7 ,y ~*~ ~ a a Oe ee et et hth ad et. ee et eet 4 ede el wiltct-gh wb wd whlathatabatahotete, “ee - Oe ee ee ee “- en ee orem = “ > ppperaretete ress tertere nese euetoes Re Ee ek ere ete OR eR eR REE eRe we eh ee 8 ee ietietteaihdheldderdabtebneeteeiedion mae a pepettetissiciteseoenepererpteestpetees omen ee. ee mw et gses = ~~ ‘ ten ewes idan a See SB 6 oO RE 8 Oe OOS EOE Nh Re ES SEE A OF eS En ee RS Oe Oh OI Rn et On eet Mtn Se img a awkiet et ete s etedhrtelpeiatitechaetedhekedechechaheteael eet eee ae ee one hab tebtehetehed keh enh Se ec lal cdetedetal rich sieh ates etete ev etet RekeRebesTUeueateSule eave teVot anal ctwtstebeteneteterebeLepascoewee be bebn a eee Sat ewciraehovetes chebese bese ee er oe sisosese oo el pi ebmd ate Sevaeesoun we. pt et rh we ee —_ he ee owe bp eects ah enone pelrand ea apaheteas speak Soak oy dh ha ah dy Sel by nt aie tb hall osha peta rpakeep-eaeapaenas mood ak ae ee = le, oe Sedote tetasun whe hatwdee, — reer. —— ee ee wtetetuies: Sh Ach bel ethene hel teh eee oe tay hae Hite pee bad aay bape wl ee ES fl ee ee pepe ke deed ge bles SUS bevete erin Se chr se erin eee n sans wesssrtesr ten r= imme en ime te meet -— Pat Peto ate ee Se terrane Bese sete ss. Owe et red reer eat en cde tenn even es wae Be ieset ceedeweseres=tee, ee eee eo en we a he ee ee a Wet ER SE Sh eS We were wd eben at eo re cclakeeeteboeewewe Seeet las eee heen eee ene Petite tos ttt ee <8 8 8 ie BES Oe ee ee oe OES ee Hew OE OE OE EE EEE KE OT ERE OH Fe kh mR ee in beh we eee ee Eel ah ah rh tendo “te ee telah

3 PE Oe ee imi teense nk tnt om = eet ba Fee ew hm oe ENE ee Re has eh we ee eee oo ee ee ee od PU RR ee eet eee He hh heen Fe cet e sewn ta Battin ee Sstapesvienes ee mo eet = ee wn tee wee steeee Ss ~e ——e eer ree trees) FaceaashaiotechstuashnndecdnctnsPteat-tieapehabeetietrtabeaiaieaeoebehehehen See ewe tees Sak mAh ee Re oe it ete tees wied ns aw el esesasaden senuedwnceem coe kei tindae Ses we wtciwiodctnvei= eee eee —aotetel eitelivictenctces n chub mi oe SP 8 Oe He et 8 HHS OEE ORE RE Oe SE Ries mn ® * S tabechallinaied uae a-teakenaieh eth dediae daledidedded Id ten bokeh aoe mel eet a ecbubata tuetedthdineh attack ee Pe ee ee = Ae eee ek we ew eee oe ite eh ia Set we Be er ~ 8 me whee EOS Oe ERE 8 wd Ow wR eee wena hae ee ER NE ER Oe OE Oe tn Oe SOE we eee er wletes etetetete pbeape-taebt secthat tates eet te tees Oe wt a Hh hme we mos tee to a eter ee Se Seat ier ei babalebneete lt tetteat asa! phakic decheiakaken doheietobe papdranedehcetdekeideatedl See et es eet ee wi eee et ei eSetes—ses—s aes eens oo a ses EOF edwin soe seers Sede daitictieletiadad ieee detedeaelt et ete 6 wt eet eee eek we APE OOP ere ees tied ited Ee ee te eek ee - . ere mere . 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Leal . i Shela twee - _—- sty Spulbabteahdipdidd tebekn anon | -" tee + = - er ae as . pies ots oe a ee ee ’ * t=. . -—a<#< us een a ne oe Sas iene »* nose : ~~ . - ha etetore ped-cabebababel Solel reese * —*<* ee ee ee - <7 ee - a A ee —o em ~ ee ee 20 == > owe ee ee — ee —* tere : . >? *—?* “ oot ee - OPES E HF OR SE ET OUEST EROS oR wens sh litle Aetiediod het tes —— I et ee ee « a aaleiedieteiemeioas we Fa ttre eto 4 ot wh wire Fe Sa Fe ©: PER ee nie eit Oe a ote et en ee a eee ial ow Gel we) ot = vel a ae Tene aera en ee + Smee ke faePeveSe tek a & wtviete « ~ 2k aed bet et Le ne eee ee eee Fs -~ ie buee ws -y- tev ‘ & a a ped Ciahahh hen + Aebepok tee lcplapbeeteatd spat tabpetch-de pheppapirtel al cheek PaO ee eT epee = ee fnew sees ee S22 il ile eure owe’ ‘ owes ches ee eee rr erres ES ss eed: = = ee ——- db ek Lod - ’ . + ne tan m hdd . oe whe ee CFO Re ee ee Sa Fam ew eh wh et ie Fe SHI h ae 8 Ema Oe eee Se a ee - ee wteswa Vag ote as ; so POE 8 ee ee ee r Prenat nig See e ee nits etetrowes ne volt ‘ 4 t ee th ek ie - | a Soh, heel ead ied teak ieee kel Se ee le a eS ewe We ween eee be ee - “ . eee eee ee ee Chae - cle wok nk tela iat manus Urieee™ ” oh ee es ween eme otetatutetoterots* > a ; LL le ea we a oe ee EE EN I a 8 ee ad ae eee Et Rew Cet Rt ee ee : tena 2 Sealed Seseror Selmore oe ee ete - ose * ee he ae ae oa Oe Fa I - cy COR eR Ve ee Fee Faw ae ee -*r at me * ee See ea P ‘ae s 3 > ie ee —~ a tet eee . tar one me 7 tS nee 7 = ates - - ~* ‘ at ere ee — onee a we tatetet = we aaa fi men : — pe pe Pee Sate he Pe Baa SW ete Feel Se heeee heey ‘= 3 : : : ates ore x . ~ ans : - =< dete Pe Pe 8 ee er Pe bee ete Fen O eS we OS Ge Pw es eee ete e ate = . * ee ee Pres a ee ene ae a mi wt wh ew = eek ee mee eee ee wan ~ bed lene wer . . * a tes Sees - - Sete tween ate ow — te *. Shatin —~—* Poe Sh eee eee wticrtaeiey “* 8 Se ee ee Se ee ete ewe -« ~—=* Ne oh et eee oe de tial . i Werte 6 te wee Pee Set Oe eH 6 Pe Res FE Ee ew Fede Hee ee ee ee Jos otetot een edad ee ee PU Cw Aeds fevere eG es et eee “ te sere ae e rs ate teterer *-*+ x * Fr . ee ee ete he Settee eee ee ee ee ee ee ed ee ne ne ee ee eee ae FOS We SSW Ca Ok on twee wee eb Ries og eH we ek - Pawnee het Toe tewelot ave te by Fete os 8 ae Feel ete te Ve Ve Fae et wet ete te Reke thet teh 5 Fk deh el teh teh bh haba de talent ieth deh dedh inal bith ee bd he a ek ee ee ee +e . : B ewe thee : Fs . Sete re Pat oe ee te Sete he Fa ee te swe afG Casas tn Wise es ee ete a ba ee a eae + Laie = Veovetsiesatatetawwhawemeesben ue = —s “a See Re S ea We Sete h ated ee e fey Aa Fo ad Fr 8 im Pa EOE OF ee wee Sm ee ee ee re Se oe owe . hoe ee et a= aie ee heres ee ae SS ee eg eh ee ba Sw 8 a ae awe eee ee ee ee ee ee ee Vedigins a seas Vek eyem hey ever ssa rer Fen Veh Ve eee pies beh eh ceytel—seastre ree Serr too reste * 7 - 8 ee me ET Oe Bee et er eae ee * - 3 wOures ov : ed Fe he t= +) FO RE Oe FS FS ONT 8h Set Oi OF SER ER He ESE Sk rh we Se See Reh eset ai eNe Eels yee Cede sole eve Toner erebereb use a Fe Rete SKE Saket SF ON he See ate ee wee <“=-- na ald E toe -* y aes ae A Se bb aie se Schwein Se eh we owe Stee take ke kk ele eo, eed abate ei ee ee ee eh ee ee bbs aed et ie oe oe eet ee ett ear ot = 3 h ahem, : oe ae oe Aw 4: et ae Piet aie San THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ MAGAZINE OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY,’ AND OF LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ) CONDUCTED BY Sir W. JARDINE, Barr., F.L.8.—P. J. SELBY, Esa.,F.LS., GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.LS., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Reg. Prof. Bot. Glasg., AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S. VOL, ALY. “Ss LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR. SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL} SHERWOOD AND CO.; W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE,. REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1844. ‘*Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata; a vere eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINN. CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV. NUMBER LXXXVIII. Page I. On the Specific and Generic Characters of the Araneiform Crus- ' tacea. By Harry D. S. Goopstr, M.W.S. (With a Plate.) ......... 1 II. On some British species of the genus Ginanthe. By Joun Batu, TMG Peis k ths WOR. deeseociens pavicceakvaabantvedensnoduas sep beneveatAcovassere 4 III. Descriptions of new species of Melania collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. By Ricnarp Brinstry Hinps, Esq. ... 8 IV. Contributions to British Jungermannia. By Tuomas Taytor, M.D.) ELS Gite cescetss Oereecereeveccesenscesscccccctecsvesescess eseccceae AES § | V. Descriptions of some Chalcidites of North America, collected by George Barnston, Esq. By Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S.........0.4 14 VI. Descriptions of some British Chalcidites. By Francis Waker, BM ety cys cad esuecenne eivedsbsagedsrddedcboersdsevbesesesss, ieehuustaulivas 18 VII. Characters of a new species of Azxolotl. By Prof. Owen, | FTG cvsavanveqereses soneneee deenerscscccrccceccescceccccecesesescccsosens seuashos va 23 VIII. On Ova believed to be those of the Large Spotted Dog-fish, Scyllium Catulus, Linn. ........ fala benny Pen'siok on wee wee adevedebuss veadttaudeedects 23 IX. Description of a minute Alga from-the coast of Ireland. By Wa. Henry Harvey, Esq. (With a Plate.) ....cccccccsscoccsecsecceseees 27 X. Researches on the Organization of the Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. By M. pe Quatreraces. Communi- cated by Atrrep Tuk, M.R.C.S. 0 ve. eceseccecsscecescoceses beceswaapiuses 28 XI. Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of Calcutta. By Epwarp Brytn, Curator to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Srricxzanp, M.A.. 34 Proceedings of the Linnean Society; Zoological Society ; Geological Society Corer eeeesccece OCerereseveee CO eeerecrereseecesere Geerereeeserocsoes 48—74 On a new species of Cervus, Cervus Dimorphé, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.; On a supposed new species of Hippopotamus, by S. G. Morton, M.D.; Kentish Birds ; Scientific Appointments in Trinity College, Dublin; Habits of the Mantis ; Ethnology ; Saurian Fos- sils; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... SPREE RMRRES Tae 74—80 iv CONTENTS. Page NUMBER LXXXIX. XII. An Account of some enormous Fossil Bones of an unknown species of the Class 4ves, lately discovered in New Zealand. By the Rev. WinriaM Conengo 6 oc iysiiccccc cee tuuacsebnceoneete sua seeess Sabacaiveves 81 XIII. On some British species of Zinanthe. By Cuarues C. Basina- TON MA., Bil Suj RAGS. Bees iiss saeenn ate Hane cies o's whicaibas 96 XIV. On Cardinia, Agassiz, a Fossil Genus of Mollusca character- istic of the Lias. By H. E. Srricktanp, M.A., F.G.S........cceceees eae 100 XV. On the Marine Algz of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G. Dicx1z, M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of Aberdeen. (With a Plate.) (Continued.) .....cccsccscscocsecssonees eovess 208 XVI. Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbour- hood of Calcutta. By Epwarp Buyru, Curator to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Srricxuanp, M.A.. 114 XVII. Remarks on the genus Eolidina of M. de Quatrefages. By Josnua Atper and Axsany Hancock, Esqrs. ......... ceecsrenereecvessces 125 New Books :—Annales des Sciences Naturelles, February 1844.— Giornale Botanico Italiano...... pee bee bbivvovbelves isin ode eb eion 129, 130 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Geological Society ; Ashmo- MOA, SHOCIELY: ossneeisseobnsavasincaentiinn Ipsencap sieAens tages vageenene 130—147 Description of a new species of Cuscuta ; Observations on the Habits of the Python Natalensis, by Thomas S. Savage, M.D., of Cape Palmas, Western Africa; On the place of Jsoéées in the System ; Meteorological Observations and Table ........ Sao viesdivvws eee L47—152 NUMBER XC. XVIII. Some Observations on the Genus Serpula, with an Enume- ration of the Species observed with the Animal in the Mediterranean. By Dr. A. Puiniprx. (With a Plate.) ......... be cebuedenseceyeeeconens eveeee 158 XIX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Brren Betuineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) .recccscececererecereres 162 XX. On the Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica, Grev. By the Rev. Davip Lanpsporoven. (With a Plate.)......ccccccccccscecsceccesees 166 XXI. Note on the Fructification of Cutleria. By G. Dicxte, M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of Aberdeen, 168 Correction (subsequently received) ...........s00 Ainweniia veers 225 XXII. On Microscopic Life im the Ocean at the South Pole, and at considerable depths. By Prof. EHRENBERG .....sssesscessscseesceeees see 169 XXIII. Descriptions of some British Chaleidites. By Francis Waren, Reg., Feld. issessescapencanes dee suswewavanvedeceha rege rrey ausses) 181 XXIV. Description of a new British species of Callithamnion. By W. H. Harvey, Esq., Trinity College, Dublin. (With a Plate.) ...... 186 CONTENTS. Vv Page XXV. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Raurs, Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.) ....cccsecccssecsscceseessccvecsceessenesesoesvens 187 XXVI. Carour Linna: Exercitatio Botanico-Physica de Nuptiis et Sexu Plantarum. Edidit et Latine vertit M. Jomannes Arv. Ar- ZELIUB covcccsvccccevesvevsocsscoevseresees de scveavescccedssvevvevoueees ecoseeueees 194 New Book :—Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March, April and May 1844....cccsvscenee eavecceerccvececeevevoeesees svebvuadesestereeren' eves 204 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Linnzean Society ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ............04. esecesenaascae aabasdessuseesss 205—225 Cutleria multifida (Additional Note by Dr. Dickie) ; M. Montagne on the Colouring of the Waters of the Red Sea; M. de Quatrefages on Gasteropod Mollusca; Of the Sexes in Holothuria, Asterias, and Planaria,—Nervous System of Planari@; On the Chrysan- themum leucanthemum, as a specific remedy against Fleas, by Prof. Cantraine; Drayton, on the Birds of Lincolnshire and the Fens ; Meteorological Observations and Table ...,....sececeseseseeees 225—232 NUMBER XCI. XXVII. Upon the Development of Star-fishes. By M. Sars. (With 6 PUDKOs) idsawdsacndnnicce eOeas Oe eens bo cedscSaedsntesdsssueeclushd sé guuwne cvvee cus 233 XXVIII. On the Fructification of Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm. By the Rev. Davip Lanpszoroven. (With a Plate.) ........ sereery ». 240 XXIX. Brief Descriptions of several Terrestrial Planarie, and of some remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. By Cuarzes Darwiy, F.R.S., V.P. Geol. Soc. (With a Plate.) ......00000 241 XXX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen Be.iineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continwed.) .....cecesccserseeseveee 251 XXXI. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.) ......cc000 Sdoosebecncisarecsqhatenapenncise sists 256 XXXII. On the genus Xiphophora, and, in connexion with it, Ob- servations on this question: Do we find in the Fucacee the two Modes of Propagation which we observe in the Floridee@? By Dr. Monracne. 261 XXXIII. Further Observations on Ctenodus Labillardieri. By C. 7 ae D.M., in a Letter to the Rev. M. J. Berxerey, M.A., «Adee: uganetaue NAUESWRv AS Covers speoeansderboeerdvessseabvopiiinsceccceredacecs saceseee 269 XXXIV. Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth of a Mastodon disco- vered by Count Strzleckiin Australia. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S.......+0. 268 XXXV. An Attempt to Classify the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. By Wixtiam Kine, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne ...... 271 XXXVI. Generic characters of an undescribed Australian Fish. By Joun Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., Medical Inspector of Naval Hospitals .........s.e0cs00- aancnnnnnstdiee an Bis ise hich 4s chs Maan bw we sdibi axe 280 vi CONTENTS. New Book :—Plante Javanicze Rariores, descriptee iconibusque illus- trate, quas in Insula Java, annis 1802—1818, legit et investigavit Tuomas Horsrieip, M.D., e siccis descriptiones et characteres plurimarum elaboravit Joannes J. Bennett ; observationes struc- turam et affinitates preesertim respicientes passim adjecit Ropertus sede’ SEE TELE TO oe eee ccceecoccccccesensoncessoveceaneoess ascccsees Page 281 Proceedings of the Linnean Society ; Zoological Society ......... 292—309 Cirsium setosum, M. Bieb.; Alsine stricta, Wahl.; Teguments of Gas- teropod Mollusca ; Nest of the Dinornis; Meteorological Observa- tions and Table COCeeesereseeeereretes eeecce Oeeccseeeeoaceecse @vccece ee 309—312 NUMBER XCII. XXXVII. On a new Genus of Paleozoic Shells. By Witu1am Kine, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society of North- umberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne ......secesessseeceeseerees XXXVIII. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen Bexiineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) ...... coscecece XXXIX. On the Evidence of the former Existence of Struthious Birds distinct from the Dodo in the islands near Mauritius, By H. E. STrickenann, Eeq:; MiA.-: sscscscesticdgqacsssones Pca es Sik ee sass Ceear an ‘ XL. Description of a new Fungus from British Guiana. By the Rev. M. J. Berxevey, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) ...... inh vedesenWiri sad ; XLI. On a new Genus of Diatomacea. By the Rev. M. J. Ber- KELEY and J. Raurs, Esq. (With a Plate.) ...... Miaeety eksaehantetien cesses XLII. Descriptions of Pterochilus, a new genus of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, and two new species of Doris. By Josuva AupErR and AL- BANY Hancock, Esqrs. ..... Aacdaspodasses osneeeny diasee dui gastaains ease anenee XLIII. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. By Francis Wanker, Esq., F.L.S. ....c.cececeeessecees cerceccenceeens deaets XLIV. Observations on the Gasteropod Mollusca, designated by the name of Phlebenterata by M. de Quatrefages. By M.Souneyer...... XLV. On Thalassidroma melitensis, Schembri, a supposed new spe- cies of Stormy Petrel. By H. E. Srricknanp, M.A. ...cccccscesecseee XLVI. Record of the discovery of an Alligator-with several new Mammalia in the Freshwater Strata at Hordwell. By Szartes Woop, Haq-, FIG Biccccsiiasaseceksasveisked ise saabeden dan eheseuegyhacvo teases swouden conan New Books :—Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der ess- baren, schddlichen und verdachtigen Schwimme, von J. V. 313 317 324 327 328 329 331 342 348 349 Krombholz.—Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l’Ile de ~ Cuba, par M. Ramon de la Sagra.— Botanique: Plantes Cellulaires, par Camille Montagne, M.D. ...cccccccsesecsceees go csesiedeeas o. 301—354 Proceedings of the Linnean Society ; Zoological Society; Botanical Society of London ; Geological Society ...cccccsssrecerescerees GU4—381 CONTENTS. vil Page The genus Chiton found in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham ; On the Habits of the Goedwit; Batarrea phalloides; Meteorological Observations and Table.......... mausanthih PR Lees oo seceeseees GOL—384 NUMBER XCIII. XLVII. On the Morphology of the Reproductive System of the Ser- tularian Zoophyte, and its analogy with the Reproductive System of the Flowering Plant. By Prof. E. Forses of King’s College, London. CWith @ Plate.) : vvcsicacacsscseddo cosh ckngbinnainsrtienss Vadinnddenuiai ons savnapaird 385 XLVIII. On the British Desmidiea. By Joun sce Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.) ....cecseseee Mebane cabbiginsditbe sends dissuseces . 391 XLIX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with LORS By O’Brren Betuineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Concluded.) ....... pethbib kaxenahece 396 L. Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower, and particularly of the Ovary, in Plants with a free central Placenta. By M. Gaupi- CHAUD. ...ccsccceveocces 5 Us eu Naghd be chan mepASM¥ RING dln duedenbedeecnseecan owen suaens 403 LI. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic eas. By: Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S. (Comtinued.)...ccccsecereveres weds dadpeies 407 LII. Notice of some additions to the British Fauna discovered by Rosert MacAnprew, Esq., during the year 1844. By Professor Epwarp Fores of King’s College, London. (With a Plate.) ......... 410 LIII. Descriptions of some new Species of Butterflies in the Collec- tion of the British Museum. By Epwarp Dovustepay, Esq., F.L.S.... 415 LIV. Descriptions of some new Species of Coleoptera and Homo- ptera from China. By Apam Wuire, Esq., M.E.S. Lond. and France 422 New Books :—A History of British Ferns and Allied Plants, by Ed- ward Newman, F.L.S., Z.S. &c.—Faune Ornithologique de la Si- cile, par Alfred Malherbe.—Uber die Verwandlung der Infusorien in niedere Algenformen, von Dr. F. T. Kiitzing.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles for June, July and August ...........000 427—436 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Entomological Society ; Geo- logical Society ...... sipebedesticbecraeeeerpeacecsecsas dovesecccssoces 436—459 Capture of Hemipodius tachydromus in Britain; Elatine Hydropiper ; Hura crepitans; Formation of Cells in the Apices of Roots; On the Demerara Pink-root, or Spigelia Anthelmia, by Dr. George R. Bonyun; Meteorological Observations and Table ..... » 459—464 NUMBER XCIV. SUPPLEMENT. LV. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, vite M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.) ...cccccccsesserssecscsssssececcesccascecsessers oe 465 LVI. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’BrryEN Vill CONTENTS. Page Betiincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &. ........eceeceeaeees PaaS Sem st rsa 471 ~ LVII. On the Antheridia and Spores of some species of Fucus. By MM. J. Decartsne and Gustave THURET .....ecccsccccscssccscscecscceces 480 LVIII. On the Development, Structure and CEconomy of the Ace- phalocysts of Authors ; with an account of the Natural Analogies of the Entozoa in general. By Harry D. S. Goopsir, Cons. Mus. R.C.S.E. 481 New Book :—Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie, by Professors -Van der Hoeven and De Vriese~ .....csccscseeecseoes 484 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ;. Botanical Society of London ; Geological Sockeky:: visicalev elise, Letitdengistadide ces ssneeseds »-. 486—514 Helianthemum guttatum, Mill.; Elatine hexandra and Hydropiper; Pedicellina echinata ..sccsrecrecrecees GAS hsH Shs ss cpsesceneebapencsese ques 514 Index t sini jutvediters eden Aistudtdisvengious My vacdicdvaedss ve ives diye> we O15 PLATES IN VOL. XIV. Puate I. Generic Characters of Araneiform Crustacea. If. Rhododermis Drummondii.—Fructification of Marine Alge. III. Mediterranean Serpule.—Development of Star-fishes. IV. Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica and of Gloiosiphonia capillaris. V. Planariz.—Callithamnion Pollexfenii. mf © VII. 7 British Desmidieze,—Micrasterias, Euastrum, Tetmemorus, VIII. N.B.—The figures of Micrasterias are half the length of the original drawings. The figures of Zuastrum are engraved one- third less than the drawings, except EZ. rostratum, E. spino- sum and E. binale, which should be reduced in the same pro- portion to compare them with the other species, all of which are naturally larger than these three, and the original draw- ings were in true proportion. IX. Dickieia ulvoides.—Stereum hydrophorum, X. New British Shells.—Morphology of Sertularian Zoophytes. wit } British Desmidieze,—Cosmarium, Xanthidium, Pediastrum. ERRATUM IN VOL. XIII. In the plate (Pl. IV.) to illustrate Mr. Babington’s paper on Cuscuta (p. 249) the numbers have been misplaced by the engraver. Fig. 2. is C. approximata, and fig. 3. is C.Trifolii ; not as referred to in the text. _ IN VOL, XIV. Page 109, line 14, for ‘‘slices,’’ xead “ series,’? Anrn.d Mag Nati List Voi s4Pvt. 3B peeeder: aa Aranettorm Crustacea. Ae OPaperhy, foe. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. SS seneeness Peplivase er litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circhm vitreos considite fontes ; Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores : Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas ¥erte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” Parthenii Ecl. 1. No. 88.° JULY 1844. - > 1.—On the Specific and Generic Characters of the Araneiform Crustacea. By Harry D. 8. Goonsir, M.W.S. [ With a Plate. ] AFTER a careful examination, the parts of the Pycnogonide which are found to afford the most decisive characters for the proper classification of the species are—the ocular tubercle, the palpi, oviferous legs, and tarsi. The first of these organs affords very valuable and sure characters, especially in the determination of the genera, but unfortunately has never been properly studied. It is therefore theobjéet of the present communication to illus- trate the characters of this organ. These animals, when examined by the naturalist, are generally lying in such a way as to hide this organ altogether. To see it properly the animal must be viewed - in profile. Ha er In Pyenogonum and all the other nonpalpate genera, we find the ocular tubercle standing at right angles with the segment of the thorax from which it arises, and with one exception (Phozi- chilidium), in a line between the first pair of legs. In Phoxichilus the tubercle is pomted, but in all the others it is truncated. Pycnogonum Balenarum. This Pyenogonum when viewed in profile presents the appear- ance shown in Pl. I. fig. 1. The rostrum is flask-shaped, and the anterior extremity slightly bulgmg and rounded. The ocular Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. aaa <. 2 Mr. H. D. 8. Goodsir on the Specific and Generic tubercle is situated about the middle of the first thoracic segment and is squared or truncated, bearing four small dots or eyes of a jet-black colour, which are situated in the form of a square round its superior edge. Phoxichilus. Phoxichilus has the ocular tubercle situated a little before the middle of the first thoracic segment ; it is of considerable size, erect, and pointed at its extremity. The eyes are four in number, and are placed rather above the middle of the tubercle. The rostrum is clavate with a slight bulge before the middle; a fine line runs along its centre on each side from its base to the tip, which is crossed at right angles by another near the extremity (Pl. I. fig. 3). The last joint of the tarsus is bent and serrate on its inferior edge (fig. 5). The ovigerous legs of Phowichilus are seven-jointed ; the first, third, fourth and sixth are almost all of equal length ; the second and fifth are equal (fig. 4). Phoxichilidium coccinewn. The ocular tubercle of Phowichilidium is situated on a projec- tion which extends forwards from the first thoracic segment above the rostrum, and which likewise supports the mandibles. The ocular tubercle is conoid, truncated, with four eyes surrounding it at regular intervals, and which are situated at a little distance from the top. The rostrum is large and clavate, and with the crucial lines as in Phowichilus (Pl. I. fig. 6). The last joint of the tarsus is semilunar, with four spines arising from its basal and inferior edge (fig.8). The oviferous legs are five-jointed, the first two and last being almost all of equal length, and the third as long as any of the other two conjoined (Pl. I. fig. 7). In Pallene circularis* the ocular tubercle is situated at the pos- terior edge of the first thoracic segment, and is very slightly raised above the surface of the segment. The eyes are situated round its superior edges (PI. I. fig. 9). The last tarsal joint is slightly curved, but the edges are par- allel ; the claw is blunted (fig. 10). Pasithoe vesiculosat. By Pasithoe we are gradually led from the nonpalpate to the palpate genera of the order, and at the same time we find these organs in a maximum state of development. In Pasithoe the ocular * Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 137. pl. 3. fig. 2. ¢ Ib. vol. xxxiii. p. 370. pl. 6. fig. 17. characters of the Araneiform Crustacea. 3 tubercle arises from the centre of the first thoracic segment and projects forward, inclining very considerably over the rostrum ; its extremity is blunted, and the eyes, which are four in number, are placed near the apex. A thin narrow projection arises from the anterior edge of the first segment immediately before the tu- bercle, and is continued beyond the middle of the rostrum. The palpi are eight-jointed (PI. I. fig. 10). Nymphon Johnstoni*. The ocular tubercle in Nymphon arises in all the species from the posterior edge of the segment. In this species it is bent from the middle backwards, at which point the eyes are situated ; the apex is pointed. The palpi are four-jointed (fig. 14). The ovi- ferous legs are eleven-jointed, including the claw (PI. I. fig. 15). The two tarsal joints are of equal length (fig. 16). Nymphon spinosum*. In this species the ocular tubercle projects backwards from the base, the superior extremity is rounded, and the eyes are arranged round a projecting edge (PI. I. fig. 17). The first joint of the tarsus is about half the length of the se- cond (Pl. I. fig. 18). Nymphon pellucidum t. The ocular tubercle in this species is rather short, its extre- mity is obtuse and rounded, and the eyes are situated a little di- stance from the top (fig. 19). Nymphon similis (n. s. mihi). The ocular tubercle is depressed and projects backwards (PI. I. fig.21). It will be observed that this organ, in all the species of - the genus Nymphon, is situated at the posterior extremity of the first thoracic segment, and also that it never projects forwards. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1. Profile of the rostrum and first thoracic segment of Pycnogonum Balenarum. Fig. 2. Abdominal surface of same parts with the oviferous leg of one side. Fig. 3. Profile of Phoxichilus. Fig. 4. Under or abdominal surface of same parts in Phoxichilus. Fig. 5. Tarsus of Phoxichilus with portion of last tibial joint. Fig. 6. Profile of Phoxichilidium coccineum. Fig. 7. Abdominal surface of same parts with the oviferous leg of one side. * Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 138. pl. 3. fig.5. Through some error, the proper references to the plate in the journal quoted have been misplaced. + Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 139. pl. 3. fig. 3. t Jb. vol. xxxii. p. 138. pl. 3. fig. 6. B2 4. Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus Qnanthe. Fig. 8. Tarsus of Phoxichilidium coccineum. Fig. 9. Profile of Pallene circularis. Fig. 10. ‘Tarsus. Fig. 11. Profile of Pasithoe vesiculosa. Fig. 12. Tarsal and tibial joints of Pastthoe. Fig. 13. Abdominal surface of rostrum and first thoracic segment of Pasithoe. Fig. 14. Profile of Nymphon Johnstoni. Fig. 15. Abdominal surface of rostrum and first thoracic segment of Nym- phon Johnstoni. . Fig. 16. Tarsal joints and part of last tibial joint. Fig. 17. Profile of Nymphon spinosum. Fig. 18. Tarsal joints with portion of last tibial of Nymphon spinosum. Fig. 19. Profile of Nymphon pellucidum. Fig. 20. Abdominal surface of first thoracic segment with oviferous leg of one side. Fig. 21. Profile of Nymphon similis. Fig. 22. Abdominal surface with oviferous leg of one side. Fig. 23. Tarsal joints with small portion of tibial joint. Fig. 24. Abdominal surface of first thoracic segment with oviferous leg of one side in Nymphon minutum. Fig. 25. ‘Tarsal joints of Nymphon minutum with small portion of last tibial joint. II.—On some British species of the genus Hnanthe. By ) JoHN Bartz, B.A., M.R.LA. &c.* Tue paper by Mr. Coleman (Annals, xiii. p. 188) has induced me to endeavour to throw light upon some of the doubtful species of Gnanthe. The Ch. fluviatilis, Colem., I gathered six years since near Cambridge, and also near Ely, but never having found a flowering specimen was at a loss how to denominate it. It cer- tainly has much the appearance of a distinct species, but I do not think the characters assigned very satisfactory. I find the fruit of the ordinary Ct. Phellandrium to vary from elliptical to ovate, assuming quite the form figured in Mr. Coleman’s plate; the upper leaf in the figure is also seen in Cf. Phellandrium. I proceed to describe what I believe to be the true Cl. pimpi- nelloides of Linnzeus and the continental botanists. This appears to be rare in Britain, as I have only seen specimens, wanting fruit, gathered m a dry meadow upon red marl near Forthamp- ton, Gloucestershire, by Mr. Edwin Lees. I give the description in Latin. Cinanthe pimpinelloides.—Radix e fibris plurimis lignosis fasciculatis - inferne in napulos parvulos ovoideos incrassatis. Caulis teres, stri- atus, sulcatus, farctus, sesqui-tripedalis, alterne ramosus. Folia . radicalia bipinnata: pinnulis inciso-dentatis trifidisve, omnibus » acutis, petiolo sesqui-bipollicari basi in vaginam expanso; caulina infra pedunculum imum conformia pinnulis angustioribus; se- * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 11th April 1844. Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus inanthe. 5 quentia pedunculos elongatos rigidos amplectentia vagina petiolari successive breviori, pinnata pinnulis linearibus tripartitis simpli- cibusve, inferioribus valde elongatis ; suprema caulis et peduncu- lorum linearia elongata. Pinnule foliorum omnium margine carti- lagineo minute denticulato in mucronem producto. Umbelle soli- tarie, terminales, 6—15-radiatz, convexze ; accessorize primarium eequantes aut superantes. Involucrum universale nunc nullum, nunc 1—6-phyllum ; foliis setaceis, ineequalibus, umbella multo brevioribus. Umbellule multiflore, dense; floribus externis sepe sterilibus longius pedicellatis, internis subsessilibus. Invo- lucella polyphylla ; foliolis lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inzequa- libus, pedicellos florigeros exteriores subeequantibus. Petala in- eequalia, preesertim florarum sterilium, lata, obcordata, ad medium fissa, alba nervis coloratis : segmenta marginis calycini liberi lato- lanceolata, ineequalia, duo exteriora longiora. Diachenium...... An Cnanthe gathered in the island of Ischia, which seems to be the C&. pimpinelloides of Bertoloni (Fl. Ital. i. 236), differs in having the pinnules of all the stem-leaves linear, the sheaths longer, and sometimes wants the sterile external florets. The diachenium is of nearly equal thickness throughout, crowned with the erect persistent calyx, and somewhat longer than the stiff, slightly diverging styles ; the very short adpressed pedicels form- ing a callous ring at the base. I have this form also from near Pisa. ae What principally distinguishes this plant is the mucronate pinnules of all the leaves; besides which it differs from Ci. La- chenalii in the fruit and the involucella, and from CE. silaifolia and CL. peucedanifolia in many obvious points. M4. Jordani, Ten., which I have gathered near Peestum, differs mainly by the very crowded umbel, and the longer sheathing petioles. I do not find all the leaves bipinnate, as Bertoloni describes them, the upper- stem leaves being pinnate with very long linear segments, and ultimately simple linear elongate ; my plant, so far, looking like an intermediate variety. . I have no doubt as to the identity of the Gloucestershire plant with the foreign ones above mentioned, and the Toulouse speci- men referred to by Mr. Babington (Man. Br. Bot. 130) seems to agree with my description, so that Cf. pimpinelloides must re- sume its place in the flora of Britain. I next come to the @. peucedanifolia of Smith, Hooker, Ba- bington, and all British botanists, but not of Pollich, or the principal foreign writers. I agree with Bertoloni in confirming the opinion of Bieberstein (Fl. Tauro-Caucas. iii. 282), that his CH. silaifolia is the CE. peucedanifolia of Smith (Eng. Bot. t. 348). I found this plant in a salt-marsh near Portmarnoch, county Dublin, Ireland, and have received it from the banks of the 6 Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus Ginanthe. Severn at Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, where it was gathered by Mr, E. Lees. The followmg description will establish the identity :— (Enanthe silaifolia.—Radix e napulis oblongis clavatis fasciculatis in fibrillam desinentibus. Caulis teres, striatus, fistulosus, alterne ramosus, 1—2-pedalis. Folia radicalia..... ; ceetera omnia sub- conformia, bipinnata ; foliolis fere eequalibus ; pinnulis acutis, in- tegerrimis, inferiorum lanceolatis, superiorum linearibus ; folia suprema pinnata. Petioli inferiores elongati basi vaginantes, supe- riores omnes breves l—2-pollicares. Umbellz solitariz, 5—8-ra- diate, primaria (in speciminibus nostris) subsessilis, accessoriz ra- morum terminales longiuscule pedunculate. Involucrum universale nullum seu foliolis 1—7, setaceis, umbellam sub mediam longis. Umbellule multiflorz, dense, floribus externis longius pedicellatis, seepe (semper?) sterilibus ; internis subsessilibus. Involucella e foliolis plurimis, latiusculis, albo-marginatis, nonnullis basi con- natis, umbellula florigera exigua paulo brevior. Marginis calycini liberi segmenta pre corollam magna, lanceolata, tria exteriora longiora. Petala minuta, parum inzequalia, late obcordata, ad tertium fissa. Styli divergentes. Stylopodium majusculum, coni- cum. Diachenium (haud omnino maturum) exiguum, clavatum (ad basin ut videtur haud incrassatum), inferne quidquam con- tractum. Comparing the description of Bieberstein, referred to above, with those of Koch and Bertoloni, there can be but little doubt that this plant is the Ci. silaifolia of those writers. The two latter authors differ in one respect, Koch describing the fruit as cylindrical and “ basi callo cinctis,” as noticed by Babington ; it is probable however that the same plant is tended by both these distinguished writers. This species, which differs from all its allies by the similarity of structure im all the leaves and the shorter and uniform leaflets, is further distinguished from the true Cf. peucedanifolia by its very much smaller petals and fruit, and from (i. Lachenali by the structure of the root. By far the most common species of this group is the Gi. La- chenalii of Babington, and apparently the plant of Gmelin, Koch, DeCandolle and Bertoloni. I may premise that there is some difference in the various descriptions of the root, upon which, owing to the general neglect of this portion of most. plants amongst British botanists, my specimens do not allow me to give an opinion. The exact Bertoloni says, “ fibris inferne incrassatis in napulos cylindraceo-clavatis fibrilla terminatis,” whilst Koch and Babington seem to intend fibres thickened and tuberous from the top. I have specimens of this plant from several parts of England, from the coast of Galloway and from near Dunbar in Scotland. I do not find the difference which Mr. Babington Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus inanthe. 7 suspects between the fresh and salt water forms*. The following is the description :-— (Enanthe Lachenalii.—Radix... Caulis erectus, striatus, fistulosus seu subfarctus, alterné ramosus, 1—3-pedalis. Folia radicalia pinnata, pinnis pinnatifidis trifidisve ineequalibus, segmentis obverse lanceo- latis obtusis venosis, petioli mediocris longitudinis basi vaginante ; caulina pinnata longe petiolata pinnis trifidis segmentis linearibus acutis valde elongatis; successiva minora, demum simplicia, seg- mentis semper inequalia. Umbellz solitarie, terminales, 5—15- radiate, longe pedunculate. Involucrum universale 0, seu 1—6- phyllum, foliolis linearibus acutis, umbella multo brevioribus. Umbellule multiflore, floribus externis sterilibus longius pedicel- latis, internis subsessilibus in fructu fastigiatee. Involucella um- bellula brevior e foliolis lanceolatis margine pallentibus nonnullis basi connatis. Petala radiantia quam in @. silaifolia paululum majora profundius obcordata. Styli diachenio breviores, parum divergentes. Stylopodium majusculum, conicum. Diachenium basi non calloso semper angustatum, variat tamen magnitudine et forma; interdum majus usque ad summum dilatatum quasi obconicum, interdum (pre siccitate ut videtur) minus, sub calyce (diviso in segmenta erecta inzequalia) constrictum. In foreign specimens from the Bolognese Apennines, the fruit is more exactly as described by Koch. The form of the lower leaves is very constant in all the forms of this otherwise variable species. The variation in the form of the fruit is very singular, but with the specimens before me I cannot refuse to believe it. A word as to the value of the characters of these species. The position and size of the tubers of the root are, I suspect, of doubt- ful constancy ; observation must determine their importance. The general disposition and proportions of the leaves are probably much to be depended upon here and throughout the whole order. The hollowness or solidity of the stem depends, I believe, almost wholly on the place of growth, and is of no moment. The invo- lucre is most variable. The petals vary somewhat in size but scarcely in form, those of the outer sterile floret bemg always compared with each other. The form of the fruit seems not so constant as might be expected. The presence or absence of the incrassated summit of the pedicel I have never seen to vary. I need scarcely add, that the above descriptions are taken ex- clusively from the British specimens referred to. Dublin, March 10, 1844. * No difference exists between them.—C. C. Babington. 8 Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania. {II.—Descriptions of new species of Melania collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. By Ricuarp BrinsLey Hinps, Esq. 1. Melania fumosa. Testa elongata, crassiuscula, levigata, olivaceo- fusea, unicolore, vel junioribus infra suturam strigis longitudina- libus rufis ornata; anfractibus paulisper rotundatis, superne late subconcave coarctatis, lineis impressis sparsim et obsolete cinctis ; spira erosa apud anfractum quartum ; apertura cerulescente. Axis truncatus 29 lin. Hab. New Ireland; in the streams about Port Carteret. 2. Melania uspirans. Testa elongate subulata, levigata, fusca, uni- colore ; anfractibus numerosis, subplanulatis, lineis arcuatis incre- menti fere minute pliciformibus, ultimo ad basin striato; sutura lineis impressis comitata ; apertura cerulescente ; columella albida. Axis 23 lin. Hab. Feejee Islands ; iy the rivers. 3. Melania Plutonis. Testa pyramidato-subulata, subturrita, levi- gata, nitida, aterrima, unicolore ; anfractibus paulisper rotundatis, ultimo magno, rotundato; apertura cerulescente. Axis 23 lin. Hab. Feejee Islands; in the rivers. Very pyramidal in its shape, and the last whorl displays a far greater proportion than is usual ; otherwise its characters are per- fectly passive. The apex is erose to the fifth or six whorl. 4, Melania figurata. 'Testa elongate subulata, leevigata, polita, fulva ; anfractibus numerosis subrotundatis, superne strigis rufis longitu- dinalibus, infra lineis interruptis transversis seriatim dispositis ornatis, infra suturam pliciferis, ultimo ad basin striato; apice eroso ; apertura cerulescente. Axis 22 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. The ornation of this species is eminently distinguishing ; other- wise it is a smooth, elongated, tawny shell, like many others. The middle and inferior portions of each whorl are adorned with trans- verse rufous interrupted lines, disposed in regular series round the shell, and present a pretty appearance on its pale yellow semitransparent surface. 5. Melania picta. 'Testa elongate subulata, fusca; anfractibus nu- merosis, subplanulatis, plicatis, transversim sulcatis, strigis rufis longitudinalibus ornatis, infra suturam uniseriatim tuberculatis ; apertura cerulescente. Axis 19 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. This speciesclosely resembles M. subulata of Sowerby’s ‘Genera,’ not of Lamarck ; the figure there given does not represent some of the characters dwelt on in the above description, and I am not aware that a diagnosis anywhere exists. Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania. 9 - 6. Melania luctuosa. 'Testa subulata, turrita, fusca ; anfractibus pla- nulatis, fere subconcavis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis, stri- gis rufis longitudinalibus interruptis ornatis ; spira paulisper erosa ; apertura cerulescente. Axis 13 lin. ; Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers. So contracted are the whorls here as in some cases to be not only flattened but even concave, particularly towards the last whorl. 7. Melania perpinguis. ‘Testa elongata, fusca, strigis rufis longitu- dinalibus plerumque ornata; anfractibus rotundatis, subturritis, lineis transversis impressis exculptis ; spira subplicata, apud extre- mitatem erosa; apertura cerulescente, ad peripheriam ustulata. Axis 14 lin. Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers. 8. Melania occata. ‘Testa ovata, elongata, lutescente; anfractibus paucis, rotundatis, exaratis, lyris intermediis angustis acutis ; spira apud anfractum quartum erosa ; apertura cerulescente. Axis 12 lin. Hab. River Sacramento, California. The rounded whorls are ploughed into numerous furrows, and the intervening ridges are comparatively narrow and keel-shaped ; the lower part of the aperture is somewhat dilated, and slightly disposed to elongate im the manner of Jo. 9. Melania mesta. Testa ovata, elongata, fuliginea, infra epider- midem albida; anfractibus rotundatis, superne angulatis et exca- vatis, transversim lineis impressis striatis ; spira apud extremitatem erosa ; apertura ustulata, ad basin subtruncata. Axis 15 lin. Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers. The shghtly concave area of the whorl beneath the suture, which occurs in this species, is shared with a few others. In the present, it influences the shape of the aperture, straightens the outer lip, provides it with an angle above, and truncates it be- low. The margins of the aperture have the colour of burnt umber. 10. Melania verrucosa. Testa subulata, subturrita, lutea ; anfrac- tibus octonis planulatis, longitrorsum obtuse plicatis, lineis tribus transversis intersectis, harum intervallis obtusis, quadratis, tuber- culosis ; apice vix eroso ; apertura elongata, lutescente. Axis10 lin. Hab. New Ireland; in the streams. 11. Melania fulgurans. ‘Testa obeso-subulata, levigata, polita, lu- tescente, strigis rufis angulatis fulmen simulantibus conferta ; an- fractibus decenis subrotundatis ; spira leviter plicata, exserta, vix erosa ; apertura ovali, cerulescente. Axis 13 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. Few species of Melania have the pretensions to beauty of this. 10 Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania. The shell is subulate, with the inferior whorls obese, smooth and . polished ; the whorls about ten in number and slightly rounded ; those towards the apex indistinctly plicated ; spire exserted and scarcely eroded. The base colour is a pale yellow, densely crowded with transverse angular dark red markings. 12. Melania florata. Testa ovato-elongata, polita, cornea, tessellata ; anfractibus paucis, subrotundatis, seriebus tribus macularum rufa- rum quadratarum eleganter ornatis ; serie suprema precipue max- ima, intermedia minima; anfractu ultimo ad basin punctato ; spira erosa ; apertura cornea. Axis 63 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. | This also is a pretty species with a pale surface, each whorl being ornamented by three series of transverse reddish spots, of which the superior is the largest and most deeply coloured ; the two others are punctations of reddish spots, the inferior being in- termediate in size. Very delicate striz, not easily recognizable, traverse the shell transversely. 13. Melania gaudiosa. Testa ovato-elongata, levigata, polita, cornea ; anfractibus octonis subplanulatis, unicoloribus ; spira oblique pli- cata, ad extremitatem erosa; apertura ovali, cornea. Axis 9 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. Approaches somewhat closely, m general character, the Ame- rican shell, M. plicifera. 14. Melania pyramidata. ‘Testa elongate subulata, gracili, nitida, cornea; anfractibus decem subplanulatis, transversim distanter striatis, superne intra suturam fusco anguste fasciato, ultimo ad basin puncticulato ; spira versus extremitatem plicata, erosa; aper- tura ovali. Axis 9 lin. Hab. New Ireland; in the streams. 15. Melania latebrosa. Testa ovata, elongata, sordide fusca ; anfrac- tibus perpaucis, rotundatis, lineis impressis transversis instructis, erosis usque ad penultimum ; apertura parva, ovali, cerulescente. Axis 8 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. A small obese shell, with little to distinguish it beyond its few rounded whorls furrowed transversely with parallel impressed lines, and its comparatively small, neat, oval aperture. 16, Melania pugilis. ‘Testa spinosa, elongate ovata, fulva; anfrac- tibus circa novem, rotundatis, superne spiniferis, infra suturam serie unica macularum rufarum, inferne seriebus duabus minoribus cinctis, ultimo ad basin multiseriato, spinis distantibus, ad peri- pheriam quinque, truncatis, linea angulata alligatis ; spira subtrun- cata ; apertura oblique ovali, subattenuata, albida. Axis 14 lin. Hab. New Ireland; in the streams. Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermannie. 11 Shell ovate, pale yellow ; whorls ventricose, spiniferous, of an uniform colour in the middle, above adorned with a single series of red markings, longitudinal or nearly square, below. with two series of smaller spots placed on bands slightly paler than the neighbouring shell; the last whorl exhibits at its base several series of these articulated bands; the spines are distant and trun- cated to near their base ; about five occupy the circumference of a whorl, and an angular line connects each with its neighbours ; the spire has scarcely lost more than its extreme whorl by ero- sion ; and the aperture is white, and in a slight degree attenuated at its base. 17. Melania bellicosa, Testa spinosa, ovata, valde truncata, fusca ; anfractibus tribus rotundatis, transversim striatis, spiniferis, fre- quenter erosis; spinis aculeiformibus, subrectis, ad basin decur- rentibus; spira apud anfractum antepenultimum truncata; apertura elongate ovali, subfusca. Axis 9 lin. Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers. Nearly allied to M. spinulosa, Lamarck, which is found in the rivers of Timor. IV.— Contributions to British Jungermannie. By Tuomas Taytor, M.D., F.L.S. &e.* 1. JuncErMANNIA NIMBoSA,Jayl. MSS. Caule laxe czespitoso, erecto, subramoso ; foliis laxis subsquarrosis ; lobo inferiori obovato, sub- acuto, patenti, superiori minori, obovato, erectiusculo, subimbri- cato, cauli adpresso, utrisque margine ciliatis, subconnexis. On the summit of Brandon mountain, county of Kerry, 1813. Stems growing up through tufts of Musci, reddish brown, 2— 4: inches long ; leaves, except at the very base, nearly of the same size; the lower lobe patent or deflexed, and so the shoots have a squarrose appearance: their texture is of very minute cells, their cilie distant and large ; the connexion between the upper and lower lobes is very short. This was taken for Jung. nemorosa, L., when first brought down from Brandon Hill. It differs, however, by the taller size, the more deflexed lower lobes of the leaves, the slight joining between their lobes, and by the more considerable and more distant cilie of they margins. From Jung, planifolia, Hook., which accompanied it, the pre- sent is known by the more squarrose leaves, the stronger ciliation of their margins, the more considerable connexion between the lobes, and the more concave and less imbricated leaves. The calyx * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 9th May 1844. 12 Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermanniz. has not been seen, nor indeed has the plant been found again by the numerous acute observers that have ascended its native mountain. 2. JUNGERMANNIA cuRTA, Martius. Caule subczspitoso, abbreviato, adscendente ; foliis inferioribus multo minoribus, subimbricatis, — apice dentatis; lobo inferiori obovato, planiusculo, superiori mi- nori, acuto, inferiorum subquadrato. | Scapania curta, Nees, Lindenberg et Gottsche, Synopsis Hepaticarum, p. 69; Hooker’s Brit. Jung. t. 21. figs. 17, 18 and 19. So variable is this species, that in the ‘ Synopsis’ no less than nine varieties are distinguished. This will account, in some de- gree, for the late period of recognizing this species in Britain. In Ireland it occurs ina great variety of situations, on stones on mountain sides facing the north ; but its most favourite locality is in old woods on damp rocks, as at Cromaglown near Killarney. The size is so variable, that some states closely resemble Jung. nemorosa, L., a species, perhaps, the most difficult to understand of any of the genus. 3. JUNGERMANNIA Tuusa, Dicks. Caule cexspitoso, adscendente, subpinnatim ramoso, supra convexo, glabro ; foliis arcte imbricatis, lobo inferiori patenti, oblongo, recurvo, integerrimo, inferiori ovato, obtusiusculo, margine reflexo ; stipulis oblongis, acutis, in- tegerrimis, margine reflexis, apice recurvis ; perichetii lateralis, emergentis foliis majoribus ciliato-serratis. On stones ; side of Lough Finnehy, near Dunkerron, co. of Kerry. Tufts wide, olive-green, the older parts purplish brown, shining, the shoots acuminated. In plants with perichetia the branches are very short. Mr. Dickson long since found this plant on the sides of mountain lakes in Scotland, and very properly judged it to be distinct from Jung. platyphylla, L. He gave, however, no diagnosis, whence the two have been confounded. by all subse- quent writers. It may be known by its greater size, its shining surface, its acuminate shoots, its denser structure, its perichetia prominent beyond the cauline leaves, its perichetial leaves larger, wider, more divergent, and always ciliato-serrate, its divisions less regu- larly pinnate, the closer imbrication of the leaves, and the more patent position of their inferior lobes. 4. JUNGERMANNIA RIVULARIS, Nees. Caule ceespitoso, subpinnatim ramoso, adscendente ; foliis approximatis, patentibus, lobo supe- riort ovato-rotundato, plano, inferior? minuto, ovato, obtuso, utro- que integerrimo : stipulis minutis obovatis integerrimis. On stones in streams at Dunkerron, co. of Kerry. Tufts wide, loose, dark green, the younger shoots of a lively Dr. Taylor on some new British Jangermannie. . 138 green. Stems 1—2 inches long, irregularly branched, scarcely pinnate, branches short, patent. Leaves oblongo-rotundate, some- times a little narrower at the top, quite entire; their structure densely and minutely cellular. The lower lobe is more minute in proportion to the upper than in any of the congeners: the sti- pules are scarcely wider than the stems. Through the kindness of Dr. Gottsche, who sent me specimens from Hercynia, I have been enabled to identify this species, which I had long considered something more than a variety of Jung. platyphylla, L. The fructification I have not seen. 5. Juncermannia Dititrenu, Tayl. MSS. Caule czspitoso, erecto, apice incurvo, subramoso; foliis imbricatis, semiverticalibus, erecto-patentibus, secundis, obovatis, dentatis, margine utroque recurvo, basi decurrentibus; calycibus ex angusta elongata basi oblongis, compressis, ore truncatis, crenatis, segmentis dentatis. Lichenastrum, no. 6, Dillenii Muscologia, p. 483. t. 69. f. 6. A, B, C. On sandy banks of streams in woods, at Gortagaree and Black- water, co. of Kerry. Tufts wide, dark green. Stems about an inch high, sparingly branched, curved at the top. Leaves convex towards the anterior margin. Dillenius distinguished the present from Jung. asplenioides, L. ; they have been confounded by all succeeding writers. This spe- cies may be recognized by the obovate leaves, which have no ap- pearance of being truncate at their tops; by their being more crowded, nearly vertical, dentate throughout ; by both their mar- gins being recurved, and hence appearing convex in front ; by their less patent position, by the greater length of their decurrent bases, very essentially by their smaller cellules ; and by the mouth of the calyx having large crenulations, which are themselves den- ticulate. Besides, the tufts are of a darker green, and the shoots more slender. 6. JuNGERMANNIA AquitxeiA,ayl. MSS. Caule ceespitoso, prostrato, subpinnato ; ramis complanatis ; foliis imbricatis, erectiusculis, conyvexis, integerrimis, lobo superiori obovato-rotundato margine recurvo ; inferiori minori subquadrato ex tumida involuta basi apice adpresso ; pericheetialibus oblongis transversalibus deflexis ; caly- cibus elongate obconicis truncatis integerrimis. Jung. complanata, 6 minor, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 81. f.17. On rocks over which water continually trickles. Patches wide, shallow, brownish olive. Stems 1—4 inches long, irregularly pinnate ; the branches nearly at right angles to the stem. Leaves from a narrow base, flatly cup-shaped; their lower lobe swelling out at its involution, while their angulate tops he closely adpressed to the inside of the upper lobe. 14 Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America. This species differs from Jung. complanata, L., by the smaller and more convex leaves, their olive-brown colour, their lesser lobe not sharply reflected upon the upper but having a tumid base, by the deflexed perichetial leaves, by the perigonia occurring usually at the termination of the shoot and not on proper short lateral branches, and by the angulate portion of the lower lobes of the leaves being shorter. This species prefers very wet surfaces of mural rocks, while Jung. complanata, L., is partial to trees. V.—Descriptions of some Chalcidites of North America, col- lected by George Barnston, Esq. By Francis Waker, Esq., F.LS. Tue two hemispheres of the earth are said to be represented in their climate and productions by the higher mountains, whose tops are compared to the poles, and the plains whence they arise to the equatorial line. The vegetation and animals on one side of a mountain range are often very different from those of the other side, while on its summit they are alike. Thus also in proportion as we are more remote from the poles and nearer to the tropics, we find creatures more numerous and more various, due allowance being made for the soil, elevation, size and form of the land. In entomology, the land within the Arctic circle comprises one insect region, and of the territories surrounding it have been formed three regions, that of North America, that of Europe, and that of Siberia. The insects here described were taken at Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay*, which is contained in the North American region. I am indebted to G. Barnston, Esq., for this opportunity of adding to the know- ledge of the geography of the Chaleidites. Callimome splendidus, Barnston’s MSS.fem. Viridis cupreo varius, abdomine purpureo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subfulvis. (Corp. long. lin. 2; alar. lin. 3.) Body convex, thinly clothed with hairs: head and thorax mi- nutely squameous; the scales on the head and on the fore part of the thorax so disposed as to form little transverse undulations: head green, zneous in front, as broad as the thorax : eyes and ocelli red : mandibles fulvous: antenne black, clavate, pubescent, shorter than the thorax; first joint fulvous, long, slender; second long-cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the eleventh successively shorter and broader ; club linear, conical at the tip, more than twice the length of the eleventh joint : thorax elliptical, green : prothorax transverse, forming beneath in front a slender neck which joins the head, its breadth more than twice its length : scutum of the * See ‘ Observations on the progress of the seasons as affecting animals and vegetables at Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay,” by G. Barnston, Esq., in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xxx. 1840-41. Mr. F. Walker on some Chaleidites of North America. 15 mesothorax long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other ; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum nearly rhom- boidal : metathorax cupreous, transverse, very short : propodeon cu- preous, large, subquadrate, almost horizontal, having a few little ridges along the middle: podeon extremely short : abdomen elliptical, pur- ple, very minutely squameous, varied with green on each side, nearly as long and as broad as the thorax ; metapodeon occupying more than one-third of the dorsum, slightly dehiscent on the middle of the hind border, having a little channel at the base; octoon a little shorter than the metapodeon; ennaton much shorter than the octoon ; de- caton still shorter ; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: seg- ments of the thorax beneath partly cupreous, very minutely squa- meous, having a suture along the middle: ventral segments of the abdomen concealed by those of the dcrsum: sheaths of the oviduct black, pubescent, a little longer than the abdomen: legs pale red ; coxe green, scaly: wings slightly timged with yellow ; nervures ful- vous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna much shorter than the humerus; radius much shorter than one- fourth of the length of the ulna; cubitus not half the length of the radius ; stigma of moderate size, emitting a thick branch towards the tip of the radius. Callimome Cecidomye, fem. Aureo-viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus flavis viridi et fusco vittatis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 2.) Body bright golden-green, convex: head and thorax finely squa- meous, the scales on the head and on the fore part of the thorax so disposed as to form little transverse undulations : head as broad as the thorax: antenne black, subclayate, pubescent, shorter than the thorax ; first joint long, slender, green, fulvous at the base; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the eleventh successively but very slightly shorter and broader ; club linear, conical at the tip, a little broader than the eleventh joint and more than twice its length : thorax elliptical: prothorax trans- verse, narrower in front, its breadth more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax long; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving ; scutellum somewhat rhomboidal: metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon transverse, rather short, very slightly decumbent : podeon extremely short: abdomen fusiform, smooth, shining, narrower, but not longer than the thorax, blue towards the base; the segments, excepting the metapodeon, very minutely squameous ; metapodeon occupying less than one-third of the dorsum, slightly dehiscent on the middle of the hind border; octoon and ennaton of moderate length; decaton longer than the ennaton; protelum shorter than the ennaton ; paratelum still shorter; telum very short: sheaths of the oviduct black, pubescent, much longer than the abdomen : legs yellow ; coxz green; a longitudinal stripe of green on each of the metafemora, and the same of fuscous on each metatibia; mesotarsi and metatarsi straw-colour, fuscous at the tips: wings limpid, broad, 16 Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America. very long, reaching when at rest to half the length of the sheaths of the oviduct; nervures piceous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna much shorter than the humerus; radius hardly longer than one-sixth of the ulna; cubitus half the length of the radius ; stigma small, emitting a very short branch. Parasitic on Cecidomya communis, Barnston’s MSS. Lamprotatus Dizus, fem. neus, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, FSemoribus viridibus, alis limpidis, (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 12.) Body convex, zneous: head and thorax finely squameous:: head transverse, short, a little broader than the thorax: antennz black, subclavate, a little shorter than the thorax; first joint long, slender, zneous ; second cyathiform, zeneous ; third and fourth joints very minute; fifth and following joints to the tenth transverse, suc- cessively shorter and slightly increasing in breadth; club conical, more than twice the length of the tenth joint : thorax elliptical : pro- thorax transverse, very short, rounded in front, much narrower than the mesothorax : scutum of the mesothorax broad; sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; axille large, tri- angular, not conniving; scutellum narrow, somewhat rhomboidal : metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon transverse, cbconic, decumbent: podeon very short: abdomen elliptical, slightly keeled beneath, a little narrower but not longer than the thorax ; metapo- deon occupying less than one-third of the dorsum; octoon not half the length of the metapodeon ; ennaton shorter than the octoon ; de- caton a little longer than the ennaton ; protelum and paratelum each as long as the decaton; telum very short; ventral segments hidden by those of the dorsum: oviduct concealed: legs dull red; coxée geneous; thighs eneous green; mesotarsi and metatarsi pale red, their tips fuscous: wings limpid; nervures fuscous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna not more than half the length of the humerus ; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Pteromalus puparum, Linn. &c. ; Female.—Scales of the scutellum more minute than those of the scutum of the metathorax: propodeon having a rim on each side: abdomen oval, concave above, pilose towards the tip; metapodeon smooth, occupying more than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon of moderate size, very minutely squameous, as are all the following segments; ennaton shorter than the octoon; decaton shorter than the ennaton ; protelum, paratelum and telum of equal length, each a little longer than the decaton; dorsal segments hiding those beneath the abdomen, leaving a passage for the oviduct. Reared from the pupa of Vanessa Cardui by Mr. Barnston. This insect inhabits Europe, and has been found in Finmark, within the Arctic circle. It is a means ordained by Providence to counteract the otherwise too great increase of butterflies belonging to the genera Pontia and Vanessa. Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America. 17 Encyrtus Bolus, fem. Ater, antennis pedibusque nigris, genubus ful- vis, tarsis piceis, alis albis. (Corp. long. lin. 4; alar. lin. 4.) ~ Body black, convex, shining, slightly punctured : head transverse, short, vertical, as broad as the thorax: antennz clavate, black, as long as the thorax; first joint long, stout ; second cyathiform ; third and following joints to the ninth small, successively shorter and broader ; club fusiform, nearly as long as all the joints from the third to the ninth: thorax elliptical: prothorax transverse, extremely short, not visible above: scutum of the mesothorax large, having a slight channel along its disc; parapsides united with the scutum ; axille triangular; scutellum small: metathorax transverse, very short; propodeon obconic, declining : podeon extremely short: ab- domen fusiform, concave above, longer and narrower than the thorax : legs black ; knees fulvous; tarsi piceous; middle legs having the tibiz and tarsi long and large as usual: wings white, rather small ; nervures fuscous ; humerus less than half the length of the wing ; ulna thick, very short ; radius still shorter than the ulna; cubitus much longer than the ulna; stigma small, emitting no branch. Reared from a species of Coccus? that infests willow-twigs. Tetrastichus granulatus, fem., Barnston’s MSS. Tetrastichus Aga- thocles? A.N.H.1. 4neo-viridis, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, Semoribus viridibus, tibiis nonnunquam fuscis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin, 3—%; alar. lin. 1—14.) Body eneous-green, shining, slightly convex, very minutely squa- meous, thinly pubescent: head very short, impressed between the eyes, as broad as the thorax: eyes and ocelli red, one of the latter in advance on a line between the other two: antenne fuscous, clavate, pubescent, shorter than the thorax ; first joint long, slender; second cyathiform ; fourth joint shorter and broader than the third, but longer and narrower than the fifth; club elliptic, broader than the fifth joint and about twice its length: thorax elliptical: prothorax transverse, very short: scutum of the mesothorax very large, having a slight furrow along the middle; sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; axillz rather large, not conniving ; scutellum somewhat rhomboidal, having a longitudinal furrow on each side: metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon transverse, rather short, slightly decumbent : podeon extremely short : abdomen oval, depressed, shorter and a little broader than the thorax; meta- podeon large; octoon and following segments to the telum succes- sively shorter?: oviduct concealed: legs yellow; coxe and thighs green; tibize sometimes fuscous; tips of the tarsi fuscous: wings limpid; nervures fulyvous, not much more than half the length of the. wing ; humerus rather short ; ulna as long as the humerus; radius extremely short; cubitus long, rather less than half the length of the ulna but more than twice the length of the radius; stigma very small, emitting a short branch. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. C 18 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. V1.—Descriptions of some British Chaleidites. By Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S. Eurytoma tumida, mas et fem. Afra, brevis, gibbosa, alta, anten- nis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsisque rufis, alis limpidis, nervis piceis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 13.) Male.—Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured: head a little broader than the thorax: antennz setaceous, nodose, verti- cillate-pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints hardly dilated, appearing more approximate than in the following species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotant, apicalis, collaris, annu- lipes, atra and Argele: thorax somewhat obconic : prothorax a little narrower than the head, quadrate; its breadth rather more than twice its length: mesothorax more convex than that of the follow- ing species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace; scutum large, broader than long; sutures of the par- apsides very distinct, approaching each other; axille or paraptera large, triangular, separated above by a space nearly equal to the scutum between the base of the parapsides; scutellum somewhat conical, truncate in front, abruptly decumbent behind, and thus form- ing nearly a right angle: metathorax very short, appearing trans- versely after the hind border of the scutum: propodeon (usually termed metathorax) large, obconic, furrowed distinctly along the middle, but less clearly on each side, more abruptly decumbent than in the following species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, an- nulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace: podeon slender, cylindrical, punctured, as long as the propodeon: abdomen short-oval, smooth, shining, much compressed, hardly longer than high, subtriangular when viewed sideways (being flat beneath and forming above an angle whose sides are convex), shorter than that of verticillata, Ser- ratule and curta; metapodeon large, having no channel ; octoon, ennaton and decaton of moderate size; protelum, paratelum and telum very short : wings broad ; humerus slender, much less than half the length of the wing; ulna thick, much less than half the length of the humerus; radius much shorter than the ulna; cubitus as long as the radius; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Female.—Head as broad as the thorax: antenne shorter than the thorax, thicker, shorter and more clavate than in the following species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Sittace and Argele ; fifth and following joints to the ninth long, successively decreasing in length; club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint: podeon much shorter than the propodeon: abdomen much longer than that of the male, shorter than that of verticillata, Serratule and collaris, fusiform, convex and keeled beneath, slightly compressed, its length considerably exceeding its height ; segments from the metapodeon to the decaton large above, much contracted on each side, approximate and conniving together beneath; metapodeon of moderate size; oc- toon, ennaton and decaton large; protelum very short above, much dilated on each side and concealing the ventral segments ; paratelum and telum very short above but broader on each side. Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. 19 Kurytoma Argele, mas et fem. Altra, convexa, viv gibbosa, anten- nis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsis protibiisque rufis, alis limpi- dis, nervis fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 23.) Male.—Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured : head a little broader than the thorax: antennze setaceous, nodose, verti- cillate-pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints subquadrate, dilated, successively decreasing in size, each having a narrow stem about half its length: thorax nearly obconic, less con- vex than that of verticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tumida and platy- ptera: prothorax quadrate, a little narrower than the head; its breadth rather more than twice its length: scutum large, broader than long ; sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; par- aptera large, triangular, separated by a space nearly equal to the scutum between the base of the parapsides ; scutellum nearly conical, truncate in front, less decumbent behind than that of verticillata, Serratule, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna, Sittace, tumida, fumi- pennis, platyptera and Abrotani: metathorax very short, appearing transversely behind the scutellum: propodeon large, obconic, more horizontal than that of verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, annu- lipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace, having only one broad shallow channel along the middle: podeon slender, cylindrical, punctured, longer than the propodeon: abdomen very short, smooth, shining, not much more than half the length of the thorax, abruptly decum- bent in front and near the tip ; its length slightly exceeds its height ; metapodeon less than one-fourth of the length of the abdomen, ha- ving a short longitudinal channel at the base; octoon of moderate size, nearly as long as the metapodeon; ennaton very large ; decaton small; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: wings broad ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna less than half the length of the humerus, more slender than the ulna of verti- cillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, anunulipes, rufipes, Micipsa, bre« vicollis and nitida; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus nearly as long as the ulna; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Female.—Head as broad as the thorax: antennz slightly clavate, shorter than the thorax; first joint long, slender; second cyathi- form ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the ninth long but successively shorter; club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint: podeon much shorter than the propodeon: abdomen smooth, shining, slightly compressed, gradually decumbent towards the base and towards the tip, somewhat shorter than the thorax ; its height more than half its length; segments not much contracted beneath; metapodeon rather large; octoon and ennaton of moderate size; decaton large above, short beneath; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: oviduct concealed. Eurytoma Sittace, fem. Aira, convexa, vir gibbosa, antennis pedi- busque nigris, tibiis fuscis, genubus tarsis et protibiis rufis, alis _limpidis, nervis fulvis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 24.) Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head as broad C2 20 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. as the thorax: antenne slightly clavate, shorter than the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the ninth long, but successively shorter ; club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint : thorax somewhat obconic, less convex than that of verticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tu- mida and platyptera; scutum of the mesothorax large, broader than long; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other ; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum truncate-conical, abruptly declining at the tip, where it forms nearly a right an- gle: metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, abruptly declining, furrowed distinctly along the middle but less clearly on each side: podeon much shorter than the propodeon : ab- domen oval, smooth, shining, slightly convex, not much compressed, as long as the thorax; its height little more than half its length ; the segments gathered together beneath; metapodeon, octoon and ennaton of moderate size; decaton very large; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: oviduct concealed: wings broad; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna less than half the length of the humerus, slender like that of H. Argele ; radius shorter than the ulna; cubitus as long as the radius; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Eurytoma Scultenna, mas. Atra, convera, vix gibbosa, antennis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsis protibiisque flavis, alis limpidis, nervis pallide fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 14.) Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured: head a little “broader than the thorax: antennz setaceous, nodose, verticillate- pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender; second cya- thiform third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints subquadrate, hardly dilated, successively decreasing in size, joined closely together like those of . tumida: thorax somewhat obconic, less convex than that of verticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tumida or platyptera : prothorax transverse, quadrate, not narrower in front ; its breadth rather more than twice its length: scutum of the meso- thorax broader than long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approach- ing each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum somewhat conical, truncate in front, abruptly decumbent at the tip, where it nearly forms a right angle: mesothorax transverse, very short : propodeon large, obconic, abruptly declining, furrowed indi- stinctly along the middle and less clearly on each side: podeon cylindrical, slender, dull, punctured, as long as the propodeon: ab- domen oval, smooth, shining, compressed, abruptly decumbent in front and towards the tip, little more than half the length of the thorax ; its height does not equal its length; metapodeon occupy- ing more than one-third of the dorsum, having a longitudinal chan- nel; octoon rather large ; ennaton very large; decaton of moderate size; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: wings broad; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna thick, not half the length of the humerus; radius much shorter than the ulna; cubitus a little shorter than the radius; stigma small, emit- ting a short branch. ‘Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. 21 Eurytoma Micipsa, mas. Atra, convexa, minime gibbosa, antennis pedibusque nigris, genubus rufis, tarsis piceis, alis subfuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 14.) Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured: head a little broader than the thorax: antenne slender, setaceous, longer than the thorax; joints from the fifth to the ninth elliptical, hardly di- lated, joined together by slender stalks about half the length of each joint: thorax somewhat obconical, less convex than that of nerticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tumida and platyptera: prothorax qua- drate; its breadth more than twice its length: scutum of the meso- thorax broader than long; sutures of the parapsides distinct, ap- proaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving ; scutellum somewhat conical, truncate in front, not falling behind so deep as.in the species above-mentioned: metathorax trans- verse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, more horizontal than in the following species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace, and having only one broad shallow channel along the middle: podeon cylindrical, slender, dull, punctured, as long as the propodeon : abdomen oval, smooth, shining, compressed, abruptly decumbent at the base and towards the tip, little more than half the length of the thorax; its height is not equal to its length; metapodeon less than one-third of the length of the abdomen, decumbent in front; octoon of moderate size; ennaton large ; decaton of moderate size; protelum, paratelum and telum very short : wings moderate ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna rather thick, less than half the length of the hume- rus ; radius much shorter than the ulna ; cubitus as long as the radius ; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Isosoma Nepe, mas. 85 Distance between the orbits over the surface of the skull ..s.......... we OD Vertical diameter of orbit .......ecseeeesees patch Ta phe bei as wad whiiaben ao NT RR. Horizontal diameter of orbit..........cccceceecccsececcec coves IS is OM 1°8 These measurements have been taken from a very old individual, in which the sutures are entirely obsolete, and the teeth worn almost to the level of the jaw ; and the contrast in size between this and the large or common species (familiar to every one as the H. amphibius, but recently divided into two species, the H. capensis and H. sene- 76 Miscellaneous. galensis) will be manifest to every one. The difference, however, is not only in size, but in all the proportions of the head. In the H. minor there is a uniform convexity of the upper surface of the cranium from orbit to orbit, and between the occiput and ossa nasi; while in the common species the orbits are remarkably ele- vated, and the intermediate surface is concave. ‘The orbit is placed about midway between the occiput and snout, and the latter is consequently short; while in the large species the orbits are placed about one-third the distance between the occiput and snout. The H. minor has only two canines in the lower jaw ; the false molars are proximate to the canines; andthe base of the zygomata is in the same plane with the upper maxilla. : The second skull of this species (which is of the same length as the other) is that of a younger animal ; for the sutures are open, and the teeth in the process of changing from the deciduous to the per- manent set. The posterior molars are only partially protruded, and rise obliquely from the jaws, like those of the elephant and mas- todon. ? Dr. Goheen, who assured me from the first that he could find no notice of this animal in the systematic works, has obligingly favoured me with the following memorandum in relation to it :—‘‘ This animal abounds in the river St. Paul’s, and varies in weight from 400 to 700 pounds. They are slow and heavy in their motions, yet will sometimes stray two or three miles from the river, in which situation they are killed by the natives. They are extremely tenacious of life, and almost invulnerable, excepting when shot or otherwise wounded in the heart. When injured they become irritable and dangerous, but are said by the natives never to attack them when in their canoes. The negroes are very fond of the flesh, which seems to be intermediate in flavour between beef and veal.” My comparisons with the common hippopotamus have been made on four specimens (three of which are fully grown) ; two from the vi- cinity of the Cape of Good Hope, and two from the Senegal river.— Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1844. KENTISH BIRDS. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. GenTLEMEN,—In my last letter I complained of not having the wind N.E. by E., which for the Kentish coast is the best wind for col- lecting birds. It has been in that direction for some time and produced a good supply, particularly the Whimbrel, which has oocurred in im- mense numbers, and so tame, that on their first arrival there was no difficulty in getting a good shot at them. Greenshanks rather thinner this year than usual, but the Redshank in great abundance. I have also got two specimens of the Wood Sandpiper : I only saw three, and succeeded in killing two, male and female. About the 8th of last month I shot four beautiful specimens of the Purple Sandpiper, which are in good condition. I have also some very fine specimens of the Lesser Tern, Common Tern and Sandwich Tern, with all of Miscellaneous. 77 which the coast has been plentifully supplied during the easterly winds. About the 14th of last month I shot a very fine old male black Red- start in perfect plumage. A pair of Golden Orioles have been in the large gardens at Kingsgate, which were there for nearly a week, but I could not get a shot at them, being so very wild. On Saturday last I also succeeded in shooting, at about five miles from Margate, a good specimen of the Rose-coloured Pastor: there were two of them, one escaped; that which I shot is a male. I have also a good specimen of the Spotted Sandpiper, which was killed last year. 144 High Street, Margate. S. Mummery. SCIENTIFIC APPOINTMENTS IN TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. It affords us very high gratification, more especially at the present time, when some of our English Universities seem disposed to make a retrograde movement in science, to be able to announce that se- veral appointments for the promotion of Natural Science have recently been made in Ireland’s only University. A chair of geology has been founded, and the distinguished Assistant Secretary of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mr. John Phillips— who for some time filled the chair of geology in King’s College, London—has been appointed to it. With Trinity College a museum has always been connected, but in these days of progress it had be- come quite of an antiquated character. With the view of making it as extensively useful as possible, particularly in objects of science, a new office—Director of the Museum—has been formed, and Mr. Robert Ball, the well-known Secretary of the Royal Zoological So- ciety of Ireland, elected to fill it, this gentleman making over to the College his own most valuable and extensive collection of natural history. To secure to the College the large collection of plants made by Dr. Coulter in California and Mexico, and to have the benefit of his botanical services, that distinguished traveller was a few years since appointed Curator of the herbarium, and his collection became the property of the University. After his lamented death, which occurred about six months ago, a successor to the new office was sought for, and that most able botanist Mr. William Henry Harvey was elected, the College, as in the case of Dr. Coulter, securing the whole of his very large and important herbarium. About the same time the chair of botany became vacant, and Dr. George J. Allman, the most rising philosophical naturalist in Ireland, was elected to it. Better appointments than these, individually and collectively, could not have been made, and the enlightened and liberal spirit with which they have been carried out is worthy of all admiration. The best men, without reference to any previous con- nexion by education with the College, or to any of those external influences which even at great seats of learning will affect elections, were appointed, their eminent fitness alone for the respective offices, without any of the ordinary alloy, deciding the election. When mentioning these appointments, it is justly due to the me- 78 Miscellaneous. mory of the late Dr. Lloyd, Provost of Trinity College, to state that it was his anxious wish to found a school of Natural History in the University over which he presided, and that it was in immediate course of being carried into effect in the year 1837 when interrupted by his sudden death. HABITS OF THE MANTIS, In a letter from Herr Chr. Zimmerman in Rockingham in North Carolina to Dr. Erichson, editor of the ‘ Archiv fur Naturgeschichte,’ in which he quaintly retorts upon the latter for incredulity respecting some former statements of his relative to the food of Mantis Caro- lina consisting of amphibia, this fact is fully confirmed by the fol- lowing additional observations :— Your report having come to hand last September, just the time when the Mantides begin to make their appearance, I had abundant opportunities of repeating my experi- ments. Instead of the little striped lizard (Scincus 5-lineatus) as heretofore, I made use of a species of newt (Salamandra cirrhigera, Holbri) equally active and more abundant. Its fate was as I anti- cipated. One newt after the other was seized, and to a greater or less extent devoured. In vain did they endeavour, by rapid contor- tions of the body and blows with the tail, to elude the grasp of the mantis, which, with the head depressed and the hinder part of the body tilted upwards, kept a firm hold of its victim, and ate until it could eat no more. I send you the very specimen of mantis with which these experiments were performed. Whenever a mantis seizes another insect or small animal, the anterior fang-like extremities are brought down to below the level of the head, so as to avoid having to sustain the weight of the prey.—A. T. ETHNOLOGY. A tract has been published by M. d’Omalius d’Halloy ‘‘ Sur les Races Humaines,” of which the following is the account given by the author when presenting it to the Academy of Sciences. He states that he had endeavoured to show, that in classing the modifications of the human race, the natural characters, such as form and colour, ought to take the precedence of language, historical filiation, and other social considerations. He then points out that the application of this principle leads him to remove the Hindoos and Abyssinians from the whites and to add them to the brown race, which thus be- comes composed of three geographical groups, separated respectively by the Sea of Oman and the Gulf of Bengal. He concludes with remarking upon the constantly progressive development of the whiter varieties of the human race, whilst the coloured races, and also the least fair of the white race, are stationary or retrograde ; whence it may be said, that notwithstanding the stability which now characterizes organic nature, there is yet in progress a phenomenon of a like kind with that which is revealed to us in the paleontolo- gical study of the terrestrial globe, which exhibits the successive appearance of species more and more perfect; fish having preceded Meteorological Observations. 79 reptiles, reptiles the didelphous mammalia, and these latter the mo- nodelphous; man having come last, to crown the series.—Comptes Rendus, April 15, 1844. SAURIAN FOSSILS, For the following information we are indebted to Prof. Bronn of Heidelberg. A collection of two Mystriosauri and six or seven Ichthyosauri, from the lias of Germany, will be sold, together or separately, at Heidelberg, on the Ist of October 1844. All possess perfect heads (the bones being separate in the Ichthyosauri), the body complete as far as the tail, and at least a portion of the extremities more or less perfect. ‘The Mystriosauri are of the species M. Mandelslohi, n. sp., with 48 vertebree, 11 feet long ; and M. longipes, n. sp., with 53 ver- tebre, and 5 feet long. Five specimens of [chthyosaurus acutirostris, Ow., are respectively perfect as far as the 65th, 102nd, 117th, 122nd and 123rd vertebrz, and one, J. communis (if it is not a new species), perfect to the 66th vertebra. The Ichthyosauri (from 4 to 9 feet long) have been described in the ‘ Neue Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,’ 1844, p. 385-408, pl. 3 and 4; the Mystriosauri in the Supple- ment to the ‘ Gavials Fossiles du Lias’ by Bronn and Kaup, p. 37- 47, pl. 5 and 6. Persons wishing for further information may obtain it from Prof. H. G. Bronn of Heidelberg. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1844. Chiswick.—May 1. Dry haze: excessively dry: clear and fine. 2, 3. Cloud- less: excessively dry. 4. Slight rain. 5—7. Overcast and fine. 8. Dry haze. 9. Sultry. 10. Overcast: very fine. 11, 12. Very fine. 19. Sultry. 14, 15, Very fine. 16. Cloudy and fine. 17. Cloudy and windy. 18, 19. Boisterous. 20. Boisterous: cold and dry. 21. Drizzly. 22. Dry haze: very fine. 23. Cold haze. 24. Cloudy and cold: fine. 25. Overcast: fine: clear. 26, 27. ‘Cloudy and cold, 28. Cloudy. 29. Overcast: slight drizzle: rain at night. 30. Cloudy. 31. Overcast: fine: clear.— Mean temperature of the month 1°-2 below the average, ‘ Boston.—May 1—3. Fine. 4. Cloudy. 5—7. Fine. 8,9. Cloudy. 10. Cloudy: raine.m. 11. Fine. 12. Cloudy. 13,14. Fine. 15. Cloudy. 16. Fine. 17. Rain. 18. Cloudy: rain p.m., with rainbow. 19. Windy. 20, 21. Windy: rain rm. 22, 23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy: rain e.m. 25—31. Cloudy. Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—May 1. Bright: clear. 2 Bright: cloudy. 3. Damp: clear. 4. Bright: clear. 5. Bright: cloudy. 6. Bright: rain. 7, 8. Bright: clear, 9. Damp: rain. 10. Drizzle: damp. 11, 12. Cloudy: clear, 13. Clear : showers, 14. Bright: cleared. 15. Cloudy. 16. Cloudy: showers. 17. Showers. 18. Clear: showers, 19. Bright: clear. 20. Bright: cloudy. 21, 22, Bright: damp. 23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy: clear. 25. Bright: clear. 26, 27. Bright: cloudy. 28, 29. Cloudy. 30, $1. Cloudy: damp. Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.—-May 1—$%. Fine, but parching. 4—6. Very droughty. 7. One slight shower a.m. 8, Fair. 9, 10. Showers, slight. 11. Fair, but cloudy. 12, 13, Fair and clear. 14. Cool. 15—17. Fair and withering, 18. Hoar-frost a.m. 19, 20, Fair and very dry. 21. Very high wind, 22—28. Very withering. 29. Hoar-frost. 30, Hoar-frost: dry. $1. A few drops of rain. 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February 1844.—Zoology.—Considerations on some principles re- lating to the natural classification of animals, and especially on the methodical arrangement of the Mammalia, by M. Milne Edwards. A very important and highly philosophical essay, embodying the di- stinguished author’s ideas on zoological classification, the publication of which has been suggested by the paper of Mr. Waterhouse in the 79th Number of the ‘ Annals of Natural History..—On some fossil Fish-teeth found in the neighbourhood of Staoulli, in the province of Algeria, by M. Valenciennes. ‘The formation in which these teeth were found is tertiary (miocene ?) : they belong to three species of Sargus, a Chrysophrys and an Oxyrhina, and are all extinct forms.— On the Trypanosoma sanguinis, a new species of Hematozoon, by M. Gruby+. This supposed animal (on the individual nature of which a doubt is thrown by M. Milne Edwards) was found circulating in the blood of frogs in spring and summer. Its body is long, flattened, transparent and twisted. The cephalic extremity is terminated by slender elongated filaments, and its caudal end terminates also in pointed filaments. It moves rapidly in a screw-like fashion.—A translation of Mr. Harry Goodsir’s important paper on the Reproduc- tion of Cirripeda.—A translation of an abstract of Dr. Carpenter’s paper on the Microscopic Structure of Shells.—Researches on Osteo- genesis, by Dr. Lebert. : Botany.—Continuation of the monograph of the Nidularie, by MM. L. and C. Tulasne (with admirable plates).—Observations on the genus Aponogeion, and on its natural affinities, by M. E. E. Planchon. ‘The author proposes to place Aponogeton either among the Alismacee, as the type of a suborder intermediate between the Alismacee proper and the Juncaginee, or to consider it as the type of a new family of Aponogetacee, characterized by the absence of a perianth, by the ovaries being distinct and definite in number, by its few anatropous ovules attached to the base of the cell, and above all * We use this word here, as employed by Mr. MacGillivray, to designate the subfamily of which Zolis is the type. olidina had previously been employed in this enlarged sense, of which fact M. de Quatrefages does not appear to be aware. + See Annals, vol. xiii. p. 158. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. K 130 Zoological Society. by the free gemmule, of which the primordial leaves sheath only at the base. Embryological figures illustrate the paper.—Boissier, Plante Aucheriane (Umbellifere). Giornale Botanico Italiano. A new botanical journal, which promises to be a valuable addition to our sources of information, has been established in Italy by the Botanical Section of the Scientific Congress; Prof. Parlatore of Florence having undertaken the editorship, under the direction of a committee of the botanists resident in Tuscany. It is divided into three portions, under the separate titles of ‘ Ori- ginal Memoirs,’ ‘ Botanical Literature,’ and ‘ Botanical Intelligence,’ each part being separately paged. The first two numbers contain : preface, plan of the work, collabo- rators.— Original memoirs : Meneghini on Gaudichaud’s theory of the merithallus ; Savi on some Microscopic organs of Plants, especially of Chrysanthema ; Parlatore on the spirit of the last and present centu- ries in regard to natural science; Parlatore, Monograph of the Fu- marias ; Meneghini and Savi on the appendages of Acacia cornigera ; Savi, Morphological considerations on the leaf of Arduina bispinosa ; Puccinelli, Additamentum ad Synopsin plantarum in agro Lucensi sponte nascentium. Literature: Gussone, Flore Sicule Synopsis, 1842 ; Todaro, Or- chideze Siculz, 1842 ; Puccinelli, Synopsis plantarum in agro Lucensi sponte nascentium, 1842; Tarsi, on the Irritability of the Pollen ves- sels of some plants. Miscellanea: Parlatore, Intelligence respecting the Italian central Herbarium at Florence, and the consignments received there ; on the Italian meteorological Archiv ; various short notices and intelligence. Booxs REcEIVED. The Medals of Creation, or First Lessons in Geology and in the Study of Organic Remains. By Dr. G. A. Mantell. Essays on Natural History, chiefly Ornithology. By C. Waterton, Esq. A History of British Ferns. By Edward Newman. Second edition. Elements of Comparative Anatomy. By Rudolph Wagner, M.D. ; edited by Alfred Tulk. Part I. Mammalia; Part Il. Birds. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Dec. 12, 1843.—William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. “‘ Descriptions of new species of Navicella, Neritina, Nerita, and Natica, in the cabinet of H. Cuming, Esq.,” by C. A. Récluz. Navicetia, Lamarck. 1. Navicerta Cooxu. Nav. testd ellipticd, antice angustatd, Zoological Society. 131 convexd, tenuiusculd, transversim crebré striatd, subepidermide olivaceo-lutescente, supern? carned, lineolis transversis creberrimis lineas latiusculas efformantibus reticulatd ; interstitiis maculis oblongo-acutis lutescentibus, superioribus interdum latioribus pictd ; apice submarginali, integerrimo ; aperturd cerulescente, intus croced ; labio luteo-fuscescente. Var. (3. Testd carneo-violacescente, fasciis nigris radiantibus, basi ac lateraliter ramosis, lineis transversis nudlis ; aperturd intus croceo maculatd ; maculd nigro late marginatd. Hab. “ Island of Johanna, one of the Commoro islands; found in a small stream by the Rev. W. V. Hennah.” H. Cuming. 2. Navicetia Lingata, Lamarck. Var.y. Testd lincolis transversis tenuissimis, undulatis, creberrimis, olivaceis, et maculis oblongis ac linearibus, lutescentibus pictd ; apice fere marginali, subviolaceo, supra albido, lavissime bi- radiato. Hab. “ Ganges, Bengal.” H. Cuming. Nerita, Linnaeus. Sect. A. Labro intis integerrimo ; labio superné nec emarginato. Gen. Neritina, Lamarck, Férussac, &c. i. Nerira Siquisorensis. Wer. testd ovato-transversd, postice angustatd, dorso-convexd, superné planulatd, solidd, longitudi- naliter tenuiter et crebre striatd, spadiceo-reticulatd, interstlitis maculis oblongis, anticé acutis, albidis seu lutescentibus pictd ; anfractibus 14; apice retuso ; aperturd extas ovatd, ints lutes- cente; labio plano, margine et in medio vix arcuato et tenuiter crenato ; labro subcontinuo, lateralibus rectiusculo. Var. 6. Testd spadiceo-reticulatd, fascits albidis 2-3 cinctd ; labio externe fuscescente tincto. Hab. * Isle of Siquijor, in a small stream.” H. Cuming. 2, Nerita aFricana. Nev. testd ovato-conoided, subepidermide nigrescente strigis nigris longitudinalibus creberrimis et maculis oblongis vel ovatis transversis, luteis, anticé acutis et nigro mar- ginatis, subregularibus, undique pictd ; anfractibus tribus sub- conicis ; infimo superne rugis raris notato; spird vix prominuld, apice erosd ; aperturd obliqud, extas semr-oblongd, intis atbido- cinerascente ; labio convexiusculo superné calloso, antice plano, rectiusculo et levissim2 crenato. Var. a. Anfractu infimo depresso; labro superné vix fornicato et antrorsim productiusculo ; labio posticé lutescente. Var. 8. Anfractu infimo dorso convexo; labio posticé aurantio. Hab. “Island of Fernando Po, west coast of Africa; found ina small stream by Capt. Downs, R.N.” H. Cuming. ; 3. Nertra (Cuituon) Da Costa. Wer. testd subglobosd, supra medium vix angulosd, muticd, olivaced, maculis triangularibus albidis, antice acuté nigris pictd et fasciis pallidissime interdum obsoletis cinctd ; anfractibus quaternis plano-declivis ; spird sub- 132 Zoological Society. conicd, apice erosd; aperturd subrotundd, intis albd et pallide cerulescente 3-4 fasciatd ; labio compresso, angusto, valde de- clivi, superne transversim calloso, margine crenato et in medio tenuiter arcuato ; labro inferné dilatato, superné subfornicato. Hab. “Isle of Negros, in a mountain-stream.” H. Cuming. 4. Nerita Leacuut, Récluz in Guérin, Rev. Cuvier. 1841, p. 312. no. 33. Var. (3. Testd subglobosd, pallide fuscd, luteo-bifasciatd. Var. y.? Testd subglobosd, nigerrimd, maculis punctiformibus vix triangularibus obsitd, nec fasciatd. An var. Nerite guttata, Récluz in Rev. Cuv. 1841, p. 316. no. 40? Var. 6.? Testd semiglobosd, tenuiore, striis longitudinalibus regu- laribus creberrimis, transversis, tenuissimis, nigerrimd, maculis sparsis, raris, et fasciis angustis binis, lutescentibus, maculis par- vulis triangularibus pallidioribus confertis pictd. Hab. ‘Isle of Bohol; found in a small stream.” H. Cuming. 5. Nerita Savana. Wer. testd ventricoso-ovatd, longitudinaliter substriatd, tenuiusculd, nitiduld, nigratd, maculis fuscis seu lutes- centibus, diversiformibus, variegatd aut fused et nigrescente nebu- laté ; anfractibus duobus ; primo partim deroso, infimo superne depresso ; aperturd subrotundd, inttis albd; labio calloso, plano, declivi, margine recto, in medio tenuissimeé crenato. Hab. “Island of Guimaras, Philippines; in small streams.” H. Cuming. 6. Nerira (Ciirnon) suspuncrata. er. testd semiglobosd, oli- vaceo-fuscd, tenuiter rugatd ; rugis punctis nigrescentibus seriatis notatis, subepidermide albd, nigro reticulatd ; anfractu unico, supra medium anguloso ; apice perforato ; aperturd extis subrotundd, in- tis albo-cinerascente ; labio semilunari, plano, superné calloso, margine in medio tenuiter arcuato et crenulato ; dente cardinali majore, truncato. Hab. ‘‘ Sinait, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon; in a small mountain-stream.” H. Cuming, Sect. B. Labro intis sepiis sulcato ; labio superneé emarginato. 7. Nexira Grayana. WNer. testd ovato-globosd, dorso oblique conoided, transversim sulcatd ; sulcis costis latioribus, striis longi- tudinalibus creberrimis sculptd; anfractibus sordide nigro-vio- laceis, obsolete albo maculatis ; spird prominuld, conico-depressd, acutd ; apertura pallide fuscescente ; labio planulato, margine tridentato, supra rugis confertis valde impresso ; labro intis regu- lariter sulcato, superné unidentato. Hab. “ Port Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon; on the rocks at low water.” H. Cuming. 8. Nertra Panayensis. Ner. testd parvd, ovato-conicd, aurantid, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter crebré striatd ; costis subter lente subgranosis ; spird conico-acutd ; labio plano, lacteo, dentibus tribus remotis instructo; labro margine crenato, intis calloso, lacteo, plane levissimo. Zoological Society. 133 Var. 8. Testd ventricoso-globosd, spird vix exsertd, minimd, labio basi ruguloso et margine crenulis plurimis notato. Hab. “ Nlo-Ilo, province of Panay; under stones at low water.” H. Cuming. : 9. Nenira Braniana. Wer. testd ovatd, postice angustatd, trans- versim crebre et tenuiter sulcatd, nigrd sive olivaceo-nigricante, Sasciis croceis cinctd; spird obtusd, decorticatd ; aperturd albd, Sauce luted; labio compresso-plano, luteo-fuscescente, granulis nigris signato, margine levissimé arcuatim excavato, subedentulo ; labro intis striis tenuissimis elongatis, nigris instructo. Var. 3. Testd olivaceo-nigricante, lineis nigris et lutescentibus, equi- distantibus fasciatd ; labio supra rugoso, medio nigro granuloso, labro intis leviter incrasso et levissimo. Var. y. Testa costis subnullis, striis longitudinalibus creberrimis, ob- soletisque. Operculum nigrescens, minim? granulatum, subtis carneo-lutescente, fasciis tribus griseis pictum, costuld pland, obsoletd, antice margi- natum. Dente apicali brevi, truncato, infimo transverso, arcuato, plano, postice dilatato, truncato, superficie substriatd. Hab. ‘‘Isle of Corregidor, bay of Manila; under stones at low water.”” H. Cuming. 10. Nerira Hinpsi. Ner. testd semiglobosd, solidd, cinereé sive albidd, nigro obscure articulatd, transversim laviter sulcatd, striis longitudinalibus undulatis sulcis interdum decussantibus insculptd ; spird parvd, convexo-depressd, vie exsertd ; aperturd diluté stra- mined ; labio angusto, compresso-subconcavo, rugoso et granuloso, margine in medio 2—4-denticulato; labro intis valde calloso et longé sulcato. Operculum pallidé cinereo-fuscescens, granulosum, obsolet2 biangulosum, albido-viridescens, antice angulum planissi- mum circumdatum. Dente apicali plano, superne leviter incras- sato, brevi, truncato, basi maculd fuscd notatd; infimo arcuato, substriato, postice parim dilatato, truncato. Hab. *‘Tlo-Ilo, isle of Panay; under stones at low water.” H. Cuming. 11. Nerira Speneieriana. er. testd orbiculato-conicd, trans- versim levissimée sulcatd; sulcis basi obsoletis, albidd, nigro- zonatd ; spird conico-acutd, lutescente, nigro-punctatd, sulcis pro- Sundioribus ; labio albo, levigato, margine subbidentaio; labro intis incrassato, levissimo. Operculum pallide fuscum, tenuissime granulosum, subtis pallide rufum. Dente apicali obsoleto, infimo ar- cuato, transversim substriato, postice superficie dilatatd et truncatd. Hab. “Tlo-Ilo, isle of Panay; under stones at low water.” H. Cuming. 12. Nerrra Rumpuit, Récluz, Rev. Cuvier. 1841, p. 147. no. 10. Var. 1. Récluz, loco citato, Nerita polita oceani australis, Chem- nitz, Conch. v. p. 321. tab. 198. f. 2013 et 2014. Hab. ‘‘'Trenate, Molucca Islands; under stones at low water.” H. Cuming. | Fauce nitidissimé rubro-sanguinea, 134 Zoological Society. Var. 2. Testd striis transversis nullis, fasciis viridescentibus imma- culatis, alternis albis sive pallidé rufescentibus, nigro articulatis ; aperturd sanguined ; labio bidentato ; labro intis crebreé sulcato. Chemnitz, Conch. v. p. 319. pl. 193. f. 2010. ‘Island of Trenate, Molucca Islands ; on the reefs.” Operculum Nerite Rumphii. Forma Ner. Orbignyane accedens, sed diversa. Var. 3. Testd albd maculis nigris latis seriatis unifasciatd. *‘ Isle of Ticao; under stones at low water.” Var. 4. Testd albido-lutescente, nigro late unifasciatd. “Isle of Ticao, &c.” Var. 5. Testd nigrescente, ravido-fasciatd. ‘«Isle of Masbate ; under stones at low water.” Var. 6. Testd nigrd, albo anguste trifasciatd. *‘ Isle of Corregidor, off Manila; under stones.” Var. 7. Testd olivaced, nigro-varid, in medio albo-unifasciatd Sascid lineis angustis olivaceis articulatd. ‘Isle of Masbate ; under stones.” Var. 8. Testd lutescente, ceruleo-undatd, fasciis tribus @ maculis rubris articulatis. ‘St. Nicolas, island of Zebu ; under stones.” Var. 9. Testa nigrd, venis albis et maculis concoloribus pictd. “Trenate, Molucca Islands; under stones.” Var. 10. Testd rufescente aut cinered, maculis nigris hastatis trans- versis pictd. An Chemnitz, v. p. 320. pl. 193. f. 2011 % Nerita pennata, Des- hayes in Lamarck, ed. alt. t. vill. p. 613. no. 23}. (vidi in collectione ejus) non Born, Nerita pennata. (Heec est Ner. piperina, Chemnitz, Conch. xi. p. 73. tab. 197. f. 1905, 1906; Lister, Conch. Synops. pl. 604. f. 29; Neritina piperata, Sow. Conch. Illust. f. 18.) *«* Port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon; under stones.” Var. 11. Testd rufescente aut albidd, roseo-trifasciatd et maculis viridibus parvis seu nebulis varid. ‘‘ Isle of Masbate; under stones.”’ Var. 12. Testd violaced, albo anguste trifasciatd. “Isle of Corregidor, &c.” Var. 13. Testd luteo-rufescente, albo-trifasciatd ; fasciis nigro sive viridescente articulatis. ‘‘TIsle of Burias ; under stones.” Var. 14. Testd fusco-nigrescente pallidd, fasciis tribus nigris, et maculis albis sparsis pictd. ‘Isle of Siquijor, under stones; and port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon.” Var. 15. Testd luteo-rufescente, maculis albis transversis parvulis pictd, nigrescente obsolete trifasciatd. ‘* Trenate, Molucea Islands.” Zoological Society. 135 Var. 16. Testd nigro, ravido et albido-fuscescente fasciatd. “ Isle of Siquijor, &c.” Var. 17. Testd tenui, striis cancellatd, fusco-rufescente, interdum maculis nigris parvulis hastatis pictd ; labio planissimo antic? valde denticulato. ** Isle of Siquijor, &c.” Var. 18. Testd albd, rufescente fulguratd sive roseo-trifasciatd. ** St. Nicolas, isle of Zebu, &c.”’ Var. 19. Testd lutescente, fasciis viridescentibus zonisque albis nigro- maculatis marginatis. ‘Isle of Ticao ; under stones.” Var. 20. Testd albo-vinosd, nigro late bifasciatd et in interstitiis interdum viridescente zonatd. “Isle of Corregidor, bay of Manila.” Var. 21. Testd albd aut fuscescente, venis nigris longitudinalibus pictd et albo unifasciatd. “‘ Isle of Corregidor, &c.” Var. 22. Testd sordidé vinosd seu fusco-violaced, fasciis tribus albis cinereo articulatis seu nebulosis. ‘Isle of Burias.” Var. 23. Testd purpureo-nigrescente, fuscescente nigro-punctatd sive albo-bifasciatd ; fusciis cinereo nebulosis. ** Port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon.” Var. 24. Testd albido-lutescente, nigro anguste bifasciatd. ‘Isle of Corregidor.” Var. 25. Testd virescente, albo anguste trifasciatd. ‘* Isle of Corregidor.” Var. 26. Testd cancellatd, totd nigrd. ‘Isle of Corregidor.” Var. 27. Testd fusco-nigricante, maculis nigris transversis inten- sioribus pictd., ‘‘From Pasacos, isle of Luzon.” Var. 28. Testd grised, maculis albis obsolete tessellatd. * Isle of Ticao.” Var. 29. Testd pallide fusco-rubelld trifasciatd, venis albis lineatd, interstitiis albo angusté marginatis ; fascid albd spiram decurrente. «St. Estevan, province of South Ilocos, isle of Luzon.” Var. 30. Testd dilute chocolatd, albido-fasciatd. ‘* Isle of Burias.” Var. 31. Testd luteo-castaned, albo angusté trifasciatd, transversim regulariter sulcatd, seu levissimé ad spiram tantum spiraliter cin- gulatd. “Isle of Corregidor.” Var. 32. Testd omnind aurantid. “ Jimmamaylan, isle of Negros.” 136 : Zoological Society. Natica, Adanson. A. Umbilicum funiculatum. Obs.—Funiculus. Columna callosa auctorum, columella adherens et in umbilico spiraliter contorta, apice plus minisve dilatato, trun- cato, raritis convexo aut rotundato. * Testa subglobosa ; operculum testaceum. Gen. Nacca, Risso. 1. Natica picta. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenuiusculd, levi- gatd luteo-rufescente, albo angust2 3-4 fasciatd: fasciis remotis maculis spadiceis sagittatis articulatis, superd ad suturam spadiceo- marginatd ; spird convexo-conicd, apice spadiced ; aperturd intis Sulvd ; columella rectd, basim versus concaviusculd, superné breviter reflexd ; umbilico coarctato, quadrato ; canali arcuato, extis zond albd maculis spadiceis undulatis radiato ; funtculo crasso canalem angustante. Hab. ‘‘ Basey, island of Samar, Philippines; found on the ricaid H. Cuming. . Testd fundo pallid chocolato, fascid supremd rard maculis supremis majoribus et intensioribus ; anfractibus quinis, convewxis, superneé depressiusculis. 2. Narica rvzona. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui, albd, lineolis creberrimis longitudinalibus luteo-spadiceis et fasciis tribus @ maculis sagittiformibus concoloribus, in supremd angulatis pictd ; spird convexo-acutd; aperturd albidd, basi et externe subacutd ; labio rectiusculo, superné breviter reflexo et. tenuissimo ; umbilico rotundato exttis zond albd maculis spadiceis circumdato ; funiculo angusto, superne interdum rotundato et dilatato cavitates angus- tante ; labro fragilt. Operculum testaceum, tenue, lineolis elevatis 2-3 anticé cinctum. An Nat. zebra, var.? Hab. “With Natica zebra from Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao; found in sandy mud at twenty-five fathoms: and with Natica areolata from the isle of Capul, Philippines; on the reefs.”” H. Cuming. 3. NATICA ORIENTALIS, Gmelin. Var. y. Testd rufd, suturd anguste canaliculatd, albd. Var. 0. Testd subepidermide fuscescente albidd, suturd canaliculatd, epidermide fusco creberrime striatd. Var. e.? Testd minor, subepidermide pallid fusco-albd, zonis binis @ maculis elongato-quadratis spadiceis seriatim pictd; suturd pro- fundd, epidermide fusco creberrime striatd; aperturd basi minus auctd et acutd ; funiculo coarctato. Hab. ‘‘ Singapore ; found in sandy mud.” H. Cuming. 4, Natica Broperip1ana. Nat. testd globoso-ovatd, solidiusculd, luted seu pallide fuscd, zonis albis spadiceo maculatis cinctd, lon- gitudinaliter tenuiter sulcatd: sulcis superneé et inferne profun- dioribus ; spird conico-acutd, apice fusco-spadiced ; suturd fasciold albo marginatd ; aperturd basi et externe angulosd ; columella in Zoological Society. 137 medio arcuatim concavd, superne et inferné incrassatd ; umbilico dilatato, profundo, zond albd, levigatd circumdato ; canali umbilico lineari ; funiculo crasso, largo, depresso. Testa anfractibus 5-6 convexis, subcostatis. Macule fasciarum nunc quadrate, nunc transversim oblonge seu arcuate ; fascie mediane macule biseriate, infime parvule. Labrum solidum. Operculum testaceum, antice striis tribus aratum, in medio costd arcuatda valde exsertd sculptatum ; apice puncto calloso notato ; posticé inferne ad marginem crebre rugoso seu’ crenulato et in medio ventri- coso. : Hab. “ Xipixapi, West Colombia; sandy mud, sixteen fathoms.” H. Cuming. 5. Natica Exenz. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, postice angustatd, tenut, longitudinaliter striis equidistantibus superne et inferné profundioribus, striolis transversis creberrimis subcancellatis sculptd ; albido-stramined, lineolis crebris undulatis longitudina- libus pictd; anfractu infimo superne planulato; spird convexo- conicd, subacutd; aperturd bast subangulosd, supern? rotundatd ; labio subrecto, in medio subarcuato, superné calluso ; umbilico dilatato, profundo, spirali; canali lineari; funiculo lato, superné crasso et oblique truncato ; labro fragilt. Var. 3.? Testd minori, ventricoso-ovatd, anfractibus senis, superneé planatis, gradatis, superioribus longitudinaliter striatis, infimo levigato, lineis spadiceis remotiusculis subundulaiis picto ; spird conico-acutd ; columella rectd, superné et inferne incrassatd ; canali umbilico profunde arcuato, valde latiore ; funiculo angusto ; aperturd semi-oblongd. Hab. ‘St. Elena, West Colombia; found in sandy mud at six fathoms.”’ H. Cuming. Testd tenuiori, sulcis longitudinalibus strieformibus ; anfractu in- fimo transverso, anticé dilatato posticeque angustato, fasciis nul- lis, lineis spadiceis crebris undulatis angulatisque ; spird minori ; columelld minus concavd; funiculo crassiore a Natica Broderi- piana differt. Var. 6. Forma Natica Fanel Adansonii accedens sed diversa; an species nova ? Umbilicus testaceus, anticé triangulatus, in medio costd latd, crassd, exsertd, sulco anticé cinctd et postice revolutd insculptus, ared posticd arcuatim sulcatd. Margo postica transversim crenulata: crenis infe- rioribus valde impressis. 6. Narica arEoLatTa. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui, parvd, subpellucidd, glaucind seu luted, lineis angulato-flecuosis, sep? basi latioribus arcuatisque pictd, ornatis ; spird convexo-conicd, apice Suscd ; aperturd subviolaced ; labio oblique rectiusculo, ad umbi- licum subconvero, basim versus arcuatim rotundatd ; funiculo crasso, superneé rotundato, plano umbilicum canalemque vald? an- gustante. Var. 3. Testa minor, maculis luteis antice albo marginatis ac arcu- atis subseriebus 3—4-cincta, interdum confluentibus ; anfractibus superne zond dilute aurantid lined albd marginatd ornatis. 138 Zoological Society. Rumph. Mus. tab. 22. fig. G. bona, non Natica zebra, Lamk. Hab, ‘Island of Capul : found on the reefs, Philippines.” H. Cu- ming. Amboina (Mus. Paris et Rumphius). 7. NATICA FULGURANS. Nat. testd ovatd, ventricosd, tenuiter striatd, albd, flammeis fulgurantibus spadiceo-nigris interdum confluentibus pictd ; spird conicd, acutd; aperturd albd; columelld obliqud, rectiusculd, umbilico profundo; canali latiusculo ; funiculo de- presso, superné basique compresso ; labro basi oblique rectiusculo, crasso, compresso. Hab. “ Le Senegal (Mme Dupont).” Testa alba seu dilute ravida; flammis interruptis in zonas trans- | versas efformantibus sepe dispositis. 8. Natica Cotuie1. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, albd, maculis spa- diceo-fuscis quinque seriatis: seriebus duabus maculis rufis qua- dratis interdum angulatis alteris punctiformibus cinctd; spird converd, apice acutd; anfractibus superné planiusculis, radiatim breviter striatis ; aperturd albidd, intis subflammulatd ; umbilico arcuato, profundo; funiculo parvo; culumelld oblique rectius- culd. Var. 3. Testa maculis quadratis quinque seriatis cincta; seriebus tribus medianis maculis majoribus interdum confluentibus ; aper- turd intis rosed ; funiculo crasso extis ad sinistram oblique pla- nulato, basi canali propinquiori. Hab. “Swan River, Australia; found on stones, low water, by Lieut. Collie, R.N. Var. from the island of Ticao found on the reefs.” H. Cuming. 9. Natica Fanet, Adanson. Var. B. Testa alba, seu albo-subvinosa, maculis rotundatis atropur- pureis, paucis interdum confluentibus picta. Natica variolaria, nobis olim. Hab. ‘‘ Zanzebar, east coast of Africa, collected by Mr. ‘Thomas Thorre.” H. Cuming. Testa subglobosa, ovata, ventricosa, nitidissima, levigata. Anfracti- bus senis, convexis, superne depresso-planis, radiatim tenuiter stri- atis, fere gradatis. Spira conica; apice acutiusculo. Apertura semirotunda, alba, obliquata. Columella oblique recta, angusta, su- perne breviter reflexa, adnata, basi in labro continuato et incrassato. Umbilicum semirotundum, fuscum, profundum. Funiculum depres- sum, latiusculum, rufum, superné vix callosum, semiovatum, colu- melle adnatum. Operculum? 10. Narica Gampia. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd, interdum sub- globosd, crassd, albidd seu dilute carneolatd ; anfractibus convezis, levigatis, supern? longe radiatim striatis, superioribus supra de- presso-planiusculis ; spird conico-depressd, acutd ; aperturd ob- liqud, albd ; columelld recta, superné incrassatd, callosd ; umbitlico parvo; canali arcuato, profundo; funiculo magno, superne dila- tato, plano, semiovato ; labro crasso. Var. 3. Testa ovatd, substriatd, supern® cinereo-fuscescente, fusco Loological Society. 139 obscure zonatd, inferne albidd, submedio zond pallidd cinctd ; spird glaucescente ; aperturd intis fusco-purpurascente. Operculum testaceum, solidum, ad apicem tenuiusculum, lacteum, postice marginem versus fuscum, levigatum, antice lined angustd circumdatum. Varietates innumere Natice maroccane Chem- nitzit (Nat. marochiensis Lamk. non Menke nec Philippi, que est Nerita (Natica) glaucina Linné certé) differt, formd, facie, consistentid, umbilico, funiculo et operculo. ara. Hab. ‘‘ River Gambia; found on the sands by Mr. Beale of Jer- sey.” H. Cuming. 1]. Natica canrena, Lamk. Nerita canrena, Linn., Mus. L. U. p. 674. no. 383. Synonymis et variet. exclusis. Var. 8. Minor, tenuior, magnitudinis avellane, zonis tribus albis et totidem fuscis pallidis cincta; zonis albis medio ventris lineis arcuatis spadiceis ornatis, superd maculis spadiceis arcuatis pictd ; suturd fascid angustd luted marginatd, siriis radiatis crebris sculptd ; umbilico parvo ; canali profundo, arcuato, zond latissimd alba circumdato et maculis spadiceis remotis notatd. Hab. *“ Jacna, isle of Bohol, Philippines; twelve fathoms, sandy mud.” H. Cuming. An eadem ut typus Linnei? Var. y. Testd, omnind albd, ad suturam lacteo fasciatd ; labro fra- gilt. Hab. “Island of St. Vincent, North America.” H. Cuming. 12. Narica pavimentuM. Nat. testd ovato-obtusd, subglobosd, par- vuld, exalbidd, lacteo-quadrifasciatd, supremd laid lineis rufis radia- tis, tribus inferioribus angustioribus maculis quadratis rufis seriatis articulatis pictd ; spird convexo-rotundatd, parvd, viz prominenti ; aperturd albd, obliqud ; columelld rectd, solidd; funiculo semi- rotundo, umbilico parvulo omnind occultante. Var. 3. Testd fascid medii ventris maculis longitudinaliter oblongo- quadratis remotioribus pictd. Testa anfractibus quinis, convexo-depressis, infimo convexiore ; su- turd vix impressd. Operculum? Hab. ‘The island of Ticao, Philippines; found on the reefs.” H. Cuming. 13. Natica GuatTeRIaNna. Nat. testd subovatd, semigloboso-acutd, tenut, subepidermide fuscescente albidd, punctis quadratis spadi- ceis seriatis in medio ventris trifasciatd, superne lineis concolori- bus obsoletisque decurrentibus ornatd ; anfractibus ventricosis, ad suturam longé et crebré striatis, fascid albd circumdatis ; spird conico-acutd ; aperturd dilatatd, basi subproductd et angulosd ; umbilico parvo ; funiculo semiovato, supra oblique plano, umbi- licum et canalem valde occultante. Var. 3. Testa minor, fasciis punctorum in medio ventris ultimi duabus. Hab. “‘ Sual, province of Pangasinan, island of Luzon; found at five to seven fathoms, on sand.” H. Cuming. 140 Zoological Society. ** Testa subovata seu ovata; operculum cartilaginosum, Gen. Natica, Risso. Mamitiate, Récluz. 14. Natica PanamaEnsis. Nat. testd ovato-globosd, ventricosd, pon- derosd, albidd ; anfractibus septenis, supremis depresso-convexis, infimo ad peripheriam depresso-planulato, supra subanguloso, de- clivi seu convexiusculo, striis tenuissimis impresso ; spird conicd, acutd ; aperturd obliqud, oblongo-semilunart; columelld superneé et antice ventricosd, valdé incrassatd, calloso-lacted, convexd, sub umbilico productiusculd ; umbilico profundo; funiculo intis sub- obsoleto, externé oblongo, calloso et cum callo columelle consoli- dato ; labro tenuiusculo. Operculum cartilaginosum, radiatim tenuiter striatum, dilute fuscum. Sinu Panama propria. Hab. ‘ Panama; found at ten fathoms in fine sand.” H. Cuming. 15. Natica Firemrinerana. Nat. testd ovato-oblongd, crassiusculd, lacted, nitidd, politd, levissimé striatd, anfractibus senis, depresso- convexiusculis, infimo ovato-convexo, superné subconico ; spird de- presso-conicd, apice exalbido ; aperturd angustd, semirotundd ; columella oblique rectiusculd, in medio subconvead, externé callosd, crassd ; umbilico profundo, superné partim tecto, externé angulo vix notato circumdato, basi in canalem profundum arcuatum pro- longato, a funiculo modificato. Junior. Canali umbilico subconsolidato, lineari. Operculum cartilagineum, luteum, tenuissimum, margine antico hyalino zonatum, fascid latd, purpureo-rufd, apice revolutd, superficie eleganter radiatim striatd valde differt. Testa interdum albo dilute straminea seu ferrugineo partim tincta. - Hab. “Sorsogon, isle of Luzon; found in sand and small stones.”’ H. Cuming. Nerita mamilla, var. lactee, Linnei valde affinis, sed spira acuta et umbilico aperto differt. Natice vavaoi Le Guillou proxima, sed columella convexiore, basi et interné non angulata, rotundato-con- cava, angulo umbilici remotiore et linezformi, canali umbilici an- gustiore et columella supra medium convexiuscula transversim nec sulco obsoleto instructa dissimilis est. Natica uber, Valenciennes, feré simillima, sed in hac operculum cartilagineum omnind luteum et striis tenuioribus, in Nat. Flemingiand. 16. Natica pusra. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd seu globoso-acutd, levigatd, crassd, ponderosd, albido-stramined, ad suturam obscure fasciatd et transversim obsolete striatd; spird conico-depressd, plus minusve prominuld, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, intits sub- margaritaced ; labio antice recto, basi incrassato, superne valde calloso: callo supra medium convexo ; umbilico spirali, in cana- lem profundum arcuatumque prolongatum et funiculo modificatum sive fere sive omnind obtecto ; labro solido. _ Hab. * Chili?” H. Cuming. Natice Flemingiane proxima, sed solidiore, ventricosiore, ponde- Zoological Society. 14] rosa columella nec anticé convexd, superné valdé convex4, umbilico interdum occultato, differt. 17. Natica uBERINA, Valenciennes in Mém. Géol. de Humboldt. Var. 2. Testd ovato-conicd, obsoletissime cancellatd ; anfractibus superne conicis ; spird elongatd, conicd; canali umbilici et capite Suniculi magis elongati. Hab. ‘‘Casma, Peru; found in muddy sand, five fathoms.” H. Cuming. 18. Natica Cumineiana. Nat. testd ovato-ventricosd, luteo-auran- tid, ponderosd, superne tenuiter et crebre striatd, nitidissimd ; an- Sractibus senis conico-depressis, infimo ventricoso, supra levissimeé conico; spird conico-depressd, acutd, partim albd; suturd sub- obliteratd ; aperturd oblongo-semilunari, albd ; columelld lacted, rectiusculd, in medio subconverd, superne et externe incrassatd, callosd ; umbilico patulo, spirali; canali largo, semirotundo, lac- teo, bianguloso ; angulo interno spirali, externo posticé carinato ; Suniculo lacteo, crasso, extern? semirotundato, interne depresso, spirali, umbilicum modificante. Junior. Testd tenuiore, carneolatd, spird lacted, angulis umbilici ob- soletis ; callo columelle supra umbilicum sulco transverso notato, in adulto vix conspicuo. Operculum rubicundum striis radiatum et tenuissime longitudinaliter arcuatimque impressum, antice zond hyalind circumdatum. Natica au- rantia, var. lutea, nobis (Nerita mamilla, var. lutea, Linné), proxima sed veniricosiori, majori et umbilico patulo, funiculato, diversa est. Na- ticee porcelane, D’Orbigny multd major, ventricosior, aurantid ac non stramined dissimilis. Hab. “Island of Cayo, Philippines; found in sandy mud, deep water.” H. Cuming. Junior. Natice fuscate, nobis (Nerita mamma veneris fuscata seu lutea, HeRRAS Conch., p. 282. pl. 189. f. 1932, 1933) accedens sed diversa. 19. Natica Powisiana. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd, crassd, nitidd, rufo-purpurascente, interdum rufo obscure fasciatis anfractibus senis convexo-depressis ; infimo fascid suturali luted, latd, ornato ; spird conico-depressd, albd seu luteo tinctd, acutd ; aperturd semi- rotundd, intis albido-cinerascente ; columelld albd, rectiusculd, in medio subconvexd, basi crassd et oblique rectd, superne callosd ; umbilico patulo, albo, spirali, in canalem latum extis desinente ; canali intiis subangulato, extern costuld convexiusculd, basin ver- sus sensim crescente, superne in umbilicum decurrente ; funiculo semiovato, plano, intis convexiusculo. Var. 6. Testd aurantio-rufescente. Hab. ** Moluccas.” H. Cuming. Natica Cumingiana valde affinis, basi columelle crassiori extis ob- liqué truncata, angulo externo umbilici costeformi, rotundato, ob- tuso et in perforatione decurrente, angulo interno canalis majore et depressiore, apertura semirotunda, anticé dilatata sed non mneee, et superné aucta differt. 142 Zoological Society. 20. Natica Satanconensis. Nat. testd ovatd seu oblongd, ceruleo- Juscd seu fulvd, substriatd ; anfractibus quaternis depresso-con- vewis, superne conicis et zond aurantid marginatis ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd, pallid? cerulescente et albo fasciatd ; aperturd semi- rotundd, fulvo-castaned ; columella rectd, in medio vix converd, supra crassd, supern® angulo transverso calloso instructd, ad um- bilicum sulco notatd ; umbilico profundo, coarctato, fulvo-aurantio ; canali arcuato, largo, funiculo superne oblongo, basi sensim atte- nuato modificato. Operculum pallid? fulvum, radiatim striatum, tenue, et cartilagi- neum. Natice mamillaris, Lamk. (Natica fuscata, nobis) proxima sed diversa. Hab. ‘‘ Salango, West Colombia; found in sandy mud.” H. Cu- ming. ‘ 21. Natica pyrirormis. Nat. testd oblongo-pyriformi, lacted, sub- striatd, nitidd ; anfractibus 5-6 convexiusculis, elongatis, superne declivis : infimo ventricoso-conico, superné depresso; spird elon- gatd, conicd, apice puncto fusco-notatd ; aperturd obliqud, sub- semilunari, angustatd ; columelld rectiusculd, extis superné callosd, basi cum funiculo supra compresso consolidatd, umbilico parvo, extern? occultante et canali arcuato profundo angustante ; labro tenuiusculo, subpellucido. Spird interdum superne lutescente. Anfractus ultimus sepeé tenuiter striatus: striis inter oculum et lumen hyalinis. Hab. “ Tlo-Ilo, island of Panay ; found on the sand at low water,” H. Cuming: ‘‘ and from Huan river, Australia; found in sandy mud by Lieut. Collie, R.N., ten fathoms.” 22. Nartica aurAnTIA, Lamk. Var. 3. Lutea seu straminea, Nerita mamilla, var. lutea, Linné, Mus. Lud. Olr. p. 675. no. 386. Natica straminea, zobis olim. Natica sulphurea, guorundam. Hab. ‘‘ Philippines; found on the reefs.” H. Cuming. Var. (. Amboina, Timor (Mus. Paris). B. Umbilicum nudum, pervium, nec funiculatum. * Testa subglobosa, operculum cartilagineum. 23. Natica vioLacea, Sowerby, Tankerville Catal. Natica amethystina, Lamarck’s collection. Var. B. Testd globoso-ovatd, ventricosd, albd seu lacted, maculis luteis seu dilute chocolatis superioribus characteriformibus, medi- anis quadratis, inferioribus oblongis quinque seriatis pictd ; colu- melld intis et extis pulchré roseo-violaced. Hab. “Island of Ticao, Philippines; found in coral sand at four fathoms. Var. a. from the island of Masbate, Philippines; sandy mud.” H. Cuming. 24. Narica Burrasiensis. Nat. testd parvuld, ventricoso-globosd, . subepidermide luteo-olivaceo albd, nitidd, levigatd, lineis luteis longitudinalibus undulatis crebris, interdum maculis albis majoribus Zoological Society. 143 superne et in medio ventris subtriseriatis pictd ; spird parva, sub- conicd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, in fundo violaced ; columelld rectd, basi crassiusculd, supern? callosd, callo fusco-rubente, supra umbilicum parvum, externe reflerum, curvum, et angulatum, partim occultante. Var. 3. Testd ad suturam fascid albd, latd, spiram decurrente pictd ; spird apice fusco-violascente. Operculum testaceum, album, striis obsoletis ornatum, postice margine tenuiter crenatum, anticé lined elevatd cinctum, apicem versus le- vissime callosum. Natica intricata (Nerita intricata, Donovan) minor, minus globosa, umbilicus nec funiculatus differt. Hab. “Island of Burias, Philippines ; found in sandy mud at seven fathoms.”” H. Cuming. 25. Natica Raynotpiana. Nat. testd subglobosd, crassiusculd, tenuissime et dense striatd, albd seu dilute aurantio-fulvd, spadiceo trifasciatd et sepeé reticulata ; anfractibus spire depresso-convezis, infimo_rotundato ; spird depresso-conicd, subacutd, fuscd ; aperturd semirotundd, albd; columella subrectd, utrinque arcuatd, superne callosd, incrassatd ; callo albo, umbilicum extis albo-zonatum par- tim occultante. Var. 3. Testd dilute aurantio-fulvd, spadiceo-trifasciatd nec reticu- latd. Var. y. Testd albd seu albidd maculis spadiceis triseriatis cinctd interdum lineis reticulatd, seu lineis confluentibus subflammulatd. Var. 6.? Testd globoso-ovatd, albd seu pallidé aurantid, lineis reti- culatis pictd, nec fasciatd. An Nerita arachnoidea, Gmelin, p. 3674. no.17 ? Chemnitz, Conch. v. pl. 188. fig. 1915, 1916, optima (Mus. Paris), non Natica arach- noidea, Lamarck (Natica cruentata, var. trifasciata, nobis). Hab. “‘ Zanzebar, East Africa; found on the sands by Mr. T. Thorre. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao ; found on sandy mud.” H. Cuming. ‘Trincomalee, bay of Ceylon, by M. Raynaud (Mus. Paris). Var. ¢. patriam ignoro. 26. Natica GauLapacosa. Nat. testd globoso-acutd, subepider- mide dilute olivaceo-albd, fascid largd carneo-rufescente aut viri- descente, superne fascid pallide rufa cinctd; anfractibus quinis subplanis : infimo ventricoso, superné declivi, planiusculo ; spird parvuld, conico-depressd, rufo-fulvd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, albd, obliqud ; columella oblique rectd, superne calloso-angulatd, ad umbilicum parvum, partim occultante reflexd. Operculum cartilagineum, olivaceo-fuscum tenuissime radiatim stria- tum, aperturd teste minus. Hab. “‘ Gallapagos Islands; found in coral sand at Albemarle island.”’ H. Cuming. 27. Natica pistrormis. Nat. testd minimd, subglobosd, albido- viridescente, subpellucidd ; anfractibus depressis, infimo ventricoso, superné sepiis subanguloso, levigatis ; spird depresso-conicd seu planulatd, vie exsertd; aperturd semirotundd ; columelld rectd, - 144. Zoological Society. supern? breve reflexd, adnatd ; umbilico punctiformi, subfuniculato. Operculum cartilagineum, tenuiter radiatim striatum, lutescens, in medio rubicundum ? Tale ego vidi in aperturd eddem teste. Hab. _“ Valparaiso, Chili; found in coarse sand at aS fa- thoms.” H. Cuming. ** Testd ovato-acutd, tenuiusculd, sepissime zonatd ; columelld nigro aut fusco-purpurascente pictd; operculo cartilagineo, oblongo ; aperturd angustiore. 28. Natica Zanzesarica. Nat. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, subepi- dermide olivaceo-albd, maculis fusco-purpureis elongatis interdum confluentibus trifasciatd ; anfractibus senis, convexis, tenuiter et crebre striatis : penultimo maculis bifasciato, infimo ovato; spird conico-acutd, albd; apice fusco, minimo; aperturd ovato-aculd, columella supra umbilicum adnatd, reflexd, fusco-purpurascente, anticé vie arcuatd ; umbilico profundo, extis partim occultato. Hab. “ Zanzebar.” Mr. Thorre. 29. Natica Priamus. Nat. testd ovato-acutd, ventricosd, nitidis- simd, tenue striatd, zond pallidiore in medio cinctd : zond lateraliter maculis spadiceis seriatis, sepitis remotis et quadratis marginatd ; spird parvd, conico-acutd, maculis fasciatd, apice albo et puncto Susco notato ; aperturd ovatd, basi et antic? dilatatd, albido-fuscd ; columella supra umbilicum adnatd, chocolatd, subarcuatd, extern? in medio albo unimaculatd et reflexd, umbilicum profundum zond extis decurrente rufd partim occultante ; funiculo valde depresso, viz conspicuo, in umbilicum continuato. Var. 3. pallidiore. Hab. “ Moluccas,” H. Cuming: Isle of France, M. Le Colonel Mathieu (Mus. Paris). Natica maura, Lamarck’s Encyclop., Sowerby, Tankerville Cat., proxima sed major, ventricosior, tenuior, fasciata, columella tenuior valde differt. 30. Natica Samarensis. Nat. testd ovato-acutd, albido et ceru- lescente longitudinaliter pallid zonatd, fusco-spadiceo transversim quadrifasciatd : fasciarum maculis interdum flammeformibus aut confluentibus ; spird conico-acutd, albo cinctd; aperturd ovatd, spadiceo-flammulatd ; columelld omnind rufo-fuscd, subrectd, basi obtuse emarginaid, superne reflexrd, supra umbilicum extern? auctd ; umbilico fere tecto, intis spadiceo. Operculum cartilagineum, tenuiter radiato-striatum, angulo circulari in medio notatum, luteo-fuscescens, aperturd teste multd minus. Hab. *‘ Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines; under stones at low water.” H. Cuming. Natica Simie, Deshayes in Lamarck, An. s. vert. viii. p.652. no.45. (Lister, Conch. pl. 142. f. 36. Ner. fasciatus @ museo Ozoniensi), proxima, sed major, solidior, fasciis dissimilibus, columelld omnind rufo- Suscd differt. 31. Natica sex, Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, pl. 35. fig. 6, 7. optime ; Seba Mus., iii. pl. 41. f. 21. optima. Geological Society. 145 Var. 3. Testd tenui, subepidermide stramined, exalbidd, anfractibus superne lacteo marginatis, columeild et umbilico rufo-fuscis. Operculum tenue, rubrum, longitudinaliter creberrime transversim radiatim valde striatum. Hab. “St. Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines ; found under stones, This species is remarkable for the smallness of the operculum; the animal covers a part of the shell when at rest.” H. Cuming. Var. /3. “‘ Loon, isle of Bohol, Philippines; found under stones.” H. Cuming. | GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Nov. 1, 1843.—The following communications were read :— 1. “On the Fossil Remains of Star-fishes of the Order Upiiuride, found in Britain.” By Prof. Edward Forbes. After enumerating the several Ophiuride recorded as British fos- sils, the author described four new species, viz. 1. Ophioderma tenut- brachiata, and 2. Ophiura Murravi, discovered by Dr. Murray in the lias near Scarborough; 3. Amphiura Pratti, discovered by Mr. Pratt in the Oxford clay; and 4. Ophiura cretacea, communicated by Mr. Tennant, from the chalk. The animals of this order appear to have commenced their existence in the earliest periods of organic life, and to have continued to the present day without any great modifications of form, of family or generic value. ‘They seem at present to be much more numerous than at any former period. None of the fossil spe- cies is identical with the existing. 2. ‘*On the Geology of Malta and Gozo.” By Lieut. Spratt, R.N., Assistant Surveyor H.M.S. Beacon. The formations composing these islands are tertiary, and appear, from the author’s researches, to belong to one geological epoch. They are all of marine origin, and very regularly deposited in parallel strata, but little inclined from the horizontal. ‘They may be grouped under four divisions :—1. Coral limestone; 2. Yellow sandstone and blue clay; 3. Yellow and white calcareous sandy freestone; and 4. Yellowish white semi-crystalline limestone. Each of these groups is characterized by peculiar fossils, some of which are common to more than one. By a careful examination of the organic remains in each, the author was enabled to detect several extensive faults in both islands. These displacements amount generally to about half the present height of the islands above the sea, viz. about 300 feet, and the direction of the faults is transverse to the line of elevation, or the direction of the islands, that is, N.E. and S.W., the chain of islands running N.W. and S.E. Advantage of the irregularities of surface caused by these faults has been taken in constructing the military defences of the island. ‘The author concludes with a de- tailed account of the several strata and their subdivisions, describing the distribution of the contained fossils, a collection of which accom- panied the paper. Nov. 15.—The following papers were read :— 1. ‘On some Fossil Remains of an Anopictherium, and two spe- cies of Giraffe, from the tertiary strata of the Sewalik Hills in India.” By Dr. Falconer and Capt. Cautley. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. L 146 Ashmolean Society. The Anoplotherium is an undescribed species, differing from those of the Paris basin, and much larger, its size being between that of the horse and of the Sumatran rhinoceros. It is founded on two upper jaws, with the near molars perfect. It is a true Anoplothe- rium, as distinguished from the subgenera of Xtphodon and Dicho- bune. The discoverers have named it Anoplotherium Sivalense. ‘The remains were dug out of a bed of clay in the tertiary strata of the Sewaiik hills, mixed up with bones of Sivatherium, Camelus Siva- i nsis, Antelope, Crocodile, &c. The authors describe two species of giraffe. The first, which they designate Camelopardalis Sivalensis, is founded on the third cervical vertebra of an old animal, and they infer it to have been one-third smaller than the existing species. The bone is very perfect, and completely silicified. It measures 8 inches, while the same vertebra of the existing species is 113 to 12 inches. The bone is more slender in its proportions than the existing one, and exhibits a series of specific differences in addition to the size, The second species they name Camelopardalis affinis, provisionally, from its close resemblance to the existing Cape Giraffe, in form and size of teeth, &c. ‘The species is founded on two fragments of the upper jaw, with the back molars, and a fragment of lower jaw con- taining the last molar. ‘The dimensions agree to within the tenth of an inch with those of a female head in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. The giraffe bones were found along with those of Anoplotherium, Camel, Crocodilus biporcatus, &c., in a clay bed in the Sewalik hills*. ' 2. Prof. Sedgwick commenced the reading of a paper, in continua- tion of his former memoir, ‘‘ On the Geology of North Wales,” and described a section across the Berwyns. ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY. Ozford, June 3.—Prof. Twiss read a paper in illustration of a collection of specimens of the Ova and Fry of the Salmon, presented to the Ashmolean Museum by Mr. A. Young, the manager of the Duke of Sutherland’s fisheries on the river Shin, in Sutherlandshire. The collection consists of thirteen specimens of the ova, selected at intervals varying from twenty to one hundred and thirty-three days from the time of theiz being deposited, and ten specimens of the young fry from the day on which they were hatched, the one hundred and thirty-fifth after impregnation, to the time when they assume the silvery character of the smolt and descend to the sea, which in this case was one year and nine days after exclusion from the egg. The experiments of Mr. Young, which have now been carried on through a period of three years with the greatest care, confirm the previous observations of Mr. Shaw, in the Nith river in Dumfriesshire, in their general bearings, with such slight variations as the different characters of the respective rivers may account for. Mr. Young has ascertained that the average period required for hatching the ova of the salmon of the Shin river varies from one hundred to one hun- * The first announcement of the fossil remains of the Giraffe was made by Capt. Cautley in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. vii p. 658 (15th July, 1838). Miscellaneous. 147 dred and forty days, according to the greater or less warmth of the weather. Mr. Young considers that the fish passes through the condition of parr, whose characteristics are the transverse bands, and assumes the silvery appearance of the smolt in about twelve months from the time of being hatched; and he is disposed to think, that some of the young. fish which have been deposited as ova, and there- fore hatched late in the season, do not assume the smolt appearance, nor go down to the sea at the end of the first year. Prof. Twiss called attention to the importance of tnese observations in connexion with the preservation of the young fish, which have hitherto not unfrequently been taken and destroyed, as if a distinct species of trout; to the increased facility of propagating peculiar breeds or races of fish, by transporting the ova, when impregnated, in water from one river to another; and to the great value of careful notices as to the spawning-seasons of the fish of different rivers, in con- nexion with a more discriminating system of legal regulations as to the fence months. Dr. Buckland gave some account of his visit to the experimental ponds at Drumlanrig, in company with Prof. Agassiz, who was himself conducting a series of analogous experiments on the trout of the lake of Neufchatel. He alluded to the great proba- ble advantages of hatching the ova in artificial ponds, with a view to the preservation of the young fry. In the experiments of Agassiz, and Sir F. Mackenzie, Bart., it was found nepEMaty to feed the young fry with the paunches of sheep. Prof. ''wiss afterwards read a letter from Mr. ps of Invershin Bonar Bridge, N.B., respecting the propagation of Eels. ‘The fol- lowing are the more important conclusions:—The adults spawn in the summer months, in sand and gravel banks in the rivers, and do not descend to brackish water to deposit their spawn. ‘The spawn becomes vivid in the following September and October, but remains under the gravel, in the spawning-beds, until the following Apml or May, depending entirely upon the heat and cold of the weather ; and the adult eels, in place of emigrating, get into holes in the * banks of the rivers, and underneath large stones, as soon as the water turns cold, and remain stationary until the warmth of summer again heats the water of the rivers. MISCELLANEOUS. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CUSCUTA. Tux following description of a new Cuscuta by Dr. L. Pfeiffer of Cassel, occurs in the ‘ Botanische Zeitung’ of Oct. 13, 1843. As some of the plants on which it is found are common with us, it is not improbable it may be met with in this country. Cuscuta hassiaca, Pfr. Caule ramoso, floribus irregulariter fascicu- latis, pedunculatis, fasciculis et floribus singulis bractea fultis, ca- lyce campanulato 5-fido, tubo corolle campanulato, Jimbum eequante, squamis convergentibus clauso, 5-fido, laciniis expansis, apice subcorniculato inflexis ; stamin. 5 anthera brevioribus ; stylis 2 filiformibus, stigmatibus weogrruacs L 2 148 Miscellaneous. This plant was collected on avery dry and sunny bank near Cassel, parasitical on Anthemis Cotula, Barkhausia fetida, Sonchus asper, Galium verum, Torilis nodosa, &c., sometimes twining round them and adhering by lateral tubercles like C. Europea, and at others lying detached in dense yellow masses on the ground. It is distin- guished by its pedunculated flowers and capitate stigmas from all the other German Cuscutas. On referring to Dietrich’s ‘ Synopsis’ (1840), Dr. Pfeiffer found the characters of C. Americana, Pers., to come pretty near to it, but to differ in the umbellate flowers. From the Bengal C. sulcata, Roxb., it is distinguished by the absence of the furrows in the calyx, &c. The orange-yellow colour of the stems ren- ders it very conspicuous when growing in any quantity —A. Henrrey. Observations on the Habits of the Python Natalensis. By Thomas S. Savage, M.D., of Cape Palmas, Western Africa. This serpent, when spoken of by travellers and residents, has been erroneously called ‘ Boa,’ and thus confounded with the South Ame- rican genus. There is a striking similarity, however, between the two, both in structure and habits, so that were it not for the arrange- ment of the subcaudal scales, one would be identified with the other. During my residence here, which has been five years, [ have seen a number of individuals of the serpent, but one however alive, which is the specimen I now send. The first of which I had any authentic account was one that ap- peared on the Mission premises of the A. B. C. F. Missions. The facts in the case have been kindly furnished by my friend the Rev. J. L. Wilson. He informed me that it was attracted into the yard by a dog. He says in answer to my inquiries, ‘‘ He was 14 feet long, and held the dog not more than two minutes before the natives came to his relief. I suppose that the snake had stretched himself across the path, and seized the dog in the act of jumping over him. I was too much frightened to observe what was the shape of the snake while he held the dog in his folds. Iam inclined to think that he had nothing to fasten his tail to while he held the dog. None of the bones of the dog were broken, and I am inclined to think that he received no injury whatever. “The snake did not let go his hold till he had received a fatal blow from a bill-hook. ‘The dog then leaped up suddenly several times, as if he were not sure of having been extricated, ran around and entered the back-yard, but for some time appeared afraid of every- thing and everybody. His back only was slimed, and this could not be washed off, but gradually wore away in the course of a week or ten days.” The next individual of which I have heard was attracted into the house of a colonist, an old woman, by a hen and her chickens. An unusual noise was heard under the bed in the night, which awakened the woman. By a light she discovered the serpent in the act of seizing its prey; affrighted, she fled to the house of a neighbour, who came and captured him with his gun. The third individual appeared upon my own premises early in 1837. An antelope was discovered by some workmen a short distance from Miscellaneous. 149 my house. Upon the first sight, the natives as usual raised a cry, when he suddenly disappeared among the bushes, They started in pursuit. But a few moments elapsed before they heard a cry from the antelope, which directed them to the spot, where they beheld the animal struggling in the folds of a large Python. They all fired si- multaneously, and shot at the same instant both the serpent and its victim. The former I measured, and found it over 14 feet. The an- telope was a large one, and it was difficult to believe that it could have been received through the throat of the serpent, comparatively so small. ‘The head had been cut off and the body greatly mutilated before I saw it; but taking a section of the skin where the abdomen begins to expand above the vent, and not including the greatest volume, I stretched it moderately. It was very easily distended ; and I soon satisfied myself, that without going beyond the natural power of expansion, it would have taken the body of the antelope. It was skinned by the natives, and the flesh when denuded was of the most delicate white. It was divided among them, and not a par- ticle, whether of skin or any other part, was lost. All was carried home, cooked and eaten. [rom the skin was made a soup. I was extremely disgusted at the sight of a man carrying off in his hand, with an air of great satisfaction, a string of the intestines. This and other serpents are eagerly sought by the natives for food. I have seen two other individuals in the course of the present year : they were captured by natives who were clearing up their land for rice-farms. They were much mutilated by transverse gashes from these ‘‘ bill-hooks.”” ‘Three more, I was informed, were found upon the same piece of land, which ied the individual to abandon it, from the superstitious notion that it could not yield a crop. The next specimen is the one before me. It measured 10 feet in length, is young, and was captured on the 22nd of February by my associate, the Rev. Joshua Smith, on the premises of one of our out- stations. His account, in answer to my inquiries, is as follows: “I had retired for the night, but was wakeful and unable to get to sleep. About twelve o’clock I heard Fanny (a favourite dog) barking vio- lently in the girls’ school-house. ‘The barking soon ended in a cry of distress. I thought it probable that a leopard had attacked her, as they often do carry off dogs and other domestic animals. I went down and walked around the house where there was a hole, affording Fanny ingress and egress. The moon shone brightly, but I could not see the cause of trouble, nor hear any noise. I called the dog by name, but she did not appear, nor could I hear anything except what I thought to be the hiss of some ducks that were shut up there. I opened the door, but still I could see nothing. I then went back to my chamber for a lantern, and returning opened again the door, when I disco- vered the dog in the folds of a serpent with her back downwards, and seemingly motionless. I went back to my chamber for a weapon, and finding only a country dagger, I returned accompanied by some men, and entered the school-house again with the lantern in my hand. ‘The serpent was coiled twice or thrice around the dog, his tail grasping the foot of a bench, and his jaws fastened on her throat. _ His motion in compressing his prey may be compared to that of a - cord when tightened around anything, and some one pulling first at 150 Biacolineadiel one end and then at the other. I thought it best to thrust the dag- ger into the snake as near the head as possible; but as that was hidden by the bench I could not see it, and I made a thrust through the lungs. It started and Fanny was thrown from its folds with a jerk, when its aim was to retreat by the way it had entered. I then withdrew the dagger and thrust it into the snake further back, so as to hold him till the men on the outside could disable him. As his head appeared they beat him with sticks, so as to prevent him from running away entirely.” To the above I will add, that Mr. Smith displayed great fearless- ness on the occasion ; for though there were on the spot a number of men, both colonists and natives, yet not one could be induced to follow him into the house. An attack from the serpent might have been apprehended, for he was evidently in a state of extreme hunger. The general habit of this serpent in seeking for its prey is to lie in ambush near a frequented path or watering-place, and suspended from a tree, or with its tail fixed to some other object, suddenly dart upon the unwary animal. ‘The attack is so sudden and violent that the victim is often prostrated and stunned, and then begins the dreadful process of constriction, A bullock was so much injured ina recent attack, as to be supposed beyond the possibility of recovery. In making the onset, it is not always necessary that the tail should be coiled around a fixed object. ‘The hooks or claws near the anus are sometimes protruded, it is said (and the evidence is wholly satis- factory), and inserted in the ground or under roots, thus affording a fulerum which gives inconceivable force to the blow. These horny processes, or rudimental feet as they have been called, are also serviceable in ascending trees: they are inserted into the ground and bark of the tree, constituting fixed points, which greatly facilitate the ascent. We have satisfactory testimony in proof of another habit that I have never seen mentioned, in which these hooks must be highly serviceable. It is said, that in fields more or less open they often raise their heads above the surrounding grass and shrub- bery in search of prey ; their application then in this act must be evi- dent; protruded and penetrating the ground beneath the roots, they must afford great support to the body. In this position birds have been known to attempt to alight, mistaking it, in its motionless at- titude, fora stick or stump, and thus to have fallen unwarily into its distended jaws. Instances of its attack upon men are very rare, and never, pro- bably, except when it is in a state of extreme hunger. The natives fear them single-handed, but not in numbers. They seek them for food, esteeming them very highly on their bill of fare. Its places of resort are streams and damp places. Almost all ani- mals constitute its prey. It is not poisonous, as is well known. Its constrictive power is all that renders it formidable.-—J’rom the Boston (U. 8.) Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 2. ON THE PLACE OF ISOETES IN THE SYSTEM. Following the opinion of C. Richard, M. Bory de St. Vincent con- siders that the Linnean genus /soétes has such distinct characters that it must be regarced as a natural family; to this it has been ob- Meteorological Observations. 151 jected, that it would be unadvisable to increase the number of fami- lies by forming one containing only one or two species. The Jsoétes are certainly not ferns, neither can they be classed with the Lycopodiacee, as some have proposed. In the flora resulting from the botanical explorations of the scientific commission of Al- geria, the family of the /soétacee has not only been firmly established, but at least two or three species have been added. In the first instance only two Isoéies were known, both aquatic ; the lucustris of the north, and J. Coromandelia of Hindostan. Prof. Delile found the /soétes of the pool of Gramont near Montpellier so different from the dacustris of Linnzeus, that he has characterized it as a new species under the name of J. setacea. It is essentially south- ern, and has been found by Dr. Mogent in the Géradmer, an elevated lake of the Vosges. Subsequently a fourth /soétes was found in Brazil, and several others have been found in N. America, New Holland and the islands of the Pacific. ‘Those which have been found in Algeria are of two kinds, and might be separated into two very distinct sub- genera: the first composed of two or three species, like all previously known Jsoées, aquatic ; the second of two terrestrial species, which instead of growing at the bottom of lakes, are found in the driest and most exposed parts of the country. The Isoétes of Algeria are— *Aquatice: 1. J. setacea, Del., a Delilei, 8 Peyrremondii ; 2. I. lon- gissima (n. sp.): ** Terrestres: 3.J. Duriei (n. sp.), and 4. I. hystrix (n. sp.).—Comptes Rendus, June 24, 1844. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR JUNE 1844, Chiswick.—June 1. Clear and fine. 2. Overcast and cold: fine: cloudy. 3. Light clouds and very fine. 4, 5. Very fine. 6. Shght rain: cloudy. 7, Over- cast: boisterous. 8. Very fine. 9. Slight rain: very fine. 10, Fine: cloudy. 11—16. Very fine. 17. Hot and dry: cloudy. 18. Rain: fine. 19. Overcast: heavy clouds, with showers. 20. Overcast. 21, 22. Very fine. 23. Exceed- ingly clear: sultry. 24, Cloudy: hot and sultry. 25. Constant heavy rain. 26. Cloudy: fine. 27. Cloudy. 28,29. Very fine. 30. Dry haze: overcast and fine.— Mean temperature of the month 2°19 above the average. Boston.—June }. Fine. 2, 3. Cloudy. 4. Fine. 5. Cloudy. 6. Rain early a.M.: rain a.m, 7. Cloudy. 8. Cloudy: thermometer at 4 o’clock 75°, 9. Cloudy. 10. Fine: raina.m. 11. Fine. 12. Fine: thermometer 4 o’clock 75°. 13, Fine: stormy all day. 14,15. Stormy. 16,17. Fine. 18. Cloudy. 19, 20. Cloudy: rain a.m.and p.m. 21. Cloudy. 22, Fine. 23. Fine: ther- mometer at noon 81°, 24, Fine: rain early a.m., with thunder and lightning : thermometer at noon 80°. 25. Cloudy: rain a.m. and r.m. 26, 27. Cloudy. 28— 30. Fine. Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—June |. Cloudy. 2, 3. Bright: cloudy. 4. Showers: cloudy. 5—7. Showers: rain. 8. Bright: cloudy. 9. Cloudy: showers, 10, 11. Bright: drops, 12. Bright: rain. 13. Showers: bright. 14, 15. Showers, 16. Bright: clear. 17. Clear. 18. Drizzle. 19, Drizzle: drops. 20. Showers: drops. 21. Clear. 22. Fog. 23, Drops: clear. 24, Hazy: clear. 25, Clear: cloudy. 26,27. Cloudy. 28, Cloudy: damp. 29, 30. Cloudy. Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire-— June 1. Dry and withering. 2. Dry and withering: cloudy. 3. Fine. 4. Cloudy and threatening rain. 5, 6. Rain. 7. Very wet. 8. Fair, but cloudy, 9. Fair: threatening. 10. Showers. 11. One slight shower. 12,13. Heavy rain. 14,15, Fair, 16. Fair and fine. 17, 18. Rain. 19, Fair, 20, 21. Rain. 22. Fair. 23. Fair and warm: thunder. 24. Rain. 25. Showery. 26—S0. Fair and fine. 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SEPTEMBER 1844. > XVIII.—Some Observations on the Genus Serpula, with an Enu- meration of the Species observed with the Animal in the Medi- terranean. By Dr. A. Puriipri*. . [With a Plate. ] Few animals have been so much neglected by naturalists as the Serpule, frequent proofs of which assertion will occur in the course of these observations ; it is on this account that I consider it advantageous to lay before the zoological public the results of my observations made on twenty-five species relative to the ex- ternal structure of the animal; I shall reserve for a separate work more detailed descriptions, which will be accompanied by drawings. Linneeus, in the 12th edition of his ‘ Systema Nature,’ p. 1264, characterizes the genus Serpula thus : “Animal Terebella. Testa univalvis, tubulosa, adherens (szepe isthmis integris intercepta).” By the words “animal Terebella,” Linnzeus, although he has ad- mitted several species of Vermetus among Serpula from his being unacquainted with the animals, has nevertheless excluded Adan- son’s Vermetus. The words “ sepe isthmis integris intercepta ” refer solely to the shell of Vermetus, and must therefore be ex- cluded from the diagnosis. Lamarck likewise adopts this false characteristic ; but Blainville has correctly stated in the ‘ Dict. des Sciences Naturelles,’ vol. xlvii. p. 550, that it is precisely in the absence of septa that the shell of Serpula differs from that of Vermetus. My former supposition, that the shell of Vermetus possessed exclusively a porcellanous nature, while that of the spe- cies of Serpula was calcareous, I must now retract, having become acquainted with true Serpule with a vitreous shell. The true Serpule have been divided by modern zoologists into the following genera: Serpula, Lamk.; Vermilia, Lamk. ; Galeo- laria, Lamk. ; Cymospira, Savigny, Blainville ; Spirorbis, Lamk. ; Filograna, Berkeley ; Protula, Risso ; Spiromella, Savigny, Blain- * From Wiegmann’s Archiv, Part 2. 1844. Translated by W. Francis, h.D. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. M 154 ~ Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. ville. The characters on which these separations are founded are of different value. Vermilia and Galeolaria differ from Serpula solely by the structure of the operculum ; according to Lamarck, Serpula possesses an ‘ operculum pedicellatum infundibuliforme aut cla- vatum (corneum)’; for some lines further he says, “ cette opercule, par conséquent, n’est point calcaire.” (2nd ed. An. sans vertébres, v. p- 361.) Vermilia, on the contrary, has an ‘operculum festaceum orbiculatum, simplex’; and further on, ‘ad dos convexe,le plus souvent conique. (Ibid. p. 368.) Galeolaria, lastly, is said to possess an ‘operculum testaceum compositum,’ which, according to my obser- vations however, does not consist of five to nine but of fifteen pieces ; the number however may differ in the various species ; at all events, the drawing in the Dict, des Sciences Naturelles’ is decidedly bad. Filograna, Berkeley, is said to possess constantly two opercula, which has likewise been observed exceptionally in other species. Protula, Risso, and Spiromella, Blainv., have no operculum: Cuvier refers them curiously enough to Sadella. The genera Cymospira and Spirorbis have been established according to the number of filaments into which the branchie are divided and according to their arrangement. In Cymospira the branchiz are on each side divided into numerous filaments and rolled upspirally; im Spirorbis they consist only of three filaments ; but these characters are of very slight value. The different spe- cies of Serpula which I have observed with the animal have 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 18, 30, 40, and more filaments to each branchia, and the larger their number the more requisite is it for them to adopt a spiral arrangement. I have likewise found in Vermilia triquetra and Pomatoceros tricuspis (see below), that the filaments of the branchie describe a spiral of one convolution of the kind represented 9 when they are expanded. It appears therefore to me that no very accurate limits exist between spiral and non-spiral branchie. According to Blainville, the branchial - filaments of the Vermilie have cirrhi only on one side, which I look upon as an error. ~The mode of growth has likewise been taken into consideration, and those species with a spiral growth have been referred to Spi- rorbis ; yet the likewise remarkably spirally wound S. cereolus, the animal of which is still unknown, is excluded. One of the prin- cipal results of my observations is, that no relation exists between the nature of the animal and the shell, except perhaps in the genus Galeolaria ; this indeed is a sad result: thus, for instance, we have a three-ridged shell in three different sections, an orbi- cular shell in still more ; in one division there are smooth orbicular, orbicular with longitudinal bands, triangular, quadrangular, &c. From what has been stated above, the structure of the oper- culum is the best character upon which to form the subdivisions Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 155 of Serpula ; this character has moreover the advantage that it may still be frequently observed in dried specimens preserved m mu- seums. The structure however of the operculum is far more va- ried than hitherto supposed, and several new subdivisions must be made, of which the following are the characters :— A. Animal with opercula. On each side of the neck a short membrane, broad above and narrow beneath, bearing seven fasciculi of bristles, the upper one being generally directed anteriorly (this structure is not known of Galeolaria). Serpula, Cuv. a. Operculum horny, shallow or infundibuliform, esved- at the margin, radiately striped above ; supported on a subconical ~ fleshy petiole. Serpula in the restricted sense. b. Operculum calcareous, forming a shallow disc, margin entire. Placostegus, Ph. This operculum calls most to mind that of a gasteropod. ce. Operculum calcareous, conical, shortened or elongated, without appendage. Vermilia, Lamarck. d. Operculum caleareous, hemispherical, with appendages (which are interiorly hollow). Pomatoceros, Ph. e. Operculum calcareous? horny ? consisting of an elliptical shallow plate which supports on the hinder portion two rami- fied horns, but on the anterior margin uncinate bristles; the branchiz are rolled up spirally. Cymospira, Savigny, Blamy. The Serpula gigantea, Gm., which forms this division, I am not acquainted with from the original essays of Pallas and Home, but only from Blainville’s ‘ Dict.’ and from the copy of Home’s figure given by Blumenbach (Abbildungen Naturhist. Gegen- stinde, no. 67). f. Operculum horny, almost as in a, but provided on the upper side in the centre with moveable points, which (at least in one species) are likewise horny. Hupomatus, Ph. g. Operculum calcareous? obliquely truncated?; shell small, always spirally wound?; branchiz constantly? composed of few filaments. Spirorbis, Lamk. [The form of the operculum ex- hibited by the figure in the ‘ Dict. des Sciences Nat.’ 1. fig. 2. is, precisely as in Placostegus, different from the form which I have observed in another species. | h. Operculum calcareous, composed of very many pieces. Galeolaria, Lamk. é : ;‘ Ae B. No operculum. The lateral membrane continued for half the length of the body, equally broad. -Apomatus, Ph. a. Branchie spiral. Protula, Risso; Spiromella, Blainy, 4 156 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. ‘Dict.’ xlvii. p. 560*. [The description which Risso gives in his ‘ Hist. de PEur. Ménid.’ iv. p. 405. is quite romantic, and does not in the least agree with the statements of Cuvier in ‘Régne Animal,’ ed. 2. vol. ii. p. 192, whose description is exactly in accordance with my own observations, which will be detailed under 6. ] b. The branchiz simply fan-shaped. Psygmobranchus, Ph. I cannot agree with Cuvier in referring the last section, to which I have applied the name Apomatus, to Sabella. I would not lay. any great stress on the fact that the Sabelle form a membranous or coriaceous tube, while Apomatus forms a calcareous one; but I consider of great importance the fact, that in the Sabelle all the rings of the body are formed alike and are provided with similar bundles of bristles, while im Apomatus, precisely as in Serpula, the first seven fasciculi of bristles are fixed in a membranous ex- pansion, of which not a trace was indicated in the Sabelle ob- served by me. I will now pass on to the characters of the individual species. 1. Szerpuxa, L. (sensu strictior?). 1. S. echinata, Gm., testa teretiuscula, protensa, flexuosa, rosea, transversim rugosa, carinis denticulatis, echinata. Diam. 2". Animal branchiis albo coccineoque fasciatis, filorum (in utraque) 30 et ultra, operculo rubro. Gm. p. 3744; Gualt. t. 10 R.; Mare tini, 1. f. 8. 2. S. pallida, Ph., testa teretiuscula, protensa, flexuosa, pallide rosea, carina mediana conspicua, laterali utrinque obsoleta, striisque in- crementi tenuibus subaspera. Diam. 14”. Animal branchiis albo coccineoque fasciatis, filorum pauciorum quam in antecedente, operculo albido. 3. S. triquetra, L.?? testa triquetra, flexuosa, alba, altero, latere tota adnata. Diam. 2”, Animal branchiis albo coccineoque fasciatis, filorum circa 30; oper- culo coccineo, crenis circa 24 (according to the drawing ; I forgot to notice the number of folds). I do not however think that is the Linnzan species. Linneeus has not described the animal, and only saw small individuals ; the subsequent citations of Baster, copied by Martini, Gualtieri and others, do not exactly correspond to my species, as they represent the shell much thinner. It should also be observed, that the shells of Serpula triquetra, Vermilia triquetra, and Pomatoceros tricus- pis are difficult to distinguish without the animals. Would it therefore not be better to banish entirely the name Serpula tri- quetra of Linnzeus ? * The figure of Seba (i. t. 29. fig. 1, 2) does not agree, as already ob- served by Cuvier, with the diagnosis; it wants the disque of Cuvier or the thorax, “ égalant au moins la moitié de l’abdomen.” Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 157 4, S. vermicularis, L.? testa tereti, flexuosa, leeviuscula, apice libero protensa, rosea; ore patulo; carina denticulata dorsali demum obsoleta. Diam. 24", Animal branchiis omnino coccineis, filorum multorum ; operculo coc- cineo, crenis plurimis. (Fig. A. Plate III.) This species shows with how little judgement the Serpule have been investigated. Blainville, ‘ Dict.’ /. c. p. 553, assigns to each branchia seven to eight digitations, while in the drawing we find on each side twenty-six! In the description he terms the oper- culum clavate with two minute horns; but this is the case, ac- cording to pl. 1. fig. 3, with the operculum of Vermilia trique- tra; and the figure of Serpula vermicularis, pl. 1. fig. 1, exhibits a totally different form of operculum, being according to the defi- nition I have given above, that of a true Serpula. Is it possible to commit greater contradictions ? Thus then, according to Blain- ville’s description of the operculum, the animal is not a Serpula but must be a Vermila, Lamarck, which genus Blainville adopts. Cuvier likewise states in the ‘ Regne Animal,’ ed. 2. iii. p. 191, (according to Mull. Z. D.,) that the operculum has two or three small points, in which his species and Miiller’s would be a Poma- toceros. [It is possible that nos. 1, 2 and 4 should be considered as mere varieties of one species. | 5. S. aspera, Ph., testa teretiuscula costis circa 7, crenulatis ornata, alba. Diam. 1”. Animal branchiis fuscescentibus aut rubentibus, filorum 8 utrinque; operculo albido, crenis 16—24. (Fig. B.) An Vermilia scabra, Lam.? The figure in Delessert’s ‘ Recueil,’ &c. is thoroughly bad, and the text in this work is, as iswell known, of no assistance whatever. 6. S. subquadrangula, Ph., testa elongata, subquadrangula, angulis crenato-dentatis, carinis tribus, singulis in medio laterum libero- rum. Diam. ?””. Animal albidum, branchiis filorum 8 utrinque ; operculo basi aucto, fuscescente, crenis admodum profundis, circa 24. (Fig. C.) The fleshy petiole is not simply conically thickened at the ex- tremity, but first cylindrically and then obconically. 7. S. venusta, Ph., testa tereti, transversim striata, varicibus pluribus ornata ; alba, ore patulo. Diam. 3". Animal coccineum ; branchiis filorum frequentium ; operculi crenis circa 60. The largest species which I have observed and preserved in spirits. The animal is 28" in length, and 3! in thickness. 2. Piacostscus, Ph. 1. Pl. crystallinus, Scac., testa vitrea, triquetra, demum libera, et 158 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. earinis omnibus excurrentibus tricuspidata ; carina dorsali serrata. Diam. 14”. Animal album; fasciis duabus fuscis in branchiis; filis circa 9 in utraque ; pedunculo operculi simplici. (Fig. D.) Serpula crystallina, Scac. Catalogo, p. 18. Lives in great depths upon corals, 2. Pl. fimbriatus, Delle Chiaje, testa teretiuscula, seriebus 4—7 lon- gitudinalibus appendicum falcatarum, pectinatarum, confertissi- marum ornata. Diam. 1—14"", Animal album ; branchiarum coccinearum filis utrinque circa 9 ; pe- dunculo opercili appendice aucto. (Fig. E.) Serpula fimbriata, D. Ch, Memorie, iii. p, 226. t. 48, f. 19, 20, testa animal cl. auctori non innotuit), 3. Vermitia, Lamk. 1. V. triquetra, Lamk., testa triquetra, flexuosa, alba, altero latere adnata. Diam. 1'”. Animal branchiarum albarum, fusco-articulatarum filis numerosis ? (saltem ultra 7); operculo elongato, subcylindrico, obtuso ; pedun- culo utrinque filum gerente. (Fig, F.) Vermilia triquetra, Lamk. nr. 2, ‘‘ Son opercule est conique,” Rare. See the previous observation respecting Linneeus’s Ser- pula triquetra. 2. V. infundibulum, Gm., testa tereti, alba, multoties varicosa, quas ex infundibulis sese recipientibus conflata ; ore quam maxime pa- tulo. Diam. (oris) 43". Animal branchiarum albo coccineoque fasciatarum filis multis ; oper- culo elongato-conico. (Fig. G.) Serpula infundibulum, Gm. p. 3745; Lamk. nr. 9, excl. var.; Deles- - sert, Recueil, 1. fig. 8. ad specimen malum. 3. V. clavigera, Ph., testa tereti, lineis longitudinalibus elevatis quin- que ornata. Diam. gm, Animal . . . . operculo valde elongato, subcylindrico, (Fig. H.) The dry animal did not exhibit the branchie distinctly on being softened. 4. V. calyptrata, Ph., testa tereti, crassa, transversim corrugata. Diam. 13!". Animal fuanvenoeisi: collari lineaque in filis branchiarum viridibus, filis branchiarum 11 ; ciliis rufo-fuscis ; operculo conum obliquum truncatum referente. (Fig. J.) 5. V. multicristata, Ph., testa tereti, lamellis 5, ” aca: sa il plerumque pectinatim incisis cristata. Diam. 3 Animal albidum ; operculo parvo, conico, basi carnose, multo cras- riori, subglobose insidente. (Fig. K.) I likewise possessed only a dried specimen of this species, the branchiz of which could not be disentangled. 6. V. elongata, Ph., testa obscure quandrangula, crassa, transversim rugosa, linea impressa dorsali, Diam, 2!", Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 159 Animal rubrum ; branchiarum utrinque filis 6—8 ; operculo elongato- conico; pedunculo utrinque filum gerente [ut in V, triguetra]. (Fig. L.) 7. V. quinquelineata, Ph., testa tereti, lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus, leevibus, quinque ornata [ut-in V. clavigera]. Diam, $""—2". Animal branchiarum lutescentium filis utrinque 8, rubro maculatis ; operculo conum brevem obliquum referente [fere ut in S. calyp- trata]. (Fig. M.) 8. V. polytrema, Ph., testa triquetra adnata; carinis foris frequen- tibus perforatis. Diam. 14". Animal coccineum, branchiarum filis utrinque c. 6; operculo forma coni obliqui brevissimi; pedunculo albido annulis tribus fuscis ornato et utrinque filum gerente [ut in nr. 1 et 6]. (Fig. N.) In Vermilia triquetra and other triangular Serpule, the keels consist when broken through of a series of cells; in this species only the septa as it were of the cells are developed, and the three keels perforated by the rows of their apertures are highly elegant in appearance. The diameter of the tubes is very small, from the lateral adherent margins occupying the greater portion of the diameter. 9. V. emarginata, Ph., testa tereti, alba, carinis 3—4 sepe in dentes antrorsum directos, dorso incisos elevatis. Diam. 1'”. Animal filis branchiarum utrinque 6—7 ; operculo formam coni ob- liqui truncati referente ; pagina superiore marginata, antice emar- ginata, obscure bidentata. (Fig. O.) I examined a softened specimen of the animal in Cassel. 4. Pomatocrros, Ph. 1. P. tricuspis, Ph., testa triquetra, sepe in gyrum contorta, alba. Diam. 2'", Animal branchiis albo et coccineo, sive albo et fusco fasciatis ; filis ultra 18 ; operculo hemispherico, vertice cornubus tribus acutis instructo ; pedunculo utrinque filum gerente. (Fig. P.) Very common. This appears to be the Serpula triquetra, Fr. Hoffmann, ‘ Verhandl. Berl. Gesells.’ vol. ui. p. 150. It may pro- bably likewise be S. triguetroides (!), Delle Chiaje, Mem. iv. t. 67. f. 15. without description. Does S. vermicularis, Cuy., ‘ Régne Anim.’ ed. 2. 1. p. 191, likewise belong here? “son opercule en massue est armée de deux ou trois petites pointes.” Vermilia triquetra, ‘ Dict. des Se. Nat.’ pl. 1. fig. 3, appears to form a second species, the operculum of which, supposing the figure to be correct, consists of two appendages and supports a forked appendage, the two ends of the fork being obtuse. 5. Cymosprra, Savigny. _ No species belonging to this genus occurs, as far as I am aware, in the Mediterranean. 160 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 6. Evpomatvus, PA. 1. E. uncinatus, Ph., testa tereti, transversim rugosa. Diam, 1!!', Animal fuscescens; branchiarum albarum, fusco-fasciatarum filis utrinque 13; margine operculi inciso-dentato; cornubus octo; apice incurvo uncinatis. (Fig. Q.) Not rare. Delle Chiaje, ‘ Memorie,’ vol. iui. t. 48. fig. 21, figures a perfectly similar animal with two opercula, but calls it Sabella eupleana, and asserts that its shell consists of grains of sand ! ! 2. EH. pectinatus, Ph., testa tereti, transversim rugosa, lineisque lon- gitudinalibus obsoletis. Diam. #”. Animal fulvum ; branchiarum filis utrinque decem, punctis coccineis ornatis ; operculi margine crenato; cornubus duodecim, rectis, utrinque pectinatis, dentibus tribus acutis. (Fig. R.) A specimen which I examined possessed two perfectly similar opercula. 7. Sprrorsis, Lamk. 1. Sp. Cornu Arietis, Ph., testa spirali, tereti, concentrice striata ; anfractu ultimo reliquos abscondente. Diam. totus gyri 4’. Animal pallide aurantiacum, branchiarum albarum filis utrinque qua- tuor; operculo obliquo, subspathulato, in parte postica appendice brevi aucto. (Fig. S.) The operculum is placed obliquely on the petiole as in Cymo- spira; the inferior or hinder margin is thicker, and supports a short, weak, bifid appendage ; the upper or anterior margin is thin and simple. Spirorbis nautiloides, Lamk., is extremely com- mon; I have not however had occasion to examine the animal. 8. Fitograna, Berkeley. I have not been able to observe the animal of this section. According to the short notice, without any statement respecting the source, in Lam. ‘ Hist.’ &c. ed. 2. v. p. 621, “le nombre des appendices tentaculaires est de hut, dont deux garnis d’un oper- cule infundibuliforme.” Are there really eight tentacular appen- dages instead of two? That would be highly remarkable. Or are the other six appendices tentaculaires the branchiz ? 9. Protuxa, Risso (ex emendatione Cuviert). 1. Pr. intestinum, Lamk., testa magna, tereti, undato-torta, levi, pri- mum repente, deinde libera. Diam. 5’. Animal (secundum Cuvier) branchiis aurantiacis. Rare. I have never been able to obtain the animal. The syn- onyma are: Serpula intestinum, Lamk., no. 3; Delessert, Recueil, t. 1. fig. 7. bene.—Protula Rudolphit, Risso, Hist. Eur. Mérid. iv. p- 406. [Risso’s description is so different from Cuvier’s state- Dr, A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 161 ments, that notwithstanding the authority of Cuvier, and notwith- standing the great mistakes which so frequently occur in Risso’s descriptions, we are inclined to doubt the identity.|—Sabella Protula, Cuv. Régne Anim., ed. 2. ui. p. 192. 10. Psyemosrancuus, Ph. 1. Ps. protensus, Gm., testa tereti, levi, protensa, elongata, parum versus finem attenuata. Diam. 24!". Animal flavescens ; branchiarum filis utrinque ultra 40, albis rubro annulatis ; membrana laterali lutea, maculis septem rubris. Serpula protensa, Gm. p. 3744; Rumph. t. 41. f. 3; Martini, 1. fig. 12 A. Although Rumphius’s figure represents a species from Am- boina, I cannot detect in the figure any difference between it and my species. 2. Ps. cinereus, Forsk., testa filiformi, glabra, varie flexa. Diam. 4 wt Animal pallide aurantiacum, branchiarum coccinearum filis utrinque quatuor. , Serpula cinerea, Forsk. fn. arab. p. 128; Gm. p. 3747. 3. Ps. intricatus, L., testa filiformi, flexuosa, tereti, scabra, medio subcarinata, valde rugosa. Diam. +—4!"". Animal aurantiacum ; branchiarum albarum filis utrinque tribus. Serpula intricata, L., ed. 12. p.1265 ; Gm. p. 3741. Very common. I am in doubt about the following species, having only seen a single specimen. Apomatus ampulliferus, Ph., testa transverse rugata, dorso sulcis duobus longitudinalibus, approximatis bipartito. Diam. }!/!’, Animal operculo nullo; branchiis flavidis, filis utrinque 7, punctis purpureis ornatis ; filo uno in vesiculam sphericam terminato. I should have looked upon this curious formation without he- sitation as a monstrosity, if my friend Scacchi had not observed, a few years previously, the animal likewise with the vesicle. Observation.—In the work ‘ Actinien, Echinodermen und Wiir- mer des Adriatischen und Mittelmeeres,’ by Dr. Grube, there is represented in fig. 11 the bristle of Serpula latisetosa. This name does not occur at all in the text p. 90, but there is a Sa- bella latisetosa; and in my copy, pages 57 to 64 are wanting. According to the catalogue, p. 90, the author collected the fol- lowing species :— Serpula intricata, L. glomerata, L. The Linnean species is, according to the authorities quoted, Vermetus triquetra, Born. plicaria, Lam. infundibulum, Gm. vermicularis, L. 162 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. Serpula proboscidea,Gm. Founded on two figures of Martini which I do not venture to explain, protensa, Gm. echinata, Gm, contortuplicata, L. . decussata, Gm. Founded on Lister, t. 547. f. 4. (copied in Martini, 2. f. 17.) from Barbadoes, and is probably a Vermetus : I suspect that Dr. Grube has conceived under this name Vermetus subcancellatus, Born. Spirorbis nautiloides, Lam. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fig. A. The operculum of Serpula vermicularis, L. Fig. B. aspera, Ph. Fig. C. subquadrangula, Ph. Fig. D. The operculum of Placostegus crystallinus, Sc. Fig. E. Jimbriatus, D. Ch. Fig. F. The operculum of Vermilia triquetra, Lam. Fig. G. - infundibulum, Gm. Fig. H. clavigera, Ph. Fig. J. calyptrata, Ph. Fig. K. multicristata, Ph. Fig. L. elongata, Ph. Fig. M. quinquelineata, Ph, Fig. N. polytrema, Ph. Fig. O. emarginata, Ph. Fig, P. The operculum of Pomatoceros tricuspis, Ph. fig. Q. Eupomatus uncinatus, Ph. -R : pectinatus, Ph. Fig. S. The operculum of Spirorbis Cornu Arietis, Ph. Fig, T. The operculum of Vermilia triquetra, Blainv., according to the ‘ Dict, d. Sci. Nat.’ planches. From the description, it would be the oper- culum of Serpula vermicularis. XIX. — Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen Betuinenam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Member of the Royal Zoological, Geological and Natural History So- cieties of Dublin, &c. [Continued from vol. xiii. p. 430.] Genus 13. PENTASTOMA. (Derived from wéyre, quingue, and ardpa, os.) Gen. Char.—Body flattened or slightly cylindrical. Mouth situated between two pores upon each side, each pore having a hook-like process projecting from it. The five orifices placed in a lunate manner upon the head. THE genus Pentastoma is named. so from the presence of five pores upon the head, the central one being regarded as the mouth. Rudolphi separated it from the genus Polystoma with Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 163 which it had been previously united ; he likewise removed it from the order Cestoidea to Trematoda, to which it properly belongs. The species are not numerous; they inhabit the frontal sinus, the lungs or peritonzeal cavity, and never occur in the alimentary canal. Hitherto species of this genus have been found only in a few mammalia and reptiles; they have never been detected in either birds or fish. Pentastoma tenioides*, Frontal sinus of dog (Canis familiaris). Order 4, CESTOIDEA, (Derived from xeords, cingulum, and eidos, forma.) The order Cestoidea is characterized as follows. Body elon- gated, flattened, soft, continuous or articulated. Head very sel- _ dom provided with simple lips, but in almost all cases furnished with two or four bothrit, depressions or suckers: all the indivi- duals hermaphrodite. The Entozoa included in the order Cestoidea do not form a very natural family ; the head differs so much in the several ge- nera ; in some being flattened, pyramidal or tetragonal, with two or four opposite depressions, while in others it is truncate, hemi- spherical or globular, and provided with a proboscis which is often armed with a circle of hook-like processes. The neck is as frequently absent as present. The body is elongated, flat, soft, continuous or articulated, with marginal or central pores. The species occur in mammalia, birds, reptiles and fish. They inhabit almost exclusively the alimentary canal. Genus 14, Scoxex. (Derived from oxédnk, vermis.) Gen. Char.—Body flattened, soft and continuous, without any trace of articulation, enlarging into a head anteriorly, posteriorly attenu- ated, Head tetragonal, provided with four ear-shaped depressions. This genus was established by Miiller, and has been adopted * The Pentastoma tenioides was named so from its resemblance to the Tenia: it is not a common species ; I possess but a single speci- men. It measures upwards of 23 inches in length, and half an inch in breadth at its widest part. Colour whitish, of a dirty yellow-brown along the median line. Body flattened, anteriorly broad, and dimi- nishing gradually to the posterior extremity ; marked with numerous transverse elevated lines, resembling the joints of the 7’enia when contracted ; margin crenate; dorsal surface prominent along the me- dian line. Pores five in number, small, and placed in the form of a half-moon upon the abdominal surface of the anterior extremity. The two lateral pores upon each side of the mouth of an ovate shape, with a little, sharp, hook-like process projecting from each. 164 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. by all zoologists since. It contains but a single species, and is confined almost exclusively to fish, never occurrmg in either mammalia, birds or reptiles; the alimentary canal is the usual habitat, rarely the abdominal cavity. M. Leuchart looks upon the Scolex as the young of the An- thocephalus, but without reason. De Blainville, amongst other characters, describes two red spots as seen at the posterior part of the head of the animal ; I have only observed this in the Scolex from the sole (Solea vulgaris). Rudolphi in his first work, ‘ En- tozoorum Historia Naturalis,’ distinguished six species of Scolex (four of which were doubtful) ; but in his last work, ‘ Synopsis Entozoorum,’ he admits but one species, the Scolex polymorphus. (Intestines of turbot (Pleuronectes maximus). Intestines and pyloric appendages of holibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris). Intestines of sole (Solea vulgaris). Stomach and intestines of dab (Platessa Li- manda). Pyloric appendages of ling (Lota Molva). Intestines of conger-eel (Anguilla Conger). Intestines of lump-sucker (Cyclopterus Lum- | pus). Scolex polymorphus. < Genus 15. TreTrRaARHYNCHUS. (Derived from rerpas, guatuor, and piyxos, proboscis.) Gen. Char.—Body flat, continuous, without articulations, terminating posteriorly in a simple or forked extremity. Head provided with two lateral bipartite depressions (appearing at times to con- stitute four), and with four short retractile tentacula armed with recurved hooks. This genus was established by Bose under the name Hepa- toxylon; subsequently Rudolphi changed it to Tetrarhynchus. It is not numerous in species, twelve only being enumerated by Rudolphi. The species are almost confined to fish ; one occurred in the turtle, but they have never been found in either mammalia or birds. They seldom inhabit the alimentary canal. Abdominal cavity of salmon (Salmo Sa- lar). 2. solidus + (Drummond). a 1. Tetrarhynchus grossus *. bdominal cavity of sal- mon (Salmo Salar). * The Tetrarhynchus grossus I have inserted on Dr. Drummond’s authority, as I have not met withit. He has given a figure and de- scription of this species in the second vol. of the new series of the ‘ Magazine of Nat. History,’ p.571. + The Tetrarhynchus solidus was discovered and named by my friend Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 165 Genus 16. Lieuxa. (Derived from ligula, a strap.) Gen. Char.—In the first degree of its development. Body very long, flat, continuous, without articulations, having a central longitu- dinal depression ; without any appearance of head or of organs of generation. In the perfect state. Body very long, flat, continuous, with- out articulations. Head provided with a simple depression upon each side ; ovaries in a single or double series, with the lemnisci in the median line. The genus Ligula was established by Bloch and Goétze, and has been adopted by zoologists since. The species are not nu- merous, seven only being enumerated by Rudolphi. They occur in birds and fish (principally the fresh-water species) ; one spe- cies has been found in the seal (Phoca vitulina). They inhabit the abdominal cavity of fish, and the alimentary canal of birds. The opinion put forward by Rudolphi of the mode of develop- ment of the Ligula is curious, viz. that it begins life in fish, and arrives at its perfect state of development in birds which feed upon these fish. He founds his conclusion upon the fact, that the Ligula occurs only in the peritonzeal cavity of fish and in the intestinal canal of birds ; in addition, he -has never, in the Ligula of fish, found the ovaries developed as they are in birds; and in Austria, where the fish which commonly contain Ligula do not occur, he never could discover the Ligu/a in the aquatic birds. However, Bremser does not coincide with Rudolphi upon this point ; and De Blainville asks very naturally, what is the use of the ova being developed in the ovaries of the Ligula of birds ? and how do these find their way into the abdominal cavity of fish ? The Ligula appears to be the only species of Entozoon ever used as food by man. I have learned from my friend Dr. Scouler, that in some parts of Italy where the Ligula is particularly abun- dant in the fish, this species affords a favourite food to the people. Ligula sparsa. ss ia of crested grebe (Podiceps crista- Dr. Drummond of Belfast, who was kind enough to communicate specimens to me; recently I found a single specimen of this species in the abdominal cavity of the salmon (Salmo Salar) ; it lay loosely attached to the peritoneal coat of the intestines by the proboscides of the head. I can bear testimony to the accuracy of the description given of it by Dr. Drummond, which is contained in the same vol. of the ‘ Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ as that last noticed, and is illustrated by several figures. I shall only add, that in the recent animal a num- ber of bodies like ova were seen, with the assistance of a lens, upon each side of the depressions on the head, lying apparently under the integuments. 166 Rey. D. Landsborough onthe Fructification XX.—On the Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica, Grev. By the Rev. Davin LanpsBoroveH*. [With a Plate.] Wenz I to be asked by a friend to point out the richest field on our Ayrshire coast for a botanical ramble, I would without hesi- tation point to Portincross in the parish of West Kilbride. It is however a place of so much beauty and interest, that I would advise my friend to spend an hour at least in enjoying the scene before he enters on his botanical researches. The name of the place carries us back to olden times. It was called Portineross, it is said, from being the harbour from which it was usual to sail, when the body of any of the kings of Scot- land was to be carried to Iona, where the remains of so many of our Scottish monarchs were deposited. The ancient castle on the rocky shore carries us back also to a remote age; for though it is of more recent date than the period when Iona was a place of note for learning and religion and royal sepulture, yet it is so antique that we have no sure history of its erection. An ancient cannon, seen at the castle, brings us within the range of histo- rical memorabilia, for it was brought up from the deep after the wreck of one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada, when Provi- dence so evidently interposed in behalf of our land. The name of the proprietor of the castle and of the adjoining lands awakens pleasing recollections. Crawford of Auchenames sounds well in the ears of every lover of Scottish song, as an ancestor of the present proprietor wrote some of those sweet pastorals which have been rendered still more precious by being married for several generations to some of the sweetest of our Scottish airs. __ I shall not attempt to describe the scenery, for that would re- quire a gifted pen to do it any justice. Let our botanist feast his eyes for a little, and then let him enter on his pleasant work. Is he in search of Pheenogamous plants? In rambling along the sunny ‘banks and braes,’ he will not be long in filling his vas- culum. Is he a muscologist ? There, some half-score years ago, along with Mr. George Gardner, now in Ceylon, and well known in the botanical world, I for the first time met with Hookeria lucens and Neckera crispa, which though not the rarest are among the most beautiful of our mosses. There, are muscosi fontes, and shaded rocks, and veteran stone-dykes, and decaying stumps of trees, favourite habitats of the mossy tribes. And when he has perambulated the sunny draes, and explored every pendent. cliff and erevice of the rocks, and robbed of its golden garniture every * Read to the Botanical Section of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, 25th June, 1844, by William Gourlie, Jun, Ann.d Mag. Nat. Hist Vol jh.Pl IV. Glotosiphonia capillaris. = IDC Sowerby fewlp. cata take iS tat “a ps = oplaiicid ae eee T cea ee : neti! eto re di bet ee thar ae PARISH wn oe, a 5 “ae tt ‘9-H pig en ete rs of Polysiphonia parasitica. 167 stone and stump, let him as a happy algologist turn to the sea, and he will there find a rich and imexhaustible field before him. There, are many Algze to be found in a live state on the rocks and in the pools of the rocks; but he will find that the little creek or harbour acts as a decoy to wile within his reach many of the precious floating wanderers of the deep ; and that by every tide it is replenished with fresh variety, amidst which he may luxuriate and pick and choose at will. I do not mean at present to luxuriate on Algee, nor even to at- tempt to enumerate the various species that, in their season, may be there found. I shall limit my few remarks to one which, though considered rare, is met with during summer in consi- derable abundance amongst the rejectamenta in the little creek : I mean the beautiful little Polysiphonia parasitica. I have fixed on it, because I have observed on it a kind of fructification which I think has hitherto been unnoticed. I am quite aware that I am on dangerous ground ; that a person with few scientific books, and scarcely any leisure to read those he has, in proclaiming dis- coveries, is in very great danger of treading on a touchy toe, or of stealing some person’s thunder. Now, if this should be my unfortunate case, | can only respectfully say, “ Pardonnez-moi, I really did not intend it.” However, I am at all events entitled to say that the fruit of Polysiphonia parasitica is rare, when so di- stinguished a botanist as Mr. Harvey says he has never seen the capsules. A few days ago my youngsters, who have more leisure than I have, brought me specimens from Portincross with three kinds of fructification! Two kinds they had detected with the naked eye, but the third, and as I think new kind, I detected on usinga lens. The fine large dark-coloured capsules (Pl. IV. fig. 1) were very conspicuous, being large in proportion to the size of the plant. On a distinct plant from that which bore the capsules, the second kind of fructification was very visible, viz. large red- dish brown granules imbedded not only in the ultimate ramuli, giving them a knotted as well as spotted appearance, but also imbedded in single longitudinal rows in several of the branches (fig. 2 a). The kind which I detected on the same plant which had the granular fructification consisted of capsules also, but of quite a different form from the large dark brown capsules, and resembling the capsules of Rhodomela subfusca, or of R. lycopo- dioides, or rather something intermediate between these two (fig. 2 6). They seem nearly of the same colour and substance as the branches on which they are placed, whereas the other cap- sules are different from the branches both in colour and texture. It is this sameness of substance and colour with the branches which makes them less easily detected, for they are of sufficient size to be seen on close examination even with the naked eye. I 168 Dr. G. Dickie on the Fructification of Cutleria. might have been led to conjecture that they were only the com- mon capsules in an immature state, had they not been on the plants that bore granular fruit, and had I not found it stated in Harvey’s ‘ Manual,’ that the two kinds of fructification, capsules and granules, are on distinct plants. It is fair to state however that I have observed two granules, and only two, in one of the ramuli of a plant with the large dark-coloured capsules, so that it may turn out that where the granules abound the capsules are dwarfed, and that where there are scarcely any granules in the branches and ramuli, there the capsules swell and are perfected. I must now conclude my lengthy note. I am glad of anything that attracts attention to this beautiful little Polysiphonia. Rockvale, Saltcoats, June 1844. XXI.—Note on the Fructification of Cutleria. By G. Dickie, ~M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s Col- lege of Aberdeen*. THE results of observations which have already been communi- cated to the Society on the fructification of the Algee found in this vicinity, led to an examination of other genera not growing here, but of which I possess dried specimens ; and at present re- ference is specially made to Cutleria multifida, Grey. In Harvey’s 2 ‘Manual,’ Dr. Greville’s account of the fructification is quoted, viz. “ minute tufts of capsules scattered on both sides of the frond ; the capsules pedicellate, containing several distinct granules.” I * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, April 11th, 1844. Ehrenberg on Infusoria from the South Pole. 169 have in vain searched for such a structure as is represented in the ‘ Algee Britannic’; from a careful examination it appears that the fructification of this species is essentially the same as that which has been called acrospermal. It was remarked in a former communication that Asperococcus presents the basisperms and. their accompanying simple filaments completely exposed; so of Cutleria it may be probably legitimate to say, that its fructifica- tion represents the acrospermal arrangement of a Fucus also placed on the surface, without any inflexion of the frond to form conceptacles. The accompanying figures represent the structure of the fruit in the genus alluded to. In this genus the asci and sporidia are exceedingly delicate and transparent: figs. 1, 2, 3 represent both ; fig. 4, one of the latter separated. XXII.—On Microscopic Life in the Ocean at the South Pole, and at considerable depths. By Prof. Kurenprre*. Tux following is the substance of a paper laid by Prof. Ehren- berg, May 28rd, 1844, before the Berlin Academy, and contain- ing some of the results derived from his recent investigations upon materials furnished from the South Polar expedition of Captain Ross and the voyages of Messrs. Darwin and Schayer ; their object being to determine the relation of minute organic life in the ocean, and at the greatest depths hitherto accessible. Last year the author submitted to the Academy a survey of the geographical distribution of such organisms over the entire crust of the earth; but the field of these inquiries being one of such vast extent and importance, it became evident to him, that to arrive at any positive general results, it was necessary to exa- mine the subject under a more special point of view, and under this conviction, two different courses of investigation suggested themselves as best adapted to fulfill that purpose; viz. first, to * ascertain both the constant and periodical proportion which mi- nute organisms bear to the surface of the ocean in different lati- tudes; and secondly, to examine submarine soil or sea-bottom raised from the greatest possible depths. It is an easy matter, generally, to collect materials of this kind; but before applying to them the test of philosophic criticism and research, the author feels that it is essentially requisite to retrace the contributions of other writers upon the same subject; premising, however, that their value will always be enhanced in so far as the materials col- lected have been obtained with due care and reference to their several localities. * From the Proceedings of the Berlin Academy for May, and communi- cated by the Author. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. N 170 Prof. Ehrenberg on Microscopic Life I, The South Polar Voyage from 1841 to 1843. Very essential progress was made in our knowledge of the mi- nute and invisible forms of organic life during the years devoted to this expedition by Captain Ross. In the year 1840, the Royal Society of London appointed a committee to prepare a series of physical and meteorological questions to be solved by the pro- posed expedition ; and it was at the express desire of the author that Alex. v. Humboldt undertook to suggest to that body the importance of attention being paid to the study of the relations under which minute organisms exist, as one likely to throw con- siderable light upon the principal questions now agitated, in- volved in the recent history of the earth’s crust, and also to recommend that the directions given by the author as to the methods of collecting them should be adopted throughout the whole voyage. Through the scientific ardour of Dr. J. Hooker, son of the well-known botanist and a voyager on board the ship Erebus, a variety of valuable materials were collected during the expedition, and a short time back about forty packages and three glasses of water were transmitted to Germany from the neighbour- hood of Cape Horn and Victoria Land. About the same time also, Mr. Darwin, the profound observer upon the formation of coral reefs in the South-seas, contributed objects from other localities. The author set about examining carefully without delay, as such an opportunity might not again recur, water which had been taken from the South Polar sea of from 75° to 78° 10! south latitude, and 162° west longitude, with a view of deter- mining its relative amount of minute organic life. Of the dry materials some packets only have as yet been examined, those namely which from their localities appear to possess the great- est interest, and among these were specimens of the remains of melted polar ice and sea-bottom, taken under south latitudes 63° and 78°, from depths of 190 to 270 fathoms (i. e. 1140— 1620 feet), the greatest depths that have been hitherto sounded. The relations of minute organic life were found, as the author™ had anticipated, to be the same at the south as at the north pole, and generally of great extent and intensity at the greatest depths of the ocean. Previous observations upon those loftiest mountains whose pin- nacles are capped with eternal ice, had determined that a gradual progressive disappearance of organic life takes place from the base to their summit, and that too in accordance with particular laws ; to the tree succeeding the lowly shrub, next grass and lichens, till finally we arrive at the regions of perpetual snow, where there is a complete absence of all life. In like manner the development of organized beings has been conceived to diminish from the equa- tor to the arctic regions of the earth, the latter becoming first in the Ocean at the South Pole. 171 destitute of trees, then of grass, lastly of lichens and algze, until at the poles ice and death hold solemn reign. : The greatest depths in the ocean at which Mollusca had been found to exist were, according to the observations of Mr. Cuming in the year 1834, the genera Venus, Cytherea and Venericardia at 50, Byssoarca at 75, and Terebratula in 90 fathom water. The long, slender, sugar-loaf form of this shell is rather peculiar, and it exhibits a style of painting which I do not remember to have observed in varieties of any other species. Conus BuxeEus. Con. testd elongato-turbinatd, subcylindraced, levi, basim versus subtiliter liratd ; luteo-fuscescente, filis fusco-punc- tatis numerosis, confertis, cinctd ; spird elatd, anfractuum margi- nibus subtilissime nodulosis, apice mucronato. Conch. Icon., Conus, pl. 47. f. 265. Hab. The Conus buxeus is very closely allied to the Conus lignarius ; it differs chiefly in being of a more elongated or fusiform shape, whilst the spire is distinctly beaded and not canaliculated. Conus nitipus. Con. testd turbinatd, levi, nitidd, prope basim subtilissime liratd ; aurantio-fuscescente, superné et median? exiliter albimaculatd, lineis fuscis interruptis subdistantibus undique cinctd ; spird subelatd, spiraliter striatd, apice pallidé rosaceo. Conch. Icon., Conus, pl. 47. f. 266. Hab. The lines which encircle the entire surface of this delicate little Cone are more particularly interrupted in passing over the faint spots round the middle and upper part of the shell. The pink apex is very characteristic. Conus castus. Con. testd turbinatd, subinflatd, levi ; luted, lineis perpaucis exilibus, subtilissime nigricante-punctatis, irregulariter distantibus, cinctd ; spird levi, apice rosaceo. Conch. Icon., Conus, pl. 47. f. 267. Hab. : This is another very chaste and characteristic species, allied to the Conus daucus. Conts tiratus. Con. testd subabbreviato-turbinatd, liris subpro- minulis undique circumdatd ; albidd, maculis paucis aurantio-fuscis longitudinaliter confluentibus biseriatim cinctd ; spird exsertd, no- duliferd, apice pallide rosaceo ; basi et aperture fauce vivide vio- laceo-rosed. Conch. ret Conus, pl. 47. f. 268. Hab. Ann. & Mag. 'N. Hist. Vol. xiv. Q 218 Linnean Society. A very curious well-marked species, in excellent condition, which, I believe, is at present unique in the unrivalled Cone-collection of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth. ' LINNZAN SOCIETY. May 7, 1844.—E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. M. Louis Agassiz, Professor of Natural History at Neufchatel, and Dr. M. J. Schleiden, Professor of Botany in the University of Jena, were elected Foreign Members, : Read “ Descriptions of the Insects collected by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c., in the Survey of the Straits of Magellan.” By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &c., in continuation of a paper printed in vol. xviii. of the Transactions of the Society. The present paper, like the former, is devoted to Coleoptera, and the following are the new genera and species characterized in it :— Fam. Histeripa, Hister Mathewsii, violaceo-ater, capite thoracis margine elytrisque punc- tulatis nisi in elytrorum disco ubi macule 2 magne violacee strizeque tres basales breves. Long. 1% lin.; Jat. 14. Hister furcatus, nitidé virescenti-niger, thoracis Jateribus brevi-canalicu- latis punctulatis, elytris stria suturali curvata basali tribusque costam versus apicem haud attingentibus. Long. 1% lin.; lat. 12. Hister castaneus, levis niger, thoracis lateribus punctulatis, élytris pedi- busque castaneis ; illis strid suturali furcata duabus aliis eequilongis al- terdque humerali breviore. Long. 12 lin.; lat. 14. _ Fam. Hypropuizips, Hydrophilus chalybeatus, intensé nitidé czeruleus, elytris lineis tribus puncttilorum remotorum piliferorum, palpis antennisque ochreis apice nigris, pedibus subcastaneis; femoribus piceis. Long. 6 lin.; lat. 8. Hydrophilus ochripes, palpis antennis labroque basi ochreis apice nigres- centibus, pedibus thoracis margine inferiore sternoque ferrugineo- ochraceis. Long. 4 lin.; lat. 23. Fam. ScaARaAB&IDA. Sect. CopropHace. Copris semisquamosa, nigra, clypeo magno bidentato cornu brevi emar- ginato armato, thorace brevi anticé irregulariter truncato, elytris pro- fundé striatis. Long. 104 lin.; lat. 6. Copris punctatissima, nigra, clypeo emarginato haud tuberculato, thorace magno punctatissimo tuberculato parvo anticé atmato, elytris profundé punctato-striatis. Long. 8 lin.; lat. 43, Sect. Grotrupip& vel ARENICOLA. Acanthocerus muricatus, niger, punctulatus, elytris punctato-striatis apice tuberculatis. Long. 1% lin.; lat. 14. Spheerosomus muricatus, Kirby MSS. Sect. Troaipa. Trox bullatus, niger cinereo mixtus, thorace inequali: angulis posticis sublobatis, elytris tuberculis minutis conspersis lineisque tubereulorum magnorum tribus parvorumque pluribus notatis, Long, 7} lin.; lat. 5, Linnean Society. 219 Trox lachrymosus, cinereus nigro mixtus, thorace parvo inzequali, elytris amplis elongato-ovatis punctato-striatis lineis tuberculorum magnorum 4 parvorum 5 notatis. Long. 5—6 lin.; lat. 3—4. Trox trisulcatus, cinerascenti-niger, capite levi, thoracis sulcis 3 latis longitudinalibus, elytris striatis: intervallis fasciculatis. Long, 21—3 lin.; lat. 12—12. Sect. ScARABZID& vel XYLOPHILE. Oryctomorphus pictus (Waterh.), piceus, clypeo bidentato, fronte tuber- culato, thorace impressione centrali, elytrorum area scutellum cingente strigaque in singulo obliqué undulata nitidé ferrugineis. Long. 10 lin.; lat. ultra 5. Sect. PoyLLorHac2Z. Gen. Trizosteruss, Curt. Palpi iis Brachystemi similes, nisi quod maxillares longiores, labiales breves; illorum articulus basalis minutus, 2dus 3tiusque obovato- truncati, hoc breviore, 4tus longus, gracilis, fusiformis, extiis sulco longo exaratus. Antenne 10-articulatz; articulus basalis crassus, cla- vatus; 2dus parvus subglobosus; 3tius ellipticus; tres sequentes ob- longi; 7mus cuneiformis; reliqui clavam ellipticam capitis longitudine efformantes. Clypeus integer rotundatus, margine paulim elevato, sutura transyersali inconspicuaé. Thorax parvus, transversus; scutel- lum mediocre, cordatum. LElytra thorace Jatiora, elliptica. Alz am- Be Pectus villosissimus, sterno haud producto; pygidio nudo. edes longiusculi, haud crassi; tibiz anteriores anguste, extis tri- dentate, reliquze setosze suturis ordinariis; tarsi graciles, articulis om- nibus subclavatis ; ungue simplici. Tribostethes castaneus, pallidé castaneus, capite thoraceque virescenti vel zeneo tinctis. Long. 8 lin.; lat. 4. Brachygaster castaneus, Laporte, Cours Compl. d’ Hist. Nat. Gen, Catuicutoris, Dejean. Palporum maxillarium articulus penultimus minutus, subglobosus; ter- minalis crassior, longior, subfusiforinis, extis planus. Antenne 10- articulate ; articulus basalis crassus, pyriformis ; 2dus subglobosus ; 3tius 4tusque oblongi; 5Stus brevis; 6tus cyathiformis; 7mus cunei- formis; reliqui clavam gracilem fusiformem efformantes. Labrum transversum, medio paulim angulatum. Clypeus transversé ovalis, medio fortiter reflexo. Femora gracilia: tibize anticze versus apicem angustate, extis tridentate; relique subscabre, apice pectinate, cal- caribusque 2 brevibus armatz: tarsi anteriores articulis 4 basalibus brevibus, 3tio 4toque cyathiformibus; omnium 5to ints emarginato; ungue longo, gracili, simplici, anteriore maximé inzquali. Sternum haud productum. Callichloris perelegans, nitidé flavo-virens punctatissimus, elytris punc- tato-striatis, subtus pygidioque ferrugineis anticé pilis albidis villosis posticé pubescentia concolori vestitis. Long. 7 lin.; lat. 4. Leucothyreus? spurius, sine nitore fulvus, capite thoraceque minuté punc- tulatis: hujus angulis posticis acutis, elytris singulis paribus 4 striarum inconspicuarum notatis. Long. 82 lin.; lat. 5. Leucothyreus? antennatus, ochreus, capite castaneo, antennarum clava longissimé. Long. 6 lin.; lat. 3. Gen, Serroipes, Guér, Camptorhina, Kirby nec Schinh. Antenne: 9-articulatee; articulus basalis crassus, pyriformis; 2dus obo- 220 Linnean Society. vatus; 3tius longior, gracilior; 4tus gracilis haud 2do longior; reliqui clavam gracilem, tenuiter 5-lamellatam, efformantes. Clypeus rotun- datus. Labrum emarginatum. Palpi maxillares longi, graciles, 4 ?- articulati; articulo basali minuto, sequentibus elongatis subzequalibus, terminali truncato: labiales 3-articulati, articulo tertio fusiformi. Ca- put semiorbiculare. Thorax transversus, basi supra scutellum elonga- tum emarginatus. Elytra longissima. Pedes longi, graciles: tibiz anticze breves, late, extus tridentate ; relique spinose: tarsi similes, longissimi, graciles, setosi; articulis subeequalibus: ungues omnes sim- plices, longi, graciles. Serioides atricapillus, elongatus, violaceo-brunneus, punctulatus, elytris rugosis lineatis. Long. 6 lin.; lat. 3. Camptorhina atricapilla, Kirby. Serioides Reichii, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 301? Gen. Arutia, Erichs. Palpi maxillares parvi, setosi, 4-articulati; articulo basali minuto, 2do elongato-clavato; 38tio obovato-truncato; 4to longitudine primi sub- securiformi. Antenne minime, 9-articulate; articulo basali crasso, clavato; 2do 38tioque obovatis, illo crassiore; 4to brevi; 5to 6toque cyathiformibus; reliquis clavam minutam, lobis crassis cyathiformibus, efformantibus. Clypeus reflexus, anticé paulim angustatus, utrinque emarginatus. Caput latiusculum. Thorax transversus, convexus, la- teribus convexis, basi parm sinuatus, angulis anticis magis acumina- tis: scutellum parvum ovatum. Elytra thorace mult6 latiora terque longiora, abdomen operientia, posticé latiora rotundata. Alz ample. Pedes longi, haud graciles: tibize anteriores profundé emarginate tri- dentate ; relique setosz: tarsi longissimi, subtus pubescentes; ante- riores crassiores: ungues omnium bifidi. Athlia rustica (Erichs.), castaneus, punctulatus, pubescens, elytris sin- gulis striis 4 elevatis, antennis pedibusque pallidé ferrugineis. Long. 62 lin.; lat. 3. Gen. Pacuvia, Curt. Palpi labiales minutissimi: maxillares graciles, 4-articulati; articulo ba- sali minuto; 2do 3tioque ovalibus; 4to multd crassiore, parvo, ovato- lanceolato. Antenne parve, 9-articulate ; articulus basalis crassus, clavatus; 2dus magnus, globosus; tres sequentes minores, subglobosi, 5tus subcyathiformis; 6tus cuneiformis; reliqui clavam ovalem effor- mantes. Caput trigono-truncatum. Clypeus reflexus, emarginatus. Thorax transversus, subhexagonus, lateribus prominentibus. Scutel- lum elongato-trigonum. Elytra thorace latiora, terque longiora, ellip- tica. Ale ample, Pygidium nudum. Pedes longi, extensi: femora anteriora brevissima; postica crassissima: tibize anteriores breves, ex- tis bispinosz ; reliquze pilose, medio spinose: tarsi longissimi, subtus pubescentes; 4 anteriorum articulo 2do 3tioque dilatatis ; omnium articulo basali 2do multé breviore, terminali gracillimo: unguibus lon- gis, gracilibus, bifidis. Pacuvia castanea, ochrea punctulata, capite thoraceque castaneis, elytris singulis striis 4 duplicatis. Long. 43 lin.; lat. 24. Gen. Accta, Curt, Palpi nudi: labiales minutissimi; maxillares parvi, 4-articulati; articulo basali minuto; 2do elongato, clavato; 3tio breviori, obovato; 4to omnium maximo, elliptico-truncato, Antenne parve, 9-articulate ; articuli 2 basales crassi, lmo pyriformi, 2do globoso-pyriformi; 3tius gracilis, longus; 4tus ovalis; Stus Gtusque annuliformes;_reliqui Linnean Society. 221 clavam tenuem efformantes. Clypeus rotundatus reflexus. Caput mediocre. Thorax transversus, basi sinuatus, margine anteriore ex- cavatus, angulis prominentibus. Scutellum elongato-trigonum. Ely- tra thorace feré quater longiora, elliptica, pygidium haud completé operientia. Alz ample. Pedes longi, graciles: femora tibiaeque an- teriores brevissimz ; hz late, extis tridentatz ; 4 posteriores spinosz : tarsi longi, graciles, setosi, haud subtis pubescentes; articulo basali longitndine 2di: unguibus gracilibus, simplicibus. Accia lucida, nitidé testacea minuté punctulata, capite ferrugineo, elytris subcupreis striatis. Long. 43 lin.; lat. 2. Colporhina bifoveolata, ferruginea zneo tincta punctulata, squamis albi- dis in thorace elytrisque maculas efformantibus vestita. Long. 3 lin. ; lat. 12. Macrodactylus marmoratus, subcastaneus pilis albidis vestitus, thoracis disco brunneo lined pilorum albidorum centrali, elytris fasciis irregu- laribus brunneis pubescentizeque albidze maculis notatis. Long. 3} lin.; lat, 12. Fam. Lucanipz, Dorcas rufifemoralis, cinereo-niger, capite thoraceque nitidis, elytris densé profundéque punctulatis: punctis ochreo-papillatis, coxis femo- ribusque rufis. Long. 3 10, 9 73 lin.; lat. g 34, 9 3. Dorcas rufifemoralis, Guér.? HETEROMERA. MELASoMA. Fam. PIMELIARIDA. Procris levicosta, obscuré eneo-nigra, elytrorum margine inferiore haud punctulato, tarsis subferrugineis. Long. 44 lin.; lat. 23. Fam. Buapsip&. Scotobius bullatus, obscuré niger rugosus latus brevis, capite thoraceque punctatissimis: hujus angulis posticis acutis, elytris punctato-striatis : porcis in intervallis nitidis granulatis ad apicem tubercula distincta effor- age seg seriebus 2 costalibus remoté tuberculatis. Long. 6} lin. ; at. 33. Leptynoderus tuberculatus, lutosus, capite trituberculato, thorace tubercu- lato, elytris porcis 5 acutis e quibus 2 dorsalibus fortioribus. Long. feré 6 lin. ; lat. 22. . Emalodera multipunctata, nitidé nigra punctatissima, thorace obovato- truncato, elytrorum punctis lineas numerosas duplicatas efformantibus margine exttis apiceque tuberculatis. Long. 54—6z lin. ; lat. 3—3}. Nyctelia caudata, nitidé atra, elytris (nisi in are& suturali) obliqué cras- séque sulcatis : apice in caudam semicircularem dilatatis. Long. 8}— 13 lin.; lat. 5—72. Nyctelia undatipennis, levis nigra, elytris sulcis 7 brevibus latis trans- versis in margine exteriore. Long. 8 lin.; lat. ¢44, 954. Nyctelia Fitzroyi, levis nigra, elytris hemisphericis caudatis, antennis pedibusque nitidé ferrugineis. Long, 10 lin.; lat. 72. Nyctelia granulata, levis nigra, elytris latissimis ovatis orbicularibusve rugosissimis ; rugis suturam versus lineas longitudinales efformantibus. Long. g8 lin., 99; lat. 43—6. Nyctelia Bremii, nitidé nigra, elytris suborbicularibus caudatis lineis ele- vatis suturam versus obliquis ad marginem exteriorem curvatis pro- fundé insculptis. Long. 9 lin. ; lat. 52. Nyctelia Bremii, Waterh. in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii. p. 48. Nyctelia? corrugata, nitidé nigra, thoracis lateribus rugosis, elytris trans- 222 Linnean Society. shee undulato-canaliculatis: sutura depress bistriataé. Long. 82 lin. ; at. 5. : Mitragenius araneiformis, niger, thorace subtilissimé vermiculato prope basin angulato, elytris cinereis cupreo tinctis subscabris nigro-macu- latis : singulis porcis 2 ante apicem coalitis. Long. 81—9 lin. ; lat. 42 —5i. Epipedonota margineplicata, nigra nitida, thorace coneavo in disco longi- tudinaliter in marginibus transversé striato, elytris porcis 2 exteriore fortiore: intervallo hane inter marginemque exteriorem regulariter transversé canaliculato. Long. 11 lin.; lat. 6. Nycterinus rugiceps, obscuré niger, capite punctulato ad basin granulato, thorace levi, elytris punctato-striatis. Long. 8 lin. ; lat. 3. TAXICORNES. Fain. Diarerip2z. Oplocephala quadrituberculata, piceo-nitida, trophis antennis pedibus subtusque ferrugineis, capite 4-tuberculato. Long. 3% lin. ; lat. 11. Alphitobius? punctatus, ellipticus subconvexus, virescenti-niger, puncta- tissimus, elytris piceo-brunneis striato-punctatis, trophis antennis pedi- busque castaneis. Long. 2. lin.; lat. 1. Epilasium rotundatum (Dej.), ovale, nigrum, punctatissimum, pube pal- lidé brunnea vestitum, elytris punctato-striatis. Long. 4 lin.; lat. 22. Fam. TENEBRIONIDZ. Epitragus eneo-brunneus, ferrugineus zneo-tinctus, undique punctatus, capite punctatissimo, elytris minuté striato-punctatis. Long. lin. 4; lat. 12. Epitragus semicastaneus, castaneus, minuté punctatissimus, capite tho- raceque piceis, elytris inconspicué punctato-striatis. Long. 32 lin. ; lat. 12. Fam. Hexopipa. Prostenus? hirsutus, nitidé zeneus vel cupreus, pilis longis vestitus, punc- tulatus, antennis nigris, elytris subcastaneis punctato-striatis, femoribus basi rufis. Long. 22 lin. ; lat. 14. Fam. Morpewuipa2. Mordella Tachyporiformis, nigra minuté et crebré punctulata, supra pube brevi brunnea vestita. Long. 3 lin. ; lat. ultra 1. Mordella argentipunctata, sericeo-nigra, thoracis margine antico elytro- rumque basali maculis 4 aculeisque basalibus argenteo-albis. Long. feré 2 lin. ; lat. 2. Fam. CanTHarip2. Epicauta conspersa (Germ. ?), nigra pube cinerea, punctis nigris minutis sparsim conspersa. Long, 5 lin.; lat, 2. Tetraonyx 7-guttatus, niger supra aurantiacus, capitis thoracisque ma- culé elytrorum maculis 4 basalibus fascidque postmediand irregulari nigris, femoribus basi rufis. Long. 53 lin. ; lat. 23. Tetraonyx cinctus, nitidé niger pubescens punctulatus, elytris subscabris sutura margineque exteriore ochraceis. ame. 4 lin. ; lat, 12, Fam. CipEMERIDa. Nacerdes? alternans, pallidé ochreus, oculis thoracis linea inconspicua ely- trorumque strigis 2 longis pallidé fuscis. Long. 33 lin. ; lat. 1. The paper was accompanied by drawings of many of the new species. Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 223 BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. This Society met on Thursday, June 13th, at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Professor Graham, President, in the chair. 1. “On four genera of Desmidiee,” by Mr. John Ralfs, Penzance. The genera are Cosmarium, Pediastrum, Xanthidium, and Scenedes- mus, and the descriptions of them, which were accompanied by illus- trative drawings, will shortly appear in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ | 2. ‘‘ Continuation of Mr. James M‘Nab’s Journal of a Tour through part of the United States and the Canadas.” In the previous part of this Journal, Mr, M‘Nab gave a brief outline of the principal botanical and horticultural features observed in the neighbourhood of New York, The part now read embraced chiefly the appearance of the country around Albany, with an account of the most interest- ing plants seen during the journey thither, Among these the most remarkable were several species of Lycopodium, with which the peaty soils on the road-sides around Albany were covered, consisting of L. complanatum, clavatum and dendroides, the latter resembling at a distance young spruce firs, being similarly shaped and of a lively green colour, In damp. situations in the close forests, Adiantum pedatum and other ferns covered large tracts, while Pyrola elliptica and rotundifolia, with Chemophylla maculata and umbellata, were in full flower along the drier parts. Satyrium herbiola and Neottia tor- tilis were also observed, the latter growing chiefly in pairs. The principal plants noticed in the meadows or open grounds were Lilium philadelphicum and canadense, Mimulus ringens, Verbena hastata and urticifolia, and Asclepias obtusifolia and variegata, Proceeding towards Troy on the banks of the Hndson, great quantities of Kal- mia angustifolia, Cornus florida, Lupinus perennis, Andromedas, Vac- ciniums, &c, occurred, In an extensive forest, chiefly composed of small trees, and much entangled with Smi/az or green brier, through which the party proceeded with great difficulty, Cypripedium specta- bile cauesed large patches, with Arum triphyllum, the latter in full flower. Mr, MiNab concluded the present part of his Journal with an account of some large trees of the hemlock spruce, Abies cana- densis, being the first of this tree which the party had observed in natural situations; the largest specimens were about 10 feet in cir- cumference and 80 feet in height. This Society held its last meeting for the session on Thursday July 11th, at the Royal Botanic Garden, Professor Graham in the chair. The Treasurer read a paper on three genera of Desmidiee, by Mr. John Ralfs, Penzance, viz. Desmidium, Gleoprium, and Schisto- chilum. Mr. James M‘Nab read a portion of his Journal of a Tour in the United States and Canadas. In the last notice Mr, M‘Nab gave an account of the excursion from Albany to Troy, and thence to Still- water, with notices of the most interesting plants observed during the journey thither ; the present portion is chiefly confined to obser- 224 Botanical Society of Edinburgh. vations on the botany of the same district.—July 15. In the early part of the day a severe thunder-storm, accompanied with much rain, prevented the party from going abroad, but afforded an opportunity for arranging the specimens already collected. The storm having abated towards the afternoon, they were enabled to make a short excursion along the banks of the Hudson; few species, however, rewarded their exertions, the greater portion being out of flower ; of those gathered, the most attractive were Lobelia cardinalis and Ha- benaria fimbriata, both in great abundance, the rich spikes of scarlet flowers of the former being admirably contrasted with the delicate purple blossoms of the latter; these two species formed the bulk of the flowering plants: mixed with them, but more sparingly, Habe- naria lacera and Neottia cernua occurred, with Apocymum androse- mifolium, the latter being the most abundant, and covered with a beautiful coleopterous insect, which appeared to be peculiar to it. On the sloping banks of the river, in thickets of shumacs, hazels, willows, &c., a gigantic species of Solomon’s seal, Polygonatum lati- folium, was observed ; some of the specimens measured seven feet nine inches in height, with roots four inches in circumference. In several places the ground was so matted over with the stems of the poison oak, Rhus toxicodendron, that the hands of the party were much blistered in endeavouring to extricate themselves.—July 16. Having procured a canoe, the party proceeded about two miles down _ the river: during this short voyage they observed vast quantities of the shells of the freshwater mussel, covering the little sandy hills by the river’s edge which had been collected by the musk rats, with which the banks everywhere abound. At this place’the rapidity of the stream, which had hitherto prevented the growth of aquatic plants, became much diminished, and they now observed large portions of its surface covered with Nuphar Kalmiana and advena, together with Nymphea rosea, all beautifully in flower, and growing from a depth of eight feet. Overhanging the banks on both sides of the river, Salix petiolaris was in fine condition, its broad lunate stipules adding much to the beauty and singularity of its appearance; here also some fine specimens of the Virginian poplar, Populus monilifera, were seen; the largest stems measured were nine foot in circumference and about seventy foot in height. Leaving Stillwater the party proceeded by canal to Whitehall ; on the banks of the canal, and extending over the neglected fields, such quantities of the great mullein, Verbascum Thapsus, were observed, as to give the idea of its having been sown for a crop; the fact of its growing on the soil which had recently been thrown out of the canal as well as on the sloping banks, convinced them that the seed must have lain buried in the earth, probably for a long series of years, and that therefore it is not likely, as has been generally supposed, that this plant has been introduced by the emigrants, but rather that it is indigenous to the country. The common St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum, was also extremely abundant in this district, although sparingly seen before, and is described by Mr. M‘Nab as one of the greatest evils the American farmer has to contend with, Miscellaneous. 225 being supposed to be highly injurious to cattle, especially horses, causing blindness, which prevailed in many parts to a fearful extent. On reaching Whitehall, situated at the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, two remarkable species of ferns were observed for the first time ; "namely Asplenium rhizophyllum and Aspidium bulbiferum, the former growing on the surfaces of moist rocks, where it throws out its fronds which take root at their extremities ; while the latter bears a number of small bulbs along the rachis, which, when mature, fall off and vegetate in the crevices of the rocks. Many other inter- esting plants were observed, but few of them in flower, with the ex- ception of Rubus spectabilis, Desmodium acuminatum and canadense, and a few others. Mr. M‘Nab afterwards exhibited several specimens of gooseberries and currants which had been kept for the last two years in glasses containing water only, in which they had now matured their fruit for the second time; and it was remarkable that the gooseberries (yellow amber) and the red and white currants were as highly flavoured as the same sorts under ordinary treatment. Mr. Trevelyan exhibited specimens of some remarkable varieties of Taraxacum officinale found on the sandy beach near Arbroath, and a curious variety of Aspidium, felix femina, from Braemar, having the frond branched at. the extremity; the specimens were afterwards presented to the Society. MISCELLANEOUS. Correction by Dr. Dickie on Art. XXI. p. 168 of this Number. CUTLERIA MULTIFIDA. In justice to so accurate an observer as Dr. Greville, I beg to ac- knowledge that since my note and figures on the fructification of this genus were made out, I have ascertained that they have refer- rence to its condition when immature.—G. D. COLOURING OF THE WATERS, OF THE RED SEA. A memoir on the colour of the waters of the Red Sea, by M. Montagne, was read at the Académie des Sciences, July 15th. The conclusions which the author draws from all the facts contained in his memoir, whether already known or entirely new and still un- published, are the following :— 1. That the name of Erythrean Sea, given first to the sea of Oman and to the Arabian Gulf by Herodotus, afterwards by the later Greek authors to all the seas which bathe the coasts of Arabia, probably owes its origin to the very remarkable phenomenon of the colouring of its waters. 2. That this phenomenon, observed for the first time in 1823 by M. Ehrenberg in the bay of Tor only, then again seen twenty years later by M. Dupont, but in truly gigantic dimensions, is owing to the presence of a microscopic Alga sui generis, floating at the surface 226 Miscellaneous. of the sea, and even less remarkable for its beautiful red colour than for its prodigious fecundity. 3. That the reddening of the waters of the lake of Morat by an Oscillatoria which DeCandolle has described, has the nearest re- lation to that of the Arabian Gulf, although the two plants are - generically very distinct. . 4. That as we may well suppose, according to the accounts of navigators, who mention striking instances of the red colouring of the sea, these curious phenomena, though not observed till quite recently, have nevertheless without doubt always existed. 5. That this unusual colouring of seas is not exclusively caused, as Péron and some others seem to think, perhaps as being chiefly zoolo- gists, by the presence of mollusca and microscopic animalcules, but that it is often also due to the reproduction, perhaps periodical and always very prolific, of some inferior Algze, and in particular of the species of the singular genus Trichodesmium. 6, Lastly, that the phenomenon in question, although generally confined between the tropics, is however not limited to the Red Sea, nor indeed to the gulf of Oman; but that, being much more general, it is found in other seas, for example in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as appears in the ‘Journal of Researches’ by Mr. Darwin, and from the unpublished documents of Dr. Hinds, communicated by Mr. Berkeley, and from which the following extract is given :— ‘Dr, Hinds, who sailed in the ship Sulphur, sent to explore the western coasts of North America, first observed on the 11th of February 1836, near the Abrolhos Islands, the same Alga doubtless which Mr, Darwin saw at the same date. This Alga was again seen many days running. Some specimens of it having been brought to Dr. Hinds, he perceived that a penetrating odour escaped from it which had before been thought to come from the ship; this odour much resembled that which exhales from damp hay. In April 1837, the Sulphur being at anchor at Libertad, near St, Salvador, in the Pacific, Dr. Hinds again saw the same Alga. «« A land breeze drove it for three days in very thick masses about the ship. The sea exhibited the same aspect as at the Abrolhos Islands, but the smell was still more penetrating and disagreeable ; it caused in a great many persons an irritation of the conjunctive, followed by an abundant secretion of tears. Dr. Hinds himself expe- rienced it. The Alga in question constitutes a distinct species of the genus Trichodesmium, and is named by M. Montagne T. Hindsii. It differs from that of the Red Sea both in dimensions and smell.”— Comptes Rendus, July 15, 1844. ya , M. DE QUATREFAGES ON GASTEROPOD MOLLUSCA. M. de Quatrefages, at present engaged in the pursuits of natural history on the coasts of Sicily in company with M. Milne Edwards, has sent to the Academy of Sciences a notice on the group of Gasteropod Mollusca for which he has proposed the name of Phle- benterata, and of which the following is an abstract. 1. In all the Phlebenterate Gasteropod Mollusca, the function of . Miscellaneous. 227 digestion is confounded, so to speak, with those of respiration and circulation. It is this that constitutes the dominant character of the group. 2. This kind of fusion occasions the disappearance of the organs of respiration properly so called. No Phlebenterate has branchiz in the ordinary sense of the word. 3. Through the same cause the apparatus of circulation is pro- gressively simplified until its complete annihilation. No Phleben- terate possesses veins; the arteries and the heart itself disappear in the greater number. When they exist, they are nothing more than organs fitted to agitate and mix the blood. They have no other functions than the dorsal vessel of insects. 4. In the Enterobranchiata the division of the digestive appa- ratus brings with it the subdivision of the liver. In the Dermo- branchiata this gland only forms a portion of the partitions of the gastro-vascular abdominal pouches. In no Phlebenterate does the liver exist as a distinct organ. In the grouping of the Mollusca this anatomical character belongs as yet exclusively to the group of which we are speaking. . 5. The reproductive apparatus is always asymmetric in the Phlebenterata. Nearly with this exception, the organs both internal and external exhibit a binary lateral symmetry which would be com- plete, did not the anus sometimes swerve to the right of the medial line. Such of these mollusks as possess multiple exterior organs tend, moreover, to repeat them in a longitudinal series. By these two tendencies the Phlebenterata approach the type of the annulated animals.—Comptes Rendus, July 15th, 1844. Of the Sewes in Holothuria, Asterias, and Planaria :—Nervous System of Planariz. In a second note, M. de Quatrefages states that by the aid of the microscope he has determined with the most positive certainty, that in Holothuria tubulosa and Asterias rubra the sexes are separate. In each, the testicles are quite like ovaries in form and position; the nature of the products alone can enable them to be distinguished. He has made similar observations on the Actinia viridis. With re- gard to this latter species, he points out that he could not confound the spermatozoids with the urtical organs that clothe the ovary, and which, taken for the fecundating element by some naturalists, caused them to regard the Actinie as hermaphrodite; for in the Actinia viridis the urtical organs have no resemblance whatever to spermato- zoids, and are from ten to twelve times of greater diameter. In the Planarie, on the other hand, the sexes are really and perfectly united, as Baer and Dugés have admitted; but neither of them had seen the spermatozoids of these animals. M. de Quatrefages states that he has found them in several individuals which likewise bore eggs. The two before-mentioned naturalists had not found any neryous system in the Planarie, and Dugés seems even much dis- posed to regard them as possessing none. M. de Quatrefages has detected the existence of this system in several species; it was 228 Miscellaneous. apparent with the same characters in all; it consists in a double ganglion placed before the buccal orifice from which several threads go off.—Comptes Rendus, July 15th, 1844. On the Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, considered as a specific remedy against Fleas. By Prof. Canrraine. During my residence in the eastern countries of Europe, I was astonished at the small number of fleas which are to be found, in spite of the extraordinary dirtiness of the dwellings. I afterwards learnt at Ragusa, that the Bosnians and Dalmatians had found a remedy against these troublesome blood-suckers in the Chrysan- themum leucanthemum. ‘They place the plant in the bed of the domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, &c., and the fleas are destroyed in a very short time. If this plant possesses the same virtue in our climate, it might become very useful, not only in the houses of the poor, but even in the mansions of the rich. In order to put this property to the test, it may be well to direct general attention to this very common and well-known plant, the vulgar name of which is the great Ganzebloeme (Goose-flower), known in France as Fleur de St. Jean (doubtless from its flowering near St. John’s day), [and in England as the Common Ox-eye].— Bulletin de Acad. Royale de Bruzxelles, tom. viii. part 2. p. 234. ON THE BIRDS OF LINCOLNSHIRE AND THE FENS. From Drayton’s Poly-olbion, S. xxiii., xxv. * From Ely all along upon the eastern sea, Then Lincolnshire herself in state at length doth lay: Which, for her fatt’ning fens, her fish, and fowl, may have Pre-eminence: as she that seemeth to outbrave All other southern shires...... She, by the Muses’ aid, shall happily reveal Her sundry sorts of fowl, from whose abundance she Above all other tracts may boast herself to be The mistress; and, indeed, to sit without compare: «‘ My various fleets for fowl, O who is he can tell, The species that in me for multitudes excel ! The Duck! and Mallard! first, the falconer’s only sport, (Of river-flights the chief, so that all other sort They only green-fowl term,) in every mere abound, That you would think they sat upon the very ground, * We are indebted to Mr. Yarrell for the notes which are subjoined.— Ep. 1 Anas Boschas, female and male. The Peregrine Falcon was the spe- cies most commonly used for duck-hawking, and our wild-duck, from its courage as well as its powers of flight, is almost the only duck that will take the air boldly and ‘ try conclusions ’ with him. I have been told by falconers, that if it blows hard, the wild-duck can make its way up wind so fast as to get clear off. The Peregrine Falcon is frequently called the Duck-hawk. They breed on high rocks near the coast, and subsist almost exclusively on water-fowl. Miscellaneous. 229 Their numbers being so great ; the waters covering quite, That rais’d, the spacious air is darken’d with their flight ; Yet still the dangerous dykes from shot do them secure, Where they from flash to flash, like the full epicure, Waft, as they lov’d to change their diet every meal ; And near to them you see the lesser dibbling Teal? In bunches 3, with the first that fly from mere to mere, As they above the rest were lords of earth and air. The Gossander* with them, my goodly fens do show, His head as ebon black, the rest as white as snow, With whom the Widgeon® goes, the Golden-eye®, the Smeath’ ; And in odd scatter’d pits, the flags and reeds beneath, The Coot, bald, else clean black, that whiteness it doth bear Upon the forehead starr’d, the Water-hen® doth wear Upon her little tail, in one small feather set. The Water-Woosell!° next, all over black as jet, With various colours, black, green, blue, red, russet, white, Do yield the gazing eye as variable delight As do those sundry fowls, whose several plumes they be. The diving Dobchick™ here amongst the rest you see, Now up, now down again, that hard it is to prove, Whether under water most it liveth, or above ; With which last little fowl (that water may not lack, More than the dobchick doth, and more doth love the brack”,) The Puffin® we compare, which coming to the dish, Nice palates hardly judge if it be flesh or fish”. ‘“‘ But wherefore should I stand upon such toys as these, That have so goodly fowls, the wand’ring eye to please ? Here in my vaster pools, as white as snow or mi k, (In water black as Styx,) swims the Wild Swan”, the Ike”, Of Hollanders so term’d, no niggard of his breath, (As poets say of swans, who only sing in death, ) But oft as other birds is heard his tunes to roat, Which like a trumpet comes, from his long arched throat”, 2 Anas Crecea. 3 The word used in falconry and by fen-men for a company of teal. 4 Gossander, for Goosander, Mergus Merganser. 5 Anas Penelope. 3 6 Anas clangula. ? Smeath I suppose to have been another name for the Smew, Mergus albellus. 8 Coot-bald or Bald-coot, Fulica atra. ® Water-hen or Moor-hen, Gallinula chloropus. The specific name refers to the green colour of the legs: the under tail-coverts are nearly white, as noticed by Drayton. © Water-Woosell (Water-Ouzel), the Dipper, Cinclus aquaticus. 1 Dabchick or Little Grebe, Podiceps minor. ® Salt water. 13 Fratercula arctica. 4 Several species of water-fowl, supposed to feed exclusively on fish, are permitted to be eaten by Catholics on their maigre days. © Elk and Hooper, names of the wild swan, Cygnus ferus. See Dr. Latham and Mr. Yarrell’s papers in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ vols, iv. xvi. and xvii., on the convoluted wind-pipes of wild-swans. 230 Miscellaneous. And tow’rds this watery kind, about the flashes brim, Some cloven-footed are, by nature not to swim. There stalks the stately Crane”, as tho’ he march’d in war, By him that hath the Hern”, which (by the fishy car) Can fetch with their long necks, out of the rush and reed, Snigs *, fry, and yellow frogs, whereon they often feed : And under them again (that water never take, But by some ditches side, or little shallow lake, Lie dabbling night and day) the palate-pleasing Snite , The Bidcock™, and like them the Redshank™, that delight Together still to be in some small reedy bed; In which these little fowls in summert’s time were bred. The buzzing Bitter® sits, which through his hollow bill A sudden bellowing sends, which many times doth fill The neighbouring marsh with noise, as though a bull did roar. But scarcely have I yet recited half my store ; And with my wondrous flocks of Wild-Geese*™* come I then, Which look as though alone they peopled all the fen, Which here in winter time, when all is overflow’d, And want of solid sward enforceth them abroad, Th’ abundance then is seen that my full fens do yield, That almost through the isle do pester every field, The Barnacles” with them, which wheresoe’er they breed, On trees, or rotten ships, yet to my fens for feed Continually they come, and chief abode do make, And very hardly fore’d my plenty to forsake ; Who almost all this kind do challenge as mine own, Whose like, I dare aver, is elsewhere hardly known. For sure, unless in me, no one yet ever saw The multitudes of fowl in mooting time they draw; From which to many a one much profit doth accrue. “Now such as flying feed, next these I must pursue: The Sea-Meaw™, Sea-Pye”, Gull *, and Curlew, here do keep, As searching every shoal, and watching every deep, 7 Grus cinerea. 18 Ardea cinerea. 19 Small eels. 20 Snite or Snipe, Scolopax gallinago. 1 Bidcock and Bilcock, old names for the Water-rail, Radlus aquaticus. 2 Totanus calidris. 3 Bitter or Bittern, Botaurus stellaris. The generic name is derived from Bos and Taurus, in reference to the bull-like roar. *4 The particular species is doubtful. 25 In reference to the old fable. 26 Sea-mew, Sea-mell and Sea-mall, old names for a small common gull. Thus Caliban, among his other offers of service to Stephano, says— ‘and sometimes I ’I] get thee Young sea-mells from the rocks.” “Shakespeare’s ‘ Tempest,’ Act. 2, Scene 2. 7 Sea pye, a name for the Oyster-catcher, H@matopus ostralegus, in re- ference to its black and white colours. 8 Already noticed. 29 Numenius arquate. Both words refer to the bent ae of the beak ; numenius meaning § new moon,’ Meteorological Observations. 231 To find their floating fry, with their sharp piercing sight, Which suddenly they take by os from their height. The Cormorant” then comes (by his devouring kind), Which flying o’er the fen, immediately doth find The Fleet best stor’d of fish, when from his wings at full, As though he shot himself into the thicken’d skull”, He under water goes, and so the shoal pursues, Which into creeks do fly, when quickly he doth choose The fin that likes him best, and rising, flying feeds. The Ospray * oft hefe seen, though seldom here it breeds, Which over them the fish no sooner do espy, But (betwixt him and them by an antipathy) Turning their bellies up, as though their death they saw, They at his pleasure lie, to stuff his glutt’nous maw.” 8 Phalacrocorax carbo. 31 Skull, or scool, a shoal; so, in Cornwall, a scool of pilchards, &c. 8 Pandion haliaétus, (ee es nt METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR JULY 1844. Chiswick.—July 1. Slight haze: cloudy: thunder, with rain from 6 till 8 p.m. 9. Rain: cloudy. 3. Cloudy. 4. Slight rain: cloudy. 5,6. Fine. 7. Hazy and mild: overcast. 8. Hazy: very fine. 9—11. Very fine. 12, Very fine: showery. 13, Rain: heavy rain at night. 14,15. Clear and fine. 16. Over- cast. 17, Fine: dusky clouds; hazy. 18. Very fine: cloudy. 19. Overcast : thunder quarter to 1 p.m. : thunder-showers in afternoon, 20, 21. Clear and fine. 22. Cloudless and very hot. 23,24. Sultry, 25. Very hot. 26. Cloudy; clear. 27. Hot and dry, 28. Very fine: cloudy. 29. Hot and very dry: exceedingly clear at night. 80, Overcast: rain. 31. Cloudy and fine: clear.—Mean tem- perature of the month 1° above the average. Boston.—July 1, Fine: rain a.m. 2 Cloudy. 3. Fine. 4. Fine: rain p.m. 5. Rain. 6—8. Cloudy. 9—11. Fine. 12. Fine: rainam. 13. Fine: rain A.M.and pM, 14, Stormy, 15, Fine: rain a.m., with thunder, 16. Fine: fain P.M. 17. Fine, 18. Fine: rain p.m., with thunder and lightning. 19. Fine: rain ?.M. 20, 21. Fine. 22: Fine: thermometer 81° 2 o’clock p.m. 23. Fine: thermometer 80° 3 o’clock p.m., in the sun 112°. 24, Cloudy: rainam, 25. Fine: rain p.m. 26,27: Cloudy. 28. Fine. 29, Fine: rain early a.m. : rain pM. 30. Cloudy: rain e.m. 31. Cloudy : rain, with thunder and lightning a.m. Sandwick Manse; Orkney.—July 1. Cloudy. 2—6. Drizzle: showers. 7—9. Cloudy; 10. Cloudy: showers. 11. Showers: cloudy. 12. Damp: cloudy. 13. Bright: cloudy. 14. Cloudy. 15. Cloudy: clear. 16. Bright:clear. 17. Clear. 18, Clear: showers, 19. Cloudy: showers; drizzle. 20. Cloudy. 21. Cloudy : showers, 22. Cloudy: fine. 23, Clear: fine. 24. Bright: cloudy. 25. Clear: fine. 26. Clear: fog. 27. Clear: fine. 28. Bright: showers: fog. 29. Drizzle, 30. Cloudy. $1. Rain. _ Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire—July 1. Fine: a few drops of rain, 2—4, Fine: sultry. 5. Fine, but cloudy. 6. Slight shower. 7. Fine and fair. 8. Fine: a few drops of rain. 9. Fine, butecloudy. 10. Showers, 11. One shower. 12. A few drops of rain. 13. Heavy rain, 14, Showers: thunder, 15—17, Showers. 18. Showers: thunder. 19, Slight shower: thunder. 20. Fair. 21. Wet alliday. 22. Fine. 23. One heavy shower: thunder. 24—26. Rain; heavy p.m. 27. Beautiful day. 28, Showers. 29. Fair. 30, 31. 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[ With a Plate. ] AN unexpected delay having attended the publication of the above work, in which my observations upon the present subject will appear in full, I propose in the mean time to give the substantial results of my investigations upon the development of Echinaster sanguinolentust (Asterias sanguinolenta, O. F. Miller $), and As- teracanthion Miilleri, a new species closely allied to A. glacialis||. lst. The Asteriade possess male and female organs of genera- tion separate upon distinct individuals. The period of propaga- tion commences in the spring, and is effected by means of ova, which make their appearance in the vesicles of Purkinje and the spot or cell of Wagner contained within these. (PI. IIT. figs. 3—6.) These ova are developed gradually within the ovaria, and are given birth to by several broods at distinct intervals of time, becoming probably (for this point has not yet been positively ascertained) detached from the ovaria, and after fallmg into the cavity of the body, reach the ventral surface of the animal by means of special apertures. [ Observation.—The ova being thus gradually extruded, explains why they are found within the ovary of such very different stages of development (PI. III. figs. 4, 5), that young as well as ova are met with in the uterine cavity of the mother. ]} * Being a fragment from a work entitled ‘ Beitriigen zur Fauna von Norwegen,’ ; + From Wiegmann’s Archiv, Part 2, 1844. Communicated by A. Tulk, M.R.C.S. t Joh. Miiller observes, that this species is undoubtedly the same as the E. Sarsit of Miiller and Troschel. 4. sanguinolenta proves to be the £. se- positus of the same authors. Three Asteriade of this colour occur in the Northern Seas. § Cribella oculata of British authors: see Forbes’s British Star-fishes, p- 100. || I am not at present authorized in extending such statements to other Star-fishes, as it appears indeed that generation is one of those functions of animal life which is subject to most variation even among the lesser groups of allied beings. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Vol, xiv. R 234 M. Sars on the Development of Star-fishes. 2nd. The ova when laid (fig. 7) consist of a chorion investing a small quantity of albumen, and the vitellus, which last soon ex- hibits the usual process of transverse division (figs. 8—10) now ascertained to occur in most classes of animals ; they do not escape forthwith into the sea, but are received into a kind of external uterus formed by the parent voluntarily bending the ventral sur- face of the disc and its arms, and which may be compared in some respects with the pouch of the Marsupial Vertebrata. Here the ova are hatched, and the young gliding from their interior remain a considerable length of time, undergoing the progress of development. This uterine receptacle is completely closed while the ova are being deposited therein, and until the organs of at- tachment of the young are perfectly developed. During the whole of this time the mother can probably take no nourishment, since the cavity being shut admits of no communication to the oral aperture from without ; in this curved and contracted state (fig. 2) the Star-fishes have been observed to rest immoveably in the same spot for at least eleven days. A truly remarkable example this of the care bestowed upon their young by animals otherwise upon the lowest grade of organization ! { Obs.— We are acquainted among the lower animals with several examples of a kind of incubation being required by the ova in order that they may attain their development. Thus in the Me- duse the ova pass out from the ovaria into the pockets formed by the four large oral czeca ; in the freshwater Mollusks, as Unio, Anodonta, into the external branchial lamellze ; in the Crustacea to beneath the belly or tail, in order to be submitted for a cer- tain time in these situations* to the maternal influences. There is however, as far as I am aware, no other example of a uterine cavity being formed voluntarily by the mother on the outside of her own body, and in this respect the instinct of the Star-fishes is indeed unique. The circumstance of the Star-fishes taking no nourish- ment during the incubation of their ova, finds its analogue in the sunilar behaviour of several other animals, e. g. in the Serpents, according to the observations of Valenciennes, who records .an instance of a Python that fasted fifty-six days while engaged in cherishing its eggs.] 8rd. The whole of the vitellus becomes converted into the foetus. The latter, upon escaping from the ovum, has an oval cylindrical form (fig. 11), is destitute of external organs, and swims about freely in the water by means of numerous cilia covering the body, like the Infusoria or newly-hatched young of Medusa, Corynee, Alcyonia, &c., which it very much resembles * According to Joly (Mém. sur la Caridina Desmarestii in Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1843, p. 61), the eggs of the Crustacea cannot be withdrawn from the mother without perishing. M. Sars on the Development of Star-fishes. 285: inform. This then is the first or Infusorial stage of structure in the Star-fish. After a few days, organs (fig. 12, aa) begin to grow from that extremity of the body which during swimming was directed forwards. These, which are to serve the purposes of attach- ment, appear in the shape of papille ; first of all one on one side (fig. 12), then two smaller ones upon the other (fig. 18, 13 b, aa): subsequently the first divides itself into two, so that we now meet with four such papille of nearly equal size and club-shaped (figs. 1416, aa), and in the middle between them a smaller one (figs. 14-—16, 6). By aid of these organs the young fixes itself firmly to the walls of the uterine cavity. The body now becomes flattened, depressed (figs. 14-17) and circular, and upon one of the broad surfaces, which is thus proved to be the ventral, the tentacula begin to sprout forth as small round papille, radiating in ten rows from a common centre; two of which are approxi- mated together, there being only two papille m each row (fig. 14, ec). Upon being detached from the spot to which it had fixed itself, the young still swims in the water through the agency of its vibratile cilia, and always with the organs of attachment directed forwards; but when undisturbed it adheres firmly and immoveably to the place of attachment, never once quitting it, In this condition, or the second stage of development, which has been called the Crinoidal,—for we know of no other class of Star- fishes, except that of the Crinoidea, which are sessile, at least when young, to compare it with,—the young Asterias is still bilateral in symmetry, and the organs of attachment are seen to be constantly directed forwards, and by means of the organs (figs. 14, 15, a a) already mentioned as being unequally developed upon the two sides of the body, an anterior and posterior, as well as a right and left side, may be defined. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are already indicated by the tentacula. By degrees, however, this bilateral form passes into the radiary, the third and perfect stage of development in the Star-fish, in which the body becomes pen- tangular by its border growing out into five very short and ob- tuse arms (figs. 18,19). The tentacula lengthen out into cylin- drical tubes (fig. 20, cc) with sucking-cups at their extremity, to assist them in the act of creeping. At the apex of the arms we remark the organ regarded by Ehrenberg as the eye (fig. 18, d) ; the mouth presents itself to view upon the ventral surface, and numerous spines (figs. 19, 20) grow upon the integument of the body and arms. By and by the organs of attachment begin to diminish gradually in bulk (fig. 20, aa) and finally to disappear, the swimming movements to ceasewith the obliteration of the cilia, and the young Star-fish, now become completely radiated in form (fig. 20, a a), creeps freely about by means of its still dispro- portionately long tentacles (fig. 21, ec). The “ of this de. 2 236 M. Sars on the Development of Star-fishes. velopment is completed within an interval of from six to seven weeks. The perfectly developed young still however abide a long time, at least in one of the examined species (Asteracanthion Miil- leri), within the uterine cavity of the parent, and are so carried about by the latter. In the other species, the Echinaster sangui- nolentus, I have met with young of a radiary form, and with the organs of attachment not yet obliterated within the uterus ; but whether they remain there longer than those of the former spe- cies, or how long, I have not yet been able to ascertain. 4th. The question presents itself, are the Star-fishes subjected in the progress of development to a metamorphosis or not? The answer to this will depend on the more or less extended sense in which we please to adopt the term. If we understand by it, with some naturalists, that abrupt transition from one condition of structure to another, in which, as in the passage of the insect from the larva to the pupa state, and this again to the imago, there is a complete change of external form, then indeed the Asteriade cannot be said to undergo any such transformation ; but if, on the other hand, we take the word in the usually received sense, thus expressed by Lamarck*, “Je nomme metamorphose cette particularité singuliére de l’insecte de ne pas naitre soit sous la forme, soit avec toutes les sortes des parties qu’il doit avoir dans son dernier état,” then we must concede it as fully applicable to the creatures under consideration. For their form, we have already learnt, is in those two stages of development that I have considered to be the earliest, bilateral instead of radiated, and the young enter the world without possessing most of the more important parts belonging to their organization, such as mouth, arms and tentacles, these being produced at a subsequent, later period. Furthermore, parts are developed, for instance, the above-mentioned organs of attachment, which are destined only for immature age, and therefore disappear entirely as the animal approaches to maturity. In this last respect their metamorphosis has been termed retrograde, and offers an example of what Rathke calls ‘‘ metamorphosis retrograda per dissolutionem+.” The rea- son for the disappearance of the organs of attachment depends upon their becoming utterly useless, on account of the develop- ment of tentacles with which the young Star-fish begins a new method of locomotion, and enters into other relations with the external world. * Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertébres, p. 277, tom. iii. + Rathke must have misunderstood me when quoting my observations from Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv,’ 1837, in his ‘ Travelling Noise from Seandi- navia’: he alleges “ that the Star-fishes possess when very young a delicate stem, which proceeds from the middle of their back, and by which they at- tach themselves to other bodies.” 3 M. Sars on the Development of Star-fishes. 237 [ Obs. —We have also seen, so far as we could prosecute the in- quiry, that traces of the disappearance of the organs of attach- ment are still left distinctly visible as two very small papilliform projections, situated close together, and which appear to recede more and more towards the dorsal surface. I am now, although unable to demonstrate directly the fact, convinced, that what is called the madreporoid plate in the adult Star-fishes is nothing else than the remnant of the organs of attachment dwindled to a single small tubercle. Joh. Miiller and Troschel, in alluding to the problematical nature of this madreporoid plate, thus ex- press their opinions concerning it: “ At first sight it appears not unnatural to compare this plate in the Asteriade and Echini or Sea-urchins with the knot of the Comatule ; nor can the eccentric position of the madreporoid plate be taken as any objection to the analogy being drawn, for it is placed in the Clypeasters upon the dorsal pole. Meanwhile, however, the constant occurrence of more than a single madreporoid plate in some species of Star- fish militates against the comparison, and its true signification can be probably explained only by the study of its development. According to the observations of Sars, the Asteriade are freely locomotive when young and not attached to rocks.” If now my view of the madreporoid plate being a relic of the organs of attachment be correct, we may very well compare it with the knot of the Comatule and the stem of other Crinoidea. The authors already quoted, in objecting to this comparison con- tained in my observations in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv’ for 1837, ap- pear to me to have contributed rather to substantiate than inva- lidate the opinion. 5 This view of mine relative to the nature of the madreporoid plate must tend in an unexpected and remarkable manner to confirm the ingenious theory advanced by Agassiz respecting the bilateral type of the Echinodermata. For in addition, the organs of attach- ment having been already proved to be placed in an interradial interval, through which the long axis of the Star-fish passes, the determination of the front and back of the animal given by the same author becomes decisive, since that end of the body by which the young Star-fish attaches itself must surely be taken for the posterior. The Star-fish indeed, in its earliest state of adolescence, swims with this end of the body directed forwards, on which ac- count we might regard it as anterior, and this we have done pro- visionally upon a former occasion ; but the analogy alone of other animals, such as the young of the Medusa, as | have described them in their first or marsupial stage*, and of the compound Ascidiea observed by Milne Edwards, lead us to the recognition of the fact, that the end which during swimming was directed * Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1841. t Observ. sur les Ascidies composées des cétes de la Manche. 238 M. Sars on the Development of Star-fishes. forwards, in becoming fixed at a later period, proves itself to be in reality the posterior. In regard to those species of Star-fish that are provided with several madreporoid plates, no theory can at present be hazarded with any degree of probability. Perhaps they possess at an early period several separate organs of attachment. In conclusion, I would insist upon the naturalist bemg very guarded in his attempts to generalize, for it is probable that when the relations of development between other genera and species of Star-fishes come to be more closely investigated, greater differ- ences will be detected than could have been @ priori surmised. Thus Asteracanthion rubens differs distinctly from Echinaster san- guinolentus, whose genital openings must be placed upon the ventral side, inasmuch as, according to Miiller and Troschel, these very apertures are found upon the dorsal region in the Astera- canthion rubens, on which account its eggs probably fall into the sea and are left to take care of themselves. This 1s perhaps the reason why, in spite of my industrious researches at the most dif- ferent times of the year, 1 have never found the young, or even any indication of incubating instinct in this species. Another species of the same genus, Asteracanthion Miilleri, agrees, as we © have seen, with Echinaster sanguinolentus. The development of some other Star-fishes appears to be still more anomalous. Thus the animal, formerly* called by me Bipinnaria asterigera, 1 con- jecture, from more recent investigations (to be published upon some future occasion), to be only a Star-fish provided during its development with a large natatorial apparatus. I cannot here refrain from observing, that the development of the Star-fishes, so far as we are acquainted with it, exhibits im- portant departures from that of the other Radiated animals, the Polyps and Acalephe, a greater number at least of which are di- stinguished by the peculiar form of the incubating organ, or marsupium. The Star-fishes are developed without any such change in the generative process from the state of an ovum to the peculiar type of their group, and im this respect agree with the Articulata and Vertebrata, to which they form the first ap- proximative step, both by their peculiar pomted calcareous ske- leton, and in the remarkable instinct with which they nurse their young. | . EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fig. 1. An Echinaster sanguinolentus, natural size, seen from the ventral aspect, with the incubating cavity half open, disclosing within the bright red-coloured young. Fig. 2. The same seen in profile, resting with the cavity completely closed ; a, the madreporoid plate. * Beskrivelser og Jagttagelser, etc. p. 37, tab. 15. fig. 40. M. Sars on the Development of Star-fishes. . 239 Fig. 3, Ovarium of a smaller individual examined 25th of February. Fig. 4. The same magnified, showing the very unequally developed ova. fig. 5. A canal of the same ovarium still more magnified. Fig. 6. One of the smaller ova from this canal, showing the Purkinjean and Wagnerian vesicles. Fig. 7. An ovum laid 7th of March. The chorion is colourless, the vitellus bright red and smooth; between the two is placed the limpid al- bumen. 7’ nat. size. Figs. 8—10. Exhibit the bipartition of the vitellus in the same ovum. fg. 8, on the morning of March 9th; Fig. 9, evening of the same day ; and Fig. 10, on evening of March 10th. Fig. 11. The young escaped from the ovum and found in the uterine cavity March 17th. It is cylindrical, without visible external organs, and covered by cilia. This is the first or Infusorial stage of the Star-fish. Figs. 12—20. The second or Crinoidal stage of development. Figs. 12, 13. Young found in the marsupial cavity March 17th, with the organs of attachment sprouting forth, a a. Fig. 12 is very slightly depressed or still nearly cylindrical, and exhibits the commence- ment of these organs by two papillz, a a, one of which projects more than the other, but by it the young can as yet not attach itself. In Fig. 13 one of these papille has divided into two, and all three serve as instruments of attachment. Fig. 13 6. The same young one from the front. 13! nat. size. Figs. 14—17. Young met with April 3rd in the marsupium. They are tole- rably flattened, with four completely developed clavate organs of attachment, a a, and a lesser papilla in the middle between them. - By means of these organs the young fix themselves to the walls of the marsupium. ig. 14, seen from the ventral surface, exhibits the tentacula, ¢ ¢, sprouting forth as very small papillz in ten rows radiating from the centre of the body, two of which are approxi- mated, there being two papillz in each row. Fig. 15. The same young one seen from the dorsal surface. ig. 16. Ditto from the front. ig. 17. A young specimen seen from the front, with only three clavate organs of attachment. Figs. 18—20. Represent the transition from the hitherto bilateral condition of the young to the third or radiary condition. Fig. 18. One of the young depicted. Figs. 14—16. Further developed, April 15th, and seen from the ventral side. The body has become pentangular, and surrounded by a border thicker and more in- curved in the intervals of the five sprouting arms. The tentacles become larger and more distinct, and at the end of each of the five arms is perceived a small round papilla b, regarded by Ehrenberg as an eye. fig. 19, The same young represented from the dorsal side. The circular sheath distinguished by a groove from the arms. Upon the skin numerous spines grow. 197 nat. size. Fig. 20. The same young seen from the dorsal surface April 23rd. The tentacles ¢ ¢ are lengthened into long tubes and serve now to creep with. The organs of attachment a a begin to decrease. Fig, 21. The same on May 4th, dorsal view. ig. 22. Ventralview. ‘The mouth is distinct, the organs of attachment have disappeared, and the young, now become completely radiary, creeps about by means of its tentacles. ig. 22, nat. size. At the end of the month of May the arms had become longer and nar- rower, and the number of the tentacles increased to five in each of the ten rows. 240 The Rev. D. Landsborough on Gloiosiphonia. XXVITI.— On the Fructification of Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm. By the Rev. Davip Lanpssoroven*. [With a Plate.] In the May Number of the ‘ Annals of Natural History’ there is an interesting article by William Henry Harvey, Esq., at the close of which that distinguished botanist says, ‘ Many inter- esting additions to our marine flora may be expected from Mr. M‘Calla’s researches on the west coast of Ireland. In addition to the present new species (Codium amphibium), he has already found fine specimens of some very rare Alge, as Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Conferva rectangularis and others.” The Conferva 1 don’t know, but the Gloiosiphonia was found by me last year in the bay at Saltcoats ; I observed it at low water in a little channel betwixt two rocks, and as I was retreating with all convenient speed from the returning tide, lest I should be circumvented as I had been some days before. 1 snatched only a small portion from a large growing bunch of it, thmking that it was some common thing in rather an uncommon aspect. On floating it in fresh water, spreading it on paper, and exposing it to the air, in a very short time it changed from a dull brownish red to a fine crimson colour. On examining it I was led to conclude that it was Mesogloia, now Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carmich.; but to be quite sure I sent a specimen of it to Mr. Ralfs of Penzance, who has often skilfully and obligingly resolved my algological doubts, and he soon returned it named Giloiosiphonia capillaris. My son and daughter found it again this season, early in June, in the same place; at ebb tide it was found rather abundantly in shallow water, but what was thus found was of a dirty yellow colour, and on being spread out it changed only to pale pink. David found better specimens by wading to a considerable depth, and catching the plants with his toes. The plants found in deep water had a reddish tinge, and on being floated in fresh water and exposed to the air they soon changed into as bright a red as De- lesseria sanguinea, and made very beautiful specimens. One little specimen he found was rich in fruit ; and I write this to describe its three kinds of fructification, all of which I have not seen described, although it may have been done unknown tome. ‘The specimen found by my son had only one kind of fructification, and that was very like the hemispherical fruit of Plocamium coccineum, except that it was surmounted by a process which gave it an urceolate appearance, or it might be likened to the boss of a buckler (PI. IV. fig. 4.a). The hemispherical base was full of purple-coloured matter. * Read to the Botanical Section of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, June 25th, 1844. Mr. Darwin on several Planaric. 241 A specimen with different fruit was found by my daughter on the shore at Ardrossan. It had not the hemispherical urceolate capsules, but it had instead purple tufts not unlike the fruit of Odonthalia dentata: they had the appearance of a little mass of short truncate ramuli. In general 4 st were sessile, but in one case the mass was raised on a short purple pedicel (Pl. 1V. fig. 3. a). “The third kind of fructification consists of granules zmbedded in the branches. In the specimens with tufted fructification these were small, of a purple colour, and situated in the upper ramuli, to which they gave a dotted appearance (PI. IV. fig. 4. 5). What I am disposed to think the most common kind of fructification occurred in other specimens, viz. large buff-coloured granules generally imbedded in distorted ramuli (Pl. IV. fig. 5). At times they are only partially imbedded, producing protuberances which are filled with countless very minute granules around the large granule. At other times the large buff-coloured granules are quite external but sessile, at a certain stage falling off, not to be lost in the depths of ocean, but in all likelihood to produce a fresh generation of young Glotosiphonia. : Of these large buff granules there are seldom more than three in one branch, whilst the small granules imbedded in the ulti- mate branches are like purple points or dots, very numerous, but quite distinct from each other. I may also state that the ultimate ramuli generally seemed jointed like Ceramium rubrum, and of a pink colour; yet there were occasionally intermingled little branches with fawn-coloured joints and white articulations so very like Ceramiwm diaphanum, that I should have concluded that this Ceramium had fastened as a parasite on the Gloiosiphonia, had I not seen that the same little branch which set out as a Gloiosiphonia, without any warn- ing given suddenly assumed the aspect of C. diaphanum. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Capsule of Polysiphonia parasitica. Fig. 2. Polysiphonia parasitica, with granules and dwarf capsule. Fig. 3. Gloiosiphonia capillaris: a, tuft of fruit. Fig. 4. Ditto, ditto : a, capsule; b, small imbedded granules, Fig. 5. Ditto, ditto, with large granules in distorted ramuli, XXIX.—Brief Descriptions of several Terrestrial Planarix, and of some remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. By Cuaries Darwin, F.RB.S., V.P. Geol. Soc. [ With a Plate. ] In my Journal [ have given a brief account of the discovery of several species of terrestrial Planarie : it is my intention here to 242 Mr. Darwin on several Planarie, describe them. They all belong to the genus Planaria, as re- stricted by A. Dugés in his memoir* on these animals, and to that of Polycelis of Ehrenberg. They may, however, form a section of the genus, being characterized by their more convex and narrow bodies ; their more distinctly defined foot ; their ter- restrial habits; and frequently by their longitudinal bands of bright colours. From their colours, from their convex bodies, from their manner of crawling and the track of slime which they leave behind, and from their places of habitation, they present a striking analogy with some terrestrial gasteropods, especially with Vaginulus, with which snail I have several times found them associated under stones. I suspect that, differently from their aquatic congeners, they live on vegetable matter, namely on de- eayed wood; I suspect this, from having found them repeatedly under this substance, and from having kept some specimens in a box for twenty-one days with nothing else for food, where they in- creased considerably in size. The species which live under stones, both on the grassy, undulating land of northern La Plata, and ,on the arid, rocky hills of central Chile, generally inhabit small sinuous chambers, like those frequented by earth-worms, in which they lie coiled and knotted up. They are often found in pairs ; and I once discovered a pair attached together by their lower sur- faces, apparently in copulation. None of these species have the quick and vivacious movements of the marine species: they pro- gress by a regular wave-like movement of the foot, like that of a gasteropod, using the anterior extremity, which is raised from the ground, as a feeler. One species which I tried could crawl well through moss ; another being placed on dry paper was almost killed by it. I put several specimens into fresh water, but they appeared wholly unused to it, and would soon have perished : they seem, however, to prefer damp situations, and the speci- mens of P. Tasmaniana, which I kept in a box with rotten wood, having been neglected to be moistened, all perished, except one large individual which survived quite uninjured, although the wood had become perfectly dry. These animals (especially the P. Tasmaniana) had an immediate apprehension and dislike of light, which they showed by crawling, when the lid of the box was taken off, to the under side of the pieces of rotten wood. My obser- vations, as far as they go, on the structure of these terrestrial species, agree with those given by Dugés on the structure of the aquatic species. The figure given by this author of the ramified digestive vessels of P. dactea is quite similar to a drawing that I made of this part in the P. pallida from Valparaiso (which, from being nearly colourless, allowed the best opportunity of observa- * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, October 1828. with an Account of their Habits. 243 tion), except in the entire absence of ramifications on the internal sides of the two posterior prolongations of the main digestive ca- vity. There is generally a colourless space round the alimentary and genital orifices. ‘The mouth-sucker is bell-shaped, with a very short cesophagus: when contracted it forms either a globu- lar or-star-shaped. hard ball: I never saw it voluntarily protruded, but have no doubt’that it can be, for immersion into very weak. spirits of wine or salt water caused its exsertion, and on being touched it was immediately retracted. This mouth-sucker is highly contractile, and retains its irritability long after the death and even dissolution of the rest of the body: the external orifice, through which it is protruded, consists of a transverse slit. The genital orifice, also, consists of a transverse slit; im the aquatic species it is generally, if not always, circular. In my notes on several of the species, I find it stated that the under surface or foot is thickly studded with very minute, angular, opake, white specks : may not these serve for the necessarily copious secretion of slime? These animals, when placed on a slip of glass, fre- quently propelled a globule of air, between their foot and the glass, from their anterior extremity towards their tail ; and as the air came in contact with successive parts of the foot, a violent corpuscular movement (curiously resembling microscopical eels disturbed by a stick, and struggling in mud) was produced in the slimy surface. I could never perceive it mm any part of the foot, except when in contact with air; but it was evident, though less energetic, on parts of the back, and at the extreme anterior extre- mity of the body. I presume that the appearance is due to vi- bratile cilia ; and it is worthy of remark, that M. Dugés* suspects that the foot, in the freshwater species, is the chief seat of this respiratory action, from having observed that they frequently arch their bodies, so as to allow fresh water to circulate under it. The position of the black eye-spots varies in the different species: it is remarkable that, in the P. elongata from Tres Montes, I could perceive no trace of these ocelli, although this is the largest spe- cies. According to Prof. Ehrenberg’s arrangement, depending on the presence and number of the ocelli, this species would rank in his genus Typhoplana ; but from the variability in number and position of these imperfect organs of vision, I should doubt whe- ther they ought to afford generic characters. In the P. pallida I examined the ocelli with a strong lens, and found that they were not truly circular; the black part lies within a transparent envelope ; in this species they are seated on the upper margin of the body, in groups of two and three, exactly over the extreme lateral subdivisions of the intestinal vessel. i was not able to see ova * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, October 1828, p. 28, 244: Mr. Darwin on several Planarisz, within any of the terrestrial species. The texture of the body, its prompt dissolution into fluid after death, its power of healing wounds, its irritability and contractile powers, appear to be ex- actly similar in the terrestrial and in the aquatic species, as de- scribed by Dugés. I will not here repeat the description which I have given in my Journal (p. 31) of the bisection of the P. Tas- maniana, and the production of two perfect individuals (with the exception of the external orifice for the mouth-sucker) in the course of twenty-five days. I will only add, that an individual bemg divided into many fragments, each crawled in the proper direction, as if furnished with its proper anterior extremity. I found altogether twelve terrestrial species; two in the forests of Brazil; three on the grassy, open country northward of the Rio Plata; one on the arid hills near Valparaiso in Chile, and three in the damp wooded country southward of central Chile: the most southern locality was in lat. 46° 30'S. I found also one species in New Zealand (which I lost), another in Van Diemen’s Land, and a third at the Mauritius; the latter I had not time to examine. Hence it appears that the terrestrial sec- tion of this genus is widely diffused ; but as far as is at present known, only in the southern hemisphere. The existence of ter- restrial Planarié is analogous to that of terrestrial leeches in the forests of southern Chile and of Ceylon. 1. Planaria vaginuloides. Alimentary orifice situated at two-thirds of the entire length of the body from the anterior extremity; width of orifice th of an inch: at the distance of ;3,ths of an inch posteriorly, lies the genital orifice, very plainly marked. Ocelli numerous, placed at regular in- tervals on the anterior extremity ; irregularly, round the edges of the foot. Anterior part of the body elongated, with the extremity much pointed and grooved on the under side: tail bluntly pointed ; body convex, flattened on the top. Sides and foot coloured dirty “ orpi- ment orange *” ; above, with two stripes on each side of pale “ prim- rose-yellow,” edged externally with black; on centre of the back a stripe of glossy black ; these stripes become narrow towards both ex- tremities. Length when fully extended 2-4,ths of an inch; breadth in broadest part =1%ths of an inch. Hab. Under the bark of a decayed tree in the forest: Rio de Ja- neiro (June). 2. Planaria elegans. Position of the orifices as in P. vaginuloides. Anterior part of the body little elongated. Ocelli absent on the anterior extremity, and only a few round the margin of the foot. Colours beautiful; back snow-white, with two approximate lines of reddish brown; near the * The colours, when placed between inverted commas, signify that they are given by comparison with Patrick Syme’s Nomenclature. with an Account of their Habits. 245 sides with several very fine parallel lines of the same tint ; foot white, exteriorly clouded, together with the margin of the body, with pale blackish purple : body crossed by three colourless rings, in the two posterior of which the orifices are situated. Length 1 inch; breadth more uniform, and greater in proportion to length of body, than in the last species. Hab. Same as in P. vaginuloides. 8. Planaria pulla. Mouth-sucker, when protruded and contracted in spirits of wine, globular. Ocelli numerous, placed at regular intervals on the ante- rior part of the body. Body slightly flattened, gradually increasing in width from the anterior extremity, which is much pointed and grooved beneath. Back rich ‘“‘ umber-brown,” with a central narrow streak of ‘‘ broccoli-brown”’ reaching entire length: foot broccoli- brown, with two clear spaces for the orifices. Length when fully extended 1,%ths of an inch ; breadth ;4,th of an inch. Hab. Very frequent under stones: Monte Video and Maldonado (June and August). 4. Planaria bilinearis. Ocelli numerous, placed at regular intervals. Body subcylindrical, narrow, of nearly uniform breadth. Colour above pale dirty yellow with two stripes of ‘‘ umber-brown,” which become narrower and unite at the two extremities. Length when fully extended 1,3,ths ; breadth ;4,5ths of an inch. Hab, Same as P. pulla (June and August). 5. Planaria nigro-fusca. Alimentary orifice situated at rather less than two-thirds of the entire length from the anterior extremity: genital orifice, with the body contracted, is situated at the ;25,ths of an inch posteriorly. Ocelli very numerous ; those on the extreme tip very minute and placed at regular intervals ; those on the margin of the body grouped by two and three together. Body much depressed, tapering suddenly towards the anterior extremity ; tail abruptly terminated in a point. Above uniform blackish brown, beneath pale. Length when fully extended 2 inches ; breadth ;4,ths of an inch. Hab. Under rotten wood: Maldonado (May). 6. Planaria pallida. The alimentary and genital orifices ;%;ths of an inch apart, when the body is partially contracted : mouth-sucker when dissected out of the body ;j>ths of an inch in length; its margin very sinuous. Ocelli numerous ; eleven close together, being placed on the anterior extre- mity ; and the others in groups of two and three on the sides, and chiefly on the anterior half of the body. Body much depressed and flat, with both extremities finely pointed. Upper and lower surfaces white, with the pinkish intestinal vessel seen through. Length when crawling 3 inches ; breadth ;%,ths of an inch. Hab, Under stones on the dry hills near Valparaiso (July). 246 Mr. Darwin on several Planariz, 7. Planaria elongata. Alimentary and genital orifices obscure. Ocelli absent: posterior extremity very obtusely rounded. Above ‘ umber-brown,” with a narrow medial line of darker brown; sides narrowly edged with pale brown, bordered with the umber-brown ; beneath pale brown. Length when crawling 5 inches, when closely contracted 1;*,ths of an inch, breadth when crawling ;/;>ths, when contracted ;4,ths of an inch. Hab. On rotten wood in mountain-forests : C. Tres Montes, lat. 46° 30'S., Western America (December). 8. Planaria semilineata. Body convex. Above greenish black, with minute white punc- tures; on anterior half of body four parallel bands of “ gall-stone yellow,” of which only the central and approximate pair are pro- longed into the posterior half of body ; foot leaden colour, with co- lourless spaces for the orifices. Hab. Under stones, on one of the Chonos Islands (north of C. Tres Montes) (December). 9, Planaria maculata. Edges of the body very thin ; breadth nearly uniform. Upper sur- face quite black, with numerous, oblong, variously sized spots of yellow: foot mottled white and black. Length when crawling 15ths ; breadth ;%;ths of an inch. Hab. Forest of Valdivia (February). 10. Planaria Tasmaniana. Mouth-sucker widely extensile: alimentary orifice placed nearly in centre of the body; genital orifice ;/,th of an inch posteriorly, but when the animal.crawls it is ,2ths of an inch distant. Genital ori- fice very distinct, submargined. Ocelli scattered round the entire mar- gin of the foot, but most frequent at the anterior extremity. Both ex- tremities pointed. Colour dirty ‘‘ honey-yellow,” with a central dark brown line bordered on each side with a broader line of pale ‘‘ umber- brown :” foot quite white. Length when crawling 1, ths; when contracted ;8,ths of an inch. 3 7 Hab. Beneath decayed trees in the woods of Van Diemen’s Land : frequent (February). 3 I will now briefly describe five marine species of Planaria, which are remarkable, either as presenting novel points of structure, here- after probably forming the types of new subgenera, or from the situations which they inhabit. : 1. Planaria(?) oceanica. Puate V. fig. 1. Under-surface magnified. Anterior extremity neck-shaped, with two ear-like processes, with an Account of their Habits. 24:7 | Ocelli, I believe, absent: Posterior extremity broadly rounded. Mem- branous margin of body jagged. Length ,%,ths of an ich. Colour pale, uniform. Near the neck there is a quadrangular, internal, clear space, apparently lined by a membrane, within which there is a dark-coloured spot, and externally close by it an orifice, which the animal can dilate and contract at pleasure. Close behind this there is an internal oval space, within which there is a second dark spot united to a delicate vessel; I was unable to distinguish any orifice near this point: these organs form, I presume, the reproductive system. Close behind these organs there is a dark space formed by the union of eleven, branching, intestinal cavities, in the centre of which there is a longitudinal orifice situated rather behind the centre of the body. Through this orifice the animal can protrude a folding mouth-sucker: when it begins to unfold it is seen to be drawn into eight folds, as represented at (B). : Hab. Open ocean, lat. 5° 8., long. 33° W. (February). This I believe is the first instance of a species of this genus being found in the open sea, at the distance of 150 miles from the nearest part of 8. America, and 80 miles from the small island of Fernando Noronha. 2. Planaria(?) formosa. Body much depressed, oval. In the posterior half, on the under side, there is a very large alimentary orifice with folding lips (but apparently with no exsertile mouth-sucker), from which the two main intestinal cavities branch. Near the anterior extremity there is a minute orifice, and between it and the mouth a second orifice : these the animal can dilate and contract; they lie over an opake, wedge-formed, internal mass,and form, I presume, two genital orifices. Back dotted with purplish red, with a central band of ‘ vermilion- red,” edged with white: this band sends off three branches on each side; at the extremity of each of the two anterior branches there is a longitudinal group of black ocelli, and before these two other cir- cular groups, forming together four groups of ocelli. Length when extended half an inch, Inactive in its movements. f Hab, On corallines, at a depth of 30 fathoms, in southern Tierra del Fuego (December). 3. Planaria(?) macrostoma. Puate V. fig. 2. Under-side magnified. External alimentary orifice situated in the posterior half of body : mouth-sucker nearly subcylindrical, bell-shaped, very long; when con- tracted within the body it lies in a serpentine position ; when partl protruded it has the figure as represented; when fully extended it © tapers only slightly from its mouth to its base, and is so long, that the animal can pass it from the under surface over the entire width of its back. Its base is united, in the middle of the body, to the three principal branches of the intestinal cavity; the two posterior branches unite and form a ring, enclosing the space in which the 248 Mr. Darwin on several Planariz, mouth-sucker and its external orifice are situated. The three main branches receive the moss-like subdivision of the intestinal cavity, which reach all round nearly to the margin of the body. The main, medial, intestinal cavity ends at the anterior extremity in a small, opake, wedge-formed mass; on each side of which, nearly on the dorsal surface, a black ocellus is situated. Between the lateral branches on each side of the medial cavity, seven or eight internal spherical cavities lie, including opake balls, which I presume are immature ova; the anterior ones were most developed: they were not present in the smaller specimens, or in all the full-grown ones. I was unable to discover any genital orifice, though no doubt one or two exist: near the posterior extremity (at B) there was a colourless space, but I could not see any orifice. Anterior extremity Square, truncate, with the edges thin and prehensile; the animal attaches itself by this part, almost like a leech with its sucker, and thus drags its body: posterior extremity broadly rounded. Above, faintly coloured brownish purple in striz, with a colourless space over the alimentary orifice. Length ;%ths; breadth ;$>ths of an inch. Hab. Congregated in numbers under stones, in brackish water ; Chonos Archipelago (west coast of S. America) (December). The arrangement of the main branches of the intestinal cavity is the same as in the terrestrial Planarie, with the exception of the two posterior branches being united near the extremity of the body into a ring, which structure I have not met with described in any other species. Hence this species probably ought to form the type of a new subgenus. I may here mention that I found amongst these islands an elongated marine species (with a very distinctly formed head placed on a narrow neck) which had the power of crawling either backwards or forwards,—a power I have never seen in any other species. 4. Planaria (?) incisa. Puate V. fig. 83, Under-surface magnified. Body oval, very much depressed, highly contractile; margin sinuous, anteriorly deeply indented, posteriorly less so. Ocelli very numerous and crowded together in several rows on the indented anterior (as is known by its progression) margin. Along the centre of the body an intestinal vessel extends, and in the middle of this (B) there is a well-closed orifice, through which the animal can protrude a thin, much-folded, sinuated mouth-sucker ; this when fully expanded is quite as wide as the body. Posteriorly, on each side of the central vessel, there is a mass, apparently of immature ova. Near the pos- terior extremity there is a second subterminal orifice (D), through which, when the animal was placed in spirits, a little globular mass was protruded, like a small, much-contracted mouth-sucker. Near to the anterior extremity there are two slightly retractile paps with orifices, of which the anterior one is the largest. From this point diverging rays (intestinal cavities?) are sent off, which reach nearly with an Account of their Habits. 249 to the margin of the entire body: when the animal contracts itself, the back is raised in slight ridges, corresponding with these rays. This species, therefore, has four orifices on its under surface. Back finely reticulated with brownish purple. Length 1 inch; breadth three-quarters of an inch. Hab. Under stones on the sea-beach, St. Jago ; Cape Verd Archi- pelago (February). This species is exceedingly active and irritable in its habits : it lives, like a Nereis, under stones firmly imbedded in the beach at low-water mark. It has the power of adhering with great tena- city to smooth stones : another allied species had the same power, could also swim well by a vertical movement of its body, and fre- quently rolled itself into a ball. With respect to the four orifices: I presume, as in the P. for- mosa, the two anterior ones belong to the reproductive system. The central orifice undoubtedly is the mouth: the posterior one would naturally be thought to be the anus; but I am doubtful of this, considering the little globular body which was protruded. through it, and from the existence in the following allied genus of a double mouth. DIPLANARIA (nov. genus). Alimentary orifice double, with two exsertile mouth-suckers, Two genital orifices in the posterior part of the body. A large forked ovarium (?). Ocelli in four groups, two superficial and two more deeply seated. The characters here given appear to me absolutely to require the institution of a new genus. Diplanaria notabilis. Puate V. fig, 4. Under-side magnified. Body very much depressed, with the edges very thin; anterior extremity thrice as broad as the posterior. On the under surface, towards the anterior extremity, there is a clear space, over which, on the back, the ocelli are situated ; into this space, on all sides, the branching, clear, intestinal cavities enter. Each intestinal cavity generally bifurcates three times before its fine extremities reach the margin of the body. Towards the posterior extremity there is a second clear space (with the two orifices D and E), into which also the surrounding intestinal branching cavities enter ; these two spaces are united by two longitudinal clear spaces (obscured by ovules in the drawing) passing on each side of the elongated, opake, white, central organ. ‘This organ, when the animal is contracted, has the appearance represented in the drawing, namely of an internal, elliptic mass, narrowing at each end, with deeply sinuated borders, and with two external, perfectly closed orifices over it, as shown at (B) and (C). But when these two orifices are opened, from both of them broad, shallow, saucer-like mouth-suckers are protruded, as repre- sented at (F) ; these, when contracted within the body, appear united, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. S 250 Mr. Darwin on several Planariz. and form a single, elliptic, sinuated body. These two mouth-suckers are quite similar; they are much shallower than those of any other species of the family which I have seen; their membranous edges are very thin, narrow, transparent and sinuous: in the act of con- traction they become folded in a complicated manner, like the bud of a flower. I was able easily to dissect them out of the body, and they retained, in the characteristic manner described by Dugés, and as in the terrestrial Planarie, an extreme degree of irritability and contractile power, long after the rest of the body had ceased to live. In the elliptic space surrounding the two mouth-suckers when contracted, and between the mouths of the lateral, branching, intes- tinal cavities, innumerable ova are arranged in groups, from two to four in each; these are represented in the drawing only by double dots. These ova were easily separated; they are spherical, =3,ths of an inch in diameter, and contain a central opake mass. In the posterior clear space there are two minute, but quite distinct, orifices (D and E), which I do not doubt are the reproductive pores: into this clear space a large fork, filled with opake white matter, enters, as is shown in the drawing; this matter consists of minute, white globules in chains, imperfectly united together: I believe these are immature ova, and hence I suppose that the fork is the ovarium, from which the ova pass into the clear spaces surrounding the mouth- suckers and are there matured. The ocelli are black and circular, and are arranged in four groups, two of which are round, and two in elongated bands inclined to each other: the ocelli in the bands are not seated on the dorsal surface, but deep within the body, near the ventral surface. Colour pale ‘ tile-red,” darkest on the dorsal ridge, with colourless spaces over the genital orifices and over the ocelli. Length ;4%,ths of an inch ; breadth of anterior part of body =4>ths; of posterior part ;5th of an inch. Hab. Under stones in tidal pools, Chonos Archipelago (Western S. America) (December). _ This animal is very active, can crawl quickly, and can swim well by the movements of its thin marginal edges : it can adhere firmly to stones. This is the most complicated and singular form of the large family of Planarie which I have seen or met with described. The presence of two alimentary orifices and two mouth-suckers is an- other and interesting point of affinity between the Planarig and the true parasitic worms, in which the number of mouths so often exceeds one. I believe that the presence of the large forked ova- rium, and of groups of ocelli situated at different depths, are pe- culiarities of structure confined to this genus. If the small mass protruded from the posterior orifice (D) of the Planaria (?) in- cisa was really a small contracted mouth-sucker, this species is closely allied to our present new genus; with the chief difference of the two genital orifices being near the anterior, instead of the posterior extremity. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 251 I will conclude by remarking, that the family of Planaria is most widely diffused, and is adapted to the most different stations : on the land, it is adapted to forests and plains, in hot, temperate, and dry climates ; in water, under all latitudes, to fresh, brackish and salt, on sea-beaches, at the depth of 30 fathoms, and in the open ocean. . XXX.—Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryren Beituincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Member of the Royal Daplonsoal, Geological and Natural History So- cieties of Dublin, &c. [Continued from p. 165.] Genus 17. BorHriocePHaLvs. (Derived from. (oOpior; fovea, and kepads), caput.) Gen. Char.—Body long, flat, soft, and articulated. Head subtetra- gonal, with two or four’ opposite depressions. Tue genus Bothriocephalus was established by Rudolphi, and has been adopted by all zoologists since. Previous to his time the species were confounded with those of the genus Tenia. The species are common in fish and birds, more rare in the mammalia, and very rare in reptiles; they usually inhabit the alimentary canal, sometimes the abdominal cavity. The genus is not very numerous in species, only thirty-four being enume- rated by Rudolphi, of which ten are doubtful. He has arranged them in two subdivisions ; in one the head is armed, in the other this part is naked or unarmed. A. INERMES. a. Dibothrit. 1. Bothriocephalus latus*. . Small intestines of man (Homo). 2, claviceps. Intestines of eel (Anguilla acutirostris). * We are indebted to Bonnet for the first description approaching to accuracy of the Bothriocephalus latus; but it is only within a few years that its zoological characters have been properly understood, and we are indebted to Bremser for having first determined these, who removed it from the genus Tenia, to which it had long erro- neously been supposed to belong. The Bothriocephalus latus is the only species of the genus which inhabits the human intestines, and it has received a number of differ- ent names. It is the Tenia lata of Linneus, Pennant and Turton; the Tenia ‘ articulos non demittens ’ and the Tenia ‘ 4 anneaux courts’ of earlier writers; the Tenia vulgaris and Tenia grisea of others ; the Tenia inerme umana of Brera; the Tenia osculis superficialibus of 3 S2 252 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. (Intestines and pyloricappendages of salmon (Salmo Salar). Pyloric appendages of salmon trout (Salmo Trutta). Intestines of Gillaroo trout (Sal- mo Fario, var.). 3. Bothriocephalus proboscideus *. < Hooper ; le Tenia large of Cuvier ; and le Bothriocephale de homme of Lamarck. The colour of this species is white, seldom however so pure a white as the Tenia solium. After it has remained in spirits of wine it often acquires a grayish tinge, from which circumstance Pallas gave it the name of Tenia grisea. The head has somewhat an ovoid shape; the neck is in general not distinct. ‘The articulations of the body are very broad in pro- portion to their length. The orifices which lead to the ovaries are situated in the centre of the flat surface of each articulation, and around them the oviducts are seen, which have a radiated or stellate appearance. In some instances we can distinguish a minute body projecting from the genital pore, which is supposed to be the male organ. The Bothriocephalus latus inhabits exclusively the small intestines, and as many as three or four have been found in the same individual. Its length is variable, but is said to be in general greater than that of the Tenia, It seldom or never parts with single joints (as occurs with the Tenia solium), owing to the longitudinal muscular fibres being continued from one articulation to another; in the Tenia so- lium these fibres are distinct in each articulation. The Bothriocephalus latus is not uncommon in the intestines of the inhabitants of Poland, Russia, and part of France. It is so general in some parts of Switzerland as to have received the name ‘ Ver de Genéve.’ It is very rare in England, Germany, Holland, India, Egypt and the United States, where it is replaced by the Tenia so- lium. 'The only specimen which I possess is a portion of one found in the intestines of an individual who died several years ago in one of the Dublin hospitals, which was given to me by my friend Dr. Aquilla Smith of this city. I have only heard of two other instances in which it has occurred in Dublin; once it was met with by the late Dr. Macartney, and once by Dr. Graves, but I have had no op- portunity of examining the specimens in either case. * The Bothriocephalus proboscideus is exceedingly common in the genus Salmo; it is a very beautiful species, and will live for several days after the death of the animal which it inhabits. It abounds most in the largest and fattest salmon. I have found them in such numbers in the intestines and pyloric appendages of the Salmo Salar as almost completely to block up these parts, which contained nothing besides but a white tenacious mucus. The fish in which they were most numerous were amongst the finest in the market ; which would help to prove, that in these animals at least, the pre- ~~ Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 253 Intestines and pyloric ap- 4, Bothriocephalus infundibuliformis ? * ‘ pendages of salmon trout (Salmo Trutta). testines of sun-fish (Or- thagoriscus Mola). 5. microcephalus + .... dg sence of entozoa in the alimentary canal is not to be regarded as the result of disease. * In the intestines and pyloric appendages of the salmon trout (Salmo Trutta) I have, upon several occasions, found a Bothrioce- phalus which has many of the characters of B. infundibuliformis. It resembles generally the B. proboscideus, but differs from it in some respects. The length is about 12 inches or upwards; colour white; body thick ; diameter a third of a line anteriorly, 2 lines posteriorly. The head is large, triangular or subsagittate; the depressions (bothrii) deep and of an oblong shape. The neck is very distinct, and has a greater diameter than the articulations immediately next to it; the articulations near the neck are somewhat funnel-shaped ; in the rest of the body each second joint is more than double the length of that before it ; near the posterior extremity all the articulations are short ; the terminal joint is twice or three times the length of those ante- rior to it, and is rounded at its extremity. A depressed median line is seen upon the body running its whole length. When the animal is alive and in motion the shape of its head varies much, and when protruded fully it presents nearly the same cha- racter as after lying in spirits of wine ; at other times the bothrii re- semble merely two longitudinal lines ; when the animal is very much contracted, the head resembles a rounded tubercle, with two circular depressions upon its anterior surface. In a large specimen now be- fore me the head has a much greater diameter than the articulations nearest it, its base being nearly double their width. The bothrii are enlarged, contracted and elongated constantly ; and when the body is fully contracted the animal appears to be almost cylindrical. t In the intestines of a very large sun-fish (Orthagoriscus Mola) which I examined, and which is now in the museum of the Natural History Society of Dublin, I found an immense number of the Bothriocephalus microcephalus, several of which lived in a vessel of fresh water for twenty-four hours. The longest measured upwards of 3 feet in length; at the widest part of the body it was something more than 3 lines in diameter. Colour white. The head is small, triangular or sagittate, and ter- minates anteriorly in a little papillary eminence. ‘The bothrii, two in number, are of an oval shape, though wider posteriorly. There is no neck. The anterior articulations are funnel-shaped, becoming longer gradually ; the next are shorter; the terminal articulations appear to be merely transverse rugze in some specimens ; the last ar- ticulation is more acute than the others. This species is believed to be peculiar to the sun-fish. 254 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. Intestines of turbot (Pleuronectes maximus). Intestines and pyloric appendages of sea-scorpion (Cottus Scorpius). Abdominal cavity of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). 6. Bothriocephalus punctatus*. Y solidus +. . * The Bothriocephalus punctatus is very common in the intestines of the turbot (Pleuronectes maximus), and of the sea-scorpion or father-lasher (Cottus Scorpius). Dr. Drummond has found it in ad- dition in the brett or brill (Pleuronectes rhombus), and it has been very accurately described by him in the New Series of the ‘ Mag, of Nat. Hist.’ for the year 1839, I shall therefore only observe here, that the peculiarity in this species which is noticed by Rudolphi was apparent in my specimens, viz. that this animal when recent is per- fectly white, but after having remained for some time in spirits of wine or in water, a black spot appeared in the centre of each articu- lation in the situation of the ovaries. My friend Dr. Drummond has also noticed this circumstance, and considers that it is connected in some way with the maturity of the ova. + Although I have examined a large number of the Gasterosteus aculeatus, I have not succeeded in finding the Bothriocephalus solidus, and have placed it in this list on the authority of my friend Dr. Allman, the Professor of Botany in Trinity College, Dublin, who dis- covered it in specimens of the Gasterosteus aculeatus from the neigh- bourhood of Cork. Its habitat differs from that of most species of Bothriocephalus, as it occurs only in the cavity of the abdomen, not in the intestinal canal. The animal which it inhabits would appear sometimes to have the power of getting rid of it, as the B. solidus has been found alive in the water of ponds in which these fish are abundant. It is probable that from this circumstance Linneus was led to the opinion that the Tenia (to which genus it formerly was supposed to belong) could exist out of the bodies of living animals. Dr. Baer relates, that ‘in an excursion up the Pregel with the late Prof, Eysenhandt in search of water-plants, the first object which at- tracted our attention was a tape-worm; on continuing our searches we found nearly a dozen in the water, four of which were alive, the others dead or nearly so. This (he adds) brought to my recollection Lin- neus’s Tenia, found in water. With the exception of vast numbers of the Gasterosteus pungitius, scarcely any other animal was observed in the water. Many of these fish were taken; in all the abdomen ap- peared much swollen, and on opening them a Bothriocephalus solidus was found, which, when extended, was longer than the fish in which it was contained, Every specimen of fish we opened contained a worm, and the fishermen assured us that they were rarely met with without them. It is supposed that these worms escape, or are forced from the fish into the water, in which they will live for a considerable time.” Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 255 Small intestines of pomarine skua 5 (Lestris pomarinus). 8. Bothriocephalus nodosus .. 4 «411 intestines of dusky grebe (Po- diceps obscurus). b. TVetrabothrii. (Small intestines of second- speckled diver (Colymbus sep- 9. Bothriocephalus macrocephalus*.< ~ tentrionalis). Small intestines of horned grebe (Podiceps cornutus). 10. tumidulus.... Intestines of skate (Rata Batis). B. Armati. (Omnes tetrabothrii.) a. Uncinati. 4 11. Bothriocephalus coronatus. Large intestines of skate (Raza Batis). b. Proboscidei. . Stomach, small and large intestines 12. Bothriocephalus corollatus. of dog-fish (Squalus Acanthias). Large intestines of dog-fish (Squalus Acanthias). 13. paleaceus . Species dubia. . Intestines and pyloric appendages of cod (Gadus Morrhua). Intestines and pyloric appendages of had- dock (Gadus Aiglefinus ). 14, Bothriocephalus +. * Upon several occasions I have found tlie Bothriocephalus ma- crocephalus in large numbers in the small intestines of the second- speckled diver (Colymbus septentrionalis). They usually were most abundant in that part of the intestinal canal near the gizzard ; none existed in the large intestines. They are from 2 to 6 inches and up- wards in length ; colour white; the articulations very readily separate from one another when the animal is placed in water. The head is large, and somewhat tetragonal in shape, with four lateral depres- sions, two upon each side ; each is contracted in the centre of the long diameter, which gives it the appearance of being divided into two portions. ‘he neck is very short ; in some the greatest diameter of this part was next the head, in others next the body. The arti- culations in front are almost linear ; they then increase in length and eventually become campanulate. + The species of Bothriocephalus which inhabits the intestines and pyloric appendages of the cod (Gadus Morrhua) and of the haddock (G. Ziglefinus) is exceedingly common. I have seldom examined one of these fish without finding it, and yet it has been altogether over- looked by Rudolphi and other writers. That it is a Bothriocephalus 256 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidieze. 15. Bothriocephalus . Large intestines of skate (Raia Batis). 16. « J Small intestines of little grebe (Podiceps minor). 17. .. Intestines of arctic tern (Sterna arctica). 18 Large intestines of red-necked grebe (Po- diceps rubricollis). appears from the disposition of the ovaries, but I have never suc- ceeded in detecting the bothrii upon the head; in fact this part is inclosed in a kind of tubercle which is found upon the peritoneal surface of the pyloric appendages (the body of the animal lying loose in the intestines), and I have drawn this part out to a very fine point, but have not been able to determine its characters. My friend Dr. Drummond has also found this species in abundance in cod taken in the neighbourhood of Belfast. * In the intestines of the little grebe (Podiceps minor) I found se~ veral specimens of a Bothriocephalus which does not appear to have been described, and which seems to unite the genus Ligula with the Bothriocephalus. It belongs to the first division in Rudolphi’s ar- rangement, Jnermes, and to the subdivision Dibothrii. The length is from an inch and a half to two inches; colour when recent red- dish yellow. The head is somewhat subsagittate ; the bothrii, two in number, are placed, one upon the dorsal, the other upon the abdo- minal surface of this part; they are long, slightly elliptical, or in the form of a simple fissure, extending the whole length of the head and reaching into the articulation next it. There is no neck. The ar- ticulations are broad, rugose, and very short. In the centre of the posterior articulations the circular orifices of the ovaries are seen, from each of which a lemniscus projects, which is long and clavate. XXXI.—On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, Esgq., M.R.C.S., Penzance*. [ With a Plate. ] TETMEMORUS, 0. g. Frond simple, elongated, straight, cylindrical or subcylindrical, slightly constricted in the middle ; segments emarginate at the end, but otherwise quite entire. I have instituted this genus for the reception of two plants which are placed in Clostertum by Meneghini, but do not well ,agr e with the other species in that genus. . Whe fronds are elongated as in Closterium, from which, how- i Fever this genus may easily be distinguished by the emarginate ends ; the same character and the elongated fronds will separate it from Cosmarium. From Kuastrum, with which it agrees in the emarginate extre- * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, April 11, 1844. ee rT ee eee. pas wl / Ann & Mag. Nat Hist NoAAPLVIL. ee 2206 beeo Teimemorus. S Ratt: &Z Jenner del. Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiee. 257 mities, it differs in being cylindrical or nearly so, and in the seg- ments being neither lobed nor sinuated ; the fronds are also free from inflated protuberances. Starch is found in both species. 1. T. Brebissonii. Segments in the front view with parallel sides, but in the lateral view attenuated ; the ends without any projec- ting processes. Closterium Brebissonii, Mnugh. Syn. Desmid. in Lin- nea 1840, p. 236. Closterium (sp. 9), Bailey, Amer. Bacil. in Amer. Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xli. no. 2. pl. 1. fig. 38. Ashdown Forest, Warbleton, Henfield, &c., Sussex, and near Tun- bridge Wells, Mr. Jenner ; Dolgelley, Carmarthen and Penzance. Fronds about six times longer than broad, with a slight con- striction in the middle ; the front view shows the lateral margins of the segments nearly straight, with rounded and emarginate ends. The lateral view is more constricted in the middle, and the segments are attenuated towards the end. The endochrome is dark green, and there is a series of large globules down the middle in a single row, either straight or with some irregularity. The fronds, when empty, are found to be minutely punctate, the puncta bemg arranged in longitudinal rows. This species differs from the following one in having its front and lateral views unlike each other, and its puncta arranged in longitudinal lines. Prats VIII. fig. 1. Tetmemorus Brebissonii: a, front view; 6, side view ; ec, empty frond; d, segment. 2. T. granulatus. Fronds tapering both in the front and lateral views, and ending in a colourless projecting lip-like process. Closterium granulatum, Breb. in Mngh. Synop. Desmid. p. 236. In boggy pools, Ashdown Forest and Henfield, Sussex; bogs at Fisher’s Castle near Tunbridge Wells, Mr. Jenner; Dolgelley and Penzance. Fronds cylindrical, about six times as long as broad, very slightly constricted in the middle, fusiform. The extremities always have a colourless projecting lip-like process which extends beyond the notch. The colourmg matter is dark green, and a few large green globules are arranged in a longitudinal row down the middle. The empty frond is minutely. punctated ; the puncta generally form one or two transverse lines in each segment near the central constriction, and in the other parts of the frond they are not in rows, but scattered. Under a low power of the microscope this species much re- sembles the preceding ; but it may always be distinguished by the front and lateral views being similar and only differing in the 258 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiex. terminal notch, which is not seen in the lateral view. There is also beyond the notch a remarkable lip-like projection which is wanting in Tetmemorus Brebissonii, and the puncta seen in its empty frond are not arranged in longitudinal rows. Prats VIII. fig. 2. Tetmemorus granulatus: a, front view; 6, side view ; c, empty frond; d, fronds conjugated ; e, spore fully formed; f, spore se- parated from the segments; g, side view of conjugate fronds. P.S.—Since the preceding was written I have met with this species in a conjugated state. The specimens were gathered near Dolgelley, and formed a mucous stratum on the moist soil. The fronds were smaller than usual; I did not observe any in the first state of union, but it appears that after conjugation the segments of the fronds are separated. by the formation of a large, . quadrate, central cell, im which all the endochrome of both fronds is collected and the empty segments remain loosely attached to the corners of this cell. The endochrome at first fills the cell, large starch globules being scattered throughout the minutely granular substance, but at length it becomes a dense, round, ho- mogeneous spore of a dark green colour which finally changes to an olive-brown. In this stage the segments of the original fronds fall off, leaving the quadrate cell inclosing the spore. In the front view, as stated above, the cell is nearly square, the sides.are concave, and the angles rounded and slightly pro- duced. A lateral view shows that the cell and spore are both compressed. , This is the first opportunity I have had of examining any of this family in a conjugated state, and I have described it at some length because it appears to me a very interesting and important fact in support of their claim to belong to the vegetable kingdom, exhibiting in the present instance a striking similarity to the change which takes place during the formation of similar spores in Staurocarpus among the Conjugate. In Staurocarpus after conjugation a subquadrate cell is formed, within which the endochrome is collected. The latter is at first of the same form as the cell, but in one species at least is at length condensed into a large, compact, globular spore, and in every species the cell with the contained spore finally separates entirely from the filaments with which it is connected. In this separate state I know no character by which to distinguish the spore of the Tetmemorus from one belonging to a species of Stau- rocarpus ; and in both, the spore, when tested by the tincture of iodine, is found to be almost wholly composed of starch*. * Examples of the shape of the cell in species of Stawrocarpus may be seen in the plate illustrating Mr. Hassall’s valuable papers on the Fresh- water Algee.—Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. xii. pl. 7. Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiez. 259 MicrAstEeRias, Ag. (Meneghint). Fronds simple, plane, orbicular, deeply divided into two seg- ments, each of which is lobed; the lobes are radiant and in- ciso-serrate. The fronds are simple, circular, flat, divided nearly to the centre, so that the segments are united only by a narrow chord. The segments are semiorbicular and in close contact with each other along their entire breadth ; each is deeply divided into lobes which are arranged in a radiant manner; each lobe is regularly and deeply cleft, and the margin is dentate. The orbicular, plane, and deeply incised fronds will distinguish this from all the other genera in this family. In Huastrum, the only one with which it can be confounded, the fronds are gene- rally oblong, and the lobes are not incised. : Starch granules are very evident in this genus. Young fronds differ so much im appearance from the full-grown plant, that they may be mistaken for another species. As the plants to which Agardh affixed the name of Micraste- rias are probably all included under the above description, I have followed Mariegin’ in retaining that name for this genus, espe- cially as it seems to me that not one of Agardh’s species is con- tained in the Micrasterias of Ehrenberg, who intended by it a very different genus, the Pediastrum of Meyen*. 1. M. rotata. Fronds smooth; lobes broadly cuneate, approximate, the end lobe emarginate, the others deeply incised, the divisions notched and dentate. Micrasterias rota, Mngh. Syn. Desmid. in Linnea 1840, p.215. chinella rotata, Grev. in Hook. Br. FI. vol. ii. p. 398 (1830). Hutomia rotata, Harv. Br. Alg. p. 187. Luastrum rota, Ehr. Infus. p. 167. tab. 12. fig. 1; Priteh. Infus. p. 195. figs, 121 to 128 ; Bailey, American Bacillaria, pl. 1. fig, 22 and fig.24. Micrasterias, Ag. Bot, Zeit, 1827? In freshwater pools, probably common. Sussex, near South- ampton, &c., Mr. Jenner; Henfield, Mr. Borrer ; frequent about Barmouth, Rev. T. Salwey ; Dolgelley, Cwm Bychan, Carnarvon; Carmarthen, Swansea; Dartmoor and Penzance. This plant is not uncommon, and frequently occurs in consi- derable quantities, and unmixed with other alge. The fronds are large, and appear to the naked eye like minute green dots ; they are nearly circular ; each segment is deeply di- vided into five lobes. The end lobe is the narrowest, and in the * “Nomen acl, Agardh propositum et perperam ab aliis Pediastris affix- um, et cum novo illo Euastrum commutatum servandum.”—Menegh, Syn, Desmid. in Linnea 1840, p. 215. 260 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiez. mature plant appears more turgid than the rest of the segment ; the other lobes are deeply bifid. All the lobes, as well as the divisions of each lobe, are cuneate; all the incisions have their sides approximate and point towards the centre of the frond. The margin of the frond is dentated and is frequently colourless. The young frond differs considerably from the adult form : its terminal lobes are very broad with convex and entire margins, whereas the other portions are dentate or spinulose-dentate at their margins; the lobes not being yet divided there are no in- cisions, or very short ones, whilst a slight notch often points out the future clefts; the younger the frond the more entire is its margin. As in this plant the portion connecting the two segments is very narrow, the mode of increase by division is well shown. The central connecting portion elongates and becomes converted into two colourless rounded lobules, which increase in size, gradually acquire colour, and finally become lobed and miniature represen- tations of the segments of the frond, and then two new fronds are formed by separation. : The new segments frequently acquire considerable size before they become lobed. As two fronds are formed by separation be- fore the new segments are fully grown, specimens often occur in which the segments differ im size, and the lobes of the smaller one are sometimes not fully formed. Puate VI. fig. 1. Micrasterias rotata: a, full-grown fronds; 6, young fronds; c, mode of increase. Micrasterias apiculata, Mngh., which differs from this species in having its surface furnished with spines, has not been detected in this country. 2. M. Melitensis, Mngh. Frond smooth, all the lobes deeply bifid ; the divisions linear and bidentate at the extremity ; both the lobes and their divisions are divergent. Mngh. /.c. p.216. Huastrum Crux Melitensis, Ehr. Infus. p. 162. tab. 12. fig. 3; Pritch. Infus. p. 196. fig. 124; Bailey, J. c. fig. 23 and fig. 29, young, Amongst Diatoma fenestratum in a small pool a little below the outlet of Llyn Gwernan near Dolgelley : very rare. This, which is a very beautiful plant, is much smaller than Micrasterias rotata; the segments are deeply divided into five nearly equal lobes which diverge from each other, and are all deeply bipartite ; their divisions are linear, bidentate at the apex and also divergent. The colouring matter is bright green and confined to the centre of the frond; the linear divisions of the lobes being colourless. I have not seen the young fronds of this species, but their Dr. Montagne on the genus Xiphophora. 261 figure in Ehrenberg shows a difference from the perfect plant so much greater than in Micrasterias rotata, that it looks like a distinct species, and is in fact so considered in the ‘ American Bacillariz.’ Puate VI. fig. 2. Micrasterias Melitensis: perfect frond. XXXII.—On the genus Xiphophora, and, in connexion with it, Observations on this question: Do we find in the Fucacez the two Modes of Propagation which we observe in the Floridex ? By Dr. Montaene*. | Xiphophora, Montgn., nov. gen. Frons sterilis, ex qua surgit fertilis (seu receptaculum), dichotoma eaque brevior, compressa, flexuosa (en zigzag) apice truncata. Pars maxima frondis in receptaculum planum, elongatum, dichotomum, papulosum, olivaceo-nigrum, apicibus incurvis ensiformibus insigne, abiens. Conceptacula immersa, per totam frondem fertilem sparsa, globosa, poro pertusa, intus nucleum dimorphum foventia; in altero autem observantur spore obovate, luteo-brunnee, limbo hyalino cincte, e cellulis parietalibus obortz, paraphysibus gracilibus articu- latis simplicibus concomitatz ; in altero vero fila adsunt ramosa, ar- ticulata, articulo extremo gemmam oblongam, granulosa repletam materie, tandem liberam et perisporio, ut spore genuinze, vestitam includente. Habitus Fuci, at receptaculum Himanthalie, Nomene Eidos, ensis, et pépw, fero compositum. Prodr. nov. Phycear. in itin. ad polum antarct. p.12.t.7. f. 1. Xiphophora Billardiertt, Montgn., J. ¢. Fucus gladiatus, Labill., Pl. Nov. Holl. t. 256. Obs.—M. Hombron, principal surgeon of the Astrolabe, was the first to find the fructification of this Alga. Previous to this discovery, the plant from its habit had been ranked among the species of the genus Fucus, where I would have left it, had it not previously happened that the Fucus Loreus was separated on grounds which ought to have the same value in the case of F. gladiatus, Labill. In all the known species of Fucus, the recep- tacle, elliptical or lanceolate, terminates the frond or the branches, from which it is altogether distinct. Here we have, as in Himan- thalia, a frond almost entirely converted into a receptacle ; and in order to complete the resemblance, or at least the analogy, in- stead of a sort of fungiform body from which the receptacle originates, we find a frond very short, dichotomous, and remark- * From the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for October 1842. Trans- lated and communicated by Dr. Dickie. 262 Dr. Montagne on the genus Xiphophora, ably distinct from the receptacle by its flexuose divisions abruptly truncated toward the summit. But these are not the only dif- ferences by which we cannot fail to distinguish the new genus which I propose, either from Fucus or Himanthalia; there are others more profound and of a higher importance, since they occur in the fructification. Thus, besides the frond being converted into a receptacle, that is to say, charged with conceptacles in the greater part of its extent, these last present two modifications in the organs which they contain. In the one the normal spores spring regularly from the wall of the conceptacle, and are accom-— panied with filaments which are simple, very slender and jointed, without any dilatation of the terminal articulation, in a word, true paraphyses ; in the others we find, instead of these, filaments also articulated but much branched, although limited to the ca- vity of the conceptacle, and in the terminal articulation of which the inclosed olivaceous granular matter becomes organized into an oblong body which increases in size, and finally separating from the filament, falls into the cavity of the cell like the true spores. We find it then inclosed like these last in a perispore which is furnished to it by the tube of the filament, and its size comes to be equal to the third part of that of the normal spore. The form and disposition of these organs reminded me of a number of observations which I have already made in analysing the Algze of this tribe. It appeared to me that it would be in- teresting to discover in what respect these two kinds of organs differ, and if they are different, to assign to each the functions intended by nature. I have resolved therefore to submit to a new and scrupulous examination all the species of Fucus, and all the genera more nearly allied. It is not without much diffidence in my own resources that.I have ventured to enter upon a question surrounded with so many difficulties and scarcely alluded to by any botanist ; I cannot, accordingly, pretend to have resolved it. I shall be glad if the result of my researches, for which I claim their indulgence, should happen to awaken and fix on this question the attention of physiologists more favourably situated than I am for ascertaining the facts, if it be possible, by observation and direct experiment, and thus obtaining a solution of the great difficulties which it still offers. All botanists are aware that plants, even those which we call cellular, have two modes of propagation, the one by seeds or spores, the other by buds, gemmee or propagines. These two kinds of organs, so evident in the Hepatice, are met with also in the Floridee, a family still more closely approaching that to which Xiphophora belongs. It has been completely established by ex- periments against which no doubts can be raised, that the spheero- spores (anthosperms, Lamx.), or what we name the second fructi- and on the Propagation of Fucaceze. 2638 fication of the Floridee, can, as well as the seeds of the concepta- cular fructification, reproduce an individual similar to the parent plant. Such being the case, what difficulty can there be then in regarding as representatives of one of these two modes of propa- gation, the kind of gongyle filled with a granular matter which terminate the branches of the jointed filaments which we meet with in the conceptacles of all the Fucacee, and which M. de la Pylaie has named microphytes, a name which I shall retain until we have finally determined the kind of functions which they fulfill ? I am well aware that no fact, no direct experiment can be pro- duced in proof of this rather rash opinion, but which nevertheless seems to me worthy of examination. Long previous to our having recognised and verified their power of propagating the plant, we had considered the anthosperms of Lamouroux as one of the means of reproduction in the Floridee,—anthosperms, which, under the name of spherospores or tetraspores, are regarded at present as the normal fructification, whilst the conceptacular has fallen to the second rank, and is only considered by some phycologists as an anormal and succedaneous mode of propagation. However this may be, either 1 am much mistaken, or it appears to me that we may recognise these two modes of reproduction in the Fucacee, first, in the true spores, either fixed to the base of the paraphyses or to the wall of the conceptacle itself; second, in the microphytes of M. de la Pylaie, figured by Lyngbye (Hydroph. Dan. t.\1. B. figs.3 and 4). These microphytes are most assuredly similar or at least analogous to many of the conceptacular fructifications which among the Floridee are produced in the terminal articu- lation of a branched and jointed filament, which is usually, as in this case, a continuation of those which constitute the frond. Does not this resemblance between analogous organs in two neighbouring and parallel series appear to add some weight to the opinion held by M. Decaisne respecting the secondary importance of the conceptacular fructification ? I confess that, previous to having these new ideas respecting their nature, I took for young spores the gongyle which the microphytes bear. The error was so much more difficult to avoid, since many species appear desti- tute of true spores. In his general remarks on the Fucacee, M. Meneghini (Alghe Ital. e Dalmat.) himself appears to have con- sidered as normal spores the gemmee which are borne by the branched filaments of the microphytes; in fact, he expresses himself as follows :—‘ Essi asci sono ramosi-articulati, alcuni sono fertili, portano cioé le spore, ciascuna delle quali é solitaria in uno degli articoli terminali, gli altri,” &c. We now proceed to the observations, which to a certain extent Support my ideas respecting the organs in question : 264: Dr. Montagne on the genus Xiphophora. In one species of Marginaria, the M. Urvilliana, I have found true spores, accompanied by paraphyses almost simple, jointed, and not inflated at the extremity ; the other, 1. Boryana, in more than twenty receptacles thoroughly examined, has only presented microphytes, very much branched, jointed, and having the terminal articulation of the branches dilated into a spore or gemma, if we prefer this last name, which, becoming detached from the filament, falls into the middle of the conceptacle enve- loped by the membrane of the tube in the form of a perispore. In the Scytothalia Jacquinoti I have seen normal spores, ac- companied by paraphyses almost simple, moniliform, and trans- parent. It would appear from my researches, which unfortunately I have not been able to follow out in a sufficient number of indi- viduals, that in Himanthalia the two sorts of filaments, in place of occurring on the same receptacle and in different conceptacles, as in the genus Xiphophora, are met with on different individuals. On four specimens analysed by me, two had the normal fructifi- cation, which we call basispermal; the others only presented mi- crophytes, to which we may also apply the name acrosperms, to distinguish them from the first, although I freely confess that there exist intermediate forms which will render these denominations somewhat vague. I state what I have seen in the examples of Himanthalia in my possession, but I am far from affirming that such is always the case. I would very much recommend the ve- rification of this point to such botanists as may have opportunity of doing so. The Fucus vesiculosus, of which I have only examined. three individuals, has invariably shown the basispermal fructification. In F. ceranoides these are absent, or at least I have only seen one sort of filaments ; these are microphytes. Lyngbye figures the two kinds of filaments and of fructifica- tion in F. serratus ; now on more than ten individuals which I have examined (it must be acknowledged in a dried state) I have only met with the microphytes of the preceding species, differing from them only a little in shape. As certain Floridee present the two modes of propagation united on the same stem but not confounded together, we also find in Fucus canaliculatus, inclosed in the same conceptacle, the filaments of the two kinds, that is to say, the basi- and acrospermal fructification. It is nearly the same with F. distichus ; in it we observe all the transitions from true spores to what we may consider as gemme or propagines. Lastly, in a great number of examples of F. nodosus, L. (Hali- drys nodosa, Lyngb.), I have only observed microphytes ; and what M. C, Montagne on Ctenodus Labillardieri. 265 is very remarkable, M. de la Pylaie, who has analysed on the spot at Terre Neuve a great number of individuals of this same spe- cies, has never, more than myself, met with the other form of fructification. Nevertheless, Lyngbye has represented the basi- spermal fructification of this species, and Turner (Hist. Fuc, t.98) says even positively that in it he has seen the two sorts of fila- ments in the same conceptacle, and what is more, he represents them in such a way that one cannot fail to recognise them. Such are the facts on which I found my opinion respecting the two modes of propagation in the Fucacee. I shall not conceal their insufficiency, for I freely acknowledge that they want the sanction of experience. Nevertheless, the subject appears to me to merit the attention of naturalists at a time when the Alge have been made the subjects of so many important researches. Some time ago M. M. Crouan (An. Sc. Nat. xii. p. 250) had spoken of the double fructification of Himanthalia, and more re- cently M. J. Agardh (Alg. Medit. et Adriat. p. 45) has agitated this same question, which had occupied my attention long ago, by expressing it under the form of a doubt. For example, he says, “ Alter fructificationis forma in filis receptaculorum forsan adest, licet hoc experimentis directis nondum probatum fuerit.” The opinion of the celebrated Swedish phycologist, although stated with such reserve, appears to me to give some value to that which I have been attempting to sustain in this short notice. Whatever judgement may be passed on this, I shall persist in be- heving that there is in this matter something more than has been hitherto recognised, and that it is a subject of research which interests in a high degree the science of Algology. XXXII.—Further Observations on Ctenodus Labillardieri. By C. Monraene, D.M.., in a Letter to the Rev. M. J, BerKe ey, M.A., F.L.S. My pear Frienp, You doubtless recollect that some time since you communicated to one of your Botanical Journals some observations which I had addressed to you in the course of our correspondence upon the fructification of the new genus Ctenodus. You will recollect too that I begged you to procure for me if possible a single fruit of the specimen figured in the excellent work of Turner ; for I could not persuade myself that so excellent an observer could have seen but one cell where I had seen twenty. It appeared then more than probable that the singular fructification which I have published, and which had also been observed by Mr, Harvey, was not the con- ceptacular form figured in the ‘ Historia Fucorum.’ A recent com- Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. T 266 M. C. Montagne on Ctenodus Labillardieri. munication from Mr. Harvey has proved the truth of my suspicion ; and I take the earliest opportunity of informing you of it, that you may be so kind as to complete the communication relative to the very curious fructification of Fucus Labillardiert which you made on a former occasion. This fructification has the same external appearance as the other, and it is only on analysis that we find, that instead of a considerable number of cells it has but one, which opens by a pore at the summit. Among the admirable figures in Kiitzing’s work, I do not find one capable of giving you an idea of it, or I should be content with merely citing it. I am going then to describe it as briefly as I can. From a central ax- illary placenta a tuft of branched articulated filaments arises in the form of a wheat-sheaf, whose coloured endochromes are rather longer than broad. Their tint is faint below, but as they ap- proach the summit of the tuft, the colour becomes brighter and more purple. These are the last joints of the filaments in question, whose endochromes become the spores. They are in form oblong, resembling somewhat that of grape-stones. Measured by the micrometer their length is from one to two centiémes of a milli- metre, and their breadth from the two-hundredth to the hundredth of a millimetre. They are of a beautiful purple and extremely numerous. As they are formed at the summit of the filaments and occupy the upper part of the cavity, we have the explanation of the imperfect figure of Turner, incomplete I mean in this sense, that the structure of his microscope did not allow him to see the rest of the fructifying apparatus. You see then that this fructi- fication does not differ from that which we find in many other Floridee, and that without its remarkable tetrasporic fruit it would not form a distinct genus. You will moreover observe that 1 was not deceived in my anticipations, since chance has procured me the knowledge of the other mode of reproduction, of whose ex- istence I felt sure from analogy. I received a day or two since a letter from M. Zanardini, a well-known phycologist of Venice, im answer to my communication relative to Ctenodus : you will see by the terms of his letter which I am going to translate, that the specimen which he possesses of Fucus Labillardieri has the con- ceptacular fruit. “TI have examined attentively,” he says, “ your recent labours on the genus Ctenodus. M. Diesing has given me a magnificent specimen of this Alga. I have subjected to a scru- pulous examination many capsules, and I have felt vexed at not being able to observe the facts which your figures represent, either as regards the plurality of cells, or the centripetal direc- tion of the organs of fructification.” It is clear, since he could not observe them, that M. Zanardini had before him, not the form figured by me, but the conceptacular form illustrated by Turner. I do not like to let this opportunity escape of apprising you of M. C. Montagne on Ctenodus Labillardieri. 267 another conceptacular fructification not less remarkable, and which must be very rare, since no one has hitherto described it. It is however that of one of our commonest Algze; I mean Geli- dium corneum. I think I showed you the analysis I had made on your late visit to Paris. In many dozens of individuals from different localities which exist in my herbarium, one only had conceptacular fruit ; all the rest were either barren or had tetra- spores. In his ‘Alge Mediterranei Maris,’ M. J. Agardh ex- cuses himself for not describing it ; because, he says, he has not got it at hand. This fructification however deserves to be known, and I am going to endeavour to give you an idea of it, which I am sorry that I cannot accompany with a figure to ‘make you understand it more easily. ; The conceptacles of Gelidium corneum, which may be consi- dered as the type of the genus, are developed in the ultimate pinnules which they terminate, so that the base of the pinnule forms a sort of peduncle, and the tip a mucro, which however is sometimes wanting. If by two parallel incisions made in the di- rection of the axis, one obtains a very thin slice of the centre of the conceptacle, and after carefully separating it from the lateral portions it is placed on the two plates of glass in Schiek’s com- pressor, it appears under the microscope that the centre is tra- versed by a sort of columella. This, formed by the termination of the filaments which occupy the centre of the fronds and of the branches, in a word by the medullary tissue, presents in this re- spect a sort of analogy with the organ of the same name in the capsule of mosses. From all points of its circumference there proceed numerous short branches which bear at their tips a little group of cells of the most delicate tissue, and of such extreme transparence that one can see them only by varying the intensity of light by means of the diaphragms of the instrument. The cells in question, at first almost spherical (at least there are some of this form mixed with the rest), become gradually oblongo- claviform as they merease. It is in their cavity that the spores are developed, but there are a great number which remain barren and consequently transparent. The spores, which are pyriform and of a deep purple, are innumerable, and placed horizontally round the central columella, from whence they radiate towards the walls of the cell, and to which they remain for a long while fixed by their more slender extremity. This disposition calls to mind the unilocular capsule of some Caryophyllee, traversed by a central placenta. I am only speaking as regards form. Asthe conceptacle has no natural aperture, at least in the individual be- fore me, it appears probable that the spores are not dispersed till the decay of the plant. I forgot to tell you, in order to complete my observations on 268 Prof. Owen’s Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth Ctenodus, that in a letter lately received, Mr. Harvey tells me that at an advanced stage of growth, the receptacles of the individuals with tetrasporic fruit present a pore corresponding with each cell, by which the spores escape. XXXIV .—Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth of a Mastodon discovered by Count Strzlecki in Australia. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S. Tue large fossil femur, transmitted to England in 1842 by Lieut.- Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell, Surveyor-General of Australia, from the alluvial or tertiary deposits of Darling Downs, and described in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for January 1843, p. 8. fig. 1, gave the first indication of the former existence of a large Mas- todontoid quadruped in Australia. The portion of tooth described and figured in the same com- munication (p. 9. figs. 2 and 3), presenting characters very like those of the molars of both the Mastodon giganteus as well as of the Dinotherium, and being from the same stratum and locality as the femur with which it was transmitted, was regarded by me as having most probably belonged to the same animal; and, on the authority of drawings subsequently received from Sir T. Mit- chell, was referred to the genus Dinotherium*. Having since received specimens of portions of lower jaws with teeth identical in structure with the fragment figured in my first communication to the ‘ Annals’ (p. 9. figs. 2 and 3), I find that the reference of that portion of tooth to the genus Dinotherium was premature and erroneous. The extinct species to which it belonged does, indeed, combine molar teeth like those of the Dinotherium with two large incisive tusks in the lower jaw, but these tusks incline upwards instead of bending downwards, and are identical in form and structure with the tusk from one of the bone-cayes of Wellington Valley, described by me in Sir T. Mit- chell’s ‘ Expeditions into the Interior of Australia,’ vol. ii. 1838, p. 362. pl. 31. figs. 1 and 2, as indicative of a new genus and species of gigantic marsupial animal+, to which I gave the name of Diprotodon australis. It is not my present object to describe these most interesting additional fossils of the Diprotodon, or to enter into the question whether the great femur before alluded to belonged, like the fragment of tooth transmitted with it, to the Diprotodon, or to a * Annals of Natural History, May 1843, p. 329. fig. 1. + See also my paper “ On the Classification of Marsupialia,” Zool. Trans. vol. ii, p. 332, in which the Diprotodon is placed with the Wombat in the family ‘ Phascolomyide.’ of the Mastodon australis. 269 different and larger animal ; but briefly to make known the more decisive evidence of the former existence of a large Mastodontoid quadruped in Australia, which is afforded by the tooth figured, on the scale of half an inch to one inch, in the subjoined cuts. Fig. 1. N Ry \ BN \\\ LS a x " b\ \\ \ wll \ iy’ ‘ acne 2 ( J A\\ ) ) SUT NNN Sn A rf ow \et Mastodon australis, half nat. size. If these figures be compared with those of the molar teeth of the Mastodon angustidens, reduced to the same scale, in Cuvier’s ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ 4to, vol. i., ‘ Divers Mastodontes,’ pl. 2. fig. 11, pl. 3. fig. 2, or with that of the more abraded molar, pl. 1. fig. 4, they will be seen to present a generic and almost specific identity. The close approximation of the Australian Mastodon to the Mast. angustidens will be appreciated by a comparison of fig. 1 with a similar direct side-view of an equally incompletely-formed molar given by Cuvier, loc. cit. pl. 1. fig. 1; but this tooth, being from a more posterior part of the jaw, has an additional pair of pyramidal eminences ; and if the proportions of the figure of half an inch to an inch be accurate, the European tooth is rather Fig. 2. Mastodon australis, half nat. size. smaller than the Australian fossil, notwithstanding its additional tubercles and more backward position in the jaw. The Australian fossil tooth here described was brought by a native to Count Strzlecki, whilst that enterprismg and accom- plished traveller was exploring the ossiferous caves in Wellington 270 Prof. Owen on a Molar Tooth of the Mastodon australis. Valley. The native stated that the fossil was taken out of a cave further in the interior than those of Wellington Valley, and which Count Strzlecki was deterred from explormg by the hostility of the tribe then in possession of the district. With this circum- stantial account, communicated to me by Count Strzlecki when he obligingly placed the fossil m my hands, and with the pre- vious indication of a large Mastodontoid quadruped im the femur transmitted by Sir T. Mitchell from Darling Downs, there seems no ground for scepticism as to the veritable Australian origin of the molar tooth in question, notwithstanding its close similarity with the Mastodon angustidens of the European tertiary strata. It is partially mineralized and coated by the reddish ferruginous earth characteristic of the Australian fossils discovered in the Wellington ossiferous caves by Sir T. Mitchell. The amount of difference between the Australian molar and those of the European Mastodon angustidens, though small, equals that by which the molars of the Mastodon Andium are distin- guished from the molars of the Mastodon angustidens; and if species so ‘nearly allied have left their remains in countries so remote as France and Peru, still more if the Mastodon angustidens or longirostris formerly existed, as has been affirmed, in North America, we need feel the less surprise at the discovery of a nearly allied species in the continent of Australia. The fossil in question is the crown of an incompletely formed molar, with the summits of its mastoid or udder-shaped emi- nences entire, its fangs undeveloped, and its base widely exca- vated by the unclosed pulp-cavity. It supports six principal mastoid eminences in three transverse pairs, with a narrow ridge at the anterior part of the base of the crown, and a small qua- drituberculate talon or basal prominence posteriorly : the three transverse eminences are joined together by a pair of small tu- bercles at the basal half of each interspace, placed in the long axis of the crown, and rather to the outer side of the middle line of the grinding surface, fig. 2. The length or antero-posterior diameter of the crown is four inches ten lines: the breadth of the posterior pair of tubercles is two inches eleven lines: the height of the middle eminences from the base of the crown is two inches six lines: the tooth is appa- rently the fourth molar of the left side of the lower jaw. In com- parison with a corresponding molar in the same state of growth of the Mastodon longirostris* of Kaup, a cast of which is now before me, the Australian molar differs in having the principal transverse eminences more compressed antero-posteriorly in pro- * If this species be distinct from the Mast. angustidens of Cuvier, the molar teeth seem to me to offer precisely the same characters. Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. 271 portion to their height, and tapering to sharper summits, which however are obtuse and bifid. The breadth of the tooth slightly increases to the posterior pair of emimences, whilst in the Mas- todon longirostris and angustidens the crown maintains the same breadth, or more commonly becomes narrower from the anterior to the posterior pair of mastoid eminences. Other differences observable on a minute comparison are too trivial to deserve notice, especially when observed in only a single example of a complex molar tooth. In the Australian specimen under consideration the mastodontal characters are unmistakeable, and the resemblance to the molar teeth of the Mastodon angus- tidens is very close. The specific distinction of the Australian Mastodon rests, at present, only on the slight differences pointed out in the form of the mastoid emmences and the contour of the crown of the molar tooth. The question may arise, whether identity of generie characters in the molar teeth of an extinct Australian mammal with those of the Mastodon can support the inference that the remaining organization of the Proboscidian Pachyderm coexisted with such aform of tooth? The analogy of the close mutual similarity which exists in the molar teeth of the Tapir, Dinothere, Manatee and Kangaroo suggests the surmise that the mastodontal type of molar teeth might also have been repeated in a gigantic Marsu- pial genus which has now become extinct ; and such an idea na- turally arose in my mind after having received evidence of the marsupial character of the Diprotodon and Nototherium*, two extinct Australian genera, with the tapiroid type of molars, re- presented. by species as large as a Rhinoceros. The more complex character of the molars of the Mastodon, and the restriction of that character, so far as is now known, to that genus only, makes it much more probable, however, that the molar here described belonged to a true Mastodon, and the species may be provisionally termed Mastodon australis. London, August 22, 1844. XXXV.—An Attempt to Classify the Tetrabranchiate Cephalo- pods. By Wii11am Kine, Curator of the Museum of the Na- tural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and New- castle-upon-T'yne. | Tue following observations on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods are in substance the same as some which formed part of two lec- © tures which | delivered in the autumn of 1841 in the Theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. * The characters of these genera and the evidences of their marsupial nature will be the subject of a future communication, 272 Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. It will be seen that these shells are classified not only according to their agreement with each other in general character, but also in accordance with their relative order of creation. The synopsis at the end will make this mode of classification intelligible at one view. In a paper which I read at a meeting of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, &c. in March 1848, on the family Unionidae, the following view was advanced :—‘“I would again urge attention to the two elements which are necessary to be attended to in classifymg any section of the animal kingdom, namely, agreement of structural character and relative order of creation. If all animated forms had been produced at the same time, and there had been no previous dying out of these forms, the plan that is generally adopted in arranging a zoological group, that is, by attending to structural resemblances alone, would be perfectly admissible ; but as innumerable species (for the most part extinct) have succeeded each other during former periods of | the world’s history, it follows, that to introduce such species in a natural classification, without any reference to their order of creation, would be equivalent to constructing a genealogical chart without attending to the relative period of the different families.” Entertaining this view, it may be readily conceived that I read with considerable interest the Chevalier Agassiz’s ob- servations, which have recently appeared, on the classification of Fishes, and especially the followmg remark :—“ It will not be sufficient henceforwards to group genera and species according to their organic affinities; we must also take mto account the relative age of their appearance on the surface of the globe, and the importance of each group in the different epochs of the ge- neral development ; in a word, zoology ought 40 comprehend in its systems the genealogy of the whole animal kingdom*.” The Cephalopods have been divided into two sections, depend- ing on their having two or four gills ; those with two gills are termed Dibranchians, and such as have four are called Tetra- branchians. This is Prof. Owen’s arrangement and nomencla- ture. The Calamary, Cuttle-fish, Argonaut, and Spirula are examples of the dibranchiate, and the Pearly Nautilus represents the tetrabranchiate section. The Dibranchians are extremely common at present; as yet, we have no evidence that they lived during any portion of the primary period ; but from the abundance of their remains in the corresponding rocks, it is certain that the secondary seas sus- tained them in incredible numbers. The Tetrabranchians appear _ * Vide a translation of this paper in the last number (73) of the ‘ New Edinburgh Philosophical Journal.’ Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. 273 to have existed at an early period of organic time; and the oc- curring of their testaceous coverings in every subsequent deposit, together with their still inhabiting the Southern Ocean, prove that they have survived to the present day. If we examine a specimen of the Pearly Nautilus which has been longitudinally divided, its ner part will be seen to consist of a number of cells or chambers, the partitions or dividing plates of which have a small tubular perforation in the centre. The animal or mollusk which inhabits this shell is, allowing for some important differences, allied to that which tenants an ordi- nary univalve: it occupies the outermost chamber; but a por- tion of its enveloping tegument or mantle, in the shape of a slender membranous tube or siphon, accompanied with a vein and an artery, passes through the whole of the chambers by means of the tubular perforations*. This tube may be one means of keeping the animal fixed in its place ; but the principal seem to be two muscles, one on each side of the body, which are con- nected with the lateral walls of the chamber. It is generally supposed that the chambers constitute “an ap- paratus which renders the Nautilus nearly of the same specific gravity as the surrounding water, and enables it to rise to the sur- face of the sea, or sink to the bottom, simply by altering the ex- tent of the surface exposed to the water by its soft partst.” Now the Ammonite or snake-stone, as it is popularly called, is a shell which is constructed on the same general plan as the Pearly Nautilus, and which it is generally admitted was fabricated by a cephalopodous mollusk{. Specimens of the Ammonite are quite common which show distinctly their inner part divided in the same manner as the Nautilus, but in each of these genera the siphonal sheath is differently placed, and the plates have a different form. In the Ammonite the siphonal sheath is in con- tact with the outer or dorsal part of the shell, whereas it is central or nearly so i the Nautilus: and the edge of the plates, instead of being plain and slightly sinuous, as in the last genus, alter- * The siphon appears to have been strongly protected in some fossil Nau- tiluses both by an elongation of the tubular perforation and by additional calcareous tubes (NV. sipho and N. striatus, Buckland in ‘ Bridgewater Treatise’). ‘These parts, whether only one or both are known to occur in a fossil, will be considered in the light of a siphonal sheath, and as such will be termed in the following pages. + In my lecture, as it was originally delivered, Dr. Buckland’s hypo- thesis respecting the use of the siphon was examined, This hypothesis having been shown to be untenable by the researches of Prof. Owen (vide Hunterian Lectures on the Invertebrate Animals), I have thought it neces - sary to cancel my original remarks, and to replace them by the above ex- tract from Dr. Mantell’s highly interesting ‘ Medals of Creation.’ { The Ammonites, and all the other shells mentioned in this paper, are placed in the tetrabranchiate division of the Cephalopods, in accordance with the views of Prof. Owen. 274 Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. nately curves before and behind a line corresponding to the plane of the centre of the plates, so that allowing this line to pass through a series of curves, the edge may be said to be divided into an anterior and a posterior set of lobes, which are either simple or compound, according to species; further, these lobes, throughout their whole contour, are set off with numerous pointed digitations, which are invariably directed backwards, that is, towards the origin of the whorls. These digitations, Dr. Buckland observes, may have served as holdfasts, by which the posterior part of the animal’s mantle could fix itself firmly, and as it were take root around the bottom of the outer chamber. The remains of both these divisions of the Tetrabranchians are common to certaim of the secondary rocks. In the Silurian portion of the primary period a great many of the then existing cephalo- podous shells possessed plain-edge plates, and thus they agreed so far with the Nautilus ; but strictly speaking, their siphonal sheath cannot be said to be central, since it is often situated within and. at a distance more or less from either the outer or the inner margin of the plates. These early cephalopodous shells arrest our attention by the variety of shapes which they have assumed. They may be said to run into every conceivable form from a close coil to a straight line. The straight ones have received the name of Orthocerus ; those which are curved are called Cyrthocerus; and such as are tendril-shaped or open-coiled have been termed Gyrocerus : these last appear to be closely allied to some whose coils are in contact with each other, and for which may be used the provisional name Discus * : again, these conduct us to a shell which is close-coiled when young, but afterwards it strikes off at a tangent: this is Montfort’s genus Lituites. Besides these, several other kinds have been described and otherwise named. It has been observed, that in a great many of the Silurian Ce- phalopods the siphonal sheath oscillated as it were between the outer and the inner edge of the plates without touching either. Along with these there existed others somewhat different, inas- much as the edge of their plates is more or less sinuous, and their siphonal sheath is placed in some on the outer, and in others on the inner margin of the plates: these constitute the genera Goniatites and Clymenia. Now it is a remarkable fact, that in whichever genus of the tetrabranchiate Cephalopods we find the edge of the plates un- dulated, we in general observe the siphonal sheath approximating * Sowerby, in the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ has applied Montfort’s name Ellipsolithes to these shells (compare generically Z. funatus, tab. 32, with Nautilus undosus of the ‘ Silurian System ’), which cannot be allowed, since Montfort’s genus was founded on a species of Ammonites from the Chalk near Rouen, | Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Ceplialopods. 275 to the dorsal or to the ventral aspect of the shell. Hence we have no difficulty in graduating the Discus with its simple plates and oscillating siphonal sheath, either into the Goniatite or the Cly- menia. From the close-coiled Discus to the straight Orthocerus, our passage is with as little difficulty effected through the genera Gyrocerus and Cyrthocerus. Thus the Silurian period has furnished us with various cepha- lopodous forms, which, notwithstanding their dissimilarity, may be linked together in perfect harmony. We shall now endeavour to connect them with some of the same class which have since sustained their part throughout the various organic revolutions of our globe. In passing from the Silurian to the Carboniferous period, most of the forms which have been mentioned accompany us; they deviate however more and more from their original types as we leave in the distance our starting-point : thus most of the Carbo- niferous Goniatites differ from the simple-lobed species of the Silurian rocks in having the edge of their plates more compli- cated; and several of the Carboniferous Nautiluses are distin- guishable from their Silurian prototypes, the Discuses, by their possessing the true conventional characters of the genus in which they have been placed. | The Cephalopods with a ventral siphon, as the beautiful Cly- menias, do not appear to have undergone any amount of change ; nor do they seem to have long survived the epoch of their crea- tion. It is otherwise, however, with those which were furnished with a dorsal siphon : they made their first appearance during the Silurian epoch ; thence we are able to trace them through the whole series of stratified deposits to the Cretaceous* zera,—thus continuing throughout two mmense geological periods, the pri- mary and secondary. During this range, the edge of their plates underwent a variety of modifications: in the first instance, the plates had simple lobes, such as are displayed in the Silurian Goniatites ; the crown of the dorsal and lateral posterior lobes, however, became divided or digitated in the Carboniferous spe- cies}; afterwards, for example, in the Triassic period, the divisions * The palzontologist, who is of opinion that we are now acquainted with the fossils of every geological period, may be disposed to question this asser- tion, and to dwell upon the absence of these shells in the Permian rocks. + The simple dorsal lobe of the early Goniatites is divided in most of the Carboniferous species, according to Vicomte d’Archiac and M. de Verneuil : the posterior lateral lobes which verge on the dorsal aspect of the shell are divided in G. mixolobus, G. cyclobus and G. Looneyi; and in a species ( ) from the western side of the Oural Mountains, specimens of which are in the Russian collection of the Newcastle Museum, the crown of all the lateral lobes is divided. 276 Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. became decidedly more numerous, and even the sides of the pos- terior lobes which verge on the dorsal aspect of the shell assumed this character, as may be observed in the Ceratite*; and subse- quently, that is, throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous epochs, the whole contour of the posterior, and also of the anterior lobes, became digitated, which is shown in the beautiful foliations of the Ammonite. It has been previously remarked that the plain-edge-plate Ce- phalopods or Nautilidianst of the primary period ran into a va- riety of shapes, from a close coil to a straight line,—a disposition which we never find displayed in the early Ammonidiansf, as the Goniatites, nor in their successors, the Ceratites: but no sooner do the Ammonites appear than they imitate the forms of their remote predecessors: thus a certain section of the last disunites its coils and becomes the gyroceroid Criocerus § ; this before long completely unfolds itself, and thus we have the cyr- thoceroid Ammonocerus ||, whose light and graceful arch is after- wards unbent to form the fragile orthoceroid Baculite. But our list of changes still remains unexhausted: another section of the Ammonites retains the normal form for a certain time; then strikes off its coil at a tangent to be afterwards curved back, and hence we have the Scaphite ; and the Criocerus, as if conscious that it could improve this figure, assumes the more pleasing yet singular form of the Ancylocerus. But these forms are merely modifications of the shell unfold- ing its coils on one and the same plane. Unlike the primary shells in this respect, certain of the Ammonidians are obliquely coiled or spiral, and the coils strike off from the slight deviation exhibited in the Jurassic Turrilites Boblayei to the extreme which is observable in the Cretaceous 7’. costatus. The Turrilite is essentially an Ammonite having a spiral con- volution, inasmuch as the coils, in both kinds, are in contact ; but the last is not the only form that passes into a spirally coiled Cephalopod, since we find the evolute Criocerus obliquating its coils to become the Heliocerus. * In none of the figures that I have seen of the Ceratite is the character particularized in the text represented : it is displayed in a specimen belong- ing to the Newcastle Museum. + Family Nautilide. { Family Ammonide. § According to Mr. Morris (Catalogue of British Fossils) a species of Criocerus is found in the Kelloways rock, Wiltshire. {| Lamarck’s genus Ammonocerus is evidently the same as D’Orbigny’s Toxocerus, which is of a later date. D’Orbigny states that it is found in the Jurassic system, but does not mention in which division. I found it in the Jurakalk near Streitberg, Franconia, in 1839. Criocerus must be found in an earlier, or at least an equivalent rock, before what is said in the text of Ammonocerus can be received, even as a sound metaphor. Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods. 277 The development of so many genera of the foliate-plate cepha- lopodous shells at a time when they were about to disappear, would almost induce the notion that every form that could be as- sumed had been tried to perpetuate them: but a grand organic change was to arrest their evolutions: that change was to anni- hilate them :—and thus the eve of the secondary epoch, which had seen them luxuriating under every form, was destined to bea witness to the final struggles of the Ammonidians ! Let us now turn our attention to the Nautilidians. It will be recollected that we left them revelling in the Carboniferous epoch under the forms of Orthocerus, Cyrthocerus, Discus and Nau- tilus. With one exception, and at the close of this period, these forms became suddenly extinct, and even the excepted genus— the last, appears to have with difficulty escaped the fate of its congeners, since the deposits which were formed during the suc- ceeding ages, the Permian and the Triassic, yield us but few spe- cies. Afterwards the Nautilus seems to have completely reco- vered from the check which it had previously sustained, as the Jurassic and the Cretaceous rocks teem with new specific forms. This state however did not continue, for the same devas- tating influences which overtook the Ammonidians encompassed. the Nautiluses: the first were destroyed and the last survived ; but only to live in reduced numbers during the Tertiary epoch, and to be reduced still more in our own. Like the Ammonidians of the Jurassic and the Cretaceous pe- riod, some of the contemporaneous Nautiluses appear under cha- racters somewhat different from those of their predecessors : for example, the slightly smuous edge which in general marks the plates of this genus is lobed in such species as Nautilus sinuatus and N. biangulatus ; the same character appears to have been preserved in Nautilus Danicus, and it would seem to have arrived at its maximum in the Tertiary Nautilus sipho and‘ N. ziczac. We have now traced the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods through- out their entire existence. We have observed them in one period abounding to excess, and in the next to become considerably re- duced ; then again to burst forth in countless numbers, and after- wards to become all but extinct. Shall we conclude that the existence of but two species in the present seas indicates an approximating termination to their ca- reer? A knowledge of their past history ought to make us pause before we adopt this conclusion, for what have we to oppose their re-entering another Jurassic period ?—their again appearing in a thousand forms ?—in short, what have we to disprove, that they are still destined to sustain an important part in the future zoo- logical revolutions of our globe ? *sn19001]9 FY *SNL.I9001]9 FT | *SOUPIINT, "SOqT[TLIN ‘sajziydeog | ‘sayTUOMIU ‘soyTUOWUL | jsoqyeseg "Sd}T}V199 mre *sn.I9901I9 *sn1990119 13 *sILIs0.0UOUIUIY | snia00u0uUI | “saqttnoeg : ‘sniodo[Aouy | ‘snis.0]Aouy 3801 4 soqqeru j sozyeru — *Soqrqyeru “8TUOH) Pe7BISIC]| -0F pozey8iq]| -on poyey18iq | -05 key "s91} "$9913 "8031 ‘SIINVN peqo’y | ‘snpynen peqo’y |-sniryne y peqo7 -eluox ejduitg)-etuox vduitg|-eruon ojdurrg *snyne Ny *styIyne NY *snyIyne Ny "SNITINV NT “stn NT *snpIyNe NJ *snyigne Sotrort | “snosicy *stiOsTT *snOSICy | | gviuewdyy | ‘eruautdty ‘snis0014Q) | *snaa0014p . | ‘sndao0yyah9 | ‘snsad0yj149 | *snteo0y3149 | gsnia200qHIQ | {sNA200431Q | ;snded04}1Q | ‘snaed0yI1Q | ‘snsd00qIIM | ‘snABD0Y310 ‘yoody ; ‘qoody ‘qoody ‘qoodg *yoody ‘yoody snoadejal) goody, owsean OISSBIL I], uviutieg | snoseytuoqreg| + uetuoaog ueLInTIg Lihat ‘ported Arensay, *poltlog Arepuovag ‘poriag Arewtig ‘soueivodde [eorsojouoryo puv JopwIEyo [eIoUIS UI JUoUIVEISe Tay} 0} SuIpo.0e paytsseyo spodoreyday oyeryouvaqesrjay, a4} Jo vxoued yedroutad oyy, Mr. W. King on the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, 279 Notes connected with the Synoptical Table. I have drawn up the foregoing Table without having seen that which accompanies Agassiz’s paper: the translation in Professor Jamieson’s Journal is all that I have seen at present. It must be understood, that I offer this classification of the Tetra- branchiate Cephalopods only as an approximate one. It is for the principles of such a classification that I contend. The genera Ortho- cerus, Ceratites and Goniatites have been carried up into the Jurassic epoch, because they have been found in the St. Cassian (Tyrol) beds, associated with Ammonites and other fossils of this age. If the Ceratites are of the epoch mentioned in the last note, and the Ammonites did not exist previously, it follows that the latter must be connected with the former, as represented in the Table. I confess that I have little faith respecting the Ammonites having died out at the close of the secondary period. In the case of many species and genera we find, that although they have ceased to exist in our own seas, they are still to be found living in other latitudes : this fact leads me to think, that the Ammonites may have lived within the tropics during the deposition of the early tertiary beds of France and England. In making this remark, I have in view the Ammonidians of Pondicherry and other places in India. The generic difference between the Russian Goniatites ? and Ceratites nodosus is so trifling, as to cause me to think that the last genus will yet be found as low down as the Permian or the Carbo- niferous series. Fossils undoubtedly form a good character by which to enable the geologist to decide as to the age of arock ; but it ought always to be borne in mind, that unless the relative position of such a rock to others whose general character is known can be fairly made out, the organic test should be received with due caution. I have placed the Scaphites in connexion with the Cretaceous Ammonites; it is probable however that they existed previously to the latter. There is a Jurassic species of Ammonites (I do not know the specific name at present) which becomes contracted and irregular as it advances in age ; perhaps it stands in the same relation to the true Scaphites as the Jurassic Turrilites Valdani does to the true Turrilites of the Chalk. The Table will show that I differ from D’Archiac and De Verneuil as regards Nautilus sipho and N. ziczac being Clymenias (Trans. Geol. Soe. vol. vi. p. 328); and from Buckland and others respecting these lobed species forming the link between the Ammonites and the Nautiluses, The way in which I have spoken of the Discuses in the lecture would imply that I consider them to form the ori- ginal type of the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods: it seems preferable to wait until we know more of the early fauna of our planet before any positive opinion is hazarded on this point, 280 ~=Dr. Richardson on an undescribed Australian Fish. XXXVI.—Generic characters of an undescribed Australian Fish. By Joun Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., Medical Inspector of Naval Hospitals. Forma compressissima, circumscriptione laterali semiparabolica : facie frontata oblique retro descendenti. Os parvum, rictu fere horizontali, parum declivi. Maxilla inferior porosa, cirris minimis parce preedita. Dentes minutissimi (microscopici), arenacei in maxillis utrisque, ossibusque pharyngeis stipati. Lingua, vomer, palatumque leves. Oculi laterales in summa gena positi. Ossa capitis operculorumque inermia, sulcatim insculpta. Os preorbitale membro tenui verticali, disco infero dilatato in- sculpto. Catenula suborbitalis membranaceo-tubulata, nec ossea, oculo remota, e disco preorbitalis ad tempora, genam transcurrens. Apertura branchialis ampla, postice infraque etiam intra ramos maxillze inferioris, ad mentum usque, extensa; super operculum clausa. Membrana branchiostega superne apiculata, infra nec isthmo annexa nec cum pari suo conjugata; radiis sex sustenta. Squame nulle. Cutis levissimus. Linea lateralis postice summum dorsum attingens. Anus medianus, papilla nulla. Pinne pectorales satis magne, pauciradiate, humiles, positione, forsitanque functione ventrales pinnas que desunt simulantes ; radiis tenuibus, indivisis, articulatis. Pinna dorsi pinnam Agriopi referens, per totum dorsum ab ex- tremo fronte ante oculos ad pinnam caude usque, cui membrana con- nexa, regnans; radiis ejus et pinnis ani articulatis, attenuatis vix a radiis non articularibus, oculo nudo dignoscendis. Pinna ani a pinna caude discreta. Radii pinne caude indivisi, tenues, articulati. Obs.—Anatomia ignota. Vertebre circiter 35, quarum 18 ad cau- dam pertinentes. Nescio an inter Gobiidas an cum Blenniidis re- censendus sit Patecus*. In forma corporis pinnzeque dorsi, necnon in sculpturis ossium capitis analogiam Agriopo exhibet ut affinis ejus Chenicthys. Triglam simulat. PaT&cUS FRONTO, species unica adhuc detecta. Rav.—Br. 6; D. 24/16; A. 11{5; C. ; P. 8. Icon. Zoology of the Voyage of the Hirebus and Terror, plate —? Hab. Southern Australia. A specimen presented to the British Museum by Governor Gray. * Th. xeraixot, simulacra deorum Pheenicum in puppibus. Bibliographical Notices. 281 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Plante Javanice Rariores, descripte iconibusque illustrate, quas in Insula Java, annis 1802—1818, legit et investigavit THomaAs Horsrievp, M.D., e siccis descriptiones et characteres plurima- rum elaboravit JOANNES J. BENNETT ; Observationes structuram et affinitates presertim respicientes passim adjecit RoBERTUS Brown. Londini, apud H. Allen et socios. Part 2 and 3. We must refer (vol. ii. pp. 214, 294) to our notice of the first number of this important work for some observations elicited from us by our high respect for Dr. Horsfield, and by our sense of gratitude to the Board of Directors of the East India Company for the liberal spirit with which they have uniformly encouraged the scientific and literary labours of the distinguished men who have had the good fortune to serve under them in the East, and who for the last half century especially have reflected so much honour upon the service in which they have been employed. Among these eminent men no one stands more prominent for profound attainments in natural science than Dr. Horsfield, and it is deeply to be lamented that the little encouragement given by the public to works like the present, profound and accurate in research and beautifully illustrated, deprives us of the hope of his indefatigable labours and vast collections being adequately appreciated, except by those who consult the Museum of the Hast India Company. The two parts of Dr. Horsfield’s work now before us would have been noticed earlier, but from an expectation that we should. have had ere this the entire work. But the accuracy which di- stinguishes all his publications has led to an inevitable delay in the completion of the present one, and we can no longer hesitate to lay before our readers a brief analysis of the portion which has appeared since our first notice. We hailed the ‘ Plante Javanice Rariores’ as one of the most important and interesting contributions made in this country to the cause of botany, important from the precious observations which it contained of Mr. Brown upon structure and affinities, and interesting to ourselves from the evidence it afforded of the ta- lents of Mr. Bennett, on whom the labour has principally devolved. Attached as we are personally to that gentleman, not only for his sterling qualities of character, and for the courtesy with which he discharges his duties as Secretary of the Linneean Society and as Assistant in the Botanical Department of the British Museum, but also as the inheritor of that high and affectionate respect which we and a large circle of naturalists cherished towards his lamented brother, we hailed Dr. Horsfield’s work with pride as Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. U 282 Bibliographical Notices. affording such unquestionable evidence of Mr. Bennett’s claim toa high rank among botanists; and it is with no ordinary emotions of pleasure that we again observe in him that patient study and depth of observation which have so pre-eminently distinguished those remarkable men who have preceded him in connexion with the Banksian Herbarium. He has nobly acquitted himself in the present work of the public responsibility of his situation in our National Museum, and in hailing him as the pupil of Mr. Brown, we cannot award him a higher meed of praise than by saying he is worthy of his intimate association with that great man. No one aware of the zoological taste and labours of Dr. Hors- field will be surprised at his seeking the assistance of Mr. Ben- nett in the present work, for no one who has not made botany an exclusive study can, in the present advanced state of the science, do justice to collections, made, like Dr. Horsfield’s, between thirty and forty years ago. The determination and description of spe- cies has become in itself, to be faithfully done, an arduous under- taking, and how far the present work surpasses a mere detail of them and of genera we can only imperfectly attempt to show by the brief analysis we offer of it. The two parts before us contain 20 plates and 134 pages of letter-press. A fourth part, with the five remaining plates, &c., will appear in a short time, completing the work. The figures, drawn by Mr. Curtis, are admirable for their precision and ele- ance. } ; It is impossible, within the limits assigned to us, to do justice to many parts of the work. We would refer especially to the im- portant observations on Cyrtandree and the synopsis of its ge- nera, on Dialium, &c. &c., and the elaborate article on Pterocym- bium and its family, to show how thoroughly the respective sub- jects have been treated, not only with immediate reference to the plant itself, but the historical detail and the remarks on affinities, &c. which arise out of it. Such minute research, learning and accuracy, while they give a sterling and enduring value to Dr. Horsfield’s work, equally reflect credit upon the authors and their country ; and whatever may be the sense of obligation which Dr. Horsfield entertains for the generous patronage he has met with from the Directors of the East India Company, he may proudly refer to this admirable work, and to his splendid collee- tions at the India House, for the honour he has reflected upon the Company by his scientific labours. We resume our analysis with the twenty-fifth article, Loxonia acuminata, the plate of which was given in the first number, but the text reserved for the second. On the subject of this plant, Mr. Brown enters into a detailed examination of the order Cyrtan- dracee, Jack, to which it belongs, and of its affinities, and con- Bibliographical Notices. 283 cludes by referring that order to Gesneriacee, of which he distin- guishes three tribes, viz. Gesneriee, Besleriee and Cyrtandree. Of the latter he describes in detail the modifications of the several organs ; and on the subject of the stigma, and the relations of its divisions to the parietal placente in the compound ovarium, adds that elaborate and highly important disquisition which we have published entire in our eleventh volume*. A synopsis of the ge- nera of this remarkable tribe is appended to the article; and is followed by the characters of the genera in greater detail, and of the sections into which they are divisible, with an enumeration of the species referable to them, and characters of many new ones. | The next article relates to Horsfieldia aculeata, Bl., a genus named in honour of the excellent naturalist to whom we are in- debted for the present work. This is described by Mr. Bennett as one of those anomalous genera of Umbellifere, which scarcely admit of being arranged in any of the existing tribes into which that order has been divided. In many particulars it approaches Araliacee, and thus serves as an additional link of connexion be- tween the families. With reference to the Araliacea, the author corrects a mistake originating with Don and adopted by DeCan- dolle, according to which the seeds of that order are described as erect, while they are in reality pendulous as in Umbellifere. The valvate estivation of the corolla is more complete in Horsfieldia than in any other true Umbellifera. Tristania obovata is described by Mr. Bennett as the only spe- cies of that genus that has yet been discovered beyond the limits of New Holland. It approaches most nearly among described species to Tristania laurina. Euonymus Javanicus, Bl., belongs to that section of the genus in which the seeds continue to retain their original position with reference to the placenta. The general rule, that the raphe pro- perly belongs to that side of the ovulum which is next to the pla- centa, was first laid down by Mr. Brown, who, at the same time, pointed out some remarkable exceptions. In the case of certain species of Euonymus, however, he showed that the exception was confirmatory of the rule, the change taking place subsequent to the completion of the ovula by the resupination of the seeds. M. Adolphe Brongniart has since stated the exceptions to be numerous, and has instanced the families of Rhamnee and Ilicinee; but Mr. Bennett, in the present article, shows that in those fa- milies also the raphe in the young ovulum is internal, although at a subsequent period it becomes external or lateral by a greater or less degree of torsion in the funiculus by which the ovulum is * See p. 35. u 2 284 Bibliographical Notices. attached. The validity of the rule is thus most strongly confirmed by the cases of supposed exception. In the next article Mr. Bennett establishes a new genus, to which he gives the name of Stylodiscus, on the Andrachne trifo- liata of Roxburgh, a Euphorbiaceous tree extremely abundant throughout the east of Asia and the adjacent islands. It had escaped the author that this genus had been previously published in the ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, by Messrs. Wight and Arnott, under the name of Microelus. Of the subject of the thirtieth article, Dialium Indum, L., Mr. Bennett gives a long historical notice, comparing the genus with Arouna, Aubl., and Codarium, Sol., with both of which it is most intimately connected. He does not hesitate to retain the union of Arouna with Dialium, proposed by Vahl and adopted by sub- sequent botanists; but he is inclined to regard Codarium as di- stinct on account of its rudimentary petal and the adherent stipes of its ovarium. On the latter subject he states that Codarzum differs from all the other known genera of Cesalpinee in which the stipes of the ovarium is adherent to the tube of the calyx, by the adhesion taking place anteriorly and corresponding to the odd segment of the calyx and the outer margin of the fruit, while in all the other genera it is posterior, and corresponds with the suture of the legumen. Coincident with this difference there occurs a corresponding difference in the order of the reduction of the stamina; the two remaining stamina in Codarium being op- posite to the two posterior segments of the calyx, while im the order generally, and especially among Cesalpinee with adherent stipites, it is usually the posterior stamina that are first lost or become abortive when an irregular reduction takes place. Atten- tion is then directed to a character, which Mr. Bennett states to have been several times pointed out to him by Mr. Brown as af- fording strong indications of affinity, and consequently useful characters in a systematic point of view, in many of the genera of Cesalpinee, viz. the sculpture or appearance of sculpture on the surface of the seeds. Of the utility of this character numerous instances are adduced ; and the article is concluded by an exami- nation of the origin of the corneous mass which, in so many of the genera of Cesalpinee, performs the office of albumen. Another Leguminous genus, to which Mr. Bennett gives the name of Huchresta, is established on the Andira Horsfieldii of Leschenault. The distinction between this plant and the Ame- rican genus to which it was previously referred is too striking to permit of their continued association ; but Andira and Euchresta, together with Geoffroya, are nevertheless intimately connected. Mr. Bennett discusses at some length their proper position among Leguminose, and comes to the conclusion that DeCandolle’s tribe Bibliographical Notices. 285 of Geoffree is utterly untenable from the heterogencous character of the genera assembled under it. The same opinion has been expressed by the late lamented M. Vogel and by Mr. Bentham ; and the latter has placed Geoffroya and Andira in a section of Dalbergiea, distinguished by pendulous seeds and a straight em- bryo, an arrangement in which (with the addition of Euchresta) Mr. Bennett perfectly coincides. He does not, however, agree with Mr. Bentham in placing the genus Brownea among Mimosee, believing that it unquestionably belongs to a remarkable section of Cesalpinee, characterized by their abruptly pinnated leaves, the two conspicuous bracteze enveloping the base of their calyx, and the adherence of the stipes of their pod posteriorly to its persistent tubular base. A singular Hedysareous genus, to which Mr. Bennett has given the name of Mecopus, on account of the extreme length of the stipes of its pod, which far exceeds the length of the pod itself, forms the subject of the next article. It comes nearest to Uraria and Eleiotis ; from both of which it differs in the character just indicated, and in the sudden retrofraction of the stipes at its base, by means of which the pod is immersed and the seeds entangled in the compact comose terminal heads which are seated, like so many diminutive birds’ nests, at the extremity of its early denuded branches. The only known species, Mecopus nidulans, Benn.., is Uraria retrofracta of Dr. Wallich’s List, no. 5678. Mr. Bennett also characterizes another genus related to Heiotis (to which the single species has been referred by Messrs. Wight and Arnott as Eleiotis Rottleri) under the name of Ovydium. The remainder of the article is devoted to an examination of the various and curious contrivances adopted in the different subdivisions of the Linnzan genus Hedysarum for the protection of the pod and its contents during their progress to maturity. Of these contrivances Phylacium bracteosum, another new ge- nus of Hedysaree, and the subject of the following article, affords a remarkable instance. In this curious plant the subtending bractez of the floriferous pedicels enlarge very greatly at the time of flowering and during the progress of the fruit to maturity, and at the same time their stipes or petiole bends upwards, while the pedicel of the flower curves downwards. By means of these mutual displacements the flower is brought into relation with the under surface of the bractea, which then folds backwards along its midrib, bringing its margins into contact with each other, and thus forms a compressed cucullate bag for the protection of the flower and fruit. At the period of maturity these enveloping bractez readily fall off together with their contents, and doubt- less contribute much by their levity to the dispersion of the seeds. Mr. Bennett compares this singular ceconomy with that of Fle- 286 Bibliographical Notices. mingia strobilifera, of Zornia, and of Geissaspis, and points out the curious modifications which occur in each in the origin of their bracteze and in the mode of their application to the protec- tion of the fruit. Phylacium differs from all other Hedysareous genera in its climbing habit, by means of which, as well as in some other characters, it approaches Phaseolee. Parochetus maculatus, the subject of article thirty-four, is a pretty species of a Papilionaceous genus founded by Buchanan Hamilton, and described in Don’s ‘ Prodromus Floree Nepalen- sis,’ the immediate affinities of which do not appear to have been yet satisfactorily made out. Saccopetalum Horsfieldii is described by Mr. Bennett as con- stituting a new genus of Annonacee, and forming with Miliusa, Lesch., and Hyalostemma, Wall., part of a well-marked tribe of that family, characterized by its 3-sepalous calyx, with the three petals of the outer series free and sepaloid, and the three of the inner series cohering valvularly at their edges ; the cohesion being so complete and continuing to so late a period as to have induced M. A. DeCandolle and Dr. Wallich to describe Miliusa and Hya- lostemma as gamopetalous. These genera are compared with Sac- copetalum in reference to their more important organs; and va- rious particulars of structure in other genera of the family are discussed with reference to their arrangement, distinction and relations with each other. In the two succeeding articles Mr. Bennett describes two spe- cies of the genus Saurauja of Willdenow, S. bracteosa, DeC., and S. Blumiana. On the subject of these plants he enters into an examination of their claim to be placed in the family of Ternstre- miacee, which (notwithstanding their wide discrepancy from Tern- stremia itself) he is constrained to admit. He calls attention to a remarkable tubular prolongation of the endostome, or that por- tion of the inner membrane of the seed surrounding its aperture, which fills up the aperture of the testa. like a cork in Saurawja and other Ternstroemiaceous genera; and particularly notices the great abundance of acicular crystals or raphides produced. between the testa and the inner membrane in Saurawja. The thirty-eighth article has for its subject a very pretty genus of the order Meliacee, to which Dr. Wight has given the name of Munronia. The species here figured is described by Mr. Ben- nett as the Munronia Javanica. One of the plants belonging to this genus was described and figured by Dr. Wallich under the name of Turrea pinnata; and this gives occasion to Mr. Bennett to enter at length upon the history of the genus Turrea ; to ex- amine its characters, comparatively with those of Munronia; and to give a synopsis of the two genera, with descriptions of several new species. These genera, together with a nearly related genus Bibliographical Notices. 287 from New Holland named by Mr. Brown Leptophragma, and with Quivisia, Sandoricum and Mallea, deviate from the ordinary rela- tion of parts in having the cells of their ovarium (and conse- quently their compound central placentz) opposite to the divi- sions of the calyx, and not (as in the great majority of Dicotyle- dones, when the number of parts is equal) opposite to the petals. But the ordinary relation recurs in Mela and in the entire family of Cedrelee, or at least in all the isomerous genera of that family which Mr. Bennett has had the opportunity of examining. “In some cases,” he remarks, “(as for instance in Hypericine,) this modification appears to be of ordinal value; but in the pre- sent instance, and in Campanulacee, it is only generic; and in a very remarkable case (Leptospermum) pointed out to me by Mr. Brown, both modifications occur in the same genus. The last- mentioned case is more especially deserving of notice, inasmuch as Leptospermum is only distinguishable from another genus of the same family (Fabricia) by the latter possessing the full com- plement of cells of the ovarium (that is to say, a number equal to the divisions both of calyx and corolla), and thus combining both modifications in one. In Turra@a we have a somewhat analogous instance, some of the species having an ovarium consisting of ten cells, or even, according to M. Ad. de Jussieu, of more.” Phoberos of Loureiro, and a species of that genus called by Mr. Bennett Phoberos Rhinanthera, as having been formed into a genus by Dr. Blume under the name of Rhinanthera, are the subject of the following article. Mr. Bennett gives a detailed history of the genus Phoberos, and of others with which it has from time to time been confounded; and enters into an exami- nation of the characters and limits of the family of Flacourtianee to which it belongs, and of Bixinee, nearly all the genera referred to which he agrees with M. A. Richard and M. Kunth in uniting to Flacourtianee. He doubts the existence in any genus of the family of that remarkable reticular attachment of the seeds over the entire surface of the cavity of the pericarp, which in the cha- racter given by DeCandolle is attributed to the whole family. He believes that Kuhlia of Prof. Kunth is not sufficiently distinct from Azara; that Ascra, Schott, is not essentially different from Trihx, L., and that both should be compared with Banara and Prockia; that Dasyanthera, Presl, is not distinct from Phoberos ; and that Christannia salicifolia of the same author is identical with Pineda incana of Ruiz and Pavon. Among published genera he rejects from the family Ryania, including Patrisia (which Mr. Brown has shown to belong to Passifloree, to which Erythro- spermum also makes a near approach), Kiggelaria, Melicytus, Hyd- nocarpus, Mayna, Raddi (the two latter, together with Gynocardia, 288 Bibliographical Notices. Roxb., forming part of a new family indicated by Mr. Brown and established by Dr. Blume under the name of Pangiee), and Pi- parea, Aubl. (long since determined by Mr. Brown not to be di- stinct from Alsodeia); and adds to it, on the authority of Mr. Brown, Xylosma, Forst., of which, as well as of Banara and. Prockia, he gives an amended character. Prockia serrata, Willd., described by Swartz under the name of Lightfootia (a name pre- occupied by L’Héritier), he characterizes under the name of Thi- odia ; and for the Prockia integrifolia and Prockia theeformis of Willdenow, he adopts as a generic name the sectional name Aphloia proposed by DeCandolle. To these species, which are widely distinct from Prockia, M. Achille Richard gave about the same time the generic name of Neumannia. The last article of the second part relates to a curious and in some respects anomalous genus established by Dr. Blume under the name of Polyosma, and by him referred to Caprifoliacee, but afterwards placed by DeCandolle in his newly established family of Cornee. Between this family and another previously esta- blished by DeCandolle under the name of Alangiee, Mr. Bennett believes the relation to be so intimate, that not even an artificial distinction can be made between them. He compares Polyosma with Cornus, Marlea and Alangium, and calls particular atten- tion to the remarkable changes that take place in the ovarium of Polyosma while the fruit is advancing to maturity; that organ being unilocular, and in the young state furnished with two pa- rietal placente, each supporting an indefinite number of ovules, which are speedily reduced to a single ascending ovulum with copious albumen and a superior radicle. Mr. Bennett confesses his inability to reconcile these anomalies with the structure of Cornea; but states that he is “ mdebted to Mr. Brown for di- recting his attention to another family, with the characters of which, previous to the changes that take place in the ovarium after impregnation, it fully agrees; and to which, especially as regards the structure of ovarium, a point of great importance, it is certainly much more nearly related than to Cornea. Mr. Brown proposes therefore to append Polyosma to Escallonice, notwithstanding its fruit reduced to a single seed, the large size of that seed, and the increased proportion and firmer consistence of its albumen. This approximation receives some confirmation from its resemblance in habit to Anopterus, a genus strictly re- ferable to that family.” The characters of six species of the genus are given; three of them being from Java, one from the hills adjoiming Sylhet, one from Singapore, and one from New South Wales. The forty-first article, commencing the third part, has for its Bibliographical Notices. 289 subject a Javanese genus, nearly related to Brucea, and calied Picrasma by Dr. Blume. Mr. Bennett points out the differ- ences between this genus and Brucea, and adds to it a Nepau- lese species doubtfully referred to Brucea in Dr. Wallich’s List. He regards also as belonging to Picrasma, but forming a sub- genus, Nima quassioides of Buchanan Hamilton, which Don had referred to Stmaba. He notices several plants that have been from time to time regarded as either actually belonging to Bru- cea, or at least as very intimately related to it. Of these Lepta and Tetradium, two obscure genera of Loureiro, which have been singularly bandied about by systematic writers, are proved, by the examination of specimens from Loureiro himself, to belong to Xanthoxylum, including in that genus Fagara, as proposed by M. Kunth. Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis of Loureiro (not of Linneeus) is shown on the same authority to belong to a genus distinguished from Xanthoxylum by the want of sterile stamina in its female flowers, and its subsessile peltate stigma surmount- ing two collaterally biovulate ovaria. Ailantus gracilis of Salis- bury, referred by DeCandolle to Brucea, is proved by a speci- men from Salisbury himself not to be distinct from Brucea Su- matrana, Roxb. With regard to the position of Brucea and Pi- crasma in the natural system, Mr. Bennett ventures doubtfully to suggest their approximation to S¢marubee, but professes himself far from satisfied with respect to their real affinities. Lasiolepis pauciyjuga, together with a second species, L. multi- juga, collected by Mr. Cuming in the island of Mindanao, form a new genus, which appears to Mr. Bennett to be closely related to Harrisonia, R. Br., and to have no other near affinity. These two genera are also, as M. Adr. de Jussieu has already observed of Harrisonia, most nearly related to Simarubea, although not so closely as to admit of their being absolutely referred to that order. Pangium edule, Reinw., a tree of great importance in the domes- tic economy of the Malays, and abundantly cultivated through- out the Malayan islands, has hitherto been botanically known only through the character of the genus published by Professor Reinwardt, and by the proposal of Dr. Blume to found on it a family to be named Pangiez, in which he includes the genera Hydnocarpus and Vareca of Gertner. This family was some years ago indicated by Mr. Brown in a verbal communication to M. Zuccarini, m which he referred Hydnocarpus and Gynocar- diu, Roxb., to a distinct family then unnamed. Of this family, and of the three genera Pangium, Gynocardia and Hydnocarpus (all of which are referred by Prof. Endhcher to Hydnocarpus), Mr. Bennett gives detailed and distinctive characters. He agrees with Roxburgh in referrmg Vareca, Gertn., to Casearia; and states that the three species of which Roxburgh has composed 290 Bibliographical Notices. his own genus Vareca belong to three distinct genera. Of the first of these, Vareca Moluccana, he gives from Roxburgh’s spe- cimens the character of the female, which alone appears to have been grown in the Calcutta Garden; Mr. Brown had already, in Dr. Wallich’s List, referred the second, V. lanceolata, to Pentaloba, Lour.; and the third, V. heteroclita (also referred by Dr. Wal- lich to Pentaloba), forms a new and very distinct genus in the same remarkable tribe of Violariee. The elegant Melastomaceous genus, called Sonerila by Rox- burgh, forms the subject of the forty-fourth article. The species figured is the Sonerila tenuifolia, Bl. The natural relations of this genus were at first strangely misunderstood. Mistaking an expression of Roxburgh’s, Sprengel referred it to Burmannice ; and Don, having mixed up with it a species of Argostemma, de- scribed it as monopetalous, sui ordinis, Ericeis affine. Dr. Wal- lich, however, restored it to its proper position among Medasto- macee. In the subdivision of that family into tribes, it has since been variously placed by different authors; but Mr. Ben- nett is inclined to regard it as having no close affinity with any other genus of the family, except Sarcopyramis, Wall., with which it agrees in all its essential characters, and from which it differs only in points of minor importance. The most remarkable of these characters consists in the opposition of the cells of the ova- rium to the teeth of the calyx, which in this case (as in others previously noticed) “appears to be only of generic value; for although it is found in some other Melastomaceous genera with isomerous ovaria, the ordinary relation is also of frequent occur- rence in the family, and the difference bears no relation to what appear to be its natural divisions. But combined with this structure there also occurs, in Sonerila and Sarcopyramis, a cu- rious modification of the apex of the ovarium, which is surmounted by fleshy scales, opposite to the petals and equal to them in num- ber, between which and the free limbus of the calyx-tube the an- thers are lodged in their early and deflected stage. These scales, which are at first of small size, become (as the capsule ripens) gradually enlarged, thickened, and of a coriaceous texture.” The characters of Sarcopyramis are given and compared with those of Sonerila, and a synopsis of the species of the latter, as far as known to the author, concludes the article. The next article concludes the third part of the work. It is a most important memoir by Mr. Brown on the tribe Sierculiea, a new genus of which, named by the author Pterocymbium, forms the groundwork of the article. Mr. Brown gives first an elabo- rate historical account of the tribe, and especially of the genus Sterculia, from its formation to the present time, accompanied by critical notes on the successive modifications introduced by Bibliographical Notices. 291 . the numerous authors who have treated of it as a whole, or who have made additions to our knowledge of its parts. This is fol- lowed by some general observations on the relative importance of the different organs in the formation of genera; in the course of which are noticed some remarkable deviations from the ordinary rule which attaches the highest value to the direction of the em- bryo with relation to the umbilicus of the seed, and a startling anomaly (not easily reconcileable with the views hitherto enter- tained of the mode in which a change is effected in the relative position of the foramen of the ovulum) is for the first time pointed out. We copy the passage in which this remarkable phenomenon is described. “ The direction of Embryo, with relation to the insertion or umbilicus of the seed, appears to be by far the most important character, or that which is best supported by other modifications of structure; and it is worthy of remark, that in this point the ordinary direction of the embryo in the tribe, namely, the radicle seated at the opposite extremity or apex of the seed, is itself a deviation from the more usual structure of Phenogamous plants, and an exception not only to the other tribes of Sterculiacee, but to the whole of the natural class Malvacea, to which that order belongs; and it becomes still more remarkable in regard to the state of the unimpregnated ovulum, which I have some reason to believe is not orthotropous as might be expected, and as it has been described, but apparently anatropous, and that perhaps in the whole tribe. As, however, my observations on this subject are entirely made from the macerated ovaria of dried specimens, the statement here made must be received as requiring confirma- tion from the examination of living plants, and of a greater num- ber of species*. ) “ From this ordinary direction of embryo in the tribe the de- viations are of two kinds: the first, and no doubt the more im- portant, is that in which the radicle is placed at a point close to the umbilicus, which is the most general structure in Pheenoga- mous plants; but as it never poimts directly within the umbili- cus, either in this or any other family, I have modified the ex- pression generally employed in such cases. The second deviation is where the umbilicus is placed on or near the middle of the ripe seed with the radicle poimting to its lower extremity; in other words, where the embryo is parallel to the umbilicus. But this position of umbilicus of the ripe seed does not necessarily imply * « The species of Sterculia, in which I have found this unexpected po- sition of foramen in the unimpregnated ovulum, are feetida, guttata, car- thaginensis, nobilis and angustifolia; and in the ripe seeds of tragacanthe, urens, villosa and quadrifida, an indication of a lateral foramen near the base is still visible, but which in feetida I have not been able to detect,’’ 292 Linnean Society. an exactly similar insertion in the unimpregnated ovulum; and in this tribe I am inclined to believe, that in many cases the fora- men of the ovulum is so close to the umbilicus as to appear ana- tropous, and that it ultimately becomes more distant from the unequal growth of the opposite extremities of the seed.” The characters of the tribe Sterculiee, and a synopsis of the genera and species belonging to it, complete the article. Of the genera, three, viz. Tetradia, Pterocymbium and Courtenia, are en- tirely new, as is also a genus of doubtful position described under the name of Micrandra. The whole number of species referred. to the tribe is sixty-seven, of which thirty-three are now for the first time described. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. | LINNAAAN SOCIETY. Anniversary Meeting. May 24, 1844.—The Lord Bishop of Norwich, President, in the Chair. The President opened the business of the Meeting, and the num- ber of Members whom the Society had lost during the past year having been stated, the Secretary proceeded to read the following notices of some among them. The deaths among the Fellows have amounted to eight. Among these the first name is that of William Allen, Esq., a gentleman more distinguished by his inves- tigations in experimental philosophy than by the pursuit of natural history, and still more by that active and unwearied benevolence which has identified his name with almost every recent effort for the amelioration of the condition of mankind. Of such a man we cannot but feel a pleasure in recording that he was for forty-two years a Fellow of this Society, and that, however occupied in other pursuits, he never ceased to take a warm interest in botanical investigations. His business being that of a chemist, Mr. Allen’s attention was naturally directed to that science ; and in conjunction with Mr. Pepys he published several valuable chemical papers in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ of the Royal Society, of which he became a Fellow in 1807. The first of these, ‘‘ On the quantity of Carbon in Carbonic Acid and on the Nature of the Diamond,” was published in 1807; and was succeeded in 1808 and 1809 by two papers ‘‘ On the changes produced in Atmospheric Air and Oxygen Gas by Respiration,” and in 1829 by another “‘ On the Respiration of Birds,’’—subjects which he and his friend Mr. Pepys illustrated by a series of the most deli- cate experiments. The only paper contributed by Mr. Allen to our own Transactions was read in May 1805, and contains an account of some experiments made by him on a substance called Dapéche, sent to Sir Joseph Banks from South America by M. de Humboldt, which, although very dif- Linnean Society. 293 ferent in external appearance, he determined by analysis to be a mere modification of Caoutchouc. Mr. Allen was for several years a very popular Lecturer on Ex- perimental Philosophy at the Royal Institution ; and for more than twenty years (viz. from 1804 to 1827) he filled the office of Lecturer on the same subject at Guy’s Hospital. In 1807, cooperating with the late Mr. Joseph Fox, he first directed his energies to assist in the struggle which Joseph Lancaster was then making to establish his system of mutual instruction ; and from this period, his time and at- tention were by degrees almost wholly devoted to that great under- taking. His death occurred in the 74th year of his age, at Lind- field in Sussex, where he had resided for many years for nearly half his time, occupied in the superintendence of some important experiments for the promotion of an improved condition of the work- ing classes in agriculture by means of education and allotments of land, on which subject he published several interesting essays. Richard Forester Forester, Esq., M.D., President of the Derby Philosophical Society, and for five-and-forty years a Fellow of the Linnean Society, died on the 5th of December last, in the 73rd year of his age. He was at the head of his profession in the town of Derby, and took a leading part in most of the useful and benevolent institutions of his neighbourhood ; being also the senior magistrate of the county, and an alderman and a magistrate of the borough. He was distinguished for classical attainments and a refined taste ; and had formed a collection of fossils which he bequeathed to the Museum of the Derby Society. ‘To the Arboretum so nobly presented to the town by the late Mr. Joseph Strutt (and the formation of which is regarded as one of the most successful labours of another of our Fel- lows, whom it will be my duty presently to notice more particularly), Dr. Forester bequeathed the sum of 300/., besides several consider- able legacies to charitable institutions. James Barlow Hoy, Esq., who for several years represented the borough of Southampton in Parliament, was much attached to orni- thology, and at the time of his melancholy death was on a tour in the Pyrenees, with the object of collecting rare birds. His death, which took place on the 13th of August last, at the Hospice de Vieille, was occasioned by the bursting of his gun while engaged in his favourite pursuit. John Claudius Loudon, Esq.,was born at Cambuslang, in the county of Lanark, on the 8th of April 1783. He was the eldest son of a respectable farmer in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh; and his mother being left a widow with a large family, his exertions were early called forth to assist in providing for their support. At the age of twenty he came to England, and began to practise as a landscape gardener, the profession for which he had been educated, and which he afterwards cultivated with so much success. In 1806 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society, and in 1809 resided in Oxfordshire, where he had taken an extensive farm. He subsequently made several tours on the continent, visiting Sweden, Russia, Poland and Austria in 1813, 1814 and 1815, Italy in 1819, and France and 294: Linnean Society. Germany in 1828. During the latter years of his life he resided at Bayswater, in the neighbourhood of London. Soon after his first arrival in England he was visited by a severe attack of inflammatory rheumatism, which disabled him for two years and terminated in an anchylosed knee and a contracted left arm. During a subsequent attack in 1820 his right arm was broken in the operation of shampooing, and not having properly united was again broken in 1825, when its amputation became necessary. At the same time the thumb and two of the fingers of his left hand were rendered useless. He afterwards suffered frequently from attacks of illness, and died on the 14th of December 1843, of the effects of severe and long-continued disease of the lungs. Such were the adverse circumstances under which Mr. Loudon commenced and pursued a career of literary labour of no ordinary extent, of much variety of subject, and requiring intense severity of application. His first essay was published in 1803, and for forty years he continued almost without intermission the publication of a series of works, original and compiled, chiefly devoted to agriculture, horticulture and rural architecture, and of a highly useful and prac- tical character. The number and magnitude of these works, the in- cessant labour required in their production, and the anxieties neces- sarily attendant on the large outlay of money involved in them, were sufficient to undermine a constitution of far greater strength; but his energy and enthusiasm supported him through every difficulty, and did not desert him even on his death-bed. He has left a widow and one child, a daughter ; the former well known by various publi- cations, and especially by her ‘ Ladies’ Flower-Garden’ and ‘ Ladies’ Botany.’ James Macartney, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. &c., was born in Armagh in March 1770, and was educated in the country. He was not origi- nally destined for any profession; but in 1794 he apprenticed him- self to Dr. Hartigan, then Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons in Ireland. In 1798 he removed to London, where he became Demonstrator of Anatomy in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; and two years afterwards commenced lecturing on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology. ‘This course, of which he published a Prospectus in 1806, was continued until 1810. In the following year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society; and having returned to Ireland was in 1813, on the death of his former teacher Dr. Har- tigan, elected Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Trinity College, Dublin, which office he filled for four-and-twenty years. He died of apoplexy on the 6th of March 1843. Both as a comparative anatomist and an improver of the practice of surgery, Dr. Macartney is entitled to honourable mention. The more important of his contributions to Comparative Anatomy were published in Rees’s ‘ Cyclopedia,’ in which the principal articles on that subject were written by him. To the ‘ Philosophical Transac- . tions’ he contributed some valuable ‘‘ Observations upon Luminous Animals,” published in the volume for 1810, and ‘‘ An Account of an Appendix to the small Intestines of Birds,” in thatfor 1811. A Linnean Society. 295 memoir ‘On the Anatomy of the Brain of the Chimpanzee”’ ap- peared soon after his death in the ‘ Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,’ of which he had long been an active Member, and to whose Transactions he had previously contributed an essay ‘‘ On the Curvatures of the Spine.’’ He also made several minor commu- nications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and to the Académie de Médécine of Paris, of which he was a Foreign Member. Of the Linnzean Society he became a Fellow in 1814, but he has no paper in our Transactions. As a lecturer it is stated of him, that ‘‘ though his manner was un- adorned by the arts of verbal eloquence, he became highly popular from the ideas which he imparted, and the distinct and logical lan- guage in which they were clothed: his classes were always very large, and by his means the reputation of the Medical School of the University of Dublin was materially elevated.” His introductory Lecture to the Anatomical Course of 1824 was published in 1826; and the substance of his Lectures on Inflammation, the most import- ant and original part of his Surgical Course, are given in his ‘ Trea- tise on Inflammation,’ published the year after he resigned his Pro- fessorship. This volume contains an exposition of his views on the proximate cause of inflammation, and of his mode of administering steam fomentations and applying water dressings, now so universally and beneficially adopted in surgical practice. Charles Saville Onley, Esq. Simon Stephenson, Esq. George William Wood, Esq., was the eldest son of the Rev. Wil- liam Wood of Leeds, an early Fellow of the Society, and the inti- mate friend of our founder and first President. He was born in 1781, and became connected at an early age with one of the largest esta- blishments in Manchester, of which he continued to be a partner until its dissolution, when he retired from business with a handsome for- tune. At the general election for 1832 he was returned to Parlia- ment for the Southern Division of the county of Lancaster, and in 1837 for the borough of Kendal, which he continued to represent till his death. Although endowed with an hereditary fondness for botany and with a strong attachment to geology, the active pursuits of busi- ness and the conscientious discharge of his public duties left him little leisure for their cultivation; but he was ever ready to promote the views of those who were more actively engaged in the prosecu- tion of science, and to render them such services as his position en- abled him to perform. Of this disposition we have a striking proof in the Bill introduced by him and carried through Parliament in the course of the last Session, the effect of which is to exempt scientific societies from local taxation; a bill for which we have ourselves reason to feel grateful, as relieving our funds from a burthen of some importance. ‘The circumstances of his death may also be re- ferred to as connected with his attachment to science; it occurred suddenly in the rooms of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, of which he was one of the Vice-Presidents. While engaged in an animated conversation on the progress of the Ordnance 296 Linnean Society. Survey, his breathing was observed to become difficult, and the mo- ment after he was found to be dead. Among our Foreign Members we have to commemorate Don José Pavon, a botanist of considerable merit, and the colleague of Ruiz in the memorable botanical expedition dispatched to Peru by the Spanish Government in the year 1777, from which were ob- tained such important results both in collections and publications. On the recommendation of Ortega, then Professor of Botany at Madrid, the expedition was placed under the direction of Ruiz, who was accompanied by Pavon and by two artists, Brunete and Galvez. M. Dombey also, who had been dispatched from France on a similar mission, was allowed to accompany them; and during a residence of ten years they visited many of the most interesting districts of Peru and Chile. In 1788 Ruiz arid Pavon returned to Europe, bringing with them large collections of plants and an extensive series of bo- tanical drawings, and leaving behind them two of their pupils, Tafalla (afterwards Professor of Botany in the University of Lima), and Pulgar (an artist of merit), to continue their investigations. The collections thus made by themselves, and those which were subse- quently transmitted to them, formed the basis of a series of works on the botany of the Western Regions of South America, which, had they been carried on to completion, would have been indeed a mag- nificent contribution to science, and which even in their present in- complete state are of high importance, The first of these publica- tions appeared in 1794, under the title of ‘ Floree Peruvian et Chi- lensis Prodromus,’ and contains descriptive characters and illustrative figures of their new genera. This was followed in 1798 by the first volume of the ‘ Flora Peruviana et Chilensis,’ two other volumes of which, extending as far as the class Octandria of the Linnzan system, were published in 1799 and 1802. The plates of a fourth volume, as well as many others intended for subsequent publication, were also prepared. In 1798 also was published the first volume of a smaller work without figures, entitled ‘ Systema Vegetabilium Flore Peru- viane et Chilensis,’ containing characters of all their new genera and of the species belonging to them, as well as of all the other spe- cies described in the first volume of their ‘ Flora.’ Of the immense collections made by Ruiz and Pavon and other botanists in the Spanish possessions in America, a large portion was purchased by Mr. Lambert between the years 1817 and 1824. These were dispersed at the sale of his herbarium in 1842; but a part of them was then obtained for the British Museum, where they are now deposited. Little is known of the latter years of Pavon; his correspondence with Mr. Lambert appears to have ceased in 1824, and even the exact date of his death has not been ascertained. The President also announced that 19 Fellows, 2 Foreign Mem- bers, and 1 Associate had been elected since the last Anniversary. At the election which subsequently took place, the Lord Bishop of Norwich was re-elected President ; Edward Forster, Esq., Treasurer ; John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary ; and Richard Taylor, Esq., Under-Secretary. The following five Fellows were elected into the Zoological Society. 3 297 Council in the room of others going out: viz. Francis Boott, M.D. ; Edward Forbes, Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, Lon- don; the Rev. William Hincks ; Daniel Sharpe, Esq.; and William Spence, Esq. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Dec. 12, 1843 (continued).—Wm. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. “ Descriptions of new species of Shells figured in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’” by Mr. Lovell Reeve (continued). Pxievrotoma pica. Pleur. testd crassd, obtuso-pyramidali, albd, , maculis fuscis, paucis, grandibus, subquadratis, trregulariter va- riegatd ; anfractibus eleganter semicostatis, costis angustis, nume- rosis ; superne levibus, concavis ; sinu lato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 8. f. 61. Hab, Island of Capul, Philippines ; Cuming. A very solid white shell, pied here and there with dark brown blotches. PLEUROTOMA ALABASTER. leur. testd turritd, intis extisque ni- ved, roseo interdum leviter tinctd, transversim subtilissimé sulcatd et striatd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, superne subde- pressis ; sinu lato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 8. f. 65. Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines (found in loose coral sand on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming. The sculpture of this shell is exceedingly delicate, the cross grooves looking as if they had been graved with an etching-point. Prevroroma venusta. Pleur. testd obeso-fusiformi, flavicante, Susco-maculatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim multicostatis, oblique maculatis, superne depressis, maculis majoribus vivide pic- tis ; canali elongato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 9. f. 79. Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines (found in coral sand on the reefs at low water); Cuming. This highly interesting shell, which is at present unique in Mr. Cuming’s collection, differs materially, both in form and in the colour and character of the marking, from any of its congeners. PLevroroMa Exim1A. Pleur. testd gracile fusiformi, albd, anfrac- tibus convexis, costis angustis longitudinalibus, striisque transversis elevatis, eximié cancellatd ; sinu subindistincto ; canali mediocri, leviter tortuoso. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 82. Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low water); Cuming. The canal of this Muriciform species, though somewhat indistinct, fully entitles it to a place amongst the Pleurotome. PLEUROTOMA ALBIBALTEATA. leur. testd ovato-oblongd, luted, albibalteatd, anfractibus convexis, transverse lineatis, longitudi- naliter noduloso-costatis ; labro incrassato, sinu parvo ; canali brevi, recurve. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 84. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. X = 298 Zoological Society. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in sand at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming. Pievrotoma TritonoipEs. Pleur. tesid subovali, apice acuto, fulvd, pallide albifasciatd ; anfractibus convexis, costis longitudi- nalibus, subtilissime nodulosis, lineis transversis elevatis eximié cancellatis ; labro incrassato, sinu parvo ; canali brevi, subrecurvo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 85. Hab. Bais, island of Negros, Philippines (found in coral sand at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming. This shell is of a duller and more uniform colour than the prece- ding ; the last whorl is more ventricose, and the longitudinal ribs are finer and more numerous. PLEUROTOMA ABBREVIATA. Pleur. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, ce- ruleo-albd, nigro maculata et punctatd ; anfractibus medio angulato- carinatis, carind medio partitd, superne depressis, funiculo maximo nigro-maculato cingulatis, inferne multifuniculatis, funiculis mi- noribus nigro lineatis et punctatis ; canali viz elongato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 86. Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming. A very interesting species, which looks at first sight like a broken portion of the Pl. tigrina. A number of specimens were collected by Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned island. PLEUROTOMA BIJUBATA. Pleur. testd cylindraceo-pyramidali, fuscd, Suscescente carinatd ; anfractibus convexis, equidistanter carinatis, carinis duabus centralibus jubatis ; aperturd brevi; canali brevis- simo. Conch. Icon, Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 87. Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low water); Cuming. Of the two crested keels which encircle this very characteristic species, the upper one is the more faintly developed. PLEUROTOMA PLANILABRUM. Pleur. testd ovato-oblongd, apice acuto ; rubido-fuscd ; anfractibus convewis, transverse lineatis, lon- gitudinaliter costatis, costis feré obsoletis ; aperturd oblongd, labro plano, rubido, intis denticulato ; canali brevissimo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 88. Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones at low water) ; Cuming. The posterior extremity of the lip in this shell is acuminated to a sharp point. , Pievrotoma corusca. Pleur. testd subpyramidali, valde politd ; anfractibus superne planis, fusco alboque nebulosis, inferne leviter prominentioribus, punctis fuscis irregularibus cingulatis, anfractu ultimo punctorum seriebus duabus cingulato ; aperturd brevi ; canali brevissimo. Conch, Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 10. f. 89. Hab, Island of Capul, Philippines ; Cuming. Two specimens only of this shell were found it Mr. Cuming on the reefs at the above-mentioned island. Zoological Society. 299 ‘Prevrotoma Harrorpiana. Pleur. testd obeso-pyramidali ; an- fractibus nigerrimis, in medio luteo-balteatis, convexis, transversim subtilissime striatis, superne depressiusculis, serie unicd nodulorum ornatis, infra noduloso-costatis ; aperturd breviusculd ; sinu parvo, rotundato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 11. f. 93. Prevrotoma Perroni. Pleur. testd fusiformi, turritd, leviusculd, pallide luted ; anfractibus planis, superne leviter angulatis, ultimo inferne coarctato, transversim lirato, liris regularibus, subdistan- tibus ; sinu subcentrali ; canali subelongato, recto. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 11. f. 94. Murex Perron, Chemnitz, Conch., vol. x. pl. 164. f. 1573. This interesting shell has been confounded by Lamarck with the P. spirata. It differs from that species in being more erect and fu- siform, in the sutures of the whorls being less deeply channeled, and in the lower portion of the last whorl being crossed with about four or five narrow, well-developed ridges. Przurotoma pLuTEATA. Pleur. testd fusiformi, gracili, fulvd ; anfractibus convexis, pluteo supern? ornatis, medio nodulis albidis catenulatis, infra subtilissime sulcatis ; sinu lato ; canali elongato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 12. f. 101. The shelf which passes round the upper portion of the whorls is not less characteristic of this species than the delicate chain of white nodules which encompass the centre. Prevroroma mystica. Pleur. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, rubido- Suscd ; anfractibus superné concavis, striatis, infra angulatis, tu- berculis albis, connatis, ad angulum acut? carinaiis ; anfractu ultimo inferné nodulorum seriebus plurimis cingulato. Conch, Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 12. f. 107. Chiefly distinguished by the white turreted keel. Prevrotoma Puruippinensis. Pleur. testd ovato-turriid, ventri- cosd, subpellucidd, albidd ; anfractibus sex septemve, longitudina- liter costatis, costis eximiis, subcompressis, subdistantibus, nigro aut fusco alboque varie pictd; transversim liratis, liris minutis, subcontiguis, numerosis ; columelld subtortuosd ; aperturd ovatd, ampld ; canali brevissimo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 13. f. 109. Hab, Islands of Masbate and Luzon, Philippines (found under stones at low water); Cuming. Puizvurotoma Rissorpes. Pleur. testd elongato-ovali, levi, nitente, semipellucidd, albicante, fulvo pallidissime nebulose strigatd ; an- Fractibus septem, tribus longitudinaliter plicatis ; apice rubello ; columella spiraliter tortuosd ; canali brevissimo, leviter recurvo ; labro subincrassato, intis eximie denticulato, sinu parvo, distincto. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 13. f. 111. This species reminds me somewhat of the Rissoa deformis ; the first whorl or two are plaited as in that shell, the surface is moreover smooth and shining, and they bear a general resemblance to each other in size. The apex of this shell is peculiar in being pink, whilst there is not the least indication of that colour in any other part. 300 Zoological Society. Prevrotoma Bonouensis. Pleur. testd subelongatd, tenui, sub- pellucidd, albidd, fulvo subindistincte virgatd ; anfractibus octo, transversim lineatis et liratis, striis quoque subtilissime reticulatis ; columella spiraliter tortuosd ; canali brevissimo, paululiim recurvo ; labro simplici, acuto, sinu parvo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 18. f. 112. _ Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming. This shell, which is of a much thinner and slighter composition than either of the two preceding ones, is very finely reticulated over with striz; and it has a number of lines and ridges running trans- versely across the whorls, but none longitudinally. PLEUROTOMA GRACILENTA. Pleur. testd gracillime fusiformi, fulvd, anfractibus. convexis, longitudinaliter costellatis, costellis leviter nodulosis, strits elevatiusculis transversis decussatis ; labro sub- fiexuoso, sinu lato ; canali breviusculo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 114. Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, Philippines (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming. A shell of simple character, unlike any hitherto-described species, though not presenting any very striking peculiarity. Puevroroma prssuLaTa. Pleur. testd subacuto-fusiformi, fulvd vel cinered, anfractibus leviter convexis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis subdistantibus, striis transversis subobsoletis decussatis ; labro tenui, sinu parvo ; canali breviusculo, subrecurvo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 115. Hab. Bolinao, island of Luzon, Philippines (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming. Although the ribs in this species are comparatively distant from each other, they vary considerably in this respect in different indi- viduals ; the more elongated the shell, the closer the ribs, as shown by the specimens figured. Pueuroroma contTracta. Pleur. testd elongato-ovatd, albidd ; an- fractibus plano-convewxis, superne contractis, costellis longitudina- libus numerosis, striisque transversis elevatis eximié reticulatis ; sinu lato, canali brevi. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 116. Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip- pines (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming. This species may be recognized by the peculiar contraction of the whorls near the suture ; the sculpture is not much unlike that of the C. gracilenta. PLEUROTOMA CEDO-NULLI. Pleur. testd lanceolato-fusiformi, eximie turritd, apice acuto; griseo-albicante ; anfractibus in medio valde carinatis, carind compressa, pereleganter diadematd ; sinu amplo, canali longissimo, Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 117. Hab. Bay of Panama (found in sandy mud at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming. Zoological Society. 301 PLEUROTOMA CRASSILABRUM. Pleur. testd ovato-turritd, flavicante fusco ceruleoque varie zonatd; anfractibus convewis, superne la- vibus, infra tuberculato-costatis, costis striis transversis elevatius- culis decussatis ; aperturd brevi, subrotundatd ; canali brevi, sub- tortuoso ; labro valde incrassato, varicoso, intis acuto, sinu rotun- dato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 118 6 & c. Hab. Island of 'Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs); Cuming. Var. 3. Testa incolorata, striis transversis fereé obsoletis. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 118 a. Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming. The blue and brown colouring of the first variety is very conspi- cuous between the ribs. The var. 3, which is colourless, seems to have a thin epidermis upon it. Pieuroroma Hinpsi. Pleur. testd ovatd, subinflatd, albidd, fus- cescente pallide variegatd ; anfractibus costis duabus, ultimo costis quatuor, distantibus, cingulatis, costellis numerosis, compressis, eximie cancellatis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali brevi. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 14. f. 119. Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones on the reefs at low water) ; Cuming. -Puevrotoma LacTEA. Pleur. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, subinflatd, lacted, costis carinisve rotundatis striisque exilibus cinctd; labro simplici, acuto ; sinu parvo ; aperturd ovatd, canal brevissimo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 15. f. 123. Hab. Bolinao, island of Luzon, and Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones at low water) ; Cuming. PLEUROTOMA BREVICAUDATA. Pleur. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, solidd, luteold, apice basique fuscescentibus ; anfractibus convezis, superne unicarinatis, infra bicarinatis, anfractu ultimo multicari- nato ; labro simplici, acuto; sinu amplo; aperturd parvd, brevi, canal breviusculo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 15. f. 126. Hab, Island of Ticao (found on the reefs) ; Cuming. This shell reminds one somewhat of the P. jubata, but has no in- dication of the pretty beaded crest which distinguishes that species. PiEevuROTOMA DIGITALE. Pleur. testd obeso-oblongd, nigerrimo- Suscescente, apicem versus incoloratd ; anfractibus conveais, tuber- culis albidis minutis seriatim clathratis ; aperturd breviusculd, sinu lato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 17. f. 138. Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low water); Cuming. PLEUROTOMA HASTULA. Pleur. testd elongato-fusiformi, solidius- culd, albidd, fuscescente sparsim maculatd ; anfractibus liris sub- tilissimis numerosis cinctis, lird centralt lirisque superis majoribus, prominentibus ; canali gracili, fissurd profundd. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 17. f. 139. 302 Zoological Society. This species is chiefly characterized by the stout double ridge that encircles each whorl near the suture, and by the central ridge that is formed in place of the slit as the shell advances in growth. Pievrotoma cuprEA. Pleur. testd acuminato-turritd, anfractibus superne depressis, fuscescentibus, liris nodulosis, subflexuosis, di- stantibus, longitudinalibus, ornatis ; aperturd brevi, sinu lato. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 17. f. 140. The little dark brown flexuous ridges, passing down the whorls of a much lighter brown, have a neat and conspicuous appearance. Puievrotoma varicosa. Pleur. testd acuminato-turritd, anfracti- bus superne levibus, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis subirre- gularibus, grisets, interstitiis griseo-ceruleis, transversim striatis, varicibus rudibus lutescentibus grandibus sparsis peculiariter no- tatis ; canali brevissimo, leviter recurvo ; sinu lato, subprofundo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 17. f. 141. Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found in coarse sand at the depth of fifteen fathoms) ; Cuming. Var. 3. Testa omnind fusca. Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found in coarse sand at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming. This species may be easily recognized by its prominent display of varices. PLEUROTOMA CARBONARIA. Pleur. testd turritd, carbonarid; an- fractibus prope suturas depressis, levibus, infra costatis, costis angustis, distantibus, nodulosis ; columelld callositate superné mu- nitd ; canali brevi ; sinu latissimo, profundo. Conch. Icon., Pleurotoma, pl. 17. f. 145. All the specimens I have seen of this dark Melania-like species have the apex either decorticated or broken away, an indication of their living in brackish water. Pectruncuuus spurcus. Pect. testd subquadrato-ovali, gibbd, glauco- fused, longitudinaliter costatd, costis numerosis, angustis, subtilis- sime striatis ; umbonibus albicantibus, obliquis. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 7. £. 36. ’ Hab. Bay of San Carlos (found in coarse sand at the depth of six- teen fathoms) ; Cuming. The width of this little species from the umbones to the margin is comparatively shorter than that of any other species. Pecruncutus pertusus. Pect. testd orbiculari, albd, fusco unda- tim pictd ; radiatim costatd, costis subtilissimé pertusis ; umbonibus centralibus. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 7. f. 37. Hab. Islands of Mindanao and Luzon, Philippines (found in coarse sand at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming. This interesting little species presents a marked peculiarity in the ribs being finely pricked on each side. Two or three specimens only were collected by Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned islands. PrctuncuLus ocunatus. Pect. testd sub-Pectiniformi, radiatim Zoological Society. 303. costatd, fuscd, maculis albis, superné nigro-marginatis, sparsim et irregulariter ornatd ; umbonibus centralibus, subobliquis. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 7. f. 38. Hab. West Indies. Prctuncutus canceLuatus. Pect. testd oblique Pectiniformi, striis subtilissime cancellatd ; albd, epidermide luted holosericd partim indutd ; umbonibus prominentibus, centralibus. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 7. f. 39. Hab. Singapore (found in sandy mud at the depth of seven to ten fathoms) ; Cuming. This little shell is very thin and fragile, and perfectly white; the entire surface being delicately cancellated and covered towards the margin with a thick pale yellow epidermis. There is no possibility of confounding it with any other species. PrctuncuLus morum. Pect. testd sub-Pectiniformi, pallidé pur- pureo-rubrd, maculis rubidis elongatis sparsim et irregulariter pictd ; radiatim costatd, costis levibus ; umbonibus subcentralibus. Conch. Icon,, Pectunculus, pl. 7. f. 40. Hab. Madagascar ? A very pretty species, in which the ribs radiate somewhat more obliquely than usual; the general appearance of the shell is not much unlike that of the P. tessellatus ; it is however lighter and more depressed, with colour and spotting of somewhat different character. Pectuncutus Sicutvs. Pect. testd orbiculari, depressiusculd, sub- equilaterali, longitudinaliter sulcatd et striatd ; rubido-castaned, fusco transversim zonatd, zonis sepe obscuris ; umbonibus teste junioris interdum albimaculatis. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 7. f. 41. Pectunculus glycimeris, Lamarck, Philippi. Testa junior. Arca bimaculata, Poli. Hab. Mediterranean, coast of Sicily. Having adopted the old P. glycimeris of British authors, I distin- guish the P. glycimeris of Lamarck by the above new title. Through some unaccountable neglect, these two very different shells have been hitherto published under the same title, and it is hoped that this present amendment will be appreciated. Prectuncutus perpix. Pect. testd orbiculato-cordatd, subauritd, radiatim costatd ; costis planulatis, subindistinctis, longitudinaliter striatis, strigis rubido-fuscis, transversis, angulato-undatis, pro- Suse pictis. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 8. f. 46. Hab. Straits of Malacca (found in mud at the depth of seventeen fathoms) ; Hinds. The form of this shell approximates very closely to that of the Pectunculus zonalis, but the painting of it is of a very different cha- racter. The beautiful specimen here figured, collected by Sir E. Bel- cher, is the only example of the species I have seen, with the excep- tion of a small, worn, odd valve in the collection of M. Deshayes. Prectuncuuus spaviceus. Pect. testd orbiculari, radiatim striata, 304: Zoological Society. pallide spadiced, umbones versus albd, strigis latis, undatis, ornatd; epidermide holoserica ; intus albd, margine exiliter crenulato. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 8. f.47. There is no very striking peculiarity in this species, although it is too distinct from any other to require comparison. I have seen se- veral specimens of it, both in London and Paris, but have not suc- ceeded in obtaining its true locality. PectuncuLus rormosus. ect. testd lenticulari, subdepressd, vel levi vel subobscure radiata, subtilissime concentricé striatd ; luteo- lacted, maculis sparsis violaceo-purpureis, longitudinaliter inqui- natis, formose pictd. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 8. f. 48. There are two or three specimens of this handsome shell at Paris, both in the collection at the Jardin des Plantes and in that of M. Delessert. PECTUNCULUS sERICATUS. Pect. testd orbiculari, Pectiniformi, de- pressiusculd, albidd, rosaceo-fusco sparsim tinctd et maculatd, epidermide sericd crassd indutd; radiatim sulcatd, sulcis subdi- stantibus ; intus albd. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 9. f. 49. Hab. Island of Tortola, West Indies. This exceedingly delicate shell is remarkable for its glossy silken epidermis; the hinge-shelf in the interior of each valve is nearly as broad and solid as that of the Pectunculus strigilatus, and the teeth are as closely set; the shell altogether exhibits many characters in common with that species, but no indication of the peculiar manner in which it is attenuated towards the umbones. This is the only specimen I have seen at present. PEcTUNCULUS LiIviIDUS. Pect. testd orbiculari, tumidd, inequilate- rali, antice angulatd ; longitudinaliter radiatd, radiis latis, eleva- tiusculis, subtilissimé striatis, rubido-fuscis,marginem versus livido- cesiis, epidermide pilosd plus minusve indutis; radiis anticis creberrimis ; umbonibus rect? incurvis, maculis albidis perpaucis circumsparsis ; intus albd, medio purpureo-nigricante tinctd et maculata. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 9. f. 51. Hab. Red Sea. Prectuncutus Detzssrertit. Pect. testd orbiculari, tumidiusculd, subsolidd, inequilaterali, altitudine longitudinem equante ; radiatim sulcatd, sulcis numerosis, profundis, subtilissime striatis, liris in- termediis subtilissimé granuloso-corrugatis, longitudinaliter in- cisis ; albd, fasciis pluribus aurantio-brunneis transversim undatd, intervallis fusco lineato-punctatis ; intus albd, antice rubido-purpu- veo tinctd. Conch. Icon., Pectunculus, pl. 9. £.52. Carpita RaDULA. Card. testa subquadrato-oblongd, albidd, de- press, costis tribus et viginti, rubido-fuscis, imbricato-squamosis, squamis fornicatis, semi-erectis, subacutis ; costarum interstitiis crenulatis ; margine crenato. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 1. f. 2. Zoological Society. 305 Carpita Pica. Card, testd elongato-ovatd, gibbd, alba, nigro aut JSusco varie inquinatd ; costis _septemdecim sedecimve, in medio angulatis, subtiliter squamosis ; intus albd, postice nigerrimo- Suscda. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 2. f. 8. Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippines (found under stones at low water) ; Cuming. There is a peculiarity in the shape and blotching of this shell which entitles it to be distinguished as a new species. Several specimens were collected by Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned island, singularly agreeing in respect to these characters. CARDITA GUBERNACULUM. Card. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, anticé brevissimd, angustd, posticé latissimé rotundatd, subalaté ; brunned, luteo purpureoque umbones versus tinctd; costis plus minusve squamosis, superioribus perpaucis, majoribus, inferiori- bus angustis numerosis ; intus brunned, anticé albicante. Var. 2. Testa alba, fusco vic tincta. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 3. f. 9. Hab. Zanzibar. This is the nearest allied species to the C. semi-orbiculata; the dark variety might indeed be easily mistaken for it, were it not for the scales and peculiar elongation of the ventral portion of the shell. CarpiTA MARMOREA. Card. testd elliptico-ovatd, posticé rotun- datd, anticé peculiariter brevi ; lacted, nigro umbones versus ma- —culatd ; costis quindecim sedecimve, recto-elongatiusculé radian- tibus, latescentibus ; anticis crenatis, intus eburned. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 3. f. 12. Hab. New Holland. CarpiTa pistorta. Card. testd elongato-ovatd, valdé gibbosd, peculiariter distortd, luteolé; costis duodecim aut plurimis, sub- squamosis, inferioribus planiuscults. : Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 4. f. 13. Hab. Red Sea; Rippell. There are several specimens of this curious species in Mr. Cu- ming’s collection, all singularly distorted in the same manner. Carpita Srnrcarensis. Card. testd oblonga, elongato-ovatd, Sulvd, epidermide fusca indutd ; costis quindecim sedecimve, squa- mosis, squamis incumbentibus. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 4. f. 16. Le jéson? Adanson. Hab. Senegal. This shell, which I know to have been brought from Senegal by M. Rang, approaches nearer to the figure and description of Le jéson of Adanson than any that has been hitherto assigned to it. Carpita voLucris. Card. testd elongatd, postice valde gibbosd, angulatd, antice brevi et coarctato-acuminatd ; viridescente albidd, postice nigrd nigroque maculata ; costis septemdecim, anticis planulatis, marginem versus evanidis; posticits angulatis, hinc wline obsoleté squamosis. 806 Zoological Society. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 4. f. 20. Care should be taken not to confound this species with the young of the C. pectunculus. It is a solid well-developed shell, and never exceeds an inch to an inch and a half in length. Carpita cipBosa. Card. testd ovato-oblongd, solidd, gibbosd ; albd, costis septemdecim, fusco-variegatis, transversim radiantibus, rotundatis, exiliter nodulosis. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 4. f. 21. This is a solid gibbous shell, the anterior side of which is not so short as in most of the oblong species of the genus. Carpita niTIDA. Card. testd subquadrato-ovali, eburned, maculis cesiis variegatd ; costis duabus vel tribus et viginti, posticis pre- cipué crenatis, interstitiis lineis cesus angularibus ornatis. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 6. f. 27. Var. B. Testa maculis rubidis. Hab. Misamis, isle of Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming. This pretty shell is remarkable on account of the posterior ribs being more strongly crenated than the anterior. Carpita ovatis. Card. testd ovaid, rubido-brunned, maculis albis sparsim variegatd ; costis octodecim aut novemdecim, crenatis ; posticis levigatis, interstitis lineis angularibus ornatis ; lunuld distinctd, Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 6. f. 28. Var. 2. Testa alba, maculis cesiis variegata. Hab. Isle of Corrigidor, Philippines (found in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms) ; ; Cuming. Carpita LAcunosa. Card. testd subovaid, radiatim costatd, costis und vel duabus et viginti, elevatis, valdé compressis, subtiliter muricato- -squamosis ; interstitiis latiusculis, lacunato-excavatis ; albd, area posticali nigerrimo-fuscd. Cénch: Icon., Cardita, pl. 7. f. 31. CarDITA CANALICULATA. Card. testd suborbiculatd, luteold, fusco varie zonatd; radiatim costatd, costis und vel duabus et viginii, lateraliter compressis, annulato-serratis, interstitiis excavato- canaliculatis ; intus albidd, fusco pallidé tinctd, Conch. Icon., Candi. pl. 8. f. 40, Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. The leading features of this species are its rounded form, and the peculiar manner in which the interstices between the ribs are chan- neled out. Carvira aneisutcata. Card. tesid ovatd, rubido-fusco tinctd et variegatd ; radiatim costatd, costis und vel duabus et viginti, pla- nis, latiusculis, approximatis, interstitus angustis, profundé in- cisis ; costis umbones versus annulato-serratis, hine illinc. squa- miferis, syuamis erectis. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 8. f. 41. This species may be easily recognized by the narrow and deeply- ’ Zoological Society. 307 cut interstices between the ribs, which are unusually flat towards the margin. Carpita sEMEN. Card. testd ovatd, subcompressd, tenui, radiatim costatd, costis plano-convexis ; olivaceo-fuscd, Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 43. Hab. Mexillones, Desert of Atacarna, Bolivia (found at the depth of three fathoms) ; Cuming. This minute species is the smallest of the genus; it looks like a little radiated seed. Carpita Noputosa. Card. testd ovatd, solidd, radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus et viginti, compressis, regulariter nodu- losis ; lutescente-albd, prope marginem aurantio tinctd, Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 44. Hab. Sicily ? This shell may be recognized by the compressed character of the ribs, and the very regular manner in which they are noduled. Carpita NAvirormis. Card. testd trapexio-ovatd, subcompressd, latere postico elongato-recto ; radiatim costatd, costis paululim curvatis, squamosis ; fuscescente. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 45. Hab. Valparaiso, South America (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms); Cuming. Carpita compressa. Card. testd suborbiculari, solidd, valdé com- pressd, epidermide olivaced indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis levi- bus, planiusculis, interstitius angustis. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 46. Hab. Valparaiso, South America (dredged from coarse sand at the depth of from twenty to sixty fathoms); Cuming. Several specimens of this little species were found by Mr. Cuming at the great depth above-mentioned ; it has the appearance of the C. borealis in miniature. Carpita FLABELLUM. Card, testd flabelliformi, radiatim costatd, costis leviter serratis ; olivaceo-fuscd. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 47. Hab. Valparaiso, South America; Cuming. The peculiar fan-shape of this minute species distinguishes it in an eminent degree from any hitherto described. Carpita tecuLata. Card. testd subflabelliformi, radiatim costatd, costis decem vel undecim, prominentibus, subtiliter squamulosis. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 48. Hab. Valparaiso, South America (dredged from the depth of twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming. The sculpture of this shell reminds one of a tiled roof. Carvita Carpromwes. Card. testd globosd, Cardiiformi, radiatim costatd, costis rotundatis, irregulariter nodulosis, interstitiis sub- profundé incisis; albidd vel aurantid, strigis aurantiis latis, transversis, vividé ornatd. Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 49. 308 Zoological Society. Hab. Islands of Corrigidor and Luzon, Philippines (dredged from coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms); Cuming. Carpita FABULA. Card. testd oblongo-ovatd, latere postico la- tiore, radiatim costatd, costis subangulatis ; albd, fusco sparsim maculatd ; intus albd, posticé fusco-tinctd, Conch. Icon., Cardita, pl. 9. f. 50. Hab. Island of Alboran. The locality above-mentioned is attached in manuscript to a num- ber of specimens of this little shell in the British Museum from Mr. Broderip’s celebrated collection. CypRIcARDIA SERRATA. Cypr. testd subquadrato-ovatd, subflexuoso- distortd, incrementt gradibus laminis fragilibus numerosis, ex- aliter serratis, peculiariter notatis, interstitiis subtilissime radiatim sulcatis ; pallidé rosaced, intus vividé purpured. Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 1. f. 5. No figure nor description can do justice to this beautiful shell, so remarkable on account of the delicacy of the pink serrated laminz. CypricarDIA pDEcussaTA. Cypr. testd elongato-ovaid, regulariter convexd, tenui, albd, semipellucidd, striis exilibus, undulatis, ele- vatis, obliqué decussatis, ornatd. Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 1. f. 6. This is evidently one of the terebrating species, belonging to that section of the genus which De Blainville distinguishes by the new generic title of Coralliophaga. The term decussated is here used in its strictest and proper sense, signifying oblique crossing, as in the letter X. CypRICARDIA VELLICATA. Cypr. testd oblongo-ovatd, compressd, prope marginem ventralem anticam peculiariter vellicatd ; albd, latere postico purpureo-fusco plus minusve vivide radiato ; umbo- nibus purpureo-fuscis, Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 2. f. 7. Hab. Calbayog, island of Samar, Philippines (found on soft slaty stones at low water); Cuming. CyPRICARDIA INCARNATA. Cypr. testd oblongo-ovatd, tenut, plano- convexd, liris planis subtilissimis numerosis ab umbonibus undu- latim divergentibus, eximié notatd ; albidd, posticé incarnatd. Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 2. f. 8. Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under a stone at low water); Cuming. The surpassing delicacy of the ridges is exceedingly characteristic in this species ; instead of looking raised upon the surface, they have all the appearance of undulating rays of light. CypricARDIA LAMINATA. Cypr. testd trapezio-oblongd, tenui, albd, latere postico valde latiore, rotundato, compresso, laminis duabus vel tribus elevatis subdistantibus fimbriato. Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 2. f. 9. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean (found at the depth of Miscellaneous. 309 five fathoms piercing, and partially imbedded in, the Avicula mar- garitifera) ; Cuming. This peculiarly shaped shell exhibits the same kind of delicate marginal frill of lamine as the well-known Cypricardia corallio- phaga, and belongs to a mollusk of the same terebrating habits. ‘The shells of terebrating mollusks vary so exceedingly in form, accord- ing to circumstances of situation, &c., that were the C. daminata not entirely destitute of the fine radiating striae which characterise the C. coralliophaga, it might be regarded as a modification of that species. CypricarpDiA oBESA. Cypr. testd subquadrato-ovaid, valde gibbosd, tumidd, latere postico subobliqué angulato ; longitudinaliter stri- atd, striis profunde incisis ; lutescente-albd. Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 2. f. 10. CypricarpIA SoLENoIDES. Cypr. tesid angustatd, Soleniformi, latere postico plano-angulato ; albd, posticé purpureo-fusco obso- let? radiatd ; umbonibus purpureo-fuscis ; intus albd, ad extremi- tatem posticam purpureo-violaceo tinctd, Conch. Icon., Cypricardia, pl. 2. f. 11. Hab. Calbayog, island of Samar, Philippines (found piercing soft slaty rocks; low water); Cuming. The, Cypricardia Solenoides, though approximating greatly in form to the Cypricardia coralliophaga, differs materially in structure and composition ; the two species indeed exhibit all the differences upon which De Blainville founded his genus Coralliophaga. Instead of presenting that pellucid tenuity which seems peculiar to the tere- brating species, it is of the same solid opake structure as the Cypri- cardia vellicata, the umbones have the same purplish-brown patch upon them, and there is an evident indication of the same posterior streaks of that colour. MISCELLANEOUS. CIRSIUM SETOSUM, M. BIEB. Turis plant has recently been found by Dr. Dewar of Dunfermline on the shore of the Firth of Forth near Culross, in considerable quantity. It has probably been introduced from Odessa with mer- chandise, but is now quite established in Scotland. It is very satis. factory to me to learn that Sir W. Hooker, who possesses authentic specimens of M. Bieberstein’s plant, has come to the same conclusion which I had done concerning the identity of the plant gathered by Dr. Dewar and that described in the ‘Flora Tauro-Caucasica,’— C.C. B. ALSINE STRICTA, WAHL. A few weeks since, my friend Mr. Jas, Backhouse, jun. of York kindly sent me a specimen of A. stricta, which had been just dis- covered on Widdy Bank Fell, on the Durham side of the upper part of Teesdale, by a party of botanists, consisting of Messrs. John Tatham, jun. of Settle, G. S. Gibson of Saffron Walden, S. Thompson, and Jas. Backhouse, sen, and jun. of York. Growing in so utterly wild 310 Miscellaneous. a country, and being a native of Germany and the northern parts of - Europe, it must be considered as one of the most interesting addi- _ tions that has been recently made to our native flora.—C, C. B. TEGUMENTS OF GASTEROPOD MOLLUSCA. |) Among the kinds of covering of Gasteropod Mollusca, no solid bodies have been noticed but such as are known under the name of Shells. In two genera near to Doris, all the fleshy part of the body is strewed in every direction with calcareous spicule. In one of them, these spicule stick out in such a manner that the animal has its body all bristled with prickles. Similar spicule have been met with in the mantle of a young Bulla. At a time when, thanks to the labours of Ehrenberg, the study of microscopic fossils has made an unexpected stride, these facts may be of some value in guarding zoologists against referring to Infusoria the remains of animals belonging to a much higher group.—Comptes Rendus, July 15, 1844. NEST OF THE DINORNIS. Description by Captains Cook and Flinders of Birds’ Nests of enormous size on the coast of New Holland; by Prof. Epwarpv Hircucocx, Dec. 22, 1843. In lecturing on the huge footmarks of sandstone in the Connec- ticut valley, I have been in the habit for many years of reading to my classes, as the poetry of the subject, some statements from the twelfth volume of the ‘ Athenzeum, or Spirit of the English Maga- zines’ (p. 48), respecting enormously large birds and birds’ nests. As some of these statements are manifestly fabulous, it never oc- curred to me till today to inquire whether any of them were true, I was led to make the inquiry probably by the astonishing discoveries of Prof. Owen respecting the danger bird of New Zealand; and the result is, that I have almost persuaded myself, that with the help of Captains Cook and Flinders I have found the nest of the Dinornis on the coast of New Holland, These navigators have given the follow- ing statements in their published voyages. I quote Cook’s account from Kerr’s ‘ Collection of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. xiii..p. 318, It was Cook’s first voyage. Lizard Island is near the north-east coast of New Holland, not far from Cape Flattery, and in about 15°S. lat. ** At two in the afternoon,” says Cook, “ there being no hope of clear weather, we set out from Lizard Island to return to the ship, and in our way landed upon the low sandy island with trees upon it which we had remarked in our going out. Upon this island we saw an incredible number of birds, chiefly sea-fowl ; we found also the nest of an eagle with young ones, which we killed; and the nest of some other bird, we knew not what, of a most enormous size. It was built with sticks upon the ground, and was no less than six and twenty feet in circumference, and two feet eight inches high. To this spot we gave the name of Eagle Island,” &c. Capt. Flinders found two similar nests on the south coast of New Holland in King George’s Bay. Not having his work at hand, I quote from the ‘ Quarterly Review’ for October 1814 his description of these nests :— | . Meteorological Observations. 311 “ They were built upon the ground, from which they rose above two feet, and were of vast circumference and great interior capacity ; _ the branches of trees and other matter of which each nest was com- posed being enough to fill a cart.” Now I suppose, from the character of Captains Cook and Flinders, _ we may place implicit confidence in the truth of these accounts. In- © deed, Cook was accompanied to Eagle Island by Sir Joseph Banks. Equally certain is it that no known bird but the Dinornis would have built so enormous a nest. I am led therefore almost irresistibly to inquire whether the Dinornis may not be an inhabitant of the coast of New Holland, and still alive! Even if extinct upon New Zealand, it may have remained longer in the warmer climate of New Holland. It may be that these nests have been accounted for in some other way ; but if so, I have seen no other explanation. P.S. Feb. 1844.—Having occasion to give a lecture this winter before the Young Men’s Association in Troy, N. Y., I had a drawing made of the Dinornis of the natural size, on the type of the Apteryx and Cassowary, and also of one of the nests described above, and I assure you that the nest was only of a respectable size for a bird sixteen feet high.—Silliman’s Journal, July 1844. baie amietiek Veh Ril METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR AUGUST 1844. Chiswick.— August 1. Cloudy: boisterous: clear, 2 Clear and very fine. 8. Showery: boisterous. 4. Dusky clouds: clear and fine. 5, Cloudy and fine: rain. 6, Boisterous; clear and fine, 7. Clear: heavy shower at noon: clear and fine. 8,9. Fine. 10, Slight haze: fine, 11. Very fine; rain. 12. Heavy rain. 13. Showery. 14. Rain: heavy squall: clear and fine at night. 15, Cloudy. 16. Very fine. 17. Densely overcast. 18, 19. Very fine. 20. Overcast: fine. 21—25. Cloudy and fine. 26. Cloudy. 27, Cloudy and dry. 28. Clear, with hot sun. 29. Cloudless and hot. 30. Fine. 31. Hot and dry.— Mean temperature of the month 2°°57 below the average. Boston.— Aug. 1. Cloudy: rain early a.m.: rain am. 2 Fine. 3%. Rain: rain early a.m, : rain with thunder and lightning a.m.: rainr.m. 4, Cloudy. 5. Fine: rain at night. 6. Cloudy. 7. Stormy: rain early a.m.: rain with thunder and lightning a.m. 8, Windy: raina.m. 9, Windy. 10. Fine. 11. Fine: raine.M, 12. Rain, 13, Fine. 14. Rain: rain early a.m. : rain a.m. and p.m. 15, Cloudy: rain early a.m. 16. Fine: rainr.m. 17. Cloudy. 18—21. Fine, 22—24, Cloudy. 25, Fine. 26, Cloudy. 27—31. Fine. Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—Aug. 1. Cloudy: rain. 2. Bright: clear. 93, Showers: drizzle. 4, Damp: drizzle, 5. Cloudy, 6. Cloudy: rain. 7. Showers : cloudy. 8, Cloudy: showers, 9, Showers, 10—13, Bright; clear, 14, Bright: clear: fine. 15. Clear: fine. 16. Bright: cloudy: fine. 17, Showers: rain, 18, Bright: cloudy. 19. Bright: damp. 20, Showers, 21. Rain: drizzle, 22, Rain: damp. 23. Damp. 24. Damp: cloudy. 25. Bright: cloudy. 26. Drizzle: drops, 27. Drizzle: showers, 28, Bright: clear. 29. Clear. 30. Clear: warm. 31. Clear: cloudy: warm. Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.— Aug. 1—3, Showers. 4. Fair. 5. Fine. 6,7. Heavy rain. 8. Rain a.m,: fairer. 9. A shower. 10. Fair a.m.: few drops p.m. 11, Fair a.m,:rainr.m, 12, Fair, 19, Showery. 14. Showery: thunder, 15. Fair. 16, Rainr.m. 17. Heavy showers. 18. Fair and clear. 19. Heavy showers, 20, Fair, 21. Fair: afewdrops. 22. Rain, 23, Heavy shower p.m. 24. One shower. 25—31. 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[tt] 1S: | Oe “mss | ‘AA 19| #69] LS 05-6% | 19-62 | SS-6% | ZV-62 | S1-6% |ZEL-6z |L08-62 | “I 2 io) qa 1% s] ) S| és vurd | cure | curd | cure | : ‘ Sejor| S |= | Sa | sh] § = ; Hs . ps : g P| re | 8 a Pe Y soraeaner BS Tan’ *arys-solyuing, *yorMsTyO “Urey “pul, *I9JIWOWIIY J, “19JOULOLV "KINWEO) ‘asunypy yunpung 7v “uo\sno[D °C ‘Ady 247 Ag puy SauIHs-sarusWAG ‘ssunyr yjunSojddp yo ‘xequag * AA *Aeyy 277 Ag {NOLSOg 7M “ROA “AI 49 SuopuoTy «mau “MOIMSIHD yn Kyarv0g Jounynaysozy oy2 fo Uapsvy ay, qo uosduIoy y, "IN 49 apn suoynasasgg yurdojos0ajayT t THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. No. 92. NOVEMBER 1844. > << XXXVII.—On a new Genus of Paleozoic Shells. By W1LL1AM Krne, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. GENTLEMEN, In a ‘Monograph of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Magnesian Limestone of the County of Durham’ which I am preparing for publication, I have been compelled to institute six new genera, namely, Allorisma for species represented by Sanguinolaria sul- cata, Ph., Strophalosia for a Productus-like shell with an area, and possessing a condyloid hinge as in the Terebratulas, and not a simple one as in the true Productuses; Camerophoria for a Brachiopod approximating to Pentamerus in some points of its internal structure ; Pleurophorus for Arca costata of Capt. Brown ; Schizodus for the Permian and carboniferous Axinuses, to di- stinguish them from the London clay Azinus angulatus, and Anthracosia for a group of Unionide characteristic of the coal- measures. In the following paper I have given the generic character, &c. of Allorisma. : I may add that the monograph will contain figures of the dental and other characters of all the new genera. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your very obedient servant, Newcastle, Museum, Oct. 4, 1844. Wo. Kine. In the carboniferous system of some districts, certain shells abound which are elongated in the direction of their cardinal line, and often marked with deep broad wrinkles running parallel with their free margins. Following J. de C. Sowerby, they have in general been placed in the genus Sanguinolaria, which cannot be continued, since the existing species bearing this name are fur- nished with teeth which are absent in the carboniferous shells. An examination of several of these fossils has convinced me Amn. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. Y 314 Mr. W. King on a new genus of Paleozoic Shells. that each valve is: provided with a cartilage fulerum which varies considerably in different species. In some it resembles that of Pholadomya and Panopea, beg more or less folded upon itself, and somewhat horizontal with the dorsal plane of the shell, and having the appearance of a callosity ; in others its free margin sinks a little below the hinge line ; while in the remainder it be- comes unfolded and lamelliform, and is directed so much down- wards as to hang vertically in the dorsal cavity of the shell. The cartilage consequently passes from an external to an internal position. It will be seen from this description that the cartilage fulcra gradually change from one extreme to the other,—a fact which, viewed in connexion with the uniformity of their external cha- racters, completely prevents these shells being grouped into more genera than one. In rocks of the Devonian and the Permian system similar fos- sils have been discovered ; and the Triassic deposits of continental Europe, especially the muschelkalk, yield somewhat analogous forms (Myacites). Through the Permian and Triassic shells a passage is opened into the genera Panopea (Lutraria gibbosa, Sow.), Lysianassa (Mya v-scripta, Sow.), and Cercomya (Sanguinolaria undulata, Sow.*) of the Jurassic system. Associated with the latter occurs the genus Pholadomya, which though it agrees with the shells just mentioned in its cartilage fulcra, differs, perhaps with the exception of Cercomya, in being unprovided with teeth : in this respect the genus Pholadomya corresponds with the so- called Sanguinolarias of the carboniferous rocks, but in general it may be readily distinguished from them by the presence of ribs proceeding from the umbones. Many of the Jurassic Panopzeas differ from those at present existing, not only in their being slightly gaping, but in their teeth being expanded and in being concave on the upper side: in some species (Panopea (Lutraria) gibbosa, Sow.) the teeth appear to be but rudimentary, or mere folds of the cardinal margins beneath the umbones ; in this respect they offer an approximation to the car- boniferous fossils. It will thus be obvious how difficult it is to draw the line of demarcation between the genus about to be pro- posed and the Jurassic Panopzas, and how perplexing it is to de- cide as to the genus in which certain intermediate forms ought to be placed. ‘This last remark applies to the fossils termed Mya- cites, which until it is known whether or not they are furnished with teeth, their identity with Panopea or with the carboniferous * Mr. Morris, in placing this shell in 4natina (vide Cat. Brit. Fossils, p- 77), has overlooked the fact of this genus having the cartilage placed on internal spoon-shaped fulcra. Sowerby’s figure of the fossil (Min. Con. tab. 548. fig. 1.) shows that the fulera are external. Mr. W. King on a new genus of Paleozoic Shells. 315 fossils will remain uncertain : from their geological age and their resemblance to a magnesian limestone species which certainly does not possess any appearance of teeth, they may for the present be grouped with the latter. Whether any of these edentulous shells characterise the lias and the oolite is a question on which it is difficult to decide: the valve which Goldfuss has figured under the name of Lutraria decurtata (Petrefacten, tab. 153. fig. 3c),appears to be unprovided with a tooth, but it must be observed, that in the corresponding valve of Panopea gibbosa and some other species this part is scarcely developed ; it is the opposite one which possesses the largest tooth. If the genus Panopea be allowed to comprise species with co- nical (P. norwegica) or expanded teeth (P. gentilis, P. gibbosa), whether gaping little or much posteriorly, their being dentigerous will form a good distinguishing character by which to separate them from the edentulous Panopzea-like shells of the carboni- ferous rocks: add to this, the disparity between their cartilage fulera, which in the former are constant in form and direction, while in the latter they are extremely variable in these respects. On a consideration of these differences it is proposed to group the carboniferous shells under the following genus:— — Allorisma*, nobis. Syn.—? Myacites, Schlotheim ; Hiatella (sulcata), Fleming ; Sangui- nolaria (gibbosa in the Min. Conch.), J. de C. Sowerby and others ; Unio (Urii in Prestwich’s Memoir), J. de C. Sow.; Lutraria (prisca), Goldfuss ; Pholadomya (elongata in Silliman’s Journal, vol, xxix.), Dr, S. G. Morton; ? Mya (rotundata in Murchison’s ‘Silurian System’), J. de C. Sow.; ? Posidonomya (transversa), Portlock. Order LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, Blainville. Suborder Dimyaria, Rang. Family Pootapomyi1p#f, nobis. Gen. Char.—Both valves furnished with a cartilage fulerum elongated in the direction.of the cardinal line, and which varies breadthwise in different species, from being horizontal with the * From éaaolos, variable, and gesiaae, support—expressive of the variable nature of the cartilage support or fulcrum, t+ Blainville’s family Pyloride is so heterogeneous that I have taken the liberty to propose that of Pholadomyide for the genera Pholadomya, Allorisma, Panopea, Lysianassa (Munster), and Cercomya (Agassiz). In doing this, I am aware of the anatomical differences between Panopea and Pholadomya, so ably worked out by Valenciennes and Owen; but they do not appear to be of such importance as to warrant the placing of these two genera in distinct families. Y2 316 Mr. W. King on a new genus of Paleozoic Shells. dorsal plane of the shell to an internal and vertical position. Neither of the valves furnished with teeth. General Summary.—The various species at present known of this genus are elliptical, equivalved, and more or less inequila- teral (extremely so in Allorisma (Sanguinolaria) undata, Portl.) : their umbones are large in A. (Pholadomya) Munsterit (D’ Archiac and De Verneuil), but small in others ; often they are strongly wrinkled parallel with their free margins, as in the genus Posi- donomya: some appear to be closed at both ends (A. elongata, oes , while others gape anteriorly and posteriorly (A. constricta, nob.). Allorisma in one essential point differs from every other genus of Pholadomyide : in the latter the cartilage fulcra are constantly horizontal with the dorsal plane of the shell,—consequently they support an external cartilage, whereas in the former they are va- riable ; being horizontal in Allorisma elongata, vertical in A. sul- cata*, and intermediate in A. constricta. | The situation of the adductor and other muscular impressions relatively to each other is nearly the same as in Thracia pubes- cens: the anterior muscular impressions are so strongly marked in some species (A. sulcata and A. undata) as to give rise toa well-defined ridge which separates them from the umbonial ca- vity ; in most of the species that have passed under my notice the pallial line is rather indistinct: in Allorisma elongata the inflexion of the siphonal muscular impression is deep, and runs parallel with the ventral and the dorsal line of the shell somewhat as in Mya arenaria. The surface of the shell is marked with minute pimples, which in some species (A. elongata and A. elegans, nobis) run in lines from the umbones, but in others (A. constricta) they are irregu- larly arranged, as in Anatina subrostrata. Supplementary Notes. Schlotheim’s name Myacites implies that the shells so called are fossil Myas; as this is not the case the name cannot stand. Allorisma elegans is a new species from the magnesian limestone of Durham. Allorisma constricta is an undescribed carboniferous species from Northumberland. The species called Allorisma sulcata (Hiatella, Flem., Sanguino- laria, Ph.) is the one figured by Professor Phillips in his ‘ Geology * A figure of this species, representing one of its cartilage fulcra, will be given in the Monograph. I may just observe, that in a specimen of this shell three inches long, the fulcra are nearly a quarter of an inch in breadth a little behind the umbone, and about an inch in length. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 317 of Yorkshire,’ vol. ii. pl. 5. fig. 5: externally it closely resembles another species which I consider the same as Dr. Morton’s fossil re- presented in Silliman’s Journal, vol. xxix. pl. 26. fig. 37, and which is from the carboniferous rocks of Northumberland ; but the direction of the cartilage fulcra, as already noticed, is very different in each. I have little doubt of the fossil to which Mr. J. de C. Sowerby has applied Fleming’s name Unio Urii (Brit. Animals, p. 417) being quite distinct from the shell so called, and a true Allorisma. In this case the specific name which Mr. Sowerby has given to the former may be retained, unless this fossil should hereafter be considered as a va- riety of Allorisma elongata. XXX VIII.— Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen Betxtincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Member of the Royal Zoological, Geological and Natural History So- cieties of Dublin, &c. [Continued from p. 256.] Genus 18. Tantra. (Derived from ra:via, vitta.) Gen. Char.—Body long, flat, soft, and composed of a great number of distinct articulations. Head in general larger than the neck, furnished with two pairs of oscula, suckers or discs, and often with a rostellum or prominence in front, which is surrounded or not by one or two circles of recurved hooks ;—what Rudolphi terms ‘armed.’ Tue species of this genus have been hitherto found in the bodies of vertebral animals alone, and the alimentary canal is the only part which they are found to inhabit ; they usually occur in the small intestines. They are most abundant in birds, next in mam- malia, then in fish, and lastly in reptiles. Rudolphi enumerates 146 species in his ‘ Synopsis,’ of which 58 are doubtful. The term Tenia was employed by the ancients, but they neces- sarily confounded the genus Bothriocephalus with the Tenia. The digestive apparatus of these animals consists of two straight late- ral canals of the same diameter throughout, which commence at the oscula of the head, run backwards parallel to one another, close to the margins of the articulations, and communicate with one another by a transverse branch at the posterior edge of each articulation. The organs of reproduction are more complicated; we find male and female organs not only in every individual, but in all the larger articulations of the same mdividual. A small papillary projection is seen near the centre of the margin of each articu- 318 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa, lation, in which is the orifice of a duct leading to the ovary. The latter organ occupies the middle of each articulation, and consists of a central canal, which is often filled with ova, and of branches proceeding from its sides. In addition, a slender dark-coloured body is seen, which extends from the marginal orifice inwards towards the centre of the articulation, where it ends in a small oval vesicle; this is considered to be the male organ by which the ova, as they pass through the marginal orifices, are impreg- nated. The organs of locomotion in the Tenia consist of transverse and longitudinal layers of muscular fibres ; the latter are not con- tinued from one articulation to another, as in the genus Bothrio- cephalus, in consequence of which the articulations are readily detached, and each joint when separated from the others enjoys some power of motion. No distinct organs of circulation exist in the Tenia, and nothing like a distinct nervous system has yet been observed in them. Rudolphi has arranged the species of this genus in two great divisions: in one the head is armed with a circle of very minute recurved hooks ; in the other this part is naked or unarmed. The latter are further subdivided as the head is provided with a ros- tellum or prominence in front, or as this is absent. A. INERMES. a. Capite simplici, non rostellato. 1 Tania expansa ....i. Small intestine of sheep (Ovis ; ovina (Linn., Turt. ) Aries). 2. Tenia pectinata* ,. Ge ‘oulea) at irabhet Chapt * The Tenia pectinata is included in Turton’s list of British species, and is very well named, as its serrated margins present the appear- ance of acomb. I have found it in the wild rabbit upwards of 18 inches in length. Its colour before being immersed in spirits of wine is reddish ; the head is not small (as Rudolphi describes it), but is larger in proportion than that of the Tenia lanceolata, to which it has some general resemblance. The oscula are round and directed forwards ; the articulations nearest the head are very short ; they gra- dually increase in length, but all are broader than long ; the posterior articulations are very thick and have somewhat a fleshy appearance. The marginal orifices are best seen in the articulations near the head ; they are opposite, and a short filament projects from each, which as- sists in giving the margin the pectinated appearance; in the most posterior articulations the filaments do not project. The ova are exceedingly numerous, globular, and of a white colour ; they are so minute as to be scarcely distinguishable with the naked eye. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 819° Small intestine of pochard (Fuli- 3. Tenia lanceolata cornea gula ferina). 4. J Tenia cucumerina ...... Small intestine of dog (Canis fa- ; cateniformis (Penn.) miliaris). 5. Tenia filicollis * Intestine of three-spined stickleback ( Gas- : oy terosteus aculeatus ). 6. nasutat.... Intestine of blue titmouse (Parus ceruleus). b. Rostellate ; capitis rostello retractil inermi. Small intestine of curlew (Numenius ar- quata). Small intestine of plover (Charadrius Hia- , ticula). 9, —— cyathiformis. Small intestine of swift (Cypselus Apus). - Tenia spherophora. levigata .... (Small intestine of wild duck (Anas Boschas). Small intestine of tame duck (Anas Boschas 10. Tenia infundibuli- } Smet)» ‘ ee Small intestine of domestic fowl (Gallus Sormis { domesticus). Small intestine of sparrow (Fringilla domes Lo ftea). * In the month of July 1839 I found several specimens of the Tenia filicollis in the intestines of the Gasterosteus aculeatus ; they lived for some time in water, and soon discharged an immense num- ber of ova. In one specimen I saw the ova protruded from the mar- ginal pore in a continuous stream and with great force. The ova are very small, white and spherical, but visible to the naked eye. The oscula of the head are distinct ; when the animal is alive and in motion, there is little distinction between the head and neck, and this part is continually altering its shape. The articulations of the body are thinner at their margins than in the centre, which gives this part a fringed appearance. ‘The last articulation terminates in a remarkable conical point. + Upon one occasion I found eight specimens of the Tenia nasuta in the intestinal canal near its termination of the common blue tit- mouse (Parus ceruleus), The longest measured 2 inches in length. In some of the specimens the head appeared to be provided with a rostellum ; hence the species should perhaps rather come under the second division in Rudolphi’s arrangement. The neck is distinct ; the articulations are as described by Rudolphi. { The Tenia infundibuliformis from the small intestine of the wild duck (Anas Boschas) is about an inch in length; the head has some. what a different shape when recent from what it has after lying in spirits of wine ; it is triangular, the oscula being elongated and giving it somewhat the appearance of a Bothriocephalus. 'The neck is very short ; the rostellum cylindrical, as long as the head and neck toge- ther, obtuse, and nearly double their thickness at its extremity. The rostellum of several, after lying in spirits of wine, became much con- tracted. 820 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Eniozoa. Small intestine of swan (Cygnus Olor). Small intestine of goose (Anas Anser). Small intestine of redbreast (Sylvia Rube- 11. Tenia setigera* 12. platycephala. cul) Small intestine of thrush (Turdus musicus). Small intestine of blackbird (Turdus Me- 13. angulata .. ruld). Small thts of fieldfare (Turdus pilaris). Small intestine of pochard(Fuligula ferina). . Small intestine of scaup-duck (Fuligula Ma- 14. levis rila). theaeas of tufted duck (Fuligula cristata). Small intestine of wild swan (Cygnus ferus). 15. —— e@quabilis .. ¢ Small intestine of widgeon (Mareca Pene- lope). Small intestine of tufted duck (Fuligula cristata). $6 tenuirostris -\ Srnall intestine of goosander (Mergus Mer- ganser ). 17. Whew, Small and large intestine of ruff (Tringa pugnaz). Tenia elliptica + 18 cateniformis »>Small intestine of cat (Felis maniculata). (Pennant) 19. Tenia gracilis.... Large intestine of wild duck (Anas Boschas). 20. pusilla? t .. Small intestine of mouse (Mus Musculus). 21. farciminalis . Smallintestine of starling (Sturnus vulgaris). * In the specimens of the Tenia setigera from the small intestines of the goose (Anas Anser) which I have examined, the pyriform ros- tellum sometimes projected, at others it did not. All the articula- tions are very short, though Rudolphi describes those in the middle of the body to be infundibuliform. + The Tenia elliptica is common in the small intestines of the domestic cat ; they are usually found towards the extremity of the small intestine near the large. On some occasions I have found them so firmly attached to the mucous membrane of the intestine by their oscula that they could not be detached, but separated at the arti- culations near the head. { This species, which has several of the characters of the Tenia pusilla, inhabits the small intestine of the mouse; it is about an inch and a half in length, dark-coloured when first removed from the ani- mal, becoming white after remaining in water. The rostellum is short, the oscula distinct, head oval ; anterior articulations very short, the next broader than long, the last oblong; each anterior articula- tion overlaps that next to it, which gives the joints the appearance of being double and composed of a narrow and a broad portion. The marginal pores are irregularly alternate, and lemnisci projected from many of them. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 3821 22, Tenia stylosa.... Small intestine of magpie (Corvus Pica). B. ArgMataz. 23. Tenia solium* ,, Small intestine of man (Homo). 24. serrata.... Small intestine of dog (Canis familiaris). 25. —— crassicollis . Small intestine of cat (Felis maniculata). ; Small intestine of duck (Anas Boschas do- . 26. ——— _ sinuosa.. mest.) 27. inflatat .. Small intestine of bald-coot (Fulica atra). * The Tenia solium, which inhabits the small intestines of the hu- man subject, is longer known than any other species of Tenia, and has received several distinct names. ‘Thus it is the Tenia curcurbi- tina of Pallas, the Tenia vulgaris of Werner, the Tenia solium and Tenia vulgaris of Pennant and Turton, the Tenia armata umana of Brera, Tenia a long anneaux of Cuvier, and the Tenia cucurbitain of Lamarck. It is peculiar to the human species, but occurs in the in- testinal canal of the inabitants only of certain countries. Thus it is the most common species in Great Britain and Ireland, Holland, Germany, the East Indies, Egypt, and part of France; while in Switzerland, Poland and Russia it is rare, and is replaced by the Bothriocephalus latus. The name solium, given to this species by Linneus, is not strictly correct, as more than one is not unfrequently found in the same in- dividual. It varies in length from 12 inches to 30 feet and upwards ; - the colour is white when the animal is alive, and its tissue is semi- transparent, but it becomes opake after lying in spirits of wine. The body varies much in breadth ; near the head it is very narrow, often almost filiform; posteriorly it is broad and flat ; its thickness varies according as the animal is fully expanded or contracted. ‘The arti- culations near the head are very short, and appear to be merely transverse rugze ; they increase gradually in length, become square, and eventually much longer than broad. - The head has a somewhat hemispherical shape, flattened anteriorly ; the four oscula are orbicular and surround the rostellum, which is short, retractile, and armed with a double row of minute recurved hooks. The Tenia solium inhabits only the small intestines of the human subject, particularly the jejunum and ilium; it is much more com- mon in the adult than in early life, and is more frequently met with in the female than in the male. + In the month of April 1838 I found a Tenia in the small intes- tine of the bald-coot (Fulica atra) which has the characters of the Tenia inflata, but I was not able to see whether the rostellum was armed. It is about an inch in length, colour white; the head is large, somewhat obovate ; the oscula prominent, round and large ; the rostellum is clavate, the neck long; the anterior articulations are very short, and the terminal articulation is rounded and smaller than those next it. 322 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. mall intestine of herring-gull (Larus ar- ; S 28. Tenia porosa?™. . { gentatus). Species dubia. 29. Tenia +. Small intestine of wild cat (Felis Catus). 30. { . Small intestine of rat (Mus decumanus). 31.——§ . Small intestine of thrush (Turdus musicus). 32. ——|| . Small intestine of thrush (Turdus musicus). * Upon two occasions I found specimens of Tenia which had the characters of the Tenia porosa, firmly attached together as if in coitu, the lemnisci of one being inserted into the lateral pores of the other. Hence this species cannot be truly hermaphrodite, as the majority of Tenia are believed to be. ) + In the month of March 1837 I found a single specimen of a Tenia in the duodenum of a wild cat (Felis Catus) taken in the north of Ireland, which appears to be undescribed. The neck is long; the body dark-coloured when first removed from the animal; the four oscula appeared to the naked eye like four circular spots; the disc of cilia was prominent and white. It most nearly resembled the Tenia crassicollis, which is common in the domestic cat, but it differed in several respects from it. t Upon several occasions I have found in the small intestines of the rat (Mus decumanus) a species of Tenia which differs from those de- scribed by Rudolphi as occurring in this animal, and comes nearest the description of a species mentioned by Creplin under the name Tenia muris ratti. It belongs to the division ‘ nermes’ in Rudolphi’s arrangement, and to the subdivision ‘ Rostellate,’ ‘The length is from three to four and a half inches; colour white; body filiform ante- riorly ; head small, subglobose; in some apparently not separated from the body by any narrower portion or neck, in others this part is seen and is very short. Rostellum unarmed, cylindrical and very short; oscula round and slightly prominent ; anterior articulations in- distinct, those next exceedingly short, almost linear, and increasing gradually in length, their angles acute; marginal orifices not con- spicuous. § Upon one occasion I met with several specimens of an unde- scribed species of Tenia in the small intestine near the gizzard of a thrush (Turdus musicus). It belongs to the division ‘ Armate’ in Rudolphi’s arrangement: the length is about 2 inches; the head small, and with the rostellum has a triangular shape ; the oscula are large and conspicuous; the rostellum very short, cylindrical, thick, and armed with minute spines. ‘Ihe body anteriorly is as fine as a thread, and is but little broader posteriorly ; the anterior articula- tions are short; the next longer than broad, somewhat funnel-shaped ; the most posterior are broader than long, and rather elliptical than infundibuliform. || This species of Tenia occurred in the small intestine near the large of the thrush, and differs in several respects from the prece- ding ; it belongs however to the same division in Rudolphi’s arrange- Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 828 © 33. Tenia *. Small intestine of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). 34. .. Small intestine of grous (Tetrao Scoticus). 35 Small See of oyster-catcher (Hematopus Ostra- legus). 36, -—— Small intestine of curlew ee arquata). 37, —— Small intestine of godwit (Limosa rufa). 38, —— Small intestine of snipe (Scolopax Gallinago). 39.——... Small intestine of corn-crake (Crew pratensis), 40.——— .. Small intestine of tame swan (Cygnus Olor). 41... Small intestine of shieldrake (Tadorna Bellonii), 42.——— +. Small and large intestine of pochard (Fuligula ferina), 43 Small intestine of red-breasted merganser (Mergus We ae Serrator). 44, —— Small intestine of crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus). 45 wpe ve of red-necked grebe (Podiceps rubri- a collis). 46.——— .. Small intestine of northern diver (Colymbus glacialis), 47, —— Small intestine of razor-bill (Alca Torda). 48, —— Small intestine of roseate tern Sn Dougallii). 49, —— Small intestine of gull (Larus Canus). 50.—— .. Small intestine of kittiwake (Larus tridactylus). 51. .. Intestine of loach (Coditis barbatula). ment. Their length varies from one line to an inch and a half; the head is large and distinct; the four oscula are also distinct ; the ros- tellum is very short, thick and clavate, armed with distinct spines. The larger specimens are provided with a neck, which is not seen in the smaller. The articulations next the neck are merely transverse ruge, and about the same width as the head ; posteriorly they in- crease in length, but still their transverse diameter always exceeds the antero-posterior; the terminal articulation is short. * Upon one occasion I found this undescribed species of Tenia in such numbers in the duodenum of a chicken only three weeks old, that this part of the intestinal tube was completely blocked up and obstructed by them,—some projected even into the gizzard. + In the month of January 1839 I found an immense number of Tenie in the small intestine of the pochard (Fuligula ferina), many of which were attached to the mucous membrane: they belong to the division ‘Jnermes’ and to the subdivision ‘ Rostellate.’ The head is small, subhemispherical ; rostellum pyriform, about half the length of the head ; oscula large and deep. The anterior articulations vary in shape, sometimes being irregularly oval, the long diameter trans- versely ; the succeeding articulations are exceedingly short, resem- bling rather transverse rugee, and those near the posterior extremity are also very short. 824 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the existence of Struthious Birds XXXIX.—On the Evidence of the former Existence of Struthious Birds distinct from the Dodo in the islands near Mauritius. By H. E. Srrickxanp, Esq., M.A. * Ir is well-known that Leguat, a French Protestant refugee, who for more than two years (from 1691 to 1698) resided in the island of Rodriguez, near Mauritius, described a bird under the name of /e Solitaire, which Latham considered to be allied to, but distinct from, the Dodo, and which Gmelin denominated Didus solitarius. Later authors have supposed Leguat’s bird to be either altogether fictitious, or to be founded on an imperfect description of the true Dodo, Didus - ineptus, Linn., of whose former existence in the island of Mauritius there is now no dispute. Considering, however, that Leguat was a man of education, and that the rest of his narrative bears intrinsic proofs of veracity, there is no reason to doubt the general accuracy of his description of the Solitaire; and if this be admitted, it follows that his bird was distinct, generically as well as specifically, from the Dodo. The Solitaire, as described and figured by Leguat, must have dif- fered from the Dodo in the following respects :— 1. The beak is stated to resemble that of a turkey, except in being rather more curved. Leguat’s figure corresponds with this description, and exhibits a moderate-sized gallinaceous-formed beak, totally unlike that which we know the Dodo to have possessed. 2. The Solitaire is said to have had hardly any tail, whereas the Dodo was depicted with an arched tail, like that of the ostrich. 3. The Solitaire is said to be longer in the leg (‘ plus haut mon- tée’”) than a turkey, while the Dodo was a very short-legged bird, as shown by the specimens in the British and Oxford Museums. _ 4. The Solitaire carried its neck erect, and this member was said to be longer in proportion than that of a turkey. But the Dodo is depicted with a short, thick and curved neck, corresponding with the massive proportions of its head. 5. Though unable to fly, the wings of the Solitaire appear to have been more developed than in the Dodo, as they were enlarged at the end into a knob the size of a musket-ball, with which the bird at- tacked its enemies. 6. The female Solitaire is stated to have a kind of band (probably composed of feathers) at the upper part of the beak, resembling a widow’s cap; but in the Dodo the whole face was naked. It seems then sufficiently evident, that as late as the year 1693 the island of Rodriguez was inhabited by a large species of bird distinct from the Dodo of Mauritius, and now exterminated. This bird was unable to fly; and Leguat, who gives a minute description of its habits, mentions the remarkable circumstance that it lays one egg on a heap of palm-leaves a foot and a half high, a character which possibly indicates an affinity to Tulegalla and the Megapodiine of Australia. * From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, April 23, 1844. distinct from the Dodo. 325 The Solitaire of Rodriguez seems not to ‘have been mentioned by any other author than Leguat, and we may presume that the species was exterminated within a few years after his visit. There ig evidence however that other apterous birds of this ano- malous class formerly existed in the adjacent island of Bourbon. In the library of the Zoological Society is a manuscript presented by that active naturalist the late C. Telfair, Esq., who during his resi- dence in Mauritius collected many valuable scientific and historical documents. This MS. is entitled ‘ Journal et Relation des Voyages faits par le S' D. B. aux iles Dauphine ou Madagascar et de Bour- bon ou Mascarenne.’ 1669. ‘The author, who seems to have been a very intelligent observer, speaking of the birds of the island of Bourbon, has the following passage :— «* Oiseaux de terre et leurs noms. “ Solitaires : ces oiseaux sont nommés ainsi, parce qu’ils vont tou- jours seuls. Ils sont gros comme une grosse Oye, et ont le plumage blanc, noir 4 l’extrémité des ailes et de la queue. la queue il y a des plumes approchantes de celles d’Autruche, ils ont le col long, et le bec fait comme celui des bécasses, mais plus gros, les jambes et pieds comme poulets d’Inde. Cet oiseau se prend a la course, ne volant que bien peu. “‘ Oiseaux bleus, gros comme les Solitaires, ont le plumage tout bleu, le bec et les pieds rouges, faits comme pieds de poules, ils ne volent point, mais ils courent extrémement vite, tellement qu’un chien a peine d’en attraper a la course; ils sont trés bons.” The author then proceeds to describe the wild pigeons and other birds of Bourbon. It appears then that about the year 1670 the island of Bourbon was inhabited by two species of Struthious birds, one of which was called Solitaire, and the other Oiseau bleu. The Solitaire of Bourbon seems however to have been distinct from, though probably allied to, the bird of that name in Rodriguez. Its plumage is stated to have been white, with the wings and tail terminated with black, whereas Leguat describes the Rodriguez bird as greyish and brown. The Bourbon species further differed in having « tail similar to that of an ostrich, and in the beak being lengthened, ‘like that of a woodcock, but stouter,’’ in which respect it must have resembled the Apteryx of New Zealand. ‘The phrase ‘ne volant que bien peu” would seem to im- ply that the bird possessed some powers of flight, though possibly it may only mean that when hard pressed the bird aided its progress by flapping the wings, or by springing into the air for a short distance. The Oiseaux bleus seem to have been a distinct species both from the Dodo and from the Solitaires of Bourbon and of Rodriguez, and to have been wholly unable to fly, but possessed, like the Apteryx, of great cursorial powers. We are then justified in believing, from the relations of authors apparently deserving of credit, that the three contiguous islands of Mauritius, Bourbon and Rodriguez were formerly inhabited by at least four distinct species of birds, deprived, or nearly so, of the power of flight, and more nearly allied in structure to the Apteryx of New Zealand than to any other existing genus of birds. And if the ac- 826 On the existence of Struthious Birds distinct from the Dodo. count given by Cauche of a tridactylous and apterous bird in Mau- ritius, called Oiseau de Nazarette, be correct, we must believe in the former existence of a fifth species of the same anomalous family. Nor need we be surprised at the supposition that the species allied to the Dodo may have been thus numerous, when we recollect that Prof. Owen has already shown that no less than five species of that ornithic wonder, the Dinornis, inhabited New Zealand at a very recent date, and were doubtless contemporaries of the still surviving Apteryx. Still less should we wonder at the speedy extinction of these birds after man took possession of the Mauritian archipelago. Confined to very small islands, unable to escape from their enemies by flight, and highly esteemed for food, they soon experienced the same fate as that of the Dinornis, a fate which will shortly overtake the unprotected Apteryx*. Having thus shown that there is good historical evidence of the former existence of several Struthious or Didiform birds in the Mau- ritian group of islands, we may inquire whether any actual remains of these deceased species are still attainable. On this point I must be content rather to excite inquiry than to supply information. Of the Dodo, as is well known, we possess an entire head, and the feet of two individuals ; but of the other birds above referred to, nv relics have yet been identified. M. Quoy, however, assured M. de Blain- ville that the bones in the Paris Museum which Cuvier supposed to belong to the Dodo, were brought, not from Mauritius, but from Rodriguez ; and it is therefore probable, as supposed by M. de Blain- ville, that they may have belonged to the Solitaire of Leguat. There are, too, certain bones from Rodriguez presented by Mr. Telfair to this Society (Zool. Proceedings, Part I. p. 31); and in the Ander- sonian Museum at Glasgow there are also some so-called ‘‘ Dodo’s bones from Mauritius.” All these materials should be submitted to careful examination ; and we may feel confident that if Prof. Owen, who has so skilfully demonstrated the affinities of the Dinornis from a few fragments of the skeleton, were to take these materials in hand, he would soon deduce some valuable results, whether positive or negative, from the investigation. Much light also might probably be thrown on the subject if natu- ralists residing in Mauritius, Bourbon and Rodriguez would endea- vour to obtain further evidence. ‘The alluvia of streams, the soil on the floors of caverns, and even the ancient mounds of rubbish near towns and villages, should be carefully searched, and every fragment of bone preserved. We may hope that the success which has at- tended such researches in New Zealand will stimulate the naturalists of Mauritius to similar efforts, and that the Solitaires and Oiseaux bleus will ere long, like the Dodo and the Dinornis, take their just rank in our systems of ornithology. | * It is probable that in 1693, when Leguat visited Mauritius, the Dodo had been extinct a considerable time. He makes no mention of any such bird, but remarks “ L’ile était autrefois toute remplie d’Oyes et de Canards sauvages, de Poules d’eau, de Gelinottes, de Tortues de mer et de terre; mais tout cela est devenu fort rare; showing that at that period, when the Dutch had occupied Mauritius for nearly a century, civilization had made great inroads on the fauna of the island. Annd Mag Nat. MistNoi.AlPLIX. SFOPCIU II hydropho PUL. Jorhioley det. ID.C.Sowerhy feulp. — Rev. M. J. Berkeley on a new Fungus. 327 XL.—Description of a new Fungus from British Guiana, : By the Rey. M. J. Berxutny, M.A., F.LS. [ With a Plate.] Tue singular and beautiful species of which I have now the plea- sure of giving a description and figure was kindly transmitted to me by Mr. Bentham. It was gathered in British Guiana by Mr. Schomburgk, who was struck with the curious circumstance that in the driest weather it always contains some water, and in the rainy season is quite full. This is the more remarkable as the specimens when immersed in water are soon saturated with moisture, and when placed in paper become dry in a very short time. How so bibulous’a substance can retain any liquid is very difficult to understand, for there is no dense stratum of cells to prevent its percolation, and it is scarcely probable that it can secrete any. I am inclined however to think that the water is prevented from coming into immediate contact with the fungus by the air which is imprisoned by the velvety down which clothes the upper surface ; but it is impossible to speak confidently without observing the species in its natural habitat, and unfortunately nothing beyond the simple fact was mentioned by Mr. Schom- burgk. There is but one species to which it bears any strong resemblance, viz. Thelephora infundibuliformis, Hook., in Kunth, ‘Syn.’ Unfortunately no specimen remains in Sir W. J. Hooker’s herbarium, but the characters “ pallide fusca, squamoso-hirsuta,” do not accord with our plant. I have therefore given it a specific name denoting the peculiar property indicated by its discoverer. Stereum hydrophorum, Berk. Pileo infundibuliformi, juniori integro, adulto fisso-crenato zonato ferrugineo velutino, pilis hic illic fasciculatis ; stipite brevi concolore subtiliter velutino, hy- menio levi pallidiore. , Hab. On decayed wood, British Guiana. Pileus 43 inches broad, 3 inches deep, thin, papyraceo-coria- ceous, infundibuliform, at first quite entire, at length crenate and split, but scarcely lobed, ferruginous, repeatedly zoned, especially towards the margin, clothed with short velvety down, which in parts is thicker and fasciculate. Stem 1 inch high, 2 lines thick, incrassated above, attached by a me disc, minutely velvety, of the same colour as the pileus, solid. Hymenium smooth, even, paler than the pileus. In the younger specimen the hymenium is finely zoned as well as the pileus, and in parts there is a slight velvety appearance, which arises either from the hymenium not being completely formed, or from the plant having accidentally been inverted. Puare IX, fig, 2. Stereum hydrophorum, nat. size. 828 On a new genus of Diatomacere. XLI.—On a new Genus of Diatomacese. By the Rev. M. J. Brerxevey and J. Rarrs, Esq. [ With a Plate.] Tue Aberdeenshire coast, though far from rich in the higher order of Algz, has rewarded the researches of Dr. Dickie with one or two species of great interest. In those which are more or less intimately related to Schizonema, on the contrary, several species have occurred no less remarkable for their large size and unusual form than for their beauty. One of these is so anomalous, having a central thread containing frustules, as in Schizonema, surrounded by a highly developed cellular coat, and. at the tips extending beyond it, that it has been thought desi- rable to“ wait for maturer observation, should another season prove favourable, by a renewed examination of the structure, rather than to publish it as a pendant to the present short notice. The species which we have now the pleasure of dedicating to its discoverer, Dr. Dickie, is remarkable for its flat ulva-like frond and its pale purplish tint, and cannot be associated with any known genus. Its habit at once removes it from Schizonema, whether taken in a more confined sense and limited to the spe- cies with a compound frond, or comprising Micromega and such species as S. Dillwynii: from Encyonema, of which Monema prostratum is a synonym, by its straight, not cymbiform frustules : from Homeocladia by its short, not elongated frustules, as also by its habit ; and from Berkeleya again by habit, and by the want of a gelatinous base. Whether Kiitzing has anything more nearly allied to it will be seen on the publication of his great work on Diatomacee, especially as we have communicated this curious production to him under the name which we are now about to record. Dicxie1a, Berk. and Ralfs. Frons subgelatinosa, tenera plana deorsum attenuata, undulata, apice obtuso. Frustula oblonga sparsa simplicia vel bimata an- gulis puncto orbiculari notatis. Alga marina vernalis pallide pur- pureo-alba. Nomen dedimus in honorem Doct. G. Dickie Al- garum peritissimi scrutatoris. Dickieia ulvoides, Berk. and Ralfs. Hab. In shallow pools between high and low water mark with Schizonema comotdes and other allied forms. April 20, 1844. Aberdeen, Dr. Dickie. Frond 1—1} inch high, resembling young specimens of Por- phyra vulgaris, but of a very pale purplish white hue, a gelatinous consistence, and entirely free from any cellular tissue ; lanceolate, much attenuated below, rather obtuse above, and sometimes, On Pterochilus, and two new species of Doris. 329 though rarely, obovate, very tender and delicate, easily torn, and sometimes perforated with a few roundish apertures, undulated, but not crisped. Frustules single or binate, scattered in the ge- latinous substance of the frond without order, oblong, variable in breadth, with the extremities rounded ; when fresh marked, ac- cording to Dr. Dickie, at the four angles with a round colourless spot. When dry the colourmg matter contracts on either side and the pale spots are not visible. There is no trace of any striz. The lateral view is very narrow, simply oblong, with the ends rounded. The colour of the plant when dry is a pale green. The frustules do not appear to be decidedly siliceous, but they have the prismatic form of really siliceous frustules. It appears to be quite a spring species. Every specimen had vanished by the end of the month. Prats IX. fig. 1. a, Dickieta ulvoides, nat. size, in different stages of growth; 4, frustules sketched when fresh by Dr. Dickie, highly magnified ; c, a frustule observed when dry ; d, lateral view of the same; e, a portion of the frond, less highly magnified, showing the simple and binate frustules. XLII.— Descriptions of Pterochilus, a new genus of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, and two new species of Doris. By Josoua ALDER and Atpany Hancock, Esqrs. Ane” Gen. PreEROCHILUS. Body oblong, nearly linear, tapering behind. Head anterior, ter- minal, having a flat expanded lobe on each side, forming a kind of veil above the mouth. Jaws corneous. Tentacula two, linear, dorsal, with the eyes behind them. Branchie papillary, elon- gated, arranged down the sides of the back. Anus on the right side behind the generative organs. This genus is allied to Holis and Calliopea, but differs from both in having the head strongly lobed at the sides. It may also be distinguished from the former by having only two tentacula, and from the latter by the gastric system, which in Calliopea has two longitudinal vessels down the back, while in Péerochilus there is only one, which is central and undulating. The jaws are tri- angular horny plates, capped at the anterior angles as in Procto- notus. The tongue is narrow, strap-shaped and denticulated. The auditory capsule has a single otolite. P. pulcher.—Body nearly linear, pale flesh-coloured, spotted with opake white. Head furnished with a flat, rounded lobe on each side of the mouth, forming a kind of veil. Tentacula short, cylindrical, set much apart on the head. Hyes considerably be- hind them. Branchie five or six on each side of the back, in a single series, the first two nearly opposite each other; the rest Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv, 330 On Pterochilus, and two new species of Doris. alternating, rather large, elliptical, bright orange-red, enveloped in transparent sheaths, spotted with opake white. The gastric vessel may be seen through the transparent skin of a pale orange colour, running in an undulating line down the back and sending off alternate branches to the papille. Foot linear, transparent, flesh-coloured, rounded in front and not produced at the sides. Tail rather short and blunt. Length ;4,ths of an inch. Found on a stone at low water mark on the west side of Rothesay Bay, Isle of Bute. [~" Doris flammea.—Body ovate, rounded at both ends, of a bright orange-scarlet ; occasionally blotched with purple. Cloak covered with short, obtuse, spiculose tubercles, of unequal sizes, smallest towards the edge, which is thin and extending beyond the foot. Dorsal tentacula rather large, tapering, orange, with ten or eleven scarlet laminze and imperfect mtermediate ones; the orifices strongly tuberculated at the edges. Branchie composed of nine scarlet plumes, rather paler than the body, three or four times pinnate, retractile within a single cavity. Head small, the veil lobed and slightly produced at the sides. Foot deep scarlet, rounded. be- hind, Under side of the cloak granulated and spotted with opake yellow. Length nearly an inch, breadth one half as much. Dredged up on Pecten opercularis in shallow water, Rothesay Bay. This species comes very near to Doris tuberculata, but has the tubercles and branchial plumes rather smaller, and is of a differ- ent colour. Of two specimens found, the largest was of a uniform scarlet; the other scarlet, with a few blotches of purple on the back, and a pale purple or lilac margim to the branchial plumes. Doris mera.—Body white, rather broad and elevated on the back. Cloak covered with moderately sized, unequal, round tu- bereles ; spiculose, the spicule radiatmg from their base. TJen- tacula without sheaths, pale yellow, much inclined backwards and thinly lamellated, with four or five broad plates and imperfect intermediate ones. Branchie of 13 tripinnate, colourless plumes, set closely round the vent and forming a beautiful cup, retractile within a common orifice. Head small, square, with the anterior angles a little produced. Foot transparent yellowish white, rather straight, not extending beyond the cloak behind, the front trans- versely slit and the upper part notched im the centre. Lengt $ths of an inch. | Found under a stone at low water mark, Cullercoats. The nearest allies to this species are D. aspera and D. repanda, between which it holds an intermediate place, but is perfectly di- stinct from either of them. From D. aspera it differs im havmg ~ the tubercles smaller and more numerous, and in the different form of the head, tentacula, and branchial plumes. On the con- — On Chaleidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. 331 trary the tubercles are much larger than those of D. repanda, and it wants the row of opake spots down the sides of the cloak which distinguish that species. The branchial plumes are also more numerous and the tentacula differently formed. w XLITI.—On the species of Chaleidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. By Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S.: HAVING in a previous communication mentioned the Chalcidités~ of the North American region, I will now proceed to notice the species discovered within the Arctic Circle. Several of them also inhabit England, and among these, as may be supposed, are the Chaleidites, which with us live through the winter or appear early in the spring. EvuryToma. E. verticillata, Fabr.? = E. appendigaster Swederus, Zetterstedt. IsosomA. _ I. longulum, Ent. Mag. i. 14 = Eurytoma guttula, Zett. I? (Eurytoma, Zeit.) minuta, Zett. CALLIMOME. | _ C, Bedeguaris, Linn. ? C. viridissimus, Zett. = C. affinis, Hnt. Mag. i. 133. C. Tipulariarum, Zeit. Zetterstedt describes some other species as varieties of C. viri- dissimus, but remarks that they are probably distinct species. C. chloromerus, Hnt. Mag. i. 128. In the summer at Alten, Fin- mark. C. minutus, Ent. Mag. i.137. Alten. C. posticus, Ent. Mag.i. 137. Hammerfest, Finmark. Ormyrus punctiger, Hnt. Mag.i. 140. Alten. EUNEURA. Genus novum Coryne affinis. Fem. Corpus convexum, robustum, subeylindricum: antenne 13-articulate, subclavate, thorace non longiores : parapsides scuto fere in unum confuse : petiolus brevis- simus: abdominis segmentum 2" 1° plus duplo brevius; 3% 2° duplo mpeiae 4»m 3° paullo longius; 5°™ 4° paullo longius ; 6"™ et 7" brevissima: ulna brevis, crassa, humeri triente non longior ; radius ulna‘duplo longior; cubitus ulna longior. Tate, Euneura Augarus, fem.. Viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis, Jemoribus viridibus, mesotarsis et metatarsis flavis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 2.) Body convex, robust, dark green: head and thorax finely squa- meous : head a little broader than the thorax : eyes oval, prominent, of moderate size: ocelli near together on the vertex ; the middle one 332 Mr. F. Walker on the species of Chalcidites a little in advance: antennez black, subclavate, not longer than the thorax ; first joint long, slender, fulvous, black at the tip; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively yet slightly shorter and broader; club fusi- form, more than twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax elliptical, broader before than behind : prothorax transverse, very short, narrow in front: scutum of the mesothorax broad ; sutures of the parapsides very indistinct, so that the latter seem almost to form one segment with the scutum ; axille large, triangular, not conniving ; scutellum rhomboidal, prominent, much more convex than the scutum, having a very indistinct transverse suture near its hind border : metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, declining: podeon stout, very short: abdomen elliptical, shining, very minutely squa- meous, almost smooth, narrow, but hardly longer than the thorax ; metapodeon short, conical, decumbent in front, shorter than one- fourth of the length of the abdomen ; octoon much less than half the length of the metapodeon; ennaton at least twice the length of the octoon; decaton a little longer than the ennaton; protelum a little longer than the decaton ; paratelum and telum very short : oviduct concealed: legs fulvous ; coxze and thighs green; middle and hind tarsi yellow, their tips fuscous : wings of moderate size, very slightly tinged with fuscous ; nervures piceous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna short, thick, not more than one-third of the length of the humerus ; radius twice the length of the ulna ; cubitus longer than the ulna; stigma small, emitting a very distinct branch. Alten. Zetterstedt in his ‘ Insecta Lapponica’ describes the following twenty-one species of Chalcidites as belonging to Pteromalus ; many of them, as it will be observed, have been separated from that genus. 1. quadrum, Fabr.(Cheiropachys); 2. hirtipes (Trigonoderus ?) ; 3. tarsatus; 4. curtus; 5. puparum, Linn.; 6. violaceus; 7. petio-« latus (Asaphes vulgaris ?); 8. parvulus (Pteromalus Pyttalus ?) ; 9. gracilicornis; 10. crassicornis; 11. subvirescens (Pteromalus Rhinthon ?); 12. albipennis (Iera?); 13. mandibularis; 14. socius ; 15. tibiellus ; 16. palpigerus (Pachylarthrus patellanus) ; 17. rotun- diventris (Pteromalus domesticus ?); 18. apicalis; 19. brevicornis ; 20. pubicornis (Cyrtogaster vulgaris?) ; 21. petioliventris. Cyrtogaster vulgaris, Hnt. Mag. i. 382. Alten. ————— rufipes, Ent. Mag. i. 383. Alten. Lamprotatus maculatus, Ent. Mag.i. 459. Alten. Lamprotatus Phlegias, mas. Viridis, antennis piceis, pedibus fuscis, tarsis fulvis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 2.) Body narrow, green: head and thorax convex, finely squameous : head a little broader than the thorax: antenne filiform, piceous, a little longer than the thorax ; first joint long, slender, green ; second inhabiting the Arctic Region. 333 cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the tenth long, linear, successively decreasing in length; club fusiform, more than twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax fusi- form: prothorax transverse, narrower and rounded in front; its breadth much more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax very long; sutures of the parapsides distinct ; axille large, triangular, approaching near to each other; scutellum rhomboidal, having a transverse suture near its hind border: metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, slightly decumbent : podeon very short : abdomen nearly linear, flat, smooth, shining, narrower and a little shorter than the thorax; metapodeon large; octoon, ennaton, de- caton and protelum of moderate size ; paratelum and telum very short : legs fuscous ; coxee green ; knees and tarsi fulvous, the latter darker towards their tips: wings limpid ; nervures fuscous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna not more than half the length of the humerus; radius very much longer than the ulna ; cu- bitus much shorter than the ulna ; stigma of moderate size, emitting a short branch. Alten. Lamprotatus Mazceus, fem. Aineus, antennis piceis, pedibus fulvis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 23.) Body convex, zeneous: head and thorax finely squameous ; head a little broader than the thorax: antenne slender, subclavate, piceous, a little longer than the thorax ; first and second joints green; first long, slender; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints long, linear, successively decreasing in length and very slightly increasing in breadth; club fusiform, twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax elliptical: prothorax transverse, narrower in front; its breadth much more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax broad ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other ; axille large, triangular; scutellum rhom- boidal, having a transverse suture near its hind border? : metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, decumbent: po- deon short, stout: abdomen oval, much-shorter than the thorax; metapodeon occupying nearly one-third of the dorsum ; octoon about half the length of the metapodeon; ennaton much longer than the octoon ; decaton much shorter than the ennaton ; protelum as long as the decaton; paratelum and telum very short: legs fulvous; cox green: wings limpid, ample; nervures fuscous; humerus much shorter than half the length of the wing; ulna hardly more than half the length of the humerus; radius very much longer than the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna; stigma of moderate size, emitting a short branch. Alten. Lamprotatus Brises, fem. A{neo-viridis, abdomine cyaneo, antennis nigris, pedibus flavis, femoribus basi viridibus, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. $~1 ; alar. lin. 14—14.) Body convex : head and thorax zeneous-green, finely squameous : 334: Mr. F. Walker on the species of Chalcidites head a little broader than the thorax: antenne black, subclavate, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender, green; second cyathi- form ; third and fourth very minute ; 5th and following joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader; club fusiform, broader than the tenth joint and more than twice its length: thorax fusiform : prothorax transverse, rounded in front ; its breadth more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax rather long; sutures of the - parapsides very distinct ; axille large, triangular, approaching near — to each other; scutellum rhomboidal, having a transverse suture near its hind border: metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, slightly declining: podeon stout, short, not more than half the length of the propodeon : abdomen oval, blue, smooth, shining, keeled beneath, and thence forming an abrupt angle to the tip, hardly more than half the length of the thorax; metapodeon occupying about one-third of the dorsum, slightly concave towards the base ; octoon not half the length of the metapodeon; ennaton shorter than the octoon ; decaton still shorter; protelum as long as the decaton; paratelum and telum very short: legs yellow; coxe green ; thighs green towards the base; tips of the tarsi fuscous : wings limpid; nervures fuscous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna more than half the length of the humerus ; radius much longer than the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna ; of moderate size, emitting a short branch. Alten. Lamprotatus Cleta, mas. Viridis, abdomine eneo, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, mesopedum tarsis fuscis, alis albis. (Corp. long. lin, 2; alar. lin. 14.) Male.—Body convex, rather slender ; head and thorax green, finely squameous: head a little broader than the thorax, slightly impressed in front : antenne fuscous, slender, filiform, a little longer than the thorax ; first and second joints green; first long, stout ; second cya- thiform, piceous ; third and following joints to the tenth long, linear, successively decreasing in length; club fusiform, pointed, twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax elliptical: prothorax transverse, rounded in front, much narrower than the mesothorax ; its length somewhat less than half its breadth : scutum of the mesothorax rather long ; parapsides prominent, their sutures very distinct ; axille large, triangular, approaching near to each other; scutellum somewhat rhomboidal, very convex: metathorax transverse, very short: pro- podeon rather large, declining, obconical : podeon stout, very short : abdomen smooth, shining, eneous, flat, nearly linear, tinged with purple, a little shorter and narrower than the thorax ; metapodeon occupying less than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon, ennaton, deca- ton and protelum of moderate and nearly equal size; paratelum and telum short: sexual parts long, piceous: legs bright yellow ; cox green; hind thighs piceous towards the base ; tarsi and tips of the tibize of the middle legs fuscous: wings white, rather short; nervures fulvous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna more than half the length of the humerus ; radius much longer than inhabiting the Arctic Region. 835 the ulna; cubitus more than half the length of the ulna; stigma of moderate size, emitting no branch. Female ?—Antennee piceous, subclavate, not longer than the tho- rax; first and second joints green ; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader ; club elliptical, broader than the tenth joint, and more than twice its length: abdomen oval, deeply keeled beneath, much shorter than the thorax; metapodeon occupying less than one-fourth of the dorsum; octoon shorter than the metapodeon; ennaton shorter than the octoon; decaton still shorter; protelum as long as the decaton; paratelum and telum short : legs dark yellow; thighs mostly green ; tips of the tarsi fuscous. Alten. Lamprotatus Scea, mas. Viridis, abdomine eneo-vario, antennis nigris, pedibus flavis fusco-cinctis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 12.) Head and thorax convex, finely squameous: head dark bluish green, broader than the thorax: antenne black, slender, filiform, a little longer than the thorax ; first joint long, slender; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very short; fifth and following joints to the tenth long, linear, successively decreasing in length ; club fusiform, much more than twice the length of the tenth joint; thorax elliptical: pro- thorax transverse, rounded in front, narrower than the mesothorax ; its breadth much more than twice its length: scutum large; par- apsides prominent, their sutures very distinct; axille large, triangular, approaching near to each other; scutellum rhomboidal, having a transverse suture near its hinder border ; metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon obconic, decumbent: podeon stout, very short: abdomen nearly linear, flat, aneous-green, shining, smooth or co- vered with very minute scales, shorter and narrower than the thorax ; metapodeon occupying more than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon, ennaton, decaton and protelum of moderate and nearly equal size ; paratelum and telum short : sexual parts long, fuscous: legs yellow ; coxee green ; thighs piceous, yellow towards their tips ; middle tarsi and tips of middle and hind tibize fuscous: wings limpid; nervures fuscous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna more than half the length of the humerus; radius much longer than the ulna; cubitus more than half the length of the ulna; stigma of moderate size, emitting a short branch. Alten. Lamprotatus Leucon, fem. Cyaneo-viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus Sulvis, femoribus basi fuscis aut viridibus, tarsis flavis, alis albis. (Corp. long. lin. }; alar. lin. 14.) Body slender, bluish green: head and thorax convex, finely squa- meous: head a little broader than the thorax : antennz black, cla- vate, slender, as long as the thorax ; first joint green, long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader ; club elliptical, broader than the tenth joint, and more than twice its length : thorax fusiform ; prothorax transverse, short, much narrower in front ; its 336 Mr. F. Walker on the species of Chalcidites breadth much more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax rather long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct ; axille large, trian- gular ; scutellum rhomboidal, having a rim along its hind border: metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon large, obconic, slightly decumbent, having a rim on each side: podeon stout, very short : abdomen elliptical, smooth, shining, concave above, keeled beneath, a little narrower and much shorter than the thorax; segments re- tracted beneath and hiding the ventral segments ; metapodeon occu- pying much less than one-third of the dorsum; octoon much shorter than the metapodeon; ennaton much shorter than the octoon; de- caton and protelum of moderate size, each equal to the ennaton ; paratelum and telum short: legs fulvous; coxe green; thighs fus- cous towards the base ; tips of middle tibie slightly fuscous; middle and hind tarsi yellow, their tips fuscous: wings white, narrow ; ner- vures pale fulvous; humerus much shorter than half the length of the wing ; ulna not much more than half the length of the humerus ; radius very much longer than the ulna; cubitus shorter than the ulna ; stigma very small, emitting a short branch. Var. 8. Thighs mostly green. Alten. Lamprotatus Lesches, mas. Viridis, abdomine eneo, antennis piceis, pedibus flavis, alis limpidis. Fem.? Antennis nigris, abdomine cyaneo-viridi, pedibus fulvis, femoribus viridibus. (Corp. long. lin. 1—14; alar. lin. 2—24.) Male.—Head and thorax green, convex, finely squameous: heada little broader than the thorax : antenne piceous, filiform; first joint long, stout, fulvous toward the base; second cyathiform; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following long, linear : thorax elliptical : prothorax transverse, rounded in front, much narrower than the meso- thorax ; its breadth not more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax broad ; parapsides prominent, their sutures very distinct; axille large, triangular, approaching each other; scutellum rhom- boidal, having a transverse suture near the hind border : metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon large, obconic, slightly decumbent : podeon short, stout: abdomen eneous, flat, nearly linear, smooth, shining, shorter and narrower than the thorax; metapodeon con- cave, occupying about one-third of the dorsum; octoon, ennaton, decaton and protelum of moderate size; paratelum and telum very short : legs yellow; coxz green ; tips of tarsi fuscous : wings limpid, ample ; nervures fuscous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna not more than half the length of the humerus; radius nearly twice the length of the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna ; stigma large, emitting a short branch. Female ?—Antennx black, slender, subclavate, as long as the thorax ; first jomt long, slender, green; second cyathiform; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints long, linear, suc- cessively decreasing in length, and slightly increasing in breadth until the tenth ; club fusiform, twice the length of the tenth joint : abdomen oval, convex, bluish green, keeled beneath, much shorter inhabiting the Arctic Region. 337 than the thorax ; metapodeon slightly concave, occupying more than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon not half the length of the metapo- deon; ennaton shorter than the octoon ; decaton still shorter ; pro- telum short; paratelum and telum very short: legs fulvous ; thighs green, their tips fulvous ; tips of the tarsi fuscous. Alten. Lamprotatus Icelos, mas. Vuridis, abdomine eneo, antennis piceis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus viridibus, mesotibiis apice et mesotarsis fuscis, alis limpidis. Fem.? Antennis nigris, abdomine viridi, femoribus fulvis basi fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 2.) Male.—Head and thorax green, convex, finely squameous: head a little broader than the thorax: antenne piceous, filiform, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, stout; second cyathiform; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints long, linear, suc- cessively decreasing in length; club fusiform, twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax elliptical: prothorax transverse, rounded in front, its breadth much more than twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax large; sutures of the parapsides very distinct; axille large, triangular, approaching each other; scutellum rhomboidal, haying a transverse suture near its hind border: metathorax trans- verse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, decumbent: podeon stout, short: abdomen eneous, oval, flat, smooth, shining, shorter than the thorax; metapodeon large; octoon, ennaton, decaton and protelum of moderate size; paratelum and telum very short: legs fulvous; coxee and thighs green ; tips of the tarsi fuscous ; tarsi and tips of the tibie of the middle legs piceous: wings limpid; ner- vures piceous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna rather more than half the length of the humerus; radius much longer than the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna; stigma large, emitting a short branch. Female ?—Antennez black, clavate, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender, green; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader; club elliptical, broader than the tenth joint, and more than twice its length: abdomen oval, green, convex, keeled beneath, much shorter than the thorax; metapodeon large ; octoon and fol- lowing segments short: legs fulvous; coxe green; thighs fuscous towards the base; tarsi yellow, their tips fuscous. Alten. Seladerma Mazares, mas et fem. Viride, cupreo varium, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis, femoribus basi viridibus, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 1$—2; alar. lin. 23—3.) Male.—Body slender: head and thorax convex, bright green, finely squameous: head large, broader than the thorax: antennz black, stout, filiform, longer than the thorax ; first joint long, sub- clavate ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the tenth long, linear, successively decreasing in length; thorax fusiform; prothorax transverse, narrower in front ; 338 Mr. F. Walker on the species of Chalcidites its breadth about twice its length: scutum of the mesothorax very long; sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum rhom- boidal, having a transverse suture near the tip, between which and the suture it is furrowed longitudinally: metathorax very short : propodeon large, obconic, slightly decumbent: podeon stout, short : abdomen linear, flat, shining, very minutely squameous, shorter and narrower than the thorax; metapodeon concave, occupying nearly one-third of the dorsum; octoon very short; ennaton a little longer than the octoon; decaton still longer; protelum longer than the decaton; paratelum shorter than the protelum; telum short: legs fulvous; coxe and hind thighs green; fore and middle thighs green toward the base; tips of the tarsi fuscous: wings limpid; nervures piceous; humerus much shorter than half the length of the wing ; ulna less than half the length of the humerus; radius nearly twice the length of the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna; stigma of moderate size, emitting rather a long branch. Female.—Head cupreous: antenne like those of the male; club fusiform, twice the length of the tenth joint: abdomen green, varied with cuprevus, fusiform, concave above from the base till towards the tip, keeled beneath, a little shorter and narrower than the tho- rax; metapodeon occupying rather more than one-fourth of the dorsum ; octoon about half the length of the metapodeon ; ennaton as long as the octoon; decaton as long as the ennaton; protelum shorter than the decaton; paratelum shorter than the protelum ; telum short. Alten. Seladerma Saurus, fem. Cyaneum, antennis piceis, pedibus flavis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 1}; alar. lin. 24.) Body blue: head and thorax convex, finely squameous: head a little broader than the thorax ;: antenne piceous, subclavate, as long as the thorax; first and second joints blue; first joint long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and follow- ing joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader; club fusi- form, twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax oval: prothorax transverse ; its breadth much more than twice its length: sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving ; scutellum rhomboidal: metathorax trans- verse, very short: propodeon obconic, declining: podeon very short : abdomen fusiform, smooth, shining, concave above, slightly keeled beneath, narrower and very much longer than the thorax; metapo- deon large; octoon and the following segments of moderate size : legs yellow; coxe blue; tips of the tarsi fuscous: wings limpid ; nervures fulvous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna hardly half the length of the humerus; radius much longer than the ulna; cubitus shorter than the ulna, emitting a short branch. Alten. Seladerma Lalage, Hammerfest. inhabiting the Arctic Region. 339 Gastrancistrus Panares, fem. Cyaneo-viridis, antennis nigris, ovi- ductu exerto abdominis dimidio vix breviore, pedibus fulvis, femo- Die viridibus, alis eee (Corp. long. lin. 3; alar. lin. 1}.) Body bluish green : head and thorax convex, shining, very minutely squameous, almost smooth: head transverse, as broad as the thorax ; front vertical: antennz black, clavate, not longer than the thorax: thorax robust, elliptic: prothorax transverse, narrower in front, its breadth much more than twice its length: scutum of the meso- thorax rather long; sutures distinct, approaching each other; scu- tellum rhomboidal: metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon obconic, decumbent : podeon very short : abdomen much compressed, smooth, a little longer than the thorax but not half its breadth: oviduct fulvous; sheaths fuscous, nearly half the length of the abdo- men: legs dark fulvous; cox and thighs green: wings slightly fuscous ; nervures piceous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna rather more than half the length of the humerus; radius a little longer than the ulna; cubitus more than half the length of the ulna; stigma of moderate size, emitting a short branch. Alten. Eutelus inornatus (Hat. Mag. ii, 363). Alten. Pteromalus Crocale (Monog. Chal. i. 239). Alten. Pteromalus sylvicola (nt. Mag. ii. 481). Alten. Pteromalus Iera, mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomine cupreo, antennis piceis, pedibus flavis, femoribus fulvis, alis limpidis. Fem, Ab- domine cyaneo-viridi, disco purpureo, antennis pigris, pedibus ful- vis, femoribus viridibus. (Corp. long. lin. 15 —12; alar. lin.24 —2i. ) Male.—Body long and slender: head and thorax bluish green, convex, finely squameous: head a little broader than the thorax: antenne piceous, filiform, slender ; first joint yellow, long, slender, piceous towards the tip; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the tenth long, linear, suc- cessively but slightly decreasing in length; club fusiform, more than twice the length of the tenth joint : thorax elliptical: prothorax very short: scutum of the mesothorax rather long; sutures of the par- apsides very indistinct; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scu- tellum rhomboidal: metathorax very short: propodeon large, obco- nic, almost horizontal, having a rim on each side and a ridge along the middle: podeon very short: abdomen linear, smooth, shining, cupreous, a little narrower but not shorter than the thorax, having an indistinct yellow spot towards the base which is bright green ; metapodeon occupying about one-fourth of the dorsum ; octoon not half the length of the metapodeon; ennaton as long as ‘the octoon ; decaton a little longer than the ennaton; protelum as long as the decaton; paratelum longer than the protelum; telum short: legs bright yellow ; coxze green ; thighs fulvous ; tips of the tarsi fuscous ; wings limpid; nervures fuscous ; humerus much less than half the 340 Mr. F. Walker on the species of Chalcidites length of the wing; ulna more than half the length of the humerus ; radius nearly as long as the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the radius; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Female.—Head as broad as the thorax: antenne black, slender, clavate, shorter than the thorax; first joint long, slender; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader ; club elliptical, broader than the tenth joint, and more than twice its length: abdomen fusi- form, nearly as long as the thorax, bluish green, purple along the disc, concave above, keeled beneath; metapodeon occupying a little more than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon and the following segments short, but successively increasing in length: legs fulvous ; thighs green ; tips of the tarsi piceous. Alten and Hammerfest. Pteromalus Museus, fem. dineus, antennis basi fulvis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus viridibus, tibiis apice tarsisque flavis, alis lim- pidis. (Corp. long. lin. 12; alar. lin. 23.) Body eeneous, very robust : bea and thorax convex, finely squa- meous: head transverse, as broad as the thorax: antennze fulvous?; first joint long, slender ; second cyathiform: thorax oval, very thick, broader before than behind : prothorax transverse, very short: scu- tum of the mesothorax broad; sutures of the parapsides very in- distinct, approaching each other; axille large, triangular, not con- niving ; scutellum rhomboidal: metathorax very short: propodeon transverse, decumbent : podeon extremely short ; abdomen elliptical, smooth, shining, attenuated at the tip, flat above, keeled beneath, much longer and narrower than the thorax ; metapodeon of moderate size, less than one-fourth of the length ‘of the abdomen; octoon much shorter than the metapodeon ; ennaton, decaton and protelum each as long as the octoon; paratelum longer than the protelum ; telum as long as the paratelum : legs fulvous ; coxe and thighs green ; tarsi and tips of the tibize yellow: wings limpid; nervures fulvous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna little more than half the length of the humerus; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus much shorter than the ulna; stigma small, emitting a very short branch. Alten. Pteromalus Pyttalus, fem. ineus, antennis piceis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus viridibus, tarsis flavis, alis obsolete fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 3—1; alar. lin. 14—14.) Body zeneous, short: head and thorax convex, finely squameous : head rather large, a little broader than the thorax: antenne dark piceous, clavate, as long as the thorax; first joint long, slender ; second cyathiform; third and fourth very minute; fifth and follow- ing joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader; club conical, more than twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax oval: pro- thorax transverse, very short: scutum of the mesothorax short, broad; sutures of the parapsides very indistinct; scutellum rhom- inhabiting the Arctic Region. 341 boidal: metathorax very short: propodeon transverse, short, decum- bent: podeon extremely short: abdomen a little longer than broad, smooth, shining, flat above, slightly keeled beneath, shorter and broader than the thorax; metapodeon occupying rather more than one-third of the dorsum; octoon not more than half the length of the metapodeon; ennaton shorter than the octoon; decaton still shorter; protelum as long as the decaton ; paratelum and telum very short: legs fulvous; coxe and thighs green; tarsi yellow, their tips fuscous: wings very slightly tinged with brown; nervures fulvous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna hardly more than half the length of the humerus; radius a little shorter than the ulna; cubitus very nearly as long as the radius; stigma very minute, emitting a short branch. Alten. Pteromalus Rhinthon, fem. Cyaneus, antennis piceis, pedibus ful- vis, femoribus viridibus, tibiis fusco-cinctis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 2.) Body dark blue: head and thorax convex, squameous: head hardly broader than the thorax: antenne dark piceous, clavate, shorter than the thorax; first and second joints dark blue; first joint long, slender; second cyathiform; third and fourth very mi- nute; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively but very slightly increasing in breadth and decreasing in length; club coni- cal, twice the length of the tenth joint : thorax oval: prothorax very short, its length not equal to one-fourth of its breadth: scutum of the mesothorax broad; sutures of the parapsides very indistinct ; axille large, triangular; scutellum rhomboidal, prominent: meta- thorax transverse, very short: propodeon obconic, decumbent: po- deon extremely short: abdomen elliptical, smooth, shining, attenu- ated towards the tip, concave above, slightly keeled beneath, a little narrower and longer than the thorax ; metapodeon of moderate size ; octoon short; ennaton and the following segments longer: legs fulvous ; coxe and thighs blue; tibiz fuscous, their tips fulvous: wings limpid; nervures fulvous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna not half the length of the humerus; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus a little shorter than the ulna; stigma small, emitting a short branch. Isle of Sorde, Finmark. Pteromalus Mazaces, mas. Véiridis, abdomine basi fulvo, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis, alis subfulvis. (Corp. long. lin.1; alar. lin. 13.) Body dark green: head and thorax convex, finely squameous : head a little broader than the thorax: antennze fuscous, subclavate, as long as the thorax ; first and second joints fulvous ; first joint long, slender; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the tenth successively shorter and broader ; club conical, more than twice the length of the tenth joint: thorax oval: 342 M. Souleyet on the Gasteropod Mollusca. prothorax very short: scutum of the mesothorax broad; sutures of the parapsides indistinct; axille large, triangular; scutellum rhom- boidal: metathorax very short: propodeon short, decumbent: po- deon very short: abdomen circular, smooth, shining, concave, a little broader and much shorter than the thorax, having a fulvous spot towards the base ; metapodeon large ; octoon and the following segments short: legs yellow; coxe green: wings having a slight pes at tinge; nervures fulvous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna more than half the length of the humerus; radius not longer than the ulna; cubitus hardly more than half the length of the ulna; stigma small, emitting a very short branch. Alten. XLIV.— Observations on the Gasteropod Mollusca, designated by the name of Phliebenterata by M. de Quatrefages. By M. SouLEYET*. M. pe Quarreraces has communicated to the Academy of Sci- ences a series of researches upon a group of Gasteropod Mollusca, whose organization differs widely, according to that naturalist, from that of the animals of the same type, and presents very sin- gular peculiarities. M. de Quatrefages says, in fact, that he has observed in these Mollusca the partial or complete disappearance of the organs of circulation, whence would result a corresponding degradation in the respiratory organs ; and he is moreover very much inclined to the opinion that the posterior aperture of the digestive tube disappears even in some of these Gasteropods, which would consequently bring them much nearer to animals of the most simple structure—the Meduse for example. The strangeness of these results, which appear to me contrary not only to all known facts on the organization of Mollusca, but also to all admitted and recognised principles in zoology, led me to extend the researches which I made some years ago on the anatomy and physiology of these animals, to those which form the subject of the memoirs published by M. de Quatrefages. Having already had occasion to observe some of these Gasteropods during the expedition round the world of the Bonite, I endeavoured to complete this investigation by that of species which are found on our coasts ; but, as I cannot yet submit to the Academy the work which I have written on this subject, and which is retarded by the execution of the drawings accompanying it, I meantime re- quest permission to state succinctly some of the results at which I have arrived, and which appear to me to contradict almost en- tirely those announced by M. de Quatrefages. It is known that among the Mollusca in question there are first * From the Comptes Rendus for August 12th, 1844, M. Souleyet on the Gasteropod Mollusca. 343 the Eolides and some other closely allied genera*, Cavolina, Tergipes, Calliopea, Glaucus, &e., genera which often differ only in external characters of little importance, and which cer- tainly form in the class of Gasteropoda one of the most natural families. However, according to the observations of M. de Qua- trefages, these mollusca present in their internal structure the greatest differences: thus the Holides have a heart and arteries, without a venous system, and in the other genera of the same group which this naturalist examined, there no longer existed any trace of the circulatory apparatus. I have observed Cavolina, Calliopea, Glaucus, Tergipes (a genus which appears to me to have the nearest relation to the genus Amphorina proposed by M. de Quatrefages), as well as a mollusk which presented the characters assigned by Messrs. Alder and Hancock to their ge- nus Venilia, to which M. de Quatrefages has himself referred his genus Zephyrina, and I can affirm that all these mollusca havea heart and an arterial system, disposed as in the Kolides. It is not very difficult to ascertain the existence of these organs, pro- vided we do not investigate these animals solely as transparent objects. have stated, that even if M. de Quatrefages admits the ex- istence of a heart and arterial system in some of these mollusca, it is not the same with the venous system which he says expli- citly is wanting in all; and as it was nevertheless necessary to explain, in the Holides, the return of the blood towards the cir- culatory centre, this naturalist supposes that this fluid, after ha- ving traversed the arteries, is distributed in the general cavity of the body, whence the contractions of the animal propel it in suc- cessive waves to the ventricle. Admitting even this theory as probable, the following anatomical fact, easy of verification in the large species of Holis, appears to me to destroy it completely. If, after havmg opened carefully the pericardium, we inject the auricle by the ventricle (an experiment which I have several times performed on the KHolis Cuvierii, common on the coasts of the British Channel) and propel the liquid slowly, we soon see this * I donot think we can enumerate among these genera, Kolidina, which differ from the Kolides, according to M. de Quatrefages, by the absence of labial tentaeles, these tentacles not existing in any of the known species of the genus Zolis. Some authors, from examining individuals contracted by alcohol, have taken for tentacular prolongations, the lateral points formed by the anterior margin of the foot, and have thus assigned three pairs of ten- tacles to these mollusea ; but this error has been already noticed by everal naturalists. Some other genera of this group, as Cavolina, Amphorina, Zephyrina, &c., do not rest equally upon characters sufficiently important or well-ascer- tained for us to adopt them ; but I cannot here enter into a diseussion of this subject. 344 M. Souleyet on the Gasteropod Mollusca. hquid swell the auricle and at length penetrate into the thickness of the tissues of the external envelope, forming currents which it is possible to follow as far as the branchial appendices; I have never seen the injected liquid spread itself into the visceral ca- vity. It is also possible, by a very attentive examination, to re- cognise the small venous vessels which, from the viscera and especially from the ovary, proceed into the external envelope. But I must also recall the fact, that in most of the Mollusca, the venous system is much less apparent than the arterial system, and that it often happens, as M. de Blainville has pointed out in his ‘ Traité de Malacologie,’ that the sides of the venous vessels, already extremely thin, are moreover so blended with the tissue of the parts, that it becomes very difficult to recognise them: most commonly then these venous vessels only assume a very di- stinct vascular appearance in the large trunks which go to the respiratory organs, when the latter are very circumscribed ; but if these organs do not present this last character, as is the case evi- dently in the Eolides, the venous system will necessarily present an analogous diffusion. Facts therefore appear to me to agree with reasoning and with analogy, to prove that the venous system really exists in the Holides and in all the other mollusca of the same group. The details into which I have entered, and those in addition which it will be possible for me to give on the structure of the external appendices of these mollusca, will also show, I hope, that these appendices perform really the respiratory functions. M. de Quatrefages thinks he has discovered the reason of the degradation of the organs of circulation and respiration in the Mollusca PAlebenterata in an anatomical peculiarity first observed by MM. Milne Edwards and Lowén in Calliopea and Eolis, and which consists in a prolongation of the digestive cavity in the appendices of the branchie. That naturalist is of opinion that this disposition of the digestive tube has the object of supplying the absence of the organs of respiration, by permit- ting the direct action of the air on the nutritive matters. The following facts and arguments appear to me again wholly to contradict this. theory :— 1. If such were really the object assigned by nature to that organic disposition, there ought evidently to be a relation between the progressive degradation of the organs of respiration and cir- culation and the development of those ramifications of the di- gestive cavity which should supply their functions : now precisely the contrary takes place. Thus the Kolides, which, according to M. de Quatrefages himself, still possess a circulation and nume- rous branchial appendices, have also a very ramified digestive tube; and the last genera of his order which he designates under M. Souleyet on the Gasteropod Mollusca. 345 the names of Pelta and Chalidis, which possess neither circulation nor respiratory appendices, do likewise not present any trace of these ramifications of the digestive cavity. 2. If we study the internal structure of the branchial appen- dices in all these mollusca, we see that the prolongations of the . digestive cavity which traverse the centre are always separated from the dermoidal envelope (as is represented in the drawings of M. de Quatrefages) by a layer more or less thick, according to the size of these appendices, of a granulous brownish or yellowish substance, which that naturalist has considered to be the liver ;—a conclusion which I completely adopt, because it seems to me really impossible to give a different one. We must then admit that the oxygenation of the nutritive matters would be through this organ, and that nature, which in the construction of the parts destined to the function of respiration has always sought to bring as near as possible the external fluid with the liquid upon which it has to act, would have here followed quite a contrary rule. 3. Admitting that this action of the air was still possible, not- withstanding what I have just said, it would yet be necessary to ‘explain, how the nutritive fluid, after having undergone it, could be carried into the different parts of the body, in animals which present no trace of organs of circulation. 4. If we are not preoccupied with the idea of finding im the organization of these animals an organic combination which takes the place of the apparatus of respiration and circulation, since these apparatus exist according to my observations, we may give a much more natural explanation of this ramified disposition of the digestive tube in the Holidina. In fact, as I have already said, these ramifications terminate in the liver, and as I shall easily make clear, the trunks which furnish them always open into the stomachal pouch, it seems to me to follow naturally that these ramified canals are biliary ducts ; thus we find them almost always filled with a thick and brownish matter having all the appearance of bile. This gastro-biliary apparatus (a denomination which ap- pears to me more suitable than that of gastro-vascular) differs from the same apparatus in most of the other mollusca only in the fact that the biliary vessels, instead of uniting successively to form a single trunk, form on each side a series of canals which open detached in the stomachal pouch, and it is easy to detect the connexion which exists between this disposition and the kind of diffusion which, so to speak, the liver presents in all the ap- pendices which cover the back of the animal. In another mol- lusk, on the analogies of which zoologists are still very uncertain, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. 2A 346 M. Souleyet on the Gasteropod Mollusca. but which, it seems to me, in many relations, must be placed by the side of the Eolides, Phylliroé, the liver occurs in the form of ceca which open detached into the stomachal cavity, and thus - presents a disposition which leads to that which is observed in all the mollusca of the family of the Holides ; only that, in these last, the czeca of the liver, instead of remaining internal, become external, propelling, so to speak, the skin before them,—a re- markable and wholly exceptional peculiarity, which belongs per- haps to some biological circumstances in these mollusca. In his last communication to the Academy, M. de Quatrefages has expressed the opinion that this division of the liver was ne- cessitated by the ramified disposition of the digestive cavity ; but this necessity is not very evident, and, according to what I have said above, this position of the liver around ramifications of the stomach is, on the contrary, wholly in contradiction to the func- tions which that naturalist assigns to them. I have already said that this gastro-biliary apparatus always opens into the stomachal cavity, and in fact M. de Quatrefages is wrong in making it terminate thus in the intestine or in the buccal cavity. As I cannot enter here into details on this sub- ject, I shall only remark that, in all these mollusca, the intestine properly so called has escaped the researches of this naturalist ; this has caused him to assign a false position to the anus, or has led him to mistake the existence of that aperture*. In the statement which I have just given of the result of my researches on the Holides and the other genera which belong to the same group, I have mentioned only what appeared to me to have a reference to the general questions raised by M. de Quatre- fages ; but I should observe, that on several other points my ob- servations disagree with those of that naturalist, and especially on the organs of generation, whose conformation appears to me not at all to resemble the description which he has given of them : I shall show in fact that this apparatus is wholly analogous to that of the other Nudibranch Mollusca, and especially of the Tritonie. Amongst the other genera of Mollusca which M. de Quatre- fages has arranged after the Eolidians, in his order Phlebenterata, is Oken’s Acteon, and which is identical, as I have assured my- self, with the genus described by M. Risso under the name H/y- sia. The observations which I have made on this small mollusk are quite opposed to those of M. de Quatrefages, who moreover * The description which M. de Quatrefages has given of the gastro-biliary apparatus in the Zolidina is wholly inexact; the canals which lead from the stomachai cavity never terminate in lateral trunks, as is represented in the figure given by that naturalist. M. Souleyet on the Gasteropod Mollusca. 347 has given only a very insufficient description ; I can however only indicate here briefly the errors which he appears to me to have committed. 1. Contrary to the assertions of this naturalist, the Acteon has a heart, an arterial system, &c.; in a word, a complete apparatus of circulation which has much analogy with that of the Holdes. 2. The dorsal pouch which M. de Quatrefages has considered as the stomach, and from which proceed the ramified canals which cover, above, the lateral expansions of the animal, has no com- munication with the digestive tube; it is a distinct apparatus which opens externally by a peculiar orifice placed behind that of the anus, and which seems to serve for the respiration in this mollusk. In the same way the ramifications of this apparatus have no communication with the vesiculous ampulliform organs, which thus in no way present the regular position which this na- turalist assigns to them in his figures. 3. The whole digestive tube, from the buccal cavity, the de- scription of which likewise differs from my investigations, appears to have escaped the observation of M. de Quatrefages. 4. The position which M. de Quatrefages assigns to the anus, at the posterior and median portion of the body, is certainly inac- curate; there is at that point neither orifice nor cloacum. The anal aperture is situated at the anterior and dorsal part of the animal on the right side, and always occurs in the form of a small protuberance, which is easy of detection. 5. The genital orifice is not simple, and has likewise a differ- ent position to that which M, de Quatrefages assigns to it ; the aperture of the oviduct is on the right side, in a small groove which descends from the anus towards the lower surface of the animal; that of the male organ is situated on the same side, at the base of the tentacle. My observations on the zoological characters of Arteon agree entirely with those which have been communicated to me by M. Vérany of Genoa, who has often had opportunities of observing this small mollusk. M. de Quatrefages has given no detail on the reproductive ap- paratus of Acteon; but he appears to say that the arrangement of that apparatus is the same as that which he indicates in a suc- einet manner in his genus Acteonia: in that case, I might still affirm that the organs of generation in Acteon have no analogy with the description which is given by that naturalist. 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Pole RS oe PB 5 Yorn es be BS *SOTMSTYD Tioaeto “a11Ys-sol.yuIng #8 *yOrMsTyD Zo o< Mac i | “PUL, *19JOUIOUIOY, | “19jaUIOIV cas * &h "RANXUO) orenyy youmpung 7p “uo sno] *- ‘Aoy ay7 Ag pup Sauins-saruawag ‘asunpyy yjtvSajddy yo ‘requug ‘AA *A93] 977 49 {NoLsog 2D "189 A “ATA hg *uopUuo'T 40a “XOIMSIHY 4D Ajavog [vsnqnaysopy ayz fo UIPLDE) 9Y7 70 uosdwoy LAW hg apou su01j0a4959Q qungojosoajayy Ann. & Mag Nat Hist. Vol Ms. PAX. Py cs) New British Shells. PA eer icon! as Se Seep APPT ee $3 52S S5y Rak \) WN uy & 9999). 2) y py DP YY ¥} ee F Forbes. dit. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. No. 93. DECEMBER 1844. _ oa XLVII.—On the Morphology of the Reproductive System of the Sertularian Zoophyte, and its analogy with the Reproductive System of the Flowering Plant. By Prof. E. Forszs, of King’s College, London*. [ With a Plate. j Tue celebrated Grew, in his ‘ Idea of a Phytological History pro- pounded,’ among other recommendations of the study of vege- table anatomy, urges that “it may frequently conduct our minds to the consideration of the state of animals, as whether there are not divers material agreements betwixt them and plants, and what they are.” The present communication has sprung out of such an application of phytological science. The doctrine of the ideal metamorphosis of the leaf or vegeta- ble individual in order to play a part in the reproduction of the species is now no longer a questio vexata, but an article of faith with the philosophical botanist. The mind of Linnzeus discovered it, the spirit of Goethe divined it, and now that naturalists have been taught to trust in it by the experience of continued research, none but a botanical sceptic will venture to dispute it. The doctrine of the vegetable individual is presented in its most precise form in the recent essays of Gaudichaud. His type or phyton, of an assemblage of which types the plant is composed, consists in itself of a limb or lamina, an ascending axis and a de- scending axis. Such a type is essentially respiratory and nutri- tive, and devoted to the life of the individual or congeries of in- dividuals, and must be modified by a metamorphosis, usually re- trograde, always ideal, ere it beomes a reproductive organ, and is devoted to the service and perpetuation of the species. The plant, such as it presents itself usually to ow view, is a composite being, made up of many such individuals, some serving to the nourishment of the composite individual or entirety, some metamorphosed either singly or in numbers, so as to assist in the propagation of the species of which that composite being isa member. That composite being is acommonwealth, all the * Read at the Meeting of the British Association at York in Sept. 1844. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. 2D 386 Prof. E. Forbes on the Morphology of the members of which are fixed, though serying different purposes in the state. It is as truly a commonwealth as is the assemblage of bees in their hive or of termites in their hill. In such common- ‘wealths we also see a division of physiological offices. Such com- monwealths are to be found for the most part among beings in- cluded in the articulate sphere of the animal kingdom; that sphere which is itself representative of the vegetable kingdom, and obe- dient to the same great general laws. Now as there are composite animals as well as plants, it be- comes a curious and important imquiry to investigate the analo- gies of their parts and functions, and to see how far our certain knowledge of the plant will enable us to throw light on the na- ture and regulating laws of the composite animal, at present very obscurely understood. The present communication is intended to show, that in one tribe at least of composite animals, in the Sertularian Polypes, the arrangement and offices of individuals and of the parts of the ani- mal entirely depend on the same laws which determine the ar- rangement and offices of the parts of the composite plant. The Sertularian Polype is a branched and horny plant-like polypidom, the axis of which is filled with living pith and the branches studded with little cups or cells in which are seen the fleshy polypes, each a stomach with arms around its mouth for the seizing of its food. Each of these polypes is an individual distinct in itself and acting for itself, yet, besides that individual life, sharing in the common existence of the whole and obeying in reference to its brethren the laws which determine the cha- racters of the species—the constant form and arrangement of the parts of the whole. If the axis should perish all the polypes must perish, but one or several polypes may perish without affect- ing the others or the life of the axis. Now all such polypes are true nutritive dividuals, devoted to the service of the composite individual or zoophyte of which the polypidom is as it were the bark. The zoophyte begins as a single individual, as the plant begins as a single phyton : polype after polype is built up and shares in the common interest with that first individual, as leaf after leaf is formed to serve in the same commonwealth with the first phyton, The normal type of the zoophyte is a simple stomach, that of the plant is a simple gill. At certain periods in the life of the zoophyte there appear pro- jecting from the axis or springing from its branches variously formed bodies, usually very dissimilar from the other parts of the whole, in which the ova are after a time formed. These have been called “vesicles,” and many opinions have been entertained re- specting their nature and origin. By most naturalists they have been styled evolutions from the Reproductive System of Sertularian Zoophytes. 387 pith or fleshy axis*. They have been termed expansions of the stem+. Some have considered them female imdividuals{ or polypes of a different kind from the rest, inclosed im a larger cell §, and by some the vague term of ovariform buds has been applied to them ||. Now if the parallel we have drawn so far between the plant and the zoophyte be carried out, these so-called ‘ ovigerous vesicles ” should be essentially either single individuals ideally metamorphosed into reproductive organs comparable to the mo- nocarpous germens of plants, or a series of individuals joined to- gether and merged into each other in such a manner as to pre- sent the appearance of a unique body in which the ova are pro- duced—comparable to syncarpous germens among vegetables. That such is the true view of their natuwre—however transcen- dental it may at first sight appear—I have convinced myself, and hope to prove it to the satisfaction of others by an analysis of the several forms of polype-vesicle presented in the family of Sertu- lariade. All the ‘ ovigerous vesicles’ with which I am acquainted may be distributed under six heads or kinds :— 1st. More or less lengthened pod-like bodies, ornamented with ribs and presenting a very complex aspect, such as we see im several species of Plumularia, as the British Plumularia cristata and the two species figured from Algoa bay. This is in reality the simplest and most easily understood form of vesicle, the form which has undergone least transformation, and which affords the readiest clue to the nature of these bodies. This pod is nothing more than a branch, the axis of which is usually shortened. In a remarkable species which I owe to the liberality of Mr. Bowerbank it retains its full dimensions. The pinne are turned in and united at their extremities, and webbed together by the transformed and expanded walls of the polype-cells. The pod has a ventral suture and a dorsal rib; the ventral suture corre- sponding to the line of junction of the extremities of the pinnae, and the dorsal rib corresponding to the dorsal rib of the Sonik and identical in structure. The lateral ribs are the ribs of the pinne, and spring from the dorsal rib alternately, exactly as the pinne do from the unchanged branches. So slight is the change in this form of vesicle, that it is astonishing the contemplation of it (for it has been frequently carefully figured and described) had not opened the eyes of naturalists long ago to the true na- ture of these curious bodies. 2nd. Ovate or round berry-like bodies, studded with spinous processes more or less regularly whorled, such as we see in Thoa muricata, Bearing in mind the normal spiral arrangement of the * Johnston, Grant. + Carpenter, { Ehrenberg, Lovén, § Carpenter, | Blainville. 2D2 388 Prof. E. Forbes on the Morphology of the parts of zoophytes on their axis (exactly as the parts of plants), supposing the shortening of the axis of a branch, the abortion of the greater number of its tubular cells and their conversion into spines, we can without much difficulty explain the essential na- ture of this form of vesicle. 3rd. Such wrinkled, ovate, coronated capsules as we see in Sertularia rosacea and Plumularia pinnata. These may be re- garded as branches reduced to whorls of abortive cells, of which the ruge are the only traces, whilst the whorl of terminal cells only exhibits a trace of its original nature and forms the corona. That many cells enter into the composition of these highly me- tamorphic vesicles is borne out by the fact that the vesicle of Sertularia rosacea is provided with an internal framework, con- sisting of a slender axis and radiating processes, which is well seen after the expulsion of the ova. In an exotic species the composite nature of this form is further borne out by the fact of its vesicles dehiscing longitudinally on one side. 4th. Oblong, often triangular or flask-shaped, sometimes com- pressed vesicles, of which there are numerous examples among our native species of Sertularia, as S. polyzonias, S. abietina, S, operculata, S. argentea, and the genera Thuiaria and Antennu- laria. In these it would appear that all the cells had been me- tamorphosed in the highest degree, and that the midrib is sup- pressed for the formation of the ovarian cavity. In such species of Sertularia as have alternate cells, the termination of this form of vesicle is usually oblique ; in those which have opposite cells it is straight. In Antennularia, where the cells are unilateral, the beak of the vesicle is turned to one side. These facts afford strong arguments in favour of the view I have taken of its essential nature, further supported by the arrangement of the vesicles in relation to the branches on a species from the Cape (which also I owe to Mr. Bowerbank), where the vesicles correspond to and represent the branches. See Plate X. fig. 10. 5th. The curious retort-shaped vesicles of Thoa Beant and Thoa halecina, which appear to be formed out of a branch re- duced to a single joint and a single cell, which merged into each other, form the ovarian capsule. 6th. The apparently simple vesicles of Campanularia and Lao- medea, which may possibly be single cells dilated. With the exception of the last-mentioned form of vesicle, of the true nature of which I have not yet satisfied myself, the varieties of form of these bodies, then, aré all explainable on the theory that they are metamorphosed branches, either branches of the first order (primary axes), or of the second or third (secondary and. tertiary axes). They are severally explainable on the supposition of union of parts, or of suppression of some of the elements of a branch, as of some of the cells, or of the central rib or axis, or Reproductive System of Sertularian Zoophytes. 389 of the internodes of that rib or axis. If these bodies were only ordinary cells changed, they would take the place of ordinary cells, and if unilateral on the axis, spring opposite the corresponding cells, but they do not: they arise unilaterally between the pairs of cells in the manner of branches. From the foregoing considerations, the theory of the nature of the ovigerous vesicle in the Sertularian Zoophytes may be stated thus :— The vesicle is formed from a branch or pinna through an arrest of individual development by a shortening of the spiral axis, and by a transformation of the stomachs (individuals) into an ovige- rous placenta, the dermato-skeletons (or cells) unitimg to form a protecting capsule or germen,—which metamorphosis is exactly comparable with that which occurs in the reproductive organs of flowering plants, in which the floral bud (normally a branch clothed with spirally arranged leaves) is constituted through the contraction of the axis and the whorling of the (individual) ap- pendages borne on that axis, and by their transformation into the several parts of the flower (reproductive organisms). Whether the transformation in the case of the Sertulariade takes place ab initio, or after the individuals have performed for a time their normal function of stomachs, can only be answered by observations on the development of the living zoo- phyte. ate the most convincing facts favouring the theory of vege- table morphology are monstrosities which every now and then occur, in which we find the floral axis and its appendages par- tially transformed into a folial axis and appendages. Now if the views I have advanced be true, we should expect to find similar cases of monstrosity among Sertularian Zoophytes. I find on searching the records of zoophytology two figures which appear to represent monsters of the kind required. The first is a figure of Plumularia cristata in Dr. Johnston’s ‘ History of British Zoophytes,’ pl. 19. f. 2, where a branch is re- presented as partially transformed into an ovigerous vesicle, whilst the polypes of the lower or basal extremity retain their normal character of nutritive individuals. The second is a remarkable zoophyte described and figured by Dr. Fleming in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions,’ vol. v. pl. 9, under the name of Plumularia bullata, in which branches bearing regu- lar cells seem to spring out of vesicles, and to be changed in some instances into vesicles again. The consideration of this subject naturally leads us to inquire how far it influences systematic zoophytology, and how far we should consider the form of the vesicle as of generic or specific value. I am inclined to regard its importance as generic. If so, a 890 Prof. E. Forbes on the Sertularian Zoophytes. new arrangement of the Sertularian polypes is necessary, involving the dismemberment of the genera Sertularia and Plumularia. A word on the classification of Zoophytes in general. The great groups of this class as at present constituted are not of equal value, which they should be if the acknowledged arrange- ments were strictly natural. This will be found on inquiry to arise from the including of the Bryozoa among Zoophytes proper, and the merging of the Hydraide, Tubulariade and Sertulariade in one order. The anatomical structure of the Ascidioida or Bryozoa removes them altogether from the class of Zoophyta into that of Mollusca, where they should form an order of Mollusca Tunicata, parallel with the group of compound Tunicata of which Botryllus and such forms are examples. The Zoophyta proper may be divided into four very natural orders, the most prominent characters of which will be found in the arrangements of their reproductive system :—viz. lst, Those which present the ovaries in the form of external bud-like bodies, including the Hydraide and Tubulariade. 2nd, Those which have the ovaries formed out of transformed branches or pinnee, as the Sertulariade. 3rd, Those which have the ovaries included in the substance of the polypi- dom, as the Asteroida; and 4th, Those which have the ovaries forming a part of the internal constitution of the individual po- lypes, as the Zoophyta Helianthoida. These four orders I regard as natural, and therefore equal in value. This paper must be understood only as a sketch ; circumstances having prevented my working out the inquiries upon which it is founded. But though the data are not numerous, I conceive they are sufficient to warrant my broaching the idea of the mor- phology of the polype-vesicle as presented to the Section at this Meeting. That idea is the clue by which we may be led to more perfect researches on this interesting and important subject, and such naturalists as are inclined to admit its truth must also see that it suggests new questions in the philosophy of zoology. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. I. Vesicles of the first order. Jig. 1. Branch and vesicle of a Plumularia © from Algoa bay (a, the vesicle; b, the branch), In this case the vesicle re- tains the dimensions of the branch, and is formed by the inflexion and union of the pinne and polype-cells. Jig. 2. Vesicle of another species of Plu- mularia, in which the axis is much shortened, while the pinne are all pre- sent. ig. 3. Back of the same, showing the midrib and the manner in which the ribs of the vesicle spring from it, for comparison with fig. 4, re- presenting part of a branch of the same species with its pinnee and midrib. It is evident that the midrib of the vesicle is identical with the midrib of a branch, and that the denticulations of its lateral ribs correspond to the su- perior elongated teeth of the polype-cells of the pinne. II. Vesicle of the second order. Jig. 5. Portion of a branch of Thoa muricata, showing the arrangement and form of the polype-cells. Tig. 6. eat ee * y ys a ’ = * TO ScD wna he Reb eet cca Taian tat : ar a 4 : : Ai TE ad Pik: yu Ann.d- Mag Nat Hist VoAh PX. ¢ A GO va eat iy iy e aA tances” Ka T° Lalfs det. ID.CSowerly feutp. COSINAKLIU TH. Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidies. 3891 Vesicle of Thoa muricata. Tig. 7. Idea of the structure of this form of ve- sicle, which is derived from the.shortening of the axis and the whorling and transformation of the cells. IIT. Vesicles of the third order. Fig. 8. Vesicle and branch of Sertularia rosacea, Fig. 9. Vesicle of a Sertularia, in which an internal framework and axis are seen after the exclusion of the ova. IV. Vesicles of the fourth order. Jig. 10. A Sertularia, in which the se- condary branches are grouped in pairs; in this specimen two of the branches are converted into vesicles, but retain their original position and relation to their twin branches. Fig. 11. Vesicle of a Sertudaria belonging to this order, exhibiting longitudinal dehiscence. V. Vesicles of the fifth order. Jig. 12. Vesicle, and fig. 13, part of the ‘branch of Thoa Beanii. VI. Vesicle of the sixth order. Fig. 14. Vesicle and polype-cell of a Laomedea. wise XLVIII.—On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Rarrs, Esq., M.R.C.S8., Penzance *. [With a Plate.] Cosmarium, Corda. Fronds simple, constricted in the middle ; segments as broad as or broader than long, neither sinuated nor notched. The fronds are very minute, simple, constricted in the middle ; the segments are generally broader than long and inflato-com- pressed, are neither emarginate at the end nor lobed at the sides, and have no spines or processes. One species only is longitudi- nally inflated down the middle, and therefore appears lobed in the end view. In the rest this view is most frequently elliptic ; m some species however it is circular. : Ehrenberg united plants belonging to this genus with others having lobed segments in order to form his genus Huastrum. Meneghini for the most part followed this arrangement, merely changing the name to Cosmarium, as having the prior claim, and also adding some species taken from Xanthidium. Under Mi- crasterias, Euastrum, and Xanthidium I have given my reasons for differing from such high authorities, and also pointed out the characters which distinguish those genera from Cosmarium. Both Ehrenberg and Meneghini consider the inflato-com- pressed segments essential, but some species (presently to be de- seribed) with globular or cylindrical segments can by no means be separated from the compressed ones. Those having cylindrical fronds in some respects show an affinity with Closterium, and perhaps Closterium Cylindrus would be more suitably united with them. In Cosmarium the fronds are never elongated nor curved, and are always constricted in the middle, and the repro- ductive granules are scattered. * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, June 12th, 1844. 392 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidieze. Tetmemorus differs from this genus in its elongated fronds and emarginate extremities. Meneghini divides the plants belonging to this genus into two sections, according as the surface is granulated or smooth. I have used this division, but must remark that the mature plant should be selected when we have to decide upon the absence of granules, because they are frequently undeveloped in the young frond+. * Fronds rough with pearly granules. 1. Cosmarium cylindricum. Fronds cylindrical, granulated; seg- ments in the front view subquadrate, broadest at the end and nar- rower at their junction ; end view circular. Mixed with other alge on the wet sides of a cave at Lamorna Cove near Penzance. Fronds minute, cylindrical, about twice as long as broad, rough with pearly granules which give a dentate appearance to the outline; segments subquadrate, broadest at the end, and slightly tapering towards their junction ; end view circular. This species may be known by the circular end view, by the subquadrate appearance of the segments in the front view, and by thei junction along their entire breadth, so that no notch is formed at the sides. Prats XI. fig. 1. C. cylindricum : a, front view ; 6, empty frond; ¢, end view. 2. C. orbiculatum. Segments spherical, rough with pearly granules. Boggy pools near Dolgelley. Fronds very minute, composed of two spherical segments which are rough with pearly granules, giving a dentate appear- ance to the outline ; these are obscure or wanting on the neck- like contraction which unites the segments. Prate XI. fig. 2. C. orbiculatum: a, front view ; 6, empty frond; ¢, trans- verse view ; d, end view. 3. C. ornatum. Fronds rough with pearly granules, deeply con- stricted, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side; end view somewhat cruciform. In boggy pools about Dolgelley and Barmouth, J. R. ; Ashdown Forest, Sussex, Mr. Jenner. Fronds about as large as those of C. margaritiferum, deeply constricted in the middle ; the constriction forms a notch on each side, which is nearly closed by the segments being in close appo- sition for their entire breadth ; segments compressed, broader than long, with an inflation down the middle, and which often slightly projects at the end, where it is truncate. In the end view this in- flation forms a rounded projection on each side, and thus appears + Meneghini has hinted at the probability of this in the following words : ‘“‘ Superficies in nonnullis punctata vel granulato- (uti aiunt) margaritacea, in ceeteris levis, utrum vero hujusmodi diversitas ab state pendeat necne, dijudicare nequeo.” Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiee. 393 somewhat cruciform. The surface is rough with pearly granules, which give a dentate appearance to the margin. In the front view this species closely resembles C. margariti- Serum, and frequently can scarcely be distinguished from it, but the end is straight, not rounded in the middle, and im general slightly projects. In the end view they are very different. Prats XI. fig. 3. C. ornatum: a, front view; 6, empty frond; c, ¢, end Views. 4. C. margaritiferum, Mgh. Fronds rough with pearly granules, deeply constricted, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side; segments compressed; end view elliptic. Menegh. Synop. Desmid. in Linnea 1840, p. 219. Cosmarium dentiferum, Corda, Obser. microscop. sur les Animalc. de Carlsbad, p. 30. pl. 6. fig. 41. Euastrum margaritiferum, Ehr. Infus. p. 163. tab. 12. fig. 7; Pritch. Infus. p. 196. fig. 126; Bailey, Amer. Bacil. in Am. Journ. of Sci- ences and Arts, vol. xli. no. 2. p. 295. fig. 8. Ursinella margari- tifera, 'Turp. Dict. des Sc. Nat. par Leur. Atl. Veg.(1820.) He- terocarpella Ursinella, Kutz. Syn. Diatom. p.598. Cymbella reni- JSormis, Ag. Consp. Diatom. p. 10; Grey. in Hook. Br. Fl. vol. ii. p-415; Harv. Br. Alg. p. 215. In bogs, pools, &c., probably common. Weston Bogs near South- ampton, and numerous habitats in Sussex and Kent, Mr. Jenner ; Farnham, Surrey, Mr. Reeves; Cheshunt, Herts, M7. Hassall; near Bristol, Mr. Thwaites ; Barmouth, Rev. T. Salwey ; Dolgelley, Caer- narvon and Penzance. Fronds rough with pearly granules, deeply constricted in the middle ; the segments in close apposition for their entire breadth, whence the constriction appears like a lear notch on each side. The segments are broader than long, subreniform, compressed. The end view is elliptic. This species is very variable in the size, form, and number of the granules on the surface. Mr. Jenner has sent me drawings of some plants which I am compelled at present to refer to this species, but it is very probable that a better knowledge of them will discover characters by which they may be distinguished from it. In general the granules are of considerable size and give a dentate appearance to the margin, but in some specimens the margin appears quite entire ; sometimes they are obtuse, at others acute. Prate XI. fig. 4. C. margaritiferum : a, a, front views; b, new segments ; c, empty frond of a variety with entire margins; d, side view; e, end view. 5. C. Botrytis, Mgh. Fronds granulated, compressed, deeply con- stricted, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side; the segments in the front view are truncato-triangular; end view elliptic. Menegh. /. c. p. 220. Huastrum Botrytis, Ehr. Infus. p. 163. tab. 10. fig. 8. In pools. Near Bristol, Mr. Thwaites ; Sussex, Mr. Jenner ; near Manchester, Mr. Sidebotham ; Dolgelley. 394: Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiee. . Fronds more or less granulated, compressed, deeply con- stricted in the middle, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side. In the front view the segments are broadest where they are in apposition, and gradually narrower towards the end where they are truncate ; consequently their figure is somewhat angular. The end view is elliptic, as in C. margaritiferum and C. crena- tum. Sometimes the pearly granules are very evident, sometimes obscure. This species seems intermediate between C. margaritiferum and C. crenatum, but may be distinguished from both by its truncate ends. It may be known from C. ornatum by the elliptic end view. Puate XI, fig. 5. C. Botrytis: a, front view; b, empty frond; c¢, end view. * Fronds not granulated, or the granules confined to the margin. 6. C. crenatum. Fronds punctated, deeply constricted in the middle, constriction forming a linear notch on each side; segments com- pressed, crenate at the margin. In bogs, small pools, &c. Weston Bogs near Southampton, and several stations in Sussex, Mr. Jenner ; near Bristol, Mr. Thwaites ; near Manchester, Mr. Sidebotham ; Dolgelley and Penzance. Fronds rather smaller than those of C. margaritiferum, deeply constricted in the middle ; the close apposition of the segments for their entire breadth renders the notch on each side linear ; they are broader than long, compressed, crenate at the margin. The end view is elliptic. This plant very much resembles a young specimen of C. mar- garitiferum ; but as the margin is always strongly crenate, even in the earliest stage, and the surface is punctated and not granu- lated, I am induced to describe it as distinct. Puare XI, fig. 6. C. crenatum: a, front view; 6, empty frond; c¢, side view; d, transverse view. 7. C. ovale. Fronds oval, compressed, punctated, deeply constricted in the middle, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side ; end view broadly elliptic. a. Segments entire at the margin. $8. Segments with marginal granules which give a dentate appear- ance. Huastrum, no. 6, Bailey, l. c. p. 295. fig. 28. In boggy pools. a. Dolgelley, J. R.; Barmouth, Rev. T. Salwey ; near Tunbridge Wells, M7. Jenner. f. Weston Bogs near Southampton, Mr. Jenner. Fronds large, oval, slightly compressed, deeply constricted in the middle, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side ; end view broadly elliptic. The empty frond is punctated. Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiese. 895 In the Welsh specimens I have always found the margin quite entire, but in some sent me by Mr. Jenner the margin in the front view is furnished with pearly granules which give it a den- tate appearance, in which respect it agrees with a plant figured in the ‘ American Bacillaria.” It appeared to me that the gra- nules formed only a marginal band, and that the rest of the sur- face was merely punctated as in the Welsh plant; hence no gra- nules were visible in a lateral view, and in an end one only at the extremities. Mr. Jenner, however, finds the outline more or less dentated in every view. In this variety the endochrome in each segment is frequently divided into two portions by a longitudinal pale line. When the margin is entire this species may be mistaken for C. Cucumis, but the frond is oval, not orbicular, and when empty is distinctly punctated. It is also much less compressed, the transverse view being very different. Puate XI. fig. 7. C. ovale: a, front view of empty frond; 4, side view; c, transverse view ; d, front view of var. 6; e, empty frond with newly-formed segment. 8. C. Cucumis, Corda. Fronds orbicular, nearly plane, smooth, deeply constricted in the middle, the constriction forming a linear notch on each side; end view elliptico-lanceolate. Menegh. J. c. p. 220. Euastrum integerrimum, Ehr. Infus. p. 163. Boggy pools. Sussex, Mr. Jenner; Dolgelley. Fronds orbicular, much compressed, quite smooth, deeply con- stricted ; end view elliptico-lanceolate. The segments are quite entire at the margin, and I cannot discover any puncta on the empty frond. | Prats XI. fig. 8. C. Cucumis: a, front view; b, empty frond. 9. C. quadratum. Fronds deeply constricted in the middle; segments slightly compressed, quadrate in the front view. Rusthall Common near Tunbridge Wells, Mr. Jenner ; Dolgelley. Fronds constricted in the middle, and forming a short linear notch on each side; the segments are compressed, nearly square in the front view, and at the base of each segment is a single protuberance on each side. Puate XI, fig. 9. C. quadratum: a, a, front views; b, side view. 10. C. Cucurbita, Breb. Fronds cylindrical with a slight constriction in the middle, about twice as long as broad; end view circular. Cosmarium Cucurbita, Desm. no. 1103. Dolgelley, J. R.; Ashdown Forest, and Greatham Bogs near Pul- borough, Mr. Jenner. Fronds very minute, cylindrical, rather more than twice as long as broad, with a very slight constriction in the middle and rounded at the ends ; transverse view circular with a large central opening. The empty frond appears minutely punctated. 396 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. This species has a great resemblance to the figure of Closterium Cylindrus, but in that plant the puncta are described as arranged. in longitudinal lines, whereas in Cosmarium Cucurbita they are scattered. I am indebted to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley for determining the name of this plant, and also for an opportunity of comparing it with an authentic specimen. Prate XI, fig. 10. C. Cucurbita: a, front view; b, new segments; c, empty frond ; d, transverse view. Analysis. End view circular; constriction in the front view not forming a linear notch at the side ......ececcceeeesenes 2 End view not circular; constriction in the front view forming a linear notch on each side. Frond minutely punctated, the outline entire ......... Cucurbita. 2.4 Frond furnished with pearly granules which give a dentate appearance to the outline ....sccccesereeses we D Segments subcylindrical ..5......i..ccccvecsessssotecscecees cylindricum. ’ U Segments spherical ..........0+ dane cos Coeeesaseetesaccooswe orbiculatum. 4 End view lobed ......scesecscsovses peedaes sivgcs icons beeees ornatum. "| End view elliptic or elliptico-lanceolate........ceceseeees 5 5, J Segments in the front view subquadrate ....sserceeeeee guadratum. "(Segments not quadrate ...ccocsseeveee dagen sei Soecedasaqes 6 g, { Fronds oval, slightly compressed ......eeesseeeee aveense ovale. "| Fronds not oval, much compressed ..cccccscerssesoeeees Segments entire, without puncta or granules ...... eo. Cucumis. ¥. ; Segments dentate or crenate, the surface punctated or granulated @eeeeeeerseeees esses @RCCetesesseeeetaneter eeeere Segments truncato-triangular .......... ave vd@eites veeeee Botrytis. * Segments not truncate ....+.... rrr seveeeeeeee DO 9 Fronds crenate ; surface minutely punctate ...eccseeee crenatum. *'| Fronds generally dentate; surface granulated ......... margaritiferum. XLIX.— Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen Betitincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Member of the Royal Zoological, Geological and Natural History So- cieties of Dublin, &c. [Concluded from p. 3238. ] Order 5. CYSTICA. (Derived from xvorts, vesica.) Tue order Cystica includes the Entozoa whose organization is the most simple. The animals are included in a membranous sac containing also an aqueous fluid, and generally inclosed in an outer and thicker sac. The body is flattened or cylindrical, ter- minating posteriorly in a vesicle for each individual, or common to several, within which in some genera the body can be retracted. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 397 The head is furnished with four discs or suckers, and a proboscis armed with a double or single circle of recurved hooks; or with two or four depressions, and four retractile armed processes. In the genus Acephalocystis (the lowest in the scale) both head and body are absent, the vesicle or sac alone remaining. In none of the Cystic Entozoa have generative organs been discovered, the reproductive power appearing not to be limited to any part of the cyst. Neither has any trace of a nervous system been detected in these animals. Genus 19. Cysticercvus, (Derived from xvorts, vesica, and xépxos, cauda.) Gen. Char.—Body subcylindrical or flattened, terminating posteriorly in a caudal vesicle. Head provided with four discs and a very short proboscis, which is armed with a double circle of minute sharp recurved hooks. Contained solitary in a single cyst. This genus was established by Bloch under the name Hydati- gera, changed to Vesicaria by Schrank, and to Cysticercus by Zeder, which term has been adopted by Rudolphi and all zoolo- gists. The body of many of the species is marked with trans- verse lines, resembling articulations. The digestive apparatus consists of the four circular orifices or discs already mentioned, by which they are supposed to absorb the fluid secreted into the adventitious cyst in which they are contained ; from these orifices the absorbed fluids are carried by four slender canals towards the caudal vesicle. The species of this genus are almost altogether confined to the mammalia; Rudolphi enumerates fourteen species, seven or one half of which are doubtful. 1. Cysticercus fasciolaris * pee in liver of rat (Mus decumanus). Cysts in liver of mouse (Mus Musculus). Cysts in peritoneum covering liver of tenuicollis ..4 ¢ pig (46 Scrofe), dR ysts in peritoneum covering liver of sheep (Qvis Aries). 2. —— * I have only found the Cysticercus fasciolaris in cysts in the liver of the mouse and rat (Mus decumanus) ; much more frequently in the former than the latter. In certain localities they appear to be very rare, and in others very common ; usually but one exists ; the largest number I ever found in the liver of the same mouse was seven ; they were contained in separate cysts, and-were of small size. These might readily be taken for a different species from the full-grown specimens, the caudal vesicle being much longer than the body, and the rostellum appearing to be destitute of spines. The shape of the head is also different in some specimens of this species which I possess. 398 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. Cysticercus cellulose * P ‘ ‘ 3. { i catiteik (fen. Loe in cellular tissue of pig (Sus crofa). nant, Turton) .... 4. Cysticercus pisiformis.. 1 core of rabbit (Lepus ~ Species dubia. 5. Cysticercust. Cysts in abdomen of loach (Cobitis barbatula). Genus 20. ANTHOCEPHALUS. (Derived from dyv@os, flos, and xe@adz}, caput.) Gen. Char,—Body soft and flattened, often nearly cylindrical, vary- ing in length in different species ; terminating posteriorly in a ve- sicle, within which the head and body can be retracted. Head provided with two or four ear-shaped depressions and four re- * ‘The Cysticercus cellulose occurs both in the human subject and in the pig (Sus Scrofa), at least the species are considered to be iden- tical. It is very rare in the human subject, and is also of very mi- nute size, so that it may perhaps frequently have been overlooked. It is much more common in the pig, and when abundant gives to the flesh of the animal the appearance which has been termed measles or measly. Its development is favoured by bad feeding, cold, and too much confinement, the animal does not thrive, becomes weak and emaciated ; eventually diarrhoea sets in, the hairs may fall off, or the posterior extremities become paralysed, the body exhales a disagree- able odour, and the flesh is unfit for food. When the disease is at all advanced it is perfectly incurable, t+ Upon one occasion I found in the abdominal cavity of the com- mon loach (Coditts barbatula) several very minute globular cysts, not exceeding in size the head of a small pin, and of a white colour; they were attached to the intestines and liver by short and fine cords, and consisted of an outer transparent coat and an internal more opake one; on incising carefully the external coat the internal cyst was protruded, and after this had remained for a short time in water the head was protruded and afterwards the proboscis, the internal cyst forming the caudal vesicle. When the animal was fully protruded, its length was greater than that of the external cyst. ‘here was no appearance of body between the head and caudal vesicle until the latter was detached; it is ex- tremely short and transversely rugose. The caudal vesicle is dia- phanous, and about its centre an opake white body was seen, from which a narrow line extended to the head. The head and pro- boscis together measure about half the length of the caudal vesicle. The proboscis is subcylindrical, and unarmed apparently, about the same length as the head, and is capable of being retracted within a kind of sheath formed by the head. The latter is spherical; the four oscula were seen in some; but in others, owing to the minuteness of the animal, I was unable to see those parts. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozeoa. 899 tractile tentacula, armed with recurved hooks. Contained in a double cyst, to which they are not adherent, This genus, under the name Floriceps, was established by Cuvier. Rudolphi changed the name to Anthocephalus, which has been adopted by zoologists since. The species are only found in fish, and are not numerous, Rudolphi enumerating but five species, x J Cysts in peritoneum and liver of i Asthocep hates, clongptys ‘ fact Thudbepeblens Mola). Cysts in peritoneum of whiting (Merlangus vulgaris). Cysts in abdomen of pouting (Gadus _luscus). 2. granulum ? + * In the month of July 1839 I found several specimens of the Anthocephalus elongatus in cysts upon the surface of the liver and in- testine of the sun-fish (Orthagoriscus Mola), 'This remarkable spe- cies has been well figured by Bremser, and is described in Rudolphi’s work. I gave a short description of it and some other species from the same animal in the last volume of Charlesworth’s ‘ Magazine of Natural History’; subsequently I was amused to see a description of (what appears to be) this species in one of the numbers of the ‘ Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,’ in which it is considered a new species and named accordingly. 7 3 + In the month of April 1838 I found several pyriform and oblong cysts of a yellowish colour in the abdominal cavity of the whiting (Merlangus vulgaris); some were attached by a slender cord to the pyloric appendages or stomach, others were imbedded between the coats of this viscus or of the intestine. On making an incision a second cyst was protruded, which changed its shape on being placed in water, and evidently had some motion. ‘The largest measured from two to three lines; they were white, pellucid, and dotted with minute opake spots; on making an incision into these a little fluid escaped, and the head of an Anthocephalus was protruded, which was moved about freely ; the four tentacula were visible through the pa- rietes of the anterior portion of the body, rolled up in a spiral man. ner, and were gradually protruded one after the other. The largest specimen measured half an inch, including the caudal vesicle ; the smallest about one line; and the cysts in which they were immediately contained appeared to form the caudal vesicle. When the animal was alive the head appeared to have four depressions (bothrii), two upon each side, the shape of which was continually changed; when dead, there appeared to be only two, which had somewhat an ear-shape, the margin being tumid. ‘The tentacula, when fully protruded, measured double the length of the head; each was curved inwards at its extremity, and each was armed with three rows of recurved hooks, the longest situated along the inner margin. The body in the largest specimen measured three lines, was rather 400 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 3. Anthocephalus paradozus Cysts in peritoneum of turbot (Pleu- (Dr. Drummond) .... ronectes maximus). Species dubia. ( Cysts in abdomen of hake (Merluccius vulga- Pr yeep. 4. Anthocephalus.. Ves in abdomen of gray gurnard (Trigla gur- nardus). Cysts in abdomen of red gurnard (Trigla Pini). 5. Anthocephalus* Hit in abdomen of holibut (Hippoglossus ‘ eas vulgaris). leap abdomen of haddock (Gadus Aiglefi- nus). Cysts in abdomen of whiting-pollach (Mer- langus Pollachius). : Cysts in abdomen of coal-fish (Merlangus Car- | bonarius). 7. Anthocephalus bees in abdomen of conger-eel (Anguilla ° HW Conger). 6. Anthocephalus.. < flattened than cylindrical, nearly of the same diameter throughout; and dotted towards the caudal vesicle with very minute opake spots. In the posterior half of the body two opake bodies could be seen through the parietes, which were cylindrical, rounded posteriorly, and lay parallel to each other ; each appeared to terminate anteriorly in a whitish narrow cord which ran somewhat spirally towards the head. The caudal vesicle varied in shape, in some specimens being as long as the head and proboscis.together, in others shorter and broader ; its diameter was greatest where it joined the body, and it was also dotted all over with very minute opake spots. 7 -* In the month of November 1838 I found a number of cysts in the mesentery, peritoneum, and under the peritoneal coat of the liver of the holibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris), upwards of three-quarters of an inch in length ; these contained other cysts, on making an in- cision into which, an Anthocephalus was protruded from each, which moved sluggishly in water for a short time. The longest measured nearly half an inch, the shortest three lines. With some difficulty I was able to examine the head, which is not unlike that of the Anthocephalus macrourus in outline, but differed in having only two bothrii, which were deep and of an oval shape ; from each two slender tentacula were protruded, which were armed as in the other species, and through the parietes they were seen to be continued backwards and spirally twisted. The head is tetragonal, the neck cylindrical, and within it the head can be retracted. The body cylindrical, apparently articulated in some, while in others no trace of articulation existed ; its parietes translucent. The rest of the animal granular and opake. Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 401 Genus 21. Ca@nurus. (Derived from xouds, communis, and ovpa, cauda.) Gen. Char.—A simple vesicle filled with fluid common to a number’ of individuals, to which they are adherent. Body soft, extremely short, somewhat cylindrical, rugose rather than articulated. Head distinct, provided with four discs and a short armed rostellum, si- milar in almost every respect to that of the Cysticercus. The digestive apparatus consists of four suctorial mouths, from which canals have been traced backwards towards the common vesicle, but not continued into it. The genus was established by Rudolphi for a species which is occasionally developed in the brain of sheep and other Ruminantia. Comurus corebridts * i. oi. i5 slit Ge 6 0 bees of sheep (Ovis Polycephalus cerebralis (1. Laennec) ... Aries) Tenia cerebralis (Pennant, Turton) .... * The Cenurus cerebralis consists of a vesicle of a larger or smaller size common to many individuals ; the latter being disposed in groups" over its surface, and appearing to the naked eye merely as clusters of opake white spots. The heads resemble those of the Cysticercz, each being provided with an uncinated proboscis and four discs, from which canals have been traced towards the common vesicle, but not continued into it. The development of the Cenurus cerebralis in the brain of sheep gives rise to the disease known to shepherds under the name of stag- gers, or bladder in the brain; they are very seldom found in animals above two years old, and they may be seated in the ventricles of the brain, in its substance, or upon its surface; in the two former cases the disease is nearly incurable, in the latter the animal may be re- lieved by an operation. The symptoms of course are owing to pres- sure upon the brain, which will increase as the Cenurus increases in size, and will vary according to the situation in which the en- tozoon is developed, and to the amount of compression which it occasions. In the early stage of the disease the animal appears to be stupid, does not keep with the flock, staggers in moving, and hangs its head ; the pupil is dilated, and becomes circular instead of oval: In the ad- vanced stage of the disease I have seen the animal with its. head in- clined to one side, and hanging so low that its nose almost touched the ground ; at the same time it continued to turn round upon the — spot for many hours; it appeared to be blind, and would not eed. When the Cenurus cerebralis is developed upon the surface of the brain, or near to it, the pressure causes absorption of the bone at the part, the skull becomes thinned and soft at this place, and the operation of perforating the bone and evacuating the contents of the vesicle has been sometimes successfully performed. In general Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. 402 Dr. O’Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. Genus 22. AcEPHALOCYSTIS. (Derived from a, non, xepahz), caput, and kbares, vesica.) Gen. Char.—A simple sac filled with a transparent fluid, the coats of which vary in thickness and transparency. Without either head or body. The young developed between the laminz of the parent cyst, and thrown off either internally or externally. The genus Acephalocystis is not included by either Rudolphi or Bremser among the Entozoa ; Prof. Owen however has shown that it is entitled to a place here. The animals which it embraces, usually termed Hydatids by pathologists, are amongst the lowest in the scale, consisting when young merely of a simple globular sac filled with a transparent fluid, which coagulates by heat ; without either body or head. When this sac attains a certain size the young are developed between its lamine, and the gem- mules are detached sometimes from the internal surface, as in the Acephalocystis endogena; sometimes from the exterior, as in the Acephalocystis exogena. These increase in size and go through the same changes as the parent cyst. ' But little attention has been paid to the specific distinctions between, or to the classification of, these animals. M. 'T. Laennee described seven species, but his names have not been generally adopted. ovoidea (T. and other parts of man (Homo). 1 Acephalocystis, endogens © Cavity of abdomen, liver, kidney, Laennec) ........ wi the operation called wiring is preferred ; this consists in passing a stiff wire or tube into the nostril upon the side on which the skull has become thinned, and pushing it through the brain up to this point, and thus emptying the cyst. ‘This operation is sometimes, as may be supposed, immediately fatal ; at others the injury to the brain ex- cites acute inflammation, the animal moans piteously, and appears to suffer great pain before it dies. * The Acephalocystis endogena, the pill-box hydatid of Hunter, is not very unfrequently met with in the liver and kidney of the human subject, as well as in the ovary, testis, and cavity of the abdomen, constituting a particular form of disease. They usually occur in considerable numbers, and may be developed in the substance of an organ or upon its exterior; in the former case they are always in- closed in an adventitious cyst, formed of condensed cellular tissue. They vary in size from a pin’s head to that of an orange, and have been seen as large as the foetal head. ‘The gemmules are spherical and very small; after being detached they remain for some time in the parent cyst; ultimately however they increase in size, they dis- tend and rupture the parent cyst, and each becomes a parent cyst in its turn. 3 Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower. 403 | Species dubia. 2. Acephalocystis*. Choroid plexus of brain in man (Homo). * The little transparent globular vesicles which are occasionally found attached to the choroid plexus in the brain of the human sub- ject are denied to be hydatids by pathologists, and are considered to be merely accidental distensions of the coats of the veins in the part ; I have however reason to believe that they are really Acephalocysts, as they develope gemmules, which are detached from the inner sur- face of the cysts. ‘These are very small and globular, varying some- what. in size, the largest being visible to the naked eye like little opake points ; their coats are transparent; they were most abundant upon that surface of the vesicle which was attached to the plexus; they existed in considerable numbers, and were readily detached from the parent vesicle. The larger cysts were in many instances attached to the vein, but did not communicate with its cavity. In some the external coat of the vein appeared to have been expanded to form them. The fluid which they contained was coagulated by alcohol. L.— Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower, and particu. ~ larly of the Ovarys in Plants with a free central Placenta. By M. Gavupicuaupt. Arter some remarks on the state of organogeny at the present time, M. Gaudichaud gives the following brief summary of the principles of that department of botanical science :— 1, All organization commences in the cell. 2, Every so-called appendicular organ of vegetation and fructification results from a cell endued with vitality. “3. The organized cell produces a bud of leaves, flowers or ovules. “4, All pre-exists in every such bud; no fresh organization is added to it, any more than to the cell. “5. The order of succession of the parts in the leaf- or flower- buds, as well as in the ovules, always takes place from the circum- ference to the centre. “ There are two great organic types in vascular vegetables, Mo- nocotyledons and Dicotyledons. In Monocotyledons the cells always become endued with vitality one after another, one by an- other, to produce distinct univascular individuals, which obey an organogenic law yet unknown. This law, which regulates the deviations and arrangements, produces what we call verticils. The + From a Report by M. Gaudichaud on a memoir of M. Duchartre bear- ing the above title, abstracted by A, Henfrey, F'.L.S., from the ‘ Comptes Rendus,’ Aug. 19, 1844, . 22 404: Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower. verticils in these vegetables have for type of arrangement the num- ber 3 and its multiples, and not the distichous alternation of the flabelliform organs, which should be their normal state. “In the Dicotyledons the cells also become vivified one after another, to produce bivascular or double individuals, and natu- rally have for their normal type opposite organs, that is, the number 2 and its multiples. However, this group presents all imaginable modifications in its verticils, among which the num- ber 5 predominates. “ It would be absurd, in my opinion, toimagine that, for stance, in Monocotyledons the organs originated in threes or sixes; or in Dicotyledons in threes, fours or fives, &c., arranged in more or less verticillated spirals: this is not the case. In Monocotyle- dons the organs are constantly simple, originating always one after another, becoming symmetrical in due time according to their peculiar organic laws, to be developed more or less directly together. In Dicotyledons the organs also originate separately, are constantly double, and are symmetrical in a special manner on account of this organic complexity. From the equality or in- equality of force of the individuals which they compose, result all the organic modifications which are observed in stems, flowers, fruits, and in all parts which compose them ; modifications which are commonly produced by deviation, mediate or immediate, grafting, complete or partial abortion of some of the phytons or their members. It will be seen that the mysteries of these abor- tions, &c. can only be explained when organogeny shall have unveiled the causes. We have not yet enough facts to generalize in a truly scientific manner, and prudence counsels us to wait. “ However, since the theory of the development of particular or- gans, produced by special cells, is not yet entirely demonstrated to the eyes of all savants ; since the organic modifications, internal and external, which cells experience in becoming animated and converted into distinct cellular systems or protophytes, always grafted from their origin, by their base and more or less by their sides, verticil by verticil, are yet far from being demonstrated or even known; we shall only here provisionally consider the floral verticils as concentric cellular systems, distinct and variously tu- berculated (mamelonnés), continuous one with another, but being formed or vivified one after another from the circumference to the centre, by defect or excess of the individual vitality of each verticil : this does not form one of our least arguments in favour of the theory of merithals.” These considerations, the whole responsibility of which the re- porter (M. Gaudichaud) personally takes, seemed necessary here as an introduction to the following report on M. Duchartre’s memoir. Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower. 405 “Several eminent botanists have been engaged for some years in the investigation of plants with a free central placenta, or in which the part which bears the ovules occupies the centre of the cavity of the ovary, without lateral attachments to its walls. Nevertheless this important question is not yet sufficiently set- tled; perhaps even, as M. Duchartre proceeds to prove, a wrong view of it is generally taken. This skilful botanist recollected that there was a safe means of deciding it in a positive manner, and that this means consisted, not in making multiplied observa- tions on nearly full-grown flowers, as had most frequently been done, but in going back to the first origin of the parts, and fol- lowing them in their formation and development; in a word, studying their organogeny. “ In fact, the advantage of this kind of research is easily under- stood, and what M. Schleiden says on the subject of the pistil may be applied to all the important parts of plants: ‘ The history of the development should be the sole guide, and it will conduct to a perfectly safe conclusion as soon as ever it 1s well understood in its generality.’ “One of the most remarkable investigations that have been made on free central placentas is that of M. A. de St. Hilaire. In this excellent memoir there occurs the following passage : ‘ If the placentas I have just described be observed before fecunda- tion, it will be found that they are surmounted by a pretty firm . filament, rather transparent, of a yellowish green colour, which penetrates the interior of the style; but, after the emission of the pollen, the ovules, beginning to increase in size, crowd round the filament, it breaks, and it is then only that the placenta becomes really free. The ovules, continumg to grow, cover the place which the filament occupied, and soon no vestige of it can be discovered.’ “The opinion of M. A. de St. Hilaire has been adopted by most botanists. Thus M. Endlicher, in the enumeration of the cha- racters of the family Primulacee, says: ‘ Placenta basilari globosa, sessilt vel substipitata, rarius columnart, primum filis arachnoideis cum vertice ovart coherente, mox libera.” Thus again, in the volume of the ‘ Prodromus’ which has just appeared, M. Duby assigns a like character to the placenta of this same family: ‘ Pla- centa centralt globosa, apice filo cum interna styli substantia con- tinua, mox libera’ ' “ By these citations it is seen, that in the most important works the central placenta of Primulacee is described as being at first attached by its superior extremity to the summit of the ovary or to the style, and only becoming really free at a later period and by the rupture of its threads of communication. “The author opposes this opinion, as well as that of Dr. Lindley, which appears to relate the organization of the placentas of Pri- 406 Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower. mulacea, to that of Caryophyllee ; he then enters upon the sub- ject, and successively describes the organogenic characters he has observed in fresh specimens of Primula veris, cultivated variety with simple flowers of Dodecatheon Meadia, Androsace lactea, A. jfiliformis, Cortusa Matthiol, Lysimachia Nummularia, L.nemorum, Lubinia spathulata, Anagallis platyphyllos, Samolus Valerandi; and in dried specimens of Hottonta palustris, Anagallis tenella, Glaus maritima and Lysimachia Ephemerum, “These plants presenting, with some slight modifications, the same characters, it will be easy to sum them up in a few words. « At its first appearance the flower of the Primulacee shows it- self in the form of a small globule, a little depressed, and entirely cellular. In this state it is embraced by the young bract, the axil of which it occupies. Very soon, towards the base of the nascent bud, a slight peripherical and continuous swelling is seen, the free border of which is speedily crimpled into five little fes- toons. This swelling is the nascent calyx, and the five little pro- cesses, the five organic sepals already soldered together. While the calycinal protuberance is making its appearance the young bud becomes a little enlarged, and five small rounded papille, alternating with the five sepals, are soon to be distinguished upon the upper part, now surrounded by the calyx. In.a short time these papillee become elevated, disengaged from the common base, and are to be distinguished as five small projecting bodies, rounded at the summit and sides, and slightly compressed within and without. These are easily recognised as the five stamens alternating with the divisions of the calyx, and consequently op- posite to those of the corolla. “ The bud therefore possesses in this young state two of its ver- ticils, the calyx and the male apparatus. The latter is already clearly enough marked, while nothing yet indicates there the ap- pearance of the corolla ; but from the time when the stamens are developed into little distinct bodies, if the calyx be removed, a slight swelling will easily be distinguished at their origin, on the outer side, which swelling follows the whole outline of their common base, and forms a well-marked projection outside each of them. The slight swelling is the nascent corolla, and the five little projections opposite to the stamens are the five organic pe- tals which compose it. : « About the time when the corollary protuberance shows itself on the exterior of the base of the young anthers, the female organ begins to manifest itself as a kind of continuous circular swelling, in the centre of which is perceived a small rounded papilla. The swelling is the first indication of the ovarian parietes, and the papilla the first sketch of the placenta. At this period the young pistil organizes and developes its two portions equally. “The peripheric swelling, rising more and more, quickly consti- On Chalecidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. 407 tutes a kind of little utricle with rather thick walls, truncated and open at the summit ; while the placenta, elongating and growing _ proportionally, forms a small ovoid body which exactly fills the cavity of this young ovary, but without exhibiting the slightest adhesion to its walls. In this state it resembles a young solitary ovule. “ A new modification now soon presents itself and becomes more and more marked. The little ovarian utricle contracts as it increases in length; thus its orifice in a short time becomes elevated to the summit of a little truncated cone, which is the commencement of the style. At the same time the young pla- centa is a little contracted towards its free extremity, so that its — form is now turbinated, and its point generally fills up the infe- rior opening of the styliferous canal. Its surface, which until then had remained smooth, quickly swells into little rounded papille which are the commencement of the ovules. These ovules in Dodecatheon, Primula and Cortusa are numerous and arranged spirally.” These facts, of which the commissioners (M. A. Brongniart, M. A. Richard and M. Gaudichaud) guarantee the exactness, sufficiently prove that m the Primulacce the placenta has a ba- silar origin; that it is developed as an internal verticil without any adhesion either to the walls or summit of the ovary ; that it is there isolated like the nucleus of an ovule, or rather like a ter- minal spine; this evidently proves the spiral arrangement of the ovules, and still better, a little terminal flower perfectly formed, observed by M. Duchartre in Cortusa Matthiolt. This important memo contains many delicate observations and curious facts, but as to give these would be to reproduce the memoir itself, the commissioners confine themselves to drawing attention to the capital fact of the free central placenta altogether independent of the walls and summit of the ovary, which is fully demonstrated, and to declaring that all M. Duchartre has de- scribed and figured is incontestably true. LI.—On the species of Chaleidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. By Francis Warxer, Esq., F.L.S. [Continued from p. 342.] Encyrtus Cleone, fem. Viridis, scutello cupreo, antennis pedibusque flavis, parapteris albis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long, lin. $; alar. lin, 13.) Body convex, bright green, minutely squameous: head large, transverse, slightly impressed in front, a little broader than the thorax: eyes round, red, rather large and prominent: ocelli form- 408 My. F. Walker on the species of Chalcidites ing a triangle on the vertex: antenne yellow, very slender, slightly increasing in breadth towards their tips, as long as the thorax; first joint very long and slender; second cyathiform ; third very minute, hardly visible ; fourth joint narrower than the second ; fifth and fol- lowing joints to the ninth successively increasing in breadth ; club fusiform, fulvous, a little broader than the ninth joint, and more than twice its length: thorax oval: prothorax transverse, extremely short, hardly visible above: scutum of the mesothorax large, broader than long; parapsides forming one segment with the scutum, their sutures not visible ; paraptera large, white ; axille triangular, narrow, almost meeting each other on the dorsum ; scutellum somewhat rhomboidal, cupreous, more shining than the scutum, narrower and abruptly de- cumbent behind where it forms a right angle: metathorax with the propodeon and podeon transverse, very short : abdomen bluish green, nearly round, much shorter and a little broader than the thorax ; metapodeon large ; octoon and following segments short : legs long, slender, pale yellow ; tips of the tarsi fulvous; mesopedes dilated as usual: wings long, white; nervures fulvous; humerus shorter than half the length of the wing; ulna none; radius very short; cubitus much longer than the radius; stigma small, emitting no branch. Found in the summer at Alten in Finmark. Entedon Epigonus, Monog. Chalciditum, i.112. Alten, Finmark. Amyite, Monog. Chal. i. 65. Alten, Finmark. Altadas, Monog. Chal.i. 70. Alten, Finmark. Horismenus Clinus, mas. Cupreus viridi varius, antennis nigris, pedibus viridibus, tarsis flavis, alis fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 13.) Body slender, convex, cupreous, tinged with green, shining : head and thorax finely punctured: head transverse, as broad as the tho- rax ; vertex rather broad; front slightly impressed: eyes of mode- rate size, not prominent: antenne 7-jointed, black, slightly seta- ceous, as long as the thorax; first joint long, stout, increasing in breadth from the base to the tip; second cyathiform, rather small ; third and following joints broader than the 2nd; ninth joint longer and narrower than the sixth, acuminate at the tip: thorax oval : pro- thorax transverse, very short: scutum of the mesothorax rather large ; sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other behind ; axille small, not conniving; scutellum obconical : metatho- rax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconical, declining: podeon short, stout : abdomen conical, depressed, smooth, not more than half the length of the thorax; metapodeon occupying rather less than half the dorsum; octoon and following segments to the telum very short: legs slender, green; trochanters, knees and _pro- tarsi fuscous ; mesotarsi and metatarsi yellow, their tips fuscous: wings slightly fuscous, dark beneath the ulna; nervures piceous ; humerus not more than one-third of the length of the wing; ulna longer than the humerus; radius very short ; cubitus a little shorter than the radius ; stigma small. Alten, Finmark. inhabiting the Arctic Region. 409 Omphale A‘tius, Entedon A®tius, Monog. Chal. i.78. Alten, Fin- mark. Euderus Amphis, Entedon Amphis, Monog. Chal. i.106. Alten, Finmark. Tetrastichus Tyrtieus, Cirrospilus Tyrtieus, Monog. Chal. i. 306. Alten and Hammerfest, Finmark. Tetrastichus Faucula, Cirrospilus Faucula, Monog. Chal. i. 310. Alten, Finmark. Tetrastichus Lachares, Cirrospilus Lachares, Monog. Chal. i. 309. Alten, Finmark. Tetrastichus Phineus, Cirrospilus Phineus, Monog. Chal. i. 303. Alten, Finmark. Tetrastichus Idothea, fem. Cyaneus @neo et viridi varius, abdomine cupreo aut purpureo, antennis nigris, pedibus fulvis piceo aut nigro cinctis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. #; alar. lin. 14.) Body slender: head and thorax convex, finely squameous: head transverse, blue, as broad as the thorax ; vertex broad, zneous-green ; front impressed: eyes of moderate size, not prominent: antennz black, slender, slightly setaceous, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender, slightly curved; second cyathiform ; fourth and follow- ing joints successively narrower: thorax elliptical: prothorax trans- verse, very short: scutum of the mesothorax broad, blue ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other ; scutellum obconic, eneous-green ; axille not complete: metathorax very short: propo- deon green, obconic, declining, of moderate size: podeon short: abdomen oval, cupreous, depressed above, slightly keeled beneath, rather shorter than the thorax ; metapodeon green, of moderate size ; octoon and following segments transverse, short: legs fulvous, slender ; coxe green; a broad piceous stripe across each thigh and tibia; tips of the tarsi piceous: wings limpid ; nervures fulvous ; ulna longer than the humerus ; radius very short ; cubitus rather longer than the radius ; stigma very small. Var. 8. Thighs black. Var. y. Thighs black : abdomen purple, its base eneous. Alten, Finmark. Diglyphus Chabrias, Cirrospilus Chabrias, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 451. Alten, Finmark. ; Aprostocetus Catius, Cirrospilus Catius, Monog. Chal. i. 323. Al- ten and Hammerfest, Finmark. Aprostocetus Anyta, Cirrospilus Anyta, dun. Nat. Hist. iii. 417. Hammerfest, Finmark. Dicladocerus Westwoodii, Eulophus Westwoodii, Monog. Chal. i. 157. Hammerfest, Finmark. Eulophus Eucrate, Monog. Chal. i. 176. Hammerfest, Finmark. Eulophus Idrieus, fem. Viridis, abdominis disco purpureo, antennis nigris, pedibus viridibus, tarsis flavis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 13.) Body slender, green, shining: head and thorax convex, finely squameous: head transverse, not quite so broad as the thorax; ver- 410 Prof. EK. Forbes on some Additions to the British Fauna. tex broad; front slightly impressed: eyes of moderate size, not pro- minent: ocelli disposed in a triangle on the vertex : antenne slender, subclavate, inserted near the mouth, shorter than the thorax; first joint long, slender, slightly curved ; second joint cyathiform ; third, fourth and fifth joints equal in size; club 2-jointed, conical, acumi- nate, longer than the fifth joint: thorax elliptical: prothorax trans- verse, very short: scutum of the mesothorax broad; sutures of the parapsides distinct ; axille not complete ; scutellum obconic; meta- thorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, declining, excavated lengthwise: podeon very short: abdomen oval, smooth, « depressed above, keeled beneath, much shorter and rather broader ’“than the thorax ; the disc purple ; metapodeon occupying about one- third of the dorsum; octoon and following segments to the telum transverse, short, nearly equal in size: legs green, slender; tro- chanters and protibie piceous ; knees fulvous ; mesotarsi and meta- tarsi yellow, their tips piceous : wings limpid; nervures pale yellow ; humerus rather short; ulna longer than the humerus; radius very Short; cubitus rather longer than the radius; stigma very small. _ Alten, Finmark. LIIl.—WNotice of some additions to the British Fauna discovered by Ropzrt MacAnprew, Esq., during the year 1844. By Professor Epwarp Forzes of King’s College, London. [ With a Plate.] Amone the many additions to the British Fauna laid before the Natural History Section of the British Association at York, some of the most interesting were exhibited by Mr. MacAndrew of Liverpool, who, though he has comparatively lately joined the ranks of Natural History, promises to do good service to British Marine Zoology. His researches have hitherto been conducted chiefly on the western coasts, especially among the Hebrides, where there is doubtless a fine field for discovery as yet but par- tially explored. He has entrusted to me the description of the following animals, which appear to be new to the natural history of our country. : Motuvsca. 1. Emarginula crassa, Sowerby, Min. Con. t. 33. This is the largest European species of its genus and the most beautiful. Hitherto it has been noticed only as fossil. The shell is ovate, about twice as long as high; the apex is subcentral and acute; the upper surface is sculptured by about \ forty radiating fasciculated ribs, each composed of four or five: smaller ones, reticulated by close furrows of growth. The notch is broad and occupies about one-fourth of the fissural ridge, which is arched, slightly elevated, longitudinally striated and regularly and closely squamated ; the internal cavity is smooth, and presents an elevated ridge with a central groove running from the sides Prof. E. Forbes on some Additions to the British Fauna, 411 of the notch to the apex. The inner margin is undulated and toothed, the deeper impressions marking the compound ribs, the smaller those which are simple. The colour is white. The di- mensions of the largest specimen are— Lonpthis vials ev eeea's 1 2, inch. Brendes peer eos S. OER. i Pw Fe are a Bare mee 05%. Apex to anterior margin .. 019. : Length of notch ........ 07;. A Fe Hh 4 The animal is white, and resembles that of the other Emargi-° nule. Mr. MacAndrew dredged this species in Loch Fine near Kast Loch Tarbet in 25 fathoms, also a single dead specimen off Skipnish near the entrance to Loch Fine. It would appear that Mr. Jeffreys had previously taken it in Loch Carron, and Mr. Alder procured it this year also on the west coast of Scotland... As a fossil it has long been known. It occurs earliest in the | coralline crag. The specimens from that deposit which I have ' seen are more conical and have fewer fasciculations in the ribs. In the red crag it also occurs, exactly resembling the recent ex- amples. Mr. Lyell has found it in the pleistocene beds of Opslo near Christiania, associated with Terebratula caput serpentis (with which it now lives in Loch Fine). His specimens exactly resemble those obtained by Mr. MacAndrew, some of them how- ever attaining a larger size, and being slightly broader in propor- tion to the length and a very little more convex in form. Their ribs are grouped in the same manner and as numerous. The inner surface of the shell is exactly similar. The sculpture is generally sharper, but this is also the case with the specimens of Emarginula fissura from the same locality, and depends on fossi- lization. The characters of the young shell, as exhibited by the apex of the fossil specimens and compared with the fossil ex- amples of H. fisswra, are evident and distinct, consisting in the greater length and more depressed form of the shell of LH. crassa, the obtuseness of the apex, the manner in which the ribs are grouped, and the greater proximity of the striz between them; also the greater breadth of the fissural groove and the consequent _ proportions of the slit. 1 mention these differences because Dr, Beck told Mr. Lyell that he regarded the two species as one. The Emarginula crassa would appear to be still living in the Scandinavian seas, as Mr, Cuming has recent specimens from Sweden. = I offer the following diagnosis as a summary of the essential characters :— Emarginula (crassa). Testa ovata, alba, convexa, costis longitudi- _412 Prof. E. Forbes on some Additions to the British Fauna. nalibus numerosis (40—48) fasciculatis, striis transversis approxi- matis cancellatis ; vertice subcentrali. 2. Eulima MacAndrei. Eulima testa elongata, conica, recta, levi, polita, lactea; anfrac- tibus 10—12, angustis, planis, ultimo subcarinato; apertura an- gulata, subquadrata ; columella recta. RONG o's OES O55. Breadth of last whorl...... Of. Length of aperture ...... Oz: This beautiful little shell differs from all its allies in the nar- \ rowness and number of its whorls. In shape it is elongated, straight and turrited; the whorls, which are ten or eleven in number, being very narrow in proportion to their length, flat, smooth, polished, and of a subpellucid white ; the aperture is half the length of the body-whorl, broad and somewhat square; the pilar-lip is quite straight, and forms a marked angle to the mouth. The last whorl is subcarinated. Its nearest ally is the Hulima Scille of Scacchi, a species found fossil m the phiocene tertiaries © of Sicily ; but the living shell has much narrower whorls, judging from the figure of the fossil given in the second volume of Phi- lippi’s Enumeratio, t. 24. f. 6. It was dredged in 12 fathoms water in Loch Fine. 3. Pleurotoma teres, Forbes in Reeve Conch. Icon. pl. xix. fig.161, and Report of the Cork Meeting of the British Association, p- 190. When dredging in the channel called the Minch, midway be- tween Skye and the mainland, in 40 fathoms water, "Mr. MacAn- drew procured a single specimen of a Pleurotoma which differs only in size (bemg larger) froma new species which I discovered on the coasts of Asia Minor, and which has been figured by Mr. Reeve. It is at once distinguished from all other British Pleu- rotome in the sculpture, the ribbing being spiral. It is a slender turrited shell of eight or nine terete, spirally ribbed whorls; the ribs are broad, rounded and smooth, the central ones having in- termediate smaller ones; a broad crenated furrow runs round the summit of each whorl, bounding the suture. The ribs are about twelve on the last whorl, four or five on the others. The notch is sutural, broad and deep. The canal is long and slightly curved. The aperture is as long as the upper whorl. The apex of the spire is acute. The colour is yellowish white. Dimensions :—Length ............ 008. 0 inch. Breadth co ee rece eerere 0-4. Length of last phorl: epee 145. Ppervare 6,055 14 GaAs Sa 07;- Prof. E. Forbes on some Additions to the British Fauna. 413 4. A large Natica, which, if not distinct from Natica monilifera, has at least claims to be ranked as a marked variety of that spe- cies. It inhabits deeper water than the usual form, having been met with in various depths from 12 to 50 fathoms (off the coast of Wales). It wants the usual spots and markings of monilifera, has the upper margin of the whorls, especially in the older spe- cimens, depressed or grooved, and above all is covered by an epidermis. In other characters however it so closely resembles N. moni- lifera, that an observation of the characters of the animal (which is of great specific importance in this genus) will be required be- pi we may pronounce with certainty on the specific value of the J orm. Nu Besides the above, Mr. MacAndrew has met with in the seas of the Hebrides the Cyprina triangularis of Montagu, the Chem- nitzia fulvocincta (Turritella, sp.) of Thompson, and the Pleuro- toma Boothu of Smith. The Pecten Landsburgi has also been met with by him in considerable numbers. It is the shell which Mr. Jeffreys named (but without a description) “ Pecten acu- leatus” in Sowerby’s ‘ Malacological Magazine.’ The Pecten tigerinus and the P. striatus of Muller appear to be identical with the two varieties of this species, and one of those names should be adopted for it on the ground of priority, as should Muller’s P. triradiatus for our obsoletus. It is to be regretted that Mr. Jeffreys, who has been a most successful and enter- prising collector of British Marme Testacea, does not make known from time to time his discoveries : describing such as are new, for mere names without descriptions cannot be admitted in any department of natural history, and only tend to confuse and mislead. ae | ECHINODERMATA. Mr. MacAndrew has taken in the Hebrides that remarkable creature, the Holothuria squamata of the ‘ Zoologia Danica,’ an animal which will probably form the type of a new genus. I have not yet had time to examine structurally the specimens which he has put into my hands, and content myself for the present with the bare announcement of this important addition to the list of Bri- tish animals. In a note from Mr. Alder, that gentleman informs me that it has also been taken on the Scottish coast during this summer by Mr. Jeffreys. ZOOPHYTA. Pavonaria quadrangularis. At the British Association I announced as new, under the name of Virgularia quadrangularis, a most remarkable Asteroid zoo- phyte dredged by Mr. MacAndrew on the west coast of Scotland. 414 Prof. E. Forbes on some Additions to the British Fauna. I had formed my opinion from the skeleton, but from a more careful examination of a fine specimen which had been taken alive, and which Mr. MacAndrew entrusted to my care to convey to the British. Museum, I have convimced myself that it is no other than the “ Pennatula quadrangularis”’ of Pallas, first dis- covered and described by Bohadsch, and hitherto unknown in the Atlantic. It forms the type of Cuvier’s genus Pavonaria. The specimen in question is a slender, flexible rod, no less than 2 feet 6 inches in length, and consists of an acutely quadrangular calcareous skeleton invested with animal matter, consisting of a general integument and three series of sessile but exserted polypes arranged unilaterally, the position of the ranges corresponding to three of the angles of the stem. The animal matter in the dried state is of a yellow colour and the skeleton white. It was taken both dead and alive in 20 fathoms water off the island of Kerrera near Oban, the bottom being mud, in which it doubtless stands erect after the manner of Virgularia. Before a fuller description can be drawn up, specimens must be examined in the living state or preserved in fluid. In the meantime I offer the following remarks on the history of the species. It was first described by Bohadsch in his interesting work ‘ De quibusdam animalibus marinis’ (1761), who states that he pro- cured it from the fishermen at Naples, who call it “ Penna del pesce pavone.”’ He describes his specimen as 2 feet 10 inches in length, although broken short. He gives a rude figure taken from a living specimen. He describes the skeleton as friable, “ex pasta veluti farinacea compactum videtur.”....“ Os hocce quadra- tum, candidum, membrana lutescens, falso sapore donata imme- diate investit, quam cutis coriacea dimidiam circiter lineam crassa undique circumdat. Inter utramque membranam in vivo animali quemdam humorem continerit, atque formam totius Penne cylin- dricam esse opinor, et quidem ex eo, quod Penne rubra, &c. mor- tuce et exsiccate truncus quoque aliter configuratus sit, quam im Penna viva observetur” (p.112). He states that the polypes have eight white, not very prominent tentacula, and are arranged on three sides of the trunk. In 1766 Pallas gave a diagnosis of this zoophyte under the appropriate name of Pennatula quadrangularis in his ‘ Elenchus Zoophytorum,’ adding the remark, “vidi fere bi- edale.” Subsequent authors seem to have described it at second fst Ellis gave a copy of Bohadsch’s figure in the 53rd volume of the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ as “ Dr. Bohadsch’s sea pen, called the pen of the peacock fish” (t. 20. fig. 7, 8). In the work of Solander and Ellis it is recorded as Pennatula antennina, as also in Gmelin. Lamarck made it a species of his genus Fu- niculina, an assemblage of three dissimilar zoophytes, styling it Funiculina tetragona, Cuvier constituted the genus Pavonaria Mr. E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. 415 for its reception. De Biainville atigpties the genus, modifying the character as follows :— “ Animals polypiform, saniip, not retractile, provided with eight pinnated tentacula, arranged quincuncially on one side only of the posterior half of a free, regular, quadrangular and much elongated rachis.” (Actinologie, p. 516.) This genus appears well-founded, and the species will accord- ingly stand as Pavonaria quadrangularis (sp.), Pallas. In Loch Fine Mr. MacAndrew dredged a fine specimen of the remarkable and rare zoophyte known to British naturalists as “ Zoanthus Couchii.”’ It has not hitherto, as far as I am aware, been noticed on the Scottish coasts. All the above-mentioned animals were exhibited to the Natural History Section at York. It is very desirable, since most of the naturalists engaged in the investigation of the indigenous fauna and flora are members of the British Association, that from year to year new and rare forms of British animals and plants should be brought forward at the annual meetings of that body, and so be rendered familiar to ma a who might not otherwise have an op- portunity of examining them. The chief interest of the Section will always depend on the meeting of the practical investigators of the zoology and botany of the British Islands, and of the sta- tistics of natural history, with those naturalists whose attention is directed to the philosophy of the science and to the investigation of structural and physiological questions. This has been the cha- racter of the Section during the last two meetings, and promises . happily to be permanent and to be the means of elevating the reputation of this department of British science among our con- tinental brethren, who a few years ago were not much inclined to admit the probability of our going ahead in the higher branches of biological science. The more suggestive the character of the meetings of Section D. is rendered, and the less there is of frivo- lous disputes as to who first named this species or who named Pi without reference to structure, habits, law and locality, the etter. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. UPPER FIGURES. 1, Emarginula crassa. 2. Eulima MacAndrei. 3. Pleurctoma teres. LIII.—Descripiions of some new Species of Butterflies in the Col- lection of the British Museum. By Epwarp Dovsiepay, Esq., F.L.8. Genus Papriiio. Bi Photinus. Alis omnibus nigris, ceeruleo-micantibus, posticis den- ~ tatis, serie duplici macularumn chermesinarum, ciliis omnibus alho- maculatis, Lxpans. alar, 34 unc, Above,—Anterior wings black, the apex fuscous, the disc and -” 416 Mr. E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. inner margin with blue and green reflections. Posterior wings dentate, the third tooth prolonged into a short tail, the whole surface with brilliant blue and green reflections. Beyond the discoidal cell is a series of six crimson, rather rounded spots, the first, second and fifth smaller than the others, followed by a se- cond series of markings of the same colour, of which the first is quadrate, the four others lunulate. Cilia of all the wings spotted with white. : Below.—Anterior wings olivaceous, the disc fuscous. Poste- rior wings greenish olive, with the crimson markings nearly as above, but slightly bordered with black, and in addition two crimson streaks at the anal angle bounding a fuscous spot. Head black, palpi crimson, thorax and abdomen black, the sides below spotted with red. Female fuscous, the markings on the posterior wings larger and paler, a.long dull red spot at the anal angle. From the west coast of America, probably Mexico. P. Pyrochles. Alis omnibus nigris anticis olivaceo-micantibus, ma- cula trigona glauca, posticis maculis tribus coccineis, splendide opalescentibus. Exp. alar. 34 unc. Above.—Anterior wings black, glossed with shining olive, marked on the mner margin near the base with a trigonate glaucous spot not quite attaining the discoidal cell. Posterior wings deep black, with three brilliantly opalescent crimson spots between the branches of the median nervures, of which the outer is rounded, the others much larger and oval. All the cilia spotted with white. Below.—F uscous, anterior wings with a few glaucous scales between the second and third branches of the median nervure. Posterior wings with the same marking as above, but of a pink- ish white crimson posteriorly, and between these and the anal a large pale and a small deeper red spot. Head black, palpi crimson, thorax and abdomen black, the sides below spotted with crimson. From 8 Fé de Bogota. , P. Cymochles. Alis anticis fuscis, basi nigris macula magna glauca in qua macule due albz ; posticis nigris, macula palmata coccinea perpulchre opalescente. Exp. alar. vix 3 unc. Anterior wings fuscous, the base and inner margin black, marked with a large trigonate glaucous spot extending to the dis- coidal cell, marked at its upper angle with a dull white spot di- vided into two by the second branch of the median nervure. Pos- terior wings black, brilliantly shaded with blue along the abdo- minal fold, marked on the disc with a palmate crimson opalescent spot divided into six portions by the nervures, one small within Mr. E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. 417 the cell, four others resting on the branches of the median and on the radial nervure, the outer of these small, the others succes- sively larger, except the last, which is almost linear. Cilia all spotted with white. Head black, palpi and occiput red. Thorax black, with a red collar below spotted with red. Abdomen fuscous, two spots on each side near the base, and margin of last segment below red. From Trinidad. P. Mezentius. Alis omnibus nigris fascia communi maculari albida, posticis dentatis, caudatis, maculis discoidalibus, lunulisque mar- ginalibus rufis, Exp, alar. 4 unc. Above.—Anterior wings black, with a narrow macular whitish band commencing indistinctly upon the costa, traversing these wings pen epee beyond the discoidal cell, and terminating on the disc of the posterior wings, where the last spot is divided into three parts by the disco-cellular and the last branch of the me- dian nervure. Posterior wings black, sprinkled beyond the mid- dle with a few bluish scales, deeply dentate, the third tooth from the anal angle prolonged into a long spatulate tail, marked, in addition to the white fascia, with three somewhat rose-coloured spots placed transversely between the abdominal margin and the termination of the macular band, which is here slightly tinted with rose-colour. Beyond these are three lunules of the same colour, one above the anal angle, the others close to the margin, between the first, second and third branches of the median ner- vure, succeeded by two sigmoid red spots, and near the anal angle by a whitish one. Anal angle itself red. Cilia white, except at the extremity of the dentations. Below paler than above, and in addition to the markings of the upper surface there is a narrow white line near the outer margin of the anterior wings, extending from the fourth branch of the median nervure to the anal angle, and on the posterior wings an indistinct macular flexuous white band preceding the marginal series of lunules and spots. Head black; palpi yellow; thorax black, spotted below with yellowish ; abdomen fuscous, with a yellowish lateral line. From the west coast of America (probably of New Granada or the Ecuador). Closely allied to P. Pevtorides but may be easily known from it as the macular white band begins nearer the apex of the anterior wings, crosses the wing at some distance beyond the discoidal cell, and is continued nearly in a direct line to the disc of the posterior wings, only a slight portion being within the discoidal cell. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. 2F 418 Mr. E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. P. Victorinus. Alis omnibus supra nigro-olivaceis, apice fuscis, serie duplici macularum flavarum, subtus, maculis posticarum rufis. Exp. alar. 5 unc. Anterior wings above black, tinged with olive, the posterior margin with a series of eight rounded yellow spots, the first in- distinct, the last double, preceded by a curved series of yellow spots, interrupted opposite the discoidal cell, composed of a lon-— gitudinal streak on the costa, three rounded spots between the branches of the median nervure followed by a lunular, and on the inner margin by an elongate one, all of a yellowish colour. Posterior wings dentate olive-green, with a series of seven rounded spots beyond the discoidal cell, followed near the margin by a series of six lunules, and at the outer a round spot all yellow ; cilia spotted with white. Below.—All the wings, the anterior with the disc fuscous, the outer series of spots vanishing towards the apex, the inner series more marked than above, with two additional spots opposite the discoidal cell, in which is a large yellow spot divided by a longi- tudinal black line. Posterior wings with the spots and lunules red, the inner series smaller than above and edged with black. Head black, orbits behind and base of palpi yellow. Thorax black, with a yellow spot on each side above anteriorly. Abdo- men fuscous. From the west coast of America. This species is closely allied to P. Cleotas, Grayi, and Phaéton, Boisd. Genus Eurerre. Eut. Hylonome. Alis omnibus nigris, anticis supra fascia transversa alba, posticis subtus pallide roseis nigro striatis. Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 lin. Above.—Smoky black, anterior wings with a transverse fascia near the middle divided by the nervures, not reaching either the costa or inner margin. Below.—The anterior wings are marked as above, the poste- rior are more coloured at base, paler towards the apex, the ner- vures and a vitta between each two nervures black, the black predominating on the margin and just beyond the discoidal cell. Head, thorax and abdomen black. From S$ Fé de Bogota. Genus Lepratis. , Lept. Cyra, Alis omnibus nigris, anticis vitta longitudinali, fasciaque transversa flava, posticis vitta discoidali flava. Exp. alar. 1} unc. Above.—Anterior wings black, with a curved longitudinal pale yellow vitta beginning at the base and terminating not far from Mr. E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. 419 the anal angle, and a rather broad transverse band of the same colour beginning on the costa beyond the discoidal cell and ter- minating near the middle of the outer margin. Posterior wings black, the dise traversed by a broad pale yellow vitta which ex- tends from the base nearly to the outer angle ; the costa is of a neutral tint, furnished in the males with a long tuft of hair as in the Heliconians. Below.—All the wings black, the markings as above, with the addition of a marginal series of small white spots, preceded by a narrow ferruginous line broken on the anterior wings. The base of the posterior wings has a yellow vitta on the costa. Head black ; thorax above ferruginous, below black ; abdomen above black, below yellow. Lept. Eunoé. Alis anticis falcatis nigro-fuscis, vittis duabus basali- bus longitudinalibus maculaque bifida aurantiacis, fasciis duabus macularibus obliquis apiceque flavis, posticis aurantiacis fimbria lata nigro-fusca maculis tribus apicalibus flavis. Exp. alar. 3 unc. Anterior wings falcate, the base with a longitudinal orange vitta in the cell and a narrower one on the inner margin, at the extremity of which is a spot bifid anteriorly, of the same colour. Beyond there is a transverse yellow macular band, composed of five spots surrounding a square black patch placed on the disco- cellular nervure and of a large oval spot beyond. This band is followed by another, composed of a spot on the costa divided into three parts by the nervures, and of two approximating oval ones beneath it. The apex itself is yellow with the nervures fus- cous. The outer margin is tinged with brown. Posterior wings large, orange, with a broad fuscous fimbria shading to brown on the margin itself, and marked at the apex with three yellow spots. Below.—Anterior wings nearly as above but paler, the two vitte and the orange spot confounded together ; the apex with some small white clouds. Posterior wings brown, the disc clouded with yellow, the posterior margin, especially towards the apex, freckled or clouded with white. Head and thorax grayish ; abdomen fuscous above, beneath yellowish. From Mexico. Collected by M. Th. Hartweg. Lept. Praxinoé. Alis anticis faleatis fuscis, vittis tribus basalibus longitudinalibus aurantiacis, fascia obliqua maculari aurantiaca al- teraque flava, posticis umbrino, nigro, aurantiacoque vittatis, Exp. alar. 3 unc. Anterior wings falcate, fuscous, paler towards the outer margin ; the base with three longitudinal orange vitte, one on the costa, one on the inner margin, the intermediate one extending along both sides of the median nervure a little beyond its first branch, 22 420 Mr. E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. and occupying a large portion of the space between the first and second branches nearly to the anal angle. Beyond the discoidal cell is an oblique fascia composed of a long orange spot divided by the nervures, preceded by a quadrate and followed by an ob- long spot, partly orange, partly yellow. Between this and the apex is a second macular band composed of a quadrate spot on the costa, two large oval ones and a small rounded one near the outer margin. Posterior wings elongate-oval, the costa and pos- terior margins brown, the disc orange, bordered above and below by a black vitta ; these vittz unite at the apex so as to inclose the orange entirely. Base of the wing with a small yellow dash. Below.—The anterior wings are marked as above, but are broadly umber-coloured towards the apex, where there are a few white freckles. The posterior wings are umber-coloured, with an imperfect yellow vitta below the cell, followed by some dark clouds ; apex with indistinct fuscous and yellow clouds and irre- gular white freckles. Head black ; antenne pale ; thorax and abdomen above black. From Mexico. Collected by M. Th. Hartweg. Lept. Medora. Alis omnibus nigris, anticis emarginatis, fascia trans- versa, maculis duabus apicalibus, alteraque marginis interioris flavis, posticis disco flavo. Exp. alar. 24 unc. Above.—Anterior wings slightly emarginate near the anal angle, black with a transverse yellow band beyond the discoidal cell, commencing on the costa and extending nearly to the anal angle, between which and the apex are two rather rounded yel- low spots placed transversely, the anterior the smaller, and on the inner margin, beyond the middle, a short dash of the same co- lour. Posterior wings broad with the dise yellow, the abdominal and outer margins broadly black ; the costa of a satiny ash-colour, marked with a large chalky-white spot. Below.—All the wings yellow, with a large brown spot near the middle of the costa, and a transverse band of the same co- lour extending from the costa to the outer margin; the mner margin broadly satiny-ash with a large chalky-white spot, corre- sponding to the markings on the costa of the posterior wings above. Posterior wings yellow, with a large irregular brown patch beyond the middle, a smaller one of the same colour near the outer angle, and an indistinct narrow brown band extending from the abdominal margin near the anal angle towards the middle of the wing. : Head gray ; thorax and abdomen above black, beneath gray. From 8 Fé de Bogota. This species, with every other character of the true Leptalides, has apparently the discoidal cell of the anterior wings open. Mr, E. Doubleday on some new species of Butterflies. 421 Genus Pieris. Pi. Marana. Alis omnibus supra albis, marginibus late nigris, sub- tus nigro-brunneis anticis fascia obliqua, margine interiori late albis, posticis vittis duabus latis albis, duabusque angustis rufis. Exp. alar. 2 unc. Above.—Male with the anterior wings white, the outer margin with a broad dentate black border, the costa narrowly black ; posterior wings white, with a black border of nearly uniform width, not distinctly defined. | Below.—The anterior wings fuscous, with a large white patch occupying nearly the whole of the inner margin and extending into the cell. Immediately beyond the cell is an oblique white band commencing close to the costa and terminating in a point near the middle of the outer margin. ~ Posterior wings fuscous, the base occupied by a broad white band; a similar band com- mences on the inner margin about the middle and terminates in a point without reaching the outer angle. This band is preceded by a ferruginous streak extending from the inner margin across the discoidal cell, and on the costa at the base is a streak of the same colour. at Female above fuscous, the markings nearly as on the lower surface of the male, but the red streaks are wanting, and the black of the outer margin extends more along the inner margin of the anterior wings, and the white bands of the posterior are rather narrower. ‘The under surface resembles the upper, but is rather paler, and has the same red streaks as in the male, with the addition of a red cloud at the inner and outer angles. Head, thorax and abdomen above black, below whitish. From the west coast of America, probably Guayaquil. Closely allied to P. Amathonie, but much sinaller. Pi. Chione. Alis omnibus supra margaritaceo-albis, anticarum apice. fusco, subtus anticis margaritaceo-albis, posticis flavescentibus, omnibus margine exteriori flavo corticinoque vario. Above of a beautiful pearly-white, the apex of the anterior wings narrowly fuscous, the apex of the posterior with two fus- cous spots. Below.—The anterior wings are pearly-white, the base and costa slightly tinted with yellow, the outer margin varied with yellow light ground and pearl-coloured clouds. Posterior wings very pale yellow, with a black streak on the disco-cellular nervure, the margin broadly clouded with the same colour as that of the anterior wings, the brown extending nearly to the cell. Head, thorax and abdomen white. From Sierra Leone. Closely allied to P. Pharis. 422 . Mr. A. White on some new Insects from China LIV.—Descriptions of some new species of Coleoptera and Ho- moptera from China. By Apam Wurte, Esq., M.E.S, Lond. and France, In a small collection of insects sent to the British Museum by John Bowring, Esq., and collected by him in the island of Hong Kong, occur the species described below. In a letter Mr. Bow- ring remarks: “I have been much surprised at finding that there is so great a difference between the insects on this island and those on Macao Peninsula, a difference for which it is difficult to account, in places so close to each other (Macao is only 40 miles off). The climate here is certainly damper, and the character of the land much more rocky and clayey. Macao is chiefly a sandy soil.” Cicindela posticalis——A species nearly allied to Cic. analis, Fabr., from which it may be distinguished by ity thorax being more globular; the elytra want the depression about the middle, which gives to analis a velvety-like mark on that part ; in this the terminal segments of the abdomen, instead of being rufous, are of a deep blackish blue; in other respects it resembles C. oan | Fabr., of which it may prove a local variety. Length 63 ines. Hab. Hong Kong ; John Bowring, Esq. Tricondyla pulchripes——Of a deep black, the elytra with a greenish bronzed tinge. Head smooth, the peduncles from which the eyes project with several fine strie. Thorax considerably elongated, with a faint impressed line down the middle and an arched line on each side; between the arched lines are many fine but very distinct slightly waved transverse lines which run into each other; the sides of the thorax are quite smooth. Elytra punctured at the end, at the base rugose, and about the middle transversely but irregularly lineated, with deep dots in the lines, which give these parts the ap- pearance of being scaled. Legs, especially the femora which are more lightly co- loured, with a fine purplish tinge. Length 8 lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, Esq., who sent me the sketch. Helluo (Acanthogenius) asteriscus.—Head, thorax and elytra deeply punctured, rather hairy, and with the legs of an obscure pitchy black; the large labrum is smooth and polished. lytra with nine strize, the interval between the eighth and ninth having a row of large papillated points; third, fourth, fifth, sixth and Mr. A. White on some new Insects from China. 423 seventh intervals of strize with a yellow spot about the middle, that on the fifth elongated. Length 6} lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, Esq. This makes the tenth species of the subgenus Acanthogenius characterized by M. Reiche in the ‘ Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France,’ 1842, p. 334. Sisyphus Bowringit.—A very striking species, at once distin- guished by a long, slightly bent, bluntish spine attached to the coxa of the hind-leg, if it be not an elongation of the coxa itself ; it is equal to the femur in length. This spine is slightly compressed, thickest at the base ; about the middle it suddenly begins to be attenuated to the end, which is somewhat flat- tened and bent. Head in front slightly sinuated and notched on each side of the clypeus. Thorax very convex, in front angled, the sides com- pressed and ridged above, the surface above seemingly rough ~ with short, somewhat distant bristly hairs, each proceeding from a round smoothish spot. Elytra with seven longitudinal, smooth, chain-like impressed lines on each; two rows of distant short bristles between each line. Anterior tibic with three strong bent teeth on the outer edge. Femora of middle pair of legs with a bluntish tooth on the inside near the base. Femora of hind-legs most dilated a little beyond the middle ; tibize of same pair much bent (a male) and slightly serrated inside near the end; an ele- vated subserrated ridge on each side; the different ridges, espe- cially those behind, furnished with reddish hairs. The whole insect is of a slightly greenish bronzed brown, the legs most clear. Length to the end of body 53 lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, ‘Esq. I have much pleasure in naming this fine species after Mr. Bowring, who promises to extend very much our acquaintance with the insects of China. Onthophagus bifurcalis —Head with a long flat ascending ap- pendage proceeding from about the middle and deeply forked at the end, with slightly diverging prongs, and when the head is raised nearly approaching the thoracic projection, which at the end is depressed, dilated and notched, the back of it grooved ; the thorax behind has a very distinct dorsal groove, in front, at the base of the projection, bulging and not hollowed out as in O. mergacerus, Hope ; thorax finely punctated and of a deep brown with greenish and purplish reflections. Elytra of a yellowish brown, ribbed, three of the costze somewhat elevated, the inter- hneations punctate, in some specimens the dots scarcely visible ; clypeus and legs pitchy brown ; tibiz of fore-legs with four strong teeth, the hind one obsolete; femora of fore-legs margined with 424 Mr. A. White on some new Insects from China. hairs, intermediate and hind-legs bare ; tarsi of hind-legs with two double spines behind about the middle(¢). Length 53 lines. Hab. Hong Kong ; John Bowring, Esq. A species near the O. mergacerus, Hope, Gray’s Zool. Misc. p.22. Onthophagus taurinus—Head punctate, purplish brown, shi- ning, in front somewhat pointed and turned up, behind the eyes on each side dilated into a slightly curved horn projecting out- wardly. Thorax thickly punctured, greenish brown, slightly glossy ; sides in front yellowish, m the middle in front narrowly hollowed out, the sides of the hollowed part pinched up. LElytra costate, at the base yellowish, and four of the coste yellowish, this colour being continued to the tip: podex yellow. Legs of a pitchy yellow, more or less hairy. Tibiz of fore-legs with four blunt teeth, the hind tooth obsolete; tibize of hind-legs scarcely toothed behind. Length 32 lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, Esq. Onthophagus suturalis—Head smooth, in front blunt and slightly turned up, in the middle behind with a dilated ap- pendage suddenly attenuated about the middle and bluntish at the end. Thorax closely punctate, of a greenish bronzed brown ; in the middle in front slightly excavated ; the sides of the hollowed part above project slightly and forma small knob ; thorax behind m the middle longitudimally impressed. LElytra yellow, suture black, a transverse wide black band imterrupted in the middle, the lateral part of the band emitting a narrow black line which falls into the base at the middle: podex bronzy brown. Legs obscure, more or less hairy. Length 34 lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, Esq. | Hoplia squamacea.—Head, thorax, elytra and podex covered with pale yellow shining scales ; under side of body covered with similar but somewhat paler scales, those on the side with a pink- ish hue. Legs ferruginous with several hoary scales and hairs. Length 3% lines. Hab. Hong Kong; J. Bowring, Esq. A species near the Ne- palese Hoplia squamigera, Hope, in Gray’s Zool. Misc, p. 24. Hoplia elegantula.—Covered with ochrey-coloured scales of dif- ferent hues mixed with hairs. Labrum of a dark pitchy brown. Scales on the head of a pale yellow. Thorax on the middle with two widish nearly parallel limes of a darker hue than the rest of the thorax, as are a large clouded spot on the basal half of each elytron, and a large irregular but well-defined mark between that and the tip; the hairs on the elytra run in six or seven longitu- dinal lines. Under side of body covered with very pale yellow scales, but devoid of hairs. Legs ferruginous with greenish scales and hoary hairs. Length 3 lines. Hab. Hong Kong; J. Bowring, Esq. Adoretus eribratus.—Pale hrown, slightly metallescent, La- Mr. A, White on some new Insects from China. 425 brum with a very distinct transverse keel. Elytra very indistinctly ribbed, and with the head and thorax covered with minute punc- tures, some of them confluent ; grayish hairs proceed from each dot. Length 5; lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, Esq. A species near the A, boops and ranunculus, described by Burmeister in his ‘ Hand- buch,’ iv. 474. Saperda (Isoscelis) nigriceps.—Fulvous. Head, antenne and end of abdomen black. Head fulvous behind, a narrow smooth line running down the middle and terminating before the fore- head, the other parts closely punctured. LElytra with six lines of large punctures, the end blackish and abruptly cut off, the sutural angle almost spiniform. Legs and under parts entirely fulvous. Length 7% lines. Hab. Hong Kong ; John Bowring, Esq. This comes near the Saperda seminigra, Chevrolat, from the Philippine Islands, described in the ‘ Rev. Zool. Cuv., and be- longs to the genus Jsoscelis of Newman, ‘ Entom.’ p. 319. The Saperda elongata, Hope, from Nepal, is closely allied to it. Podontia lutea, De}. Cat. 419 ; Chrys. lutea, Oliv. ; P. grandis, Grond. Dalm. Eph. Ent. i. 23. Hab. Hong Kong; J. Bowring, Esq. Platycorynus bifasciatus, De}. Cat. p. 487; Humolpus bif., Oliv. Col. t. 1. £.5. vol. vi. p. 900. no. 7. Hab. Hong Kong ; J. Bowring, Esq. Homorrera. Fulgora (Pyrops) Lathburii, Karby, Linn. Trans. xii. 450; Guérin, Icon. R. A. t. 58. f. 2. Hab. Hong Kong ; John Bowring, Esq. Note on Fulgora candelaria:—Mr. Bowring, in the letter from which I have quoted before, remarks: “I have been keeping a number of Mulgore to endeavour to find out if there were any truth in the commonly received idea, that they emit light at night or in the dark. The insect is very common here; I have seen as many as a score in an evening ; but though I have brought many of them home, I have not been able to discover any luminous pro- perty in them. It would not perhaps be right to say that they do not possess it because I have not seen it, as one well-authen- ticated case would prove the contrary, though in a thousand others no light may have been observed. I find that they become very active and restless towards night-fall, and they fly much better than would be expected from their somewhat clumsy shape. If the rostrum be crushed or bent it soon recovers its original shape, —if the insect be alive I mean.” _ Luprorsis.—Head with its prolongation longer than wide, in front of the eyes parallel and as wide as the thorax, then 426 Mr. A. White on some new Insects from China. gradually curved to the tip, which is somewhat obtuse ; ocelli on the same line with the front of the eyes, and rather more distant from each other than they are from the eyes. Eyes large, but not very prominent ; prolongation hollowed out beneath, with a spear- shaped elevated ridge running down the middle, the base of which, on the face between the eyes, is hollowed out. Antenne spring from a depression in front of the eyes beneath, 3-jointed, the ter- minal joint ending in a longish bristle. Thorax rounded in front, very deeply notched behind, the posterior angles truncato-rotun- date. Hemelytra with many inclosed cells at the end, the ner- vures strong. Body elongated, beneath margined. Tibi of hind- legs not dilated, serrated behind. A genus closely allied to Ledra. : The species (LZ. Cancroma) is of a dingy yellowish brown, under side of head pitchy brown; legs and antennze yellowish ; head covered with small papille; thorax and hemelytra thickly punc- tured. Length 8 lines. Hab. Hong Kong ; John Bowring, Esq. Mr. Bowring has sent two species of Cercopis; one of these is very common in collections from China, but seems to be hi- therto undescribed. Cercopis heros, Fabry. Syst. Rhyng. 89. 3. Hab. Hong Kong. _ Cercopis bispecularis.—Of a lively red ; thorax in front for the width of the head black, two large spots on the back also black. Hemelytra with two wide irregular transverse bands and the whole of the tip black, the under side of the thorax is blackish. Length 7 lines. Hab. Hong Kong; John Bowring, Esq. Two species of Cicada are in the collection from Hong Kong: one of these is Cicada (Huechys) sanguinea, DeGeer, Mém. ii. t. 33. f.17; Serville and Amyot, Hemipt. p. 465. Tettigonia sanguinolenta, Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. 42. 46. Hab. Hong Kong.—The other I call Cicada (Mogannia) nasalis.—Head, thorax and. body covered with fine silky yellowish brown hairs, most abundant on the up- per side. Near the base of the hemelytra there is a broad. trans- verse band (widest interiorly) of a glossy yellowish hue, darker on the edges, the veins greenish, base and tip quite clear. Wings with the veins obscure, the inner edge reddish. Prothorax with two large rounded spots, one on each side; the margin and a line through each spot deeply impressed. Tibize of the hind-legs hairy behind, with three longish spines on the apical half. Length 103 lines. Hab. Hong Kong ; John Bowring, Esq. A species quite distinct from the Mogannia illustrata, Serville and Amyot, Hemipt, p. 467, t. 9. £. 4. Bibliographical Notices. 427 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. A History of British Ferns and Allied Plants. By Edward Newman, F.L.S., Z.S., &c. S8vo. London: J. Van Voorst, 1844. WE had delayed noticing this elaborate work in the hope of having had it in our power to study some of the controverted plants de- scribed in it in their native localities ; as however fortune has not favoured us in that respect, not having seen those which we most desired to investigate during any portion of an extensive summer tour, we are compelled to sit down with dried specimens alone be- fore us to examine, with their aid and that of our previous observa- tion, into the correctness of the conclusions at which Mr. Newman has arrived. Before however we commence, it is a great gratification to have it in our power most cordially to recommend the work to all those who desire to obtain a knowledge of British Ferns, as one which, in accuracy of observation, elaborateness and clearness of de- scription, and beauty-of illustration, does not possess its equal. The numerous and considerable changes in nomenclature and in the rank awarded to many of our ferns in Mr. Newman’s former work under the above title, and the very considerable alteration which he has again made in those respects in that now before us, which differs so much from its predecessor as deservedly to claim to be considered as a distinct work rather than an edition, have rendered it difficult and somewhat presumptuous in us to venture an opinion upon them ; as however we learn that such a review is expected, and editors are always supposed to know all about whatever may come under their critical eye, and that we feel that we really do know something concerning the subject now under consideration, we shall proceed boldly to the examination of the contents of Mr. Newman’s book in the order in which he has arrariged them. It seems to us that such a review is far more desirable in the present case than a connected dissertation upon our native ferns, such as has been sug- gested to us, than in short a history of British ferns by us, and not an examination of that by Mr. Newman. We commenee with the Hquisetacee, including the genus Hquise- tum alone, where two difficult questions occur: first, as to the di- stinctness of the plants named hyemale, Mackaii (elongatum, Hook.), and variegatum ; and secondly, concerning the nomenclature of the other species. On the former of these subjects Mr. Newman has collected together an immense mass of evidence, and we think that he has clearly shown that three at least are distinct species. It is nevertheless very difficult to draw up such a character upon paper as shall always suffice for their discrimination, most if not all their distinctions being liable to considerable variation, and probably the colour of the sheaths is that upon which most reliance may be placed. ‘The shape of the teeth which terminate the sheaths is far from constant. Our author has clearly shown that KF. Mackaii (Newm.) is not the same as H. elongatum (Willd.), a plant apparently identical with the H. ramosissimum (Desf.), and has therefore con- 428 Bibliographical Notices. ferred a newname upon the Irish species in compliment to Mr. Mackay, the distinguished investigator of Irish botany, whom he had been led to consider as its original discoverer ; it now however appears that it was detected by the late Mr. Templeton long previously to its at- tracting the notice of Messrs. Whitla and Mackay, and ought there- fore, according to the rules for correct nomenclature, to be called Mackaiana in place of Mackaii. It should however be observed that Vaucher, although quoting Willdenow’s E. elongatum as a probable synonym of HL, ramosissimum (Desf.), in which doubtless he is cor- rect as far as the European localities are concerned, describes and figures another species as EZ. elongatum (Willd.), to which he refers the extra-European stations recorded by that botanist. This latter plant very closely resembles #. Mackaii, and is perhaps what Sir W. J. Hooker had in view when conferring the name of LZ. elongatum upon the Irish specimens ; it is however quite distinct, as may be seen by comparing Vaucher’s description and figure with our plant. We suspect that several species will ultimately be found to be included under the name of H. variegatum, although sufficient data have not as yet been obtained to allow of their separation upon paper. The upright aquatic plant which has now been observed in many places presents a very different appearance from the prostrate inhabitant of loose and dry sands, and Mr. Moore has found them to continue distinct in that respect,.even when cultivated in a precisely similar manner. It would appear that the name of rariegatum belongs by right to the plant of freshwater marshes, having been first employed for a described plant by Weber and Mohr in 1807. If our sea-shore plant, the #. variegatum of Smith, should prove distinct, the excellent name of arenarium is already provided for it. There is still another plant which may ultimately be separated from this species which was found by Mr. W. Wilson in the lake at Mucruss near Killarney ; this is upright, tall and stout, has a much smoother stem, and ap- parently a differently shaped internal hollow. We have not seen it, but should it prove distinct from the true H. variegatum of fresh water, it will justly claim the appellation of H. Wilsoni conferred upon it by Mr, Newman. } | Concerning the specific distinctness of the remaining species of Equisetum there appears to be no difference of opinion; not so upon their names. The Z. limosum of English authors is called fluviatile by Newman, considering the limosum and fluviatile of Linnzus as only varieties of the same species, and in this he is borne out by the Linnean herbarium. Indeed we have no doubt that the H. limosum (Sm.) is the original H. fluviatile (Linn.), but it seems equally cer- tain that Linneeus afterwards included #. Telmateia (Ehrh.) under that name, for he says (Mant. ii. 504) of EH. fluviatile, ‘ caules fio- riferi a sterilibus distincti, ut #. arvensis, Hall.’ We ought not to wonder that Sir J. E. Smith was misled by the adoption by Linnzus of Haller’s observation as applicable to his species, when we consider how little the Linnzean specific character affords upon which to found an opinion, and that the specimens in his herbarium might well have been misnamed. We now find that the specimens named F. fluviatile Bibliographical Notices. 4 429 in the old Swedish herbaria are all the Jimosum of Smith, and this corresponding with the Linnzan herbarium and not disagreeing with his specific characters, but only with a note in the second Mantissa, a work of but little authority, appears to afford conclusive reasons for reverting to the Linnzean name which has always been thus em- ployed by those authors who looked to Sweden for evidence and not to Smith’s ‘ Flora Britannica.’ Before proceeding we may state that Fries distinguishes the two Linnzan plants, saying of #. limosum, ‘‘ramulis vagis levibus vaginis viridi-dentatis,” and of H. fluviatile, “ vaginis ramul. atris” (Fl. Scan. 155); he considers both of them as more or less constantly branching, nor can we agree with Newman’s observation (at page 7) that the /imosum (Linn.) never branches. At that page he separates the unbranched form of the British H. limo- sum from HE. fluviatile, but does not characterize it, only stating, we think incorrectly, that it ‘‘never, under any circumstances, becomes branched.’ Should the plants be really different, a character may perhaps be found in the presence of a furrow (division of the rib ac- cording to Newman) on the back of the teeth of the sheaths of F. fluviatile, and its absence from those of LZ. limosum. The change of name which we have just noticed obliges us to adopt another for the H. fluviatile of Smith, and as Ehrhart’s H. Telmateia is undoubtedly the oldest, it is of course the one to be employed. The name also of H. umbrosum must necessarily be adopted in place of Ei, Drummondii, it having the claim of antiquity in its favour. Lomaria Spicant (Desv.).—This is the Blechnum boreale of our au- thors, and appears to us not to agree well with either of those genera, but we think with Sir W. J. Hooker that it is more nearly allied to Blechnum than to Lomaria. Woodsia ilvensis and W. alpina (Newm.) we must confess our- selves to be unable to distinguish from each other, although the fronds figured by Mr. Newman are very different. If they should prove distinct, it would appear that he is correct in changing the namé of hyperborea for that of alpina, Bolton having been its earliest describer, Cystopteris montana is a most interesting addition to our native ferns. It was found by Mr. W. Wilson on Ben Lawers. We quite concur in the adoption of Roth’s genus Polysticum for the Aspidium Lonchitis and its allies. After a careful study of the plants denominated A. aculeatum, lobatum and angulare, a consider- able change has been brought about in our views, which now accord with those of Mr. Newman and many continental botanists who think that the former two are one species, from which the angulare is distinct. The oblique base of the decurrent pinnules in the former contrasts well with the truncate base of the distinctly stalked pin- nules of the latter. Still we must confess that lingering doubts remain, since we occasionally find in some specimens of aculeatum pinnules approaching very nearly in form and mode of attachment to those of angulare. Lastrea—Some of the species included in this genus, in the al- ‘ 430 Bibliographical Notices. teration of the name of which from Aspidium we fully concur, pre- sent considerable difficulty, and it will be found that Mr. Newman has totally altered his views concerning them, distinguishing three species (spinosa, multiflora and recurva) where he only allowed one (dilatata) in his former work. He deserves very great credit for acuteness in detecting characters by which these three plants are distinguishable, and which, as far as our limited observation extends, appear to be permanent. We refer to the form of the scales clothing the lower part of the stem, by attending to which, as figured at page 214 of Mr. Newman’s work, it appears almost certain that perfect individuals of the plants may always be distinguished. The subject of their nomenclature presents far greater difficulty. LL. spinosa (Newm.) is considered by our author as different from Asp. spinulo- sum (Swartz), and it is singular and unfortunate that authentic spe- cimens from that author, both of this and also of A. dilatatum, should be wanting in England. We possess two specimens of a fern from different parts of Germany and from different botanists, and also an imperfect one from the Vosges mountains in France, named A. spi- nulosum (Sw.), which are certainly the L. spinosa (Newm.), but, as most authors state that the true plant of Swartz has stalked glands upon the edge of its indusium, it is probable that they are wrongly named, and that Roth’s Polys. spinosum is the oldest certain name for this species. ‘The same difficulty attends the L. multifora (Newm.), which appears certainly to be the plant of Roth, but scarcely deter- minable in other respects. We possess it under the name of Asp. dilatatum (Sw.) in Durieu’s Asturian Collection (no. 153), but have not seen German specimens, and the absence of the requisite mate- rials prevents us from forming an opinion concerning its identity with the Polys. dilatatum (Hoffm.), or the relative claims of Hoffmann and Roth as its first describers. The third plant to which we have re- ferred, the L. recurva (Newm.), is, we now think, a good species. We possess Scottish specimens from Tobermory in the Isle of Mull, thus proving it to exist in that country as well as inEngland and Ireland, but did not observe it during a recent tour in the south-west of Scotland. Agreeing with our author in considering it as a species, we have to complain greatly of its name. A worse could not have been selected, as it conveys a totally wrong idea of the character of the frond, the whole and every part of which is more or less incurved (the edges turning upwards), never recurved or turned downwards ; Mr. Babing- ton’s manuscript name of concavum (under which denomination many specimens have been distributed by him) conveys a far better idea of the plant. There is great reason to hope that the name of dumetorum may be retained for this plant, although the specimens preserved in Smith’s herbarium under that denomination do not agree with it. It is nevertheless the opinion, we believe, of our older botanists, who were well acquainted with Smith’s plants, that the present species was included by him under his 4. dumetorum; should not this be the case, we have Mr. Newman’s own admission that it is the A. dume- torum of Mackay, and as Smith’s name would drop, that becomes the Bibliographical Notices. 431 oldest specific name, and ought perhaps to be employed under any circumstances; but we would certainly admit very little proof as sufficient for the dismissal of so incorrect a name as recurva. Athyrium filix-femina,—The account of this plant is well deserving of careful study, as we suspect that the plant named 4. rheticum by Roth will be found to be a distinct species. It appears to be highly probable that Trichomanes speciosum is iden- tical with 7. radicans, as stated by Sir W.J. Hooker in his ‘ Species Filicum’ ; indeed his series of specimens is so perfect, that it is hardly possible to come to any other conclusion. ‘That our plant is the T. speciosum ( Willd.) is certain, and we also feel quite convinced that the supposed new species named 7. Andrewsit by Newman is only one of its forms. We have been considerably amused by observing the credit which our author takes to himself for his figures of our two Hymenophylla, that of H. Wilsont appearing to us to be by far the most unsatisfac- tory figure contained in his book. Having now occupied so much space, we cannot enter upon the consideration of the many valuable observations contained in other parts of the work before us, but protest against an endeavour made in the Synopsis, the last written part although the commencement of the book, to change two known and recognised generic names solely because they were originally employed specifically for the plants upon which the genera are founded ; Scolopendrium Mr. New- man would change into Phylilitis, and Ceterach into Notolepeum. He would also separate Asplenium septentrionale, germanicum and ruta- muraria from that genus, and give them the name of Amesium. We doubt if the want of a distinct mid vein to the ultimate divisions is a sufficient reason for the formation of a new genus. In conclusion we again compliment Mr. Newman upon the excel- lent book which he has produced, one which must find its way into the hands of all botanists, who cannot fail to be struck with the great powers of discrimination, accuracy of description, and critical acumen of its author. In beauty of illustration also it is a worthy companion to the elegant and valuable series of works on British Natural History which have been published by Mr. Van Voorst. Faune Ornithologique de la Sicile. Par Alfred Malherbe. 8vo. Metz, 1843. Pp. 242. ; This valuable contribution to the zoology of Southern Europe is an extract, published as a separate volume, from the ‘ Mémoires de VAcadémie Royale de Metz.’ After a brief résumé of the numerous subjects of interest which Sicily presents to the historian, the anti- quarian, the geologist, the botanist and the zoologist, the author pro- ceeds to the especial object of his treatise. He enumerates no less than 318 species of Sicilian birds, a number which might surprise us, did we not consider that Sicily, from its intermediate position be- tween Europe and Africa, is resorted to by many species of birds 432 Bibliographical Notices. during the vernal and autumnal migrations, besides those which breed or which hybernate in the island. The author judiciously omits the specific descriptions, which may be found in the works of Temminck, Gould, and other writers on European ornithology, and which would have greatly increased the bulk of his volume. He con- fines himself therefore to reciting the scientific and vernacular Sici- lian synonyms of the species, and adds a multitude of original obser- vations on the migrations, habits and geographical distribution of the several species. In the latter department he was assisted b M. Ledoux, who communicated many details on the birds of Algeria, of which we previously knew but little, and which acquire additional interest when compared with those of Sicily. Among the many valuable observations in this volume, we may select a few by way of examples. The Sazicola aurita, which the Prince of Canino in his ‘ Fauna Italica’ considers to be a peculiar state of plumage of Sazicola stapazina, is nevertheless regarded by M. Malherbe as a distinct species. He states that the two species arrive in Sicily together, and leave it at the same period of the year, a fact which would certainly indicate that the difference of plumage in these two birds is not due to change of season. He confirms the statement of Temminck that the blue-throated redstart with a white pectoral spot is confined to the southern and central parts of Europe, while the bird with a rufous spot on the breast forms a “ constant race’ (in other words a species) peculiar to Northern Europe, and only straying by accident into Germany, France and Britain. M. Malherbe agrees with the Prince of Canino in regarding the three yellow wagtails of Southern Europe (Budytes flava, cinereocapilla and melanocephala) as distinct species from each other, and from the Bu- dytes Rayi (more properly called by Pallas’s name campestris) of Bri- tain, France and the Pyrenees. ‘The three former species arrive in Sicily at different periods of the spring, and proceed to various parts of Europe, the B. flava extending its migrations to the greatest distance north. The author sets at rest the statement made by M. Cantraine to M. Temminck, as to the supposed existence of wild turkeys in Sicily ; the former admitting that he had been deceived so far as Sicily was concerned, but repeating that he had been assured on good autho- rity of the existence of these birds in a wild state on the coast of Dalmatia. M. Malherbe supposes that they may have escaped from some vessel to the shore; but it appears to us far more probable that the whole statement has reference, not to turkeys, but to the great bustard, Otis tarda, which is commonly known by the name of ‘‘ Din- don sauvage”’ among the Franks of the Levant. The beautiful Porphyrio antiquorum of Southern Europe, which is still so rare in our collections, is stated to be abundant in Algeria. In some parts of Sicily it is also very frequent, and is a permanent resident. Its habits seem to be precisely those of the common moor- hen (Gallinula chloropus), and our author states that these birds are frequently kept alive in the poultry-yards of Sicily, so that they might Bibliographical Notices. 433 easily be introduced into our Zoological Gardens. Another interesting and little-known bird is the Fulica cristata, which is abundant at Algiers, and occurs occasionally in Sicily, Sardinia and Provence. We may here notice a new species of Picus described by M. Mal- herbe in the ‘ Mémoires de l’Académie de Metz,’ 1843, and of which he proposes to give a coloured figure in the general history of the Picide, which he informs us he is now engaged upon. This species, which he names Picus numidus, takes the place of Picus major in Northern Africa, and is common in the forests of Bona. The size is less than that of P. major, but the beak is generally longer. The plumage much resembles that of the latter species, but the white patch on the side of the neck and the white spots on the wings are smaller, and the black stripe on each side of the throat meets in front on the breast, where it is succeeded by a band of crimson. We shall wait with interest for further contributions to zoology from M. Malherbe, who has already done much to advance science by the above publications, . Uber die Verwandlung der Infusorien in niedere Algenformen. Von Dr. F. T. Kutzing. Nordhausen, 4to, 1844. It has long been a favourite notion with German botanists, that under varying momenta of air, heat, moisture, &c., the same germ is capable of producing widely different objects. This has been worked out with more or less ability by a host of writers, and though in many cases it has been attempted to support it by the very loosest obser- vations and reasonings, this reproach cannot justly be given to all its supporters, for there are many, not only from their literary reputa- tion but from the merit of the observations themselves, however dif- ferently we may be inclined to interpret them, who at least require respectful attention. There is no doubt that the conclusions are im- plicitly believed by themselves to be just and logical, with a deep persuasion that they are by no means inconsistent with fit and humble views as to the nature of the great Creator of the Universe, and it is clear that they have the greatest difficulty in imagining how they can possibly make a different impression upon others. ‘To such an ex- tent has this notion been carried, that we are informed in the number of ‘ Botanische Zeitung ’ for 19th July 1844, that Reissek of Vienna has succeeded in making pollen grains germinate in the parenchym of leaves and stems, not merely of the mother-plant, but also on those of others belonging to different natural orders; that they produced fungi laden with spores, and that these spores when placed in water produced confervoid plants filled with chlorophylle, and copulating with one another; that he observed also the metamorphosis of the pollen cells into animals of Ehrenberg’s genus Astasia, and that the contents of the pollen cells also produced plants and animals. From the smaller particles were originated Bacteria, Vibrios and Confervas ; from the larger, green globular Monads. He professes also to have observed the metamorphosis of the chlo- rophylle of phenogamous plants into Conferve and Infusoria. From Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. 2G 434 Bibliographical Notices. grains of the same species were derived, according to the varying momenta, Monas Termo, M.vivipara, Astasie, or Colpoda Cucullus, &c. Kiitzing’s observations indeed do not profess to go quite so far as this, but they are scarcely less extraordinary. His views are detailed at very great length, with numerous illustrations, in his prize essay, entitled ‘ Die Umwandlung niederer Algen-Formen in héhere so wie auch in Gattungen ganz verschiedener Familien und Klassen héherer Cryptogamen mit zelligem Bau,’ published at Haarlem in 1841. The object of this was to show, as the title expresses, that the lower forms of Algz are capable of being changed into more highly orga- nized species, or even into species belonging to different families and classes of the higher cellular plants. And in the present treatise he extends his observations to Infusoria, believing that he has observed their transmutation into Algee. In both cases the subject has been worked out with such pains, and so many valuable observations are intermixed with his peculiar views, that the treatises are worth read- ing, not merely with a view of ascertaining the exact notions enter- tained upon such subjects, but for the sake of the pearls which may be picked up by the way. The observations do not admit of abridgement, one depending so much upon another, that it is almost impossible to form any fair judgement without examining the whole; nor would they be well un- derstood without the aid of the figures, which are executed with the usual skill of the author. We shall therefore content ourselves with referring those who are desirous of the latest information on the subject to the memoirs themselves, after making two or three remarks on the matter gene- rally. As far then as we understand what we have read on the sub- ject, we cannot help first remarking that the observations cannot be considered conclusive, apart from all prejudice either way, till a cer- tain number of bodies ascertained to be precisely of the same nature be isolated, and the changes of these observed with every possible precaution to avoid error. At present it seems to us that there is not by any means sufficient proof that the objects in question really arise from germs of the same nature. The second remark we would make is, that there appears too often in treatises of this description to be great indistinctness as to the notion of what a species really is. We know that in the course of development higher bodies go through a vast variety of phases which resemble very closely true substantial species which have arrived at their full development; but we are not therefore to suppose, that in passing through their phases the production has really consisted of such a number of real species. In the Agardhian sense this may be true enough, for when he pronounces the vessels and cells of phee- nogamous plants to be Alge, his meaning appears to be, however strongly he expresses himself, merely that they are representatives | of Algee, and resemble them in structure. We would remark also, that the real difficulty of the case does not depend on the question as to the difference of animal and vegetable life. These evidently in certain parts of the creation are so intimately Bibliographical Notices. 435 combined, that it is quite impossible to say where the one ceases and. the other begins, and there is really no reason why we should be in- credulous as to the possibility of the same object being at one time endowed more especially with animal and at another with vegetable life. Late observations on the reproductive bodies of some Algze show that their motion is produced by vibratile cilia exactly in the same way as in certain animals. But it is exceedingly difficult to imagine the transformation of one real species into another. The Same species may assume a vast variety of forms according to varying circumstances, and it is highly instructive to observe these changes ; but that the same spore should under different circumstances be ca- - pable of producing beings of an almost entirely different nature, each capable of reproducing its species, is a matter which ought not to be admitted generally without the strictest proof. Observations made with care on isolated individuals, and not on a common mass, which can scarcely be otherwise than more or less heterogeneous, could not fail to be instructive, and might lead to results, which, if they did not confirm the views.so commonly entertained in Germany, would have an influence on science which it is difficult at present to appreciate. Annales des Sciences Naturelies. June 1844.—Zoology.—Conclusion of M. Duvernoy’s memoir on the Pecilia surinamensis (with a plate)—Mr. Darwin on Sagitta (translated from the ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.’ no. 81).——M. Leon Dufour on the metamorphoses and anatomy of Piophila petasionis (with a plate).—A notice of the life of M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Botany.—Boissier, Plante Aucheriane, sp. 140 to 187 (all Umbel- lifere).—Miquel on Beyeria, a new genus of Huphorbiacee, Char. (Flores dioici apetali. Calyx 5-partitus. Anthere extrorse. Ovarii loculi uniovulati. Stigma pileiforme integerrimum sessile.) Sp. typ. Beyeria viscosa (figured) from Rottenest Island, on the 8.W. coast of New Holland.—M. Theod. Hartig, Contributions to the history of the development of plants (a translation from the German), in part an abstract.—Note on the organization and mode of fructification of Onygena, by MM.1L.-R. and C. Tulasne (with a plate; all the draw- ings of these botanists are highly instructive and very beautiful).— H. Mohl on the growth in thickness of Dicotyledonous trees (a trans- lation from the German).—Lemaire on Delairea, a new genus of Synanthere. Sp. typ. Delairea odorata, probably from Mexico? July 1844.—Zoology.—An elaborate memoir by M. Joly on the habits, metamorphosis, anatomy and embryogeny of the Colaspis atra, a little coleopterous insect which infests the lucern in the south of France: with plates.—M. Letellier on the action of sugar in the alimentation of Granivore (from the ‘ Annales de Chimie’), —A translation from the German of M. C, Vogt’s observations on the embryology of Batrachiens.—M. Gervais on the Myriapoda, Botany.—Unger on the Achlya prolifera (translated from the ‘ Linnea’),—M. Ad. Brongniart on the structure of the pistil and the origin of ovules (see ‘ Annals,’ no. 87),—Fourth Y: - notes (in 436 - Zoological Society. reply to M. Mirbel) on the anatomy and physiology of Monocotyle- dons, by M. Gaudichaud.—Boissier, Plante Aucheriane, sp. 188 to 240 (Umbellifere). August 1844.—Zoology.—Continuation of M. Gervais’s memoir on the Myriapoda. In this part a new genus, Scolopendrella, is con- stituted for the reception of a little myriapod allied to Geophilus, from the neighbourhood of Paris.—M. Quatrefages on the nervous system of Annelides: an elaborate paper with two fine plates.—M. Bischoff on the ovum of man and the mammalia. - Botany.—Boissier, Plante Aucherianz, sp. 241 to 301 (Umbel- lifere).—M. Dutrochet’s report on the memoir of M. Payer on the tendency of roots to avoid the light.—M. Raoul on new plants from New Zealand. ‘Three new genera are described in this paper, L/eo- dictyon, a fungus ; Pukateria, allied to Cornus ; and Tetrapathea, al- lied to Passiflora, but dicecious.—M. Gaudichaud on Monocotyle- dons, continued. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. February 27, 1844.—Pro‘essor Owen in the Chair. ** Description of new species of Shells, by Mr. Hinds.” Six species of Triton, from the collection of Sir Edward Bel- cher, C.B. Triton, Montfort. 1. Triton vestitus. Tr. testd ovatd solidd, fuscd; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim striatis, lineis longitudinalibus decussanti- bus precipue spire nodulosis, ultimo albo fasciato ; aperturd elon- gate ovali; labro incrassato, intis dentibus geminis albis, undique purpurascentibus ; columella purpurascente vel nigrd, plicis albis varicosd ; fauce alba; epidermide valde lamellosd, pilis nigris nu- merosis indutd. Axis 27 lin. Hab. Realejo, gulf of Nicoya, and bay of Honda, west coast of America, 2. Triron Bracteatus. Tr. testd ovatd, elongatd, longitrorsum costatd, transversim striatd, maculis parvis nigris seriatim dispo- sitis ornatd ; spird aperturam superante ; aperturd parvd, albd, denticulatd ; canali breviusculo. Axis 8 lin. Hab. Marquesas ; New Ireland; Straits of Malacca: on the shores and in seventeen fathoms, mud. 3. Triton truncatus. Tr. testd solidd, fulvd, fusco nebulosd, truncatd, longitrorsum costatd, striis decussantibus ; costis rotun- datis, confertis, anfractu ultimo pallidé fasciato; aperturd albd, denticulatd ; canali breviusculo. Axis 6 lin. Hab. New Ireland ; among the coarse sand of the shore. 4, Triton antiquatus. T'r. testd elongatd, turritd, subcylindraced, lineis decussantibus textili, costis prope suturam evanidis ; spird aperturam duplo vel triplo superante ; apice eroso ; aperturd parvd, Zoological Society. 437 subquadratd, pallidé ; labio interno anticé valde producto. Axis 10 lin. Hab. New Ireland; with the preceding. 5. Triton rictiuis. Tr. testd ovatd, soliduld, cinered ; anfractibus senis rotundatis, longitrorsum oblique plico-costatis, transversim tenuiter striatis ; spird aperturam vix superante ; aperturd callosd, contractatd, politd, intis levigatd. Axis 7 lin. Hab. Lagulhas Bank, Cape of Good Hope; in between fifty and sixty fathoms. 6. Triton anomatus. Tr. testd ovatd, fuscd, longitrorsum costatd, lineis transversis elevatis cancellatd ; spird aperturam e@equante ; suturd validd ; evaricosda ; sb a oval, pallida ; canali brevius- culo. Axis 7 lin. Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua ; on the sandy shore at low water. SoLaRIuM, reiki At the sale of the collection of shells of Mr. Imwood, several lots of Solarium came into my possession ; and as it was a favourite group with this gentleman, he, as might naturally be supposed, had assem- bled together many very interesting specimens. The full suites of some of the species have enabled me better to draw a line of distinc- tion between them, and has afforded grounds for regarding several of the following as perfectly distinct and hitherto undescribed species. In addition to the above, I have had before me the collections of Sir Edward Belcher and Mr. Cuming, both rich in novelty, but more particularly in the careful and accurate detail of localities and cir- cumstances of habitation. The whole permits me to record fourteen new species in a genus which previously seemed to contain about fifteen recent and forty-nine fossil species. 1. Sozarrum rormosum. Sol. testdé orbiculato-conicd, politd, fas- ciatd ; anfractibus subtumidis, superne sulco unico divisis, infe- rioribus levigatis, spire plico-striatis, superne fusco, albo, et atro- JSusco deinceps fasciatis, medid subcorneis ; ad basin planulatd, aperturd quadratd ; umbilico patulo, crenis rectis, subacutis, fus- catis ; ared umbilicali latd, sublevigatd. Djam.18, umbilic. 34 lin. Chemnitz, vol. v. t. 172. f. 1693. Hab, Amboina. Cab. Hinds. This fine shell has hitherto, most probably, been considered only as a variety of the well-known species S. perspectivum ; it is how- ever sufficiently distinct. In shape it is considerably more elevated and conical, and it is ornamented with rich fasciations of brown and white. Near the upper part of each whorl a narrow sulcus separates a narrow portion. The base is flattened and polished; umbilicus moderately dilated, being less so than in S. perspectivum, and armed on the margin with a row of straight sharp crenules, on their right faces of a darker brown colour. ‘The umbilical area, or the space between the spirally twisted row of crenules, is smooth, except for the arched striz of growth. 2. SouariuM PLACENTALE. Sol. testd discoided, pallide fulvd, le- 438 Zoological Society. vigaid ; spird valde depressd; anfractibus planulatis, ordinate spiraliter striatis ; ad peripheriam obtuse unicarinatd, subtis stri- atd ; carind crenulatd ; ad basin subtumidd ; aperturd triangulari ; umbilico valde patulo, crenis tuberculatis subdistantibus armato. fab. Bay of Magdalena, California; in seven fathoms, sand. Cab. Belcher. 3. Sonarrum PERDIXx. Sol. testd conoided, tenui, levigatd, pallidd ; anfractibus subtumidis, superneé cingulo unico divisis, spire minute plico-striatis ; ad peripheriam angulatd tricarinatd, carind medid prominente, majore, creniferd; cingulo et carinis maculis rufis subquadratis ornatis ; umbilico patulo, crenulis parvis albis cincto. Alt. 6, diam. 14 lin. Hab. Ceylon; north-west coast of Australia. Cab. Cuming and Hinds. Possesses the general contour of S. perspectivum, but is thinner ; the whorls are slightly tumid, and furnished above with a flat smooth girdle, ornamented with somewhat distant rufous spots. The most prominent keel is characteristically covered with small tubercular crenulations. When placed on its base the apex is much inclined, and the general direction oblique. The umbilicus is somewhat less patulous than in S. perspectivum, and neatly encircled with numerous white and smaller crenations. ‘The umbilical space is destitute of ribs, folds, or keels, bearing alone the marks of the striz of growth and a thin horny epidermis. 4. Sotarium quapriceps. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided; an- Sractibus quadriseriatim cingulatis ; cingulis tuberculis quadratis, planulatis, approximatis instructis, inferiore majore, et cum supe- riore rufo picto ; ad basin tumidd, ared mediand radiatim plicatd ; umbilico patulo, crenis magnis fuscis cincto ; ared umbilicali levi. Alt. 5, diam. 11 lin. . Hab. Bay of Panama; in five fathoms, among mud. Cab. Belcher. Very closely allied to S. granulatum, from which it will be found to differ in the character and relative proportion of the granular gir- dies. A single and perhaps rather small specimen was alone obtained, which is somewhat more discoid than the above species ; four girdles traverse each whorl, of which the inferior is the largest, and the tubercles closely set, flattened, and obliquely square; the umbilicus is rather more expanded, and the marginal tubercles are of a similar size, but coloured of a reddish brown. SS. quadriceps is an American shell, and S. granulatum an Asiatic. 5. Sonarium asrerum. Sol. testd discoided ; spird retusd ; anfrac- tibus superne planulatis, inferne rotundatis, ubique cingulis parvis numerosis instructis ; cingulis tuberculis parvis asperatis ; umbilico valde patulo ; ared angustd, levi. Alt. 14, diam. 44 lin. AMab. Straits of Macassar ; in eleven fathoms, coarse sand. Cab. Belcher. A single dead specimen only was obtained, destitute of colour and choked with sand. It is remarkable from its rounded base and its Zoological Society. 439 very expanded umbilicus, which is proportionately larger than in any other species. In S. perspectivum the umbilicus is equal to a third of the diameter, but in the present species it is two-fifths. 6. Sotartum porsuosum. Sol. testd conoided, levigatd, solidd, Suscd, albo confuse nebulosd ; anfractibus planulatis, spiraliter seri- atim sulcatis, spire leviter striatis ; ad peripheriam sulcis geminis instructd; basi sulcatd, versits centrum subtuberculaté ; umbilico patulo, crenis magnis cincto ; ared umbilicali unicostatd ; aperturd subrotundatd, intern? bisulcatd. Alt. 4, diam. 64 lin. Hab, Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines; in seven fa- thoms, sandy mud. Cab. Cuming. 7. Sorartum pEALBATUM. Sol. testd conico-trochiformi, albd ; anfractibus planulatis, quadriseriatim granulato-costatis ; cingulo ultimo pauld majore, prominulo ; umbilico coarctato, crenis parvis instructo; ared umbilicali multicostatd; aperturd rotundatd. Alt. 7, diam. 6 lin. Hab. Manila. Cab. Hinds. This species may be readily distinguished from S. variegatum by its uniform colour and by the several ribs which cross the umbilical space, all of which are of equal size; from S. cylindraceum by its decided conical shape, and the characters detailed above observable in the inferior girdle. It is unquestionable that a sound division of the genus may be effected, by taking S. variegatum as the type of a new group; and this opinion rests on the conformation of the foot of the animal, de- cidedly sessile eyes, and very peculiar operculum of this species. But in trying to effect this I have met with the following genera, all of which have been advanced for sections of the genus as left by Lamarck :—Omalazis, Deshayes; Bifrontia, Deshayes; Helicites, Schlotheim ; Cirrus, Sowerby ; Huomphalus, Sowerby ; Schizostoma, Bronn; Solariella, Searles Wood; Torinia, Gray; and not having before me the materials for deciding their respective merits, and being averse to treating the difficulty as a gordian knot by the erection of another genus, I am compelled to leave the subject as I found it. 8. Sotarium FraGitz. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided ; anfractibus quadriseriatim tuberculato-cingulatis ; cingulo supremo et ultimo fusco pictis, medianis margaritaceis ; ad peripheriam angulatd, crenulatd ; basi tumido ; umbilico patulo, crenis parvis albis acutis cincto ; ared umbilicali levi ; aperturd triangulart, Alt. 1, diam. 3 lin. Hab. North coast of New Guinea; in seven fathoms, sand. Cab. Belcher. 9. Sotarium rutvum. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided, soliduld, Sulvé ; spird retusd, anfractibus multiseriatim granuloso-cingulatis, medianis minoribus ; ad peripheriam obtusd, carinis duabus, tertid minore intermedid ; basi rotundatd, seriatim granulatd ; umbilico mediocri, crenis concoloribus cincto; ared umbilicali leviter uni- costatd ; aperturd subquadratd. Alt. 14, diam, 34 lin. Hab. New Guinea, Cab. Belcher and Hinds. 440 Zoological Society. 10. Sotartum vireatum. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided, spird retusd ; anfractibus quadriseriatim granulatis, cingulo supremo et ultimo rufis, medianis albis ; ad peripheriam obtusis, duabus carinis crenulatis ; bast rotundatd, seriatim granulatd ; umbilico mediocri, crenis albis cincto, extis cingulo rufo tuberculato ; apertura an- gulatd. Alt. 1, diam. 2 lin. Hab. New Guinea. Cab. Belcher. 11. Sonarrum FenEsTRATUM. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided, spiré retusd ; anfractibus multiseriatim granulatis, longitrorsum striatis ; suturd canaliculatd ; ad peripheriam rotundatd, carinis tribus subequalibus ; bast rotundatd, seriatim granulatd ; umbilico subpatulo, crenis parvis numerosis cincto ; ared umbilicali carinis duabus parvis.; aperturd rotundatd. Alt. 12, diam. 34 lin. Hab. New Guinea. Cab. Belcher. As the only specimen obtained was without the animal, deprived of colour, and had evidently been some time lying in the mud, the cancellation is perhaps considerably more distinct than in the recent state. Itis one of those which approach very closely to the unarmed species of Delphinula. 12. SoLtarium caiatum. Sol. testd parvd, valde discoided, nitidd, Suscd ; spird nulla ; anfractibus prope suturam uniseriatim tuber- culatis, medid eleganter radiatim plico-striatis ; ad peripheriam carinis duabus obtusis tuberculatis ; ad basin rotundaid ; aperturd subrotundd ; umbilico valde patulo, crenis parvis numerosis armato. Diam. 2, umbilic. 1 lin. Hab. Straits of Macassar ; in ten fathoms, among coarse sand. Cab. Belcher. 13. Sonartum TROCHLEARE. Sol. testd orbiculato-conoided, depres- siusculd ; anfractibus subtumidis, spire longitudinaliter plicatis, ultimo levigato, superné sulco unico divisis, ared supremd atro- fusco fasciatd, infra maculis quadratis atro-fuscis cinctd ; ad peri- pheriam carinatd, maculis albis et atro-fuscis articulate ornatd ; ad basin paulisper tumidd ; umbilico magno, patulo ; crenis subacutis fuscis. Diam. 29, umbilic. 8 lin. Hab. Indian Seas. Cab. Cuming and Hinds. In general appearance it very closely resembles S. perspectivum, with which it has no doubt been long associated. In comparing the adult shells of both species, this will be found somewhat smaller, thinner, and more depressed ; the whorls are somewhat more tumid, those of the spire obliquely longitudinally folded, but the last and penultimate are smooth, or very nearly so; above they are divided by a single groove, between which and the suture is a continuous dark band, beneath a series of square approximating spots, which towards the spire usually become continuous; the base is also somewhat tumid; the umbilicus is large, expanded, and perspective, and sur- rounded by chestnut-brown angular crenations; and the aperture is rhomboidal. It is no doubt an Indian species, but the locality is not known. 14. Sotarium purrurAtuM. Sol. testd conico-orbiculatd ; anfrac- tibus subtumidis, spire longitudinaliter oblique plicatis, superne Zoological Society. 441 sulcis duabus cinctis, maculis rufo-fuscis subgeminis ornatis, ared mediand pallide cinered ; ad peripheriam carinatd articulate macu- latd; ad basin strigis rufo-fuscis radiatim dispositis ; umbilico subpatulo, crenis parvis albidis. Diam, 15, umbilic. 4 lin. Hab. ? Cab. Hinds. The base is distinctively ornamented with reddish-brown rays, and the square spots on the whorls are somewhat twin in their dis- tribution, since they occupy corresponding situations in the two upper narrow areas. Corsuta, Bruguicres. 1. Corsuxa crispa. Corb. testd ovatd, solidd, albidd, anticé rotun- datd, postice truncatd, ab umbonibus obtuse carinatd ; valvis ro- tundatis, dextrd eburned sulcatd, sinistrd fere levigatd ; umbonibus politis, eburneis. Long. 42; lat. 24; alt. 3 lin. 3 Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines. Cab. Cuming. 2. Corsuta apusta. Corb. testd suboblique trigond, levigatd, fuscd, subtumidd, antice rotundatd, postice subacuminatd, ab umbonibus dngulatd ; valvarum marginibus ventralibus acutis, productis ; um« bonibus erosis. Long. 6; lat. 22; alt. 5 lin. Hab. New Zealand. Cab. Cuming. 3. CorspuLa procera. Corb. testd ovatd, levigatd, fuscd, antice rolundatd, posticé elongatd, subnasutd ; valvarum marginibus ven- tralibus acutis, productis; umbonibus erosis. Long. 7; lat. 3; alt. 5 lin. Hab. ? Cab. Cuming. These two species closely resemble each other, and both are pro- bably estuary shells. 4, CorpuLa carnosa. Corb. testd ovatd, solidd, subequilaterali, pallidd, carnoso-roseo radiatd ; valvis ambabus sulcatis, marginibus ventralibus inclausis ; antice rotundatd, postice subnasute breviter attenuatd ; umbonibus levigatis, ad angulos albidis. Long. 44; lat. 2; alt. 3 lin. Hab. ? Cab. Cuming. ** Continuation of Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s description of Scalaria.” ScaLaria aurita, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f. 62. Scal. testd elongatd, levi, umbilicatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, contiguis ; va- ricibus levibus, decumbentibus, subnumerosis, prope suturam sub- arcuatis, nonnullis crassis, pluribus tenuibus ; aperturd magnd, au- riformi ; colore inter varices fulvo, fasciis tribus fuscis. In general form resembling Sc. lineata of Say, but wanting the keel on the lower whorl, and having a large open umbilicus. In Mr. Cuming’s collection ; from the coast of Coromandel. ScaLaRia immacunata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. £58. Scal. testd pyramidali, acuminatd, transverse minutissime striatd ; anfrac- tibus numerosis, rotundatis, suturd distinctd ; varicibus simplicibus, plerumque tenuissimis, nonnullis crassiusculis ; aperturd ovali, pos- tice acuminata, labio interno antic subincrassato ; umbilico medi- ocri; colore albo. 44.2 Zoological Society. Very much like Sc. vestalis of Hinds, lately described in the ‘ Zoo- logical Proceedings,’ but more elongated, with a larger umbilicus and with the varices near the suture simple, whereas in Sc. vestalis they are acuminated. Collected by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at eight or ten fathoms, at Catanauan, province of Tayabas, isle of Luzon. Scataria Catanavensis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 93 & 94. Scal. testd pyramidali, acuminatd, minutissimé striatd ; anfracti- bus rotundatis, rapide crescentibus, varicibus plerumque obsoletis, nonnullis rarits crassis; aperturd ovali, subauriformi ; umbilico parvo; colore valid griseo, in medio anfractuum fascid fuscd, latd, obscurd. It is much shorter than Sc. Martinii, with the thickened costz still more rare; the aperture is less oval and less auriform. There is a broad band of pale brown in the centre of the whorls. Brought from Catanauan, isle of Luzon, Philippines, by Mr. Cu- ming, and found in sandy mud at a depth of eight or ten fathoms. Scauaria srmiuis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.90. Seal. testa subovali, spiraliter minutissimeé striatd ; anfractibus paucis, vari- cibus tenuissimis, plerumque numerosis, nonnullis crassiusculis ; aperturd ovali, postice subangulatd, labio interno via incrassato et expanso ; umbilico parvo ; colore pallidissime fulvo. The whorls are much less prominent, the minute varices more numerous, and the umbilicus considerably smaller than in Sc. Cata- nauensis. Collected by Mr. Cuming in Puerto Galero, isle of Mindoro, in sandy mud at four or five fathoms. Scataria BuLLATA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.87. Scal. testd ventricosissimd, brevi, levi, anfractibus paucis, rapide cres- centibus, varicibus subnumerosis, irregularibus, decumbentibus, ple- rumque tenuissimis, nonnullis crassioribus, ad suturam paululim elevatis et reflexis ; aperturd magnd ; umbilico parvo ; colore albo. We have only one specimen of this extremely ventricose shell, in a very imperfect state, from the island of Capul, Philippines, taken on the coral reefs by Mr. Cuming. ScALARIA FRIABILIS, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f. 74. Scal. testd pyramidali, acuminatd, tenut, imperforatd ; varicibus tenuissimis, valde numerosis, laminatis, extantibus, prope suturam acute angu- latis ; aperturd magnd, labio interno subincrassato ; colore albo. A thin pyramidal species, with extremely numerous thin laminar varices, which project in an acute angle close to the suture. In Mr. Cuming’s collection; brought from Swan River by Lieut. Collie, R.N. ScauaRia inpistincTa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f. 141. Scal. testd elongatd, imperforatd, minute spiraliter striatd ; anfractibus numerosis, gradatim crescentibus, suturd distinctd ; varicibus nu- merosis, inequalibus, rotundatis, decumbentibus, simplicibus ; aper- turd parvd, labio interno antice subincrassato ; colore albo, Zoological Society. 443 In Mr. Cuming’s collection ; brought from St. Blas, Gulf of Cali- fornia, by the Hon. Mr. Harris. ScaLaRiA susrizis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f.187. Scal. testd elongatd, angustatd, spiraliter minut? striatd ; anfractibus nume- rosis, gradatim crescentibus, prope suturam “elevatis ; varicibus numerosissimis, laminatis, crenulatis, superne angulatis ; aperturd parva ; colore inter varices obscure fusco. A small elongated turreted shell, to the beauty of which neither the description nor the figure can do justice: the varices are nume- rous, laminated, and regularly crenulated. Collected by Mr. Cuming at the isle of Camiguing, in coarse sand at thirty fathoms; and at the isle of Corregidor, in sandy mud at thirty fathoms. Scabarra concrnna, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. p. 63. Scal. testd subovali, levi, imperforatd, obtusd ; anfractibus subprominentibus ; varicibus numerosis, regularibus, oblique in spiram continuis, sub- rotundatis ; aperturd ovali, labio interno tenui ; colore pallidissime lvo. The whorls in this species are more prominetit, the ribs more nu- merous, and the inner edge of the aperture thinner than in Sc. mul- ticostata. Found by Mr. Cuming i in sandy mud at sixty fathoms, at eign f isle of Bohol, Philippines. ScaLarta MuLTIcostTaTa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.96. Scal. testd subovali, levi, imperforatd, obtusd ; varicibus subnumerosis, regularibus, oblique in spiram continuis, subrotundatis ; aperturd ovali ; labio interno antice expanso et incrassato; colore pallidis- sime fulvo. Rather oval and obtuse, with numerous regular, prominent, rounded varices; the anterior part of the inner lip is thickened and spread over the columella. Brought by Mr. Cuming from Corregidor, Philippines. Scatarta connexa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34.°f.98." Scal. testd ovali, subelongatd, levi, imperforatd ; suturd profundd ; varicibus numerosis, laminatis, prominentibus, in spiram oblique continuis ; aperturd ovali ; colore inter varices obscure fulvo. The numerous varices of this small species are laminar, prominent, and continued from whorl to whorl on the spire, as in the Sc. Clathrus of Linnzus, from which it differs essentially in not having the spiral rib at the lower part of the last whorl. Brought from Sual, province of Pangasinan, isle of Luzon, by Mr. Cuming ; found in sandy mud at seven fathoms. ScALARIA PULCHERRIMA, l'hes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.92. Scal, testd pyramidalt, subventricosd, spiraliter minute striatd, imper- foratd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd profundd; varicibus sub- numerosis, laminatis, extantibus, prominentibus, superne in angu- lum acutum productis ; aperturd ovali, postice acutangulatd, antice subquadratd, labio interno subexpanso ; colore inter varices fusco- purpurascente. 44. Zoological Society. Pyramidal, acute, rather ventricose, spirally striated, with a deep suture and with rather broad laminar varices, which are expanded into an acute angle near the suture. Found by Mr. Cuming in black sand at a depth of four fathoms, at Dumaguete, isle of Negros. ScaLaria oOvALis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 104. Scal. testa subovali, levi ; anfractibus paucis, ultimd magna ; varicibus novem, crassis, rotundatis ; aperturd ovali, margine incrassato, labio in- terno incrassato, expanso ; colore inter varices pallide ceruleo. The whorls of this very small shell are few in number, the last dis- proportionately large, with about nine very thick rounded varices ; the aperture is oval, with a very thick edge, and the inner lip ex- anded. Collected by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at twenty to thirty fathoms, at Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindinao. ScaLaria HExAGONA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f.67. Scal. testd brevi, levi, imperforatd ; anfractibus contiguis, varicibus sez, crassis, prominentibus, ad apicem oblique continuis ; aperturd ro- tundatd ; colore albo. A short, imperforate, white species, with whorls closely united and strong varices, forming about six oblique continuous lines along the spire. In the cabinet of Mr. Cuming : brought by Col. Moffat from Aca- pulco ; found in the sands. Scauaria Exvenensts, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.102. Scal. testd pyramidali, levi, imperforatd ; anfractibus contiguis ; vari- cibus sex ; ad suturam subplicatis, irregulariter continuis ; aperturd ovali ; colore albo. Resembling Sc. unifasciata, but without any band, and having the varices straighter and not so regularly continuous. Collected by Mr. Cuming at Punta St. Elena, West Columbia; in sandy mud at six fathoms. Scauaria osrusa, Thes. Conch part 4. pl. 33. f.54. Scal. testd ventricosd, pyramidali, imperforatd, levi; anfractibus contiguis ; varicibus numerosis, crassis, rotundatis, continuis, superné sub- angulatis ; aperturd rotundatd, antice subemarginatd ; labio interno spiraliter recurvo ; colore albo. Rather short and thick, white, with numerous varices, which con- tinue on the spire from whorl to whorl, and are slightly angular above ; the inner lip of the aperture is spirally twisted, and forms an undulated notch at its juncture with the outer lip. Collected by Mr. Cuming at Punta St. Elena, West Columbia ; in sandy mud at six fathoms. ScatariA Minporoensis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.91. Scal. testa pyramidali, levi, imperforatd, tenui; anfractibus vir sepa- ratis ; varicibus numerosis, simplicibus, ad suturam subirregulari- ter junctis ; colore albo. A small, white, thin shell, slightly resembling Sc. obliqua, but less Zoological Society. AAS oblique, and with more numerous and prominent varices ; the whorls are contingent. Found by Mr. Cuming on the sands at Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro. Scauaria pouita, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.99. Seal. testd tenui, elongatd, levi, imperforatd ; anfractibus numerosis, vir pro- minentibus ; varicibus subnumerosis, tenuibus, in medio anfractuum obsoletis ; colore pallidé griseo. The whorls are numerous and not very prominent; the varices appear as if worn away in the middle of the whorls. Collected by Mr. Cuming at Xipixapi, West Columbia; in sandy mud at ten fathoms. Scanaria staTtuminaTA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35.f.127. Scal. testd parvd, crassd, brevi, levigatd, imperforatd ; anfractibus con- tiguis, vie prominentibus, anticé lined elevatd cinctis ; varicibus quingue, prominentibus, ad apicem continuis ; antice crassis, postice in angulum elevatum expansis ; aperturd subrotundd, labio externo antice tenui ; colore inter varices ceruleo. A small, short, thick species, with very prominent ribs, which are elevated and expanded into a broad angle at the upper part of the whorls and very thick at the lower; they are united with each other so as to form five oblique prominent ridges up the spire. Collected by Mr. Cuming at Payti, Peru; in black sand at seven fathoms. ScaLaRia BicaRINATA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f. 113, 114. Scal. testd subcylindricd, elongata, imperforatd, minute cancellatd ; anfractibus sex, latis, ad latera planis, ad suturam crenulatis, ul- timo carinis binis in medio cincto ; apertura ovali, margine crasso, minute crenulato ; coiore fere albo. A very curious little shell, with crenulated suture and two promi- nent keels in the centre of the last whorl; the edge of the aperture is much thickened. Found by Mr. Cuming in coarse black sand at seven fathoms, at Dumaguete, isle of Negros. Scataria Fusca, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f.138. Scal. testd elongata, imperforatd, spiraliter minutissime striatd ; anfractibus 12, subprominentibus, ultimo carind lineari antice cinctd ; varicibus tenuissimis, obliquis, ad suturam flexuosis ; aperturd subovali, mar- gine tenui ; colore obscure fulvo, flammulis fuscis obliquis inter va- rices seriatim picio. An elongated species, with a very narrow but distinct keel on the lower part of the last whorl: the varices are very thin, and bent in near the suture. The shell is finely striated and prettily marked with flame-like patches of dark colour between the varices. There are two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection, which were found on sand at Sierra Leone. ' ScaLaria acuminata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f.1380. Seal, testd elongata, imperforatd, acuminatd ; anfractibus 15, vir pro- minentibus, antice carind tenui cinctis; varicibus creberrimis, 446 Zoological Society. numerosis, tenuibus, curvilineatis ; aperturd ovali, margine tenui, labio interno tortuoso ; colore pallide fulvo, fasctis duabus, und prope suturam pallidd, und in medio anfractuum latd, distinctd. Elongated, keeled, with numerous whorls, and very numerous close-set curvilinear varices. Found by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at seven fathoms at Malacca. Mr. Gould laid before the Meeting specimens of three new spe- cies of Mammalia, which he described as Hatmaturus Hourmanni. Hal. Mas facie canescenii-cinered, Sronte rufescente, spatio inter aures auribusque externé nigrescenti- cinereis ; lined nuchali nigrescenti-fused ; dorso saturate fusco griseo irrorato, colli corporisque lateribus, artubus anticis et pos- ticis rufis, gutture et pectore fulvescenti-albis, abdomine cinereo ; caudd canescente, superne et ad apicem nigrescente. Foemina mari assimilis, coloribus pallidioribus. Juniores nigrescenti- cinerei, colore apud dorsum saturatiore. Adult Male.—Face dark grizled grey, stained with rufous on the forehead ; external surface of the ear and the space between the ears dark blackish grey; sides of the neck, shoulders, fore-arms, flanks and hind-legs rufous, which colour is palest on the flanks; a line of obscure blackish brown passes down the back of the neck, and spreads into the dark grizled brown of the back; throat and chest buffy white ; under surface of body grey; tail grizled grey, deepen- ing into black on the upper side and the extremity ; the fur is some- what short, coarse and adpressed; the base bluish grey, succeeded by rufous, then white, and the extreme tip black. Weight 125 lbs. Adult Female.—Is similar in colour to the male, but of a more uniform tint, in consequence of the rufous colouring of the shoulders and flanks being paler, and the grizled appearance of the back not so bright. Weight 8 lbs. The young is dark grizled grey, approaching to black, particu- larly along the back. Weight 5 lbs. Adult Male. Female. Ft. In. Ft. In. Length from the nose to the tip of the tail .. 3 6 3.4 Of TOU o4:i-44:0 whtiedn ees Sa ENA Cy” Maat eat of tarsus and toes, including the nail... 0 5a 0 53 ——-»—— of arm and hand, including the nails.. 0 6 0 4 of face from the tip of the nose to ne 0. 4b O64 DAkG OL TNO COE fy %6'y « wig + 4 Ut 4 DE. COE ns dixcnk nis LP PERE TRS »» O 2 O 2 Hatmarturus Dama. Hal, vellere fusco, canescente, rubescente ad nucham, ad dorsum imum, et per artus anticos ; facie cinered rufo lavatd ; fronte spatio inter aures, auribusque extern? nigrescentt- cinereis ; artubus posticis pallide fuscis ; caudd canescente, corpore inferiore pallidé cinereo. General colour of the fur grizled brown, becoming of a reddish tint on the back of the neck, arms and rump; face grey, washed with rufous on the forehead; outside of the ears and the space between Zoological Society. 447 blackish grey; hinder legs light brown; tail grizled. grey; under surface of the body pale grey. Tt. Tn. Length from the nose to the extremity of the tail.... 2 11 OPA ie Pi et Oe IT ER bet see Ll 23 of tarsus and toes, including the nail ...... O 52 of arm and hand, including the nails ...... 0 44 of face from the tip of the nose to base of ear. 0 4 eo RK tote 8 SM Sa OR aN RS Ppa iy 0 24 This animal is closely allied to and is nearly the same size as H., Thetidis, but has much larger ears, and the fur much more dense and lengthened; the base of the fur is bluish grey, to which succeeds reddish brown, then silvery white, the extreme tips being black. The above is the description of a female; the male will doubtless prove to be of larger size. It is very numerous on the islands of the Houtmann’s Abrolhos, and also inhabits Western Australia, where it is called ‘ Dama’ by the aborigines. LacorcuEstEs uirsutus. Lag. arenaceo-fulvus, dorso griseo irro- rato; spatio circumoculari conspicue rubescenti-fulvo; auribus mediocribus, extern cinereo-fuscis, intis pilis albidis obsitis, pedi- bus flavescenti-fulvis. General colour of the fur, particularly on the hind quarters and under surface, rich sandy buff; that of the head and back having a grizled appearance, occasioned by each hair having a mark of grey- ish white near the tip; the fur, which is exceedingly soft, is blackish brown at the base, then rufous, the whole beset with numerous hairs, which gradually increase in length towards the lower part of the body, where they exceed the general length of the fur by nearly two inches, and being of a rich rufous tint, give the animal a very con- spicuous appearance; broad space round the eye reddish buff; ears moderately large, greyish brown externally, and clothed with whitish hairs within ; feet nearly uniform yellowish buff, Ft. In. Length from tip of nose to tip of tail.............. 2 34 ho GUNA PUP. aN ee SPS Se ene aioa tance 0 104 of tarsus and toes, including nail .......... 0 Bi of arm and hand, including nails .......... O 28 of face from tip of nose to base ofear ...... O 38 ee Mee MRA ein REL PR Se UME aR te aa ite & The above is the description of a male, from the York district of Western Australia, where it is called by the aborigines ‘ Woo-rup.’ It is a very beautiful and well-marked species, distinguished from every other member of its genus by the long reddish hairs of the rump. The extreme tip of the tail is white, but whether this cha- racter is constant or not is at present unknown. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould read the following ex. tracts from a letter he had received from Mr, Gilbert, describing the habits, &c. of some Mammalia and Aves of Western Australia: — * With respect to the Kangaroos, I have heard of the little silver- 448 Zoological Society. haired Lagorchestes (Lagorchestes albipilis), and have tried hard to procure a specimen; it is a species well known to the natives of Moore’s river, by whom it is called ‘ Nar-nine,’ and is only to be found in densely thick scrub on flats, and on the edges of swamps where the small brush Melaleuca grows so thickly that it is almost impos- sible for a man to force his way through; its runs being under this, the animal escapes even the quick eye of anative. The only possible means of obtaining it is by having a number of natives to clear the spot, and two or three with guns and dogs to watch for it. | “This beautiful little animal makes no nest, but squats precisely like a hare, as I have been assured by Mr. Johnson Drummond. Of the other species with white behind the ears I can learn very little; are you satisfied it is not a variety? I have seen many with white spots about different parts of the head, which is said by all the hunters to be a common occurrence; the only character which ap- pears to me to approach a specific difference is the redness of colour- ing, which has been often observed by hunters ; the woolly nature of the fur is only the winter covering common to all of them. “The grey kangaroo, Macropus Ocydromus, Gould, of which I have a very interesting series, has very thin hair in summer, while in winter the coat is thick and woolly. «The male is called Yoon-gur and the female Work by the abori- gines. This large kangaroo is tolerably abundant over the whole colony of Western Australia, from King George’s Sound, south, to forty miles north of Moore’s river, the farthest point I have reached ; it does not appear to confine itself to any peculiar description of country, being as often seen in the gum-forests, among hills, as on the open plains and clear grassy hillocks; it is however more nume- rous in the open parts of the country, where it is not so liable to sur- prise. In travelling from Guilford to York, from two to four or five may occasionally be met with; but farther in the interior, particularly at Gwangum plains, herds of thirty to fifty may often be met with: further south, beyond Kojenup, they are still more numerous ; in fact, I have never seen in any part of Australia so large a herd as the one I met with on the Gordon plains in 1840; at the most moderate cal- culation there could not have been less than five hundred kangaroos ; several of the party, in their astonishment, considered there were even a greater number than I have stated. “The large full-grown male is termed a Buck or Boomer, and attains a great size, when he becomes a most formidable opponent to.the best dogs in the country, few of which will ever run a large Boomer; this may in some degree account for the few instances of very large ones being killed. It is not by their greater speed that they are enabled to escape; on the contrary, their great weight in some measure incapacitates them for running fast, or to any great distance, so that almost any dog may overtake them ; instead, there- fore, of running away, the Boomer invariably turns round and faces his pursuers, erecting himself to his full height, if possible with his back against a tree, and thus awaits the rush of the dogs, endeavour- ing to strike them with his powerful hind-toe, or catching them in Zoological Society. 449 his fore-arms, and while thus holding them, inflicting dreadful and often fatal wounds with his foot. Old dogs well broken in, and ac- customed to hunting the Boomer, will keep him at bay by their barking till the hunter comes up, who is generally furnished with a short heavy stick, and with a blow or two on the head brings the animal down, Even the hunter often runs a hazard, for a Boomer will frequently, on the approach of man, leave the dogs and attack his new opponent most fiercely ; and at times it is no easy matter to avoid being severely cut in attempting to killit. When closely pur- sued it takes to the water, and as the dogs approach, catches them in its arms and holds them under him till drowned. If the water be too shallow for drowning them, it has been known to catch one dog and place it beneath its feet, while courageously waiting the ap- proach of a second. ‘The swiftest runner is the female of the first year before having young, and of the second year with her first young; at this age her speed is so great that she is termed the ‘Flying Doe’: if she obtains anything like a fair start, she will give the fleetest dogs a long and severe run, and will frequently succeed in outstripping them; upon finding herself too closely pressed she attempts to evade the dogs by making a sudden leap, almost at a right angle with her course, and the dogs, not unfrequently when very close to her, and at full speed, bound past her to such a distance, that by the time they regain the track the kangaroo has gained so much ground as to get fairly away ; but this stratagem often accele- - rates her death, for in turning off so suddenly the whole weight is thrown upon one limb; the leg is consequently broken, the animal falls, and the next moment becomes an easy prey. Even large bucks are sometimes taken in this way : in their flight and anxiety to escape the dogs, they often run against a stump or a tree with such violence as to be killed on the spot. ‘‘ It would scarcely be supposed, from seeing this animal in con- finement, where it appears so quiet and harmless, that it can be excited to rage and ferocity; yet such is the case in a state of nature. Upon finding itself without a chance of escape, it summons up all its energies for a last struggle, and would often come off victor if it had dogs alone to contend with: the moment it sees the ap- proach of man, it appears to know instinctively that he is its most formidable opponent; its lips are then curved and contracted; its eyes sparkle with rage, and seem ready to start from their sockets ; its ears are in rapid and constant motion, and it utters its peculiar though not loud voice—a sort of smothered grunt, half hiss or hard breathing ; its attention is totally withdrawn from the dogs to its new enemy; regardless of their rush, it loses its former advantage ; and the dogs having once fairly got hold, the animal is easily brought down. “If a female with a tolerably large young one in the pouch be pursued, she will often, by a sudden jerk, throw the little creature out: whether this is done for her own protection, or for the purpose of misleading the dogs, has been debated by hunters; I am inclined to think the former is the case, for I have observed that the dogs Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Vol, xiv. , 2H 450 Zoological Society. pass on without noticing the young one, which in general crouches in a tuft of grass, or hides itself among the scrub without attempting to run or make its escape: the mother, if she eludes her pursuers, doubtless returns for her offspring. ‘« The kangaroos inhabiting the forests are invariably much darker and have a thicker coat than those of the plains; the young are at first of a very light fawn-colour, and get darker until two years old; from this age they again become lighter in colour, and the old males become of a very light grey; the coat, as already mentioned, being in the summer thin and hairy, and in the winter of a more woolly character. It is no unusual occurrence to find them with white marks on the head, particularly a white spot between the eyes or on the forehead; in one instance I observed the whole of the throat, cheeks; and upper part of the head spotted with yellowish white. Albinoes have been frequently met with. The largest and heaviest kangaroo of this species, of which I have any authentic account, was killed at the Murray, and weighed 160 lbs.*” ** Halmaturus manicatus :—Brush and Blue Kangaroo of colonists ; Goorh-a, aborigines of Perth; Quarra, aborigines of the interior. «This is by far the swiftest and most difficult kangaroo to pro- cure with dogs, not only from its fleetness, but also from the zigzag manner of its successive leaps and the thick brush which it inhabits ; it is very rarely seen in the open country, dwelling in scrubby dis- tricts, and the facility with which it bounds off and rounds the clumps of bushes, enables it to make its escape with comparative ease: during the heat of the day it may be seen under the shade of a tree or thick clump of bushes, and may be often approached within a few yards before it bounds from its cover, thus affording a tolerably easy shot. Weight from 17 to 21 Ibs.” «« Anous stolidus.—The Noddy and its allied species are the most nu- merous of all the inhabitants of the Houtmann’s Abrolhos, breeding in prodigious numbers ; the bird lays in November and December, form- ing a nest of sea-weed about six inches in diameter, and varying in height from four to eight inches, but without anything like regularity of form; the top is nearly flat, there being but a very slight hollow to prevent the egg rolling off; for, like others of the Sternide, they never lay but a single egg. ‘The nests are so completely plastered with their excrement, that at first sight it appears to be almost the only material; they are either placed on the ground, in a clear open space, or on the tops of the thick scrub, over the Sterna fuliginosa : these two species incubate together in the utmost harmony, the bushes to an immense extent wearing a mottled appearance, from the great mass of birds of both species perched on the top; the male Sterna fuliginosa sitting quite close to the nest of the Noddy, while its mate is beneath, performing her arduous duties of incubation. On walking among these birds’ nests, I was surprised to observe the ex- treme tenacity with which they kept their post; in fact they would not remove off the egg or young, but suffered themselves to be fairly * The head, feet and fore-arms were exhibited, Zoological Society. 451 trod upon, or taken off by the hand; and so thickly were these nests placed, that it was no easy matter to avoid crushing either birds or eggs at every step. In the middle of January I found the eggs very nearly ready to hatch, and but few young birds; in numerous in- stances the bird would suffer me to take it by the wing and throw it off the nest, but would immediately return, although I was still standing close to the spot. There would be an overwhelming increase of this species yearly but for one check which nature has provided against it in the presence of a lizard, which is extremely abundant about their breeding-places, and which finds an easy prey in this and S. fuliginosa. 1 am satisfied, from constant observation, that on an average, not more than one out of every twenty birds hatched ever reach maturity, or live long enough to take wing; besides this, great numbers of the old birds are constantly killed: these lizards do not eat the whole bird, but merely extract the brains and ver- tebral marrow; the remainder however is soon cleared off by the Dermestes lardarius, which is here in amazing numbers, and gave me a great deal of uneasiness and constant trouble to preserve my collection from their repeated attacks. I did not observe the Noddy inhabiting any other but South Island; they do not appear to go far out to sea to feed, finding an abundance of food immediately outside the outer reef; nor did I in any one instance observe it feeding in the smooth quiet water between the outer reef and the islands. Their food consists of small fish, small mollusca, medusz, cuttle-fish, &c. Irides brown, bill and legs blackish grey ; flight somewhat heavy and very irregular.” ** Anous ? (Lesser Noddy),—This, although an allied species to the Noddy, is totally different in its habits of incubation, and is even much more numerous than the former; it builds a nest of sea- weed on the branches of the mangrove, from four to ten feet above the ground; like the Noddy, however, it is truly gregarious, arranging their nests as closely as possible; the sea-weed is merely thrown across the branch without any regard to form, till they have a heap varying from two to four inches in height, the long pieces of sea- weed in many instances hanging beneath the branch, which makes it appear a much larger structure: their nests and the branches of the trees are completely white from their excrement, throwing _ out a most disagreeable and sickly odour, which is perceptible at a considerable distance. Although there are large groves of man- groves on other islands, this bird only inhabits those of South Island. I have seen many vast flocks of birds, but I must con- fess I was not at all prepared for the surprise I experienced in wit- nessing the amazing clouds (literally speaking) which these birds present when congregating in the evening; while they had their young to feed, their departure and return with food during the day in one direction had a most singular appearance. From their breed- ing-place, across the smooth water to seaward, beyond the outer reef, is a distance of about four miles, and this entire distance, in their one and regular track, wore the appearance of one continuous dark line, from their prodigious numbers; after sel pune were 452. Zoological Society. enabled to accompany the parent birds, I observed they all left the breeding or roosting-place in the morning and did not again return till evening, apparently the first comers waiting the arrival of the last before finally roosting for the night ; it is when thus assembling that the amazing number is seen to perfection: even Audubon, who has been so accustomed to see such vast flocks of the passenger pigeon, could hardly avoid expressing surprise if he had an opportunity of seeing these birds at sunset, moving in one immense mass over and around their roosting-place ; while the noise of the old birds’ quack and the piping whistle of the young ones is almost deafening. This bird, like its congener, lays but a single egg; it commences incu- bating in December, and appears to be the exclusive inhabitant of the mangroves; and while sitting on its egg or tending its young is as easily caught as the Noddy, suffering itself to be taken off its nest rather than leave it. As an article of food it was the favourite, several hundreds being killed almost daily during our stay on the island. From the circumstance of this bird inhabiting the upper branches may be attributed its numbers being greater than any other of the numerous birds which inhabit the islands, the lizards being unable to climb the branches with the facility necessary for capturing their prey, and it thus escapes their repeated attacks, to which the others must at all times be subject on the ground.” Mr. L. Fraser laid upon the table three new species of Birds, which he described as LAGOPUS FERRUGINEUS. Lag. dorso, humeris, et uropygio, nitide FSerrugineis ; singulis plumis in medio fusco notatis ; capite et collo Suscis ; plumarum radicibus albis ; primariis cinereis ; caudd su- perne cinered, ferrugineo marginaid et ad apicem albé ; femoribus tarsisque ferrugineis nigro atque albo, vix distincte fasciatis ; rostro et unguibus nigris, ceromate et digitis flavis. Upper surface dark brown, mottled slightly with white on the head and neck; tail above the basal half white, terminal brown, totally white beneath, the feathers on the breast having brown quills and those on the sides and thighs spotted with brown. Total length 234 in.; wings, 17; tail, 10; gape, 14; tarsi, 3. . Hab. Mexico. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond. There are three specimens of this bird in different stages of plu- mage in the Society’s collection, all from Mexico; one was presented by John Taylor, Esq., another by N. A. Vigors, Esq. Psrrracus Timnen. Ps. saturate cinereus, uropygio, abdomine imo, crisso, et femoribus pallid cinereis, caudd saturate ferrugineo- rubrd, rectricibus singulis acutis. Hab. Timneh country, Sierra Leone. Le Perroquet cendre noir; Le Vaillant, Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, pl. 102. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond. This bird is confined to that part of Western Africa near Sierra Leone; it is never seen so low down as Cape Coast, which is the Entomological Society. 4.53 locality of the Psittacus ‘erithacus, from which it differs in its much darker tints of colouring, and the tail-feathers terminating in a point. PuycroLtoruvus citrino-cristatus. 1. albus, cristd citrind, plu- mis auricularibus sulphureo leviter tinctis, In vivario/ Zool. Soc. Lond. About the size of Pl. sulphureus. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. January 2, 1843.—W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., President, in the | Chair. Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a living specimen of Odacantha melanura, recently captured in the Hammersmith marshes. The President exhibited some wheat, recently imported from India, greatly infested with Calandra granaria, upon which he made some observations in reference to the very great advantages which would result to the Indian agriculturists in case the grain could be imported into Europe free from the weevil : whereupon Mr. Edward Double- day stated, that in North America the Indian corn is attacked by a small beetle, belonging to the family Hngide, within a very few months after it is full-grown. Mr. Westwood read a notice of anew genus and species of British Homopterous insects belonging to the family Aphide, found in dif- ferent stages of growth at the roots of Jerusalem artichokes. ‘They are of a broad ovate form, destitute of wings, and of a white or dirty whitish colour; their hind feet are singularly inserted quite at the sides of the body, whereby the insect is able to throw them upwards and backwards and forwards; the hind tarsi are very long and appa- ‘rently 1-jointed; the rostrum is elongated; the antenne 6-jointed ; the abdomen destitute of the saccharine tubercles. Mr. Westwood proposes to name it Rhizobius Helianthemi, it not being previously described by Burmeister or Hartig. Mr. Westwood also read an extract from a letter from M. Guérin Méneville, containing a new distribution of the species of the genus Khipicera, since published in the ‘Species et Iconographie générique des Insectes.’ February 6.—George Newport, Esq. (who had been elected Presi- dent at the Anniversary on the 23rd of January), in the Chair. The President read a notice of the offer of two prizes of 5/. 5s. each by the Rev. F. W. Hope, for the best memoir on insects injurious to market gardens, and for a complete bibliographical synopsis of entomological works published in this country. Mr. Longley exhibited a Gynandromorphous specimen of the com- mon Vapourer Moth (Orgyia antiqua). The President having communicated to W. W. Saunders, Esq., the late President of the Society, the request proposed at the Anni- versary Meeting, that he would deliver his Anniversary Address this evening, Mr. Saunders delivered the same: whereupon a vote of thanks was unanimously passed to him, accompanied with a request 454, Entomological Society. that he would permit it to be printed for distribution amongst the Members. The following memoirs were read :— *« Notice of the occurrence in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, of Trypodendron lineatum, a new British species of wood-boring Co- leoptera.’ By T. Desvignes, Esq. “* A Decade of new Coleoptera from Assam.’’ By Captain Frede- rick Parry, F.L.S. &c. 1. Cicindela Assamensis,P. Atro-picea, elytris maculis 4 flavis, cor- pore infra nitido viridi trochanteribus rubris. Long. corp. lin. 94. 2. Cicindela latipennis, P. Berylino-viridis, fronte albido, disco subcupreo-ceneo, elytris lunulis tribus lateralibus flavis alteraque fere media ad suturam vergente apicibus fiavis. Long. corp. lin. 8. 3. Heptodonta (Gen. Cicindelarum) Hopei, P. Viridis, fronte al- bido, lateribus brunneis, thorace cylindrico elytrisque concoloribus aimmaculatis apicibus subtruncatis, corpore infra viridi, femoribus ad basin flavis. Long. corp. lin. 74. 4, Calosoma nigrum, P. Nigrum, mandibulis porrecto-falcatis in- dentatis, thorace transverso-rotundato parvo, elytris thorace qua- druplo longioribus, postice dilatatis et lineato-punctatis, punctis in 3 lineis positis, corpore infra atro, pedibus concoloribus. Long. corp. lin. 14. 5. Athyreus frontalis, P. Castaneus, antennis flavis, capite antice nigro, postice castaneo, thorace ad marginem anticum parum ele- vato, postice valde excavato, foveola utringue fortiter impressa, pedibus fuscescentibus, femoribus rubris. Long. corp. lin. 84. 6. Mimela sapphirina, P. Lete cyanea, capite marginato virescenti, thorace nitido violaceo, elytrisque striato-punctatis sapphirinis, fascia violacea parum distincta, fere ad latera posita; corpore in-. fra atro-piceo, femoribus pallidioribus. Long. corp. lin. 63. 7. Alaus irroratus, P. Niger, maculis minutis flavis irroratis, capite Fere atro, thorace obscuro subtilissime punctis asperso, elytris stri- atis, macula atra majori ad latera posita aliisque flavis per totum discum aspersis. Long. corp. lin. 15. 8. Eumolpus pyrophorus, P. Violaceus, capite lete cyaneo, thorace concolori, elytris igneo-ceneis, humeris apicibusque cyaneis, corpore infra violaceo, pedibus concoloribus. 9. Lamia (Batocera, Dej.) 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