Met onthe gba tee det es On whe Peters a oe nr ene Po, Sa ttsl hint, ate Pm ta Code angytene ns nea a by i mt if i oy i a i j PN \ fy Ns ‘ ny hi vat | ry aa ; ’ an 4 " GF a aes Wines 0) 4 Wee CONTENTS OF VOL. III. [FOURTH SERIES. ] NUMBER XIII. I. On the Structure of the Diatomaceous Frustule, and its Genetic Cycle. By Joun Denis Macponatp, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon, RUN (Plate Tye rater nk ok ae es Pt eet Paes II. On Physalia and certain Scombroid (?) Fish which are fre- quently associated with it in Tropical and Subtropical Seas. By G. LOAF UB acon: al) OA) Bete Onl Up be eee cm een Br ements mrt Se cna s Ciehc III. Description of some new Species of Fossil Ferns from the Bournemouth Leaf-bed. By A. Wank yn, B.A., Sidney Sussex College, 'Cambridee, (Plate Ey 1.2 Voseoh dee eae Seceieestares IV. Investigation of the Freshwater Crustacea of Belgium. By PREIS PLATEAU, (Birst Patt.) cn asd astern tiated eae oie laa V. Description of a Siliceous Sand-Sponge found on the South- east Coast of Arabia. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S, &c. .....,.....- VI. Descriptions of several new Species of Nymphalidian Rhopa- locera. By Artuur G. Burr, F.L.S.,F.Z.S., &c. (Plate IX.).. VII. Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Aleyonoid Corals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.5., USE am ota Sa alaue oi a'e vides. avolnis aia evs eae iia RT eR maton ask Selec eters VIII. On a new Genus of Gorgonide from Portugal. By Epwarp Perceval Wriaut, M.D., F.L.S., Professor of- Zoology, Trinity College, Dubay 5. cciohu Sok ay on elds apes Ded Savas eelee os ee IX. On Rhinops vitrea, a new Rotifer. By C. T. Hupson, LL.D. AE TanGe BM hig si seats ace aver ie ase’ a) ai ecalctsta a@aeuanaiars sat at eRaN Gols see X. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. By Francis P. Pascos, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e., Honorary Member of the Natural History Society of Natal. (PI. X.) XI. Contributions to the Study of the Entomostraca. By GEORGE STEWARDSON Brapy, C.M.Z.S. &e. No. TV. Ostracoda from the River Scheldt and the Grecian Archipelago. (Plates VII. & VIII.) XII. Reply to Dr. E. P. Wright’s Observations on Dredging. By hes Gee Gas Wea ak CALS Poerere chats cote nae cle ee ete aa gals aLe oo ee XIII. Descriptions and Sketches of some new Species of Araneidea, with Characters of anew Genus. By the Rey. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, AAS CEIs tes DM Ves VE} ee avGa. Bie thee da Ai dose. 6 otels eee XIV. Note on a Fossil Lycopodiacean Fruit. By M, Bronenrart Page 1 7 21 2 2 2 3 if 9 iv CONTENTS. Page New Book :—Observationes circa Pexizas Fennie. Scripsit William Nylander. Accedunt tabule II. lithographice .............. 79 On the Generic Name Alcyoncellum, and in reply to Dr, Gray’s “ Ob- servations on Sponges and on their Arrangement and Nomen- clature,” by Dr. J.S. Bowerbank, F.R.S., F.Z.S, &c.; On Burrow- ing Annelids, by Dr. O. A. L. Morch; Contributions to the Fauna ~ of the Gulf-Stream at great Depths, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U.S. Coast Survey; Deep-sea Dredgings in the Region of the Gulf-Stream, by L. F. de Pourtales; Zoological Results of Dredgings in the Bay of Biscay, by P. Fischer; Notice of a new and diminutive Species of Fossil Horse from the Tertiary of Nebraska, by Prof. O. C. Marsh, of Yale College; Siliceous Spi- cules in Aleyonoid Corals, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. .. 84—96 NUMBER XIV. XV. Observations on the Thalassicollide. By G. C. Wauicu, M.D., F.L.S. XVI. Notule Lichenologice. No. XXVI. By the Rev. W. A. Leiauton, B.A., F.L.S.—MM. A. Famintzin and J. Boranetsky on the Change of the Gonidia of Lichens into Zoospores XVII. On the Ehretiacee. By Joun Miers, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. 106 _ XVIII. On the Homologies of the Dental Plates and Teeth of Proboscidiferous Gasteropoda. By Jonn Denis Macpona.p, M.D., hes. etei-ourzeon, iN. \(Plate XM)". 02... sa dee eee ee 113 XIX. Notes on the Fleshy Alcyonoid Corals (Aleyonium, Linn., or Zoophytaria carnosa). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., &e. 117 XX. Notice of a Gigantic Species of Batrachus from the Seychelles Hslandss ay Wr A. Gin THER Meier Geis oaaiaprnnpiesaeioriem eae . Ast XXI. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. By Francis P. Pasconr, F.LS. &e. (Plate XI.) XXII. On the Male and Female of the Genus Lernea before the commencement of the so-called Retrograde Metamorphosis. By Dr. BA ANTE TY ZIG kar arts dartexe cat's Gud aeae ree In Tet oleate ae USO eee oe A ae 154 XXIII. Observations on the Group of the Mole-Rats. By M. A. Mitnre-Epwarps New Books :—The Record of Zoological Literature, 1867. Volume Fourth. Edited by Aubert C. L. Giinther,- M.A. &e, &e.— Annuario della Societa dei Naturalisti in Modena........ 160—161 Considerations drawn from the study of Mole-Crickets, by Samuel H. Scudder ; The Finner Whale of the North Sea; The Scrag Whale of Dudley, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Investigation of the Or- vi CONTENTS. Page On the Anatomy of the Test of Amphidetus (Echinocardium) Virguuanus, Forbes, and on the Genus Breynia, by P. Martin Dhnean, MB. SARS. eradae Sa, BoC. 4. osu cd ahalal aces vaneins 241—248 NUMBER XVI. XXXII. Notes on the Filigerous Green Infusoria of the Island of Bombay. By H. J. Carrer, F.RS. &c. (Plate XVII. figs. 10-24.) 249 XXXIV. Strange Phenomena in a Microscopic Cell. By H. J. Cannio, occ. (Plate XVII. figs, TO!) fcc ce wee eee eee 261 XXXYV. Notule Lichenologice. No. XXVII. By the Rev. W. A. Letcuton, B,A., F.L.8S.— Dr. W. Nylander on new British Tichenat ice ai cles tere pe ee Seats tie mine mien ext ies by Bin 264 XXXVI. Notes on the Dragonflies of the. Seychelles. By E. PercevaL Waieut, M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany and Zoology in Trinity College, Dublin. With a List of the Species and Descrip- tions of a new Genus and some new Species; by the Baron EH. DE SpE GCEUABEDS 012 a)lclete oie va rioiaiaie © eipivis’ +a) 9 a, sie/ vasleie cs ele oi aiaicle 270 XXXVII. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. By Francis P. Pascox, F.L.S. &e. ae MON ogi ging a dist ss 4 sa aayia sat sede ahs ¢vekaeinc a tame 277 XXXVIITI. Notes on a few Hebridean Sponges, and on a new Desmacidon from Jersey. By the Rey. A. M. Norman, M.A. ..., 296 XXXIX,. On the Ehretiacee. By Joun Miers, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. 300 New Book :—Thesaurus Siluricus. The Flora and Fauna of the Silurian Period, by J. J. Bigsby, M.D., F.G.S., &e. .......... 314 Birds in the Philadelphia Museum, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Genera of Gorgoniade, by Prof. Verrill; Lamarck’s Collection of Shells, by Dr. J. E. Gray ; On the Constitution and Development of the Ovarian Ege of the Sacculine, by J. Gerbe ; On Euplectella aspergillum, by Dr. Claus ; Sea-Pools in the Friendly Islands, by Dr. Harvey; North-Atlantic Dredging-expedition; Land- leeches of Ceylon and the Loaf Starfish (Culcita), by Dr. Harvey 317—324 NUMBER XVII. XL. Observations on the Amphipoda occurring on the Norwegian Coastsin. fy AEE OME core nic aivar an ately tat ak «aan 325 XLI. Notes on some Indian and Mascarene Land-Shells. By Wim T, Buanrorp,. F.G.S:, C.M.Z.S., &@.. icc cee eee 340 XLII. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. By Francis P. Pasconr, F.LS. &e. 344 CONTENTS. Vv Page ganization and Development of the Dipterous Genus Volucella, by Jules Kiinckel ; Sphenodon, Hatteria, and Rhynchocephalus, by Dr. J. E. Gray ; Deep-sea Dredging, by Dr. G. C. Wallich and Dr. E. P. Wright; Note on the Genus Hellerza, by the Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A.; Colobus palliatus, Peters, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Restoration of Hadrosawrus; Living Crinoids in the North Sea, by Dr. Michael Sars; New Alligator from New Granada, by Dr. J. E. Gray; On the Habits of Hyalonema ; Note on the Vitality of a Sponge of the Family Corticatie (Te- thya lyncurtum, Lamarck), he M. Léon Vaillant... 5.3% 162—172 NUMBER XV. XXIV. Onthe Animal and Operculum of Georissa, W. Blanf., and on its relations to Hydrocena, Parreyss; with a Note on Hydrocena tersa, Bens., and H. milium, Bens. By Wituiam T. BLaNnFrorp, ANA) eS Meat OBI) Beis Fors Coan () St. G10 (is re Rees Aan, much Yc 173 XXV. The Rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) as known to the Ancients. iby the Rey. Ws Howexron, MAS IMS. ore sige acl lenieis clea ieee 179 XXVI. Notes on Lizards of the Group Anolis—The Characters and Synonymy of Norops. By ArtrHur W. I. O'SHAUGHNESSY, Senior Assistant in the Natural-History Department of the British IVES OUTED ~ * a wsgs ah dott ash otal static oni et wigho' alot vate ohntg’ whak pees ebatioy etateceet cee etn Siena enanG 183 XXVII. On the Manner of Growth of Hyalonema. By Dr. J. E. Gray, PRS. VeP-Z085 86. 3.25 tesa ass eae ene ee 192 XXVIII. On the Habitat of ‘the Regadera (Watering-pot) or Venus’s Flower-basket (Luplectella aspergillum, Owen). By THomas J. Moorr, Free Public Museum, Liverpool ...........-0.00e008 196 XXIX. On the Ehretiacee. By Joun Miers, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. 199 XXX. Notes on the Palzozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. No. IX. Some Silurian Species. By Prof. T. RupErtr Jones, F.G.8., and De Bonn, ESG»o.) (Plates Qe0V sic, MEV.) totale acme 211 XXXI. On the Species of Veneride found in Japan. By ARTHUR Apanis, (Bb, 600...) 0! Goeth hea hier hao rena lea tei Eek hele teen oe 229 XXXII. Note on the Varieties of Dogs. By Dr. J. E. Gray ., 236 On Othelosoma, a new Genus of African Slugs, by Dr, J. E. Gray ; New Species of Hyrax, by Dr. J. E. Gray ; On the mode of De- velopment of Bothriccephalus latus, by M. Knoch; On the Teeth of Streptaris, Chilina, &e., by Dr. J. E. Gray; On Naultinus lineatus, a New Lizard from New Zealand, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.; Marine Animals of Southern Labrador; The Keitloa (Rhinaster keitloa), by Dr. J. E. Gray; Organogenic Investiga- tion of Eupomatia,. by H. Baillon; Note on Rhizocrinus lofo- tensis; Quoy and Gaimard’s Species of Corals; Berbyce mollis, a new British Coral, by Dr. J. E. Gray; On the Bats collected in Sarawak by the Marquis Giacomo Doria, by Prof. W. Peters ; Nudibranchs in Fresh Water ; Siliceous Spicules of Solanderia; CONTENTS. vil Page XLIIL. Notule Lichenologice. No. XXVIII. By the Rev. W. A. Lerauron, B.A., F.L.S.—Dr. W. Nylander on the Cephalodia of NG CHONG sas ener clicker cielay. 0, eo ACME mite clog ote ha rlopererapl aiet Alatel eh 351 XLIV. Notes on the “ Vielle” (Batrachus giyas, Gthr.). By SWINBURNE Warns Haq. 7. 1c uae c ts ences tet noecmama’ 352 XLV. Notes of a week’s Dredging in the West of Ireland. By GrorGe Strewarpson Brapy, C.M.Z.S., and Davip RoBERTson. (lates eV BE RO is enews eels ope eaaaier tcheveysinisieleye dope weil 'o wae 353 XLVI. Notes on some recent Mediterranean Species of Brachio- poda, By Tuomas Davinson, F.R.S., F.G.S. &e. oc. cee e eres 374 XLVII. Notes on the Animal of the Organ-pipe Coral ( Tubipora musica). By Ep. Percrevan Wricut, M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany and Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin. (Plate XXIIL).... 377 XLVIII. On the comparative Carpical Structure of the Ehretiacee and Cordiacee. By Joun Miers, F.R.S., F.LS., &. .......06- 383 XLIX. Wasps and their Habits. By FrepErick Suiru, of the British Museum, Vi; Pe Bont. SOG OC. vy. Sats Sac si) oiee)e Sesser wale os 389 New Books :—Facts and Arguments for Darwin, by Fritz Miiller. With Additions by the Author. Translated from the German by W. 5S. Dallas, F.L.S.—A History of British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, by C. Spence Bate, F.R.S., F.L.S., and J. O. West- AVOOG, NE Aer Blasi c.. dic crepettenan teas vreceretnnts eteaee slacearel 394—395 Rediscovery of Trocheta subviridis, by J. Gedge, Esq.; Lamarck’s Collection of Shells, by Dr. J. E. Gray; On the Zoological Dis- coveries recently made in Madagascar by M. Alfred Grandidier, by M. Milne-Edwards; On the Miocene Aleyonaria of Algeria, by A. Pomel; Are Unios sensitive to Light’, by C. A. White ; The Sea-Elephant (Morunga proboscidea) at the Falkland Tslandsiby Dr. Wf. EH. Gray, POR Sve, lt. oc). acer o's 396—400 NUMBER XVIII. L. Observations on the Amphipoda occurring on the Norwe- gian Coasts. By AXEL BOECK.........+.005. WA oi Rchich ees Hoiivsans 401 LI. On the Discovery of a Malar of a large Reptile in the Northum- berland Coal-measures. By T. P. Barkas ........... paithe oo 85 419 LII. Notule Lichenologice. No. XXIX. By the Rey. W. A. LeicHTon, B.A., F.L.S.—On the Cladonie of Bavaria .......... 420 LIII. Remarks on the Distribution of Animal Life in the Depths GEnbhs DER. Diy ME SARE cree srescwlets ae ateters cichorelnueie'e dicisisie « .«)anted 425 LIV. Notice of some new Reptilian Remains from the Cretaceous Beds of Brazil, By Prof..O, C, Marsu, of Yale College.,....... , 442 vill CONTENTS. Page LV. Descriptions of two new Species of Fishes discovered by the Marquis J. Doria. By Dr. A. GUNTHER ......6. es cece eee ees Adt LVI. The Character of the Indigenous Icelandic Terrestrial Mam- malian Fauna, with especial reference to Mr. Andrew Murray’s representation of it in his ‘Geographical Distribution of Mammals.’ By Prof. JAPETUS STEENSTRUP ....... 0s esse ee essence eeeees 445 New Book :—Preglacial Man, and Geological Chronology, by J. Scott IMIOOTD “colin Soa g sb oat see @ fue ome cnatale nate Winds wines telat, mee 457 Proceedings of the Royal Society.......... cscs eserves ec eeees 460 The English Pterodactyles, by Harry Seeley ; Impregnation of the Balani, by R. Bishop; Caleareous Sponges, by H. J. Carter, F.R.S.; Are Unios sensitive to Light ?, by Isaac Lea; On a new mode of Development of the Siphonophora, by A. Pagenstecher ; Anomalurus fulgens, a new Species from the Gaboon, by Dr. J. E. Rmeiyerye -pktdon «ject mioseteeayelpie i pierieh i © siglo stent Oe 465—467 PLATES IN VOL. II. PuateE I. New Species of Fossil Ferns. Il. Rhinops vitrea. III. Structure of the Diatomaceous Frustule. IV. v. sew Species of Araneidea. *t New Ostracoda. IX. New Species of Nymphalidian Rhopalocera. ~ New Genera and Species of Australian and Tasmanian Tene- XI brionidee. XIII. Dental plates and Teeth of Proboscidiferous Gasteropoda. XIV. | siturian Species of Bivalyed Entomostraca. XVI. Georissa sarrita.—Acicula tersa. XVII. Remarkable Vegetable Cell.—Filigerous Green Infusoria of Bombay. XVII. ap ew Ostracoda. XXI. XXII. Ophianoplus annulosus.—Exunguia stilipes. XXIII. Animal of Tubipora musica. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [FOURTH SERIES. ] Hegsceenennerhoasne per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hie carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, divs, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” NV. Parthenit Giannettasii Eel. 1. No. 18. JANUARY 1869. 1.—On the Structure of the Diatomaceous Frustule, and its Gle- netic Cycle. By Joun Denis Macponaxp, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon, R.N. [Plate III. ] From close examination of some of the larger forms of Dia- tomacez, more especially species of [sthmia and Biddulphia, I have long been under the impression that the commonly received views of the structure of the frustule and its mode of self-division require considerable modification. Though nu- merous inquirers have been engaged in the very inviting study afforded by these little organisms, I am not aware that any one has yet traced out their genetic cycle as satisfactorily as could be wished. Having consulted the works of various authorities upon this subject, I find the views expressed in the writings of Dr. Wallich (particularly in his paper on Triceratium, vol. vi. Journal of Microscopical Science, p. 242, and on the Diatom- valve, vol. vii. Trans. Micr. Sci. p.129) most in accordance with my own independent researches. Dr. Wallich appears to have been the first to set forth clearly that the middle piece or “zone” consists, while the frustule is intact, of two distinct plates, the one received within the other, and that the growth of such plates can only take place at the free margins, or those which are not con- nected with the valves. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. iii. 1 2 Dr. J. D. Macdonald on the Structure of the He has also shown how the capacity of the frustule may be augmented, at least in one direction, by the sliding out of those plates or “rings” telescope-fashion to accommodate themselves to the increase of the contents during division. This great fact is barely shadowed forth in Griffith and Henfrey’s ‘ Microgra- phic Dictionary’ (ed. 1856), p.201, where it is said that “in Bid- dulphia and Isthmia, and similar forms, the new half-frustules formed inside the ‘ hoop’ slip out from it like the inner tubes from the outer case of a telescope.” The “inner tubes” in this case would of course be the hoops of the new valves, which in their turn assist in forming a so-called ‘ intermediate piece”’ with their parent valves, though this is not specifically stated, and, strangely enough, a different inference may be drawn from the following quotation (op. ct. p. 199) : the frus- tules of Diatomacez are described as consisting of “ two usually symmetrical portions or valves comparable to those of a bi- valve shell, but are in contact at their margins with an inter- mediate piece (the ‘hoop’), variable in breadth, according to age.’ ‘This view of the structure of the frustule is substan- tially the same as that given by Smith in his introduction to the ‘ Synopsis of the British Diatomacez,’ only that he makes the hypothetical intermediate piece or ‘ hoop”? more insigni- ficant by calling it a ‘connecting membrane,” whereas it is in reality double, as before stated, one portion being included within the other, so as to admit of extension of the frustule in the direction of the axis of growth. Each of these sliding segments, moreover, is not merely connected but directly continuous with the body of its own valve, that which is invaginated being always the younger, having been produced within the other or the parent valve by an endogenous process, combining fission with growth and remodelling of the primordial utricle. Whatever be the con- figuration of the true ends of the frustule, or, in other words, the body of the valves, viz. circular, triangular, foursquare, or navicular, the sides or “ hoops” of the two forming the so-called “intermediate piece”’ are, as it were, marginal exten- sions of them, but perpendicular to their general plane. Quoting, again, from the ‘ Micrographice Dictionary,’ p. 200, it is stated that ‘the ordinary mode of increase of the cells of Diatomacez is, like that of other vegetable cells, a process of division. . .. It may be briefly described thus :—the pri- mordial utricle, enclosing the contents, divided into two por- tions, which separate from one another in a plane parallel with the sides of the individual frustules; the two valves of the parent cell gradually separate from one another, remain- ing connected by the simultaneous gradual widening of the Diatomaceous Frustule, and tts Genetic Cycle. 44 ‘hoop.’” This description would lead one to suppose that the hoop was a single and distinct segment, serving to connect those portions of the frustule to which the term valves is more particularly confined, and that the growth of the hoop was, therefore, not limited to one border more than the other. Dr. Wallich, I think, very successfully refutes the idea of a continuous growth of the Diatomaceous frustule, the fact being, as he states, that “the variation in the size of the valve and the number of its strie proceed part passu during the process of division, but not subsequently.” He admits that “ growth may take place to the extent of new siliceous matter being secreted along the margins of the valve, its depth being thereby augmented ;’’ but he considers it highly probable “ that the connecting zone by which the young valve is protected during its secretion and consolidation determines the limit of the di- mensions to be attained by it.” He states, moreover, that “in truth no two valves of the same frustule can be of the same size, for the new valves, being formed within the ‘ con- necting zones’ of the parent frustule, must be smaller than these.” This, I should think, is the essential cause of the great diversity of size observable in frustules of the same species being constant and universal; but he lays more stress upon the peculiar idiosyncrasy of "the sporangial frustule, vicissitudes of climate, and increased or diminished sources of nutritive matter. Notwithstanding all the above important facts and deductions, in common with other authors Dr. Wallich seems to consider the hoops of the ‘ connecting zone ”’ quite supplementary, and. not essentially persistent parts of the valves themselves, though often easily separable. __ Inthe ‘ Micrographie Dictionary,’ at p. 201, we read, “ The hoop appears to be a provision for the protection of the nascent half-frustules, which probably do not become silicified until full-grown, and would thus be liable to be injured or disturbed by the movements of the rigid and heavy parent half-frustules if the centre of the frustule in process of division was naked, as in the Desmidiaceze.” In all this the existence of two dis- tinct layers in the “hoop” is not even hinted at, nor their identity each with its own valve at the true ends of the, frustule. It stands to reason that as the two new half-frustules are developed endogenously, or within their parents, the former must be smaller than the latter by the whole thickness of the siliceous investment; and this will continue to be the case gradatim in the direct line of descent, though of course all the pullulations successively taking place in the same half-frustule will be uniformly of the same size, holding the relation of cast 1* 4 Dr. J. D. Macdonald on the Structure of the to mould with respect to their developing cell. Seeing, there- . fore, that the smaller the frustules of the same species are the more endogenous developments must have preceded them, and therefore, as one would naturally suppose, the nearer must be the fitness for conjugation to complete the genetic cycle, my great difficulty at one time was to know how the frustules of a given species ever regained their original size, or where this gradual diminution should end; but Mr. Thwaites has fur- nished us with the solution in his important discovery that the sporangial frustule resulting from the process of conjuga- tion is so much larger than the parent cells. In relation to this subject we read (op. cit.) :—“ A great difficulty meets us here. ‘The necessary consequence of the conjugation just de- scribed is, that every species in which it occurs must be repre- sented by two forms, one small and the other large, between which a gap exists, over which we have at present no means of bridging, except by supposing that the two new halves formed in cell-division need not always be equal, and that by dwindling away through a succession of steps of this kind the progeny of the sporangial frustules may be reduced to the original size.” This may be very ingeniously conceived ; but the true key to the difficulty does not appear to have been ap- prehended by the yriter. Mr. Smith, moreover, widens the breach by assuming a diametrically opposite hypothesis, in which, however, he only seems to account for difference of size, without observing the dilemma into which he falls. Thus he says at p. xxvi of his work, already alluded to, speaking of self-division, that “a careful examination of the process in the filamentous species has led him to conclude that a slight enlargement occasionally takes place in the new valves, thus causing a widening of the filament ;”’ and reason- ing upon this premiss, which, I humbly conceive, should have been taken the other way, he proceeds as follows :—“ The increase in the new valves, although slight, will, however, suf- ficiently account for the varying breadth of the bands of the filamentous species, and the diversity of size in the frustules of the free forms, without obliging us to suppose that a growth or aggregation takes place in the siliceous valve when once formed.” Yet it is actually within the fully formed valve that the new haltf-frustule is produced; and if so, it must, as before stated, be smaller than its parent by the whole thickness of the siliceous coat. “ Starting from a single frustule,” he goes on to say, ‘it will be at once apparent that if its valves re- main unaltered in size while the cell-membrane experiences repeated self-division, we shall have two frustules constantly retaining their original dimensions, four slightly increased, oa Diatomaceous Frustule, and its Genetic Cycle. 5) eight somewhat larger, and so on in a geometrical ratio, which will soon present us with an innumerable multitude contain- ing individuals in every stage, but in which the larger sizes predominate over the smaller; and such are the circumstances ordinarily found to attend the presence of large numbers of these organisms.’’ I am afraid that this doctrine of a geome- trical increase in the size of the frustules will not stand the test either of fair theoretical induction or comparison with natural fact ; for although there is in truth a gradual diminution, even this does not take place in a eeometrical ratio, which, in the nature of the case, can only apply to number, not to size, as will be clearly seen on inspecting fig. 5, purporting to trace the history of a single frustule through five grades of self- division, in which the numbers accurately express the relative sizes of all the half -frustules, new and old. It is now full time to elucidate my own views by illustra- tive facts, which I hope will be considered satisfactory, as supporting all the observations previously made, and by in- ference affording a guide to the study of those forms which, from their extreme delicacy and minuteness, might be for ever problematical and difficult of analysis, both as to structure and physiology. As each perfect frustule consists of an older and a younger valve, never of two valves of the same age, Kiitzing’s names, primary as applied to the former, and secondary to designate the latter or the invaginated valve, can be open to no possible objection. But to these it is absolutely necessary to add two tertiary valves of the same age, resulting from the process of fission, viz. the first tertiary, developed in connexion with the primary valve, and the second tertiary, forming a new frustule with the secondary valve. Of all these valves the primary or most external is the largest, the secondary and first tertiary are intermediate, while the second tertiary is the smallest. Fig. 1 (PI. ILL.) is a diagrammatic section of a perfect frustule previously to the transverse fission of its primordial utricle and contents. a, Primary valve.’ b. Secondary or invaginated valve. al. Body of the valve. 61. Body of the valve. a2. Primary hoop. b2. Secondary hoop. Fig. 2 represents a perfect frustule after the fission of the primordial utricle and contents and the formation of ¢ and d, the first and second tertiary valves of the same age, and consisting of cl and d1, the body of the valves, and ¢2 and d 2, the incipient et 4 "hoops. The remaining references are the same as in fig. 6 Dr. J. D. Macdonald on the Structure of the Fig. 3 illustrates the ultimate separation of the two new frustules, in which the same process is repeated: A, the pri- mary-valve frustule; B, that of the secondary valve. The smaller letters and numbers correspond with those in the fore- going figures. In fig. 4, 1, 2, and 3 are ordinary examples of Biddulphia, drawn from nature for comparison with figs. 1, 2, 3 respec- tively, which are diagrammatic. On submitting a large frustule of Jsthmia to microscopic examination, the pitting or markings of the invaginated hoop may be distinctly focussed through the enclosing or external one connected with the primary valve; and it is remarkable that the artists employed by various writers to illustrate their works have shown this unequivocally in many instances, mi- litating irreconcilably with the text. The “hoops” of the tertiary valves are gradually evolved as the new frustules progress in development ; and even while included within their formative valves their markings are often clearly discernible. Before the tertiary “hoop” is of sufficient depth to give the new frustule its adult dimensions, the outer “ hoop” will be seen to extend beyond the gibbous fulness of the younger valve in Biddulphia and Isthmia—a condition which is incom- patible with the idea of a single “intermediate piece” or ‘ connecting membrane” of the existing theory. Any deep- ening of the so-called connecting membrane is therefore only likely to happen in connexion with the tertiary hoop, no addi- tion being necessary, nor, indeed, at all capable of proof, as respects the adult or outer “hoop.” Dr. Wallich, however, assumes that additions are made to both in the manner above alluded to. Of course, in particular genera, where the hoops of the valves are exquisitely thin and destitute of markings, it would be more difficult to trace out the particulars just described. The inference, however, appears legitimate, unless sufficient reasons can be advanced to warrant a contrary opinion, that, small and large, the same general laws of development obtain with all the Diatomaceee. To conclude these remarks, it must be stated that every tertiary valve becomes in due course secondary, and ultimately primary, beyond which there is no further advance ; but after having been the parent of an almost unlimited progeny it must tend to decay, if it be not privileged to close a genetic cycle by taking part in the development of a sporangial frustule from which another living chain may descend with renewed energy. Mr. Ralfs uses the term ‘front view” for what appears to ~ Diatomaceous Frustule, and tts Genetic Cycle. ( me to be in reality the “side view” of the frustule, corre- sponding with the position in which the axis of growth is perpendicular to the axis of vision, or, in other words, where the component frustules would form a band or filament seen sideways. On the other hand, when such a filament is seen end on, the axis of growth being coincident with the axis of vision, he would call the presenting end of the nearest frustule a “side view,” though this is unquestionably an end view by all analogy. It appears to me that the axis of growth should be the longitudinal axis, however short that may be, though the broadest diameter is generally recognized as the length of the frustule. Besides the siliceous envelope and the amber tint of the contents, the Diatomaceze differ very materially from the Desmidiacee in their process of self-division. ‘Thus, in the latter, more especially the solitary species, fission is attended with the immediate and total separation of the valves, followed by genuine gemmation of a new valve from each parent. In the Diatomacez, on the contrary, fission takes place under cover of the sliding hoops, which retain the original valves in contact, while the new endogenously developed half-frustules are rather being modelled out of the preexisting material than produced by genuine gemmation as in Desmidiacee. In the annexed diagram (fig. 5) I have attempted to trace the history of a single Diatomaceous frustule through several stages of self-division, expressing by simple figures the rela- tive sizes of all the half-frustules. As a guide to the method adopted, it will only be necessary to bear in mind that valve No. 1 is the parent of valve No. 2, valve No. 2 the parent of valve No. 3, &c., the rising numbers representing the grades of diminution—which are certainly not in a geometrical ratio, like the simple multiplication of the frustules themselves. It will be seen that all the frustules to the left of the median line are the progeny of the primary valve, and those to the nght the descendants of the secondary valve; and taking the grades in their order, we find, on the primary side, 1 in the first place, 2 in the second, 3 in the third, 4 in the sixth, 5 in the eleventh, and 6, the highest number, in the twenty- second. The highest numbers are also to be found in cor- responding places on the secondary side, and the ratio is certainly much more complex than the geometrical. Fig. 6 shows an undulating line by construction, giving each valve of the long series its relative breadth within seven thicknesses of the siliceous coat, but only representing one border; the progeny of valve 7 must exhibit a very ap- 8 Dr. G. C. Wallich on Physalia and preciable diminution in size as compared with the original sporangial frustule ; and in this theory every requisite for the completion of the genetic cycle of the species would appear to be supplied. II.—On Physalia and certain Scombroid (2?) Fish which are frequently associated with it in Tropical and Subtropical Seas. By G.C. Watticu, M.D., F.L.S. Mr. Couirnewoop’s interesting paper on ‘ Oceanic forms of Hydrozoa,” which appeared in the ‘ Annals’ for November 1867, brought to my recollection some additional facts in con- nexion with Physalia which came under my _ observation during repeated voyages to and from India, and of which I retain copious notes. ‘T’o these facts I will advert immediately ; but I would point out, en passant, that the stmging-properties of this Hydrozoon are by no means so novel as Mr. Collingwood seems to think, every sailor with whom I have come in con- tact who has once traversed tropical and subtropical latitudes having been well aware that the ‘ Portuguese man-of-war ”’ is not a creature to be handled with impunity. The stinging-pro- perty resides in the tentacles, not in the polypites, and is pro- duced by the discharge of acontia from minute oval sacs which are distributed at regular intervals along these organs. Although I have invariably failed in my efforts to preserve . the pneumatophore of Physalia in anything approaching to its pristine condition, I have been able readily to secure the tentacles in such a manner as to have retained their character up to the present period, namely, over a space of eleven years. ‘This has been effected simply by placing the pneuma- tophore on a card or board (to which it adheres at once through a certain tenacity peculiar to it) and by then winding off the tentacle in the same way that one may wind off a skein of silk or cotton. The extensile quality of the organ is such that I have sometimes succeeded in stretching it, from its natural length of from 3 to 6 inches, to some 8 or 10 yards, and this without once breaking the continuity of the thread. On being so extended, the tentacle forms an extremely deli- cate flattened band, composed of several parallel fibres of highly contractile tissue arranged longitudinally, each fibre being from =,5 to +5 of an inch in diameter*. On this, or, rather, imbedded én this composite filament, the acontia- sacs are distributed. * A specimen of a piece of the preserved tentacle, mounted on an ordi- nary slide in Canada balsam, without further preparation, is to be seen in the cabinet presented by me to the Royal Microscopical Society. certain associated Scombrotd Fish. 9 But the most singular phenomenon connected with Physalia consists in its power of slowly and steadily depressing its pneu- matophore from its normal erect position to a position which is horizontal, or, in other words, till the pneumatophore rests on one of its sides on the surface of the water. The act of eleva- tion or depression occupies from eight to ten seconds or there- about, and takes place as soon as the creature comes abreast of the bows of the ship, the state of depression continuing until it is abreast of the stern. I have so repeatedly witnessed this wonderful occurrence in moderately calm weather, at distances varying from a few feet to thirty or even fifty yards, that I should feel inclined to attribute it to some subtle influence produced either by molecular vibration in the water during the transit of the vessel, or to some equally subtle vibration com- municated to the pneumatophore through the intervening atmosphere. The last, however, is, in all probability, ,the most rational way of accounting for it, masmuch as the com- mencement of the depression takes place, in many instances, apparently quite beyond the reach of the surface-disturbance of the water, which causes a series of advancing waves ahead of the ship. I would also take the opportunity of confirming what Mr. Collingwood says regarding the small fishes which he saw accompanying Physalia, having not only observed them over and over again, but captured them in some numbers in my casting-net thrown from the main-chains or the main-gangway port. Indeed, in a paper communicated by me, in December 1862, to ‘The Intellectual Observer,’ I distinctly drew atten- tion to this fact, and mentioned that, having submitted some sketches of the fish to Dr. Giinther of the British Museum*, he expressed his opinion that, if mature fish, and not young Scombride, they belong in all probability to some new and unknown genus. As these fish vary in size within very re- stricted limits only (I have never seen one longer than 4 or shorter than 3 inches ), Dr. Giinther’s suggestion as to their being new to science is doubtless correct. As recorded by me, in the paper above referred to, these fish accompany Physalia just as the pilot-fish accompany the shark—in this instance swimming backwards and forwards and amongst the tentacles in such a fashion as to suggest a “co-operative”? action between the two creatures, which re- sults probably in a supply of food. I may add that, on many occasions, I have also detected, adherent or creeping amongst * These sketches are now in the possession of the Microscopical Society. + Mr. Collingwood speaks of having seen them 6 inches in length (‘ Annals’ for November 1867). 10 Mr. A. Wanklyn on some new Fossil Ferns a the coiled masses of the tentacles and polypites of Physalia, isopod crustaceans from about half to three-quarters of an inch in length, of a similar species to some I also occasionally ob- tained adherent to the floats of Janthina, or floating epiphytic Lepadide of the open ocean. It is further deserving of notice that both fishes and isopod crustaceans invariably presented the brilliant blue markings visible on the tentacles and polypite masses of Physalia—and, lastly, that, on placing specimens of Physalia on a piece of cardboard immediately after capture, I have seen a slow rolling movement of the pneumatophore con- tinue to take place for upwards of an hour, and, indeed, until its wall had actually shrivelled with the heat. The slow and rolling nature of this action gave me the distinct impression, at the time, that it was due to vital (probably muscular) con- tractility, and not merely mechanical. ES I1.—Description of some new Species of Fossil Kerns from the Bournemouth Leaf-bed. By A. WANKLYN, B.A., Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. [Plate I.] In the spring of 1867, Admiral Sulivan was kind enough to show me some specimens of ferns which he had obtained from the Bournemouth leaf-bed. Since then I have endeavoured to obtain sufficient data for the determination of these ferns. This I have done with regard to the ferns most commonly found, which I now propose to figure and describe. I also figure two other ferns, which differ from these, but of which I have only been able to find the specimens from which the drawings are made. Few patches of clay in this district are entirely without traces of leaves; their absence at any particular spot seems to be due, not so much to a scarcity of leaves when the strata were deposited as to the fact of the matrix having been un- favourable to their preservation. The ferns, however, seem to be very local. I have only heard of their being found at one place in this district ; and there they occur in great abundance. In the section exposed in 1867 there were two or three layers, each about an inch in thickness, which consisted of dicotyledonous leaves and fronds of ferns matted together. Beneath these there was usually a thin stratum of sand a few lines in thickness. The state of preservation of the ferns varies with the nature of the deposit. Where the matrix is sandy, the carbonaceous matter has almost disappeared, and often only the cast of the from the Bournemouth Leaf-bed. 11 frond remains; where it is a close and compact clay, the impressions of the upper and lower epidermis are preserved, and owe their colour to the decomposition of the intervening tissues. The veins are represented by channels which often contain the remains of fibre. Their distinctness depends upon the relative decomposition of the tissues. Where the vegetable matter has been quickly and entirely removed, the specimens present only indistinct traces of the venation ; if, on the other hand, the matrix is charged with carbonaceous matter, the veins are lost in the substance of the frond, and leave no traces on the impressions. It seems probable that these beds were deposited in a shallow estuary. Large masses of wood are to be found in the cliffs so honeycombed by Teredo as to leave but the thinnest parti- tions between the tubes. In strata deposited under estuarine conditions, we cannot look for a continuous record of events, because, although the accumulation of the materials may have been the work of ages, yet their final arrangement may have been effected in a comparatively short space of time. With the exception of the Teredo-borings, few traces of animal life are to be found. Remains of insects from the pipe-clay at Corfe have been figured in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ in a paper by Mr. Prestwich. I have lately obtained from Bournemouth a fragment of an insect, which Mr. Dallas has kindly undertaken to determine if possible. . The ferns of which I have obtained sufficiently good speci- mens for description are closely allied to the recent subgenus Mertensia of the genus Gleichenia. Subgenus MERTENSITES (nobis). Stipes repeatedly dichotomous (Pl. I. fig. 2), the ultimate branches bearing simply forked pinne (figs. 16,¢). Veins somewhat prominent, venules free. Sori near the middle of the two exterior venules of each fasciculus (fig. 1g). Capsules sessile, deciduous, arranged round a punctiform receptacle. Mertensites hantoniensts (nobis). Pl. I. figs. 1 a-g. Stipes rounded; ultimate branches with a pair of pinne ; pinne lanceolate pinnatifid; segments linear-acute, quite entire. Capsules globose, longitudinally striated, eight to ten in number. This is the fern of which I have obtained the greatest num- ber of specimens. The largest in my collection are from 5 to 6 inches in length. It is difficult to arrive at the entire length 12 M.F. Plateau on the Freshwater Crustacea of Belgium. of the pinne, as it is not easy to separate them from the leaves, and I have not yet seen an entire specimen. Mertensites crenata (nobis). Pl. I. fig. 3. Segments of the pinnz crenato-lobate and rather broader than those of M/. hantoniensis. This species is much rarer than the preceding. I have a specimen which indicates a pinna 4 inches broad. It seems to be altogether on a larger scale than J. hantoniensis. Croziers and fragments of stipites belonging to one or other of these species have been found; the stipites would indicate a fern probably 4 to 5 feet in length. I hope at some future time to obtain specimens which will enable me to determine the rarer forms, figs. 4 a, b, and 5. All that I can say of them is that fig. 4 seems to be allied to Lindsea or Adiantum, and fig. 5 to some genus of Cyathee. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1 a. Part of pinna of MW. hantoniensis, showing the venation. 1b,c,d,e. Ultimate branches, showing the habit of growth. 1f,g. Fructification. (1g is enlarged.) Fig. 2. Stipes of Mertensites (reduced one-half). Fig. 3. Part of pinna of M. crenata. Figs. 4 a,b. Adiantum? Fig. 5. Cyathee ? IV.—Investigation of the Freshwater Crustacea of Belgium. By FEurx PLaTeav. (First Part.) * THE study of the little freshwater Crustacea, already carried so far by Miiller, Jurine, and Straus, was resumed in 1837 by the English zoologist Baird, who extended the circle of our knowledge with regard to them, and set himself to describe the species (especially of the genus Cypris) which are met with in England. I have made some investigations of the same kind in Bel- gium, which, wedged in between France, Holland, and Ger- many, has a fauna partaking of those of these three countries, and consequently very rich. The present memoir, which is only the first part of my work, contains the results of my anatomical and physiological obser- vations upon the genera Gammarus, Lynceus, and Cypris, as also a list of the species of these genera which are met with in Belgium. In this summary I shall leave this list unnoticed. I may state, however, that the number of species which it con- tains is distributed as follows:—three for the genus Gammarus, * For this abstract, as also for a copy of the original memoir, from “Tome xxxiv. des Mémoires couronnés publiés par l’Académie de Belgique,” we are indebted to the author.—W. F. M. F. Plateau on the Freshwater Crustacea of Belgium. 138 six for the genus Lynceus, and twenty-three for the genus Cypris; and among these last a species which I believe to be new, and for which I propose the name of C. quadripartita. As regards my anatomical and physiological researches, the following are the results which I consider new. Gammarus puteanus, Koch, is, as is well known, a singular animal, which lives exclusively in subterranean pieces of water, and its eyes are rudimentary and destitute of pigment. I have made some experiments on the sensibility of the eves of Gam- marus puteanus; and it appears from these experiments that light hurts them, as is the case in nocturnal animals, and that the Gammarus even flies from diffused light, taking refuge under the shadow of opaque bodies which may be offered to it for this purpose. Since the time of Miiller the genus Lynceus had never been the subject of any general work. I have taken up the ana- tomical study of these little animals, paying particular atten- tion to the facts neglected by Miiller and other authors. In my memoir I pass in review :—1. The form of the antenne of the first and second pairs; the latter do not originate here, as in the Daphnice, from the outer sides of the head, but beneath the margin of the beak. 2. The form of the body, properly so called, which includes only seven segments. 3. The struc- ture of the rudimentary eye or black point, and of the true eye. I show that the true eye, contrary to what is stated in this re- spect by Rathke with regard to the Daphnia, is at first repre- sented in the embryo by a pigment-mass supporting a sort of entire nucleus ; the mass and nucleus divide into two distinct parts, and by their subsequent development become reunited by their inner faces. 4. The digestive apparatus: the maxille of the Lyncet are triturant, and bear a crown of conical asperities ; the digestive tube is not uniform in the greater part of its extent, but we find in it an cesophagus, a first dilatation into which opens a diverticulum corresponding to the cxea of the Daphnia, a large sac with glandular walls, which I shall call the stomach, a slender intestine forming several convolutions, already represented by Miiller, and, finally, a straight large intestine inflated like the colon in man. 5. The feet, or respiratory limbs. The limbs of the Lyncez, in addition to the antennary rami, consist of five pairs, which, however, are far from being constructed upon a uniform plan ; they may be divided as follows :—natatory feet with a rudi- mentary respiratory vesicle, and furnished with a flat disk for striking the water; feet destined to produce a current of water between the valves, also with rudimentary respiratory vesicles, but furnished with long, rigid sete; and exclusively respira- 14 M.F. Plateau on the Freshwater Crustacea of Belgium. tory feet, with enormous respiratory vesicles, and with scarcely any setw. 6. The male and female reproductive apparatus. I have discovered the male of Z. trigonellus and rediscovered that of L. lamellatus ; they differ from the females by their smaller size, their more elongated body, and by the consider- able size of the antenne of the first pair. The essential part of the reproductive organs consists of a membranous sac on the inner surface of the penultimate joint of the tail, containing two sacciform glands, slightly constricted in the middle, and each furnished with a wide and short excretory duct; these two ducts open at the base of the caudal lamina. Spermato- zoids are frequently met with in the fecundated females ; these are, like those of the Daphnia, fusiform bodies with a membranous border. The female apparatus of the Lyncet greatly resembles that of the Daphnie; the winter eggs, which the incubatory cavity contains at certain periods of the year, are not enclosed in a common ephippium, but there is a membranous capsule or distinct ephippium for each egg. Straus Diireckheim, in a memoir which has justly become celebrated, has given in much detail the anatomy of Cypris fusca; but he had never seen anything but ovaries in the in- dividuals which he examined, which led him, like Ramdohr, Treviranus, and many others, to regard the Cyprides as her- maphrodites. In 1850, M. Zenker indicated the existence of distinct males. In 1854 he described in detail their sexual organs—consisting of two testes represented by masses of cecal tubes, of two cylindrical glands of very complicated structure (glandule mucose), the secretion from which serves to form the spermatophores, and, lastly, of two corneous sacs, enclosing a corneous penis and hooks, or excitative organs, which are also corneous. Having myself rediscovered the males of Cypris monacha, and studied great numbers of the females and young of other species, Ihave been able to verify most of M. Zenker’s observations, and to add some new facts to those made known by him. These new facts are as follows :—The mucus-glands of the male C. monacha, contrary to what is stated by M. Zenker, present a temporary sacciform prolongation, which is some- times found filled with spermatophores. The place of forma- tion of the spermatophores is not the deferent canal of each testis, but the central canal of the corresponding mucus-gland. The free spermatozoids (that is to say, destitute of the envelopes of the spermatophore) may be classed in two groups: those of the first group are filiform, without dilatation of any kind; and those of the second, which are met with in C. ovwm, and per- haps in C. punctata, are furnished at one of their extremities Mr. H. J. Carter on a Siliceous Sand-Sponge. 15 with an inflation, which is constricted in the middle and set on at a right angle upon the principal stem, like the handle of a walking-stick. The copulation of the Cyprides appears to take place in the mud. M. Zenker has described, im the females, two pyriform sacs (receptacula seminis) in which the spermatozoids are stored up; these, according to him, com- municate by two excretory canals with the oviducts. Accord- ing to my observations, the canals in question simply open at the base of the tail. Although the young Cyprides undergo no metamorphosis like those of a great number of other Crustacea, I have found that the form of the valves in the young of many species is the opposite of that observed in the adults. Bose and Straus succeeded in keeping Cyprides in wet mud for a period of time which they do not particularize. I have repeated the same experiment, and found that this time did not exceed eight days, and that many other small aquatic ani- mals, such as Cyclops, Hydrachna, Nais, and the larvee of Diptera, possessed the same power of resisting for a long time a nearly complete privation of water. V.—Description of a Siliceous Sand-Sponge found on the South-east Coast of Arabia. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &e. Tethya dactyloidea (mihi). Mammilliform, elongated, date-shaped, fixed, erect, fleshy, tough ; surface smooth above, becoming hispid with recurved spines below; colour reddish brown, purplish. Upper extremity obtuse, round, perforated at the point by a circular aperture or vent separated into five divisions by as many septa ex- tending from the circumference to a central union. Lower extremity terminating in a bundle of loose, soft, spiculiferous, keratose filaments, which, tending to a spiral arrangement, finally spread out root-like into the sand beneath. Hollow internally for the purpose of receiving the contents of the excretory system of canals, which, ramifying through the cortical fleshy body, thus empty themselves into the cloacal cavity, somewhat constricted at the vent, already de- scribed. Spicules fusiform, pointed at each end, or with one extremity terminating im a trifid extension. Body of sponge 14 inch long and $ inch broad; pedicel 1 inch long. Hab. Sea, south-east coast of Arabia, in shallow sandy bottom near shore. Obs. This is a siliceous sponge growing erect on the sand, 16 Mr. H. J. Carter on a Siliceous Sand-Sponge. to which it is attached by a loose flocculent bundle of filaments partially twisted into a spiral arrangement, either from the effect of currents or the instinct of the organism, or both. More detail I cannot offer, as I have given away the specimen. There is a bright yellow sponge of the same kind, but growing in groups on the sandy bottom of the Mahim estuary, off the Island of Bombay. Of this I possess no record what- ever; and the specimens were given away with that of Tethya dactyloidea. I found many specimens of Tethya on the south-east coast of Arabia, opposite to Ras Abu Ashrin, close to the north-east end of the Island of Masira, where the land presents an ex- panse, unbounded to the view, of white, dome-shaped, calca- reous sand-hills, upwards of 100 feet high, forming the southern part of the great Desert of Akhaf, with a very shallow shore and soft sandy bottom extending for many miles out to sea. Some of the specimens were alive, others dead, some floating and free, others fixed to the few black basaltic rocks which here and there skirt this otherwise all-white and desolate coast, but most among the exuvie in the little bay at this point, where, upon the stoneless and barren strand, lay heaped toge- ther a mass of drift, looking more like an accumulation of great bushes than zoophytes, which on my arrival they proved to be. Here I saw more Tethyade than on any other part of the coast. Those which were growing on the rocks adhered with such pertinacity, and were so rigid and unyielding in structure, that I could only get them off piece by piece with a hammer and chisel. Like Actiniz, molestation appeared to increase their rigidity. It might be assumed that the soft sandy nature of the shore and sea-bottom on this part of the coast of Arabia is peculiarly well adapted for the habitat of sponges generally and zoophytes, of which the enormous amount of drift on the strand bore ample testimony. The specimens of Tethya, as already stated, are found globu- lar and floating, or hemispherical and fixed to the rocks, or shaped like the one above described, throwing out a number of radical fibres coral-like into the sand beneath, thus differing from those Spongiade which seek a purer situation on the sloping or undersides of rocks, where foreign particles fall off rather than upon them. Calcareous Sponges. The spicules of Grantia ciliata among the Calcareous Sponges, as well as those of Gorgonia and those of Operculina On new Species of Nymphalidian Rhopalocera. 17 arabica among the Foraminifera that I have examined, have no central canal, in which they thus decidedly differ from the spicules of the Siliceous Sponges. Ki ea Fig 3 Fig. 1. Tethya dactyloidea, natural size: a, body; 6, pedicel; ¢, root, or filamentous extension into the sand. Fig. 2. Upper extremity, showing vent septated. Fig. 3. Vertical section of same, showing vent, cloacal cavity, and termi- nation of excretory canals. Fig. 4. Trifid spicule. VI.—Descriptions of several new Species of Nymphalidian Rhopalocera. By ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.5., &e. [Plate IX. | Tue following species would, according to the arrangement of Lepidoptera given in Westwood & Hewitson’s ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ belong to three distinct families; but these divisions, according to Bates, must be regarded as subfamilies of one large group. Family Nymphalide (Westwood, part.), Bates. Subfamily Hzzrcovivz, Bates. Genus HELIconIvsS, Fabricius. 1. Heliconius Zelinde, sp.nov. Pl. IX. fig. 1. 3. Ale supra fusce, area basali nigrescente certo situ ceerulescente : Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. ii. 2 18 Mr. A. G. Butler on several new antic fascia (vel potius plaga) disco-discoidea ochraceo-flavida abbreviata ad nervulum primum medianum extensa, a venis nigris interrupta et a macula cuneiformi nigra in discocellulares dis- rupta; punctis tribus apud apicem oblique positis albidis, aliisque subanalibus cinereis squamosis: postice fascia costali ochracea, punctis tribus squamosis subapicalibus squamisque nonnullis ana- libus inter venas marginalibus cinereo-albis: corpus nigrum albido pre punctatum. Ale antics subtus area disco-costali fusca; area interna tricolorata, in cella grisea, infra venam medianam et nervulum primum pal- lide fusca, deinde pallide cinerea; plaga superna permagna sericeo- alba, maculis punctisve octo marginalibus increscentibus et qua- tuor decrescentibus submarginalibus apicalibus niveis: postice fuscee costa basali sericeo-flava; fascia indistincta costs sub- parallela alteraque undata magis distincta margini anali subparal- lela, ferrugineis ; maculis tribus subapicalibus lunularibus niveis, quatuorque marginalibus analibus squamosis cinereis: corpus nigro-fuscum, palpis ad basin albis; thorace flayo maculato ; ab- domine linea media squamosa ochraceo-albida. Exp. alar. une. 3}. Hab. West coast of America. B.M. Presented to the Collection by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood. This species is allied to HZ. fornarina, Hewitson (from Guayaquil), but differs from it in many important particulars. 2. Heliconius primularis, sp.nov. Pl. IX. fig. 2. Alse anticee supra fuscze, area basali nitide ceerulescente, fascia obli- qua media alteraque abbreviata obliquis sulphureo-flavis a venis nigris intersectis, externa extus diffusa, intus bidentata: postice area basali ceerulea nitida, apicali sulphureo-flava a venis nigris intersecta; margine externo anguste albicante, margine costali late fusca: corpus fuscum albo pre punctatum. Ale subtus pallidiores, maculis in anticis una, in posticis sex coccineis; area basali fusca; anticis linea subcostali flava, fasciaque externa ad marginem fere externum abrupte extensa, aliter velut supra: corpus fuscum, fronte nivea, palpis pedibusque primoribus late- raliter niveis. Exp. alar. unc. 3, lin. 1. Hab. Guayaquil and Rio Napo. B.M. Purchased of Mr. Stevens. Most nearly allied to H. Hleuchia, Hewitson (from Bogota), but differing m the form and width of the bands in the front wings, and in having the apical area of the hind wings brim- stone-yellow in place of the narrow snowy border of Hleuchia. 3. Heliconius Zobeide, sp.nov. Pl. IX. fig, 3. Alze supra nigerrime omnino cinereo nitentes; fasciis duabus anticis Species of Nymphalidian Rhopalocera. 19 obliquis, abbreviatis, niveis, interna ad venam medianam late dis- rupta, externa a venis intersecta; postice ciliis niveis: corpus fuscum pre flavo punctatum. Alee subtus fuscee, anticee margine interno pallidiore sericeo ; fasciis supernis niveis, stria subcostali basali et aliquando mediana flavis, costaque ad basin coccinea : postice striis duabus, inferiore multo longiore, punctisque duobus coccineis; ciliis niveis: corpus fus- cum flavo maculatum; abdomine linea media, palpis pedibusque primoribus lateraliter flavis. Exp. alar. une. 3, lin, 5. Hab. Para; B.M. Peru; Coll. Druce. Presented to the National Collection by Mrs. J. P. G. Smith. Nearly allied to H. Antiochus, Linneeus, and bearing nearly the same relation to it as exists between fH. arania, Fabricius, and its Villa-Nova representative. Subfamily Sarrrivz, Bates. Genus IpiomorPHus, Doumet. 4, Idiomorphus Zinebi, sp.nov. Pl. LX. fig. 4. 3. Ale supra fusce, certo situ roseo tinct ; corpus fuscum. Alee subtus ochracez, roseo partim tinct, lineis tribus communibus obscurioribus, duabus mediis nigro-fuscis ad costam anticarum divergentibus ; tertia pallidiore undulata submarginali: antics lineis duabus discoideis subbasalibus fuscis; apice obscuriore puncto uno alterove albis; plaga magna interna sericeo-cinerea : posticze punctis septem ocellaribus albis discalibus: corpus ochra- ceum. Exp. alar. une. 23. Hab. Gold Coast. Coll. Swanzy. Collected by Mr. Crocker. Allied to Idiomorphus Italus, Hewitson (from Old Calabar), but very distinct ; on the underside more like /. Jcc’us, Hewits. Subfamily Nywewzariw, Bates. Genus DrapEmMA, Boisduval. 5. Diadema octocula, sp.nov. Pl. IX. fig. 5. @. Ale supra nigro-fusce: antice fascia postmedia obliqua ferru- ginea, ocelloque anali nigro indistincte pupillato fusco-ferrugineo cincto: postice fascia lata submarginali intus dentata ferruginea a venis nigris intersecta et puncta septem nigra ocellaria ceca inter venas includente ; linea vix distinguenda obscure ferruginea undulata marginal ; striola anali squamosa ceerulea: corpus nigro- fuscum. Ale subtus pallidiores ; fasciis striaque marginali supernis pallide roseo-albidis brunneo variis: antic characteribus quatuor dis- coideis subcostalibus, punctis quinque subapicalibus unaque majore cS 20 On new Species of Nymphalidian Rhopalocera. anali ceruleo-albidis nigro cinctis, linea submarginali nigra: pos- tice ocellis septem nigris albido pupillatis ; stria submarginali lunulari nigra, striola superna anali czruleo-albida: corpus fuscum. Exp. alar, unc. 3, lin. 4. Hab. Island of Tologa. Coll. Druce. Belongs to the Pandarus group, and would, according to Mr. Hewitson’s views, be a local variation of that species. I have not, however, seen any indication of such links between the several well-marked forms of the Pandarus group as are to be met with in the case of (Lasinassa) Bolina* (though even here I am not at present satisfied that we have only one species). The present species comes nearest to the insect figured by Mr. Hewitson (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, pl. 54. fig. 2), but differs, upon the upperside, in the ferruginous band and ocellus of the front wings, the darker margin and absence of internervular white spots in the hind wings. Genus RoMALAO0SOMA, Blanchard. 6. Romaleosoma Crockeri, sp.nov. Pl. IX. fig. 6. Cyparissa, Doubleday (nee Cramer). 3 9. Ala supra nigra, area basali cerulescente ; disco virescente, puncto anticis apicali albo; area anali posticis purpurascente : corpus cinereum, palpis fulvis. Als subtus ochreo virescentes; maculis marginalibus inter venas geminatis nigris, margine ipso fuscescente: antics: maculis tribus discoideis basalibus, nonnullisque disco-discoideis fasciam formanti- bus nigris fuscisque ; area interna fuscescente : postice area costali persicaria maculis sub septem mediis serie annulari positis nigris ; area inclusa virescente; area anali flavescente ; cillis omnibus albidis: corpus ochraceo-fulvum vel fulvo-cinereum ; antennis nigris, fulvo clavatis. Exp. alar. ¢ utc. 2, lim. 10; 9 unc. 3, lin. 4. Hab. Ashanti: ¢ ¢,B.M.; ¢, Coll. Swanzy. 3 9. Purchased from the Collection of the Wesleyan Mis- sionary Society. @. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. This species has long stood in the National Collection as the Cyparissa of Cramer; the latter, however, is identical with the Cato of Fabricius. Ihave named it after Mr. Crocker, a gentleman acting as agent for Mr. Swanzy on the Gold Coast. * The East-Indian (Moulmein &c.) form of this species represents the true Bolina of Clerck and Linneeus; the Bolina of recent authors will have to take the name Misippus, applied by Linnzeus to the female of that species. Dr. J. E. Gray on new Alcyonoid Corals. 21 This gentleman, in consequence of his great taste for entomo- logy, has devoted all his spare time to the capture and study of the West-African insects within his reach, and has sent home a collection which, if not rich in novelties, can at least boast several great rarities; among the latter may be mentioned a fine pair of the handsome Diadema Dinarcha of Hewitson, Myrina Maesa, Hewits., &e. VIL.—Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Al- cyonotd Corals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. i. Gray, EECS:, ViP.Z.8., ee. My nephew, Mr. W. A. Smith, sent to the British Museum some years ago a kind of Aleyonoid Coral which he collected in Garden Island near Sydney. Telesco Smithii. Coral erect, cylindrical, simple, slightly furcately branched, tubular, cartilaginous, with a thin, hard, crustaceous external coat, smooth below and marked with eight grooves and white streaks. Polype-cells short, subcylindrical, closely adpressed to the side of the stem, with eight grooves radiating from and deeper near the aper- ture. ‘Tentacles and mouth of the polype quite retractile. Polype-cells variously disposed, even on the same stem, some- times opposite on alternate sides of the stem, at others solitary and alternate, and at others there are solitary cells im the series between the opposite ones; rarely the polype-cell on one side of the oppo- site pair is produced into a short branch bearmg cells lke the stem; the lower- most cells sometimes project nearly hori- zontally. Hab, Australia, Garden Island, Sydney. (W. A. Smith, Esq.) B.M. It grows erect in tufts on shells and stones, 6-8 inches high. Telesco Smithit. The genus Telesco may be divided into three subgenera or genera, thus :— I. TrLesco.—The coral shrub-hke, furcately branched from 22 Dr. J. E. Gray on new Alcyonoid Corals. the base, the polype-cells terminating the branches and branchlets. 1. 7. aurantiaca, Lamx. Pol. Flex. t. 7. f.6 (7. lutea, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 231). Australia. 2. T.ramulosa, Verrill (Cornicularia aurantiaca, Stimpson). Hongkong. 3. T. pelagica, Lamx. (Aleyonium pelagicum, Bosc; T. fruticulosa, Dana). North America. Il. Trevescetta. The coral erect, with successive spread- ing clusters of branches, which are ramulose on the sides. A. T. (T.) nodosa (Telesco? nodosa, Verrill). Loochoo. If. Arexetia. The coral erect, simple, with short, cylin- drical, adpressed polype-cells on the side of the stem, generally opposite each other, or scattered; some have one or more cells produced into a short lateral branch. 5. T. (A.) Smithit. Australia, Sydney. The Museum has received from Mr. Rayner several most interesting Corals—among others, the two following Gorgo- noids with calcareous axis :— RAYNERELLA. Coral much branched, fan-shaped, expanded in a plane; branches and branchlets pinnate; branches diverging, sub- cylindrical, slender, nearly of a uniform size; branchlets op- posite or alternate, diverging. Bark thin, with an even, very slightly corrugated surface, internally finely granular. Polype- cells prominent, roundish, close together, diverging irregularly on all sides of the slender branches; apex rather conical, con- tracted, with a central dot. Axis calcareous, hard, white, with well-marked longitudinal grooves. Raynerella aurantia. Coral orange-yellow; branches and branchlets diverging, pinnate; branchlets ending in a broader tubercle, simple, rarely forked. Seba, Thes. iii. t. 100. f. 9 ? Hab. Bass’s Strait, Dewi Reef. (Rayner.) BRANDELLA. Coral very much branched, very slender, linear; branches diverging, pinnate, and nearly parallel to each other; branch- lets pinnate, opposite or alternate, diverging at nearly right an- gles, often sinuous, inosculating, uniting the diverging parallel branches into an irregular network. Bark, when dry, very Dr. E. P. Wright on a new Genus of Gorgonide. aa thin, almost membranaceous, smooth, and slightly wrinkled. Polype-cells on all sides of the branchlets, alternate or oppo- site, cylindrical, short, smooth externally, with a convex 8-valved top. Axis very slender, thread-like, except the main stems, calcareous, hard, pale horn-colour, very brittle. Brandella intricata. Coral fan-shaped, expanded. Stem very irregular ; branches and branchlets regularly pinnately disposed, forming an irre- gular network; some of the uppermost branchlets free. Hab. Bass’s Strait, Dewi Reef. (T. M. Rayner.) VIUI.—On a new Genus of Gorgonide from Portugal. By Epwarp PercevaL Wricut, M.D., F.L.8., Professor of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin. WHEN in Lisbon in September 1868, my friend Professor J. V. Barboza du Bocage showed me three very remarkable specimens of Alcyonarian Corals which had been taken, from a considerable depth, off the coast at Setubal. The most re- markable of these was a magnificent specimen of Paragorgia arborea (Linn.), which was several feet in height, and was in excellent preservation. A second specimen was Primnoa lepadifera (Linn.); and the third appeared to me to present some aflinities to Mopsea arbusculum (Yate Johnson*), a spe- cies taken at Madeira. Professor Bocage kindly gave me a specimen for examination, accompanied by a request that, if new, I would describe it. It appears to me not only to be a new species, but to present characters that render it necessary to form a new genus for its reception. I would therefore pro- pose to characterize it as follows :-— KERATOISIS, gen. nov. Coral branched, irregularly furcate ; axis jointed, composed of horny and calcareous portions ; the latter are hollow, smootht, varying considerably in length, and maintaining their form after maceration in caustic alkalies ; the branches are given off from the calcareous portions. ‘The so-called ‘ barky layer” (ccenenchyma) is well developed, and contains a large number of calcareous spicules. The polypes are irregularly and somewhat * “Descriptions of two Corals from Madeira belonging to the Genera Primnoa and Mopsea,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 245, pl. 51. figs. 1 and 1 a. + [have only been able to examine a portion of one of the smaller branches. It is possible that the calcareous joints near the point of attachment of the stem may be striated and solid. 24 Dr. E. P. Wright on a new Genus of Gorgonide. densely grouped all round the axis; they are of large size and are completely covered with spicules, which are closely packed side by side. A variable number (nine to eleven) of long fusi- form spicules surround the apical portion of the polype, form- ing a calyx. Tentacles eight, pinnately lobed. Keratoisis Grayti, n. sp. Deep water off Setubal, on the coast of Portugal*. In the Museum of the ee of Lisbon, also the British Museum and Museum of Trinity College, Dublin. I name the species after Dr. J. E. Gray, of the British Museum. Fig. 1. 5 Fig. 1 represents a portion of the main axis, deprived of coenenchyma and of nearly all its polypes. Fig. 2 represents a branch, of the natural size, with the polypes. Fig. 3. A polype magnified. This Coral is of a loose irregular growth. The specimen examined by me is about one foot in length, and gives off three lateral branches : there is no apparent tendency in these to ana- * Vide Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1868, p. 427. Dr. EK. P. Wright on a new Genus of Gorgonide. 25 stomose. The horny nodes are short and very much of the same length throughout; but the calcareous internodes vary con- siderably in length. The whole of the stem is equally covered with polypes. The ccenenchyma developes such a mass of spicules, that they may be said to form a roughened mat-like tissue over its whole surface. The spicules forming the calyx around the polypes are large and fusiform; those scattered through the barky layer are much smaller, longer than broad, and slightly irregular, and they differ from any of those figured in Kdélliker’s ‘Icones.’ In the body-substance of the polypes, in what he regarded as the inner portion of the ectodermic layer, a third variety of spicules is met with: these are very small, and belong to the same generic type as those occurring in Isis hippurts (Linn.). I looked for polymorphism in this species, but it did not exist. Not only am I indebted to Prof. Bocage for the specimen figured (fig. 2), which I have presented to the British Museum, but Sig. Capello, the Assistant in the Museum of Lisbon, had the great goodness to sketch for me the portion of the coral represented in fig. 1. An interesting question now arises as to the position of this genus. All zoologists appear agreed to divide the Actinozoa with eight pinnately lobed tentacles (Aleyonaria) into the three divisions (families) of (1) Alcyonide, (2) Gorgonide, and (3) Pennatulide ; and the points of dispute are chiefly as to the rank to which these divisions are entitled, as to the ge- nera that are to be placed in them, and as to the sequence of these genera. The family Gorgonide is divided by Milne- Edwards into three subfamilies—Gorgonine, Isidine, and Corallinz ; the second of these contains the genera Isis, Mop- sea, and Melithea. Since the publication of the ‘ Histoire des Coralliaires ’ (1857), many new genera belonging to this family have been published by Dr. J. E. Gray and others; and Dr. J. E. Gray published the first part of a “Synopsis of the barked Corals” in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1857 (pp. 278-294). ‘This synopsis was not completed ; but all interested in this subject will be glad to know that Dr. Gray has in the press a Catalogue of the Alcyonaria in the British Museum, in which work we may expect to find an arrangement of the genera, based on a very extensive expe- rience and on an examination of an immense number of genera and species. For my present purpose it will be sufficient to decide to which of the genera of Gorgonide as established by Milne-Edwards Keratotsts most nearly approaches. Accord- ing to Milne-Edwards, the Corals with an axis presenting nodes and internodes (jointed) would necessarily belong to the 26 =Dr. E. P. Wright on a new Genus of Gorgonide. subfamily Isidine; but if we refer to one of the latest works on the structure of the Coelenterata, that of Kéliker*, we find an arrangement of the Gorgonide which, while essentially based on that of Milne-Edwards, departs in several particulars from it. Instead of three subfamilies, Kélliker establishes six, (1) Gorgonine, (2) Isidine, (3) Briareacese, (4) Sclerogor- giacee, (5) Melitheacez, (6) Coralline; and, passing over the characters given for the other subfamilies, we find the second and fifth characterized as follows :— (2) Istdine.—Axis jointed, composed of horny and calca- reous portions; of these the latter possesses a lamellose struc- ture, and maintains its form after it has been placed in alkali. Genus Isis. (5) Melitheacee.—Axis jointed; the flexible (soft) joints consisting of calcareous spicules surrounded by horny sub- stance and connective tissue, the hard joints of coalesced cal- careous spicules. Genera Melithea and Mopsea. It is interesting to see that this classification of Kolliker’s, though it is based on the minute structure of the polypes and their coenenchyma, does not differ very essentially from those already proposed by others, though they are based on more general considerations; but I am at a loss for a reason why these two subfamilies, which certainly are very nearly allied to one another, should be so far separated as in this scheme, the more especially as there are several species of JJopsea which are very closely related indeed to some species of Js? ; and we may expect to find in Dr. Gray’s Catalogue very many species intermediate between those at present known. But regarding for the moment the family Iside as having but the one genus Jszs, and the typical species of this genus to be the L. hippuris (Linn.), then Iam inclined to regard Keratoisis Grayti as having the same relation to it that Mopsea arbus- culum, Yate Johnson, has to the genus Mopsea: for this latter species Dr. J. E. Gray proposes the new genus Acanella; so that these genera may be arranged thus :— Subfamily Isidine, with the genera Js?s and Keratoisis. oy Mopseadine, with the genera Mopsea and Acanella. I trust to have soon an opportunity of examining the spicules of several species of the latter two genera, as well as of several species of /s¢s, and may probably, in a paper describing some leyonaria from Australia, give a more detailed account of their histology. Kdlliker figures, in tab. 19. figs. 1-3 of his ‘Icones,’ very beautifully and very truthfully the spicules of [s7s hippuris, and those of Mopsea in figs. 41-44 of the same plate. * Icones Histiologice, Part 2, 1866, p. 131. Dr. C. T. Hudson on Rhinops vitrea. 27 IX.—On Rhinops vitrea, a new Rotifer. By C. T. Hupson, LL.D. [Plate II.] I FounD a solitary specimen of this creature in a pond at the back of the mansion in Losely Park, near Guildford, some five years ago, and had only just made a rough sketch of it when I was called away from my microscope, and lost the Rotifer from the drying up of the water. Although I returned several times to the same pond, I never could succeed in finding any more specimens; but last week I captured scores of them in a pond in Garraway’s Nursery Gardens, at Bristol. This is an illoricated Rotiter, with its ciliated wreath divided into several series: it belongs therefore to the Hydatinea ; but its two eyes set in a sort of proboscis forbid, I think, its being ranked under any of the genera given in Pritchard. I appre- hend, therefore, that it will have to be placed in a new genus, which I venture to name Rhinops, as well as to give to this species the title vztrea, from its glassy cuticle. The trochal disk has two parallel lines of cilia running round it from the foot of the proboscis to the buccal funnel, the ventral side of the upper portion of which is formed by a projecting fold of the cuticle, as is shown at Pl. II. fig. B, a. The cilia of the inner row are the larger, and are sometimes held erect; from their bases the substance of the disk slopes downwards and inwards, so as to form a hollow inverted trun- cated cone like the glass in a beetle-trap. The smaller and lower end of this cone is the aperture of a large cavity, whose only other opening is the buccal funnel. The proboscis (Pl. I. fig. a, 6) is ciliated all over its ventral surface and its edge, except at the extreme point; it carries also two brilliant-ruby eyes. The buccal funnel and the large wedge-shaped aperture above it are also richly ciliated; but I could not detect any cilia on the truncated cone. I have frequently seen objects swept into the cavity, and so down the buccal funnel to the mastax, and have noticed how skilfully the ciliated proboscis directs the atoms down the cone. Rhinops usually swims at a moderate pace, rolling gently round its longer axis as it goes; and every now and then it bends its proboscis over towards its back (thus fully displaying the cilia), and turns somersets, as Syncheta does, only in a much more leisurely manner. Occasionally, however, it darts suddenly forward ; and at each time that I have watched it doing so, I have fancied that I saw the atom which it wished to secure ; certainly the impression produced on my mind was 28 Dr. C. T. Hudson on Rhinops vitrea. that the animal made a conscious effort to seize prey of whose presence it was aware; and it is the first rotifer whose actions would lead me to credit its red spots with being eyes. It is curious, too, to see how it presses together the broad flaps of the trochal disk when an unusually large atom has entered the cavity above the buccal funnel. The pseudopodium is a short, extremely transparent cone, ending in two minute toes, and capable of being drawn up into a fold of the trunk, so as to leave only the tip exposed. It has in it what appears to be a club-shaped gland, from which a prolongation runs upwards in the median line: this latter does not seem to be a muscle, as it simply bends into a sigmoid curve when the foot is drawn up. The muscular system is shown in Pl. II. fig. 1, which re- presents Rhinops held down by the compressorium. Four lon- gitudinal muscles, aa, bb, spring from the same points, f 7, and proceed to the edges of the trochal disk ; they are tied to the cuticle at g g, and the outer pair again at ee. The muscles ec also act in drawing down the trochal disk, and send off branches, dd, to the proboscis. The pair hf draw up the foot, and the five incompletely circular muscles at & compress the trunk and force out the retracted trochal disk or foot. The mastax (fig. 2) contains the usual mallei and incus, the former with five teeth, > 6, the latter with ridges, aa, on the inner edges of the rami. The proventricular canal is long ; and the stomach has thick walls, in which yellow oil-globules are frequently imbedded : it is divided by a constriction into two portions, of which the lower is densely ciliated. The cloaca opens in the usual posi- tion, where the trunk meets the foot, and is also ciliated. The two gastric glands on the upper surface of the stomach are transparent subcones, with their bases on the stomach ; oddly enough, they are not generally of the same shape, one being more bent than the other. There is a moderate-sized contractile vesicle, and tubes or cords passing up from it on either side to the trochal disk, under which they end in numerous convolutions bearing three vibratile tags. The proboscis appears to contain a nervous mass (fig. 3 c¢), which sends off two processes, aa, to its unciliated tip, and one, b, to each eye. I have been unable to detect any antenne or tactile setex; but I imagine that the tip of the proboscis is an organ of touch. . The ova become so developed before being extruded, that the young animal quits its case and fills up a large portion of the body of its parent. I have seen several specimens in On new Genera and Species of Tenebrionide. 29 which the young Rhcnops lay with its head close to the con- tractile vesicle, and its foot close under the mastax. My specimens average 45 inch in length, and have been living in captivity for upwards of a week. X.—Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Tenebrio- nide from Australia and Tasmania. By Francis P. Pascor, F.L.8., F.Z.8., &c., Honorary Member of the Natural History Society of Natal. [Plate X.] Dr. Howitt, of Melbourne, having recently sent me a large collection of Heteromera from Australasia and New Zealand, I propose to describe in this Magazine such of the new Australian species as belong to the family Tenebrionide, adding several more derived from other sources, leaving the remainder and those from New Zealand for a future opportunity. The Tenebrionide* belong preeminently to the hot and dry regions of the earth; the epigeous or more normal forms are found in very small numbers, either in the humid lands of the tropics or in the northern parts of the northern hemisphere. England contains only seventeen (or, with the doubtful and introduced, twenty-seven) species, while the countries sur- rounding the Mediterranean have, according to M.de Marseul’s Catalogue, 1327 species. From Australia and Tasmania we have about 210 described—a number probably far below that contained in the rich collections of Melbourne and Sydney, and which we cannot doubt will be still greatly increased as those countries are more explored. The lists which Dr. Howitt has favoured me with from time to time bear evidence of the narrow limits in which a large number of species are localized. There is some confusion in regard to the use of the terms for those parts of the elytra known as the “ epipleura”’ and the ‘“ epipleural fold” +, which it is necessary to notice: when * In the sense in which it is constituted by M. Lacordaire (Gen. des Coléopt. t.v.). The great advantage of having a standard which is in everybody’s hands appears to me to render it desirable to conform as closely as possible to the classification and to the principles of analysis applied to the characters of the various divisions of the family. Only, for the sake of greater simplicity, I have called his “ tribus” and “ groupes ” (the latter often of equal rank with the former) subfamilies. The “ sec- tions ” and “cohorts,” being merely designations of the primary branches of a dichotomous arrangement, do not themselves form natural divisions. + “ Repli épipleural” of M. Lacordaire. ‘Fold” is a bad rendering of “repli,” but I know of none better. Dr. Leconte does not appear to no- tice this part. 30 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of only one is present or strongly marked, either term is often used indifferently ; while the former, in a second sense, is supposed to express generally the descending or inflected sides of the elytra. - In future I propose to use the term “ epi- pleura”’ for that part of the flank of the elytron marked off from the rest by a line more or less sharply defined; when there is a descending side above this line, as in Zopherosis, I propose to call it the “pleura.” This should have been the epipleura, if the word had been used in the strictest sense ; but it is too late now to attempt to alter its ordinary significa- tion. The stripe along the lower border of the epipleura will be the “epipleural fold” (plica epipleuralis) ; when nearly obsolete, there is still very often a sort of raised line or border which marks its position. Good examples of well-marked epipleura and epipleural fold, without the pleura, will be found in our common blaps mortisaga, or, still better, in the genus Acis (Akis). ORCOPAGIA. Subfamily BoreropxscinZ. Antenne clavate, 10-articulate; clava biarticulata. Tibie antice crescentiformes. Head vertical, deeply sunk in the prothorax, excavated in front between the eyes and clypeus, the latter cornuted, the lip lying in the space between the mandibles ; antennary ridge bilobed. Eyes small, transverse, impinged on by the anten- nary ridges, but not divided. Antenne clavate, ten-jointed, the scape elongate ; the third joint longer than the second, the rest to the eighth gradually shorter, the ninth and tenth form- ing a large oval pubescent club, the latter twice as large as the former. Mentum subcordiform ; lower lip transverse, broadly emarginate, and fringed anteriorly, its palpi short, with the last joint large, obovate. Maxille with the lobes of equal breadth; the palpi moderate, with the last jot cylindrical and obliquely truncate. Prothorax transverse, rounded, cre- nate, and expanded at the sides, but not foliaceous, elevated and compressed above, and projecting over the head at the apex. Elytra elongate, parallel, narrower than the prothorax, posteriorly abruptly declivous, sides nearly vertical; the epi- pleurz indistinct. Legs short; femora not thickened; tibie compressed, the outer edges 5—6-toothed, the anterior crescent- shaped, the intermediate arched externally. Prosternum ele- vated, rounded, not produced behind. Mesosternum entire. Metasternum moderately elongate. Intercoxal process nar- rowly triangular. Body tuberculate; prothorax and elytra above in an even plane throughout. Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. 31 There are three genera of Boletophagine with ten-jointed antenne: one is North American (Phellidius*, Leconte), an- other (Ozolais, Pasc.) is from Ega, on the Amazons, and the aboveT; as might be expected from three such widely sepa- rated localities, there is very little affinity between them. There are several genera, some new, with eleven-jointed an- tenne, which, as they do not belong to Australia, I propose to consider in a future article: one of them has been recently published as a Diceroderes (D. elongatus, Redtenbacher), but it is a true Boletophagin (Dysantes, MS.). Orcopagia monstrosa. Pl. X. fig. 8. O. elongata, indumento rufo-ferrugineo vestita, subtus pedibusque squamosis. Hab. Clarence River. Elongate, covered above and on the head with a reddish- ferruginous felt-like substance; beneath and legs with small scales of a yellower colour; head completely concealed above by the prothorax, the horn on the clypeus horizontal (in refer- ence to the body); prothorax longitudinally excavated above, the excavation bordered above with a row of tubercles, except posteriorly, where it is also notched for the reception of part of the scutellum ; the latter oblong rounded, a little raised; ely- tra irregularly tuberculate, particularly a strongly marked crest, which is also tubereulate, on each side of the scutellum, and projecting forwards on the prothorax at the edge on the declivous portion on each side a conical tuberculate projection. Length 4 lines. ULODICA. Subfamily Uzoprwz. Antenne haud clavate ; art. 3'° quam 4'"s duplo longiore. Prothorax transversus, utrinque rotundatus, marginibus squamosis. This genus differs from Ulodes{ in its antenne having the third joint much longer than either the second or fourth. Ulodes has the remarkable character of having all the joints of equal length, the last three, as in Ulodica, being pubescent, while all the others are covered with stiff scale-like hairs arranged in dense whorls. The genus was referred by its author, as well as by M. Lacordaire (to whom, however, it was * = Boletotherus, Candéze. The name in the text has priority. + It was briefly characterized by me in the Proc. Entom. Soc. for April last (1868). { Erichson in Wiegmann’s Archiy, 1842, i. p. 180, Taf. 5. fig. 1. To this genus also belongs Endophleus variicornis, Hope; the same author’s £. australis is a Dipsaconia. 32 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of unknown), to the vicinity of Boletophagus. From the sub- family to which the latter belongs, all the species, as well as those of the cognate genera which have come under my notice, differ in being destitute of the transverse excavation which oc- eurs behind the insertion of the mentum of the Boletophagine ; and, so far as I know, they have globose, not cylindrical, an- terior coxe. Probably, if the illustrious author of the ‘Genera’ had known any of the species, he would have made Ulodes the type of another group, as I have now ventured to do. The four genera which constitute the subfamily at present may be tabulated thus :— PREC TANZD CLA VEC 5 OY tev ui sarc) Sasson «sais Gigs a ndhene rare Ganyme, Pasc. Antenne not clavate. Prothorax scaly at the sides. Antenne with the third joint longest .......... Ulodica, Pasc. Antenne with the third Joint not longer than the ODE! GRA ee ee ew ate A eee eR tees ei eas Ulodes, Er. Prothorax ciliated at the sides ................4.. Dipsaconia, Pase. Ulodica hispida. U. oblonga, fusca, dense brunneo-nigroque squamosa; prothorace disco quadri-verrucoso-fasciculato. Hab. Clarence River. Oblong, dark brown, closely covered with pale reddish brown, varied with black, scales; head with small dull reddish-brown scales ; antenne brownish grey ringed with black—principally the third and fourth, sixth, eighth, and base of the ninth joints; prothorax roughly scaly, the apex with two wart-like tubercles clothed with a bunch of erect blackish scales ; behind the mid- dle two similar tubercles, but of a pale brownish colour, like the rest of the disk, except a small black spot on the margin on each side; scutellum transversely oblong, scaly; elytra striato-punctate, the alternate interstices with small, blackish, wart-like tubercles, which are obscured by irregular black patches, giving the elytra a dull brownish ferruginous hue ; body beneath and legs terruginous, with greyish-yellow scales ; tibize with a black ring in the middle. Length 33 lines. Dr. Howitt has also sent me a specimen of this species, but without a locality. GANYME. Subfamily Uzoprwz. Antenne clavate, art. 3° quam 4s longiore. Oculi transversi, angustati. Prothorax utrinque fortiter angulatus. Head small, inserted into the prothorax nearly to the eyes, a little produced in front; clypeus indistinct; antennary ridge Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. 33 very small. Eyes prominent, transverse, narrow throughout. Antenne clavate, the joints, except the last three, surrounded with whorls of stiff hairs; scape not stouter than the other joints, the third twice as long as the second, and longer than the fourth, the remainder to the eighth becoming gradually shorter, ninth and tenth transverse, eleventh rounded,discoloured, the last three forming a short pubescent club. Oral organs ap- parently as in Ulodes, but the labium less transverse and more decidedly quadrate. Prothorax short, transverse, apex strongly emarginate, each side expanding into a broad pointed angle extending from the apex to the base, and fringed with short, curved, stoutish hairs ; the base broadly lobed ; the disk slightly convex, irregular. Elytra rather short, much broader than the prothorax, convex, slightly irregular, not costate, broadest at the base, the shoulders rounded and prominent. Legs shortish ; tarsi slender, slightly hairy beneath, the posterior claw-joint not so long as the rest together; anterior coxe globose, not approximate. Prosternum flat. Metasternum moderately long. A well-marked genus, on account of its peculiar prothorax and clavate antenne. In colour and clothing the species de- scribed below bears a striking resemblance to Lemodes coccinea, Boh., an anomalous form supposed to belong to the Pyro- chroide, common in fungi under the bark of decaying trees in Victoria. Boletophagus Sapphira, Newm.*, is another mem- ber of this genus, larger and more brightly coloured, with the suture and borders of the elytra black. Ganyme Howittti. Pl. X. fig. 7. G. sordide miniacea, subsericea ; antennis, art. ultimo excepto, pedi- busque nigris. Hab. Victoria; Tasmania. Closely covered with a dark miniaceous, somewhat silky, scale-like pubescence, paler, less dense, and more scale-like beneath, and without a vestige of punctuation; upper lip and palpi brownish black; antenne black, except the last joint, which is of a reddish-white colour ; prothorax with two vague impressions in front and two behind, the latter more towards the sides; scutellum cordiform, indistinct; elytra short in proportion to the breadth, but about four times the length of the prothorax, very convex, irregular, rather abruptly declivous behind, one little callosity behind the shoulder, and two on the declivity, the epipleura curving sharply up towards the shoulder; legs black, the tips of the tibiz and tarsi inclining to ferruginous. Length 2 lines. * Entom. i. p. 104. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.4, Vol. iii. 3 34 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of MELYTRA. Subfamily 4 rocryeuiw®. Antenne apice paulo incrassate, art. 3'° sequentibus multo longiore. Mentum subquadratum ; palpi labiales art. ultimo conico; labium membranaceum. Mawille lobo exteriore brevi, transverso ; palpi maxillares art. ult. subsecuriformi. Head triangular, subvertical, inserted into the prothorax nearly as far as the eyes; antennary ridge almost obsolete. Eyes prominent, round, entire. Antenne exposed at their insertion, long, filiform, but a little thicker at the apex ; scape elobose-ovate, second joint obconic, third twice as long as the scape, fourth to the eighth much shorter than the third, ninth and tenth thicker than the preceding, eleventh elongate-ovate. Mentum subquadrate; lower lip very small, membranous. Maxille very short; outer lobe transverse, inner unarmed. Maxillary palpi long, with the last joint securiform ; last joint of the labial palpi conic. Prothorax oblong, a little depressed, slightly rounded at the sides, the flanks confounded with the pronotum, base and apex truncate. Elytra rather short, ovate ; epipleura vertical, narrow, with the flanks of the elytra raised above them, the shoulders obsolete; no wings. Legs mode- rate; femora thickened ; tibie filiform ; tarsi narrow, all nearly equal, the claw-joint elongate. Anterior coxe globose, ex- serted, not approximate. Prosternum on the same plane with the rest of the propectus ; the anterior cotyloid cavities rather remote from its posterior edge, intermediate with trochantins angulated externally. Metasternum shorter than the meso- sternum. Interfemoral process rather narrow, triangular. Abdomen with the ventral segments nearly equal in length. This genus and the following are so far connected that in both the flanks of the prothorax are not separated from the pronotum, and the mentum is sessile to the throat. In other respects their principal characters are very dissimilar. For further remarks I must refer to the next genus. Melytra ovata. Pl. X. fig. 1. M., subnitida ; capite et prothorace nigro-piceis; elytris cupreis ; antennis pedibusque ferrugineis. fab. Tasmania. Subnitid; head and prothorax pitchy black, finely punc- tured ; palpi and antenne light ferruginous, the latter more than half the length of the body, and paler at the apex; scu- tellum transversely triangular, acuminate behind; elytra cop- per-brown, seriate-punctate, the punctures rather coarse and Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania, 35 somewhat longitudinally impressed, the intervals between the rows minutely punctate; body beneath chestnut-brown, finely punctate; legs light ferruginous. Length 3 lines. HyMAA. Subfamily Arocrypyinx, Antenne clavate, art. tertio sequentibus haud longiore. Mentum transversum, antice gradatim angustius; labium corneum. Mawxille lobo exteriore elongato, angustato; palpi maxillares art. ultimo ovato. Head subtriangular, rounded and obtuse anteriorly, subver- tical, inserted into the prothorax nearly as far as the eyes; the clypeus separated from the front by a deep slightly arched suture ; antennary ridge small, auriform. Hyes conically pro- jecting, round, entire. Antenne exposed at their insertion, subelongate; scape globose, second joint shortly turbinate, third to the eighth elongate-turbinate, nearly equal in length, ninth and tenth nearly equilaterally triangular, eleventh ovate, pointed, not longer than the tenth, the three forming a depressed club. Mentum transverse, rounded at the sides, gradually and rapidly narrowing towards the insertion of the lower lip, the latter small, rounded, corneous. Maxille narrow, the inner lobe unarmed. Maxillary palpi long, with the last joint ovate, of the labial shortly cylindrical. Prothorax oblong, narrowed posteriorly, the sides rounded, the flanks confounded with the pronotum, apex and base truncate. LElytra short, ovate, the shoulders obsolete; epipleura narrow, vertical; no wings. Legs moderate; femora thickened in the middle; tibie gra- dually stouter towards the apex; tarsi lengthened, slender, the claw-joint moderate. The under parts nearly as in the preceding genus, but the anterior cotyloid cavities very close to the posterior border of the propectus, the mesosternum and metasternum a little longer, the interfemoral process very considerably broader, and the ventral segments gradually de- creasing in length to the fourth. The position of Hymea and Melytra is somewhat doubtful. From the characters of the ‘ Apocryphides,” as given by M. Lacordaire*, they seem to me to belong to them. Mr. I’. Bates, who has made the Heteromera his especial study, inclines to the opinion (em /i#t.) that, from the narrow antennary ridges, they are more nearly related to the Strongyliine, and that they form a distinct subfamily. In the ‘Genera,’ the “ Apocry- phides” are classed among the “ Hélopides,” an arrangement to which Dr. Leconte + objects, because of the absence of the * Genera, &e. y. p. 482. + Classif. Col. North Am. p. 218. = 3 a 36 Mr. IF. P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of membranous margin of the third and fourth abdominal seg- ments, “which is so evident in Helopini and all the allied tribes.” He admits, however, that “the observation of such characters as are relied on for the classification of this family is sometimes very difficult in small species, unless specimens may be submitted for dissection.” Hymea, as it appears to me, has entirely corneous ventral segments, while Melytra has the third and fourth segments membranous posteriorly. Both have the mentum without a pedicel, and the base of the maxille and lower lip exposed. There are trochantins*, I think, m both. At any rate, their intermediate cotyloid cavities are angulated externally. M. Lacordaire ascribes trochantins to Apocrypha, although he says it is difficult to decide if they really exist. Dr. Leconte refuses them without any doubt. With regard to the antennary ridges, it sometimes happens that the difference between the continuous ridge (Platygene) and the narrowed and more limited ridge (Otidogene) is one of degree, leaving it doubtful to which category they belong. Dr. Leconte places his two North-American “ tribes” Meracanthine and Strongyliine (both otidogenous) in his “ subfamily 'Tenebrio- nid (genuini) ” together with Blaptinee, Boletophagine, Helo- pine, and many others, all platygenous—an arrangement very different from M. Lacordaire’s, and attaching to the character a much less degree of importance than is done by him. The strongest argument against placing Hymea and Melytra among the Apocryphine is that the mentum is attached to the throat without the intervention of a pedicel. Hymea succinifera. Pl. X. fig. 3. H. nitida, fulvo-brunnea ; elytris tuberculis succineo-flavis instructis. Hab. Tasmania. Shining fulvous brown; head rather coarsely punctured ; prothorax not broader than the head measured across the eyes, coarsely punctured, the intervals here and there raised into small tubercles ; scutellum large, but its limits very indistinct; elytra scarcely longer than the head and prothorax together, seriate-punctate, the punctures large and connected by a slight longitudinal impression, a few erect, stiffish hairs scattered chiefly at the sides; on each elytron towards the outer side two rows of large, oblong, amber-like tubercles, the outer of * The trochantin is a small piece attached to the outer edge of the coxa; in the Tenebrionidz, when it is present, it is confined to the intermediate pair, and it is generally, if not invariably, correlated with a cotyloid cavity having a very pronounced angle over the spot where it occurs. Ihave given a diagram of the coxa with a trochantin attached on Pl, X. fig. 9. Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. 37 them of three (one on the shoulder), the inner of two tuber- cles, and one or two spots of the same amber-colour; body beneath brownish ferruginous, coarsely punctured; antenne and legs yellowish ferruginous, with a few longish scattered hairs. Length 2 lines. Atryphodes Howittit. A, viridi-zneus, aureo-versicolor, nitidus; prothorace transverso, angulis anticis rotundatis, lateribus modice foliaceis, rotundatis, sulcis discoidalibus leviter impressis; elytris costis alternis mi- noribus. Hab, Kiama. Greenish bronze, with varying golden reflections, shining ; antenne pitchy black ; prothorax transverse, broader than the elytra, anterior angles rounded, the sides with a moderately wide foliaceous margin, slightly rounded, narrower at the base, the discoidal lines shallow, the lateral abbreviated ; scu- tellum subcordiform ; elytra about twice the length of the pro- thorax, their alternate coste much smaller than the others ; body beneath and legs pitchy brown, shining. Length 10-11 lines. Atryphodes is perhaps better known under its old name Thoracophorus * ; but, as that name had been previously used by Motschulsky, I proposed to replace it by the abovef. The characters as given by M. Lacordairet apply to all the species hitherto described, and therefore they need not be re- peated here. Only one species was then known (A. Walck- naert, Hope); the other two, dilaticollis, Guér., and Kirby?, Sol., I have no doubt are referable to it. The above is a very handsome species, and easily distinguished by its colour. All the species appear to have the head and prothorax impunctate, or nearly so, the former has a frontal horseshoe-shaped or stirrup-like impressed line, the anterior portion being the groove dividing the clypeus from the front; on the prothorax there are a central and two lateral impressed lines, each termi- nating posteriorly in a more or less strongly marked fovea ; the lateral lines are frequently abbreviated. The males have the anterior tarsi slightly dilated, and the antenne thicker than in the females. J am not sure that the greater breadth * Erichson said long ago, “The name must be altered, not only because it has been already used, but also because it does not comply with the rules of nomenclature.” Wiegmann’s Arch. 1842, ii. p. 289. Thoracophorus, however, in Motschulsky’s sense, has been adopted by Dr. Gemminger and Baron von Harold in their great ‘Catalogus Coleopterorum,’ now in course of publication. + Journ. of Entom, ii. p. 478 (1866). { Gen. v. p. 436. 38 Mr.F.P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of of the prothorax noticeable in some individuals is always a sexual character. Atryphodes Castelnaudi. A, niger, vix nitidus; prothorace transverso, angulis anticis obtusis, lateribus rotundatis, modice foliaceis, sulcis discoidalibus subtiliter impressis ; elytris subnitidis, costis alternis minoribus. Hab, Wiama. Black, scarcely or only very slightly nitid on the head and prothorax, more so on the elytra; antenne nitid, especially at the base ; prothorax transverse, not broader than the elytra, anterior angles obtuse, the sides with a moderately wide folia- ceous margin, well rounded, and considerably narrower at the base; the discoidal lines nearly obsolete, except at the base, the fovee in which they terminate very shallow; scutellum subcordiform ; elytra about twice the length of the prothorax, their alternate cost smaller than the others; body beneath and legs pitchy black, shinmg. Length 10-11 lines. Thave dedicated this fine species to Count F. de Castelnau, who, in addition to numerous previously well-known ento- mological works, has recently presented us with an appa- rently exhaustive list of the Australian Cicindelidee and ta. rabidee. Atryphodes cordicollis. A, niger, nitidus; prothorace subcordiformi, lateribus modice folia- ceis, antice fortiter rotundatis, postice conniventibus, angulis an- ticis late rotundatis, sulcis discoidalibus fortiter impressis, latera- libus elongatis; elytris costis eequalibus. Hab. Brisbane. Black, shining ; included part of the stirrup-shaped impres- sion of the front raised above the surrounding parts; pro- thorax somewhat heart-shaped, the sides with a moderately wide foliaceous margin, strongly rounded anteriorly, gradually contracting behind into a narrow base ; anterior angles broadly rounded; discoidal lines strongly impressed, the two lateral nearly extending to the apex, becoming, however, gradually fainter ; scutellum deeply ensconced between the elytra, rounded posteriorly; elytra more than twice the length of the prothorax, their costae equal; body beneath and legs glossy brownish chestnut, tarsi ferruginous. Length 9-10 lines. The strongly marked form of the prothorax is exclusively the character of this species. Atryphodes cricollis. A. niger, nitidus; capite prothoraceque ereo-brunneis, hoc trans- Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. 39 verso, angulis anticis obtusis, marginibus sat late foliaceis, sulcis discoidalibus lateralibus interruptis ; elytris costis equalibus. Hab. Queensland. Black, shimmg; head and prothorax bronze-brown, the former with the frontal impression somewhat hexagonal, the upper line forming three shorter sides; antenne black; prothorax transverse, strongly rounded and rather broadly foliaceous at the sides, the anterior angles obtuse, lateral dis- coidal lines interrupted; scutellum triangular, on the same level as the elytra; the latter about twice the length of the prothorax, their costee equal; body beneath and legs glossy brownish black. Length 6 lines. This species in habit more nearly approximates, although very different, to A. Howittéi; but the strongly rounded pro- thorax is more characteristic of A. Walcknaert. Its precise habitat is uncertain. Atryphodes encephalus. A, angustatus, niger, nitidus ; prothorace oblongo, antice sat fortiter emarginatus, lateribus anguste foliaceis, modice rotundatis, sulcis discoidalibus lateralibus interruptis vel fere obsoletis; elytris costis eequalibus. Hab. Rockhampton. Narrow, black, shining; part within the frontal impression raised and marked above with two fovez; prothorax oblong, sides slightly rounded, foliaceous margin of moderate width, anteriorly rather strongly emarginate, the anterior angles somewhat obtuse, central discoidal line well marked, the two lateral interrupted, occasionally nearly obsolete; scutellum triangular, lying below the level of the elytra; the latter about the width of the prothorax and nearly twice as long, their coste equal; body beneath and legs glossy pitchy brown. Length 7 lines. A narrow species, readily distinguished by its strongly emarginate prothorax. Atryphodes pithectus. A, niger, subnitidus, elytris cupreo-fuscis; prothorace paulo con- vexo, utrinque modice rotundato, marginibus anguste foliaceis, sulcis lateralibus nullis. Hab. (Queensland. Black, slightly nitid, the elytra dark copper-brown ; antennee brownish, much more slender in the female ; prothorax rather longer than broad, slightly convex, the anterior angles obtuse, the margins narrowly foliaceous, the sides most rounded an- 40) Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of teriorly, straighter behind the middle, not incurved at the base towards the posterior angle, which is therefore obtuse, the lateral dorsal grooves represented only by the fovex at the base; scutellum small; elytra as broad as or broader than the prothorax, ovate, the coste equal in breadth; body beneath and legs glossy brown; tarsi ferruginous. Length 7-8 lines. Alhed to A. errans, Pasc., a black glossy species, but differ- ing essentially, ¢nter alia, in the form of the prothorax, which is longer, considerably less rounded posteriorly, and with the fovezx, but without any trace of the lateral grooves. I have four specimens, all slightly differing, ¢nter se, but agreeing in the characters given above. Another very near may hereafter, on more extensive examination of specimens, be found distinct. The species of Atryphodes form three divisions : all above described, together with errans and brevicollis*, belong to the Walcknaeri category, and are more or less glossy, with the folaceous margins of the prothorax below the general level of its disk ; the second category contains Macleayi, aratus, and egerius, and are opaque, with the margins directed upwards, especially in the two former, and the disk of the prothorax flat and lying below them; lastly, there is the following species, in which the foliaceous margins become obsolete. Atryphodes caperatus. A. angustatus, niger, nitidus; prothorace oblongo, angulis anticis leviter rotundatis, lateribus haud foliaceis, in medio haud rotun- datis, ad basin subito contractis, sulcis discoidalibus interruptis. Hab, Hunter's River; Darling Downs. Narrow, black, shining ; frontal space with five fovex (three above, two below) ; prothorax oblong, slightly broader than the elytra, sides moderately rounded anteriorly, then nearly straight, but narrowing posteriorly, near the base rounded, and then suddenly contracted and passing into the usual acute basal angle; no foliaceous margin, the two lateral discoidal lines broken up and irregular, but varying in different individuals ; scutellum transverse, scarcely below the level of the adjacent part of the elytra; the latter considerably more than twice the length of the prothorax, and with a bronze tint, their cost equal; body beneath and legs glossy brownish black, the first two abdominal segments with a more or less decided broad longitudinal depression. Length 9 lines. A very narrow form, without foliaceous margins to the pro- thorax, and in these respects leading to Otrintus. The frontal * Redtenbacher, Novara-Reise, p. 130. The “Uicinoides” of the same ] 4 f author appears to be synonymous with aratus. Tenebrionid from Australia and Tasmania. 41 fovex are, in one of my specimens, connected with the upper central one by impressed lines; in another there are four or five irregular undefined depressions. BLEPEGENES*. Subfamily Apexi. Caput exsertum, culmen supraantennarium in spinam productum. Mazille lobo interiore majore, subquadrato, apice dense fimbriato. Prothorax apice truncatus. Elytra costata, plica epipleurali ad humerum haud attingente. Head exserted, gradually narrower behind the eyes, the antennary ridge prolonged into a nearly erect, shghtly recurved spine; clypeus very thick, rather suddenly bent down ante- riorly, its apex emarginate, separated from the front by two fine oblique lines not meeting in the middle. Eyes transverse, narrow, entire. Antenne filiform ; the scape obconic, the third joint not so long as the fourth and fifth together, thickened at the tip, the rest to the tenth subequal, obconic; the eleventh not dilated, longer than the preceding joint. Mentum very narrow at the base, spreading and rounded at the sides and anteriorly ; lower lip transverse, bilobed, its palpi small. Maxille small, densely fringed, the inner lobe larger than the outer and unarmed; their palpi slender, the basal joint elon- gate, the last securiform. Prothorax depressed, spined at the sides, apex narrowed, truncate, posterior angles obliquely truncate. Elytra oblong-ovate, costate, flat above ; epipleura terminating before the apex, the epipleural fold slightly sinuate, not extending to the shoulder. Legs rather long; femora and tibie slightly compressed; tarsi slender, the anterior in the males rather strongly dilated, the penultimate joint of all sub- bilobed. Sterna and abdomen as in Adelium and Atryphodes. Although this genus has the subbilobed tarsi of Adeliwm, its affinity appears to me to be nearer Atryphodes, on account of its costate elytra, only slightly sinuate epipleural fold, and habit; in the latter respect it approaches Atryphodes egerius. It is among the most remarkable genera of Tenebrionide. The earliest specimens of this species which I saw were stated to be from Queensland; Dr. Howitt, however, gives Kiama as the habitat of the individuals he has kindly sent me. * This genus, with its type, was shortly described by me and published in the Proc. Ent. Soc. for April 1868. From some error, “ Clypeus valde” was printed ‘ Clypeus haud.” M. Preudhomme de Borre some time after published a description of the same species, in the ‘ Annales’ of the Bel- gian Entomological Society, under the name of Ceradeliwm armatum. 42 Mr. F, P. Pascoe on new Genera and Species of Blepegenes aruspex. Pl. X. fig. 2. B. cupreo-fuscus vel -niger, subopacus ; elytris costis quatuor nitidis. Hab, Kiama. Dark copper-brown or bronze, sometimes bronze-black, nearly opaque; head and prothorax impunctate, the latter with four fovee on the disk, or the lateral foveze are connected and form an irregular longitudinal impression, each side before the mid- dle expanding into a strong triangular spine, subhorizontal or directed a little upwards ; near the base a much smaller spine or tooth, the posterior part of which slopes directly inwards to the base; scutellum transversely triangular; elytra more than three times the length of the prothorax, each with four glossy costes, none of them reaching to the apex, the sutural and second costa having a less elevated opaque costa between them, each apex ending in a short diverging mucro ; legs ferruginous brown, shining ;’ body beneath very glossy, brown ; antenne ferrugimous. Length 8-9 lines. BYALLIUS. Subfamily A peziuwz. Antenne art. tertio elongato, cylindrico. Frons parum convexa, sulci longitudinales nulli. Mazille lobo interiore unciformi. Elytra obovata, reticulata, plica epipleurali obsoleta. Head deeply inserted into the prothorax, the front slightly convex, without any grooves; the clypeus broadly truncate at the apex, separated from the front by a narrow, distinct, arched lne. Hyes transverse, impinged on by the antennary ridges. Antenne filiform; scape obconic, the third joint ey- lindrical, longer than the fourth and fifth together; the two latter and remainder to the tenth obconic, becoming very gra- dually shorter ; the eleventh longer, ovate, depressed. Mentum rather narrow behind, rounded at the sides anteriorly ; lower lip transverse, slightly emarginate and fringed at the apex, largely excavated in the middle on each side for the insertion of the labial palpi. Maxilles with the imner lobe narrow, curved, and gradually terminating in a very distinct point ; their palpi stout, the basal joint very short, the terminal securi- form. Prothorax depressed, shghtly foliaceous and rounded at the sides, the apex strongly emarginate and much narrower than the base, the latter broadly lobed. Elytra obovate, reti- culate, the epipleural fold obsolete. Legs moderately long ; femora nearly linear, compressed ; posterior tarsi compressed, the basal joint nearly as long as the rest together, the penulti- Tenebrionide from Australia and Tasmania. 43 mate of all entire. Mesosternum deeply notched for the re- ception of the prosternal process. Metasternum and abdomen as in Adelium, the former, however, rather longer. This is a very distinct genus, for which at present it is dif- ficult to assign any very near ally, although its habit is that of Atryphodes. Byallius reticulatus. Pl. X. fig. 6. B. niger, infra et pedibusque nitidis. Hab. Mountains of Gippsland. Black; head and prothorax very slightly nitid, minutely punctured, the lateral borders of the latter recurved ; scutellum very transverse and glossy ; elytra gradually broader from the base, shortly rounded towards the apex, wrinkled with small irregular vermiculate depressions, giving the whole surface a reticulate appearance, the epipleure minutely punctured ; sterna, abdomen, and legs black, shining; tarsi ferrugimous brown, clothed beneath as well as the edge of the lip with rich golden hairs; antenne with a greyish pubescence towards the tips. Length 9 lines. Setrotrana* proxima. S. nigra, convexa, subnitida; prothorace marginibus erosis ; elytris fusco-eneis, lineis interruptis elevatis, interstitiis biseriatim punctatis. Hab. Victoria. : Resembles S. catenulata, Boisd., but more convex, entirely subnitid above; the elytra dark brown bronze, with double rows of small simple punctures between the raised interrupted lines or tubercles. In S. catenulata the middle of the pro- thorax and elytra is decidedly flattish, the latter a pure dense black, and between the glossy lines of tubercles opaque ; the punctures, also in double rows, have each a glossy granule at the anterior edge. The prothorax in both species is marked with minute short longitudinal lines, between which the punc- tures are placed, and the lateral margins are jagged or erose at their edges. Dr. Howitt says that this new species is the Victorian representative of S. catenulata, whose habitat ap- pears to be confined to the Sydney district. My specimens of S. proxima are about 6 lines long ; the older species is larger. Setrotrana crenicollis (Howitt’s MS.). Pl. X. fig. 4. S. planata, brunnescens, subopaca, granulis nitidis instructa, mar- * Pascoe, Journ. of Entom, il. p. 483. 44 On new Genera and Species of Tenebrionide. ginibus prothoracis crenatis ; elytris lineis interruptis elevatis, et granulis minutis seriatim interpositis, Hab. “ Mountains of Victoria.”’ Light reddish brown, subopaque above, with numerous glossy granulations of various sizes; antenne dark brown; head finely granulate; prothorax longer than broad, nearly flat, closely covered with small irregular granulations, the margins pale yellowish brown and crenate; scutellum nearly hidden by the overlapping base of the prothorax ; elytra nearly flat, except towards the apex, where they bend down rather sud- denly, a little wider than the prothorax at the base, the sides subparallel; the disk with granulations mostly of two sizes, the largest (of a dark amber-colour) forming interrupted lines, of which there are four on each elytron; between these lines are rows, generally three in number, of small round ones ; body beneath thickly granulated; legs light reddish brown, femora with a broad yellow ring near the apex ; tarsi slender, filiform. Length 5-6 lines. A remarkable species, somewhat departing from the normal form in the longer prothorax and very slender tarsi. Sedro- trana is distinguished trom Adeliwm by its prothorax closely applied to the elytra, and the shortness of the third antennary joint, and from Coripera by the complete or nearly complete absence of the epipleural fold; it is barely to be noticed in the above species, being indicated by a very narrow line nearly in the middle of the epipleura. Coripera* ocellata (Howitt’s MS.). Pl. X. fig. 5. C. cupreo-fusca, nitida ; elytris biseriatim impressis, interstitiis an- nulis oblongis impressis, marginibus disci flavis. Hab. Mount Macedon (Victoria). Dark copper-brown ; head finely and irregularly punctured ; prothorax with minute shallow punctures, its lateral margins paler; scutellum small, transverse ; elytra nearly flat above, each with seven rows of small punctures, the two outer on the epipleural line, the inner bordering the suture, the four imter- mediate lines placed in pairs, each pair and the sutural and marginal rows separated by a line of oblong impressed rings ; the disk bordered with yellowish ; body beneath and legs very glossy brown; antenne and tarsi ferruginous, the latter very slender, filiform. Length 4-5 lines. Closely agreeing in form with C. deplanata, Boisd., but very distinct on account of the peculiar sculpture of the elytra. In my description of the genus Corzpera the term epipleura was * Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. ii, p. 485. Mr. G.S. Brady on Ostracoda. 45 by some oversight used to express the epipleural fold, which, although narrow, is well marked and extends along the whole length of the epipleura; the latter is nearly vertical. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fig. 1. Melytra ovata: a, mentum, lower lip, &c.; 6, maxilla &e. Fig. 2. Blepegenes aruspex: a, mentum &c.; 6, maxilla &c.; c, head. Fig. 3. Hymea suceinifera: a, mentum &c.; 6, maxilla &e. Fig. 4. Setrotrana crenicollis, Fig. 5. Coripera ocellata. Fug. 6. Byallius reticulatus: a, mentum &e.; 6, maxilla &e. Fig. 7. Ganyme Howitt: a, antennee. Fig. 8. Orcopagia monstrosa: a, mentum &e.; 6, maxilla &c. ; ¢, antenna ; d, head ; e, fore tibia. N.B, The figure is much too broad in proportion. Fig. 9. Coxa and part of the femur of a Pimelia: a, the trochantin; b, the trochanter. The left side is supposed to be towards the spectator, [To be continued. | X1.— Contributions to the Study of the Entomostraca. By Grorce STEWARDSON Brapy, C.M.Z.S. &e. No. IV. Ostracoda from the River Scheldt and the Grecian Archipelago. [Plates VIL. & VIII. ] Lists of Species. Besika Bay, 14 fathoms. Pontocypris(?) angusta, Brady. intermedia, Brady. Cythere tenera, Brady. crispata, Brady. —— affinis, nov. sp. — senticosa (Baird). — plicatula, Reuss. tarentina, Baird. antiquata (Baird). Jonesii (Baird) and var. ceratoptera. Cytheridea Miilleri, Bosquet. littoralis, Brady. *Ilyobates judeea, Brady. River Scheldt, near Antwerp. Cypris gibba, Ramdohr. Cypridopsis obesa, nov. sp. Candona candida (Miller). compressa (Koch). lactea, Baird. Cythere viridis, Miller. pellucida, Bazrd. castanea, Sars. porcellanea, nov. sp. villosa (Sars). fuscata, nov. sp. pulchella, Brady. Cytheridea littoralis, Brady. (?) cornea, nov. sp. Loxoconcha elliptica, Brady. Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird). Cytherura similis, Sars. flavescens, nov. sp. acuticostata, Sars. cellulosa (Norman). Cytherideis subulata, Brady. Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird). Loxoconcha glabra, Brady. tumida, nov. sp. angustata, nov. sp. Xestoleberis margaritea, Brady. intermedia, Brady. Cytherideis teres, nov. sp. Paradoxostoma ensiforme, Brady. Cytherella punctata, Brady. 46 Mr. G. 8. Brady on Ostracoda Dardanelles, 17 fathoms. *Cythere Berchoni, Brady. Cythere tenera, Brady. *—— Stimpsoni, Brady. crispata, Brady. —— plicatula, Reuss. *____ (?) Stimpsoni, Brady. antiquata (Baird). tarentina, Baird. Cytheridea littoralis, Brady. —— plicatula, Reuss. castanea, Brady. Jonesii, var. ceratoptera, Bosq. Loxoconcha tamarindus ? (Jones). Cytheridea Miilleri, Bosg. —— tumida, nov. sp. Xestoleberis margaritea, Brady. Xestoleberis margaritea, Brady. Cytheropteron acutum, nov. sp. Cytherura obtusata, Brady. Cytherella punctata, Brady. *Cytheropteron stellatum, Brady. oe P any Y Paradoxostoma ensiforme, Brady. Cytherella punctata, Brady. * Pireus. Pontocypris intermedia, Brady. Crete, mud. obtusata, 20v. sp. Polycope, sp. THE gathering from the river Scheldt (for which I am in- debted to Mr. E. C. Davison) exhibits a curious mixture of marine and freshwater species, the former, however, being chiefly such as exhibit a decided preference for littoral, estua- rine, or sub-brackish habitats, e.g. Cythere castanea, Cytheridea littoralis, Loxoconcha elliptica, Xestoleberis aurantia, and Cythe- ridets subulata. The uniformly good preservation of the shells would, nevertheless, lead to the supposition that all the species were really living in company at the place where they were found. ‘Two of the new species included in this list (Cypr7- dopsis obesa and Cytheridea cornea) will be described and figured from British specimens in a future communication. It may be noted that the specimens here referred to Cytherura similis, though agreeing perfectly in shape with an outline drawing obligingly sent to me by Herr G. O. Sars, differ strikingly from his description in their surface-ornament, being distinctly punctate, and. bearing also several small, distant, circular papille. The drawing of C. similis given in my ‘Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda’ is faulty, and has the posterior beak too much produced. The lists of species from the Mediterranean exhibit an inter- mixture of British species similar to what has been noticed on a previous occasion. ‘Those marked with an asterisk have been described in a French periodical, ‘ Les Fonds de la Mer ;’ the remainder of those to which my name is affixed will be found in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society,’ vol. v., in the ‘ Monograph of the British Ostracoda,’ or in previous papers of the present series. The specimens which I have doubtfully referred to Loxoconcha tamarindus are rather larger than that species as it usually occurs on the British coast, measuring about one-fortieth of an inch in length: they are also somewhat more ventricose, and slightly different in out- from the River Scheldt and the Grecian Archipelago. AT line; but the differences seem to be too slight to warrant se- paration as a distinct species. One of these specimens 1s figured in Pl. VIII. figs. 9, 10. Pontocypris obtusata, nov. sp. (Pl. VIII. figs. 7, 8.) Carapace, as seen from the side, elongate, reniform, highest in the middle; greatest height considerably less than half the length; extremities rounded: superior margin well arched ; inferior sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, the outline is compressed, ovate; greatest width in the middle and scarcely equal to one-third of the length, pointed in front, narrowly rounded behind. Shell-surface smooth. Colour whitish. Length 5 inch. Cythere porcellanea, nov. sp. (Pl. VII. figs. 1-4.) Valves, as seen from the side, subclavate, higher in front than behind; greatest height in front of the middle, and equal to half the length ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, poste- rior obliquely rounded or subtruncate: superior margin boldly arched in front of the middle, thence sloping back- wards with a slight concave curve, and ending abruptly in an obtuse angle; inferior gently sinuated. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, equally pointed at the extremities, widest in the middle; width much less than the height. Shell- surface smooth, each valve bearing an elongated mamilli- form protuberance behind the middle of the ventral surface. Colour yellowish white. Length +, inch. One specimen only of this species was found. Though approaching in shape C. castanea, it is very different in general appearance ; the smooth unsculptured shell and lateral protu- berances are perhaps its best diagnostic marks. Cythere fuscata, nov. sp. (Pl. VII. figs. 5-8.) Carapace, asseen from the side, oblong, subreniform, rather higher in front than behind; greatest height equal to half the length ; anterior extremity rounded, posterior slightly emarginate above the middle: superior margin almost straight, inferior sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, the outline is ob- long ovate, acutely pointed in front, subtruncate behind; greatest width less than the height, situated behind the middle. Surface of the valves closely punctate. Colour yellowish brown. Length 4 inch. Oythere affinis, nov. sp. (Pl. VII. figs. 13, 14.) Carapace compressed, oblong. Seen from the side, subreniform, nearly equal in height throughout; greatest height less than AS, Mr. G. 8. Brady on Ostracoda half the length; anterior extremity evenly, posterior obliquely rounded: superior margin slightly concave in the middle, and more distinctly emarginate close to the posterior extre- mity ; inferior rather deeply sinuated in the middle. Out- line, as seen from above, oblong, irregularly ovate, widest behind the middle, obtusely pointed in front, broadly mucro- nate behind; greatest width less than the height. Surface of the valves irregularly pitted, marked with several peri- pheral concentric ruge and an indistinct transverse central sulcus. Colour yellowish brown. Length 35 inch. Cythere Stimpsoni, Brady. (Pl. VII. figs. 9-12.) Cythere Stimpsont, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer. This species exhibits a near approach to CO. fistulosa, Baird, and seems to be separated from that species chiefly by its less abrupt and prominent ribbing, the more delicate reticula- tion of the surface, and the less elongated form of the cara- ace. C. runcinata, Baird, seems to me very likely to be the male of C. fistulosa. Loxoconcha tumida, nov. sp. (Pl. VIII. figs. 11, 12.) Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, highest in the middle; greatest height equal to more than two-thirds of the length ; extremities obliquely rounded, the posterior emarginate at its upper extremity: superior margin arched, highest in the middle; inferior slightly convex. Seen from above, the outline is lozenge-shaped, widest at the middle and acuminate at each extremity ; width equalling rather more than half the length. Shell- surface closely and rather coarsely punctate. Length 35 mMch. This is closely allied to L. affinis, but much more tumid. Loxoconcha angustata, nov. sp. (Pl. VIII. figs. 16, 17.) Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, subrhomboidal, nearly equal in height throughout ; height equal to half the length; extremities obliquely rounded, the posterior emar- ginate at its upper angle: superior margin quite straight, inferior slightly sinuated. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest behind the middle; extremities sharply mu- cronate, greatest width about equal to the height. Shell- surface marked with closely set, deep, angular pittings. Substance of the shell rather thin and horny. Length 34 inch. 55 from the River Scheldt and the Grecian Archipelago. 49 Cytherura flavescens, nov. sp. (Pl. VIII. figs. 13-15.) Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, constricted in the middle; height fully equal to half the length; anterior extremity rounded, posterior produced in the middle into a short ob- tuse beak: superior and inferior margins both distinctly sinuated in the middle. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, mucronate behind, pointed in front; greatest width situate in the middle, much less than the height. Surface of the valves marked with delicate raised reticulations, the longi- tudinal markings being most conspicuous. Colour yellowish. Length > inch. I have specimens of this species also from the estuary of the Thames, and perhaps from other British localities; but the genus to which it belongs is so perplexing, the species being numerous and separated by such apparently variable charac- ters, that I had not hitherto ventured to describe it under a distinct specific name. These foreign specimens, however, appear to place the species on a more certain foundation. Cytheropteron acutum, nov. sp. (Pl. VIII. figs. 1-4.) Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, subrhomboidal; greatest height in the middle, equal to half the length: anterior ex- tremity rounded; posterior obliquely truncate, produced above the middle into an obtuse beak: superior margin arched, inferior sinuated in front of the middle. Seen from above, the outline is diamond-shaped, widest behind the middle; extremities acuminate, width greater than height. Surface of the shell smooth, marked with small, distant, circular papille ; lateral ala prominent. Length ;!; inch. Cytherideis teres, nov. sp. (PI. VIII. figs. 5, 6.) Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, oat-shaped, higher behind than in front; greatest height in the middle, and equal to one-third of the length; anterior extremity rather attenuated, posterior rounded: superior margin evenly arched, inferior almost straight. Seen from above, com- pressed ovate, acutely pointed in front, more obtusely be- hind, widest in the middle; width equal to the height. Surface of the shell smooth. Colour yellowish white. Length +5 inch. Polycope, sp. (Plate VII. figs. 15, 16.) A few separated valves of a species of Polycope, not much different in appearance from P. orbicularis, Sars, but smooth Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. iii. 4 50 Dr. G. C. Wallich in Reply to and wholly destitute of sculpture, were found in soundings taken by Capt. Spratt off the coast of Crete. Diam. ;!5 inch. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate VII. Fig. 1. Cythere porcellanea, seen from left side. Fig. 2. The same, seen from above. Fig. 3. The same, from below. Fig. 4, The same, from the front. Fig. 5. Cythere fuscata, seen from the left side. Fig. 6. The same, seen from above. Fig. 7. The same, from below. ¢40 Fig. 8. The same, from the front. ( ; Fig. 9. Cythere Stimpsoni, seen from the left side. Fig. 10. The same, from above. Fig. 11. The same, from below. Fig. 12. The same, from the front. Fig. 13. Cythere affinis, seen from the left side. | Fig. 14. The same, seen from above. J Fig. 15. Polycope, sp., seen from the side. 60 Fig. 16. The same, end view. : Puate VIII. Fig. 1. Cytheropteron acutum, seen from the left side. » Fig. 2. The same, seen from above. Fig. 3. The same, seen from below. Fig. 4. The same, seen from the front. Fig. 5. Cytherideis teres, seen from the left side. Fig. 6. The same, seen from below. 40 Fig. 7. Pontocypris obtusata, seen from the left side, i Fig. 8. The same, seen from above. Fig. 9. Loxoconcha tamarindus(?), seen from the left side. Fig. 10. The same, seen from above. Fig. 11. Loxoconcha tumida, seen from the left side. Fig. 12. The same, seen from above. | Fig. 13. Cytherura flavescens, seen from the left side. Fig. 14. The same, from above. x 60. Fig. 15. The same, seen from the front. Fig. 16. Loxoconcha angustata, seen from the left side. 40 Fig. 17. The same, seen from above. ecg XII.—Reply to Dr. LE. P. Wright's Observations on Dredging. To the Editors of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. GENTLEMEN, The remarks of Dr. Wright, in this month’s Number of the ‘ Annals,’ on what he is pleased to term the “ accidental ”’ dis- covery by me of starfishes normally living in the deeper abysses of the ocean, are so far incorrect that I must beg to be permitted to reply to them. Dr, E. P. Wright’s Observations on Dredging. 51 In the first place, I would observe that I accompanied the expedition, in the course of which that discovery was made, with the express purpose of ascertaining if my belief in the existence of animal life at the greatest depths was well founded or the contrary. The capture of any particular genus or order of animals not having been anticipated by me, the capture of the Ophiocome might, under a strained and per- verted interpretation, receive the verdict of ‘ accidental ;”’ or it might be called accidental in the sense that, from that par- ticular locality, that particular sounding, or the instrument employed on that special occasion, no distinct result was looked for. In this sense, but in this sense only, I had myself already described it as being “ accidental.” I certainly did not expect to capture an Ophiocoma, any more than I expected to capture a turbot. If it affords Dr. Wright any satisfaction to learn this, he is welcome to the fact; but since I can adduce the clearest evidence in support of my having anticipated the general scientific result which it was my good fortune to be able to establish, I must say it appears to me that Dr. Wright has gone out of his course, somewhat ungracefully in this in- stance, to deliver himself of what appears very like a sneer. Scientific men are quite competent to decide whether a dis- covery made with a “ sownding-line” (for which Dr. Wright expresses such contempt) is a discovery of less value than one made with a “dredge,” and, further, whether the mere circumstance of a set of Echinoderms showing a preference for a piece of sounding-line, when they might have secured an upward passage of a mile and a half within a comfortable copper or iron receptacle, can detract in the slightest degree from the value or the significance of the discovery when worked out to its legitimate conclusion. I would, however, remind Dr. Wright that, whilst he seems so ready to call my discovery “accidental,” he does not appear to be aware that he has placed in my hands a weapon which recoils somewhat unpleasantly on himself; for he does not hesitate to claim full credit (see ‘ Annals’ for December 1868, p. 426) for having “added to the fauna of this deep-sea valley [from a depth of 480 fathoms] a shark” as well as “a sponge!” and this in the same page that he naively informs your readers that “he was not prepared to find sharks at such a depth, and was surprised when the padrone asked for leave to throw out the fishing-lines just over the place where they had drawn up the dredge” from the above-mentioned depth of only 480 fathoms. As bearing on Dr. Wright’s discovery of the shark at 480 fathoms, I may mention that many years ago MM. Pouillet and Biot, from independently conducted observations, were A 52 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Araneidea. enabled to prove that fish lived at depths of 500 and 550 fa- thoms—and, further, to arrive at some really important conclu- sions regarding the constitution of the gases contained in their swimming-bladders when subsisting under the conditions there present. Dr. Wright has, moreover, to inform the scientific public on what basis (when referring to my starfish-sounding at 1260 fathoms) he would have us believe that the “‘ dredge” is alone capable of affording “indications of animals higher than the Rhizopods living at those depths ” (oc. c7t.), unless when, by accident, that instrument happens to bring one of these “ higher animals ”’ to the surface. Surely, if my discovery was an accident, the discovery of Dr. Wright’s shark was “ an accident of an accident.” I remain, Gentlemen, Very faithfully, yours, . C. WALLICH. Kensington, December 6, 1868. XIII.—Descriptions and Sketches of some new Species of Araneidea, with Characters of a new Genus. By the Rev. QO. P. CaAmBripGE, M.A. [Plates IV., V., VI. ] Genus STORENA (Walck.). This genus was founded in 1805 by Baron Walckenaer (Tableau des Aranéides, p. 83, pl. 6. figs. 55, 56) upon a single spider received from New South Wales. Five species from the same region have lately come under my own eye; and of these, descriptions and sketches of characteristic portions of structure are given below. Storena variegata. Storena australiensts. scintillans. maculata. — bradleyi. The last two of these I had at first described as constituting a new genus; afterwards the first two species came under my notice, and in them I recognized at once the exact type of Walckenaer’s description ; between these and the last two no generic distinction could be discovered, though each two were the types of a distinct group within the genus; lastly, S. Bradleyi came before me, and puzzled me much: incapable of generic separation from §. australiensis and S. maculata, except in a modified relative position of the eyes, yet by that Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Araneidea. 53 modification it seemed almost to come within the genus Hnyo. Dr. Ludwig Koch appears to have included several species (also from New South Wales), generically identical with the above three species, in the genus Hnyo*: my impression, how- ever, is that they will eventually be found to be quite distinct from EHnyo. Dr. Koch includes “ Storena” in the family Drassides, of which he fixes ¢vo terminal tarsal claws as the leading character, whereas ‘“ Hnyo”’ has three, and has thence been included in the family Theridides. Now in those two of the species here described (Storena variegata and S. scintillans) which seem to be undoubtedly of Walckenaer’s typical Storena the terminal tarsal claws are certainly three in number, though the third is very minute and difficult to be seen. S. Bradley?, S. australiensis, and 8. maculata have also three terminal tarsal claws. In his description of a new species of Storena (S. Greffec), also an Australian species, Dr. L. Koch does not specially re- mark upon its tarsal claws, though, from including it in his work ‘Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden,’ p. 192, he leaves it to be inferred that he could only discover two. The at present little known but closely allied genus Lachesis (Savigny) seems scarcely to be generically distinct from Sto- rena, and is also apparently closely allied to Hnyo. Of both Lachesis and Enyo some species in my collection, from Syria, Palestine, and India, have yet to be worked out; the com- parison of these with allied species already received, and with others expected, from Australia, will perhaps facilitate a more certain and permanent arrangement of the species now included in these several genera. At present the Australian species known to me must remain provisionally as here described. Storena vartegata, n. sp. 2. Adult. Length 32 lines. Cephalothorax oval, broader behind than in front, smooth, shining, rounded before; caput slopes forward, so that the profile line of the whole cephalothorax is a continuous curve ; fore part of caput has some bristly hairs upon it; normal grooves and indentations but slightly defined; colour a uni- form dark chocolate-brown. Eyes eight, not very unequal in size, in three transverse rows on fore part of cephalothorax ; the lower row consists of two eyes wide apart; close above this is the central row of four ; this row is rather curved, the curve directed backwards ; * Enyo braccata, E. picta, in “ Beschreib. neuer Arachniden u. Myriap.” aus den Verhandlungen d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesell. in Wien, Jahrgang 1865, pp. 859-861. Enyo annulipes, ibid., Jahrgang 1867, p. 194. 54 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Aranerdea. the two middle eyes are slightly the largest of the eight, and nearer to each other than each is to the lateral one on its side : above the central row, and further removed from it than from the lower one, is the third row of two eyes, near together and smallest of the eight; height of clypeus rather greater than the space between the lower and third rows of eyes. Legs not very long, strong, tapering, furnished with hairs, and a few spines on those of the two hinder pairs. Relative length 1, 4, 2, 3, but very little difference between 1 and 4; femora of first pair stronger than those of the rest. Colour brightish orange-brown; femora, outer sides of genua, and undersides of tibize striped and suffused with deep chestnut- brown; tarsi end with three claws, the two upper ones curved and pectinate, the under one simple, small, and inconspicuous. Palpi short, strong, furnished with hairs; colour yellowish, humeral joints chestnut-coloured. Falces strong, conical, inclined backwards towards sternum, about equal in length to height of facial space, rather paler in colour than cephalothorax ; fang small. Maxille rather strong, straight, oblong, rounded at extremi- ties on outer sides, inclined to labium. Labium about one-third shorter than the maxille, much broader at base than at apex, which is round-pointed : these parts are paler in colour than the falces. Sternum somewhat heart-shaped, but little longer than broad, smooth, shining, furnished with hairs, and of a dark chestnut-brown colour, Abdomen oval, very convex above, but very sparingly fur- nished with hairs, nearly black, marked and variegated both above and below with pale-yellow and whitish markings ; these form a concurrent double longitudinal series of broken chevrons in the medial line of the upper side; the markings on the sides are irregular, but they concentrate into a largish bright-yellowish-white patch on either side near the fore ex- tremity; on the underside the yellow markings form two broadish longitudinal converging lines, which reach halfway towards the spimners ; between these and the extremities of the Imes are three roundish pale-yellow spots in a triangle whose apex is directed backwards. Spinners yellowish brown, short, and not very strong ; those of inferior pair strongest. A single specimen in a small collection of spiders received from the Swan River, New South Wales. Storena scintillans, n. sp. ?. Adult. Length 3 lines. This species is very similar in form and general appearance Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Araneidea. 55 to S. vartegata, but it differs remarkably in various respects. The cephalothorax is more bluff and rounded before; the nor- mal furrows and indentations are scarcely defined, the caput and thorax being imperceptibly confluent: in colour the cephalothorax is of a deep red-brown; its surface is rugulose and reflects metallic sparkling tints of a beautiful violet and dark green in different lights. The clypeus is much rounded in profile, and its height exceeds the space between the fore and hind rows of eyes; these are very similar in disposition to those of S. vartegata, and are very nearly equal to each other in size ; the middle row is slightly curved, the curve directed forwards. The legs are less strong than in S. variegata, their relative length the same, but those of the hinder pair are rather longer in proportion to those of the first pair; their colour is a dark red-brown, femora darkest; the extremities of the tibie of those of the first pair (extending to about one-third of their length) are of a clear yellow; the legs are furnished with hairs and some short stoutish spines on those of the third and fourth pairs; several of these spines form a sort of ring round the fore extremities of their metatarsi, and near them, on the inner side, is a tuft of hairs. Hach tarsus ends with three claws; the two upper ones curved and pectinate, the lower one very small and not easy to be seen. The palpi are strong, similar to the legs in colour, and furnished with hairs and spines. Falces strong, more inclined to the sternum than in S. varie- gata; their colour is red brown, front surface rugulose. Maxille also more inclined to labium, which is likewise longer in proportion to the maxille than in vartegata: colour red- brown, paler at the extremities. Labiuwm similar. Sternum heart-shaped, of a deep red-brown; in appearance slightly rugulose or punctulose. Abdomen oval, rather more convex above than in S. vardtegata, furnished very sparingly with hairs, which are mostly of a short bristly nature; surface smooth, shining, of a deep black reflecting metallic tints of an invisible green; on the upperside are five pale markings mottled with yellowish-white spots; one of these markings, small and inconspicuous, is on either side near the fore extre- mity, another on either side just past the middle, they form two short curved lines, the curves directed backwards; the fifth marking is small, but conspicuous, and placed just above the spinners; on each side of the abdomen are two oblique lines, one short and commencing just below the curved lines above mentioned; the other (midway between that and the fore extremity of abdomen) is much longer and broader, and ex- tends into a largish patch beneath, where it almost joins the opposite and corresponding patch : from between these patches, 56 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Araneidea. at this point, runs a short narrow longitudinal line of the same colour towards the spinners, which are no more conspicuous than in S. vartegata: the external sexual organs are rather prominent, smooth, and of a yellowish red-brown colour. A single specimen of this very distinct and beautiful species was contained in the Swan-River collection, with the speci- men of S. vartegata. Storena Bradleyt, n. sp. g. Adult. Length 23 lines. This species bears a near resemblance in form to Storena maculata; the height, however, of the clypeus is less; there is also a modification in the relative position of the eyes, which distinguishes it at once from all the other species known to me; by this modification the relative length and breadth of the space occupied by the eyes is altered. Cephalothorax of a clear yellow red, reflecting metallic tints of a violet colour upon the caput and other portions in a strong light. Two or three strongish erect black bristles are in the medial line of the upper part of caput; this line is continued over the clypeus, where the bristles turn upwards: the height of clypeus is double that of the space between the anterior and posterior eyes. Eyes on black spots, occupying a space broader than long (in S. maculata and S. australiensis this space is longer than broad). The chief difference in the relative position of the eyes in the present species arises from those of the third row being brought down nearer to those of the middle one, and in the two central eyes of the middle row being also brought down so as apparently to belong more properly to the first row; thus the eight eyes might be with propriety described as in two curved rows, the curves directed backwards, that of the foremost row being but slight, that of the hinder one much stronger. The four eyes of the hinder row are nearly of equal size, but much larger than those of the front row, of which last the external eyes are very small, and rather less than the two centrals; these are nearer to each other than each is to the lateral on its side; the space between the externals of the front row is near about equal to that between each and the hind central on its side. Legs \ong, moderate in strength ; relative length 4, 3, 1, 2. but little difference between those of the first, second, and third pairs, those of the fourth pair being considerably the longest, almost double the length of the spider,—those of first pair yellow-red, femora deepest in colour; those of second pair similar, but the femora still darker than those of first Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Aranetdea. 57 pair; while the femora, genua, and tibie of the third and fourth pairs are of a deep blackish red-brown. All the femora reflect metallic tints of a violet colour in different lights. The legs are all furnished sparingly with hairs and spines, and each tarsus ends with three curved claws of a similar nature to those of the species already described. Palpi very similar in general appearance to those of the species next to be described (S. australiensis), short, red-yellow in colour; digital joints red-brown, reflecting violet tints like the femora of the legs ; radial joints shorter and smaller than the cubital, and prominently produced in an obtuse form on their outer sides, the produced portions having their bases furnished with a tuft of bristly black hairs; one or two longer and strongish prominent black bristles also issue from the inner side of each radial joint; a similar bristle issues from the upper sides of the cubitals, and several from those of the humeral joints : digital joints very large, as long as the whole of the rest of the palpi; they are of a circular form flattened on the outer sides, with their extremities produced into a point much bent downwards ; they are furnished with hairs, and have two or three short, strong, claw-like spines at the extreme points ; these spines are rather abruptly bent at their extremities. The palpal organs are well developed, and consist of several yellowish and red-brown corneous processes, one of which, near their base, is prolonged into a rather prominent filiform spine, which, curving round inwards beneath the base of the digital joint, has its acute point in contact with the inner margin of the same, at about one-third of the distance from its extremity. Falces strong, about equal in length to the height of clypeus, inclined backwards to sternum, and similar in colour to cephalothorax. Maxille strongly inclined to labium, and rounded on their outer sides; a tuft or short fringe of short, black, bristly hairs at their extremities. Labium broadest at its base and roundish-pointed at apex, which nearly reaches the extremities of the maxille; these parts are similar to the falces in colour. Sternum heart-shaped, of a deep reddish black-brown, re- flecting tints similar to those on the cephalothorax, &e. Abdomenshort, oval, very convex above, almost black, clothed sparingly with fine pale hairs; five markings of a cream-yel- low are conspicuous on the upperside, two of these are on either side towards the fore part, the hinder one of each two being oblique and much the largest, the fore ones being mere dots and nearer together than the hinder ones; the fifth is a short 58 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Araneidea. strong medial line, reaching for some little distance above the spinners. The upper and under sides of the abdomen are divided by a strong line (or sometimes an interrupted, narrow, oblong band) of a similar colour, on either side; these bands nearly unite in front, and terminate at about one-third the length of the abdomen from the spinners ; these are prominent, those of the inferior pair being much the strongest. Three males (two adult, one immature) of this species were received from Mr. H. Burton Bradley, of Sydney, New South Wales. Mr. Bradley has most kindly sent me these and other spiders of great interest; and I take the liberty of conferring his name upon the present species, in acknowledgment of his courtesy. S. Bradleyi is unmistakeably and nearly allied to S. australiensis and S. maculata. ‘The difference above noted in the position of the eyes approaches nearly to that of the genus Hnyo, to which genus, had the specimens of S. Bradleyi occurred in Europe or the adjoiming countries, I should have considered it to belong, though it would have been quite an abnormal species, inasmuch as in the typical Enyo the two central eyes of the front row are invariably, and, in fact, disproportionately the largest of the eight. Storena australiensis, n. sp. 3. Adult. Length 23 lines. Cephalothorax oval (when looked at from behind and above), blunt or roundish-pointed before, broad and rounded behind. Caput massive; normal grooves and furrows but slightly de- fined. Clypeus broad and high, its height exceeding the length of space occupied by the eyes; behind the occiput is a slight dip in the profile line ; surface smooth and shining ; colour deep brown, approaching to black on caput, whence it tones down to dark red-brown on the hinder (or thoracic) portion; a few slender bristles curving upwards on fore part of caput and on clypeus. Hyes very unequal in size, in three transverse rows on summit of caput; six of them form a regular but not equi- lateral hexagonal figure, and the remaining two are nearly in its centre. The foremost of the three rows consists of two very small eyes high above the lower margin of clypeus ; the next row has four eyes, and is curved, the curve directed backwards ; the lateral eyes of this row are much the largest of the eight, the two central ones the smallest and near toge- ther; the hind row consists of two eyes, not so large as the laterals of the middle row. Legs tolerably long, moderate in strength; greatest length Rey. O. P. Cambridge on new Species of Aranetdea. 59 in the metatarsi, especially those of the two hinder pairs, furnished with long and rather slender spines, particularly on tibiz and metatarsi; femora, genua, and tibie of first two pairs dark black-brown ; metatarsi and tarsi pale brownish ; hinder half of femora of third pair, and nearly all of femora of fourth, bright reddish ; the remaining joints of third and fourth pairs similar to the corresponding ones of first and second—if anything, rather darker; legs of fourth pair much the longest. Relative length 4, 2,3, i. Owing to the specimen from which this description was made being dry and pinned, the claws terminating its tarsi could not be satisfactorily observed; but they appeared to be (like those of the next species described) three in number,—two upper ones curved and pectinated, the inferior one very small and simple. Palpi moderately long ; cubital and radial joints short, the former nodiform, the latter produced slightly on inner side, and to a considerable length on outer side ; this latter produced portion is strong, and curved downwards and backwards ; extremity of the production bifid, one limb of the bifid part enlarged at its extremity, and stouter, though shorter, than the other: digital joint very long, and furnished with hairs ; its extremity 1s curved, and projects considerably beyond the palpal organs ; these are highly developed and complicated, consisting of several corneous pieces and lobes, with which some curved spines are connected. Falces moderate in length, not very strong, much inclined backwards to maxille, which, with the labium and sternum, could not be examined, owing to the circumstance, before mentioned, of the specimen being dried and pinned. Abdomen too much shrunk out of all shape to be accurately described: it appeared to be of an oval form, very convex above, thinly clothed with hairs, and of a dark black-brown colour, with some faint markings of a rusty yellow towards the hinder part of the upper side. A single adult ¢ in the Hope Entomological Collection at the University Museum, Oxford. Hab. Australia. I am indebted to the kindness of the Curator of the Hope Collection (Prof. Westwood) for the opportunity of describing this very distinct spider, which, after much hesitation, I have assigned to the genus Storena, Walck. Storena maculata, un. sp. An immature 4, closely allied in general appearance and structure to S. australiensis, was received from the Swan River, New South Wales, in a small bottle of spiders collected 60 Rev. O. P. Cambridge on a new Genus of Araneidea. there for me, through the agency of Mr. Samuel Stevens, in 1864. It is (although immature) rather larger than S. austra- liensis, being 22 lines in length, and may be at once recog- nized by the design upon the upper side of the abdomen: this consists of sundry spots and markings of a clear bright cream-white upon a dark rich maroon-brown ground. Eight nearly round spots form two slightly curved longitudinal lines on the fore part; each alternate spot is very small: these lines are succeeded by two larger spots or patches; the foremost of these is of a semicircular, and the hindmost one of an oblong form.