or very close to it. The females of the first brood become mature in about two weeks after emerging. The second brood apparently requires a longer time, three to four weeks, and mating occurs in the case of the second brood about ten days after coming from the spittle. The total number of eggs obtained from a single female of the second brood varied from 22 to 35, according to cage records and the majority live only about a month after emerging from the spittle. The eggs of the second brood are laid usually between September 15 and October 1. A single fairly complete record illustrates the course of the life history of the second brood at New Haven. Eggs were obtained July 1 from adults confined in a wire cage. One of these hatched July 19 and three molts were seen up until August 20 when an adult female emerged. An adult male was introduced August 21 and died September 1. Mating was not observed in this cage but was observed in other cages from August 26 to September 1. The 158 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, female began to lay September 14 and lived until October 3, when 35 eggs were counted on the twigs of alder upon which the bug was confined. HOST PLANTS. Clastoptera obtusa has been reared from gray birch, white birch, witch hazel and hickory. As already noted the form on hickory is much different from the form on alder and corre- sponds to the description of the variety achatina. ENEMIES. The egg is apparently too well protected to be parasitized; at least none have been observed with parasites. The nymph, however, is attacked by the larva of a small fly Drosophila inversa Walker* which appears the latter part of July and the first of August and which is particularly well adapted to its life beneath the spittle. The larva (PI.VIII Fig. 6) of this fly has a long anal tube which it thrusts through the spittle to take air, in this way avoiding suffocation. Still more unexpected is the provision of the pupa (PI.VIII, Fig. 5) with similar tubes extend- ing from the anterior end. Being inactive, some provision is necessary to keep the tubes above the spittle so they are pro- vided with four radiating hairs apparently to support them in the surface film. No great harm to the bugs results from the presence of the fly larvee and they are able to mature and emerge as adults without difficulty. The larve no doubt obtain some nourishment direct from the spittle as suggested by Baerg and do not draw much from the body of the nymph itself. During August the nymphs were also found to be attacked by the Pentatomid Podisus maculiventris (Say). One individ- ual was noted which had speared an almost mature nymph and could hardly be induced to give up its prey. The Podisi were seen in considerable numbers at this time and no doubt destroy many spittle bugs. * This insect has been described by Baerg, Ent. News, XX XI; 20-21; 1920, and Ainslie, Can. Ent., 38: 44: 1905. The adult fly was determined by Dr. €. W. Johnson. ay ? 1923] Garman: Clastoptera and Lepyronia 159 TABLES GIVING LIFE HISTORY DATA OF THE ALDER SPITTLE BUG, 1929. EGG: Srconp Broop. Length of Incubation—Days Mean Date Laid Date Hatched oe June 30 ipiGe ol ehh. (|, Pe a aoe 7 June 30 jaye miea Gh. ik 45 cr July 1 July 18 rr toler July 1 ier! as ad al as ee (Mae Te July 1 aiy.2) (mes Le ie, 1! (703 July 1 ily 1S ee ll | lag | al Rae aknee Jaly 1 July 19 OS ae as es aa ire Rc lbacocuee July 7 eee os bz leita. ae > [( (ae ae ES ae el no 3 A co} g 2 g 2 a a 3 o S ‘S 3 3 3 3 Ss ce) £ 2 é 3 3 3 § ‘2 3 3 ‘3 + ¢ £ t 3 e we £ cod 3 ( | : Cp D Cs | = N 2) i » oO ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. XVI. Prats XXIX. 7 a apertinus ‘ | b a particolor < b a ; fulvidorsum ay ala > }, LA DDD DD DH & a Wullahomi > (A “i . c ih 6 Uppulus Osborn and Lathrop ANNALS E. S. A. - | i. 3 siroby a) Sey. 4 a Vor. XVI. Prare XXX. pencirscywotus Osborn and Lathrop ANNALS E. S. A. Vot. XVI. Prate XXXI. occvaentahs Re biidus Osborn and Lathrop ANNALS E. S. A. Vor. XVI. Prate XXXII. curmulorus umbrosus << onnulolus = iS = =o s Bs ~ ~ reo oe ST nolortvypes Fa graphcus x ovatus Osborn and Lathrop ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. XVI. PLatE XXXIII. Se iT sa j S spotwlarus Re Cc 2 a Neomextcanus db QT : a Hh 3 a ancurvartws RS : a s cmnerosus AWN € if 5 a SHIM Aelicatws Osborn and Lathrop THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAFHOPPERS OF PRESQUE ISLE, PA. AND THEIR RELATION TO PLANT FORMATIONS* Dwicut M. DELONG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The relation existing between insects and plants and especially the synchronous changes in abundance and succession that accompanies changes in habitat conditions is of both interest and importance to workers in certain groups. It is interesting to know under what conditions an insect lives, and if the habitat and specific food plants are variable in different regions. But these data are usually very hard to obtain in dis- turbed areas as a complication of conditions and a mixture of food plants may occur. Presque Isle has furnished an ideal place for such a study because the zones and stages of plant associa- tions, and their successions are so well defined. Consequently a record of specimens captured and a study of existing condi- tions there may be of interest to others. The Island, or peninsula as it might better be called, is a projection extending some six miles north-east from the main- land at Erie, Pennsylvania, and is more than three miles wide at its broadest portion, the eastern extremity. The entire forma- tion is the result of wave action, and since it has accumulated over a period of many years, all stages and conditions in plant successions of this region are found there. The older portion is covered with a deciduous forest, more recently constructed areas with pine forests, shrub stages, bog and heath, and the new portions with sand plains, dunes, marshes and numerous lagoons in various stages of succession. Although insects do not have such well defined successions of associations as do plants, they do have certain very definite relations with certain plant associations and as these constantly change from one stage to another, we find for the most part a different group of insects accompanying each successive plant association. *Contribution from the Department of Zoology and Entomology of The Ohio State University, No. 74. 363 364 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, The portion of this area which has been studied more thor- oughly is the broad eastern extremity or sand plain area with its numerous lagoons and marshes in all successional stages. Some study was also made at the head where the peninsula connects with the mainland. Only a brief resume of these hab- itats will be given in the following pages together with their respective findings. MAP OF PRESQUE ISLE ADAPTED FROM THE 1903 CHART OF ERIE HARBOR AND PRESQUE ISLE —_ U.S. WAR DEPT. SURVEY OF THE NORTHERN wi.” Coe AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES sai 5: srervTe MAKE ‘Ss ic! a 2 ‘ PIER OF 183 “gy OT a N SHORE ‘ r ' ff WALOMERE PARK aX. He => Sand Dunes or Ridges wee, Marshes or Swamps 2 a7 5 IV. Roman Numerals refer to Sand Ridges P CITY OF ERIE Vi A Carilal Letters refer fo Ponds and Lagoons BiGs. Map of Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, showing physiographic conditions. A detailed study of the plants of Presque Isle has been made by Dr. O. E. Jennings and his excellent outline of the plant associations and successions has been followed in this report. Only the leafhoppers belonging to the Cicadellide (Homoptera) have been studied because of the author’s famil- iarity with the group and also in order to obtain more specific results regarding their relationships to plant associations and formations. Although many other insects were collected in these habitats, no consideration is given to them at this time. THE BEACH-SAND PLAIN-HEATH-FOREST SUCCESSION. The beach is practically devoid of leafhoppers and although an occasional specimen of Cicadula 6-notata or some other cosmopolitan feeder may be found here, these are probably acci- dental records and the insects have no definite relationship to the meager vegetation that is able to withstand the storm and wave action. 1923] DeLong: Distribution of the Leafhoppers 365 The sand plain occupies large areas of the eastern extremity. The vegetation of the sand plain proper is very uniform and composed of a few predominant species. One of these grasses Andropogon furcatus, (a climax plant of the prairie) is abundant and usually found growing in clumps throughout this portion of the island (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 4). Thamnotettix pallidulus Osb. has been taken abundantly from this grass and seems to be restricted to it as a food plant. This is a western species described from Iowa in 1898. A recent citation from Kansas is the only record since its original description and it has not been reported pre- viously east of the Mississippi River. Large areas of scattered tufts of Panicum also occur on the sand plain (Plate XXXV, Fig. 3). Two species are especially abundant, Panicum villosissimum and P. hauchuce, and are some what intermingled. Both of these appear to be food plants of Deltocephalus apicatus Osb. which was taken in abundance at various intervals during the summer both as adult and nymph. Other species commonly found on the sand plain are Delto- cephalus inimicus, sayt and misellus and Phlepsius irroratus. Dr. Jennings has shown that there may be a heath or a Myrica thicket association in the beach—forest succession. Where the Arctostaphylos-juniperus Heath Association occurs, only a few leafhoppers are found. Gypona octolineata and rugosa have both been taken from a uniform and pure society of Arctostaphylos. In case a Myrica thicket association follows the sand plain, another group of insects occurs. Such species as Empoasca flavescens and Balclutha impictus are found on the Myrica, Graphocephala coccinea is abundant as nymph and adult on species of Rubus, Deltocephalus configuratus on Poa compressa and usually Empoasca atrolabes and Oncopsis variabilis are always present on Alnus. The Quercus velutina Forest formation has not been worked in detail for the leafhopper species. A few observations have been made however. Several species of Erythroneura, Empoa and Empoasca occur on Quercus and Acer. Jassus olitorius is apparently confined to Sassafras as its food plant. Gypona pectoralis and Alebra albostriella are very common on Tilia americana. Erythroneura tricincta, vitis, vulnerata, and comes are common on species of Vitis. On the herbaceous layer many common species as Scaphoi- deus immistus and auroniteus, Balclutha osborni, Deltocephalus 366 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, sayi and inimicus, Phlepsius irroratus and Cicadula 6-notata are found. Other species less abundant as Mesamia vitellina live on the herbaceous vegetation and Scaphoideus lobatus was found as nymph and adult feeding upon Solidago cesia. The leafhopper species do not differ greatly from the pre- ceding in the associations of the Dune-Thicket Forest Succes- sion, undoubtedly due to the fact that about the same plants are found in these associations as those mentioned above. Many of the plants of the sand plain such as Ammophila and Andropogon are common on the dunes and numerous grass feed- ing forms mentioned above occur on these plants. Where dunes are built up by the cottonwood, Populus deltoides, the common poplar species are abundant, among which Em/poasca trifasciata, Idiocerus lachrymalis and I. suturalis are usually present. The Rhus-Toxicodendron-Thicket-Association is frequently so dense and entangled that it is very difficult to cut a path through it. Large areas of long ridge, especially, are covered with this dense growth. Several species of common insects were found in this habitat, many of them the same as those occurring on the sand plain. THE LAGOON-MARSH-THICKET-FOREST SUCCESSION. The areas by far the richest both in individuals and species are the moist areas in the marshes and along the lagoon mar- gins. A great number of lagoons are present and represent all stages in development from a pool of clear water in the midst of a sandy expanse, bordered by practically no vegetation, to ponds of arrow weed and marshes entirely filled with sedges. It is surprising how these different types of lagoons will vary in them Gassid:’ fauna. The willows and poplars are apparently the first plants to come in at the margins of the lagoons. During their first few years no leafhoppers could be found upon them. Later, how- ever, when the zones are greatly pronounced by the thick, shrubby growth, species like Macropsis viridis, M. virescens var. graminea; Idiocerus pallidus, Empoasca obtusa, and E. flavescens are found on the willows and Idiocerus lachrymalis is ‘common on the poplar shrubs. Another group of plants which are submerged or float upon the water and belong to the Potamogeton Association begin to grow in the waters of the lagoon at about the same time. So far as records to date are 1923] ’ DeLong: Distribution of the Leafhoppers 367 concerned, none of these insects are known to live upon the submerged or floating vegetation. Lagoon Aa is comparatively young perhaps representing an early stage of the lagoon succession which is shown very def- initely by the vegetation along the margins. A short tender growth of Juncus, Eleocharis and small segdes close to the water line furnishes ideal feeding places for Phlepsius fuscipennis and collitus, Euscelis parallelus, striolus and cuneatus and Cicadula 6-notata which are found in abundance on the short vegetation in the narrow zone along the lagoon margin (Plate - XXXIV, Fig. 5). Only a few feet from the water line of the lagoon the sand plain vegetation is found and as stated pre- viously, a different group of species is present. Euscelis cuneatus a very abundant and recently described species lives in company with Cicadula 6-notata and Euscelis striolus on a uniform mat of Cyperus diandrus on a newly formed portion of the island (Plate XX XV, Fig. 4). In the case of older lagoons such as C. D. and G. represent- ing later stages of the lagoon succession where a wider margin of vegetation occurs, many sedges and grasses grow in the Typha-Scirpus and especially the Sabbatia-Linum association and several species of Juncus, Eleocharis and Scleria abound. Here we can add to the lagoon species already mentioned, Thamnotettix melanogaster and fitchit, Dreculacephala mollipes, Helochara communts and Phlepsius trroratus. A marshy area at the end of lagoon Aa contains Chlorotettix spatulatus and Dreculacephala minor in great abundance. One of the most interesting captures was the securing of Dorydiella floridana in great abundance from Scleria verticellata in the Eleocharis obtusa association (Plate XX XV, Fig. 2). The nymphs were found feeding on the stems just above the surface of the ground and within the clump. This mode of living may explain the fact that this species is considered as very rare and has seldom been collected. Comparatively few specimens can be obtained with a sweep net but by pulling apart a clump of the sedge, frequently two dozen were secured from a single clump. It was described in 1897 from Florida and although cited only twice in literature since it has been taken in very few numbers in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois along Lake Michigan, and in a similar lake habitat in South Dakota. 368 Annals Entomological Society of America (Vol, 2Va) Although found occasionally along the lagoon margin its opti- mum habitat apparently is on sandy areas far distant from the receding waters of the lagoon but within the old lagoon basin. The nymphs and adults were very abundant in this habitat during the past four seasons. Phlepsius nebulosus occurs in good numbers in the same type of place but apparently has a different food plant. Phlepsius fuscipennis and Euscelis par- allelus are also very abundant in the old lagoon basins. In lagoons E. F. and Fa representing the next stage there are only a few additions to the leafhopper species. More strik- ing is the additional number of Fulgoridz and Cercopide which are found here. Such species as Pentagramma vittatifrons, Philenus lineatus and species of Stenocranus are quite common during July. Perhaps the last stage is presented by the middle one of the three marshy areas just north of Horseshoe pond. Although water is still found in the center of this old lagoon, it has become very shallow and is composed mostly of a black soggy soil. It is rapidly approaching a true marsh condition. Two rather interesting species were added here to our list of lagoon species. Cicadula potoria was living on a mat of very short, fine, Eleo- charis acicularis (Plate XX XV, Fig. 1) and further study on the island showed that it lived apparently under no other condition. This species was living so close to the soggy black soil that it was almost impossible to sweep specimens into a net. It was described from Iowa by Ball, and Juncus was given as the food plant. It has since been reported from Maine and New York. The other species of interest is Thamnotettix smithi, which was abundant on a large patch of Spartina michauxiana, forming an outer zone in the same marsh. (Plate XXIV, Fig. 3). It is ap- parently a northern and western species and the food plant has not been mentioned previously. Cicadula slossoni a Juncus species is another addition in this association. The marsh stage of the lagoon succession is shown by lagoon B and marsh 3 just north of horseshoe pond. Althougha little clump of Typha still remains, the lagoon basin is almost en- tirely filled with Calamagrostis canadensis (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 1). This is the so-called wet meadow and a large group of species live upon these grasses. The most abundant species found here are Chlorotettix unicolor, spatulatus and tergatus, Phlepsius irroratus, Thamnotettix nigrifrons and melanogaster, Parabolo- 1923] DeLong: Distribution of the Leafhoppers 369 cratus major, Dreculacephala mollipes and noveborocensis, Del- tocephalus inimicus, striatus and sayi. Platymetopius frontalis and acutus, Mesamia vitellina and Scaphoideus ochraceous occur less abundantly. Perhaps the most interesting species occurring here are Thamnotettix inornatus, Deltocephalus osborni and Dikraneura mali which species do not occur on other plants on the island and are apparently restricted to this habitat. So these may be added to the species of the lagoon succession. In the wet meadow at the west of horseshoe pond Cicadula pallida and Euscelis elongatus were taken from short grasses in the marshy area (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6). A detailed study of these lagoons in various stages has shown that as the vegetation constantly changes in the older lagoons, new species of leafhoppers also work into the associa- tion especially where restricted to a single plant for food. The change is perhaps not so pronounced nor so permanent as in the case of the plants, but is nevertheless a different association. THE BAY-MARSH-THICKET-FOREST SUCCESSION. At the head of the peninsula between the narrow neck and the mainland, a large and very interesting swamp area is fouud with small patches of marsh and wet meadow at its margins. In this swamp on the T'ypha-Scirpus association, large numbers of Dreculacephala angulifera both as nymphs and adults occur on Scirpus fluviatilis, the river bulrush (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 2.) Also a large Cicadula (apparently undescribed) was present in abundance. On the Carex-Phragmites association which merges with the wet meadow a large number of species of leafhoppers are found. The principal species here are Dreculacephala mollipes, Chloro- tettix unicolor, Thamnotettix fitchiit, T. melanogaster and Phlepsius solidaginis. The number and dominance of species, however, will vary with the season and the consequent life cycle. Other common species found here in more or less abundance during the summer are Platymetopius frontalis and P. acutus, Euscelis striolus, Deltocephalus inimicus, D. striatus, D. balli. Phlepsius wroratus, Agallia 4-punctata and A. sanguinolenta. During cer- tain months Thamnotettix cypraceus is abundant as nymph and adult upon sedges in a grassy-Solidago association which is intermediate between the true wet meadow and the shrub zone. Also Scaphoideus immistus and S. auronitens are found 370 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, here. Several specimens of Deltocephalus configuratus were taken from Poa compressa. Where the wet meadow is being invaded by the Rhus-Alnus shrub association other leafhoppers are found. Such species as Oncopsis variabilis, Alebra albostriella, Empoasca atrolabes and Empoa tenerrima are common and abundant upon Alnus. The Ulmus-Acer association was not worked in detail for leafhopper species but two rather interesting observations were made. Where Solidago cesia is found as a member of the ground layer, Scaphoideus lobatus was collected in abundance both as nymph and adult. Also on the Linden, Gypona pectoralis and Alebra albostriella were abundant. On the dunes and sand ridges where the poplars form an important part of the vegeta- tion such species as Idiocerus lachrymalis and I. suturalis are abundant on Populus deltoides. Idiocerus cognatus 1s very com- mon on Populus alba and the Lombardy poplar is apparently the food plant of [dzocerus scurra. Where the Salix shrub zone follows immediately the Scirpus americana formation certain species are found feeding upon the willows. Macropsis viridis, M. suturalis, M. virescens var graminea, Idiocerus pallidus, I. snowt, I. suturalis, Empoasca obtusa and E. smaragdula are the principal species. Also Empo- asca flavescens, Thamnotettix clitellarius and Eutettix seminudus are found in less abundance. This study has been especially interesting for three reasons. First, because the vegetation is arranged in such a way as to give definite zonation, and great extremes of conditions are found in limited areas. Second, several interesting and valuable records of supposedly rare species have seemed to strengthen the theory that a species is considered rare only when its food plant is very scarce or more often when its habitat and mode of living are not known. Third, by studying a group of insects which are plant feeders and by taking only this one group with which study has been carried on for several years, more detailed results were obtained than in the case of a study of all insects or all animals present in a definite habitat, for fre- quently there is a failure in such cases to distinguish between valuable records and those of minor importance. 1923] DeLong: Distribution of the Leafhoppers afl ee SUR eee woes EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XXXIV. Wet meadow filled with Calamogrostis canadensis. Association of Scirpus fluviatilis with Salix shrub zone in background. Association of Spartina michauxiana in forground, habitat of Thamnotettix smuitht. Sand Plain showing Andropogon furcatus association, food plant of Thamnotettix pallidulus. Lagoon Aa showing short growth of Juncus-Eleocharis along margin. Marshy area along horseshoe pond, showing Typha-Scirpus zone, also wet meadow with mixed vegetation containing young willows. PLATE XXXV. Marsh area with Eleocharis acicularis association. Association of Scleria verticillata and Eleocharis obtusa. Sand plain showing patches of Panicum villosissimum and P. hauchucae, food plants of Deltocephalus apicatus. Association of Cyperus diandrus. XVI, Plate XXXIV. VoL. 5. S. A. ANNALS I . DeLong D.M Annals E. 5S. A. VoL. XVI, PLATE. XXXV. D. M. DeLong OBSERVATIONS ON THE BELLURA By ELLEN ROBERTSON-MILLER. In the early days of my insect study Professor Comstock told me about an odd caterpillar, Bellura gortynoides, which lives in the leaf-stems of the yellow water-lily, Nymphea advena. He called it the Diver, because of its peculiar habits. The insect interested me, and as I found little had been written about its life history I determined to make a personal study of the creature. On the 3rd of the following October, at Myers Lake, near Canton, Ohio, the opportunity came to begin this work. B. V. and I were in a boat collecting aquatic material when she noticed a yellow lily leaf that had a hole in its surface directly above the petiole and opening into it. She pulled up the stem, and with such force that a dark, oily-skinned larva, some 4.5 cm. long landed on my knee. I knew that B. gortynoides caterpillars had been reported from lakes where the yellow pond lly, Nymphea advena, grows, while B. melanopyga was said to live on Nymphea americana. Only advena is at Myers Lake, so I concluded that our find must be B. gortynoides, the Diver. We began searching for tunneled petioles, and found many, but the greater number were empty. A kind of turret—the frass of the larva—about the opening on the leaf usually indicated that a Bellura was living below; but we soon discovered that the gallery in a stem might extend through its entire length, and if occupied the larva would “‘dive”’ to the bottom of its burrow if it felt its home disturbed. Several caterpillars escaped in this way before we learned that we should pick long stems to secure the inmates. However, we secured six specimens, all nearly of a size, and by placing the inhabited leaves and plenty of fresh ones in a tub of water we gave the larve as nearly natural conditions as was possible, and left them until the following day. I then removed and examined one of the caterpillars. It measured 5.5 cm. in length, its color on the dorsum, a dark drab, gradually became a light yellowish gray on the ventral 37 4 1923] Miller: Observations on the Bellura co surface. The dorsal half of the twelfth segment seemed to have been sliced away, leaving exposed a posterior area on the eleventh segment, where the caudal spiracles, transposed from their normal side position, were located. These were larger than the other spiracles. This specialized breathing arrangement for Bellura caterpil- lars may have required long years for its perfecting, but how clever it is! A larva can stay concealed all day in the stem of its water-plant, just backing to the entrance when its air reser- voirs need refilling, or it can remain submerged for hours, as I discovered later, because of the size of these reservoirs. The head of the caterpillar was a light chestnut-brown. On either side and close to the adfrontals on the epicranial lobes there was a small crescent-shaped pit, one tip of which became a gray ruga extending toward the vertex. Other rugule crossed the frons and cheeks somewhat horizontally, and as I learned later, they are less pronounced on gortynoides than those on the head of Arzama obliqua (Bellura obliqua), and are slightly different from those on Bellura melanopyga. The clypeus was lighter than the frons. The frontal suture was peculiarly waved, and I have found this a characteristic feature of B. gortynoides. The frons was stalked. The antenne were light, except for a dark encircling mark where the joints came together, and for the dark terminal joint. The eyes, six in number, were arranged five in a semi-circle and the seventh back of the lower one. The three in the center were pigmented, the others lacked color. The thoracic shield was dark, and there was a dark spot on each of the prolegs, those on the anal claspers being pear shaped. The spiracles, normally placed excepting on the eleventh segment, were outlined in a lighter shade than that of the body color. Two days after finding the larve we saw that all had made galleries in fresh stems. The larve ate the green tissues of the leaves usually at night, and they never remained long exposed after a meal. ; By the 10th of October two of the caterpillars had stopped eating and I assumed that they were preparing to pupate. Because of the ease with which these Belluras swam through the water I thought they might pupate on shore in the ground, so I partly filled a can with damp sterilized earth and placed the larve in the can, covering it with a sheet of glass. Within 376 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, ten minutes one crawler started digging into the earth and was soon entirely concealed. There it remained for three days. Then I saw a second larva burrowing, and as it disappeared the head of the first one, followed by its body, reappeared and began moving about in a very lively manner. I replaced the glass and left the caterpillars to adjust their difficulties. They went back into the earth and three others followed their example within a few days; but the sixth larva fed until the 8th of November, when, there being no more food leaves, I dropped it into the can and saw it disappear as had the others. Two weeks later I carefully removed the dirt from the can, expecting to find the caterpillars changed into pupe; this was not the case, however. Instead there were four larvz, each curled in its separate cell. They were in good condition and when disturbed grew quite lively. But what had become of the other Belluras? Were they eaten by their companions? The can had remained closely covered and undisturbed. I left it out in the cold until December, when I again opened it and saw a larva resting exposed on the dirt. A little probing disclosed a second crawler safe in its underground cell. I did not investigate farther at the time, but late in January I saw that the exposed caterpillar had died from a white fungus that was in possession of its body. Little by little I removed the dirt from the can. It was still damp and molded largely into irregular pellets. I located one oval cell 22 mm. long, with walls slightly cemented. It was intact but empty, and there were no caterpillars where six had been.* Larve thought to be B. gortynoides had been found at Ithaca, N. Y., under the bark of an old post at the water’s edge, so late the next April I was at Myers Lake searching for hiber- nating caterpillars. I found three. They were in oval cells under the bark of old, damp logs, but the logs were not sub- merged. The cell had been bitten out of the wood by the insect and the particles of wood fiber pushed back so that they formed a wall around its body. These caterpillars had darker heads than those found in October and the sculpturing on the faces seemed to me, even then with my lack of experience, different from that which I had seen on the lily-feeding larve. *Later experiences with Bellura larve lead me to conclude that they are cannibalistic under certain conditions, 1923] Miller: Observations on the Bellura 317 In time two of the crawlers developed into moths, a male and a female, and were identified as Arzama obliqua (Bellura obliqua), a species which is found living and usually pupating in cattails, Typha latifolia, and with which I was somewhat familiar through information sent me by Mr. Charles Rummel, of Newark, N. J. The third caterpillar died. Early in June I examined moths taken by a friend at Congress Lake, near Canton, with the hope that I might find among them a B. gortynoides. I did not, but there was an Arzama obliqua pinned to a mounting-board. She had revived after being placed on the board and had laid eggs in a kind of silken nest formed by threads of mammalian glue exuded with them. The mass suggested a spider egg-case, and it was this case that led me to look on the Nymphaea leaves for similar cases, which might prove to be those of B. gortynoides. ihe next daywmpune 12, at Myers Wake, B. V. and I dis- covered them, three egg masses, each on the upper side of a Nymphaea leaf. They were irregular in form and one was much more silky than the others.* I measured an egg mass. Its base dimensions were approximately 8 mm. by 3 mm. As I did this it became detached and slipped from the leaf. This accident enabled me to see the underside of the eggs. They had been laid in a flat mat of twenty and were small, the individual egg being but .9 of a mm. in diameter. It was hemispherical, pale amber in color, and through a binocular microscope the surface was seen to be finely pitted, giving it a slightly granular appearance. After the eggs hatch the shells lose this color and become a dirty white on the outside, but show a pearly inner surface. On June 15th minute gnawings of the green leaf-tissue were in evidence about an egg mass, and a day later I saw fine runways radiating from the nest. The larve were eating the green chlorophyl-bearing tissue of the leaf. The young cater- pillars entered the leaf as near their shells as was possible, and the shells soon after loosened and disappeared. When I found that the eggs were hatching I probed among them and removed’a tiny larva. It had a light body, tinged *I have learned in later years that freshly exuded eggs are covered by silvery white threads, but that these soon mat into a gray parchment-like covering that in color, texture and size suggests the cocoons of certain small Gyrinidae beetles that are attached to water-plants. - - Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, with green, and there were a few dark hairs on the skin. The head and the shield were brown and the caudal spiracles could be readily located. With the first molt the head and shield became a lighter brown and the body of a glassy cream color. The weather was hot, I was rearing the larve some distance from where their food-plant grew and I found it difficult to keep the lily leaves fresh. So I put a section cut from a lily root, with a few young leaves attached, in a globe of water and placed the decaying leaf with its Bellura family upon it. Four of the semi-helpless caterpillars (they were molting for the second time) survived, and they ate so much that by the middle of July every leaf had been consumed and the stems tunneled. In maturing the caterpillars changed to a grayish-yellow, and when 3 cm. long began burrowing in the stems. As I could obtain pickerel-weed (Pontederia cordata) more readily than Nymphaea leaves, I placed it in the globe and the Belluras began feeding at once.* And after that they ate the leaves of one plant as readily as those of the other. A single larva occupied a stem and always entered it at the top through the leaf surface, but in the open, I have found stems entered from the side. At the end of July the caterpillars averaged 4.5 cm. in length, but they were not so dark in color as those taken in October. I had supposed B. gortynoides to be a single brooded insect and was surprised on August 8th to find two of the larve shortened for pupation and a third already in its pupa form. This pupa, in the upper part of a tunneled stem, was slender, slightly curved, .25 cm. long and of a deep brown color. The eleventh segment of the pupa retained the caudal spiracles, and was also ornamented by a pattern on the dorsal side done in graceful lines, which looked as if they had been ‘‘tooled”’ on the surface, while the surface was soft and pliable. It was not the only segment with special decorations, however. The eighth, ninth and tenth each bore a decided ridge, finely toothed and divided into dorsal and side scallops, while on the twelfth there were two pairs of sharp, stiff spines that curved backward and upward. * Bellura and possibly Arzama larvae are found in stems of P. cordata. 1923] Miller: Observations on the Bellura B19 A female moth emerged from this pupa on August 20th. The front wings were like pale gold, with purplish-violet mark- ings across them. The antemedial line was slightly dentate, the postmedial line decidedly dentate and excurved from costa to vein 4. The sub-terminal line was dentate, darker than the other markings and so curved that it made three scallops in the gray-lilac terminal area. The reniform in the wing was yellow, but scarcely discernible, and a rather wide band of the purplish-violet crossed the wing midway of its length and bent near the center so as to form an acute right angle. The gold of the hind wings was suffused with rose madder, and this color largely obliterated the markings except for the pale yellowish outer border. On the under surface, the front wings were irrorated with pinkish-violet, quite pronounced in the terminal area, and this color was carried across the lighter hind wings in a curved line, and there was a dark discoidal spot in each under wing. The body and the tufted thorax had the golden color of the fore wings and there was a bunch of shining white caudal hairs on the abdomen, indicating, according to Hampson, that the moth was Bellura gortynoides. The beautiful white of these hairs, which is so noticeable when the moth emerges, soon become dull and less conspicuous. This moth was the only adult reared from the eggs found on June 12th, but B. V. had mailed me several pupz, each in burrowed Nymphaea stems, and a few mature larve. One of the latter pupated within the rolled edge of a lily leaf on August 17th and yielded a male moth. August 23rd I found him resting with wings held in roof fashion and the tip of his dark-pointed abdomen extending from beneath. The thorax was well tufted, reddish and deepening in tone toward the head. This color irrorated the wings, whose maculation was similar to that of the female except that the reniform of light orange was well defined. At Myers Lake I saw no moths of this kind, but there were empty pupa-cases in the lily stems, and with some of these there were pupariia of a fly identified by Dr. Aldrich as Masicira senilis, a parasite that deposits living maggots, which preyzupon Bellura caterpillars. 380 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, I located egg nests but nearly all the shells were empty. I failed to carry larve from the eggs through to the adult period, and this has been my experience in more recent years. The larve hatched from late summer eggs I reared separately after they entered the Nymphaea stems, and I gave each a can of sterilized earth or a piece of damp sterilized wood with bark on, in which to hibernate. They used both, but in only one instance was a pupa formed. This was on April 27th, and the insect was alive on May 18th. On May 21st it remained inactive, and I noticed white fungus between the segments. I removed the moth—perfectly formed. I could see the bunch of caudal hairs, but I could not determine the markings of the wings. Is B. gortynoides seasonally dimorphic? Why are the moths so difficult to find in the open? Late last September I discovered three Bellura caterpillars in a Nymphaea root; one had entered at the attachment of the leaf. Is it possible that these caterpillars winter in the roots of their food-plant, reaching them through the tunneled stems? IJ am inclined to think it may be so since reading Dr. P. W. Classen’s interesting account of Arzama obliqua, in which he says its larve are found in closed cells in cattail during the winter, completely surrounded by ice, and that they pupate in these cells.* But if Nymphaea roots are used for hibernation where do B. gortynoides pupate? Mature larve are never seen in the early spring. OBSERVATIONS ON BELLURA MELANOPYGA. _ On November 11, 1921, at Eustis, Florida, I found a group of eggshells on a leaf of Nymphaea americana. The eggs had been placed in a pile and they were covered with gray mam- malian glue. The individual egg was white, opaque and semi- spherical in shape. The mass covered an irregular surface of - about 3 mm. by 4 mm., and resembled the old egg masses of B. gortynoides found on Nymphaea at Myers Lake. A well-grown B. melanopyga larva taken from a Nymphaea stem had a deep gray color with the posterior edge of the segments darker. This gave to the insect a slightly banded * Typha Insects: Cornell University, Memoir 47. 1923] Miller: Observations on the Bellura 381 appearance. The under side of the body was light. On the anal claspers there were four black tubercles, a hair arising from each, and on the caudal tip six tubercles. The claws were very dark. The head was not deeply rugosed, the sculptured lines flowed downward from the vertex, much as they do in A. obliqua, but they were shorter. The frons was light brown and was crossed by four broken horizontal grooves. The frontal suture was dark brown. The adfrontals were like the frons in tone, and were distinctly set off from the epicranial lobes by a light line. Other larvz of about the same age had skins so dark that no banding was discernible on their bodies. At the same time I collected pupz. Each rested at the top of a burrowed leaf-stem.* The pupa cases were a dark brown. The caudal spiracles were not so conspicuous as are those of B. gortynoides, and the posterior ridges of the segments were not so ridged or toothed. The anterior portion of a pupa was rough, and on its vertex was a double tubercle. On December Ist the first adult—a female—emerged. The color of the moth was a light ocherous-tan, with markings of purple-brown. The maculation was similar to that of the female B. gortynoides only the colors were not so brilliant, and the tuft of hairs at the tip of the abdomen was quite dark. Later this color became faded. The moth was identified as B. melanopyga by Mr. Foster H. Benjamin. On December 15th a male moth emerged. The head and thorax were of a brownish-ochre, the head much the darker, but the abdomen showed little of the brown color. The fore wing was golden-ochre, marked and irrorated with brown madder—most thickly on the median space. The antemedial line curved and was minutely waved. The postmedial line was dark, dentate, excurved, then oblique to the inner margin. The subterminal line was minutely waved, excurved below vein 7 and at the middle, then it bent outward to tornus. There was a fine dark terminal line and the terminal area was of a gray- violet color. The orbicular and reniform were golden-ochre and con- spicuous in an area darkened by madder brown. An oblique * T find pupae of B. gortynoides lower in the stems. 382 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, line of this color extended from the median cell to the inner margin. The hind wing was red ochre on its upper surface; but little of the red showed on the lower surface except in a wide terminal band and as a dark discoidal spot. A goodly number of moths were secured. They varied slightly in color and in intensity of markings. The males were always the more beautiful, and they resembled so closely the female B. gortynoides that I was not surprised when Mr. Benjamin, who kindly examined and identified my Bellura and Arzama material, wrote that he was unable to separate the male moths of melanopyga from the males of gortynoides in the Dr. Barnes collection, and that my Eustis males might belong to either species. But as larvee from which the male and female moths developed came from the same habitat, and as only Nymphaea americana grew there—the food-plant of melanopyga—it seems logical to conclude that the males belonged to the same species as the females. Dr. Paul S. Welch has made a careful study of the habits of the larve of B. melanopyga, which are recorded in the University of Michigan Biological Bulletin, No. 2, Vol. XXVII. He did not find eggs, but very young caterpillars mining and feeding in the lily leaves. The specimens which I took at Eustis were well-grown and they had reached what Dr. Welch calls the petiole period. Because of what I learned of the insect through Dr. Welch and through my own observations of melanopyga and of gortynoides, I conclude that the two species of Bellura are very similar in behavior as well as in appearance. 1923] Miller: Observations on the Bellura 383 oto SS PEN lui Ue 12. 13. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XXXVI. A young, light colored B. gortynoides larva, life-size, in the stem of the leaf. On the surface of the leaf three runways made by the small mining cater- pillar are to be seen. B. obliqua larva. Length 5 cm. B. gortynoides larva on Nymphaea leaf, and the opening to its burrowed stem. PLATE XX XVII. Female B. gortynoides moth. Spread 40 mm. Male moth of B. gortynoides. Spread 34 mm. Egg mass of A. obliqua. 7 and 8—Egg nests of B. gortynoides. One showing the minute gnawings of the larvae. (Slightly Enlarged.) and 10. Female and male Arzama obliqua moths, life-size, which developed from larvae found under bark June Ist. © had a white tip to abdomen. PLATE XXXVIII. Egg mass of B. gortynoides. Base dimensions approximately 8 mm. by 3 mm. Tenth, eleventh and twelfth segments of B. gortynoides pupa, showing the scallops and tooling. Pupa of B. gortynoides. ANNALS E.S A, VoL. XVI, PLate XXXVI. Robertson-Miller ATE XX XVII. PI XVI VoL. oa ANNALS E Robertson-Miller Hi _— = re > ~*~ ~ a Q = < J A = » S; a = o > ANNALS E. eS Ss eS Robertson-Miller HOLOSIRO ACAROIDES, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES,— THE ONLY NEW WORLD REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MITE-LIKE PHALANGIDS OF THE SUBORDER CYPHOPHTHALMI By H. E. Ewin, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. During the spring of 1912 while collecting insects and mites in the foothills of the Coast Range Mountains in western Oregon a number of small mite-like arachnids were observed on the moist soil under a small log. When first seen they were taken for Gamasid mites, and not being particularly interested in the family Gamaside, the writer picked up only two spec- imens. Later after reaching the laboratory, greatly to my sur- prise, I found that what I had taken for mites were not mites at all, but were mite-like phalangids, more mite-like apparently than any of the phalangids yet described. Of the two specimens taken, one proved to be a mature female, and the other apparently an immature male. With only this scant material at hand it was deemed best to wait until further specimens could be obtained before attempting any description of the species. My search for other specimens, however, proved vain. On several occasions the same identical spot in the foothills was visited and searched but not here or at any other place among the scores of localities visited the next three years was a single additional specimen found. Several years having now passed and in the meanwhile, the writer having come to the city of Washington some thousands of miles away from the scene of the capture of this interesting arachnid, the probability of never being able to take any more specimens appears imminent. Because of this probability it appears best now to record the discovery and to describe the arachnid that was found. As will be seen by observing the figure (Plate XX XIX) of the phalangid, the abdomen shows no evidence of segmentation above; the legs are short and seven segmented; eyes are absent; and a single claw terminates each tarsus. 387 388 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol AVE, It should be added, however, that while the adult shows no evidence of abdominal segmentation above, the immature indi- vidual shows eight segments dorsally. It should be stated though that the immature specimen differs from the adult in so many characters that no assumption can be made that it is of the same species. The new genus and species, which belongs to the family Sironidze of the suborder Cyphophthalmi of the Order Opiliones, is here described. Holosiro, new genus. Tubercles containing the opening of stink glands situated dorso- laterally above coxe II and III and projecting beyond the side margins of the body. Metatarsi about half as long as the tarsi. Tarsi of legs I and II simple but of legs III and IV (Fig. 1) flattened, subfoliaceous, two rayed, notched on the posterior margin and bearing a clavate sense organ above near the tip. Maxillary lobe of coxa I very broad, hence coxa I proper not contiguous with maxillary lobe of coxa II; terminal portion of pars manducatoria of the chelicera seen as a very minute area at the median margin of maxillary lobe of coxa I; tergite LX fused with sternites VIII and IX. In the adult state all dorsal abdominal tergites are fused into a great dorsal plate which not only completely covers the abdomen dorsally but extends laterally even on to the ventral side of the same. Type species.—Holosiro acaroides, new species. This genus is related to Siro Latreille and to Parasiro Han- sen and Soerensen, probably more nearly to the first named, from which it differs in the shape and relationship of the max- illary lobe of the first coxa, in the character of the tarsal claws of legs III and IV and in the complete fusion of the abdominal . tergites. It differs from Parasiro in the relative length of the tarsi to metatarsi, in the nature of the last two sternites and last tergite, in the tarsal claws and in some other respects. The species is described as follows: Holosiro acaroides, new species. Adult female-——Body elongate, forming almost a perfect ellipse, and integument tuberculate. Cephalothorax almost completely fused with abdomen above; it is broadly and evenly rounded in front and slightly constricted behind the dorsal tubercles of the stink glands. These latter structures are cone-shaped, rounded at the tip and about as broad at their bases as they are high. Coxa I with large maxillary lobe which is fully as long as the coxa proper, inner margin almost straight and reaching median line, front margin concave, outer margin mildly convex and posterior margin, which is contiguous with the SS =e a ee 1923] Ewing: Holosiro Acaroides 389 anterior margin of maxillary lobe of coxa II for most of its length, almost straight. Coxa I proper is wedge-shaped internally. Maxillary lobe of coxa II somewhat comma-shaped, with the tail of the comma swollen on the inside. Coxa II proper a long band of chitin with almost parallel sides. Coxa III about as long as II but somewhat wedge-shaped. Coxa IV fully one-half as broad as long. Genital opening arched in front and partially covered behind by a projecting margin of chitin. Each coxa has several sete; maxillary lobe of coxa I with a single seta which is situated at the outer posterior angle; maxillary lobe of coxa II on the left side with six sete, on the right with seven. Fig. 1. Details of Holosiro acaroides, new genus and species; a, ventral view of cephalothorax; b, ventral view of tip of abdomen; c, dorsal view of tip of tarsus IV; d, side view of tarsus and metatarsus I. Mouth-parts of the usual type of the family Sironide. Cheliceree reaching to about the middle of the first coxze; movable and fixed arms subequal and each with 6 to 7 teeth; pedipalps long and slender reaching to about the middle of tibia of first pair of legs; last segment about three-fourths as long as next to last and terminating in a simple claw. Legs similar; first and last pairs subequal and slightly longer than the second and third pairs. Tarsi of legs I and II simple; of legs III and IV (Fig. 1) rather complicated and as described in the generic diagnosis of Holosiro. Metatarsi of all the legs somewhat curved, decidedly pedicellate and scarcely half as long as the tarsi. Tibia of leg I almost twice as long as metatarsus of leg II somewhat shorter, and of leg III and IV but little longer than metatarsus. Abdomen of same width as cephalothorax; sparsely clothed with short setze and more strongly tuberculate than the legs. Dorsal sclerites 1-8 fused, 9 united with ventral 8 and 9 to form a single sclerite which 390 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XVI, includes the circular dorsal 10. Peritreme subtriangular and situated in a depression just lateral to hemispherical tubercle. Ovipositor, in repose, extending from near the front margin of sternite 6 almost to the genital opening. It ends distally in three finger-like processes and is remarkably similar in shape, structure and position to the ovipositor of the beetle mites. Length exclusive of chelicere, 1.8 mm.; width, 0.85 mm. Type locality—Foothills of Coast Range Mountains, Benton County, Oregon. Type.—Deposited at the United States National Museum. Described from a single adult female, the holotype. An apparently immature specimen has the abdomen distinctly segmented above as already stated, but differs from the adult in so many particulars that there is no assurance that the two are of the same species. In this individual the ventral sclerites of the abdomen are as represented to exist in Parasiro and not of the Siro type as they are in the adult female. In this spec- imen, also, the tarsal claws of the last two pairs of legs are not expanded and have no sensory organ, but each has one or two teeth situated somewhat ventrally. It is also noted that in this apparently immature individual that the integument is pitted, not tuberculate, and that the maxillary lobes of coxe I and II are quite differently shaped. A note must be added in closing on the remarkable acarine affinities of this phalangid. First of all we here have a species in which all superficial indication of the segmentation of the abdo- men dorsally is lost. Secondly, the number of segments in each of the legs and their arrangement is exactly the same as in cer- tain mites, the Labidostomatide and the Opilioacaride for example. The number of segments (6) in the palpi, or pedipalps, is the same as in the mites of several families including the Gamasidz and the Labiodostomatide. Further, the tubercles for the opening of the stink glands are in almost exactly the same position as are the tubercles of unknown function in Labidostoma. In regard to the stink glands of the family Sironide it is interesting to note the similarity of their structure and position to the lateral (excretory?) glands found in the mites of the family Tyroglyphide and in young of the Oriba- toidea and in some instances also in the adults of the same superfamily, in which cases they open on tubercles as in the Sironide. ee ——t—stS eee ———e ANNALS E. S. A. Vor. XVI, Prate XXXIX. Holosiro acaroides, new genus and species. Dorsal view of female, X 30. H. E. Ewing INDEX TO VOLUME XVI. Aldrich, J. M., article by, 304. Alexander, €-P., article by, 57. Anasa, 172. Aphids, Factors Affecting Proportion of alate and apterous forms, 279. Bactrodes, 247. Bactrodine, American, notes on, 247. Bagriella, 253. Belonuchus formosus, 233. Bellura, Observations on, 374. Bicyrtes Quadrifasciata, habits of, 238. Braconids Parasites on Aphids, Their Life History, 1. Camponotus, Eugharid Parasite of, 195. Campylenchia latipes, 98, 99, 100. Carolina Locust, anatomy of, 256. Carynota mera, 110. Carynota stupida, 110. Catorhintha, 168. apicalis, 169, 170. borienquensis, 170. + flava, 171. guttula, 169. mendica, 169, 170. selector, 169, 171. texana, 169, 171. Ceresa basalis, 101. Ceresa brevis, 101. Ceresa constans, 109. Ceresa femorata, 106. Chelinidea, 166. Chelinidea tabulata, 167. vittiger, 167. Cimolus, 172. Clastoptera obtusa, notes on life history of, 153. Clausen, C. P., article-by, 195. Coreini, North American, Review of, 165. Crane-Flies, Japanese, 57. Cyrtolobus tuberosus, 109. DeLong, D. M., article by, 363. Dicranomyia, 57. kotoshoensis, 57. shirakii, 58. subumbrata, 59. Distribution of Leafhoppers of Presque Isle and their Ration: to Plant Formation, 363. Elephantomyia, 63. major, 63. Enchenopa binotata, 100. Entomological Society of America, Proceedings of Boston Meeting, 1923, 85. Entylia bactriana, 104, 105. Entylia carinata, 111. Entylia concisa, 102, 104. Epiphragma, 64. divisa, 64. Eriocera, 67. geminata, 67. fulvibasis, 67. Ewing, H. E., article by, 387. Ficana apicalis, 168. flava, 169, 171. Fracker, S. B., article by, 165. Funkhouser, W. D., article by, 97. Garman, Philip, article by, 153. Gonomyia, 62. scutellum-album, 62. Holosiro, 3888. acaroides, 388. Holosiro acaroides, n. g. and sp., 388. Hemerobiids and Allied Species, 129. Hemerobius humuli, 139. Hemerobius stigmaterus, 141. Hypselonotus, 173. Insect Morphology Landmarks, 77. Japanese Crane-Flies, 57. Landmarks in Insect Morphology, 77. Leafhoppers, distribution of, 363. Lepyronia quadrangularis, notes on life history of, 153. Limnophila, 65. macrotrichiata, 65. taiwanensis, 66. Limonia, 60. nigronitida, 60. Locust, Carolina, anatomy of, 256. Lomamyia flavicornis, 139. Lophopompilus aethiops, 188. Lophopompilus atrox, 187. Lophopompilus bengtssoni, 186. Lophopompilus cleora, 189. Lophopompilus, Special Reference to American Species of, 177. MacGillivray, Alex. -D., article by, 77. Madura, 166. perfida, 166. Malloch, J. R., article by, 247. Margus, 167: inconspicuous, 167. obscurator, 167. Matheson, Robert, article by, 50. McAtee, W. L., article by, 247. Membracide from United States and Canada, 97. Micromus posticus, 144. 392 = + Index to Volume X VI Miller, Ellen Robertson, article by, 374. Morphology, Insect, 77. Namacus, 167. annulicornis, 167. Nesopeza, 70. taiwania, 70. Oncerotrachelus, 249. Oncerotrachelus acuminatus, 250. Oncerotrachelus conformis, 249. Oncerotrachelus coxatus, 249. Oncerotrachelus pallidus, 250. Osborn, H., and Lathrop, F. H., article by, 310. Parasitic Control, Sequence theory of, 115. Paryphes, 173. Pelastoneurus of North America, 30. Pelastoneurus, 30. aldrichi, 36. arboreus, 34. aurifacies, 35. barbicauda, 43. caeruleus, 37. costalis, 38. cyaneus, 30. dissimilipes, 30. dorsalis, 42. heteroneurus, 31. insulanus, 39. nigrifacies, 32. nigricornis, 39. ramosus, 33. tibialis, 41. Philonthus brunneus, 230. Philonthus cyanipennis, 233. Philonthus longicornis, 232. Philornis, Bird Investing Group of Anthomyide, 304. Philornis, 304. angustifrons, 308. obscura, 308 pici, 308. Phlepsius, The Genus in North America, 310. altus, 325. annulatus, 342. apertus, 329. apertinus, 329. areolatus, 344. arizonus, 316. attractus, 318. bifidus, 337. brunneus, 328. carolinus, 330. cinereus, 323. cinerosus, 347. collinus, 324. collitus, 321. cottoni, 323. costomaculatus, 318. cumulatus, 340. decorus, 344. delicatus, 347. denticulus, 345. denudatus, 318. distinctus, 341. eburneolus, 331. elongatus, 348. eugeneus, 338. excultus, 339. extremus, 338. fastuosus, 332. floridanus, 317. franconianus, 332. fulviceps, 333. fulvidorsum, 330. fuscipennis, 320. graniticus, 317. graphicus, 342. handlirschi, 348. hebraeus, 348. hemicolor, 315. hosanus, 348. incisus, 325. incurvatus, 346. irroratus, 325. josea, 336. lascivius, 324. latifrons, 319. lippulus, 333. lobatus, 326. loculatus, 318. maculosus, 319. majestus, 349. marmor, 315. maculellus, 326. mexicanus, 341. micronotatus, 321. nebulosus, 335. neomexicanus, 346. nigrifrons, 322. notatipes, 348. nudus, 336. occidentalis, 336. ovatus, 341. pallidus, 323. palustris, 315. particolor, 330. planus, 334. pusillus, 319. pulchripennis, 316. punctiscriptus, 334. ramosus, 337. rileyi, 328. rufusculus, 340. sabinus, 345. slossoni, 3382. solidaginis, 335. spatulatus, 344. var. personatus, 345. stellaris, 319. strobi, 334. 393 394 Index to Volume X VI superbus, 339. tenessa, 327. tenuifrons, 337. texanus, 329. tigrinus, 320. tinctorius, 316. torridus, 328. truncatus, 326. tubus, 325. tullahomi, 331. turpiculus, 320. uhleri, 333. umbrosus, 340. utahnus, 316. vanduzei, 322. Platycotis vittata, 102, 110. Psammocharine, Study of, 177. Pselliophora, 71. vulcan, 71. Pseudococcus Citri Risso, wax secreting glands of, 50. Publilia concava, 105. Regan, W. S., article by, 177. Rhaphidolabis, 68. consors, 68. Rhipidia, 61. rostrifera formosana, 61. Saica, 250. Saica apicalis, 251. Saica erubescens, 251. Saica fuscovittata, 251. Saica recurvata antillarum, 251. Saica recurvata recurvata, 251. Saica rubripes, 251. Saica tibialis, 251. Saicine, American, notes on, 247. Schizaspidia Tenuicornis Ashm., biology of, 195. Scolopocerus, 168. granulosus, 168. secundarius, 168. uhleri, 168. Sequence Theory of Parasitic Control, a criticism of, 115. Smith, M. R., article by, 238. Smith, Roger C., article by, 129. Stictocephala festina, 108. Stictocephala lutea, 108. Stictocephala substriata, 107. Sympherobius amiculus, 143. Tachinus flavipennis, 235. Tagalis, 252. Tagalis inornata cubensis, 253. Tagalis inornata inornata, 253. Tagalis seminigra, 252. Telamona collina, 109. Telamona conica, 106. Telamona diffusa, 111. Teucholabis, 63. aberrans, 63. Thompson, W. R., article by, 115. Tietz, Harrison M., article by, 256. Tipula, 72. curvicauda, 72. edwardsella, 74. microcellula, 73. Tipulodina, 74. brunettiella, 75. nipponica, 74. taiwanica, 75. Tipulide, Diptera, 57. Tricyphona, 69. grandior, 69. Van Duzee, M. C., article by, 30. Vanduzea arquata, 102. Wadley, F. M., article by, 279. Walker’s Species of Membracide from United States and Canada, 97. Wax secreting glands, 50. Wheeler, Esther W., article by, 1- Xantholobus tumidus, 108. Feneeei, i7/3t- DATES OF ISSUE, VOLUME XVI. March No., 1923, mailed May 25, 1923. June No., 1923, mailed July 28, 1923. September No., 1923, mailed October 19, 1923. December No., 1923, mailed December 31, 1923, 4 Ab ial | aie Br ; iy ey vied et BOTT Ba: it) ry . ate iN) i Wh Mi a ars ee ee a eek ee ee ee ~~ on 2 le 5 QL Entomological Society 461 of America E579 Annals v.l6 Biological] & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE ako ee ean ne ee a — (Aen 225 eee Ran Attain