ieatl os ss cgagtse ‘a tea Bein ul sida aa ras > bales deeoMem@ents avake . ite evi Sauleeat Hy % os rt ‘a oe we a naee sah nr « ants etd “é es ae ota =, ‘ tf tn . a. el i$ sotede . a aie wages ana ea Vicia sae at' sa ae af ii nat = F) lig! “ tat Ub Yd ”, a Cle ee: dees < 1h sata Pee Pose isda e sal 5 ye ? bil tate Oe (age G r eid hee faa 7 4 Sear) gal air urinae a id iat Has tit te bee aly eel a Mw aa a pe LE ayn ait +f 2 Jay a : taeda itt ee eet tout PF mS fe i mA it¢ 2 aa a Yiisel rie [Bu J He ‘ ila it Ny Bias. iatchaty Ih {3h Wie tee rotiy cade ies ) oat a; iy eben aT) ge i 4 3 eee Mi ed Sal € aia as eld our a eee a 12 J i ait ea nes Ae aN 14 anf SPM Stan cat ae wii n 4 put Bis ast aia 8 ajfcera ‘ abt ay a7 ot ve age ‘ Hs % gd@ ‘ Pe dine Snare “ape aa its AB an) J Py iy J » Di ot hs drcennns ra mt Hes n « « , a! pase Hay ite: We, a3 Bar bey * aca at. as ar ghahal 4.98 4 sana ha ia ch aati ay" Ma titat et ? is 444 ity telat ae oe uae Bales ie “ Bie etc a stata athe 4 - ie nih on ee iG sai ea “iit ao i fe AS es ating Bi pitteee ay 7 <5 la fan See Baeets Ee sate " os pec a teats es rm ay : a nce ae Lae Cl dat! Miata ie ae S aavenae ney uieatted sy Dem Tag F bight + i; ua ie it firey Bh Bee ty ct Pe ks RPE ia fae a3 yeh pe) oe et - bios - oe Take a U 2 eh i wee bs Te bh je BE en iv tae tat 464 Le Rar \ A! Sue _ spate: iste biay Loe 4a oP oh] ? tie CY tr eho! Raat ey ; ooh i BL Dt ohy ; 4 ae ahs sya CaS bi <= sihere Le ay, Yet , af t at ee iB ; Wei bee oe Me) i Ae iy He SUE G0 Wl pave Ps 4) i va a } Mel Uh s is rexe aye SN a THe SY ner ata ae ee . =) THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY, (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘MAGAZINE OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY,’ AND OF LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’) > CONDUCTED BY Srr W. JARDINE, Bart., F.L.S.—P. J. SELBY, Esq., F.L. re GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. Bot. Edinburgh, AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S. PLP LLL IS VOL. III.—SECOND SERIES. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR. SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.; W. woop, TAVISTOCK STREET ; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1849, ‘*Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINNZUS. see ec eae ewe es ee Sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. TAYLOR, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. III. . [SECOND SERIES.] NUMBER XIII. I. On some new genera and species of Paleeozoic Corals and Forami- niferas By Frepericx M‘Coy, M.G.S. & N.H.S.D. &c. .....064 secees II. Note on the Colour of a Freshwater Loch. By Groree Dicxiz, M.D., Lecturer on Zoology and Botany in the University and King’s Collepe of A bordGend 5... seksi tis vankes.ctebingadnsopnstabdnntenss erased ccocee III. Stirpes Cryptogamz Sarnienses; or Contributions towards the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. By the Rev. T. Satwey, Oswestry... IV. On the Structure and Habits of the Orobanchacea. By Artuur Fi pwpeney, BBs | ani cnndaweiicvcddsebasdcchhecdsaecncacekusnitactae Abe ae apt V. Remarks on the British Geodephaga; with Notes on some Scyd- menide and Pselaphide. By Dr. H. ScHauM o.....cceceeees Seesdecsveds VI. On the mode of growth in Oscillatoria and allied genera. By Joun Ratrs, M.R.C.S.,' Penzance §<........ccccccsescscccccoscendes aniline VII. On the Structure of the Teeth of some Fossil Fish of the Car- boniferous Period. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S. ..,......cscecsececscssceees ee VIII. Descriptions of Aphides. By Francis Wacker, F.L.S. - [X, Observations on Mr. M‘Coy’s description of the Tail of Diplo- pterus. By Sir Puinire pe Mauras Grey Ecerron, Bart. ........006- New Books :—An Introduction to Botany, by J. Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S.—Narrative of an Expedition into Central. Australia during the years 1844-5 & 6, &c., by Captain Charles Sturt, F.L.S, : with a Botanical Appendix by Robert Brown, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., and Ornithological Notices by John Gould, F.R.S.—Ar- ran and Excursions to Arran, with reference to the Natural Hi- Page 1 20 story of the Island, by the Rev. David Landsborough ........, 55—61 Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh; Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh ; Zoological Society ........ccseccseeceeeees 61—73 Journey to explore the Province of Para ; How to prevent the Attacks iv CONTENTS. Page of the Bed-bug, Cimex lectularius, by John Blackwall, F.L.S.; Description of Sarcoptilus, a new genus of Pennatulide, by J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S. &c. ; Remarkable Instances of Instinct, or In- telligence, in Animals, by Dr. Warwick ; Note on the genus Bra- chycladium ; Prevention of Bugs, by Thomas Stratton, R.N.; Me- teorological Observations and Table ........0...+s00 PETE ee NT 74—80 NUMBER XIV. X. The Musci and Hepaticee of the Pyrenees. By Ricuarp Spruce, Esq. (With three Plates.) .........ssccseees Ain dds athanird uaa aaa eas eae vate 81 XI. Algz Orientales :—Descriptions of new species belonging to the genus Sargassum. By R. K. Greviris, LL.D. &c. (With a Plate.) 106 XII. Observations on the Minute Structure and Mode of Contraction of Voluntary Muscular Fibre. By W. Murray Dosis, F.B.S.E. (With PIE) octea tiga ha ciee sci sa aR Orte SHA EC li chS ia isn dds need db eoedesbabaeded 109 XIII. On some new genera and species of Palzozoic Corals and Foraminifera. By Frepericx M‘Coy, M.G.S. & N.H.S.D. &c. ...... 119 XIV. Supplementary Notices regarding the Dodo and its Kindred. Nos. 1, 2,3.. By H. E. Srricxuanp, M.A., F.G.S. c..cceevecee veers aes 196 XV. Reply to Sir Philip Egerton’s Letter on the Tail of Diplopterus. | By Frepericx M‘Coy, M.G.S. & N.H.S.D. &e. ...... Gindhypiaesdeh ede 139 XVI. Reply to Prof. Owen’s Letter on the Ganoine of some Fish- teeth. By Freprericx M‘Coy, M.G,S. & N.H.S.D. &e. c.ccccs eee eeees 140 XVII. Contributions to the Botany: of South America. By Joun Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. ic... eee byoase< javhows bouebaen intaileapnaeides 141 New Books :—The Treasury ‘of Natural History, or a Popular Dic- Honety. of Animated Nature, by Samuel Maunder, Esq. ............ 146 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Botanical Society of Edin- burgh eect eeeeseereosesseeeesee See eSSS ere SFOs esSeeseseeeeeesaeseseesesese 148—154 On the Existence of an Ovum or Ovule as well in the Male as in the Female of Plants and Animals, producing in the one case Sper- matozoa or Pollen-grains, in the other the primitive Cells of the Embryo, by Ch. Robin, M.D.; On the Gum Kino of the Tenas- serim Provinces, by the Rev. F. Mason; Meteorological Observa- CIOVIS MF AU geisha dea das tphes as cn ekevogeciatacsedacae nc DaAtAr a 154—160 NUMBER XV. XVIII. Observations upon several genera hitherto placed in Sola- nace@, and upon others intermediate between that family and the Scro- -phulariacee. By Joun Mirrs, Esq., F.R.S., F.LS. &e, .eeccccseeeeees 161 XIX. On the Anatomy of Zolis, a genus of Mollusks of the order Nudibranchiata. By Ausany Hancock and Dennis Emsieton, M.D, CW 40d Plates) iiss ide siviae es Ghee evades odin tlios MOON ciiseesssiiak 183 CONTENTS. Vv ; Page XX. Brief Notice of several Mammalia and Birds discovered by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., in Upper India. By Tuomas. Horsriztp, M.D. 202 XXI. Notes on Chalcidites, and descriptions of various new species. . By Faancis WaLkany PAB iii ie. ests es atid de obidde eoeasvecd 204 XXII. Some Account of the Storm of January in Bedfordshire. By FOMM DAAWTIN, TON, Can casuesubueasdctaesesccsnsssncsavevetoscsentine os ose eats 210 XXIII. Descriptions of five new species of Coleoptera. By the Rev. J. F. Dawson, LL.B. ...... poeccedhs dbdesh anh seneneand ckacteiae cau irumee 213 XXIV. Algz Orientales :—Descriptions of new species belonging to the genus Sargassum. By R. K. Grevitre, LL.D. &e. (With a Plate.) 216 XXV. On the Gonidia of Lichens. By G. H. K. Tuwarrss, Lec- turer on Botany and Vegetable nba ate; Ane at the Bristol Medical School, oe SPUR oes cccacisnevasntecddcbeddbes beeacsceceseacsese scvees 219 New Books a dibidienions of the Proceedings of the Zoological So- Sat ge eh Tas i Sheena edvmsicnioanndeecins vavidive eliesivdss + debuesacss 222 Proceedings of the Zoological Society..........+++ sinsaace hadesitndasd 224—233 Note on the Development and Organization of Infusoria—Gyratory - Movements of the Vitellus: Pulsations of the Contractile Vesicle in the Egg, by M. F. Pouchet; British Museum, Zoological De- partment, Conchology ; English Wild Beasts a Century and a half ago; On Thaliella, anew genus of Cirripedes allied to Sca/pellum, by J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S, ; Post-office Regulations ; The Tui, or Parson-bird ; Obituary :—Mr. Edward Forster; Rossia Owenit, Ball; Meteorological Observations and Table .......... vevee 208-—240 NUMBER XVI. XXVI. Note on Cystocoleus, a new genus of minute Plants. By G. H. K. Tuwarrzs, Lecturer on Botany and Vegetable Physiology in the Bristol Medical School. (With a Plate.) .........cccccescesecsscees 241 XXVII. Description of Coccochloris Brebissonii, a new species of the Palmellee, in conjugation, By G. H. K. Tuwaires. (With a PUAte: ) veces Judea tewv sv casaebepelsets veedes da nsinee dev casduadededadieewhiesecucess 243 XXVIII. On some new Paleozoic Echinodermata. By Freprricx M'Cot MiG.S. & NS) Di Bee ihe ctccnsebosstgnincncsasdesesocebadbcnsvaie 244 X XIX. Algz Orientales :—Descriptions of new species belonging to the genus Sargassum. By R. K. Grevitie, LL.D. &c. (With a PAOD O DP ieinv sacs cnncveess sbie cadens ot pid Ve bed Geo Keo ope sgudlebie DR RERRRUCY cid ys 254 . XXX. Descriptions of two new Birds from Jamaica. By Puitipe RAEWHT Goons; Hage! isis cede, ciind ool ese wlee lta tebe Siw dbe deb deasbas 257 XXXI. Supplementary Notices regarding the Dodo and its Kindred. ° Nos, 4,5. By H. E. Srricxuann, M.A., FIGS. oi. cccccccscscececsoeee 259 XXXII. Contributions to the Botany of South America. By Joun PO WG. RNa ance. crs ccactedesenosueactceniiertee te rircere ies ceee vi CONTENTS. : Page XXXIII. The Musci and Hepaticz of the Pyrenees. By Ricuarp . BRRU GR, Tags ceictiscacnstecabeaees dnmesdatiidendhe Qi sivansauiben commaucnscs +. 269 XXXIV. Observations on the Animal of Kellia rubra, by Witu1aM Crark, Esq., in a Letter to Professor Epwarp ForBEs ......... e000 ee 293 XXXV. Descriptions of Aphides. By Francis Wauxer, F.L.S.... 295 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ......... SManiaeia desma sb adden 305—312 On Polycotyledonous Embryos, by M. P. Duchartre; Preparation of Pineapple Fibres in Singapore for the Miébuifagtare of Pina Cloth; Advantages accruing from the Study of Entomology ; Description of a new Mexican Quail, by William Gambel, M.D. ; Descriptions of two new Californian Quadrupeds, by William Gambel, M.D.; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... desde wee eceees bint 312—-320 ~ NUMBER XVII. XXXVI. On the Excavating Powers of certain Sponges belonging to the genus Cliona; with descriptions of several new Species, and an allied generic form. By Atsany Hancock, Esq. (With four Plates.) 321 XXXVII. On the mode of growth in Calothrixz and allied genera. By Joun Ratrs, M.R.C.S.; Penzance. .........scccscevevsvcesesvecercuseves . 048 XXXVIII. Additions to the Fauna of Ireland. By Witt1am Tuomeson, Esq., Pres. Nat. Hist. and Phil. Society of Belfast ......... 351 XXXIX. The Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. By Ricnarp SPRUCE, Esq. ..sccscccsccsrncessccstsscsccscsesrscescccssceascsscecsascscaseveness 358 XL. Observations on the recent Foraminifera. By Wituram Crarx, Esq. ....ceccscevopapecscccssaccscssarcccescocecesesssssoccees bebavecse eee ndvesececsas 380 XLI. On the Animal of Kellia Bh By Josuua Axper, Esq. ... 383 XLII. Description of a bag-shaped, glandular apparatus on a Bra- zilian Bat, the Emballonura canina of Prince Maximilian. By Prof. OD RBANBAMOE o sicdelscceiicccess Sch dakar nadyUouGhenedes peubeaunes eats ones tee 386 XLIII. On some Families and Genera of Corals. By Witiiam Kind, FGM. BPR cascckeosexssss cesses Guscadelenre ver sevaees pekesakchweus tne 388 New Books ;—Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, represented from living subjects; with Practical Observations on their Nature, by Sir John Graham Dalyell, Bart.—First Steps to Zoology, by Robert Patterson, Esq.—The Elements of Botany, by A. De Jus- sieu. Translated by J. H. Wilson, F.L.S. &c. .......-. mexent 391—397 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Royal Society ; Botanical So- OEY OF FIT RR. sce sec csnaveawees sanseen bts donee do sneteoncoses 397—427 Observations on the Geology and Natural History of Mexico, by W. H. Pease ; Meteorological Observations and Table ......... 427—432 CONTENTS. vii Page NUMBER XVIII. XLIV. On the British species of Plumbaginacee. By Cuarues Miss ROAMINOTOM, Nec Aings Bs bipteg 0 hes. co bvenccsccspedcavccncescncens Pe Hoy «. 433 XLV. Contributions to the Botany of South America. By Joun Mimas, Esgq., FiTLS.;: BGS, cscs. sesescccscocccescseceses basen stnateves sh teks 443 XLVI. On the Animal of Kellia rubra. By W. Cuark, Esq. ...... 452 XLVII. An Account of a Specimen of the Vaagmaer, or Vogmarus Islandicus (Trachypterus Bogmarus of Cuvier and Valenciennes), thrown ashore in the Firth of Forth. By Joun Rein, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Medicine in the lb of St. Andrews. sia a PUAN) ss ccnagugd tera ah aaka 9605 seh no aU sue bd Gems Covance pn nesagbnnewace te seseseses SOO XLVIIT. The Musci and Hepaticze of the Pyrenees. By achat DPRBDBS TGs. ses scivcnegensesss sande SUiNdte ds pundauch tigate tales LVingeinpnusbaneds 478 XLIX. Algze Orientales:—Descriptions of new species belonging to the genus Sargassum. By R. K. Grevitis, LL.D. &c. (With a UMMA wicdaicsccdecacai ancl cau ken Ghana kins hanebe patislds oan cacucaumeaebed cy dew 503 L. On the Mollusca of Vigo Bay in the North-west of Spain, by Rosert MacAnprew, Esq., F.L.S., in a Letter to Professor Epwarp OOM, FROG Dy. eawacccshe sa) ceca aknd vac dheus co gelareond bie Ohi nad oRappabmaesayens 507 LI. On the Identification of a new Genus of Parasitic Insects, 4n- thophorabia. By Grorce Newrort, Esq., F.R.S. & LS. oo... es ese 513 Proceedings of the Royal Society; Botanical Society of Edinburgh 518—520 Capnodium, novum Fungorum genus, by C. Montagne, D.M.; Podi- soma fuscum; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... 520—523 BOMBOT s Ukbs reeds bas Kenesues a iinsnaS Gh coe ean deus cba lees sxiaueely cele ok sawkee ‘ PLATES IN VOL. III. Pirate I. Hypnum pyrenaicum.—Dicranum glaucum.—Polytrichum al- pinum. If. Isothecium Philippianum. III. Southbya tophacea. IV. New species of Sargassum. a \ Anatomy of Eolis. VII. Structure of Muscular Fibre. | ' VEIT. Synalissa vulgaris.—Cystocoleus ebeneus.—Coccochloris Brebis- * sonii. X. } New species of Sargassum. et i XII 9 aay New species of Excavating Sponges. vas _ XVI. Structure of Vogmarus Islandicus. ERRATUM. Page 6, 9 lines from top, for 115 to 180, read 115 to 130. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SECOND SERIES.] SF ccoscdesdsevesons per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circdm vitreos considite fontes : Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores : Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasti Ecl, 1. No. 13. JANUARY 1849. s Nyssa TEAK outer walls of the tubes longi- Lonsdaleia : a. old branch exterior and terminal cups and young one tudinally striated and _trans- srowing from the lal: versely rugose : reproduction b. Transverse section showing the by circular germs developed in three areas and a bud (x) grow- the cellular outer zone, and _ ing in the outer one. springing at once obliquely c. Vertical section. without the area of the parent stem, which continues its growth uninterruptedly with the slender young stem project- ing from one of the transverse rugosities of the external sur- face ; the young stem seems at first only composed of the axis, and gradually acquires the inner lamelliferous and outer ve- sicular zones as it increases in size. The little-known Erismatholites Madreporites duplicatus of Martin’s ‘ Petrificata Derbiensia’ may be looked upon as the type of this genus, which I have dedicated to Mr. Lonsdale as a slight token of my admiration for his labours in illustrating the structure of fossil corals. It will be seen from the above notice to unite in itself the internal structure of Strombodes (Lithostro- tion, Lonsd.) with the external character and mode of growth of Cyathophyllum (C. dianthus, &c.). Lonsdaleia crassiconus (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Corallum forming groups or loosely connected masses of elongate-conical stems, averaging 6 to 7 lines in diameter ; surface with concentric wrinkles and coarse flexuous longitu- dinal striz ; lateral branches rapidly expanding, conical, widen- ing from their base at the rate of 6 lines in 9 lines of length: horizontal section shows a central circular axis 1} line in dia- meter of closely twisted lamine ; outside which is a circular area 3 lines in diameter, of about twenty-four vertical radiating lamelle, with few or no connecting vesicular plates between Paleozoic Corals and Foraminifera. 13 them ; the outer area composed of small, irregular, curved ve- sicular plates, forming an irregular cellulose texture: vertical section, the central axis of close, spirally and conically twisted lamine ; inner area of one row of distant, delicate, irregular, curved transverse plates forming very open cells ; outer area _ defined from the inner, formed of loose irregular cellular tissue, of large, slightly-curved vesicular plates, extending obliquely upwards and outwards. This species is much less irregularly wrinkled than the LZ. du- plicata (Mart. sp.), forms shorter and more widely turbinated masses, and is distinguished externally at a glance by the lateral branches expanding rapidly from their point of attachment to a conical form, while in the L. duplicata the lateral branches re- tain their original small diameter for a great length (increasing at about the rate of 4 lines in 3 inches), and present a strange contrast to the parent stem, as is faithfully shown in the rough figure of Martin. In the red carboniferous limestone of Arnside, Kendal; also near Bakewell, Derbyshire, in the limestone of the same age. (Col. University of Cambridge.) Lonsdaleia rugosa (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Branches 6 or 7 lines in diameter, elongate-conic, ex- ceedingly rugose with large transverse irregular undulations and funnel-shaped irregularities of growth, crossed by coarse, obtuse longitudinal striz (four in the space of 2 lines) ; young lateral branches small, continuing very slender for a consider- able length ; terminal cups deep, with a prominent compressed axis in the centre, middle portion with strong radiating lamelle, which, as they approach the margin, become fainter and united. into a network by strong interstitial vesicular plates: hori- zontal section, central axis 2 lines wide, of cluse, fine, compli- cated laminz, crossed by one thick mesial plate; axis sur- rounded by an area 5 lines wide, of about forty-two equal ra- diating lamelle, with very few and delicate transverse vesi- cular plates; outer area partially radiated by delicate prolon- gations of the radiating lamellz, with numerous strong curved vesicular plates : vertical section shows a thick solid line indi- cating the centre of the axis (and corresponding to the mesial line through the axis of the cross section), from which the delicate, thin, close, complicated laminz of the axis diverge downwards, but pass gradually into the larger and more hori- zontal cellular tissue of the second area ; this latter is separated by a definite line from the outer area, which is of smaller cellular tissue, composed of small, curved, vesicular plates ex- tending obliquely upwards and outwards. 14 Mr. F. M‘Coy on some new genera and species of In general appearance this resembles the L. duplicata (Mare. sp.), but is much more rugose, and the young branches expand more rapidly; in the vertical section it is distinguished by the central line and the undefined sides of the axis, as well as the very much smaller size of the cells of the vesicular structure, and the much greater number of the radiating lamelle, which do not ex- ceed twenty-four or twenty-six in that species. There is a slight external resemblance between this coral and the Cyathophyllum pseudo-vermiculare (M‘Coy), but the prominent axis easily di- stinguishes it. Common in the carboniferous limestone of Corwen. (Col. University of Cambridge.) Lonsdaleia? stylastreaformis (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Corallum composed of easily separable (four- to six- sided) prismatic tubes from 3 to 5 lines in diameter ; outer walls faintly striated longitudinally, and marked with arched, transverse, imbricating rugosities : vertical section, axis large, defined, composed of irregular, spirally complicated lamelle ; inner area of little-curved, vesicular plates, inclining obliquely upwards and outwards, each plate generally extending from the axis to the circumference of the mner zone, so that there is but one, or occasionally two lengthened cells in a row be- tween those points; outer area narrow, composed of slightly arched plates inclining obliquely upwards and outwards, each plate usually reaching from the imner zone to the outer wall ; more rarely a second arched plate is required, so that gene- rally there is but a single row of long cells between the mner zone and outer wall, with occasionally a small irregular cell towards the margin: transverse polished section showing a large oval or circular, irregularly reticulated or cellular axis, from which twenty-five lamelle of equal length and thickness ra- diate almost to the outer walls, the cellular lining of the walls free of radiating lamelle being very narrow, and forming ap- parently a single row of irregular cells; the spaces between the radiating lamelle crossed by very thin arched plates: transverse rough fracture generally cup-like above, the outer zone forming an oblique, nearly uniform margin, faintly un- dulated in a radiating direction, within which is the rough flat fracture of the inner zone and axis; on the under side the po- sition of those parts is reversed, the inner area being promi- nent and surrounded by a narrow, radiated border sloping to the walls. | This coral is very remarkable for uniting in itself the internal structure of Strombodes (Lithostrotion, Lonsd.) with the external form and easily-separable columns of the Stylastrea of the same Paleozoie Corals and Foraminifera. 15 writer. Iam unable to afford any information on what would under the circumstances be the most interesting point, namely the mode of production of new columns: taking all the circum- stances into consideration, I suspect the mode of increase was similar to that I have described in Lonsdaleia generally, the ex- ternal prismatic form (which is of itself of no value) being pro- duced by the pressure of a closer mode of growth than in the L. duplicata. As it is impossible to conceive a Strombodes (or Lithostrotion) splitting into easily-separable columns, I provi- sionally therefore place it in Lonsdaleia. Rare in the carboniferous limestone of Kendal. (Col. University of Cambridge.) Nemaphyllum (M‘Coy), n. g. Gen. Char. Corallum composed of numerous inseparably united, polygonal, prismatic tubes, each having a straight, thin, flat, fillet-hke solid, or nearly solid, axis, from which, in the hori- zontal section, the fine nume- rous radiating lamelle are seen extending directly to the walls ; radiating lamelle connected by very fine transverse dissepi- ments only visible externally in the outer area: vertical section shows three distinct areas ; Ist, the thm flat axis; 2nd, a sharply defined cylinder of very minutely vesicular arched plates, the rows directed from the axis Berean ame terminal rey of Ne- 1 , ma um: @ &@. axes; VU. young ome foun i ie My d bud within the area of the shoret area of similar small arched plates forming a minutely vesi- cular structure slightly smaller than that of the inner zone, but the rows directed obliquely upwards and outwards : repro- duction by small circular buds developed within the area of the parent star. In mode of reproduction and tri-areal structure this genus ap- proaches Strombodes (as above understood), from which it differs altogether in the nature of the axis, which in all the species of that genus is cylindrical, composed of numerous plates variously twisted together, and giving a cellulose section in every direction ; the axis of the present group on the contrary forms a thin, flat, simply solid lamina, and is exhibited in a vertical fracture either as a narrow opake white line, or as a broad ribbon-like fillet, ac- cording to whether the section is in the direction of its width or 16 Mr. F. M‘Coy on some new genera and species of across it; a further difference is constantly observable between those groups in the vertical section, which is, that the interstitial . vesicular plates of the inner area in Strambodes have their rows either nearly horizontal or inclining obliquely upwards from the axis towards the outer wall, while in Nemaphyllum on the con- trary they converge towards the axis above and incline down- wards and outwards below, so as to meet at a considerable angle those of the outer area which incline in the usual direction up- wards and outwards towards the walls; this peculiarity in the inclination of the interstitial vesicular plates of the imner area produces a marked difference in the stars on the weathered sur-. face in the two genera, causing the inner area to form a large prominent oval or conical boss in Nemaphyllum, and a flat or deeply hollowed cup in Strombodes. A third difference between those generic groups is, that in the latter the vertical radiating lamellee are principally confined to the inner area, not existing in most of the species at all in the outer area, and do not reach the walls, while on the contrary all the radiating lamelle in Ne- maphyllum arise from the outer walls, are strongest in the outer area, and only half of them in general penetrate the inner area. In the latter corals also the whole vesicular structure is much more minute and delicate in stems of the same size than in the others, and the cells of the inner area are larger than those of the outer, which is the reverse of what we find in Strombodes. As the young columns are produced from circular buds conti- nuing their development within the walls of the parent, it results that the stems are inseparably united ; the walls defining the stars being one simple plate, the joint production of the adjacent polypes, cannot be divided, and consequently vertical fractures of the mass, instead of exposing the flat, striated external surface of the stems, pass invariably through the substance of the coral itself, exposing only sections of the interior ; the external walls being only seen in those rare cases showing the extreme limits of a mass, or where in a section two masses may have coalesced. Some of the species resemble Clisiophyllum, but are distinguished by the peculiar axis and by the cells of the mner area being larger and fewer than those of the outer. The genus is I believe exclusively palzeozoic. Nemaphyllum arachnoideum (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Stars with from four to seven angles, and averaging from 6 to 9 lines in diameter ; axis very thin, 1 line wide: ver- tical section, inner vesicular area wider than the outer, of little- arched plates inclining slightly downwards from the axis ; it takes about two of those plates to reach from the axis to the extent of this area, or two irregularly elongate unequal cells Paleozoic Corals and Foraminifera. — , ” Ae in an oblique line from the axis to the wall of the inner area ; outer area separated from the inner by a sharp distinct line on each side, and composed of much smaller and more highly curved vesicular plates, so that there are from five to seven small, nearly equal, rounded cells extending in a line obliquely upwards and outwards from the inner area to the outer walls of the tube: horizontal section, boundary or divisional walls thin, stars radiated with from fifty to fifty-five very thin lamelle, of equal thickness, but alternately long and short, the long reaching to the centre, the short barely entering the edge of the mner area: weathered surface, stars flattened, separated by a depressed line ; inner area forming a gently convex oval or circular boss, with the axis forming a short impressed line in the middle ; the radiating lamelle exhibit numerous delicate curved interstitial plates im the outer area, but none in the inner area. | This beautifully delicate species is the largest of the genus I am acquainted with, the usual width of the stars being about 7 lines, diameter of the inner area about 24 lines. It very frequently exhibits the young oval buds within the corners of the old stars, generally but one, very rarely two in a star. Forms large masses in the carboniferous limestone of Derby- shire. , " (Col. University of Cambridge.) Nemaphyllum minus (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Stars having from four to seven angles and averaging from 3 to 4 lines in diameter; axis thin, about 3ths of a line wide : vertical section, inner area slightly wider than the outer on each side, composed of slightly curved vesicular plates ex- tending obliquely downwards and outwards, each one nearly reaching from the axis to the external boundary of the inner area, forming thus but one or two cells in each oblique row between those points; outer area of smaller and more curved plates, forming smaller, more regular and rounded cells dis- posed in indistinct rows obliquely upwards and outwards, about four in a row from the inner area to the outer wall: weathered surface, stars nearly flat, separated by impressed lines, imner area forming a large convex oval or circular boss in the middle of the star and having the axis in the centre ; radiating lamelle forty-five, thin, of equal thickness, one-half of them reaching the centre, the intermediate ones entermg but a short way into the inner zone; numerous small, curved, interstitial plates be- tween the lamelle in the outer zone, not visible in the inner one. This species is allied to the N. arachnoideum (M‘Coy), but is Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. iii. 2 18 Mr. F.M‘Coy on some new genera and species of constantly distinguished by the smaller size of the stars, fewer radiating lamellee, and more open internal vesicular structure. Forms large masses in the carboniferous limestone of Kendal. (Col. University of Cambridge.) . Nemaphyllum decipiens (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Weathered surface having the stars undefined, the lamelle of the outer area of adjoining cells appearing conti- nuous, and forming a flat surface, in which the inner area of each star forms a deep cylindrical cell 13 line in diameter, and about their own diameter apart; in the bottom of those cells the lamelle rise to form a little cone, from the apex of which projects (when well-preserved) the long thin flat axis, rising to the level of the outer area; on the polished transverse section the stars are perfectly defined by distinct walls four- to six- angled, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, with a flat central axis half a line wide, and show the circular germs of young columns in the corners of some of the old stars; radiating lamelle thin, about thirty-four, of equal thickness, one half reaching the centre, the other barely touching the inner area, which forms a circle about 1} line in diameter; the radiating plates are connected by numerous curved vesicular plates in the outer area, but few or none are visible in the inner area: vertical section, axis thin, solid ; inner area of small, curved, vesicular plates extending obliquely downwards and outwards from the axis, about two or three cells in a row; outer area separated from the inner by a thin vertical line, it is composed of small curved vesicular plates, in rows inclining obliquely upwards and outwards, about four cells in a row. The flat broad spaces between the cups, the seeming continuity of the radiating lamelle of adjoining stars, and the apparent want of divisional walls between those latter, give the weathered sur- face of this coral much the aspect of the so-called Astrea Hennahii (Lonsd.) of the Devonian rocks ; but it is clearly distinguished by the divisional walls appearing distinctly in the horizontal sections, and. by the flat, nearly solid axis, which is very obvious both in the polished section and weathered stars. | Not uncommon in the carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire. (Col. University of Cambridge.) Nemaphyllum clisioides (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Stars generally hexagonal and averaging 2. lines in diameter: weathered surface, stars defined by a rather thick, prominent, crenulated divisional wall; outer area inclined down- wards and inwards to form a shallow cup, in the middle of which the inner area rises into’a conical tent-like boss having Paleozoic Corals and Foraminifera. 19 the small flattened axis in the centre: horizontal section, divi- sional lines of the stars thin, straight ; axis thin, half a line wide ; radiating lamellz thirty-six, thin, one half extending in a flexuous manner from the walls to the centre, the imter- vening ones also flexuous but of irregular lengths, most of - them reaching half-way ; transverse vesicular plates very few and delicate, if visible at all: vertical section, axis as in the other species ; inner area very wide, of large, little-curved ve- sicular plates, inclining obliquely downwards and outwards ; one or two lengthened irregular cells reach from the axis to the outer area; outer area very narrow, of small, much-curved ve- sicular plates inclining very obliquely upwards and outwards, forming minute rounded cells about two in a row. This species much resembles some of the massive Astreoid Clisiophyllie of Dana by the conical tent-like aspect of the imner area within the cups or weathered terminal cells; the distinct flattened axis, resembling that of the other Nemaphyllia, will however distinguish it. The flexuous character of the radiating lamelle in the transverse polished section is remarkable. The Astrea irregularis of Portlock’s ‘ Report on Londonderry, ’& c which I know to be a true Nemaphyllum, resembles this species in the small size of the stars and flexuous lamelle, but is easily distinguished by the cells being simply cup-shaped, descending uninterruptedly from the walls to the small, flat, prominent axis in the bottom of the cup, instead of the large tent-like boss formed by the inner zone of the above. Forms irregular tuberose masses in the carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire. (Col. University of Cambridge.) Nemaphyllum septosum (M‘Coy). Sp. Char. Corallum of long, inseparable, slightly diverging five- or six-angled tubes, with an average diameter of 5 lines: ver- tical section, axis straight, thin, flat, three-fourths of a line wide; inner area composed of large, rather distant, slightly arched plates, each of which generally extends across the en- tire area, so that one lengthened cell (rarely more) reaches from one side to the other of this area, having the axis in the middle ; outer area broad, of numerous minute, much-arched vesicular plates inclining obliquely upwards and outwards, about four of the little cells in the oblique line from the inner area to the outer wall: transverse rough fracture showmg the inner area to be composed of slightly conical or cup-shaped plates, their diameter equal to that of the area, and steicadl in the centre by the flat persistent axis: polished transverse sec- Q* 20 Dr. Dickie on the Colour of a Freshwater Loch. tion, radiating lamelle forty-eight, thin, twenty-four of which reach the centre, while the intervening ones are nearly mar- ginal, not reaching half-way to the inner zone ; interlamellar vesicular plates very numerous and delicate in the outer zone, apparently absent in the inner zone. This species has some affinity with the N. minus (M‘Coy), but is constantly distinguished by the open, simple, subseptate cha- racter of the inner zone in the vertical section, the extreme com- parative shortness of the alternate lamellz in the transverse sec- tion, and the peculiar character of the broad, simple, cup-like plates of the inner zone in the rough transverse fracture. Very common in the carboniferous limestone of Tullyard, Armagh, Ireland. | (Col. University of Cambridge.) [To be continued. ] Il.—Note on the Colour of a Freshwater Loch. By Grorce Dicxiz, M.D., Lecturer on Zoology and Botany in the Uni- versity and King’s College of Aberdeen*. Vantous vegetable productions have on different occasions been recorded as having appeared in such profusion that they com- municated a colour of greater or less intensity to bodies of fresh water in which they naturally live. The plants im question be- long to the Oscillatorice and Nostochinee ; among the former, Oscillatoria arugescens has been recorded by Dr. Drummond (Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. 1. Ist Series) as giving a tinge to the water of Glaslough in Ireland}; I have found the same species at Aberdeen, and particularly abundant in a small and shallow ar- tificial lake, in sheets of great extent at the bottom. I have not observed it, as stated by Dr. Drummond, “broken into mnu- merable fragments, and suspended like cloudy flocculi in the water ;” it sometimes however becomes detached from the bot- tom and forms large masses on the surface. The following plants belonging to the Nostochinee have been described by Mr. Thompson of Belfast as producing the same effect: the Anabaina spiralis (Spirillum Thompsoni, Hass.)-was observed to colour Ballydrain Lake in the county of Antrim ; Anabaina Flos- aque, Bory, he saw “tinging with its delicate green hue the margin of the smallest of the Lochs Maben in Dumfries-shire,” and Aphanizomenon incurvum, Morren, was “ observed on the sur- face of sheltered creeks in Ballydrain Lake.” s * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Nov. 9, 1848. + Oscillatoria rubescens has been observed to communicate a red tint to Lake Morat in Switzerland. Dr. Dickie on the Colour of a Freshwater Loch. 21 Professor Allman has more recently described (Annals of Na- tural History, vol. xi.) a new plant, Trichormus incurvus, All., as “colouring the water of the Grand Canal Docks near Dublin, a pea-green.” The present brief notice is for the purpose of recording the occurrence of a species of Rivularia near Aberdeen, under cir- cumstances similar to those of the plants alluded to and pro- ducing a like effect. For some years back excursions have been made with the students of my botanical class to a loch on the estate of Parkhill, about four miles north-west from Aberdeen. The sheet of water in question is about a quarter of a mile in its greatest length ; on almost all sides it is surrounded by extensive deposits of peat, with the soluble matter of which a great pro- portion of the water passing into the loch is impregnated. The loch abounds in Scirpus lacustris, Arundo Phragmites, Nuphar lutea, Nymphea alba, and various species of Potamogeton, &c. The locality was generally visited in the beginning of July; nothing peculiar had ever been observed till the summer of 1846, when my attention was arrested by a peculiar appearance of the water, especially near the edge, but extending also some distance into the loch. Numerous minute bodies with a spherical outline, and varying in size from ;',th to ;,th of an inch in diameter, were seen floating at different depths, and giving the water a pe- culiar appearance. In some places they were very densely con- gregated, especially in small creeks at the edge of the loch. A quantity was collected by filtration through a piece of cloth, and on examination by the microscope, there could be no doubt that the production was of a vegetable nature and a species of Rivu- laria ; one however unknown to me, and not agreeing with the description of any species described in works to which I had access. Specimens were sent to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley ; he in- formed me that the plant belonged to the genus mentioned, and stated it to be Rivularia echinulata, E. B. Along with it, but in very small quantity, I also found another plant, the Anabaina Flos-aque, Bory. In the first week of July 1847, the same species were observed similarly associated, but the Anabaina was now more plentiful, without however any apparent corresponding diminution in the quantity of the Rivularia. In July last (1848) it was observed that the Rivularia was as rare as the Anabaina had been in 1846 ; to the latter consequently the water of the loch now owed its colour, which was a very dull green ; the colour however becomes brighter when the plant is dried. In neither of the seasons mentioned was it in my power to make any observations on the colour of the loch earlier or later than the date above-mentioned, consequently nothing can ee 22 Rev. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. be added respecting the comparative development and progress of the two plants at other seasons. Two other smaller lochs in the same vicinity were not observed to present any appearance of the productions in question. In connection with the subject of this short notice, it may be stated, that during a visit to Ben Muich Dhu in 1846, the appear- ance presented by a patch of snow at 3500 feet of elevation, at- tracted attention. It seemed as if sprinkled over with soot ; a quantity of the black matter was collected, and found to consist in part of the following Diatomacee: Eunotia triodon, Navicula viridula?, N. curvula?, and Meridion circulare, and along with them Protococcus nivalis in very small proportion; the remain- der consisted of inorganic matter, the nature of which was not ascertained. II1.—Stirpes Cryptogame Sarnienses ; or Contributions towards the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. By the Rev. T. Satwey, Oswestry*. — So much has been done by Mr. Babington in his ‘ Primitiz Flore Sarnice’ for the illustration of the phenogamous flora of the Channel Islands, that perhaps a brief notice of the crypto- gamic botany of one of the islands of this group may be accept- able to some of the Members of the Botanical Society. Guernsey does not appear to be very prolific in eryptogamic Se va- riety of causes tend to produce this result—the open nature of the country ; the great paucity of wood; the general dryness of the soil from the circumstance of all the rocks being of the pri- mitive formation; and the very great proportion of the land being under the cultivation either of the spade or plough; all these cireumstances are inimical to the growth and perfect deve- lopment of cryptogamic plants. There are no woods in the island, and the soil even of the orchards is in general under the culture of the spade. It is at once evident therefore that the great variety of Agarics, Boleti, and the innumerable other Fungi which are found so abundantly in the extensive woods and rich pastures of England, have no corresponding habitats here in which to grow. The same reason limits the number of Musci, Hepatice and Jungermannie, whilst from the few brooks and ponds which are found in the island it is equally hopeless to ex- pect a great number of freshwater Algz. Even the lichens do not exhibit that luxuriance of growth which we find in the deep woods and glens of the Cambrian mountains. Thus the com- mon Parmelia sazxatilis is seldom found here in fruit, and the few * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Noy. 9th, 1848, Rey. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. 23 meagre specimens of Sticta pulmonaria are also without apo- thecia. The abundance of their orchards led me to expect that I should discover here the Parmelia chrysophthalma which is found in the south of England; but my researches failed in dis- covering more than a single specimen of this plant in an orchard in Sark. My friend Mr. Lukis some years ago once found also a single specimen of the same plant in the northern part of Guernsey. This island however possesses much to interest the hichenist from more northern regions. He will find here abun- dance of the Roccella tinctoria, and will also meet with Lecanora milvina, Lecidea Salveii, Parmelia leucomelas, Sticta aurata, and Porina pustulata of Ach.,—a plant hitherto a stranger to our British flora. In the minute epiphyllous fungi the island is more prolific than I have found any locality of the same extent in England— some few species are in extreme abundance and very fine, as the Puccinia Cotyledonis and Atcidium Bunii—the Dothidea rubra also is much more highly developed than I ever found it in En- gland, thus showing the influence of a southern climate on this class of plants. There was one circumstance however with re- spect to this tribe of plants which much struck me. In Shrop- shire and Herefordshire, as well as in Wales, it is perhaps not possible to find a syeamore-tree of which the leaves are not blackened with numerous specimens of the Rhytisma acerinum ; whilst in Guernsey I could not even detect a single specimen, although I examined every tree I met with after my attention was attracted by this circumstance. The leaves of every sycamore- tree‘in the island are as perfectly free from this discolouring epi- phyte as those of the plane-tree. One or two of the Uredines which I have sent to Mr. Berkeley he thinks may prove to be new species. Amongst this tribe of plants he has already named as new the Depazea Carice on the leaves of the common fig-tree, and the Ustilago Salveti on young plants of Daétylon glomeratus. The richest part of the cryptogamic flora of Guernsey will doubtless be found in the marine Algze. Were any one well ac- quainted with this department of botany to be long resident here, I feel little doubt that some interesting discoveries might be made. The few opportunities I have had of studying them from short and occasional visits to the sea-coast, and this in only one or two localities, have given me little opportunity of becoming much acquainted with this branch of botany; whilst during the time of my residence in this island, the state of my health confined me so much to the house, that my botanical researches im every branch were greatly interrupted. The list therefore which I have sent you is only to be considered as “ contribu- tions ” towards the cryptogamie flora of Guernsey, of which it is 24 Rev. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. hoped that some native of the island will be induced to give us a - more complete account, for what a stranger is enabled to discover in a brief visit can only be a small portion of the botanical trea- sures of the island. : I feel that I cannot conclude this short notice without ex- pressing my best thanks to my friends Messrs. Borrer, Berkeley, Ralfs and Wilson for kindly naming such specimens as I was in doubt about. List of Guernsey Cryptogamic Plants, with a few notices upon some of them. | Musci. churchyard and upon elm-trees at the bottom of the Rohais road. Orthotrichum tenellum. Do. do. Phascum crispum ; #. rostellatum. subulatum. Pottia Heimii. Rocks in the parish of St. Peter du Bois on the coast. east. Funaria hygrometrica. Orthotrichum diaphanum, Catél Bryum argenteum. Gymnostomum fasciculare, Hook. capillare. and Zay. in part (Wilson). ceespititium. Physcomitrium ericetorum, Bruch erythrocarpon. Walls about and Schimper, var. (Wilson). St. Peter’s Port. Gymnostomum pyriforme. ligulatum. ~ microstomum. hornum. Weissia fugax. Ina cave at Petit Bo. cuspidatum. controversa. Bartramia pomiformis. Grimmia pulvinata. Pterigonium filiforme. maritima. gracile. Ceratodon purpureus. Hypnum serpens, Trichostomum canescens. purum. Dicranum bryoides. plumosum. adiantoides. sericeum. taxifolium. alopecurum, squarrosum, ~ myosuroides. flexuosum. proliferum. scoparium, prelongum. heteromallum. rutabulum. Campelopus densus. Jerbourg.- ruscifolium. Tortula muralis. striatum. ruralis ; 8. leevipila. cuspidatum. aloides. triquetrum. Polytrichum commune. squarrosum. juniperinum. filicinum. aloides. scorpioides. Entosthodon Templetoni. Road lead- cupressiforme. ing down to Petit Bo from the pumilum. Teesdalii. Cave in Petit Bo. resupinatum. Jerbourg. Hepatice. Marchantia hemispherica. Jungermannia bicuspidata. pusilla. albicans. Riccia crystallina. lamellosa. Anthoceros punctatus. Marchantia polymorpha. Rev. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. 25 Jungermannia complanata. Jungermannia dilatata, polyanthos, ' tamariscei. Viticulosa, 8. monilensis. bidentata. epiphylla. heterophylla. . furcata. serpyllifolia. . Lichenes. Usnea plicata. Ramalina pollinaria. Evernia flavicans. polymorpha. Ramalina calicaris. scopulorum. ’ a. fraxinea. Roccella tinctoria. B. fastigiata. fuciformis. I cannot agree with the authors who unite these two plants. If intermediate states are to be considered as a sufficient ground for uniting what have hitherto been considered distinct species, _ then must a great many“more of the C/adonie be united than is now done, for between the greater part of the different species in this genus there are so many intermediate states, that it is ex- tremely difficult to know to what species to refer many speci- mens. Manufacturers have noticed that the ¢ictoria is very superior as a dye to the fuciformis, and my friend Mr. Lukis has pointed out to me a distinction between these two plants which I was not before aware of, but which the examination of a great number of specimens enabled me to confirm ; viz. that the sap of tinctoria is of a deep yellow, staining the fingers when gathered, whereas that of the fuciformis is not so. It is perhaps to be re- gretted that chemical tests have not been resorted to in endea- vouring to distinguish between nearly allied plants. Cetraria sepincola. Parmelia olivacea. Peltigera resupinata. caperata, 8. parilis. rugosa, FJ. Hib. canina. conspersa. B. pusilla; spuria, Ach. parietina. rufescens. 2. concolor; candelaria, polydactyla. Ach. Sticta aurata. Jerbourg, Mr. Lukis; levigata, dch. & E. B. on the rocks N. of the Eperquerie, scortea, do, Sark, 7. S. chrysophthalma. In an or- Sticta fuliginosa. chard at Sark. limbata. leucomela. Jerbourg and scrobiculata. S.W. point of Rocquaine pulmonaria. Bay, Mr. Lukis. glomulifera. ciliaris. herbacea. aquila. Parmelia perforata. pulverulenta. perlata. speciosa. tiliacea. stellaris, Borreri. 8. hispida; Lichen tenel- saxatilis. lus, Z. B. 8. omphaledes. erosa, Suppl. to E. Bot. y- sulcata, 7, Hib. 2807. physodes, 26 Rev. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. There are two varieties (unless indeed they are distinct spe- cies) of this plant in Guernsey. In the one the thallus exhibits the same loose mode of growth that it does with us in England and Wales, but has no sorediz ; but in the other it adheres so closely either to the rock or tree on which it grows that it is very difficult to detach the specimen. The surface too of this latter var.?, and not the edges, is copiously sprinkled with sorediz. In the description given of the erosa in the ‘ Suppl. to E. B.’ it is observed, “ that sometimes the edges are raised, and producing mealy granules on the under side, assume, although not hollow, an appearance approaching to that common in P. tenella.” The soredize however of the Guernsey var. of this plant are on the upper surface of the thallus. The hue of the thallus too, which is of a very pale whitish green, and its being more frequently found investing the dark crevices of rocks than growing on trees, seems to point out a difference of species. The shields also of the former variety are decidedly black, whilst those of the latter, though very minute in my specimens, are of a brown colour. The former variety I have not found in fruit in Guernsey. Parmelia obscura. Parmelia crassa. a. cycloselis. coarctata. B. ulothrix. saxicola, plumbea, - elegans. lanuginosa. murorum. brunnea. 8. miniata, pezizoides, Suppl. to E. B. ; There is a very beautiful variety of this plant forming ex- tremely thin extensive patches on the rocks of a bright orange colour. The thallus is almost wholly minutely granular, and without apothecia. To the naked eye it looks only like an orange stain upon the rock. Parmelia fulgens. Downs near the leaden hue towards the edges, sea on the N. of the island, Miss when dry. Apothecia hemisphe- Lukis. rical, dark brown, with a raised Parmelia circinata. somewhat crenulate border of a cervina. lighter hue than the thallus. On 8. squamulosa. the rocks at Dixcart Bay, Sark. tartarea. Parmelia heematomma, carneo-lutea. On an elm- varia, and tree in the village above 6. polytropa. Saint’s Bay. vitellina. subfusca. ferruginea. atra. sordida ; a. glaucoma. cinerea. B. sulphurea. badia; 8. milvina. Jer- impolita; Arthonia prui- bourg. | nosa, Ach, sophodes. scruposa, ? exigua? Gyalecta cupularis ; Lichen marmo- Crust cartilaginous, of a dark green reus, Li. B. colour, having somewhat of a Cladonia endiviefolia. Rev. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. 27 Cladonia alcicornis. pyxidata. fimbriata. furcata. rangiferina. gracilis; 6. hybrida; cervi- cornis, £, B. Beomyces rufus, £. B. anomalus, Fl. Hib. Biatora atrorufa. vernalis ; a. luteola. A very beautiful state of this with reddish shields which are often proliferous, and with a waved bor- der, grows on decaying tufts of thrift in Sark. Biatora rivulosa; a. saxicola. B. corticola. Between wliginosa and synothea, E.B. Crust dark green, consisting of in- numerable very minute granules or scales, forming a spongy crust. Apothecium black, globular, finally flat, and with a pale border usually sprinkled over with the minute scales of the crust. On walls. Biatora quernea. Barren. lucida, Salveii; Lecidea, Suppl. to E. B. Lecidea canescens. vesicularis. albocerulescens ; Lecid. cz- sia, Ach. Saat contigua ; a. disciformis. lapicida, atro-alha; «. subconcentrica; Lichen concentricus, Z.B, fusco-atra. confluens. geographica, premmnea. enteroleuca; elaochroma. Lecidea albo-atra ;'a. corticola. c. saxicola; epi- polius, £. B. sabuletorum ; y. coniops. citrinella; scabrosus, Z. B. Umbilicaria pustulata. Near Petit Bo, Mr. Lukis. Opegrapha saxatilis, scripta. dendritica. Coniocarpon cinnabarinum. Shiesadlaorca compressum, Kndocarpon miniatum. pulchellum, Z.B, Suppl. 2602. On some elm- trees in the lane lead- ing from Havilland to Fermain Bay. Sagedia fuscella. Pertusaria communis. fallax. pustulata, dch. On an ash-tree by the side of the road at Rousaitre. Verrucaria epigzea. muralis, umbrina, maura. nitida. epidermidis. punctiformis. leucocephala. viridula., olivacea. . . acrotella, Fl. Hid, Collema nigrum. crispum, cristatum. lacerum. subtile. muscicolum. plicatile. nigrescens. ceranoides. Characea. Chara vulgaris, Chara pulchella. ’ Sark. Alge. Cystoseira granulata, fibrosa. Halidrys siliquosa. Fucus vesiculosus. serratus. nodosus. canaliculatus, Himanthalia lorea, Lichina pygmea. Alaria esculenta. Laminaria digitata. saccharina, Chordaria flagelliformis, Chorda filum ; 8. thrix, Dictyota dichotoma. Fureellaria fastigiata. 28 Rey. T. Salwey on the Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey. Delesseria ruscifolia, Rhodomenia bifida. laciniata. * jubata. palmata; 8. sarniensis. Plocamium coccineum, Rhodomela subfusca. Laurencia tenuissima. Chylocladia ovalis. articulata, Gigartina purpurascens. Chondrus crispus. Gelidium corneum. Dumontia filiformis. Porphyra vulgaris. Ulva lactuca. linza. crispa. Enteromorpha intestinalis. Bangia fuscopurpurea. Scarce. Codium tomentosum. Vaucheria velutina. sessilis. Cladostephus verticillatus, spongiosus. Sphacelaria scoparia. olivacea. In a cave near the gentlemen’s bath- ing-place. Ectocarpus littoralis. siliculosus. tomentosus. Grand Cobo. Polysiphonia fastigiata. thuyoides. urceolata. byssoides. fruticulosa. Dasya coccinea. Ceramium rubrum. Conferva Linum, Griffithsia setacea. Fermain Bay. corallina. Bay under the Artillery Barracks. Calithamnion polyspermum. tetragonum,. Rothii. St. Sampson’s. eerea. fucicola. rupestris. glaucescens, arcta. flexuosa. - Zygnema nitidum. quininum. Scytonema myochrus. This forms a velvety stratum upon a bank near the sea at Jerbourg, It is of a deep indigo colour. Lingbya muralis, Oscillatoria nigra. Chroolepus aureus. Tolithus. Trentepohlia purpurea. In a cave beyond the bathing-place. Corynephora marina. Palmella botryoides. cruenta. Nostoc commune. ~- verrucosum. In a small ri- vulet in Saint’s Bay. Rivularia atra. Grand Havre. Meloseira nummuloides. Brook in the N. of the island. Fragilaria pectinalis. St. Andrew’s. Diatoma fenestratum. Ditto. flocculosum. Ditches near Ivy Castle. In a well at ciliatum. Gomphonema ampullaceum. In a Griffithsia equisetifolia. well at St. Andrew’s. Fungi. Agaricus procerus. Thelephora hirsuta. muscarius. Peziza cacalie. On pods of Mathiola coccineus, sinuata. Portinfer. campestris. Cryptomyces versicolor; c. viridis. Georgii. St. Martin’s: sold in the market. orcades. Rotula. caulicinalis. Polyporus vulgaris. Ribis. ulmarius. _ In an elm-tree in the village at Saint’s Bay. St. Sampson’s. Dacrymyces stillatus. Spheeria typhina. » graminis. loniceree. hedericola. confluens. On the decaying trunk of an ash-tree in St. Andrew’s parish, lata, On the Structure and Habits of the Orobanchacer. Spheria concentrica. Myriangium Duriei, Berk. § Mont. On ash-trees in Sark. Phoma asteriseus. On //eracleum in Moulin Huet Bay. Dothidea ulmi. rubra. Lycoperdon gemmatum ; e. furfura-_ ceum. Scleroderma vulgare. Erysiphe communis. Oidium moniloides. Aregma bulbosum.. Puccinia graminis. polygonorum, lychnidearum. Coty ledonis. violarum. Fabe. prunorum. fEcidium Bunii. . laceratum. primulee. rubellum. ranunculacearum. Periclymeni. Fermain Bay. _ Depazea Caricee. On the leaves of the conmon fig-tree. Berk. MSS. 29 Ustilago Salveii, Berk. MSS. On young plants of Dactylon glome- ratus. St. Martin’s. Uredo compransor. Petroselini, On Sium lati- folium. caricina. On Cyperus longus. bifrons. On Rumex obtusifo- lius, ranunculacearum. rubigo. cylindrospora. polygonorum. Rose. caprearum. leguminosarum. candida. On Lepidium latifo- lium. Grand Cobo. primule. hypericorum. trifolii, Dec. apiculosa, Lk. On Medicago denticulata. On Lotus hispidus. . On pea leaves—not ap- pendiculosa—a very hand- some species. Scillarum. “ IV.—On the Structure and Habits of the Orobanchacez. By Artuur Henrrey, F.L.S. Tue discovery by Mr. Mitten of the parasitism of Thestwm, and the extension of the same character among the. Rhinanthacez pointed out by M. Decaisne, have given additional interest to the study of parasitical plants, and I take advantage of an opportu- nity I had last summer of examining our two common species of Orobanche, rapum, Thuill., and minor, Sutt., to call attention to some points connected with their structure and mode of growth which do not appear to have been noticed. M. Duchartre published in the ‘ Ann. des Sc. nat.’ Sept. 1843, an account of the anatomy of Lathrea clandestina, Linn., and in the ‘ Ann. des Sc. nat.’ Aug. 1845 of Orobanche Eryngii, Vauch. ; and in the ‘Ann. des Sciences nat.’ for Sept. 1847, M. Lory relates the results of his observations on the structure and phy- slology of Orobanche Teucrii, Holl et Schultz., Galii, Duby, major, L., brachysepala, Schultz., and cruenta, Bert., which, as far as they go, agree with what I have noticed in Orobanche rapum and minor. The stems of these plants present in a cross section a very 30 Mr. A. Henfrey en the Structure and Habits large central cellular region or pith, composed of elongated cy- lindrical cells; these pass gradually, without the intervention of a medullary sheath, into the woody region composed of a num- ber of fibro-vascular bundles arranged in a circle and forming a continuous envelope to the pith, no medullary rays existing. The wood, which is very deficient in quantity compared with the pith and cortical layer, contains spiral fibrous vessels, the turns of the spirals being sometimes in contact, at others widely sepa- rated, not unrollable, and these are surrounded by elongated cy- lindrical cells with conical extremities. The wood passes insen- sibly into the cortical parenchyma which forms a very broad region, composed of cells resembling those of the pith, and it is clothed externally by a layer of epidermis, the cells of which have the form of elongated prisms. Stomates appear to be very rare; I observed none in a number of portions of epidermis of O. rapum taken from all parts of the stem, but the cells were often filled with a brown resinous secretion. In O. minor this secretion is less abundant, and I observed a few stomates here and there. In both species the epidermis is clothed with nume- rous capitate glandular hairs; these consist of filaments formed of three or four cells attached end to end and gradually dimi- nishing in diameter upward, terminated above by a globular body consisting of one, two or three cells, filled with a resinous secretion. In full-grown specimens the lower part of the stem is enlarged into.a bulbous expansion which appears to me to be a true tuber. It presents a central parenchymatous region, which by its en- largement forces the fibro-vascular bundles apart, so that they lie irregularly toward the periphery, beneath the cortical region continuous with that of the upper part of the stem. The vas- cular structures in the tuber consist, not of spiral vessels like those of the stem, but of longish cells, which from their varying direction have not been thrown into long ducts like the vessels above, by the absorption of their contiguous ends, but retain their cellular form, while the deposition of secondary layers has gone on to the conversion of the spiral into the reticulated struc- ture. The stem and upper part of the tuber are furnished with fleshy scales which are composed of cellular tissue, and have fibro-vas- cular bundles running into them from the woody zone. The roots bear some resemblance to those of Monocotyledons. They present a central vascular region composed of about four bundles disposed so that the vessels present a cross in the trans- verse section, but the woody cells forming the remainder of the bundles are blended into a mass, well-defined at the circumfe- rence, where they are inclosed by the cortical layer. The vessels ~ of the Orobanchacex. 31 of the roots arise from the bundles of the tuber and are of the reticulated kind; the cortical layer of the roots is continuous with the cortical parenchyma of the tuber. These tubers of Orobanche propagate by subterraneous buds. It is well known that the plants often occur three or four ad- hering together, but I believe the reason has not before been shown. I found growing plants with the decayed tubers of the preceding year still adherent, and others which had completed their flowering, that had buds growing out from the base of the tuber. These buds were not axillary in appearance, for they arose quite below the lowest scales of the tuber, but it is reason- able to suppose that they had originated from the axils of scales which had decayed. » The most important point remains, viz. the mode of attachment of the parasite to the foster-plant. I have only observed this in O. minor ; here the root of the Trifolium was traced into the sub- stance of the tuber ; its fibro-vascular structures become sepa- rated, and lose themselves by ramifying in the substance of the parasite. The union is completely organic, and in one speci- men examined the tuber had grown so much that the root of the Trifolium, which was curved round the tuber, lay imbedded in a groove formed by the growth of the latter, but actual union only-existed at the apex of the root which penetrated into the substance of the tuber. The point which has always struck me most in observing the parasitism of Orobanche is the small size of the root to which they are-always attached, and it:appears to’ me that there is much yet to be explained both in this tribe and in all the other root parasites. The presence of proper roots would seem to indicate that the parasites are not wholly nourished from the foster-plant, a conclusion which irresistibly presses upon us when we see a tall Orobanche some two feet high and three-quarters of an inch thick attached to a slender root not measuring a quarter of an inch in diameter. Their own proper roots in Orobanche are small and few in number, and I believe that in O. rapum at least, the whole tuber with its scales is an absorbing organ. My reason for this supposition is the condition of its tissues. The tuber and scales are composed almost wholly of succulent cellular tissue ; the epi- dermis resembles the epithelium of roots, and like it dries up and becomes discoloured very rapidly on exposure to the air. These structures are manifestly as well adapted to the absorption of fluid nourishment as the aérial roots of the epiphytic Orchi- dace, and I see no objection to the assumption that they are so employed. The question of the parasitism is not interfered with by the above proposition ; but we have to account for the assimilation of 32 Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. the nutriment and the formation of large quantities of starch and highly carbonized resinous matters in plants devoid of leaves or other green parts. Of this I can offer no explanation without going into hypotheses regarding assimilation in general, which I am not willing to do here; I will only observe, that I believe as- similation to be a process wholly. distinet and independent of the respiration, liberating oxygen, in the green parts of plants. The specimens in which I traced the connection of the para- site with the root of the foster-plant were single and small; in other cases I found a group of two or three large specimens at- tached together and to a decayed tuber, probably of the former year, and having no apparent connection with a foster-plant. This point requires further observation ; but these cases suggest that the seedling plant may require a foster-plant, while those pro- duced by buds from an old plant are less dependent ; just as the green parasites in the Rhinanthacee are apparently independent after they have acquired a certain degree of development. The development of the ovary confirms Mr. Brown’s view of its structure, in opposition to the opinion expressed by Dr. Lindley. I have satisfied myself, by tracing the formation from the earliest stages, that the carpels stand fore and aft, and not laterally. A section of the perfect style also, just below the stigma, exhibits two vascular bundles, one in front and one behind, opposite the sutures of dehiscence, so that the lobes of the stigma each be- long half to each carpel. The supposed analogy with Gentianacez therefore falls to the ground, while that with Scrophulariaceze is real. V.—Remarks on the British Geodephaga ; with Notes on some Scydmeenide and Pselaphide. By Dr. H. Scuaum*, No attempt to reconcile, even in a tolerably satisfactory manner, the great difference which exists between the usual English no- menclature and our own, has hitherto been successful. Of the ‘more numerous and difficult genera of insects, an understanding can scarcely be obtained without interchanging specimens or studying the original collections. The descriptions of the En- glish writers, which perhaps may suffice to make known to the * Translated by Wm. S. Dallas, Esq., from the ‘ Entomologische Zeitung’ for February 1848, pp. 34-44, and communicated by him. [These introductory remarks of Dr. Schaum apply only to Coleoptera, ’ for Mr.-Henry Doubleday and Mr. Stainton have done much to rectify the nomenclature of the nocturnal smaller Lepidoptera, while Messrs. Shuckard, F. Smith, Haliday, Walker and others have laboured, and by foreign works have determined the species of many groups of Hymenoptera and Diptera. ] Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. 33 native collectors the comparatively few species of the scanty Bri- tish fauna, are not sufficient for the entomologists of the conti- nent, who have a richer field before them. Recognition from descriptions, besides, becomes still more difficult, because insects which are represented by English writers under names given by Gyllenhal, Dejean, or other authors, are frequently incorrectly | determined, and consequently cannot serve as starting-points for the settlement of the other species. An interchange of specimens _ has not yet been successfully introduced, for most of the English collectors, induced by the insular position of Great Britain, con- fine themselves entirely to the investigation of their own fauna, and usually feel no interest whatever in continental insects. A two months’ residence in London gave me the opportunity of seeing the collection of Mr. J. F. Stephens frequently, and as the most liberal permission to make use of it was granted to me by the kind owner, I resolved to investigate thoroughly some families contained in it, considering this more advantageous than collecting notes on individual species of different families. I chose Carabict and Hydrocanthari, with which I am most con- versant, and in which I promised myself most success. I should willingly have investigated some other groups, such as the K/aters and a part of the Palpicornes; but my stay in London was too short, and my time too much occupied to admit of this ; and be- sides, I dreaded making erroneous statements in many cases, from the impossibility of now and then comparing correctly deter- mined specimens of German species. It is to be wished that English entomologists, following Wal- ton’s example, would set themselves to the task (and attend to it closely) of studying individual families, so as to bring about in them an agreement between the English nomenclature and that employed on the continent. Walton’s laborious works on the British Curculionide are published in Taylor’s ‘ Annals of Na- tural History,’ and I hope.the ‘ Entomologische Zeitung’ may soon give us translations of his last essays. I will now go through the genera of Carabdici in their order. Cicindela sylvicola.—The specimen figured by Curtis, which is in the collection of Mr. J. F. Stephens, is a green variety of C. hybrida, Dej. The true C. sylvicola, Dej., is not indigenous in England. Dromius fenestratus, Ste., is not fenestratus, Fab., Dej., but a va- riety of D. testaceus, Erichs., with a yellow spot on the anterior half of the elytra*. ‘The type of the latter species is mixed with D. agilis in Stephens’s collection under the names of D. agilis and meridio- nalis. D. bipennifer is Sigma, Rossi, Dej.; D. impunctatus belongs to * This variety is described by Dejean, i. p. 242, as D. agilis, var. a. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol, ii. 3 34 Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. D. obscuroguttatus, Duft., spilotus, Dej. D. angustatus and maurus are not distinct, and both=D. maurus, St. Lamprias (Lebia) nigritarsis does not appear to me to differ from L. cyanocephala, nor L. rufipes from L. chlorocephala. Tarus humeralis is Dejean’s Cymindis of the same name. T. macu- laris and azillaris are mutually identical, and perhaps only a variety of C. humeralis with a dark red prothorax ; at all events quite distinct both from C. macularis, Dej., and C. axillaris, Dej. T. coadunatus, levigatus, homagricus and angularis again form one species, which is identical with C. homagrica, Dej. T. basalis is the Gyllenhalian spe- cies of the same name. It appears consequently that there are three species of Cymindis indigenous to England—C. humeralis, homagrica ~ and basalis. Brachinus crepitans.—To this species, the specimens named in Stephens’s collection B. immaculicornis, explodens and glabratus ap- peared to me to belong. Almost the whole of the English species of the genus Dyschirius are known on the continent under other names; only D. nitidus, politus, eneus and gibbus of Stephens are, the first probably, and the three others certainly, the like-named species of Dejean and Putzeys. Of the others, D. minimus is the same as D. gibbus ; D. pusillus, ova- tus and thoracicus are not distinct from D. eneus ; D. tristis is a spe- cimen of the same species inclining, in colour, to blue; D. rufipes and punctatus are the same as D. salinus, Schaum, Putz.; D. areno- sus is an immature specimen of the true D. thoracicus, Fab., Er., Putz.*; D. cylindricus the same as D. politus, and D. inermis, digi- tatus and fulvipes form one species, and are identical with D. areno- sus, Putz. (non Steph.). Putzeys has been misled, by an incorrectly determined specimen in Hope’s collection, into describing this marked species (which I found in plenty on the sea-shore near Swinemunde - in the summer of 1845) as D. arenosus, Ste. The name D. inermis, under which Curtis has so beautifully figured it, will be retained for this species. The English specimens of Nebria livida all belong to N. lateralis, Fab. : the true N. livida is not indigenous in England. Helobia (Nebria) lata, Newm., is, according tothe original spe- cimens, only a rather large variety of H. brevicollis, and H. vuri- cornis, Newm., is described from immature specimens of the same species. H. ethiops, Ste., is a large specimen of Gyllenhalii, Schonh., of which H. Marshallana, Ste. (arctica, Dej.) is an alpine form. Leistus nigricans, Newm.—The original is an old, dark specimen of L. spinibarbis. L. Janus, Newm., is described from immature specimens of L. fulvibarbis, Dej. Leistus montanus, Ste., is a very marked species of this genus, apparently unknown on the continent. L. indentatus, Newm., is unknown to me, as I have not seen the ori- ginal specimen; it is most probably not a distinct species, and the depression described merely accidental. * This was the only specimen of this species (D. thoracicus, Fab.) in Stephens’s collection ; it is not rare in England however, and has been taken by Wollaston in great plenty. Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. 35 Trimorphus scapularis and confinis, Ste., are the same as Badister humeralis, Bon. ; T. erro, Newm., is identical with B. peltatus, Ill. Badister suturalis.—The specimen originally described and figured by Stephens is a pretty variety of B. unipustulatus, Bon., cephalotes, Dej. The specimens which Stephens subsequently received and mentioned in the ‘ Supplement to his Illustrations’ are of a similar variety of B. bipustulatus. ‘To the latter species B. microcephalus, Ste., also belongs. Epomis circumscriptus, Duft., is not indigenous in England; in Stephens’s collection I found under this name two different Chlenii from the Cape. Chlenius fulgidus, Ste., is an immature specimen of C. melano- cornis, which has shrivelled in drying ; C. vanthopus, Ste., is a North American species allied to C. cobaltinus. Agonum austriacum is modestum, Dej.; A. fulgens, Ste., is iden- tical with A. Hriceti, Panz., Sturm; A. plicicolle is a deformed spe- cimen of A. viduum; A. viduum, Erichson’s species of the same name. A. versutum, leve, emarginatum, mestum, lugubre and afrum all ap- peared to me to belong to A. mestum, Erich. A. Bogemanni | have not seen, the species not being in Stephens’s collection. A. quadripunctatum differs entirely from guadripunctatum, DeGeer, and appeared to me to be A. fuliginosum, Knoch ; A. consimile I look upon as A. scitulum, Dej., and A. atratum, Ste., as gracile, Sturm, Dej.; A. piceum, Simpsoni, pullum, striatum and fuliginosum are all to be united as A. fuliginosum, Knoch; A. micans and cursitor corre- spond with A. micans, Nicolai, Er., pelidnum, Duft., Dej.; A. picipes is the species so called by Dejean and Erichson. dA. fuscipenne and gracile belong again to fuliginosum; A. pelidnum is Thoreyi, Dej., a species not rare in England; A. affine is the true A. pelidnum, Payk., Gyll., Er., puellum, Dej.; A. pusillum is a single minute specimen, and therefore difficult to determine ; perhaps it is also to be united to A. fuliginosum; A. livens is the Gyllenhalian insect of the same name. Odontonyx rotundicollis, Marsh., is the same as Olisthopus rotun- datus, Payk. ; Calathus apicalis, Newm., is described after an immature specimen of C. melanocephalus ; C. crocopus and fuscus are to be united with C. flavipes, Payk., Sturm; C. rufangulus is the genuine C. fuscus, Fab., Dej., Er. ; C. mollis is ochropterus, Duft., a plentiful species at Liverpool, under stones near the sea; C. nubigena, Haliday, is a di- stinct species which has been discovered in Ireland. Platyderus ruficollis is Feronia ( Pterost.) depressa, De}. Argutor inguinatus is a large variety of I’. vernalis, Dej. ; A. rufo- marginatus and vernalis are specimens of the same species of ordinary size; A. inequalis, Scalesii and longicollis are varieties of A. longi- collis, Duft., Sturm, ochraceus, Sturm, negligens, De}. ; A. diligens is A. strenuus, Ill., Panz., pullus, Gyll., Dej.; A. interstinctus, ery- thropus, strenuus and pullus all belong to A. pygmaeus, Sturm, Er., strenuus, Dej.; A. anthracinus is Feronia minor, De}. Pogonus Burrellii is P. luridipennis, Germ. ; P. chalceus and litto- 3% 36 Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. ralis correspond with halophilus, Germ., Dej.; P. eruginosus, Ste., is the genuine P. littoralis, Duft., Sturm. Omaseus Orinomum is not to be divided frem O. Bulwerii; the spe- cies is not known to me under any other name ; A. levigatus, Ste. is F. minor, Dej., again; O. rufifemoratus is a variety of O. nigrita with red thighs; O. tetricus, Haliday, and O. rotundicollis, Ste., are F. gracilis, Dej. ; O. affinis is a monstrous specimen of O. melanarius ; Feronia picea is picimana, Duft., Dej. Amara acuminata, obsoleta, similata, trivialis, vulgaris, spreta, fa- miliaris, communis and tibialis, Ste., are the Erichsonian species of the same names; JA. ovata belongs to A. obsoleta, as do also A. in- genua and subenea of the Stephensian collection, but the descriptions of the two last in Stephens’s ‘ Manual’ are repetitions of those given by Erichson under those names. Stephens’s descriptions of A. mu- nicipalis, brunnea, curta and patricia are also borrowed from Erichson, the genuine species of these names not existing in his collection. The specimen there marked as A. curta is a dark A. spreta; the original specimen of the A. discrepans, Marsh., referred by Stephens to A. brunnea, isan A. bifrons ; the Stephensian descriptions of A. munici- palis and patricia are not founded on specimens. The other species of the genus answer to ours as follows, viz.: A. nitida, Ste., is the true A. plebeja, Gyll., A. levis and lucida belong to A. familiaris, A. convexior, plebeja, obtusa and atrocerulea to A. communis, Gyll., and A. erythropa and infima to A. gemina, Er.; A. atra is a black variety of A. trivialis, A. laticollis probably the true A. nitida, Sturm, Er., and A. tricuspidata is a species unknown to me, distinct from A, tricuspidata, Dej., perhaps A. depressa, Er. Bradytus crassus is identical with A. consularis, B. marginatus the same as A. patricia, B. torridus an immature female of A. apricaria, and B. fulvus and ferrugineus are mutually identical. Harpalus serripes, tardus and stygius belong to H. serripes, as do also H. fuscipalpis and tenebrosus, whilst H. rufimanus, fuliginosus and Jatus constitute the true H. tardus, Ill., Dej. ; H. nigripes, piger, anxius, femoralis, complanatus, flaviventris and luteicornis are all only slight varieties of H. anzius ; H. luteicornis for example being a small female, and H. complanatus and flaviventris immature specimens. H, thoracicus, depressus and melampus are the same as H. semiviolaceus, Dej.; H. Petisii, rubripes, azureus, chloropterus, marginellus, fulvipes and Jentus are varieties, sexual or otherwise, of H. rubripes; H. caffer is the true H. perpleaus, Gyll., Dej.; H. rufitarsis a small, and H. calceatus a large specimen of Anisodactylus binotatus. Upon the other Harpali 1 cannot venture to pronounce any opinion; they are mostly species which are rare in the north-east of Germany and are less known to me. Pangus scaritides, a single female, which has nothing in common with Selenophorus scaritides, and appeared to me scarcely distinct from Actephilus pumilus, Ste. _ Actephilus vernalis is H. picipennis, Dej.; A. pumilus is not known to me with certainty. Ophonus stictus appeared to me to belong to H. monticola, Dej. Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. 37 (the genuine Carabus obscurus, Fab.); O. punctatulus and nitidulus are mutually identical, and the same as H. punctatulus, Dej.; O. punctatissimus may perhaps be subcordatus, Dej.; O. foraminulosus appeared to me to belong to puncticollis, Payk., Dej., and O. punc- ticeps to be a small variety of the same species, whilst O. puncticollis, subpunctatus and cribellum might answer for the H. brevicollis, De}. I will not however give out these statements as absolutely certain. Stenolophus Skrimshiranus might perhaps correspond with the S. melanocephalus, Findel, which is described by Dejean as a variety of S. vaporariorum, but I am not convinced that it is so. Most of the specimens of Trechus dorsalis in the Stephensian col- lection belonged to Stenol. elegans, Dej.; T.echus parvulus is an im- mature St. dorsalis, Dej. ; T. flavicollis is Acup. luridus, Dej., but not T. flavicollis, Sturm ; T. nitidus is identical with the preceding; T. ruficollis is Bradycellus similis, Er., and T. placidus the Bradycellus placidus, Er.; T. suturalis is Acup. cognatus, Gyll., Dej. The spe- cimens with a reddish thorax which are mentioned in Stephens’s descriptions belong to placidus, Gyll.; I cannot distinguish T. fulvus from Acup. Harpalinus, Dej.; T. pallidus is founded on immature specimens of the same species. T. brunnipes is a species of Bradycellus not otherwise known to me, nearly allied to B. Harpalinus, and distinct from Stenol. brun- nipes, Sturm, Er. ; 7. consputus and meridianus are the species so called by Erichson; 7. cognatus is nothing but a specimen of T. me- ridianus ; T. aquaticus, with its varieties T. fuscipennis and tristis, is identical with 7. minutus, Er., and T. levis is a large specimen of the same species. Blemus paludosus is Dejean’s Trechus of the same name; B. pal- lidus answers exactly to the description of Trechus fulvus, Dej., but does not agree with 7’. pallidus, Sturm. Of the true B. longicornis, Sturm, I have seen no English specimen. Lymneum nigropiceum is a very marked species, which was pre- viously quite unknown to me. Tachys scutellaris is the same as Bemb. scutellare, Dej.; T. bino- tatus and vitiatus the same as B. guttula, Dej., Er.; T. inermis, pu- sillus, obtusus and gracilis belong to B. obtusum, Sturm, Dej.; T. mi- nutissimus and perhaps also 7’. minimus, Curt., which I have not seen, are identical with B. bistriatum, Dej.; T. maritimus is not in Ste- phens’s collection. Philochihus eneus is Bemb. eneum, Germ. ; P. Doris, subfenestratus and biguttatus appeared to me to belong to B. vulneratum, Dej.; and P. gutiula to B. biguttatum. The typical specimen of B. hemorrhoum, Kirby, is a B. gutiula, Dej. Specimens of B. obtusum have been con- founded with it by Stephens. Ocys currens is Bemb. pumilio, Dej.; O. melanocephalus and tem- pestivus are the same as B. rufescens, De}. Peryphus femoratus and concinnus appeared to me to belong to Bemb. Bruzellense, Putz., and the second is certainly different from B. concinnum of Putzeys. Under P. maritimus several species are confounded ; of the four specimens in the Stephensian cabinet, two 38 Dr. Schaum on the British Geodephaga. belong to the preceding species, one to B. concinnum of Putzeys, and the fourth to B. rupestre, Dej.; B. tetraspilotus is wanting in Ste- phens’s collection. ‘wo specimens which Wollaston communicated to me under this name belonged to B. rupestre, Dej.; P. littoralis is B. rupestre, Dej.; P. lunatus and ustus are B. lunatum, Duft., P. lunatus being ‘established on immature and P. ustus on mature spe- cimens of that insect; P. decorus and albipes correspond with P. brunnipes, Dej., P. albipes being the young specimens; P. nitidulus, Marsh., is P. rufipes, Dej., and P. agilis the same as B. decorum, Dej. On the other species of the genus Peryphus I cannot venture to give any decided opinion. Notaphus undulatus is Bemb. undulatum, Dej., Er.; N. ustulatus, nebulosus, semipunctatus and obliquus=B. ustulatum, Dej., Er.; N. stictus may correspond with the lately described N. Dejeanii, Putz. ; N. fumigatus is Dejean’s Bembidium of the same name; N. ephip- pium= B. pallidipenne, De}. (non Ill.) ; N. castanopterus is a pale variety of B. assimile, Gyll., Dej., Er. Lopha pecila= B. articulatum, Dej.; L. quadrigutiata and quadri- maculata are Dejean’s species of the same names; L. pulchra isa bluish specimen of B. celere; L. assimilis=B. Doris, Ill., Dej., Er. ; _ LL. pusilla and hemorrhoidalis are also the same as B. Doris, ill. ; L. nigra= B. Mannerheimii, Sahlb., Dej.; L. pulicaria and minima=B. pusillum, Gyll., Dej.; L. nana is wanting in Stephens’s collection ; L. Doris and Spenciti=B. assimile, Gyll., De}. Tachypus celer = Bemb. celere; T. acutus, Marsh., is an immature specimen of the same species; 7’. properans, chalceus and orichalcicus =B. velox, Er.; T. bipunctatus=B. bip., Dej., &c.; T. chlorophanus and striatus=B. @rosum, Er. Bembidium impressum is quite distinct from B. impressum, Dej., being nothing but an ill-preserved specimen of B. flavipes. Notiophilus tibialis, Ste.=N. palustris, Er., whilst N. palustris of the Stephensian collection belongs to N. biguttatus, Er. | [As Dr. Schaum’s remarks on the British Water-beetles, which form a part of his paper in the ‘ Entomologische Zeitung,’ have already appeared, in a more detailed form, in this country (see Zoo- logist, pp. 1887 and 1932), it has not been considered necessary to reproduce them here. ] PsELAPHIDZH AND SCYDMANIDA. Scydmenus ruficornis, Denny, is nothing but the female of S. den- ticornis. I have compared two of the specimens mentioned by Denny himself. _8. Wighami, Denny (also according to an original specimen which -E. Doubleday communicated to me) is identical with S. angulatus, Kunze. The species could not be recognized from Denny’s imperfect figure. S. punctipennis, Ste., is a true S, collaris. S. Dennii, Ste., as-I had previously supposed, is the male of S. den-— ticornis, Several species of this genus were incorrectly determined Mr. J. Ralfs on the mode of growth in Oscillatoria. 39 in Stephens’s collection; the descriptions in his works however are not taken from these specimens, but borrowed from Denny. Euplectus Kirbii, Denny, of which I have examined the original specimen in the British Museu, is not identical with H. signatus, as Erichson and Aubé suppose, but with #. Fischeri, Aubé (Tischeri, Heer). Denny has overlooked the pit in the forehead which charac- terizes this species. Stephens refers the Huplectus sanguineus, Denny, as a synonym to L. minutus of Marsham, but incorrectly; the specimen of the latter differs in nothing from an ordinary Z. signatus. E. ruficornis, Ste., is synonymous with HL. ambiguus, Reichb. Bythinus grandipalpus, Ste., is the female of B. Curtisii, Denny. Bryazis assimilis, Curt., I have not seen. The specimen named Bryavis insignis, Reichb., in Stephens’s collection, does not agree at all with the true P. insignis, Reichb. (=Tyrus mucronatus), but is the same insect as Bryaris juncorum. VI.—On the mode of growth in Oscillatoria and allied genera. By Joun Ratrs, M.R.C.S., Penzance*. THE growth of the lower Algz by repeated transverse division of their cells is now a well-established fact. In the Desmidiee and the Palmellee this division is usually complete and gives rise to distinct individuals. In the latter family the common gelatinous matrix mostly retains them in such close connection that the entire mass is regarded as a frond, of which the cells are only portions. The case is essentially similar in the Desmidiee ; but in them the common matrix is so exceedingly thin that it can scarcely be detected, whilst the slightest touch scatters the cells, rendering their independence apparent, and hence each individual is considered a frond. In Tiresias and many other simple, filamentous Alge, the divided cells remain closely united, and form a jointed filament which continues to elongate until the cells cease to divide. I believe that in Oscillatoria we may trace a mode of growth of an intermediate kind and connecting these extremes. In many species of this genus the stratum spreads with great rapidity. This rapid growth cannot be caused by zoospores or granules vegetating in constant succession, because, although the fila- ments vary in length, their breadth is uniform. It does not de- pend on the simple elongation of the filaments, because, in many species, the filaments always remain short, notwithstanding the great increase of the mass. The difficulty of tracing the growth in Oscillatoria is enhanced by its cells being frequently confluent, or having their divisions * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, December 14, 1848. 49 Mr.J. Ralfs on the mode of growth in Oscallatoria. marked merely by faint transverse strie. Still that the cells divide as in the other simple Algze will scarcely be contested, if indeed the fact be not sufficiently proved in those species which have some of the strize about twice the ordinary distance apart, as is always the case when cells are dividing. In general the cells are indicated, as I have just stated, by more or less evident transverse, straight strie; but at certain intervals the junction margins become rounded during division and the filament separates into distinct portions. All the Oscil- latoriee have the filaments inclosed in sheaths. When the sheath divides together with the cell, the original filament at once forms two; and as this process is continually going on, we can easily conceive the rapid extension of the stratum consequent upon the progressive increase in the number of filaments. It may be necessary to mention, that it is easy to distinguish between a natural separation and a fracture. In the latter case the ends formed by violence are abrupt ; in the former they are _ usually rounded. When, as in some species, there is a doriiplete separation of the internal filament unaccompanied by simultaneous division of its sheath, the latter retains the portions in connection. Lyngbya Ferruginea affords a good example of this kind, and as its fila- ments are stouter than those of most species of Oscillatoria, no better plant can be selected for observation. If a portion of the stratum be examined, filaments of various lengths may be seen mingled together ; but they are all of the same breadth, although some of them are not longer than broad. When separated portions are thus held together by the sheath, there is generally a short interval between them. Whether this results from an elongation of the sheath or the mutual repulsion of the inclosed portions is doubtful. The latter I consider as the more likely cause. May it not be produced by an electric cur- rent developed at the instant of partition? Perhaps the radia- tion of the filaments from the stratum, in some species of Oscil- latoria, may be similarly accounted for. Microcoleus is known by its numerous, short, simple Oscilla- toria-like filaments beimg contained within either a simple or a slightly branched, inflated sheath or frond. The presence indeed of this common covering is the character which separates Micro- coleus from Oscillatoria; for the filaments and their manner of division are alike in both. In Oscillatoria the parted filaments are retained together merely by the common mucus which permits a comparatively wider range, and allows them to diverge im various directions. In Microcoleus, on the contrary, their freedom is restricted ; the frond by its form and size keeps them parallel and binds them Prof. Owen on the Structure of the Teeth of some Fossil Fish. 41. in bundles. At first the frond contains only one or two fila- ments (as correctly stated by Mr. Hassall in his ‘ British Fresh- _ water Algze’) ; but these dividing as in Oscillatoria, the inflated frond becomes completely filled and at length ruptured, when the filaments escape from it to form new plants. I intend in a future communication to offer some evidence in proof that the appositional branches in Rivularia, Calothriz and other genera are merely modifications of the mode of growth here described. VII.—On the Structure of the Teeth of some Fossil Fish of the Carboniferous Period. By Prof. Owxn, F.R.S. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. GENTLEMEN, In the interesting and instructive summary of the modifications of the teeth in fossil fishes of the carboniferous period which Mr. M‘Coy has given in the ‘ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,’ June 1848, he notices a layer of true enamel in ‘ Centrodus, which he says “is quite distinct from that dense modification of dentine, which, forming the polished surface of most fish-teeth, has been confounded with true enamel, but which it is here proposed to call ‘ ganoine’ in future descrip- tions” (p.65). I have long been in the habit of applying the term ‘ ganoine’ to the peculiar tissue which forms the enamel- like surface of ‘ ganoid scales ;’ but, as the term has been pub- lished by me in no other way than orally in lectures, I should be willing to resign it for the new dental tissue which Mr. M‘Coy professes to have discovered, if his claim to the discovery were sound. If I mistake not, Mr. M‘Coy first announced his discovery in your ‘August Number’ of the present year, p. 124, where, after animadverting on the frequent mistake of his new modifi- cation of dentine for true enamel, he says: ‘ The latter is, how- ever, secreted by a distinct organ quite external to and indepen- dent of the dentine, while the false enamel, which I propose to call ‘ ganoine,’ is merely produced by the calcigerous tubes of the dentine becoming suddenly straighter, closer and more numerous as they approach the surface ” (p. 124). In my ‘Odontography’ I defined what I believe to be the ‘ganoine’ of Mr. M‘Coy in the followmg words: “In some in- stances, as in the teeth of the flying-fish (Hzocetus) and sucking- fish (Remora), the substance of the tooth is uniform, and .not covered by a layer of a denser texture. In others, as the shark, sphyreena, &c., the tooth is coated with a dense, shining, enamel- 42 Prof. Owen on the Structure of the Teeth of some Fossil Fisi. like substance ; but this is not true enamel, nor the product of a distinct organ ; it differs from the body of the tooth only in the greater proportion of the earthy particles, their more minute dif- fusion through the gelatinous basis, and the more parallel ar- rangement of the calcigerous tubes ; but it is developed in and by the same matrix, and resulting from the calcification of its external layer, is the first part of the tooth which is formed” (p. 8). I then go on to cite the fishes that have true enamel, developed from a distinct organ (p. 9): and the modifications of the enamel-like dentine are described at pp. 34, 54, 56 et pas- sim*. To most of the modifications of dentine in fish-teeth I have assigned and published names, e. g. ‘osteodentine,’ ‘ vasoden- tine,’ ‘ plicidentine,’ ‘dendrodentine,’ ‘ labyrinthodentine’+: if it be really requisite to give a name to the modification of hard dentine above defined, I would suggest to Mr. M‘Coy the de- sirableness of adhering to the terminology already in use. The term ‘ ganoine’ is required for the enamel-like tissue of ganoid scales, and that of ‘vitrodentine’ would have been the one I should have proposed for the tissue which I believe myself to have first defined, had I not been checked by the observation. of the very gradual passage of hard or true dentine into it in many fishes, and by the natural desire to reduce the number of new terms to the minimum which the exigences of science seemed to require. From the terms of the descriptions quoted from the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ 1848, p. 124, and from the ‘Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society’ for June 1848, anatomists might be led to cite the subject of them as the ‘ganoine of M‘Coy ;’ but I am sure that gentleman is above the device by which small zoologists, of what our plain-speaking German brethren call the ‘ Gattungsmacherei,’ endeavour to ap- propriate a new species discovered and defined by another, by the mere imposition of a name. I remain, Gentlemen, your very obedient servant, Ricuarp Owen. * The texture of the tooth of Ctenodus is described as presenting “a coarse osseous structure at the base, supporting a dense osseous or enamel- like layer,” p.63. Although in defining the obvious external characters of the tooth of Petalodus the term ‘enamel’ is used, I am careful, in describing the structure, to state that ‘‘the short terminal branches of the medullary canals, which distribute the calcigerous tubes to the enamel-like outer layer, are slightly bent downwards,” &c., p. 62: so that after the previous defini- tion of the ‘ enamel-like ’ substance at p. 8, no mistake could be made. + ‘Odontography ’ and ‘ Lectures on Vertebrata,’ tom. i. p. 226. Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 43 VIII.—Descriptions of Aphides. By Francis Waker, F.L.S. {Continued from vol. ii. p. 431.] 56. Aphis dirhoda, nu. s. This species feeds on the rose with Aphis Rose, and is some- times far more numerous than that species in the spring and in the autumn, but its appearance is less regular ; it frequents various species of rose both wild and cultivated, such as Rosa centifolia, R. canina, R. eglanteria ; and in the summer it migrates to dif- ferent species of corn and of grass (Secale, Triticum, Avena, Hor- deum, Bromus, Dactylis, Holcus, and Poa), and it fixes itself on the blades of these plants, whereas 4. Avene prefers the flowers. Aphidius Avene, an Allotria, Asaphes enea, and Megaspilus Car- penteri, are its parasites, and these will be more particularly noticed in another part of these descriptions. The viviparous wingless female. This sometimes rests through a severe winter under the rose-leaves without being injured, and begins to multiply very early in the spring: it is oval, and pale greenish yellow : the feelers have pale brown tips, and are about one-fourth of the length of the body: the eyes are dark red: the mouth and the nectaries are pale yellow with brown tips, and the latter are about one-sixth of the length of the body: the tip of the abdomen is brown: the legs are shorter and more slender than those of Aphis Rose, and the feet are pale brown: it is also distinguished from that species by its paler colour, its shorter feelers, and its larger body ; the two kinds may often be seen together on one rose-twig, each surrounded by its respective little ones. The front is prominent in the middle between the eyes: the tubercles on which the feelers are seated are rather less developed than those of the preceding species ; the fourth joint of the feelers is much shorter than the third; the fifth is shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is not half the length of the fifth ; the seventh is nearly as long as the third. The viviparous winged female. While a pupa it much resembles the wingless female in colour : its wings are unfolded in April or May, and then it is pale green: the chest is buff; its lobes are pale brown ; the feelers are brown, green at the base, and much shorter than the body; the fourth joint is shorter than the third, and the fifth is shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is nearly half the length of the fifth ; the seventh is a little shorter than the third : the eyes are dark brown: the mouth has a brown tip: the nectaries are about one-sixth of the length of the body: the legs are pale yellowish green and rather long; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are brown: the wings are colourless, A Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. and nearly twice the length of the body ; the wing-ribs and the rib-veins are pale yellowish green ; the veins are brown. Ist var. The feelers are black, and as long as the body: the nectaries are pale green with black tips, and about one-fifth of the length of the body. In the autumn. 2nd var. Pale yellowish green: the lobes of the chest and the breast are dark gray : the feelers are green at the base, and longer than the body: the other limbs are pale yellow: the tip of the mouth, the eyes, and the tips of the nectaries are black, and the latter are nearly one-fourth of the length of the body : the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black: the wing-ribs and the rib-veins are pale yellow; the wing-brands are pale brown, and the other veins are brown. Inthe autumn, when the winged females abound on the rose-leaf, and each of them is surrounded by a group of its white or pale green little ones. Variation in the wing-veins. The second vein is forked, but the third is undivided. The oviparous wingless female. This species in its nuptial state is born of the winged female during October and some part of November, and is very delicate and pretty : it has a pale lemon co- lour: the head is almost white: the eyes are dark red: the limbs are white : the feelers are blackish towards their tips: the tip of the mouth and the tips of the nectaries are black, and the latter are as long as one-fifth of the body: the knees. and the tips of the shanks are pale brown ; the feet are black : the hind-shanks are sometimes pale brown. Ist var. Green. 2nd var. Palestraw-colour. 3rd var. Buff. 4th var. Light buff varied with palered. 5th var. Rose-colour. 6th var. Saffron. 7th var. Orange. The winged male. It pairs with the oviparous female in Octo- ber and November, and is buff: the head, the disc of the chest and that of the breast are brown : the abdomen has a black line along the back and a row of black dots on each side : the feelers are black, dull buff at the base, and much longer than the body : the fourth vein is much shorter than the third; the fifth is hardly shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is less than half the length of the fifth ; the seventh is nearly as long as the third: the mouth is pale buff ; its tip and the eyes are black : the nectaries are pale buff with black tips, and one-fifth of the length of the body : the legs, especially the thighs, are pale yellow ; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black ; the wing-ribs and the rib-veins are pale yellow; the wing-brands are pale brown ; the other veins are brown. 1st var. Pale orange: the head, the disc of the chest and that of the breast are black: the feelers are pale orange towards the hase : the eyes are dark red: the nectaries are dull brown, and as Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 45 long as one-fourth of the body; the thighs excepting the base are black. 2nd var. The nectaries are yellow with black tips. 57. Aphis Avene, Fabr. Aphis Avene, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 1. 386. 17; Syst. Ent. 736. 15 ; Ent. Syst. iv. 214. 21; Syst. Rhyn. 297. 21; Gmel. ed. Syst. Nat. 1. 4. 2206. 5; Vill. Ins. 551. 50; Schrank, Faun. Boie, i. 1. 104; Stewart, i. 110; Macq. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1831, 468 ; Kalt. Mon. Pflan. i. 108. 6, A. granaria, Kirby, Linn. Trans. iv. 238; Curtis, Journ. R. Agric. Soe. vi. A, Horde, Kyber, Germ. Mag. A. cerealis, Kalt. Mon. Pflan. i. 16. 6. Bromaphis, Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. 2™° série, v. 47 9. This kind feeds on Secale cereale, Triticum estivum, &c., Avena sativa, Danthonia strigosa, Hordeum vulgare, H. murinum, Betting mollis, B. secalinus, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Glyceria Jluitans, Poa anna, and on other grasses, and also on Polygonum Persicaria. The viviparous wingless female. When young it is dull pale - yellow: the feelers are shorter than the body: the mouth has a black tip, and reaches the base of the hind-legs: the nectaries have also black tips, and are as long as one-sixth of the body. Ist var. The body is red. 2nd var. The body is dull green: the hind-part of the abdomen is red. When full-grown it is red: the feelers are black, and very nearly as long as the body ; the fourth joint is more than half the length of the third ; the fifth is much shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is hardly one-third of the length of the fifth ; the seventh isa little longer than the third, and about five times the length of the sixth: the front is convex in the middle, and has a very di- stinct lobe on each side, or in other words it is somewhat undu- lating, and has a projection in the middle and one on each side : the eyes and the mouth are black : the tip of the abdomen is com- pressed and curved: the nectaries are black, very slightly curved and tapering towards their tips, and between’ one-fourth and one-fifth of the length of the body: the legs are dull yellow and moderately long ; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black ; the shanks are very slightly curved ; the fore-legs are not very much shorter than the hind-legs. Ist var. The body is green, and varieties also occur with every tint between this colour and red. 2nd var. The disc of the body is blackish. 3rd var. The legs are bright pale yellow. 4th var. The thighs are black from near the base to the tips. 46 Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 5th var. The body is brown : the feelers are black, and longer than the body: the tip of the abdomen is yellow : the nectaries are black, and rather less than one-fourth of the length of the body : the legs are black ; the thighs from the base to the middle’ and the shanks except their tips are yellow. 6th var. The body is dark green: the feelers are dull green at the base and as long as the body: the mouth is green at the base: the legs are pale green ; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are black. Sometimes green and yellow are variously mixed together in the body ; sometimes it is dull yellow, or pale red, or red with the dise of the abdomen nearly black,‘and with the thighs black from the middle to the tips, or red with the head green, or green mottled with red, or nearly black, or with a slight metallic tinge. The young ones in the body are sometimes twenty or so in num- ber and of various size: the tubercles which support the feelers are short; the second joint of the feelers is much shorter and narrower than the first ; the third is much more slender than the second. The viviparous winged female. It is brown: the lobes of the chest and a row of spots on each side of the abdomen are black : the feelers are black, and a little longer than the body : the mouth is yellow ; its tip and the eyes are black : the nectaries are black, and as long as one-fifth of the body : the tip of the abdomen is yellow: the legs are long and yellow ; the thighs, excepting the base, the feet, and the tips of the shanks, are black: the wings are colourless ; the wing-ribs and the veins are pale yellow ; the wing-brands are pale brown. lst var. The body is reddish brown: the fore-border and the hind-border of the fore-chest are paler : the abdomen is dull yel- lowish green with a row of very small black dots on each side: the feelers and the eyes are black, and the former are a little longer than the body : the mouth is dull green with a black tip: the nectaries are a little more than one-fourth of the length of the body : the wing-brands and the veins are brown. The thighs are of a deeper black and the shanks of a brighter yellow than those of the wingless female. The red colour of this species becomes much brighter when it is preserved in Canada balsam. The colour of the pupa is more often red than that of the wingless female, and the nectaries of the latter are somewhat shorter than those of the former. 2nd var. The body is green with a slight bluish tint : the disc of the head and that of the chest and of the breast are red: the mouth is dull green with a black tip: the nectaries are as long as one-fourth of the body: the thighs are green towards the base. The structure of the wings does not serve to distinguish this from the preceding species. Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 47 58. Aphis Mieracii, Schrank. Aphis Hieracii, Schrank, Faun. Boic. ii. 121.1233; Kalt. Mon. Pflan. 1. 17. 7. The following plants are the food of this species: Hieracium sylvaticum, H. sylvestre, H. murorum, H. Pilosella, H. Sphondy- lium, Crepis tectorum, and other species, Carduus, Arctium Lappa, Ballota nigra, Cichorium Intybus, C. Endivia. The viviparous wingless female. When young it is yellow, elliptical, shining, and covered with short hairs: the feelers are black, pale yellow at the base, and longer than the body: the eyes are dark red : the mouth is pale yellow ; its tip is black : the nectaries are dull yellow, and as long as one-sixth of the body ; their tips are black: the legs are dull yellow, and moderately long ; the feet and the tips of the shanks are black. lst var. Pale red. | 2nd var. Tinged with green: the feelers are shorter than the body. Sr var. Feelers yellow ; tips of the joints black. When full-grown it is oval, slightly convex, smooth and shining, pale green, or pale reddish green, or reddish yellow : the feelers are very pale green or dull yellow with black tips, and a little longer than the body: the eyes are black: the mouth and the nectaries are pale yellow, or very pale green, with black tips; sometimes the latter are black excepting the base which is pale green ; they are nearly as long as one-fourth of the body: the legs are pale yellow or very pale green; the feet and the tips of the shanks, and sometimes also the tips of the thighs, are black. Ist var. Bright yellow: the limbs are pale yellow; the tips of their joints and the nectaries are black. The viviparous winged female. The pupa is grass-green, rather long and narrow: the feelers are black, green towards the base in the young ones, and a very little longer than the body: the mouth is dull green, and reaches near to the base of the hind-legs ; its tip and the eyes are black: the nectaries are black and about one-sixth of the length of the body: the legs are dull green ; the thighs are pale yellow towards the base; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are black: the rudimentary wings are green: sometimes it is pale green, and its limbs are still paler: when full-grown the legs are black; the base of the ~ thighs and the shanks except their tips are yellow. When the wings are unfolded it is black and shining: the abdomen is dark green : the feelers are slender and much longer than the body: the mouth is pale yellow ; its tip is brown: the nectaries are black, and nearly one-fourth of the length of the body : the legs are long and pale yellow; the thighs, except the base, the feet, and the tips of the shanks, are black: the wings 48 Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. are colourless, and twice the length of the body; the wing-ribs are pale yellow ; the wing-brands are pale brown; the veins are brown. 7 efits lst var. While a pupa it resembles the wingless female in colour, but when the wings are unfolded it is dull green or greenish yellow: the discs of the head, of the chest and of the breast are black, and the abdomen has a row of black dots on each side: the feelers are -black and as long as the body: the mouth is pale yellow ; its tip and the eyes are black: the legs are also pale yellow with black feet and shank-tips. 2nd: var. The body is black: the fore-border and the hind- border of the fore-chest are green: the abdomen is green with black cross-bands, and has a row of black spots on each side : the feelers are a little longer than the body : the mouth is pale green ; its tip is black: the nectaries are about one-fifth of the length of the body : the legs are yellow ; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks, and nearly the whole of the hind-thighs | are black. Variation in the wing-veins. The lower branch of the first fork is wanting. The front of the head is prominent in the middle, and has a tubercle on each side for the support of the feelers ; the first joint of these organs is longer and narrower than the tubercle on which it is seated ; the second is shorter and much narrower than the first ; the third is narrower than the second ; the fourth is shorter than the third ; the fifth is shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is about one-third of the length of the fifth ; the seventh is longer than the third: the tip of the abdomen is compressed and very slightly curved. 59. Aphis Asteris, n. s. The viviparous wingless female. It is oval, slightly convex, dull olive-green, very much tinged with red especially round the bor- der, covered with white beneath and sometimes above: it has a row of impressions on each side of the body, and these are most distinct towards the head: the feelers are black, yellow near the base, and longer than the body : the eyes are dark red: the mouth is dull yellow ; its tip is black : the nectaries are black, not curved, and about one-eighth of the length of the body : the legs are long and yellow ; the feet and the tips of the shanks and of the thighs are black. When young it is paler and more linear, and some- times green. Abundant on Aster tripolium, onthe shore near Lancaster and at Holywood, near Belfast, in the autumn. Ist var. Almost black, especially towards the fore-chest and the head. The front is slightly concave in the middle, and convex on Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 49 each side at the base of the feelers, but having no tubercles : there is a very little bristle on each side of the front: the feelers are shorter than the body ; the fourth joint is hardly shorter than the third; the fifth is much shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is less than half the length of the fifth ; the seventh is full thrice the length of the sixth: the back is adorned with six or eight irregular lines of black dots: the tip of the abdomen is com- pressed, but very short : the fore-legs are not much shorter than the hind-legs; the shanks are very slightly curved. 60. Aphis Lactuce. Aplus Lactuce, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 385. 14; Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 220. 52; Syst. Rhyn. 301.52; Réaum. Ins. ii. t. 22. f. 38-5 ; Gmel. ed. Syst. Nat. 1. 2205; Rossi, Faun. Etruse. 264. 1401 ; Schrank, Faun. Boic. 11. 1. 120; Fonscol. Ann. Soc. Ent. x. 170. 10; Kalt. Mon. Pflan. i. 37. 25. A. Ribis nigri, Sir Oswald Mosley, Gard. Chron. i. 684. This species feeds on the following plants: Sonchus olera- ceus, S. asper, S. arvensis, Lactuca oleracea, Crepis tectorum, Picris echioides, Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. grossularia, R. uva crispa. Like A. Berberidis it differs from the other species of Aphis in having spindle-shaped nectaries. The viviparous wingless female. This is hatched from the egg in March on R. nigrum, R. grossularia, and more rarely on R. rubrum. At this time and when very young it is light lively green, shining, half-transparent, rather long, slightly convex, and has three rows of minute tubercles along the back : the head is almost white: the feelers are white at the base, brown towards the tips, and rather more than half the length of the body: the eyes are dark red: the mouth and the nectaries are white with brown tips, and the latter are about one-seventh of the length of the body: the legs are almost white; the shanks are bristly ; their tips and the feet are pale brown. lst var. Dull dark green with still darker limbs: the feelers are a little shorter than the body, and the nectaries are about one-eighth of its length. When full-grown it is deep grass-green, oval, and shining: the discs of the head, the chest, the breast and the abdomen are black, and there is a row of black spots along each side of the latter: the feelers are black, and as long as the body: the nec- taries are black, spindle-shaped, and nearly one-fifth of the length of the body: the legs are black, long, and rather stout. lst var. Green, dark green beneath, shaded with black or sometimes all black above: the feelers are a little longer than the body: the mouth is green with a black tip: the nectaries Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. i. 4 50 My. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. are cylindrical and about one-sixth of the length of the body : the thighs are green towards the base. 7 2nd var. Pale green, elliptical, convex, smooth, and shining : the feelers are pale yellow: the tips of the joints are black : the nectaries are about one-sixth of the length of the body; their tips are pale brown: the legs are pale yellow; the feet and the tips of the shanks are black. 3rd var. Pale lively green, oval, not shining: the head and the limbs are white, but tinged with green: the feelers are. shorter than the body; the tips of their joints are sometimes black, as-are also the tip of the mouth, the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks. 4th var. The body is of a fresh light green colour, but not shining ; it has a whitish tinge especially towards the head, and is sometimes mottled with white or with pale red: the feelers are pale yellow, and nearly as long as the body; the tips of the joints are black : the eyes are dark red : the mouth is pale yellow with a black tip, so also are the nectaries, which are nearly one- fourth of the length of the body: the legs are pale yellow; the feet and the tips of the shanks are black. 5th var. Of a clear white colour. In the autumn on Crepis tectoria. The viviparous winged female. Green: the head and the fore- chest above are dark green: the disc of the middle chest and that of the middle breast afe almost black, and there are black bands across the upper segments of the abdomen: the feelers are black, a little longer than the body, pale yellow towards the base which is dark green: the eyes are dark brown: the mouth is pale green with a black tip: the nectaries are pale green with brown tips, and about one-fourth of the length of the body: the legs are pale yellow, long and slender; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are brown: the wings are colourless, and about twice the length of the body ; the rib-veins are pale green; the wing-brands are pale buff; the veins are brown. On the sow-thistle at the end of April. While a pupa it is green and rather flat: the feelers are dull pale green, and a little longer than the body; the tips of the joints are black: the mouth is green with a black tip: the nec- taries are spindle-shaped, rather dull buff, and about one-sixth of the length of the body: the legs are dull pale green; the knees and the tips of the shanks are brown. 1st var. The limbs are blackish green. The wings are unfolded in May, and the Aphis is then black and shining: the fore-chest is green with a black band across it : the abdomen is grass-green ; its disc is chiefly black: the feelers are a little longer than the body: the mouth is pale green with — Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 51 a black tip: the nectaries are green, spindle-shaped, and about one-sixth of the length of the body; their tips are black: the legs are pale yellow; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are black : the wings are colourless, and much longer than the body; the wing-ribs and the wing-brands are pale green ; the vems are brown. lst var. The mouth is pale yellow with a black tip: the nec- taries are cylindrical ; their tips are brown: the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are also brown. 2nd var. The abdomen is green, and has a row of transverse black spots along the middle of the back, and a row of black dots on each side: the feelers are nearly as long as the body: the nec- taries are black : the wing-ribs are pale yellow ; the wing-brands are dull buff. 8rd var. The legs are green; the thighs except the base and the feet are black : the wing-brands are pale brown. 4th var. Green: the lobes of the chest are brown, and the breast is pale gray: there is a vivid green stripe along the mid- dle of the abdomen, which is whitish beneath : the feelers are pale green towards the base: the eyes are darkred: the thighs are pale green ; the shanks are dull yellow ; their tips and the feet are black : the wing-ribs, the rib-veins, and the wing-brands are pale yellow ; the other veins are pale brown. In the autumn. 5th var. The nectaries are pale yellow, and rather more than one-fifth of the length of the body. 6th var. Black : the borders of the fore-chest, the fore-breast, and the abdomen are greenish yellow; the back of the latter is varied with black: the nectaries are dark yellow, black towards . the base and at the tips, and rather more than one-sixth of the length of the body: the thighs are pale yellow from the base to the middle, and black from thence to the tips; the shanks are dark yellow, their tips and the feet are black : the wing-brands are brown. It acquires wings on the lettuce at the end of May. Fourth generation ? 7th var. Pupa. Limbs blackish green. 8th var. Pupa. Pale yellow; the feelers are as long as the body ; the tips of the jomts and the whole of the latter joints are brown: the tips of the mouth, the tips of the nectaries, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are also brown. On the sow-thistle. 9th var. Black : the fore-chest is dark green ; its fore-border and its hind-border are light green: the abdomen is green, and has a large black spot near the tip of the back, and a row of black dots on each side: the nectaries are pale yellow with brown tips: the legs are pale yellow ; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are black ; the wing-brands are pale brown. 4° 52 Mr. F. Walker’s Descriptions of Aphides. 10th var. Pupa. The body is rose-colour, mottled with yel- low : the limbs are yellowish white with black tips : the rudiments of the wings are white with black tips. 11th var. The feelers of the pupa are black, pale yellow at the base : the nectaries are not more than one-fifth of the length of the body : the rudimentary wings are pale brown. The winged insect is black: the fore-border and the hind- border and the underside of the fore-chest are green: the abdo- men also is green, and has a row of black spots on each side of it, and a large black subquadrate spot on its dise: the mouth is pale green ; its tip is black: the nectaries are pale green, and as long as one-sixth of the body; their tips are black: the legs are dull yellow ; the feet and the tips of the thighs and of the shanks are black : the wing-ribs and the rib-veins are pale yellow ; the brands and the other veins are pale brown. The oviparous wingless female. This occurs in the beginning of November: it is green, shining, and long-elliptic: the abdo- men is lengthened towards the tip: the feelers are yellow, black towards the tips, and nearly as long as the body: the eyes are dark red: the mouth is pale yellow with a black tip: the nectaries are yellow with black tips, spindle-shaped, and rather more than one-sixth of the length of the body : the legs are yellow ; the thighs are pale yellow, darker towards their tips ; the knees, the feet, and the tips of the shanks are black. Ist var. Body varied with darker green, and having three green lines along the back. 2nd var. Body yellowish green : the head, the chest, and the tip of the abdomen are very pale yellowish green : the feelers are black with the exception of the base, and a little longer than the body : the eyes are black: the nectaries are nearly one-fourth of the length of the body ; the hind-shanks are dark yellow. 3rd var. The fore-chest is olive-colour: the head and a row . of short bands on the abdomen are dark olive: the nectaries are also olive. Ath var. Pale green: the head, the chest, and the tip of the abdomen are pale yellow: the feelers are pale yellow ; the tips of some of the joints are black: the legs are also pale yellow; the féet and the tips of the shanks are black. 5th var. Like the preceding, but with a lively green spot on - the middle of the chest. The winged male. It pairs with the oviparous female in No- vember, and is black : the abdomen is yellowish brown with a row of black spots on each side: the feelers are rather thick till near their tips, and longer than the body; the fourth joint is much shorter than the third; the fifth is shorter than the fourth; the sixth is about one-third of the length of the fifth ; the seventh is Sir Philip Egerton on the Tail of Diplopterus. 53 usually longer, but sometimes a little shorter than the third: the mouth is yellow with a black tip: the nectaries are black, and nearly one-fourth of the length of the body : the legs are black ; the fore-thighs from the base to the middle, the other thighs at the base, and the shanks excepting their tips, are yellow: the wing-ribs are yellow ; the wimg-brands are pale brown; the veins are brown. lst var. The abdomen is dark yellowish green; there is a row of short black bands along its back and a row of black spots on each side: the mouth is black, but yellow towards the base : the legs are black ; the thighs are pale yellow at the base; the shanks excepting their tips are dark yellow. The front is slightly convex: the feelers are seated on short stalks ; the first jomt is longer and more slender than the base which supports it ; the second is shorter.and much narrower than the first ; the third is a little more slender than the second; the fourth is much shorter than the third; the fifth is shorter than the fourth ; the sixth is about half the length of the fifth ; the seventh is nearly as long as the third»: the nectaries are spindle- shaped : the tip of the abdomen is compressed, and rather more than half the length of the nectaries: the fore-legs are much shorter than the hind-legs, whose shanks are slightly curved: the length of the furcations of the third vein is variable. Variation in the wing-veins. The lower branch of the first fork of the third vein is wanting. [To be continued. ] IX.— Observations on Mr. M‘Coy’s description of the Tail of Diplopterus*. By Sir Purtie pe Matpas Grey EceErron, Bart. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. GENTLEMEN, I venTURED to trespass on your columns in September last, to direct attention to what I considered an unfairness on the part of Mr. M‘Coy towards my absent friend Professor Agassiz. In his reply to my observations Mr. M‘Coy distinctly acknowledges the priority of Agassiz’s observations, and allows that the know- ledge of them “added considerably to the certainty which he felt of the correctness of the view he had put forward.” The courtesy usually observed between investigators in a common field would have required this avowal to have been made in the first instance. Though tardy it is nevertheless complete. I re- * Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1848, p. 303. 54 Sir Philip Egerton on the Tail of Diplopterus. gret to be again obliged to notice an omission no less unjust to Professor Agassiz. In the November Number of the ‘ Annals,’ Mr. M‘Coy, when treating of the tail of Diplopterus, says :— “M. Agassiz has described the species of this genus as having heterocercal tails,” leaving it naturally to be inferred, that these fishes had the ordinary form of tail common.to many of the older ganoids. He then proceeds to state, that so far from this being the case, “there is almost as great a development of fin-rays above as below the spinal prolongation.” This form of tail, in- termediate in appearance between the homocercal and hetero- cercal types, he proposes to style “diphycercal.” The following passage from the ‘ Fossil Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone,’ p. 54, shows how fairly ! Agassiz’s description has been stated by Mr. M‘Coy in reference to this modification of the caudal fin :—“ La caudale a une conformation des plus singuliéres. Il va sans dire quelle est hétérocerque, et que la masse principale des rayons est insérée sous le prolongement relevé de la colonne vertébrale ; mais au bord supérieure il y a au heu de fulcres de véritables rayons, en grande quantité, si bien que le prolongement de la eolonne vertébrale se trouve garni de rayons en haut comme en bas.” Fig. 1. of tab. 18 gives a very good representation of the peculiarity described in the text. Now although the more per- fect specimens examined by Mr. M‘Coy may have enabled him to trace this modification to a greater extent, yet, im all fairness, he ought to have alluded to the facts established by Agassiz in the passage quoted above. I prefer again to attribute this seem- ing unfairness to forgetfulness of Agassiz’s writings, rather than to intentional disregard of them, an opinion which is strengthened by the occurrence in Mr. M‘Coy’s writings of the cancelled spe- cific appellation /atus, when speaking of Coccosteus decipiens. The remarks on the gradations of structure between the two types of tail, appended in a note to Mr. M‘Coy’s paper, and stated to have been also noticed by Miller, were made by the Professor so long ago as 1844, so that his claim to priority and not only to simultaneity of discovery is unquestionable. In con-, clusion, I must beg to disclaim any the slightest intention of giving annoyance to Mr. M‘Coy, or of underrating in any degree the value of his ichthyologic investigations. J am only anxious that justice should be done to those who through absence are unable to vindicate their own rights until it may be too late to do so with effect. ; I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, your obedient servant, Puitie pe Maras Grey Eeerton. or Cx Bibliographical Notices. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. An Introduction to Botany. By J. Linpury, Ph.D., F.R.S. Fourth Edition, with Corrections and numerous Additions, Dr. Linpiery’s well-known Manual now makes its appearance in two considerable volumes, another proof, if such were wanting, of the increasing interest for botany in this country. This edition may almost be regarded as a new work compared with its predecessors, little remaining unaltered but the plan and illustrations, its principal value arising from its containing a carefully collected mass of quo- tations from almost all the more important memoirs and reports published during the interval since the former edition was printed. Under these circumstances, we have to speak of the execution of the work more than of original subject-matter, and to indicate the manner in which the author has dealt with his materials. In the first place must be mentioned with all praise the extremely lucid manner in which Dr. Lindley realizes and expresses the various doctrines he has to communicate ; we have, probubly, few scientific writers who excel him in this respect. : With regard to the first part of the work, treating of elementary structure, the recent investigations on the subject are very fully given in the form of extracts from our own pages, the Ray reports and similar sources. We may notice one error retained from the former edition, affirming what would be a strange anomaly if correct, viz. (i. p. 142) the quotation from the ‘ Ann. des Sc.,’ that Nerium Oleander and other plants have cavities in the cuticle in lieu of stomates; the fact being that the stomates are situated in the walls of cavities in the leaves. At page 266 (vol. i.) Dr. Lindley states that he does not see how Schleiden’s views ‘‘ affect the distinction stated to exist between Exogens and Endogens, or offer any valid objection to the employ- ment of those terms.’’ Now it is or should be a canon in termino- logy that one word should have only one meaning, and since those two words, Exogens and Endogens, have been used to express a distinction mistakenly assumed to exist, to retain and apply them on different grounds is surely inadmissible. To exogenous growth as existing in Dicotyledons, there is no corresponding or rather oppo- site process in Monocotyledons, to allow of the antithetical term, endogenous growth, the growth of Monocotyledons differing from that of the first year of Dicotyledons in points not at all contem- plated by the author of the expressions in question. In vol. ii. p. 82 et seg. we have a long discussion on the questions whether flowerless plants have sexes or seeds. Dr. Lindley is not inclined to admit their existence, but he concedes the idea of sexual- ity in the view taken by Mr. Thwaites; on the ground that ‘ it is not so much the mere presence of sexes, or of a mysterious sexual essence, that is denied, as that the organs called sexual in flowerless plants are of the same, or a similar, nature as those known to be sexes in the higher orders.”’ It seems to us that this is rather a 56 Bibliographical Notices. distinction without a difference. If we understand Mr. Thwaites’s ideas correctly, he regards, in the case of simple conjugation for in- stance, one cell as the homologue of the pollen-grain, the other of the germinal vesicle of a flowering plant. ‘The modifications of the envelopes of these essential elements are of no consequence as to the general theory.” At the same t'me we agree with Dr. Lindley that the balance of evidence lies against the doctrine of sexuality in the flowerless plants. The unconfirmed statements.of Schleiden on the fertilization in the Marsileaceze are not alluded to; the analogy of the larger spores to ovules has certainly been satisfactorily shown, by the subsequent observations of Mettenius and Niigeli. We were rather surprised to find (at p. 136. vol. ii.) a repetition of the old statement, that the old bark and the wood, of Dicotyledons, are separated in spring by the exudation of a slimy substance called cambium; we should have thought this an oversight had it not also occurred in the first volume ; any one may convince himself that there is no solution of continuity by submitting a section to the microscope, but this section requires care and a very sharp knife. There are other minute points which might be noticed; but look- ing at the work as a whole, and the fullness and especial clearness with which the multifarious questions are expounded, this would be an invidious task ; and we feel that the work must be received as a most welcome contribution, not only by advanced students, but par- ticularly by all now on the threshold of the science, who have indeed great facilities compared with those who date their first acquaintance with botany from but a few years back. Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia during the years 1844-5 & 6, &c., by Captain Cuarxues Srurt, F.L.8.: with a Botanical Appendix by Rosertr Brown, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., and Ornithological Notices by Joun Gouup, F.R.S. This is not the place to give an account of the geographical results of this last expedition of ‘‘ the father of geographical research ;’’ if it were, we should be tempted to linger among its pages. In this book the usually dreary and almost hopelessly depressing inland tracts of Australia are described by one, who has made them his home for many a weary month, in a way which reminds us of the narratives of the Arctic discoverers, Parry, Franklin, Richardson, Back and Buchan, or the antarctic voyage described by Ross and Hooker and M‘Cormick. In their pages, such incidents as a white fox or little Mus leucopus visiting the icebound ships, a little marmot coming into a tent and snuggling, from the winter’s blast, beside the fire, regardless of the sleeping terrier—the purple saxifrage (S. oppositifolia) creeping as it were out of the snow, the Ledum pa- lustre, Cranberry, exquisite Dryas ociopetala, Oxyria, and not a few Ranunculi—* icy” and “hairy,” springing as if by magic out of the ground immediately when the snow has melted on some little favoured spot—tel/ in a way that can only be understood and en- joyed by the naturalist or the poet. Bibliographical Notices. OF In like manner those precursors of civilization (to go no further back), Flinders, Oxley, Grey, Mitchell, Leichardt and Sturt, find in _the desert not a few favoured spots; Australia has its Hremocharis (what a happy name!), its flights of parrakeets, its little gorgeous Maluri, its bronze-winged and crested pigeons, their wings ‘‘sprinkled with liquid gold,” its rock kangaroos, its pretty Tursipes Spensere, its even more curious Myrmecobius, and insects as bright as its Buprestide, or as dull and curious as its species of Heleus. In the book before us, Capt. Sturt’s narrative is made interesting by the numerous descriptions of the habits of the animals he and his party met with; while in the appendix, contributed by Mr. Gould and Dr. Robert Brown, are curious, and, owing to the novelty of the plants, valuable additions to our knowledge of Australian natural history. It is seldom now that we or any one else have to refer to recent works of Dr. Brown—the most distinguished botanist of this or any other country,—and it is pleasing to see him again in the field where so many of his early discovered flowers are blooming. The author of the ‘ Prodromus Flore Nove Hollandiz’ has added a botanical ap- pendix to his friend Capt. Sturt’s book—an appendix which of itself will make the book valuable to the scientific man. Capt. Sturt’s collection consisted of about-100 species, with many other plants, chiefly trees, not easily determinable, and alluded to in hisinteresting narrative. The Captain and his companion Mr. Browne (the name was a good one for Australian botany), ‘‘ seem,” as Dr. Robert Brown informs us in his appendix, “ to have collected chiefly those plants that appeared to them new or striking,” and of such the collection contains a considerable proportion. The new genera and species recorded are— Buiennopia, a genus of Crucifere allied to Matthiola, but differing in having incumbent cotyledons, and in the mucous covering of the seeds ; the species is Blennodia canescens. Srurtia, a genus of Malvacee nearly related to Gossypium and Senra; the species Sturiia Gossypioides was found by the enterpri- sing man with whose name it is associated, in the beds of the creeks on the Barrier Range. Tribulus hystrix and T. occidentalis from the W. coast of Australia, the latter found during the voyage of the Beagle. TriBuLopis, a new genus allied to Tribulus, and containing three species here shortly characterized : T. Solandri, found by Banks and Solander in 1770 near Endeavour River; 7. angustifolia on the shore at the top of the Gulf of Carpentaria, where it was disco- vered by Mr. Brown on Flinders’s expedition in 1802 and 1808 ; and T. pentandra. Crotalaria Sturtit and C. Cunninghami. Clianthus Dampieri ; the synonyma are given and remarks, some from Cunningham’s MS. Journal. CLIDANTHERA, n. g.; perhaps near Psoralea, but differing in the unusual dehiscence of the anthers. The species is named Clidan- thera Psoralioides. aa Bibliographical Notices. Swainsona grandiflora, S. Greyana, S.? laa. Pentapymis, n. g. of Labiate plants; P. incana. Cassia Sturtii, C. canaliculata, C. eremophila, Cunningh. MSS., C. platypoda, C. phyllodinea. PETALOSTYLIS, a new genus of Cesalpinee very near Labichea; the species is named Petalostylis Labicheoides. Popocoma, a genus distinguished from Hrigeron particularly by its stipitate pappus. The only species yet known is Podocoma cunei- folia. © LeicHarRpDTIA, a genus named after Dr. Leichardt, among the most enterprising of Australian explorers, whose narrative has been for two years before the public; the compliment of Mr. Brown will prove in the eyes of all botanists one even more graceful than the deserved one of the medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London awarded to him in 1846. The species Leichardtia australis was originally found by Sir T. Mitchell, but with fruit only, in one of his journeys, and also in his last expedition, where it is mentioned (Trop. Austr. p. 85) as - Doubah ; the natives, we are informed by Sir Thomas, eat the seed- vessel entire, preferring it roasted. Captain Sturt observes, that the natives of the districts where he found it eat only the pulpy seed-vessel, rejecting the seeds. Jasminum lineare, Brown, Prodr. i. 521, is a very generally distri- buted Australian species. Dr. Lindley has, according to our au- thor, made of a very slight variety of it, his species Jasminum Mit- chellit (Lindley in Mitchell’s Trop. Austr. p. 365). Jasminum micranthum, n. s. Goodenia cycloptera, n. s. Scevola depauperata, n.s. ‘ In salt-ground in lat. 26° S.” Eremophila Cunninghamii; Hremodendron C., DeCandolle, Prod. xi. ' 718; Deless. Ic. Sel. v. 48. t. 100, where there is an error in the number of the ovules. Our author gives an analysis of the five species, describing a new one. Eremophila Sturtii. We may remark, that a genus of Desert-loving Egyptian and Arabian Mantide is named Kremiaphila. The slight difference of spelling and sound, as well as the total distinction of the subjects, ought to prevent any change of name. Insects and plants are sufficiently well-marked without the mere alteration of a sound. Stenochilus longifolius, Br. Prod. i. 517, is identical with the recently described S. pubiflorus and salicinus. The same remark that ap- plied to the name of the last genus applies to this. Amongst the Coleoptera there is a well-marked genus Stenocheila, described by Prof. Lacordaire ; there is no danger of an entomologist without this beautiful carabidous form, finding some day an Australian plant sent him by a correspondent in place of an insect desideratum to his cabinet. Grevillea (Eugrevillea) Sturtii, n. s. Grevillea Mitchellii, Hooker, Mitchell’s Trop. Austr. p. 265, proves to be G. chrysodendron, Br. Prod. Fl. N. Holl. 379, the name being Bibliographical Notices. | —=59 given, ‘not from the colour of the under surface of the leaves, which is nearly white, but from the numerous orange- -coloured racemes rendering this tree conspicuous at a great distance.” Grevillea ¢ Plagiopoda) neglecta, nu. s. - Grevillea (Cycloptera) lineata, n. s. near G. striata. Ptilotus latifolius, n.s. A similar remark might be made on this generic name to those two already given. Neurachne paradova, n. 8. We have dwelt on this paper at greater length than usual, for in it are far more than ‘‘ veteris vestigia flamme.” We extract an in- teresting passage supplemental to some observations of Dr. Brown’s published in 1814 in the Botanical Appendix to Captain Flinders’s Voyage. “‘ From the knowledge I then had of New Holland, or Australian vegetation, I stated that its chief peculiarities existed in the greatest degree in a parallel included between 33° and 35° S. lat., which I therefore called the principal parallel, but that these peculiarities or characteristic tribes were found chiefly at its western and eastern extremities, being remarkably diminished in that intermediate por- tion included between 133° and 138° E. long. These observations related entirely to the shores of Australia, its interior being at that period altogether unknown; and the species of Australian plants with which I was then acquainted did not exceed 4200. Since that time great additions have been made to the number, chiefly by Mr. Allan Cunningham, in his various journeys from Port Jackson, and on the shores of the north and north-west coasts during the voyages of Captain King, whom he accompanied ; by Messrs. William Baxter, James Drummond, and M. Preiss, at the western extremity of the © principal parallel ; and by Mr. Ronald Gunn, in Van Diemen’s Land. It is probable that I may be considered as underrating these addi- tions, when I venture to state them as only between two and three thousand, and that the whole number of Australian plants at pre- sent known does not exceed, but rather falls short of, 7000 species. ‘These additions, whatever their amount may be, confirm my ori- ginal statement respecting the distribution of the characteristic tribes of the New Holland flora; some additional breadth might perhaps be given to the principal parallel, and the extent of the peculiar fa- milies may now be stated as much greater at or near its western than at its eastern extremity. ‘“‘ With the vegetation of the extra-tropical interior of Australia, we are now in some degree acquainted, chiefly from the collections formed by the late Mr. Allan Cunningham, and Charles Fraser, in Oxley’s two expeditions from Port Jackson into the western interior, in 1817 and 1818; from Captain Sturt’s early expeditions, in which the rivers Darling, Murrumbidgee, and Murray, were discovered ; from those of Sir Thomas Mitchell, who never failed to form extensive collections of plants of the regions he visited ; and lastly, from Cap- _ tain Sturt’s present collection. “The whole number of plants collected in these various expedi- tions may be estimated at about 700 or 750 species ; and the gene-~ 60. Bibliographical Notices. ral character of the vegetation, especially of the extensive sterile regions, very nearly resembles that of the heads of the two great inlets of the south coast, particularly that of Spencer’s Gulf, the same or a still greater diminution of the characteristic tribes of the general Australian flora being observable. Of these characteristic tribes, hardly any considerable proportion is found, except of Eucalyptus, and even that genus seems to be much reduced in the number of species ; of the leafless Acacie, which appear to exist in, nearly their usual proportion ; and of Callitris and Casuarina. The extensive families of Epacridee, Stylidee, Restiacee, and the tribe of Decandrous Papi- lionacee, hardly exist, and the still more characteristic and extensive family of Proteacee is reduced to a few species of. Grevillea, Hakea, and Persoonia. ‘“‘ Nor are there any extensive families peculiar to these regions ; the only characteristic tribes being that small section of aphyllous, or nearly aphyllous Cassie, which I have particularly adverted to in my account of some of the species belonging to Captain Sturt’s collec- tion, and several genera of Myoporine, particularly Eremophila and Stenochilus. Both these tribes appear to be confined to the interior, or to the two great gulfs of the south coast, which may be termed the © cutlets or direct continuation of the southern interior; several of the species observed at the head of Spencer’s Gulf also existing in nearly the same meridian, several degrees to the northward. It is nota little remarkable that nearly the same general character of vegetation appears to exist in the sterile islands of Dampier’s Archipelago, on the north-west coast, where even some of the species which probably exist through the whole of the southern interior are found; of these the most striking instances are, Clianthus Dampieri and Jasminum lineare, and to establish this extensive range of these two species was my object in entering so minutely into their history in the preceding account. “A still greater reduction of the peculiarities of New Holland vegetation takes place in the islands of the south coast.” Of zoological productions, as far as birds are concerned, Mr. Gould informed Captain Sturt that the Cinclosoma cinnamomeus, Gould, beautifully figured by Messrs. Gould and Richter in vol. ii., was the only new one found during his expedition ; but the Captain evidently, though a close observer and accurate recorder of the habits of ani- mals, had no facilities, in the usually desert tracts he passed over, to’ preserve skins and specimens, except of plants, easily brought within a few sheets of paper: where shrubs are found there will be birds, and where plants and animals can live many insects will find a home; we should like to see some of the insect inhabitants of the regions Captain Sturt passed through. The figures of the Milvus affnis, and the truly exquisite plate of Pigeons, and also that of the Mus conditor, convince us that if Mr. Gould, like Mr. Audubon, were to publish, in parts, a reduced size (say largish octavo) of such works as his truly national Birds of Europe and Birds of Australia, such a series of volumes would find an entrance where his larger works could never be seen; the co- Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 61 loured figures in the book before us prove that reduced representations when carefully done and coloured (as these figures are) are more useful to the scientific man than large folic volumes, however gorgeous and magnificent. In Germany, his fine work on the Ramphastide has been copied on a reduced scale; it is a pity that so spirited and talented a man should not have all the results of the profit of such books.—A. W. Arran and Excursions to.Arran, with reference to the Natural History of the Island. By the Rev. Davip Lanpssorovenr. 1847. John- stone. This excellent work should have been printed without its prefa- tory matter, and it would have been noticed by us earlier, but for the difficulty we felt about referring to a poem in a scientific Journal. The poem of Arran however only occupies 80 pages of a book of 367 pages, so that the gifted and amiable author of it should have published the poem separate, and the excursions separate, or at least given the prominence and preface to the larger and (to us) more valuable portion of his book. In a future number we intend to give some extracts from these very interesting excursions, which will show such as are not acquainted with them, that they have another “ Journal of a Naturalist,’ and a decidedly originally-treated natural history of Arran, which would have delighted Gilbert White of Sel- borne. With the works of the Rev. D. Landsborough and the geo- logical and picturesque descriptions of Professor Ramsay, Arran, the Queen of Scotland's Islands, behind ‘‘ whose northern battlement of hills” we have witnessed more than one glorious sunset, the visitor will find most excellent guides. We have tested them both; they should be printed in one volume.—A. W. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. Nov. 9, 1848.—The Rev. Dr. Fleming, President, in the Chair. The President opened the meeting by making a few observations on the flourishing state of the Society. He alluded to the interesting communications which had been read during the past session, many of which had been published in the Society’s Transactions ; and con- cluded by expressing a hope that the ensuing session might be equally prosperous. Numerous donations to the Museum and Library were announced, and thanks ordered to be returned for them. The following communications were read :— 1. *‘ Alge Orientales, or Descriptions of new species belonging to the genus Sargassum”’ (part 3), by R. K. Greville, LL.D. (Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. S. 2. p. 431.) 2. “ Stirpes Cryptogamz Sarnienses, or Contributions towards the . 62 Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Cryptogamic Flora of Guernsey,” by the Rev. T. Salwey. (See p. 22 of “a present Number.) 3. “ Notice of the occurrence of Anacharis Alsinastrum (Bab.) in the river Leen near Nottingham,” by James Mitchell, M.D. The author states that he first noticed the plant in the muddy river Leen which runs through the meadows near Nottingham in September 1848, and that more recently he has seen it in enormous masses in that stream and in more or less quantity in ‘‘ every ditch in the meadows,” and says that ‘‘ it has certainly not been introduced ”’ there. He has not yet noticed the flowers. [The Rev. A. Bloxam informs us that it has recently been found by Mr. Kirk of Coventry in another new locality; viz. in the four reservoirs attached to the Watford Locks near Crick in Northamptonshire.—Ep. Annats. ] 4. Dr. Balfour read a letter from Dr. George Johnston of Ber- wick, in which he notices the discovery of the Anacharis Alsinastrum in a truly wild locality in the bed of the Whittadder. He also read extracts from a letter from Mr. Babington, stating that he possesses a specimen of the same plant sent to him in July 1842, by Dr. John- ston, from a pond at Dunse Castle in Berwickshire ; the specimen was sent at that time as being a plant new to Dr. J ohnston, but from the want of flower or fruit it was not then determined and subse- ae mislaid. 5. “ Note on the Colour of a Freshwater Loch,” by George Dickie, M.D. See p. 20 of the present Number. December 14.—The Rev. Dr. Fleming, President, in the Chair. Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, it was unani- mously resolved, that the Society should record the loss which bo- tany and horticulture had sustained in the death of Mr. William M‘Nab, Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Garden of Edin- burgh. Long and ardently devoted to the cultivation of plants, Mr. M‘Nab had carefully observed the influence of particular treat- ment on their evolution, and had acquired very distinct conceptions of the nature and limits of variation, and the conditions of healthy vegetation. To a profound technical and practical knowledge of his profession he added a frankness in imparting his information, con- joined with a correct view of his social position, and a singleness and modesty of character by which he secured a rare amount of respect and esteem. The following communications were read :— 1. ‘‘ Algze Orientales, or Descriptions of new species belonging to the genus Sargassum”’ (part 4), by R. K. Greville, LL.D. The paper was illustrated by drawings of each species, and will appear in the ‘ Annals of Natural History ’ and in the Society’s Trans- actions. 2. ‘On certain Glandular Bodies occurring in the Epidermis of Plants,” by Charles Murchison, Esq. Mr. Murchison stated that the bodies under consideration consist of nucleated cells of various forms, often divided by partitions, and containing oily and granular matter. In describing them he noticed—lst, Their structure, form, Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. 63 and distribution; 2nd, The action of chemical re-agents on them ; and 8rd, Their development. He mentioned their occurrence in Aloysia citriodora, where they exist in the form of a transparent cir- cular membrane, with a central dark spot or nucleus; im various Labiate, including species of Thymus, Mentha, Ballota, Melissa, La- vandula, Marrubium, Leonurus, Teucrium, Sideritis, Hyssopus and Origanum, in which they appear in the form of a transparent parent- cell, including a circular body about 1-600th of an inch in diameter, which is divided into four by a crucial septum, and in some cases subdivided further, so as to give twelve compartments—four in the centre and eight in the circumference, disposed in a circular manner. The author next considered these bodies as they occur in the Lilac (Syringa vulgaris), Tecoma australis, Myrica conifera and serrata. He stated that their contents are usually of an oily nature, being soluble in ether, but insoluble in water. They are developed in the same way as cells in general, the nucleus splitting into two cells, and each of these into two others, and so on. In all these bodies there are four primary compartments, which are often subdivided into eight, twelve, or more. This division into four resembles what takes place in pollen grains, and in the spores of many Cryptogamic plants, as Lycopodium, Sphagnum, and various alge. From the form and structure of these bodies, taken in connection with their contents, and the manner in which they can be detached and separated from the cuticle, the author concludes that they are of a glandular nature. ‘The paper was illustrated by coloured etchings. Mr. Sanderson called attention to some forms of abortive hairs, _ as represented by Raspail, and suggested that the bodies observed x Mr. Murchison might be of the same nature. 3. ‘‘On the mode of growth of Oscillatoria and allied genera,” by John Ralfs, Esq., Penzance. (See p. 39 of the present Number.) Professor Balfour was elected President for the ensuing year. Professor Christison, Dr. Neill, Rev. Dr. BF leming, and Professor Goodsir, were elected Vice-Presidents. William Brand, Esq., Treasurer, and Dr. Greville, Secretary. ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. The monthly meeting of this Society took place in the Institution Rooms, 6 York Place, on the evening of Wednesday last, when Dr. Greville occupied the chair, and there was a full attendance of mem- bers and visitors. The first communication was from Mr. Hugh Miller regarding the Asterolepis, and other allied genera of fossil fishes from the Old Red Sandstone, illustrated by a beautiful set of specimens and casts, revealing the structure and ceconomy of these ancient Ganoids, and the relation they bear to their congeners of the present day. Mr. Miller mentioned that several large specimens of the Asterolepis had been found in Russia by Professor Asmus, of the University of Dorpat, and in the north and west of Caithness by Mr. Robert Dick of Thurso. The Caithness specimens, he said, though not altogether so gigantic as those of Russia, were in a greatly finer ‘ 64 Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. state of keeping, and furnished a better basis for the restoration of the animal. Its head was covered with strong dermal plates of bone, fretted on the exterior surface by the star-like tubercles to which the creature owed its name ; its jaws were furnished by a thickly-set outer row of fish teeth, and an inner thinly-set row of huge reptile teeth ; a single plate of vast size protected the under part of the head, filling up the arch-shaped space formed by the semicircular sweep of the lower jaw; its gill-covers, like those of the sturgeon, were composed each of a single plate ;—like a contemporary fish of the same family, the Glyptolepis, it had a strong shoulder-bone (the ana- logue in fishes of the os humerus in quadrupeds and the human sub- ject), and its body was covered with delicately fretted scales inter- mediate in their style of carving between those of the Holoptychius and Glyptolepis. ‘The true skull of the animal was apparently a mere . cartilaginous box, of which no fragment survives, but in the exterior cranial plates there might be traced what seemed to be analogues of the frontal-superior, frontal-anterior, and parietal bones. ‘The eye orbits were placed, as in many of its contemporaries, immediately over the upper jaw ; and, asin Coccosteus, Diplopterus, and Osteolepis, a small well-marked plate occupied the centre of the space between. The external lines of the frontal buckler did not always indicate lines of suture, but in some cases seemed purely ornamental ; and the rep- . tile teeth of the creature, as, in the absence of specimens establishing the point, had been shrewdly anticipated by Agassiz, indicated the true Dendrodic character. One very curious bone, which had its place probably over the shoulder, greatly resembled the dorsal spine of one of the huger Placoids of the Carboniferous system,—the Gyra- canthus ; it was similarly furrowed by diagonal groovings ; but not- withstanding the resemblance, it was evidently not an ichthyodorulite, but lay flat on the body of the creature in the character of a plate. As shown by numerous coprolites found in the same bed with the remains of Asterolepis, and which, from their great size, could have belonged to none of its contemporaries, the animal had possessed, like existing sharks and rays, and some of the extinct Enaiosaurians, the spiral disposition of intestine; and the broken fragments of scales of Dipterus, palpably present in their convolutions, dernon- strated, what might, indeed, be inferred from its formidable teeth, carnivorous habits. Mr. Miller stated that the bulk of some of the individuals of this genus must have been enormous; and he was the more desirous, he said, to draw attention to the fact, as he had men- tioned in his little work on the Old Red Sandstone, founding on a large amount of negative evidence, that the fishes of the Lower Old Red Sandstone were characterized generally by a mediocrity of size. Single occipital plates found by Mr. Dick, in the neighbourhood of Thurso, measured sixteen and a half inches, and a corresponding plate, in the collection of Professor Asmus, at Dorpat, two feet across; whereas in the very massive specimen of Holoptychius, found by the Rev. Mr. Noble of St. Madoes, at Clashbennie, and now in the Bri- tish Museum, the two plates by which this single plate of the Aste- rolepis is represented, measure only four and a half inches. Mr. Zoological Society. 65 Miller acknowledged to the Society his great obligations to Mr. Dick, a singularly intelligent tradesman of Thurso, to whose geological labours, prosecuted in his leisure hours, Mr. Miller mainly owed his acquaintance with this gigantic Ganoid, and who had kindly made over to him the interesting fossils now before them, illustrative of its form and character. ‘ At the conclusion of Mr. Miller’s paper several members spoke of the interesting nature of his researches, and the desirableness of those engaged in the study of paleontology exerting themselves to have in Edinburgh a public collection of fossils, in which our city is so deficient. An interesting discussion also took place, principally bearing on the relation existing between the fossil fauna and flora of ancient epochs and those of the recent wra, when some interesting facts were stated by several members, which it is hoped will be brought forward at a future meeting. Mr. R. Stark then exhibited to the meeting a few specimens of mosses recently received from North America, and lichens from the Falkland Islands. Among the former were fine specimens of Bryuwm roseum, a large and beautiful species, with mature fruit, Neckera mi- nor, Pal. Beauv., and Anomodon viticulosum, B. Auct., which is con- fined to North America. These, and the other species shown, illus- trated the modifications produced by the difference of climate and other influences on them, as well as plants of a higher order common to the European and American continent. The lichens from the Falkland Islands, brought home by Dr. J. Hooker, were mostly of species closely allied to or identical with those of Britain. One of the most interesting was a minute species—Squamaria elegans— which may be regarded as the most southerly plant known, being found alone on the bleak and desolate southern coast of Cockburn’s Island, beyond which all traces of vegetation disappear. Mr. Stark concluded by a few remarks on the desirableness of more fully inves- tigating the geographical range of these plants, with a view of illus- trating other branches of natural history. ' ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Feb. 22, 1848.— William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. The following paper was read :— 1. On a New Species or CuimpanzEk. By Proressor Owen, F.R.S. This communication contained a description of the skulls of adult and aged male and female Chimpanzees from the Gaboon river, west coast of Africa, much exceeding in size and specifically distinct from the previously known Troglodytes niger. ‘The author proposed to call the new species Troglodytes Savagei, after Dr. Thos. 8. Savage, by whom it had been discovered and its existence made known to Professor Owen, in a letter dated April 24th, 1847, and of which the following extract was read :— Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. iii. 5 66 Zoological Society. ‘« Protestant Mission-House, : Gaboon River, West Africa, ‘¢ My dear Sir, April 24, 1847. « Your known interest in the Zoology of Africa will find a ready excuse I trust for the following communication, and lead you, in the midst of various engagements, to give me a few moments in reply. I am on my way to the United States in a vessel which, to complete its voyage, had to touch at this point. I find it a region rich and untried in all the departments of Natural History, besides being full of interest in a far more important point of view, that of a missionary field. I have found the existence of an animal of an extraordinary character in this locality, and which I have reason to believe is un- known to the naturalist. As yet I have been unable to obtain more than a part of a skeleton. It belongs to the Simiade, and is closely allied to the Orangs proper. It reaches nearly if not quite the height of five feet in the adult state and is of a large size. I am con- siderably in doubt in regard to its identity with an animal said to have been known to Buffon as a large species of orang-outan, under the name of Pongo. It is referred to in a note on the 58th page of the first volume of the American edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Régne _Animal,’ where he asserts that Pongo is a corruption of Boggo, which is given in Africa to the chimpanzee or to the mandrill, and was applied by Buffon to a pretended large species of orang-outan, the mere imaginary product of his combinations. Then he says that Wurmb, a naturalist of Batavia, transferred the name (Pongo) toa monkey in Borneo, which he thinks identical with Pithecus Satyrus (the real orang-outan, a red orang of Asia). “‘ My excellent friend, the Rev. J. L. Wilson, missionary of the Am. Bd. of Comm. For. Missions to this part of Africa, thinks that Pongo comes from ‘ Mpongive,’ the name of the tribe, and con- sequently the region, on the banks of the Gaboon river near its mouth, among which tribe he has resided for about five years. The tribe once extended a great distance on the coast above and below the river Gaboon, and the languages spoken for a great distance both above and below are evidently but dialects, with the Mpongive, of one language. Whence Buffon professed to receive his specimen of ‘large species of orang-outan’ I know not; but this region and its vicinity indefinitely are the only points at which, so far as I can ascertain, ‘a large species.of orang-outan’ has been heard of except the chimpanzee, which is now well-known. I have seen it mentioned that the skeleton of the Pongo of Borneo is in the Royal College of Surgeons, of which Institution you are a Professor. Now may I solicit your aid in this matter? I will send you outlines of the skull of the male and female (adults), and ask the favour of a reply to my letter, stating whether you can identify them with that of any animal you know of under the name of Pongo, or any other cognomen. I have no correspondent in Paris; if you feel sufficient interest in the subject, will you do me the favour to as- certain from that city the fact whether such skulls exist in any cabinet there? ‘The natives state that a young one was caught Zoological Society. 67 many years ago and sold to a French captain who never returned, and that it was the only individual taken out of the river. From what I know, the young skull would very much resemble that of the chimpanzee. I have four crania (two male and two female), with many bones, though not a perfect skeleton; but I hope to _ complete one before I leave the river, and to procure a dead sub- ject, which I shall preserve in spirits. Great uncertainty however attends my success, as they are indescribably fierce and dangerous, and are found only far in the interior; they are killed by elephant- hunters only in self-defence. “Below you have a sketch of the cranium of the male (No. 1) and female (No. 2), executed for me by Mrs. Prince, the wife of Dr. Prince, the English Baptist Missionary at Fernando Po, who is here for a short time in search of health. a, a are two low ridges converging as seen in the sketch, and uniting at 2, and forming a strong prominent ridge in the course of the sagittal suture, which comes into a junction with a lateral ridge, d, sent back from the petrous portion of such temporal bone; e is a strong fossa of tri- angular shape between the ridges a, a. ‘The space between the zygoma and temporal bone in a transverse direction is 13 inch deep ; the diameter from before backwards 3 inches; at 6 is a sinus about half an inch in depth and an inch in length, with foramina for the passage of blood-vessels and nerves. ‘The two upper middle incisor teeth are absent, but their sockets show their size to have been nearly if not quite double the two outer ones. The two lower middle incisor teeth are narrower than the two outer. «The female cranium is a full-grown one, but differing from the male in the prominence of the ridges, the two anterior corresponding to a, a in the male, and the central are rudimental only, except at the extremes of the latter where it joins the posterior transverse ridge, lettered din the male. It has lost the two middle upper incisors, which bear the same relation in respect to size to the two outer that those of the male do. All the incisors both in the upper and lower jaw are larger than they are in the male. The canines in the female are shorter than in the male. These points are all that I need specify to enable you to identify the crania with any in your possession. You will greatly oblige me by a comparison, and communicating the result at your earliest convenience.” Professor Owen-having, at the time when he received this in- formation, observed in the cranium of a young but nearly adult Troglodytes niger that the canine teeth presented the same sexual superiority of development * as in the orang’s (Pithecus), believed it possible that the marks of distinction mentioned by Dr. Savage might prove to be the fully developed characteristics of old and powerful males of the Troglodytes niger; and in the absence of means of making comparisons of other characters, besides superior size, longer and larger canine teeth, and concomitant strong sagittal and lambdoidal cristz, he had deemed it better to communicate ~ * Odontography, pl. 118, 119, fig. 1. 5* 68 Zoological Society. these doubts to Dr. Savage, than to hazard a premature indication of a species, which might prove a sexual, or a local and stronger, variety of chimpanzee. yy MN ; y, & yy : sw amet ‘ign: atl APART s F 3 LLL AA Mr.Samuel Stutchbury of Bristol, who had likewise received from Dr. Savage a similar announcement of the existence of a large and formidable species of chimpanzee in the Gaboon district, had re- quested some of the captains of vessels trading from Bristol to the Gaboon river to make inquiries respecting the species and en- Zoological Society. 69 deavour to obtain specimens of it; and the result was that Captain George Wagstaff had succeeded in procuring at the Gaboon river, and had presented to Mr. Stutchbury, three skulls of the large species and one of the smaller species of chimpanzee, all adult: and these skulls Mr. Stutchbury had transmitted for description and exhibition at the Zoological Society. One of the skulls of the large species (Troglodytes Savagei) was of a very old male: the length of the skull was 114 inches (0°29), with the molars worn nearly to the stumps, and the crown of the canine reduced, partly by fracture, partly by attrition, to its basal portion : its pulp had been inflamed and had produced ulceration of the alveolus. A second skull was also of a male, of equal size, with the full dentition of maturity, but with merely the summits of the cusps of the molars and the margins of the incisors slightly worn. The third skull of the Troglodytes Savagei was of a female, 9 inches (0°23) long, with the mature dentition, and with the molars not more worn than in the younger male. The fourth skull was of a female adult chimpanzee, 74 inches (0°185) in length, of the known species (Troglodytes niger), with the complete permanent dentition, and the teeth more abraded than in the two preceding skulls. The lower jaw was wanting in each of the foregoing specimens, and the occipital or basal part of the skull had been more or less fractured in each ; the skull of the young but full-grown male of the Troglodytes Savagei being the most perfect. Captain Wagstaff reached Bristol in a broken state of health, and died soon after his arrival. The only information which Mr. Stutch- bury was able to obtain from him was, that the natives, when they succeed in killing one of these chimpanzees, make a ‘fetish’ of the cranium. The specimens bore indications of the sacred marks in broad red stripes crossed by a white stripe, of some pigment which could be washed off. Their superstitious reverence of these hideous remains of their formidable and dreaded enemy adds to the difficulty of obtaining specimens. Besides the young but mature skull of the male Troglodytes niger, of which the permanent dentition was figured in the author’s ‘Odontography,’ he had compared with Mr. Stutchbury’s speci- mens of Troglodytes Savagei, a skull of a more aged male Troglodytes niger with the permanent dentition more worn than in the younger adult male of the Troglodytes Savagei. 'The results of a detailed comparison between the skulls of the adult males of the two species were then given. Besides the differences of size, as indicated in the subjoined ‘ Table of Dimensions,’ the following were among the characters establishing the specific distinction of the two chimpan- zees. With regard to the dentition, the author observed that, as in the smaller species of the Orangs of Borneo (Pithecus Morio), the incisive teeth of the smaller species of chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger) equalled in size those of the larger species (Troglodytes Savagei) ; but that the canines and the molars were considerably larger in the Troglodytes Savagei: the series of the five molar teeth 70 Zoological Society. in this species occupy an extent of 2 inches 74 lines (0°068), whilst in Troglodytes niger their extent is only 1 inch 10} lines (0°048). The crown of the canine inclines more outwards in Troglodytes Savagei; the longitudinal convex ridge on its inner surface is more prominent, the anterior groove bounding that ridge being deeper in Troglodytes Savagei than in Troglodytes niger: the posterior inner groove is continued upon the root of the tooth in Troglodytes Savagei. ‘The last molar is more nearly equal in size to the penul- timate one, and is more complex in structure, than in Troglodytes niger ; it has the posterior outer cusp and particularly the posterior inner cusp more developed, and it has distinctly the connecting cross ridge between the posterior outer and the anterior inner cusp, which ridge is not developed in the last molar of Troglodytes niger. The bony palate is longer in proportion to its breadth than in Troglodytes niger, in which the breadth of the palate between the canines is absolutely greater than in Troglodytes Savagei. The external sutures between the premaxillary and maxillary bones, which disappear so early in the Troglodytes niger, are more or less persistent and traceable in all but the oldest male skull of the Troglodytes Savagei; these sutures show that after the pre- maxillary bone has entered the nose, of which it forms the lateral boundary of the external opening, it again appears upon the exterior surface of the face above the nostril, where its upper extremity forms a triangular or wedge-shaped flattened piece, interposed between the lower half of the os nasi and the os mazillare superius, thus ex- cluding the latter bone from the boundary of the external nostril. One skull of a young Troglodytes niger with deciduous teeth in place, shows by the still persistent upper half of its facial suture, that it terminates in a point a little above the middle of the border of the external nostril, and that a portion of the superior maxillary is in- terposed between it and the nasal: in two other skulls of young Troglodytes niger, the slender pointed summits of the premaxillaries reach the nasals and exclude the maxillaries from the boundary of the nostril, but do not expand into triangular plates as in Troglodytes Savagei: in not any of the skulls of Troglodytes niger with the per- manent dentition does any trace of the suture between the premax- illaries and maxillaries remain *. The nasal bones of the Troglodytes Savagei also afforded a re- markable specific character: although the traces of their primary median division were obvious at their lower part, they had coa- lesced with each other as in the smaller species; but instead of being flat, or slightly and equably convex on the anterior surface, as in Troglodytes niger, they are produced forwards as they incline towards each other, along their upper half, and project there in the form of a slight bony longitudinal ridge, equally dividing the lower half of the interorbital space. This character—the nearest approach * M. de Blainville, describing the osteology of the chimpanzee from a young specimen of the Troglodytes niger, says, “‘ Mais les prémaxillaires, qui offrent la particularité de toucher a peine les os du nez et de souder de fort bon heure avec les maxillaires,” &c. Ostéographie, fase. i. p. 33. Zoological Society. 71 to the prominent nasal bones of Man made by any known species of ape—is as well-marked in the female Troglodytes Savagei as in the male. The lower half of the coalesced nasals in Troglodytes Savagei is expanded and nearly flat, of an oval form, with the border forming the upper part of the nostril emarginate on each side of a median, sometimes bifid, point. ‘Thus the lateral border of the nasal bone describes a strong sigmoid curve, convex outwards in its lower two- thirds, in Troglodytes Savagei; in the less expanded nasal bone of Troglodytes niger the same border is usually concave outwards, or very slightly convex outwards at the lower third; and the outer surface of the bone is flat or equably and very slightly convex. The greater breadth of the lower end of the nasal with the expansion of the upper ends of the premaxillaries, gives a different form to the external nostril in the Troglodytes Savagei to that which it presents in Troglodytes niger: in this it is ovate or cordate with the narrow end upwards; in the larger species it is a wide ellipsoid, almost as _ broad above as below. The alveolar portion of the premaxillaries in Troglodytes Savagei was absolutely shorter than in Tyoglodytes niger, and therefore much shorter relatively, and to that extent the skull of the larger species is less ‘prognathic.” The zygomatic processes were not only absolutely as well as relatively stronger and deeper than in Troglodytes niger, but differently shaped; the squamosal portion rising in an angular form in Troglodytes Savagei, and being as deep as the malar portion. ‘The temporal fosse are relatively as weil as absolutely wider ; for whilst the zygomatic arches are more expanded, the diameter of the intervening postorbital part of the cranium is the same in the male Trog/. Savagei as in the Trogl. niger. ‘There is a distinct hemispheric mastoid process in the male Troglodytes Savagei. The spheno-maxillary fissure is narrower and less bent in Troglodytes Savagei than in Troglodytes niger, in which it more nearly resembles that of Man. The supraorbital ridges were even proportionally more developed in the larger than in the smaller species of chimpanzee, and send down a vertical prominence to the root of the nasal bones. The outer and lower borders of the orbits, and the whole malar bones are more prominent and tumid, and, with the enormous sagittal and lambdoidal crests and zygomatic arches, give a scowling and dia- bolical physiognomy even to dry bones of the head of this most for- midable of the great Anthropoid apes. In the skull of the female of the Troglodytes Savagei in which the canine teeth show the same sexual inferiority of size as in the female Troglodytes niger, the molar teeth present the same superior degree of development and complexity, especially the last molar, as in the male of the larger species, and have demanded a concomitant increase of bulk of the temporal muscles ; and consequently not only are the zygomatic arches relatively stronger, but the temporal ridges, instead of being separated as shown in an aged skull of the female Troglodytes niger in the museum of the College of Surgeons,’ by a smooth tract of more than an inch in breadth, come into contact at the beginning of the sagittal suture, and are so continued back- wards with a narrow groove between them, to the lambdoidal crest. 72 Zoological Society. The development of this crest also renders the supraoccipital sur- face almost flat in the female Troglodytes Savagei, and it is even con- cave in the great males; whilst in both adult males and females of the Troglodytes niger it is convex. There are specific distinctions in the interior of the cranium of the two species: the olfactory (rhinencephalic) fossa closed by the cribriform plate, though very little wider, is considerably deeper in Troglodytes Savagei than in Troglodytes niger ; and the ‘ crista galli,’ which is small in Troglodytes niger, is absent in Troglodytes Savagei, nor is there any ridge continued from the fossa upon the inner sur- face of the frontal in the line of the frontal suture. In Troglodytes niger there is a short ala minor sphenoidei continued outwards from the anterior clinoid process, and the upper and outer angle of the foramen lacerum anteriusis produced into a short cleft : in Troglodytes Savagei the rudiment of the ala minor terminates at the upper border of the foramen lacerum anterius, which has a sub- quadrate form, and is not extended outwards into an angular fissure. The sella turcica is relatively shallower in Troglodytes Savagei than in Troglodytes niger, in which it is shallower than in Man. Many other minor differences were noted, but these would be better understood by the aid of the figures in the memoir. Some scepticism, the author observed, might be expected as to the alleged specific distinction of the large and small chimpanzees by natural- ists who had not been able to realise the differences by actual comparison of the specimens; but Professor Owen felt no doubt that, as in the case of the Pithecus Morio, more extended knowledge of the new species would confirm the validity of its distinction from the Troglodytes niger. The stronger zygomatic arches and the more Sechened sagittal and lambdoidal crests might be viewed as adaptive developments concomitant on the larger canines, and indicative of a larger and more powerful variety of chimpanzee; but the larger proportional molars and the smaller proportional incisors, the more equal and complex last molar tooth, together with the prominence—slight as it is—of the nasal bones at their median coalescence, their inferior expansion, and, above all, the reappearance of the premaxillaries by their expanded superior extremities upon the face above the nostril, are more than mere differences of size and proportion, and being repeated in both male and female adults of the great chimpanzee of Gaboon, leave no alternative, according to the value assigned to such characters in other Quadrumanous genera, than to pronounce the Troglodytes Savagei to be specifically distinct from the Troglo- dytes niger, and this to be, as the Pithecus Morio is to the Pithecus Wurmbii in Borneo, a smaller, feebler and more anthropoid species of the genus Troglodytes in Africa. In conclusion, Prof. Owen remarked that he had proposed the name of the new species of Chimpanzee provisionally, for the con- venience of its description and comparison; and that, should he be able to learn that its discoverer had given a name to it, he should adopt that name, of which Troglodytes Savagei would then be a synonym. Zoological Society. — 73 _ Troglodytes Troglodytes Simia Savagei. niger. Wurmbii. Adult | Adult | Adult | Adult | Orang.| Male. Male. | Female.| Female.| Male. | Female in. lin. | in. lin, | in. lin. | in. lin, | in, lin. | in. lin. 0/8 6/10 6 Length of the head from the inion, or pos- terior plane of the occiput, to the mar-} 11 4 gin of the incisors ..........sc.seeeerenees Length of the head from the inion to the fronto-nasa] suture ........cesecceeereeeees Length of the head from the fronto-nasal suture to the margin of the incisors ... Transverse diameter of the cranium at the post-auditory ridges ............sese+ Length of the smallest lateral ant wo = ~ for) Le 2) 4 (sx) _ —) non oo wo ss _ i] of the cranium behind the orbits ...... Length of the os frontis . ........cccceeeeenees 4 Length of the sagittal suture.............. éae0]-9 Distance between the temporal ridges...... Diameter of the face at the zygomata ...... 6 Length of the zygomatic fossa .......+....- o| 2 Breadth of the zygomatic fossa............++ 1 Diameter of the face taken from the out- i 5 sides of the middle of the orbits ...... Interorbital space .......++....40e ccduhaeedenes$ Lateral diameter of the orbit ........+...... Perpendicular diameter of the orbit......... Transverse diameter of the nasal aperture . Perpendicular diameter of the nasal aperture Distance between the infraorbital fora- WATS pide Scie cavnveddaabisdacsssctheervensssss Breadth of the alveolar chess of the MAXIMA SUPCVIOL . 1.2.2. ..ereeeeeacceeeeecs Distance from the inferior margin of at Fiow © —— mre roe o wo ow ~~ oS mo gerne on & “I ao WNnNODe— © OOo on oo for) _ ee i 3 = mOmomo ® i=) eo t I a wis SI ONNOW O&O KF OO —+ ry for) wo nNnownod » KO tole i) oO BRK RK EK CO kee OO SB e ee OW FN OONAN bh Fe + OH Db NN He eee PENT WwW MH oh nw Do Bee KO kk KK he DD dH — [s%) or SH HOw & = tw 2 HPonon © ONO om © i? 8) oe wo ee a ie 2) Lee) Se oc Vocoooano GS ie 9) _ ~ oO NH @~KHe eH Oo Ph HDD > bo oa nb eS) to w ~I i) wr is) nasal bone to the inferior margin of the intermaxillary bones................+ Length of the bony palate . ...........+....4. Ake Se Distance from the anterior margin of the intermaxillary bones to the anterior $| 1! 1 palatal foramen ............cc0+ssesesesees Antero-posterior extent of the palatal || 1 process of the palate bone........+...... Breadth of the crown of the first incisor...| 9 Breadth of the crown of the second incisor , 2 1 —) i —) or — oO ow _— -_ 10/;1 0 ~ ow — bol Breadth of the four incisors (upper jaw) .. Length of the grinding surface of all the } molares, the bicuspides included....... Length of the crown of the canine tooth.. Breadth of the enameled crown of the Canine tOOth . ..........sceeseececeveescenes 0 10 Interspace between the canine and in- cisor teeth, upper jaW...........cee8.eeees 02;0 4 Distance from the anterior margin of f bole no Koo O&O a ++ —- wo FOO CO ++ ao NK OKWwe wo ++ ~I i=) oclUC OUUlUhhUhrK OO SO ow <=) onw OFN the occipital foramen to the posterior margin of the bony palate ........+...... ws —) wo bo » we tw o to Oo i) — So * To front border of premaxillaries. + This varies according to the outswelling of the ethmoidal cells: in one female skull of Trogl. niger the interorbital space was an inch across. t Of the alveolus. § Base mutilated. Suture obliterated. 74: Miscellaneous. MISCELLANEOUS. JouRNEY TO Explore THE PRovINCE OF PaRA. Messrs. Wallace and Bates, two enterprising and deserving young men, left this country last April on an expedition to South America to explore some of the vast and unexamined regions of the province of Para, said to be so rich and varied in its productions of natural history. They have already forwarded two beautiful parcels of in- sects of all orders, containing about 7000 specimens in very fine con- dition, and a vast number of novelties, besides other very rare spe- cies, some of which were known only to the entomological world by the beautiful figures in Cramer and Stoll, and a few shells and bird- skins. The last parcel is the result of their journey up the river Tocantins. ‘The following passage is an extract from their letter to Mr. S. Stevens, dated Para, Oct. 23, to whom the consignments have been forwarded, and who has the disposal of them (see Advertise- ment on cover). «Tf any one is curious about our trip up the Tocantins, you may inform them that we ascended to about the 4th parallel of S. lat. near the Rio Tabocas, having reached Arroya, the last abode of ci- vilized people, and passed a little beyond to view the rapids called Guaribas. We hired one of the heavy iron boats with two sails for the voyage, with a crew of four Indians and a black cook. We had the usual difficulties of travellers in this country in the desertion of our crew, which delayed us six or seven days in going up ; the voy- age took us three weeks to Guaribas and two weeks returning. We reached a point about twenty miles below Arroya, beyond which a large canoe cannot pass in the dry season, from the rapids, falls and whirlpools which here commence and obstruct the navigation of this magnificent river more or less to its source ; here we were obliged to leave our vessel and continue in an open boat, in which we were exposed for two days, amply repaid however by the beauty of the scenery, the river (here a mile wide) being studded with rocky and _ sandy islets of all sizes, and richly clad with vegetation ; the shores high and undulating, covered with a dense but picturesque forest ; the waters dark and clear as crystal; and the excitement in shooting fearful rapids, &c. acted as a necessary stimulant under the heat of an equatorial sun, and thermometer 95° in the shade. Our collec- tions were chiefly made lower down the river. During the five weeks of our journey we had no rain till the last two days. ‘The weather here is as delightful as ever; the mornings invariably fine, and a shower in the afternoon every third or fourth day, which cools and refreshes everything delightfully. The heat is never oppressive ; the nights always cool; there can certainly be no climate in the world superior to this, and few equal. Since sending our last collection, we have had further experience of the rarity of insects in this country. The Lepidoptera are numerous in species, but not in individuals ; the Coleoptera are exceedingly scarce, and other orders are gene- Miscellaneous. 75 rally, like the Lepidoptera, sparing in individuals ; we attribute it to the uninterrupted extent of monotonous forest over which animal life is sparingly but widely scattered. However this makes a differ- ence in the commercial value of the subjects. The present collection is the fruits of two months’ devoted and almost exclusive attention to insects. Shells and Orchids continue to be exceedingly scarce.” How to prevent the Attacks of the Bed-bug, Cimex lectularius. By Joun Brackwa tt, F.L.S. To Richard Taylor, Esq. Oakland, December 7th, 1848. My pear Sir,—A short communication of mine, printed in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ second series, vol. ii. ‘pp. 357-359, recommending the adoption of a method of preventing the attacks of the bed-bug, founded on the fact, established by ob- servation and experiment, thxt this loathsome insect, in consequence of not being provided with a climbing apparatus, is Incapable of ascending hard dry bodies having highly polished perpendicular sur- faces, has elicited, I perceive, a few strictures from the pen of your correspondent Walter White, Esq., to the purport, that the plan proposed is neither new in kind nor efficient in operation (‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ second series, vol. il. pp.457,458). To the spirit in which the strictures are made, no objection can possibly be entertained; but I may be allowed to remark, that the ‘sole object I had in contemplation when obtruding upon the readers of your widely-circulated Journal my thoughts in connexion with this practical application of entomological knowledge to the domestic comfort of thousands of humun beings, was public utility ; whether the scheme propounded had novelty to recommend it or not, I had small means of ‘ascertaining, and, indeed, did not stop to inquire, being satisfied that, speaking generally, it was, at all events, either unknown or strangely disregarded. With reference to the only circumstance advanced by Mr. White as militating against the efficacy of the project I have enunciated ; namely, that bugs are in the habit of crawling up walls and along ceilings until they perceive that they are directly over beds, when they quit their hold of the plaster and drop upon them, I would ob- serve, that although neither reading nor personal experience had made me acquainted with this remarkable instinctive phenomenon in the natural history of the bed-bug, yet the idea had occurred to my mind that such a descent might sometimes happen accidentally ; but that as it would probably be a rare event, and, except in the case of an impregnated female, would not be likely to produce per- manent inconvenience, any special provision to counteract it was deemed unnecessary. Considered as the result of an innate propen- sity this act assumes a widely different character, and it becomes a matter of importance to determine in what manner it can be guarded 76 Miscellaneous. against : fortunately the difficulty is not great; a canopy composed of any light compact material closely attached to a wooden frame in whose outer margins glass cylinders are so far imbedded as to leave a bold, convex, exterior surface, would completely answer the pur- pose. This canopy, whose area must exceed that of the bed, may be supported on the summits of the bedposts or suspended from the ceiling, as may be most convenient ; and if its periphery were con- structed without angles, it would be a decided advantage. When the extreme difficulty of extirpating bugs from rooms, especially in old houses where they have been suffered to multiply to excess, is borne in mind, the desirableness of possessing the means of securing beds from their insidious approaches will scarcely be denied. The plan of protection against the attacks of the bed-bug which I have proposed or advocated, if the latter term should be thought more appropriate, of course was never intended to apply to animals provided with wings or a spinning apparatus; to prevent their ac- cess to beds, recourse must be had to musquito-curtains, or to some similar contrivance ; but with regard to spiders, as they do not seek to prey upon or even to come in contact with the human species, and as the pain consequent upon-the wounds which our more power- fnl indigenous species are capable of inflicting is very slight and speedily subsides, there is nothing to be apprehended from the Ara- neidea of Great Britain. I am, my dear Sir, very truly yours, Joun BiuackwALu. DESCRIPTION OF SARCOPTILUS, A NEW GENUS OF PENNATULIDE. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S.-ErTc. Sir William Jackson Hooker lately sent to the British Museum some bottles containing-animals in spirits, some from New Zealand, others from South America, and some without any habitats : amongst the latter there is a fine specimen of a Sea Pen, resembling the true genus Pennatula in general form, but differing from it most essentially in the form of the pinne and their substance, and presenting a most interesting new form in the family. Each of the pinne resemble the frond of Renilla, Lam.; they are placed in two crowded rows, one on each side of the upper part of the axis, and, like that genus, they have the polypes scattered over the upper surface of the pinne, which, as well as the surface of the stem, do not exhibit any spicula, but are smooth and fleshy. This genus may be considered as the passage between Pennatula and Renilla. SARCOPTILUS. Coral pen-shaped ; shaft thick, fleshy, attenuated towards the tip, smooth, slightly striated longitudinally, and granulose on the surface ; axis subquadrangular, rather thick, flexible when moist, formed of concentric coats and longitudinal fibres. Pinne placed in two crowded rows, one on each side of one of the faces of the upper part Miscellaneous. TF of the shaft, kidney-shaped, crumpled, with the polypes scattered on, the edge and upper surfaces, especially near the edge. Polypes small, when contracted leaving very small papillz on the surface. SARCOPTILUS GRANDIS. Shaft very thick at the base, longitudinally striated. Pinne 25 on each side, the lower one smallest. Hab. ? Brit. Mus. » Length 8 inches.—From the Proceedings of he Zool. Soc. for March 14, 1848. Remarkable Instances of Instinct, or Intelligence, in Animals. By Dr. Warwick. When he resided at Durham, the seat of the Earl of Stamford and Warrington, he was walking one evening in the park, and came toa pond, where fish intended for the table were temporarily kept. He took particular notice of a fine pike, of about six pounds weight, which, when it observed him, darted hastily away. In so doing, it struck its head against a tenterhook in a post (of which there were several in the pond, placed to prevent poaching), and, as it afterwards appeared, fractured its skull, and turned the optic nerve on one side. The agony evinced by the animal appeared most horrible. It rushed to the bottom, and, boring its head into the mud, whirled itself round with such velocity that it was almost lost to the sight for a short in- terval. It then plunged about the pond, and at length threw itself completely out of the water on to the bank. He (the doctor) went and examined it, and found that a very small portion of the brain was protruding from the fracture in the skull. He carefully replaced this, and, with a small silver tooth-pick, raised the indented portion of the skull. ‘The fish remained still for a short time, and he then put it again into the pond. It appeared at first a good deal relieved, but in a few minutes it again darted and plunged about until it threw itself. out of the water a second time. A second time Dr. Warwick did what he could to relieve it, and again put it into the water. It continued for several times to throw itself out of the pond, and, with the assistance of the keeper, the doctor at length made a kind of pillow for the fish, which was then left in the pond to its fate. Upon making his appearance at the pond on the following morning, the pike came towards him to the edge of the water, and actually laid its head upon his foot. The doctor thought this most extraordinary, but he examined the fish’s skull, and found it going on all right. He then walked backwards and forwards along the edge of the pond for some time, and the fish continued to swim up and down, turning whenever he turned ; but being blind on the wounded side of its skull, it always appeared agitated when it had that side towards the bank, as it could not then see its benefactor. On the next day he took some young friends down to see the fish, which came to him as usual, and, at length, he actually taught the pike to come to him at his whistle and feed out of his hands. With other persons it continued 78 Miscellaneous. as shy as fish usually are. He (Dr, Warwick) thought this a most remarkable instance of gratitude in a fish for a benefit received ; and, as it always came at his whistle, it proved also. what he had pre- viously, with other naturalists, disbelieved, that fishes are sensible to sound. | oi Dr. Warwick next related an anecdote illustrative of extraordinary instinct in the elephant ‘‘ Chunee,” which was shot some years ago at Exeter Change, London, in consequence of his having gone mad. This animal would pick up a shilling from the ground with its trunk, and place it in the waistcoat pocket of the person who intentionally dropped it. Upon one occasion Dr. Warwick dropped a shilling purposely out of the animal’s reach, and waited the result with some curiosity. ‘The elephant appeared to consider for some time, and then raising its proboscis to nearly a horizontal position, blew violently against the opposite wall; the reverberation of the wind was so forcible that it blew the coin over ; and the elephant repeated its blowing until it had got the shilling within its reach; it then picked it up as usual, and deposited it in the doctor’s waistcoat pocket. The President, Dr. Booth, also related an anecdote of this same “© Chunee.” When the first symptoms of madness were evinced, and it was thought necessary to poison him, a strong dose of mineral poison was inserted into an orange and given to the elephant. The animal was fond of oranges, and immediately swallowed it; but the dose was not strong enough—it merely made him sick. It was at- tempted to give a still stronger dose in the same manner, but the animal would not take it, and would never again swallow an orange without first crushing it on the ground, as if tosmell its contents.— Proc. of the Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Liverpool, Nov. iv. p. 76. BRACHYCLADIUM. King’s Cliffe, Dec. 14, 1848. As the generic name Brachycladium, ‘ Ann. of Nat. Hist.’ series 2, vol. ii. p. 382, is pre-occupied, I beg to substitute for it Brachycar- phium.—M. J. B. PREVENTION OF BUGS. To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History. Dec. 18, 1848. GrenTLEMEN,—In the Magazine for the last two months are letters on the prevention of the bed-bug (Cimez lectularius). I have used Sir William Burnett’s Disinfecting Fluid, the solu- ‘tion of the chloride of zinc; it was applied by means of a feather to all the joints and crevices in the bedstead and with complete success. The solution entering the wood rendered it an unfit, and probably a poisonous habitation for the Cimez. The prevention of these animals is of more importance than sume may at first suppose it to be; in some severe diseases, the disturbance Meteorological Observations. 79 they give the patient may greatly impede recovery, and I have heard of instances where soldiers in barracks finding sleep impossible in bed have gone out of doors, and sleeping there have been seized with inflammation of the lungs or other diseases, dangerous and sometimes fatal. Yours, &c., Tuomas Srratron, R.N. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR NOV. 1848. Chiswick.—November 1. Rain, with fog. 2 Fine: cloudy. 3. Overcast : cloudy and fine. 4. Overcast. 5. Clear and frosty: overcast. 6. Overcast. 7. Clear and cold : sharp frost at night. 8. Frosty : bright sun: clear and frosty. 9, 10. Clear: slight frost at nights. 11. Overcast. 12. Slightrain. 13, 14. Very fine. 15. Clear: severe frost at night. 16. Frosty: clear and fine. 17. Densely clouded: rain: peculiar luminosity in the evening: overcast. 18, Densely clouded. 19. Very fine. 20. Densely clouded: rain: boisterous, 21. Clear and fine: peculiar aurora borealis half-past seven p.m. in N.W. 22. Overcast. 23. Rain. 24. Cloudy: clear and frosty. 25. Frosty: overcast: slight rain. 26. Cloudy. 27. Very fine. 28. Cloudy. 29. Densely overcast : boisterous. 80. Clear : cloudy: partially overcast. Mean temperature of the Month ...+0..seeesereeesseeenee wees 41°O] Mean temperature of Nov, 1847 cccecssseveseeesseceee ov soveee 44 61 Mean temperature of Nov. for the last twenty years" .....3 43 :00 Average amount of rain in NOV. cecsecscsseesescecrersesees «» 2°56 inches, Boston.—Nov. 1. Foggy. 2. Fine. 3. Rain: rain a.m.and p.m. 4. Fine: rain early a.M. and snow p.m. 5. Fine: raine.m. 6. Cloudy. 7, 8. Fine. 9. Cloudy: snow a.m. 10—14. Fine. 15. Cloudy. 16. Fine. 17. Cloudy: raina.M. 18. Cloudy. 19. Fine. 20. Cloudy: Jot inevening. 21. Fine,” 22. Cloudy: raina.m. 23. Cloudy. 24. Fine. . Fine: rainr.mM. 26— 28. Fine. 29. Fine: rainer.m. 30. Fine. Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.-—Nov. 1. Dull a.m.: soft rainr.m. 2, Fine generally: flying showers, 3. Rain a.m.: cleared: looking frosty. 4. Frost hard ;: hills covered with snow. 5. Frost bard: sprinkling of snow. 6, Thaw: showers: stormy. 7. Frost: fine clearday. 8. Frost: clear: snowr.m. 9. Fine winter day : frost: snowinch deep. 10. Frost: clear: snow melting. 11. Frost : dull and cloudy : snow gone. 12, Fine: no frost a.m.: gentle frost p.m. 13. Frost a.m.: a change of weather. 14. Frost a.m.: thaw: frostagain. 15. Frost a.M.: thaw p.m. 16. Drops of rain occasionally. 17. Rain.during night: aurora very splendid. 18, Heavy rain during night: ditto day. 19. Frost a.m.: thaw P.M. 20. Storm of rain and wind: flood. 21. Bleak and dullall day. 22, Rain greater part of day. 23, Fair a.m.: rain em. 24, Frostagain. 25,26. Thaw: rain and high wind. 27. Fair and fine. 28. Wet nearly all day: high wind. 29. Frequent showers, 30. Fair, but cloudy. Mean temperature of the month .,....... adghavestovonnga ee Sere Mean temperature of Nov. 1847. .......sececcsseeeeee ocongteans ae Mean temperature of Nov. for the last twenty-five years . 40 *4 Rain in Nov, 1847 quevh videsbwoewladerusase) Horwaneaeareves eee 3°79 inches, Average amount of rain in Nov. for twenty years ......... 3°60 ,, Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—Nov. 1. Drops: rain: aurora, 2. Showers : hail- showers. 3. Snow: hail-showers. 4. Snow; clear. 5. Showers. 6. Cloudy : showers. 7. Showers: sleet. 8. Snow-showers: clear: frost. 9. Cloudy: rain. 10. Cloudy: clear; aurora. 11. Bright: drizzle: showers. 12. Fine: clear, 13. Cloudy: showers. 14. Cloudy: hail-showers, 15. Cloudy: showers. 16. Bright: cloudy. 17. Showers: aurora. 18. Damp: showers: aurora. 19. Hoar- frost : showers. 20. Rain. 21. Rain: cloudy: aurora, 22. Rain. 23. Showers: aurora. 24, Cloudy: clear. 25,26. Cloudy: rain. 27, 28. Showers. 29. Cloudy : showers. 30. 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Polvtrichum alpiwum. LS prin ec del. TDe C.Sowerbr SC. | Philipptanum , Lsothectum 4 a y ADDe C Sowerby, we. § Spruce del. “4 Rk Année Mag. Nat Hist. 8.2. Vo.3. PLM ie" Ms i moe IDS a 9 Sg q men MH - fee : Wr iN y \\ } ! ft" ly Nt ' | \ f Southbrva tophacea. LR. Spruce. del. tL Be C. Sowerby. se. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SECOND SERIES.] No. 14. FEBRUARY 1849. ——— ——— X.—The Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. By Ricnarp Spruce*. ’ [With three Plates. ] Brrore entering upon an enumeration of the Musci and Hepa- tice of the Pyrenees, it will be proper to indicate the sources from which it has been derived. I have not been able to find any trustworthy record of mosses gathered in the Pyrenees pre- vious to the time of Bridel, who in 1803 visited the Pyrénées Orientales and the northern part of Catalonia, where he disco- vered his Bartramia stricta, Barbula chloronotos and some others. Of Bridel’s mosses I have seen only a very few, communicated by Professor Arnott from the herbarium of M. Requien. In the 3rd edition of the ‘Flore Frangaise’ (1815) several Pyrenean stations of mosses are recorded, on the authority of DeCandolle, Ramond, Dufour and Grateloup. The two botanists last-named have since that period continued to pay occasional botanical visits to the Pyrenees, almost up to the present time, and to their liberality I owe specimens of such mosses as they collected. In 1825 the eastern and central Pyrenees were visited by our distinguished countrymen, Messrs.G. Bentham and G. A. Walker- Arnott, and the latter gentleman has kindly communicated to me specimens of nearly all his Pyrenean mosses, a few only of which he has noticed in “A Tour to the South of France and the Pyrenees,” inserted in the ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal’ for April 1826. Still later, from 1828 to 1830, the eastern Pyrenees were at various times partially explored by Dr. C. Montagne, whose knowledge of general Cryptogamy is unrivalled, and his discoveries, including numerous lichens and not a few mosses, were announced by himself in the ‘ Archives de Bota- nique,’ tom. 1. (1833), under the title of “ Notice sur les Plantes * Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Jan. 11th, 1819. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. ii. 6 82. Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. Cryptogames récemment découvertes en France,” &e. Most of these I have had the opportunity of examining. In 1835, Dr. Grateloup began to publish in the ‘ Actes de la Société Lin. néenne de Bordeaux,’ tom. vii., a “ Cryptogamie Tarbellienne, ou Description succincte des Plantes cryptogames qui croissent aux environs de Daz, dans le Dépt. des Landes,” in which were | to be comprised all the Cryptogamia growing within 25 leagues of Dax, a district which would include the extreme Western Py- renees ; but it proceeded no farther than the publication of the Characez, Filices and Hepatice, for specimens of most of which I am under obligation to Dr.Grateloup. About the year 1843, MM. Philippe and de Lugo, two botanists residing at Bagnéres-de- Bigorre, began to collect the mosses and Hepaticz of the neigh- bouring mountains, and on the occasion of my visit to that city, two years afterwards, they put into my hands, without reserve, specimens of all they had succeeded in finding. A few mosses have also at different times been gathered in the Pyrenees by MM. des Moulins, Durieu, Gaston-Sacaze, and probably by others of whom I have not heard, and of whose labours I cannot there- fore make that honourable mention which is their due. In 1845 came my own visit to the Pyrenees, undertaken principally (though not solely) for the purpose of studying the Musci and Hepatice, and extending through a period of nearly eleven months. It will not be without use if I here briefly retrace my steps, as some repetition will be thereby avoided, and an oppor- tunity will be afforded of indicating the position of certain loca- lities, the names of which are of frequent recurrence in my cata- logue, though too obscure to be found in an ordinary map*. I arrived at. Pau, the chef-liew of the Dept. of the Basses- Pyrénées, and. the ancient capital of Béarn, in the early part of May 1845, and my first herborization in the Pyrenees was made on the 13th of the same month. My excursions comprised, be- sides the woods, &c. adjoining the town of Pau, the villages of Jurangon, Gélos, Rontignon and Narcastet, lying on the south- ern bank of the Gave de Pau, with the valleys running up from them to the southward, among what may be called the skirts of the Pyrenees ; and the village of Bilhéres, lying south of the same river. From the 29th to the 3lst-were devoted to a visit to Oloron, at the entrance of the Vallée d’Aspe, along which runs one of the most frequented roads into Spain. On the 11th of June I again left Pau for St. Sever, in the Landes, on a visit to Dr. Léon Dufour, the eminent naturalist, where eight days were usefully spent in exploring the neighbouring Jandes, especially | * For a fuller account of my tour consult the ‘ London Journal of Botany,’ Koh. ¥. pe E54, Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 83 those of Mugriet (Commune of Souprosse) a few miles distant from St. Sever, and on the opposite side of the Adour. Return- ing thence to Pau, I again started on the 25th for Laruns, a little town lying about 26 miles to the southward, near the up- per extremity of the Vallée d’Ossau, and midway between the Eaux Bonnes and the Eaux Chaudes. Here commenced my ac- quaintance with the real Pyrenees. My excursions included the Pic de Ger and the Montagne Verte, the former overlooking the Kaux Bonnes from the south and the latter from the north; the Gorge de Hourat, conducting to the Eaux Chaudes, and watered by the Gave de Gabas ; the Gave de Valentin, which uniting at Laruns with the Gave de Gabas, forms the Gave d’Ossau; the village of Béost and the hameau of Bagés (celebrated as the re- sidence of Gaston-Sacaze, the shepherd-botanist). Descending the Vallée d’Ossau and again taking Pau in my way, I proceeded on the 8th of July to Argélez, in the Dept. of the Hautes Pyré- nées. The following day was given to the herborization of Pierre- fitte, on the south side of the valley (or rather plain) of Argélez, and at the confluence of the gorges of Luz and Cauterets. On the 11th I ascended-to Cauterets, where I remained until the end of the month. My excursions from it were to the Pont d’ Espagne and Lac de Gaube, ascending the Val de Jéret along the banks of the Gave de Marcadaou ; to the valleys of Lutour and Combascou, and to Mont Lizé. On the 2nd of August, accompanied by Dr. Southby, a compatriot enthusiastic in the pursuit of natural history, I crossed the central chain by the Port de Cauterets to the baths of Penticosa in Aragon. In this excursion, which oc- cupied four days, numerous interesting flowers, but scarcely any mosses, were added to my collection. Returning to Cauterets, and descending from thence to Argélez, on the 8th I again ascended to Luz, at the entrance of the valley of Baréges. From Luz I visited the celebrated Chaos and Cirque de Gavarnie, the Vallée d’Estaubé, &c., but my bryological collections were not much swelled thereby. On the 20th I crossed the Tourmalet to Bagnéres-de-Bigorre, in the valley of the Adour. My stay was but short, for the present, and my only excursion of importance was to the flowery Mont Lhieris. The 27th and 28th of the same month were taken up in walking through the mountains, by way of the Hourquette d’Aspin, the Vallée d’Aure and the Port de Peyresourde, to Bagnéres-de-Luchon, in the Dept. of the Haute Garonne. During my stay here of five weeks, I explored the whole of the magnificent Vallée du Lys (lateral to the valley of Luchon) with its four lakes and twenty-four cascades, and I ascended the lofty mountain of Crabioules (mountain of crabes or izards) which bounds it on the west, as far as the snow-line on the Ist and 2nd of October. Before this'time I had visited the 6 84 Mr. R. Spruce.on the Muset and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. mountain of Superbagnéres, which rises from the back of the town, the gorge of Esquierry (“le jardin des Pyrénées ”’) ; the Lacs d’Oo (Lac de Séculéjo and Lac d’Espingo) lying between Mont Crabioules and the Vallée d’Aure; the Vallée de Burbe (in which is the Bois de Gouerdére), and, passing through the Port de Portillon at its extremity, the upper part of the Vallée d’Aran in Catalonia; and on the 10th, 11th and 12th of September, passing through the Bois de Sajust and the Port de Bénasque (in the central chain), I had ascended the Maladetta in Aragon. Leaving Bagnéres-de-Luchon and the Haute Garonne on the 4th of October, I returned to Bagnéres-de-Bigorre, and occupied myself until nearly the end of the month in exploring its envi- rons, by which my collection of pleurocarpous mosses was much enriched. ‘The localities examined were the rocks of Bédat and Salut, close by the town; Mont Lhieris and the woods of Gerde and Asté at its base; the Gorge de Labassére; the Vallée de Lesponne with Lac Léhou (otherwise Lac Bleu), and a tributary valley (Ardalos) extending to the base of the terminal cone of the Pic du Midi. The autumn being unusually prolonged, and the summits still clear of snow, I undertook another expedition to the Basses Pyrénées, and on the Ist of November proceeded again to Laruns, where I remained until fairly driven away by the coming of winter. Besides the localities visited in summer from this station, I now examined the Vallée de Béost, which leads across the Col de Louvie to the Vallée d’Argélez ; the upper part of the Gave de Valentin towards the Col de Tortes; the mountain (Goursi) which shades Laruns on the south ; and Gabas,- near the base of the Pic du Midi. Driven from the mountains, my next destination was, by way of Pau, to Dax (Aque Auguste Tarbellice) in the Landes (Ager Syrticus), where I arrived on the 18th of November. In the midst of almost unceasing rain I vi- sited in this rich district the ophitic rocks of St. Pandelon on the banks of the Luy (a tributary of the Adour), the chalk rocks of Tercis, and the woods of Saubagnac and La Torte. Having de- voted a fortnight to a re-examination of the neighbourhood of Pau, I returned early in December to Bagnéres to winter. In the Pyrenees, as throughout nearly all the rest of Europe, the winter of 1845-6 was remarkably mild, and by the month of February the lower mountains were quite clear of snow. I availed myself of this circumstance to explore the district almost com- pletely, and in one instance to make, in company with M. Phi- lippe, an excursion of four days (from the 5th to the 8th of Fe- bruary) into the heart of the mountains, for the purpose of ex- amining the back of the Pic de Mont-Aigu and the Vallée de Castelloubon (otherwise V. de Gazos), which is separated by only a narrow ridge from the valleys of Luz and Argélez. Even at Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrences. 8: that season we were able to reach an altitude of 7000 feet, and might easily have gone higher, but the ground at that height, though almost clear of snow, was frozen to the depth of several inches, and the waterfalls were changed into sheets of ice. The chief localities examined near Bagnéres, and not previously named, are the forests of Transoubét and of L’Escaladieu (the latter on the road to Toulouse) ; the valleys of Campan, Serris and Trébons ; the Bois de Lagaillaste and the Camp de César, both near the village of Pouzac ; the Cétes schisteux of Loucrup and the Bois de Montgaillard, on the road to Lourdes. These examinations enabled me to add extensively to the list of mosses previously observed by MM. Philippe and de Lugo. Finally quitting Bagnéres early in March, a last visit to Pau rendered my collection of the mosses of the Western Pyrenees still more complete ; and in proceeding thence to Paris, two days spent at St. Sever with the excellent Dufour, afforded me rarities unob- served the preceding year. In this résumé of my wanderings I have avoided alluding to the species collected, but it will be seen, by tracing my track on the map, that I executed a network of journeys sufficient ta ex- plore pretty fully the tract of mountains traversed, extending from the Vallée d’Aspe on the west to the Vallée d’Aran on the east, and to enable me to state with considerable confidence the amount and distribution of species within these limits. Since my return from the Pyrenees I have had afew additional species and habitats from my friend Philippe, and also from M. Schimper, who passed through part of the Pyrenees in 1847 on his way into Spain. it must in conclusion be acknowledged, that it is only botanists resident in the Pyrenees who have it in their power to present to the world a complete flora, whether Phanerogamic or Crypto- gamic, of these mountains. Botanical geography is a subject that can be but very imperfectly studied in the cabinet, and in sitting down to arrange the materials collected on a distant ex- pedition, one always finds. some deficiency, some essential obser- vation omitted, which, to a person on the spot, might be sup- plied by travelling possibly only a few paces. General considerations on the structure, &c. of the Pyrenees.— The Pyrenees may be aptly compared to an immense barrier, raised by nature’s hand for the separation of two nations, and extending from sea to sea. The transversal ridges which spring here and there from the central chain may be considered as the buttresses, or as the outworks of this great fortification. The area occupied by these mountains les between 8° 20! EB. and 2° 0! W. long. (from Greenwich), and from.a little north of the 43rd parallel nearly to the 42nd. Their direction, from the 86 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. Mediterranean to the Bay of Biscay, is nearly W. by N.; and their length, from Cape Creux to the Port des Passages, is about 270 English miles. It is well known that the Pyrenees have at the latter limit reached but half their length, and that their con- tinuation constitutes the elevated ridges of Bizcaya, Asturias and Gallicia, up to their real termination at Cape Finisterre; at pre- sent, however, we have only to do with that portion which sepa- rates France from Spain, and to which the name “ Pyrenees” is popularly limited. When attentively considered, the Pyrenees will be found to consist of ¢wo chains: the western, which increases in altitude from the ocean to the Maladetta (10,722 ft.*), its highest point, whence it rapidly sinks to the opposite sea; the eastern com- mencing north of the Maladetta, with hills of slight elevation, mcereases in height as it approaches the Mediterranean, not far from which is Mont Canigou (8652 ft.), one of its loftiest sum- mits. From the point of dislocation is thrown off to the north- — ward a remarkable embranchment, which separates the basin of the Garonne from that of the Adour, giving birth to the latter river, and.stretches through the Dept. of the Hautes Pyrénées a little way into that of Gers: its highest point is the Pic du Midi de Bigorre (9000 ft.). Some geologists (as M. Reboul) have traced several distinct axes of elevation in the Pyrenees ; and M. Elie de Beaumont supposes that they have been upheaved at four ~ distinct epochs, though the great mass owes its elevation to only the third of these, which was posterior to the chalk formation. The fourth epoch of elevation is perceivable only in the localities where serpentine (op/ite) appears. The loftiest summits of the Pyrenees are nearly all out of the central chain ; the Maladetta, the culminating point of the whole range, is to the southward of it ;'as is also Mont Perdu, the next in altitude. The depressions (called ‘‘ Ports” in the medial ridge, and usually “ Cols” in the transversal ones) are all of con- siderable elevation, often from 7000 to 9000 feet, and there are only two passes practicable for carriages, one at each extremity of the chain. On the southern or Spanish side the ascent is more abrupt than on the northern side, where two ridges (at least) parallel to the medial ridge, and yielding to it very little m height, are usually distinctly traceable. The Spanish Pyrenees are also watered by fewer streams, have fewer lakes, and are less clad with forests than the French. On both sides the valleys are m most cases steep; the basins we successively encounter in * The altitudes are al] in French measures, and I have given very few, for besides that I had not the opportunity of determining any myself, the altitude of the same mountain, as stated by different observers, often varies considerably. Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 87 ascending them are usually small, and occupied either by lakes, or by alluvium deposited by the descending streams. In only two cases have I seen hollows filled with peat, one on Mont Goursi in the Basses Pyrénées, and the other at the head of a small valley, lateral to the Vallée de Lesponne in the Hautes Pyrénées. The line of perpetual congelation in the Pyrenees, I assume from my own observations to be at an average height of nearly 9000 feet, or more than 1000 feet higher than in the Alps. One authority, now before me, fixes it at 8718 feet, and Ramond estimated it at from 8100 to 8400 feet, which I do not hesitate to say is much too low. It varies however considerably with the degree of exposure and even with the form of a mountain, and the snow is uniformly found to melt less, and consequently to descend lower in an eastern exposure than elsewhere. Hence, even on the highest mountains, the band of perpetual snow is not more than from one to two thousand feet broad. The streams which take their rise on the southern slopes of the Pyrenees flow nearly all into the Ebro. On the northern slopes, the space lying opposite the western half of this drainage of the Ebro is occupied by the Adour and its tributaries, while the space corresponding to the eastern half, extending from the source of the Adour to that of the Arriége, is occupied by the upper part of the basin of the Garonne. In the extreme eastern angle, on both the northern and southern side, are various small streams which run directly into the Mediterranean. This drain- age of the rivers would seem to afford us the basis of a division of the Pyrenees, for the purpose of estimating the distribution of plants on their surface ; but on trial such a division will be found mtractable, and I prefer another which separates the plants imto more distinct groups, and corresponds very nearly with that adopted by the botanistes sédentaires of the Pyrenees. I divide the Pyrenees into three districts, the Western, the Central, and the Eastern, the limits of which I proceed to define. The Central Pyrenees are comprised between the upper part of the Gave de Pau, from its source at the Cirque de Gavarnie as far as to the bridge of Lourdes, on the west; and Mont Mala- detta and the Vallée d’Aran, watered by the infant Garonne, on the east; or from themeridian of Greenwich* to about 50 minutes of east longitude. This district includes, in France, the upper part of the Dept. of the Haute Garonne and most. of the upper part of the Hautes Pyrénées; in Spain, part of Aragon and a very small angle of Catalonia. It is watered by the upper * The village of Luz, in the valley of Baréges, is exactly in the longitude of Greenwich. ¢ 88 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. branches of the Adour and Garonne, and contains the highest mountains and the deepest valleys in the Pyrenees, as well as the most extensive forests. Glaciers of great extent are found in this district only ; the principal are those which occupy the northern slopes of the Maladetta and Crabioules. The Western Pyrenees extend from.the Central to the ocean at. Bayonne and St. Jean de Luz. They include, in France, the Dept. of the Basses Pyrénées and part of the Landes, stretching as far as the Adour at St. Sever and Dax, besides a small portion of the Hautes Pyrénées; in Spain, a small part of Navarre and most of the northern part of Aragon. This district extends farther to the north than either of the others; it is consequently colder at the same altitude, and in the sandy plains bordering on the Adour and the ocean the climate is much more humid. The Eastern Pyrenees are comprised between the Central and the Mediterranean. In France they occupy the whole length of the Depts. of Arriége and Pyrénées Orientales ; in Spain, nearly all the northern part of Catalonia. This district is the most southern, the warmest and driest, and the most denuded of forests of the whole three*. A rough sketch of the mineralogy of the Pyrenees, so far as it is connected with the distribution of plants, will conduce to a more complete idea of the peculiarities of these divisions. The igneous rocks of the Pyrenees do not, as in the Alps, constitute some of the loftiest mountains, and the highest point at which I am aware of the existence of granite is on the summit of the Pic du Midi d’Ossau (9186 ft.), unless it attains the summit of Néouyielle (9696 ft.), as some maintain. In the eastern part of the Western Pyrenees it constitutes the mass of the mountains above Cauterets, especially those which include the valleys of Combascou, Lutour and Jéret, and the Lac de Gaube; from whence it passes (by the Vallée d’Azun, &c.) into the upper part of the Vallée d’Ossau, where I have observed it from below the Eaux Chaudes to the Pic du Midi, and on the circumjacent moun- tains, in which it is the predominant rock. From the Vallée d’Ossau it dips at once so profoundly as not to be observed in the deepest parts of the Vallée d’Aspe, or in any of the valleys to the westward, until it reappears near, Bayonne, in the massif of Cambo. In the Central Pyrenees it appears in the valley of Baréges (continued from the valley of Cauterets) and about the base of the Pic du Midi de Bigorre ; but, with this latter excep- * I should add, that great part of the Arriége is still a terra incognita to me, and | especially commend its exploration to resident cryptogamists. Probably, from its containing some very lofty summits, as the Pics of Mont- calm and Estats, both its character and its vegetable products would require the western part of it to be annexed to our Central district. e Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 89 tion, it rarely attains the surface in the neighbourhood of Bag- néres-de-Bigorre. Near Bagnéres-de-Luchon it appears in most of the valleys and at the base of the mountains. From the Central Pyrenees it passes into the Hastern, where, especially in the Dept. of Pyr. Orientales, it constitutes a very large proportion of the surface. In the granite I include gneiss, and possibly some other rocks whose internal structure is of nearly the same cha- racter. Mica-slate (schiste-micacé) I have observed in the Western Pyrenees only in the valley of Cauterets, especially at the base of the Monné and on Mont Lizé. Thence it passes into the Cen- tral district, where it constitutes the terminal cone of the Pie du Midi, the Pic de Mont-Aigu, and all the adjacent mountains. The wall of rock which supports the waters of Lac Lehou is of mica-schist, and in general the embankments of all the lakes in the Pyrenees are of this rock or of granite. In the Eastern Py- renees the mountains on the western side of the river Aude are of mica-schist, and I am not aware of its occurrence elsewhere. Slate (schiste-argileux) may be regarded as the most important rock in the Pyrenees, appearing as it does in every part of them. In the W. Pyrenees I have observed it in the Vallée d’Ossau ; also near Argélez, where it is the predominant rock, extending from thence along the gorge of Luz to the valley of Baréges, where it meets the mica-schist and other primary rocks. Ascending from Argélez by the valley of Cauterets, it extends (though not unin- terruptedly) to the very summit of the central chain. The Port de Cauterets and all the other passes which have fallen under my notice are (as in the Alps) excavated in slate-rock, which is often very siliceous, and cleaves with difficulty in at least two direc- tions. From Cauterets the slate passes into the Central Pyrenees, descending almost to their bases, and attaining the ridge of the central chain, as at the Port de Bénasque, &c. In the Eastern Pyrenees it would seem to occur chiefly about the base of the mountains, skirting the granitic nucleus. The lower mountains in the Pyrenees, whose chief constituent is clay-slate or grauwacke, have commonly rounded summits, and are covered with herbage ; but the loftier ones, and ‘especially those of the medial ridge, have a bolder aspect. ; their sides are furrowed by deep ravines, and their summits are serrated and peaked. When closely examined they are found to be in a state of continual decomposition and degradation, probably from the dissemination of iron pyrites in these rocks. Transition-limestone (calcaire de transition) constitutes also its proportion of the surface of the Pyrenees. In the W. Pyrenees it forms the principal part of the ridge of the central chain; lying to the south of the Pic du Midi d’Ossau. From the val- 90 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musct and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. ley of Cauterets it would seem to be entirely absent, but it re- appears in the Central Pyrenees in the great valley of Baréges, where it extends from the bottom of the valley of Gédre to a little beyond the lake of Gavarnie, and plunges under the immense mass of alpine limestone of the Marboré. The lower hills near B.-de-Bigorre, especially the Pic de Lhieris, are formed almost entirely of it, and here it often presents itself in thin beds, alter- nating with clay-slate. In the upper part of the valley of Lu- chon, and in all the surrounding mountains, I do not recollect to. have observed any calcareous rock. In the E. Pyrenees, transition-limestone would seem to occur amongst the granitic formations in detached masses (accompanied however by slate) chiefly in the neighbourhood of Villefranche and Prats de Mollo, -and in the Corbiéres. The ascents of mountains of transition- limestone are interrupted by escarpments, which are rarely of . great elevation. Of secondary rocks, the only one which I shall have occasion to mention is oolitic limestone (calcaire alpin). To this rock the Pyrenees owe some of their grandest features, as it forms escarp- ments in some instances considerably exceeding a thousand feet in altitude, as at the Cirque de Gavarnie, the termination of the Vallée d’Estaubé, &c. ; but wherever it attains the alpine region (as in the instances just cited) I have found it quite destitute of mosses, probably from its exposed position, above the region of forests. It is only in the lower hills of the Western Pyrenees, especially near Pau, where it occurs as a conglomerate, that the alpine limestone has afforded me any cryptogamia. Some of Dr. Arnott’s mosses from the Pyr. Orientales, judging from the fragments attached to the specimens, have been gathered on alpine limestone. Trap-rocks I have remarked in the Pyrenees in small detached masses, but I have gathered cryptogamia only on a rapidly de- composing ophite at Labassére near B.-de-Bigorre, and at St. Pandelon near Dax. This brief sketch of the chief rocks of the Pyrenees is confessedly very imperfect ; it is also designedly superficial, for it is only by the surface-rock that plants whose roots rarely penetrate to the depth of an inch can possibly be influenced. » The position, too, of any rock in the geological series cannot be said to have any- thing to do with the distribution of plants, though the presence of a certain mineral is in many cases essential to their existence. From my observations in the Pyrenees and elsewhere, I have ascertained pretty accurately what mosses require a matrix con- taining carbonate of lime; these will be specified as they occur. They have obviously no preference for primitive, transition, or secondary limestone, but they are always most abundant and Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 91 luxuriant on limestones of which the surface rapidly decomposes ; hence the older limestones, which in the Pyrenees are often trans- formed into marble, are never in that state prolific in mosses. Of those species which absolutely refuse to vegetate on limestone (and they are not very numerous), some are found on a great variety of rocks ; but probably when carefully examined these rocks would be found to contain some one element, essential to all the species making choice of them. Silex, for example, seems necessary to certain Grimmie ; and there are a few mosses rarely found except on rocks containing a large proportion of iron. It is scarcely necessary to mention that many mosses are never found on rocks at all, but by exception, some preferring the bark of living trees (cortical) and others decayed trunks or logs (lignal). Distribution of Musci and Hepatice in the Pyrenees, according to latitude and longitude.—The distribution of plants on any given portion of the earth’s surface requires to be estimated both hori- zontally and vertically, and if the surface to be considered extend through several degrees of latitude, the two modes will require to be exhibited both. separately and in combination. It is ob- vious that a comparison of the vegetation of any portion of the earth with that of any other portion, or of the whole, must always be incomplete, until the whole of the earth’s surface shall have been examined. Hence the following account of the dis- tribution of Musci and Hepatic in the Pyrenees can only be re- garded as approximatively correct. I enumerate 390 Musci and 91 Hepaticee in the Pyrenees. Taking the whole number of Musci known in the world to be 2400 (which is rather over than under the limit), and of Hepatice to be 1200, this would show the Pyrenees to possess nearly one-sixth of the entire family of Musci and but one-thirteenth of the Hepaticz, or twice as great a proportion of the former as of the latter. But this proportion is very nearly what we should arrive at in comparing the Musci and Hepaticee of Europe with those of the rest of the world, so much more numerous are Hepatic in the southern than in the northern hemisphere. The species which attain absolutely their northern limit in the Pyrenees seem to be only the four following :— Hypnum aureum. Tortula czespitosa, Bryum platyloma. Southbya tophacea. Those which attain their southern limit are apparently much more numerous; but when the mountains of Spain come to be fully explored, the list will probably be somewhat lessened ; and I ought to acknowledge that, possessing no complete list of the Cryptogamia of Italy, I may have assigned the Pyrenees as the southern limit for a few species which in reality extend farther 92 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. south in Italy. So far however as I can ascertain, the follow- ing species have their southern limit in the Pyrenees :— Hypnum umbratum. Mnium spinulosum. Pyrenaicum., medium. plicatum. Aulacomnion androgynum. flagellare. Physcomitrium acuminatum. striatulum. Tortula alpina. ceespitosum. latifolia. crassinervium. aciphylla. Vaucheri. papillosa. pumilum. Dicranum fulvum. campestre. longifolium. Starkii. Sauteri. Miihlenbeckii. Arctoa fulvella. pratense. Anodus Donnianus. Haldanianum, Orthotrichum Bruchii. heteropterum. rivulare. catenulatum, urnigerum. Sprucil. Hedwigia imberbis. trichophorum. Grimmia anodon. planifolium. curvula. Isothecium rufescens, sulcata, chryseum. atrata. Leskea rostrata. Encalypta commutata. longifolia. rhabdocarpa. Anacamptodon splachnoides. Mielichoferia nitida. Catoscopium nigritum, Bartramia marchica. Bryum acuminatum., Polytrichum sexangulare. Fissidens grandifrons. Sarcoscyphus adustus. Alicularia compressa. Jungermannia sphzrocarpa. polymorphum. Genthiana, Zierii. cordifolia. concinnatum. Lyoni. Ludwigii. Francisci. obconicum. Lejeunia ovata, julaceum. Frullania fragilifolia. Mnium spinosum. Dumortiera irrigua. Few species can be expected to attain their eastern limit in the Pyrenees (lying as they do on the western side of Europe), and I can find only these six, of which all but one (Fissidens grandifrons) had been previously supposed to be confined to our own islands :— Hypnum cespitosum. Tourtula papillosa. Fissidens grandifrons. Lejeunia ovata. Frullania fragilifolia. Dumortiera irrigua. The number of Musci and Hepatice which are not found any- where to the westward of Europe, either on the continent of America or in the intermediate islands, is considerable, and they mostly attain their western limit in the British Isles. Some species which reach their western European limit in the Pyrenees (not being found in the British Isles) reappear in N. America, under nearly the same latitude: such are Hypnum Haldanianum, Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 93 Leskea rostrata and attenuata, Physcomitrium acuminatum, Tor- tula cespitosa, Dicranum fulvum, Fissidens grandifrons, &e. Tor- tula chloronotos reappears in the isle of Teneriffe. There are only the following species whose occurrence westward of the Pyrenees has not yet been recorded :— Hypnum Pyrenaicum. Tortula inclinata, Vaucheri. Encalypta ligulata. Isothecium Philippianum. Buxbaumia indusiata. Bryum polymorphum. Plagiochila Pyrenaica. Mnium medium, Scapania apiculata. Of the few mosses which grow on the southern slope of the Pyrenees, only one species (Tortula cespitosa) was not found at all on the northern. The Spanish Pyrenees have in fact a pecu- larly arid aspect (to the eye of a cryptogamist), and correspond well with the distant view I have had of the dry and naked sierras of Spain*. If we now compare the three districts of the Pyrenees, above defined, one with another, we find a considerable number of species peculiar to each. The following mosses, gathered in the Western Pyrenees, were none of them observed in the Central and Eastern Pyrenees. [Those species marked with a (+) are peculiar to the sandy plains of the Landes. | | Hypnum strigosum, Physcomitrium ericetorum. megapolitanum f. acuminatum., - ceespitosum f. Tortula ambigua f. - trichophorum. papillosa. Catoscopium nigritum. latifolia. Bryum Tozeri. ceespitosa. ceespiticium. Trichostomum luridum. erythrocarpon. subulatum f. torquescens, . Dicranum spurium. platyloma. Weisia cirrhata fT. Muelleri t. Wimmeriana. Mnium spinosum. Gymnostomum calcareum. Funaria convexa fT. Ptychomitrium pusillum. Entosthodon Templetoni f. Orthotrichum crispulum. * Cavanilles, in his ‘ Observaciones sobre la Historia Natural, &c. del Reyno de Valencia (Madrid, 1795),’ amongst all the localities which he so minutely describes, mentions but one of bryological promise, where he ob- served the solitary moss which enters into his catalogue of the plants. In speaking of the mountains of Valldigna (p. 218) he says, ‘‘ Los montes por donde estan expuestos al mediodia son secos, y que no hay fuentes en sus raices : al contrario las faldas septentrionales de todos ellos estén sembradas de sitios himedos y frondosos, y en las raices nacen fuentes abundantes. . . . » En el valle de Barig son innumerables las fuentes que nacen desde Aldaya hasta Puigmola..... En estos sitios htimedos y sombrios esta siempre viva la naturaleza, cubierto el suelo de vegetales, y casi siembre de flores ; alli se disputan las plantas el terreno. La doradilla (Ceterach), e1 polipodio comun, el pteris (Pt. aquilina) y la jungermania allanada (Jg. complanata) occupan las hendeduras de las pefias.” 94 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. Orthotrichum patens. urnigerum. Conomitrium Julianum ft. Buxbaumia aphylla f. Sphagnum cuspidatum f. compactum f. Alicularia compressa. Southbya tophacea. Jungermannia curvula. minuta. . dentata f. Lejeunia ovata. calcarea. Frullania fragilifolia. The whole of the following were observed only in the Central Pyrenees :— Hypnum Pyrenaicum. flagellare. aureum. faleatum. Haldanianum, heteropterum. planifolium. depressum. Neckera pumila. Entodon cladorrhizans. insidiosus. Isothecium Philippianum. striatum. Leskea rostrata. longifolia. Hookeria lucens. Anacamptodon splachnoides. Bartramia marchica, | Bryum pyriforme. longicollum. Ludwigii. julaceum. concinnatum. cirrhatum. Mnium lycopodioides. medium. Dissodon Freelichianus, Anacalypta latifolia. Tortula vinealis. Ceratodon cylindricus. Distichium inclinatum. Dicranum fulvum. majus. falcatum. Arctoa fulvella. Campylostelium saxicola. Brachyodus trichodes. Anodus Donnianus. Seligeria recurvata. Ancectangium compactum. Zygodon conoideus. Orthotrichum rivulare. Grimmia anodon. funalis. sulcata. Fissidens osmundioides. Tetrodontium Brownianum. Sphagnum acutifolium. squarrosum. Sarcoscyphus adustus. Jungermannia Schraderi. Genthiana. pumila. cordifolia. divaricata. connivens. Lophocolea minor. heterophylla. Harpanthus scutatus. Chiloscyphus polyanthos. pallescens. Dumortiera irrigua. The following species are peculiar to the Kastern Pyrenees, and when the Hepatice of that district come to be ascertained, the list will undoubtedly be extended :— Hypnum fluitans. recognitum. Fabronia pusilla. Bartramia stricta. Bryum bimum. Tortula mucronifolia. alpina. Tortula subulata, var. inermis. gracilis. Orthotrichum Sturmii. Grimmia plagiopoda. trichophylla. Polytrichum sexangulare. In glancing over the above lists, we cannot fail to be struck with the great number of species, especially of pleurocarpous mosses, peculiar to the central district. The obvious and true Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 95 explanation of this is to be found in what is above remarked re- specting the depth of the valleys and the extent and density of the forests ; pleurocarpous mosses demanding in the latitude of the Pyrenees a great deal of shade. | A few species, occurring in both the Central and. Kastern Pyrenees, were not observed in the Western. They are :— Hypnum reflexum. Desmatodon nervosus. -Mielichoferia nitida. Dicranum longifolium. Bryum polymorphum var. cur- virens. visetum. Grimmia atrata. Timmia megapolitana. Cinclidotus aquaticus. Trichostomum tophaceum. The list of species wanting to the Eastern Pyrenees, but ob- served in both the Western and Central, is so very large that I forbear to insert it, feeling assured that when the former district comes to be explored as the two latter have been, it will be found much less deficient than this list would show it.. Three mosses, Amblyodon dealbatus, Tortula marginata and cuneifolia, growing in both the Eastern and Western Pyrenees, have not hitherto been observed in the intermediate district. | Were I now asked to name a moss characteristic of the whole — Pyrenees, 1 should say at once Fissidens grandifrons, Brid. (the Dicranum palmiforme of Ramond), which is a conspicuous orna- ment wherever moist calcareous rocks are found, but is scarcely met with out of the Pyrenees*. Amongst the Hepatice, Jun- germannia acuta is scarcely less abundant, growing on the same sort of rock. The following species may also be considered re- spectively characteristic of our three districts, viz. Southbya tophacea of the Westerns Isothecium Philippianum of the Central, and Bartramia stricta of the Hastern. Distribution of Musci and Hepatice in the Pyrenees, according to altitude-—We come next to treat of the vertical distribution of plants, the most interesting branch of Phytostatics. In at- tempting to define our zones of altitude by natural boundaries, * It will not be out of place to mention here a curious circumstance re- lating to this moss, Its fruit has never yet been found, and even its flowers were unknown when it was figured in the ‘ Bryologia Europea.’ A few years ago, Mr. Sullivant discovered female plants at the Falls of Niagara, and in 1846 he published the specimens in his beautiful ‘ Musci Alleghanienses ’ (no. 186). In Jan. 1846, a single tuft of male plants was found by myself and M, Philippe on a dripping limestone rock near Bagnéres, and the in- florescence will be described in the proper place. These are all the flowers that have ever been found, and it will be aremarkable circumstance if it be ascertained (as this would seem to show) that only the male plant exists in Europe, and only the female in America! The obvious conclusion would be that the plant never had fruited, and without artificial aid never would fruit. It has, however, ample means of maintaining and spreading itself without the aid of seeds. 96 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musct and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. that is, by certain plants which constitute a marked feature in them, it would seem at first sight a great advantage could we se- lect in every country the same species for this purpose ; but a little research will suffice to show us the impracticability of this. To go no farther than the Alps ; near as they are to the Pyrenees, and similar as their vegetation is in many respects, there are yet im- portant differences. While, for instance, there is no tree in the Alps above the region of the spruce-fir (Pinus Abies, L.), in the ’ Pyrenees there is above this a broad and well-marked belt of Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris, L.). Again, there is in the Alps, above the limit to which the oak ascends, a zone in which the birch (Betula alba, L.) is the predominant tree; but in the Pyrenees the birch is excessively rare; indeed I do not at this moment recollect having anywhere seen it where I could be cer- tain it had not been planted, and I perceive Mr. Bentham in- cludes it in his catalogue with a mark of doubt. It would also be quite impossible to define any of our climatal zones in the _ Pyrenees by the distribution of the heaths, as has been done for the British Isles by Mr. Watson in his ‘ Cybele Britannica.’ The only “ heath-clad hills” I have seen in the Pyrenees, reminding me of our English and Scottish hills, are some of the lower mountains around Bagnéres-de-Bigorre, and here the prevailing species is Erica vagans, though Calluna vulgaris occurs also, sparingly. The latter species seems never to penetrate far into the mountains. Again, Erica tetralix is not found at all in the Central or Eastern Pyrenees, but only in the Western. The only heath I have remarked near Bagnéres-de-Luchon is Erica cinerea. LE. arborea is abundant in the valley of Argélez and its tributary valleys (Castelloubon, &c.), but is absent from the Cen- tral Pyrenees, while it reappears in several parts of the Eastern. It has been shown by M. des Moulins (“ Etat de la Végétation sur le Pic du Midi de Bigorre, &c.;” ‘Recueil des Actes de VAcadémie Royale de Bordeaux,’ 1844), that several species of thistles occupy zones of altitude in the Pyrenees which are easily ascertained, and he has actually constructed a scale of the dis- tribution of fourteen species in the Pyrénées Centrales, showing the altitudes at which they appear and disappear. But were this scale taken as the basis of a climatal arrangement (which M. des Moulins by no means proposes), how would it assist us in comparing the flora of the Pyrenees with that of Lapland, where according to Wahlenberg, “ Cardui in sylvis admodum rari, omnesque fere inermes sunt. De cxtero quoque plante vel frutices aculeati in Lapponia non crescunt, &c.” ? In comparing two distant portions of the earth’s surface with each other, in both of which the same plant 1s extensively distri- buted, we are not hence to conclude that the zone which it oc- Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 97 cupies has in both countries the same.average annual temperature. Were this the case, such discrepancies as the following would be inexplicable. On Mount Etna, the beech, the birch and the Scotch fir are said to occupy the same zone. In the Pyrenees the beech ceases before the Scotch fir begins, and in the Alps the birch is said to fail even below the spruce-fir. But in Lap- land the birch extends far above the Scotch fir, and in fact ascends higher on the mountains than any other tree. Assuming the correctness of these observations (which for Lapland and the ‘Alps cannot be questioned), we are bound to conclude that there are peculiarities of constitution in certain species which enable them to ascend proportionally higher in one latitude than in another *, In other words, an alpie flora is not necessarily an arctic flora, in its character. Hence the saying of Linnzus, “ Plantee diverse indicant altitudinem perpendicularem terre,’ must be regarded not as an axiom but asa problem, the complete solution of which still remains to be effected. It will readily be admitted that all our artificial arrangements, * The discussion of this idiosyncrasy would demand an entire volume, but Wahlenberg’s explanation of it (Flora Lapponica, Introd.) is worth quoting, and should be borne in mind in comparing the flora of the Pyrenees or of the Alps with that of Lapland. ‘ Valde probabile mihi videtur a calore meridiano vegetationis gradum preecipue pendere’’(p. xlix, I. c.)—“T'emperies tantum illa estivalis in vegetatione producenda efficax, constituit clima, ejusque gradus determinat.” (p. lii.)—*‘ Alize planta longam magis, quam ca- lidam e@statem sibi exposcunt: ubi temperatura zstivalis media per tres men- ses gradum 8°°5 (Centigr.) haud attingit, ibi hordeum haud ad maturitatem pervenire potest. Hoc quidem jamdudum infra Enontekis contingit; sed nihilominus tamen arbores varize zstate brevi et calida hujus regionis con- tentz sunt: Betulz enim et Salices alpes versus longe altius Jate propa- gantur, Arbores conifer fere ac Hordeum zstatem longiorem quamquam temperatiorem, requirunt, itaque longe altius ascendunt in alpibus Helve- ticis quam Betula, &c. Ex observationibus thermometricis allatis constat, @statem in alpibus Helveticis, etiamsi temperatior sit, fere longiorem esse, quam in alpibus Lapponicis; et pro certo scimus, temperaturam mediam omnium mensium per totum annum eo magis equabilem esse in montibus Andium Americe meridionalis, et igitur omnes arbores, calidiorem quam longiorem zstatem requirentes, ibi crescere desinunt a longius infra limitem nivalem quam apud nos; sed Hordeum aliaque Cerealia temperie moderata 7 vel 8 graduum eontenta, si ea modo longior sit, duplo altius versus limitem nivalem ibi adscendunt quam omnes arbores,” (p. liii.) It is also well known that some plants will bear forcing, that is, will sur- vive and flourish under constant excitement and irritation, much better than others ; hence we could hardly expect any plant which will not bear some degree of forcing, to thrive in the rapid summer, with its long days and proportionally great meridional heat, of countries bordering on the Aretic circle; should it even subsist through the rigorous winter of that region, I am sensible how much the absence of exact thermometrical observa- tions takes away from the completeness of this sketch of part of the flora of the Pyrenees. I have none of my own to adduce, except a few made at - the foot of the Western Pyrenees in the month of June, when I found the meridional temperature to often exceed 90° Fahrenheit, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. iii. 7 98 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. whether phytostatical or phytological, are imperfect; yet they have all their use in placing the same object before us under different points of view. As regards the Pyrenees, I have judged it best under all the circumstances to adopt the climatal arrangement sanctioned by the usage of the most eminent resident botanists. The first exposition of this is to be found in the writings of Ramond, one of the earliest observers in geographical ‘botany. He ascertained that the oak (Quercus robur) ascended from the. plains to the height of 1600 metres; that the beech (Fugus syl- vatica) occupied a zone of from 600 to 1800 metres; the fir. (Pinus Abies) and the yew (Taxus communis) a zone of from 1400 to 2000 metres; and that the Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris) commencing at the latter limit, ascended in its smaller forms (especially that called Pinus Mughus by Jacquin) as high as 2400 metres. Above this limit (he observes) there are no more trees. Here commence shrubs, with dry leaves, and mostly pro- cumbent or prostrate stems, which are concealed under the snow during the winter. Such are Rhododendron ferrugineum, various species of Daphne, Passerina and Globularia, Saliza herbacea and reticulata, &c. Leaving these, we meet humbie herbs with _ perennial roots, leaves in rosettes and mostly naked stems: first in the series are Gentiana campestris, Primula villosa, Saxifraga longifolia, Aizoon, &c. ; next, Ranunculus alpestris, nivalis and parnassifolius, Androsace alpina, &c.; lastly, Ranunculus glacialis, Saxifraga cespitosa, oppositifolia, androsacea and grenlandica (Lapeyr., non L.) : these, with lichens, reach 3000 or even 3400 metres, and extend to and even beyond the line of eternal snow. Guided by these observations of Ramond, and by others of his own, M. des Moulins, in the admirable memoir above-cited, has proposed to divide the Pyrenees into zones of altitude, as follows. The commencement of the subalpine zone he places at 4200 feet, about which altitude the cultivation of esculent vegetables (rye, potatoes, cabbages, &c.) ceases. It extends as far as 6000 feet, which is the upper limit of the growth of the spruce-fir and the beech*. The plants of the mountains, united with certain plants frequent in the plains, form the basis of its vegetation, and the real subalpines attain in it their greatest development both as to size and number. Meadows are scarce in this zone and do not occur above it. | The alpine region M. des Moulins divides into three zones. First, the inferalpine, which extends from 6000 to 7200 feet, and is characterized chiefly by the presence of Pinus sylvestris, which * My own observations are here somewhat at variance with those of M. des Moulins. The beech has seemed to me to fail ordinarily some hundred feet below the fir, and in effect about the point where the latter attains its greatest development. i Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 99 even in its most stunted form scarcely passes the upper limit: Rhododendron ferrugineum expires in this zone at from 6600 to 6900 feet, and above this altitude the herbage is composed chiefly of Nardus stricta (a grass common in the marshes of the Landes !) and of Festuca eskia, Ram. (Ff. varia y. crassifolia, Koch ; Eskio, Jispet and Oursagno of the mountaineers of the Pyrenees). Amongst the shrubs characteristic of this zone may be mentioned Vacei- nium Myrtillus and uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum, Sorbus cha- memespilus and Salix Pyrenaica ; amongst the herbaceous plants, Silene ciliata and Arenaria ciliata. Crocus multifidus, which is a conspicuous ornament of the lower mountains (as around Bagnéres-de-Bigorre), reaches the very summit of the mferalpine zone. The medialpine zone extends from 7200 to 8400 feet. Festuca eskia attains the upper limit of this zone, but Nardus stricta fails below it. Juniperus nana is the giant of the vegetation, already so much contracted. Here the weeds which follow the traces of man and of the domesticated animals from the plains, cease to exist. The following species are abundant in this zone: Statice alpina, Gentiana alpina, Potentilla nivalis, Cherleria sedoides, Silene acaulis, Iberis spathulata, Berger., and Pyrethrum alpinum. Lastly, above 8400 feet, in order to characterise the superalpine zone, we have merely to add to the plants of the middle zone a very small number of herbaceous plants, all perennial, and rarely descending into the medialpine zone. Such are Ranun- culus glacialis and parnassifolius, Stellaria cerastoides, Androsace alpina, Sibbaldia procumbens, Saxifraga grenlandica, Lap., and S. androsacea. - Thus far M. des Moulins. Of the zone below the subalpine, which I call the Zona montosa, he says nothing, because it was not necessary to his estimation of the flora of the Pic du Midi. It corresponds’ very nearly to Mr. Watson’s “ Agrarian Re- gion,” and were it our sole object to determine the distribution of Phanerogamia within its hmits, it would be expedient to divide it into three zones, as M. des Moulins does the alpine region. Ascending from the plain, these zones might con-. veniently be separated, first by the upper limit of the cultivation of the vine, and secondly by that of maize, and the three divi- sions would be of nearly equal breadth. The cultivation of the vine in the Pyrenees is, as Humboldt observed it to be in South America, very nearly coterminous with the natural forests of chestnut-trees. It is true that chestnuts occur above the vine- yards, but it is only sporadically ; and so do vines occur here and there, trained to cottages in sheltered situations, considerably beyond the zone where they normally find a suitable climate. The cultivation of maize extends to about the point where the box 7* 100 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. begins to flourish luxuriantly. For the purpose, however, of ‘estimating the climatal distribution of mosses, it will rarely be requisite to divide the montose zone ; and where I find occasion to speak of an inferior and a superior montose zone, it is to be supposed divided into two equal portions. In order to enable any one to compare more completely the distribution of plants in the Pyrenees with that of the rest of Europe, and especially with that of our own islands, I add the names of several plants which I have myself observed in the various zones, of which many of them have appeared to me cha- racteristic. | Planities (= Zo). Teesdalia nudicaulis, Helianthemum alys- soides et guttatum, Viola lactea, Silene bicolor, Lupinus angus- tifolius, Corrigiola littoralis, [lecebrum verticillatum, Hyoseris minima, Erica scoparia et ciliaris, Anagallis tenella et crassifolia, Pinguicula lusitanica, Phalangium bicolor, Avena Thorei, Agrostis setacea et elegans, Airopsis globosa, Cynosurus echinatus, &c. &c. Zona montosa (= Z,). Pars inferior. Ranunculus nemoro- sus, Anemone ranunculoides, Hepatica triloba, Geranium pheum, Saxifraga Geum, Asperula cynanchica, Prunella grandiflora, Sta- chys alpina, Euphorbia hyberna et dulcis, Cephalanthera ensi- folia, Koeleria cristata, Melica ciliata. Zona montosa superior. Potentilla micrantha, Orobus luteus, Saxifraga Geum, Astrantia major, Heracleum Pyrenaicum, Arnica montana, Cirsium Monspessulanum, Prenanthes purpurea, Soyeria lapsanoides, Scrophularia Scopoli, Erimus alpimus, Teucrium Pyrenaicum, Calamintha sylvatica, Rumex scutatus, Buxus sem- pervirens, Carex montana, Asplenium septentrionale. Zona subalpina (= Z,). Ranunculus aconitifolius, Spireea Arun- cus, Meconopsis Cambrica, Arabis alpina, Hutchinsia alpina, Car- damine latifolia et resedifolia, Viola cornuta, Dianthus Monspes- sulanus, Saponaria ocymoides, Geranium cinereum, Hippocrepis comosa, Trifolium alpinum, Sempervivum montanum, Saxifraga Geum et aquatica, Cherophyllum hirsutum, Sambucus racemosa, Galium vernum, Ramondia Pyrenaica, Serophularia Scopolii, Di- gitalis purpurea et lutea, Linaria alpina, Veronica Ponz et saxa- tilis, Tozzia alpina, Teucrium Chameedrys, Nigritella angustifolia, Lilium Pyrenaicum, Merendera Bulbocodium, Carex ornithopoda, Asplenium Halleri. Zona inferalpina (= Zz). Ranunculus Gouani, Helianthemum Clandicum, Viola biflora, Gypsophila repens, Geranium cine- reum, Trifolium alpinum, Dryas octopetala, Geum Pyrenaicum, Potentilla alchemilloides et rupestris, Epilobium alpinum, Pa- ronychia serpyllifolia, Saxifraga Aizoon 8. minor, Eryngium Bourgati, Aster alpinus, Homogyne alpina, Carduus carlinoides, Crepis pygmza, Jasione perennis, Erinus alpinus var. hirsutus, ” Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 101 Veronica aphylla, Bartsia alpina, Pedicularis comosa, Horminum Pyrenaicum, Pinguicula grandiflora, Androsace carnea et villosa, Primula integrifolia, Globularia nudicaulis et rupestris, Statice alpina, Salix Pyrenaica et reticulata, Luzula pediformis, Carex sempervirens, Festuca varia, Aspidium Lonchitis, Lycopodium Selago, Polypodium Phegopteris. Zona medialpina (= Z,). Ranunculus alpestris, montanus, Pyrenzeus, Cardamine bellidifolia, Draba aizoides, Sisymbrium pinnatifidum, Saponaria cespitosa, Arenaria purpurascens, Stel- laria cerastoides, Cerastium alpinum, Cherleria sedoides, Geum montanum, Potentilla nivalis, Rhodiola rosea, Saxifraga aretivides, bryoides et muscoides, Asperula hirta, Aronicum scorpioides, Chrysanthemum alpinum, Erigeron alpinus, Gnaphalium leon- topodium et supinum, Senecio Tournefortii, Crepis pygmza, Taraxacum officinale var. alpinum, Campanula pusilla, Jasione perennis, Phyteuma hemisphericum, Euphrasia minima, Pedicu- laris Pyrenaica et rostrata, Pinguicula alpina, Soldanella alpina, Daphne Cneorum, Veronica alpina, Juniperus nana, Juncus tri- fidus, Luzula spadicea et pediformis, Carex Pyrenaica, Festuca varia. Zona superalpina (= Z;). Cardamine bellidifolia, Draba niva- lis, Potentilla nivalis et Salisburgensis, Saxifraga bryoides, gra- nulata var., muscoides et groenlandica, Lap., Senecio Tournefortii, Gentiana alpina, Myosotis sylvatica var. alpestris, Pedicularis rostrata, Soldanella alpina, Statice alpina, Salix retusa et her- bacea, Luzula spicata, Carex curvula et nigra, Agrostis vulgaris var. alpina, Sesleria disticha. Throughout the following catalogue of the mosses, the zones which each species occupies will be distinctly specified ; and to enable me to do this in the smallest possible compass, I propose the notation of zones above indicated, that is to say, Z, for the first zone above the plain, Z, for the second, &c., and Z, for the plain itself. It is im many cases difficult to ascertain the zone in which a moss has normally its station, for in mountainous coun- tries the seeds, &c. of mosses are carried down by the streams, precisely as those of flowering-plants are ; but a large proportion of mosses are found only near streams, and that especially in a low latitude, where the requisite degree of moisture is more rarely met with. Hence certain mosses, natives of the alpine region, are occasionally found some thousands of feet below it. To take an instance in Grimmia spiralis, a species which is stated by the authors of the ‘ Bryologia Europea’ to have its “ véritable habitat au-dessus de toute végétation forestiére.” Near Cauterets, op- posite the baths of La Raillére, on the rude blocks of granite which are thickly strewn along the banks of the Gave de Marca- daou, this species forms large lax tufts, disfigured by the sand of 102 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. the stream, yet bearing a few capsules. This is far below the commencement of the subalpine zone ; but in continuing to ascend the stream, until we emerge on the broken plain adjacent to the Lac de Gaube, where the only trees are a few scattered pines (i.e. towards the upper limit of the inferalpine zone), we find the same species, forming small compact tufts and bearing a profu- sion of fruit, growing on the same sort of rock, and often far removed from any stream. Here it is obviously at home. The localities visited within Z, are for the most part entirely destitute of mosses, in consequence of the declivities being co- vered with sliding fragments of schistose rock. Two species of Hepatice, Sarcoscyphus emarginatus and Alicularia scalaris, com- mon in the plains, ascend in varying forms nearly to the limit of perpetual snow, and with Jungermannia julacea form the sole representatives of the tribe in Z;. I must also observe, that nowhere in the Pyrenees do mosses and lichens ascend higher than all flowering-plants. Even above the line of perpetual con- gelation, wherever a rock peeps out of the snow (its sides being too steep for the snow to rest upon them), Saxifrages, and two or three other kinds of plants equally hardy, fix themselves in its crevices. This is also the case with lichens, but scarcely with real frondose mosses, and I very much doubt whether there be any region in the world (alpine or arctic) where mosses leave below them every phanerogamous plant, although we have long been taught to believe that such is the case. Ramond found flowers to accompany Mont Perdu almost to its summit. I proceed now to exhibit in a tabular form a list of those Musci, Hepatice and Lichenes which have appeared to me cha- racteristic of the various zones in the Pyrenees. I have consi- dered a species characteristic of a particular zone for the follow- ing reasons: 1. It is either abundantly distributed in that zone throughout the chain, and scarcely seen above or below it; or, 2. It occurs at various (it may be distant) points of the chain, and nowhere abundantly, yet is always confined to one zone; or else, 3. It is distributed through several zones, but exists in its perfect state only in one. A few species flourish with equal luxuriance in two or more zones. Those mentioned for the superalpine zone were almost its sole occupants, and most of them were sterile. The species united by brackets were fre- quently grouped together in one tuft, so as to be taken up at once by the hand; or, in the case of crustaceous lichens, occupied the surface of one stone. The species printed in ttalics are con- sidered peculiarly characteristic of the zone m which they are placed. Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 103 Limes ; nivalis. Musc1. Hepatica, LicuEneEs, N |Polytrichum juniperinum. Jungermannia julacea, _ |Parmelia chrysoleuca. Fe sexangulare. | Sarcoseyp emarginatus.|Lecidea atrobrunnea. y 2 { Encalypta rhabdocarpa. Alicularia scalaris. Umbilicaria proboscidea var. Ne | | Hypnum molluseum var. Endocarpon miniatum, var. 2) 8 | ( Desmatodonlatifolius,var. complicatum. s. muticus. = ' Weisia crispula var. 8400. ("Z =) “eUuldjeipeul vu07 ~I 1) S bs Weisia crispula var. | Dieranim Starkii, Arctoa fulvella. Grimmia sulcata. atrata. Tortula vinealis, var. nivalis Dissodon Freelichianus, Anacalypta latifolia. Rryum turbinatum, var. lati- Solium. Hypnum plicatum. Jungermannia julacea, Sarcoscyphus emarginatus. Alicularia scalaris. Gymnomitrium concinna- tum. Umbilicaria proboscidea. atropruinosa. Cetraria pinastri. Cladonia vermicularis. gracilis, Lecidea Morio. confluens. Wahlenbergii. Parmelia ventosa. Peltigera crocea. ("Z =) “euldjeiayur eu0z 6000’. Hypnum plicatum, Leskea incurvata, Tortula aciphylla. Dicranum Starkii. Desmatodon latifolius. Hypnum reflexum. callichrous. Grimmia spiralis, ovata var. alpestris. Timmia megapolitana. Bryum polymorphum, var. curvisetum, alpinum. capillare var. 3, Bartramia ithyphylla. Gymnostomumcurvirostrum Hypnum dimorphum. |Gymnomitrium concinnatum Jungermannia albicans var. trichophylla. Mastigobryum deflexum. Peltigera crocea, Lecidea Wahlenbergii. Parmelia ventosa, Lecidea Morio. Parmelia badia, Biatora decipiens. ) (°Z *euldyeqns euoz 4200'. { Hypnum dimorphum. Starkii. Bryum acuminatum. Lierii. capillare var. 2, Hypnum Crista-castrensis uncinatum. ; Schreberi. salebrosum. Halleri. subtile. [sothecium striatum. Bartramia Halleriana. Trichostomum glaucescens. Campylopus longirostris. Grimmia elatior. Gymnostomum rupestre. Grimmia ovata, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum.} Mastigobryum deflexum., Jungermannia trichophylla curvifolia. reclusa. Scapania apiculata. |Jungermannia nana, spherocarpa. lanceolata. riparia. { acuta. Cetraria juniperina. Parmelia ventosa, Biatora lurida. Umbilicaria pustulata, 104 Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 4200’. Musci. HeEpatica&. LIcHENES. ‘roruadng *('7 =) esojuoul vu07 * IOUT Pterogonium filiforme. Leskea attenuata, Entodon insidiosus, Hypnum rugosum. abietinum. catenulatum. Bryum elengatum. Dicranum polycarpum. Rhabdoweisia fugax. Orthotrichum Hutchinsiz rupestre. Tortula paludosa. Trichostomum tortile. Grimmia leucophea. Fissidens grandifrons. Bryum obconicum. Hypnum crassinervium. Plagiochila Pyrenaica. Jungermannia acuta. Wilsoniana. Parmelia fulgens. crassa. Lecidea candida. vesicularis. Verrucaria maxima. Opegrapha cerebrina. Verrucaria Dufourei. Isothecium repens. Hypnum Haldanianum. “pratense. Teesdalii. Leucodon sciuroides. Dicranum montanum. Tortula revoluta. chloronotos. Bryum atropurpureum. Grimmia crinita. Fissidens incurvus. “sorely oS S (=) 3 Hypnum illecebrum. Leptodon Smithii. Bryum torquescens var. Tozeri. Muelleri. Entosthodon Templetoni. Tortula cuneifolia. Trichostomum subulatum. Jungermannia Wilsoniana, Southbya tophacea. Jungermannia Francisci. Saccogyna viticulosa. Mastigobryum trilobatum. Reboulia hemispheerica. Riccia fluitans, natans. Parmelia chrysophthalma, rubiginosa. Clementiana. Opegrapha elegans. Lyellii. It was my intention to have given here a comparative view of the distribution of Musci and Hepatice in the Pyrenees and in the other great mountain-ranges of the world, as also with that of our own islands, but this introduction has already swelled to a tedious length, and I hasten to close it with a few general observations. As there are certain flowering-plants which accompany the habitations of men and of cattle from the plains nearly to the tops of the mountains, namely, in the Pyrenees, netiles, mallows and docks (Rumex Patientia) ; so there are likewise certain mosses which cling with equal tenacity to these traces of civilization. Se Se tas] Mr. R. Spruce on the Musci and Hepatice of the Pyrenees. 105 The most notable are Ceratodon purpureus and Funaria hygro- metrica. Tortula ruralis is associated with these until in the in- feralpine zone it meets and is supplanted by 7. acyphylla, which I have never seen away from the sheep-cotes and the huts of the shepherds. At about the same height Hypnum rutabulum and Bryum capillare give place to Hypnum plicatum and Leskea in- curvata; these last, along with Tortula aciphylla, indicate the localities where the domesticated animals have taken up their temporary sojourn, throughout all the higher mountains. The eryptogamic vegetation of the Pyrenees, taken in the mass, has great general resemblance to that of our own islands, espe- cially of Ireland, and the species common to both attain nearly the same comparative altitude. Yet there are features in the former which would forcibly strike a bryologist accustomed only to the mosses of the British Isles. About the foot of the Pyrenees he would be struck with the luxuriant fructification of Dicranum glaucum and Leucodon sciuroides, the fruit of the latter being one of the greatest rarities of our islands; and he would equally re- mark the absence of Bryum cespiticium, of which I gathered only a single tuft, on a wall near Oloron; nor has it been observed elsewhere in the Pyrenees, though we are accustomed to look on it as the commonest of mosses. Bryum cernuum and inclinatum are almost equally scarce, though frequent with us and ascending high into the mountains. Were he next to climb the lower cal- careous hills, he would see Hypnum rugulosum, abietinum, and Leskea attenuata profusely covering the scattered stones and rocks, and forming quite a marked feature even in the scenery. But he would miss Hypnum undulatum and the Sphagna which ornament our moist turfy hills; and if he ascended higher, he would probably see no Splachna or Andreae. The rarity of the latter cannot be attributed to the southern latitude of the Pyre- nees, for they exist even under the equator, as for instance on Mount Pichincha. The abundance of these two genera in the Alps of Switzerland must give a character to their vegetation wanting in the Pyrenees ; and in general the Alps would seem to be much more mossy than the Pyrenees, above the region of forests, giving birth for example to an immense number of Brya, which in the Pyrenees are nowhere abundant above the inferal- pine zone. This may reasonably be attributed to the more northerly position of the Alps, to their extending through a far wider zone of latitude, and not consisting like the Pyrenees of a single narrow chain; and to their greater humidity, which is probably dependent on the immense breadth of snow that perpe- tually covers them. The species described in this catalogue as ‘new have none of them been observed in the Alps, with the ex- ception of Hypnum Pyrenaicum, which was the only one noticed 106° ~—Dr. Greville on some new species of Sargassum. above the subalpine zone; and there are a few other Pyrenean mosses wanting to the Alps*. . Two Jungermannia exceedingly common in Britain, Lophocolea bidentata and heterophylla, are all but absent from the Pyrenees ; and two others, Jungermannia barbata and Piilidium ciliare, great ornaments of our mountainous districts, are altogether wanting. The latter attaims its southern limit in the north of Italy ; it is distributed throughout middle and northern Europe, but grows in greatest luxuriance within the Arctic circle. (Conf. Wahlenberg and the accounts of our Northern voyagers.) According to Wahlenberg, there are in Lapland, as in the Pyrenees, extensive forests of Pinus Abies and P. sylvestris, and both descend into*the plain ; the former cease at the altitude of 800 feet and the latter at 1200 feet, indicating respectively the upper limits of the “regio sylvatica” and the “ regio subsylva- tica.” But in the Pyrenees these trees ascend proportionally far higher than in Lapland ; and that they do not occupy the same climatal zones we shall see by comparing the positions of a few mosses common to both countries. In the Pyrenees, Tortula tor- tuosa, Bryum crudum, Didymodon capillaceus and Dicranum virens are found in the region of coniferous trees, and are rarely seen above it ; but these are precisely species mentioned by Wahlen- berg as characteristic of his “ Alpes inferiores,” which are above the region even of the birch (“regio subalpina, Wahl.”’), and are characterized by the presence of Betula nana, Diapenzia lappo- nica and Silene acaulis. Yet the comparative altitudes attamed by the mosses in the Pyrenees and in Lapland accord very nearly, and the species which ascend highest in the one for the most part . do the same also in the other. Hence the zone occupied by a moss common to both has probably in both the same average estival temperature. [To be continued. | XI.—Alge Orientales :—Descriptions of new Species belonging to the genus Sargassum. By R. K. Grevitiz, LL.D. &e.+ [Continued from vol. ii. p. 434.] [ With a Plate.] WIGHTIANZ. 10. Sargassum porosum (nob.) ; caule cylindraceo, brevissimo, mu- ricato, ramis planis; foliis ovato-oblongis, subundulatis, inciso- * The number of species which I have found in the Pyrenees new to the flora of France is considerable ; but I cannot give a correct list of them, as I have not the dates of several species discovered in the Alps and Jura and nearly contemporaneously in the Pyrenees, + Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 14th Dec. 1848. Ann.& Mag. Nat Hist.8.2No1.3. PLIV. 5 : AR a, : 4 S. brevitolium. q DB Greville. del. SC ST De €. Sowerby o Dr. Greville on some new species of Sargassum. 107 dentatis, uninerviis ; vesiculis sphzericis breviter petiolatis ; recep- taculis minutis, axillaribus, cylindraceis, oblongis, inermibus, sub- - racemosis. Hab. in mari Peninsule Indiz Orientalis; Shuter (1827), Wight. Root an expanded cartilagmous disc. Stem cylindrical, very short (in the only specimen I possess scarcely half an inch), about the thickness of a blackbird’s quill, muricate. Primary branches few, 12-18 inches or more lonz, simple or sparingly divided, flat, a line or more broad, giving off the secondary branches in a distichous manner at intervals of about half an inch; these are from 3 to 6 inches long, and closely set with fruit-bearing ramuli likewise distichously arranged, and from half an inch to an inch in length. Leaves; those of the young primary branches, especially near the base, an inch long, ovate-oblong, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, somewhat undulate, deeply, and very irregularly inciso-dentate ; those on the secondary branches half the size above-mentioned, and those accompanying the fructification mi- nute and somewhat cuneate; all furnished with a slender nerve becoming faint and disappearing before reaching the apex, and with abundance of oval pores. Vesicles spherical, on stalks scarcely a line long; those accompanying the leaves on the young primary branches considerably larger than the seed of Lathyrus odoratus ; those on the smaller branches and those inter- mixed with the receptacles much less. Receptacles axillary, about a line long, cylindraceous, linear-oblong, obtuse, unarmed, form- ing irregularly divided clusters. Colour a rich red-brown, the younger leaves paler and somewhat translucent. Substance mem- branaceous, slightly rigid when dry. This species is allied to Sargassum incisifolium, Ag., found at the Cape of Good Hope, but differs in the entire receptacles be- sides other characters. In an old state the branches lose their leaves and seem covered with the little tufted racemes. The specimen which I possess from Dr. Shuter was ant communicated by Sir W. J. Hooker. 11. Sargassum elegans (nob.); caule filiformi, teretiusculo, ramosis- simo ; foliis lineari-oblongis, obtusis, laciniato-dentatis, inferne oblique attenuatis ; vesiculis parvulis, spheericis ; receptaculis li- neari-oblongis, subcompressis, apicem versus dentatis, racemosis. Wight in herb. no. 15. Hab. in mari Peninsule Indiz Orientalis ; Wight. Plant probably between 1 and 2 feet long ; the specimen before me being fully 12 inches of the upper extremity, the whole of which bears evidence of having been covered with branches. Root I have not seen. Stem, or ~ probably more correctly primary branch, filiform, about double the thickness of a hog’s bristle, ’ 108 Dr. Greville on some new species of Sargassum. giving off spreading branches 3-4 inches long, at intervals of half an inch, which become gradually shorter upwards, thickly covered with leaves, vesicles and receptacles. Leaves linear- oblong, or, sometimes, oblong-lanceolate, nearly three-quarters of an inch in length, 2-3 lines broad, obliquely attenuated at the base into a very slender petiole, sharply inciso-dentate, or even laciniate, furnished with a delicate nerve and oval pores. Vesicles numerous, spherical, the largest not half the size of the seed of Lathyrus odoratus, most of them as small as an ordinary pin’s head, often apiculate, and the apiculus excentric, furnished with a few papilliform pores, and supported on a little compressed stalk not a line in length. Receptacles axillary, cylindraceous or subcompressed, oblong or somewhat club-shaped, sharply tgothed, and forming little racemose tufts about a line and a half long. Colour dull reddish brown. Substance somewhat membranaceous and slightly diaphanous. A very beautiful species. When dry, the laciniate teeth of the leaves give them quite a fringed appearance. 12. Sargassum brevifolium (nob.); caule teretiusculo, muricato ; foliis parvulis, obovatis, dentatis, uninerviis; vesiculis minutis, spheericis ; receptaculis filiformibus, elongatis, racemosis. Wight in herb. no, 20. Var. 8 ; foliis laciniato-dentatis, in petiolo longiore attenuato. An species distincta ? Wight in herb. no. 10. Hab. in mari Peninsule Indie Orientalis ; Wight. Root I have not seen. Stem (or primary branch?) probably 2 feet long or more; but only fragments are in my possession ; cylindraceous, somewhat muricate. Branches 4 or 5 inches long, thickly clothed with the fructiferous ramuli, which are not more than half an inch in length. Leaves; those on the main branches © I have not seen ; those on the secondary branches, from the axils of which the clusters of receptacles and vesicles arise, are about a third of an inch long, more or less obovate, remotely dentate, rounded at the end, furnished with pores and a nerve which soon becomes rather fait and disappears below the summit. Vesicles spherical, numerous, the size of a large pin’s head, having pro- minent pores, supported on filiform stalks half a line in length, and arising from the lower ramifications of the raceme. Recep- tacles numerous, filiform, elongated, forming much-divided ra- cemes from a quarter to half an inch long. The receptacles are not unfrequently foliaceous towards their upper extremity, m which case they resemble linear leaves toothed at the margin, and are furnished with a nerve and pores. Colour reddish black when dry. Substance cartilaginous. Any Mt Mag. Nak. Hist. 8.2Nol.3 PLY a } ce @ t ) fa es q ) ah f- A a, § i | i 0 Sasrane hus, the outer edge: capsule 2-locular with bifid | Polyclidia. valves, the margins of which are somewhat sep- ticidal, and slightly inflexed at base: seeds with a short terete embryo somewhat incurved or slightly arcuate. J Tribe 2. Daturee. Corolla with an elongated fun-) nel-shaped tube, having a 5-angular expanded border with a contorted complicated zestivation, as in the Nicotianee : 5 equal stamens; anthers 2-lobed, lobes linear, laterally adnate, dorsally | Datura, attached to a fleshy connective, and bursting +Ceratocaulis, longitudinally in front: fruit sub-baccate or cap- | Brugmansia. sular, 2-celled above, 4-celled below, with the fleshy placentz adnate to the middle of the dis- sepiment : seeds with a nearly annular curved terete embryo. xy Tribe 5. Salpiglossidee. Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanacee. Tribe 3. Duboisiee. Corolla with a tube either elon- } gated and ventricose above, or short and rotate, with a 5-lobed border, the lobes being diversely volutive in estivation : 5 equal stamens or 4 di- dynamous with the rudiment of a fifth ; anthers rounded, cordate, always extrorse, either 2- celled, with the cells confluent at the apex, or unilocular with a hippocrepiform line of de- hiscence, and gaping transversely as in Verbas- cum: ovarium 2-locular, with numerous ovules affixed to thickened placentz adnate to the dis- sepiment: fruit either baccate or capsular, 2- valved, with septicidal dehiscence: terete em- bryo in albumen, slightly curved. Tribe 4. Schizanthee. Corolla deeply cleft into saves ral irregular divisions, with a somewhat reci- procative xstivation : stamens 5, of which 3 are sterile ; style erect, with a small fistulose stigma, slightly swollen below, its contracted entire mar- gin filled with a globose viscous gland: capsule 2-celled, 4-valved, seeds with a terete hemicy- clically arcuate embryo. tricose above, sometimes contracted in the mouth, the border being divided into 5 nearly equal regular segments, one of them always somewhat larger and more erect, their estiva- tion being reciprocative (see p. 1 72): stamens 4, didynamous, sometimes with the rudiment of a fifth ; anthers 2-lobed, lobes divaricate at base, connected at apex by intervening filament, one of the lobes being sometimes reduced to a small lateral dehiscent gland : style winged at its apex or expanded into a remarkable tongue-shaped process, which is stigmatose at its emargina- ture: fruit capsular, 2-locular, 2-valved : embryo slightly curved, much more so in Salpiglossis. sometimes hypocrateriform, seldom with the ru- diment of a palate, the border being divided into 5 nearly equal, rounded and emarginated lobes, their estivation in Petunia being replica- tive (see p. 173), in Nierembergia, replicative at the base of the lobes, with a perfectly quin- cuncial imbrication at their summits: stamens 5, one of which is shorter, 2 longest; anthers 2- lobed, divaricate at base, without connective : stigma expanded into a remarkably tongue- shaped form, emarginate at its apex, in Nierem- bergia embracing the anthers : capsule and seed as in Salpiglossidee. J Corolla more or less ven-) J Tribe 6. Petuniee. Corolla with an elongated tube, ) 165 Duboisia, a athocercis, Anthotroche. > Schizanthus. Salpiglossis, Pteroglossis, >Leptoglossis, Browallia. Petunia, Nierembergia. p eet inti Tribe 7. Hyoscyamee. Corolla tubular, more or less } expanded in the mouth in a campanular form, with the border divided into 5 equal rounded lobes: stamens 5, equal; anthers 2-lobed, affixed to a narrow dorsal connective above, free below, and bursting longitudinally in front near the margin: ovarium 2-celled, and singularly sur- mounted by a fleshy epigynous gland, which is either small and stylobasic, or else enveloping 166 Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanaceze. Hyoscyamus, Scopolia, > Physoclena, Cacabus, Thinogeton. the upper moiety of the ovarium: fruit an ex- succous berry, which sometimes bursts by a cir- cumscissile line on the margin of the gland : get bryo terete, annular, and somewhat spiral. Tribe 8. Atropee. Corolla tubular, more or less ) campanular, with a border divided into 5 equal rounded lobes, which are imbricate in estiva- tion : stamens 5, equal ; anthers ovate, 2-lobed, lobes laterally adnate, reversed in Atropa by the deflexion of the filaments: fruit baccate, 2- or 5-celled, fleshy, often somewhat exsuccous : em- bryo terete, nearly perispherical. _ Tribe 9. Solandree. Corolla generally with an elon- ) gated, straight, rarely a short tube, in no degree plicated in bud, border 5-cleft into more or less rounded equal lobes: 5 equal stamens, generally epipetalous, but sometimes arising from the out- side of a free ring, attached to the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, 2-celled, cells parallel and adnate upon a dorsal connective, and burst- ing longitudinally in front : fruit a fleshy 2-locu- lar berry, and seeds with a nearly straight terete embryo, with a lax testa, as in the Cestrinee. Tribe 10. Brunsfelsiee. Corolla with a more or less ) elongated tube, somewhat ventricose below the contracted mouth, border divided into 5 nearly | equal segments, their estivation being decidedly imbricative (unknown in Heteranthia) : stamens didynamous, somewhat inflected at the apex, with one pair shorter; anthers unilocular and hippocrepiform, as in the Verbascee and the Du- boisiee: style slender: stigma small, bilobed, and simply clavate, or with the lobes somewhat gaping : fruit either capsular or baccate, with a ; nearly straight embryo. The Solanaceae, Atropacee and Scrophulariacee, as here de- fined, evidently constitute an alliance, bound together by very strikimg and peculiar characters, distinguishable in the structure of their corolla and ovarium, but more especially in that of their Atropa, Nicandra, Pheer a Anisodus, Mandragora, Lycium. pe Solandra, | Marckea, >Juanulloa, Sarcophysa, Ectozoma. a Brunsfelsia, >Franciscea, Heteranthia. Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanacee. 167 fruit, which is most generally 2-celled, with many seeds fixed to thickened placente adnate to the dissepiment, and having a terete embryo, more or less curved, with an inferior radicle, cha- racters that are common to the whole of this large group. So gradual is the transition from one link to another of this chain, that it is difficult to discover any decided break in their conti- nuity, but notwithstanding this, they form too large an assem- blage to constitute one single family. The Solanaceae, as distin- guished from the Scrophulariacee in general, exhibit characters sufficiently marked, but the difficulty lies with the large interme- diate group above indicated, that equally partake of the features of both these extremes. I am quite averse to the practice of multiplying unnecessarily the amount of natural orders beyond the smallest possible number: it is not therefore any idle no- tion of proposing a new family that leads now to this sugges- tion, which would defeat its own object unless supported by facts, and urged by the necessity of the case; but it is the desire of grappling with a formidable obstacle, that would otherwise prevent us from establishing any decided limits between these two great families. If this difficulty presented itself to me in so prominent a degree three years ago (Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 183, note), when I first noticed the anomaly in Lycium, and suggested its separation from Solanacee on that account, with how much more force must this discrepancy present itself, when the ex- ceptionable cases now amount to so extensive an accumulation in point of number! The estivation of the corolla has hitherto been considered to form an unerring line of demarcation between the Solanacee and Scrophulariacee, but if we place in the former family a large proportion of genera possessing an imbricate esti- vation, and offering frequently nearly anisomerous flowers (cha- racters peculiar to the last-mentioned order), we lose at once the only valid features that can serve to discriminate the boundaries of these great families. It is clear that the intermediate group here proposed to be collected together can only be disposed of in three modes: they must be associated either with the Sola- nacee, or be attached to the Scrophulariacee, or else they must remain as a distinct family. In the first case, the Solanacee would be then divided into two suborders: 1. the Solaninee, having a corolla with valvate zstivation ; and 2. Atropine, with imbricate eestivation. In the second case we should associate, 1. Atropinee, with flowers nearly isomerous ; and 2. Scrophularinee, with ani- somerous flowers. In either of these two cases we find that in- consistency to a great extent would be unavoidable; for in the former instance we admit a large circle of exceptions to the only leading characteristic mark of the order ; and in the second case we include a considerable number of genera, nearly isomerous, in a 168 Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanacee. family whose principal feature is to possess anisomerous flowers ; but in the third case we avoid these difficulties and ensure con- sistency, preserving at the same time the peculiar characteristic features both of the Solanacee and Scrophulariacee : we should then have thus, 1. Solanaceae, offering isomerous flowers with a valvate or induplicato-valvate zestivation ; 2. Atropacee, isomerous flowers, or nearly so, with imbricate or a peculiar estivation ; and 3. Scrophulariacee, anisomerous flowers with imbricate estiva- tion. In any of the three modes of distribution above indicated, it matters little which we adopt, in regard to the absolute ar- rangement of the various genera, for in every case they remain alike, in exactly the same linear order of position. The value of the Atropacee, as a distinct order, must now rest entirely on its own intrinsic merits: its adoption seems the only course by which a large amount of inconsistency can be removed, and it appears to me a far less objectionable plan to call up a new family, than to destroy the great landmarks that serve to discri- minate the limits of two of the most natural families in the system. 3 Having shown the arrangement proposed for the distribution of the Atropacee, I must offer the following explanation. The division into the suborders Rectembryee and Curvembryee, as proposed by Endlicher, and followed by me in the arrangement ‘of the Solanacee formerly given in ‘ Lond. Journ. Bot.’ v. 148, offers by far too inconstant and doubtful a character to be main- tained there, or be adopted here; for among the Salpiglossidee, some species of Petunia possess an embryo nearly straight, and more curved in others, while in Salpiglossis it is often spirally ‘bent into more than a complete gyration. | have preferred rather to follow the estivation of the corolla, as it gradually verges from the plicato-valvate of the Solanacee into the imbricate mode of _ the Scrophulariacee : thus in the tribes Nicotianee and Daturee we have the contorto-conduplicate, a form by no means valvate, but the first departure from it : in the Duboisiee we have another advance, where the lobes of the border are seemingly valvate, but on examination their margins will be found convolutely inflected, a form which I have named volutive: in the Salpiglossidee it assumes the next step here denominated reciprocative : in the Petuniee we have again another degree, which is only a modifi- cation of the imbricative, and which I have termed replicative : and finally, in the Hyoscyamee, Atropee, Solandree and Bruns- felsiee, it becomes decidedly imbricative and quincuncial, as in the Scrophulariacee, with which natural order the latter tribe most closely osculates. In the Atropee the amount of imbrication is small in extent ; in the genera Brunsfelsia and Solandra it is ex- cessive in amount, the lobes wholly enveloping one another in Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanaceze. 169 succession. I proceed now to add a few remarks upon each tribe separately. 1. Nicotianee.—The eestivation of the corolla in this tribe, as has been just remarked, is by no means valvate, or induplicato- valvate, as in the Solanaceae, the lobes of its border being on the contrary conduplicate, that is to say, the sides are turned inwards, and each Jobe is thus folded separately on its inner face, along the central nervure, the sides closely pressed together, the mar- gins being quite free from those of the adjoining lobes, and thus plicated, they all possess a spirally twisted inclination in the bud. This approaches the estivation of the Salpiglossidee, to which tribe they offer a still nearer affinity in having the fifth stamen very often shorter, with the other four somewhat didynamous. It is for these reasons that I have removed the Nicotianee from ‘the Solanacee, where I formerly placed them. 2. Daturee.—With this very natural group Solandra has been associated by most botanists, but it evidently possesses a very different relationship. The Daturee are remarkable for their large showy flowers, and they ali present an estivation similar to that of the Nicotianee, only more decidedly contortive and quite distinct from the valvate preefloration of the Solanaceae. Brug- mansia I consider as most decidedly distinct generically from Datura, with which it is associated by most botanists, differing im many points of structure, and forming arborescent shrubs, sometimes even tall trees, with long pendent trumpet-shaped flowers of an unusually large size. 3. Duborsiee.—The genera composing this very distinct group were partly included by Mr. Bentham (Prodr. DeCand. x. 191) in his Salpiglossidee ; these are Duboisia and Anthocercis, to which Prof. Endlicher added Anthotroche, a genus which by the former has been referred to Solanacee. In proposing to alter the decisions of so distinguished a botanist as Mr. Bentham, who, from the accuracy of his observations and the solidity of his con- clusions, stands deservedly as one of the first botanists of our time, it becomes necessary that I should offer some extremely valid reasons for the changes now suggested, and accordingly I will offer a few remarks on each genus in succession. a. Duboisia appears to me to have no relation with any genus belonging to the Scrophulariacee. Its only species was originally described by Mr. Brown in his ‘ Prodr,’ p. 448, who placed it, together with Anthocercis, in a second section of Solanee. The habit of this plant, as well as the structure of its flowers, are there stated to agree with those of Myoporum, whence it derived its specific name: the figure given of this plant by Endlicher in his ‘ leonographia, spl. 77, sufficiently agrees with other Myo- poraceous plants there designed. On examining a specimen of 170 Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanacez. the same plant in Sir Wm. Hooker’s herbarium, I noticed one very important character that has been quite overlooked by all preceding observers: the anthers are here decidedly extrorse, instead of the usual introrse direction before assigned to them. This circumstance brings Duboisia in close connexion with the two following genera, and at once removes them from the tribe of the Salpiglossidee. : 8. Anthocercis——I was glad to avail myself of the opportu- nity of investigating the structure of the flowers in this genus from a plant in the living state of A. viscosa. It agrees with the figure given by Endlicher in his ‘ Iconographia,’ tab. 68, of A. littorea, with the exception of the very important feature of the structure of the anthers, which, as in the preceding genus, offer the very distinct peculiarity of being affixed extrorsely just above the sinus upon the filament, so that the lines of dehiscence are towards the tube of the corolla, not introrsely towards the centre of the flower, as appears represented in the plate above referred to. The estivation of the corolla in Anthocercis viscosa is also very peculiar: at first sight it would be said to be induplicato- valvate, but upon more careful examination it A ¥f will be observed that each lobe of the border is |¥§ distinctly supervolute, one of its edges being jf § rolled inwards and overlapped by its opposite fj Y/ edge; these are not all turned in one direction, |W two being dextrorsely, and the other three coiled |i up alternately in a sinistrorse order. This mode } of zstivation is certainly extremely unusual and | peculiar, approaching that observed in the Goode- noviacee, on which on a former occasion (Lond. Journ. Bot. vu. p.59) I have made some observa- tions. There exists between them this difference, that here each lobe is longitudinally and super- volutely coiled round upon itself, in a somewhat spiral form, while in Goodenia.the winged margins are respec- tively folded back over one another, upon the plane of the cen- tral portion of each segment. I have also examined in the dried state the flowers of A. littorea, A. albicans, A. Tasmanica and A. scabrella, and they all appear to offer the same kind of esti- vation and similarly extrorse anthers, so that these appear to be constant characters. It is worthy of remark, that the peculiar smell of the leaves and flowers of Anthocercis viscosa resembles that of the Myoporacee, and that its pedicels are bibracteated, which is also a feature in that family ; but its extra-axillary pe- duncles, the zstivation of its corolla, the position of its stamens, its bilocular ovarium with numerous ovules attached to a thick- Mr. J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanacee. 171 ened placentiferous dissepiment, its many-seeded capsular fruit, and its slightly curved embryo with an inferior radicle, are cha- racters quite opposed to its admission into that family. Nor can these be made to harmonize either with the Scrophulariacee or Solanacee, to the latter of which they offer a nearer affinity. These characters are sufficiently prominent and distinct, and de- mand a more attentive investigation. y. Anthotroche.—This genus was placed by Prof. Endlicher in Scrophulariacee, among the Salpiglossidee, but it has been since excluded from the order by Mr. Bentham, and referred to Solanacee (DeCand. Prodr. x. p. 586). It appears to me how- ever to have as little relation with the one as with the other of these families. Upon examining a specimen belonging to this genus from Swan River, I find that in the structure of its anthers it agrees entirely with that just described as existing in Duboisia ; this consists of one reniform unilocular cell, fixed extrorsely on the filament, and dehiscing on the exterior face by one hippocre- pical suture. Here the tube of the corolla is short and straight, and the border is divided into five regular lobes, which are ro- tately expanded ; the stamens are 5 and equal. The ovarium has an epigynous prominent stylobasic gland as in Cacabus, ana- logous to that of Hyoscyamus. | Respecting the Duboisiee it only remains to be observed, that the main points of distinction between it and the other tribes with which it is here associated, will be found to exist in the ex- trorse direction of the anthers and the singular estivation of the corolla, peculiarities which, although very remarkable, are not of themselves of sufficient importance to claim for the plants that compose it the rank of a separate family, but they constitute a very distinct tribe of the Atropacee. It will consist of two sec- tions: 1. Huduboisiee, with baccate fruit, and 2. Anthotrochee, with capsular fruit, comprising Anthocercis and Anthotroche. It corresponds with the other tribes of the Atropacee in the ori- gin of the floral peduncles being lateral with respect to the point of insertion of the petiole. 4. Schizanthee.—The genus Schizanthus, from the lateral extra-axillary insertion of its pedicels and other characters, ap- pears evidently to belong to the Atropacee rather than to the Scrophulariacee, but it does not accord with any of the tribes above noticed. It differs from them in the structure of its an- thers, which consist of two parallel cells, quite distinct and sepa- rated from one another, but conjoined by a broad membranaceous connective, upon which they are dorsally attached: it possesses five stamens, of which three are quite anantherous and rudimental ; the corolla is deeply cleft into numerous unequal segments which have an imbricate estivation. Its stigma approaches the form 172 Mr.J. Miers on several genera hitherto placed in Solanaceze. of that of Heteranthia: its fruit is capsular as in the Salpiglos- sidee, and its seeds contain a terete embryo, curved in an almost spiral form. Its leaves are always alternate and deeply pinnati- sected, showing an approach to Salpiglossis and Pteroglossis. The abortion of three of its stamens is an irregularity of which we find a parallel case in Janthe, which only differs in that re- spect from Verbascum ; and the deeply laciniated divisions of its corolla is another abnormal feature, but this may be considered only as a separation of the lobes of the corolla at each sinus, or a return to its five normal divisions, with a still farther cleavage of each lobe, by an extension in an excessive degree of the inci- sions commenced in the emarginatures of all the lobes of the border in Salpiglossis, which thus shows a tendency towards the laciniated form of the corolla of Schizanthus. 5. Salpiglossidee.—I have ventured to remove this tribe wholly from the Scrophulariacee for the reasons that will be here fully explained, and as these are founded upon facts in great measure new, I may confidently expect that such an arrangement will meet with the concurrence of the author of the able monograph of this last-mentioned family, who in detailing the characters of the tribe in question, as given in the Prodr. DeCand. x. p. 190, goes the length of saying, “ subordo Solanaceis capsularibus arcte affinis, et forte melius eis adsociandus.” I propose however to remove from it several of the genera there associated. They form an extremely natural group, distinguished by the very peculiar eestivation of their corolla, their didynamous stamens, or where a fifth occurs it is invariably sterile, and they are especially conspi- cuous for the remarkable dilatation of the stigma, which at once signalizes them from the others. Their place is manifestly among the Atropacee, with which they agree in having the ori- gin of the pedicels always somewhat lateral in regard to the floral leaflet or bract, not decidedly axillary,-as in the Scrophulariacee. They are all herbaceous plants, generally clothed with viscid glandular pubescence, and the campanular portion of the tube of the corolla is plicated in estivation ; but the lobes of its border are first conduplicate, with the margins always free from those of the contiguous lobes, and twisted inwards in a peculiar man- ner, for which I have: proposed the term reciprocative*, a con- dition intermediate between the induplicato-valvate