a Pee ae ae Pa bho ae ss < a EG Pee z Bn ? 54 ANNALS OF NAT : OR, MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND GEOLOGY, (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY,’ AND SIR W. J. HOOKER’S ‘ BOTANICAL COMPANION. ’) CONDUCTED BY Sir W. JARDINE, Barrt.—P. J. SELBY, Esa., 3 Dr. JOHNSTON, Sir W. J. HOOKER, Reaius Proressor or Borany, AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.LS. —v LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR. SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.: W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1840. “‘Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentie testes, divitie felicitatis humane: exharum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconymia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata; a vere eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINN. CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. NUMBER XXI. Page. I. Descriptions of some Cheiroptera discovered in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. By Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S. &c. With some account of their Habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay’s Notes. (With a Plate.) 1 II. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to IN = Py GAMER PWENDIE osc cc ccake. ces eccsacccscecsenccecs cocsscecs 8 III. Observations on Trilobites, founded on a comparison of their Structure with that of Crustacea. By W.S. MacLuay, M.A. ......... 16 IV. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Atuan Cunninauam, Esq. 22 V. On the Habits of Macroscelides Rozeti. By Dr. MorttzWacner 26 VI. Amaryllidearum Species Nove. By the Hon. and Rey. W. a Coe cU dbs yshacosustneseadssoscawsisecestscesdeseesseereovsuaaesss 28 VII. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francts Water, Esq. 29 VIII. Instructions relative to Botany, Vegetable Physiology, and Zoology for the Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic Regions, prepared by the President and Council of the Royal Society ..........ssesssseseeees 33 New Books :—Supplement to the History. of British Fishes, by W. Yarrell; Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymeno- mycetum, E. Fries; Linnza, ein Journal fiir die Botanik, &c.; Plantes Cryptogames de France, par J. Desmaziéres; Deustch- lands Kryptogamische Gift-Gewichse, von Dr. Phoebus; Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica, by O. Heer; Dr. Pye Smith’s Congre- Sia ceecsuted ON Geology -.,..........ckcsccecseesccssesscnseeess 42—46 Meeting of the British Association ; Proceedings of the Zoological So- ciety ; Linnzan Society ......... pink vd ca uncdad en aaawasexas teed ates 46—69 On the place of Scarabeus longimanus in the system, by Prof. Klug ; Identity of the Shannon with the Lough Neagh Coregonus; Pre- ventive against madness in Elephants, by Carl von Hiigel; Are the Closteri@ Animals or Plants? Meteorological Observations and AP ieras Bho prise ndsddnisindaccksccavnce bes she dsvndeadnsvcedacasese 69—72 NUMBER XXII. IX. On the Discoid Piths of Plants. By Cu. Morren, Professor of Botany in the University of Liége. (With a Plate.) ...........scseeeeeee 73 X. Zoological Notices. By Dr. A. Paitiprr :— I. On two new species of Euplocamus ....1...seeeseseeceereeees 88 II. On the Animal of Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr. ......++seseees 90 lV CONTENTS. III. On the Animal of Galeomma ....+. scaesatous coneves ebcuas a IV. On the Oculina ramea of Ehrenberg .....sss+ssseeeees hoveke 7 ae V. On the Chelura terebrans, a new Amphipod Genus ...... 94 XI. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos = to Tucuman. By James Tweets, Esq. .....sscereeeeereeseeeee oesenocnatdneen 96 XII. Route from Lima by the Quebrada of San Mateo. = J. ae LEAy, Esq., of Lima .......ccsccscesesesceceses casececsersecteees ¢4:aevaNn mma 105 XIII. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zeaiand. By Atian CunNiING- New Books :—Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, by William B. Carpenter ; Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, vol. viii. Part I.; Scandinaviens Fiskar malade of W. v. Wright, med text of B. Fries och C. U. Eckstrém; Verzeichniss der Conchylien in der Sammlung von E. Anton.........++ w. LL1—117 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science; Botanical Society of London; Wernerian Natural History Society ........,ccecs seccereccesseneccersssecens 118—139 Notice of an uncommonly tame Pine Marten, by St. von Siemuszova- Pietruski; Clangula Barrovii, anative of Iceland; On the Moult- ing Process of the Cray Fish; Meteorological Observations and MMM cane kcesc sn see ineitsseinatusekeseieandacssaphnnaie cel socreseee Laon 44 NUMBER XXIII. XIV. Description of Animal Life in Nova Zembla. By K. E. von ie Rarer rer ve wus ass een du dduccongcsdvedesessanvses gus besesasheq. (aE oveces 149 XV. On the Fructification of Ly ycoperdon, Phallus, a their allied Genera. By the Rev. M. J. Berxexey, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) 155 XVI. Hore Zoologice. No. I. On the History and Habits of Cro- tophaga. By Sir W. Jarpine, Bart. XVII. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres toTucuman. By James Tweepre, Esq. ............csccecsssoscnscscescase 171 XVIII. Onthe Laurus Cassia of Linnzus, and the Plants producing the Cassia Bark of Commerce. By Rosert Wiout, M.D. .....0e0000s 179 XIX. On the Discovery of Fossil Teeth of a Leopard, Bear, and other Animals in a Crag Pit at Newbourn in Suffolk. By Cuarzes Lyeun, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.G.S., 8&0. icesssccvecseesce sasctussees wesseietaahs 186 XX. On the occurrence of Fossil Quadrumanous, Marsupial, and other Mammalia in the London Clay, near Woodbridge in Suffolk. By Cuanves Lyext, Eeq., F.B.S., V.P.G.S,, G20.: scigesseossccsusstaccvermerans 189 XXI. Description of the Mammalian Remains found at Kyson in Suffolk, mentioned in the preceding Notice. By Ricuarp Owen, Esq., F.R.S., &. «6055 Stevsaeses seidsactvesanghassads Ouedesbecss sodebisiendesccsesehaiey 191 XXXII. Information respecting Botanical Travellers: —Mr. Schom- burgk’s Narrative of his recent Expedition in Guiana...............see00s 194 CONTENTS. ¥ _ New Books ;—Pracht-Flora Europaeischer Schimmelbildungen, by A. C. J. Corda; History of British Sponges and Corallines, by Dr. Johnston; Corpus Florarum Provincialium Suecie.—I. Floram Scanicam scripsit E. Fries ......cccsceseeseseeseoeee pasdoaenveavtees 200, 201 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Botanical Society of Lon- MOT cas cesaecseesckcsceascccessncsers i suseaanednds clnbdiniensh sotcavsedes 202—213 Birds collected in Asia Minor by Mr. Fellows ; on the genera £gilops and Triticum, and their modifications ; on the Animal Nature of the Oscillatoria ; new species of Frog found in Amber; Meteoro- logical Observations and Table .......... bib ikes 4a uutes svevacees 213—216 NUMBER XXIV. XXIII. On a Shell-bank in the Irish Sea, considered Zoologically and Geologically. By Epwarp Forses, Esq. .......scscosescseceneeveeees 217 XXIV. Miscellanea Zoologica. By Grorce Jounston, M.D., Fel- low of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. (With Plate VI.) 224 XXV. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis WALKER, Pe Wercsasevedeeee DIAS FREI CR AAG Spina sis ny ban dudwlcanacéave divesens panes 232 XXVI. Hints on the Anatomico-Physiological Differences in the Organization of Stems. By Dr. M. J. Scurzripen...... Sbesiksseenmaginee 236 XXVII. On the Mycology of the neighbourhood of Bristol. By Mr. Hewry Oxtey STePHens XXVIII. On the Arctium Lappa and Bardana of Sir J. E. Smith, By Cuartes C. Bazineron, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &. ....cecesseeeeeeee 253 XXIX. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Speci- men of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Auuan Cun-_ BINGHAM, ESQ. occeccccsecscceccscveses ables tubwandubecsvavecduecssacensoueasWapas 256 XXX. Information respecting Botanical Travellers :—Mr. Schom- burgk’s Narrative of his recent Expedition in Guiana .......... becky es 262 New Books :—Nouveau Recueil de Planches Coloriées d’Oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de Complément aux Planches Enluminées de Buffon, par C. J. Temminck et Meiffren Laugier Baron de Chartrouse ; Flora Lipsiensis Excursoria, Auctore G. L. Peter- MANN ....csececesscccccssscccccecsccceceeeces Se ceecceeseceecesceeccanes 266—268 Proceedings of the Botanical Society of London ; Zoological Society ; MN TNNNOEY save aels sic -sacbndesieecdsasacedaesseporvses¥ose 270—282 Dr. Westendorp and Mr. W. H. White; Mr. Gulliver on Blood Cor- puscles in the Mammalia; Notes on Irish Birds, by W. Thomp- son, Esq.; Ehrenberg on the remarkable diffusion of Coralline Animalcules from the use of Chalk for ordinary purposes; Note on Peloria, by Mr. A. White ; Meteorological Observations and ile. le UNS ae REAR”. ca Taal A ae ab ped 283—288 NUMBER XXV. XXXI. On Allium Porrum and A. Ampeloprasum. By Cuarves C. Bapineton, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., 8&0. ccsccssscccces fabvlshesadeteeccs. Bee V1 CONTENTS. XXXII. Notice of some Fungi collected by C. Darwin, Esq. during the Expedition of H. M. Ship Beagle. By the Rev. M. J. Berxexey, M.A., F.L.8,° (With Plates.) < ..cc.scccscssssnassbeasorestabeune shsacatusnuane (wel XXXIII. Zoological Notices. By Dr. A. PHILiprr ........0c0000e ». 294 XXXIV. Notes on Dr. Philippi’s Zoological Notices in the prece- ding Article. By J. E. Gray, Esq. ......+00 oovvaneeene scccccsessetsceesess GOO XXXV. Notices of Botanical Excursions in the neighbourhood of Trieste. By Epwarp Forses, M.W.S., For. Sec. B.S., &c. 2.20000... 307 XXXVI. On the Habits of the Apterya Australis, a Bird of New Zealand, closely allied to the Struthionide, and named by the native Inhabitants Kiwi. By the late ALLan Cunninenam, Esq. ......... .. 312 XXXVII. Characters of Four New Cape Orchidaceae. By Professor LQNDURY a cdccrnse das cnenuevananeees pat ede cbactdncekss jis snapnueeaee Sececeseneseass OL4 XXXVIII. On the Occurrence of Squalus spinosus, Linn., on the Coast of Yorkshire. By Artuur STRICKLAND, Esq. ..cscccccsecssecceece 315 XXXIX. Hore Zoologice. By Sir Wini1am Jarpine, Bart. ...... 318 XL. Information respecting Botanical Travellers:—Mr. Schom- _ burgk’s Narrative of his recent Expedition in Guiana ........cccseseesesss 322 New Books :—Histoire Naturelle des Poissons d’eau douce de l’Europe Centrale, par Ls. Agassiz; Natural History and [Illustrations of the British Salmonide, by Sir W. Jardine, Bart. ; On the Growth of the Salmon in Freshwater, by W. Yarrell, F.L.S., V.P.Z.S. ; Narrative of an Expedition into Southern Africa during the years 1836 and 1837, by Capt. W. C. Harris ; Deutschlands Lebermoose in getrockneten Exemplaren, Herausgegeben von Dr. J. W. P. Hiibener und C. F. Genth; A. Bertolonii Flora Italica, sistens Plantas in Italia et in Insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes ; Verzeichniss der in Jahre 1832 im 6stlichen Theile der Altai-ge- birges gesammelten Pflanzen. Ein Supplement zur Flora Altaica, von Al. v. Bunge; Fungorum et Byssorum Illustrationes, &c., by F. Fulg. Chevallier; Linn; British Coleoptera delineated, by W. Spry, M.E.S., edited by W. Shuckard, Lib. R.S.......... 329—339 Proceedings of the Linnzan Society; Zoological Society; Royal So- ciety of Edinburgh ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; Royal Phy- sical Society of Edinburgh |.....05....<>ds00sseaskssasecdenecua uel 339—355 On different Tissues, the work of Insects; Structure of the Ovule in. the Ericee; Colour of Salt Marshes; Falco Eleonore ; Deserip- tion of a new species of Meliphaga, by M. Dumas; Flannel formed of Infusoria and Confervz ; Meteorological Observations and AMI gates ocesaes scan anvsvaden savas 6qucuuaaslnsspnessi chakabaneel aes 356—360 NUMBER XXVI. XLI. On the Structure of the Sete of Funaria hygrometrica. By EWI LS WEROTER. DDD. ois bccn atin s codvsass scene cacsuhendeacascaesebanisel enn 361 XLII. On the Tentacular Classification of Fimihoted By Joun BEGG, PAG. DAs, ateeae, Wits... QC, ccscssoccssnieseresseass ese ceavopsine 364 CONTENTS. Vil XLIII. Miscellanea Zoologica. By Grorce Jounston, M.D., Fel- low of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. With Plates X. EE TR isch eecusedvesscoccees Bin elstyususdvens cine Sdeasibshbueestasehposs seseee 368 _ XLIV. Note onthe Occurrence at various times of the Bottle-nosed Whale (Hyperoodon Bulzkopf, Lacep.) on the coast of Ireland; and on its nearly simultaneous appearance on different parts of the British _ coast in the autumn of 1839. By Wittiam Tuompson, Vice-President es of the Natural History Society of Belfast ........... eavacsvinchesesesshe oe ole XLV. New Orchidaceae. By Professor LINDLEY .....0secseereessceeeees 381 _ XLVI. Note on the Annelida. By W.S. MacLeay, M.A., F.L.S. ee Bsicovek ss Savsactessvenenens PibU aad N chews wis as sestusasonbaeies vee 385 _ XLVITI. Notes on the Excitability and Movement of the Leaves in _ the Species of Oxalis. By Professor J. De Bricnoxi pe Brunuorr of q Modena, and Prof. Morken of Liége ......... besdeeyes sie habs etl decsbesgss OOO — XLVIIIL. An attempt to ascertain the Fauna of Shropshire and North mee ts ©, WYTON, Esq, F.L.S...,.,.s0cccncsvectssecsocisssebeceseces 396 __ XLIX. On the production of Isinglass from Indian Fishes. By Dr. _ Cantor, Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society.........++000. 399 e L. On Isinglass in Polynemus sele, Buch., a species which is very common in the Estuaries of the Ganges. By J. McCuetzanp, Esq.... 401 _ LI. A Supplement to the Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira in the __ Second Volume of the Transactions of the Zoological Society. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe ...... Leu pu ss speNe Ant autocdiveccausctebacens sages eases evvese 405 LII. Information respecting Botanical Travellers :— Mr. Griffith’s Journal of the Mission to Bootan.......... eevee 494 Mr. Schomburgk’s Expedition in Guiana ......sesesescecevees 429 NUMBER XXVII. SUPPLEMENT. : Information respecting Botanical Travellers :—Mr. en ee 5 Expedition in Guiana [Contimued.] ......ssccccsssessssssesecvecnccssesee - 433 _ New Books :—Etudes de es ciuialocic. I Revue des ES, des Rats et des Campagnols, suivie d’un Index méthodique des my Mammiféres d’Europe. Par Edm. De Selys-Longchamps......... 434 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Geological Society ; Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian Society; Physical Society of Edin- ; RT ccutnsdesevsiescntcosGnsanecssrccobsucannsesne sedis stiecens scores 442461 _ Movement of the Style of Goldfussia anisophylla ; Echinospermum lap- pula; Guiana Expedition; Grew “ On the Principles of Bodies ;” Notes on the Birth of the Giraffe; Meteorological Observations WEG TAD... .ccccseccstvoesecccscveceevonssecvesceveessvenessecsocess 4020466 PLATES IN VOL. IV. Pirate I. Cheiroptera of Cuba. II. Discoid Pith of Plants. III. Species of Euplocamus and Chelura :—Animals of Pileopsis and Galeomma. IV. Species of Pandorina, Astarte, Hersilia, and Peltidium :—Ani- — mal of Pleurostoma, and Eggs of Vermetus. V. Fructification of Fungi. viL} British Nereides. VIII. Sporidesmium adscendens; and Stilbum lateritium. IX. Dedalea erubescens. ey } Beilish Ancelides. ERRATUM IN VOL. I. Art. XXI., On a new species of Epilobium, should have been described as a Translation of a Memoir by Dr. Westendorp; see p. 283 of the present Volume. ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. aa ——_- I1.—Descriptions of some Mammalia discovered in Cuba by W.S. MacLeay, Esq. By Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., &e. With some account of their Habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay’s Notes. THE small collection of Mammalia made by Mr. MacLeay during his stay in Cuba consisted of the following species of Cheiroptera, and a foetal specimen of a Dolphin (Delphinus), which I have not been able to determine on account of its youth. ; The bats, besides adding to our knowledge, are very inter- esting forms, and several hitherto unrecorded species are par- ticularly interesting, as enabling me to locate with certainty, according to my present views, the genus Mormoops of Dr. Leach, of which only a single dried specimen was before known, and which had always been placed among the anoma- lous genera of this interesting family. It is curious, as regards the geographical distribution of these animals, which have usually been considered very local, that out of this small col- lection of eight species five should prove to be new to science and one of them an entirely new form, and that the other three should be common to Cuba and Jamaica. VESPERTILIONIDA, Gray. Tribe Phyllostomina, Gray. Arctibeus faleatus, Gray. Edge of the lips crenulated, in- ner part of the sides near the angle ciliated, front of the lower lip with a small central tubercle surrounded by a lunate series of six distant small warts. Nose-leaf broad ovate lanceolate, expanded, with a very large elevated laminar crumpled pro- jected edge on the sides. Tragus thick and convex inter- nally at the end, with three or four distinct notches on the outer side of the ears. Fur (in spirits) grey-brown, with dark Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 4. No.21. Sept. 1839. B 2 Mr. J. E. Gray on some new Bats collected tips to the hairs, paler beneath. The wings large, blackish ; the index-finger falcately curved, with the membrane between it and the middle finger smooth, nearly transparent. Gland of the penis granular. _ The form of the index-finger at once distinguishes this species from all the others of the genus. Hab. Cuba, “ Killed in my bed-room.”—MacLeay. Arctibeus Jamaicensis, Leach, Linn. Trans. xii. Phyllo- stoma jamaicense, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. vii. 238. Edge of the lips crenulated, the inner edge with a series of brown membranaceous processes. Nose-leaf ovate lanceolate, acu- minated, with a broad convex central midrib, edge folded back, and rather compressed at the tip; cheek at the sides of the nose-leaf large, convex, swollen, subtubercular ; front of the lower lip triangular, with a central rather large, and two smaller lateral tubercles, surrounded with a series of close oblong warts. Tragus thickened at the top, crenulated exter- nally, with three or four distinct notches at the outer side of the base. The index-finger straight. Hab. Cuba. “ Devours oranges on the trees and leaves the skins almost empty; it also comes into bed-rooms at night in search of mosquitoes.” —MacLeay. Brachyphylla cavernarum, Gray. Vespertilio cayernarum. Guilding, MS. Plate I. fig. 1. Hab. West Indies. St. Vincents, Cuba. I cannot observe the slightest difference between the Cuban specimen and that which I described from St. Vin- cents (1837), from the collection of Mr. Guilding, except that the Cuban one is smaller, and probably not an adult speci- men, which view is somewhat favoured by the finger-bones being rather shorter comparatively with the armbone. In the Cuban specimen there are several round glands on the chin, and a very distinct convex isolated gland on the side of the face a little behind the angle of the mouth. St. Vincents. Cuban. Length of body and head ...... 3 24 of ym: Done: osc i. ek OR 24 Of ahin hone 3's 6 sis Sark 1,4, + in Cuba by W.S. Macleay. 3 Tribe Noctilionina. * Tail short, tip'free on the upper side of the truncated in- terfemoral membrane. Mormoops, Leach, not F. Cuvier. Nose obliquely trun- cated, warty ; lower lip expanded, membranaceous, sinuous, with a square warty plate in front ; ears large, united over the forehead, with the lower edge produced and united to the membranes on the lower lip. Tragus distinct. Dr. Leach, who first described this genus, characterizes it as having “a single nose-leaf confluent with the ears,” and all subsequent writers, misled by his description, have placed it with the Jeaf-nosed bats. In my new arrangement I placed it at the end of the Phyllostomina, with a mark of doubt before it. The specimen under examination shows that it has no true nose-leaf, but that it is much more closely allied to the Taphozoi among the Noctilionina. This and the new Cuban genus Chilonycteris, which agrees with it in many particulars, will together form a new section in that group, characterized by the expansion of the lower lip and the convex and rounded form of the skull. Mormoops Biainvillii, Leach, Linn. Trans., xii. p. 77. t. 7. The Cuban specimen agrees well with Dr. Leach’s short description and the detailed figure of the head of the specimen which was formerly in Mr. Brookes’s museum, and which he received from (Mr. Lewis) Jamaica: the only difference that I can see between them is that the two appendages in front of the disk in the centre of the chin are rather larger in the figure than in our specimen, and the hinder fold of the hinder mem- branes in front of the chin is represented as entire instead _ of being divided ; but these I am inclined to regard as most probably errors of the artist, arising from Dr. Leach’s speci- men being dry, while ours is preserved in spirits. As Dr. Leach’s description was very short I shall now pro- ceed to give a more detailed account of this curious and very interesting animal. The head is nearly globular, with a rather produced muzzle. The nose is rounded above, with three warts on each side, and obliquely truncated below, with a lon- gitudinal central rib and a dentated transverse rib between the margin and nostrils. The upper lip is flat, expanded, with B 2 4 Mr. J. E. Gray on some new Bats collected some acute prominences on its inner, and a series of rounded tubercles on its outer edge ; the hinder tubercles are much the largest. The lower lip is expanded, rather membranaceous, _ . variously folded and twisted, forming a complicated appear- ance on the sides of the chin. There is a small smooth trian- gular disk above, immediately in front of the lower cutting teeth ; and directly in front of this is placed a rather large four-sided expanded plate or disk, which has a quantity of small close warts on its upper face, and two small diverging appendages in the middle of its front edge. The front and hinder edges of this plate are scalloped out. The ears are membranaceous, very large, broad, united over the upper part of the nose, and dependent over the face, with a slight notch on the upper part of the front edge; the lower side is expanded, with a rounded lobe in front, and is conti- nued into the folded lower lip. The tragus is lunate, with a slight notch on the thickened front edge, and has a large ap- pendage on the outer side of its upper part. The anti-tragus is large and tubercular. The eyes are small, far back, near the conche of the ears, and have a large wart before and behind them. The wings are long, rather wide, hairy beneath near the sides, with rather wide marginal membranes inclosing the first joint of the thumb. The interfemoral membrane is yery large, truncate at the tip, and furnished with many transverse and five diverging lines from the tail. The tail is elongate, and the last joint is elongated, tapering, and free in the upper side of the interfemoral membrane. The legs are elongate, slender; the ankle short, tapering; toes nearly equal, com- pressed, and the heel bone very long and marginal. Hab. Cuba. “ Killed in my bed-room.” MacLeay. CuHILONYCTERIS, Gray. Lipped Bat. Head conical, fore- head high, convex; nose obliquely truncated, smooth, with a keeled toothed upper edge ; nostrils anterior, inferior ; lower lip large, dilated, hairy, with a broad reflexed membranaceous edge, furnished with a group of regular granular warts on the middle of its upper surface, and with a similar smooth mem- branaceous ridge behind it on the chin ; ears large, separate, lateral, elongate, acute, with two folds on the front edge, and in Cuba by W.S. MacLeay. 5 a large notch on the centre of the outer edge, expanded, mem- branaceous, and produced to the hinder part of the crest on the edge of the lower lip. Tragus distinct, large, with an ap- pendage on the outer side of its tip; eyes small, far back. Wings elongate, narrow, their index-finger of one bony joint; interfemoral membrane very large, elongate, slightly truncated. Heel bones very large, thumb compressed ; tail elongate, su- perior, half as long as the interfemoral membrane, with the last joint free on its upper edge. Hind feet rather small ; ankle elongate, subcylindrical ; toes nearly equal, compressed. Essential Characters. Nose obliquely truncated, appen- daged ; lower lip rounded, with two transverse reflexed mem- branaceous ridges; ears lateral, separate, with the lower outer edge expanded and continued to the hinder edge of the expansions on the lower lip. Tragus distinct. This genus is highly interesting from its being intermediate between the Saccopteri and the genus Mormoops of Dr. Leach. Chilonycteris MacLeayti, Gray. Fur mouse-colour, (in spi- rits) with greenish tips to the hairs, rather paler beneath; lower lip, with a triangular central wart and a group of small close warts on the centre of the lower lip plate; edge of the nose with two tooth-like expansions on each side, one over each nostril, and the other, which is rather larger, on the outer side of the first; chin with three longitudinal ridges and a conical wart on each side extending to the hinder edge of the lower chin membrane; wings chestnut-brown, nearly bald, the under sides of the interfemoral membrane with a few scattered hairs. Length 12, expanse 9”, Fore arm 12; tail 3. Plate I. fig. 2. Hab. Cuba. “ Found in my bed-room; congregates in im- mense numbers in the eaves of houses and in holes in walls.” MacLeay. Nyctinomus macrotis, Gray. Ears very large, united in a common tubercle on the forehead, rather hairy in front ; lips very large, pendulous ; muzzle bald, with a central longitudinal and a transverse marginal ridge of close-set short rigid hairs ; _ upper lp with an oblong tuft of black hairs under the nose ; 6 Mr. J. E. Gray on some new Bats collected tail cylindrical, elongate, rather more than half free; feet with a small round hinder pad, The pads of the great and jittle toes rather large, covered with white hairs, which are curved and rather dilated at the tip. Tragus rather large, truncated, with two or three small lobes on the edge; lobule large, rather obliquely truncated at the tip, and with a slight notch in front of the lower edge. Plate I. fig. 3. Hab. Cuba. “Sent up from the interior of the island, where it was found in the hollow of atree.” MacLeay. The head and nose of this species are very like the N. pli- catus of India, but the lips and ears are much larger in pro- portion, and the lobule of that species is higher, rounded above, and without any notch at the base of the front edge. Like that species, the thumb has a large circular callous pad at its base, which agrees with Spix’s character of his genus Thyroptera, and induces me to believe that his genus will only prove to be a synonym of Nyctinomus. The species of Nyctinomus at present known may be thus divided :— A. Ears united at the base in front on a common tubercle. Lobule high, rounded, without any notch at the front of the base ; ears large ; tragus distinct. WN. plicatus. Lobule elongate, truncate above, with a notch at the front of the base; ears very large; tragus very small. N. ma- crotis. B. Ears close but separate at the front of the base. Lobule semi-ovate, not notched in front; tragus subqua- drate, rather large. N. nasutus. Molossus tropidorhynchus, Gray, Mol. velox, Horsf. Zool. Journ. vil. 237. Upper lip with a roundish tuft of close slender hooked hairs under the nostrils ; muzzle angular with a central longitudinal and a transverse slightly crenated keel ; throat pouch large; tail rather slender, tapering, more than half inclosed in the membrane. Hab. Cuba. “ Very common in the city of Havana.” Mac Leay. This species is very like Dysopes velox, but is smaller, and differs in having only a single central ridge between the nos- trils, which is forked and sends a transverse ridge over each, in Cuba by W. 8S. MacLeay. 7 _ while in that species two oblique ridges continue separate nearly to the base. It is not easy to distinguish the species as described by M. Temminck, for his figures and descriptions appear to have been mostly taken from stuffed and dried specimens, in which state the peculiarities of the face and ears, which are often the most characteristic parts of the species, are frequently de- stroyed. The species of this genus that are in the British Museum may be thus divided. ** Gland on the throat very large and distinct. a. The lobule of the ear semi-ovate with a large base ; ears large, forehead rounded. Mol. rufus. Chestnut with whitish tips to the hairs; nose with a crenulated ridge over, and a broad flat bristly space _ between, the nostrils; tail thick, half free. b. The lobule of the ears round, compressed, with a contracted : base ; forehead keeled. Mol. velox. Chestnut, nose with a diverging ridge from the centre of the space between the nostrils; tail thick. Mol. tropidorhynchus. Chestnut, nose with a longitudinal central ridge, and then a nearly straight crenulated cross ridge over the nostrils; tail tapering, thin. ** Gland on the throat very small, rudimentary. Mol. fuliginosus. Black, tail elongate, slender, tapering ; nose with a diverging ridge from the centre of the space be- tween the nostrils; lobule round, compressed, contracted at the base ; forehead keeled. Mol. Norfolkensis. Grey-black, beneath grey; tail elon- gate, tapering ; nose without any ridge; lobule small, round, not contracted at the base, ears acute; forehead not keeled ? Tribe Vespertilionina. Scotophilus Cubensis. Fur blackish-brown (in spirits) ; wings dark, blackish; underside of the interfemoral membrane whitish, with scattered hairs ; feet large; heel bone short, ta- pering ; ears moderate, entire; tragus ovate-lanceolate. Body and head 22; tail 13; fore arm 13. Hab. Cuba. 8 Account of a Journey across the Il.—Eztracts from a few rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, in 1835. By Mr. James TweEeEpDIE, addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker. In reply to the inquiry contained in your last letter, as to whether I kept a journal of my late excursion to the interior, of which, if such be the case, you desire a copy, I beg to state that it is certainly my custom to take a few notes of whatever may particularly strike me as singular and worthy of remark, but that I am far from pretending to describe in a minute or scientific manner ; although In wilds unknown I love to stroll, Where virgin plants their flowers unfold, Where unknown warblers tune their song, And unnamed rivers glide along. Of my journey to the Andes of Tucuman, I now therefore send you a few notes, which had been hastily written while crossing the Pampas. My object in troubling you with them is merely to show the causes of that poverty in my botanical collections of which you complain. On the 2nd of March our Tropa left Buenos Ayres: it con- sisted of seventeen waggons, each of which, together with its - cargo, was computed to weigh about three tons, and was drawn by six bullocks. The body of the waggon is built of sticks and straw, and is arched over the top where it is covered with raw hides: the length is about 15 feet, the breadth 5, and the height 64 feet inside. Each wheel has a diameter of 8 feet. Thus when these unwieldy, uncouth-looking vehicles are set in motion, you might imagine that a village of Indian huts or toldas had suddenly taken a mind to walk, and the whole ap- pearance is as curious as can well be imagined. The tropa, on this occasion, consisted, besides the waggons, of 240 cattle, 44 horses, 35 mules, and 32 persons, including passengers. Well knowing by experience the lagging mode of travelling that prevails in this country, I allowed the party to have four days’ start of me, and came up with them at the village of Morros, about five leagues distant from Buenos Ayres. Thus my future companions had performed rather more than a league per day. At the moment when I arrived Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 9 the tropa was preparing to cross an Arroy, where meeting two other tropas on their way to Buenos Ayres, we made a very grand appearance from the union of such a large number of cattle, &c., and six hours of time were lost before we again re- sumed our road. Morros is a small straggling village with a population of from 400 to 500 persons, and a respectable look- ing little church: excellent wheat, maize, and pumpions are raised in this neighbourhood, these being the chief articles of produce to which the farmer directs his attention. While passing the Arroy I spent some of the leisure time which was thus afforded me in examining its marshy sides, in search of any new or rare plants, and my disappointment in this first attempt proved but too true an omen of the slender share of success which attended my journey. The tropa had hardly resumed its march on a good road, when they proceeded at the rate of about two miles an hour, than the approach of sunset warned them to halt for the night, and then the whole party dispersed to gather dry thistles, withered straw and herbage, or any material with which a fire can be lighted to cook their victuals. This process is very quickly and sum- marily performed ; often have I seen the animal on foot help- ing to draw the waggon, and killed; flayed, roasted and swal- lowed in less than two hours! Dry grass is often the only fuel that can be procured: the men divide into parties, four to each mess ; the portion of beef is handed to them; and they generally cook it by sticking it on an iron rod which they fix in the ground and lean over the smoky fire. Then each indi- vidual pulls off his singed and bloody portion, severing it partly with his knife and partly with his greased and gory fingers ; and with unwashed hands and filthy beard, enjoys his half-raw meal, devoured without bread, vegetables or salt, in as much comfort and with greater health than does the London epicure his highly seasoned and varied feast. Many of the people who accompany these tropas have been born in them and know no other home than a cart or waggon, nor can do anything save driving and tormenting the poor animals committed to their charge; he being esteemed the cleverest fellow who can make his bullocks cry loudest with the tortures he inflicts. It cannot be wondered at that they 10 Account of a Journey across the are avery ignorant, thievish and deceitful set of savages. The traveller requires to be constantly on the look-out or his pro- perty will be stolen: if he has carried anything to eat or drink and does not share it with these ruffians, they abuse him, call him a bad Christian, and take it away; nay, murders are fre- quently committed and gloried in under these circumstances : and such were the people with whom I was once for seven months, the only stranger save one Frenchman ! Early on the 6th of March we crossed the river de las Conchas, twenty-one miles from Buenos Ayres, on an old, rickety, dangerous wooden bridge, the only bridge of any de- scription that we met with in a journey of nearly 1200 miles. The care that was taken to prevent accidents consumed three hours in passing it, immediately after which we entered a grassy plain, diversified by no change of scenery, except a forest of tall thistles (Carduus marianus) six to ten feet high, mingled with a coarse species of Erigeron. At mid-day we halted and were here joined by a large carriage conveying the family of the owner of the waggons and his servants. While stopping here I strolled a little way and found the first specimen worth gathering, it was an Eupatorium, with broad cordate leaves and tricoloured flowers, which I had how- | ever seen before at the Rio Negro, Banda Oriental. 7th. This day we performed the extraordinary distance of five leagues, all the way being over a grassy plain, where no water could be had, except at one solitary Rancho, where they gave us some excellent water, drawn from a depth of only 11 feet below the surface. I took the opportunity of ascertain- ing the depth of all the wells (which are however few in num- ber) that we saw, and found that by digging about 20 feet at most, an abundance of fine water can always be procured. So lazy are the people, however, that they generally prefer using what they can obtain from some filthy stagnant pool, to taking the trouble of sinking a well; one hindrance, how- ever exists in the want of materials for cradling such pits, as they have nothing for the purpose but bones. At night we were deprived of sleep by the clouds of mosquitoes which is- sued from a stinking marsh close to which we had encamped. 8th. Four hours were occupied this morning in crossing Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 11 the marsh, though but half a mile wide. Each waggon had to be dragged over by eight pair of oxen, so that after one had passed, the cattle had to be sent back to assist the next. I saw several vehicles, besides our own, thus engaged ; for as there is no general road, each takes his own way as seems best. One unfortunate fellow had overset his cart loaded with wheat in this grassy marsh; he was going with it to Buenos Ayres, and the grain being in bulk and not in bags, must have been almost entirely lost under the water and among the aquatic herbage. Two others were helping him to recover it, standing nearly up to the middle in water. Corn is not carried to market here in sacks, but four hides are loosely attached by their corners to the inside of the huge hurdle-cart already described, thus forming a kind of open box, into which the grain or any other cargo is flung. At sunset, having been travelling over a grassy and some- what undulating country, we arrived at the village of Lujuan (pronounced Leuchan) lying in a sort of flat valley. Our first view of it from an elevated ridge was very prepossessing: its straggling roofs and whitened church, mingled with fig trees, and lighted by the setting sun, gave me the idea of a neat Eng- lish village ; but a nearer approach dispelled this favourable appearance. We found it a poor miserable place, chiefly con- sisting of mud-built, straw-covered Ranchos ; a few tolerable brick dwellings formed a kind of square in the centre and out- side them were ranged several wretched huts, without gardens or any appearance of cultivated ground, except some small peach clumps, which are kept to be cut every two or three years for fuel. The peach trees here are as plentiful as osiers in England, and may generally be seen growing along with the Agave Americana and the seven-angled Cactus. A consi- derable quantity of good wheat and maize is raised in this di- strict for the Buenos Ayres market: the pieces of ground thus occupied being unfenced are preserved from the intru- sions of cattle by having a lion or tiger tethered in the centre, the smell of which deters any cattle from approaching. (What is here called a lion, is probably the American lion or puma.) 9th. Leaving Lujuan at midnight, we passed the Guardia de Lujuan, three miles on our left, where are the head quarters 12 Account of a Journey across the — of the Argentine cavalry: here the country is chiefly occupied in keeping and breeding horses for the army, being clothed with rich grass and abounding in good water. 10th. Having travelled most of the night, and up to eleven o’clock in the forenoon, except resting two hours at sun-rise, we halted about noon when the sun was very warm, and turned out the cattle to feed in a fine and rich, though rather coarse, grassy meadow. Except two species of grass | added nothing to my specimen-book, the vegetation being similar to that of Buenos Ayres. Water was scarce and bad; near one Rancho we unexpectedly found a’ sunken well, but nothing to draw withal, except a large horn which had many ups and downs before our thirst was satisfied; there was only eight feet of depth before we came to the water, but the well being lined with shank-bones gives the water a very bad taste. _ 11th. This day’s travelling was slow and fatiguing, owing to the scorching unclouded sun; but we made up the differ- ence by pushing onwards during the night, when we came to good roads, for the most of the daylight had been consumed in passing a bog of soft mud. ‘To each cart the united force of nine or ten pairs of bullocks had to be applied to pull it through this bog which is only three-fourths of a mile wide.. The whole day being thus spent, I took the opportunity of ex- amining the vegetation of this neighbourhood, but only found two Syngenesious species that were new to me. 12th. Early this morning we came to another soft marsh with a slow river winding through it: the current did not flow faster than half a mile an hour. This river is called the Ar- roya del Pez, or Fish River, a name generally applied to di- stinguish such streams as do not dry up in summer from those which disappear at that period, although there may be no fish in either. Great caution was necessary in crossing this place, as the heads of the shaft bullocks were often drawn under water by the weight of the waggon. So long was the line of cattle, that often the foremost animals were already across be- fore the cart had entered the water. When the traces break, as not unfrequently happens, the poor beasts are drowned. 13th. We rested during most of the hot afternoon of yes- terday, and travelled all night through a rough trackless plain, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 13 and stopped in sight of the small village of Salto Chico, which we reached in the afternoon. This was another straggling assemblage of Ronchos, their walls of unburnt bricks, but the church with its whitewashed spire looked rather respectable ; for here, as in all countries where the Romish pontiff holds sway, be the morals of the people as depraved as they may, the outward appearance of the church is the first considera- tion. For instance, at San Lorenzo on the Poran,a village of but five miserable huts, the church is one of the most splendid buildings in the whole Argentine Republic. The population of Salto Chico is about 1500: the place is noted for sending a great number of cheeses to Buenos Ayres, which are how- ever but very poor eating, and fetch a current dollar, fivepence each, weighing about 2lbs. A small river passes the village : the water is very brackish and bad, but we obtained a supply of what was good from wells, about fifteen feet deep to the bottom. 14th. Having again travelled most of the night, we found ourselves in the morning traversing a dreary houseless plain country, covered however with cattle and sheep. Rain came on in the evening, accompanied with thunder and vivid conti- nued flashes of lightning ; these, however, caused no alarm to the inhabitants as they would have done in a metallic coun- try: for though storms of lightning are much more frequent and violent here than in England, they are never known to do any injury. 15th. We entered another poor village, called Pergamena, with a population of about 2000. Here we quitted the pro- vince of Buenos Ayres and therefore found it needful to lay in a stock of pumpions and some bread; the latter was with difficulty procured, being considered a luxury in this neigh- _ bourhood. We are now 120 miles from Buenos Ayres, and I have found but seven specimens of plants. 16th. At the Arroya del Medio, which divides the province of Buenos Ayres from that of Santa Fé, we were joined by 100 fresh draught bullocks, as we now enter uninhabited Pampas, occupied only by wandering Indians, and it is most desirable to pass through this country as quickly as possible lest the Indians should have time to collect and attack us for 14 Account of a Journey across the the sake of plunder. We therefore travelled night and day, making only very short stoppages to change the cattle and singe our beef, cooking being out of the question, where no fuel could be procured except dry grass, and when it was un- advisable to make any delay. We however saw nothing in these vast plains but three Tropas on their way to Buenos Ayres, at considerable distances from us. On these wide and open tracts an assemblage of fifty waggons only looks like a few ships scattered on the vast ocean, steering their way, as by compass, through the-trackless wastes. Even the wild animals, as Foxes, Polecats, and Becatchos, abundant in more inhabited districts, are not to be seen in this desert: some grey and black vultures only attended our Tropa, which picked up any offal that came in their way. Here while stop- ping, during the passage of the Arroya called Del Indio- muerto, I saw great quantities of a large species of quail, ge- nerally called the pheasant of the country, probably attracted to this spot by the fine and large species of grass, with eat- able seeds, which grow in the Arroya. On the 22nd of March, which was a clear calm sunny day, we noticed vast flocks of swallows, flying in a direction contrary to our course, which was north-west, at a great height from the ground ; probably . on their way to the warm islands of the Pacific Oceans. These birds generally quit Buenos Ayres in the beginning of April and return thither late in September. Only one kind of swal- low is found in this country: it is large, and with more grey on the back than the house swallow of Britain, builds its nest under tiles and in holes of walls, and has a strong melodious note much resembling that of a rising lark. 24th. Having travelled for the last seven days and nights through a continued flat grassy plain, where nothing but bit- ter and brackish water could be had, we stopped at sunrise to let the poor exhausted cattle eat the damp though withered grass, and at nine in the morning reached Guardia del Equina, a poor village of thirty-two Ranchos. Here are some old mud forts, whence the cannon have however been removed ; this military establishment, which was built by the old Spaniards to awe the Indians, is now given up. We rested all night at this place to repair our carts, and sent back about 100 of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 15 most worn-out bullocks. While these affairs were proceeding I examined the vegetation, but as the ground is dry and saline I only found a paniculated Syngenesious shrub, and a spe- cies of Hordeum. Round the old forts, where the ground has been broken up, the land is covered with the common Hore- hound and Fennel: these plants, which are inseparable com- panions, always occur in great abundance in similar spots, springing up wherever the original soil has been disturbed. 25th. Having now passed that part of the road which is considered the most dangerous from the attacks of Indians, we halted for six hours, but as it was by the side of a horribly stinking marsh, the clouds of mosquitoes prevented our get- ting any sleep. Most of the day was spent in crossing the bog, during which time I had the gratification of gathering a very beautiful kind of Digitalis, with crisped linear leaves. We then changed the draught beasts and resumed our journey on a fine dry ground, which, gradually rising, brought us to the ‘summit of the highest ridge we had yet passed. From the summit we had before us one of the finest and most welcome views that could be imagined. Hitherto we had been travel- ling over a lonely desert, bare of everything but grass of a foxy-brown colour; but now our eyes were suddenly glad- dened with a delightfully fresh verdure; a beautiful serpent- ine river, the Corcoufeon, slowly winding its course through richly wooded land, adorned with lakes of clear looking water. Several of the fields have the appearance of being cultivated with wheat and maize; this is owing to the fresh grass spring- ing up after the process of burning the ground. A little be- fore sunset we came to a beautiful piece of water where I had the comfort of getting myself thoroughly washed ;—no small refreshment, after travelling for three weeks through clouds of _ dust. Here I found a curious Eryngium, smelling strongly like Angelica, and a species of Eupatorium with fine tufts of peach-coloured flowers. [To be continued. ] 16 W.S. MacLeay on the Structure and III.—Odservations on Trilobites, founded on a comparison of | their structure with that of living Crustacea. By W. S. MacLeay, M.A., F.L.S., &c.* TRILOBITEs were originally considered by Klein and others to be a particular kind of molluscous shell with three lobes. This supposition, however, was afterwards abandoned as un- tenable, and remained so until Latreille, in the 7th volume of the ‘ Annales du Muséum,’ revived it and referred the trilo- bitic fossils to the genus Chiton among the Mollusca. Latreille founded his argument on the presumed absence of feet, and on the lateral edges of the body in several species having been - sub-coriaceous. It is evident, nevertheless, that these early inhabitants of the sea could not have belonged to the sub- kingdom Mollusca, since they possessed compound sessile eyes and a distinct labrum. They must, therefore, be assigned to the sub-kingdom Annulosa, in which we may find many articulated animals which have compound eyes and a labrum very similar in structure to those of Trilobites. Having a hard, shelly, apterous tergum and inconspicuous feet, the Tri- lobites must have either belonged to the order Chilognatha among the Ametabola, or to the class of Crustacea. But all the Chilognatha are terrestrial animals, and the obvious geo- logical fact is, that Trilobites resided in the sea. We must clearly therefore exclude them from the Chilognatha and place them among the Crustacea, in which class it becomes” now necessary to determine their exact place. The class of Crustacea, so remarkable above all other ani- mals for the great variation of their feet, both in number and form, is divisible into two groups; those which have the eyes sessile or the Edriophthalma of Leach, and those which have their eyes supported on moveable peduncles or the Pod- ophthalma of Leach. To the Edriophthalma the Trilobites clearly belong, and the question is now reduced to determine merely whether they belong to the Amphipoda or those existing Crustacea which do not undergo metamorphosis in their larva state, (among which I include not only the Amphipoda of La- * Reprinted with permission from R. I, Murchison’s valuable work on the ‘ Silurian System. Affinities of Trilobites, 17 treille, but also his Lemodipoda and Isopoda,) or whether they belong to the Entomostraca or those existing Edriophthalma which do undergo a change of form in their larva state. I conceive that the Trilobites will be found to differ in so many respects from both the Amphipoda and Entomostraca, that ac- cording to the present state of our knowledge, we must allow them to form a distinct order, intermediate between the tribe Isopoda on the one side, and the tribe Aspidophora on the other. Those circumstances which generally are reckoned most anomalous in the Trilobites are not in reality so very extraor- dinary, since they may be detected in many Crustacea now existing. Thus the trilobed form of the body occurs in Serolis and Bopyrus. The membranaceous or rather coriaceous mar- gin of the body, assumed by Latreille and others to exist in Trilobites, is to be found in the female Cymothoe. In these last animals also, as well as in the female Bopyrus, we observe the eyes to disappear as in many Trilobites. The compound eyes of Calymene are situated on the back of the head, but wide apart, and are composed of large facets. The same structure may be seen in the male of Cymothoa trigonocephala, and many other Cymothoade. The absence of antennz and the rudimentary state of the feet, both occur in Bopyrus, the well- known parasite of prawns. In Spheroma we have not only the onisciform body of Calymene, but also its property of roll- ing itself up into a ball. In Spheroma also we find the large - convex semicircular anal segment of Bumastus. I think, there- fore, that we can have no hesitation now in allowing the im- mediate affinity of the Trilobites to Isopod Amphipoda, and more particularly to the Cymothoade and that parasitical group which is called Epicarides by Latreille. Indeed, if the Trilobites are once demonstrated to have possessed articulated feet, it will be difficult to remove a male Bopyrus from the group. Here the two eyes are placed on the back of the head wide apart. Here also there are no antenne, no posterior lateral abdominal appendages, and besides no very distinct articulation to the sternum. If the Bumastus of Murchison had a body of thirteen equal segments with short crustaceous feet it would be a male Bopyrus, so close is the affinity! The differences between a male and female Bopyrus, such for in- Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No.21. Sept. 1839. Cc 18 W.S. Macleay on the Structure and stance as the presence of eyes in the former and the want of ‘them in the latter, may also induce us to fancy that similar differences may have possibly occurred between certain male and female Trilobita, which from their prima facie difference of form are now placed in distinct genera, although they may have truly belonged to one and the same species. Serolis has been generally considered to come near to Paradowxides ; but as the former has got four well-developed antennz with crus- taceous feet, and the latter none, I am inclined to believe the relation between them to be one of analogy rather than of im- mediate affinity—Let us now turn to the Entomostraca. Dr. Buckland, following other authors, has compared the Trilobites with the genera Limulus and Branchipus. With the latter genus, however, they obviously have no immediate affinity; although it may be well, by reference to Branchipus, to show that Crustacea can and actually do exist, with soft membranaceous feet, such as Audouin and Brongniart sus- pected, and. Goldfuss has more lately asserted, to have been the feet of Trilobites. When, nevertheless, I take into consi- deration the perfect manner in which the soft body of an ani- mal referred to me by Mr. Murchison, and by that gentleman called Nereites Cambrensis, has left its impression in a slaty rock, I confess I find it difficult to understand how the ves- tiges of legs in a Trilobite (if such legs ever really existed) should not be more evident than Goldfuss has represented them in his plates. In short, I consider the question of feet to remain still unsettled. At the same time I ought to remark, that if the Trilobites were Crustacea, between Apus and Bo- pyrus, a fact I conceive capable of demonstration, they must have been in possession of subabdominal, laminar, oviferous, appendages. Now, no traces-of such appendages remain, consequently we can easily understand how feet of a similar membranaceous consistency may have disappeared in like manner. I may here observe, that Brongniart is certainly wrong in imagining that the Ogygia Guettardi had oval ovi- ferous bags appendent to the abdomen like Cyclops, for what he considers to be such organs are more probably the mem- branaceous margin of the abdomen, and, besides, Ogygia has no immediate affinity to Cyclops. With reference to Limulus, Affinities of Trilobites. 0 its crustaceous, semilunar cephalothorax bears considerable resemblance to that of certain Trilobites, such as the genera Ogygia, Asaphus, Paradowides, &c. In Limulus, we find reni- form, compound eyes placed widely apart on the back of the head, and consisting of peculiar facets. We find, also, an indi- stinct trilobed structure of the superior abdominal shield. But then this is composed of a number of confluent segments, so as to appear of one piece ; and, besides the two ocelli, the large erustaceous feet and cheliform antenne throw Limulus far away from the Trilobites. We must, therefore, compare them with Apus and other Aspidophora ; animals which, in my opi- nion, of all the Entomostraca, appear to come nearest to the Trilobita. Here we have a large clypeiform shell, rounded in front, and posteriorly emarginate, which forms a cephalotho- rax, on the back of which are situated three eyes. Of these the two largest are lunated, and obviously correspond to the eyes of Trilobita, although they are placed proportionally much nearer to each other. It is true they are simple, but so appear to have been the eyes of Bumastus*. The abdomen, divided into many distinct segments, the foliaceous feet, the structure of the front of the cephalothorax, the two rudiment- ary antenne, the large labrum and projecting mandibles, all show the affinity of Apus to the Trilobites, more particularly to Asaphus platycephalus, in a specimen of which from Lake Huron, Mr. C. Stokes has discovered a subquadrate labrum, which only differs from that of Apus, in being anteriorly deeply emarginate, while the latter is truncated. Dr. Buck- land has compared this organ to that of crabs, but decapod Crustacea possess a very different structure, and the thing most like this labrum is to be found among the Xiphosura, or still better, among the Aspidophora of Latreille, of which group this naturalist’s genus Prosopistoma ought more particularly to be compared with Trilobites. I am not aware, however, that any trilobite has yet occurred with vestiges of ocelli. * The distinction between smooth eyes and granulose eyes does not seem to be of much importance in these animals; for among the existing family of Cymothoide we not only see the males of some species with eyes and the females without them, but we observe neighbouring genera, such as Zurydice and Nelocira, the one with granulose eyes like a Calymene, and the other with smooth eyes like a Bumastus. i 20 W.S. MacLeay on the Structure and Still there are characters which, in my opinion, distinguish Trilobites from almost all other Crustacea; and among these characters I would particularly mention the absence of all la- teral, posterior, abdominal appendages. Excepting Bopyrus* and certain Lemodipoda, all the Amphipoda possess these anal appendages, which are generally styliform, articulated and in numbertwo. The Lemodipoda, however, want these append- ages, because the whole abdomen in them has become eva- nescent, a case totally different from that of Trilobites, which, like Bopyrus, have a well-developed abdomen consisting of many segments. I therefore consider this deficiency of anal appendages to a well-developed abdomen, when joined with the evanescent feet and the total absence of antennz, to be characters separating the Trilobita from all Crustacea except Bopyrus. The affinities of the group may be roughly expressed by the following diagram. AMPHIPODA. Cymothoade, Leach. a EB 3 is) Bumastus, Murch, Xiphosura, Lat. ENTOMOSTACA. TRILOBITA. Asaphus, Brongn. Aspidophora, Lat. Calymene, Brongn. If we allow any accuracy to belong to the foregoing remarks on the affinities of Trilobites, it will follow that the class of Crustacea may for the present be distributed into orders, thus ; V1Z. Normal Group. Orders. E Decapropa, Lat. Antenniferous region Poporutuatma, Leach. of head confluent Animals having their with the thorax. eyes supported on move- | STomAToropa, Lat. Antenniferous region able peduncles. of head distinct E from the thorax. * Bopyrus may possibly belong to the Trilobita, but I confess I do not see how Agnostus can. Nor do I believe that the latter fossil has any con- nexion with the Annulosa at all. Affinities of Trilobites. 21 Aberrant Group. Orders. r AmPuiropa, Lat. Head distinct with four antenne. Feet thick and crustace- ous. Animals not undergoing meta- morphosis. Trixosita, Brongn. Head distinct without EprioputHautma, Leach. antenne. Feet ru- Animals having their 4 dimentary, soft, and eyes sessile. membranaceous. Entomosrraca, Lat. Head rarely, if ever, distinct from tho- rax, but provided with antenne. Feet always _ distinct. Animals undergo- ing metamorphosis, ad With regard to the habits of true Trilobites, these animals have been supposed by some naturalists to be parasitical ; but I conceive this hypothesis not to be very tenable, since almost all existing articulated parasites that adhere externally to other animals have strong feet, hooked at the end for that purpose. Now the Trilobites certainly had no such strong crustaceous hooks to their feet, or these hooks would have long since been detected. The close affinity of Trilobites to Bopyrus does not prove a parasitical mode of life, for Spheroma and other Cymo- thoade which, like Trilobites, have the power of coiling them- selves up into a ball, are not parasitical, although so close in affinity to the parasitical genus Cymothoa. Nay, it has been said that the Cymothoade and Epicarides do not draw their nourishment directly from the animals to which they adhere ; but, on the contrary, live entirely on the animalcule brought to them in the water by the play of the branchiz, near which they always take their post. Still the close connexion of Tri- lobites with Bopyrus, and their feet almost null, if not entirely so, induce me to think that these animals must have been to a certain degree sedentary. The flat under surface of their bodies, and the lateral coriaceous margin of several species, which is so analogous to that of Chiton, make it probable that they ad- hered with a soft articulated underside either to rocks or fuci. They appear to have been among Crustacea what the Vermes or white-blooded worms are among Ametabola,—often without eyes, and always without antenne or distinct feet. If they had feet, as Audouin and Goldfuss imagine, and, as indeed is 22 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. most probable, they must have been so small, so membrana- ceous, so soft, and so rudimentary, as almost to be useless to the animals for locomotion. The mouth, so analogous to that of Apus, makes us imagine that the Trilobites were carnivorous ; and they may possibly have fed on Acrita, Annelida, or naked Mollusca. That they had to search for their food, and that they possessed some small power of locomotion, is to be in- ferred from their highly organized eyes; for no truly sessile animal is provided with sight. The Balanus, when it becomes sedentary, loses its eyes, as does also, in like case, the female Coccus. I imagine, therefore, that although the Trilobites were to a certain degree sedentary, more particularly the blind ones, they must have had some power of crawling over a flat surface ; but whether they moved by rudimentary, soft, mem- branaceous feet, or whether it was by means of the undula- tion of setigerous segments, like the earth-worm, or by wrin- kling the under surface of the abdomen like a Chiton, are ques- tions yet to be determined. One thing, moreover, is in my opinion clear, from their longitudinally trilobed form and la- teral coriaceous margin; namely, that they had the power of adhering to a flat surface, like a Chiton, Bopyrus, or Coccus. While thus sedentary, the hard, although thin dorsal shell, probably saved them in some degree from the attacks of fishes, just as that of Chiton protects such Mollusca from all fishes except the Scaride. The Trilobites probably, like Ostree, Chitones, Cocci, and other sedentary animals, adhered in masses one upon the other, and thus formed those conglome- rations of individuals which are so remarkable in certain rocks. IV.—Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a Spe- cimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALLAN CunniINGHAM, Esq. [Continued from vol. iii. p. 319.] TILIACEA, Juss. Enteiea, R. Br., Juss. Calyx 4—5 phyllus. Petala 4. Stamina indefinita uniformia, Antheris subrotundisincumbentibus. Stigma denticulatum. Capsula ena echinata, 6-locularis, semi 6-valvis, polysperma. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 23 601. E. arborescens. R. Br. Mss. Bot. Mag. 2480.—Apeiba australis. 4. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 301. t. 34.—Corchorus Sloanoides. Sol. Ms. in Bibl. Banks. Whau or Iwau, indig. R. C. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of the _* Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. Arbuscula 12—15 pedalis, ramis teretibus pubescentibus. Folia alterna, longe petiolata, palmaria, subcordata, palmato 3—5 loba, inzequaliter eroso- dentata, preesertim subtus pubescentia, pilis densis stellatis. Stipule bine, lanceolate deciduxz. lores in racemum brevem, pauciflorum, peduncula- tum dispositi. ELZOCARPEA, Juss. 1. Exzocarrus, L. (Dicera, Forst.) 602. FE. Hinau; foliis petiolatis alternis oblongis subacuminatis obtusis basi sensim attenuatis dentato-serratis subter pube adpressa sericeis venosis, in venarum axillis seepe saccato-foveolatis, racemis simplicibus axillaribus folio brevioribus, petiolis trilobatis, drupis ovatis, nucleo sulcato.—E. den- _ tatus. Vahl. Symb. iii. p.67.—Dicera dentata. Forst. Prodr. n. 226. DC. Prodr. i. p.520. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.303. : _ Hinau ab incolis vulgo nominatur. bok: a Coy phe es New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Frequent in the forests of Wangaroa, Hokianga, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island.) Shores of Queen Charlotte’s Sound.—1773, G. Forster. Arbor procera, 50—60 pedalis; rami teretes, patentes ; cortice brunneo- griseo. Folia alterna, oblonga, vel ovato-lanceolata, dentato-serrata, coriacea glabra, patentia, petiolata, subtus tenuissime sericea, pulchre reticulato-ve- nosa, et in axillis venorum szpe profunde foveolata. Racemi axillares sim- plicissimi, palmares, laxiflores, folio breviores. Calyx 5-sepalus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis acutis villosis equalibus patentibus. Petala alba, oblongo- dilatata, 3-lobata, 3-nervia, unguiculata, lobis oblongis obtusis undulatis in- termedio longiore. Stamina circiter 15—20. Anthere lineares, teretiusculo- tetragonz, villoso-scabre, 2-loculares, filamentis longiores, apice 2-valves dehiscentes, valva unica aristata, altera breviore reflexa. Discus hypogynus 5-glandulosus, glandulis basi bifidis extus sericeis. Ovarium superum coni- cum sericeum 5-loculare. Stylus subulatus. Stigma simplex. Drupa nu- cleo sulcato 5-loculare? loculis 4 plerumque abortivis. The wood of the Hinau is remarkable for its whiteness, but it is almost useless on account of the way in which it splits, when exposed either to wet or warmth. Its chief use is that it makes an excellent dye, either a light brown, puce or dark black, not removeable by wash- ing. The natives employ it (that is the outer skin of the bark) for the purpose of dyeing the black threads of their garments.—Yates’s New Zealand, p. 49. . 2. Frresia, DC. Calyx profunde 4-partitus, foliolis eequalibus ovatis. Petala 4, cuneata, 24 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. subunguiculata, apice triloba. Discus glandulosus. Stamina citciter 12. Anthere cordato-oblonge, mutice, 2-loculares, poris sub apice dehiscentes. Stylus leviter sulcatus, apice 2-vel 4-fidus. Bacca sicca, fragilis, 4-locularis, loculis dispermis. Semina angulata subtriquetra, testa atra nitida, rugosa, crustacea. 603. F. racemosa, foliis (oppositis) cordato-ovatis acuminatis petiolatis inzequaliter serratis flaccidis venosis, racemis compositis subpaniculatis pa- tentibus axillaribus ramulisque villosis.—Dicera? serrata. Forst. Prodr. n. 227. DC. Prodr.i. p. 520. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p.304.—Eleocarpus Di- cera. Vahl. Symb. iii. p. 67. Pork’. Te ft. 4.7. F697. Mako-Mako of the natives. R. C. . New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shady forests and margins of running streams, shores of the Bay of Islands, and elsewhere on the east coast where it usually flowers in Oct. and Nov.—1826, 4. Cun- ningham. (Middle Island.)—1773, G. Forster. ; Arbuscula erecta pulcherrima, ]2—15 pedalis: rami patentes, teretes, suboppositi. Folia membranacea, minute reticulato-venosa, juniora varie violacea purpurascentique picta. ores in racemos patentes dispositi. Calyx villosus ciliatus. Petala albido-rosea vel purpurascentia, sepalis al- terna. S%lamenta staminum cinereo-villosa. Stylus deciduus. STERCULIACE, Kunth. Endl. (Bombacee, D.C ?) Piaciantuus, Forst. Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx subhemisphericus 5-fidus aut dentatus, persistens. Petala 5, cum tubo staminum unita. Stamina 10—12, fila- lamenta in tubum cylindraceum unitum, Pistillum solitarium. Ovarium— ovatum, 1—2 ovulatum, ovulis suspensis. S*ylus crassiusculus. Stigma magnum bilobum, hinc decurrens, papillosum. Capsula subdrupacea 1—2 cocca, apiculata indehiscens. Cocculi 1-spermi. Semen pendens. Albu- men carnosum. Embryo immersus, curvatus. Jadicula cylindracea, ad hilum seminis versa: Cotyledones majuscule plane subfoliacee longitudi- naliter undulatee.—Arbores vel Frutices. Folia stipulata, alterna, linearia aut ovata. Flores subsolitarii paniculatique. 604. P. divaricatus, glaber, foliis fasciculatis lineari-spathulatis obtusis integerrimis patentibus trinerviis floribus solitariis binisve axillaribus, pe- talis obovatis ad basin tubi staminum unitis, lobis stigmatis tubo inclusis, caule fruticoso. Forst. Prodr.n. 254. DC. Prodr.i. p.477. A. Rich, Fl. Nov. Zel. p.299. Bot. Mag. 3271. Runa, indigenis. R. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Frequent in salt marshes on low sides of rivers, where it forms dense bushes.—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island).—1773, G. Forster. a Frutex gracilis, diffusus, 3—4 pedalis, ramis virgatis divaricatis alternis teretibus prorsus glabris, cortice atro-brunneo, stipulis procumbentibus, Flores solitarii interdum bini; pedicellis brevibus. Caly« cyathiformis, 5- dentatus, dentibus acutis parvis brevibus divaricatis. Petala ovata, conca- epee — wee. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 25 viuscula, patentia, flavescentia. Stigma bilobum, longitudine tubi staminum. Ovarium parce tomentosum, mono-dicoccum, ovulis pendulis, _ 605. P. betulinus; ramulis foliisque villosis, foliis sparsis petiolatis ovato- lanceolatis acuminatis grosse ineequaliterque serrato-trinerviis, floribus ter- minalibus lateralibusve ramoso-paniculatis decompositis, pilis cinereis con- spersis, petalis lineari-spathulatis subciliatis ad medium tubi staminum co- herentibus, lobis stigmatis patentibus tubum superantibus recurvis, caule arborescenti. New Zealand (Northern Island). A lofty tree on the banks of the Kana- Kana river, near its head, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. Arbor procera, 70 pedalis. Rami stricti, teretes ; juniores tomentosi, pilis stellatis, cortice fibroso tenaci brunneo. Stipule decidus. Flores paniculati, ramis patentibus villosis. Calyx 5-fidus; lacinize ovate acuminate, nervose, coriaceze, rigide, patentes. Petala alba, spathulata. Stigma bilobum, tubo staminum longius. Ovarium villosum, 1-loculare, uniovulatum. Ovulum pendulum. 606. P. urticinus ; ramulis foliisque canescentibus, foliis sparsis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis attenuatis grosse inzequaliterque serratis venosis, paniculis ramosis terminalibus, petalis lineari-spathulatis elongatis acutis, juxta basin tubi staminum concretis, stylo omnino incluso, caule fruticoso. New Zealand (Northern Island). Among underwood on the banks of the Kana-Kana river, Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. Frutex 6—8 pedalis. Rami virgati, teretes laxiusculi, ramulis alternis brevibus, foliatis. Stipule caduce. lores paniculati, ramis strictis dense stellato-pilosis. Calya« 5-fidus, laciniis ovatis acutis, minus rigidioribus sed villosioribus quam in precedenti. Petala attenuato-spathulata. Stylus in tubo staminuin penitus inclusus. _ This species differs from the preceding in its leaves being smaller and more attenuated, in having its branchlets more hoary, and its petals, which are united almost at the base of the tube of stamens, more attenuated and somewhat exceeding the tube in length, within which the style is, moreover, wholly inclosed. MALVACEA, R. Br. Kunth. Hisiscus, L. 607. H., vesicarius. L. Willd. Sp. Pi. iii. p. 832. DC. Prodr, i. p. 453. Cav. Diss. iii. p. 171, t. 64. f. 2. New Zealand (Northern Island). On hills near the village of Manga- maka on the Hokianga river, and at Ngaire opposite the Cavallos Isles, off the East Coast.—1833, R. Cunningham. An planta vere indigena? Forsan ex Anglia introducta. LINEA, DC. Linum, L. 608. L. monogynum, caule basi suffruticoso, foliis sparsis lanceolatis 3- nerviis integris glabris, stylo simplici. Forst. Prodr. n. 145. DC. Prodr. i, p. 428. A. Rich, Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 317. Don. in Sweet Fl. Gard.t. 26 Dr. Wagner on the Habits of the Macroscelides Rozeti. Kaho, incolis. R. Cunn.—Nao vulgo ab incolis dicitur.. D’ Urville. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. On bare rocks on the islets of the Bay of Islands, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. (Middle Island.) —1773, G. Forster. Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D’Urville. CARYOPHYLLEZ. 1. Arenaria, Z. 609. A. media, L. DC. Prodr.i. p.401. - A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 315. —A. marina. Engl. Bot. t. 958. Note-noho ab incolis vulgo sub nomine cognoscitur. D’Urville. New Zealand (Middle Island). Frequent on rocks near the sea-coast, Astrolabe Harbour.—1827, D’Urville. 2. Stetiaria, LZ, S. media, Sm. Fl. Brit. p.473. DC. Prodr. i. p. 396. Engl. Bot. t. 537. —Alsine media, Z. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 316. Kaikaka, indigenis. D’Urville. New Zealand (Northern Island). Frequent in open grounds, distant from any European settlement, apparently indigenous, in the country be- tween Waimaté and Hokianga.—1833, R. Cunningham. ELATINEZ, Cambess. in Mem. du Mus. (1829.) Exatine, LZ. Calyx 3—4 partitus persistens inferus. Petala 3—4. Stamina 3—6—8. Styli 3—4, breves. Capsula 3—4 valvis, 1—4 locularis, polysperma. Semina cylindrica, longitudinaliter sulcata, transversimque striata pla- centis centralibus affixa. 610. E.? gratioloides, glabra, foliis oppositis subsessilibus obovatis obtusis — venosis, floribus alternis axillaribus sessilibus. New Zealand (Northern Island). In a bog at Tauraki, Hokianga river. —1833, A. Cunningham. Herba glabra, caules repentes radicantes. Folia opposita, lato-obovata, obtusa, prope modum sessilia, decurrentia integerrima vel subrepanda, minu- tissime asperata. Stipule nulla. Flores nondum vidi, sed expositione fructus judicans sessiles, axillares, alterni. Calyx 3-partitus, persistens, la- ciniis subrotundis, obtusis, concavis. Capsula depressa, umbilicata, 1-locu- laris, polysperma. Semina oblonga, cylindracea, longitudinaliter tenuiter striata, transversim sulcata. [To be continued. } V.—WNote on Macroscelides Rozeti*. By Dr. Moritz WAGNER.T Tus curious small insect-eater inhabits the western portion of the province of Algiers. It has hitherto been discovered * Established by Duvernoy in the ‘ Mém. de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Stras- bourg,’ i. p. 2. + Translated from Wiegmann’s Archiv. First part, 1839. 2 il rr acl Feel ey Dr. Wagner on the Habits of the Macroscelides Rozeti. 27 only in the neighbourhood of the towns of Oran, Tlemsan and Arzew. It does not appear to go further eastward than Arzew. It is moreover very rare and difficult to obtain even near these. towns. Capt. Rozet who first sent this animal to France pro- cured it through the industrious soldiers of the bataillon d’Afrique, who with their meagre pay have an insatiable thirst, and grasp after all possible means of gratifying it. ‘Two sol- diers of this famous corps, who were in great renown in Oran as rat and serpent catchers, conducted me to a rocky moun- tain to the west of Oran, whose summit is crowned by a Ma- rabut temple and the Spanish fort Santa Cruz. The Macro- scelides lives there among the cavities formed by large frag- ments of rock. It seeks out natural places of concealment, and does not excavate any holes; the female, however, forms a nest for the young among the most dense thickets of the dwarf palm (Chamerops humilis), which grows in great plenty on this rock. In the early hours of the day the animal quits its hiding-place and seeks out some sunny spot, but during mid-day hies to the shade of the Chamerops, and there lurks for its prey, the insects which settle on the lower plants. The Macroscelides prefers insect larvee, grasshoppers without elytra, and especially snails, in fact all small soft animals. Incapable of breaking the hard house of Heitz lactea, it thrusts its remarkably prolonged narrow mouth into the aperture, and generally tears away a portion of the snail before it has time to draw itself completely into the interior of its shell. I kept my twelve animals for some weeks alive at home, and fed them on small Orthoptera. They would not touch bread, maize, or sugar, although Rozet states that he kept his on bread. They are exceedingly gentle animals, which never bite, not even when they are tormented. They do not go on the hinder feet like the species of Dipus, but always on all fours, and when running the prolongation of their posterior feet is not at all perceptible. On the other hand I frequently observed them sitting on the rock raised like a rabbit on their hind feet, either watching their pursuers or spying about for prey. When catching flying or hopping insects they hide them- selves, lurking among the dwarf palm, and then generally en- 28 On some new Species of Amaryllideze. deavour to reach their prey with the first long spring, for which the length of the hinder feet is of great service. The taking of this insect-eater is very difficult. Should the pur- suer not succeed in discovering their hiding-place and cutting off their retreat under the mass of rock, it is then necessary to turn over the heavy blocks of stone with iron crow-bars. In the hot months, as also during rainy days, the Macrosce- ides disappears. The best time to obtain it is in spring and autumn. My soldiers had found the very small young of this snouted mouse in the month of February near ‘Tlemsan, con- sequently the time of pairing appears to be during the winter months. When imprisoned, I noticed in these small animals a very peculiar, powerful exhalation. A single Macroscelides which had been confined for some days in a large case left be- hind it an odour which the box retained for several weeks. Among themselves these animals appear to be very mild and not quarrelsome, at least I never observed them to fight, even about their food. V1.—Amaryllidearum Species nove. By the Hon. and Rev. Wan. HerBervt. PANCRATIUM TORTUOSUM. Bulbus subrotundus. Collo producto; folia angusta line- aria =, unciee lata, tortilia (humifusa?); scapus brevis (subterraneus ?); spatha 24 unciali, 3—4-flora, germine sessili, tubo gracili 5 unciali. Corona 21 unc., limbi la- ciniis linearibus ultra 3 uncialibus, stylo filamentis coro- ronam ;5, superantibus longiore.—W. H. | “Habitat in planitie arenosa Djedde in Arabia; floret Febr.” S. Fischer, MS. in Herb. Hooker. Planta viva est in hort. Spofforthiano. PANCRATIUM TRIANTHUM. Scapus 4—9 unc., spatha 14 unc., germen sessile; tubus 4—5 unc., limbus 2;—3 unc., coronam circ. unciam sty- lum 3 unc., superans, filamenta stylo breviora coronam circ. $ unc. superantia. Ex Senegambia, 1839. Specimina omnia triflora ex herb. Hooker. Absque foliis—W. H. sig jinn 2 lan Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. 29 VII.—-Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis WALKER, F.L.S. [Continued from vol. iii. p. 419.] Sp. 70. Cirrospilus Zopyrus, Mas. Viridi-eneus, abdomen cupreum, an- tenne fusce: pedes flavi fusco- et fulvo-varii, ale sublimpide. Viridi-zeneus : oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne fuscze; articulus 1" viridis; 2"s piceus, apice fuscus: abdomen cupreum: pedes flavi; coxe virides; fe- mora fusco late cincta: tibiz fulvee apice et basi flavee; tarsi apice fusci ; propedes tibiis et tarsis pallide fulvis: alee sublimpide ; squamulz picee ; nervi fusci, basi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 2; alar. lin. 3.) Found near London. | Mas. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- put transversum, breve convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne filiformes, corporis longitudine, pilis longis vestite ; articulus 1"° gracilis, sublinearis; 2"s longicyathiformis; 3"° brevis; 4%, 5"S et 6" longi, lineares ; clava longi- fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 6° duplo longior: thorax longiovatus, con- vexus: prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius ; parapsidum suture bene determinate; scutellum brevi- conicum: metathorax mediocris, transversus: petiolus brevissimus: abdo- men sublineare, planum, thorace brevius fere angustius: pedes graciles : pro- ale anguste ; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. Sp. 71. Cirr. Arathis, Mas. Viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenn@ picee, pedes picei, tarsi fulvi, ale limpide. Obscure viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz nigro-picez ; articuli 1" et 2"; virides: abdomen nigro-cupreum: pedes picei; coxe virides; genua fulva; tibize apice fulve ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci; propedes tibiis et tarsis fulvis: ale limpidz ; squamulz picee; nervifusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3 ; alar. lin. 14.) Found near London. Mas. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: ca- put transversum, breve convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antenne filiformes, latze, pilis longis vestitee, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"* longiovatus, latus ; 2"* longicyathiformis; 3"° brevis; 4" et sequentes fusiformes, usque ad 6"™ curtantes ; clava longifusiformis, acuminata, articulo 6° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus: me- sothoracis scutum latitudine longius; parapsidum suture bene determinate ; scutellum breviconicum: metathorax mediocris, transversus: petiolus bre- vissimus: abdomen sublineare, planum, thorace angustius non brevius: pedes graciles: proalz late; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. Sp. 72. Cirr. Rhode, Mas. Viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenneé nigre; pedes piceo-fulvi, femora viridia, tarsi flavi, ale limpide. Viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne nigre, articuli 1"* et 2"* nigro-vi- 30 Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. rides: abdomen nigro-cupreum: coxe virides; trochanteres picei; femora viridia, apice flava; genua fulva; tibiz fulve; tarsi flavi, apice fusei; me- sotibie apice piceze; metatibiee piceze, basi fulvee; protarsi fulvi: ale lim- pide ; squamule pices; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3—%; alar. lin. 1¢ te) Var. @.—Obscure zeneo-viridis : pedes flavi; coxe nigro-virides; femora nigro-picea ; tibize fuscee, apice et basi flavee; tarsi apice fusci; propedes tibiis et tarsis fulvis. Found near London. Mas. Corpus breve, latum, sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum : caput transversum, breve convexum, juxta thoraci latum: antennze filiformes, late, pilis longis vestitee, corpore non breviores; articulus 1" longiovatus latus; 2"5 longicyathiformis; 3"° brevis; 4"% et sequentes fusi- formes, usque ad 6"™ curtantes ; clava longifusiformis, acuminata, articulo 6° duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius; parapsidum su- ture bene determinate; scutellum breviconicum: metathorax mediocris, transversus: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen sublineare, planum, thorace brevius vix angustius: pedes graciles; proalee late ; nervus ulnaris hume- rali longior, radialis vix ullus, cubitalis sat longus. Sp. 73. Cirr. Clito, Mas. Nigro-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne picee, pedes nigri, tarsi flavi, ule limpide. Nigro-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne picez ; articuli 1° et 2"* ni- gro-virides: abdomen nigro-cupreum: pedes nigri; trochanteres flavi ; genua flava; tarsi flavi, apice fulvi; propedes tibiis tarsisque fulvis: alz limpidz ; squamulz fusce ; proalis nervi fulvi, metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. $; alar. lin. 1.) July; near London. Fem. Corpus sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum; vertex sat latus; frons abrupte declivis: oculi mediocres: antenne graciles, extrorsum cras- siores, corporis dimidio paullo longiores; articulus 1" sublinearis, gracilis; 2" longicyathiformis ; 3"° et sequentes ad 5"™ curtantes; clava longiovata, acuminata, articulo 5° multo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus: prothorax transversus, brevis: mesothoracis scutum latitudine longius, linea per me- dium; parapsidum suture remotz, bene determinate ; scutellum obconicum: metathorax mediocris: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen longiovatum, de- pressum, acuminatum, thorace paullo longius vix latius; segmenta transversa, subzequalia: pedes graciles, simplices; tarsis articuli 1° ad 3"™ curtantes, 4"5 paullo longior ; ungues et pulvilli parvi: alze vix ciliate; nervus ulnaris humerali longior, radialis brevissimus, cubitalis sat longus apice stigma mi- nutum fere bimucronatum fingens. Sp. 74. Cirr. charoba, Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenne fulve, pedes flavi, ale subflave. Cyaneo-viridis, zneo-varius: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne fulve ; arti- culi 1** et 2"* virides, hic apice fulyus: abdomen viridi-cupreum: pedes ‘a =A eet | “2 we 2 ie Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. $1 lete flavi; coxe virides; tarsi apice fusci; protarsi fulvi: al flavescentes ; squamule flavee ; nervi flavi. July ; near London. Genus Miscocaster, Walker. Mas. Corpus sublineare, convexum, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum, caput transyersum, breve convexum, thorace paullo latius; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis: oculi mediocres, non extantes: antennze fili- formes, corpore breviores; articulus 1"* gracilis, sublinearis; 2" brevis ; 3"5 et 4"5 minimi; 5"* et sequentes lineares, usque ad 10¥™ curtantes; clava linearis, apice acuminata, articulo 10° duplo longior: thorax longiovatus ; prothorax transversus, brevissimus : mesothoracis scutum longitudine latius ; parapsidum. suture bene determinate ; scutellum obconicum: metathorax sat magnus, declivis, postice angustior : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen sub- lineare, breve planum, thorace paullo brevius et angustius; segmentum 1% magnum; 2"™ et sequentia brevia: pedes simplices, subaequales ; ale me- diocres ; nervus humeralis ulnari fere duplo longior, radialis ulnari longior, cubitalis ulnari multo brevior; stigma minutum. Sp. 1. Misc. Dryops, Mas. Cyanea cupreo et viridi varia, antenne ni- gre, pedes luteo-fulvi, femora fusca, ale limpide. Cyanea, viridi-varia: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne nigre; articuli 1" et _ 2"s yirides: abdominis discus cupreus: pedes lutei; coxe virides; trochan- teres fusco maculati; femora fusca, apice subtus lutea; tibize fulve; tarsi apice fusci; propedum tibie lute, tarsi fulvi: ale limpide; squamule picez ; nervi proalis fusci, metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 23.) Found near Edinburgh, by Dr. Greville. Mas, M. enee proxima: corpus sublineare, convexum, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: caput transversum, breve, thoraci latius; vertex latus ; frons impressa, abrupte declivis: oculi mediocres, non extantes: an- tenne filiformes, corpore breviores; articulus 1° gracilis, sublinearis; 2" breviovatus ; 3" et 4"* minimi ; 5"* et sequentes lineares, usque ad 10¥™ cur- tantes ; clava sublinearis, apice acuminata, articulo 10° fere duplo longior ; thorax longiovatus: prothorax transversus, brevis antice angustior : meso- thoracis scutum longitudine paullo latius ; parapsidum suture bene determi- nate; scutellum fere conicum: metathorax sat magnus, declivis postice angustior: petiolus brevis: abdomen sublineare, breve, planum, thorace brevius et angustius; segmentum 1¥™ magnum ; 2¥™ et sequentia breviora ; sexualia exerta: pedes simplices, subaequales: ale sat magne; nervus hu- meralis ulnari duplo longior, ulnaris radiali brevior, cubitali paullo longior ; stigma parvum. Sp. 2. Misc. Gelanor, Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreo-varium, an- tenne nigre, pedes luteo-fulvi, femora fusca, ale limpide. Cyaneo-viridis: oculi et ocelli rufi: antennz nigre, articuli 1"° et 2" vi- rides: abdominis discus cupreo-varius: pedes fulvi; cox virides; tro- chanteres fusci; femora supra fusca; genua lutea; protibize lutez ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci: alz limpidz: squamule picee ; nervi proalis picei, metalis fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 24) Found near Edinburgh, by Dr. Greville. 32 Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. Mas. M. Dirci proxima: corpus crassum, breve, convexum, nitens, scitis- sime squameum, parce hirtum: caput transversum, breve, thorace latius; ver- tex latus; frons abrupte declivis, vix impressa: oculi mediocres, non extantes: ocelli approximati: antennz valide, extrorsum crassiores, thorace paullo breviores; articulus 1"° gracilis, subarcuatus, fere linearis; 2"* longicya- thiformis; 3"% et 4" minimi; 5"° et sequentes approximati, usque ad 10"™ curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 10° plus duplo longior: thorax brevi- ovatus, altus: prothorax brevissimus: mesothoracis scutum longitudine multo latius ; parapsidum suture non bene determinate ; paraptera et epi- mera magna; scutellum breviovatum, prominens: metathorax obconicus, declivis: petiolus brevis: abdomen longiovatum, convexum, breve, thorace brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1% magnum; 2¥™ breve; 3%™ longius ; 4um adhuc longius; 5% et 6"™ minima: pedes graciles, simplices, sub- zequales; mesofemora subtus unisetigera: alee mediocres ; nervus humeralis ulnari plus duplo longior, cubitalis ulnari vix longior radiali multo brevior: stigma parvum, ramulum emittens perbrevem. Sp. 3. Misc. Sopolis, Mas. Z£neo-viridis, caput cyaneo-viride, antenne nigre, pedes picei, femora viridia, tarsi flavi, ale limpide. neo-viridis: caput cyaneo-viride : oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne nigre ; articuli 1"* et 2"° virides, ille basi fulvus: abdomen viride, eeneo-varium : pedes virides ; trochanteres picei; genua fulva ; tibie piceze ; protarsi picei ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci: alz rniipiiee squamule pice; nervi proalis picei, metalis fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 2+.) Found near Edinburgh, by Dr. Greville. Genus Gastrancistrus, Westwood. Mas. G. compresso proxima: corpus breve, convexum, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce hirtum: caput transversum, breve, thorace latius; vertex latus; frons abrupte declivis: oculi mediocres, non extantes: antennz gra- ciles, submoniliformes, corporis dimidio multo longiores; articulus 1"* gra- cilis, sublinearis; 2"* brevis; 3° et 4"* minimi; 5"8 et sequentes discreti, usque ad 10¥™ curtantes ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 10° plus du- plo longior: thorax ovatus, crassus: prothorax brevissimus, supra vix con~ spicuus : mesothoracis scutum longitudine latius; parapsidum suture bene determinate: scutellum magnum, subovatuin : metathorax transversus, bre- vis: petiolus brevissimus: abdomen lineare, depressum, subcompressum, lve, thorace brevius et multo angustius: pedes simplices, subzequales: alz medivcres ; nervus humeralis ulnari fere duplo longior, radialis ulnari paullo brevior, cubitali longior ; stigma minutum. Sp. 1. Gast. Acontes, Mas. neo-viridis, abdomen cupreo-purpureum, antenne fulve, pedes fiavi, ale limpide. Viridis, zeneo-varius: oculi et ocelli rufi: antenne fulve; articuli 1"* apice 2"*que basi obscuriores: abdomen cupreo-purpureum, basi viride : pedes flavi; cox virides ; tarsi apice fusci: ale limpide ; squamule fulve ; nervi proalis fulvi, metalis flavi. (Corp. long. lin. }; alar. lin. 4.) Found by Dr. Greville near Edinburgh. [To be continued. } Scientific Expedition to the Antartic Regions. 33 VIlI.—Instructions relative to Botany and Vegetable Phy- siology, for the Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic Re- gions, prepared by the President and Council of the Royal Society *. Tue duty of the Botanist should be, to collect specimens and pre- serve evidence concerning every department of Botany and Vegetable Physiology, not merely in illustration of these subjects as branches of science, but with reference to purposes of general utility. The vegetation of the Antarctic regions and of the most southern countries which the expedition may visit, should be an object of especial attention, for however sterile and uninviting a place may appear to be, it is most desirable to know exactly what plants those regions produce. Here, therefore, and at all other places, as com- plete an herbarium as possible should be formed. At Kerguelen’s land, of which the Flora is so little known, this is especially neces- sary: even at St. Helena, the Cape of Good Hope, and Hobart Town, carefully as the botany of these places has been examined, a dried collection of plants should be made, especially of the lower orders of phenogamous vegetation and of aquatic and submersed plants, whether of fresh or salt water. Fungi also, and Rhizanths, should be diligently sought for, and all those minute species of cryptogamic plants which are parasites. _ Though but little accession to our knowledge of Systematic Bo- tany can be anticipated at any of the principal stations of the expe- dition, many new and interesting facts may be collected in Physio- logical Botany, if anomalous forms of vegetation be examined, as concerning these so little that is positive has as yet been ascertained in foreign countries. Collections should be made of the stems of Ca- suarinas, Urticaceous trees, and of twining woody plants, the internal structure of which is frequently at variance with the ordinary plan of vegetable formation. Diligent search should also be made for cases of the occurrence of the embryo buds of Dutrochet. It is probable that attention skilfully directed to these last productions will throw light upon some of the most obscure points of Vegetable Physiology. Most of the specimens of this kind may be preserved in a dry state; but as some will require to be kept moist, it is re- * The President and Council having been informed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty that it had been determined, in conformity with their recom- mendation, to send out Captain James C. Ross on an Antarctic Expedition for scientific objects, and having been requested to communicate any suggestions upon subjects to which they might wish his attention to be called, referred the consi- deration of each to distinct Committees. We have selected those reports which are connected with the subject of our Journal.—Ep. Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No. 21. Sept. 1839. D 34 Instructions for the Scientific Expedition quisite, for this purpose, that the Botanist should be supplied with bottles, jars, acetic acid and spirit. Attention should be especially directed to the distribution of re- markable species in each country, regard being paid, in particular, to the elevations at which they are found, and the soils which they seem to prefer, where preference is observable. Connected with this topic are the limits to which cultivated plants extend, and the circum- stances under which they succeed or fail. In noting points of this nature, facts concerning the commoner species will be interesting, because they are so frequently neglected, and because of the evi- dence as to climate which they may be expected to afford. In the absence of this kind of knowledge, it is difficult for persons here to judge correctly respecting the kind of plants it may be desirable to in- troduce into another country. Should the causes of failure or of suc- cess in the cultivation of particular plants be apparent, they ought tobe noted down. As an instance of the importance of this branch of inquiry, the Vine at the Cape of Good Hope may be mentioned : the bad quality of Cape wine, with the exception of that produced at the farm of Constantia, is well known: can any physical cause be assigned for this circumstance? If exotic plants are commonly cul- tivated with apparent success, they should receive particular notice ; European Oaks, for example, are common about Cape Town, where they are planted for their shade; the species to which they belong, and the effect of that climate upon their growth, and the quality of their timber, are points deserving of attention. The original Flora of St. Helena should be fully investigated and carefully distinguished from that which has been gradually formed there by the introduction of numerous plants from various countries. The association of plants in this island will be found extremely curious, and the circumstances which enable species of very different habits to flourish equally well in the same place, not- withstanding their constitutional diversity, are deserving of particu- lar attention. A very detailed catalogue should be formed of these exotics, the degree in which they are affected by their new country should be observed, and an attempt be made to discover the causes which are favourable to the maintenance of so singularly mixed a vegetation in so small an island, Such a catalogue, if well prepared, may be expected to illustrate many difficult and important questions which are connected with the relation borne by vegetation to cli- mate. Both at St. Helena and Hobart Town, Tree Ferns will be found : those in the former place have the stems destitute of external fibres fo the Antarctic Regions. 35 except near the ground, while the Tree Ferns of Hobart Town are thickly covered with similar fibres from the very summit. The origin of these fibres and the circumstances under which they are produced, are unknown, and should, if possible, be determined; indeed, the manner of growth of these plants in all other particulars is an in- teresting subject for careful investigation, as are also the circum. stances under which this tropical form of vegetation is produced upon Mount Wellington. In the event of the expedition visiting the southern part of New Zealand, it should also be ascertained under what conditions the Tree Ferns that exist there extend so far beyond the usual geographical limits of such trees, and also whether they are not accompanied by other forms of an equally tropical character. The northern coast of Van Diemen’s Land being in many re- spects clothed with a different vegetation from the south side, it is desirable to notice the peculiarities of each. At Emu Bay, there exists the Gunnia australis, an orchidaceous epiphyte, which is far to the southward of the general range of plants of that kind. It will probably be found that this apparent exception to general rules is dependent upon some local peculiarity of climate. Possibly other species with similar habits occur on the same line of coast; they should be sought for, and particular attention should be paid to the plants with which the orchidaceous epiphytes are associated. A principal object of inquiry should be, plants yielding useful products of all kinds. It is in this way only that the resources of foreign countries can be ascertained, and it is presumed that in an expedition which will be stationary for considerable periods of time, such inquiries can be easily made. Under the head of useful products the following may be particularly mentioned : 1. Dietetical, medicinal, and poisonous agents of all kinds. The nature and action of the poisons employed by the natives of many countries are but slightly known. 2. Dye stuffs. Attention should be paid, especially to obtain Lichens, as substitutes for the Roccella tinctoria, now becoming scarce, and consequently very valuable in European commerce. The fitness of these plants for this purpose may be approximately ascertained by Hellot’s lichen test, which is as follows: digest the lichen at a temperature of 130° F. for a few hours, in a weak solution of am- monia, but sufficiently strong to be tolerably pungent. One that is fit for the dyer will yield a rich violet red liquid. 3. Astringent substances adapted for tanning. It is desirable to ascertain with accuracy the source of the various astringent extracts D2 36 Instructions for the Scientific Expedition imported from New Holland and the neighbouring parts, and which are employed by the tanners of this country. 4. Fibres adapted for cordage and weaving. Substitutes for Hemp are very desirable. Great strength, flexibility and freedom from injurious influence in working are three essential qualities of good hemp. | 5. Information respecting the source of many of the ornamental woods imported from the southern hemisphere is very imperfect. It is desirable, therefore, that inquiries be made on this subject as well as for new kinds of wood. 6. Gums, resins, volatile oils, fecula. Especially the source of some resins brought to this country from New Holland, and which are analogous in some properties to the yellow resin of that country. In forming collections of such objects, especial care must be taken when collected to number alike both the products and the plants by which they are furnished, and to note whatever can be learned concerning them, more particularly with regard to their abundance and the facility with which they can be procured. It is also ne- cessary that the observations made by the Botanist himself should be carefully distinguished from such information as he may receive from other persons. No opportunity is to be lost of collecting information respecting the source and mode of preparation of any vegetable substances known in commerce; for many exotic products, even those with — which we are most familiar, have many points connected with their natural history deserving attention. The vegetation of South Shetland cannot be expected to furnish much that can be made available for purposes of commerce, except Lichens. With respect to these plants, however, it is possible that species fit for the purposes of the dyer may be found in those southern latitudes; and if such should prove to be the case, an additional source of profit may become available for the South- sea traders. Where the native names of useful plants can be correctly ascer- tained, they should be preserved; but care must be taken to avoid error in this respect. Implicit credit must not be given to the statements of individual natives; it is only by comparing the sepa- rate evidence of different persons, that correctness can be expected. Collections should be formed of the seeds and bulbs of useful and ornamental plants wherever opportunities occur, and they should be forwarded to Europe from time to time. It is also recommended that duplicate collections be transmitted to the Supreme Govern. to the Antarctic Regions. 37 ment at Calcutta for distribution among the botanical gardens of India. In packing these collections, the best method is to en- close each kind of seed in separate packets of brown paper, which should be placed loosely in canvas bags, or in boxes with holes in their sides, and arrangements should be made for their being transmitted in a cabin, or some well-ventilated part of the ship. Among those seeds which it is more particularly desirable to procure, may be mentioned the arborescent Composite of St. Helena, and the na- tive Coniferous plants of all countries, particularly the Phyllocladus or Celery-leaved Pine, and the various species of Athrotaxis inhabit- ing the mountains of Van Diemen’s Land. As the seeds of such plants are apt to suffer from long keeping, and as other instances may occur when it would be desirable to send home young plahts instead of seeds, it would be advisable that the expedition should be supplied with one of Mr. Ward’s glazed cases, to be used if oc- casion should arise. Light is an agent which operates so powerfully upon plants, de- termining the amount and even nature of their secretions, and in- fluencing in the most essential manner their vital actions, that it would be most interesting to obtain, if possible, some good pho- tometrical observations. The extreme and mean temperatures of the atmosphere, its humidity, the quantity of rain, and the tempera- ture of the earth immediately below and within a few feet of the surface, have also a direct and important bearing upon Vegetable Physiology, especially when considered with respect to the distri- bution of plants, and the arts of cultivation. Observations upon all such points tend to explain the connexion which exists between vegetation and climate, and should be introduced by the Botanist into his report, notwithstanding that they also occur in the Meteoro- logical Journal. If the observations here recommended be briefly noted in a ta- bular form, and at the time that they are made, the registration of much useful matter which might otherwise escape recollection, will be secured, and a valuable document formed for future reference. In conclusion, the Council most particularly recommend that the Botanist to the expedition be directed to number all the objects collected by him in one consecutive series; that the dried speci- mens, seeds, woods, and productions of all kinds, shall correspond in number with the plants producing them; and that two complete collections be prepared for Government, of which one shall be for incorporation with the general collections belonging to the public, and the other be preserved separately, to illustrate the botany, &c., * 38 Instructions for the Scientific Expedition of the expedition. The Council also recommend that both these collections be delivered up within six months after the return of the expedition ; and, finally, that a report upon the botanical results of the expedition be furnished to Government within six months after its return, every plant or object mentioned in the report bearing the number of the specimens in the collections to be delivered up as above recommended. Zoology and Animal Physiology. 1. Martne INVERTEBRATA. Tue animals which it is desirable to preserve, and which may first - present themselves to the notice of the naturalist in the present ex- pedition, are the floating marine Mollusca and Crustacea, and those which inhabit the Sargazzo or Gulph-weed. With respect to the Mollusca, all the species of the Cephalopoda or Cuttle-fish tribe, and all the Pteropoda or lower organized floating ~ Mollusca, should be preserved. If taken alive they should be allowed to die gradually in sea water, by which means they commonly remain in a relaxed state, and display more of their natural outward form. - When dead they should be soaked for a short time in fresh water, and then put into spirit; or if transparent, in the saline solution*, to prevent decomposition, which otherwise rapidly takes place. To each specimen should be attached a number, stamped on sheet © tin, corresponding to the entry-number in the Catalogue, in which should be noticed the kind of locomotion, or other vital phenomena, and the colour of the living animal, the latter being speedily altered or lost in the preserving liquor. ‘The larger Crustacea will be liable to become putrid in spirit, unless the soft mass, which fills a large portion of the body, consisting of the liver, &c. be removed. Each specimen of this class, excepting the very minute ones, which will be best preserved in small phials or glass tubes, should be wrapt in a piece of very soft, thin linen or cotton cloth, to prevent the legs from being intermixed or lost, as they are very likely to fall off after having been a short time in spirit. A very important object of investigation is the development of the Crustacea, from the earliest period at which they can be observed to the perfect state. ‘They may be readily examined even before they leave the egg, by opening the egg under a single microscope. Boiling water Filter the solution when cold. to the Antarctic Regions. 39 Drawings of these changes are very desirable, and when practicable the eggs and young ones in different stages should be preserved in spirit in short glass tubes. The smaller oceanic Crustacea offer a prolific and hitherto unexplored field of investigation. Among the floating Mollusca likely to be met with in the tropical latitudes is the Spirula, a small Cephalopod with a chambered shell. An entire specimen of this rare Mollusk is a great desideratum; and if it should be captured alive, its movements should be watched in a vessel of sea water, with reference more especially to the power of rising and sinking at will, and the position of the shell during those actions. _ The chambered part of the shell should be opened under water, in order to determine if it contain a gas; the nature of this gas should likewise, if possible, be ascertained. As a part of the shell _ of the Spirula projects externally at the posterior part of the animal, this part should be laid open in the living Spzrula, in order to ascer- tain how far such mutilation would affect its power of rising or sinking in the water. In the event of a living Pearly Nautilus (Nau- tilus Pompilius) being captured, the same observations and experi- ments should be made on that species, in which they would be at- tended with more precision and facility, as the species is much larger than the Spirula, and its shell external. The towing-net should be kept overboard at all practicable-periods, and drawn up and examined at stated intervals, as some of the rarest marine animals have been taken by thus sweeping the surface of the sea. A sketch or drawing of Molluscous and Radiate animals, of which the form and colour are liable to be materially altered by death, or when put in spirit, will aid materially in rendering the description of the species useful and intelligible. ‘The Echinodermata and As- terias echinus, and similar forms, should be soaked in fresh water previously to their being put into spirit. Care must be taken not to crowd too many soft-bodied Inverte- brata in the same bottle, and to change the spirit or preserving liquor at least once, if not oftener. 2. Fisues. The mode and speed of swimming, living colour, temperature, and any other peculiarity, should be noticed before placing the spe- cimen in spirit. _ In very large specimens of the Shark or Ray kind, a section of the jaws, with a part of the vertebral column, should always be pre- served as wet preparations, and the remainder of the jaws and ver-— 40 Instructions for the Scientific Expedition tebral column in a dry state. The eyes, eyelids, and part of the surrounding skin should be preserved in the saline solution. In less bulky specimens the entire head should be taken off by dividing the fish below the heart across the upper part of the liver, by which means the mouths of the oviducts, if it be a female, the heart, gills, and head are all preserved together. The tail of a Shark may be taken off a little belese the anus, and the trunk alone preserved for examination. If the trunk be too large, it should be cut through above the pelvis, and the parts contained in the hinder portion, as the claspers of the male, should be pre- served in spirit. If the specimen be a female, separate the two ovi- ducts through their whole length, where they run along the abdo- men, on each side of the spine, but keep them meses to the cloaca and its surrounding parts. If with young, or eggs, take the whole out in the same way with- out opening the oviducts. The heads of all fishes should be preserved, when the teers are too large to be preserved entire. All external parasites, and those which infest the gills of fishes, should be preserved. 'The alimentary canal should, in all cases, be examined for the presence of the entozoa, which, if adherent to the coats of the intestine, should be preserved with the part to which they are attached. One of the most interesting fishes of the South- ern Seas is the Port Jackson Shark (Cestracion Philippi). Mode- rate sized specimens of this species should be preserved entire: and the head, vertebre, with the dorsal spines, viscera, and especially the impregnated oviduct, should be preserved. The Southern Chi- mera (Callorhynchus antarcticus) merits also the especial attention of the Naturalist, and the same specimens of this species should be preserved as of the Cestracion. 3. REPTILES. Specimens of Turtle should be carefully examined for parasitic animals; a curious Barnacle (Chelonobia) and a Leech (Hirudo branchiata) are occasionally found adhering to these marine Reptilia. In the event of the expedition touching at the Galapagos Islands, specimens of Amblyrhynchus, a lizard of marine habits, should be secured, and the particular locality of the capture noted. 4, Brirps. The Chionis or Sheath-bill of the Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. The Great Penguin (Aptenodytes). The Penguin of the Isle San Lorenzo. to the Antarctic Regions. 41 Of these rare and desirable birds, besides the prepared skins, the entire body should be preserved in spirits for anatomical purposes. The young of the Great Penguin, and the eggs at different stages of incubation, should likewise be similarly preserved. 5. Mamattia. The skulls, skeletons, and viscera of a specimen of each species of _ the Cetacea of the Southern Ocean are worthy of being preserved. : - With respect to the Sperm Whale, an entire foetus, or, if of large size, the brain, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and blow-holes, and the vis- cera; a part of the impregnated uterus; the ovaria, and a portion of the membrane of the foetus; are all parts worthy of preservation. The same observations apply to the great Elephant-Seals (Phoca _ (Cystophora) proboscidea) ; of which the skull and skeleton of both male and female are very desirable. The skulls or skeletons of all the species of the Southern Seals should be preserved, the sex being noted. 6. In Partricutar Recions. In Australia or Van Diemen’s Land the following species are more especially worthy of attention. Thylacinus Harristi, Hyena of the Colonists. Of this species, the skeletons of male and female, detached skulls, an entire specimen in the saline solution for dissection, the viscera, and more especially the impregnated uterus, and a young specimen for the changes in dentition are particularly desirable; such speci- mens not having been as yet transmitted to the museums of this country or on the continent. _ The skeletons, skulls, and female organs of every marsupial qua- _ druped, and of the Ornithorhynchus and Echidna (or Porcupine of the Colonists) should be preserved. _ Thesmaller Mammalia of Australia, whether Marsupial or Rodent, _ should be preserved in spirit, and particular notice taken of their lo- cality and habits. ,: Among the birds of Australia the Lyre-Pheasant (Menura) would _ be an interesting subject for anatomical investigation. Of this spe- cies are wanting the skeletons of a male and female, and of the young _ bird; and the entire body of both sexes in spirit, or the saline solu- tion. _ The same with respect to the large-billed Cuckoo (Scythrops), and Sea-Partridge (Glareola). In New Zealand similar preparations should be obtained of the _ Megapodius, and of the Apteryx australis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No. 21. Sept. 1839. E 42 Bibliographical Notices. With regard to birds it may be observed, that if spirit be injected down the windpipe, it will pass through almost the whole body by means of the air-cells. In the case of a quadruped preserved in spirit, or in the saline solution, it is proper to inject the preserving liquor into the abdominal cavity and intestinal canal. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Supplement to the History of British Fishes. By William Yarrell, F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., Illustrated by Wood-cuts. London, Van Voorst, 8vo. 1839. In an early number of the ‘ Magazine of Zoology .and Botany,” we noticed the work to which that bearing the title above is a Sup- plement, considering it as one well executed in all its departments, and of much importance in bringing together our knowledge of a branch of the British Fauna which had not been investigated so minutely as either the zoology or ornithology ; and moreover we looked upon it as a work which was sure to cause the production of much ad- ditional information. In the latter prophecy the Supplement before us bears ample testimony that we have not been deceived, while it also exhibits the zeal of the author in his interesting department, and the assiduity with which he is assisted, which is mainly to be attributed to the excitement given to our ichthyologists by the in- terest of his previous volumes. The execution of the Supplement more than equals that of the former volumes. Thirty-one figures of fishes are given, besides vig- nettes illustrating structure or characters, Among the species the greater number are new to our Fauna, the others bemg improved re- presentations of fishes previously illustrated, or taken from speci- mens where the former wood-cuts were, for want of better materials, copied from drawings or other engravings. In the letter-press se- veral mistakes and inadvertencies have been corrected. We trust that Mr. Yarrell will continue to collect materials as he has already done, and we will venture to predict that it will not be long before they will again swell to an extent even beyond that which he has already presented to the public. The following may be noticed as occurring among the more im- portant corrections and additions to this Supplement :—Couch’s Serranus Mr. Yarrell has found to be identical with the Polyprion cernuum of Cuv. and Val. An improved figure of the baagmaer or Deal fish is given from the representation of Professor Reinhart of Bibliographical Notices, 43 Copenhagen, together with extracts from that naturalist’s not easily accessible memoir. There is a beautifully cut figure of Crenilabrus rupestris, which formed the subject of an interesting paper by Mr. Selby in an early number of this periodical, and which (since atten- tion has been directed to the species) has been met with on several _ parts of the English and Irish shores. In the paper alluded to ‘ Mag. of Zool. and Bot.’ i. p. 137, the third specimen is said to have been found on the shore near “ Barncleugh :” there is no such place, the name is a misprint for Bamborough, which we regret to see copied by Mr. Yarrell, as well as by foreign writers without blame on their parts, and we trust that this notice will tend to correction. The Pomera- nian Bream, C. Buggenhaggii, is a fine addition to our Cyprinide, and has been taken in Dagenhambreach, Essex, and by Mr. Thompson ‘in the river Logan near Belfast. Of the very singular genus Hemi- ramphus, a fish is represented under the title of H. Europeus, de- tected several years since by Mr. Couch of Polpero. In the descrip- tion Mr. Yarrell remarks, ‘‘ one question may be hazarded :—Is this fish, with its unequally developed jaws, the very young state of our common Garfish, Belone vulgaris ?’’ and we would request our ich- thyologists to attend to this query, very interesting and important, whether it proves us to have a British member of the genus Hemi- ramphus, or that the lengthened jaw is only a peculiar structure in - another division; and perhaps touching upon another question im- mediately suggested by Mr. Yarrell’s surmise,—whether or not the Hemiramphi may not be all a young or immature form of this fish, and if so what is the use of the elongation of the under jaw at this early period ? Among the Salmonide we have a second figure of S. feror from an Irish specimen, authenticating its Irish range. Mr. Yarrell also mentions having received specimens of trout weighing 32 and 34 lbs. from Lake Wenern, and which are considered identical with the British fish. A species of smelt, Osmerus Hebridicus, taken near the Isle of Bute, is given as new to Britain and to ichythology. The powan of Loch Lomond, and pol/an of Loch Neagh, are also now figured. Platessa elongata, taken at Stoford, in Bridgewater Bay, is described as new to ichthyology. Among the British Sturgeons ichthyologists will find interesting employment, and we refer to Mr. Yarrell’s finely cut figures of the heads of two, and to his short observations for excitement. Hchinorhinus spinosus is a very inter- esting addition, but surely there is much difference between Mr. Yar- rell’s figure and Dr. Smith’s in the proportion and relative positions _ of the members, and also in the form of the teeth. We judge now only from the figures before us. E 2 44 Bibliographical Netices. Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum. ‘Elias Fries. Upsaliz, 1836—1838. Vol. I. 8vo. : Twenty years have elapsed since the preparation of the first volume of the ‘Systema Mycologicum,’ which appeared in 1821. Nume- rous species have since been published by the learned author himself in his ‘ Elenchus,’ and in the ‘ Linnea,’ and various new labourers have arisen in the mycological field. The author’s intention in the present work, of which we have here only the commencement, is to give short characters of all the fungi hitherto published or known in Herbaria under manuscript names. At the same time he takes the opportunity of completely revising the species, correcting errors, im- proving the synonyms where needful, and making such alterations in the arrangements and such new genera as the very enlarged number of species may demand. The difficulty and labour of the task can scarcely be fully estimated, except by persons versed in the intricacies of the subjects, though some notion perhaps may he formed from the fact that the volume, which comprises only the Hymeno- mycetes, contains specific characters of nearly 2560 species. The number of genera amounts to 65; of these about 28 are either new or sectional divisions of different value raised to the rank of genera. As it is, the genus Agaricus, after nine dismemberments, some of which are very extensive, still comprises 980 species. Of the value of the new genera it would be very rash to speak without careful inves- tigation. The whole group is so natural that it is exceedingly diffi- cult to define genera very nicely, though the species associated are. evidently allied in a more peculiar degree amongst each other; and the characters assigned will be judged sufficient or insufficient ac- cording to the notions which individuals attach to the term genera, which are confessedly artificial assemblages ; for genera do not exist in nature. It is at present uncertain whether the other orders of Fungi will be reviewed, as the encouragement to mycological works is so small, that even in the case of an author of such superior qua- lifications no publisher could be found to undertake the risk. The work is therefore published ‘‘ sumtibus auctoris,’’—a circumstance which we hope will be an inducement, not only to mycologists, to whom it is indispensable, but to botanists not so immediately inter- ested in the subject, to become purchasers. As it was imperative upon the author to bring the book out at as little cost as possible, he has been obliged to curtail the descriptions as far as is consist- ent with clearness, to give only the most important synonyms, and to forgo a general index. It is painful to find the author after sa - Bibliographical Notices. 45 ‘many years of labour expressing himself in such terms as the fol-— lowing: “ Mycologia enim referatur ad vilia illa et a plerisque neg- lecta studia que nec pecuniam nec honores suis parant cultoribus ; sed eo ipso fidos tantum semper habebit, licet paucos, quibus satis erit in nature gremio acquiescendo infinitam rerum creatarum varie- tatem et artificium admirari.” Sweden however is not singular in this respect. Little encouragement is given at home to works on Cryptogamic botany, especially on Mycology; and in France, we know from the highest authority, that it is regarded as a very infe- rior branch of botany. Germany alone appears duly to appreciate its value. Linnea, ein Journal fiir die Botanik, &c. Vol. XII. Part 6. Vol. XIII. Parts 1, 2, 1839. {Continued from vol. ii. p. 465. ] Contributions to the genus Mentha; by A. Rochel.—Supplement- ary observations on Papaveracee and Fumariacee; by Prof. Bern- hardi.—On the structure of the Flowers of Balsaminee ; by Prof. Bernhardi.—Observations on the Hairs in the Air-tubes of Limnan- themum and Villarsia ; by Drs. Grisebach and Hoffmann.—Monstro- sities of Plants; by Schlechtendal. Vol. XII. No. I. Anatomical investigation of the reproductive organs of Riccia glauca; by Prof. Unger.—On Brasilian Vetches; by Dr. Vogel.— On the Liverworts, collected by Beyrich in North America; by E. Hampe. —Description of Mount Slavnik and its botanical rarities, particularly Pedicularis Friederict Augusti; by M. Tommasini.— A very interesting account of a Botanical Excursion to the mountainous regions between Trieste and Fiume; by the Botanists who accom- panied Mr. Forbes in his botanical excursion to the mountains of Ternova, of which an account is given in this work, vol. ili. p. 236. —Description of a new Pancratium and Gilia; by C. Bouché.—Re- marks on American Laurocerasi ; by the Editor.—To the memory of Chamisso; by Schlechtendal. Vol. XIII. No. 2. On Jungermannia Porella, Dick; by Prof. Schwigrichen.—On the origin and development of Botrytis Bassiana and another parasitic mould ; by Prof. Crivellii—On a curious monstrosity of Hordeum Himalayense trifurcatum; by 'T. Irmisch.—Supplement to the enu- meration of Mexican Ferns, collected by Schiede, Ehrenberg, and 46 Bibliographical Notices. others; by Kunze.—On Conyza chilensis, Spreng, and C. diversi- folia, Weinw. ; by Weinmann.— Review of a century of Brazilian Malpighiacee ; by Dr. Grisebach.—On Mexican Plants collected by Schiede, &c.; by Schlechtendal. Plantes Crypiogames de France. Par J. B. H. Q. Desmaziéres. Of this valuable work three Numbers, 18—20, have appeared since our last notice. It would take up too much room to give a list of the species, which amount te 150, contained in them; but it may truly be said that with every number the interest increases. Deutschlands Kryptogamische Giftgewichse, 8c. Von Dr. P. Pheebus. Berlin, 1838. 4to. This is a continuation of Brandt and Ratzeburg’s account of the poisonous plants of Germany. With the exception of the Fungi, the cryptogamic plants noticed as possessing deleterious qualities are confined to one or two species of Hquisetum and Lycopodium. The poisonous fungi are admirably described, with remarkably full syn- onyms, and of many of the more common ones there are excellent figures, with a very correct analysis. ‘There is a very complete ac- count of Ergot beautifully illustrated. We recommend the work very highly to the notice of such as wish to become acquainted with dangerous Fungi, and to the general cryptogamic student. The price is very reasonable. Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica, auctore Oswaldo Heer. Pars I, Fasc. I. Turici.—The present first fasciculus contains the Carabide and the commencement of the Dytiscide. We are glad to learn that-the Rev. Dr. Pye Smith’s Congrega- tional Lecture on the Relation between the Holy Scriptures and some parts of Geological Science is in the press. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. BRITISH ASSOCIATION. August 26.—J. E. Gray, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Secretaries :—Mr. E. Forbes and Mr. Patterson. The first paper read was by Mr. Lankester, on the Formation of Woody Tissue, the conclusions in which were opposed to the views, supported in this country by Dr. Lindley, of the formation of fibrous tissue by descent from the buds and leaves, and contained some in- Zoological Society. 47 teresting observations on what have been termed by Dutrochet ‘Embryo Buds.’ A notice, by Mr. Forbes and Mr. Goodsir, of Zoological Re- searches in Orkney and Shetland, the result of a journey made in June last, in which twenty-three new species were described, chiefly Mollusea, Radiata and Zoophytes, and many new facts stated in re- gard to some of the rarer British marine animals. A notice, by Dr. Wilde, on Peruvian Mummies ;—and on the preservation of Fish. A paper on the same subject, by Mr. Lankester, who exhibited specimens, well preserved by a very ready and expeditious method. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. November 13, 1838.—Professor Owen, in the Chair. A letter from Alexander Gordon, Esq. was read, begging the Society's acceptance of the animal described by Mr. Waterhouse under the name of Myrmecobius fasciatus, and also the Perameles la- gotis. Both of these animals, Mr. Gordon stated, were from Swan River and not from Van Diemen’s Land as had been supposed. A paper entitled ‘‘ Observations on certain modifications observed in the dentition of the Flying Opossums (the genus Petaurus of authors), was communicated by Mr. G. R. Waterhouse. «In the ‘ Dents des Mammiferes’ of M. F. Cuvier, the dentition of the Flying Opossums and that of the Phalangers is described under the two heads ‘ Petaurus’ and‘ Phalangers proprement dits.’ Both the groups termed Petaurus and Phalangers by M. F. Cuvier contain certain species of Flying Opossums, and likewise species of Phalangers. Those species, however, which have the flank-membrane extended from limb to limb, enabling them to sail in the air like a parachute, are now with universal consent separated from the Phalan- gers (Phalangista), and arranged under the generic title Petaurus or Petaurista. “In grouping the Phalangers and Petaurists as above mentioned, M. F. Cuvier was guided only by the characters offered by the den- tition; that of Petaurus Taguanoides certainly bearing a very close resemblance to that of Phalangista Cookiit. The teeth of Petaurus sciureus, however, do not bear so close a resemblance to those of Phalangista vulpina and P. maculata, although the three animals mentioned are placed in the same division by the author alluded to. Regarding the Petauri as a distinct genus from the Phalangers, I will proceed to describe their dentition as I find it in the skulls before me, which I may observe consist of two specimens of each of the 48 Zoological Society. following species :—P. taguanoides, P. flaviventer, P. sciureus, and P. pygmeus, and one skull of a new species hereafter described. ‘* In these crania three distinct modifications in the dentition are observable ; and as they are combined with certain differences in the skulls and in the external characters of the animals to which they be- long, they may be regarded as forming three subordinate sections, to which for convenience I shall apply the names, Petaurus, Belideus, and Acrobata. Two of these names will be found in the ‘ Mammologie, by M. Desmarest. The dentition observable in the species of the first of these sections (Petaurus) is as follows :—Incisors- >; canines = false molars =; true molars —. I am induced + call the two first teeth following the incisors canines, since they re- present those which are evidently canines in the two next sections. The incisors of the upper jaw are arranged laterally, the three on either side being placed close together; the two foremost are sepa- rated from one another by a space about equal to their diameter ; they are narrow at the base, and expanded and somewhat compressed above the base. The next incisor on each side is larger than the last or posterior one, and about half the height of the first, narrow at the base, and wide and truncated at the apex. The third incisor is small and but slightly wider at the tip than at the base. The canine is very small, being in size about equal to the posterior inci- sor ; its tip is rounded, and it springs from the maxilla a little behind the intermaxillary suture ; the space between it and the canine being’ about equal to twice its diameter or more; for there is a difference in this respect in the specimens before me. The first false molar is minute and conical, separated by a considerable space from the canine and also from the following molars. The next two molars on each side I have called false molars, because they do not possess the inner tubercles which are observed in those behind ; theyare broad at the base and compressed at the tip; the foremost presents an an- terior larger, and a posterior small compressed tubercle; the third is divided at the tip into three compressed points. The true molars are nearly square, but rather longer than broad ; the crown of each, with the exception of the last, presents four tubercles, with sharp cutting edges, and very much resemble those of a Ruminant animal. Inthe last molar there are but three of these tubercles, two in front and one behind. ‘The incisors of the lower jaw are large, nearly cylindrical at the base; beyond this they are somewhat dilated, flattened, pointed, and have two sharp edges. There are no minute detached false molars in the lower jaw. The single false molar on each side is placed close to the true molars, compressed in front and expanded Zoological Society. 49 behind ; a small anterior tubercle is separated from the body of the tooth by a sli ht transverse incision. The true molars resemble those of the upper jaw, excepting that they are narrower, and the last molar has four tubercles instead of three. ** The above description is taken from P. Taguanoides. The cra- nium differs from that of the species of the second section (Belideus), in being proportionately smaller, more contracted, and deeply con- cave between the orbits; the cranial cavity is smaller, the zygoma- tic arches deeper, and the bony palate is deeply emarginated poste- riorly ; in fact, the palatine portion of the palatine bone is wanting. The dense woolly fur on the outer side of the ears will serve to dis- tinguish the animal externally from either of the species of the next subgenus. P. macrourus I suspect belongs also to this section. In M. F. Cuvier’s ‘ Dents des Mammiféres,’ it is stated, that besides the false molars described by me there are two others on each side, which are small ;—these I have not seen, nor are they shown in the plate of the work quoted. Perhaps they are shed at an early pe- riod, or perhaps M. Cuvier may have described the dentition of Phalangista Cookii and figured that of Petaurus Taguanoides. . . e,e . 6 . 1—1 *‘ Section 2. Belideus.—Dentition: Incisors, g3 canines, 5; false ~ 4—4 ° « ° molars true molars, —,=40. The anterior incisors of the Sere upper jaw are large, somewhat suddenly dilated immediately above their insertion in the intermaxillaries, and assuming a triangular form. In P. flaviventer they are broader than in either P. sciureus or the new species here described under the specific name of breviceps, where these incisors are proportionately shorter, and perhaps a little broader than in P. sciureus. The next incisor on each side is smaller than the posterior one, narrow at the base, and broad at the apex. The third incisor is broad, and has a sharp incurved cutting edge. The canine is tolerably large, and has its origin close behind the in- termaxillary suture; in fact, is in the usual situation of the canine. It is separated by a small space on either side from the false molars and the incisors, compressed and pointed, and its anterior and posterior edges are sharp. The apex projects beyond the level of either of the molars. The first false molar on each side is rather large, broad, compressed and pointed, has a very faint indication of an anterior and posterior lobe, and two distinct fangs (which is not the case in the small and cylindrical corresponding tooth in Petaurus Tagua- noides). ‘The second false molar is small, short, and compressed, and has a minute anterior lobe. This tooth is separated by a con- siderable space from the first false molar, and by a narrow space from the third. The latter touches the first true molar, is narrow in 50 Zoological Society. front, and consists chiefly of one triangular and pointed tubercle. The first true molar on each side is considerably larger than the fol- lowing molars, each of which is smaller than the preceding, so that the last is not equal in bulk to one half of the first. With the ex- ception of the last, all the true molars possess four somewhat blunt and rounded tubercles, and in general appearance very much resem- ble the corresponding teeth of a Squirrel. The last molar has but three tubercles, two in front and one behind. ‘* The incisors of the lower jaw are long, compressed, and pointed, and have the upper and lower edges sharp; they are almost horizon- tal in their direction, being but slightly curved upwards. Next follows a series of four small teeth on each side, which I have called false molars, though possibly the last only is properly so called, that having two fangs, whereas the others appear to have but one. The true molars nearly resemble those of the upper jaw, though they are narrower and longer. ‘The first has a large irregular anterior lobe, which is higher than the posterior portion of the tooth, which is divided into two tubercles. The three posterior molars have each four tubercles. ** Besides the points of distinction already alluded to between the species of the present section and the preceding, there are other characters which cannot be considered unimportant. ‘The space occupied by the grinding teeth of the upper jaw, compared with the space between the last incisor and the first true molar in the species of Belideus, is much less than in Petaurus. In Belideus the molars oc- cupy a space equal to rather more than two-thirds of that between the incisors and first true molar; whereas in Petaurus, the four last molars occupy more space than that which extends from them to the incisors. There is a corresponding difference in the lower jaw. In Petaurus the molars are very nearly equal in size, whereas in Beli- deus they decrease considerably from the first molar to the last. In Petaurus, again, there are five molars on each side of the lower jaw opposed to six in the upper jaw, all of which are fitted for the masti- cation of the food; whilst in Belideus the molar corresponding to the first on either side of each jaw in Petaurus is so small, and its crown is so low, that it cannot be used in mastication. The com- paratively large size of the canines, and the series of small teeth in front of the molars, will also serve to distinguish the species of the present section from the preceding, where the upper murgin of the ramus of the lower jaw somewhat suddenly descends in front of the molars, and the coronoid process is comparatively broad. «« Petaurus sciureus may be regarded as the type of the section Be- lideus, which will also contain P. flaviventer and P. breviceps. Zoological Society. 51 © In the third ——- which is the subgenus Acrobata of Des- marest, the incisors are 3 ; canines, —; ; false molars, =; true mo- lars, ae 36. ‘The incisors resemble those of Belideus; the canines are well-developed, long, pointed, and recurved, placed close to the -_ intermaxillary suture, and even encroaching slightly on the intermax- illary bone. The three false molars of the upper jaw have each two fangs, they are compressed, sharply pointed, and viewed laterally, of a triangular form. The first and second are about equal in size, and larger than the third, the apex of which projects beyond the level of the crowns of the true molars. Between the first and second false molars on each side there is a narrow space; the third is placed close to the true molars; these as well as those of the under jaw resemble the true molars of Belideus; there is however one less on each side of both jaws. ‘The incisors of the lower jaw also resemble those in Belideus. Behind these incisors there are two minute teeth on each side, which are followed by two sharply pointed false molars, the foremost of which is the larger, and the apex of the second is raised above the plane of the true molars. “The difference in the form of the false molar teeth pointed out, together with the reduced number of true molars, the slenderness the zygomatic arch, and the incurved angle of the lower jaw, combined with the imperfect state of the palate, will serve to distin- guish the species of the present section from the preceding. Exter- nally, the P. pygmeus (which is the type of M. Desmarest’s sub- genus) may be distinguished by its distichous tail. Petaurus srevicers. P. cinerea, lined dorsali longitudinali membrandque laterali supra nigrescentibus, hac ad latera albd 3 corpore subtus sordidé et pallidé cinereo: caudd gracili, ad apicem fuliginosd ; auribus mediocribus. unc. lin. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 6 6 ON NPS eS. 7% arst digitorumque oc sews asses. kod eRe See + sia heian phe obeniasies 0 9 Habitat New South Wales. “This species very much resembles the P. sciureus in colouring ; the under parts, however, have a distinct grayish tint: the dark mark which extends from the tip of the nose along the back is in- distinct. It is of a much smaller size than P. sciureus, the tail is much more slender, and occasionally has a white tip. Theskullis proportionately broader and shorter than that of P.sciureus, as will be seen in the following dimensions.” 52 Zoological Society. P. breviceps. P. sciureus. in. lin. in. lin. Total length of skull ........ 1 34 ...... 1 10 Length of nasal bones........ 0: Shi ee O 74 Length of frontal. 24... 794 00 “Oh: ic eee teneth of palate |). tae Os cee O38 Wadth of skull «3. vs sages BOs ie Rea Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to point out some peculiarities in the skull and dentition of the American Badger (Meles Labra- doria). ‘Three skulls of this species, belonging to individuals of different ages, were exhibited to the Meeting. ‘‘ The most striking peculiarity in the skull of the American Badger,” observes Mr. Wa- terhouse, “‘ consists in the great expanse of the occipital region; the. width of the occiput being equal to that of the skull measured from the outer surface of the zygomaticarches. ‘The general form of the skull is almost conical ; viewed laterally, the outline of the upper surface is most elevated at, or very near the occiput; thence it runs downwards with a slightly convex curve to the nasal bones. The interorbital portion is considerably contracted, and is narrowest pos- teriorly. The occipital crest is well-developed, but the sagittal crest is very slightly elevated; in this respect differing from the corre- sponding ridge in the Meles vulgaris. “The auditory bulle are very large and convex. The articulating surface of the temporal bone, or glenoid cavity, like that of the Com- mon Badger, has its anterior and posterior process ; these processes, — however, merely serve to prevent the protrusion or retraction of the lower jaw, and not to enclose and lock the condyle as in that animal. _Comparing the lower jaw with that of the Common Badger, the most striking difference consists in the form of the coronoid process. The anterior margin of this process is less oblique than in the last-men- tioned animal ; its apex is somewhat pointed, whereas in the Common Badger it is rounded: the posterior margin is formed of two lines, an upper one, running backwards and downwards from the apex of the coronoid process, and a lower one, which is perpendicular, and forms an obtuse angle with the first. In this form of the coronoid process we perceive a similarity between the American Badger and the Otter.” Dentition.—‘‘ In the number of the teeth the present animal agrees with the Common Badger, excepting that in the skulls now before me, and which belong to animals of different ages, I do not find the molar corresponding to the small first false molar of the lower jaw of that animal. In the relative size and form of the teeth there is much difference. 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By Cu. Morren, Professor of Botany in the University of Li¢ge, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Brussels, &c.* Tue immortal Grew could not dissect the wood of the walnut tree (Juglans regia, L.) without being struck with the very singular form of its pith, which is formed of lenticular empty discs and of transversal membranous septat. Hill, in 1770, who also investigated the structure of woods, observed the same fact, and saw that this form originated exteriorly from a continuous ordinary pith {. Much later (in 1815) M. Mirbel made known a similar organization in the Nyssa aquatica, L. (Nyssa biflora, Mx.) and in Phytolacca decandra§. In 1827 M. DeCandolle the elder attempted to explain this fact by a rupture, asserting that the pith to assume this form must either have great cells or a tissue not susceptible of extension. The elongation of the young shoots-then tore the pith across at the end of the first year, and thence arose both the discoidal cavities, and the transversal discs. This physiologist men- tioned, in addition to the walnut tree, the Jasminum officinale, as presenting the same structure ||. In 1835 Treviranus ap- pears to adopt the explication of Hill, that the cavities and the dises are derived from a compact pith, and in that Trevi- ranus is perfectly right ; he does not mention any other plant in which this structure might be found §. These remarkable organizations seem to have escaped the scrupulous attention of M. Meyen, who does not notice them in his ‘ Physio- logy **,? * A translation of the MS. original communicated by the Author. + Grew. Anat. Plantarum, 1682. Pl. 19. f. 4. { Hill. The Construction of Timber from its early growth explained by the Microscope. London,1770. Tab. X. fig. 1—4. § Mirbel. Elémens de Physiologie Végétale, 1815, vol. i. p. 112. || DeCandolle. Organographie, vol. i. p. 167. q Treviranus. Physiologie der Gewachse, 1835, vol.i. p. 252. ** Meyen. Physiologie der Pflanzen, 1837, vol. i. p. 377. Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 4. No. 22. Oct. 1839. G 74 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. It is highly probable that this structure is much more com- mon than is generally supposed, since by counting the Begonia among those plants which present it to us, as we have ob- served, we find that the discoid piths exist in the families of the Santalacee, Juglandee, Phytolaccee, Jasminee, and Bego- niacee, which have no similarity with each other. This in- duces me to suppose that further inquiries will prove the ex- istence of this form in many more plants. 1 should however remark that species of the same genus may in this respect completely differ. Thus Begonia argyrostigma presents a dis- coid pith, whilst Begonia undulata, B. semperflorens, B. pa- pillosa, B. dichotoma, have a continuous pith*. Thus the Phytolacca decandra is furnished with a discoid pith, whilst that of the Phytolacca dioica, Ph. stricta, is contmuous, &c. Some similar examples might also be taken from the genus Jasminum, the genus Nyssa, &c. This structure therefore de- pends upon some circumstance wholly specific, which neither extends to the genus nor to the family, and which consequently could never become of any importance in methodical distri- butions. Observation however has taught us that the physiology of the pith of dicotyledons would receive useful and remarkable improvements from the careful study of the formation of these medullary discs, for it is known that to few parts have been assigned so many different uses as to the pith. It was considered by some as the nervous system of the plant, even as the brain of this system; by others, and that not long ago, as the apparatus of the ascension of the stem; for, said they, if the brain is placed in the head, the organ which is placed in front in the progression of animals, the pith is placed in the stalk, the organ which progresses upwardly in a plant. Then * In vegetable physiology great attention has been paid to the secretions of the pith and consequently to its colour: it is correctly said to be green at its origin and white or brown at a later period and when it is dead. But the Begonia papillosa exhibits the phenomenon of a beautiful red pith when it arrives at maturity. The red is as bright as that of the beet-root, and this colour is caused by a red liquor without globules, which fills the prismen- chymatous cells of this pith, so that there is no difference between the kind of coloration of this part, which occupies the interior axis of the plant, and that of the most peripherical organs, such for instance as the derm, the pe- tals. This fact corroborates the opinion that in this phenomenon the work is all cellular, that is to say, it resides in the cell itself and proceeds from it. Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 15 the pith was said to be an organ which nourished the stem in its youth in order to aérate it subsequently (Hales) ; or it was that which formed the pistil, the supposed centre of the flower (Linnzus). Now it is taken for an apparatus which nourishes the fruit, as milk nourishes the young animal, the fruit of the mother (Magnol) ;—now the pith becomes an attracting pump, which draws water from the soil by the vacuum it causes in the branch (Borelli). With one (Mal- pighi) it is a conductor of the sap; with another (Plenck) it is a reservoir for the moisture which the young branch makes use of in dry weather. A celebrated physiologist (DeCandolle) sees in it a cotyledon of the bud, that is to say an organ which nourishes the bud, as the cotyledon nourishes the plumula which germinates. Another philosopher, whose views we must confess are very ingenious (Du Petit Thouars), supposes it to be the substitute for the cotyledons ; for where these do not exist (Lecythis) the pith is in excess. Now in the midst of these differences of opinion one fact remains certain, which is that the bud has need of pith to be developed, it is its necessary sustentaculum. Raspail knew very well that the evolution of the bud is in reality a germina- tion under other forms. But, if this is become a settled truth, it must be acknowledged that a number of circumstances have remained unknown, and it is precisely the study of discoid piths which will reveal to us some of the most curious. This has induced me to publish at present the results of my ob- servations on these piths, the more so as these remarks have convinced me that if the explanation given by M. DeCandolle of their formation is correct, it must be understood in a cer- tain manner, and a restricted sense must be given to the word rupture; for were we to suppose that a rupture was a rent, a dis- solution of continuity effected with violence and with laceration of cells or of vessels, we should be quite wrong. In the same manner that a fruit opens by a predisposition of the tissues destined to break, that is to say to divide, so a pith perforated with transversal cavities is also thus pierced by a predisposition in the organic elements which lose their continuity by means of a structure appropriated to this purpose. If the text of adopted physiologies were taken literally, we should say that G2 76 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. it is the mode in which the elongation of the branch takes place which fears the pith regularly into discs, whilst obser- vation and the anatomy of the organs prove that these discs are the result of a condition of existence of the pith itself and not of the ligneous apparatus surrounding it. Such is the first conclusion I have come to in this investigation. It will subse- quently serve to prove that this phenomenon of the separation of the pith into discoid plates is attended with several remark- able changes in the cells of this apparatus, and these changes are in fact the strongest proofs that can be brought to show effectually that the pith is a species of mamilla for the bud; that the modifications which take place in the alimentary cells are the same as those which take place in a cotyledon during ger- mination, but still with conditions often quite different and even inverse. The modifying operation takes place in fact altogether in the cell, to the detriment, in the first place, of its contents, and afterwards of its envelope also. These results, and others in addition, which had not been thought of till now, will come out clearly from this investiga- tion; and the better to convince the reader, I will go into the details themselves,—the analysis of the facts. I will first keep to the investigation of Begonia argyrostig- — ma, which suits this kind of inquiry extremely well. If we take a young stem of this plant, fresh and quite healthy, the diameter of which at the bottom would be a centimetre and more, and diminishing by degrees from the bottom to the top by internodes of 8,7, 3, 1, 4 centimetres in length, and we examine its pith, it is found to be of such a size that it occupies ;4ths of the stalk. Moreover this pith (Pl. II. fig. 1.) forms a column channeled by three deep grooves (A, B, C, fig. 1.), and by three slighter grooves alternating with the first (a, 0, ¢, fig.1.). When the internode is 10 or 9 millimetres in diameter we ob- serve that the pith begins to be perforated with discoid cavi- ties tolerably equidistant, but separated by rather large masses of compact pith (e, f, fig. 2.). But if an internode of 6 or 7 millimetres in diameter is taken, we find a pith quite conti- nuous, compact, similar to that of a great number of plants. This change takes place suddenly; for two successive inter- nodes, the one of 7 millimetres in diameter, the other of 9, Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. i exhibited a continuous pith in the first and an interrupted pith in the second. On the section of an internode where the lenticular cavities are formed we see first the derm (a, fig. 2.), then the cellular envelope (é, fig. 2.), after which comes the ligneous sheath (c, fig. 2.), which at the nodes abuts on diaphragms that are also ligneous but not formed of fibres (d, fig. 2.). In the centre appears the pith (e, fig. 2.) and its cavities (f, fig. 2.). These cavities do not in their first state extend to the exterior limits of the pith, and their first appearance is that of a sim- ple transversal slit. These slits are separated by portions of compact pith, which are of six, eight, or ten times the extent of the slits. _ These slits, are they lacerations of tissue? So we should believe, according to the assertion of M.DeCandolle. But see- ing their evenness, the outline of their separation broken off all at once, and the smooth and polished surface of their sides, this became very improbable. Where there are rents of tissue there is raggedness, irregular indentations, and jagged frag- ments; here there are none of these. I presumed there- fore that this was rather a separation of tissue, and a sepa- ration brought about by a particular disposition of the ele- mentary parts. Examination with a microscope proves to me in fact that nature had so contrived it. Figure 4. explains this structure. The pith is formed by cells of 8-sided prisms, the sections of which are hexagons, but these hexagons are elongated and ail laid transversely, so that the pith is definitely formed by Jayers of horizontally elongated cells. Now the slits are simple separations of these layers, with- out the cells themselves being in any way affected (J, m, fig. 4.). I am well aware, that on examination of piths cut longitu- dinally for the purpose of seeing these slits, open cells will be found, but these arise from the dissection; the others are all perfectly closed, but simply separated one from another. Here then is a first fact established, that if the pith is broken or slit, this interruption of continuity arises from a dis- location of the layers of cells, and that these cells are, in order 73 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. to be thus separated, laid flat one upon another in horizontal planes. We have seen that the slits do not extend to the circum- ference of the pith. There in fact the prismatic cells are no longer elongated, but as broad as they are high (d, fig. 4.). Nearer the exterior also the cells are again elongated, but in an. inverse direction; there they are perpendicular, that is to say parallel to the igneous vessels on one side and to the axis of the stem on the other (0, ¢, fig. 4.). At the same time they become narrower, and it is these which represent the pith it- self in very old branches; they are never divided by horizon- tal slits; their longitudinal elongation is opposed to this. But what is most curious is the change which takes place in the contents of these cells, whether they be taken in the slit parts or in the circumference of the pith. In the cells longitudinally elongated and in those which are of equal dia- meter in every direction there is a great agglomeration of grains of fecule (c', d, fig. 4.). These granules are spheroidal, white, and vary greatly in diameter. More towards the centre some cells show these feculaceous grains, smaller and less frequent, and here and there octohedral crystals (f, fig.4.); m the slit pith we see, though but seldom, cells with a nu- cleus en couronne (g, fig. 4.), but most frequently the cell is destitute of any internal body with the exception of its water of vegetation, which is transparent, without globules, and fills all its cavities, rendering them true aquiferous vessels. Such is the composition of this pith in its early stage. Now let us take an old stalk of Begonia argyrostigma. Here things have taken quite a different aspect. A derm which has become brown (4, fig. 3), a cellular envelope solidified by a ligneous deposition (4, fig. 3.), a system of white wood (c, fig.3.) clearly distinct from the nodal, ligneous and very hard dia- phragms (d, fig. 3.), and a pith singularly formed of exceed- ingly numerous, transverse, very thin discs, leaving between them lenticular cavities (f, fig. 3.), but generally formed by two discs with separate roots, discs which join at their centre, so that their double roots leave a fresh space empty between them (4g, fig. 3.). It is just as if the pith had slit or Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 79 rather separated into as many discs as possible, in order that each one might touch its neighbour, and that there might be the greater number of lenticular cavities between them. What is most astonishing is the regularity of this arrangement, as may be seen in figure 3. ) It now became a subject of interest to examine the intimate structure of these discs. And at first, upon taking them off the stalk, in the form of membranes of a shining reddish- brown and very dry, I was struck with the great number of brilliant points which were detached from their surface and powdered the stage of the microscope. These brilliant points were in fact a vast quantity of octohedral crystals (f, fig. 5.) similar to those I had so clearly seen scattered in the young pith, but much more voluminous; and others were dodeca- hedrai crystals, some of which having their tops truncated, thus presented fourteen facets (e, fig. 5.). These crystals lined, principally the surfaces of the pith, all along the stem, rather than the transverse discs. The latter were formed of cells two or three times larger than those of the young pith, and nevertheless the stalk upon which my observations were made, only measured twelve mil- lemetres in diameter, that is to say, two millemetres more than the stem where the pith, still young, was not yet formed of dises ;—a proof that it is not the augmentation of the stem which by pulling the cells had caused their increase in diame- ter ; a proof, moreover, that this development of the cells has its origin in the cells themselves, and in the changes which they undergo. What characterized these cells was the numerous folds of their membrane (figs. 5. and 6.); which generally proceeded from central points whence they radiated (fig. 6.). The water of vegetation had disappeared, some few globules (fig. 5 ¢, fig. 6 6) still remained here and there, but in general the or- ganic utricular element was dry and empty; it was dead and withered. In resuming these observations on the discoid pith of the Begonia argyrostigma, we find that the formation of the discs is attended with a phenomenon which takes place in the cellular tissue itself, and which is connected with the me- 80 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. tamorphoses which the cell undergoes by the exercise of the vegetable nutrition. In fact the following phases are seen in this pith :-— First period.—The pith is continuous, full, compact, with- out interruption of continuity. It is composed of cells which have been spherical and which are become prismatic by their mutual compression. These cells lengthen by degrees trans- versely, and end by being disposed thus in horizontal planes. At this period the cell is filled with a liquid and fecule; it overflows with nutritive substance; its pith appears green, like the germinating cotyledon of a plant. Second period.—The pith is become more extended by the development of the branch ; the fecule changes into aliment- ary juice; it dissolves by the operation of nutrition (does it become gum?), first disappearing from the central cells of the pith, where the nuclei are formed at the same time with some granules of chlorophylle. By the loss of this nutritive substance, such inorganic substances as salts, obey the forces of the inorganic world, and crystallize by degrees ; the crystals being formed in the cells. The intracellular liquid, or the elaborated fluid which ori- ginates in the descending sap, and which has been transmitted to the pith by the medullary rays, is absorbed to the gain of the bud. The diminution which results from this absorption begins to dry up the cells which separate from one another horizontally. Then the slit is formed. We might say that the force of suction, wrought by the bud, took place in the axis of the stalk; it is in fact in this axis that the slit is first formed. ‘These slits are at first at great distances from one another. Third period.—The same facts continuing, results accumulate on results. The circumference alone of the pith still contains any fecule, but this nutritive substance has completely dis- appeared from the remainder of the pith. The water of ve- getation, the elaborated fluid of the sap, is more and more sub- tracted ; towards the bud, the pith dries more and more, the slits are multiplied and grow so large as to be true lenticular cavities, which leave between them medullary discs. The latter then are formed by layers of cells nicely separated one Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 81 from another, out of a mass primitively common, but without laceration of the partitions; these, at first double for the con- tiguous cells, are now become isolated. At the same time the pith loses its green colour and be- comes of a clear yellow, by the drying up of the membranes of the cells, and brilliant points are formed ; these are nume- rous crystals which originate from the diminution of the liquid in which their elements were originally dissolved. It is so true that these changes take place in this manner, that if we cut a stalk of Begonia argyrostigma longitudinally, when it is fresh and the pith only slit, at the end of two days we see the slits become lenticular cavities and the medullary discs are formed at the same time that the pith drying up passes from green to yellow, and the crystals make their ap- pearance. In fact the sap is lost by evaporation, as in the plant it disappears by the suction of the bud; but it is lost, and the same causes bring about the same results. Fourth period.—The bud being developed and the branch formed, the pith is become useless. It is deprived of all its juice ; its cellular tissue, whose cells are become large, is dried up completely ; the desiccation has separated all the layers of cells, and a considerable number of discs have been formed ; brown dry discs formed by the empty cells, without and within which the salts have crystallized in different forms. This is the period of death. What we have just proved in the case of the Begonia, we are able to see going on, with some few modifications, in Juglans regia, which offers several facts worthy of remark, and of which we shall speak briefly. _ The greater part of the buds of this tree are supported on short branches ; in this case the pith which is compact and without cavities is also very short, so that that which is formed of discs rises very high in the branch (fig. 6.). But it is by no means necessary to stop till the end of the first year, as M. DeCandolle has said, to see this compact pith converted into disciferous pith: it happens in the first year, and that at a very early period. The dissection, fig. 6 dis, clearly shows that the pith in the vicinity of the buds is quite full of juices, and that its separation into discs begins in the middle en 82 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. cone, as if the removal of the nutritive matter first took place there. The compact pith in the walnut tree is composed of a num- ber of small cells nearly in the form of cubes, all equal to one another, white, transparent, having very few globules, but containing at a very early period masses of small crystals, or true muriform calculi, which occupy the centre of the cells. At a later period, when the pith separates into discs, and dies, the cells undergo very few modifications. I sought on a walnut tree a branch whose young shoot was very long. The terminal bud was separated from the last leaf but one by an internode of nine centimetres in length. Then came a leaf at five centimetres distance, and another eleven centimetres lower down. On this branch the pith was full at twelve centimetres lower than the terminal bud; but at each leaf bearing a bud in its axil, the pith was perforated by some lenticular cavities, as may be seen at A. fig. 7. Here the action of the bud in emptying the pith is fully evident, anda better proof could not be brought that it is really to the absorbing action of the bud that we owe the division of the pith into discs. I cut this long branch into two and dried it. The next day the compact pith had lost its liquid to so great a degree that the stem was hollowed into a gutter; the slits were greatly increased, but the membrane formed by the pith was also seen dried up and covering the bottom of the gutter formed by the half of the stem slit longitudinally ; this membrane was also raised by as many hollow vesicules as there would have been lenticular cavities if the stalk had remained entire: here is a manifest proof that there is in the constitution of the pith a predisposition to separate thus into discs, and this predispo- sition consists in nothing more than the manner in which the layers of the cells are placed. Figure 8. shows what happens when the pith is regularly exhausted by the suction of the bud. Then such regular dises form with two or three (or even more) roots and intermediate discoid cavities (e, 7, fig. 8.). A part of the pith adheres to the ligneous tube and does not split (d, fig. 8.). I examined the discs formed by this old, dry, dead pith. Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 83 The cells (fig. 9.) remain the same, cubic, somewhat transpa- rent, and forming two or three layers in the centre with a massive root (A, fig. 9.) either surrounding the disc or di- vided. Some cells have their crystalline calculi also in the centre, but the greater part of such crystals are scattered outside the cells and fall off when the branch of the walnut tree is opened. We know that this tree diffuses a powerful odour, owing to the evaporation of a very subtle volatile matter, which has a deleterious effect upon some persons, who suffer from head- ache when they sleep under the tree or handle any part of it. In the numerous dissections which I have made of the plant in my study I have felt this effect myself. All the parts of the plant are full of this empyreumatic matter. We know that in Circassia the tree is bored in the spring to draw off a liquid matter which coagulates and which the Circassians use in debilitant diseases and in affections of the lungs*. I was very much surprised to find a resinous substance in the old pith of this tree, which accumulates on the discs, and there forms very singular tear-shaped masses (fig. 9. c.). These yellow masses have a multitude of different peculiar figures, but in general they are tuberosities supported by feet, the parts of which radiate in order to place and attach them- selves on the medullary discs. On the tuberosities there are projections of tissue also radiating, and all the tissue itself of these masses is as it were granulated with a tendency to irradi- ation. This is explained at fig. 9. in c, where I have drawn one of these masses with two feet. The existence of this substance in this place would lead us to think that in the exhaustion of the pith by the bud all the substances are not equally absorbed, and that some of them remain in the exhausted pith, which would then become not only an alimentary organ of the bud, a reservoir of air, but also a place of deposit, or, if we choose, a species of cloaca where substances henceforward useless accumulate. I know not whether pith has as yet been considered in this latter point of view, but the inorganic crystals accumulated in some * See the excellent work of Dr. Lindley, Flora Medica. London, 1838, p. 808. 84 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. of them, and the deposition of the resinous matter, which we have seen exists in the pith of walnut trees, authorizes us to think thus. I said above that nothing was more unequal than the dis- tribution of the discoid piths in the different species of the same genus. If the examples which I have quoted are not sufficient, I will take the genus Jasminum, where Jasminum azoricum, L., offers a dense continuous pith filled with juice, and Jasminum officinale a discoid pith. That of the last spe- cies being sufficiently known, I have preferred, for multiply- ing examples and consequently our knowledge, to investigate the Jasminum fruticans, L., whose beautiful little pith offers the most delicate diaphragms that can be seen: we might suppose it to be a section of some vein with valves, when it is cut across; but this pith is one of the most interesting for ex- hibiting the real object which nature had in emptying the piths in favour of the bud; for here the phenomena of nutri- tion are so capable of appreciation, that it is one of the best examples to give in a course of vegetable physiology. I stop then to examine the Jasminum fruticans. If we take the top of the flowering stalk of this species, we find a continuous pith, the nearly cubic cells of which present a great quantity of little granules. If tincture of iodine is passed over a section of this stalk all the pith and cellular en- velope instantly become blue. ‘The fact is that both are filled with fecule, these granules being nothing else. At that time the two reservoirs of fecule, stained blue by iodine, are dis- tinctly separated by the fibres of the ligneous system, which do not become blue. If a subjacent internode is taken where the medullary discs are already formed, and if the preparation is passed through tincture of iodine, we first see the cellular envelope become blue, then two blue lines within the fibrous system ending at the discs of the pith, which are of a paler blue. At this period the fecule in fact still exists throughout the cellular system, but in a smaller quantity in the centre of the pith, where it has been absorbed to the advantage of the buds. Lastly, if we take an older internode, the iodine only co- lours the exterior system, and two lines of the pith, those of Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 85 its circumference ; in a vertical section of the stalk the discs remain without colour, but their roots become blue. Figure 10. represents this. The cells a. contain some fecule 0. at- tached to their partition; the cells c, d. have their fecule in a mass in the centre of their cavity ; and the cells of the discs e, f, g- have no longer any fecule at all. Here we may per- ceive, and there is no better way, the absorption of this nu- tritive substance, after which the pith dries up and separates its layers of cellules. In fact, in Jasminum fruticans, where the pith is like a lace- net, the discs are extremely fine ; which arises from their being formed by a single plane of very small cells. There is then not the slightest occasion, as has been supposed, for the cells to be great in order for the pith to slit into discs. Here they are of the smallest size. In Jasminum officinale the discs are also so minute that the cells sometimes separate, and thus leave real holes by which the cavities communicate with one another. This dis- position allows the pith of this plant to be injected, especially with wax made red with cinnabar, and when cold it is one of the most beautiful preparations of vegetable anatomy. I have some stems thus preserved in the museum at Liége. The Phytolacca decandra presents enormous lenticular cavities, as figure 12. shows (e.), the intermediate discs of which are also very thick. The tissue which forms them is a prismenchyma with very large cells, which is the opposite of the jessamine, and proves that the size of these bodies has nothing to do with the separation of the pith into discs. These cells have numerous clusters of acicular crystals be- tween them (d, fig. 13.), and in the cells themselves very small globules are seen. The membranes are very full of folds, but here also, when we dissect with care, we find no broken cells nor a true rent. It is proved then, by these numerous examples, that a dis- organization of tissue does not exist in the formation of these cells. The pith is exhausted by furnishing the bud with its fe- cule, as does the cotyledon ; but if this then changes into a leaf in the epigeous plants, by turning its diachyma green, the pith on the contrary from being green becomes blanched and com- 86 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. pletely exhausted, and remains a vehicle for air and reservoir of excreted substances, henceforward of no use for vegetable life. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 1. Transverse section of the stem of a young Begonia argyrostigma. A, B, C. a, b, ¢. Great grooves of the pith. Small grooves of the pith. Fig. 2. Vertical section of a similar stem. f es VS ewe at . Node. . Upper internode. . Lower internode. Derm. . Mesophlceum. . Ligneous system. . Nodal diaphragm. . Pith. Slit of the pith. Fig. 3. Vertical cut of an old stalk of the same plant. Moers OWE . Node. Upper internode. . Lower internode. Derm. . Reticulated mesophlceum. Ligneous system, very much developed, . Nodal diaphragm. e. Medullary discs. I. g- Medullary cavities. Roots of the discs. < Fig. 4. Young pith very much enlarged. a. b. Vessels of the medullary sheath. Vertical cells with fecule. c. Shorter feculiferous cells. d. Prismatic cells with fecule. c'—d', Fecule. é. I. Cells where the fecule disappears. Crystals. g. Nucleus. a. k. L. m. Septa of very minute cells. Cells of the discs. Angle of the cavity. Cavity. Fig. 5. Old disc cut. a. Dry cells folded. c. Rare globules. d. e,f. Folds. Crystals. Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. Fig. 6. Cells seen from the top of the disc in Begonia argyrostigma. a. Folds. b. Globules. Fig. 6 bis. Bud of Juglans regia cut open longitudinally. - Derm. Mesophlceum. . Ligneous system. Medullary discs. . Compact pith. Pith of the terminal bud. . Scar of the leaf. Fig. 7. Branch of Juglans with very compact pith. A. Bud corresponding to the a. Medullary cavities. b. Other medullary cavities. ec. Compact pith. Fig. 8. Old dead branch of Juglans regia. Derm. Mesophleeum. Ligneous system. - Medullary discs. e. Roots of these discs. f- Medullary cavities. Fig. 9. Isolated disc, much enlarged, taken from an old branch. A. Root of the disc. B. Disc. a. Empty cells. b. Crystalliferous cells. c. Mass of resinous matter. Fig. 10. Discs of Jasminum fruticans. a. Cells which are void. b. Fecule ce, d. Cells still replete with fecule. e, f, g. Discs with empty cells. Fig. 11. Branch of Jasminum fruticans. Fig. 12. Section of the stalk of Phytolacca decandra. a. Derm. b. Mesophlceum. e. Wood. d. Medullary discs. e. Empty spaces. Fig. 13. Cells of the discs. a. Cells. b. Folds. c. Globules. d, Clusters of crystals. Sys Rus SS No 8 87 88 Dr. Philippi on two new Species of Euplocamus. X.—Zoological Notices. By Dr. A. Paiuippi*. [ With a Plate. ] 1. On two new species of Huplocamus. Two new species, which appear to be rare in the Neapolitan sea, are added to my genus Huplocamus, which stands between Doris and Tritonia, and with only two species of which I was previously acquainted, E. croceus from the Sicilian sea, and E. claviger (Doris claviger, O. F. Miller). They were disco- vered by M. Arcangelo Scacchi, who is the best acquainted with the Conchylia of this neighbourhood, and has rendered some services of no slight value to the cause of science by several papers published on this subject, which appear to be entirely unknown out of Italy +. Since he has for some time devoted his attention exclusively to the study of mineralogy he has allowed me to make known his discoveries to the public, and I commence with the present notices; at the same time I may observe that not only has he kindly committed to my care his drawings made from life for this purpose, but also the animals in spirit for my use. The one species I call Euplocamus frondosus ; corpore croceo, verruculoso, branchiis ana- libus 5, bipinnatis; lateralibus utrinque 6, anticisque 4, arbo- rescenti divisis. Plate III. fig. 1. The specimen preserved in spirits is greatly contracted ; its length amounts to 13”, its breadth 8!", its thickness 6"; it is quite colourless and only exhibits a small grayish space arising from confluent points. The drawing represents an animal 28!" long and 11" broad, truncate in front, behind narrower and somewhat tapering. Otherwise the animal is nearly quadrate, the upper lateral margins unite posteriorly before the apex, at the same time losing somewhat in distinctness, and each car- ries six branchie. The front and upper margin carries four of them, which are somewhat smaller than the side branchie, * Translated from Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv.’ Part 2, 1839, + Lettero di Arcangelo Scacchi su vari testacei napoletani al Signor D. Carlo Tarentino. Napoli 1832.—Osservazioni zoologiche di A. Scacchi. Napoli 1833.—Notizie intorno alle Conchiglie ed a zoofiti fossili che si tro- vano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia di Arcangelo Scacchi. Articolo estratto de XII. a XIII. fascicolo degli anali civili, Napoli 1836.—Cata- logus Conchyliorum Regni Neapolitani que usque adhuc reperit A. Scacchi. Neapoli 1836. Dr. Philippi on two new Species of Euplocamus. 89 but are otherwise perfectly similar. Both are arborescently ramified. The anal branchie are situated nearly in the same line with the penultimate side branchiz, are five in number, the odd one bent forwards and bipinnate. They appear not to be retractile. The anus stands directly behind them in the form of a small tube. The mouth is situated on the front side inferiorly, and exhibits in the specimen preserved in spirits a perpendicular fissure and several cross folds. At some distance in front of this is situated on each side an oval epidermal fold, which in an expanded state must form mode- rately long inferior tentacula. The dorsal tentacula are 5" long in the drawing, and consist as in Doris of a cylindrical stem and a pointed foliaceous club ; they are also in like man- ner retractile into cavities, as proved by the specimen in spi- rits, where only two curved apertures are to be seen in their place. The orifice for the organs of generation is on the right side, somewhat before the third branchia. The colour is - orange-yellow, with some scarlet-red points. The small warts represented in the drawing cannot be distinguished on the preserved specimen. Huplocamus croceus approaches by its colour and other characters near to the present species; but it is certainly distinguished, 1. by smaller size and especially far less breadth; 2. the lateral branchie are proportionally much longer, and only ramified once; 3. the anal branchiz are al- most simple, and only furnished with a pair of short filaments towards the clavate extremity. Euplocamus cirriger ; sordide roseus, branchiis lateralibus utrinque 5, anticisque 4, filiformibus, branchiis analibus 9, filiformibus, ciliatis branchiis? succedaneis filiformibus in dorso quinque. Plate III. fig. 2. The specimen in spirits, appearing but slightly contracted, measures 8’ in length, 3! in breadth, 23! in height; the drawing is 18" long and 6" broad. The form of the body is again parallelopiped, truncate in front, narrower posteriorly ; the foot however projects further out than in the other spe- cies, and terminates posteriorly with a subulate filament, which is not represented in the drawing. The upper border or the margin of the cloak also projects in the form of a narrow epi- dermal fringe. On each lateral margin are five long filiform Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No.22. Oct. 1839. I 90 Dr. Philippi on the animal of Pileopsis Garnoti. branchiz (in the preserved specimen they still measure 23/"), of which the two last are furcately divided, the front margin has four similar merely somewhat shorter filaments, but be- sides these there are five similar, only somewhat still smaller filaments on the back, between the dorsal tentacula and the anal branchiz, viz. three in the central line and one on each side before the latter. The anal branchie amount to nine, are filiform, directed with the exception of the single one ante- riorly and furcate, simple, all ciliated on both sides. The anus is situated in the centre. The dorsal tentacula stand im a line with the first lateral branchize and are very long; as it appears they are not retractile. The frondose club is very long im them. The mouthis situated on the front margin close above the foot, and I do not find in them the ¢entacula labialia mentioned in the preceding species ; the parts however are too much contracted to admit of my denying their presence. The sexual orifice is situated on the right side between the first and second lateral branchie. Prate III. Fig. 1. Euplocamus frondosus, after a drawing of M. Scacchi. Fig. 2. Euplocamus cirriger, after a drawing of M. Scacchi. 2. On the animal of Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr.; Patella Garnoti, Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicilia. Plate III. fig. 3. That Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr., is not placed in its correct genus, was evident to me when occupied with my ‘ Enume- ratio,’ but I was not more fortunate than Payrandeau, in re- ferring it to Patella. The impression of the muscle compared with the whorl ought to have taught me that the vertex stands posteriorly and not in front as in Patella; however I may mention in excuse that the correct recognition of the impres- sion of the muscle is very difficult with the strong lustre of the inner side. I lately had an opportunity of finding the living animals on a mass of Cladocora calycularis, Ehrenb. (Caryophyllia calycularis, Lamk.). It differs essentially from Patella. Instead of the round head with the two filiform ten- tacula, the head is flat, foliaceously expanded in front, deeply excavated in the centre where the mouth lies, and no tentacula exist; perhaps, however, it may also be said that the dorsal tentacula cohere with the ventral into a broad mass, for the Dr. Philippi on the animal of Pileopsis Garnoti. 91 front and inferior part is easily distinguished from the upper thicker part. yes are distinct on the outside of the head. The perfect mantle surrounds the whole shell, presents no incision, no siphon, and between it and the oval foot there is not a single organ te be found. A specimen thrown into spi- rits gave more information respecting the internal structure as the intestines shine through the thin peritoneum. The en- tire hinder space of the body was occupied by the brown liver, as also a part of the right side; the ramified processes of the liver could be plainly distinguished on it. To the right was situated a reddish organ, probably the ovarium. Above the liver, posteriorly and to the left, is situated the intestinal canal with a convexity directed backwards and bending anteriorly and to the right, it disappears before the right end of the muscle which fastens the animal to the shell; in front of the liver is moreover situated a white organ, the functions of which I do not venture to indicate; and in front of this, occupying nearly half the space, appears a cavity, in which an organ with a form closely resembling a folded ruff proceeds nearly par- allel with the intestinal canal, and above is adherent to the peritoneum and is evidently the branchia. I now also suc- ceeded in passing a hair through this hole exteriorly, which even appears in front on the right side before the anal aper- ture in the rather thick border of the mantle, where on more accurate examination I found a small black point. On ac- count of the minuteness of the animal no separate anal aper- ture and branchial aperture can be perceived externally. I could not discover an orifice for the sexual apparatus. After I had found this out it was easy for me to notice on the few shells at my disposal that they are somewhat: promi- nent in the vicinity of the branchial aperture. From the irregularity of the shell it requires great attention to discover it. But to what genus does the animal belong? This is a question which, from the entire want in this place of literary auxiliary means, I am not able to answer. The first thought is on Siphonaria, but as far as I can recollect, the horseshoe- like impression of the muscle is interrupted in this genus by the siphon ; in the present species the right arm of the horse- shoe is merely shorter than the left. Moreover the animal is H 2 92 Dr. Philippi on the animal of Galeomma. | said to be dlind (Cfr. Rang, ‘ Manuel de Malacologie,’ p. 141.), Does it belong to Eschholtz’s genus Acm@a? or must it form a distinct one, as M. Scacchi thinks, who calls it Clypeus mm his ¢ Catalogus,’ p. 17, without however saying more of the animal than “ incola ut in Siphonaria, sed testa non canalicu- lata?” Iwilladd in conclusion, that the following statement of Rang, |. c. p. 142. “ nous avons vu de jeunes Patelles avoir le caractére des Siphonaires et en conserver des traces dans wr dge plus avancé,” probably relates to species of this genus, and not to young Patella. | Puate III. Fig. 3. Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr. a, The animal after the removal of the shell, magnified four times. The horse-shoe-form ligamentary muscle, the liver, the ova- rium, the end of the intestinal canal, and in front the respiratory cavity with the branchiz. b. The animal with the shell, magnified three times, to show the form of the head and the eyes. 3. On the Animal of Galeomma.. Plate III. fig. 4.. This very remarkable Acephalous genus was established by Turton in 1825 in the ‘ Zoological Journal,’ and thus charac- terized from the shell: shell bivalve, equivalve, equilateral, transverse ; with a large oval gape at the front margin. Hinge » without teeth. Ligament internal. ‘T'wo very small distant muscular impressions ; impression of the mantle simple. So also Deshayes in Lamarck’s ‘ Hist. Nat. d. Anim. sans Ver- tébres,’ (2nd edit. vi. p. 179.) Animal unknown. M. Costa also found the shell and has described it somewhere in the * Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ (in the absence of M. Costa I cannot state more accurately where, as the entire series of this Journal does not exist in Naples) under the curious name of Hiatella Poliana, which escaped M. Deshayes. M. Delle Chiaje has thought to correct his countryman by naming the questionable animal Hiaéella striata in the tables to the 5th volume of his ‘ Memorie,’ which will never see the light. M. Scacchi has described the animal very accurately, carefully, and well under the name of Parthenope formosa in his * Observa- zioni Zoologiche,’ p. 8 and p.19. I have also been so fortu- nate as to observe for some days several living specimens. It occurs between the roots of Zostera or Cavolinia oceanica, but * _ Dr. Philippi on the Oculina ramea of Ehrenberg. 93 appears to be rare. The animal is entirely white, semi-trans- parent. The manile is split in its whole anterior half for the exsertion of the foot, the margin is entire; behind there is a small aperture for the exit of the water and the excrements. Where the mantle quits the margin of the shell there are on each side eight or nine short cirri or rather warts. Between the vertex and the aperture of the foot there is also one, and between the vertex and the posterior aperture three warts. The epidermis is highly remarkable; it easily frees itself from the shell which is quite enveloped by it, and hangs to the mantle (a in fig. 4 d.) ; it appears therefore to retain constantly its organization, while in most bivalves it very rapidly dies, yet I would not with M. Scacchi call the shell interior. The foot is nearly cylindrical and can be stretched out to a great length,but it never produces jumping motions, but crawls with its white under surface quite after the manner of the Gaste- ropods, even up the smooth perpendicular side of a glass, which by the bye I have also seen done by Lucina commutata. Thrown into spirits the animal exhibits at the base of the foot a cavity surrounded by a circular prominence, which I sus- pected to be an organ for the secretion of a byssus, but not a trace of byssus was to be seen either on the reots of the Zos- tera or on the glass. When the mantle is cut open in the centre an almost globular body makes its appearance, which is divided posteriorly by a shallow groove, and on each side are seen two large equal branchie terminating free posteriorly. On each side in front are two oval moderately large appen- dices buccales. The two adductors are not evident when the animal lies on its back, but are distinctly recognised when in the reverse position; the hinder one is roundish, nearer to the margin, and somewhat larger than the front oval one. The shell has been elsewhere sufficiently described, but I would hardly call the hinge callous, and the ligament appears to me to be quite internal. A second external one occupies the whole margin of the hinge. The two magnified figures sufficiently show the form and sculpture. 4. Oculina ramea, Ehrenberg; Caryophyllia ramea, Lamk. Few persons have seen the animal of this common coral, nor 94 Dr. Philippi on a new Species of wood-boring Crustacea. have I succeeded in obtaining it in a fresh state. M. Scacchi. however has been so fortunate and has kindly lent me the drawing, which IJ shall subsequently publish if I find it im- possible to sketch one myself from the living animal. The animal according to this drawing has not the least similarity to the false one of Donati, nor even with that of Shaw. Its colour is of a dirty yellow falling slightly into orange yellow, and it presents about thirty tentacula standing apparently in two series. Each one is 3} long, nearly 1!" thick at the base, and gradually tapering towards the apex, which is not clavately thickened. -At some distance downwards from the tentacula, and extending about 3" to 4!" in breadth, is the some- what thick and fleshy body which exhibits numerous oblique furrows and as many strong longitudinal furrows as there are tentacula in one row, and then suddenly gives place on the drawing to the thin membrane which covers the coral stem. The mouth projects very considerably, nearly 5! between the tentacula, but it can also be greatly retracted. It measures 34!" in diameter, and is surrounded by numerous longitudinal folds. 5. Chelura terebrans, anew Amphipod Genus. Fig. 5. - On the 17th of May I found at Trieste near the Lazaretio Vecchio several planks just drawn from the sea, which were eaten through and through, so that they nearly wore the aspect of asponge. The holes were of two kinds; the larger ones of at least 2 in diameter, in which were a quantity of oviferous Teredo navalis, and the smaller of about ?!” in dia- meter, in which I found the little crustacean, which will pre- sently be described, in such immense numbers that I could not doubt for a moment that these holes and galleries had ori- ginated from their devouring. Now if it was already inter- esting to me to find a second example of a wood-boring crus- tacean, my joy at this discovery was greatly increased from its not belonging, like Limnoria, to the Isopodes, but being an Amphipode, and moreover strikingly distinguished from all others by its antennez and more especially by its remarkable tail. A great number of specimens have reached Cassel in safety, and I only brought two accidentally with me to Naples, from which I have drawn out preliminarily the following de- Dr. Philippi on a new Species of wood-boring Crustacea. 95 scription. The animal, including the antenne and caudal ap- pendages, is 42!" long, and without them 23", and about 3" broad. The head is narrowest, and as long as the two follow- ing segments, the body becomes gradually broader from the head, without however departing considerably from the linear form. The eyes are small and round, the superior antennz of moderate length, setaceous, and with seven articulations. The inferior antennz are one and a half times as long and consist of six articulations, the two first are very short, the remainder gradually increase in length, become flatter, and the last are densely beset with cilia, so that they appear rather to be an organ for swimming than for feeling. ‘The pectoral segments are of equal length and have their lateral parts only slightly developed. The tail or abdomen consists of five segments : the two first resemble the pectoral segments ; the third seg- ment bears on the centre of the back a long curved horn which exactly resembles that of the Sphinx caterpillar, and on each side two small tubercles. The fourth segment is one and a half times as long as broad, beneath somewhat flat, above concave, covered with small protuberances and ciliated on the lateral margins. They are especially distinguished by two small hooks in the centre of the hinder margin. This segment bears on each side two pairs of curious appendages which are arti- culated on to its base. The front appendages are perpendicu- larly directed and consist of three longish rounded flaps which are all thickly beset with long hair, and of which the front one is the largest, the hinder one the smallest. ‘The lateral pair of appendages perfectly corresponds to one of the caudal appendages of the Gammari, and consists of a stalk which supports two small acute lamine. The fifth segment is very short, exhibits superiorly in a fissure the anus, above in the centre, and inserted at its base (or to the hinder margin of the fourth segment) an oval lamina, and at its extremity an enor- mous pair of pincers, which are nearly twice as long as the two last caudal segments. Their two lamine are compressed, somewhat diverging, attenuated towards the apex, and bent in the form of a hook, and they have serrated margins. The Jourteen feet increase posteriorly in length, but not consider- ably. The two front ones have at their extremity a curved 96 Account of a Journey across the claw, and the tarsus is broad with a diverging tooth. The first pair of feet is much broader than the second. The fol- lowing feet terminate with a long straight claw but slightly curved in the form of a hook at the apex only, the three pos- terior have merely a small foliaceous appendiculated member. I did not see the branchie at their base, but very distinctly the three pairs of pseudo-abdominal feet, which consist of a securiform, lamellar basal joint, and two articulated and ci- liated spines ; so that there can be no doubt to which order of Crustacea this animal belongs. The cibarian apparatus seemed to me to consist of a marginated upper lip, a pair of mandibuleze provided with biarticulated palpi, three (2) or four (?) pairs of lamellaceous maxille, and two sex-articulated foot- jaws. Prats III. Fig. 5. Chelura terebrans. a. The animal lying on its side, magnified four times. 6. The fourth and fifth caudal segment from above, as it appears when it is magnified fifteen times. c. The same from below. The third pair of false abdominal fect is evident at the basis. d. The first foot seen magnified twenty-five times. e. One of the posterior feet with the same power. [To be continued. ] X1.—Extracts from a few rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, in 1835. . By JAMES TWEEDIE, Esq., addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker. [Continued from p.15.] Tuis morning, the 26th, we regained the post-road which we had left at Pergamena, at 3 leagues beyond the post house of Cabeza del Tigere, 320 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Here the tract turns more to the west, keeping along the east bank of the Rio Corcouneon, a most delightful tract to behold, being finely interspersed with woods of A/garoba and Chafeos, the river gli- ding on at the rate of about a mile in the hour, in a deep ravine whose sides are nearly perpendicular for 30 or 40 feet, espe- cially the east bank where the sun is so powerful as to dry up much of the vegetation, while on the west and north-west, where it is shaded from the midday rays, the crooked course Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 97 of the river is tracked as far as the eye can reach by the abundance of willows that line the banks. There are, how- ever, no beautiful slopes and rich holms here, such as grace the shores of the Clyde. We halted this day at the deserted _ posthouse of Lobaton, where I found the vegetation bearing a striking similarity to that which prevails around Bahia Blanca, distant more than 1100 miles. 27th. We crossed the little river called Salado de Ruiz Diaz, whose flat sides, white with a saline incrustation which crushes like frost under the foot, are denuded of vegetation for at least a hundred yards on either side the stream. At this place we had entered the province of Cordova for 20 miles, and after passing the river pursued a constantly rising road till we came to a posthouse bearing the same name as the river and situated at a considerable elevation. The land all around is very bare of herbage and dry, but gay with a species of Ovalis and the beautiful little Nierembergia gracilis. 1 also found the Eupa- torium affine, a charming dwarf perennial. The well was the deepest I had seen on the road, 21 feet, but the water was ex- cellent. We passed through a dry and thinly inhabited coun- try, but looking agreeable from its natural clumps of Algaro- bas, &c. The Rio Corcouiieon with its row of willow trees lay on our right, its windings marked by these trees ; and our road being straight, sometimes it was close to us, at other times far distant. We saw several deserted houses and unoccupied land, though the latter was of good quality; and passed through the town of Fraile Muerto, situated close to the river, where there were some spots of fine maize, pompions, French beans and tomatos, the latter an indispensable article here. 30th. Having pursued our journey up the river and gene- rally almost parallel to its course for nearly 100 miles, we crossed it at Esquina del Ahogada, where its name changes from Corcouiieon to Rio Terzero, it being the third river from Cordova going to Buenos Ayres. Here commenced a strange change in the face of the country, a dense forest prevailing for a vast distance, chiefly consisting of Algyarobas, of which there were several beautiful varieties. The tops of these trees are often charmingly adorned with the purple flowers of a species of mistletoe, whose blossoms are frequently more than an inch 98 Account of a Journey across the long; there are many species of this kind of climber, some with clusters of white and others of green flowers, all of them finely scented ; and where there was a free opening to the air we observed many trees quite covered and killed with loads of different kinds of Tillandsia. The road through these an- cient forests is often so circuitous that we would be going to- wards all the different points of the compass in the course of one day: frequently again it would become so narrow that there was scarcely room for one cart to pass along, and where its high lumbering body, swinging from side to side, was com- pletely stopped ; so that it was needful to cut away some of the branches before it could proceed. Our great line of ve- hicles, with the feet of the numerous cattle, raised such a tre- mendous cloud of dust, that often one cart was indiscernible at the distance of another, and there was not a breath of air in these dense forests to carry off the dust. On the afternoon of the third day after crossing the river our mules all left us on a sudden at full gallop; they had scented the water of a large lake 6 miles distant ; but much as we were all in want of this necessary of life, nothing but absolute need could compel us to use it, the quality was so bad. I had gathered, when passing the Rio Terzero, several varieties of the Zinnia, an annual in English gardens; the Goodenia tu- berosa, and some agreeably scented kinds of Cynanchum : little worthy of notice occurred in the dense woods, except 2 or 3 species of Cactus. | 4th April. We came to the village of Los Ranchos, an- other poor place, containing apparently about 800 inhabit- ants; the houses are all constructed of unburnt bricks, the church partly of this material and partly of burnt bricks: op- posite to this building is a large market square, but I saw nothing offered for sale except a cart load of beef and a few pompions. This place is considered half-way between Buenos Ayres and Tucuman. At sunset we crossed the Rio Secundo or second river from Cordova, and finding good grass stopped all night in a field of Melissa (?) sp. 6—8 feet high, here called Boldo, and in great use for dyeing, and by the addition of other substances it produces various shades of brown. ‘This Rio Secundo was, at the time we now crossed, 200 yards Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 99 broad, of a regular depth of 4 feet all across, and gliding slowly north-east at about a mile an hour; on our return it was quite dried up, and in place of water we found nothing but white drifting sand and gravel, brought down from the mountains of Cordova. Two more days and nights travelling brought us to the Rio de Cordova, a fine stream of the clear- est water that can be seen in any of these provinces. The bottom is stony and gravelly, the stones having been brought down from the mountains, 30 miles distant, by the current ; for throughout these extensive plains not a vestige of stone or metal can be found. 6th. We rested at the passage of the river for most of the day, repairing carts, &c. The town of Cordova is in view, 26 miles on our left, and appears charmingly situated at the foot of a ridge of hills, stretching north-west. While travelling through the woods I noticed a Passiflora, and saw several species of strong-growing Cactus; and on the steep and dry banks many of the largest Alyarobas were completely killed with loads of air-plants, of which great masses hung from every branch. 8th. After passing this river, the road rises considerably, proceeding more to the north; its former direction was north- west, and is now north-north-west ; the tract over which we passed was miserable, dry, and barren in the extreme; a few stunted shrubs of Chaneos, Algarobas, and some other species of Mimosa were all that could be seen. One of the latter pro- duces a quantity of clear amber gum which distils from its beautifully green bark. At the posthouses we obtained water at from 12 to 15 feet from the surface, and in one instance the cattle were served with it at the rate of a Spanish dollar for 100 beasts, the water being raised by a horse in a sheep’s hide from a well 5 yards deep. In this dry tract we passed over 18 miles, which having been set on fire accidentally by a camp, had been left a naked plain of black ashes, with the bare stems of the shrubs remaining erect like blackened rods. These extensive conflagrations are common in these districts, making a splendid appearance by night. With the first shower that falls on the scorched ground a lovely crop springs up, consisting of Ovalis, red, yellow, and rose-coloured, mingled 100 Account of a Journey across the with different kinds of Amaryllis, which spread a carpet of bloom resembling a richly stocked flower-garden. 14th. We came to the little chapel of San Juan, where, though the village consists of but 3 Ranchos, there is a pul- peria or tippling dram-shop. A day was passed in repairing the carts, all of which had become loose and rickety from the long drought. No iron is used in the construction of these vehicles ; even the wheels are unshod, the trams being made of hard Algaroba wood, which lasts a long time, often several years, on the stoneless roads of this country. This place was the last post house in the province of Cor- dova going north-west, and here, as we were on the ridge of a mountain, we found the vegetation much more varied than of late ; the Cactus tribe were especially numerous and varied; one specimen of the broad-branched kind struck me particu- larly, its white strong spines measuring from 6 to 9 inches in length; and the tree itself, of a conical shape (the cone re- versed), with its huge body of bushy and numerous flat branches, could not be of less weight than 10 to 12 tons. There are also several Mimosas of different species; that which is called from its hooked thorn Garro-Vato (Grip the Goat) abounds ; varying much, but always preserving a slender mode of growth and fine short pinnated leaves: unfortunately none of these were in flower. I also observed the Jormiliio, a slender. ever-flowering shrub, with small gummy leaves; the whole plant has a dry brown singy appearance ; and a curious frutescent Solanum, whose long, oval, scarlet fruit is generally as empty as a bladder. Here also I found a beautiful shrub much resembling an apricot, its fruit; which is small and yel- low, the natives assure me, when ripe, is not inferior to a good plum ; but as the season was passed, I only picked up a few dry kernels, which also bore a great similarity to those of the apricot; at the lowest part of the bush was a small branch in flower: it is called here Patéa. . In this neighbourhood I noticed the effects of the earth- quake which had taken place while I was travelling in August of last year: pits, of various forms and depths, had opened, some only 4 feet deep, while of others we could not find the bottom ; also a large deep rent or ravine, crossing our road, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 101 but since nearly filled up with mud: the wells, from the same cause, now only afford muddy water, and the natives are con- tent to use what they can obtain from a pool, which occupy- ing the centre of a field and receiving all the washing of the neighbourhood, tastes far too strong of cattle to be palateable. Yet these indolent people make no attempt to obtain a better supply of this needful element. For the same reason they neglect to cultivate the native trees, many of which, such as peaches, growing here fine and healthy by the road sides, would prove highly valuable with little trouble; but a few pompions and maize are all that they care to rear. In the afternoon of the 15th we arrived at the Post Del Carmen, and entered the province San Jago del Esterro, lying at the north-west point of the Cordova mountains. Here the road for a short distance was of a fine hard gravel, the first I had trodden in any of the Argentine Provinces. The Algaroba, hitherto so abundant, now gave place to se- veral other kinds of large trees, as the Quebra Halcha, Colo- rada or Blanca: this names signifies the Hatchet-breaker, as the wood is so hard that a large tree of this sort is rarely felled without breaking the hatchet; the Colorada was covered with large tufts of red seed, much like the sycamore; while the Blanca is distinguished by its small myrtle-like foliage and long pendent slender boughs, which give the whole tree the appearance of a weeping willow; its seed is a flat pap-like substance, inclosed in large flat white pods hanging in twos, threes, and fours at the tips of the slender branches like the pendulum ofa clock. This tree always grows quite erect till it attains the height of 20 to 30 feet, and has a singularly majestic appearance. We now came to a thickly wooded, but deserted country, and travelled for 50 miles without meeting with a single in- habitant, though we saw numbers of old Ranchos and the ruins of what had been good dwellings. The immense num- ber of tigers which infest this district and destroy all the cattle, has caused the people to remove and leave to these voracious animals the exclusive possession of these extensive forests. While our beasts were feeding I took a cautious stroll into the woods and came upon what had been an Indian vil- 102 Account of a Journey across the lage, consisting of a few straggling huts, formed of four-forked posts, on which were laid unpruned branches which were again covered with sods and loose earth, thus merely afford- ing a protection from the sun, but none from the cold, these huts being entirely open at the sides. Not a human being could be seen, though it would appear that this encampment was but recently deserted, from the vegetables, pompions, to- matos, capsicums, and maize, which now covered the ground, as wild and promiscuous as if natives of the soil. In this wilderness I observed several of the small silver grey fox and a large species of hare, with a broad tail like that of the Cape sheep. Parrots and paroquets were in vast number, but no other birds. Here were some curious Cacti, of large erect growth, and 16 angles to the stem, some of the naked pole- like branches being upwards of 30 feet high, beset with spines 2 to 4 inches long. The fruit is very small in proportion to the size of the species, some single plants sending out more than a hundred of these naked pole-like branches, most of which were from 6 to 8 inches through, and generally thicker at the top than bottom. 17th. At mid-day we reached the river Saladillo de Gus- man, and here we were kept waiting 15 days for its decrease, the season being that of its greatest fulness, in consequence of the melting of the early fallen snow on the Cordilleras. It may seem an extraordinary circumstance, that when travelling through a country where man and beast often suffer the ut- most distress for want of water, the party should at the very same time be arrested by a river whose margins were flooded for half a mile on either side beyond the ordinary channel; but such was nevertheless the case here, as in other tropical countries ; the greater the heat and drought, the more swollen are the streams, which diminish in proportion as the weather becomes cold and wet. After waiting for two weeks in vain, we discovered a place, a considerable way further down, where the height of the banks had much contracted the river, and with much labour, and after cutting down many trees, our carts were dragged to the water’s edge. Another Tropa, con- sisting of 11 similar vehicles, having joined us on the one side, while another of 13 was drawn up on the opposite bank, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 103 where a little village of Indian Ranchos or huts was situated close to the stream, the assemblages of drivers, passengers, and large quantities of cattle gave the place the appearance for a few days of a Highland fair. Commodities of various kinds were brought for sale, among them excellent bread, made from the flour of Algaroba pods, no way inferior to wheaten flour in taste, being sweet-flavoured, but yellow-coloured and slightly purgative at first to those who are unaccustomed to it. The husks after passing through the mill are steeped in water, which is then fermented and greedily drunk by the natives, though to strangers it is a disagreeable dirty mess. The remaining husks and sediment are afterwards dried and sold in small quantities for chewing, being somewhat sweet-tasted, though hardly so good as pea pods would be. These people thus lose nothing of their favourite Algaroba, which they gather from every tree with the greatest care, and store it up on the tops of posts, that it may be secure from the attacks of mice, &c. On observing to a native that the Algaroda districts of Cordova and San Jago were a most barren plain, he re- plied it was true, but as God had given them a dry sterile soil he had blessed them with abundance of Algarobas. In ex- change for beef we obtained boiled sweet batatoes and chocklos or heads of Indian corn, both boiled and roasted; also some milk of goats, for no cattle are kept here. The task of crossing this river was truly extraordinary : the waggons being unloaded, the largest hides with which they were covered were taken off, and each, kept outstretched with branches of trees and its four corners tied together, formed a kind of oblong box, something like a rough canoe, in which were then deposited as many goods as it could hold. An old Indian woman having contracted to take over our cargo at 20 reals or Zds of a Spanish dollar, she alone waited upon the loading of each hide, which was done by our drivers, while the dame ordered the mode in which the several articles should be placed, paying particular attention to see that the cargo should be evenly distributed.and the hide set fairly on the water. This done, a young girl was employed to swim and drag it be- hind her by means of a small rope fixed to one of the canoes over her right shoulder, while she held and dragged by her 104 Account of a Journey across the Pampas. teeth. Each hide carries from 3 to 4 cwt. according to its size. The river is here about 100 yards wide. To me the task ap- peared a very luckless job ; and when my turn came to go with my chest, boxes, and a fellow passenger, all launched into an ordinary bull’s hide, with a girl, none of the strongest, to drag us, I felt considerable doubts of our safety. However no- thing went wrong in crossing, either with us or a tropa of 11 carts, 28 in all, which were thus got over. The men, paid by the old woman, of whom there were 11, were occupied in dragging our empty waggons across, in which were fixed crates of earthenware, some heavy boilers, and other articles too large for the hide boat. The passage of the waggons was a still more troublesome business; 3 men swam across with a long rope of hide, and these men remained at certain dis- tances with the rope over their shoulders to keep the water from having too great an impression upon it. When over, it was fixed to 6 bullocks, and the cart then tossed into the river from the opposite side, when it unavoidably disappeared, and on arriving at the other bank it was generally found to have upset under water; when it was no easy task to set it once more upon its wheels. One cart, in particular, occupied most of a day. Seven days were again consumed in reloading, &c., — during which time I made several excursions among the woods by the river bank; but from the dryness of the season which had clad everything in its autumn or winter garb, very little could be found ; I saw some memorable varieties of the Cactus family, of all shapes and sizes. There were two spe- cies, or rather perhaps vars., of Passiflora; Mimosas were also very numerous, among which was one allied to the Algaroda, with spines from 4 to 8 inches long; this is called in the coun- try Bonilla or Vanill; its leaves are applied by the natives to cure a dim eyesight. This river flows from the south Andes in a north-east direction towards the Porana, and having traversed a saline tract, becomes so salt that even the cattle refused to drink it. We however obtained good and sweet water only 4 feet from the surface. [To be continued. ] 105 Route from Lima by the Quebrada of San Mateo. “Onn ap 0.1197) wor sonsvay 1Z I eescecces eeccee 006°4 eeeveceue eeeese ea Samny ey] ap vfag *OUTIND POOM 9Y} SIY} 1vaN 0Z QE ee | ee eee “HV OI £9. : ueygouvovuenyy | “1¢ *OZIVul pue s00}81}0d duly al L £-961 aecsee 98c°8 "Wd 4 09-ZS nis hehe gud wiaiatns neine carat 6 Bt i "08 ee ea ie ee eee ee eee ‘op daa ciecancay | soetes Suber I -aiiiad ware Pe 18 teececces ererce EZEEL "Md ¥ 0¢. shave Sipesereigesessisesste>++ erreur 8 eau, Ws SUE wanig vention | 9 | 9 |r | ocr | SGOT | EY | sogg. oer: emmbremere) |g ‘sourmsoayig | 29 | ¥6| S6SI | SI | S49°ET | VIL | ge.se ooseg Op 01199 | 61 *spoRrul MO e pue od $z¢ gy 9-061 ZI 000°ET "Wd % 96.62 Coe “AI *aanysed dasyg QF 7 4 Psy Ps obeowes O8Z'Z1 “Wd ¥ 8F-98 SOO oO Peer eeeeeeres ° . svoey ‘sT *sqinq Auew pue ‘sgoqvjod ear AA Sop cS veekdgcee icons F8Z'OL *UOON 79. 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"4003 *uoIyeAIOsqo Jo potzed ‘ . Berna sacs Be se a entee ork ul yysreyy | ay) Iv JaJaUIOWLOU, eras 2° Set aed *JIIQIOFT “ULAA “AVY PUB UOT] 94} fq poyworunummosy -eury jo ‘bey ‘Nvarpovyy NHog Aq ‘oagnyy ung fo mpo.mgang ays hq nu] woif ajnoy—T1X Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 4. No. 22. Oct. 1839. = 106 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. XII1.—Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a Spe- cimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq. {Continued from p. 26.] PITTOSPOREX, R. Br. I. Pirrosporum, Banks and Sof. 612. P. crassifolium, foliis obovatis obtusis basi angustatis admodum co- riaceis, supra convexiusculis glabris nitidis venosis, subtus ramulisque cano- villosis, pedunculis terminalibus unifloris solitariis, capsulis crassis 3-valvibus. Banks and Sot. Ms. Tarata, indigenis. BR. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island)}.—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. On Flat Island, one of the Cavallos, and at Matauri on the east coast, opposite those islands, &c.—1833, R. Cunningham. Frutex orgyalis. Rami? stricti, fastigiati, glabri, ramulis cinereis foliatis. Folia alterna distincta, vel conferto-verticillata, crassa, valde rigido-coriacea. Pedunculus (uncialis) ex apice ramuli inter folia solitarius. Calyx 5-sepalus, cinereo-villosus. Petala 5 longitudine sepalorum. Stamine 5 hypogyna, petalis breviora. Anthere adnate biloculares. Stylus terminalis, simplex, staminibus parum brevior. Ovarium villosissimum. Capsula nucis Avel- lane magnitudine, plerumque trivalvis, valvis obovatis lignosis resinosis. Se- mina plurima. 613. P. umbellatum ; foliis obovatis obtusis retusisve interdum apiculatis utrinque glabris subtus pallidioribus reticulato-venosis, pedunculis termina- libus umbellatis, pedicellis unifloris calycibusque ferrugineo-tomentosis, cap- sulis 4-lobis 2-valvibus, caule arboreo. Banks and Sol. Mss. Gert. Fr. i. p- 286. DC. Prodr. i. p.347. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of the Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. In woods around Onawero Bay, Wangaroa.—1833, R. Cunningham. — Arbor 20—26 pedalis, formosa, habitu omnino Enkianthi, ramis teretibus glabris. Folia in ramulis alterna vel conferta subtus pulchre reticulata, pe- tiolata. Petiolus subuncialis lucido-coloratus. Flores terminales, rubri, um- bellatim dispositi. Calyx 5-sepalus, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis extus pi- losis. Petala 5, oblonga, obtusa, nervosa, sepalis longiora apice revoluta. Stamina longitudine styli petalis breviora. Capsula globosa, magnitudine Cerasi. 614. P. engeinoides, omnino glabrum, foliis ellipticis (biuncialibus) acutis petiolatis venosis undulatis pellucidis, pedunculis terminalibus brachiato- ramosis, pedicellis umbellate-eorymbosis multifloris, eapsulis (minimis) el- lipticis acuminatis bivalvibus, stigmate obtuso. New Zealand (Northern Island). Shores of Onawero Bay, Wangaroa.— 3833, R. Cunningham. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 107 Frutex major. Arbuscula speciosa, aspectu fere facie Eugenie. Rami ramulique teretes, graciles, cortice purpurascente. Folia sparsa, alterna v. verticillato-conferta. Flores nondum vidi. Capsula gran! Piperis mole, bivalvis, glabra, elliptica, acuta, minutissime tuberculata, stylo terminata. 615. P. tenuifolium, foliis ovatis ovato-oblongisve (1—14 uncialibus) acu- tiusculis v. obtusis, adultis utrinque glabris nitidis, marginibus undulatis seepeque convolutis crassiusculis, floribus solitariis axillaribus brevipedicel- latis, pedicellis fructibusque junioribus, capsulis 3—4 valvibus. Banks and Sol. Mss. DC. Prodr. i. p.347. Roem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. p.432. Gaertn. Sem. i. p. 286. t. 59. f. 7.—Trichilia monophylla. 4. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 306. t. 34 bis. _Mapauriki, indig. R. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Margins of forests on the immediate shores of the Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunning- ham. At Wangaroa, on the skirts of salt-water inlets.—1833, R. Cunning- ham. _ Arbor gracilis ornata, 20 pedum altitudine. Rami virgati, erecti, foliosi, cortice lzvi, atro-brunnei. Jolia alterna, petiolata, (instar Thee) translu- centia, venulosa. Fores axillares, plerumque solitarii. Pedicellus petiolum zequans. Calyx laciniis ovato-lanceolatis ciliatis, corolla plus duplo brevi- oribus. Petala atropurpurea, oblonga, apice reflexa, decidua. Ovarium 3- vy. 4-lobatum subpyriforme, densissime villosum, stylo terminatum. Stigma depresso-capitatum, minute papillosum. Judging from the figure and description given by M. A. Richard of a plant which was gathered in fruit onthe coast of New Zealand by Capt. D. D’Urville in 1827, and which he has referred to the genus Trichilia as above cited, it does appear evident that it is none other than this species of Pittosporum, which is everywhere abundant on the coasts of the Northern Island, and where it was originally disco- vered by the naturalists who accompanied our great circumnavigator in his first voyage! M. Endlicher designs in a forthcoming disser- tation on the Order Meliacee, to refer T. monophylla of Richard, to a genus which he has proposed to name Schoutensia. 616. P. cornifolium, foliis (1—3 uncialibus) oppositis ellipticis obtusis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutis glabris summis verticillatis, pedunculis terminalibus aggregatis villosis unifloris, capsulis 2-valvibus acuminatis extus villosis, ra- mulis quandoque pilis cinereis conspersis. 4. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 3161. —Pittosporoides verticillata. Banks and Sol. Mss. in Bibl. Banks.—. foliis angusto-oblongis acutis verticillatis sparsisve. _ New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. A shrub grow- ing as an Epiphyte on trees, especially on the lofty trunks of the Kaikatea, (Dacrydium excelsum, Don.) in humid woods on the banks of the Kana- Kana, and other rivers, Bay of Islands, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. Frutex virgatus, glaber ramis dichotomis, summis subverticillatis, omnino supra arborum excelsiorum truncos vivos, inter Astelias epiphyticus. Folia 12 108 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. varia. Pedunculi graciles, 1-flori, 2—6 ad apices ramulorum aggregati un- ciales, pilis minutis patulis instructi. Calyx 5-phyllus, foliolis subulato-lan- - ceolatis patentibus ciliatis. Corolla 5-petala, petalis lineari-lanceolatis acutis apice reflexis, deciduis. Stam. hypogyna. Filamenta tubi petalorum sty- lique longitudine. Ovarium ovato-lanceolatum dense villosum. Stigma spheerico-capitatum. 617. P. reflecum (R. C. Mss.) fruticosum, ramosum, ramulis villosiusculis (pilis cinereis} szepe verticillatis, foliis linearibus confertis glaberrimis apiculo sphacelato, super concavis, modice divaricatis arcuato-reflexisve, junioribus parce ciliatis, capsulis solitariis terminalibus acuminatis bivalvibus cinereo- pilosis. . New Zealand (Northern Island). Thickets om the slopes of hills at Wan- garoa, &c.—1833, A. Cunningham. Flores nondum vidi. R. C. 618. P. pimeleoides (R. C. Mss.) fruticosum ramulis verticillatis, foliis modice patentibus angusto-lanceolatis linearibusve acuminatis, apiculo ob- tuso, super concaviusculis glabris subter venosis, marginibus janiorum revo- lutis plus minus ciliatis, capsulis solitariis aggregatisve axillaribus v. termi- nalibus acuminatis 2-valvibus, pilis patentibus cinereis conspersis. _ New Zealand (Northern Island). Dry woods on the shores of the Bay of Islands, Wangaroa, &c.—1833, R. Cunningham. Frutex 2—3 pedalis, duplo major quam in precedenti, atque folia longiora, latiora, et quamlibet patentia non deflexa, capsulis porro crebre aggregatis. Nihilominus an species distincta? 619. P. radicans (R. C. Mss.) caule fruticoso simpliciter ramoso subra- dicante, ramulis virgatis cinereo-villosis, foliis (uncialiabus) angusto-linea- ribus concaviusculis acuminatis erecto-patentibus rectis faleatisve, pagina superiore margineque pilis raris instructis, capsulis terminalibus solitariis pilosis. &. C. Mss. New Zealand (Northern Island). Growing about the roots of the Kauré (Dammara australis) principally in a forest near the head of the Kana-Kana river, Bay of Islands,—1833, R. Cunningham. This very distinct species, like the two preceding, has only been observed bearing fruit, which is described in the note that accom- panied the specimen, as being very similar to that of P. reflerum, but inserted on a somewhat longer pedicle. The habit and leaves are however somewhat different®. * In herbario meo sequentes sunt pulchre species hujus generis, que in Australasia jampridem lecte erant, hucusque indescripte, vel minus cog- nite. P. rubiginosum ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis lanceolatisve acuminatis ve- nosis sparsis verticillatisve, basi subattenuatis undulato-auriculzeformibus, adultis superne glabriusculis, inferne ferrugineo-tomentosis pedunculo ter- minali multifloro bracteato ramulisque dense rubiginoso-crinitis, floribus umbellatis pedicellatis stigmate obtuso late membranaceo, caule fruticoso gracili. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 109 DROSERACEX, DC. Drosera, L. 4 620. D. propingua (R. C. Mss.) foliis radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis j Hab. In ora equinoctiali Nove Cambrie Australis: ad latus Montis Cook, prope fluvium Endeavour dictum.-- 1820, 4. Cunningham. P. linifolium ; foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusis acuminatisve petiolatis sub- -revolutis leviter undulatis adultis super glabris nitidis, subter parce tomen- tosis reticulato-venosis floribus paniculato-umbellatis, pedunculis fusco-to- mentosis, stigmate obtuso depresso lobate ovarioque dense piloso, capsulis bivalvibus, caule arboreo gracili. Hab. In ora orientali inter tropicam : ad fluvium Endeavour dict., in locis saxosis humidis necnen ad ripas fluvii a littore remotis—1819, 4. Cunning- ham. Obs. Differs from P. undulatum, Andr., that species having ovate-lan- ceolate attenuated leaves, which are smooth on both sides and altogether larger aggregate peduncled flowers. : P. phillyreoides, foliis (1—14 uncialibus) oblongis ovato-lanceolatisve mucronatis coriaceis planis utrinque glabris subtus discoloribus obscure ve- nulosis, pedicellis lateralibus unifleris solitariis geminisve petiolo duplo lon- gioribus. DC. Prodr. i. p. 347.—P. oleifolium, 4. Cunn. Mss. (1822). Hab. In ora occidentali, in arenosis aridis Insule Dirk Hartog, 1802, Lechenault.—1822, A. Cunningham. Frutex robustus, erectus, ramosus, sexpedalis, habitu fere facie Olee. tp —. Capsula aurantia, elliptica, compressa, bivalvis, extus glabra, ru- gulosa. P. bicolor ; foliis lanceolatis coriaceis nervosis obtusiusculis acuminatisve marginibus refractis, breviter petiolatis super glabris convexiusculis, subter tomentosis, pedunculis unifloris, petalis 4—5ies longioribus terminalibus axillaribusve, ramulis tomentosis. Hook. Journ. Bot. i. p, 249.—P. ledifolia. A. Cunn, Ms. (1819). Hab. In insula Van Diemen, in sylvis umbrosis valde humidis, inter Da- erydia (Heronensia, Nobis) ad sinum Macquarie Harbor dictum, ubi in mense Januario floret.—1819, 4. Cunningham.—1831, Ron. Gunn, R. Gul. Lawrance. Frutex gracilis, concinnus, 5—6 pedum altitudine, ramis valde virgatis ferrugineo-tomentosis foliatis. Folia sparsa v. verticillato-conferta subtus cinereo- vel fulvo-tomentosa, pilis adpressis. Pedunculus ferrugineo-pilosus. Calyx 5-phyllus patens, villosus, coleratus. Petala 5 purpurea, oblonga, apice reflexa, sepalis plus duplo longiora. Stamina 5, tubo corollz longiora. Anthere oblonge, obtuse, adnate, anticz, biloculares. Stylus longitudine staminum. Stigma lobatum. Ovarium densissime pilosum. P. acacioides (A. C. Mss. 1817) foliis (3—4 uncialibus) angusto-lanceo- latis basi valde attenuatis petiolatis mucronatis planis aveniis utrinque gla- bris concoloribus, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis geminisve petiolo duplo ae ramulis glaberrimis.—P. angustifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 1859. Hab. In ora meridionali—1802, R. Brown, necnon in interiore, in de- sertis prope flumen Lachlan.—1817, 4. Cunningham. Arbuscula Deserti; 6—20 pedalis, admodum ornata, maxime gracilis, et omnino glaberrima. Rami attenuati debiles, plus minus dependentes. Folia alterna, sparsa, versus basin sensim in petiolum vix pollicarem desinentia. Flores pedunculati, 1—2 axillares, flavi, Sepalis calycis membranaceis, ovalibus, obtusis, tenuissime ciliatis, tubo petalorum ter brevioribus. Petala 110 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. scapo (3—4 unciali) tereti 3—4-floro multoties brevioribus, calyee glaber- rima. New Zealand (Northern Island). In boggy grounds, in the vicinity of the Keri-Keri river, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. Obs. D. spathulate, Labill. maxime affinis, que tamen differt, scapo compresso, sex- ad duodecim-floro, atque calyce glanduloso. 621. D. intermedia (R. C. Ms.), foliis longe petiolatis profunde bipartitis, lobis linearibus, petiolo compresso, duplo brevioribus, scapo compressiusculo (sesquipedali) foliis triplo longiore 12—20-fioro, floribus racemosis filiformi- pedicellatis. New Zealand (Northern Island). In bogs in the country interjacent to the Keri-Keri and Waimaté rivers, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. Obs. Inter D. binatam et pedatam, proxima priori, que petiolo semitereti, foliis duplo ad quadruplum longiore, scapoque tereti vix spithamzeo, race- moque 3—6-floro, facile distinguenda, atque in D. pedata, foliis pedatim di- chotomis petiolis paulo brevioribus, scapo (pedali) foliis vix duplo longiore, et floribus omnino majoribus, corymbosis, distincta videtur. | VIOLARIEA, DC. Erretion, DC. in Herb. Lamb. Calycis sepalis inzequalia, omnia plus minus deorsum in appendices auri- culiformes producta. Petala inequalia estivatione convolutiva, inferius basi concavum in calear non productum. Stamina 5 approximata, nee coalita, ad apicem dentium tori pentagoni inserta. Filamenta basi di- latata oblonga, antheras demissius gerentia, lobis antherarum distinctis basi subdivergentes, Stamina 2 anteriora dorso appendices subulatas nectariferas in calcar intrantes gerentia. Ovarium superum. Stigma inconspicuum. Capsula trigona, 3-valvis, polysperma. Semina hori- zontalia, manifeste carunculata, ovoidea et nitida. 622. E. spathulatum, stoloniferum foliis longe petiolatis obovato-rotun- apice reflexa, obtusa. Stamina e fauce parum exserta, stylum equantia. Stigma capitatum glanduloso-tuberculatum. Ovarium pilis cinereis laxis tenuiter instructum. Capsula aurantia, lato-elliptica, compressa, bivalvis, glabra, extus corrugata. P. ligustrifolium ; foliis (1—2 uncialibus) angusto-lanceolatis subspathu- latisve basi attenuatis petiolatis mucronatis concavis aveniis adultis utrinque glabris, subtus pallidioribus, pedunculis 1-floris axillaribus terminalibusve petiolos zquantibus, ramulis incano-tomentosis. Hab. In littoribus aridis Insule Rottnest, adversum ostium amnis Swan, ore occidentalis. —1822, 4. Cunningham. Arbuscula altitudine 20 pedum, ramis gracilibus divaricatis, ramulis flex- uoso-patentibus propensis foliatis canescentibus. olia sparsa confertaque, lanceolata, parum attenuata, glabra, mucrone uncinato, juniora super pilis cinereis raris instructa, ores non nobis cogniti. Capsula sordido-flava, obelliptica, compressa, bivalvis, stylo brevi terminata. Stigma capitatum, lobatum, levigatum. Bibliographical Notices. 111 datis dentato-repandis glabris, petiolis asperis, pedunculis filiformibus, flori- bus nutantibus, calcare brevissimo. G. Don, Syst. Gard. i. p. 334.—Viola Sieberiana, Spreng. Syst. Veg. App. p. 68. / New Zealand (Northern Island). Among fern, near the Mission House on the Keri-Keri river, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. [To be continued. } BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Principles of General and Comparative Piysiology, intended as an in- troduction to the study of Human Physiology, and as a Guide to the Philosophical Pursuit of Natural History. By William B. Car- penter, M.R.C.S., late President of the Royal Medical and Royal Physical Societies of Edinburgh, &c. &c. With 240 Figures on Copper and Wood. London, 1839. Few errors in the mode of pursuing science are more common than to commence the study of some particular branch without that pre- liminary knowledge which is most likely to render it interesting and profitable. ‘This is especially the case in the sciences of natural hi- story and physiology. How frequently we observe young persons zealously devoting themselves to some department of botany,—the collection of the Phanerogamia of Great Britain for example,—with- out thinking it worth while to make themselves acquainted with aught beyond their simple external characters, and thus losing the pleasure which the contemplation of the structure of these plants, and of the analogies of their organs with those of the Cryptogamia on the one hand and of animals on the other, cannot fail to afford to those who properly seek for it, besides foregoing many opportunities of contributing something to the common stock of knowledge! Scarcely less common is it to meet with those who imagine them- selves to be diligent zoologists, when their endeavours are solely di- rected to the acquisition of the most complete collection of shells, of whose inhabitants they know nothing, or of the most perfect se- ries of butterflies or beetles, whose wonderful transformations and beautiful internal structure are regarded by them with indifference. The mere collector has little idea how much enjoyment he loses by not carrying his inquiries further, that is to say, if he have a soul capable of such enjoyment, and not entirely engrossed with the amor habendi, Even among those who possess a truly scientific knowledge of individual branches of natural history it is but too common to discover but a superficial acquaintance with others, such 112 Bibliographical Notices. as is calculated rather tomislead than to guidethem in their researches. And among physiologists it is but recently that the great truth has been generally recognised, that the study of the structure and func- tions of the inferior classes of organized beings is capable of afford- ing the most important assistance in the solution of the many difficul- ties which attend the investigation of the phenomena of life in man. The object of the volume before us is to supply the means of at- taining such knowledge within moderate limits ; and, by presenting a comprehensive survey of the whole organized creation, to afford the best preparation for the successful pursuit of any line of inquiry that may suit the taste and opportunities of the student of nature. The author has not contented himself with a superficial view, how- ever, as from its brevity it might be supposed to be, but has endea- voured to introduce his readers to the highest departments of phy- siology and natural history, by a simple exposition of such general laws as have been discovered to preside over their varied phenomena, and, by a judicious selection of facts, to make the application of these laws and the path to be followed im search of others fully intelligible. Among the leading features of the work are the rank given to vege- table physiology, and the original manner in which this subject is treated. We are not acquainted with any treatise on this depart- ment of science in which the Cryptogamia receive a due share ofatten- . tion. By British writers they have been especially neglected, the structure and functions of the flowering plants alone being treated of in any detail. In this work, however, we find not only a general survey of the whole vegetable kingdom, in which its principal natu- ral groups are all delineated on the same scale, but a detailed view of each system of organs, which is traced from its first appearance in the lower members of the series up to its perfect evolution in the highest. We are thus led to perceive the gradual specialization of each function by the restriction of it to some portion of the or- ganism particularly adapted to perform it, and this is shown to take place also during the evolution of the embryo of any one of the highest tribes of vegetables. We believe then that Mr. Carpenter may fairly claim the credit of having applied to the vegetable kingdom the general law based by Von Baer upon his examination of the ani- mal world, that, both in the ascending scale of creation and in the development of any single being, ‘‘ a heterogeneous or special struc- ture arises out of one more homogeneous or general, and this by a gradual change.”’ We shall illustrate this position by giving an abridgement of the section which treats of the absorbent system in plants, and this will afford us an opportunity of explaining another Bibliographical Notices. 113 law, propounded by our author himself,which may be regarded as a ‘sort of corollary to the former. In the lowest cellular plants every part of the syrface appears equally concerned in the function of absorption. ‘This is most evi- dent in those simple protophytes usually classed among the Alge, which consist of an aggregation of insulated vesicles, each of which may almost be regarded as a distinct individual. Thus the surface of one of the cells of the Protococcus nivalis may be regarded as all root. In the higher genera of this group the separate vesicles no longer maintain their individuality, but form part of one definite structure. Still the whole surface appears to be endowed with the power of ab- sorption in nearly an equal degree ; and though the semblance of a stem and roots occasionally presents itself, these appear to have no other function than to give attachment to the frondose expansion. There is no transmission of fluid from one part to another, each cell deriving from the surrounding medium, or from the surcharged cells in its immediate neighbourhood, the fluid essential to its existence. It is in the Lichens that we find the first specialization of the absorb- ent function, by the restriction of it to the side least exposed to the sun and air, whilst the reproductive function, which in the Alg@ was common to nearly the whole frond, is here confined to the other sur- face. In some lichens we find radical filaments developed from the absorbent surface, the first indication of special organs for the pur- pose. In the Fungi the separation between the nutrient and repro- ductive organs is generally still more complete, and in the highest groups of this order a stem with very definite roots is developed. These are yet more complete in the mosses, but still nutrition may be performed by the general surface independently of them. And even where these filamentous processes of the Cryptogamia bear the greatest resemblance to roots, there is reason to believe that they ab- sorb by their whole surface, and not by their points alone. In the vascular plants we find the function of absorption attaining its high- est degree of specialization, being as it were concentrated in the growing points of the roots, which are known as the spongioles, and the function is more actively performed by them in proportion to the small amount of surface they expose. Still, however, it is found that the general surface, even of a vascular plant, is concerned in this function, and that in many in- stances it is even capable of entirely performing it when the roots are from any cause unable to act. This is a very beautiful example of the second law to which we have alluded, and which we shall state in the author’s words. ‘‘ In cases where the different functions 114 Bibliographical Netices. are highly specialized, the general structure retains, more or less, the primitive community of function which originally characterized it.” We have seen that in the simplest or most homogeneous beings the entire surface participates equally in the function of absorption, and we now perceive that even in the highest and most heterogeneous, where the number of distinct organs is greatest and their respective functions most completely restricted to them, some traces of this primitive community remain. Weshall conclude our illustration by quoting the account given by Mr. Carpenter of the development of the same system in the embryo of a vascular plant, in which he in- geniously shows its conformity to the same laws. ‘‘ In tracing the gradual evolution of the special absorbent system of the more per- fect plants, we may observe many interesting relations between the progressive stages of its development and the permanent forms of the system in the lower orders. Thus the embryo at its first appearance within the ovule is nothing but a single cell, like that of the Proto- coccus, in the midst of the store of semi-fluid nutriment prepared by its parent, which it gradually absorbs by its whole surface, just as do the simplest cellular plants. At the time of the ripening of the seed we mark the rudiment of the future root, which is developed during germination ; but in the early stages of this process the radi- cle simply prolongs itself into the ground, and appears to be equally capable of imbibing moisture through its whole length, like that of the fungi or mosses. It is not until the true leaves are evolved that the root begins to extend itself by ramification, then first protruding perfect fibrils composed of woody fibre and vessels and terminated by spongioles.” We need scarcely point out the additional interest which is given to the facts of science when they thus become subservient to the esta-. blishment of those generalizations in which true science consists. Again, to quote our author’s language; ‘‘ At every successive step we are led to comprehend new relations between facts that pre- viously seemed confused and insulated ; new objects for what at first seemed destitute of utility ; and in the same proportion will the con- templative spirit be led to appreciate the vastness of that Designing Mind, which, in originally ordaining the laws of the animated world, could produce such harmony and adaptation amongst their innume- rable results.” Having thus endeavoured to communicate to our readers an idea of the objects and spirit of this treatise, we shall briefly indicate its contents. It is divided into two books, the first of which is devoted to general physiology, the second to special physiology. These, Bibliographical Notices. - 115 however, are preceded by an introduction of considerable length, de- signed to present to those who stand in need of such preliminary information a general view of the organized creation. The charac- teristics of organized structures are first pointed out,/and the ele- mentary tissues of plants and animals described. Here will be found various novel and interesting analogies, especially in regard to the variations which the type of the spiral vessel presents. An outline view is then given of the characters of each of the principal groups of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, in which the links of transi- tion and their respective analogies are specially pointed out. Under the head of General Physiology are discussed the nature and causes of vital actions ; the dependence of life upon external sti- muli; heat, light, electricity, &c.; and the laws of organic develop- ment. These are succeeded by a connected view of the functions performed by organized beings, in which their mutual relations are shown, and the distinctions between plants and animals definitely pointed out, In the second book, comprising Special Physiology, each function is considered in detail. ‘The evolution of its particular organ in the ascending scale of being is described, firstas regards the vegetable king- dom (in the manner we have already instanced), and then the animal kingdom, and its correspondence with the development of the same organs in the embryo of higher beings is displayed. Under this head are introduced explanations of various interesting malformations or monstrosities which result from arrest of development ; these are most frequently presented in the circulating system of animals. The advantage which the physiologist derives from bringing into comparison the facts derived from an extensive variety of sources is perhaps nowhere more evident than in regard to the reproductive system of vegetables. It has been so much the habit of botanists to separate instead of approximating, that analogies are often obscured by the multiplication of terms; so that the inexperienced cryptoga- mist is bewildered by the different appellations which the same or- gans receive in distinct groups and by the want of any indication of their similarity beyond what he may discover by his own inquiries. Mr. Carpenter appears to us to have extremely simplified this diffi- cult subject by showing the fundamental correspondence between the reproductive organs in all the tribes of Cryptogamia, and he has brought forward strong evidence to show that this may be traced even into the Phanerogamia, which differ from the others only in the addition of new organs, and not in the alteration of the character of the original ones. Without pronouncing a decided opinion upon this 116 Bibliographical Notices. question, we may recommend his views to the attentive consideration of our botanical readers. We understand that they have been pre- sented in more detail to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and that they have been mentioned with high approbation by Professor Graham in his late retrospective address. On some points they cor- respond in a remarkable manner with the researches of M. Schleiden, which were nct published at the time when the author first made known the general result of his inquiries*. After what we have said of the character of this work it is almost needless to add our strong recommendation of it to our readers as one which can scarcely fail to be of service to them, in whatever de- partment of natural history they may be engaged, Although spe- cially designed for the medical student the author has taken much pains to adapt it to the general reader, and we trust that he may meet with his reward in the advancement of that philosophical spirit of inquiry which it is his aim to promote. Memoirs ‘of the Wernerian Natural History Society for the Years 1837-88. Part I. Vol. VIII. 8vo. 1839. The Memoirs of this Society have hitherto been published in 8vo volumes at very distant intervals, thereby losing much of their in- terest on account of the long period which elapsed between the reading and publication of the papers, and often forcing gentlemen who had important information to communicate to lay it before some other Association which was more regular in the issue of their Trans- actions; we are happy therefore to see the present Part, and trust that at the end of each session at least, the more valuable commu- nications which have been read at its meetings may be published and illustrated. We may remark that the price, 6s., is rather be- yond that of the periodicals of the time, while the workmanship is not superior. The papers contained in this part are, I. ‘‘ Observations on the Distinctions, History, and Hunting of Seals in the Shetland Islands.” By Lawrence Edmonstone, M.D. Dr. Edmonstone is of opinion that two species only frequent and are permanent natives of the Shetland isles, which he places under the names of Phoca vitulina and barbata ; the supposed existence of any other large seal being perhaps attributable to the great difference in form between the males and females of his P. barbata or Half-fish. A * See ‘ British and Foreign Medical Review,’ vol. iv. p. 561. Transla- tions of Dr. Schleiden’s papers have appeared in the ‘ Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag.’, vol. xii., and ‘ Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs’, Part VI. Bibliographical Notices. 117 specimen of Phoca Grenlandica was killed in 1830, but is supposed to have fallen overboard from one of the returning Greenland ships. Of P. annellata and leporina he states, ‘‘ I am much inclined to suspect that further observations will prove them to be merely varieties of the vitulina.” A specimen of the Walrus was killed near the island of Fetlar in the summer of 1815, and another was seen in 1828 for a few days in Balta Sound. In this paper a great deal will be found to interest relative to the manners and habits of the Shetland seals, and Dr. Edmonstone would be conferring a favour on zoologists if he could send the skins and skeletons of the most marked varieties either to Edinburgh or London, where they could be compared with other species, and any disputed points finally settled. Il. ‘* On the last changes in the Relative Levels of the Land and Sea in the British Islands.” By James Smith, Esq., of Jordan Hill. A paper of much local interest, and illustrated by two plates of new recent shells from the firth of Clyde. : III. ‘On the Asteriade of the Irish Sea.” By Edward Forbes, sq. IV. “‘ Meteorological Journal for the year 1838, kept at the Manse of the parish of Abbey of St. Bathons, Berwickshire.” By the Rev. John Wollow. V. ‘‘On the Geognosy of the Isle of Eigg.” By R. J. Hay Cunningham, Esq. Scandinaviens Fiskar, malade of W. v. Wright, med text of B. Fries och C. U. Eckstroém, 4 et 5 Hiftet. Stockholm. The fourth part of this excellent work contains splendid drawings of Gadus Aiglefinus, Pollachius ; Raniceps niger (with text), Cullio- nymus Lyra g and 9, C. maculatus, besides descriptions of Cypri- nus Grislagine, rutilus, erythrophthalmus, Gadus minutus and mer- langus. The fifth part contains drawings of Centronotus gunellus, Clinus maculatus, Fries; Cyprinus Ballerus, Pleuronectes Liman- doides, Myxine glutinosa, Scomber scombrus, and Squalus cornubicus. From the accuracy of the drawings, and the completeness of the de- scriptions, this work will always remain the most important source for the determination of those species established by Linnzus and the Swedish naturalists. Verzeichniss der Conchylien in der Sammlung von E. Anton. Halle. This Catalogue contains 3410 species, of which 348 are new, and are here described. 118 ~ Zoological Society. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. January 22, 1839.—The Rev. F. W. Hope in the chair. At the request of the chairman, Mr. Garnett exhibited a living Jerboa (apparently the Dipus A’gyptiacus), which had been sent to him from the Cape of Good Hope, but Mr. Garnett stated that he was not aware whether it had been captured in that part of Africa. Professor Owen concluded his paper entitled, ‘“‘ Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia.” ‘‘'The rich stores of the Mena- gerie and Museum of the Zoological Society,” observes Mr. Owen, ‘** having afforded me frequent opportunities of examining the ana- tomy of various and rare species of the Marsupial order; the endea- vour to express in general propositions the more important facts relative to their organization ; to state in which particulars so many agreed or differed; has naturally compelled me to acquire certain ideas respecting their Zoological distribution.” In the first part of the paper, Professor Owen defines the general characters of the Marsupialia; he then proceeds to consider their mutual affinities; and, as closely connected with this subject, com- mences with some observations on their size, their geographical dis- tribution, and their habits. The carnivorous Marsupial animals belonging to the genera Thyla- cinus and Dasyurus are compared to the Carnivora in the placental series; and the Bandicoots (Perameles), and Myrmecobians are re- presented as typifying, or playing corresponding parts with those allotted to the placental Insectivora. Those Marsupials which have an omnivorous diet, live in trees, are provided with a prehensile tail, and have a thumb on the hinder extremities, are said to typify the Quadrumana, and the tailless Koala is compared to the arboreal Sun-Bears of the Indian Archipelago. _ © Another genus of Marsupialia, the Wombat,” says Mr. Owen, ‘* presents the dentition which characterizes the placental Rodentia ; and the Petaurists, like the Flying Squirrels, have a parachute formed by broad duplications of the skin extending laterally be- tween the fore and hind legs. ‘«The Kangaroos are the true herbivorous Marsupialia, and many interesting physiological conditions present themselves to the mind in contemplating the singular construction and proportions of these animals. It would appear that the peculiarities of their gestation rendered indispensably necessary the possession of a certain prehen- > Zoological Society. 119 sile faculty of the anterior extremities, with a free movement of the digits and a rotatory power of the fore-arm, in relation to the mani- pulations of the pouch and of the embryo developed therein. At the same time a herbivorous quadruped must possess great powers of locomotion in order to pass from pasture to pasture and to avoid its enemies by flight. ‘These powers, as is well known, are secured to the herbivorous species of the placental Mammalia, by an ungu- late structure of four pretty equally developed members. Such a structure, however, would have been incompatible with the pro- creative ceconomy of the Kangaroo. It is therefore organized for rapid locomotion by an excessive development of the hinder extre- mities ; and these alone serve as the instruments of flight, which is performed by a succession of extensive bounds. The tail also is of great power and length, and in the stationary position, the body is supported erect on the tripod formed by the tail and hind legs ; while in easy progression the tail serves as a crutch upon which and the fore feet the body is sustained while the hind legs are swung forwards. ** As the Australasian continent, the great metropolis of the Mar- supial quadrupeds, still remains but very partially explored ; and as new species and even genera of Marsupials continue at each expe- dition to reward the researches of the scientific traveller; and as moreover the recovery of two lost but distinct genera from the ruins of a former world makes it reasonable to suppose that other types of Marsupials remain still hidden in the crust of the earth; it can hardly be expected that the zoologist should be able to arrange in a natural series, with easy transitions according to the order of their affinities, the few and diversified forms of this implacental subclass which are at present known. The greatest number of correspond- encies, as it appears to me, will be expressed by taking the modi- _ fications of the digestive system as the guide to the formation of the primary groups of the Marsupialia. *« The continent, however, in which the Marsupials ‘ most do con- gregate” is characterized by the paucity of organized matter upon its surface, and few of them, consequently, are nourished by a very well-defined diet. No large carnivorous quadruped could in fact have existed in the wilds of Australia prior to the introduction of civilized man and his attendant herds: and we find, in fact, that the native genera which are the most decidedly carnivorous, do not include species larger than the dog: we can only reckon among these strictly carnivorous species the Thylacines and the Dasyures ; and, on the other hand, not more than two or three Marsupial 120 Zoological Society. genera feed exclusively on vegetable substances. The rest of them derive a promiscuous nutriment from dead or decayed animal and vegetable matter, crustacea, and the refuse of the sea-shore, insects in their perfect and larva states, live birds, young and succulent sprouts, leaves, fruits, &c. The terms, therefore, which will be given to the different primary subdivisions in the present classifica- tion of the Marsupialia must not be understood to indicate strictly or exclusively the nature of the food of the species severally in- cluded in these groups, but rather their general tendency to select for their support the substances implied by those designations.” Tribe I. SARCOPHAGA. The genera in this tribe are the most decidedly carnivorous of all the Marsupialia, and are characterized by an important anatomical condition, viz. the absence of an intestinum cecum. Genus 1. Thylacinus. Incisors — canines = ; premolares <3 molares = = 46. The incisors are of equal length, and regularly arranged in the segment of a circle with an interspace in the middle of the series of both jaws. The external incisor on each side is the strongest. The laniary or canine teeth are long, strong, curved, and pointed, like those of the dog tribe. The spurious molares are of a simple, blunt, conical form, each with two roots; the last with a small additional posterior cusp. The true molares in the upper jaw are unequally triangular with three tubercles. ‘Those in the lower jaw are compressed, tricus- pidate, the middle cusp being the longest, especially in the two last molares, which resemble closely the sectorial teeth (dens carnassiérs) of the Dog and Cat. The fore feet are 5-digitate, the hind feet 4-digitate. On the fore foot the middle digit is the longest, the internal one or pollex the shortest, but the difference is slight. On the hind foot the two middle toes are of nearly equal length and longer than the two lateral toes, which are equal. All the toes are armed with strong, blunt, and almost straight claws. The only known species of this genus, the Thylacine (Thylacinus Harrisii, Didelphys Cyno- cephalus, Harris), is a native of Van Diemen’s Land, and is called by the colonists the ‘ Hyzena.’ Genus Dasyurus. bd 4—4 pS bd 1—] . 2—2 . 4-4 a Incisors 3—,; canines =— ; premolares [-,; molares 7): = 42. The eight incisors of the upper jaw are of the same length and bs 7A. Py Zoological Society. 121 simple structure, and are arranged in a regular semicircle without any middle interval. The six incisors of the lower jaw are simi- larly arranged but have thicker crowns than the upper ones; the canines present the same or even a greater relative development than in the Thylacine. In an extinct species of Dasyurus they present the same form and relative properties as in the Leopard. The spurious molares have two fangs and a pointed compressed triangular crown with a rudimental tubercle at the anterior and posterior part of its base. The grinding surface cf the true molares in the upper jaw is triangular; the first presents four sharp cusps, the second and third each five, the fourth, which is the smallest, only three. In the lower jaw the last molar is nearly of equal size with the penultimate one, and is bristled with four cusps, the ex- ternal one being the longest; the second and third molares have five cusps, three on the inner and two on the outer side; the first molar has four cusps: these are all sharply pointed in the young animal, in which the tubercle of the posterior molar of the lower jaw is divided into two small cusps. The carnivorous character of the previous dentition is most ‘strongly marked in the Ursine Dasyure, or Devil of the Tasmanian colonists, the largest existing species of the genus, and a most pestilent animal in the poultry yard or larder. Genus Phascogale. Incisors = SE canines ;—; : ; premolares =e ‘ In the present denta] formula may be discerned a step in the transition from the Dasyures to the Opossums, not only in the in- creased number of spurious molares, but also in shape and pro- portions of the incisors. In the upper jaw the two middle in- cisors are longer than the rest, and separated from them by a brief interval; they are more curved and project more forward. The three lateral incisors diminish in size to the outermost. The middle incisors of the lower jaw also exceed the lateral ones in size, and project beyond them but not in the same degree, nor are they separated from them by an interval as in the upper jaw. The canines are relatively smaller than in the Dasyures. The spurious molares present a similar form, but the third is much smaller and sim- pler than the two preceding ones. ‘The true molares resemble in their structure those of the Dasyures. The general character of the dentition of these small Marsupials approximates to the insecti- vorous type in the Shrew, Hedgehog, &c., among the placental Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No.22. Oct. 1839. K reer molares per 46. 122 Zoological Society. Mammalia; and corresponds with the food and habits of the species which thus lead from the Zoophagous to the Entomophagous tribe. Other links which once bound these tribes more closely together are now lost, and are indicated only by the few fossil remains which have rendered the Stonesfield oolite so celebrated. One of these extinct genera, which I have called Phascolotherium, presents the same numerical formula, apparently, as in the Thylacinus and Phascogale; but, if another incisor existed in each ramus of the lower jaw, as seems to be indicated by the fossil, then the den- tition will agree with that of the genus Didelphis. = Sind 2—? , Incisors ? e353 canines — Ti? premolares mas or ?—? molares — ae 4am The incisors and canines are separated by vacant interspaces, and occupy a large proportion of the dental series: the true mo- lares.resemble those of Thylacinus. Tribe II. ENTOMOPHAGA. This is the most extensive and varied of the primary groups of the Marsupial order. In the system of Cuvier, the species of this tribe are united with those of the preceding to form a single group characterized by the presence of long canines and small incisors in both jaws; but in most of the Entomophagous genera of the pre- sent classification, the canines present a marked inferiority of de- velopment, and the species are consequently unable to cope with animals of their own size and grade of organization, but prey upon the smaller and weaker classes of invertebrate animals. Their intestinal canal is complicated by a moderately long and large cecum; and, while in the Sarcophaga, the feet are organized, as in the ordinary placental Digitigrades, they present in the present tribe a variety of well-marked modifications, according to which the species may be arranged into ambulatory, saltatory, and scansorial groups. AMBULATORIA. The only known existing representative of this family is the animal described by Mr. Waterhouse, which constitutes the type of his genus Myrmecobius, of which the following is the remarkable dental oye: 1-1 Incisors 4= anne 5 canines 5 E premolares 3 = 3 molares °—° 66 * so: G2. From which it will be seen, that the number of molares, sixteen in the upper and eighteen in the lower jaw, exceeds that of any other known existing Marsupial, and approaches that which charac- terizes some of the insectivorous armadilloes. ‘The resemblance to Zoological Society. 123 Dasypus is further carried out in the small size of the molares, their separation from each other by slight interspaces, and their implanta- tion in sockets which are not formed by a well-developed alveolar ridge. The molares, however, present a distinct tuberculate struc- ture; and both the true and false ones possess two separate fangs as in their Marsupial congeners: they are, however, the least pro- duced of any Marsupials; only the triturating tubercles appearing above the gum. The false molares present the usual compressed triangular form, with the apex slightly recurved, and the base more or less obscurely notched before and behind. ‘The canines are very little longer than the false molares; the incisors are minute, slightly compressed and pointed; they are separated from each other and the canines by wide intervals. The Myrmecobians are insectivorous, and shelter themselves in the hollows of trees, frequenting most, it is said, those situations where the Port Jackson Willow abounds. In the structure and proportions of the hinder feet, Myrmecobius resembles the Dasyurine family ; and in the slightly developed canines, the smooth external surface of the skull, the breadth between the zygomata, and the absence of the interparietal ridges, as well as in the general exter- nal form and bushy tail, it offers an especial approximation to the genus Phascogale. Intermediate however to Myrmecobius and Phascogale would seem to be the station held by the interesting extinct genera above alluded to. In Phascolotherium the affinity is manifested in the simple form, small size, and straggling disposition of the inci- sors and canines: in the other genus, Thylacotherium, it is dis- played in the size and number of its molares. This, one of the most ancient mammiferous genera hitherto dis- covered, presents eleven molares on each side of the lower jaw, which resemble in structure and close arrangement those of Phascogale and Didelphis, while they are intermediate in their proportional size to these and Myrmecobius. The exact condition of the incisors and canines of the Thylacotherium has not yet been displayed in the fossil jaws which have been discovered. SALTATORIA. Genus Perameles (Bandicoots). incisors <=; canines —e premolares 3 molares = : == 48. This dental formula characterizes a number of Rat-like Insectivora commonly known in Australia by the name of Bandicoots ; the hind K 2 124 Zoological Society. legs are longer and stronger than the fore, and exhibit in a well- marked manner the feeble and slender condition of the second and third digits counting from the inside, and the sudden increase in length and strength of the third and fourth digits, which are chiefly subservient to locomotion: the mode of progression in the Bandi- — coots is by bounds; the hind and fore feet being moved alternately as in the Hare and Rabbit; and the crupper raised higher than the fore quarter. The teeth which offer the greatest range of variation in the present genus are the external or posterior incisors and the canines: the molares, also, which originally are quinque-cuspi- date, have their points worn away, and present a smooth and oblique grinding surface in some species sooner than in others. The Bandicoots which approach nearest to the Myrmecobius in the condition of the incisive and canine teeth are the Perameles obesula and P. radiata. There is a slight imterval between the first and second incisor, and the outer or fifth incisor of the upper jaw is separated from the rest by an interspace equal to twice its own breadth, and moreover presents the triangular, pointed, canine- like crown which characterizes all the incisors of Myrmecobius ; but the four anterior incisors are closely arranged together and have compressed, quadrate, true incisive crowns. From these incisors the canine is very remote, the interspace being equally divided by the fifth pointed incisor, which the canine very slightly exceeds in size. In Peram. nasuta the incisor presents the same general con- dition, but the canines are relatively larger. : The marsupial pouch in the Bandicoots, at least in the full-grown females of Per. nasuta, Per. obesula, and Per. lagotis, has its orifice directed downwards or towards the cloaca, contrariwise to its ordinary disposition in the Marsupials: this direction evidently relates to the position of the trunk when supported on the short fore and long hind legs. In the stomach and intestines of a Pera- meles obesula, I found only the remains of insects; and in the ex- amination of the alimentary canal of a Per. nasuta, Dr. Grant ob- tained the same results, : Genus Cheropus. The singular animal on which this genus is founded is briefly noticed and figured in Major Mitchell’s Australia, (vol. ii. pl. 38. p. 131.) and the individual described is preserved in the Colonial Museum, at Sydney, N. 8. Wales, (No. 35. of Mr. George Bennett’s Catalogue). It would appear that the two outer toes of the fore- foot, which are always very small in the true Bandicoots, are en- Zoological Society. 125 tirely deficient in the Cheropus, unless some rudiments should exist beneath the skin; at all events only two toes are apparent extern- ally, but they are so armed and developed as to be serviceable for burrowing or progression. The inner toe is wanting on the hind foot. Dental formula: Incisors aed canines 3 premolares 3 3 molares <—* = 46. All the teeth are of small size ; the canines resemble the ae ae: molares in size and shape, and these are separated at intervals as in Myrmecobius. The marsupium opens downwards in the Cheropus, as in the true Bandicoots. The species described has no tail. The genus would seem by its dentition to rank between Myrmecobius and Perameles. Its digital characters are anomalous and unique among the Marsupialia. ScANSORIA. Didelphide, Opossums. These Marsupials are now exclusively confined to the American Continents, although the fossil remains of a small species attest the former existence of the genus Didelphis in Europe contemporaneously with the Paleothere, Anoplothere, and other extinct Pachyderms whose fossil remains characterize the Eocene strata of the Paris Basin. The dental formula of the genus Didelphis is, Incisors 33 ; canines iG i ; pramolares 55 ; molares tr = 50. The Opossums resemble in their dentition the Bandicoots more than the Dasyures, except in the structure of the molares. _ The two middle incisors of the upper jaw are more produced than the others, from which they are separated by a short interspace. The canines are well developed, the upper being always stronger than the lower. The false molares are simply conical; the true ones beset with sharp points, which wear down into tubercles as the animal advances in age. In the type of the subgenus Cheironectes, besides being web- footed, the anterior extremities present an unusual development of the pisiform bone, which supports a fold of the skin, like a sixth digit; it has indeed been described, as such, by M. Tem- minck; this process has not of course any nail. The dentition of the Yapock resembles that of the ordinary Didelphis. All the Opossums have the inner digit of the hind foot converted by its position and development into a thumb, but without a claw. The hinder hand is associated in almost all the species with a scaly prehensile tail. In some of the smaller Opossums the subabdominal tegumentary folds merely serve to conceal the nipples, and are not developed into 126 Zoological Society. a pouch ; the young in these adhere to the mother by entwining their little prehensile tails around hers, and cling to the fur of the back ; hence the term dorsigera applied to one of these Opossums*. Tribe III, CARPOPHAGA. Stomach simple; cecum very long. In this family, the teeth, especially those at the anterior part of the mouth, present considerable deviations from the previously de- scribed formule ; the chief of which is a predominating size of the two anterior incisors, both in the upper and lower jaw. Hitherto we have seen that the dentition in every genus has participated more or less of a carnivorous character; henceforth it will manifest a tendency to the Rodent type. The Phalangers, so called from the phalanges’ of the second and third digits of the hinder extremities being inclosed in a common sheath of integument, have the innermost digit modified, to answer the purposes of a thumb ; and the hinder hand being associated in many of the species with a prehensile tail, they evidently, of all Frugivora, come nearest the arboreal species of the preceding section. Inasy- stem frained on locomotive characters they would rank in the same section with the Opossums. We have seen, however, that they dif- fer from those Entomophagous Marsupials greatly in the condition of the intestinal tube. Let us examine to what extent the dental characters deviate from those of the Opossums. In the skull of a Phalangista Cookii, now before me, there are both in the upper and lower jaw four true molares on each side, each beset with four three-sided pyramidal sharp-pointed cusps; thus these essential and most constant teeth correspond in number with those of the Opossum: but in the upper jaw they differ in the absence of the internal cusp, which gives a triangular figure to the grinding sur- face of the molares in the Opossum ; and the anterior single cusp is wanting in the true molares of the lower jaw. Anterior to the grinders in the Phalanger, there are two spurious -molares, of similar shape and proportions to those in the Opossum ; then a third spurious molar, too small to be of any functional im- * Few facts would be more interesting in the present branch of zoology than the condition of the new-born young, and their degree and mode of uterine development in these Opossums. Since the marsupial bones serve not, as is usually described, to support a pouch, but to aid in the function of the mammary glands and testes, they of course are present in the skeleton of these small pouchless Opossums, as in the more typical Marsupials. Zoological Society. 127 portance, separated also, like the corresponding anterior false molar in the Opossum, by a short interval from those behind. The canine tooth but slightly exceeds in size the above false molar, and consequently here occurs the first great difference be- tween the Phalangers and Opossums ; it is however, only a difference in degree of development; and in the Ursine and other Phalangers, as well as in the Petaurists, the corresponding tooth presents more of the proportions and form of a true canine. The incisors, which we have seen to be most variable in number in the carnivorous section, are here three instead of five on each side, in the upper jaw, but their size, especially that of the first, compen- sates for their fewness. In the lower jaw, there is the same number of true molares and of functional false molares, whichformacontinuous and tolerably equable series, as in the Opossums, on each side ; then two very minute and rudimental teeth on each side represent the small spurious molar, and small canine of the upper jaw; and anterior to these, there is one very small and one very large and procumbent incisor on each side. The constant teeth in this group are the —* true molares, and the = incisors. The canines = are constant in regard to their pre- sence, but variable in size; they are always minute in the lower jaw. With respect to the spurious molares, —, they are always in contact with the true grinders, and their crowns reach to the same grinding level ; sometimes a second spurious molar is similarly developed as in the Phal. Cookii, and as in all the flying Phalangers, or Petaurists, but it is commonly absent or replaced by a very minute tooth, shaped like a canine: so that between the posterior spurious grinder and the incisors we may find three teeth, of which the posterior is the largest, as in Phal. Cookii, or the smallest, as in Phal. cavifrons ; or there may be only two teeth, as in Phal. ursina and Phal. vulpina, and the species, whatever that may be, which Fr. Cuvier has selected as the type of the dentition of this Genus. In the lower jaw similar varieties occur in these small and unim- portant teeth; e. g. there may be between the procumbent incisors and the posterior false molar, either four teeth, as in Phal. Cookii ; or three, as in Phal. cavifrons ; or two, as in Phal. ursina, Phal. ma- culata, Phal. chrysorrhoos ; or lastly, one, as in Phal. vulpina, and Phal. fuliginosa. The most important modification is presented by the little Phal. gliriformis of Bell, which has only three true molares on each side of each jaw. 128 Zoological Society. Genus Pefaurus. There are many species of Marsupials limited to Australia, and closely resembling or identical with the true Phalangers in their dental characters and the structure of the feet. I allude to the Pe- taurists or Flying Opossums; these, however, present an external character so easily recognizable, and influencing so materially the lo- comotive faculties, as to claim for it more consideration than the mo- difications of the digits or spurious molares, which we have just been considering in the Phalangista. A fold of the skin is extended on each side of the body between the fore and hind legs, which, when outstretched, forms a lateral wing or parachute, but which, when the legs are in the position for ordinary support or progression, is drawn close to the side of the animal by the elasticity of the subcu- taneous cellular membrane, and then forms a mere tegumentary ridge. These delicate and beautiful Marsupials have been separated generically from the other Marsupials under the name of Petaurus* : they further differ from the Phalangers in wanting the prehensile character of the tail, which in some species of Petaurus has a general clothing of long and soft hairs, whilst in others the hairs are arranged in two lateral series. Now in the Petaurists there is as little constancy in the exact formula of the dentition as among the Phalangers. The largest species of Petaurus, Pet. Taguanoides, e. g., is almost identical in this respect with the Phalangista Cookwi, which M. Fr. Cuvier has therefore classed with the Petaurt. 'Those teeth of Pet. Taguanoides, which are sufficiently developed, and so equal in length, as to exercise the function of grinders, or in other words, the functional series of molares, include six teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and five teeth on each side of the lower jaw. The four posterior molares in each row are true, and bear four pyramidal cusps, excepting the last tooth in the upper jaw, which, as in Phai. Cookii, has only three cusps. In the upper jaw, the space between the functional false molares and the incisors is occupied by two simple rudimentary teeth, the anterior representing the canine, but being relatively smaller than in Phal. Cookit. The crowns of the two anterior incisors are relatively larger. In the lower jaw the sloping alveolar surface be- tween the functional molares and large procumbent incisors is occu- pied, according to M. Fr. Cuvier, by two rudimentary minute teeth : I have not found any trace of these in the two skulls of Pet. Ta- quanoides examined by me. In Phal. Cookii there are three minute * First by Dr. Shaw in the Naturalist’s Mtecellany. Zoological Society. 129 teeth in the corresponding space, but these differences would not be sufficient ground to separate generically the two species if they were unaccompanied by modifications of other parts of the body. In Petaurus sciureus and Petaurus flaviventer the dentition more nearly resembles that of Phalangista vulpina. In the upper jaw the func- tional molar series consists of five teeth on each side, the four hinder ones being, as in Pet. Taguanoides, true tuberculate molares, but di- minishing more rapidly in size, as they are placed further back in the jaw: the hinder tooth has three tubercles, the rest four; their apices seem to be naturally blunter than in Pet. Taguanoides. Between the functional false molar and the incisors there are three teeth, of which the representative of the canine is relatively much larger than in the Pet. Taguanoides ; the first false molar is also larger, and has two roots; the second, which is functional in Pet. Taguanoides, is here very small ; the first incisor is relatively larger and is more pro- duced. In the lower jaw the functional series of grinders consists of the four true tuberculate molares only, of which the last is rela- tively smaller, and the first of a more triangular form than in Pet. Taguanoides. ‘The space between the tuberculate molares and the procumbent incisor is occupied by four small teeth, of which the one immediately anterior to the molares has two roots, the remaining three are rudimentary and have a single fang: Among ee Species exhibiting ae dental formula, viz., incisors = = a; canines }—! > ; ; pree- molares 5-3 3-4; molares =: =40; are Pet. sciureus, Pet. flaviventer, and Pet. macrurus. The Pigmy Petaurist differs from the preceding and larger species in having the hairs of the tail distichous or arranged in two lateral series like the barbs of a feather ; and in having the spurious molares large and sharply pointed; and the true molares bristled each with four acute cusps. ‘This tendency in the dentition to the insectivorous character, with the modification of the tail, induced M. Desmarest to separate the Pigmy Petaurist from the rest of the species, and con- stitute a new subgenus under the name of Acrodata. Tn four adult specimens, and two of which had young in me Aen I find wae following dental formula to be One een 5 —incisors [= ; Ca- nines | ar] ; ; preemolares — 4 molares = ; = 36. The three quadricuspidate grinders of f the upper jaw are preceded by three large spurious molares, each of which has two fangs, and a com- pressed, triangular, sharp-pointed crown, slightly but progressively increasing in length, as they are placed forwards. An interspace oceurs between these and the canine, which is long, slender, sharp- pointed, and recurved. The first incisor is longer than the two be- 130 Zoological Society. hind, but is much shorter than the canine. In the lower jaw the true molares are preceded by two functional false ones, similar in size and shape to the three above; the anterior false molar and the canine are represented by minute, rudimental, simple teeth; the single incisor is long and procumbent, asin the other Petaurists. Genus Phascolarctus. The absence of anomalous spurious molares and of inferior canines appears to be constant in the only known species of this genus. The dental formula in three of this species, (Phasc. fuscus Desm.,) is: Incisors a : canines (= ; premolares 3 molares =: =30. The true molares are larger in proportion than in the Phalangers ; each is beset with four three-sided pyramids, the cusps of which wear down in age; the outer series in the upper teeth being the first to give way; those of the lower jaw are narrower than those of the upper. The spurious molares are compressed, and terminate in a cutting edge; in those of the upper jaw there is a small parallel ridge along the inner side of the base. The canines slightly exceed in size the posterior incisors; they terminate in an oblique cutting edge rather than a point, their fang is closed at the extremity ; they are situated as in the Phalangers close to the intermaxillary suture. The lateral incisors of the upper jaw are small and obtuse, the two middle incisors are of twice the size, conical, subcompressed, beveled off obliquely to aa anterior cutting edge, but differing essentially from the dentes scalprarii of the Rodentia, in being closed at the extremity of the fang. The two incisors of the lower jaw resemble those of the upper, but are longer and more compressed: they are also formed by a temporary pulp, and its absorption is accompanied by a closure of the aperture of the pulp cavity, as in the upper in- cisors. The Koala therefore, in regard to the number, kind, and con- formation of its teeth, closely resembles the Phalangers, with which it agrees in its long cecum, but the stomach has a cardiac gland as in the Wombat. The extremities of the Koala are organized for prehension ; each is terminated by five digits; the hind feet are pro- vided with a large thumb, and have the two contiguous digits enve- loped in the same tegumentary fold; the anterior digits are divided into two groups, the thumb and index being opposed to the other three fingers. The fore-paws have a similar structure in some of the small Phalangers ; it is very conspicuous in some of the Petau- rists. ‘The Koala, however, differs from the Phalangers and Petau- rists in the extreme shortness of its tail and in its more compact and heavy general form. Itis known to feed on the buds and leaves of the trees in which it habitually resides. Zoological Society. 131 Tribe IV. POEPHAGA. The present tribe includes the most strictly vegetable feeders ; all the species have a complex sacculated stomach and a long simple cecum. Guided by the modifications of the teeth we pass from the Koala to the Kangaroo family (Macropodide),—animals of widely different general form. ‘The Potoroos, however, in this group, present abso- lutely the same dentition as the Koala, some slight modifications in the form of certain teeth excepted. The spurious molares, in their longitudinal extent, compressed form, and cutting edge, would chiefly distinguish the dentition of the Potoroo, but the Koala evidently offers the transitional structure between the Phalangers and Potoroos in the condition of these teeth, of which one only is retained on each side of each jaw, in both Phascolarctus and Hypsiprymnus. The — formula oF the genus Hypsiprymnus is: incisors —~ canines — = . ; premolares j 3 mol. — =: ==30. The two anterior incisors are liceirdr ae more curved, the lateral incisors relatively smaller than in the Koala. The pulps of the an- terior incisors are persistent. The canines are larger than in the Koala; they always project from the line of the intermaxillary suture ; and while the fang is lodged in the maxillary bone, the crown projects almost wholly from the intermaxillary. In the large Hypsiprymaus ursinus the canines are relatively smaller than in the other Potoroos, a structure which indicates the transition from the Potoroo to the Kangaroo genus. In the skeleton of this species in the Leyden Museum the canines pre- sent a longitudinal groove on the outer side. The characteristic form of the trenchant spurious molar has just been alluded to; its maximum of development is attained in the ar- boreal Potoroos of New Guinea (Hypsiprymaus ursinus, and Hyps. dorsocephalus) ; in the latter of which its antero-posterior extent, nearly equals that of the three succeeding molar teeth. In all the Potoroos the trenchant spurious molar is sculptured, especially on the outer side, and in young teeth by many small verti- cal grogves. The true molares each present four three-sided pyrami- dal cusps, but the internal angles of the two opposite cusps are con- * tinued into each other across the tooth, forming two concave trans- verse ridges. In the old animal these cusps and ridges disappear, and the grinding surface is worn quite flat. In the genus Macropus the normal Jeger rs of the permanent teeth indy. be expressed as follows :—incisors = ~ ~; canines at ; pree- —J 44 molares ==; molares =z: =28. 3—3 T—1> 132 Zoological Society. The main difference, as compared with Hypsiprymnus, lies in the absence of the upper canines; yet I have seen them present, but of very small size, and concealed by the gum, in a small species of Kangaroo (Macropus rufiventer, Ogilby.). This, however, is a rare exception; while the constant presence and conspicuous size of the canines will always serve to distinguish the Potoroo from the Kan- garoo. But besides this, there are other differences in the form and proportions of certain teeth. The upper incisors of the Macropi have their cutting margins on the same line, the anterior ones not being produced beyond that line as in the Hypsiprymni; the third or external incisor is also broader in the Kangaroos, and is grooved and complicated by one or two folds of the enamel continued from the outer side of the tooth obliquely forwards and inwards, into the substance of the tooth. In most species the anterior fold is represented by a simple groove; the relative size of the outer incisor, the extent and position of the posterior fold of enamel, and consequently the proportions of the part of the tooth in front or behind it, vary more or less in every species of Macropus : there are two folds of enamel near the anterior part of the tooth in Macr. major; the posterior portion is of the greatest extent, and the entire crown of the tooth is relatively broadest in this species. The middle incisor is here also complicated with a posterior notch and an external groove. These modifications of the external incisors have been pointed out in detail by M. Jourdan ; and subgeneric distinctions have been subsequently based upon them; but they possess neither sufficient constancy nor physio- logical consequence, to justify such an application. M. Fr. Cuvier has proposed a binary division of the Kangaroos founded on the absence of permanent spurious molares and a supposed difference in the mode of succession of the permanent molares in the Kan- garoos, combined with modifications of the muzzle or upper lip, and of the tail. The dental formula which I have assigned to the genus Macropus is restricted by that naturalist in its application to some small species of Kangaroo, grouped together under the term Halmaturus, origin- ally applied by Illiger to the Kangaroos generally. The rest of the Kangaroos, under the generic term Macropus, are characterized by the following dental formula :—incisors S; mol, —: ==24, The truth, however, is, that both the Halmaturi and Macropi of Fr. Cuvier have their teeth developed in precisely the same number and manner; they only differ in the length of time during which certain of them are retained. In the great Kangaroo, for example, the per- <_< Zoological Society. 133 manent spurious molar which succeeds the corresponding deciduous one in the vertical direction, is pushed out of place and shed by the time the last true molar has cut the gum: the succeeding true molar is soon afterwards extruded; and I have seen a skull of an old Ma-- cropus major inthe Museum at Leyden, in which the grinders were reduced to two on each side of each jaw by this yielding of the an- terior ones to the vis a tergo of their successors. Tribe V. RHIZOPHAGA. The characters of this tribe are taken from the stomach, which is simple in outward form, but complicated within by a large cardiac gland; and from the cecum, which is short and wide, with a vermi- form appendage. . Genus Phascolomys. In its heavy shapeless proportions, large trunk, and short equably developed legs, the Wombat offers as great a contrast to the Kan- garoos as does the Koala, which it most nearly resembles in its ge- neral outward form and want of tail. But in the more important _ characters afforded by the teeth and intestinal canal the Wombat differs more from the Koala than this does from either the Phalan- gers or Kangaroos. The dental system presents the extreme de- gree of that degradation of the teeth intermediate between the front incisors and true molares which we have been tracing from the Opossum to the Kangaroos: not only have the functionless spurious molares and canines now totally disappeared, but also the posterior incisors of the upper jaw, which we have seen in the Po- toroos to exhibit a feeble degree of development as compared with the anterior pair; these in fact are alone retained in the denti- tion of the present group, which possesses the fewest teeth of any Marsupial animal. The dental formula of the Wombat is thus re- duced both in number and kind to that of the true Rodentia : Incisors 3 canines 33 premolares a: molares an = 24, The incisors, moreover, are true dentes scalprarii, with persistent pulps, but are inferior, especially in the lower jaw, in their relative length, and curvature, to those of the placental Glires: they present a subtrihedral figure, and are traversed by a shallow groove on their inner surfaces. The spurious molares present no trace of that compressed struc- ture which characterizes them in the Koala and Kangaroos ; but have a wide, oval, transverse section ; those of the upper jaw being tra- versed on the inner side with a slight longitudinal groove. The true molares have double the size of the spurious ones : the superior 134 Zoological Society. ones are also traversed by an internal longitudinal groove, but this is so deep and wide, that it divides the whole tooth into two prismatic portions, with one of the angles directed inwards. The inferior molares are in like manner divided into two trihedral portions, but the intervening groove is here external, and one of the faces of each prism is turned inwards. All the grinders are curved, and de- scribe about a quarter of a circle; in the upper jaw the concavity of the curve is directed outwards, in the lower jaw inwards. The false and true molares like the incisors have persistent pulps, and are consequently devoid of true fangs: in which respect the Wombat differs from all other Marsupials, and resembles the extinct Tozodon, the dentigerous Brutu, and herbivorous Rodentia. | Although none of the Marsupialia possess teeth composed of an intermixture of layers of ivory, cement and enamel through the body of the crown; yet the layer of cement which covers the enameled crown is thickest in the vegetable-feeding Marsupials, and is re- markably distinct in the Wombat. . I may add that the Wombat deviates from the other Marsupials in the number of its ribs: as these are very constant in the rest of the order, the difference in the Wombat, which has 15 pairs, in- stead of 13 or 12, is the more deserving of notice. ‘The Koala, like the Phalangers and Kangaroos, has 13 pairs of ribs. Professor Owen next proceeds to compare the classification of the Marsupialia here proposed with that of Cuvier, given in the second edition of the Regne Animal, and states the reasons which haye led him to devise a new arrangement. The following is a tabular view of Professor Owen’s classifica- tion. CLASSIFICATION OF THE MARSUPIALIA. Tribes. Families. Genera. Subgenera. SARCOPHAGA. Three kinds of teeth; canines long in both Thylacinus. jaws; a simple sto- Dasyuride. . 4 Dasyurus. mach; no intestinum Phascogale. cecum. : rye Phascoletherium. . Extincttransitional forms . . ; 1 phelanahertee } Fossil : ENTOMOPHAGA,. Three kinds of teeth in both jaws; a simple stomach ; amoderately long intestinum c@cum. Ambulatoria, . Myrmecobius. Cheeropus. Perameles. Scansoria. . Didelphis. ... Cheironectes. Saliatoria. . British Association. 135 Tribes. Families. Genera. Subgenera. CARPOPHAGA. Anterior incisors large and longin both jaws; Phalangistide. . Cuscus. Phalangista. . . 4 Pseudocheirus. canines inconstant; a Petaurus. Tapoa. simple stomach ; avery Acrobata. long intestinum cecum. Phascolarctide.. Phascolarctus. PoEPHAGA. Hyps} Halmat Anterior incisors large Macropodide. eke prymnus. a maturus. and long in both jaws ; Macropus. acropus. canines present in the upper jaw only, or wanting. A complex stomach; along inées- tinum cecum. RHIZOPHAGA. Two scalpriform incisors in both jaws; no ca- nines. Stomach with . Phascolomys. : aspecialgland;ewcum 7 "aseolomyida { Diprotodon, } _— short, wide, with a ver- miform appendage. BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE,—NINTH MEETING, HELD AT BIRMINGHAM.* Section of Zoology and Botany. August 27.—J. E. Gray, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Secretaries :—Mr. E. Forbes and Mr. Patterson. Mr. Goodsir read a paper, ‘ On the Follicular Stage of Dentition in the Ruminants, with some remarks on that process in the other orders of Mammalia.’ The paper concluded with a recapitulation of the principal facts contained init. 1. In all the mammalia examined (pig, rab-bit, cow, and sheep, &c.), the follicular stage of dentition was observed. 2. The pulps and sacs of all the permanent teeth of the cow and sheep, with the exception of the fourth molar, are formed from the minor surfaces of cavities of reserve. 3. The depending folds of the sacs of composite teeth, are formed by the folding in of the edges of the follicle towards the base of the contained pulp, the granular body assisting in the formation of these folds. 4. The cow and sheep (and probably all the other ruminants,) possess the germs of canines and superior incisives, at an early period of their embryonic existence.—‘ On the preparation of Fish,’ by Mr. Wilde. —‘ On the Ciliograda of the British Seas,’ by Edward Forbes and John Goodsir.—‘ On some new Species of Entozoa, discovered by Dr. Bellingham,’ by Mr. Wilde.—‘ On the Acceleration of the Growth of Wheat,’ by G. Webb Hall. Aug. 28.—‘ On an Experiment in the Growth of Silk at Notting- ham, made this year,’ by Mr. Felkin.—The Secretary read a paper * Monday’s proceedings will be found at p. 46. 136 Botanical Society of London. by Mr. Brand, ‘ On the Statistics of British Botany.’—‘ Some Obser- vations on Whales, in connexion with the account of the Remains of a Whale recently discovered at Durham,’ by Mr. George T. Fox. Aug. 29.—Dr. Pritchard read a paper ‘ On the Extinction of the Human Races.’ He expressed his regret that so little attention was given to Ethnography, or the natural history of the human race, while the opportunities for observation are every day passing away. —<‘A Report on the Distribution of the Pulmoniferous Mollusca in Britain, and the causes influencing it.’ Drawn up at the request of the Association, by Mr. E. Forbes.—Mr. J. E. Bowman exhibited specimens of a species of Dodder (Cuscuta epilinum), first found in Britain, two years ago, by himself, and again in a new locality with- in the present month. He believes it is to be found exclusively upon flax, and has been overlooked for C. Huropea.—‘ On the Cultivation of the Cotton of Commerce.’ By Major-Gen. Briggs. Aug. 31.—Some remarks were made on the introduction of a species of Auchenia into Britain, for the purpose of obtaining wool, by Mr. W. Danson.—Prof. Jones made some observations on an ap- paratus for observing Fish (especially of the family Salmonide) in confinement. Mr. Charles C. Babington made a verbal communi- cation concerning some recent additions to the English Flora.— A letter was read from Mr. Garner, on the Beroe pileus, stating that he had not seen in this animal true luminosity, but only a peculiar luminosity in the dark. The external rows of cilia he believed might produce it. — [We have not thought it desirable to fill our pages with imperfect abstracts of the papers read in the Section of Botany and Zoology, hoping, with regard to the most important, to be enabled, as last year to give them entire.—Enir. ] ; BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. December 7, 1838.—John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Dr. H. A. Meeson read a paper ‘On the advantages to be de- rived by the Medical Profession from the study of Botany.’ Mr. John Green communicated some ‘ Observations on the seve- rity of last winter on Vegetation in connexion with Meteorology.’ December 21, 1838.—John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. A donation of some British Algze was announced, presented by Mr. Adam White. Botanical Society of London. 137 _ Mr. Joseph Freeman read a paper ‘ On the Geographical Distri- bution of Plants.’ | : A paper was also read from Mr. Adam White, being ‘Note on Peloria,’ and a Pelorian variety of Pinguicula vulgaris was exhi- bited, found by Mr. White on Royden Fenn, near Diss, Norfolk, in 1835. January 4, 1839.—John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Mr. Daniel Cooper, A.L..S., Curator, read a paper, being ‘ Re- marks on the Dispersion of Plants in the environs of London, and the formation of plans exhibiting the distribution of species over locali- ties,’ which led to some discussion. January 18, 1839.—John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Mr. G. E. Dennas, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Aspidium rigi- dum, sent to him by the Rev. W. T’. Bree, and cultivated from a root brought by him from Ingleborough, Yorkshire, in 1815. Mr. Daniel Cooper, A.L.S., exhibited a Shirt from Sweden, made from the liber of Linden. A paper was read from M. I. J. Sidney, Esq., ‘ On the Botany of Morpeth, Northumberland,’ and containing a list of the Plants to be found in that district. The Curator also continued his paper ‘On the dispersion of Plants in the environs of London, and the formation of plans exhi- biting the distribution of species over localities.’ February 1, 1839.—John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. A paper was read from Dr. H. A. Meeson, “ On the Formation of Leaves.” He began by observing that leaves cannot be expansions of the epidermis, because if so they must then of necessity be com- posed entirely of cellular tissue, whereas they are known to abound in vascular tissue. If leaves be expansions of the bark it must ne- cessarily follow that all modifications of them must be the same, there- fore petals, sepals, stamina and pistils must be expansions of this substance. But these organs exist in endogens, a. class of plants manifestly without bark, and in exogens their texture is so com- pletely different from that of the bark that it would be absurd to com- pare them. Dr. M. cunsidered leaves to be the essential part of a plant ; they exist in the embryo, and by expanding and unfolding themselves suck up sap through the radicle, and having exposed it Ann. Nat, Hist. Vol.4. No. 22. Oct. 1839. L 138 Wernerian Natural History Society. to the action of the air and light, convert a portion of it into proper juice. A plant is nothing more than a multitude of buds or fixed embryos, which send their roots downwards to form their bark and wood. ‘The leaf should be considered the most essential part of the plant, from which all its other parts are either directly or indirectly formed, as it is not an expansion of anything, but a very important organ, having as it were a distinct existence of its own. A discussion ensued, in which Dr. Maereight, Dr. Willshire, and other Members joined. WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. The Wernerian Natural History Society, in a notice dated Edin- burgh, 20th April 1839, offers Honorary Premiums, value 10/. each, open unconditionally to all scientific naturalists. It is understood that the successful Essays on the subjects proposed, and such Draw- ings and Specimens as accompany them, becomg the property of the Society ; and that, in the event of the Society not publishing the Essays, the authors may be allowed to publish them on their own account. Hydrography.—1. On the temperature, magnitude, chemical com- position, and geological relations of the Springs of Scotland. 2. On the temperature, colour, chemical composition, mechanical admix~- ture, magnitude, velocity, and alluvial formations of any one of the following Rivers in Scotland, viz. the Tweed, Tay, Dee in Aberdeen- shire, or Spey. Geology.—3. On the erratic blocks or boulders of Scotland and its Islands ; their mineralogical and paleontological characters, and phy- sical and geographical distribution ; with illustrative maps.—4. On the mineralogical constitution and chemical composition of the Trap- Rocks of Scotland ; with specimens.—5. On the chemical composi- tion of the altered or metamorphic rocks met with in granite, por- -phyry, serpentine and trap districts; with specimens.—6. On the fossil organic remains found in the transition strata and carboniferous systems of Scotland; with drawings of new species and specimens re- quired.—7. On the so-called Raised Sea- Beaches met with inScotland, its Islands, and elsewhere. Specimens of the shells, &c. required. Zoology.—8. On the entomology of the Three Lothians, and the river district of the Forth ; with specimens.—9. Drawings and De- scriptions of the microscopic animals inhabiting the waters of any of the following arms of the sea and lakes, viz. Firth of Forth, Firth of Clyde or Loch Fyne; or of Loch Lomond or Loch Tay.—10, On the natural history and comparative anatomy of the land and water Miscellaneous. 139 molluscous animals of the Firth of Forth district; with drawings, and, if possible, preparations.—11. On the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory and digestive ergans of birds, from actual observa- tion, with a special reference to the habits and manners, and the natural arrangement of families and genera; with characteristic spe- cimens. Botany.—12. On the botany of the mountains of Scotland, in connexion with their geological structure ; with specimens and a map of the distribution. The range of elevation, and the northern and southern limits of species should be attended to, and any facts illustrating the geographical distribution of plants recorded. It would also add greatly to the interest of the communication if it were accompanied with a coloured geognostical map of the districts. The Essays to be written in English, French, or German. [The subjects are rather numerous; and perhaps a fewer, with higher premiums, for some at least, might have been better. The preparations and drawings to illustrate some of them could not be made for double the amount of the premium: and many would be willing to compete for an honorary distinction who would not like to give up their collections. —Eb. | Atlin MISCELLANEOUS. NOTICE OF AN UNCOMMONLY TAME AND SENSIBLE PINE MARTEN (MUSTELA MARTES). BY ST. K. VON SIEMUSZOVA-PIETRUSKI, In June 1836 I obtained a very young Pine Marten, which in a short space of time became so domestic that he truly deserved the admi- ration of all who had an opportunity of seeing him. This pretty little animal went about freely through all the rooms of the house without doing harm to any one, played in the court-yard with my Danish dogs, often sprang upon their backs, and rode frequently upon the good patient beasts after the manner of monkeys in avery comical style for a good distance. The dogs too were very fond of the Marten, and never showed signs of their inherited hatred of such animals. In time he became so much attached to my person that he followed me everywhere, even into the neighbouring villages, just as only a dog or badger would do (see my remarks upon the badger in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1837, Part II.). In these walks it was very interesting to observe how he was able to overcome his natural innate propensity for climbing up trees; for it very frequently happened that the desire of climbing up a tree seized him; yet as L 2 140 Miscellaneous. soon as he perceived that I had gone on, the little animal hastened after me directly. Even upon long excursions to the old forests of the Carpathian mountains, at a distance of three and four (German) miles, the Marten was my faithful companion; he swam through rivers and brooks with perfect ease like an otter: but the most re- markable thing besides was, that he never went very far from me ; only once do I remember having lost him for some hours. This happened in the following manner. : On the 50th of August the gentle Marten followed me, as he al- ways did on an excursion, into the part of the Carpathians which is called the Potoninen. I was busied in collecting the beautiful Ca- rabus Sacheri in an enchanting spot, and quite forgot my Marten, who had found a nest with young blackbirds (Merula montana, Brehm.) just by, and was quietly devouring them. After a fortu- nate booty of Coleoptera I then wished to climb a lofty hill called Paraska, but I missed the Marten and continued my way without him. How great was my joy, upon my return, after eight long hours, to find the sensible animal again in the very meadow where I had lost him ! If I was absent from home this Marten would take no food the whole day long; and when I returned showed his joy by merry leaps and caresses. He ate everything that came to table, bread, fruit, cheese, milk, but he was fondest of raw flesh; he drank wine with great relish, and plentifully. This even hastened his death, for once he drank so much, that on the following day he was found dead on the house floor.—Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir 1839, 3tes Heft. CLANGULA BARROVIT, A NATIVE OF ICELAND, On my last visit to Iceland, in the summer of 1837, I arrived there by way of Copenhagen on the 22nd of June, and landed at a place called Ociford, situate on the north side of the island. I immediately commenced making excursions into the interior for the purpose of procuring specimens and observing the habits of those birds which we are little acquainted with in Britain. I met with eleven species of ducks breeding there, and was fortunate in procuring the eggs of each, viz. Anas mollissima, A. glacialis, A. Marila, A. Strepera, A. Boschas, A. acuta, A. Crecca, A. Penelope, A. nigra, A. histrionica. The whole of the above visit Britain in the winter season, some re- maining to breed, while others retire to higher latitudes ; others again we are only acquainted with as rare and uncertain visitants to our shores. Miscellaneous. 141 But what I principally wish to call the attention of the ornitholo- gist to, is the fact of my having met with a species of Golden Eye, not, as far as my observation goes, the same with that which visits the British coast. It answers to the description of the Rocky moun- tain Garrot, Clangula Barrovii, Richardson, although Faber and other naturalists who have visited Iceland have applied to it the name of the Common Golden Eye (Anas Clangula.). I met with this species in both my visits, but never with 4. Clangula: therefore I am inclined to think that the latter does not inhabit that island, but its place is supplied by its near allied species Clangula Barrovit. This latter species may always be known from Clangula vulgaris by its superior size and the large crescent-shaped patch before each eye, which in C. Barrovit springs from below the gape, stretching along the base of the bill to the forehead: the bill of the latter, which is broader at the base, has also the nail on the upper mandible much broader. The weight of the male bird of C. Barrovii is about 2 pounds ; the length from tip of bill to end of tail 20 inches ; breadth when the wings are extended 28 inches. Weight of female 13 lb.; length 184 inches; breadth 264 inches. It breeds in June, forming its nest by the margin of the freshwater ponds, generally among the willows, but sometimes placing it on the bare ground amidst the loose stones. ‘The nest is composed of a few stems of grass loosely put together, lined with down from the breast of the female; the eggs vary in number from 6 to 10, and are of a whitish-green, si- milar in colour to those of the Common Wild Duck, and larger than those of Clangula vulgaris—W. Procror, Durham, 20th August, 1839. ON THE MOULTING PROCESS IN THE CRAY FISH, We have extracted the following interesting notice from the ele- gant and valuable work of Prof. Rymer Jones*, which we had occasion to notice in one of our preceding numbers. ‘The phenomena which attend the renovation of the external skeleton are so unimaginable that it is really extraordinary how little is accurately known con- cerning the nature of the operation. The first question which pre- sents itself is, how are the limbs liberated from their confinement ? for, wonderful as it may appear, the joints even of the massive chele of the lobster do not separate from each other, but notwithstanding the great size of some of the segments of the claw, and the slender dimensions of the joints that connect the different pieces, the cast- off skeleton of the limb presents exactly the same appearance as if * General Outline of the Animal Kingdom, Part VII. September 1839. 142 Miscellaneous. it still encased the living member. The only way of explaining the circumstance, is to suppose that the individual pieces of the skeleton, as well as the soft articulations connecting them, split in a longitu- dinal direction, and that, after the abstraction of the limb, the fis- sured parts close again with so much accuracy that even the traces of the division are imperceptible. But this is not the only part of the process which is calculated to excite our astonishment: the in- ternal calcareous septa from which the muscles derive their origins, and the tendons whereby they are inserted into the moveable por- tions of the outer shell, are likewise stated to be found attached to the exuvie; even the singular dental apparatus situated in the sto- mach, of which we shall speak hereafter, is cast off and re-formed ! And yet, how is all this accomplished ? how do such parts become detached? how are they renewed? We apprehend that more puzzling questions than these can scarcely be propounded to the physiologist, nor could more interesting subjects of inquiry be pointed out to those whose opportunities enable them to prosecute researches connected with their elucidation.” In a note annexed to this paragraph he describes the appearances of an Astacus fluviatilis, which he had obtained soon after casting its shell, and of its newly cast-off covering. ‘‘ All the pieces of the ex- uvium are connected together by the old articulations, and accu- rately represent the external form of the complete animal; the cara- pace, or dorsal shield of the cephalo-thorax alone being detached, having been thrown off in one piece. The pedicles of the eyes and external corneze, as well as the antennze, remain in situ, the corre- sponding parts having been drawn out from them as the finger from a glove, and no fissure of the shell or rupture of the ligaments con- necting the joints is anywhere visible in these portions of the ske- leton. The ordinary tubercles, and the membrane stretched over the orifice of the ear, occupy the same position as in the living cray- fish. The jaws, foot-jaws, and ambulatory feet retain their original connections, with the exception of the right chela, which had been thrown of before the moult began; and the segments of the abdo- men, false feet, and tail-fin exactly resembled those of the perfect creature ;—even the internal processes derived from the thoracic segments (apodemata) rather seemed to have had the flesh most care- fully picked out from among them than to have been cast away from a living animal: but perhaps the most curious circumstance obser- vable was, that attached to the base of each leg was the skin which had formerly covered the branchial tufts, and which, when floated in water, spread out into accurate representations of those exquisitely Metcorological Observations. 143 delicate organs. No fissure was perceptible in any of the articula- tions of the small claws, but in the chela each segment was split in the neighbourhood of the joints and the articulated ligaments rup- tured. ‘The lining membrane of the stomach was found in the tho- rax, having the stomachal teeth connected with it ; from its position it would seem that the animal had dropped it into the place where it lay before the extrication of its limbs was quite accomplished. The internal tendons were all attached to the moveable joint. of each pair of forceps, both in the chela and in the two anterior pairs of smaller ambulatory legs. «« On examining the animal, which had extricated itself from the exuvium described above, the shell was found soft and flexible, but contained a sufficiency of calcareous matter to give it some firmness, especially in the claws. The tendons of the forceps were still per- fectly membranous, presenting a very decided contrast when com- pared with the old ones affixed to the discarded shell. The stump of the lost chela had not as yet begun to sprout, and the extremity was covered by a soft black membrane. The jaws were quite hard and calcified, as likewise were the teeth contained in the stomach.” METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR AUGUST, 1839. Chiswick.— Aug. 1. Fine. 2,3. Hot. 4—6. Very fine. 7. Rain, with thunder atnight. 8. Overcast and fine. 9—14, Very fine. 15. Hazy: drizzly. 16. Very fine: cloudy: rain at night. 17, Rain. 18. Very fine: heavy rain at night. 19. Rain. 20. Hazy: fine. 21. Clear and fine. 22—26. Very fine. 27. Overcast: slight rain. 28. Hazy. 29. Cloudy: rain at night. 30. Rain: fine. $1. Cloudy: rain. Boston.— Aug. 1. Fine: rainearly a.m. 2,3. Fine. 4. Cloudy: rain p.m. 5,6. Fine. 7. Rain. 8,9. Fine. 10. Fine: rainr.m. 11. Rain. 12, Cloudy. 13. Fine. 14. Rain. 15. Fine. 16. Cloudy: rain early a.m.: rain, thunder and lightning p.m. 17. Fine: rain a.M.andrm. 18. Fine. 19. Rain: extraordinary rain early a.m. 20, Cloudy: rain a.m. and p.m. 21, 22. Fine. 23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy: rain early a.m. 25. Fine. 26.:Cloudy. 27. Fine: rain early a.m. 28. Cloudy: rainr.m. 29. Cloudy. 30, Cloudy: rain early a.M.andr.m. $1. Rain: rain early a.m. and p.m. Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.— Aug. 1. Pleasant day : getting cloudy r.m. 2. Rain nearly all day. 3. Calm and temperate: cloudy p.m. 4, Fine clear day. 5. Fine: at noon sultry: air electrical. 6. Wet all day. 7. Occasional showers. 8. Fine: pleasant breeze: sky clear, 9. Slight rain a.m.: cleared up. 10. High wind: dry a.m.: showery p.m. 11. Fair and fine a.m.: showery pM. 12. Dull, but fair. 13. Clear and calm all day. 14. Very wet from 11 aM. 15. Damp and drooping all day. 16. Occasional drizzling all day, 17. Dry and partially clear. 18. Warm and close: showery rm. 19. Drop- ping day. 20. Chill morning: fair: showery p.m. 21. Fair throughout: hoar frost a.m. 22. Fine day: heavy dew a.m. 23. Rain at noon and continued all day. 24. Droppingday. 25. Fair till afternoon: cloudy and close, 26. Fair throughout. 27. Beautiful harvest day. 28. Fair a.m. : came on heavy rain pM. 29. Heavy rain: flood in the river. 30, Fine day: occasionally slight drizzle. $1. Very wet till 5 p.x., when it cleared. Sun 27 days. Rain 18 days. Wind southerly 18 days. Northerly 8 days. Westerly 4 days. Easterly 1 day. Calm 15 days. Moderate 8 days. Brisk 4 days. Strong breeze 2 days. 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