< Frontispiece to_ nn. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 5.5 Vol. 7 en pinta f , » & Z Kn, LD wee hehcon se “eet Se was? f co | THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’) CONDUCTED BY PRIDEAUX JOHN SELBY, Esa., F.LS., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S. &c., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. ww ee VOL. VIL—THIRD SERJESysoria5 ja. °\ “ LL % ( 242\05 elon wus. 4h LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; PIPER AND CO., BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES AND SMITH, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1861. ‘¢Qmnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potentic testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonifas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibirelictis semper estimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINNAEUS. ‘ Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rapportent toutes ses opérations.”—BRrRuUCKNER, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 1767. 6 oS 6 - ... - The sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest delis The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. TayLtor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. VII. [THIRD SERIES. ] NUMBER XXXVII. I. On the Natural History of the Lac Insect (Coccus lacca). By Page 29 Hos CARTER, Esq... 1.9. (Plate LB. fies. 1-14.) , .j.sc.sceseesconne 1 II. On the Anobiade of the Canary Islands. By T. Vernon WWOMTTATS RON Mbt UR Mes S20 ons a caiaacraec ena surs aisre ces oct sesame snes aces cam anner ll III. Description of a new Species of Spider lately discovered in Risland. sby Rh. Meamic PRICSS ...cscevssccessastcesessecesssses sas 20 IV. Notes on the Pteropodous Genus Hyalea, and Description of anew species.:) bv Wi Hi. BENSON, HSQL s25 0c. sccccssmanhscececaes esses 21 V. Description of a new Alyceus from the Andaman Islands; with Notes on other Indian Cyclostomacee. By W. H. Benson, Esq. ... 28 VI. On a Bisexual Nematoid Worm which infests the common House-Fly (Musca domestica) in Bombay. By H. J. Carrer, Esq., BbceRa SE ALGN Up NriteN 0h —45)! “deur. enc senesedas ciate acear onasecane=saeemaci VII. Remarks upon some points in the Economy of the Nudi- branchiate Mollusca. By CurHperr CoLtinewoop, M.B., F.L.S. Beal EthCMUN co ancianskcnctacind «nah Conviadasieomae-niees Nags a-wsnirintshnsaaccoe’s 33 VIII. On some additional new Species of Pyramidellide from the Islands of Japan. By ArrHuR ADAMS, F.L.S. &e. oo... cece eee ees 41 IX. Supplementary Memoir on the Genera Liriope and Pelto- gaster, Rathke. By W. Litusesore. (Plates IL. & JIL) ............ 47 New Books :—The Sea and its Living Wonders; translated from the German edition, and partly re-written by the Author, Dr. G. Hartwig.—The Ibis: a Magazine of General Ornithology, edited by Philip Lutley:Selater, MiAs Voll. its) 220 seuscccsvcseacunceeasnet 63—68 Notes of Alge, &ec., found in the Isle of Man and on the Coasts of iv CONTENTS. Northumberland and Durham, by George 8. Brady; On a new Species of Kangaroo, of the Genus Halmaturus, by John Gould, F.R.S. &e.; Note on the Female of Cuscus ornatus, by Dr. J. E. Page Gray, F.R.S. &e.; The National Museum of Victoria «........ 69—72 NUMBER XXXVIII. X. On Clavatella,.2 new Genus of Corynoid Polypes, and its Reproduction. By the Rev. Tuomas Hincxs, B.A. (Plates VIL. & IN ee Nee cre ebro akc at TM natin eee tat 73 XI. Characters of a gigantic Helix from Southern India, and of other Species from Northern India, the Malayan Coast, and the Andaman Islands. By W. H. BENSON, Esq. .......-sseeseeseeeee atone il: XII. On three new Trachinoid Fishes. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. Giere eWACS) aici csewictawroinie slarsints aire edie oamareineintairaaincieis Gusta nmaina cui etepesiaieea sae 85 NILI. On certain Coleoptera from the Island of St. Vincent. By IMEMGRN ON NiOLLAS TONS WIA, ob MissSey ts ceaceeme vies casistiiciecce cements 90 XIV. Diagnoses of new Canarian Land-Mollusca. By the Rev. FAM ee I ONN i, MV AS ca ccinctoce saree senate nesldtaleetalsiekaaess veafoluselenet gaues/saeiente 104 XV. On an Echinoderm new to Scienee, from Ireland. By the Rev. ALFRED MERLE Norman, M.A. (Plate IX. figs. 1-4.) ......... 112 XVI. On the Discovery of Physa acuta (Drap.) m England. By the Rey. ALFRED Meriter Norman, M.A. (Plate IX. figs. 5-9.) ... 114 XVII. Notes on Cambridge Palzontology:—Some new Upper Greensand Bivalves. By Harry Serecey. (Plates V. & VI.) ...... 116 XVIII. On some new Species of Hulima, Leiostraca, and Ceri- thiopsis from Japan. By ARTHUR ADAMS, F.L.S. &. ....00--0.0e ee 125 New Books :—A History of Infusoria, including the Desmidiacez: and Diatomacee, British and Foreign, by Andrew Pritchard, Esq., M.R.I. Fourth edition, enlarged and revised by J. T. Arlidge, M.B., B.A. Lond.; W. Archer, Esq.; J. Ralfs, M.R.C.S.L. ; W. C. Williamson, Esq., F.R.S.; and the Author. — Cybele Britannica; or, British Plants and their Geographical Relations, by Hewett Cottrell’ Watsons VOlIV; 20-.c.eessenaencoeanpter 132—1388 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ..........ssssccressseo-sssese 138—150 « On a Hybrid between Saturnia Pavonia-major and S. Pavonia-media (Bombyx Pyri and B. Spini, Borckh.), by M. Guérin-Méneville ; On the Mode of Nutrition of the Mucedinee, by L. Pasteur ; Description of a new Species of Pithecia (P. albicans), by Dr. J. Pie Grays TBS. Gee, 6 oi esase> eseaoteneee ac! iotosdbobanaa sat: 150—152 CONTENTS. Vv NUMBER XXXIX. Page XIX. Observations on the Bignoniacee. By Joun Miers, F.R.S., Lg Ns Ae eS einuais sean a datantesiedlats seeiap ein aaaiteie tuaeeecyaawiest. 153 XX. A Revision of the History, Synonymy, and Geographical Distribution of the recent Terebratule. By Loveuu Reeve, F.L.S., ee eter taited Se eiattoccdd ancl cons cats scuinsvienddanecden adap tentueueee a, XXI. On the Immature State of the Sea-devil (Lophius piscato- rius). By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. (Plate X. figs. C-E.)..........00006 190 XXII. On the Dentition of Herpeton tentaculatum. By Dr. AL- - BME GUNTHER: “colesventcscaeecessees pee eeenestaipiaveret esas serectr eee saneas 195 XXIII. On the Animal of Alyceus and some other Cyclophoroid Genera. By ARTHUR ADAMS, FUL.S. Ge. ...cccsscccscsdsccenacecesesss 196 XXIV. On certain Coleoptera from the Island of St. Vincent. By TD ViERNONe WOLTASTON: MEAN RUE Sis) sonccensocsseecestbettecctaseeds 197 XXV. On Nobert’s Test Plate and the Strie of Diatoms. By WSS Summ iva eads Bey Gia W ORIMEMEY ~ Sissaecewosescpicecteseeecauaseaees 207 New Book :—Suggestions for forming Collections of Birds’ Eggs, by Alfred Newtons MGALs Hes. EZeo.. es. tecsscaresee acco sassteoseses 212 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ......... pigicenateweteeatecas 214—230 On the Occurrence of Polar Species of Marine Crustacea in the Wet- tern Lake, Sweden, by Prof. Lilljeborg; On the Genus Bipalium, by William Stimpson .........,.ceeeee pictousuel wenn ciasstiatiena 230—232 NUMBER XL. XXVI. Notice of Opinions on the Stratigraphical Position of the Red Limestone of Hunstanton. By Harry SEELEY .........eceeeceee 233 XXVII. Note on a Species of Plectopylis, Benson, occurring in Southern India. By W. T. BLAnrorp, of the Geological Survey of Mra ciahren ca sascetuns Rr REA Res Rs Se ee ahi a HARA URINS REARS OPE ASE A OAC 5 244 XXVIII. On certain Coleoptera from the [sland of St. Vincent. By T. VERNON WOLLASTON, M.A., FLLAS. ....ccs-sseeeeenseneeeneeeens 246 XXIX. On a presumed Cause of Failure in Oceanic Telegraphy ; and on the Existence of Animal Life at Great Depths in the Sea. By J: Gwyn JEFFREYS, Hisg.) BRIS SEF .GiS. Wiyivgeaneaenes satexs 360 XLII. Further Observations on the Natural History of the Lac- Insect (Coccus lacca). By H. J. CARTER, Esq., F.R.S. .......0.0c0008 363 XLUI. Notes on Cambridge Paleontology :—On a new Order of Hehinoderms: By HARRY SERGEY a.ccs.c6c-¢.-c0gcendecss aeacaarsaeeee 365 XLIV. Notices of British Fungi. By the Rev. M. J. BerKELEy, MeA., L.1.S., and C. KE. Broome, Esq; (Plate XIV.) fcesecree-csnane 373 XLV. On the Recent Terebratule. By Prof. E. Suuss, of Vienna. 382 CONTENTS. Vil Page XLVI. Observations on the Bignoniacee. By JoHN Miers, RUE Oey TEU. GORE “dies cawksieoamela cating nelseuiph adn Leads slnnam en teh Gas erated seine 386 XLVII. On the Existence of Animal Life at Great Depths in the pea, By G. Co WaALLici, MCD BTS 5. is as acensvasace cs cnicuedesseayhe 396 New Books :—Life on the Earth; its Origin and Succession, by John Phillips, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. &c.—TIllustrations of the Genus Cusvr iby Erancis Bootts MDs. casi cass cecaceqan isu detessdenkas 399—406 Proceedings of the Royal Society; Zoological Society ......... 407—422 On the Anemone nemorosa purpurea, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. ; On the Raphides of Lemnacee, by George Gulliver, F.R.S. ; On the Habits and Larva of Mormolyce, by John Bowring, Esq.; A new Canadian Dye; On the Development of Doliolum, ye DEM. Keferstem, and! Bhlers” os ccenvsns8:.-0nasccaseicesenese 422—424 NUMBER XLII. XLVIII. On the Ophidian Genus Helicops. By Dr. ALBERT Gr Op NED Ie as ore easel eunc ca tiddcawert a easeennedrcatts onsen creams aaenancates 425 XLIX. Descriptions of ten new Species of Spiders lately discovered in England. By the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, B.A. ......cesccessseeeeee 498 L. On the Discovery of Macrauchenia in Bolivia. By CHARLES CONE EAR) Otaeee ncneacans ce ASE eee PBECORE are CECE CUES. 441 LI. On the Recent Terebratule; in Reply to some Observations by Prof. E. Suess, of Vienna. By Lovey Reeve, F.L.S., F.G.S. 443 LIT. Notices of British Fungi. By the Rev. M. J. Berkey, M.A., F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq. (Plates XV. XVI. XVII)... 449 LIII. On the Cerebral Characters of Man and the Ape. By Prof. nicHarnp Owrn. / (Plates! XEX. XX. AKT.) os enescacengecvescasesaces 456 LIV. On the possible Identity of Paussus lineatus, Thunberg, and P. Parrianus, Westwood; with Notes on the Characters of Specimens taken at the Cape of Good Hope. By W.H. Benson, Esq. ......... 459 LV. Zoological Notes on perusing M. Du Chaillu’s ‘ Adventures in Equatorial Africa.” By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &¢.......40. 463 New Books :—The Botanist’s Guide to the Counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine, by G. Dickie, M.A., M.D., Prof. of Botany in the University of Aberdeen.—Seasons with the Sea-horses ; or, Sporting Adventures in the Northern Seas, by James Lamont, BSG alse Se Sateanentacs oe cecevaaateeeemmuceneneasn tse fe Seaterante sa me 4 70-—479 vill CONTENTS. Page Proceedings of the Zoological Society ....+-.ss:seseeeeeeeeeee nee ees 479—484 On an undescribed Species of British Zoanthus, by E. W. H. Holds- worth, F.L.S. &e.; The Chronology of M. Du Chaillu’s Travels ; On the Anatomy of the Sipunculi, by MM. Keferstein and Ehlers ; On two new Species of Heteropelma, by Dr. P. L. Sclater; On a new Species of Kerivoula, by R. F. Tomes, Esq.; On a new Genus and Species of Parrakeet (Geopsittacus occidentalis, Gould) from Western Australia, by John Gould, F.R.S.; Description of a new Squirrel (Sciwrus Gerrardi) from New Granada, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.; On a new Genus of Australian Fresh- water Fishes, by Dr. Albert Giinther, For. Memb. Zool. Soc. ; On the Retrograde Metamorphosis of certain Nematode Worms, Day Drs GR) MOV aa) saece'atce ooe\n aniewisioie nnsimelainieein auscmainid cosbenietys 484—491 PLATES | IN VOL. VII. FRONTISPIECE to the Volume—Portrait of Prof. HENrrey, F.R.S. PLATE I. Development and Structure of Coccus lacca.—Filaria Musee. II. Sacculina Carcini.—Clistosaccus Paguri.—Peltogaster Paguri. III. Peltogaster suleatus.—Apeltes Paguri. IV. Triopa claviger. vr fNew Bivalves from the Upper Greensand. aan \ clavatella prolifera. IX. Strephenterus claviger.—Physa acuta. X. Crapatalus Nove Zelandize.—Young of Lophius piscatorius. XI. New Gasteropods from the Upper Greensand. ai. An ‘ew Australian Hydrozoa. pe | a i New British Fungi. XVII. 7 Reproduction of Chrysaora hyoscella.—Reproduetive Element oe. { of the Rhizopoda. : a a Dissections of the Brain of the Negro and of the Chimpanzee. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. (THIRD SERIES. } GC ccconcccecescces per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circim vitreos considite fontes : Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores : Fioribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”’ N. Parthenii Giannettasii Ec\, 1. No. 37. JANUARY 1861. I.—On the Natural Mistory of the Lac-Insect (Coccus lacca). By H. J. Carrer, Esq., F.R.S. [Plate I. B. figs. 1 to 14.] HAVING had an opportunity of examining the Lac-insect just previous to the evolution of its young, and of watching the latter from this period up to the time at which they become incarce- rated in the resmous substance which they secrete around them- selves, known in commerce by the name of “lac,” and finding that a description of the changes which the insect undergoes still remains unpublished, so far as I am aware, while that which has been stated on the subject is more or less incorrect, I am not without hope that the following observations may prove both new and acceptable. Thus much is known :—that the substance called “lac” con- sists of a resinous incrustation partly encircling or scattered over the small branches of several trees and shrubs of different kinds in India; that the incrustation is cellular, and that each cell indicates the position of one of the insects which secreted it ; that the insect contains a red colouring matter called “lac-dye,” which is also an article of commerce, and is allied to cochineal ; and that, at a certain period of the year, vast numbers of young animals leave these cells and, spreading themselves over the Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.3. Vol. vii. 1 2 Mr. H.J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. neighbouring branches, fix themselves to the bark, which they pierce with their beaks, and then begin to pour forth from their bodies the resinous substance above mentioned. On the 25th of June last (1860), my attention was drawn to the subject more particularly by a fresh branch of the Custard- apple tree (Annona squamosa), bearing portions of the lac, having been presented to me by my friend Major Burke. The branch was taken from a tree growing in the enclosure of the Bombay Mint, within a few yards of the sea, and in the midst of the smoke of steam-engines, smelting-furnaces, and the atmosphere of a crowded population; while the resmous incrustation and the red colourmg matter, both in quality and quantity, did not appear to me to be less than that which is produced by the insect in localities widely separated as well from the sea as from all human habitations. On receiving this branch and observing that it was fresh, and that the insects in the incrustation were also living, my curiosity was directed to ascertaining the form and organology of the latter. Meanwhile the young began to pour forth—that is, on or about the lst of July; and by the middle of that month the whole branch had become covered with them ; but, for want of nourishment, as they became stationary, so they died without apparently secreting any of the resinous substance around them ; and thus I was obliged to visit the Custard-apple tree itself for the purpose of examining the subsequent changes which the imsect undergoes,—which changes, together with a description of the form and organology of the full-grown insect, so far as I have been able to ascertain them, will now be related. The first feature that strikes the eye on looking at the surface of the incrustation, when the insects which are within it are alive, is the presence of a kind of white powder, like that ob- served about the cochineal-insects ; this is concentrated here and there into little spots, and on being more closely examined will be seen to be chiefly confined to three bunches of curly, hair- like filaments, which radiate from three small holes in each spot (Pl. I. B. fig. 1 ff). The holes are situated triangularly with respect to each other, two (d) being closer together than the third (e), which is the largest, and which, by and by, will be found to be the anal, while the other two will be found to be spiracular apertures: all three are continuous with correspond- ing apertures in the insect, from which the white filaments originally proceed, which filaments we shall hereafter observe to be the attenuated extremities of the trachez. If we now examine the contents of the interior, which we may easily obtain entire by dissolving off the lac in spirits of wine (for, from their tenderness, they can hardly ever be extricated Mr. H. J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. 3 without rupture by simply breaking the incrustation), it will be observed that each cell is filled with a single insect, which is now almost as much unlike one as any object can well be unlike an- other, — consisting of a pyriform sac of a dark-red colour, smooth, shining, and presenting at its elongated end one, and at its obtuse end three papillary processes (fig. 1 ec); the former, which is a continuation of the elongated end, is fixed to the bark; and the three latter, which project from the middle of the obtuse end, are respectively continuous with the three holes in the lac above noticed. As with these holes, so with the three pro- cesses: one is much larger and longer than the other two, which latter are of the same size; the former is also further distinguished by having several hairs round the margin of the aperture which exists at its extremity,—a poimt which it is de- sirable to remember, as it will serve by and by to identify it with the anal extremity of the animal when in its msect form. So far the spirit of wine assists; but when we come to the contents of the body, it is not only necessary to avoid using spirit of wine, from the disfiguration which it occasions by causing the tissues to contract, but also to extricate the body by fracturing the lac, and dissect its contents as quickly as possible, on account of the rapidity with which they pass into dissolution after death: this is probably the reason why this part of the history of the insect has remained unpublished up to the present time. Directing our attention to the interior, after the rupture of the insect, which takes place more or less with that of the lac, we are at once struck with the volumimousness of the organ containing the red colouring matter, which organ thus obscures everything else; and it is not before a quantity of it is removed by gentle edulcoration that we can (still under water, for the anatomy of this msect can be studied in no other way) arrive at a view of the other organs of the body, when it will be observed that there is an alimentary canal, liver, trachez, and, last of all, the organ containing the red colouring matter, which we shall presently find to be the ovary. To each of these organs, then, separately and briefly, we will now give our attention. The alimentary canal commences with an attenuated, shape- less cesophagus (PI. I. fig. 2 d), at the elongated end of the body (a), which is thus seen to be the oral extremity, and after pass- ing upwards for about two-thirds of the length of the abdominal cavity, where it becomes enlarged and convoluted, turns back to make a single revolution (e e), in the course of which it soon becomes diminished in calibre (g), and receiving the hepatic duct at this point, terminates at length in the rectum, which opens at the great papillary process (0). The liver (ff) consists of a 1* 4 Mr.H.J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. single straight, sacculated, beaded tube, of the same size through- out, presenting a yellow colour, and giving off the hepatic duct (g) a little nearer one end than the other; while the trachez (k k) are amassed into bundles, apparently without order, and send forth many of their extremities (mm) through the two small (cc), as wellas through the large (4), anal apertures, to terminate on the surface of the lac in the way above mentioned (fig. 1dd). Lastly, we come to the ovary (7 7 7), which consists of a volu- minous tree of tubes apparently branched dichotomously, with each branch, large and small, bearing long elliptical pouches, in each of which, again, is a correspondingly shaped ovum,—the whole nearly filling the body, and terminating in a single ovi- duct (2), which opens (probably through the rectum) at the anal aperture. The ovum (fig. 3), on the other hand, consists of an elliptical transparent envelope (0) filled with little cells (c), each of which contains oil(?)-globules (7) and globules filled with the red colouring matter (e). The oil-globules are spherical, uniform in size, and much larger than the red globules, which are also spherical, but distinctly separated from the oil-globules and from each other. Whether these bodies respectively have deli- cate cell-walls or not, I am ignorant; but while they are both distinctly defined in the ovum when the insect is first opened under water, both soon burst by imbibition, and become lost to view by dispersion of their contents. Thus the red colouring matter exists originally in the form of distinct globules or in cells in the ovum. The further changes in the ovum, preparatory to the full de- velopment of the embryo, I have not followed ; but about the beginning of July the young ones are perfectly formed, and, issuing through the anal aperture in the incrustation, they creep on to the neighbouring parts of the branch, and, soon fixing themselves by inserting their beaks into the bark as before stated, commence secreting the lac or resinous substance, in which they soon become incarcerated. Myriads issue in this way, as may well be conceived when, at a guess, I should think, each insect contamed a thousand: but by far the greater number die ; for although the branches become quite red with them, it is only here and there that a few, scattered or in groups, live; the rest still remain attached to the bark, but dried up and dead, which may arise, perhaps, from not having been sufficiently developed, or not being strong enough at their delivery to pierce the bark for sustenance. On leaving the parent, the young Coccus (PI. I. fig. 4) is of a minium-red colour, about 1-40th of an inch long, elliptical, ob- tuse anteriorly, without any division between the head and body, possessing six legs, two antenne, two small eyes, marginal and Mr. H. J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. 5 lateral, and two long hairs (0 6), growing from the penultimate segment of the abdomen; the body segmented regularly ; the oral aperture ventral and placed at some distance from the ante- rior extremity; two tufts of white, powdery, hair-like filaments budding from the sides of the thorax respectively, in the place of wings (aa), and a tuft of the same kind (c), bifurcated, and curling outwards on each side, projecting from the anal orifice. Anal orifice surrounded by a row of short, strong hairs. At this period the insect is almost too small for examination organologically ; but after it has crept off the incrustation and on to the bark of the branch, it soon becomes stationary, and enlarging, as the resinous secretion exudes from the surface of the body so as to surround all parts except the oral orifice and the three apertures from which the three white tufts issue, at the expiration of a month (that is, by the middle of August) it measures in length almost the 18th part of an inch. If we now examine it minutely, it will be observed that the legs, antenne, and the whole of the chitinous parts of the body have become almost undistinguishably incorporated with the resinous secretion, which, when dissolved from the imsect by spirit of wine, leaves the body (fig. 11) almost in a larval or caterpillar form, but without eyes or any other appendages, save the three white tufts of hair-like filaments, and the proboscis, which is now fully developed. The proboscis (fig. 12 a) consists of a fleshy projection, situated at a little distance from the head, ventrally, presenting a depression in the centre, from which issue four long hairs or set, based internally upon as many pyramidal inflations situated almost at right angles to each other, and supported by other horny elements, which also ap- pear to belong to the machinery of the proboscis. These hairs together form the penetrating organ through which the juice of the tree is extracted ; but whether they are hollow, and do this individually, or form a single tube by combination for this pur- pose, I have not been able to determine. On the other hand, the three apertures from which the white tufts proceed, and which are now seen to open through the in- crustation, are observed to be situated in the thorax (fig. 11 a a) and at the tail (bb) respectively—thus identifying the latter, which still presents the circle of hairs round the anal orifice (fig. 11 ¢ and fig. 12 5), with the large papilla or anal orifice of the full-grown insect (fig. 2 6), and the former or thoracic aper- tures with the two other papillee (cc), which appear to replace the wings. The white tufts projecting from all these we have already found to consist of the extremities of the trachez covered with a white powder. Thus we see that the merease of size which takes place in the 6 Mr. H.J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. female insect, from its locomotive form to its ultimate develop- ment in the fixed state, is chiefly effected by an enlargement and elongation of the body between the mouth, on the one hand, and the parts from which the three white tufts project, on the other ; for the oral extremity simply becomes elongated, and the three other openings of the body remain as near together, in the resinous incrustation, at the end as they were at the commence- ment. Of what the white powder on the trachee consists, I am ignorant, further than that it does not dissolve in spirits of wine like the lac, which, on the other hand, appears to be a secretion from the skin generally, analogous to the chitious one which would be required under other circumstances. Male Insect. On the 8th of September I visited the Custard-apple tree again, to see how the incrusted young were progressing ; and, on close examination of the parts where they were most con- eregated, observed, here and there, little red insects actively crawling over them, which insects appeared so like the original young ones, that I thought they must be a few stragglers of a later evolution ; but on inspecting them more particularly, they were observed to possess much larger antenne ; and therefore it was concluded that they were males, which afterwards proved to be the case. Several of them were collected for description, and a small portion of one of the branches, more or less covered by the incrusted young, brought away, to show how the secretion of the lac was progressing. The male (PI. I. fig. 5) is a little larger than the young ones at their exit from the parent; it has larger antennz, which are hairy-plumose (fig. 7) and consist of seven articulations, not including the two basal ones; four eyes, two lateral and two underneath the head (fig. 6); two long hair-like appendages, covered with white powder, proceeding from the penultimate segment above (fig. 5 66); and a beak-like horny extension (a) from the last segment, which is curved a little downwards and composed of two members (fig. 9 a, b), an upper and a lower one, both grooved, and forming together a cylindrical channel, through which the semen is conveyed into the female. Thus the changes which the larva undergoes during incar- ceration, to produce the male, consist in an enlargement and alteration in form of the antennz; in the differentiation of the head, and the addition of two large eyes underneath it, which appear to be for the purpose of enabling the male, as he crawls over the lac covering the females, to find out the apertures in it that lead to the vulve ; in the addition of the male organ, and Mr. H. J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. 7 in the replacing of the two hairs growing from the penultimate segment on either side of the tail by two delicate, white, twisted cords, composed of the attenuated extremities of the trachee. There are further differences between the sexes at this period, in the female having lost all traces of eyes, antennz, and legs, whilst, no differentiation having taken place between the head and body, the female is reduced to a mere elliptical sac, with but faint traces of the original segmentation. From the thorax, how- ever, project the two tufts of white trachez, which are absent in the male, and also a tuft from the anal extremity, the two hairs before alluded to (fig. 4.6 6) having disappeared altogether ; but the row of hairs round the anus, which are now absent in the male, still remain in the female (fie. 11 54), and appear to serve the purpose chiefly of preventing the secretion of lac from cover- ing up the anal aperture. “At this period only, the bodies of both male and female are about the same size (viz. about 1-27th of an inch long) ; but while the former has become more highly developed and eliminated, for the performance of his special function, the latter has be- come retrograde and permanently incarcerated for hers. So unsparingly does Nature deal with her forms for the develop- ment of the new being ! Impregnation.—After having taken home the small portion of the branch above mentioned, which was covered more or less with the newly incrusted brood, on which there were no free males, I was astonished, on taking it up an hour or two after- wards, to observe that two had made their appearance, and were actively engaged in impregnating the females. This they do by drawing the organ before described downwards and a little for- wards just over the hole in the lac which leads to the anal orifice of the female, and then inserting it; after which the male sits on the hole, as it were, for a few moments, and then, withdraw- ing the penis, goes to another female, and so on till his office is fulfilled. I now watched the process for some time; and having sufti- ciently satisfied myself of the fact as just stated, the two males were removed for microscopical examination, and the branch left as before without any. Next morning, to my astonishment, I again found two more males on it, actively engaged in perform- ing their duty like the former ones; and then it struck me that they must come from some of the incrustations; so I examined the latter, and soon saw that there were two distinct kinds of incrustations on the bark,—one (fig. 14) circular, slightly larger than the other, and, when isolated from the rest (which for the most part are agelomer ated), presenting twelve notches or tecth symmetrically arranged round the base, six on each side, with 8 Mr.H.J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. the three holes above, and the white tufts projecting from them as before described (a and 6): this, of course, was the female. The other form of incrustation (fig. 13) was narrower and elliptical, like that of the young insect at evolution, but without serrated base, holes, or white hair-like appendages. Finally, it was observed that the latter were frequently empty, and open at their unfixed and elevated end (b), while from others the tail of the male insect itself was projecting. Thus the origin of the male and the process of impregnation as to time and act were easily determined; while it was also observed that in some parts there were almost, if not quite, as many male as female incrustations present, in others not so many. On the evolution of the young, therefore, all at first would appear to attach themselves to the bark, and pierce it for nutri- ment—at least, all that live—preparatory to undergoing further general and generative development (for all are alike, apparently, when first hatched), and that then they respectively become changed for the fulfilment of their ultimate functions,—the males for impregnating the females, and the females for secreting the lac and developing the new brood; but the latter, as before shown, does not appear until the month of July of the followmg year. Thus we sce that the young Coccus, as we have termed it, merits rather the term of “larva” (from the metamorphosis which it subsequently undergoes to pass into the matured forms of male and female respectively) than that of “young insect.” Again, all begin to secrete from their bodies the resious substance even before they have fixed themselves to the bark ; for those had it which were hatched from the lac on the branch that was first presented to me, after the latter was dry and dead; so that no doubt can exist of the lac being produced by the in- sect itself, and that it is not a mere exudation from the tree, which follows the insertion of its proboscis into the bark, as has been stated. But while those which are to become males are entirely, though but temporarily, shut in by the lac which they subse- quently elaborate from the juices of the tree on which they may be located, those which are to become females preserve through- out the three apertures before mentioned, from which project the white tufts of trachez. These tufts, which previous to impregnation (fig. 14a, 6d) consisted of but a few filaments from each aperture, and thus in no way impeded the functions of the male, had so increased immediately after impregnation (that is, by the 20th of Septem- Mr. H. J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. 9 ber), that every part of the branch covered with the new lac was rendered white by it ; and although there were still a few females which were not enveloped by it (and probably, therefore, were not impregnated), yet for the most part they were thickly covered byethis cottony substance; and the few remaining males that were present were so inextricably entangled in it, and so pre- vented from coming into contact with the females by it, that, together with the presence of dead ones also entangled in the mass, it may be inferred that this rapid evolution of the cotton- hke substance at once indicates the death-season of the males, and that impregnation has been fully performed. One other observation I would add, which is more practical than scientific, viz. that, to obtain as much resin and as much colouring matter as possible, the gathering of lac should take place towards the end of May or the beginning of June, just before the evolution of the young, which, as will have been seen above, carry away with them the greater part of the colouring matter. In Ure’s ‘ Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures,’ which contains by far the best, and least incorrect, account of this insect that I have met with, it is stated that the evolution of the young takes place in “ November or December,” and afterwards, in “ October or November,” while the lac is gathered twice a year, in March and October.” It is also stated in the same article that the male insect has “four wings,” and that there is “ one to every 5000 females ;” while we are not a little surprised to see, in P.Gervais and Van Beneden’s ‘ Zoologie Médicale’ (1859), p. 374, that lac “exudes from certain trees through the punc- tures which have been made by the females.” It was this and sundry other statements, together with seeing that the insect could be examined successfully only in the country where it lives, which induced me to avail myself of the opportu- nities presented to me of obtaining as much of its history as I could, for publication. On the 25th of June I received the branch of the Custard- apple tree with the hving matured lac-insect on it in its inerus- tation. About the 5th of July, the young or larvee, about 1-40th of an inch long, began to issue. On the 14th of August all were fixed to, and progressively enlarging, im incrustation, on the Custard-apple tree. On the 8th of September the males were leaving their incrustations and impregnating the females, each sex being now about 1-27th inch long ; and on the 20th of September the females were almost all concealed under an exuberant evolu- tion of the white cottony substance (which we now know to be the attenuated extremities of the trachez covered with a white 10 Mr. H.J. Carter on the Natural History of the Lac-Insect. powder), with a single male insect here and there alive, and many dead ones, entangled in it. Bombay, Oct. 11, 1860. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 5 6 i. 8 J: 10. 11. 13. 14. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. B., Figs. 1—14. . Transverse section of a branch bearing “lac,” with five full-grown individuals of Coccus lacca in it, just before the evolution of the young (natural size): @, section of branch; 6 6, dotted line showing outline of lac; ¢ c, lac-insects; d, large or anal papilla ; e e, the two small or thoracic papille ; ff, tufts of white-powdery trachez. . Diagram of full-grown Coccus lacca, to show internal organs, &c.: a, oral papilla, which is attached to the branch; 4, anal papilia surrounded by hairs at its opening, from which projects (m) the tuft of cottony substance (trachez) ; ¢ c, the two thoracic papille, from each of which also projects a tuft of the cottony substance ; d, cesophagus; e e, alimentary canal; f, liver; g, hepatic duct ; h, oviduct; i277, branches of the same, bearing ova (this organ is greatly reduced in bulk, for the sake of perspicuity); kk, tra- chee ; J/1, section of sac; m m, tufts of white-powdery trachez, resembling cotton in appearance. . Pouch or diverticulum of ovary, magnified to show—a, pouch ; b, ovum filled with cells; c, one of these cells magnified, showing d, oil(?)-globules, and e, globules or cells containing the colourmg matter. . Larva or young Coccus lacca as it issues from the parent (1-40th inch long, magnified): aa, the two tufts of trachee budding from the thorax; 66, the two hairs extending from the pen- ultimate segment of the abdomen; ec, tuft of anal trachex; d, eyes. . Coccus lacca, male (1-18th inch long, magnified): @, penis; 6 6, white filaments composed of trachez twisted into a cord. . The same: ventral view of the head, to show the lower pair of eyes. Antenna of the same, more magnified: a@, free extremity; 6, the base. . Antenna of larva, magnified. Penis, magnified: a, upper, and 6, lower member. Tarsus of mature insect, both male and female, magnified. Coccus lacca, female (of the same age as the male), after its im- crustation has been dissolved off with spirits of wine), 1-18th inch long: aa, thoracic tufts of trachee; 56, anal ditto; c, row of hairs around anal orifice, identical with fig. 2 0. . Head and tail of the same, more magnified, to show—a, pro- boscis, and }, row of hairs round anal orifice. Form of male incrustation : a, fixed extremity; 5, free ditto. Form of isolated female incrustation, of the thirteenth week: a, anal tuft of trachez issuing from anal orifice; 6 6, thoracic tufts of tracheze. Mr. T. V. Wollaston on Canarian Anobiade. ll Il.—On the Anobiade of the Canary Islands. By T. Vernon Wo ttaston, M.A., F.L.S. Havine had occasion lately to look somewhat critically into the various Anobiade collected by myself during 1858 and 1859 in the Canarian archipelago, I subjoin an enumeration of them, which I believe will be found approximately complete as regards the members of this small but interesting family in the several islands of that Atlantic group. Fam. Anobiade. Genus STaGETUS (nov. gen.). Corpus parvum, subovato-globosum, convexum, pubescens, durum, Syncalypte formam simulans: capite deflexo, sub margine protho- racis antico parum recondito, oculis subrotundatis, minus prominulis : prothorace longiusculo, subconico (antice producto attenuato, postice lato truncato vix sinuato): scutello minuto, triangulari : elytris sub- connatis, pygidium tegentibus: alis obsoletis: abdomine e segmentis 5 composito, 1™° costato-limbato, brevi, preesertim in medio, et ibidem in lobum crasso-elevatum (in metasternum receptum) re- trorsum producto. Antenne longiusculz, basi distantes, infra oculos insertze, distinctissime 11-articulatee, art. 1™° maximo robusto crasso subflexuoso, 2°° minus incrassato brevi basin versus (preesertim extus) clavato, 3° ad 8™ gradatim paulo latioribus (34°, 4% 5'°que sub- elongatis gracilibus, longitudine leviter decrescentibus, latitudine vix crescentibus; 6%, 7™° 8’°que gradatim distincte latioribus et gra- datim magis triangularibus intus productis), reliquis clavam mag- nam laxam longissimam 3-articulatam efficientibus (9° et 10™° oblongis apice truncatis, 11™° elongato-oblongo). Labrum parvum, corneum, longiusculum, postice constricto-angustatum, antice rotun- datum angulis anticis valde rotundatis, per marginem anticum leviter rotundatum et ibidem ciliatum. Mandibule valide, cornee, tri- angulares, ad apicem acutee integree, mox intra apicem dente maximo acuto instructee, inde ad basin subrectee. Mazille bilobe, lobis latis membranaceis, intus longe et dense pubescentibus, interno bre- viore. Palpi mavillares articulo 1™° flexuoso, 2%° vix clavato, 34° breviore, ultimo magno crasso securiformi-fusiformi apice oblique truncato : /adiales haud distincte observavi. Mentum corneum, tri- angulare sed apice recte et late truncatum. Ligula longiuscula, sub- membranacea, basi rotundata, apice valde profunde biloba, lobis magnis subdivergentibus pilosis obtusis, in media parte (inter lobos) crassior et ibidem pilis duobus longissimis obsita. Pedes graciles, contractiles: ¢idiis rectis, gracilibus, ad apicem internum minute calcaratis : farsis brevibus, art. 1™° (paulo in anticis, magis in inter- mediis, et maxime in posticis) elongato, 24, 34° 4t°que brevioribus et ad apicem internum gradatim productis, ultimo brevi ovato wungut- culis minutissimis simplicibus munito. Obs. Genus inter Anobium et Dorcatoma aliquo modo situm, sed ab illis sine dubio distinctum ; antennarum labrique structura, necnon 12 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on the Anobiadee elytris subconnatis, prothorace conico antice producto, corpore sub- globoso aptero hirtulo a generibus Anobiadum plerisque discedit. A orayeros, gutta. Until critically examining the two insects described below, I had regarded them as members of the genus Dorcatoma; but on comparing them therewith, I perceive that they possess abun- dant distinctive features of their own. Apart from their more conical, anteriorly-produced prothoraces, and subglobose pilose bodies—which, at first sight, much resemble those of Syncalypta and other small exponents of the Byrrhide,—the structure of their antenne is altogether dissimilar from that of Dorcatoma, being not only distinctly 11-articulate (whilst those of the latter have but ten* joints), but almost coincident with those of the Anobia, except that the six intermediate articulations (between the 2nd and 9th) are of totally different proportions and shape, —the first three of them being slender and elongate (though gradually decreasing in length), whilst the latter three are thicker and subtriangular, being gradually more and more pro- duced at their inner apical angle. Their 3-articulated club is very long and lax, and almost without any tendency to have its first two joints internally produced. In the construction of the mandibles, maxille, and ligula, they agree pretty nearly with both Dorcatoma and Anobium, whilst their mentum and feet are more suggestive of the latter than of the former; but, apart from the details of their antennze and outward contour (which have been just alluded to), in their very singular upper hip, obsolete wings, and subconnate elytra, they recede entirely from both. 1. Stagetus hirtulus, n. sp. S. niger, pube flavo-cinerea longiuscula suberecta vestitus ; prothorace antice (oculo valde armato) remote punctato (punctis levissimis sed magnis) ; elytris leviter striatis, striis versus latera obsolete sub- crenatis ; antennis piceo-testaceis ; pedibus rufo-piceis. Long. corp. lin. 1-14. Habitat prope oppidum Valverde in ins. Hierro, mense Februario 1858 parce captus. The present imsect and the following one are very nearly allied; but the S. hartulus is perhaps a trifle the larger and more * Prof. Lacordaire, in his admirable work on the ‘ Genera of Coleoptera,’ states that these small intermediate joints in the antenne of Dorcatoma, between the second and the club, are, from their minute size, most difficult to count. In an English specimen, however, of the D. flavicornis, the parts of which I have lately mounted in balsam for the microscope, there are unquestionably (and most distinctly) five of them—the first bemg about half as long again as any of the others, and rather slenderer at its base, whilst the remaining four are very short and closely connected inter se,— making the whole antenna to be 10-articulate. of the Canary Islands. 13 elobular of the two ; its pubescence is somewhat longer, and its elytra are more lightly striated,—the striz, except the ones to- wards either side (and even those very obsoletely so), having no tendency to be crenulated. I captured several specimens of it in Hierro, during my sojourn there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe and Mr. Gray in February 1858, both near the town of Val- verde and in the sylvan region of El Golfo, on the west of the island. 2. Stagetus crenatus, n. sp. S. niger, pube flavo-cinerea paulo breviore depressiore vestitus ; pro- thorace antice distinctius remote punctato ; elytris distincte crenato- striatis ; antennis piceo-testaceis ; pedibus rufo-piceis. Long. corp. lin. 1. Habitat Teneriffam, ad Souzal et “ Ycod de los Vinhos” inter lichenes in truncis arborum crescentes collegi. The more deeply striated and distinctly crenated elytra of the present species, in conjunction with its rather shorter pile, will (as already stated) distinguish it from the S. hirtulus. I have hitherto only observed it in Teneriffe, where I have captured it at Yeod de los Vinhos, and from out of lichens growing on the trunk of an old tree at Souzal. Genus XYLETINUS. Latreille, Cuv. Régne Anim. (ed. 2) iv. 483 (1829). Whether the four insects described below should not properly be detached from the Xy/etini, I will not at present undertake to pronounce for certain; nevertheless it must be admitted that their softer, less ovate (¢.e. more cylindric) and pilose bodies, posteriorly-rounded and less sinuated prothorax, and unstriated elytra, in conjunction with the more or less perceptibly longer second articulation of their feet, would give them a primd facie claim for separation; nevertheless, since the ultimate jomt of their palpi is decidedly securiform, I would not magnify the above discrepancies more than is necessary. From the Notio- mimi (which have a more evidently elongate second tarsal joimt) they may be known by, inter alia, the securiform termination of their palpi, and their less strictly sericeous (or more properly pilose) surfaces. § I. Palpi mavillares articulo ultimo securiformi, simplici. 3. Xyletinus desectus, n. sp. X. rufo-brunneus, sat crebre punctulatus et pube breviuscula sub- depressa flavo-cinerea dense tectus; elytris obsoletissime subseriatim pubescentibus, ad humeros rotundato-desectis (7. e. oblique trun- 14, Mr. T. V. Wollaston on the Anobiadze catis); antennis dilute testaceis; pedibus rufo-ferrugineis, tibiis gracilibus. Long. corp. lin. 13-1}. Habitat in Canana Grandi, i in regione “‘ EK] Monte” mensibus Martio et Aprili 1858 a meipso detectus. In their general contour, clothing, and hue, the present spe- cies and the following one are very similar, and therefore might easily be confounded unless their characters were clearly pointed out. I am convinced, however, after a careful examination of them, that they are truly distinct, —the X. desectus not only being very much more coarsely punctulated (when viewed be- neath the microscope), and having its shoulders more obliquely truncated or rounded-off, but likewise having the basal joint of its (rather longer and darker) antenne considerably less inflated —a structure which is exceedingly apparent when the antennz of the two species are removed, and gummed alongside each other on a separate card. In minor details, the X. desectus has its elytra a trifle more convex (or drawn- in) posteriorly, with their pubescence rather shorter and with a more evident tendency to be disposed in longitudinal rows, and its legs are a shade darker, with their tibize just perceptibly more slender. In its habits, also, it would appear to be less exclusive; at any rate the few specimens which I have hitherto detected of it were captured (by brushing) 7 aperto, im the region of El Monte in Grand Canary, whereas the X. latitans I have as yet only ob- served under the dead bark of old Huphorbia-stems. 4. Xyletinus latitans, n. sp. X. rufo-brunneus, crebre et minutissime punctulatus (punctulis oculo valde armato solum observandis) et pube longiuscula suberecta flavo-cinerea tectus; elytris posterius paulo minus convexis, obso- letissime seriatim subcostatis, ad humeros minus oblique rotundatis; antennis brevibus, testaceis, articulo basilari maximo inflato ; pe- dibus ferrugineis, tibiis subgracilibus. Long. corp. lin. 14-13. Habitat in insulis Teneriffa et Hierro, sub cortice Euphorbiarum arido laxo latitans. The distinctions between the present species and the last one, which are very closely allied, have been already pointed out,— the slightly larger size, and most minutely and less deeply punc- tulated surface (even beneath the microscope) of the X. latitans, in conjunction with its less rounded shoulders, rather longer and more coarsely pubescent elytra, shorter and paler antenne (which have their basal joimt more swollen), and its somewhat less slender tibiz, being sufficient to characterize it. The few exam- ples which I have as yet taken were captured beneath the loose outer bark of dead Euphorbia-stems, under which circumstances of the Canary Islands. 15 I have taken it at Orotava in Teneriffe, and in the district of El Golfo on the west of Hierro. § Il. Palpi mazillares articulo ultimo securiformi, sed ad apicem internum late oblique excavato. 5. Xyletinus excavatus, n. sp. X. piceus, sat crebre punctulatus et pube longiuscula suberecta cinerea dense tectus ; elytris obsoletissime subseriatim pubescentibus ; an- tennis gracilibus, rufo-testaceis; pedibus rufo-ferrugineis, tibiis latiusculis, tarsis subgracilibus. Long. corp. lin. 1}. Habitat in Canaria Grandi australi, mense Aprili 1858 captus. Well distinguished from the other Xyletini here described by its darker and more piceous hue, rather more erect and paler pubescence, and somewhat broad tibiz. Its tarsi also are a little longer and slenderer than is the case in the allied species, and have their basal joint (in proportion to the rest) more perceptibly thickened. 6. Xyletinus brevis, nu. sp. X. rufo-brunneus, sat crebre punctulatus et pube longiuscula sub- depressa flavo-cinerea tectus ; elytris breviter ovatis, ventricosis ; antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis. Long. corp. lin. 14. Habitat in ins. Palma, mense Maio 1858 repertus. The short-ovate outline of this interesting little Xy/etinus, the elytra of which are subventricose, and not at all parallel at their sides, will at once distinguish it from the other species here described. In the apically scooped-out terminal joint of its maxillary palpi it agrees with the X. excavatus ; nevertheless the emargination is somewhat less deep than in that insect, whilst its totally different shape and paler hue will still further separate it therefrom. Genus Noriomimus (nov. gen.). Corpus parvum, cylindrico-oblongum, sat durum: capite magno, lato, inflexo, ad pectus inter otium applicando, oculis rotundatis : prothorace brevi, transverso, antice subtruncato, postice subsinuato- rotundato angulis posticis valde rotundatis; prosterno brevissimo: scutello sat magno, subtriangulari: e/ytris postice plus minus abbre- viatis, pygidium vix tegentibus: alis amplissimis: abdomine e seg- mentis 5 composito, 1—4 brevibus transversis inter se longitudine subzequalibus, 5° paulo longiore subtriangulari. Antenne basi distantes, sed longe infra oculos insertee, 11-articulate, art. 1™° magno robusto subflexuoso, 2° minore brevi clavato, 34° longiore paulo graciliore triangulari intus apice oblique truncato, 4' ad 10™™ Jatitudine longitudineque vix paulatim crescentibus fortiter serratis (i. e. triangularibus intus productis), ultimo graciliore 16 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on the Anobiadse elongato-ovato. Labrum subcorneum, postice angustatum, antice lato-ampliatum angulis anticis rotundatis sed per marginem anti- cum rectissime truncatum et ibidem ciliatum. Mandibule valide, cornez, latissime, crasse, extus valde truncato-rotundate, ad apicem acute integree, mox intra apicem dente magno lato et infra hunc dente minore obsoletiore instructze, inde ad basin rectze haud excavate. Mazille bilobe, lobis latiusculis membranaceis intus longe et dense pubescentibus, znterno breviore. Palpi subfiliformes, elongati; mawillares art. 1™° parvo, 2°° longiore crassiore subtri- angulari intus oblique truncato, 3%° paulo breviore crassiore, ultimo haud latiore valde elongato fusiformi: dadbiales longissimi, e scapis ligule connatis surgentes, art. 1™° sat parvo, 2? multo majore subtriangulari ad apicem internum valde oblique truncato et ibidem longe piloso, ultimo paulo majore crassiore fusiformi. Mentum basi subcorneum, apicem versus membranaceum, triangulare apice recte truncatum. Ligu/a longiuscula, membranacea, basi rotundata, apice valde profunde biloba, lobis magnis subdivergentibus pilosis obtusis. Pedes graciles, contractiles: ¢ibiis rectis, gracilibus, ad apicem internum minute calcaratis: ¢arsis articulis 1™° et 24° elon- gatis (hoc illo vix breviore), 34%° 4‘°que brevibus, ad apicem internum (preesertim hoc) leviter productis, ultimo his conjunctis longitudine subzequali, wnguiculis simplicibus munito. Obs. Genus Xyletino affinitate proximum, sed corpore longiore magis cylindrico vestito, capite paulo latiore, prothorace postice valde rotundato (minus sinuato), palporum omnium articulo ultimo fusi- formi (nec securiformi), tarsorum articulo secundo longiore (basalis fere longitudine) necnon victu moribusque certe distinctum videtur. A vorws australis, et pipos imitator. (Typus Notiomimus fimicola.) The curious-mannered beetle from which the above structural details have been drawn has much the external contour of a Xyletinus, with which indeed, in its antennz, mandibles, maxil- lary lobes and ligula, it is almost coincident. Its rather larger and broader head, however (which is much inflexed, and closely applied to the chest when the insect is in a state of repose), in conjunction with the strictly fusiform terminal jomt of all its palpi, and the elongate second articulation of its feet (which is scarcely shorter than the basal one)—not to mention its extra- ordinary habits and other minor characteristics,—will undoubt- edly separate it from that genus. The terminal joint, too, of its tarsi is less abbreviated than is the case with the true Xy/letinz, being quite as long as the two preceding (short) ones united ; its mentum is more decidedly triangular (though broadly trun- cate at its tip); its labial palpi are longer; its upper lip is con- tracted at its base, wide anteriorly (with the angles rounded), and very straight along its front edge; and its elytra are some- what shortened behind, leaving more or less of the pygidium uncovered. Its habits, moreover—which, so far as I have hi- therto observed, are purely stercoraceous (the insect infesting of the Canary Islands. iy the dried dung of the larger animals)—are altogether different from those of the Xyletini, and indeed from those of any of the members of the Anobiade with which I am acquainted. § I. Llytra crenato-striata, apice pygidium haud tegentia. 7. Notiomimus fimicola, n. sp. N. cylindrico-oblongus, rufo-brunneus, breviter sericeus ; capite ob- solete carinato ; elytris ad latera rectis, interstitiis subdepressis ; ; antennis pedibusque gracilibus fragilibus, illis brunneo-nigris ad basin rufescentibus, his dilute testaceis. Long. corp. lin. 11-2. Habitat aridos insularum Lanzarota et Fuerteventura, in stercore desiccato bovino, equino, camelino, tempore vernali ubique vulgaris. The slender and fragile limbs of this insect, in combination with its rufo-brunneous hue, cylindric outline, and minutely sericeous surface, will, apart from many other characters, at once distinguish it. It abounds, during the spring and early summer months, in the most sterile spots of the barren islands of Lanza- rote and Fuerteventura, occurring in the dried dung of horses, oxen, and camels,—such being, moreover, the only situations in which I have ever observed it. 8. Notiomimus holosericeus, n. sp. N. oblongus, brunneus, dense et grosse sericeo-subvariegatus ; capite distincte carinato, oculis magnis prominulis ; elytris ad latera sub- rectis, interstitiis alternis obsolete elevatis; antennis pedibusque elongatis robustis, illis brunneo-nigris ad basin rufescentibus, his fusco-testaceis. Long. corp. lin. vix 12. Habitat in ins. Palma, a Dom. Gray mense Februario 1858 repertus. A single specimen of this very distinct species was taken b John Gray, Esq., in the island of Palma, during February 1858. It may be known from the preceding one by its less rufescent hue and more densely and coarsely sericeous surface (which is more glossy, or variegated, with the short silken pubescence), by its rather larger and more pronunent eyes, its obscurely raised alternate elytral interstices, its more decidedly carinated fore- head, and by its longer and robuster limbs. SIL. Elytra haud striata, apice pygidium tegentia. 9. Notiomimus punctulatissimus, n. sp. N. rufo-brunneus, subopacus, creberrime punctulatus et pube brevi depressa flavo-cinerea densissime tectus; elytris obsolete sub- Ann. §& Mag. N. Hist. Sex. 3. Vol, vii. 2 18 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on the Anobiadze seriatim pubescentibus ; antennis pedibusque brevibus gracilibus, illis brunneo-nigris ad basin rufescentibus, his rufo-testaceis. Long. corp. lin. 1 . Habitat in Canaria Grandi australi, Aprili 1858 captus. Well distinguished from the two preceding species by its smaller size, shorter limbs, most densely (but minutely) punctu- lated surface, and its unstriated elytra, which entirely cover the pygidium at their apex. It was captured by myself in the south of Grand Canary, during my expedition there, with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in April 1858. Genus ANOBIUM. Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 62 (1775). 10. Anobium velatum, Woll. Anobium velatum, Woll., Ins. Mad. 276. tab. 5. f. 3 (1854). » Woll., Cat. Mad. Col. 92 (1857). A single example of this insect, found (dead) in a house at Haria, in the north of Lanzarote, is all that I have hitherto de- tected of it in the Canarian group. It is, however, highly satis- factory to find it represented—as tending still further to esta- blish its distinctness from its near ally the A. villosum (of southern Europe), which I have taken in the neighbouring island of Teneriffe. It differs from the A. villosum (inter alia) in bemg a trifle larger and with more erect pubescence, in the punctures of its elytra being somewhat smaller and the interstices more flattened, and im its larger and broader prothorax, which is much straighter at the sides (being less rounded-off posteriorly), more coarsely and closely granulated, less convex on its disk, and with a more evidently glabrous central line behind. 11. Anobium villosum, Brullé. Anobium villosum, Bonelli, in litt. ——, Dej. Cat. 130 (1837). —— ——., Brullé, Webb et Berth. Hist. Nat. des Iles Can. 60 (1839). Having captured this insect several times in the houses of S* Cruz, in Teneriffe, I am enabled to correct a false impression into which I had fallen in the ‘ Insecta Maderensia’ (vide p. 277), in supposing that the Anobium recorded by M. Brullé, m Webb and Berthelot’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, was pro- bably identical with the Madeiran A. velatum. From the occur- rence, however, of the true A. villoswm (of southern Europe) at S™ Cruz, it is certainly more likely, a priori, that the Canarian specimens examined by Brullé were correctly identified. Its distinctions, which, although sufficiently numerous, consist prin- cipally in the form of its rather smaller and more posteriorly- of the Canary Islands. 19 rounded prothorax, have been pointed out under the last species. From Brullé having, in his short mention of it (I cannot say his description, for the few words in which he alludes to it do not amount to even a diagnosis), accidentally compared it with the common A. paniceum, Professor Lacordaire, in his recent admi- rable volume on the ‘Genera of Coleoptera,’ queries it as a pos- sible variety of that insect. It may be sufficient, however, to state that the two species have scarcely anything whatever in common except their generic characters. 12. Anobium striatum, Oliv. Anobium striatum, Oliv., Ent. ii. 16. 9 (1790). » Gyll., Ins. Suec. i. 291 (1808). —— ——, Woll., Ins. Mad. 278 (1854). —— ——, Woll., Cat. Mad. Col. 92 (1857). This universal European insect has established itself pretty generally at the Canaries, into which it has doubtless been im- ported from more northern latitudes. I have not looked very closely over my immense material, but I believe I have taken it in most of the islands; nevertheless the specimens which I have before me at the present moment are merely from Teneriffe and Palma. It undoubtedly is not very abundant anywhere; and certainly not so common as it is in the Madeiran group. 13. Anobium paniceum, Linn. Dermestes paniceus, Linn., Fauna Suec. 431 (1761). Anobium paniceum, Steph., Ul. Brit. Ent. mi. 340 (1830), , Woll., Ins. Mad. 277 (1854). — —, Woll., Cat. Mad. Col. 93 (1857). Like the last species, clearly an importation from more northern latitudes. I have taken it in houses in Grand Canary, and in aperto in the immediate vicinity of Santa Cruz in Teneriffe. Genus Prrzinvs. Geoffroy, Hist. Abr. des Ins. 1. 65 (1764). 14, Ptilinus cylindripennis ?, Woll. Ptilinus cylindripennis?, Woll., Ins. Mad. 285 (1854). , Woll., Cat. Mad. Col. 94 (1857). * I have queried my identification of the present Ptilinus simply because I have no example of the Madeiran cylindripennis now - im my possession for comparison. I believe, however, it is spe- cifically identical with that insect. I captured both sexes of it, in tolerable abundance, in Palma, on the Ist of June, 1858,— out of an old post, at Galga, in the east of the island. DQ 20 Mr. R. H. Meade on a new Species of Spider. IlI.—Description of a new Species of Spider a discovered in England. By BR. H. Meaor, F.R.C.S Tribe Octonoculina. Family EPEIRIDA. Genus Fiera. Epeira bella. E. flavo-castanea, cephalothoracis marginibus et vitta centrali V-figu- rata rubris ; pedibus rubro- annulatis ; ; abdomine rubro et brunneo marmorato, dorso flavescente, et setarum 8 vel 10 nigrarum ordine basi nese: Long. + unciz 3 et 9. Cephalothorax narrow, compressed and elevated at its anterior part. Colour yellowish chestnut, the lateral margins being surrounded by an irregular band ‘of a brownish-red colour ; ae V-shaped red mark is ‘also seated on the middle and anterior part, extending backwards from a short distance behind the eyes, where its colour is paler, for about two-thirds of the length ef the cephalothorax, where its apex terminates in a dark point. Two rather indistinct brown spots are seated one on each side of the median line, towards the anterior part of the dorsal mark. Eyes black and projecting, being seated upon tubercles and placed near together; the four intermediate ones form a square, and the lateral ones on cach side are contiguous. The eyes in the antero-inferior row are nearly in a straight line; those in the posterior row form the segment of a circle, the concavity of which is forwards. Falces yellowish brown, each armed on its inner side with two rows of small teeth, which, as well as the fangs, are of a dark reddish-brown colour. Maxille, labium, and sternum dark brown, the last having three elevations upon each side, corresponding to the points of insertion of the first three pairs of legs. Palpi and legs luteous, annulated with rosy- red marks and bands. The legs are short and rather feeble, the first pair the longest, then the second, and the third pair the shortest. Abdomen oval, projecting considerably over the base of the cephalothorax; the colour of the upper surface is a clear brownish yellow, the sides and posterior part being thickly spotted and marbled over with red and brown marks, giving them a prettily mottled dark-red colour, A series of five or six transverse, obtusely angular dark lines extends down the middle .of the posterior half of the dorsum, towards the apex; and in front of these are four deeply-impressed brown spots, plaeed nearly in a square, and situated about one-third from the ante- rior extremity of the abdomen. In young specimens the central parts of the transverse lines are generally deficient, two longitu- dinal rows of dark spots only existing, the intervals between Mr. W.H. Benson on the Pteropodous Genus Hyalea. 21 which are about as wide again as those between the four spots before mentioned. A number of minute white hairs are spread over the back and sides, causing silvery reflexions in certain lights; the edge of the projecting base of the abdomen 1s also fringed with a row of stiff black bristles, eight or ten in number. Under-surface of the abdomen dark brown, with two wide longi- tudinal yellow stripes. The male only differs from the female in being more slender in form and brighter in colour. The palpal organs of the spe- eimen which I found were not fully developed, as it had not undergone its final change of integument. I discovered an adult female and an immature male of this very pretty little spider, in August 1860, on the ground among brush-wood at Newton Purcel, near Bicester, Oxon; and I captured several young individuals of the same species on pre~ vious occasions in the same locality. IV.—Notes on the Pteropodous Genus Hyalea, and Description of a new Species. By W.H. BEson, Esq. Tue localities of the tracts inhabited by the shell-bearing Ptero- poda are mostly given by systematic writers and other observers in such general terms, that a few notes on the subject may prove useful to those who collect or study these interesting forms. I commence with the genus Hyalea, cluding Diacria, Gr ay. Only eleven recent species of Hyalea are admitted by Souleyet in his edition of Rang’s folio work published in 1855. Including HH, flava, D’ Orbigny, which appears to be a distinct species, the number of well-ascertained species will amount to thirteen, the whole of which, with a number of varieties, were procured in the ship ‘ Malcolm,’ in 1834-35, and during a passage from Bengal to the Cape in 1846, in the ‘Gloriana.’ My observations may assist in determining the value of the specific distinctions between one or two forms regarding which authors have differed, and in proving that a species described by Morch as new may be referred to one previously known. Hyalea tridentata, Lamk. This large globose species, which may be detected at sunset flitting at the surface of the ocean in its usual jerking mode of progression, was taken at intervals from 10° S. lat. and 31° W. long. in the Southern Atlantic, through 893° S. lat. and 33° i. long. in the Southern Ocean, 37°, lat. and 75° E. long., 33° §. lat. and 81° J. long. to 6°S. lat. and 87° E. long. in the Indian Ocean; and a small variety (or more probably a distinct 22 Mr. W.H. Benson on the Pteropodous Genus Hyalza. species) then took its place as far as 4° and 5° N. lat. and 90° K. long. Its capture was recorded on eleven different days; and the largest number of specimens taken on a.single occasion occurred on the night of December 1 (in 38°S. lat. and 81° E. long), when, forty-five examples of the larger variety were secured, in three towing nets, in the course of a few minutes after darkness had set in. ; The large variety agrees with the figures given by Rang in plate 2 as H. Forskalii (asserted by Souleyet to be H. tridentata, Lamk.), and with the description given by Souleyet of the latter species, as well as with Krauss’s description and figure of his H. truncata from False Bay, in the ‘ Siid-Afr. Moll.,—the speci- mens taken up to the lst of December being of a clear horn- colour, and having the gibbous portion in front and the summit of the labrum tinged with a darker hue in most specimens ; while another variety, of the same size and characters (of which I took three specimens in 31° S. lat. and 83° E. long.), presents the colouring assigned by Krauss to his H. truncata. The greatest length is 18 mill., with a breadth of 123 mill. The smaller variety, taken near the Equator in the Indian Ocean, differs in its narrower and less elevated labrum not emarginate in the centre, and in having only three broad ribs on the flatter face of the shell, stead of five assigned by Sou- leyet to H. tridentata, and by Krauss to H. truncata; also in the absence of radiate strize on the ventral side. It may possibly be the species which Krauss viewed as H. Forskalii when he de- scribed H. truncata as distinct. I shall not risk an increase of the evident confusion already caused by misapprehensions con- cerning the true characters of the original species. This can only be cleared up by reference to authentic examples; but the following characters may help to solve the difficulty. I can find no allusion to them in any work to which I have access. In the larger five-ribbed species the edges of the lateral rifts are expanded and very thin, and on the flatter side (called the dorsal by Souleyet and Krauss, and the lower by Mérch) are wrinkled at right angles to the line of the rift, and shghtly re- flected at the edge; while in the smaller three-mbbed shell the edge of the rift, instead of being expanded, is thickened by a rib on the ventral side, and the dorsal edge is inverted into the rift. This seems to be a very decided distinction, and, in con- junction with the fewer ribs and the structure of the labrum, &c., may justify a specific separation. The dimensions of three specimens of the smaller shell are— Length 14, breadth 9 mill. (two specimens). pe ee | SS yp eome Specimen): Mr. W. H. Benson on the Pieropodous Genus Hyalexa. 28 The slight characters assigned to H. tridentata in Gray’s ‘ Cat. Brit. Mus.’ will apply to either form; and those given for H. affinis, D’Orb.,in the same work, are, as far as they go, applicable partly to both—noticing the narrowness of the protruded labrum as well as the emargination at the end. According to Souleyet, the darker colour and smaller size of H. affinis are its chief characteristics. The colour is quite immaterial, as I find all va- riations of it in the larger type. In the smaller shell the apex of the labrum is occasionally flexuose, but it does not present the decided emargination so conspicuous in the other form. Hyalea uncinata, Rang. Three different varieties in size occurred,—the smallest in the northern tropical Atlantic, the medium-sized in the tropical por- tion of the Indian Ocean, and the largest (measuring 9 mill. in length and 54 in breadth) in the Bay of Bengal, about 151° N. lat., and in the Indian Ocean in S. lat. 63° and E. long. 834°. Hyalea globulosa, Rang. I consider this species, with reference to Rang’s figure and Souleyet’s description, to be the same as the Philippine H. (Ca- volina) Pisum, Morch, Zeitschr. 1850, notwithstanding Souleyet’s character “superne quinque-costata,” and Mérch’s “ inferne convexa, medio sulcis 2 divergentibus,” which would attribute ouly three ribs to the part which he regards as the lower, but which is the superior side according to Souleyet’s view. This difference is easily reconciled by the probability that an incon- spicuous elevation on either side, connected with the prominence which borders the fore part of the lateral rift, was regarded by Souleyet as a rib, and rightly disregarded, on the other hand, by Moérch,—the two deep furrows between the three central ribs being alone conspicuous in Rang’s figure No. 18 of plate 2, as contrasted with the five conspicuous ribs in the adjoining figure No. 14 of H. uncinata. It is also evident that Rang’s figure 17 was taken from a specimen of H. globulosa with an imperfect labrum, and deficient im the perpendicular inflexion in front of. the aperture noticed by Souleyet. H. globulosa was taken on seven different occasions, in De- cember 1834 and January 1835, from 2° 8. lat. and 88° E. long. to the head of the Bay of Bengal, and in greater abundance on the southern side of the Equator than on the northern. In 1846 it was captured on two nights, near 5° 8. lat. and 824° E. long., where calms and squalls alternated. Hyalea gibbosa, Rang. Souleyet has confounded this form with the larger calceolate species, H. flava, D’Orb., and refers to the figure of the latter 24 Mr. W. H. Benson on the Pteropodous Genus Hyaliea. (plate 10. figs. 8, 4) as representing Rang’s shell, of which no drawing appears in the work. It is sufiicient to compare speci- mens of the two shells, to become satisfied that Souleyet’s state- ment that H. gibbosa is merely an immature H. flava is founded on error. No possible increase of size could convert the per- pendicular lip of H. gibbosa (nearly parallel with the anterior portion of the ventral side, and running into an angular apex) into the oblong, scarcely narrowed, and protruding labrum of H. flava, gradually rising as in the smaller shell referred to H. tridentata, nor produce the overhanging form of the anterior ventral portion, so characteristic of D’Orbigny’s species. H. gibbosa was taken only six times, in November and Decem- ber 1834, and did not exceed two specimens on any occasion. In 1846 eleven specimens were procured by a fellow-passenger, to the south of Madagascar, in one night, and three specimens within sight of the Natal coast. In 1834 the shell occurred between 30° and 31° S. lat. and about 17° W. long., as far as 39° S. lat. and 69° E. long.; and the last examples were procured in 4° 8. lat. and 87° EH. long. Hyalea flava, D’Orb. This subcalceolate species did not fall into our nets during the outward voyage in 1834-35. A single specimen was taken in 1846, on the same night as three specimens of H. gibbosa, a little to the south of the embouchure of the Umzimvobo or St. John’s River, and within sight of the land of Natal. Its dimensions are 10 mill. in length by 6 in breadth. Those of my largest H. gibbosa are 8 mill. in length by 55 m breadth. In addition to the differences above noted, it may be observed that H. flava has five very flat ribs on the dorsal side, and is delicately and closely striated radiately on both the dorsal and ventral sides, while H. gibbosa is more strongly ribbed on the dorsal face, and the two ribs next to the middle one are each inclined to be divided into two by a longitudinal furrow. The radiate strize on the upper side are scarcely to be distinguished, and on the gibbous ventral side are distant and elevated. Hyalea quadridentata, Lesueur. Three varieties of this, the most minute form of the genus, were captured. On the 23rd of October, 1834, I got it in the South Atlantic, about 17° S. lat. and 27° W. long. I find no record of its reappearance until we reached 2° S. lat. and 85° H. long., where it was abundant, and accompanied us, at inter- vals, nearly to the head of the Bay of Bengal. On the 21st of February, 1846, I took nie specimens of an exceedingly minute variety, pellucid, and with obsolete ribs and Mr. W. H. Benson on the Pteropodous Genus Hyalea. 25 sculpture, in company with a single specimen of the ordinary form, in 3° 8. lat. and 83° E. long.; and the species again oc- curred to the south of Madagascar, The sculpture is variable in respect to the depth of the sulci and of the transverse strize on the dorsal face. In the Atlantic specimens the ribs are moderately developed, the striz obsolete, and the white or ferruginous labrum moderately thickened at the edge. In those taken near the Line, in the Indian Ocean, in 1834, the ribs are strongly marked, as well as the transverse strie, and the labrum much thickened, and generally brown. In the minute hyaline variety taken in 1846, the ribs are nearly obsolete, the stri not to be detected, and the lip but slightly thickened and colourless. The single larger variety taken with it has more apparent ribs and a ferruginous labrum; and when alive, the mouth had a purple tinge, which appeared to be due to the animal. Hyalea longirostris, Lesueur. When perfectly developed, this species has a bifureate termi- nation to the labrum, with an emargination between the points, as noted by Souleyet, and the lateral Daercs spines run into a long and delicate point. Rang’s plate 2 (figs. 7-10) exhibits the shell with these parts in their ordinary truncate form. A small variety, with a blue or violet animal, and a horny-white or hyaline shell, appeared sparingly between 12° and 6° N. lat. and 25° and 22° W. long. in the Atlantic, and a larger variety between the Equator and 2° N. lat, and about 90° B. long. in the Indian Ocean. This variety was white and translucent. Hyalea angulata, Soul. Souleyet states that this species offers no differences in the characters of the shell, and that the point of the beak is trun- cate. I have, however, specimens of the ordinary form, and with the anterior vaulted part well developed, in which the beak is thickened at the extremity, and bifid as in H. longirostris. This shell is pellucid, with a brown spot at the place where the narrow rostrum leaves the broad part of the labrum; and some slight horn-coloured markings are scattered elsewhere. It occurred frequently from 5° N. lat. and 92° E. long., to the head of the Bay of Bengal. Souleyet notes it as rare im the Atlantic, and in the Indian and Chinese Seas. Another singular shell, which must be regarded as a distinct species, presented itself in the Atlantic with H. longirostris. It is altogether horn-coloured ; the gibbous portion at the base of the beak, although distinct, is less strongly developed, and not vaulted as in A. angulata ; the bifid rostrum, instead of 26 Mr. W. H. Benson on a new Species of Hyalea. being short as in H. angulata, is very long and nearly perpen- dicular to the plane of the shell; the lateral spines are long (running out, in one specimen, toa sharp point) ; and the interior of the labrum, below the insertion of the bifid rostrum, is fur- nished on each side with a strong tooth, and exhibits a deep fissure or sinus between the prominences. The animal presented a blue or violet tint, like H. longirostris, very different from the hyaline, yellow, and brown colours recorded by Souleyet for that of H. angulata. Taking all these characters together, it appears that it cannot be regarded as a variety either of H. longirostris or of H. angulata. 1 describe it as Hyalea fissilabris, B., n. sp. H. testa elongato-triangulari, cornea, infra semiglobosa, antice trans- versim sulcata, superne planiuscula, 5-costata, costa mediana con- vexiore ; spinis lateralibus subangulatis, basin versus latis, planatis, postice elongatis, ad apicem acutis, hyalinis, margine postico medio angulatim prominente; cuspide mediana posteriore lata, brevi, truncata, lateraliter angulata; apertura late angulare, angusta ; labro subito valde inflexo, extus superne subgibboso, verticali, intus dentibus 2 lateralibus prominentibus, rima profunda divisis, ad insertionem rostri munito, in rostrum elongatum, subverticale, an- gustum, modice aversum, intus profunde canaliculatum, ad apicem bifidum, desinente. Long. 33, diam. 3, alt. corporis 2, alt. labri 3 mill. Taken on the night of the 7th October, 1834, in N. lat. 6° and W. long. 22° 25', in the same tract with the horny variety of H. longirostris. The ‘greater comparative length and vertical position of the labrum, suddenly curved at the base, and slightly averted from the shell at the termination of the beak, together with the pecu- liar internal structure of the labrum, sufficiently distinguish this shell from the two allied species. In H. fissirostris the promi- nence at the posterior edge of the lateral spines (termed “ unci- nation” by Souleyet) is situated far from the pomt’and at the end of an obtuse rib at the back; in H. longirostris it forms the termination of a short narrow rib near the final process; and in H. angulata it is between the end of an obtuse rib and the ter- minal spine. The lateral spmes are altogether more horizontal, and not perpendicularly curved at the outer edge as in H. longirostris. Hyalea labiata, D’ Orb. This shell first appeared in the Atlantic about 31°S. lat. and 17° W. long.; again between 39° and 40° S. lat. and about 33° EK. long. ; also in 338° 8. lat. and 81° EH. long., 8° S. lat: and 86° HK. long., as far as 1° 8. lat. and 89° HK. long., in the Indian Mr. W. H. Benson on the Pteropodous Genus Hyalea. 27 Ocean,—on the last occasion in abundance. It occurred also to the south of Madagascar, in 1846. Souleyet notes it as not common, although found in all seas. I did not notice the variety to which he alludes. Hyalea inflexa, Lesueur. I took this species only once in the South Atlantic, where a single specimen was met with, about 17°S. lat. and 27° W. long., on the 24th of October, 1834. Souleyet states that it has also been found in the Mediterranean and Pacific. Hyalea levigata, D’Orb. Ascarce and singular little shell, included by Gray in Diacria, which escaped observation in 1834-35. The sole specimen captured in 1846 entered my towing net, with the minute variety of A. quadridentata, in 3°S. lat. and 83° E. long. The dorsal surface has the central elevation noticed by Souley et and omitted by D’Orbigny in his description. Hyalea 3-spinosa, D’Orb. A Diacria of Gray. Of the ordinary variety, two sizes (one being of very inferior magnitude) as weli as two forms were taken, —one having the lateral spines projecting at the sides nearly at right angles to the long posterior mucro; in the other they are slightly inclined backwards at various angles. These two varieties are figured in plate 3 of Rang and Souleyet’s work, They were found on seven different occasions, in 1834, in the North and South Atlantic; in the Southern Ocean about 39° S. lat. and 33° EH. long., where the species occurred in the greatest number; and in the Indian Ocean between 7$° and 8° S. lat. and 86° and 864° E. long. In 1846 it was captured south of Madagascar. Besides these shells, a third aberrant form (H. mucronata, D’Orb.) appeared more rarely. It is of considerably greater magnitude, and is distinguished from the variety of H. trispi-. nosa, in which the spines are most inclined backwards, by the position of the lateral spimes and the stronger transverse sculp- ture on the ventral face. There is no figure answering to it in the plates of Rang and Souleyet’s work, but Souleyet pronounces it to be merely a larger and flatter variety. Two specimens were taken in the Southern Indian Ocean between 31°S. lat. and 83° E. long. and 294° S. lat. and 84° E. long., mm a tract where the smaller kind was absent. The spines take their origin further back on the shell, not near the centre of the broad part as in the type of H. trispinosa: the angle formed by them with the central mucro will be found to be one of 33°, and in a specimen 28 Mr. W. H. Benson on a new Species of Alyceus. of the ordinary kind in which the spines have the greatest deviation from a right angle, 55°. In the relative position of the lateral spines, although not in respect to their length, the ordinary H. ¢rispinosa is in some degree represented by H. inflewa, while the varicty (mucronata) has a partial representative in H. labiata. There appear to be considerable grounds for regarding it, with D’Orbigny, as a distinct species. Cheltenham, Nov. 29, 1860. V.—Description of a new Alyceus from the Andaman Islands ; with Notes on other Indian Cyclostomacea. By W. H. Brn- son, Esq. Alyceus Andaman, B., n. sp. A, testa aperte umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, remote radiato-plica- tula, plicis regionis inflatee confertis costulatis, superne subtusque rugis flexuosis spiralibus remotiusculis sculpta, ferrugineo-rubente, apice rubido, subtus pallidiore, pone aperturam cornea; spira primo planiuscula, apicem versus papillarem obtusum exserta, sutura profundiuscula ; antfractibus 4, convexis, ultimo rotundato antice descendente, tubulo suturali retroverso brevi; apertura ma- juscula circulari integra ; peristomate subduplici, margine undique expansiusculo, extus fuscato. Opere. 2 Diam. major 5, minor 4, alt. 3 mill. Habitat ad Portum Blair Insule Andamanice. Collegit Capt. J. ©. Haughton. I ameindebted for a single specimen of this very distinct spe- cies of the typical section to the present Superintendent of the Penal Settlement. Including Al. ewpatriatus, Bl., from the Nil- gherries, described in a late Number of the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta,’ and a new species, also belonging to the section Charax, from another hill range in Southern India, to be described by Mr. W. T. Blanford, the number of known species of Alycaus now amounts to twenty-five. Alyceus distortus, Haines, was conjecturally assigned, in the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for March 1859, to the section Dioryz. This location appears, on reference to Haines’s figures, lately received, to be correct ; however, the black blotches caused by the use of an inferior description of white paint im colourmg the plate have, as in most of the Continental works on Concho- logy, made it difficult to ascertain the true characters of the shell. A curious variety of Alyeaus Amphora was sent to me from Moulmein by Major Sankey. Besides a stronger angulation at Mr. H. J. Carter on a Bisexual Nematoid Worm. 29 the lower part of the last whorl, the shoulder of that whorl is also distinctly angulate, almost giving the appearance of a. new species; but the other characters of the shell prove it to be merely a variety. It was found at the Farm Caves by Capt. Haughton. In a former paper, the discovery of Cyclophorus (Turbo) fola- ceus, Chemn., in the Andamans was announced. I am indebted to Capt. Haughton for larger specimens of the shell, contaming the operculum zn situ; so that no doubt remains of the propriety of referring the species to Cyclophorus. The younger specimens are depressed, angulate at the periphery, and wider in the umbi- licus. The adult shell is more lengthened, the last whorl is rounded, and the umbilicus narrow. In some specimens, vestiges of a brown scabrous epidermis, which had concealed the white and rose-colour of the surface, are visible. The largest specimen is 22 mill. in length by 19 in breadth. In the paper on Opisthostoma lately published by the Messrs. Blanford, a shell named Cyclotus malabaricus, Bl., allied to C. filocinctus, Bens., and Jikewise found in the Nilgherries, is de- scribed. Mr. W.T. Blanford informs me that he intended to separate these shells under the generic name of Cyathopoma, Bl., with reference to the singular construction of the operculum, which fully bears out his opinion on the subject. An interesting shell from Assam, partaking of the characters of Rhiostoma and Opisthoporus, has lately been communicated to me by Mr. W. T. Blanford, who proposes to describe it ina future number of the Calcutta Journal. : Cheltenham, Nov. 50, 1860. Vi.—On a Bisexual Nematoid Worm which infests the common House-Fly (Musca domestica) in Bombay. By H. J. Carrur, Esq., F.R.S. [Plate I. A. figs. 1-4.] In November last (1859), while examining the head of the common House-fly (AZusca domestica), 1 noticed that two Nema- toid worms came out of it; but not having time to look after them then, I deferred the subject for a future opportunity, thinking that the occurrence would be found to be frequent, and if so, that the form and origin of these worms would be worth investigating for the light it might throw on the origin of the Guinea-worm (Flaria Medinensis) in the human subject. Accordingly during the past month (July 1860) I have returned to the inquiry, and have observed that, on an average, about 30 Mr. H. J. Carter on a Bisexual Nematoid Worm every third Fly contains from two to twenty or more of these worms, which are chiefly congregated in, and confined to, the proboscis, though occasionally found among the soft tissues of the head and posterior part of the abdomen. They are bisexual, have arrived at maturity, and are all nearly of the same size; and as they are perhaps more nearly allied to the Filaridz than to any other family of the Nematoid worms, it seems best to place this worm, at all events for the present, in the genus Filaria, where, with the specific designation of “ Musce,” its description may stand as follows :— Filaria Musce, nu. sp. Pl. I. A. figs. 1 and 2. Linear, cylindrical, faintly striated transversely, gradually diminishing towards the head, which is obtuse and furnished with four papillee at a little distance from the mouth, two above and two below ; diminishing also towards the tail, which is short, and terminated by a dilated round extremity covered with short spines. Mouth in the centre of the anterior extremity. Anal orifice at the root of the tail. (Esophagus commencing from a slightly dilated oral orifice, narrow at first, then becoming suddenly increased in calibre, and, after extending some distance backwards, joining the intes- tine, apparently without any line of demarcation, opposite the anterior termination of the hepatic organ. Intestine continued straight through the body, and nearly of the same size, on to the rectum, which is short and obliquely directed towards the anus. (Hsophageal sheath (fig. 3d) commencing at the termi- nation of the narrow portion of the cesophagus posteriorly, where the latter is embraced by the dorsal vessel, gradually increasing backwards to jom, without a line of demarcation, the sheath of the intestine, which, on its part, soon attaining its maximum calibre, is continued backwards, of the same size, to the termi- nation of the hepatic organ, where it becomes slightly but sud- denly reduced in diameter and afterwards maintains nearly the same size, on to the rectum. Hepatic organ (Pl. I. fig. 2 d) marked by a dense white layer of oil-globules and granular matter within the intestinal sheath, surrounding the anterior third of the intestine, commencing op- posite the union of the latter with the cesophagus, and termi- nating at the sudden diminution m diameter of the intestinal sheath, where it is defined by a circular line (m). Rectum (0) more or less obscured by muscular and other structure, m the midst of which two glandular bodies are observed opposite its junction with the intestine. Dorsal vessel (e e e) extending from the point of union between the smaller and larger portions of the cesophagus (e), which it embraces by bifurcation, to the infesting the common House-Fly in Bombay. 31 posterior end of the hepatic organ (m), where it again appears to bifurcate, and to embrace the intestinal sheath. Generative organs situated in the anterior part of the body, under the cesophagus and anterior part of the intestine, con- sisting of an ovary (fig.3 f) and testicle (2), opening on the right side, a little in front of the liver, by separate ducts about one-hundredth of an inch apart,—the former, which is anterior, by a simple papillary aperture (g), and the latter by the same, but with a short funnel-shaped exsertile organ (7). Ovary un- seen in detail, but charged with nucleated cells, and presenting a distinct line of demarcation between itself and the testicle, which on its part appears to be saccular, and also contains nucleated cells that are sometimes spermatophorous (fig. 4). Spermatozoa indistinctly seen; single, in cells about 1-700th of an inch in diameter ; consisting, when half-developed, of a striated, pyra- midal or triangular body growing out of a small mass of gra- nular mucus on one side of the cell (a, 6) ; when fully developed, apparently club-shaped (c). _ Size. About 1-11th of an inch long and 1-313th of an inch in its broadest diameter, that is, in the middle. Hab. Proboscis, head, and posterior part of the abdomen of the common House-fly (Musca domestica). Loc. Island of Bombay. Observations.—The papilliferous head, transversely striated body, and general form of this worm ally it more to Filaria medinensis and the microscopic free Filaridze which I have de- scribed under the generic term of “ Urolabes*,” than to any other of the Nematoid families ; but, of course, the characteristic penis of the Filaridze, both in form and position, is here absent, from the approximation of the male and female outlets of the organs of generation, which seems to be entailed by the bisexu- ality (although it is not by any means apparent why it is the male organ which should be transposed), while the latter still maintains its posterior position with respect to the former. The advancement of the vulva towards the head is not remarkable, for in Filaria Equi it is close to the anterior extremity +. The- spermatozoon, however, more nearly resembles that of Ascaris mystax, both in form and development {. The inflated spinife- rous extremity of the tail of /. Musce, besides being more cha- racteristic of the male than the female, whose tail in the Filaridee generally is whip-like, has its resemblance in one of the free microscopic species which inhabit the salt-water drain of the town of Bombay, with this difference only, that the spines of * Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3. vol. iv. p. 28, July 1859. + Blanchard, Ann. des Se. Nat. 3 sé. t. xi. pl. 6. fig. 3a, { Phil. Trans. 1852, pl. 26. 32 _ Mr. H. J. Carter on a Bisexual Nematoid Worm. the latter are longer, and the whole resembles more the rowel of aspur. Again, the liver is shorter, and the divisions of the alimentary canal less defined than in the free Filaride. The presence of spermatozoa in these worms, together with their being all of the same size, indicates that they have arrived at maturity, and are not developed in the Fly. As above stated, I have not seen the ova in their fully deve- loped state, and I am ignorant of the future of this worm; but knowing that many Entozoa are nursed in one animal and lay their eggs in another, it is not improbable that this part of the cycle of their development may be performed in the alimentary canal of the white “ Paddy-bird” or Crane (Ardea modesta), which appears to live chiefly on the common House-fly, being a constant attendant for this purpose on cattle, and at the slits made in the palm-trees for the extraction of their saccharine juice. To ascertain if F. Musce would live in sugar-and-water, in water alone, and in the former, to which im one instance gum acacie had been added, and in another a portion of gelatinized Nostoc, both to serve as a nidus to nestle in and for nourishment, several of these worms were transferred to these media respect- ively, im watch-glasses sheltered in a glass-case; but none sur- vived more than a few hours, whether from change of habitat or change of nourishment (which latter could not be very different from that taken in by the Fly, unless a secretion from the Fly itself), | am ignorant. At first I thought that I had discovered both the spermatic cells and the ova, in certain masses of cells which exist both in the lobes of the proboscis and in the head respectively of the Fly, as well as about the rectum in the abdomen. But sub- sequent observation proved to me that these were extensions of a nucleated blastema accompanying the trachez, and that each cell was provided with a terminal branch of the latter. What are these cells, and what is their function? Are they at once appendages both to the tracheal and vascular systems? They differ somewhat in the lobes of the proboscis, where there are two or more groups, from those in the head, and may be easily seen in both when torn to pieces and placed under a magnifying power of 350 diameters. It seems strange that such remarkable organs should not have been figured in connexion with the elements of the proboscis of the Fly generally, which is one of the commonest objects of microscopical observation. F. Musce will, 1 think, be the first bisexual /daria of the kind on record. Schneider, however, appears to have found a true hermaphrodite one in Snails, in which /laria “ spermatozoids are first seen to make thei appearance in the generative tube, Dr. C. Collingwood on the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. 38 and then eggs; fecundation takes place, and a new generation is brought forth.” Here there appears to be a single tube which performs both functions, and of course there is no male outlet. If there be no mistake here, and the worm itself should resemble in form Filaria Medinensis, it will afford strong grounds for assuming that the same kind of generative process takes place in the latter. But, withont desire to impugn in the least M. Schneider’s assertion, I would observe that this takes place in all the free microscopic Filaridee which I have described (the type of which in Urolabes palustris is figured *), with this excep- tion, that the store of undeveloped spermatozoa which is always present at the upper end of the oviduct, close to the opening of the ovisac, has been introduced by the male; hence it is pos- sible that a female Fidaria in this state might be mistaken for a hermaphrodite of the description mentioned by M. Schneider +. Bombay, August 1860. EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.A. figs. 1-4. Fig. 1. Filaria Musce, un. sp.; natural size. Fig. 2. The same, magnified: a, cesophagus; 4, intestine; c¢, intestinal sheath; d, liver; e, rectum and anus. Fig. 3. The same, more magnified, in three portions : a, two upper papille ; b, small part of cesophagus ; ¢, large ditto ; d, cesophageal sheath ; e e e, dorsal vessel; jf, ovary charged with nucleated cells; g, vulva; h, testicle charged with nucleated cells; 7, penis; k, anterior extremity of liver; /, anterior extremity of intestine ; m, posterior end of liver; m, intestine and intestinal sheath ; o, rectum and anus; p, spinous extremity of tail. Fig. 4. Spermatic cells, containing each a single spermatozoon: a, front view, showing striated triangular form of spermatozoon based upon granular mucus; 0, the same, lateral view ; c, fully deve- loped (?) spermatozoon. VII.—Remarks upon some points in the Economy of the Nudi- branchiate Mollusca. By Curnpert CoLiinewoop, M.B., F.L.S. &e. f [Plate IV.] Tux following observations were suggested by a small Nudi- branch which was kindly sent me by a 2 correspondent residing in Glasgow, Mr. Robertson, on the 25th of October last. This fieate ibe beautiful little animal was dredged on a frond of Laminaria saccharina in 8 or 10 fathoms ake from a sheltered * Annals, loc. cit. pl. 2. tig. 13. f Annals, vol. v. p. 506, June 1860. ~ Communicated by the author, having been read before a Meeting of ‘the Liverpool Ray Club. Ann. &§ May. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. vii. 3 34 Dr. C. Collingwood on some points in the Economy bay in the island of Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde. I received it alive, and had it under observation, in a tolerably active state, for two days. Supposing the animal to be a normal form, I could not refer it to any British genus: nor did a comparison with the characters of all the known genera of Nudibranchiate Mollusca appear to throw much light upon the subject; it seemed to agree with no known species. I contented myself, however, for the present, with preparing a full description and careful drawings of it while it was yet living, and taking every opportunity of watching its movements. It was tolerably lively —changing its place but httle, however, though its body was im constant motion, rendering it a difficult task to delineate it with accuracy. The dorsal tentacles were singularly large, and were covered with active cilia; the papille, or what appeared to answer to them, and which in the Holidide are usually very active, were in this specimen motionless; and before death they became detached and fell off, giving the little creature the ap- pearance of being in shreds. It floated freely, foot uppermost, on the surface of the water, as is the habit of Nudibranchs, and did not produce any spawn. After death, I pursued the examination with the microscope, and now discovered that the skin was loaded with spicala—a fact which proved that it did not belong to the Kolidide at all, that family possessing no spicula, and also that it was a member of the family Doridide, all of which, however, have more or less conspicuous branchial plumes. These spicula were symmetri- cally arranged, and very dense along the margin of the cloak ; in shape they were generally cruciform, although a few were tri- radiate, and some simple. The tongue was broad, and formed of numerous small denticulated spines (eight or nine in a row), with two longer spines at either side (Pl. IV.). The fact of the presence of spicula, which could only be de- termined after death, was an unexpected one, but came too late to be of service in a further comparison of the animal with the members of the family Doridide, to which it evidently belonged, and the absence of branchial plumes became now only more re- markable, without assisting in the identification. I therefore forwarded the drawings and description to my friend Mr. Alder, knowing that his close acquaintance with the family, and great experience in the critical examination of them, would be most likely to elucidate the affinities of this little animal. Nor was I disappointed: his answer, written with his usual kindness and promptitude, was, ‘ Upon carefully examining your drawings, I cannot resist the conclusion that the animal is a young and un- developed specimen of Triopa claviger.’ Upon turning to the figure of this species in the Ray Society’s beautiful Monograph, of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. 35 I could not help feeling convinced that my specimen differed from it in very important particulars. In Zriopa, for stance, there are distinct sheaths to the tentacles, which, after the most careful observation, I failed to detect in my specimen. The absence of branchial plumes, also, which it will be observed are visible enough in the drawing of Triopa, had to be explained ; while the colour of the processes, which in my drawing is bright vermilion, in Triopa is orange-yellow. Still there were points of resemblance yet remaining which only one so well acquainted with the family as Mr. Alder would have recognized. The num- ber of the processes in Triopa agreed with that of the papille of my specimen; there were papular elevations on the back, occu- pying the same position in both; and the peculiar dash of colour in the extremity of the foot was also common to both. “The tentacular sheath in the young state,” writes Mr. Alder, “is very small and difficult to detect.” I examined the tentacles long and carefully without discovering this sheath; and I also felt convinced that if branchial plumes had been present, I could not have missed seeing them. But, in order to make this matter certain, | wrote to my correspondent who had kindly sent me the specimen, requesting to know if he had observed these plumes. In reply, he said that, although he had carefully looked for them immediately after having dredged it, he had failed to perceive them. Mr. Alder’s recognition of the species as Triopa claviger, therefore, does not divest the specimen of all further interest, inasmuch as it opens up questions of considerable importance with regard to the history of the Nudibranchiata, such as the following :— 1st. How far the so-called branchie of the Nudibranchiata may be considered as breathing organs. 2nd. To what extent colour is valuable as a specific distinction. 3rd. The great importance of a knowledge of immature forms. If the term Nudibranchiate mean anything, it means that the gills or breathmg organs of this order are naked, or uncovered, and external. This was the character assigned to them by Cuvier, in which he has been followed by the majority of zoo- logists; and although they were called Opisthobranchiata by Milne-Edwards, the meaning of the term is virtually the saime. This eminent naturalist, in 1842, was the first to remark that the fainily Eolididz, in which the so-called branchiz are papil- lose, were possessed of a remarkable arrangement of the diges- . tive organs. He found that (as he interpreted it) the stomach communicated with certain vessels, while these vessels sent off branches into each of the papille; and this gastro-vascular apparatus beg recognized by Quatrefages, he applied to those 3* 36 = Dr. C. Collingwood on some points in the Economy Mollusks collectively which appeared to possess it, the term “ Phlebenterata.” M. Milne-Edwards, however, subsequently abandoned this theory, owing to the discoveries and arguments of M. Souleyet in France, and Messrs. Hancock and Embleton in England, all of whom maintained that the so-called gastro- vascular apparatus was no other than a highly developed system of biliary ducts mm connexion with a divided liver. And the result of the controversy between these eminent anatomists was, that instead of it being proved that the Nudibranchiata exhi- bited in their structure a degradation of type, as had been main- tained by Quatrefages, it was demonstrated by Messrs. Hancock and Embleton that in Doris, at least, a portal heart existed, and that all the Nudibranchiata possessed a sympathetic system of nerves, being the first instance in which they had been fully proved to exist in the Invertebrata, and a remarkable example of the value of controversy, such as is often aroused by erroneous statements. The learned authors of the Ray Society’s Monograph, how- ever, distinctly affirm that, “from the state of the circulatory apparatus, the respiration is performed only in part by the branchize,” and further that “in all the families, the skin, which is covered with vibratile cilia, acts as an imperfect accessory breathing organ.” And considering these statements, we can scarcely regard the term Nudibranchiata as anything but a mis- nomer, or, at all events, only to a limited extent correct. In the instance before us, the branchize were absent, and yet the animal was lively. Mr. Alder suggested that the branchie might have been decomposed ; but special inquiry of my correspondent who dredged it, elicited the fact. that he looked for branchiz, but saw none. How long this little animal may have existed without these appendages we cannot say, but it cannot have been less than three days; and yet it belonged to a family in which the branchiz are considered to attain a high degree of development, and may therefore be supposed to have more of the work of aération to perform. So also in the genus Holis, the papille or branchiz (so called) generally begin to fall off before the animal dies; and I have seen specimens of H. Drummondi crawling about with their backs entirely bare. Whether this may prove anything against their value as breathing organs may be considered doubtful ; for even supposing them to be gastro-hepatic organs, the loss of any, or at all events of most of them, should, a@ priori, be fatal. Mr. Lewes says he has seen food oscillating in the papillee of EKolis, simultaneously with the ordinary locomotive movements of the body; and when we consider the universal morphologies of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. 37 of true branchiz, we cannot help perceiving that these papille do not come under the same category with them ; for a branchia or gill is an organ of an arborescent form, offermg by its dupli- cations and reduplications, and laminated structure, as much surface as possible to the surrounding medium, and supplied with an afferent and efferent system of vessels. But the papille of the Eolidide do not follow this morphological law; for although they are very nwmerous in certain species, great multi- plication of them is not an essential element of the arrangement. Thus in Holis exigua the normal number is about ten, and in E. despecta only six or eight ; and from this they increase to an indefinite number in H#. papillosa, which stands at the other end - of the scale. Neither have these papille any afferent branchial veins in connexion with them; so that neither morphologically nor anatomically can they be regarded as branchie. Taking as illustrations the three British families of Nudi- branchiata, viz. the Doridide, Tritoniade, and Eolidide, the fol- lowing appears to me to be a fair statement of the value and degree of specialization of their breathing apparatus :—The first family (Dorididze) consists of two subfamilies, of which the Dori- dine possess true and perfect branchiz, external and naked, situated upon the median line of the body, large and elaborate in their construction, and easily performing the aération of the blood, although they may receive slight and unimportant assist- ance from the general surface of the body, which is destitute of appendages. The other subfamily (Polycerinze) possesses bran- chize of a smaller relative size, consisting usually of three or four laminz only, which are inadequate of themselves to carry on the respiratory process. But in these the body is not simple as in the Doridine, but diverges more or less into appendages, which supplement the branchiz by increasing the aérating surface of the body, and generally perhaps bear an inverse ratio in size and number to the development of the branchiz. In the second family (Tritoniade) the breathing organs, although not equalling the branchie of the Doridine in the perfection of their anatomical connexion, surpass them, and more particularly those of the Polycerinz, in extent of laminated surface ; they are numerous and effective, but placed along the sides of the back, mstead of being collected to one point of the median line. Hence we find this family devoid of any secondary processes which may serve as auxiliary aérating organs, such as are found in the Polycerine. Still the communication which exists between the efferent branchial veins and the sinuses of the skin which contain venous blood, affords a character which places the Tritoniade considerably below the Doridide in the scale of organization. 388 Dr. C. Collingwood on some points in the Economy But the papille of the Eolidide are not branchie either by morphological structure or anatomical relation. In this family the respiratory function is distributed with nearly perfect equa- lity over the whole body, no one part being specialized for that purpose. Here there is no duplication or lamination—no pro- vision for multiplying the extent of surface—no distinct afferent branchial vessel—no means to secure the imperfectly aérated blood from contact with the venous stream contained in the dermal sinuses—in fact, no one character which is essential to a true gill. True, the blood is aérated sufficiently for the require- ments of the animal; but it is not effected by means of branchize, but by the general surface of the body ; and if the papillze assist more than other parts, it is not because they are gi//s, but simply because the skin is there more delicate, and allows of a more perfect interchange between the blood there exposed and the oxygenating influences of the surrounding medium. If to these important differences m the respiratory apparatus it be added that the Kolididee in general have a much-divided liver, possess no buccal glands, no cloak with its attendant spi- cula, an uncomplicated systemic circulation, and an urticating apparatus similar to that of the Actiniz (in all which respects they contrast with the Dorididz and Tritoniadz), there appears strong reason for believing not merely in the distinctness of the family, but that they are more widely separated from the true Nudibranchiata than has been generally admitted. At all events they have no title to the term Nudibranchiata, with which order they have apparently been associated chiefly on account of an accidental similarity of form. With regard to the specific value of colour in the Nudibranchiata, I may remark that, in the individual specimen which has been the cause of these observations, the processes were of a bright vermilion, while in the mature Triopa claviger they are described as tipped with yellow or orange. Mr. Alder, however, does not lay much stress upon this fact, but only remarks that “the Triope we find in the north are more brightly coloured in the processes than those from the south.” Now the most brilliantly coloured parts of the Nudibranchiata are usually the processes and papille, particularly the latter, in which there is a central ramification of the hepatic cells ; and these it is which give the character to the animal. This brilliant colour is associated with fat, “always bearing a certain relation to the oily constituents both of plants and animals ” (Bennett). Various influences of nutrition, seasonal conditions, and light, &c., may modify the production of pigment, although this. last agent is no doubt less certain in its effects upon animals and plants living beneath the water, and perhaps in comparative darkness, than upon those of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. 39 inhabiting the surface of the earth. Indeed, the fact that many richly-coloured animals habitually lurk under stones and in ob- scurity would lead us to the conclusion that light has no influ- ence in evolving these gorgeous tints. Be that as it may, how- ever, colour, in the creatures which we are considering, is ex- tremely capricious ; and experience has shown that it is impossible to be sure, @ priori, whether a certain colour is a permanent spe- cific mark or otherwise. Holis Landsburgi always possesses its characteristic amethystine tint, H. rujfibranchialis its brilliant scarlet, and I have never met with an E. coronata which did not possess a delicate dash of ultramarine in the papille. But other species are far more variable, such as Doris tuberculata, which boasts of all the colours of the rainbow, D. pilosa, Polycera quadrilineata, &c., which vary considerably i in the intensity of their markings ; while of a great many other species some indi- viduals are dark, or highly coloured, and others of the palest : such are Polycera ocellata, Holts papillosa, Embletonia pulchra, Hermea dendritica, &c. The danger, however, of naming these animals from the colour, especially when they are imperfectly known, is best illustrated by such examples as Doris pilosa, which has burdened science with not a few synonyms, having been called by Lovén, Doris fusca—by Leach, Doris ochracea— by Fleming, D. nigricans ; whereas the species was in each case identical, and simply varied in colour. Doris bilamellata also received the name of D. fusca from Miller, but I have repeatedly met with it of the palest tmt. TZ ritonia Hombergu is found sometimes purple, sometimes yellow, and Macgillivray described a specimen as a new species, under the name of 7. atrofusca: it was, however, only a dark variety of 7. Hombergii; and I have lately met with it of a pure white. Even the careful authors of the beautiful Ray Monograph have not steered quite clear of this error, for I have found specimens of Holis aurantiaca in which no trace of orange colour was evident; and in the ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.’ for 1842 a species was described under the name of E. pallida, from its want of colour, which it behoved its dis- coverers to re-name, at a subsequent period, as H. picta, owing to the rich and variegated tints with which most examples were adorned. Both pale and dark varieties occur on the shores of the Mersey. It would appear, therefore, that no degree of cer- tainty attaches to the fixity of colour as a specific character, and it is only when the species has been well observed that any reliance can be placed upon the uniformity of its tints, and this at too late a period for it to be of any real service in nomencla- ture. Not, however, that this danger is peculiar to the naming of the Nudibranchiata ; it is a generally besetting one ; and num- berless examples might be adduced, both from the animal and 40 Dr. C. Collingwood on the Nudibranchiate Mollusca. vegetable kingdoms, of the fallacious and variable character of colour, and its untenability as a specific distinction. The development of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca has not been clearly traced through all its stages; but the hatching of the ova may be readily observed; and from these ova there are produced little shelled Mollusks, or Nautilines, which are freely moveable by the aid of large ciliated lobes; but whether they undergo further metamorphosis has not been satisfactorily ascertained. There can be no doubt, however, that im order to comprehend with correctness the affinities of new species, some knowledge of the immature forms of ascertained species is necessary. The relative degree of development of certain organs can hardly be arrived at by a-priort reasoning ; and an examina- tion of the animals themselves in various stages of growth is requisite for the formation of correct conclusions. Thus, m the individual which has been the cause of these remarks, although the general conformation of the body presented evident signs of its not having arrived at maturity, the dorsal tentacles were well developed, and of a much larger relative size than in the mature Jriopa. The tongue also, which is an organ of the utmost importance in determining species, appears to have been in this specimen well developed; and a careful examination of it with high powers of the microscope revealed the curved lateral denticles which are described as belonging to Triopa claviger. Whenever a doubt arises as to whether an animal is a new species or the young of a known species, the tongue is a useful criterion which may be safely depended on, and the more valu- able because it is one of the hardest and most imperishable structures of the Nudibranch, and may serve to determine after death, a species which we have failed to recognize during hfe. The spicula also are important hard structures, though more variable than the tongue. It is remarkable that im my specimen—immature, be it remarked—the spicula were more highly developed than usual, being for the most part cruciform, while those of Tropa are usually triradiate. Mr. Alder remarks upon this, “I have drawings of the spicula of Triopa claviger very similar to yours, cruciform or dagger-shaped ; but the tri- radiate are the more common kinds.” The distribution of these spicula in the Nudibranchiate order is worthy of attention. They are usually calcareous and situated in the cutis. The Doridide invariably possess them in large quantities, especially the Doridinze or true Dorids, in which they are more abundant and are arranged more symmetrically than in the Polycerinee. The Tritoniade do not possess them, and the Holididee also are entirely devoid of them, the skin in these last being soft and pliable, and the cloak absent. I once believed I Mr. A. Adams on new Mollusca from Japan. Al could perceive a reason for this difference, in the fact that the Dorids and Polycerine having special and effective branchie, the presence of spicula thickly distributed through the dermal cover- ing would not so much interfere with their respiration as they would with that of the Holididze were their skin largely occupied by them; for these latter, having no special branchie, require an unimpeded surface for the vascular system to be brought as much as possible in contact with the surrounding element. But the fact that spicula are found even in the branchial plumes of the Dorids and Polycerinze militates against this theory. On the other hand, if what I have previously said is true, as to the incorrect position hitherto assigned to the Holidide, we should not be bound to expect that their external similarity of form to the true Nudibranchiata should necessarily be accompanied by an identity of internal economy. But, to return to the necessity which exists for an acquaintance with immature forms, particularly among those who give names to apparently new species, the history of the Nudibranchiata is not without instances of the unnecessary multiplication of syno-- nyms arising from this fertile source. Messrs. Alder and Han- cock tell us that Goniodoris nodosa has received several distinet names from those who have observed it in different stages of growth. When young, and before the tubercles have begun to appear, they are the Goniodoris emarginata of Forbes; after a time they assume the appearance of the Doris nodosa of Mon- tagu; and even when full-grown, the distention of the body with spawn, by rendering the tubercles obsolete, has given rise to the spurious Doris Barvicensis of Johnston. Other instances of this kind might be cited; but it must not be forgotten that there is also a danger of falling into the opposite error—that, namely, of mistaking a really distinct animal for the immature form of another species. Thus, Tritunia alba was long regarded as the young of 7. Hombergii, until distinguished by Alder and Hancock ; and Tritonia plebeia was also for some time imagmed to be the young of the same animal, until recognized as a distinct species by Dr. Johnston. In all similar cases, the persistence of characters in the smaller animals, added to a careful examination of the tongue, will seldom fail to lead to a correct conclusion in the end. VIII.—On some additional new Species of Pyramidellide from the Islands of Japan. By Antuur Apams, F.L.S. &e. Sr1LL pursuing my investigations among the members of this little-known family of Mollusca, I have become acquainted with 42 Mr. A. Adams on new Mollusca from Japan. several species not mentioned in my former communications, which I now beg to bring before the notice of malacologists. Genus Parruenia, Lowe. 1. Parthenia mundula, A. Adams. P. testa ovato-conoidea, rimata, solida, alba; anfractibus normalibus 4, planiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis angustis subobli- quis, interstitiis transversim elevatim striatis; anfractu ultimo magno, rotundato ; apertura ovata, antice producta, postice acumi- nata; plica parietali superiore, valida, conspicua. Hab. Sado Island; 30 fathoms (Nullipore bottom). 2. Parthenia costellata, A. Adams. P. testa elevato-conica, imperforata, solida, sordide alba; anfractibus normalibus 4, planis, longitudinaliter costellatis, costellis validis ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam evanidis, basi leeviusculo ; apertura ovata; plica parietali valida, transversa, mediana; labro sub- incrassato. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 26 fathoms (sand and shells). 3. Parthenia httoralis, A. Adams. P. testa ovato-conica, cornea, semipellucida, tenui; anfractibus normalibus 5, planiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis crassis rectis subdistantibus, ad suturas abrupte evanidis ; anfractu ultimo costis ad peripheriam in zonulam moniliformem desinentibus, basi leevi; apertura oblonga, antice producta ; labio recto ; plica parietali vix celata, superiore, obliqua ; regione umbilicali impressa. Hab. Tsu-Sima; on oysters, at low water (rocks). Genus Opostomia, Fleming. Odostomia hyalina, A. Adams. O. testa ovato-conica, rimata, tenui, alba, semipellucida; anfractibus normalibus 3, leevibus, convexiusculis ; anfractu ultimo ventricoso ; apertura oblonga; labio rectiusculo, superne tortuoso ; plica parie- tali inconspicua, vix celata, perobliqua, superiore. Hab. Mino-Sima, Korea Strait ; 63 fathoms. Genus AuRIcULINA, Gray. 1. Auriculina ovalis, A. Adams. A. testa ovata, imperforata, solidiuscula, alba, semiopaca; anfractibus normalibus 3, convexiusculis, transversim tenuissime striatis ; an- fractu ultimo amplo, elongato; apertura oblongo-ovata, antice dilatata, postice acuminata; labio simplici, arcuato, subincrassato. Hab. Mino-Sima ; 63 fathoms. Mr. A. Adams on new Mollusca from Japan. 43 7 2. Auriculina Grayi, A. Adams. A. testa ovato-acuta, subrimata, semiopaca, alba; anfractibus norma- libus 4, convexiusculis, transversim tenuissime striatis; anfractu ultimo amplo; apertura oblonga, antice producta ac angulata, postice acuminata; labio subincrassato, antice vix reflexo. Hab. Mino-Sima; 63 fathoms. I have already noticed this species in a former paper, but now add a rather fuller description of the specific characters. It is the largest species in the genus. Genus Actts, Lovén. 1. Aclis Loveniana, A. Adams. A. testa turrita, subulata, imperforata, alba; anfractibus 11, con- vexis, transversim sulcatis; anfractu ultimo antice subproducto ; apertura oblonga, longiore quam latiore ; labio arcuato, vix incras- sato; labro intus sulcato. Hab. Port Hamilton; 7 fathoms. This is a large shell for the genus, and resembles an elegant little Turritella. I think, however, the texture and appearance must refer it to this genus. A minute examination of the nucleus, which I am at present unable to make, would determine the point. 2. Aclis crystallina, A. Adams. A, testa imperforata, subulato-turrita, hyalina, tenui, vitrea ; anfrac- tibus normalibus 9, ad suturas angustatis, simplicibus ; anfractu ultimo elongato, antice producto; apertura ovata; labio tenui, arcuato; labro antice effuso. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16 fathoms. 3. Aclis fulgida, A. Adams, A. testa umbilicata, turrita, alba, polita, nitidissima, opaca; anfrac- tibus convexis, levibus; apertura circulari, antice vix producta ; labio arcuato ; labro margine postice subangulato. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16 fathoms. This shell is very elegantly formed, but has lost some of the upper whorls. When perfect, this species would be the most beautiful in a genus where all the species are beautiful. Genus Epata, Gray. 1. Ebala diaphana, A. Adams. E. testa subulata, turrita, imperforata, nitida, pellucida, vitrea, apice obtuso; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, suturis marginatis, anfractu 44. Mr. A. Adams on new Mollusca from Japan. ultimo rotundato; apertura orbiculato-quadrata, antice subpro- ducta et angulata; labio rectiusculo, superne vix flexuoso. Hab. Port Hamilton; 7 fathoms. 2. Hbala scintillans, A. Adams. E. testa subulata, turrita, alba, opaca, nitida, imperforata ; anfrac- tibus normalibus 7, planiusculis, simplicibus; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; apertura subquadrata; labio recto, antice producto. Hab. Sado; 30 fathoms. Genus Curysauuipa, P. P. Carpenter. 1. Chrysallida pygmea, A. Adams. C. testa parva, turrita, in medio tumida, apice obtuso, alba; anfrac- tibus 43, planis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis rectis, interstitiis punctatis ; anfractu alia ad basin rotundato ; apertura oblonga ; plica parietali inconspicua, obliqua. Hab. Port Hamilton; 7 fathoms. 2. Chrysallida pupula, A. Adams. C. testa subrimata, oblongo-ovata, in medio tumida, tenuicula, albida ; anfractibus 53, planulatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis rectis validis, ad suturas rotundatis ac prominentibus, interstitiis trans- versim striatis ; anfractu ultimo ad basin rotundato et contracto ; apertura oblonga ; plica parietali obliqua. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16-26 fathoms. 3. Chrysallida consimilis, A. Adams. C. testa oblongo-ovata, subrimata, alba, solida, longitudinaliter pli- cata; anfractibus 53, planis, plicis rectis validis, interstitiis sim- plicibus ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato; apertura oblonga ; plica parietali transversa, valida. Hab. Port Hamilton ; 7 fathoms. Like C. pupula, but elongated and less tumid in the middle ; inner lip thickened, and the parietal plica strong and transverse ; the interstices between the ribs simple. 4. Chrysallida consobrina, A. Adams. C. testa oblongo-ovali, subrimata, alba, solida, subpyramidali; an- fractibus 55, planiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis rectis validis, interstitiis valde striatis; apertura ovata; plica parietali valida; labro intus suleato. Hab. Awa-Sima; in shell-sand. Like C. pupula, but stouter and more pyramidal, and with the interstices coarsely striated ; outer lip internally sulcate. Mr. A. Adams on new Mollusca from Japan. 45 5. Chrysallida alveata, A. Adams. C. testa ovato-oblonga, rimata, alba, nitida, semiopaca; anfractibus 54, planiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, interstitiis crebre stri- atis ; anfractu ultimo elongato, ad basin rotundato ; apertura ovata; plica parietali obliqua. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16—26 fathoms. Like C. pupula, but semi-opake, thinner, and more slender ; the ribs smaller, and not prominent at the sutures; interstices more coarsely striated. 6. Chrysallida munda, A. Adams. C. testa ovato-oblonga, in medio tumida, albida; anfractibus 44, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis ad suturas simpli- cibus, interstitiis tenuiter striatis; anfractu ultimo ad basin rotun- dato; apertura oblonga; plica parietali obliqua. Hab. Korea Strait ; 46 fathoms. Like C. pupula, but shorter and more conical ; whorls more convex; plice simple at the sutures, and the intervals between the plice very finely striated. 7. Chrysallida mumia, A. Adams. C. testa elongato-ovali, albida; anfractibus 63, planiusculis, plicis longitudinalibus obliquis instructis, interstitiis transversim tenuis- sime striatis; apertura ovata; plica parietali obliqua. Hab. Port Hamilton; 7 fathoms. Like C. munda, but more elongate; whorls more numerous and less convex ; interstices very finely striated. 8. Chrysallida nana, A. Adams. C. testa perparva, gracili, tereti, alba ; anfractibus 43, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis distantibus; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, plicis ad basin evanidis ; apertura ovata ; plica parietali inconspicua, obliqua. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16-26 fathoms. 9. Chrysallida terebra, A. Adams. C. testa gracili, tereti, subulata, nitida, albida; anfractibus 73, plauis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis vix undulatis, validis, subdistanti- bus, interstitiis creberrime transversim striatis ; suturis profundis ; anfractu ultimo ad basin subangulato; apertura subquadrata ; plica parietali valida. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16-26 fathoms. 10. Chrysallida pusio, A. Adams. C. testa parva, turrito-conica, nitida; anfractibus 53, planis, oblique 46 Mr. A. Adams on new Mollusca from Japan. plicatis, plicis validis, interstitiis transversim striatis; anfractu ultimo ad basin subangulato; apertura vix quadrangulari; plica parietali inferiore, valida, transversa. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 16-26 fathoms. 11. Chrysallida pura, A. Adams. C. testa subulato-turrita, tenuicula, nivea, opaca; anfractibus norma- libus 8, convexiusculis, costatis, costis rectiusculis validis ; inter- stitiis liris spiralibus decussatis ; costis in anfractu ultimo ad basin extendentibus ; peripheria rotundata; apertura ovata ; labio recti- usculo ; plica parietali superore. Hab. Awa-Sima (in shell-sand). Genus Dunxuria, P. P. Carpenter. Dunkeria craticulata, A. Adams. D. testa elongato-turrita, pallide fusca; anfractibus rotundatis, cos- tellis longitudinalibus permultis et lirulis spiralibus elevatis validis eleganter cancellatis, interstitiis profundis, quadratis; costellis in anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam abrupte desientibus; basi lirulis concentricis instructa; apertura ovata; labio arcuato. Hab. Mino-Sima ; 63 fathoms. Genus Evtime ia, Forbes. From the figure in the ‘ British Mollusca’ of Hulimella Scille (pl. F. F. fig. 7), the animal has very obtuse folded tentacles and other characters which would refer the genus to Pyramidellide ; the shell, however, is very similar to that of Eulima. The spe- cimens serving for the descriptions of the following species were dredged from deep water, and although in a good state of pre- servation, were possessed of neither animals nor opercula. 1. Eulimella pellucens, A. Adams. Zi. testa subulato-pyramidali, gracili, pellucida, alba, anfractibus supremis rufo tinctis; anfractibus 10, planatis, ultimo ad peri- pheriam subangulato ; apertura oblongo-ovata ; labio rectiusculo, producto, in medio subangulato. Hab. Mino-Sima; 63 fathoms. 2. Eulimella opalina, A. Adams. E. testa subulato-pyramidali, robusta, valida, alba, semipellucida, opalina; anfractibus 10, planatis; suturis distinctis; anfractu ultimo lato, ad peripheriam obtuse angulato; apertura oblonga, lata, antice producta ; labio rectiusculo; labro in medio producto et angulato. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 26 fathoms. W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. 4:7 3. Hulimella opaca, A. Adams. #. testa subulato-pyramidali, alba, opaca, solidiuscula; anfractibus 10, planatis, ultimo ad peripheriam obtusim angulato; apertura subquadrato-ovata; labio brevi, recto, subincrassato; labro in medio subangulato. Hab. Mino-Sima; 63 fathoms. 4. Eulimella vitrea, A. Adams. £. testa parvula, subulato-pyramidali, alba, tenui, vitrea; anfractibus 6, planatis; suturis impressis; anfractu ultimo magno, ad_peri- pheriam obtuse angulato; apertura subquadrata; labio brevi, rectiusculo ; labro in medio obtusim angulato. Hab. Tsu-Sima; 26 fathoms. 5. Eulimella hyalina, A. Adams. £. testa subulato-pyramidali, brevi, alba, tenui, pellucida ; anfractibus 5, planatis ; suturis impressis; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam rotundatim angulato; apertura subquadrata; labio rectinsculo ; labro in medio obtusim angulato. Ha). Sado; 30 fathoms. Ta-Lien-Whan, China, July 2, 1860. 1X.—Supplementary Memoir on the Genera Liriope and Pelto- gaster, Rathke. By W. Litisesore. [Plates I. and III. ] Amonest his collections made on the coast of Norway in 1858, the author found a specimen of the female of Lzrzope, less deve- loped than that previously described by him, fixed upon Pelto- gaster Paguri. At Bohuslaen in Sweden, in 1859, he had the opportunity of examining a living specimen of Sacculina and several specimens of Peltogaster Paguri and P. sulcatus. He also obtained examples of two new genera, one allied to Saccu- lina and the other to Peltogaster. The examination of these new - materials gave rise to the paper of which the following is an abstract. Liriore, Rathke. The specimen measured 24 millim. across. The whole anterior part of the Liriupe (see vol. vi. Pl. 4. figs. 2 & 3 a) had penetrated through the skin of the Peltogaster, so that it could not be seen from the outside. The part of the Peltogaster to which the Liriope was attached was swelled. The Peltogaster contaimed no eges. The body of the Liriope was more distended than that before described, and exhibited no folds or wrinkles. Its form 48 W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. was transversely oval; at the posterior part the anal aperture was seen in a small depression, and surrounded with dark points and a slightly projecting border. The body was less convex be- low than above, and had no longitudinal fissure. The colour was yellowish white. Sacculina Carcini, J. V. Thompson. Ent. Mag. vol. i. p. 452 (1836). Pachybdella Carcini, Diesing. The author observes that the form of this animal changes remarkably according as it contracts the pallium more or less, or absorbs a larger or smaller quantity of water. When immersed in spirits, still fixed to the Crab, the latter, by strongly drawing up the abdomen, causes the Sacculina to acquire a flattened form. By absorbing water it becomes more inflated and rounded. After emptying and abandoning the oviferous tubes, the animal acquires a more contracted form. The author cites Thompson’s descriptions of the larva of Sacculina, and copies his figures, which he considers to confirm the opinion, put forward in the preceding memoir, that Sacculina is a Curripede ; he also points out the error made in the report of Thompson’s paper in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv’ for 1837, and already indicated by us in a note on Leuckart’s Memoir on Sacculina*, according to which Thompson regarded this parasite as “ belonging to Lernxade,” whilst in reality his remarks evi- dently tend to show that he considered its nearest affinities to be with the Cirripedia. The living Sacculina (PI. I. fig. 1, nat. size) shows scarcely any movement, except that it from time to time contracts the aperture at b, so that the wrinkles of the pallium round this aperture become more numerous, and form a depression as shown in the figure. The pallium is shghtly transparent, so that the oviferous tubes may be indistinctly seen. The pallium consists of three distinct membranes. Externally there is a tolerably thick and opake yellowish-white chitmous membrane, having on its inner face a pretty thick cellular layer. In this cellular layer branching and anastomosing tubes containing a darker matter are observed: these the author thinks may be muscular tubes. A thick and opake membrane, slightly attached by connective tissue, lies beneath this layer, and appears to pre- sent a more complicated structure. Externally there is a thin chitinous lamella, on which there are a great number of bands of a more solid structure, rising a little above the lamella, and becoming confounded with it at the extremities and sometimes * See Annals, ser. 3. vol. iv. p. 424. W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. 49 also in the middle. Beneath this chitinous lamella is a thick layer of an intercellular substance and indistinct cells, among which are more or less evident muscular fibres, feebly joined to- gether, and destitute of transverse strie. This membrane is easily detached from the others; it is described by Leuckart (J. c. p. 427) as “a sort of fatty body, or a cutaneous muscular sac permeated by fat.” Within this muscular membrane there is another, delicate and transparent, containing small irregular cells. At the upper part of the tube leading to the opening of the mouth the two inner membranes unite with each other and with the membranes enveloping the internal body, forming the tube which clothes the inner face of the neck of the adhesive organ. At the orifice opposite the mouth and on one side of the body, these two membranes are also joined to those of the fleshy body. The tube descending to the organ of adhesion is not spiral (fig. 2 a). The internal body (corpus carnosum) differs little in the living animal from that already figured by the author. It is more inflated and rounded. A longitudinal section through the organ of adhesion and the opposite opening is elliptical. The body is surrounded by a delicate and transparent chitinous membrane, on which there are small raised and irregular cells, probably the nuclei of cells remaining after the membrane became chitinous. This membrane exactly resembles the third or innermost mem- brane of the pallium. It is united to that membrane at the lower part of the body, at the orifice of the pallium and on the right side of the bedy, and may be regarded as a continuation of it. Between these two membranes are the oviferous tubes, shghtly attached to both of them, and not surrounded by any other membranous sac, so that the young, when hatched, may escape directly through the orifice of the palium. In a specimen with empty oviferous tubes, the residue of their membranes was at the right side of the orifice of the pallium, and some of their branches extended into that orifice. In the same specimen, near this spot, and in the vicinity of the ramose gland, there were in the body some brownish corneous tubercles, of irregular and variable form : these were probably products of the ramose gland. Close to the right side of the orifice of the pallium (fig. 2 ¢) is the orifice through which the internal ovaries communicate with the oviferous tubes. The lower part of the body, in the vicinity of the tube descending to the organ of adhesion, is whitish, and the internal ovaries do not penetrate to it. The muscular mem- brane forming its wall is more compact than elsewhere, except the part surrounding the pallial orifice. In two small fragments of this membrane, the author observed some filaments swelled Amn. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.3. Vol. vir. L 50 W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. here and there, and without transverse strie. At the place where they were torn they presented a fibrous structure. The author has found similar filaments in Peltogaster, and seems to think that they may be nervous. Otherwise he has found no trace of a nervous system. In the inferior part of the body there are two organs in the form of elongated sacs placed close together (Pl. II. fig. 9). At the closed end (a) the walls are thick, compact, and whitish ; at the other end (4) they are thin and cellular. The contents of these are small globules of variable size, without nuclei. One of these organs was observed by Thompson, who says that it is transparent, and supposed that it mght be a stomach. They appear to correspond exactly with those described by the author in his former memoir, and which he regarded as primitive ova- ries in P. Paguri and as male organs in P. sulcatus. From ob- servations on the contents of the corresponding organs in a form allied to Peltogaster, he is led to believe that they are testes. In P. sulcatus he has always found them largest in the smaller specimens, which had the ovaries and ova least developed. Amongst the cells with a distinct nucleus he has also seen glo- bules of larger or smaller size, some of which were of a brownish colour. No digestive organs were detected by the author; but he thinks that if the animal has a stomach, it will be situated in the lower part of the body. The remaining and greater part of the internal body is of a complicated structure, and consists principally of muscular tissue and of the ovaries, together with a pretty large gland, regarded by Leuckart as a cement-gland. The muscular membrane form- ing the walls of the body resembles the second membrane of the pallium ; but the muscular fibres are transversely striated. It is covered externally by a very delicate membrane, probably of chitinous nature, presenting bands similar to those of the second membrane of the pallium. The internal muscular tissue 1s most dense about the orifice of the pallium, round which it forms a sort of sphincter (fig. 2 4). The interior of the body is divided into several compartments containing the ramified ovaries. The muscular membrane of the body close to the orifice of the pallium resembles that covering the lower part of the body. It rises a little above the muscular membrane of the vicinity, and extends to the orifice of the pallium. Beneath this membrane there is a large gland formed of ramified tubes (fig. 4). Its efferent canal was not observed, but its component tubes are directed towards the upper part, and therefore probably towards the orifice by which the internal ovaries communicate with the oviferous tubes. The component tubes are 0:04 millim. in dia- W. Lilleborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. 51 meter ; their walls are formed of irregular cells. The gland was empty in one specimen, its contents having probably been dis- charged when the ova quitted the internal ovaries; in another the gland was filled with a cellular matter, and the walls were composed, as described by Leuckart, of cylindrical cells. Leuckart regards this as a cement-gland ; and the corneous tubercles found in its vicinity render this view not improbable. Otherwise, if the two sacciform organs are not testes, this gland may be sup- posed to be a testis, as it presents some resemblance to the testes of the Cirripedia. Chstosaccus * Pagurt, nov. gen. et spec. This parasite was found, in July 1859, upon two small speci- mens of Pagurus Bernhardus, taken at Christinebourg, in Bohuslaen. There was a single specimen on each Pagurus, attached to the abdomen in the place usually occupied by Pelto- gaster, namely, on the left side, near the base of the abdomen. The animal (PI. I. fig. 5) has the form of a completely closed and more or less rounded sac, fixed by one side to the abdomen of the Pagurus. The largest specimen was 5 millim. in length, and was of an oval form; the smaller one was rounded. The surface of the pallium was smooth, and, in the larger specimen, exhibited a slight sinuosity at the lower part where it was at- tached. The pallium was tolerably thick, though more trans- parent than in Sacculina. In the larger individual there was an empty space on one side of the larger extremity. In structure the pallium resembled that of Sacculina. The portion of the parasite which was fixed to the abdomen of the Pagurus (fig. 6 a) was very convex, and had traversed the skin of the Crab. The compact external membrane of the pallium is not continued over the part of the animal which penetrates the skin of the host, but terminates close to this, in a raised, horny, brownish margin, which becomes confounded with the skin of the Pagurus, just as the corneous margins of the organs of adhesion in Sacculina and Peltogaster unite with the skin of the Crustacea to which they are attached. This corneous border may therefore be regarded as the organ of adhesion of this animal. It is presumable that the skin which envelopes the organ of adhesion in the younger individuals of Peltogaster adheres in exactly the same manner to the abdomen of Pagurus. Probably the young Sacculine are also fixed in the same way. Young Peltogasters sometimes have the anterior orifice closed, but they always possess a buccal orifice. There is consequently a great analogy between Clisto- saccus and the young of Peltogaster, and perhaps of Sacculina ; * kheroros, closed ; waxxos, sac. 4k 52 W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. but Clistosaccus differs from both in the absence of a buccal ori- fice. It appears therefore to have remained at a lower stage of development, although, as compared with Peltogaster, in its in- ternal structure it represents a higher degree, and approaches more to Sacculina. The portion of the Clistosaccus which had traversed the skin of the Pagurus (fig. 6 a) was enveloped by a thick, but not com- pact, muscular and cellular membrane, which appeared to be a continuation of the second membrane of the pallium. Imme- diately under the skin of the Pagurus the penetrant portion of the parasite bore a circle of soft ramose appendages (figs. 6 6 & 7), consisting of a delicate and transparent external mem- brane, and, within this, of granules and small round vesicles without distinct nuclei. Beneath these the integument became thicker; so that the thickest part was near the base, where it presented a very uneven surface. In the structure of this part we find a striking analogy with Anelasma squalicola. The peduncle of the latter, which pene- trates the skin of the Shark, has a great resemblance to the por- tion of the Clistosaccus which traverses the skin of the Pagurus. It is also furnished with similar ramose appendages. As Clisto- saccus has no buccal orifice, it must be supposed to obtain its nourishment by absorption; and the ramose appendages are probably absorbent organs, comparable to the villosities of the intestines in the higher animals. ‘These appendages in Ane- lasma may perhaps have a similar function. When the pallium is opened (fig. 6), the animal presents a structure almost exactly in accordance with that of Sacculina. There is a muscular, oval, whitish internal body (ec), surrounded on all sides by oviferous tubes. This body has a small neck, by which it is fixed to the basal part of the animal. The body is comparatively smaller than in Sacculina, and the author could not ascertain whether it is attached to the pallium. Within the body there were more or less developed ovules, but not enclosed in ramified tubes. As the pallium is completely closed, a fissure must be produced in it somewhere for the escape of the young. The author gives the following characters of his new genus and species :— CLISTOSACCUS, nov. gen. Animal e Crustaceorum classe et Cirripediorum subclasse, generibus Succuline et Peltogasteris affine, ectoparasiticum, in abdomine Pa- guri degens. Animal sacciforme, saccum rotundum vel ovalem, clausum et leevem preebens, latere uno (infericre) in abdomine Paguri immerso, molli et appendicibus ramosis (absorbentibus ?) preedito, ibique pallii tunica extima chitinosa cum cute Poguri coalita. Pallio aperto corpus W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. 53 parvulum carnosum, ovaria interna continens, et tubulis oviferis ceeciformibus obtectum, videmus. Clistosaccus Pagurt, 0. sp. Specimina duo, quorum majus (fig. 5) 5 millim. longum in abdo- mine Paguri Bernhardi, mense Julii ad litus Bahusize accepta. Peltogaster Paguri, Rathke. The outer membrane of the pallium is composed of two chiti- nous lamelle, of which the exterior is the thickest, and has more or less distinct longitudinal lines or bands, somewhat resembling those occurring in the membrane enveloping the ovarian sac. The development of these bands varies upon different parts of the pallium, and the lamella itself is from time to time of dif- ferent degrees of thickness and opacity. On the inner face of the interior and more delicate membrane there is a more or less distinct epithelium with irregular cells ; and this lamella itself is sometimes composed of hexagonal cells. The epithelium is more distinct between the bands. Within this lamella, and slightly attached to, or sometimes separate from it, there is a membrane or thick and more or less opake sac, of cellular and fibrous struc- ture. It consists of a thick cellular layer, upon the inner face of which there are bundles of muscular fibres feebly bound to- gether and directed transversely. These fibres are naturally formed from the cellular layer, and in P. su/catus the author has seen these cells taking the form of fibres, which are striated, whilst in P. Paguri they are smooth. In the cellular layer there is a system of lacunar canals, but less developed than in Apeltes. This membrane answers exactly to the second membrane of the pallium in Sacculina, and the author therefore regards it as belonging to the pallium, although, when the Peltogaster con- tains no ova, it is sometimes contracted, and forms a sac con- siderably removed from the outer membrane (PI. III. fig. 2d). It extends into the anterior orifice of the pallium, where it is very thick and abundantly furnished with muscular fibres which act as sphincters. It is probably this sac that was regarded by Rathke as an organ of digestion or stomach, and at the same time as a matrix. The author described its membrane as the “dermis” in his previous memoir. When these membranes are removed from the animal con- taining ova, its lower surface presents the appearance shown in Pl. II. fig. 8*. Along the median portion there is a whitish or yel- lowish body (the ovarian sac), which is bordered above and along * The specimen figured was preserved in spirit. g 54. W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. the sides by a large oviferous sac. On the lower part of the ovarian sac there are two elongated cylindrical bodies surrounded by connective tissue, by which they are attached to the sae (c ¢, and fig. 9). The author regards these as testes, principally from his observations on the allied new form Apeltes. From the more obtuse and whitish extremity, which is surrounded by a rather thick cellular membrane, issues a narrow and compact serpentine canal (b), which is attached to the membrane of the oviferous sac. The ovarian sac is attached by connective tissue to the ovi- ferous sac which surrounds it, and anteriorly (a) and posteriorly to the inner membrane of the pallium; it sends a small tube into the neck of the adhesive organ. The external chitinous membrane of this sac is furnished with raised and regular longi- tudinal bands, which appear to have a canal in their interior. Under this outer membrane there is another, which is cellular and fibrous, and resembles the muscular coat of the pallium, except that the muscular tissue is rather denser. The ovarian sac thus presents a great conformity of structure with the pal- lum. In one individual its anterior extremity was produced into the pallial orifice, so as to be visible before the removal of the pallium. The author detected no aperture at the anterior extremity ; the membranes there were only a little thinner; nor did he succeed in finding the aperture through which the ova must escape from the ovarian sac. The ovaries contained in the ovarian sac form two sacs parallel to the axis of the body. In their lateral portions these sacs bear lobules or branches of different lengths, and they become con- founded at their posterior part. They vary both in form and volume as the eggs are developed. In the specimen represented in fig. 8, the ovaries contained ova, cells, and intercellular sub- stance. Some of the ova were tolerably large, and filled with a great number of vesicles. The ovarian sac was whitish, tinged posteriorly with yellowish red. : The ovarian sae in Peltogaster corresponds exactly with the part called “ corpus carnosum” in Sacculina by the author. Its principal contents are ovaries; and it is clear that the ovarian sac, as well as the “ transformed body” in Sacculina, must ab- sorb the food. The testes (Pl. Il. figs. 8c & 9) are always of the same form. Their colour is greenish yellow, with darker transverse lines. Their walls are compact, thick and opake, and formed of several layers of cells. They are surrounded by a sac of con- nective tissue, which is very thick and cellular at the part whence the canal issues and which surrounds the canal itself. They are empty in specimens with a greatly developed oviferous sac; in W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. 55 those in which this is wanting they have cellular and viscid contents. No spermatozoids were detected in them. The canal issuing from them is compact and strong, but narrow and tor- tuous ; at the part attached to the testis it has a flask-shaped dilatation of a less solid consistence. In the,specimen figured (fig. 8), one of the canals had im the middle a short czecal branch, and also an apophysis at the extremity attached to the oviferous sac; these were wanting in the other canal. At the point where the canal terminated, the membrane surrounding the oviferous sac was thicker, uneven, rugose and brownish, apparently indi- cating that a deposition of cement had taken place. The canal being attached to the oviferous sac seems to prove that the ova are not fecundated until after leaving the ovary. The oviferous sac (fig. 8 d) is voluminous, surrounds the ovarian sac above and along the sides, and forms the greater part of the contents of the Peltogaster. It is everywhere enve- loped in a delicate pellucid membrane, having small and more or less distinct irregular cells; it is slightly attached by connec- tive tissue both to the muscular membrane of the pallium and to the ovarian sac. The membrane surrounding the oviferous sac appears to be exactly analogous to those which in Sacculina are placed closest to the oviferous tubes. Within are the ova, held together by cement, just as in the ovisacs of Cyclops. The oviferous sac corresponds with the oviferous tubes of Sacculina, Its colour was yellowish red, but varies according to the deve- lopment of the ova. From these observations, the author’s previous statements re- garding the ovaries (Annals, vol. vi. pp. 166, 167) must be sup- pressed. The portions described and figured by him as “ pri- mitive ovaries” are the testes, enveloped by their sacs. The supposition that the animals perish after having once produced their ova (p. 167) is also erroneous. The author has found in the same individual of P. sulcatus, hatched young in the ovife- rous sacs, and large eggs, filled with yellowish vesicles, in the ovaries. After the escape of the young, the oviferous sac is probably destroyed, as is the case in Cyclops and Sacculina ; the new ova are then probably enclosed in a new oviferous sac. The author on one occasion met with a small specimen of this species in which he could discover no trace of the anterior orifice of the pallium. He at first took it for a distinct species, but the form of its organ of adhesion and of its testes showed it to be- long to P. Paguri. It was three millim. in length, and the colour of its oviferous sac was a deep brownish red. It was attached to P. chiracanthus, Lillj. This closed structure of the 56 W. Lilljeborg on the Genera Liriope and Peltogaster. pallium seems to belong to a particular grade of development both in P. Paguri and P. sulcatus. Peltogaster sulcatus, Lilljeborg. In the arrangement of the parts of the body, this species agrees with the preceding. The outer chitinous membrane of the pal- lium is destitute of longitudinal bands or raised lines; and the muscular membrane has the cellular layer thinner and the fibrous layer more developed, forming a compact stratum of distinctly striated fibres. The outer membrane of the ovarian sac is also destitute of longitudinal bands, and its muscular membrane is much thinner than in P. Paguri. The testes are of a different form (see Annals, vol. vi. pl. 4. fig. 11). They are small in specimens with a large sac of ova, and largest in small specimens without an oviferous sac. Sometimes they are found empty, sometimes filled with granules and cells with distinct nuclei, and enveloping a smaller sac or having double walls (PI. II. fig. 10). On issuing from the testis, the canal, in the specimen figured, was a little thickened and opake. The extremity which was attached to the membrane (c, of the future oviferous sac ?) was slightly enlarged, having its margins uneven and rather thick. At this point the canal appeared to have traversed the mem- brane, on the other side of which there was a vesicle containing a smaller one (0) fixed to the orifice of the canal. The spermo-. genous cells in these testes were less developed than in that of Apeltes, in which their nature was clearly seen. The ovaries are nearly of the same form as in P. Paguri. In neither species could the author find in the ovarian sac any organ corresponding with the supposed cement-gland of Saccu- lina, which seems to support the opinion that this may be the testis. No orifice for the escape of the ova could be detected. The form of the adult animal differs a little from that repre- sented in the author’s previous memoir; it is shown from a living specimen in PI. III. fig. 1. Fig. 2 represents a specimen, preserved in spirit, from which the young had escaped, and in which the ovaries contained no eggs. A.34. C.30,, P. 21. V.-1/5. Snout without a spine anteriorly. Lateral line smooth, without granulated plates. Port Famine. This species is similar to Ch. rhinoceratus, Richards., from which it may be readily distinguished by the characters men- tioned. The general form of the head is the same as in the other species, and its length is contained three times and a third in the total length. The maxillary extends nearly to below the middle of the eye; both the jaws are armed with cardiform teeth, the palate being entirely smooth. The bony striz of the operculum are differently arranged from those in Ch. rhinoceratus, and do not terminate in very prominent spines ; the centre from which they radiate is near the upper anterior angle of the oper- culum; two run downwards towards the suboperculum, three towards the extremity of the operculum (the upper one being bifurcate), and the last ascends upwards towards the suprascapula. The anterior dorsal fin commences at a small distance from the occiput, and is longer than high, none of the flexible spines being produced; this, however, cannot constitute a specific dif- ference from Ch. rhinoceratus, as long as we are ignorant whether the sexes of the fishes of this genus show any external differences. The soft dorsal commences immediately behind the spinous, is about as high, and terminates at some distance from the caudal ; the latter fin appears to be subtruncated. The anal commences a little behind the soft dorsal, and terminates in the same verti- cal. The pectoral is broad, extending to the vertical from the third dorsal ray; the upper portion of its posterior margin is subtruncated, the lower rounded. The ventrals are jugular, and rather longer than the pectoral. The skin is entirely smooth, the lateral line being formed by small tubules, which, in dried specimens, are very distinct. It ascends in a gentle curve towards the back, running close to the base of the soft dorsal and terminating opposite to the extremity of that fin. The second or lower portion of the lateral line Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. vii. ri 90 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera commences below the last fourth of the dorsal fin, running along the middle of the tail towards the caudal. The colour is now a dirty yellowish, with brown blotches. The single stuffed specimen, brought by Capt. King from Port Famine, is 124 inches long. I subjoin, for comparison, the diagnosis of Chenichthys rhinoceratus. Richards. Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Fishes, p. 13, pl. 6. figs. 1-8 (ventrals too short). Bien. 7/8423. 6 ASS, A hook-like spine anteriorly on the upper surface of the head. Lateral line with a series of granulated scales. XIII.—On certain Coleoptera from the Island of St. Vincent. By T. Vernon Wo uaston, M.A., F.L.S. In the Supplement to vol. xx. ser. 2. of the ‘Annals of Natural History’, I gave a brief notice of fifteen exponents of the Coleoptera which were captured by John Gray, Esq., and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, during a day’s sojourn at St. Vincent (of the Cape de Verdes) in December 1856,—only eleven of which, however, I then attempted to determine precisely. But having lately re- ceived, through the kindness of Alexander Fry, Esq., the loan of various specimens which he has collected whilst touching at the same island on two subsequent occasions (amounting to twenty- three species, fourteen of which were not found by Messrs, Gray and Clark), and having likewise had the advantage of a few more (two of which were not included in either of the above- mentioned batches) picked up by my nephew F'. W. Hutton, Esq., on the 11th of June, 1857, whilst on his voyage to Calcutta,— I have got together, in all, an assortment of thirty-two species, which I have just been examining somewhat carefully, with the intention of supplying a few critical remarks on them in the present paper. So little being known of the insect-population of the Cape de Verdes, any contribution which may tend to elucidate even a modicum of the forms that prevail there cannot but be interest- ing; and when we consider the excessive barrenness of the group (to which all travellers bear most abundant testimony), I cannot but believe that the thirty-two species recorded below, from one of the smaller islands, may give some faint idea of the general character of the Coleoptera of that particular spot. As we might naturally anticipate, in such a dry and cindery region, from the Island of St. Vincent. 9% the Heterom>rous type reigns predominant ; for whilst as many as thirteen (out of the thirty-two here alluded to) are members of the Heteromera, only nine belong to the Geodephaga, three to the Rhynchophora, two to the Priocerata, and one to each of the great sections Hydradephaga, Necrophaga, Cordylocerata, Pseudo- trimera, and Prachelytra. So that, if we may take St. Vincent as a fair index of the whole, it is not difficult to foretell the im- mense preponderance which the Heteromera will be found to possess throughout the entire archipelago of the Cape de Verdes. There are but few accounts of these remote and desolate islands containmg anything of interest to a naturalist. Mr. Darwin, in his admirable ‘ Journal of Researches,’ gives us per- haps the best that has yet been published; but his observations refer only to St. Jago. Perhaps the following extract, therefore, from a letter received from my nephew, F. W. Hutton, Esq., bearing on the general features of St. Vincent, may not be out of place :-— “T landed,” says he, “on the 11th of June, 1857. The town (if it deserves the name, for it has only about 200 inhabitants in it) is built on the north-west side of the island, and is situated in the centre of a huge extinct volcanic crater, about four miles in diameter, the western side of which the sea has broken down, and has filled up half the basin, forming the harbour of Porto Grande. It is the only mhabited part of the island, with the exception of a small house belonging to the English consul, which is built on the rim of the crater. The houses look clean outside, but, like the whited sepulchre, are all filth and abomi- nation within. The interior of the country is not much better : either rough red volcanic hills, covered with scorize and ashes, constitute the foreground, whilst high broken cliffs of lava shut in the view ; or else you stand on the naked lava and see below you these ‘ rough red hills.’ The island is almost entirely de- void of vegetation. A few unhealthy-looking shrubs and plants grow in the sandy valleys; whilst on the mountains, between the blocks of lava which lie thrown about, a scanty crop of long but withered grass is perceptible, and affords sustenance for the few goats and donkeys that live there. I took six species of Coleoptera in the island, chiefly from under the plants in the valleys—the big one [ Trichosternum striatum] and the black one | Oxycara pedinoides| being by far the most common. Of the red one [ Hremonomus Huttoni], out of about 200 specimens, 1 only found one alive. I saw no moths or butterflies ; but one smooth light-green caterpillar (about an inch and a half long), with a black shining head. I saw part of the skin of a snake*, * As snakes are altogether unknown in the Canaries and Madeira (and I believe also at the Azores), I felt that there was possibly some error 1 Pc 4 92 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleopteria which had lost its colour, and two lizards*. There’ were several spiders and bugs; locusts also frequented by hundreds the most sterile and dusty places, and skipped about as if their land was the best and happiest in the world. Of birds, I saw the Egyp- tian Vulture, and a brown Eagle with a wedge-shaped tail ; also a few Guinea-fowl, and (as I was told) some Quail. I saw a flock of about eight Crows, like the common Corvus esrone ; likewise two Swallows (Hirundo rustica), which seemed rather larger than their brethren in England ; and a brown-looking Warbler, about the size and shape of a robin. I could find no land Mollusca. The colours of the animals are, on the whole, sober, and harmo- nize much more with the desolate appearance of the island than with the gaudy colouring which usually obtains in the tropics.” Fam. Cicindelide. Genus CICINDELA. Linneeus, Syst. Nat. 1. 657 (1767). 1. Cicindela Hesperidum, n. sp. C. angustula, capite prothoraceque leete viridescenti- cuprescenti- et eenescenti-variegatis ; labro mandibularumque basi dilute testaceis, illo brevi antice truneato et dente medio minutissimo armato ; vculis intus subangulatim emarginatis; elytris obscurioribus, ru- gose granulatis, lunula humerali apicalique necnon punctis qua- tuor (duobus anterioribus confluentibus) testaceis ornatis, ad api- cem distincte serratis et singulatim leviter rotundatis, sutura (et etiam circa scutellum) elevata. Long. corp. lin. 4-53. Obs. Species C. littorali affinis, sed certe distincta; minor, this statement, and that perhaps a lizard’s skin, of large dimensions, might have been mistaken for that of a snake. I therefore wrote lately to Mr. Hutton about it again, and have received from him a note, in which he says: “I think there can be no doubt that I found part of the cast skin of a snake, for I know them well; it was about a foot long, split up as you always see them, and colourless, or nearly so.” * Lizards abound in most of these Atlantic islands; in Madeira they absolutely teem, tenanting even the small adjacent rocks. In the Canarian group they are less common, though quite universal. Mr. Darwin, in his * Journal of Researches,’ calls special attention to the abundance of lizards on nearly all oceanic islands. In the central portion of the Galapagos Archipelago, the large Amblyrhynchus Demarlii would seem to be a com- plete nuisance,—so much so, that it was difficult to find a place free from its burrows to pitch atent in. Mr. Darwin gives a graphic account of these sluggish stupid creatures, and describes their modus operandi in forming their holes. ‘I watched one,” says he, “for a long time, until half its body was buried; I then walked up and pulled it by the tail: at this it was greatly astonished, and soon shuffled up to see what was the matter; and then stared me in the face, as much as to say, ‘What made you pull my Epil 2? 7? from the Island of St. Vincent. 93 angustior, maculis vix similibus pallidioribus, elytris rugosius tu- berculatis ad apicem magis fortiter serratis singulatim rotundatis et spinula suturali media majore terminatis, sutura antice magis elevata (costa etiam circa scutellum continuata), capite protho- race pedibusque letius cuprescentibus, oculis intus paulo magis angulatim emarginatis, labro breviore antice magis truncato, in medio haud sinuato et denticulo multo minore instructo, mandi- bulis vix minoribus ad basin externam brevius albidis, antennis paulo gracilioribus articulo basilari minore, femoribus gracilioribus, corpore subtus fere impunctato, et cet. A single example of this Cicindela, which I forwarded to Berlin three years ago, was regarded by my friend Dr. Schaum as a variety of the widely distributed C. iittoralis; and, indeed, did its only differences from that insect consist in size, colour, and the slightly altered proportions of its paler patches, I should certainly have been of the same opinion myself. But the sub- sequent comparison of a larger number of examples with types of the C. ittoralis from Northern Africa has brought to hght so many constant, and even structural distinctions (however small) that I cannot but receive them, in conjunction with those less important ones of external contour, as of true specific signi- fication. Thus it is not merely smaller than the C. Uittoralis, more brightly metallic in parts, and with the spots paler and rather differently proportioned, but its elytra are more coarsely granuled, much more evidently serrated at their apex, and sepa- rately rounded-off, causing the spiniform termination of the suture to be larger. The suture also is more raised, particularly in front, where the elevation is continued round the hinder portion of the scutellum; its eyes are rather more angularly emarginated internally ; its antennee and femora are somewhat slenderer (the former having their basal joint, especially, less robust) ; its man- dibles are not quite so elongate, and with the white stripe at their outer base shorter (extending only to the commencement of the first tooth, instead of to the third) ; its body beneath is almost impunctate; and its upper lip is very differently con- structed, being not only much shorter, but more truncated in front, unsinuated in the middle, and with a much smaller central tooth. I possess two specimens of this insect, which were captured in St. Vincent by John Gray, Esq., and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, during December 1856, and have examined others in the collec- tion of Mr. Fry. Iam informed by Mr. Clark that the species was very abundant in a salt locality, or marsh, close to Porto Grande. 2. Cicindela vicina, De}. Cicindela vicina, De}., Spec. Gen. des Col. v. 244 (1831). The present Cicindela seems to agree sufficiently well with the 94: Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera C. vicina of Dejean, from Senegal,—a species closely alhed to the Hgyptiaca, but (not to mention smaller differences) a little more expanded posteriorly, of a rather more lively greenish- metallic hue, and with its elytral patches a trifle more developed. I do not perceive, however, in the Cape de Verde specimens any’ indication of the rufo-testaceous tint which Dejeaa describes as colouring the femora (and base of the tibize) beneath: the éro- chanters are all of them brightly rufescent, but the thighs are of an undiluted brassy-green throughout. Nevertheless so small a distinction as this may perhaps be merely indicative of a local variety peculiar to these islands. I have four examples of it now before me, from the collection of Mr. Fry, by whom they were taken at St. Vincent “in a dry water-course, on sand.” Fam. Carabide. Genus Dromivs. Bonelli, Observat. Ent. 1. tab. synopt. (1813). The insect described below has all the prima-facie aspect, in its general contour and pale subhumeral patch, of a true Meta- bletus, appearing to associate itself with such species as the obscuroguttatus and patruelis; but its prothorax is broader and more truncated behind, and the terminal joint of its palpi is slenderer ; whilst, on carefully dissecting it, I find that its men- tum is perfectly toothless. Its paraglossee may possibly be a little more on the Metabletus-type than on that of the true Dromii, seeming, in my specimen, a trifle to surpass the (apically subtruncate) ligula in length, as also to be more rounded and not quite in a continuous curve with the latter; nevertheless, be this as it may, its edentate mentum will completely remove it from the Metableti; whilst from Blechrus its tongue is, at any rate, very distinct,—the ligula of the Blechri being smaller and more robust, cordate (or triangularly emarginate) anteriorly, and with the paraglossz large and confluent in front of it. Its penultimate tarsal joint is entire, and its claws are rather strongly pectinated. 3. Dromius submaculatus, n. sp. D. enescenti-niger, subnitidus, subtilissime transversim reticulatus ; prothorace transverso, basi subtruncato, angulis posticis paulo recurvis ; elytris obsolete substriatis, striis postice versus suturam distinctioribus, macula obscura suffusa subhumerali rufescente ornatis; antennis pedibusque breviusculis, gracilibus, dilute tes- tacels. Long. corp. lin. vix 14. The very delicately transversely-reticulate surface of this little Dromius (in which it differs from the Metableti of the obscuro- from the Island of St. Vincent. 95 guttatus and patruelis type, which are regularly shagreened), in conjunction with its brassy-black hue, dull and suffused sub- humeral patch, most obscurely striated elytra, and its rather short, slender, and very pallid limbs, will readily characterize it. I have seen six specimens of it in the collection of Mr. Fry, which were taken by himself at St. Vincent, during the month of October, “ under grass.” Genus PLATYTARUS. Léon Fairmaire, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France (2 série), viii. Bull. xvii. (1850). 4. Platytarus Faminn, De}. Cymindis Faminit, De}., Spee. Gén. des Col. ii. 447 (1826). , Léon Fairm., Faun. Ent. Frang. 33 (1854). After examining carefully five specimens of this insect, which were captured by Mr. Fry “under grass” at St. Vincent during the month of October, I can see nothing whatever to warrant their separation from the European P. Faminii of Mediterranean latitudes, occurring in Sicily, the south of France, Spain, &e. One would have rather anticipated @ priori that they would be referable to the nearly allied P. mauritanica from the north of Africa, or to another species (closely resembling it) which I possess from Egypt; but such, nevertheless, does not appear to be the case. Genus CaLosoma. Weber, Observat. Entom. 20 (1801). 5. Calosoma Senegalense, De}. Calosoma Senegalense, De}., Spec. Gén. des Col. v. 562 (1831). Two specimens (male and female) of this fine Calosoma have been communicated by Mr. Fry, who took them at St. Vincent, “under loose grass,” in the month of October. They agree ex- actly with the C. Senegalense found on the opposite coast of Africa. 6. Calosoma imbricatum, Klug. Calosoma imbricatum, Klug, Symb. Phys. ui. pl. 23. f. 11 (1830). Likewise captured by Mr. Fry, and in the same locality as the last species. ‘Two specimens (male and female) which he has kindly lent me for comparison agree precisely with a type of the C. imbricatum, from Cape Verd, given me by M. Jekel. 7. Calosoma Madera, Fab. Carabus Madere, Fab., Syst. Ent. 237 (1775). Indagator, Fab., Mant. Ins. i. 197 (1787). Calosoma Indagator, De}., Spec. Gén. des Col. u. 205 (1826). Madere, Woll., Ins. Mad. 15 (1854). Two specimens of this insect which were captured by Mr. Fry 96 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera at St. Vincent are rather more coarsely imbricated than the Madeiran and Canarian ones, and have their treble series of metallic elytral points smaller. I consider them, however, no- thing more than a mere variety of the C. Madere and Indagator of Fabricius, a species which is widely distributed over the va- rious Atlantic islands. I have taken it throughout the whole of the Madeiran group, except on the small rock of the Northern Deserta; and on five of the Canaries. It is also recorded in Terceira and San Miguel, of the Azores: indeed, a male from the former has been lately communicated by Mr. Fry, which is as rough in sculpture as those from the Cape de Verdes, and has its elytral impressions quite as small and obscure. Mr. Fry’s examples have been transmitted to me under the name of C. Olivieri, Dejean ; and as such the insect is quoted in M. Morelet’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Acores.’ What Dejean’s true C. Olwiert (which was described from a Bagdad specimen) may be, I have no means of ascertaining; but I cannot detect in the Cape de Verde and Azorean individuals any differential characters of sufficient importance to separate them specifically from the Madeiran and Canarian ones. Genus CHL&NIUS. Bonelli, Observat. Entom. 1. tab. synopt. (1813). 8. Chlenius Boisduvalii, De}. Chlenius Boisduvalii, Buquet, in litt. , Dej., Spee. Gen. des Col. v. 625 (1831). Three specimens of this imsect have been kindly lent me by Mr. Fry, by whom they were captured at St. Vincent, “under grass and beneath stones of an old wall,” in the month of October. They agree precisely with an example of the C. Boisduvalii (from Senegal) in Mr. Bowring’s collection at the British Museum, and accord equally well with Dejean’s description (as compared with that of the nearly allied species C. cecus), except where he states that ‘le corselet est un peu plus étroit que celui du cecus et un peu plus rétréci postérieurement.” So exactly, indeed, does the latter tally with the Cape de Verde species, that I am inclined to suspect that the word “plus” in the diagnosis is a /apsus calami, and should be read “moins,” in which case the deserip- tion altogether suits our present Chlenius. According to an ex- ample of the C. cecus now in my possession, for the loan of which I am indebted to Mr. Waterhouse, the C. Boisduvali dif- fers in being rather smaller, a little less parallel anteriorly, and more pubescent. It is also a trifle less deeply striated and more finely punctured ; the punctures of its prothorax are especially much less coarse, the hinder fovez of the latter are rather shorter and shallower, and the margin, particularly towards the posterior —— from the Island of St. Vincent. 97 angles (which are not so rounded), is very much less developed or recurved. Its antenne, moreover, are somewhat paler and less robust, and its elytral patch is perceptibly smaller and more dentate. Genus AMBLYSTOMUS. Erichson, Kaf. der Mark Brand. i. 59 (1837). 9. Amblystomus viridulus, Erich. Hispalus viridulus, Erichs., in Wiegm. Arch. ix. 217 (1843). Several specimens of this distinct Amblystomus were captured at St. Vincent by Mr. Gray and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, in De- cember 1858, amongst light soil around the roots of a succulent plant which they described as common near Porto Grande; and two more from the same locality have lately been communicated by Mr. Fry. Judging from the diagnosis, there can be no doubt that it is the insect recorded by Erichson, in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv fir Naturgeschichte,’ amongst the Coleoptera professedly from Angola,—but many of which were from these islands, and not from Angola at all. The unfortunate mistake, indeed, which involved Erichson in the serious error of believing that ad/ the specimens amassed by the collector, who died before his return to Germany, were from Angola, cannot be too much regretted ; for an amount of confusion has been introduced thereby into the question of the geographical distribution of species which will scarcely ever perhaps be completely dissipated. It appears that this collector touched at the Cape de Verdes on his passage to the African coast, and that the material from both localities were mixed up indiscriminately, which will, at any rate, account for the fact that so many of the Cape de Verde insects are wrongly associated with Angola, and were inadvertently described by Erichson in his paper above alluded to. Fam. Dytiscide. Genus EuNnEcTEs. Erichson, Gen. Dytic. 23 (1882). 10. Eunectes conicollis, n. sp. E. ovatus, angustulus, luteo-griseus, clypeo antice vix emarginato ; capite postice nigro et macula frontali magna plus minus suffusa antice bipartita ornato; prothorace vitta transversa abbreviata ornato, ad latera oblique rectissimo, angulis posticis acutiusculis ; scutello subtriangulari; elytris punctis magnis sat profundis tri- plici serie et punctulis mmoribus nigro-notatis, singulis maculis duabus minutis sublateralibus et fascia transversa tenui dentata postica (plus minus obsoleta) nigro-ornatis. Long. corp. lin. 53-63. Although fully aware of the many phases which the universal 98 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera E. sticticus is apt to assume, I am nevertheless induced to regard the present EHunectes as truly distinct from it, through the fact of its possessing several minute structural characters (apart from the less important but not unsuggestive ones of markings and colour) which would tend to separate it from that insect. It would seem probable, indeed, that a small cluster of indubitable species may yet be brought to light from a close observation of the supposed “ geographical states ” of the sticticus,—its evident powers of variation having, not unnaturally, been taken advan- tage of to cast into one discordant, unexamined mass many nearly allied forms, which, nevertheless, have not ever been connected with their assumed prototype. In fact, until Erichson described two new exponents of the group (the A. australis from Van Diemen’s Land, and the occidentalis from Peru), everything was looked upon indiscriminately as an aberration of the Linnean original; and yet I am satisfied, after a careful comparison of them, that I have, even myself, ¢hree additional species (of which the present is one), from the Cape de Verdes, Canaries, and Madeira respectively. Through the kindness of my friend the Rev. Hamlet Clark, I have been enabled to overhaul a very extensive series of the members of this genus, and from localities far removed inter se; and I have come to the conclusion that, although the LE. stic- ticus is very unstable in its fascia and fragmentary patches, it nevertheless retains its essential features of form and sculpture in a remarkably constant manner; so that I have never myself found any difficulty in at once identifying it. The E. conicollis is just perceptibly narrower than the stzc- ficus *, and has the edges of its prothorax (although very oblique) excessively straight, and free from any tendency to curvature ; its scutellum is rather more triangular (being less obtusely rounded behind) ; its clypeus is somewhat less emarginate in front ; and its threefold series of elytral points are more evidently impressed. Associated with these small distinctions, its frontal macula is very much larger than is the case, I believe, in any of the known varieties of the s¢icticus,—being, instead of small and transverse, more or less suffused, and bipartite anteriorly ; its prothoracic vitta is thicker, but more abbreviated laterally ; * ] subjoim the following diagnostic description of the s¢icticus, drawn out from many varieties, which will sufficiently express its characters, when compared with the corresponding ones of the conicollis :— E. ovatus, luteo-griseus, clypeo antice emarginato; capite postice nigro et macula frontali parva transversa ornato ; prothorace vitta transversa interrupta ornato, ad latera oblique subcurvato, angulis posticis obtu- sinsculis; scutello sub-semicireulari; elytris punctis magnis triplici serie et punctulis minoribus nigro-notatis, utroque maculis duabus parvis sublateralibus et fascia transversa dentata postica (plus minus obsoleta) nigro-ornato.— Long. corp. lin. 53-63. from the Island of St. Vincent. 99 whilst the submarginal patches of its elytra are smaller, and the hinder fascia (when present) ¢hinner and less suffused. A single specimen of it is in Mr. Fry’s collection from St. Vincent, though not captured by himself; and seven older ones, all quite invariable and labelled “‘ Cape Verd,” are in that of the Rev. Hamlet Clark. Whether this signifies the Cape de Verde group or the Cape Verd promontory, on the opposite coast, Mr. Clark has no note to decide; but the question is not a very important one, since it is more than probable, from the short distance between the islands and the mainland, that the same species would occur in both localities. The present Hunectes cannot be confounded with the Z. au- stralis (of which, judging from the diagnosis, I have two un- doubted examples now before me, from Mr. Clark’s collection— but which, possibly through mistake, are also labelled “ Cape Verd”’), Erichson’s species being not only smaller, paler, nar- rower, and more oblong, but likewise with its frontal patch greatly reduced, its prothorax immaculate, and its elytral punc- tures much denser and more impressed. It possesses also an important character (not noticed by Erichson) in having the elytra of its females quite plain, or unprovided with that deep lateral elon- gate depression which is more or less evident in the other species. In its abbreviated prothoracic band the E. conicollis would seem to agree with the helvolus of Klug (registered by Aubé as “var. y” of the sticticus), and the fact of Erichson’s mentioning the helvolus amongst his (supposed) Angolan Coleoptera might perhaps lead one to suspect that he referred to this actual species from the Cape de Verdes; but, still, Aubé’s var. y is described as having no elytral fascia (which the /. conicollis undoubtedly has), and therefore Klug’s insect may have been a mere state of the common European séicticus, and Erichson may have con- sequently been wrong in identifying our present Eunectes with it. Be this, however, as it may, I think that the Cape de Verde exponent (whether it be the true helvolus of Klug, or now for the first time characterized) has at any rate a fair claim to be treated as distinct from all the aberrations of its more northern ally. And hence, I cannot but think, it follows that, if it indeed be Klng’s veritable helvolus, Aubé was mistaken in regarding it as a phasis of the sticticus. Fam. Dermestide. Genus DerMeEstTzEs. Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 561 (1767). 11. Dermestes vulpinus. Dermestes vulpinus, Fab., Spec. Ins. i. 64 (1781). ——, Oliy., Ent. ii. 9. 8, pl. 1. f. 6 (1790). 100 Mr. T. V. Wollaston on certain Coleoptera Dermestes vulpinus, Gyll., Ins. Suee. 1. 147 (1808). , Woll., Ins. Mad. 202 (1854). Several specimens of the cosmopolitan D. vulpmus were taken at St. Vincent by Mr. Gray and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, during their day’s collecting there, i December 1806. Fam. Histeride. Genus SAPRINUS. Erichson, in Klug Jahrb. i. 172 (1834). 12. Saprinus equestris, Erichs. Saprinus equestris, Evichs., in Wiegm. Arch. ix. 226 (1843). , de Marseul, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 3 sér. 358 (1855). This elegant Saprinus was captured by Messrs. Gray and Clark, in tolerable abundance, in stercore humano, near the sea-beach of Porto Grande, during their few hours’ sojourn at St. Vincent in December 1856; and also in the same locality by my nephew, ¥F. W. Hutton, Esq., on the 11th of June, 1857. It is recorded by De Marseul as occurring likewise at Angola and Benguela ; but whether it is truly found there, or whether that “ habitat” merely rests on the authority of Erichson’s paper, in which the insects from Angola and the Cape de Verdes were indiscrimi- nately mixed up, I cannot undertake to say. Fam. Elateride. Genus HETERODERES. Latreille, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1. 155 (1834). 13. Heteroderes grisescens, Germ. Cryptohypnus grisescens, Germ., Zeitschr. f. d. Entom. v. 15] (1844). Monocrepidius? Grayu, Woll., Ann. of Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xx. 505 (1857). Heteroderes grisescens, Candéze, Mon. Elat. ii. 377 (1859). A single specimen of this insect was found beneath a stone, at some little elevation above the sea, by the Rev. Hamlet Clark, during his day’s sojourn at St. Vincent with Mr. Gray, in De- cember 1856; and I have also two more examples now before me, likewise taken in the island by Mr. Fry. In my short paper on the Coleoptera collected by Messrs. Gray and Clark, im the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for January 1858 (Suppl. to vol. xx.), I described this Elater as new, under the name of ‘ Mo- nocrepidius? Gray ;’ but the identical individual from which I drew out my diagnosis has since been identified by M. Candéze with the Cryptohypnus grisescens of Germar. It seems to have a rather wide geographical range, occurring in Mesopotamia, Syria, Senegal, &c.; and I possess specimens captured by the late Mr. Melly in Egypt. from the Island of St. Vincent. 101. Fam. Cleridz. Genus Necrosia. Olivier, Entom. iv. 76 bis (1795). 14. Necrobia rufipes, Thunb. Anobium rufipes, Thunb., Nov. Ins. Spec. i. 10 (1781). Corynetes rufipes, Fab., Syst. Eleuth. i. 286 (1801). » Klug, Abhandi. der Wissensch. Acad. zu Berl. 340 (1840). Necrobia rufipes, Redt., Fna Austr. 339 (1849). A single example of this universally distributed insect is in Mr. Fry’s collection of St. Vincent Coleoptera; but he informs me it was not taken by himself. It is a species easily naturalized, and one which has established itself in nearly all parts of the world. It abounds at Ascension and the Cape of Good Hope; and I have myself taken it in profusion in the Canary Islands, and at Mogador, on the opposite coast of Morocco. Fam. Curculionide. Genus CLEONUS. Schénherr, Cure. Disp. Meth. 145 (1826). 15. Cleonus mucidus, Germ. Curculio mucidus, Germ., Mag. der Ent. i. 132 (1813). Cleonus velatus, maculipes, et mucidus, Schonh., Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 196, 197, 221 (1834). mucidus et var. 8, Schonh., id. vi. (pars 2) 48 (1842). It appears that the C. mucidus is a somewhat variable insect, and one which ranges more peculiarly along the western regions of Africa (Guinea, Cape of Good Hope, &c.), im the same manner as its near ally the C. arenarius does towards the east (Egypt, &c., and even India). The particular phasis of it which occurs in the Cape de Verde Islands was regarded, in vol. ii. of Schén- herr’s work, as specifically distinct, and named C. maculipes, but was subsequently (in vol. vi.) registered as “var. 8” of the mucidus,—being of a more flavescent tinge above, with its abdo- minal patches brighter, and its legs more clearly annulated. I must confess, however, on comparing four recent and beautiful Specimens of it, which were collected (in the month of October), ‘running under succulent plants,” by Mr. Fry, at St. Vincent, with a type of the C. mucidus given me by M. Jekel, that I detect many other differences (of a small kind) which would incline me to doubt whether the C. maculipes might not have been better kept apart as it was originally described; and, amongst other minutie, the more evidently dehiscent apex of its elytra, at their extreme point, might be especially referred to. Nevertheless, as it has been already amalgamated with its supposed type, I will not attempt to isolate it afresh. 102 Mr. T. V, Wollaston on certain Coleoptera Genus RuINocyLuuvs. Germar, Neue Wetter. Annal. i. 137 (1819). 16. Rhinocyllus lypriformis, n. sp. R. angustus, lineari-cylindricus, piceo-niger, dense flavescenti-cinereo- squamosus et pilis suberectis cinereis sat rigidis obsitus ; protho- race rugose punctato, subrecto, postice vix angustiore ; elytris cylindricis, punctato-striatis; antennis rufo- ferrugineis, ‘capitulo acuminato obscuriore ; pedibus rufo-piceis, subgracilibus. Long. corp. lin, 12. Most closely allied to the R. Lareynei, Jacq. Duval (which I have received from M. Léon Fairmaire of Paris, and for the loan of four additional specimens of which I am indebted to M.J ekel), a species found at Montpellier, &c., in the south of France, but altogether narrower and more elongate, with its elytra not quite so wide just behind their humeral angles (where they are but very slightly broader than the base of the prothorax), with its suberect bristles shorter and less dense, and with its legs a trifle less robust. It is possible, indeed, that it may be only a geo- graphical phasis of that insect. In general outline it is a little suggestive of the Lyprus cylindricus, loa which circumstance I have borrowed its trivial name. It 1s hitherto unique, a single example only having been captured at St. Vincent by Mr. Fry. Fam. Anthribide. _ Genus TrigoNoRHINUs (nov. gen.). Corpus sat parvum, breviter oblongum, densissime pubescenti- variegatum : vostro brevissimo, subtriangulari, basi lato, apicem versus angustiore et ad apicem ipsum bisinuato-rotundato [haud emarginato, nec etiam truncato]; ocu/is subrotundatis antice anguste emarginatis, demissis : prothorace convexo, eequali (nec tuberculato, nec strigato), subconico, postice lato et ibidem fere elytrorum latitu- dine, margine postico (necnon laterali versus basin) anguste mar- ginato: scutello distincto: elyiris eequalibus, postice obtuse trun- cato-rotundatis, pygidium haud tegentibus. Antenne breves gra- ciles, apice abrupte et valde clavatze, infra sinum oculorum in fovea laterali insertze, articulis 1™° et 2° (illo preecipue) longiusculis ro- bustis, reliquis ad clavam parvis latitudine subzequalibus (3t° quarto vix longiore), 9"°, 10™° et 11™° clavam magnam valde abruptam crassam triarticulatam efficientibus (9?° et Lome subpoculiformibus, hoe paulo latiore transverso, ultimo subovato basi truncato). La- brum parvum, antice rotundatum. Pedes sat validi, postic? paulo breviores : femoribus muticis : ftarsis pseudotetrameris, articulis 1™° et 2% longitudine subzequalibus, hoe apice leviter emarginato, tertium profunde bilobum recipiente, 4° minutissimo, inter lobos tertii abs- condito, ultimo clavato unguiculis simplicibus munito. Obs. Genus Anthribo affinitate proximum, et oculis antice emar- ginatis cum illo congruens ; sed rostro brevissimo triangulari, apicem _ from the Island of St. Vineent. 103 versus attenuato et apice in medio leviter producto (nec emarginato), oculis valde demissis, antennarum funiculo gracili (articulo 3%° se- quente vix longiore) clavaque latiore magis abrupta, necnon pro- thorace subconico et (una cum elytris) zequali ab dnthribis omnino discedit. A zpiywvor, triangulum, et piv, rostrum. The insect described below is closely allied to Anthribus, but differs from the whole of Schénherr’s Anthribideous genera in many important particulars,—amongst which its exceedingly short and triangular rostrum (which is wide behind, regularly attenuated anteriorly, and produced, or rounded, at its extreme apex, instead of being scooped-out), in conjunction with its sunken eyes, greatly abbreviated, abruptly-clubbed antennae, subconical prothorax, and even surface, should be especially no- ticed. Amongst other points of its structure, I may remark that it has no trace whatsoever of the antebasal prothoracie costa, which is usually more or less apparent in these immediate Ortho- cerous groups, and that its antenne have their third and fourth joints subequal in length, with their clava very wide and abrupt. 17. Trigonorhinus pardalis, n. sp. T. breviter subcylindrico-oblongus, supra squamis nigris et flavo- cinereis demissis densissime variegatus ; prothorace convexo, in- distincte squamoso-maculato ; elytris leetius maculatis, flavo-cine- reis, punctis nigris rotundatis irroratis et utroque macula majore discali (fasciam transversam abbreviatam fractam communem efti- ciente) nigro-ornato; antennis rufo-ferrugineis, clava pedibusque nigrescentibus. Long. corp. lin. 13-2. Two specimens of this insect were taken by Messrs. Gray and Clark during their day’s sojourn at St. Vincent in December 1856; and I may add that it appeared to be identical with a species found by Mr. Clark at Blidah, nm Algeria, durmg June of the same year, when I compared it hastily with an example in his collection some time ago. Whether a more critical exa- mination, however, would prove the two to be absolutely con- specific, I have no means at present of ascertaining. Fam. Coccinellide. Genus CoccINELLa. Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. 1 (1735). 18. Coccinella 7-punctata, Linn. Coccinella 7-punctata, Linn., Fauna Suee. 477 (1761). A single example of the universal C. 7-punctata was captured at St. Vincent by my nephew, F. W. Hutton, Esq., on the 11th of June, 1857. [To be continued. | 104 Rev. R. T. Lowe on new Canarian Land-Mollusca. XIV.— Diagnoses of new Canarian Land-Mollusca. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A. Tue following new species were discovered by Mr. Wollaston and myself in the course of a few months’ visit to all the different islands of the Canarian group in the early part of 1858. Several opportunities afforded me by Dr. Gray and Dr. Baird of consult- ing the original types in the British Museum of the species pub- lished by D’Orbigny in Webb and Berthelot’s ‘ Histoire,’ and a careful examination of authentic examples of Mr. Shuttleworth’s subsequently described Canarian shells, accorded me with equal liberality and kindness by Hugh Cuming, Esq., enable me with some degree of confidence to offer these still more recent dis- coveries as genuine additions to the Canarian Molluscan fauna. Heurx (L.). Group or § Lucriia, Lowe. 1. Hl. putrescens. T. orbiculato-depressa discoidea large et subperspective umbilicata spadiceo-fusca nitida leeviuscula, supra convexo-depressa obsolete et tenuiter crebristriolata, subtus nisi circa umbilicum leevior; spira plano-convexa apice albida, anfr. 53-6 convexiusculis arcte transversim obsolete striolatis, ultimo haud descendente, sutura distincta impressa; umbilico largo spirali aperto 3 diam. maj. zequante; apert. oblique lunata subdepressa s. latiore quam alta ; perist. recto simplici tenui acuto. Diam. maj. 9-93, min. 83-9, alt. 4-45 mill. Anfr. 53-6. Hab. sub truncis putrescentibus humidis in sylvis convallis Galgee Ins. Palme rariss. Inv. T. V. Wollaston. Perfectly distinct from its nearest ally, H. tewtilis, Shuttl. § Crystauivs, Lowe. 2. H. vermiculum. T. parvula orbiculato-depressa discoidea perforata ecarinata omnino vitrea nitidissima glabra; spira convexiuscula; anfr. 43-5 plani- usculis lente v. zeque crescentibus, ad suturam distinctam preeser- tim leviter v. obsolete striolatis; umbil. minimo cylindrico pro- fundo vix subspirali; apert. transversa depressa oblique lunari ; perist. recto simplici acuto. Diam. maj. 5-6, min. 43-53, alt. 25-3 mill. Anfr. 43-5}. Hab. sub lapidibus ad villulam “ La Dehesa”’ dictam prope Portum Orotavee Ins. Tenerife. Intermediate in some sort between its frequent companions in the above locality, H. crystallina and H. cellaria, Mill., having a much smaller umbilicus than the former, and more equably increasing volutions than the latter. It has one volution and a Rev. R. T. Lowe on new Canarian Land- Mollusca. 105 half less than H. crystallina, and one more than //. cellaria of the same size. § Evrompuata, Beck. 3. H. concinna. T. orbiculato-depressa arctispira convexiuscula obtuse angulato-cari- nata aperte et sat large perspectivo-umbilicata sericeo-nitidiuscula tota albo-cerina v. pallide subvirescens subpellucens, supra obso- lete crebricostulata, subtus nisi circa umbilicum magis leevigata ; spira convexiuscula, anfr. 7} convexiusculis lente crescentibus oblique transversim obsolete cequicostulatis, ult. subobsolete cari- nato, subtus circa umbilicum rotundato (nec angulato) distinctius costulato-striato, antice non descendente ; sutura simplici distincta impressa ; umbilico mediocri sat magno {+ diam. maj.) patulo spirali profundo, lateribus spiraliter scalatis, anfr. intus usque ad apicem perspicuis ; apert. oblique lunata subdepressa latiore quam alta haud angulata; perist. simplici recto tenui acuto. Diam. maj. 8, min. 72, alt. 4 mill. Anfr. 73. Hab. in sylvis sub cortice truncorum putrescentium in loco “ El Golfo”? dicto Ins. Ferri. Inv. T. V. Wollaston. Certainly distinct from H. engonata and retexta, Shuttl. ; and equally so apparently from H. scutula, Shuttl. (Diagn. 1. 5), of which, however, I have not seen a specimen. HrsprpeLia, Lowe. 4. H. nubigena. T. umbilicata depressa orbiculato-subdiscoidea subcarinata subpel- lucida tenuiuscula hispidula fusca atro (intus) plerumque punctu- lata v. maculata; spira convexo-depressa, anfr. 4 convexiusculis, sutura distincta impressa; umbilico majusculo cylindrico subspi- rali profundo; apert. oblique lunato-ovali; perist. simplici tenui acuto. Diam. maj. 5, min. 43, alt. 25 mill. Anfr. 4. Hab. sub lapidibus ad radices ““Retame”’ (Cytisi nubigeni, Ait.), in excelsioribus “Cumbre vy. Canadas” dictis montis ‘‘ Pico de Teyde”’ Tenerifze, Maio 1859, T. V. Wollaston. An obscure insignificant species, without sculpture, and pos- sessing no very distinctive or striking character of any sort: nearest undoubtedly to H. hispida, L., and its allies, but a little reminding one of H. conspurcata, Drap., from which, however, it is totally distinct. None of my examples appear perfectly adult ; but I am not acquainted with any Canarian species of which they can be the young ; for it is perfectly distinct from the young of H. hispidula, Lam., for which it might easily be mistaken. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 3. Vol. vii. 8 106 ~=—Rey. R. T. Lowe on new Canarian Land-Mollusca. 5. H. deusta. T. orbiculato-convexa omnino adulta subgloboso-depressa obtusa carinata subobtecte perforata tenuis fragilis sericeo-nitens argute crebristriata rufescens fere concolor, aliquando strigellis albidis maculisque fuscis ad suturam carinamque fasciato-tessellatis indi- stinctis v. obscuris subvariata, subtus leevior immaculata; spira elevatiuscula plus minus depressa apice obtusissima, anfr. 5—53 convexis arcte et tenuiter oblique striatis, ultimo haud descendente, carina antice evanida; sutura distinctissima valde impressa ; per- foratione minima semiaperta labro ad axin reflexo partim obtecta ; apert. depressa transverse lunato-ovali duplo fere latiore quam alta; perist. recto simplici tenui acuto ad axin breviter reflexo. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7%, alt. 53-6 mill. Anfr. 5-55. Hab. in sylvis montosis editioribusque convallium Ins. Palme. Of two authentic examples of H. oleacea, Shuttl., from Mr. Cuming’s collection, one 1s most assuredly only the ordinary thin-shelled sylvan form (y nob.) of H. phalerata, Webb (H. mi- variensis, Shuttl.) ; of the other, nm Mr. Wollaston’s possession, examined somewhat cursorily, I can only say that it may be a legitimate H. deusta. Hence it is impossible to adopt Mr. Shut- tleworth’s name and diagnosis for the present shell, which it either excludes, or at most admits only incidentally, and not by direct or precise definition. H. deusta itself may indeed well prove to be merely another variety or form of H. phalerata, Webb. But, besides its very different habit, it is distinguishable technically by its greater smoothness, especially beneath, by its obtusely rounded (often merely convex) spire and apex, less sharp keel, more discoidal shape or, at least, entire absence of conical outline, distinctly convex volutions, and plain brown colour—except sometimes a tessellated carmal band, and more rarely the faintest possible traces of others, placed as in H. phalerata. § AcrineuLa, Lowe. 6. H. torrefacta. T. orbiculato-depressa umbilicata subcarinata spiraliter stris sub- lamellatis argute et zequaliter filo-cincta, transversimque subtilis- sime et creberrime arcte striolata, albida fusco tessellatim fasciato- picta v. lentiginoso-maculata; spira convexiuscula, sutura valde distincta impressa, anfr. 43-5 convexis, ult. antice descendente ; umbil. parvo subspirali; apert. depressa transverse ovali labris approximatis v. continuis ; perist. tenui simplicissimo. Diam. maj. 53-63, min. 5-6, alt. 34-4 mill. Anfr. 43-5. Hab. in rupium facie aridissima aprica, sole occidentali calefacta, supra ‘“Salinas”’ Ariz ad oram septentrionalem Caurum versus Rev. R. T. Lowe on new Canarian Land-Mollusea. 107 Ins. Lanzarote, in foraminulis superficialibus basalti cis vesiculari- bus preesertim latitans. The nearest ally of this very distinct and well-marked pretty little species is the Madeiran H. lentiginosa. The numerous fine thread-like or lamellar spiral strize resemble those of the common sylvan Tenerifan H. circumsessa, Shuttl., which is, how- ever, as distinct in habit as in habitat, belonging to the group Lueilla. § Discuia, Lowe. 7 . A. pulverulenta. T. orbiculato-depressa umbilicata carinata solidiuscula concinniter crebristriata (nec granulata) cinerea fusco 1+2-fasciata fasciis seepe interruptis tessellatis, supra lentiginosa; carina acuta simplici (nec limbata nec serrulata) submedia, supra expressa subsuleata ; spira convexiuscula, anfr. 5 convexiusculis, sutura simplici (nec marginata) distincta antice preesertim impressa; umbil. parvo angusto, pariete subangulato abrupte declivi; apert. depressa oblique lunato-ovali; perist. simplici recto, labris subapproximatis interruptis. Diam. maj. 6-73, min. 53-7, alt. 4-43 mill. Anfr. 43-5. H. Argonautula, Webb et Berth. Hist. 11. 2, t. 2. ff. 13-15 (nec descriptionis, nec ff. 16-18, que veram H. Argonautulam, Webb, Syn. App. 21. no. 3, designant). Ha. sub lapidibus in saxosis aridis apricis regionis ‘‘ El] Chareo”’ dictee prope Maspalomas in Canaria Magna australi, cum H. Des- preauxu Orb. degens rarior. Approaches nearest to H. granostriata, Mouss., in Hartung’s ‘Geolog. Verhaltn. Lanzar. und Fuertev.;? but it is perfectly distinct in the want of granulated striz, in the rather deeply hollow impressed suture, more convex volutions, and simply sharp not limbate keel. From H. Argonautula, Webb, and H. setubalensis, Morelet, it is constantly distinguishable by its raised (not flat tabellate) spire, its small narrow umbilicus, sim- ple keel, and fine close-set even (not somewhat coarse, irregular and flexuose) striz. Turricuta, Beck. 8. H. Mirande. T. aperte perforata s. subumbilicata subconico-depressa v. depresso- trochiformis, carina media, utrinque fere zequaliter convexa, supra rugosa rudiuscula grosse oblique corrugato-costata, infra leevior eequaliter plicato-striata albida fusco 1-fasciata; spira subtecti- formi-depressa parum elevata, anfr. 5 planiusculis obsolete bicari- natis, ult. carina superiore indistincta, inferiore media acuta grosse plicato-crenulata, sutura distincta obsolete subcrenulato- -plicata ; perforatione aperta distincta cylindrica nee coarctata; apert. de- Sk 108 Rev. R.T. Lowe on new Canarian Land- Mollusca. pressa transversa oblique ovali extus (carina) subangulata ; perist. simplici recto ad axin expansiusculo subreflexo, labris distinctis remotis. Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, axis 4—54 mill. Anfr. 5. Hab. sub lapidibus in apricis Insulee Gomerz ad Portum S" Sebas- tiani, in collibus prope mare. With a little of the aspect of my Desertan H. laciniosa, this is a close ally and kind of modified or toned-down representative of H. Despreauxii, D’Orb., from which, however, it is abundantly distinct in its altogether feebler, less marked or elegant sculp- ture, less prominent keels, coarse oblique ribs on the upper, and regular equidistant ring-like plaits on the lower side, larger open perforation, distinct brown narrow band beneath, and generally much more depressed shape. Named after the yacht ‘ Miranda,’ belonging to John Gray, Esq., with whom and Mr. Wollaston I enjoyed the opportunity of two or three days’ botanizing in Gomera. § Iserus, Montf. 9. H. Berkeleit. T. obtecte perforata lenticularis depresso-planata acute carmata, sub- tus subconvexior, utrinque scobinato-granulata seabra oblique substriata fusco-cinerea, supra carinam saturate 2- infra 1-fasciata ; spira plano-convexiuscula, anfr. 4-43 plano-convexiusculis, sutura simplici distincta, ult. supra carinam subsulcato, carina perinde superne expressa, antice valde deflexo ; apert. lunato-ovali, perist. late reflexo plano-expanso tenuissimo fragillimo intus umbilicum penitus obtegente, labris parallelis subapproximantibus distinctis callo tenui aliquando junctis. Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 7 mill. Anfr. 4—43. Hab. sub lapidibus in convallecula arida aprica inter ‘‘ Juan Grande” et ‘ Maspalomas ”’ Canarize Magne australioris. Speciem rariss. inter nobiliores et pulchriores generis censendam amiciss. M. J. Berkeley, mycologo summo notissimoque dicavi. I know no species with which this can be confounded. It is a highly curious and interesting addition to the very peculiar and striking though small and restricted group of H. Gualtie- rana, L., Wollastoni, Lowe, scabriuscula, Desh., &c. § Macuraria, Alb. 10. A. Plutonia. T. subobtecte perforata subgloboso-depressa distincte angulato-cari- nata, jun. acute carinata, supra argute scabro-striolata obsolete et exilissime granulata, subtus leevigata lucida (decorticata albo-cre- tacea antice v. supra carinam fuscescens) ; spira convexo-depressa, sutura parum impressa distincte marginata, anfr. 6 planatis, ult. Rey. R. T. Lowe on new Canarian Land-Mollusca. 109 angulato-carinato antice rotundato haud aut vix descendente ; apert. lunato-ovali labris remotis disjunctis ; perist. subincrassato subreflexo ad axin subdilatato umbilicum partim obtegente. Diam. maj. 24, min. 20, alt. 15 mill. Anfr. 6, Hab. in torrente vuleanica (lava-stream) in convalle supra Portum ** Pozo Negro”’ dictum Fuerteventure : v.m. I could find only five or six dead and bleached examples of this very distinct species. Its only recorded Canarian near ally (except H. saponacea) is the Gomeran H. Gaudryi, D’Orb. ll. H. saponacea. T. obtecte perforata orbiculato-depressa subtus convexior, jun. sub- carinata, adulta vix aut obtuse angulata lucidiuscula exilissime granulato-scabra, subtus leevior pallidior circa axin opaco-albida, supra corneo-flavescens subpellucidiuscula anguste 3-fasciata ; spira convexo-depressa, sutura distincta simplici (nec marginata), anfr. 43 vix convexiusculis, ult. obsolete angulato antice abrupte deflexo ; apert. lunato-subquadrata labris remotis, inferiore recti- usculo stricto ad axin late albo-reflexo umbilicum penitus obte- gente ; perist. lato-reflexo plano albo, axin versus incrassato-calloso interdum plica relevata intus aucto. Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, alt. 9 mill. Anfr. 43 vix 5. Hab. sub lapidibus in sterilibus apricis Canarize Magne australioris ; sc. in excelsioribus (Pinetis) S¢ Bartholomeei, in submaritimis ad El Charco prope Maspalomas, Arguineguin, &c. Resembling H. Plutonia in general shape and character, but smaller, flatter, without keel or margined suture, more regularly closely or distinctly scabrous, and with the umbilicus always completely closed in the adult shell. It connects the present group with the following, in which perhaps it might be placed. § Mycena, Alb. 12. A. psathyra. T. majuscula depressa obsolete v. haud carinata obsolete et subtiliter malleata tenuis fragilis lucida levis (juniore granulata) oblique crebristriata interstitiis hinc inde obsoletissime aliquando spiraliter interruptim striolatis fulvo- v. corneo-virescens pallidiuscula fusco pallide et obscure 4—5-fasciata, subtus fulvo-virescens; spira convexo- depressa, anfr. 5 planis, ult. obsoletissime aut non carinato antice valde deflexo et pone labrum valde et profunde constricto-sulcato, sutura subobsoleta; apert. oblique depressa deltoidea subsinuata ; perist. latissime expanso-limbato plano tenui fragillimo pallide purpurasceute vy. albo ad basin medio dilatato-calloso intus sub- prominente plano, labris convergentibus subapproximatis. Diam. maj. 22-24, min. 18-20, alt. 14-16 mill. Anfr. 5. Hab. in Canaria Magna australiore, preesertim ad Mogan et Aldea de San Nicolas sub saxis in locis aridis apricis. 110 ~—- Rev. R. T. Lowe on new Canarian Land- Mollusca. 13. H. Paivana. T. parvula solidiuscula depressa distincte carinata malleata \ucidi- uscula laevigata oblique distinete v. argute crebristriata interstitiis hine inde obsoletissime spiraliter interruptim striolatis, supra fusco- nigrescens fasciis continuis obscuris, subtus fulvo-virescens ; spira convexo-depressa, anfr. 4—43 planiusculis, ult. déstincte carinato antice deflexo, sutura distincta; apert. obliqua depressa deltoidea subsinuata; perist. latissime expanso-limbato plano tenui fragillimo purpurascente ad basin strictiusculo intus dilatato-calloso v. hort- zontaliter subplicato v. excavato albo, labris subparallelis dis- junctis. Diam. maj. 18-20, min. 16--17, alt. 12-13 mill. Anfr. 4-43. H. Bethencourtiana, Coll. Cum. (not Shuttl.). Hub. in Tenerifee convalle Sancto (Barranco Santo) ad villam S™ Crucem abunde, nec alibi. Nomen in honorem Baronis Castello de Paiva, viri de gente Lusitanica nobilitate illustris, in rebus preesertim botanicis versati, necnon de omni scientia naturali animi studio eximiaque liberali- tate bene merentis. A very close ally to H. psathyra, but sufficiently distinet,— though more so, perhaps, in habit and aspect than is expressible in characters. Of two distinct shells in Mr. Cuming’s collection (one marked “ H, Bethencourtiana, Shuttl., 8“ Cruz,’ the other simply “ #. Bethencourtiana’’), the first is merely a small, pale, thin-shelled form or var. of H. Adansoni, Webb; the latter is the present species. 14. H. valverdensis. T. parvula subgloboso-depressa v. depressa tenuiuscula obsolete v. haud carinata \ucidiuscula leviuscula haud malleata sed arcte et subobsolete tenuiter crebristriata et aliquando hine inde ob. ..%)..o-..6 sehen ue iheneth: of cloacalifold’ .%);.. 2.) «esis 2 0 From anterior of cloaca to pectoral ........ 8 6 222 Zoological Society :— o io] ra _ i] Length of pectoral. . sabe GIR: = a en ewht iofpectoral st coo oie ube en he ane 0 of body at anterior end of dorsal.... 4 ot body, atorein ot tal. cee Se et aed From gape to muzzle...... avahiey ship eee 1 0 2 2 Vertical height of forehead from gape | ——__— from insertion of upper jaw . LOO NE EN/e) Up 2) ea ee HEOUIeye RO SPITACIE 2.5 Gries oe ss Seo Se as Girth at the dorsal .... Dine oe ala From cloaca middle to nee aarti isleanete From pectoral to pectoral, beneath ........ 1 i motcooowmonoO OO’ The latter measurement shows a character that the figures gene- rally misrepresent, the closeness and lowness of the pectoral fins : they are generally represented as if they were about one-third up the sides of the body, and consequently far apart; but Mr. Beardsworth par- ticularly says that they are so low on the sides, that a stick placed across the body, under the fins, would touch the base of each. Notes ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN WATTLE- BIRD (TALEGALLA LATHAMI) IN THE Socrety’s GARDENS, By A. D. Barrett. The pair of Talegallas kept in the Gardens of the Society, during the spring and summer of the present year formed a large mound composed of leaves, grass, earth, and other materials. Within this mound the female deposited twenty eggs. The time of laying, the interval of time between each egg, and the period of incubation are at present unknown to me. But on the morning of the 26th of August a young Talegalla crept out of the mound, and, quite regardless of its parent, ran about searching for worms and other insects, upon which it fed with as much adroitness and apparent knowledge as the chick of a common fowl would exhibit at a month old. Towards night this young bird flew about among the branches of the trees and shrubs in search of a safe roosting-place, and, having selected one about 6 feet from the ground, settled down and appeared as comfortable and unconcerned as an adult bird,—the female taking no notice whatever of her offspring. Upon carefully looking into the mound two days afterwards (on the 28th), I observed a second young bird moving about and busily engaged cleaning its feathers with its bill, the wing-feathers at this time being encased in quill-sheaths. This young bird remained in the mound about twenty-four hours after ithad escaped from the shell; and during this time the wing and other feathers were freed from their covering, so that the bird was enabled to fly immediately upon quit- ting the mound, which it did on the morning of the 29th. This second young bird conducted himself in the same manner as his predecessor. The two young birds took no notice whatever of each other, or of the old female, the three birds appearing perfectly independent of Dr. A. Giinther on a West-African Genus of Snakes. 223 each other, eating, drinking, and roosting separately ; and although an occasional small voice was heard from the young birds, it did not appear to indicate or excite any notice among them. These young birds grow amazingly—so rapidly, that at the age of three months they can scarcely be distinguished from the adult birds. The foregoing observations lead me to believe that two or three days may elapse between the laying of each egg. The young birds will consequently come out of the mound in the order in which the eggs were laid, as it is evident that incubation must commence imme- diately the egg is laid. If, therefore, twenty eggs are laid in forty or sixty days, there must be this number of days difference in the age between the first and the last of the brood, and no two of the young birds could possibly be of the same age. Perhaps the most remarkable feature connected with this bird is the very perfect development of the young, reminding us strongly of the next division of the vertebrate animals (the Reptiles),—not that I can see any connecting links between the great divisions of the Vertebrata. But although it is only in the Mammalia that the young are fed by the fluid secreted in the mammary glands, yet in the highest order of the class Aves (the Parrots) the young are fed partly by the fluid secreted in the cesophagus, mixed with the softened and par- tially digested food from the crop of the parent birds. Now in the Talegalla we seem to approach the reptilian character not only in the form and general appearance of the eggs, but in the manner in which they are deposited and the absence of care be- stowed upon the young. I believe I am correct in saying that, with this exception, all birds feed or provide food for their young, while, on the other hand, I am not aware that any reptile is known to do so, and that all the reptiles that lay eggs leave them to hatch, and the young to provide for them- selves,—their young, as in the Talegalla, coming forth in a very perfect and well-developed condition, and being enabled to seek and obtain their food without the aid of the parents. I therefore cannot avoid considering the Talegalla and its allies as exhibiting in this respect the lowest form in birds. On a West-AFrIcAN GENUS OF SNAKES (MEIzopDON). By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. Fischer has described a Colubrine Snake from West Africa with the name of Meizodon regularis*. Finding its dentition similar to that of Coryphodon, from which it considerably differs in general habit, he thought himself justified in separating it generically as Mez- zodon. I have had the opportunity of examining not only Metzodon regularis, but also two other Snakes which, in their dentition and in general habit, are the species nearest allied to it, and from which it becomes evident that all three are to be removed from the family of Colubride to that of Coronellide. In order to fix their position * Hamburg. Abhandl. Gebiet Naturw. 1856, p, 112. 224 Zoological Society :— in the latter family, and to see whether it were possible to keep up a West-African Coronelline form of Snakes with the mawillary teeth gradually increasing in strength, for which the name of Meizodon might be retained, I was induced to re-examine all the other African Coronellide. But I could not convince myself that such a genus would form a naturally defined group. Coronella cucullata, with its posterior maxillary tooth grooved ; Ablabes rufulus, with all the teeth equal in length ; Coronella olivacea, C. fuliginoides, and pro- bably C. semiornata, with the posterior tooth longest ; and finally, the three species of Metzodon, with the teeth gradually increasing in strength,—are so similar to each other in the proportions of the single parts, in the arrangement of the shields of the head, in their physiognomy, in the structure and number of the scales, in the dark- ness of the colours, that the other character, that of dentition, must give way for generic distinction—the more so as it is very difficult in many specimens, even in some species *, to say which of the dif- ferent categories of dentition is prevalent. I add, for completeness’ sake, the diagnosis of Meizodon regularis : CoroneLiA (MEIZODON) REGULARIS. Syn. Meizodon regularis, Fischer, Hamb. Abhandl. Gebiet Na- turwiss. 1856, p. 112; Gthr. Catal. Col. Snakes, pp. 109, 250. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid; two posterior oculars. Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Entirely blackish-olive ; each scale with a black centre and a pearl-coloured speck at the upper edge; posterior part of the neck with a broad, darker, lighter-edged collar. Hab. West Africa. The typical specimen is in the Hamburg Museum ; another in the Collection of the British Museum. CoRONELLA (MEIzopon) BITORQUATA, 0. sp. Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid ; two posterior oculars. Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Brownish-olive above ; a black band across the occipitals, a second * In many specimens of d4dlabes rufulus the teeth are, strictly speaking, not equal, but increase in strength posteriorly, In Liophis cobella the character of the longer posterior tooth is little marked; and there are specimens in which all the teeth are of equal size. Dr. A. Giinther on a West-African Genus of Snakes. 225 across the neck, and a black spot behind the latter on each side of the neck, extending on to the ventral shields ; the lower parts dirty yellowish. Hab. Senegal. The typical specimen is in the British Museum. Description.—Habit like that of Coronella austriaca; number and form of the shields of the head normal; the posterior frontals are rather longer than, and nearly twice as large as, the anterior ones ; vertical five-sided, slender, with the posterior angle acute ; occipitals of moderate size, obtusely rounded behind. Nostril be- tween two shields; loreal square; anteorbital high, extending on to the vertical ; two posterior oculars in contact with an oblong tem- poral shield ; three other temporals are behind the latter, the upper of which is elongate, forming a suture with the occipital. Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. Scales short, rhombic, smooth, in nineteen rows. Ventral shields 205; anal 1/1; caudal 75. The colours have been described in the diagnosis ; the ground-colour changes into lead-grey after the epi- dermis has been rubbed off. The maxillary teeth form one con- tinuous series ; anteriorly small, they gradually become longer and stouter posteriorly ; none of them are grooved. inches. lines. Lenoth of the: head). i2's5 4... eee AOD at of. the trunk « 1.5.54 Ace 16038 Aes cu) meee te) Gall c,.