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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND
CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. )
CONDUCTED BY
CHARLES C, BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8. &c.,
WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.LS.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S.
LLL eee y
VOL. VII.—FOURTH SERIES:
LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.
SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.;
KENT AND CO.; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS:
MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH :
HODGES AND SMITH, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN.
1871.
kul
“«Omnes res createe sunt divine sapientiz et potentiz testes, divitiz felicitatis
humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini;
ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis
elucet. Harum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper xstimata ;
a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper
inimica fuit.”’—Linnavs.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour
voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-
tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucnnmr, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
Of, Spebne arog fot (ercey dBase The sylvan powers
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold advyenturer’s tread,
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.
CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII.
[FOURTH SERIES. ]
NUMBER XLIII.
Page
I, A Description of two new Calcispongie, to which is added
Confirmation of Prof. James-Clark’s Discovery of the True Form of
the Sponge-cell (Animal), and an Account of the Polype-like Pore-
area of Cliona corallinoides contrasted with Prof. E. Hiickel’s View
on the Relationship of the Sponges to the Corals. By H. J. Carrer,
beh NU el 8 ala Re ie ae SAA, Se iP ander reer re 1
II. Notes on Sylviads. By the Rey. H. B. Tristram, LL.D.,
Be ee Neier RAS Oe eer ets Mar evntetie cays o haus comin eee eee weet 28
III. Notes on New-Zealand Eared Seals. By Dr. Hecror,
eR eee Ree ath ae ee ree shee ontte. torre ta entre eect eee Ree a 29
IV. On the Agamic Reproduction of a Species of Chironomus,
and its Development from the Unfecundated Ege. By Oscar von
ervte Hi Pkake PL) s chor fee Pal ys vbaekidigeadt Heth ap ete bir dl
VY. Contributions to the Fauna of the Upper Tertiaries. No. I.
The “ Mud-deposit” at Selsey, Sussex. By Atrrep Bett .-:.... 46
VI. On the American Eider Duck. By-R. B. Suarpn, F.L.S. &c.,
Librarian to the Zoological Society of London .................. 51
VII. On the Vermes collected by M. von Heuglin in the Sea of
Spitzbengen) “By Prot) MAGERS 61. 08 nA es a ew 53
VIII. On a new Species of Humming-bird belonging to the
Genus Soaiura. “By 7 GOUED, BRS. pe oes < os'gy 05s abe nin ergs ots 61
Proceedings of the Royal Society .. 0... .é6vu.csiauieles vee eaee 63
On a new Species of Argus Pheasant, by T. W. Wood, Esq.; Notes
on Podocnemis unifilis, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; Note on
Testudo chilensis, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; Note on Dac-
tylopora, by Dr. C. W. Giimbel ; Pala Wax; Chinese Freshwater
Crabs and Hairy Tortoises; Death of E. Claparéde ...... 67—72
NUMBER XLIV.
IX. Supplement to a “Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South
Devon and South Cornwall,” with Descriptions of new Species. By
the Rev. Thomas Hincxs, B.A. (Plates V. & VI.) ............ 73
lv CONTENTS.
Page
X. Notes on Trionyx Phayret of Mr. Theobald and Dr. Anderson.
By Dr. J, BE, Gray, WRG. &. visas dys scceessanerraceneeeae 83
XI. Additions to the Australian Curculionide. Part I. By
Francis P, Pascon, F.L.S. &6. csiesss tannins cok ns oor eRe 89
XII. Description and Illustrations of a new Species of Tethya,
with Observations on the Nomenclature of the Tethyade. By
J. Canren, PRS. &e. (Plate PV.) vs. sas een toes 99
XIII. On the Agamic Reproduction of a Species of Chironomus,
and its Development from the Unfecundated Egg. By Oscar von
GERTMIAL oc a kd'eisis RR A ae As Vem oe kesl etait Soe oe 106
XIV. Notes on the Berardius of New Zealand. By Dr. J. E.
STRAY PRS. Ge 4 Fiabe b's baa owed # Bhan sk eee 115
XV. On Euchelymys, a new Genus and two new Species of
Australian Freshwater Tortoises. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e... 117
XVI. Description of an apparently new Species of Pheasant be-
longing to the Genus Argus. By D.G. Extror, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., &e. 119
XVI. On the Constitution of Milk and Blood. By M. Dumas . 120
Proceedings of the Royal Society. ..... 0... ccc eee eee eee 129—138
On the Skulls of Mande, by Charles Barron; On the Development
of the Teeth in Phacocherus 2 by Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. &e.; Development of Spirorbis nautiloides, Lam., by Dr.
R. von Willimoes-Suhm ; On presumed Naerten peered of
Pelomedusa, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. ; Note on Trimerella
acuminata, by E. Billings; On the Skull of the Madoqua (Veo-
tragus Saltianus) from Abyssinia, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.;
Note on Spongia linteiformis and S. lycopodium, Esper, by Dr.
J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. ; On the Development of an Appendicu-
late Distoma, On Halicryptus spinulosus, Von Sieb., and On
Priapulus caudatus, Linn., by Dr. R. von Willimoes-Suhm 1388—144
NUMBER XLV.
XVIII. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. By W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., T. Rupert Jonss, F.G.S., and H. B. Brapy,
F.LS., F.G.S.—Part XIV. The Species ennmerated by D’Orbigny
in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ 1826, vol. vii—IV. The -
Species founded upon the Figures in Soldani’s ‘Testaceographia
ac Zoophytopraphia.’ (Plates VITI.—XIL)......200:.sccerenaeee 145
XIX. On the dlauda bimaculata of Ménétriés. By R. B. Suarpe,
F.L.S. &c., Librarian to the Zoological Society of London
CONTENTS. ) v
Page
XX. On anew Species of Plesiosaurus from the Portland Lime-
stone. By Harry G. SEELEy, F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cam-
BRE ea ras) as ee Ms less, Scns. a PORE 8s wm OS sey A only aha 181
XXI. On the Condors and Humming-birds of the Equatorial
Andes. By James Orton, of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ...........-4. 185
XXII. Descriptions of two new Species pertaining to the Avifauna
of Australia. By JoHn Gounn, F.R.S. &e, oi... le teen nes 192
XXIIL Whence comes the Nourishment for the Animals of the
Deep Seas? . By. Prof, KARL; MOBIUS 4 tesa de vse a sivele inn dees 193
XXIV. The supposititious “ Bos (?) pegasus” of the late Colonel
Charles Hamilton Smith. By Epwarp Bryrtu, Hon. Memb. As.
SDSS Ota ON SOT ROGAN PRR chu ec Cr are Re eS rine 204
XXV. On the Organization of the Worms of the Genus Pericheta.
Eig i reniy, Errore ae he a's fake Vike se ee tye te alee tiniacens, euegpyeikia as 207
XXVI. Description of a new Fossil Balanus. By Epwarp
SEAR ISERAD orgy ETE TEN Ms fabs, sain cl diaal lis'np a, Gime e 9 slat uate! shail) aia minnie aL 210
Note on Testudo Phayrei, by Ferd. Stoliczka; On a new gigantic
Salamander (Steboldia Davidiana, Blanch.) from Western China,
by E. Blanchard ; On the Pedicellariz and Ambulacra of Ech-
noneus, by Edmond Perrier; On the Reproduction of the Lo-
phobranchs, and on the Filiation of certain Genera, by M.
Canestrini; On a new Organ of Innervation, and on the Origin
of the Nerves of Special Sensibility in the Aquatic Pulmonate
Gasteropoda, by M. Lacaze-Duthiers; Further Observations on
the Development of the Crayfish, by S. Chantran ; On Hypo-
cotyledonary Gemmation, by Prof. Asa Gray .......... 212-220
NUMBER XLVI.
XXVII. Outline of a Scheme of Classification of the Invertebrata,
founded upon the Progressive-Development Theory. By Jonn DENts
Macpona.p, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon H.M.S, ‘Lord Warden’ . 221
XXVIII. Examination of Deep-sea Soundings; with Remarks on
the Habit and Structure of the Polycystina. By Joun Dents Mac-
DONALD, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon H.M.S. ‘Lord Warden’ .... 224
XXIX. Note on some Chelonian Remains from the London Clay.
By Harry G, SEerey, F.G.8., St. John’s College, Cambridge .... 227
XXX. Notes on some African Birds. By R.B. SHarpz,F.L.S. &e.,
Librarian to the Zoological Society of London
XXXI. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. By W. K.
ParkFR, F.R.S., T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S., and H. B. Brapy,
PR PEC ae RRA, «ss sce ee hs i Mes Sele eae 238
ve
“a * CONTENTS.
Page
XXXII. Descriptions of two new Species of Humming-birds be-
longing to the Genera Zupherusa and Cyanomyia. By D.G. Exxtiot,
RN Sy Me Lice allot st oa: 9: fe: «shea RNG fare oe ree 266
XXXII. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Longicorns,
including three new Subfamilies. By Francis P. Pascos, F.L.S.
Re, MOP IAGO PUT os on a's,» desgete oni tage Se ieee rae 268
XXXIV. On a new Species of Trichoglossus from Celebes. By
Aznraur, Viscount, WALDEN, FBS P48. res 6 oes, scene aeen 281
XXXYV. Descriptions of some new Species of Lepidoptera, chiefly
from the Collection of Mr. Wilson Saunders. By A. G. Burier,
PB Sat Lg BOG db i cea ack
, 21a} walle: miedo avkus) RAEN 396
L. On the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis (Couthouy).
By Epwarp S. Morse, Ph.D. &. (Plates XV. & XVI.)........ 414
LI. Notes on the New-Zealand Eared Seal (Phoca ursina, Forster ;
Arctocephalus Forstert, Gray). By Dr. JAmMEs Hector, F.R.S..... 427
LII. On a new Species of Caprimulgus. By G. R. Gray, F.R.S. 428
LUI. Notice of Spiders captured by Miss Hunter in Montreal,
Upper Canada, with Descriptions of Species supposed to be new to
Arachnologists. By JoHn BuackwatL, F.L.S. ................ 429
LIV. On two undescribed Species of European Birds. By R. B,
SuHarps, F.L.S., Librarian to the Zoological Society of London,
Bx Ete es RRR EA eG. cis cmatmlebelsiclw > oe vesse larabarep Bes cvaces 436
On a new Species of Buceros, by G. R. Gray (Plate XVII.) ; Obser-
Vill CONTENTS.
Page
vations on some points in the Embryology of the Lemuroidea,
and on the Zoological Affinities of those Animals, by M. Alph.
Milne-Edwards; On some Fungi belonging to the Family La-
boulbenie, by Dr. Peyritsch ; The Pepino (Philesia buxifolia) ;
The Copigue (Zapageria rosea); On the Generation of Helix
aspersa, by M.S. Jourdain; On the Persistence of Caryophyllia
cylindracea, Reuss, a Cretaceous Coral, in the Coral-fauna of the
Deep Sea, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
Prof. of Geology in King’s Coll. Lond................ 437—448
PLATES IN VOL. VIII.
Prats I. New Species of Calcispongie.
If. Structure of Sponges.
II. Reproduction of a Species of Chironomus.
IV. New Species of Tethya.
vi }New British Zoophytes.
VI. Acanthopholis platypus.
VI.
IX. |
X.
XI. |
XII.
XII. New Longicorns.
XIV. New Genera and Species of Gelbopiend
1} Barly Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis,
Soldani’s Foraminifera.
XVI.
XVII. Buceros casuarinus.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[FOURTH SERIES.]
Se aantsagesesteshs per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes:
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores:
Floribus et pictum, dives, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”’
NV. Parthenii Giannettasii Kol. 1.
No. 43. JULY 1871.
I.—A Description of two new Calcispongie, to which is
added Confirmation of Prof. James-Clark’s Discovery of the
True Form of the Sponge-cell (Animal), and an Account of
the Polype-like Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides contrasted
with Prof. EH. Hickel’s View on the Relationship of the
Sponges to the Corals. By H. J. Carter, F.R.S. &e.
[Plates I. & II.]
In the following paper I propose to describe and illustrate two
new calcareous Sponges from this locality (Budleigh-Salterton,
Devon), one of which will form the type of a new genus, and
the other, although before noticed, has not been properly re-
cognized; also to confirm Prof. James-Clark’s discovery of
the true form of the sponge-cell in Leucosolenia botryoides,
Bk., by recent observations and experiments on the structure
of Grantia compressa; further, to describe and illustrate the
polype-like pore-area of Cliona corallinoides, Hancock, for the
purpose of contrasting it with the views of Prof. E. Hiackel on
the organization of Sponges and their relationship to the
Corals ; to which are added a few remarks on the groundwork
or basis of his proposed classification of the Calcispongie.
Trichogypsia villosa, nov. gen. et sp.
PL. I. figs. 1-4.
Massive, sessile, depressed, greyish or greenish white ; base
subelliptical. Surface uneven, rough, ridged, villous (Pl. I.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 1
2 Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongie.
fig. 2), presenting a single vent at one end of the ellipse (fig.
2, a), about midway between the border and the centre, at the
bottom of an oval excavation, furnished internally with a
circle of minor vents arranged round the large one (fig. 3).
Pores scattered over the surface generally. Internal structure
close, areolar, accompanied by the branching excretory canal-
system. Spicules of one form only (fig. 4), viz. linear, sinuous,
fusiform, spino-tuberculate at the extremities, especially the
outer one, which is most attenuated, the internal one being
obtuse and less tuberculated; arranged more or less perpen-
dicularly, so as to present a villous surface. Size of spicule
averaging 32-1800ths of an inch long by 1-1800th of an inch
broad. Size of specimen (fig. 1) 5-12ths of an inch long by
3-12ths broad, and 1-12th of an inch high.
Hab. Marine. Laminarian zone, in company with Isodictya
simulans, Bk. (Halichondria simulans, Johnston).
Loc. Budleigh-Salterton, south coast of Devon.
Obs. I have only obtained one specimen of this sponge;
it had grown upon the deciduous shell of a shark’s egg, to-
gether with branching and inosculating Jsodictya simulans,
the whole of which had probably become entangled in the
Laminarian zone, whence it had been torn off in a storm
and cast upon the beach, where I found it about a year
since.
It consists of a single individual, with one vent, growing
flat upon the horny egg-shell, and is so far like Leuconia nivea
that the vent branches off directly into the areolar parenchyma
of the sponge; but its surface, instead of being depressed, flat,
and smooth, is rather elevated and rough, or irregularly ridged,
while the whole mass has the appearance of the pile on white
velvet which, having been moistened with gum-water, has
been allowed to dry in a ruffled’state. How far this may be
owing to the washing of the sea-water, I cannot say ; but it is
chiefly caused by the projection of the attenuated spinous ends
of the sinuously straight spicules, which, arranged perpendi-
cularly to the surface, give the latter its villous appearance,
The colour is greyish or greenish white, of that tint which is
perhaps the most common in the crystalline salts of lime—
calc spar, gypsum, &c.
While, however, there is only one kind of spicule, and that
linear, this Calcisponge further differs from all the others with
which I am acquainted in possessing no triradiate or quadri-
radiate spicules. ;
It is necessary to make a new genus of it, for which, from
its calcareous nature and hair-like appearance, I propose the
name of “ Trichogypsia,” designating the species by the term
Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongie. 3
“‘yellosa,”’ from its surface being somewhat like the pile on
velvet, as above stated.
The spicule happens to be almost a facsimile of that which
forms the tubercles and crust on the back of Doris tuberculata,
and, like it as well as all the other calcareous spicules that I
have met with in the Calcispongie, Foraminifera, Gorgo-
niide, Echinodermata, and compound tunicated animals, pre-
sents no central canal, but is solid throughout.
Leuconia Johnstonii, mihi.
PL. I. figs. 5-12.
Massive, flat, sessile, lobulated, snow-white, each lobule
having a single vent situated at the end of a more or less
elongated, conical or rounded eminence (PI. I. fig. 6). Sur-
face smooth, covered with very large quadriradiate spicules
(fig. 6,¢). Vent circular, and surmounted by a crown of erect
linear spicules (fig. 6,a@ and 7, e), or simple and bound down
marginately by the spreading arms of the great quadriradiate
spicules of the surface (fig. 6, 6, and fig. 40,666, Pl. IL.),
leading into a cloacal cavity (fig. 7,@) which soon branches off
into the excretory canal-system (fig.7,b 5). Pores scattered irre-
gularly over the surface, m the dermal sarcode, chiefly opposite
the interstices of the intercrossing subjacent spicular structure
(fig. 9,a, 6). Internally areolar for the most part, accompanied
by the branching excretory canal-system (fig.7,d ddd); areolar
cavities opening into each other (8, a) and finally into the cloaca
directly (fig. 7,¢ c) or indirectly into it through the branches of
the excretory canal-system. Spicules of seven forms :—1, the
largest, quadriradiate (fig. 10, a), one arm of which is directed
internally (c), while the three others (bb & d), lying flat upon
the surface (fig. 6,c) , thus, nail-like, bind down the spicular struc-
ture ; internal arm (c) much curved, projecting into the cloacal
cavity, where it presents a formidable spur bent towards the
vent (fig. 7, f) ; the junction of the radii marked by a transpa-
rent area, which is white or dark according to the direction of
the light, and arises from the presence or junction of the in-
ternal or fourth arm, whereby this part often has the appear-
ance of a pore (fig. 12) ; 2, triradiate (gy), very much smaller
than the last, but of different sizes, and formmg, as in most
calcareous sponges, the staple spicule of the mass; 3, thick,
long, linear, smooth, ineequifusiform, slightly curved, larger at
the proximal than at the distal end (e); 4, long, delicate,
hair-like, straight (f); the last two are confined to the vent
(fig. 7 e) ; 5, small quadriradiate (72’), with one arm straight and
long, two short and opposite or lateral, and the fourth forming
a long curved spur directed forwards, which, as this spicule is
1*
4 Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongie.
chiefly confined to the cloacal surface, projects into the latter
after the manner of the fourth arm of the large quadriradiate ;
6, minute, fusiform, acerate, curved, spinous, presenting
for the most part the appearance of one end having been
broken off aii again united, but in the opposite direction to
the curve of the spicule generally (4, and fig. 11, a) ; 7, minute
cnn, with one short and three longer arms (/, and
g. 11,6), chiefly confined, with the two preceding ones, to the
surface of the cloacal cavities, where they form a more or less
dense layer, pierced only by the fourth or internal arm of the
great quadriradiate and the openings of the excretory canal-
system (fig. 7,a,f,c). These spicules, although they vary
somewhat in size, are, on the average, as they are successively
described, 100, 36, 62, 58, 10, 4, and 14 1800ths of an
inch in their length and spreading respectively. Size of the
specimen (fig. 5) about 9-12ths long, 6-12ths broad, and
14-12ths of an inch high.
Hab. Under surface of the rocks, in company with most of
the other siliceous and calcareous sponges here, about low-
water mark, in the Laminarian zone. Not uncommon.
Loc, Budleigh-Salterton, south coast of Devon.
Obs. I have found several specimens of this sponge. In
some the vents are ciliated, in others indiliated ; that is,
crowned with a row of erect linear spicules, or with none at
all. Both kinds occur in the specimen from which the illus-
tration is taken; and where the crown is absent or broken off,
sea from the waves beating upon it twice a day at each
alling of the tide, the margin is chiefly bound down by the
arms of the great quadriradiate spicule of the surface.
It differs from Lewconia nivea in the vents being ciliated,
in the great spicules of the surface being quadri- instead of
triradiate, in the projection of the curved or fourth ray of the
great quadriradiate spicule into the cloaca, in the presence of
the dark area or point in the centre of the radu of the latter
(fig. 12), which at once distinguishes it from Leuconia nivea,
where there is no fourth ray to occasion this; in its lobulated
form, where one-third or more of the individual sometimes
projecting above the common level of the sponge entails a
short cloacal cavity (fig. 7, a) before branching off into the ex-
cretory canal-system generally, while in Leuconia nivea the
vent, being on the same plane as the rest of the surface, which
is flat, branches off ¢mmediately into this canal-system.
Thus in Leuconia Johnstoniti we have a form midway be-
tween Grantia ciliata and Leuconia nivea.
After having described Leuconia nivea and its large tri-
radiate spicules, Dr. Johnston concludes with the following
paragraph ;—
Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongiz. 5
“ Mr. M‘Colla has furnished me with a variety from the
Trish coast that merits to be distinguished. The sponge rises
up in compressed sinuous leaf-like lobes, which are united
together so as to form a lobulated crust nearly an inch in
thickness, with a circular osculum on every projecting angle
(pl. 20. fig. 6). Were we to imagine that a cluster of Grantia
compressa had grown so close as to press against each other,
and the various specimens to have coalesced into one mass,
we would have a correct idea of this variety. That it is,
however, no variety of G. compressa, is proved by the differ-
ence of its texture as well as by the form of the spicula.”’
(Brit. Spong. 1842, p. 183.)
I need hardly add, after this quotation, that Dr. Johnston
was acquainted with the species which I have now the plea-
sure to dedicate to his respected memory; nor, on the other
hand, need I allude further to Dr. Bowerbank’s description of
Leuconia nivea (Brit. Spong. 1866, vol. ii. p. 36) than to state
that, as he has changed Johnston’s name of Grantia nivea to
Leuconia nivea, so he has lost sight of or ignored this classical
writer’s description of the true Grantia nivea, and replaced it
by an imperfect one of his “ variety.”
That, however, Johnston’s ‘ variety”’ is entitled to a distinct
appellation, the above description will show.
As the great quadriradiate spicule of the surface of Leuconia
Johnstonii is but a larger form of that which is common to the
cloacal surface alone of most of the calcareous sponges, I have
given an illustration of that which is found in Grantia ciliata
as a type specimen (PI. II. fig. 32). It will be observed that
one ray is straight (b), while two others are more or less
curved and opposite to each other (a a); this is the common
form of the ériradiate spicule; and it is in the straight ray
alone that a trace of the central or axial canal common to the
siliceous spicule is seen (c), which trace, however, is here the
central canal filled up with a cylinder of the same material as
the spicule, so that, in fact, there is no canal at all. The
fourth ray (@) projects at about right angles to the other three,
and sometimes is a little excentric—that is, arises from the
straight ray at a little distance from its union with the two
curved ones. This ray is also curved forwards (that is, towards
thevent), and in this way projects into and forms the armature
of the cloaca: it would have been opposite, probably, if the
current had been so, and hence is one of the structural evi-
dences of an aboriginal excretory stream.
What is remarkable, however, in Leuconia Johnstonii is,
that this spicule is so large that its fourth ray not only pro-
jects in a formidable manner into the cloaca (PI. I. fig. 40, ec),
6 Mr. H. J. Carter on the *' Collar”
but its three other rays bind down the rest of the spicular
structure on the surface at the same time (Pl. I. fig. 6,c). It
is therefore as much a surface- as a cloacal spicule; while, in
all the other calcareous sponges that I have seen, it (that is,
the quadriradiate) is almost entirely confined to the cloacal
surface. ‘The two other quadriradiate spicules are also chiefly
confined to the inner surface of the cloaca here as well as in
Leuconia nivea, where, with the minute spinous spicule, they
also chiefly form the lining of the excretory canals; but the
great spur of the great quadriradiate spicule of Leuconia
Johnstonii is, of course, absent.
Confirmation of Prof. James-Clark’s Discovery of the “ Collar”
round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell.
In the October Number of the ‘ Annals’ for last year my
paper on the ‘ Ultimate Structure of the Marine Sponges ”
was published (vol. vi. p. 329), at the end of which (p. 341)
are the following paragraphs :—
“‘T have only now to add a word or two, in conclusion, on
the real nature of the animal of the Sponges abstractedly.
“The only naturalist, to my knowledge, who has turned
his attention directly to this all-important point connected
with them is Prof. H. James-Clark, of Boston, to whose va-
luable memoir on the subject, entitled, “‘Spongie ciliate or
Infusoria flagellata’’ (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. i. pt. 3,
pls. 9 & 10, read June 20, 1866; reprinted in the ‘ Annals,’
vol. i. p.133, Feb. 1868) I have alluded at the commencement
of this paper.
“The object of Prof. James-Clark is to prove that the
monociliated sponge-cell is a distinct flagellated infusorium,
possessing an oral and an anal orifice respectively, in close
approximation, at the bottom of a funnel-shaped retractile ex-
pansion which surrounds the base of the cilium, and also a
nucleus and two contracting vesicles ; further, that this flagel-
lated infusorium is in no sense whatever related to the Rhizo-
poda; and that it is an aggregation or colony of such Infusoria
which produces the ‘ true ciliated Spongie.’
“T cannot altogether endorse Prof. James-Clark’s views, as
I have stated (Annals, Sept. 1869, vol. iv. p.196), nor do I
desire to dispute his conclusions here.”’
It is with great pleasure that I can now endorse them—that
is, that I am now able to confirm all that Prof. James-Clark
has stated of the flagellated sponge-cell in the valuable memoir
to which I have referred.
For two months past Grantia compressa has been growing
round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 7
in clusters on branches of the delicate little seaweed called
Callithamnion roseum, which fringes the overhanging edges
and under surfaces of the rocks here, about midway between
high- and low-water mark, where it is left uncovered by the
water for some hours twice a day.
Thinking, therefore, from its hardiness, that it might serve
to confirm Prof. James-Clark’s observations on Leucosolenia
botryoides (1. c.), 1, about six weeks since, brought home some
branches of the Callithamnion bearing specimens of Grantia
compressa, which were put into salt water on the spot; and
the day after, as these sponges were still living, I tore up
some pieces and placed them under the microscope, with 4-of-
an-inch compound power for observation, when, much to my
gratification, I witnessed exactly what Prof. James-Clark had
described, as may be seen by reference to the four groups of
figures (13-16 in Pl. I.) which were then made from them.
I also saw immediately that the “ ear-like points or spines’
on the monociliated sponge-cell of Spongilla, which may be
found fully described and figured in the ‘ Annals’ (Jan. 1859,
vol. ii. p. 14 &e., pl. 1. figs. 12, 13, 14) were, as Prof.
James-Clark had suspected (footnote, p. 21, loc. cit.), “the
right and left profiles of a membranous cylindrical collar.”
Feeling satisfied that Prof. James-Clark was right in his
interpretation of this form of sponge-cell, and having, by ex-
periments on Spongilla, as may be seen in my figures (I. c.),
showed that, when immersed in a solution of indigo, the
sponge-cells with ‘ ear-like points ’’ became more or less filled
with it, I, of course, thought that the sponge-cells of Grantia
compressa might do the same, when it would become satisfac-
torily evident that the same kind of ciliated sponge-cell existed
in both the siliceous and calcareous sponges.
Accordingly, about a fortnight since, I took a branch of
Callithamnion roseum on which there was a cluster of Grantia
compressa, and, having placed it, as before, in sea-water on the
spot, brought it home, rubbed down a little indigo, also in
sea-water, and put the cluster into it.
After about an hour, all the specimens of Grantia compressa
became of a dark-blue colour; and on cutting out a minute
portion of one and tearing it to pieces, still in sea-water, the
fragments were thus placed under the microscope, on a glass
slide under a glass cover, when, equally to my gratification, I
found the collared monociliated cells more or less filled with
indigo, and in active vitality (Pl. II. fig. 30).
Next the cluster was placed in clean sea-water, and a stream
of indigo was observed to be gradually flowing from the vent
of each specimen respectively.
8 Mr. H. J. Carter on the “ Collar ”’
The cluster was then immersed in spirit and water; and
after a few hours another minute portion, having been cut out
from one of the specimens, was torn to pieces in like manner
to the foregoing, and placed under the microscope, when the
cell again was distinctly seen, although dead, with its cilium
straight and, of course, motionless, the collar partially re-
tracted, and the body more or less filled with indigo (Pl. II.
fig. 31).
“Thus it was proved that in the siliceous sponges (Spongilla)
and in the calcareous sponges (G'rantia compressa) the same
form of monociliated sponge-cell exists, which will, in both
instances, take in indigo when supplied with it under the cir-
cumstances above mentioned.
Further, it follows that, as these cells do take in crude
material, they are as much the animals of the sponge as the
little Ascidians are the animals of the compound Tunicata,—
ex. gr. Botryllus polycyclus (Pl. II. fig. 41), where the Asci-
dians are imbedded in circular groups (0) in a common tough
gelatinous mass (a), each Ascidian having an oral orifice on
the surface for the reception of food &c. (c), and an anal orifice
which empties itself interiorly (d) into a common cloaca (e),
finally opening by a circular hole, also on the surface, in the
centre of each group (/).
Thus satisfied that this monociliated cell existed in both
classes of sponges, viz. in Spongilla and in Grantia compressa,
I sought for it also in living specimens of Grantia ciliata,
Leuconia nivea, and Clathrina sulphurea, where it was equally
well represented.
I then tried the siliceous sponges, viz. Isodictya simulans,
Hymeniacidon plumosa, Microciona atrosanguinea, Cliona
celata, &c., and might have gone further; but the fact of the
sponge-cell being only half the size in the siliceous (viz.
1-6000th of an inch in diameter) that it is in the calcareous
sponges precluded my seeing any thing more than the cilia.
f all these sponges that [ have examined, the common
Isodictya simulans seems to be the hardiest and best fitted for
this purpose; but all that I can state respecting my examina-
tion of it amounts only to fancying that I saw the collar round
the base of the cilium in profile.
However, as, when my eyes were younger, I had determined
it in Spongzlla in the way mentioned (/. c.), that 1s sufficient to
establish its existence in at least one of the siliceous sponges.
As the monociliated cell in Grantia compressa somewhat
differs from that represented in Prof. James-Clark’s figure of
it in Leucosolenia botryotdes (1. c. pl. 9. [pl. 6, ‘ Annals,’ vol. i.]
fig. 41), it is desirable that I should describe it more particu-
round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 9
larly ; but, before doing so, I would premise that Prof. James-
Clark’s memoir, although headed SSpbnsia ciliate &c.,” is
chiefly on flagellated Infusoria—four new genera of which, viz.
Bicoseca, Codoneca, Codosiga, and Salpingeca, including six
species, partly freshwater and partly marine, growing separately
or in groups on stalks, and all possessing the “ collar” charac-
terizing the sponge-cell, he has described and illustrated in
detail, before that of Lewcosolenia botryoides. Hence he not
only gives the sponge-cell, but several other minute monocil-
iated and collared monadine organisms almost identical with
it, which live respectively in the sea and in fresh water—
whereby his observations on the form and habits of the sponge-
cell are confirmed by totally independent evidence.
I do not know that any one has published an account of the
same kind of monadine infusoria ; but now that Iam aware of
what they are, and have seen them in the sponge, I remember
to have frequently seen such organisms as are represented by
Prof. James-Clark under the name of Salpingeca amphoridium
(figs. 37, a—d, pl. 9, 7. c.) on the filaments of Spirogyra or
Cladophora at Bombay, and have them jigured in several
parts of my journal, beginning as far back as “ April 15th,
1855” (Pl. I. fig. 42); but at that time my microscopic
power was too low to see them properly, and therefore, as
often as I met with them, they were so far disregarded.
Hence it is probable that when Prof. James-Clark’s discove-
ries become better known (which, like all valuable communi-
cations of the kind, may be too far in advance to be recognized
in the lifetime of the author) these Infusoria may be often no-
ticed ; indeed I hardly despair now of seeing some of them
one day myself, especially the freshwater Codosiga pulcher-
rima, which can be “readily recognized under as low a mag-
nifying~power as two hundred diameters ”’ (/. c. p. 10).
Returning, then, to Grantia compressa, so far as the sponge-
cell alone goes, zt is the same as that of Leucosolenia botryoides,
viz. globular in form, composed of a plastic exterior, en-
closing granuliferous mucus or protoplasm, a nucleus and
contracting vesicles, besides, perhaps, other organs at present
unknown (PI. I. fig. 13, a), having at one part a non-granular
portion, which is extensible (4). This part, which we will
call the “rostrum,” is polymorphic and protrusible, as in Dif
flugia, and frequently assumes different shapes, but especially
a cylindrical one rounded at the free end, from the summit of
which convexity the cilium (d) proceeds, and from around its
base a funnel-shaped delicate film like a fringe or frill, which,
with Prof. James-Clark, we shall call the ‘ collar” (c).
Although the rostrum is not represented in Prof. James-
10 Mr. H. J. Carter on the “‘ Collar’”’
Clark’s figures of the sponge-cell of Leucosolenia botryoides, it
is figured and described in his Codosiga pulcherrima (1. c. p. 10,
pl. 9. [pl. 5, ‘ Annals,’ 1868, vol. 1.] figs. 8, 9, 25, 27, &c.).
Further, it should be stated that both the cell and its ap-
pendages are all polymorphic, or, at all events, the latter and
non-granular portions of the protoplasm; so that, while the
appendages may assume an infinitude of shapes and trans-
formations, the globularity of the cell for the most part remains
stationary. (For a description of the different forms of the
sponge-cell assumed under polymorphism, and figured in the
illustrations, see infra, ‘“ Explanation of the Plates,” figs.
13-31, inclusively.)
How the crude fragments of food are introduced into the
sponge-cell is still so far questionable, that, as yet, it has only
been inferred,
In the ‘ Annals’ for July 1857 (vol. xx. p. 29, pl. 1. fig. 10)
I described and figured what appeared to me to be the process
in a sponge-cell of Spongilla attached by a pseudopod to the
watch-glass, similar to that which I have seen twice, and
figured, in Grantia compressa (Pl. II. figs.{20, 21); and there
(that is, as represented in the figure /,c. 10), the particles
seemed to be hurled back upon the cell by the cilium, described
in my own words at the time as “caught up (by apparently
adhering to it, or by a process thrown out by it, as in Actino-
phrys sol (b)) and rapidly passed into its interior.”
Respecting these observations, Prof. James-Clark states
(2. c. p. 1),—“ Strangely enough, though, as it seems to me
now, he [Carter] does not look upon the intussusception
of the particles as a genuine process of swallowing, like that
which obtains among the ciliated Infusoria.” “It is plain,
therefore, that he does not believe that the ‘ sponge-cells’ are
endowed with a mouth; and moreover, if I am not mistaken,
he attributes to any part of the ‘cell’ the faculty of engulfing
food.”
Now here is the only point at issue between us; and on this
depends whether we shall regard the sponge-cells as “ Infu-
soria flagellata,” after Prof. James-Clark’s view, or as Rhizo-
poda (like Ameba) after my own and that of others.
It should be understood, however, that by any part of the
sponge-cell “engulfing food” I mean any pseudopodial pro-
longation or exserted process of the protoplasm ; for it is not
improbable that in the Rhizopoda the surface-layer does not
cover the pseudopodium, but, by its elasticity and yielding
nature, allows the transparent and prehensile material of the
interior to be protruded for the capture of food &c., and then
withdrawn within the rent, which afterwards closes over it;
round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 11
hence the primary globular or rounded form of Ameba in
the passive state.
Be this as it may, Prof. James-Clark states, respecting the
sponge-cell of Leucosolenia botryoides (1.c. p. 22), that ‘the
mouth is the only organ which has not been actually observed,
although its position has been inferred, not only from the
otherwise similar structure of the monad of this creature to
that of Codosiga (§ 6), but because currents of floating parti-
cles are constantly whirled in by the flagella and made to
impinge upon the area within the collar.”
As regards Codosiga pulcherrima and Salpingeca gracilis,
the intelligent author adds (/. ec. p. 15) :—‘* The mouth, we are
obliged to presume, as we did in regard to Codosiga, lies
somewhere about the base of the flagellum. Abundant diges-
tive vacuoles were observed, as well as loose particles of food,
in various parts of the body; but at no time were we so for-
tunate as to see the introception of nutritive material or the
ejection of fecal matter.” And of Salpingeca it is stated
(p.11), “the position of the anus, which, as I have already
suggested, may possibly be coincident with the mouth, is
easily determined, even to the narrowest limits, as the fecal
matter is discharged in large, highly refractile pellets (fig.
24, d) close to the base of the flagellum.”
Such is the only evidence we possess of the existence of
distinct oral and anal orifices respectively within the collar of
the sponge-cell of Leucosolenia botryoides ; and so long as the
collar of the sponge-cell is present with the cilium, all parti-
cles of food may go into and out of the body through the
collar; but as every part of the sponge-cell is polymorphic,
and may put forth pseudopodia from one part in particular
(Pl. II. figs. 22, 23, 24), ike Diflugia, or from any part of the
body (PI. I. figs. 14,6 & 16, a), like Ameba, so it seems to me
that we may infer that these pseudopodia may have, under
such conditions, the power of introcepting particles of food at
any point, which, while the cilium is unretracted and in full
motion, may be thrown back upon the body towards its base
only, and there introcepted, as I delineated in 1857 (J. c.).
This, then, would at one time make the sponge-cell a fla-
gellated infusorium, and at another a rhizopod; but being
compounded of the two, it is certainly neither, but an organism
sut generis—in short, the sponge-cell,
On some occasions, too, the pseudopodial prolongation ap-
pears to become a pointed organ of suction like the tentacular
prolongations from Podophrya fixa and Acineta, when it may
seize and penetrate the body of another infusorium for the
purpose of extracting its nutritive contents. (Indeed it is pro-
12 Mr. H. J. Carter on the “ Collar”’
bably by the intercellular protoplasm, to which I shall allude
hereafter, that the Sponges, like the Myxogastres, chiefly ex-
cavate and work (how ?) their way through hard bodies.)
This tentacular form of pseudopodium, which is characte-
ristic of the Acinetina, I have also witnessed twice, in two
cells of Grantia compressa, viz. one where the collar had
partly become transformed into a pseudopodial extension and
had caught an unciliated monadine cell (Pl. I. fig. 17), and
the other where the margin of the collar itself had seized a
monociliated one (fig. 18). As these two instances presented
themselves during a very short and limited examination of
the sponge-cells of Grantia compressa in the way above
stated, it is not improbable that they are of very frequent oc-
currence. At the same time it should be remembered that
many phenomena of this kind are witnessed under the glass
cover, from the Infusoria being brought so closely together,
which might not occur so frequently in their natural element,
where they are unconfined and have plenty of room to avoid
each other.
As an instance of a Rhizopod being able to put forth vibra-
tile cilia at one time, and replace them by pseudopodial tenta-
cles at another, I, long since, described and figured Podophrya
jfiva in the ‘Annals’ (vol. xv. p. 287, pl. 12. fig. 10).
To this it may be added that Prof. James-Clark in no part
states that any of his collared flagellated Infusoria possess a
polymorphic power over the whole body like the sponge-cell.
Nevertheless this sagacious observer states (p. 20), regard-
ing “the theory of Carter as to the alliance of Sponges with
Rhizopods,” ‘“‘ my firm conviction” is “ that the true ciliated
Spongie are not Rhizopoda in any sense whatever, nor even
closely related to them, but are genuine compound flagellate
Protozoa, and are most intimately allied to such genera as
Monas, Bicoswca, Codoneca, Codosiga, and Salpingeca.”
Thus having stated our views respectively on this point, I
must leave the reader to judge for himself.
Contracting vesicles and a nucleus are common to all the
sponge-cells, and the former common to the protoplasm to
which I have just alluded, viz. that which binds them and the
whole elements of which the sponge is composed together.
The latter is figured and described in one of my earliest papers
on Spongilla (Annals, Aug. 1849, vol. iv. pp. 86-91, pl. 4.
fig. 2), wherein it is stated, at p. 81, that, ‘“‘ when the fleshy
mass is examined by the aid of a microscope, it is found to be
composed of a number of cells imbedded in and held together
by an intercellular substance,’ and, at p. 91, that “it (this
substance) is extended into digital prolongations precisely
round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 13
similar to those of the protean, which in progression or in
polymorphism throws out parts of its cell in this way,” and
that in it “‘may be observed hyaline vesicles of different sizes
contracting and dilating themselves as in the protean.” I
quote these portions to show that this intercellular protoplasm
was described upwards of twenty years since.
Another phenomenon witnessed by Prof. James-Clark was
the duplicative division (“fissigemmation”’) of Codosiga pul-
cherrima (pl. 9. figs. 13-21, p. 13), which he patiently watched
and has as fully delineated and described. To this also I
would direct attention, because I have figured a group of
stoloniferous sponge-cells from Granta compressa which bear
the appearance of having been produced in a similar way
(Pll. fig.-19):
But the variety of forms which these sponge-cells may
assume, from their polymorphic power, is infinite; and, con-
sidering the number I have figured from two or three compa-
ratively short examinations (Pls. I. & II. figs. 13-31) it will
be easily understood that to attempt to delineate all would be
endless.
Another question now arises, as to how and where these
sponge-cells are grouped in the sponge-structure.
Here, again, I must refer the reader to the description and
figure of these cells en groupe in my paper on ‘“ the Ultimate
Structure of Spongilla” (Annals, July 1857, vol. xx. p. 26,
pl. 1. fig. 5), where it will be observed that in this sponge
they form spherical aggregations, each of which presents a
large circular transparent area (aperture ?), which is capable
of being closed or expanded as required ; and to this aggrega-
tion I have given the name of “ ampullaceous sac.’ These
groups are situated in the areolar cavities, which are accom-
panied by the excretory canal-system ; and the sponge-cells
of which they are composed seize the particles of food as
they are whirled in through the pores of the investing dermal
sarcode, and retain them as long as may be necessary, after
which the undigested parts find themselves in the excretory
canals.
It is very easy to ascertain the form of the groups, because
the monociliated cells of which they are composed are the
only cells which take in the carmine or indigo, and hence their
shape and position are readily recognized with the microscope
through the semitransparent substance of the young Spongilla.
It must be remembered that in all these instances the parts
were viewed 7m situ in the watch-glass where the young
Spongilla was grown, with the object-glass wnder water and
with no glass cover.
14 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Polype-like
Although it is easy to determine the form of the groups of
sponge-cells in Spongilla, it is not so easy to see by what
channels the particles of colouring-matter are ‘mmediately
taken into them, or to see how they or the ingesta get from the
cells into the excretory canals; for the cilia of the sponge-
cells are in the interior of the ampullaceous sac, where they
may be seen vibrating through the transparent circular area
(aperture ?). In my latest observations it seemed to me that
the particles got into the sponge-cells of the ampullaceous sae
through several different channels and holes, perhaps, in the
latter, and that the discharged portions passed into the excre-
tory canals through the transparent aperture ; but of this I am
not certain, and must now leave others to determine it.
The same kind of ampullaceous sac may be seen in many
of the marine siliceous sponges, of which perhaps Lsodictya
simulans affords the best example. It has been figured by
Schmidt under the name of “ Wimperkorb” from Reniera
aqueductus &c. (Suppl. Spong. Adriat. 1864, p. 13,t. 1.fig. 17);
but this author does not allude to my description and figure
of it in the ‘Annals’ for 1857, although the feeding of Spon-
gilla with earmine by Lieberkiihn and myself is noticed.
Thus the peculiar grouping of the sponge-cells in Spongilla
and many of the marine sponges has been ascertained.
But in the Calcispongie they seem to cover the whole
surface of the sarcode which lines the areolar cavities of
the parenchyma (PI. I. fig. 8, and Pl. II. fig. 29), with the
exception, of course, of their incurrent and excurrent aper-
tures, the latter of which, where there is no system of excur-
rent canals, finally open by large orifices directly into the
cloaca. .
So far as structure goes, Grantia ciliata does not differ,
in the form of its areolar cavities and the absence of the ex-
cretory canal-system, from Cliona celata, in which, as my
figure seems to show, the sponge-cells are still grouped in a
spherical form (Pl. II. fig. 38).
It therefore remains for future observation to determine how
the sponge-cells are grouped, generally and respectively, both
in the siliceous and calcareous sponges.
Cliona corallinoides (Hancock in Ann. Nat. Hist. April 1867,
vol. xix. p. 238, pl. 7. fig. 3). Pl. II. figs. 33-37.
Next to the sponge-cells, perhaps the most interesting organ
is the dermal sarcode ; for this, as I have before shown (Ult.
Struct. of Spongilla) literally commands the openings on the
surface. It can either extemporize them in any part, or close
Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides. 15
them, as required—a process which, of course, is very slowly
effected, on account of the amceboid nature of the sarcode; so
that, on death occurring suddenly (that is, where the sarcode
has not become putrid and passed into dissolution, and there
has been no time for closing by reflex action) these apertures
remain. Hence in dried specimens, where the dermal sarcode
is not destroyed, they remain visible.
There are two kinds of openings, viz. the pores and the
vents—the inhalant and exhalant apertures.
Directing our attention to the former first, we find them
averaging about a 1000th of an inch in diameter,—either scat-
tered generally over the dermal sareode opposite the interstices
of the subjacent spicular structure, as in the Espériade, Hali-
chondria panicea, Johnston, &ec., and the Calcispongie ; or
confined to circular areas in juxtaposition, as in Raphyrus
Griffithsii, Bk. (Cliona celata?), Raphiophora patera, Gray,
or Neptune’s Cup, Pachymatisma, &c.; or to circular areas
separated from each other and raised on cylindrical heads, as
in Grayella cyathophora, Cart., Cliona corallinoides, Hancock,
cs
Of these the Clionide, including Raphyrus and Raphiophora
(see “ Mém. sur le Genre Potérion,” par P. Harting, Soc. des
Arts et des Sci. d’Utrecht, 1870, pl. 4. figs. 7 & 12), present
examples of a division of the sponge-structure in the pore-areas
resembling the tentacular head of a polype; but as this is
merely a resemblance, and my object in introducing the sub-
ject of the openings in the sarcode of the Spongiadz is more
especially to show this, I shall take Cliona corallinoides alone
(Pl. II. fig. 833) for description and illustration, as affording
the nearest resemblance of this kind that I have met with.
This sponge (like Raphyrus Griffithsti and the great Nep-
tune’s Cup, together with the diminutive Grantia ciliata
and its like among the calcareous sponges) possesses no
branched system of excretory canals like most of the other
sponges, but consists merely of an areolar structure (PI. IT.
figs. 33 & 36,aa) which, burrowing between the layers of
univalve and bivalve shells, forms for itself therein similar
excavations, which open into each other by efferent (fig. 36, ccc)
and afferent apertures, finally communicating with the exterior
by distinct heads (figs. 33, a,b, & 36, 6) here and there, most
of which are simple pore-areas (fig. 34), while the rest present
a combination of vent and pores (fig. 35) or a single large
vent only. Cliona corallinoides not only excavates shells, but
the sandstone rock too of this locality, where it shelters itself
under the florid expansions of Melobesia lichenotdes, which
goes on growing (that is, spreading in all directions), while the
16 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Polype-like
Cliona every here and there makes holes through this crust
or thalloid frond for its pore-aree or vents as required.
Of course, therefore, these “holes” are occupied by a longer
or shorter cylindrical prolongation of the sponge (fig. 36, >) in
proportion to the thickness of the crust, which thus presents
as many heads; so that when the shell is dissolved off by
acid, these heads project here and there above the general
surface of the sponge (Pl. Il. fig. 33, a, 0).
It may be assumed that this way of reaching the exterior
necessitates a cylindrical extension of this kind; but Grayella
cyathophora, which is an allied species, possesses it, together
with a branched system of excretory canals, although freely
spreading over the surface of the rocky object on which it may
be growing.
Each portion, too, in Cliona corallinoides has, for the
most part, its peculiar spicule. Thus the pin-like, slightly
curved, and fusiform one with oval head (fig. 37, a) is almost
entirely confined to the cylindrical head-like extensions of
the sponge, and the tentacle-like prolongations of the pore-
area, where their points project outwardly (fig. 35, f), while
the minute sinuous spinous spicule (c,d) for the most part
fills up the interstices between the latter, and the curved,
acerate, spinous spicule (4), which is not more than a quarter
the length of the pin-like one, is confined to the areolar struc-
ture of the interior. These spicules, as they are described,
average about 83, 2-33, and 21 6000ths of an inch in length
respectively.
When we examine the heads or free ends of the cylindrical
prolongations, they are found to be of different sizes, to pre-
sent an irregularly round or elliptical margin (fig. 34,a aa),
and within this a variable number of tentacle-like prolonga-
tions of the sponge-structure (4 6 6) charged with the pin-hke
spicule, and webbed together by the dermal sarcode (ce), in
which there is a variable number of pores (d), chiefly situated
between the prolongations. In the dried state all this is on
a level with the margin of the pore-area, if not a little de-
pressed, with the pointed ends of the pin-like spicules un-
covered and bristling in all directions (fig. 35, f); but in the
living state it rises much above the margin, into a convexity,
when the dermal sarcode entirely covers and conceals the
spicules.
At this time, inhalant currents may be seen to pass in
through the pore-openings.
Our illustration presents about thirty of these tentacle-like
prolongations, of different lengths (PI. II. fig. 34, 6 6 5), and is
nearly a facsimile of the mounted dried one from which it has
Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides. be
been taken, and in which the dermal web-like sarcode (c) with
its pores (d), as delineated, still remain.
Let us now turn our attention to the vent or larger aperture
of the dermal sarcode, which here, as well as in Pachymatisma
Johnstonia, Bk., is more or less constricted or covered (7. e.
commanded) by a diaphragm of the dermal sarcode, in like
manner as the pores, although in the latter both vent and
pore-area are themselves solidly fixed by the masonry of the
little siliceous balls of which the crust of Pachymatisma is
composed. By this means (that is, by the dermal sarcode) the
vent also may be opened or closed when required, in all the
sponges, as I have long since shown in the young Spongilla
(Ult. Struct. Spong. /. c.).
In Clhiona corallinoides the whole area of the head (figs. 33, a,
36, 5) is not always given up to the vent, but allows the latter
to occupy its centre (fig. 35, e), while the circumference still
presents the tentacle-like prolongations (5 6 6) and pores of the
dermal sarcode between them (¢); so that the head is com-
posed of the two organs, so far in combination.
It is a common occurrence for the pores in most sponges to
be seen close to the border of the great vent; but as the latter
is only the opening at the end of the canal of the excretory
system, the pores, although close to its border, do not neces-
sarily communicate directly with it, but are im connexion
with the areolar parenchyma beneath, which is thus outsde
and surrounds this canal or aperture.
Hence, for convenience, I have taken the same head for
illustrating the vent that has been drawn from the pore-area
alone (fig. 34), and have placed a large circular aperture in
the centre for this purpose (fig. 35, a), after which it will not
be difficult for the reader to supply the other and, perhaps,
more common form, where the vent alone occupies the whole
of the head (fig. 33, 6). I have also in this figure inserted the
bristling arrangement of the ends of the pin-like spicules as
seen in the dried state (fig. 35, f), which has been omitted in
the former, also for convenience.
Thus, however much like the polype-head the pore-area
may be, the tentacle-like prolongations can only be considered
to bear a remote resemblance to the tentacles of a polype;
and thus also we read in Prof. P. Harting’s valuable memoir
on Poterion, or ‘ Neptune’s Cup” (where the pore-area is si-
milar in structure to that of Cliona corallinoides, and the in-
ternal mass in like manner composed of areolar cavities only,
without canal-system) :—‘‘ Peut-étre MM. Hickel et Miklucho-
Maclay verront-ils dans ces plis rayonnants [in the pore-area|
une confirmation de leurs idées sur les affinités des éponges
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii.
18 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Polype-hike |
avec les polypes. Quant & moi, je ne crois pas que ces plis
puissent étre comparés 4 aucune partie du corps d’une polype,
soit aux bras, soit aux plis mésentériaux. C’est une simple
analogie de forme, rien de plus.”” (Mém. pub. par la Soc. des
Arts et des Sci. d’Utrecht, pp. 11 & 12, pl. 4. fig. 12 &c.)
As regards homology and adaptation, it is manifest that if
the pores are to be considered the homologues of the ends of
the gastro-ventricular canals of an Actinia, which are said to
open on its surface, then their tentacle-like structure cannot
be considered homologous with the tentacles round the mouth
of the Acéinza or polype.
Then, as regards the function of the vent and the excretory
system of canals generally, it is the rule, and not the excep-
tion, for the current to pass outwards, and vice vers@. Indeed
the structural arrangement in all sponges about the vent proves
this; and where the opposite takes place, it seems to me to be
occasioned by abnormal conditions, similar, perhaps, to what
Dr. Bowerbank has stated to occur on such occasions. (“ Ult.
Struct. Marine Sponges,” Annals, Oct. 1870, vol. vi. p. 331.)
In all sponges which are living and active, the inhalant and
exhalant functions of the pores and vents respectively may be
easily seen by placing a little colouring-matter in the water
which surrounds them, when the process will be found to be
almost invariable.
For the development of the seed-like body of Spongilla and
the spicule, see ‘ Annals,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 305 ; 2b. 1849, vol. iv.
p- 82 &e. ; 2b. 1857, vol. xx. p. 26; and 2b. 1859, vol. ui. p.334,
respectively, wherein I am pleased to observe that much has
been confirmed by Prof. Hickel’s observations on the calcareous
sponges, to which I shall presently allude more particularly.
Lastly, I have given an illustration of a group of Botryllus
polycyclus (Pl. Il. fig. 41), to show how the Ascidians of
which it is composed have each its separate branchial aper-
ture (c), for aération and nutrition, on the surface of the gela-
tinous mass (a) in which they are imbedded, and its anal
orifice (d) internally, extended into a common receptacle or
cloacal cavity (e), which finally also opens externally on the
same surface, for the discharge of the fecal contents of the
little community generally (f), there being a great many
communities of the same kind imbedded.in the same flat and
spreading, tough, gelatinous or albuminous mass.
Now here we cannot help seeing that the gelatinous mass
is at least analogous to the sponge-structure (indeed in the
little white incrusting species Leptoclinum gelatinosum it is
also densely charged with globular radiated calcareous bodies
(spicules) similar to some of the siliceous ones of the Geodide,
Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides. 19
and presenting en masse such a white colour that it may be easily
mistaken for a calcareous sponge),—that the branchial opening
in the gelatinous mass, if not homologous with, is certainly
analogous to the pore in the Spongiade, and the common
cloacal cavity and fecal orifice are respectively analogous to
the excretory canal-system and vent, also in the sponges,
while the plurality of communities or “‘systems”’ correspond to
the individual divisions of the sponge termed by Prof. Hickel
“persons.”
Then, too, there is a network of canals in the gelatinous
structure which may be the homologue of the gastroventricular
canals in Actinia and the ccenosarc of the coral-polypes, espe-
cially for supplying nourishment and sustaining the vitality of
these parts.
Prof. E. Hickel’s Views.
It seems to me imperative on all those who would write
any thing on the Spongiade, and especially on the Calcispongie,
to notice what has lately been put forth by one of the highest
authorities on the Protozoa of the present day. I, of course,
allude to the paper “On the Organization of Sponges and
their Relationship to the Corals,” to which is appended a
“‘ Prodromus of a System of Calcareous Sponges,” by Prof.
E. faa Typ enaische Zeitschrift, B. v. pp. 207-254; trans-
lated by W.S. Dallas, F.L.8., in the ‘ Annals,’ Jan. 1870,
vol. v. pp. 1 et seqq.).
In this paper, at p. 11 (translation), we find the following
statement :—
“¢ Miklucho has already shown that in a great many sponges
the mouth or osculum by no means permits only the outflow,
but also the inflow of water. 1 have repeatedly convinced
myself, by my own observations, of the correctness of this
assertion: Consequently the mouth in many sponges, just as
in the corals, serves for both the reception and expulsion of
the water and the nutritive constituents contained in it.”
And at p. 6,—‘I start with the following general proposi-
tion :—The sponges are most nearly allied to the corals of all
organisms.”
At p. 9:—T do not, like most authors, regard the charac-
teristic canal-system of sponges as something quite specific
and peculiar to this class, an arrangement swt generis, but
share in the opinion of Leuckart and Miklucho, that it is
essentially homologous with the celenteric vascular system or
gastrovascular apparatus of the Corals and Hydromedusa-—
in fact, of all the Acalephe or nettle-animals. Indeed | am
2
20 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Relationship
so thoroughly convinced of this homology that I (with Mik-
lucho) designate the largest cavity into which that canal-
system is dilated in the sponge-body, and which is usually
called the excurrent tube or flue (caminus) as the stomach, or
digestive cavity, and its outer orifice, which is usually called
the excurrent orifice or osculum, as the buccal orifice or
mouth.”
As may be perceived from these quotations, Hickel’s views
of the organization of the Spongiade (which also form the
basis of his classification of the Calcispongie) do not accord
with the facts which I have stated. Hence, our premises
being different, it is useless to raise any argument against his
hypothesis: the facts must speak for themselves.
But, as regards the inflow of the water into the osculum or
vent, which, as before stated, is only occasional, abnormal,
and not the rule but the exception (for even Hickel observes,
at p. 10, that it is “ generally (but not always!) the case”’), no
one well acquainted with the habits of the sponge would ex-
pect to see any thing but an exhalant current from this
orifice.
Relative to this, Hickel adds, at p. 11:—‘ The difference
in the direction of the current of water which is usually ad-
mitted in the two classes is a matter of perfect indifference in
this close morphological comparison. Even if this difference
was really constant, general, and thoroughgoing, it qvould not
be capable of invalidating our notion of the homology of the
canal-system in the body of the sponge and coral.”
The necessitous adaptation, however, of the vent in the
sponge to an inflow instead of an outflow of water is only
temporary, and, not being constant, seems to me of no value
in establishing an homology.
Thus, neither the prehensile extremity of the elephant’s
trunk nor that of the spider monkey’s tail can make these two
organs homologous with each other, or with the finger, al-
though all three are used for similar purposes and in a similar
way. Again, although a human being may be nourished
through the rectum, it does not make the latter homologous
with the stomach ; neither does the casual inflow of the water
through the vent of the sponge make this aperture homologous
with the mouth of an Actinia; while in all these instances
it seems to me more essential to know what their respective
functions may be than their homologies, albeit the latter,
when based on facts and not fancies, are equally essential as
the basis of true classification. It is not difficult to assume
that a spider monkey should have a tail, but it is much more
useful in natural history to know how it differs from tails in
of the Sponges to the Corals. 21
general. Diversity concerns us more than unity, fact more
than theory. It is right to know what the form of a brick is,
but it is of more consequence to know what structures a com-
bination of them may produce. A mansion and a monument
are not necessarily allied because they are both built of brick,
nor is the sponge allied to the coral because both may have
originated from the same kind of ovum in a similar way. It
is the differentiation of their respective structures afterwards
that is of most importance to the naturalist; and it is precisely
on this point that Hackel and myself differ. One would make
the sponges go along with the corals, and the other in the
direction of the compound tunicated animals.
But although our premises being different precludes my
arguing against Hickel’s hypothesis, there are other points
in his interesting paper which do appear to me to be directly
assailable.
Thus at p. 8 he states :—‘ That the essential agreement in
the internal organization of sponges and corals, their actual
homology, has hitherto been for the most part overlooked is
due, among other things, to the fact that the most accurate
anatomical investigations of recent times (especially those of
Lieberkiihn) took their start from the best-known and most
common forms of sponges—viz. the freshwater sponge (Spon-
gilla), which belongs to the group of the true siliceous sponges,
and the common sponge (Huspongia), belonging to the group
of horny sponges. But these very two forms of sponges differ
in many respects considerably from the original and typical
structure of the entire class, have been in many ways modified
and retromorphosed by adaptation to special conditions of
existence, and therefore easily lead to erroneous conceptions,
especially as their investigation is comparatively difficult.
“On the other hand, among all the sponges, no group ap-
pears better fitted to shed full light upon the typical organi-
zation and the true relations of affinity of the whole class than
the legion of the Calcispongiz.”
This recalls to mind the old story in Mavor’s ‘ Spelling-
Book’ of the town in danger, when, the different artisans
meeting together for a council of defence, the shoemaker stated
that “there was nothing like leather.” The same, however,
may be stated of what I myself am about to assert, which is,
that there is nothing like Spongilla for the purpose of studying
sponge-development.
As a medallist in the classes of comparative anatomy (under
Prof. R. E. Grant) and of human anatomy at University College
in 1836-37, as a practical and experimental observer of Spon-
gilla in its living state, for many years, when it grew in the
22 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Relationship
tanks close to my door at Bombay, and as a practical and
experimental observer, for the last two years, on the marine
sponges, both siliceous and calcareous, also in their living
state, I think it might be assumed at least that, both by early
education and subsequent opportunities, I ought to be qualified
to give an opinion in this matter.
Now, for the most part, all marine sponges (save the Clio-
nide, which may be in deciduous shells) begin to perish within
forty-eight hours after they have been taken from their natural
habitat, although their attachment to the piece of rock on
which they may be growing remains uninjured; and even if
they survive a little this period, they are voraciously devoured
by the crustaceans which may be confined with them—just as
in all similar and serial microscopical inquiries, whether free
or confined, the minute crustaceans are thus the most defeating
agents. With the putridity or dissolution of the sponge comes
a development of infusoria; and if, under such circumstances,
one Vibrio is seen to pass across the field, the microscopist
may as well give up all further research into the phenomena
of the diving sponge.
On the other hand, if the seed-like body be taken from a
living piece of Spongilla and placed in a watch-glass with water,
it may be kept under a quarter-of-an-inch compound power
until the young Spongilla issuing from it has gone through all
its phases of development from its first appearance to its full com-
pletion, which may be seen both elementarily and collectively ;
while during this time, having a plurality of seed-like bodies
growing in different watch-glasses, the experiment of feeding
the young Spongilla with carmine or indigo, which soon points
out, by its colour, the position and grouping of the sponge-
cells, together with the passage of the particles in through the
pores of the dermal sarcode, thence to the ampullaceous sacs,
and then the discharge of the ingesta through the excretory
canal-system—all may be deliberately watched under the
same microscopic power, with so little difficulty and yet so
accurately that there is no merit whatever in recording ob-
servations of the whole process. It was in this way that I
obtained the data published in my paper “ On the Ultimate
Structure of Spongilla,” confirmed by similar observations on
large pieces of Spongilla taken directly from the tank ; and to
this paper I must refer the reader for all further information
on the subject.
Latterly I have had nothing but the marine sponges to
examine and experimentalize on, especially the calcareous
ones; and I cannot help thinking that if Prof. Hiickel had
had the same opportunities that I have had of studying the
of the Sponges to the Corals. 23
development of Spongilla, he would not have given a prefer-
ence to the Calcispongiz for this purpose.
~ Itis remarkable that Hickel, with the exception of stating at
p- 111 that ‘‘ the simple and extremely significant fact that the
reproductive cells are produced, by division of labour, from
the nutrient vibratile cells of the entoderm or vegetative germ-
lamella applies to the sponges equally with the Acalephs,”
never once alludes to the organs of nutrition, by which the
sponge-structure is built up and sustained. Such an omission
could never have occurred with an observant, sagacious mind
like his, ardent in the pursuit of truth, had he added to his
indefatigable researches on the calcareous sponges a study of
the development of Spongilla, such as I have described, or
even had he experimented after a like manner on the Living
calcareous sponges.
Hiickel observes, at p. 9, that the calcareous sponges to
which he has given the names of Clistosyca and Cophosyca,
which do not possess an excretory opening, are probably to be
regarded as retromorphosed forms, related to the others as the
Cestode worms to the Trematoda. At p. 10, that “the part
played” by the cutaneous pores, which, in the corals, are the
peripheral extremities of the ccelenteric vascular system, “is,
unfortunately, as good as unknown ;” yet with these he homo-
logizes the pores of the sponge. At p. 116, the petaloid
arrangement of the vents in Awinella polypoides, Sdt. (Spong.
Adriatic. 1862, t. vi. f. 4) is regarded by Hackel as antimeral
or homologous with the segmental divisions of a coral-polype ;
and therefore he sets these sponges down as “ true Radiata ;”’
while, in the following paragraph, the fringes round the vents
in Osculina polystomella (2nd Suppl. Spong. Adriat. t. i.) are
regarded as “ incipient tentacles ”’—after which Hickel observes
that whether this be right or wrong, it is of ‘‘ less importance,”
because the tentacles are “almost wanting’? in Antipathes.
But considering that these fringed apertures were neither drawn
nor ever seen by Schmidt himself, and that, as I have shown in
Cliona corallinoides, they belong more to the pore-areas than to
the vents, they can hardly be homologized with the tentacles
of an Actinia.
At p.116 it is also stated that “the conditions of stock-
formation or cormogeny are exactly the same in the corals and
the sponges.” True; but the Compound Tunicated animals
and the Polyzoa, &c. &c. are grouped together in a similar
manner—in “‘ systems.”’
Among the calcareous sponges which Hiackel tells us he
found at Naples, and preserved in spirit, we read, at p. 12,
24 On the Relationship of the Sponges to the Corals.
were some “ microscopically small, but yet perfectly developed
(7. e. ovigerous) ’’ ones, “in which there are actually no traces
of cutaneous pores ”’ (and no spicules; at least none are men-
tioned in the “ classification”’). The entire body consisted of
an “elongate rounded sac (stomach), with a single opening
(mouth) on that extremity of the body which is opposite to
the point of attachment.” For this sponge Hickel has pro-
posed the name of Prosycum. Indeed this is the starting-
point or base of his Classification of the Calcispongie ; and,
of course, the absence of cutaneous pores makes its cavity a
stomach, for there is no evidence of any other means by which
nourishment could be obtained.
But is this not slender evidence to go upon, viz. the exami-
nation of a microscopic object preserved in spirit? If exa-
mined in the living state, might it not, like the young Spon-
gilla (for it could hardly be much smaller) have possessed
ameceboid sponge-cells which might have enclosed particles of
food on the outside of the sac, and discharged the ingesta into
the so-called stomach, just as in Clathrina sulphurea, where
the walls of the tubular structure are so thin that its areolar
structure, beset with sponge-cells, can hardly be distin-
guished.
Of course I allude to these points for the purpose of elicit-
ing truth, which no one desires more than Prof. Hickel.
As regards the development of the so-called ovum, it is
stated, at p.12, that the excretory canal commences “by a
small central cavity (stomach),’’ which ‘“ extends, and, break-
ing through at one pole of the longitudinal axis, acquires an
aperture, the mouth ;” and at p.114, that the “ pores are simple
breaches in the parenchyma, which perforate both layers of the
body-wall (ectoderm and entoderm).”” The first stage repre-
sents his Prosycum, and the second, where the pores are added,
his Olynthus. In his Clistolynthus the mouth is closed up
“by retromorphosis.” Where the mouth is closed, the nou-
rishment must, of course, come through the pores, and not
through the so-called stomach.
Such are Hickel’s views; and his classification of the Cal-
careous Sponges is carried out upon them in extenso. His
theory that the vent of the sponge is the mouth, and the large
excretory canal the stomach, 1s the principium et fons of
all.
But how can this be maintained, when it has been proved
that the greater part of the Sponge consists of flagellated Rhi-
zopoda which take in crude material for nutrition, and. probably
supply the necessary elements of sexual generation ?
Fig. 8.
.
6
Mr. H. J. Carter on Sponges. oe
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats I,
Trichogypsia villosa, n. g. et sp., outline of, natural size.
. The same, magnified two diameters: a, vent.
The same, vent more magnified, to show disposition of oscules
opening into it.
The same, spicule of, linear, slightly sinuous, ineequifusiform,
spino-tuberculated at the ends. Size 1-60th of an inch long by
1-1000th broad. Scale 1-24th to 1-6000th of an inch.
. Leuconia Johnstonii, n. sp., outline of, natural size.
. 6, The same, magnified 2 diameters: a, ciliated vents; b, unciliated
vents; ¢, large quadriradiate spicule of the surface, relatively
magnified.
. The same, diagram of vertical section of upper third or cloacal
extremity: a, cloaca branching off into 66, excretory canals;
ec, excretory apertures; dddd, parietes of cloaca, consisting
chiefly of areolar cells; e, ciliated crown of vent; f, internal or
cloacal arms of great quadriradiate spicule.
For the arrangement of the spicules round the wnciliated vent
see fig. 40, Pl. IL.
The same, diagram of areolar cells of parietes of cloaca, much
magnified, showing large and small apertures in them: aa, ef-
ferent apertures.
Fig. 9. The same, diagram of a portion of the surface, much magnified,
to show the dermal sarcode (a), and its pore-openings (6).
Fig. 10. The same ; a-f, all the spicules relatively magnified, viz. on the
scale of 1-24th to 1-1800th of an inch: a, large quadriradiate
spicule of surface ; bb, curved arms; c, internal arm; d, straight
arm foreshortened, presenting the central canal line; e, large,
thick, slightly curved, inzequiacerate spicule of the ciliated crown
of vent; f, thin, straight, cylindrical one of the same; g, tri-
radiate, staple spicule of the skeleton, of various sizes, showing
the curved and straight arms respectively, the latter (h) bearing
the trace of the central canal; 7, small quadriradiate of the in-
terior, front view; 7’, lateral view, showing the curved arm,
which projects into the cloacal cavity and excretory canals, in
company with /, minute fusiform spicule, and J, still more mi-
nute quadriradiate spicule with one short arm.
Fig. 11. The same, minute spicules more, but relatively, magnified, on
the scale of 1-12th to 1-6000th of an inch: a, curved fusiform
spinous spicule, for the most part characterized by one extremity
presenting the appearance of having been fractured towards the
point and reunited in the opposite direction to the general
curvature of the shaft; 5, quadriradiate spicule, showing its
short arm &e,
Fig. 12, The same, dark or transparent area (according to the direction
of the light) at the union of the four arms of the great quadri-
radiate spicule of the surface, arising from the presence of the
fourth arm, which thus distinguishes at once this species from
Leucosolenia nivea, Scale 1-24th to 1-1800th of an inch.
Fig. 13. Grantia compressa. Sponge-cells relatively magnified, on the scale
of 1-12th to 1-6000th of an inch, showing :—a, cell containing
granular mucus or protoplasm, nucleus, and contracting vesi-
cles; 6, rostrum; ¢, collar or frill; d, cilium—all polymorphic ;
e, another common form; /, a form where the whole cell nearly
26
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
14.
15.
31.
382.
Mr. H. J. Carter on Sponges.
appears to have become transformed into the rostrum ; g, conical
form of the same, where the rostrum presents a pointed elonga-
tion in the centre, with flat top; A, similar form, showing the
contracting vesicle, 7.
The same, group of sponge-cells, part of which show the rostrum
in different degrees of protrusion, apparently without the collar,
but with the cilium; g, sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and
cilium retracted, and pseudopodia alone put forth.
The same, group of sponge-cells showing the rostrum in different
degrees of protrusion (4), and the collar only seen in @ a.
. The same, five sponge-cells, of which three present the collar &c.,
and the other two (a) the pseudopodia only.
Prats I,
. Grantia compressa. Sponge-cell with collar transformed into
tentacular pseudopodia, one of which bears a monad on its
oint, a.
Phe same, sponge-cell with monociliated cell (a) seized by the
margin of the collar.
. The same, group of sponge-cells with collar and cilium respec-
tively, which appear to have undergone duplicative division, on
stolons of sarcode.
. The same, sponge-cell with a single pseudopodium extended
laterally from the fundus and attached to the glass (a), round
which it was propelled by the cilium in a circle represented by
the arrows, 6.
. The same, sponge-cell (a) similarly attached to a group.
. The same, collar transformed into pseudopodia, cilium remaining.
. Clathrina sulphurea, sponge-cell of ; rostrum and collar trans-
formed into pseudopodia, cilium remaining.
. Leuconia nivea, sponge-cell of; rostrum partly, and collar and
cilium wholly, transformed into pseudopodia.
. Grantia compressa. Sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium ;
presenting pseudopodia at the fundus of the cell.
. Clathrina sulphurea, sponge-cell of; rostrum and collar retracted,
and cilium also becoming retracted by thickening at the base.
. Grantia ciliata. Sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium ;
the collar very faint.
. Leuconia nivea. Sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium ;
the rostrum beaded upon its anterior edge, and the collar very
faint.
. Grantia compressa. Group of sponge-cells which had assumed
a round or elliptical form, with their cilia rapidly vibrating in
the interior. Common.
. The same, two living sponge-cells after their bodies had become
more or less filled with indigo, presenting rostrum, collar, and
cilium in motion.
The same, specimen of the same after the sponge had been im-
mersed in spirit and water. ;
Grantia ciliata. Quadriradiate spicule, magnified, on the scale
of 1-24th to 1-6000th of an inch, common to the internal sur-
face of the cloaca in most of the calcareous sponges ; showing :—
aa, the two arms, which are generally more or less curved ;
b, the straight arm, which generally presents a trace of axial
canal (this is the common form of the ¢riradiate in this sponge
Mr. H. J. Carter on Sponges. 27
&c.) ; d, the fourth arm, which is curved towards the orifice of
the cloaca in situ, and often joins the straight arm at a little
distance from its union with the other two.
Fig. 33. Cliona corallincides, Hancock (Ann. Nat. Hist.), portion of, after
having been dissolved out of the deciduous shell of Cardium
edule, and dried; magnified 2 diameters: a a, pore-heads ;
b, vent. ;
Fig. 34. The same, pore-head in the midst of a thalloid expansion of
Melobesia lichenoides, beneath which the sponge had grown;
taken from a dry-mounted specimen; magnified, on the scale of
1-48 to 1-1800th of an inch; natural size about 1-24th of an
inch in diameter : a aa, border of the pore-area; 606, tentacle-
like prolongations of the sponge-structure, bristling, in the dried
state, with the pointed ends of the pin-like spicules, and united
together by the dermal sarcode, ce, which fills up all the inter-
stices, with the exception of the pore-openings, d.
Fig. 35, The same, pore-area with vent in the centre, combined, but not
communicating with each other: aaa, border of area; 6, ten-
tacle-like prolongations of the sponge-structure, bristling, in the
dried state, with the ends of the pin-like spicules, and united
together by the dermal sarcode, c, which fills up all the inter-
stices but the pore-openings, d, and the vent, e; f, the pin-like
spicules, which are omitted in the foregoing figure for con-
venience.
Fig. 36. The same, diagram of vertical section of the pore-head and a
portion of the areolar structure of the body, magnified, to show
the absence of the excretory canal-system, whose function is
supplied by the large efferent apertures, c¢c, in the areolar cavi-
ties, aa; 6, pore-head.
Fig. 37, The same ; Ay the different spicules relatively magnified, on the
scale of 1-24th to 1-6000th of an inch: a, pin-like spicule
of the pore-head; 6, spinous curved acerate spicule of the
areolar structure; ¢, minute tortuous spined spicules of the
pore-area; d, the same, more magnified.
Fig. 38._Chona_celata; ampullaceous sac of sponge-cells, showing the
cilia vibrating internally (“ Wimperkorb ” of Schmidt) ; show-
ing also the relative size of the sponge-cells compared with
those of Grantia compressa in fig. 29, which are magnified to
the same scale, viz. 1-12th to 1-6000th of an inch.
Fig. 39. The same, reproductive or ovi-cell, to show its relative size
when compared with the sponge-cells in fig. 38: a, nucleus.
Fig. 40. Leuconia Johnstonii. Unciliated mouth of cloaca, much magni-
fied, to show arrangement of the arms of the great quadriradiate
spicules of the surface: a, vent; b60, quadriradiate spicules;
ec, their fourth arm projecting into the cloaca.
Fig. 41. Botryllus polycyclus. Fragment of gelatinous mass showing a
group of Ascidians, magnified; arranged round a common
cloaca: a, integument; 6, Ascidians; c, branchial orifice ; d, anal
orifice ; e, common cloacal chamber ; f, its vent.
Fig. 42. Bell-shaped colourless infusorium, common on Cladophora in
the freshwater tanks of Bombay. Cell about 1-7466th of an
inch in diameter; total length about 1-1600th of an inch.
Sessile, separate, in Lae Copied from a drawing in my
journal, made in March 1857; to compare with Prof. James-
Clark’s figures of Salpingaca amphoridium (1. c. pl. 9. fig. 37).
28 Rey. H. B. Tristram on Sylviads.
Il.—Notes on Sylviads.
By the Rev. H. B. Trisrram, LL.D., F.R.S.
THE observations of my correspondent and indefatigable orni-
thological friend, Mr. W. E. Brooks, C.E., have long been es-
pecially devoted to the Sylviad group as represented in India.
I transmitted to him, to assist him in comparison, various
specimens of European Sylviade from different localities.
Mr. Brooks has drawn my attention to some peculiarities and
variations in the specrmens of Phyllopneuste rufa and Ph.
trochilus, and suggested that there must be two species con-
founded under the name of Ph. rufa. I have, in consequence
of my friend’s remarks, gone very carefully through the group,
examining the large series in the collection of Mr. Gumey, as
well as my own and several others, and especially the Cam-
bridge collection, which includes the type of Mr. Strickland’s
Phyllopneuste brevirostris. 'This specimen I have examined
with the utmost care, and compared it with all my Holy-Land
specimens. I observe, by its label, that Mr. Strickland seems
latterly to have rejected his own species, and classed it as Ph,
rufa. ‘The examination, however, of a large series from the
Holy Land forces me to the conclusion that there exist in
- Syria and Asia two distinct and cognate forms, side by side,
each possessing certain recognizable diagnostics.
1. Phyllopneuste brevirostris, Strickl.— Long. tot. 4°75,
al. 2°4, caud. 2°15, tars. ‘75, rostr. a rict. "4. Tarsi dark, as
in Ph. rufa; but whereas in Ph. rufa the second wing-primary
is equal to the seventh, in Ph. brevirostris it is shorter, and
generally less than the eighth primary. This may seem a
trifling diagnosis; but it holds good im all the specimens I
obtained (about fifteen) in Palestine, and I never found the
like elsewhere.
2. Phyllopneuste rufa (Lath.).—This species is still more
abundant in winter in Syria than the former. [I still possess
of the number I collected nine specimens, all agreeing pre-
cisely with English, German, Algerian, and Greek examples.
I found it in the same localities as the former species, which,
after all, may be looked upon as a large race of P. rufa, with
rounder wings. I find no difficulty in discriminating the two.
3. Phyllopneuste trochilus, L.—The range of our common
willow-wren extends into Syria and Asia Minor, without ex-
hibiting variations greater than in English specimens, though,
of course, it is there only a winter visitant. It is also ex-
tremely common in Algeria and in the oases of the Sahara in
winter.
4. I possess from Algeria and the Sahara four specimens
Dr. Hector on New-Zealand Eared Seals. 29
out of above a dozen, the remainder of which have been long
since distributed, which do not correspond with the ordinary
Algerian or British specimens, and which are decidedly larger
than Ph. trochilus. ‘They correspond in all proportions and
specific characters, except that the second primary is relatively
shorter than in P. trochilus, and is only barely the length of
the sixth, which it always exceeds in the common species.
This is evidently the bird mistaken by Temminck (Man.
d’Orn. ui. p. 150) for the Sylvia icterina of Vieillot, a bird
with a depressed bill, belonging to*the Hippolais group.
This bird, besides its larger size, has proportionally a much
stronger and larger bill than the willow-wren. As Temminck’s
name cannot stand, I propose to designate it
Phyllopneuste major.
Long. tot. 5°3, al. 2°7, caud. 2°3, tarsi °75, rostr. a rict. °5.
Hab. Southern Mediterranean coasts.
Tam still prepared to acquiesce in its rejection, but think it
well to notice it, as being undoubtedly the bird intended by
Temminck when he described 8. ¢cterina.
I11.—WNotes on New-Zealand Eared Seals.
By Dr. Hector, F.R.S. &e.
On the 13th of February last, during the visit of H.M.S.
‘Clio’ to Milford Sound, on the west coast of the South Island
of New Zealand, three seals were shot by H.E. Sir George
Bowen, which proved to be the Eared Seal or Fur-Seal
of New Zealand, as it is termed by the traders*. They
were shot from a boat while basking on ledges of rock;
and although several others were mortally wounded, their
great activity enabled them to scramble into deep water, so
that only three were secured. I took the following measure-
ments of the two largest, which were male and female adults.
Both had the same form, colour, and general appearance, the
male being the largest in every respect except the length of
the hind flippers and tail, which were of slightly greater
proportional dimensions in the female. The male weighed
258 lbs., and the female 208 lbs.
In both the snout was obliquely truncate, the upper surface
being prolonged so as to overhang the mouth. Nostrils ver-
tical elongated slits; nose jet-black ; a few stout bristles on
* Only previously known as Phoca ursina of J. R. Forster, who gives a
figure and account of it in Cook’s ‘Voyage,’ and Buffon’s ‘ Histoire
Naturelle.’—J. E. Gray.
30 Dr. Hector on New-Zealand Eared Seals.
the snout, which is short and not separated from the head;
head round; the eyes lateral; ears with slender, pointed tu-
bular conch. Colour uniform black when wet, but when dry
rusty in the male and grizzled in the female; scattered hairs
rising from the fur; fur close, dense, and about half an inch
deep; tips of the fur bluish, middle parts chestnut-brown,
and pure white at base.
Flippers marked with a few chaffy scales; the anterior
flippers with small nails immersed on the first four digits, and
only a faint mark on the fifth. Posterior flippers with strong
nails immersed on the three central digits, the first and fifth
being feeble.
Table of Measurements, in inches.
Male. | Female.
Motal Tene Le occ. ces sk cress neces is 82 80
Node wOredt Sas cer ee tress = 9 8°5
>» angle of mouth ........ 8 7'8
iat ORE Sides Dateldodivus “aise 4:5 4:5
iheneih
« —
o >
eS
ad >
Fa re dD
SAS -
2s BS
a >
so gN
oe Chey
se °
ad 8g
|
aE
Gy
o Oo
hehe
ie
jo)
jo}
om
3
2,
o
4g
i |
to your readers: it relates to a feather of an unknown bird
I found amongst some loose feather
tus,
?) bipurcta
Argus (
/
! Yi’
YY)
Y"
Yj,
Argus giganteus.
68 Miscellaneous.
primaries of which it bears sufficient resemblance to make it highly
probable that the bird itself is a member of that superb genus.
This interesting feather is, in all probability, a primary from the
right wing; and the chief points in which it differs from those of
the known species are as follows :—
An elongated space of chocolate-colour, dotted with white, orna-
ments the narrow as well as the broad web of the feather. The
tooth-like markings on the narrow web, close to the shaft, are very
boldly defined, the light spaces being of a pale ochre-yellow colour:
these markings are separated from the chocolate patch on this web
by a narrow strip of pale yellowish brown. The dark spots outside
of the chocolate spaces are similar on both webs; and there is no
plain space bordering the inner web, the ground-colour of which is
darker and more reddish than in the known species. Besides the
above-mentioned differences, this feather is much smaller than the
corresponding ones of giganteus, having the shaft much more slen-
der and of a blackish colour, instead of the beautiful blue of that
species. The shaft has the remarkable peculiarity of being extremely
narrow on its upper side, so that a section of it would appear
almost triangular. The length of the specimen is 9 inches; but it
has been injured, a portion having been broken off both ends; if
perfect, it would probably measure 12 inches.
A few feathers which exist in the museum of the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris have been attributed to an unknown Argus; and
it is quite possible that the feather now under notice may belong to
that species.
The drawing on the wood not having been reversed, the impres-
sion from it is a representation of a feather from the left wing in-
stead of the right. I may also state that the light spots close to the
shaft of the feather of A. giganteus have been engraved too white.
In conclusion, I propose the specific name of bipunctatus for the
bird of whose existence this feather is the indisputable proof, the
white dots on both webs distinguishing it at once from the known
species.
I remain, Gentlemen,
Yours very truly,
London, June 22, 1871. T. W. Woop.
P.S. I have forgotten to state that in the recently described bird,
Argus Gray, the primaries are almost exactly like those of the old
species.
Notes on Podocnemis unifilis. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
A freshwater Tortoise from Guiana was thus described in 1848 :—
“ Podocnemis unifilis, Trosch. n. s. (Schomburgk, Reise in Brit.
Guiana, i. p. 647).
“This Tortoise has much affinity to P. expansa, Wagl., and is
distinguished principally by this, that it has only one short beard-
Miscellaneous. 69
thread under the chin. The head is black and shows some white
spots; of these, one is situated behind the nose, one on either side
behind the eye, one on either side at the margin of the frontal plate,
however, without a dark spot in its middle, a larger one on either
side at the margin of the parietal plate close over the tympanum,
and one below behind each lower-jaw branch. These spots are
discernible in quite young animals.
“ Found by us common in Rupununi and Takutu. Their way of
living agrees perfectly with that of Peltocephalus Tracaya; they belong
also to the edible Tortoises of Guiana. Long. 10—12 inches.”
Mr. Sclater, in his list of accessions, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 36,
observes, “ A small Tortoise of the genus Podocnemis from the
Upper Amazons, purchased December 16th, and certainly referable to
P. unifilis of Troschel (Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 647). Mr. Edward
Bartlett, who has met with this species in the same district, informs
me that his specimens of it in the British Museum have been re-
ferred to the young of P. Dumeriliana. This, I think, can hardly
be correct. But I shall have some further remarks to make on this
subject in some notes, which I have in preparation, on the Tortoises
living in the Society’s Gardens.”
The place where Podocnemis unifilis was described had escaped
me, so that I did not refer to if in my ‘ Supplement to the Catalogue
of Shield Reptiles.’ It is very true that there is a specimen in the
Museum, purchased of Mr. Bartlett, which agrees with the descrip-
tion of P. unifilis above quoted, and which I have considered a young
specimen of Podocnemis Dumeriliana, as it agrees with the other
young specimens in the Museum in every particular. These young
specimens have already been described as distinct species under the
names of Hmys cayanensis, Schweigger, EL. erythrocephala, Spix, and
also as Hydraspis lata, Bell, from a specimen formerly in the Zoolo-
gical Gardens.
The character which M. Troschel seems to depend on as di-
stinctive of his species, from the manner in which he underlines the
words, and the name which he gives to it, viz. P. unifilis (that is,
from having only one beard in the front of the chin), is, I believe,
common to all the species of the family Peltocephalide; at least it
exists in all the Museum specimens (except one small specimen of
P. expansa) of Chelonemys Dumeriliana, Podocnemis expansa, and
Bartlettia Pitipv ; and Cornalia mentions it as one of the characters
of his Podocnemis 6-tuberculata, which is unknown to me. The
single exception mentioned is in all respects like the other specimens ;
the two beards are quite close together in the front of the chin as if
it were one beard slit down" the centre, and not far apart as in all
two-bearded Tortoises. The spots on the head are only found in young
specimens, and disappear as the animal increases in age; therefore I
think we may decide that Podocnemis unifilis is a synonym of P.
Dumeriliana in the young state. And it is curious that so accurate
an observer as Troschel should have overlooked this fact when he
considered it a new species ; but very likely he had no species of the
family at his command. It is less excusable in Mr. Sclater to make
70 Miscellaneous.
the observation he has done, who is, by his own account, new to the
study of Tortoises (see P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 667), but who could have
examined the extensive series of these animals in the Museum.
Sir Charles Schomburgk observes that “the flesh of the Tortoises
of this family is fat, and the most savoury of any of the freshwater
Tortoises.”
Note on Testudo chilensis. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Mr. Sclater, who gives the name of “ Chilan Land-Tortoise”’
to this species in his list of accessions, P. Z. 8S. 1870, p. 667, objects
to my calling it Zestudo chilensis, because there is a doubt of its
being found on the west side of the Andes. Though his notes on
this subject appear before my paper, which is ‘printed in p. 706 of
the same yolume, it was sent to him before his observations were
made. Mr. Sclater declares all through his observations that the
Tortoise observed by Burmeister, D’Orbigny, and others in South
America is Testudo stellata, one of the most common Indian species,
instead of 7’. sulcata, which zs the species that these authors erro-
neously considered common to Africa and America.
Note on Dactylopora*.
A large quantity of materials, together with a careful study of
many living and Tertiary species of Dactylopora (among them many
from the Paris Eocenes and Mr. Karrer’s remarkable D. mioceenica),
and Dr. Carpenter’s publications, “have materially assisted me in
throwing some light on the Triassic forms. The only difficulty is
to make generally intelligible the structure of minute organic forms
(although giants among the Foraminifera) imbedded in limestones
or dolomites, most of them imperfectly preserved, some of them
mere casts, others with calcareous infiltrations taking the place of
organic substance. The Triassic forms must undoubtedly be ranked
among the genus Dactylopora in Dr. Carpenter’s sense, analogous
organisms occurring among the Eocene forms from Paris. These
ancient species seem to be essentially characterized by the want of
camerze (in the sense in which Dr. Carpenter uses this term), as
merely canals in circular order, frequently grouped by two and two
or by four and four, extend from a cylindrical cavity occupied by
sarcode, towards the including, calcareous, compact tegument. Dr.
Carpenter’s “ camere,” as they occur in living and in most of the
Tertiary species, cannot, therefore, be admitted as chief generic charac-
ters, being evidently mere appendices to the chief sarcode-cylinder,
and liable to complete obliteration in certain groups of forms.
Of the ancient forms a striking abundance and diversity are pre-
sented, admissible as specifically different, as they occur constantly
and uniformly in alpine localities very distant from each other.
English naturalists would perhaps recognize the whole series of
* From Dr. C. W. Giimbel’s letter to Director Fr. von Hauer, dated
Munich, April 25, 1871. Communicated by Count Marschall.
Miscellaneous. 71
forms as mere modifications of some few, or even of one single
species. Subjective as the idea connected with the term “ species ”
may be, it must be adhered to objectively wherever differences (even
the most minute ones) are constantly observed in certain groups of
forms, whatever may be their size and degree of organization. ‘The
Dactylopora from the Wetterstein limestones is very remarkable.
Had not the Neocomian age of this deposit been ascertained by
stratigraphical facts, the occurrence of this species in it would have
raised the question whether it should not rather be regarded as be-
longing to the deeper Triassic horizons.
Pala Wax.
Near this village I noticed for the first time the “ pa-la,” or
“‘ white-wax insect,” which produces the famous so-called vegetable
wax of Sz-chuan. The branches of the smaller trees and shrubs
along the road for a great distance appeared to be covered with
snow, from the quantities of these insects, resembling small moths,
of a delicate white colour, with a fluffy tail curling over the
back.
The cultivation of wax is a source of great wealth to the province
of Sz-chuan, and ranks in importance second only to that of silk.
Its production is not attended with much labour or risk to the cul-
tivator. The eggs of the insect which produces the wax are annu-
ally imported from the districts of Ho-chin or Ho-king, and Why-
li-tzow, in Yunnan (where the culture of eggs forms a special occu-
pation) by merchants who deal in nothing else but “ Pa-la-tan”
(white-wax eggs). The egg-clusters, which were described to me
as about the size of a pea, are transported carefully packed in
baskets of the leaves of the “ Pa-la-shu” (white-wax tree), which
resembles a privet shrub, and arrive in Sz-chuan in March, where
they are purchased at about twenty taels per basket. The trees by
the middle of March have thrown out a number of long tender
shoots and leaves; and then the clusters of eggs, enclosed in balls of
the young leaves, are suspended to the shoots by strings. About
the end of the month the larve make their appearance, feed on the
branches and leaves, and soon attain the size of a small caterpiller
or, rather, a wingless house-fly, apparently covered with white
down, and with a delicate plume-like appendage curving from the
tail over the back. So numerous are they, that, as seen by me in
Yunnan, the branches of the trees are whitened by them, and ap-
pear as if covered with feathery snow. The grub proceeds in July
to take the chrysalis form, burying itself in a white wax secretion,
just as a silkworm wraps itself in its cocoon of silk. All the
branches of the trees are thus completely coated with wax an inch
thick, and in the beginning of August are lopped off close to the
trunk, and cut into small lengths, which are tied up in bundles and
taken to the boiling-houses, where they are transferred, without
further preparation, to large cauldrons of water, and boiled until
every particle of the waxy substance rises to the surface; the wax is
~“
i2 Miscellaneous.
then skimmed off and run into moulds, in which shape it is exported
to all parts of the empire.
It would seem that the wax-growers find that it does not pay
them to reserve any of the insects for their reproductive state—and
hence the necessity of importing eggs from Yunnan. In the dis-
tricts of Ho-chin and Why-li-tzow, where the culture of the eggs is
alone attended to, both frost and snow are experienced; so that it
would not be difficult to rear the insect in Europe ; and, considering
its prolific nature, the production of white wax might repay the
trouble of acclimatizing this curious insect.—Cooper’s ‘ Pioneer of
Commerce,’ pp. 323, 420.
« It
Chinese Freshwater Crabs and Hairy Tortoises.
We brought up alongside a boat laden with immense quantities
of crabs for Chung Ching. The crabs, taken in the lakes in spring
and autumn, are sent to Sz-chuan, where they are considered a
great delicacy. The boats in which they are carried are fitted up
with tiers of basins, holding about a pint and a half of water each;
and every crab has a separate basin, which is carefully refilled
every day with fresh water, and the crabs are fed on raw minced
meat. Cared-for in this way, they make the voyage of forty or fifty
days to Sz-chuan, during which not more than one in a hundred
die. In the lake-country these crabs are bought for about three
chen each.
Besides crabs, there were a number of a species of small water-
tortoises, which the Chinese call hairy tortoises. These curious
little animals were about two inches long, and covered on the back
with a long confervoid growth, resembling green hair. The tortoise
being a sacred emblem in China, the Chinese make pets of the hairy
tortoise, which they keep in basins of water during the summer
months, and bury in sand during winter. A small lake in the pro-
vince of Kiang-see is famous for these so-called hairy tortoises; and
many persons earn a livelihood by the sale of these curious little pets.
The day after leaving Sha-su, I was enabled to get up and take
the fresh air on the deck of our boat: we were already in the lakes,
which were unusually full of water; and on every lake busy fleets of
small boats were at work, procuring loads of weeds which grow
during the summer. The crews employed long double rakes, work-
ing like a pair of tongs, for gathering the weeds, which are used in
the surrounding country for manure.—Cooper’s ‘ Pioneer of Com-
merce, p. 424.
E. CLapaReEDE.
We regret to have to announce the death of this celebrated natu-
ralist, which took place at Sienna, on the 3lst ult. The cause of
his death was a disease of the heart, from which he had long suf-
fered acutely. His age was only 39.
a
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[FOURTH SERIES. ]
No. 44. AUGUST 1871.
mo
1X.—Supplement to a “ Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South
Devon and South Cornwall,” with Descriptions of new Spe-
cies. By the Rev. Toomas Hincgs, B.A.
[Plates V. & VL]
In 1861-62, I published, in the pages of the ‘ Annals,’ a
“Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South
Cornwall,” including under the term “zoophyte” the Hydroida,
the Lucernarian section of the Discophora, the Actinozoa, and
the Polyzoa—in short, the groups embraced in Dr. Johnston’s
‘History.’ As many as 241 species* were recorded as occur-
ring in the district, of which 18 were new to science and 3
found a place for the first time in the fauna of Great Britain.
Others have been met with since, including two or three very
interesting new forms of Hydroida, which I have lately pro-
cured by dredging, in Saleombe Bay; and in the present
Supplement 24 species are added to the list, raising the whole
number of south-western forms hitherto observed to 265.
A few species which had only been found in the north have
their range of distribution extended southward. Syncoryne
extmia, which I have noted, in my ‘ History of the British
Hydroid Zoophytes,’ as confined to the north-eastern coast,
where it is the common representative of its family, has just
occurred to me in great abundance in South Devon. Calycella
Jastigiata (Alder) and Halecium sessile (Norman) are added to
the group of. forms which is common to the western side of
Scotland and the south-west of England. Ddiastopora sar-
niensis (Norman), found hitherto only in the Channel Islands,
proves to be also a native of the Cornish coast.
The new species of Hydroida which I am about to describe
are peculiarly interesting. One of them must be referred to a
* T omit Tubuaria Dumortierti, which was inserted in the Catalogue
by mistake.
Ann. &: Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 6
74. ~— ‘Rev. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of
new genus of Corynide, exhibiting curious intermediary cha-
racters; the other is a Campanularian distinguished by its
exquisitely graceful calceoliform capsule. I have also recently
obtained the gonozooid of the genus Lovénella (Hincks), which
had not been previously noticed. It presents some very di-
stinctive peculiarities, and confirms the title of the form to
generic rank, which hitherto rested on characters supplied by
the trophosome alone.
For the sake of convenience, and to mark the connexion
between the present paper and its predecessor, I have retained
the term zoophyte in the title in the sense originally given to
it In the Catalogue.
Subkingdom CH@HLENTERATA.
Class HY DROZOA.
Order HYDROIDA. Suborder Athecata.
Family Clavide.
Genus TupicLava, Allman.
T. lucerna, Allman.
On loose stones in a rock-pool, Torbay (Allman) ; on Murea
erinaceus (living), dredged in Salcombe Bay (7. #.).
In the “ Catalogue” I have remarked, under Clava multi-
cornis, that there is much diversity in the extent to which the
polypary is developed in that genus, and that in some cases it
covers a third or more of the body of the polypite. I have
little doubt that the specimens which exhibited the more fully
developed polypary, and suggested this remark, should be
referred to Tubiclava, and not to Clava.
Family Podocorynide.
Genus Popocoryne, Sars (in part).
P. carnea, Sars.
On Nassa reticulata, off the Oar Stone, Torbay ; Salcombe
Bay, on the same.
The Nassa is seldom dredged without this zoophyte as a
“ commensal.”
Family Corynida.
Genus CorynE, Gaertner.
C. pusilla, Gaertner.
Salcombe, in the higher rock-pools ; common.
When the “ Catalogue”? was published, the species of Co-
ryne and Syncoryne had not been accurately determined. The
“-
the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 75
form to which I have assigned Gaertner’s classical name is
distinguished by its sparingly branched, closely annulated
stems, and its long linear polypites, with very numerous ten-
tacles. It prefers the higher and smaller pools, while C. vagi-
nata usually fringes the sides of the larger and deeper pools,
nearer to low-water mark, amongst a luxuriant growth of
Algee.
Genus Syncoryne, Ehrenberg (in part).
S. eximia, Allman.
Salcombe Bay, dredged on stones, sponge, &c. ; abundant.
The Devonshire specimens were inferior in size to those
which I have obtained from the Durham and Yorkshire coasts,
but richly coloured and (in May) profusely laden with gono-
phores.
S. pulchella, Allman.
Salcombe, North Sands, in rock-pools. The polypites were
of a watery-white colour, with occasionally a slight tinge of
orange. Gonophores were obtained towards the close of May.
Genus GYMNOCORYNE, nov. gen.
GeN. CHAR. Polypites clavate, sessile, rising immediately
from a filiform stolon, invested by a delicate chitinous poly-
pary ; tentacula capitate, very numerous, the uppermost fur-
nished with large capitula and forming a circle round the oral
extremity, the rest scattered over nearly the whole of the body.
Reproduction unknown.
This interesting form differs from Coryne, as Clava from
Tubiclava, in the absence of a distinct stem clothed with a
polypary ; the polypites are truly sessile. I have not been
able to satisfy myself that there is even a slight sheath of
chitine, as in Clava, round the base of the body. If such a
structure exists, it must be of the most filmy and rudimentary
character.
Another point in which this genus differs from Coryne is the
disposition of the uppermost tentacles in a perfect circle (usually
consisting of 8) round the oral extremity of the body (Pl. V.
fig.1,a). They have thicker stems and much larger capitula
than the rest of the tentacles, and constitute a single verticil
closely resembling that of Clavatella when in a state of con-
traction. Nothing of this kind occurs in Coryne: the oral
tentacles, indeed, are frequently larger than the rest; but they
are never disposed, as in Gymnocoryne, in a regular wreath so
as completely to encircle the body a little below the mouth.
6
76 Rey. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of
The remaining tentacles in the present form, which are ex-
tremely numerous, are slender, and have small capitula; they
are scattered over the body, and extend to within a very short
distance of the base of it.
In its polypite this genus has points of resemblance both to
Coryne and Clavatella, combining some of the characters of
each. By the total absence of a stem clothed with a polypary,
it is separated from all the rest of the Corynide. In this re-
spect Clavatella comes nearest to it.
Unfortunately I have not had the opportunity of examining
the gonozooid. No trace of reproductive bodies appeared
among a large colony which I succeeded in keeping alive and
in perfect health for about three weeks.
G. coronata,n.sp. Pl. V. figs. 1, 1a.
Polypites very minute, slender, enlarging slightly upwards;
proboscis opake white, the central part of the body reddish;
tentacles about forty (or more), a wreath of eight, with
rather stout stems and large capitula, encircling the oral
extremity, the rest irregularly distributed, slender, and with
smaller capitula, extending over more than three-fourths of
the body. Gonozooid unknown.
This is an exquisite species. ‘The polypites are extremely
minute, not more, I should think, than one-sixth of an inch in
height ; some Clavatelle, which were kept in the same vessel
with the Gymnocoryne, appeared like giants beside it. The
verticil of oral tentacles encircles the conspicuous opake-white
proboscis like a crown ; it is usually composed of eight; but
nine are met with occasionally. The other tentacles are scat-
tered over the body, but with the tendency towards a verticil-
late arrangement which prevails more or less amongst the
Corynide ; they are very slender, and surmounted by small
capitula, and decrease very markedly in size towards the base
of the polypite. The endoderm is laden with reddish granules,
which show through the transparent ectoderm; the colour is
most vivid on the upper part of the body, and becomes fainter
below. The polypites are extensile, and become very slender
when fully elongated.
Hab. Salcombe Bay, in a deserted bivalve shell.
Family Clavatellide.
Genus CLAVATELLA, Hincks.
C. prolifera, Hincks.
Additional habitat. North Sands, Salcombe Bay, in the
the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 77
small basins on the higher blocks of rock. In May the gono-
zooid was obtained, laden with gemme in various stages of
development. One specimen occurred with seven arms (six
being the more usual number), and bore seven buds—two
very fully developed, two more with the lobes formed, and
three in a very rudimentary state. On one of the young,
buds were already forming. The zooid seemed less active in
its habits than later in the season, when not burthened by so
heavy a load.
Family Eudendriide.
Genus EKupEnpriIvuM, Ehrenberg,
E. ramosum, Linn,
Note.—The polypites of this species are furnished with a
number of bosses, composed of thread~-cells piled together,
which are ranged in a circle round the body, about halfway
between the base and the tentacles.
E. capillare, Alder.
Additional habitat: Salcombe Bay, not uncommon; gono-
phores abundant in May.
Family Atractylide.
Genus PERIGONIMUS, Sars.
P. repens, T. 8. Wright.
Salcombe Bay, on Turritella &c., and in rock-pools.
P. serpens, Allman,
“On the stems of Plumularia setacea, from about 12 fathoms,
Torbay ” (Allman).
P. coccineus, T. 8, Wright.
I refer to this species a Perigonimus, obtained at. Saloombe,
which seems to agree on the whole with Wright’s description.
It is larger than P. serpens, and the polypary not so delicate
and yielding; the body does not rise, when extended, high
above the top of the stem and assume a slender cylindrical
form, as in the last-named species. The colour is red, very
vivid just below the arms, but becoming much paler below.
The tentacles are twelve in number andcolourless; Wright gives
only eight in P. coccineus. 'The stem tapers slightly down-
wards. For safe identification we require much fuller and
more precise descriptions of many of the minute Hydroids
than we have yet obtained.
78 Rev. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of
Genus BouGAINVILLIA, Lesson.
B. muscus, Allman.
“Tn a rock-pool, Torquay, where it occurred abundantly,
creeping over the bottom in small moss-like tufts” (Al/man).
Family Tubulariide.
Genus TUBULARIA, Linnzus (in part).
T. humilis, Allman.
Salcombe Bay, between tide-marks and dredged in shallow
water.
The 7. Dumortierti of the ‘‘ Catalogue,” I suspect, should
be referred to this species.
Suborder Theeaphora.
Family Campanulariide.
Genus CAMPANULARIA, Lamarck.
Section ce. With branching stems.
C. calceolifera, n. sp. Pl. VI.
Stem filiform, subflexuous, simply pinnate or very slightly
branched, ringed above the origin of the pedicels. Hydro-
thece alternate, rather small and delicate, campanulate,
with a plain and everted rim, borne on ringed pedicels of
varying length. Gonothece (female) axillary, smooth,
ealceoliform, spirally curved at the upper extremity and
tapering off below ; orifice a tubular passage projecting into
the interior, and opening out immediately below the spiral ;
borne on ringed stalks. Height of the shoot about 1}
inch.
The trophosome of this species is not marked by any very
distinctive features. The shoots are generally unbranched,
and very slightly flexuous; occasionally one or two short
branches occur, but the habit is eminently simple. The caly-
cles are of the usual campanulate shape, delicate, and graceful
in their proportions, and with a decidedly everted margin,
which gives them a very elegant appearance. The capsules
are produced in great numbers, and are ranged along both
sides of the stem, but seem to be confined to the lower half of
the shoot. They are perfectly hyaline, and of a unique and
singularly graceful form (Pl. VI. figs. 3,4). They are best
described as slipper-shaped; but the upper extremity is curved
into a most exquisite spiral, while the lower portion tapers
rapidly away towards the point of junction with the ringed
the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 79
stem. Immediately below the spiral a wide opening (PI. VI.
fig. 3, y) leads into the tubular passage by which the embryos
make their escape, which bends upwards within the capsule
and terminates in a circular orifice near the top (Pl. VI. fig.3,2).
The gonophores, which are numerous, form an elongated mass
nearly filling the cavity of the gonotheca; the ova seem to be
discharged successively from the uppermost, and to pass into
the planule stage while lying free in the capsule. The em-
bryos, when mature, make their way by means of their cilia
towards the upper extremity, enter the tubular passage at a,
and make their escape into the water at y (Pl. VI. fig. 5).
If the external tubular orifice of an ordinary Campanularian
capsule were reversed, and drawn within the cavity, so as to
project into it instead of projecting from the summit into the
water, and were then bent round and upwards on one side,
we should have the very form which is characteristic of this
species. A slight modification of structure has resulted in the
production of a most exquisite shape.
Hab. Salcombe Bay, on stones &c. ; not uncommon.
Genus LovéNneLLA, Hincks.
L. clausa, Lovén.
On small stones, dredged off the Oar Stone, at the entrance
to Torbay, in about 10 fathoms; Salcombe Bay, abundant,
especially on shells of Turritella communis.
When the genus Lovénella was first characterized, I was
only acquainted with the trophosome ; but in May I procured
specimens at Salcombe with gonothecz, and was able to study
the gonozooid, and so complete the diagnosis. The reproduc-
tive zooid is medusiform, and bears a general resemblance to
that of Clytia Johnstond; but there are important differences
in the number and position of the marginal bodies and in the
tentacles. The following should be added to the generic cha-
racter as given in my ‘ History of British Hydroid Zoophytes,’
mori pe lei —
Gonothece borne on the stems and producing free medusiform
zoords.
Gonozooid.—Umbrella (at the time of liberation) globose ;
manubrium short, with a simple orifice; radiating canals 4;
marginal tentacles of two kinds—A4 in connexion with the ra-
diating canals, of which two only are fully developed at the time
of birth, springing from non-ocellated bulbous bases, 4 interme-
diate, of smaller size, without bulbs, slightly clavate, with
thread-cells only towards the extremity (?) ; lithocysts 4, one of
80 Rev. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of
which is placed halfway between each pair of the larger tenta-
cles and close to one of the smaller.
[Pl. V. figs. 2, 2 a, 2 0.]
The gonotheca of L. clausa is borne on a rather long ringed
pedicel, which rises from the stem a short distance below the
calycle. It is elongate in form, tapering off from the truncate
top to the base, the sides presenting a slightly sinuated out-
line. It contains many gonophores, from each of which a
medusiform zooid is liberated. The latter may probably un-
dergo important changes as it advances to maturity. At the
time of birth two only of the principal tentacles are fully de-
veloped, the remaining pair are represented by the bulbous
bases. The small intermediate tentacles are destitute of any
enlargement at the point of origin; they spring directly from
the circular vessel, close to the lithocyst, which stands out
from the inner margin. They are extensile, and when at rest
are spirally contracted; they are slightly clavate in outline,
and, as far as I could determine during a brief examination,
the extremity is rather thickly covered with thread-cells.
The lithocysts include a single spherule; numerous thread-
cells dot the surface of the umbrella.
The polypite of L. clausa is remarkable for its great length;
when expanded, it rises high above the top of the calycle
(P1.V. fig. 2), and is a most beautiful object. The latter, tall
as it is, is often insufficient for the accommodation of its
tenant, and the body has to be bent, as represented in one of
the figures, or even looped, to find space enough within.
Genus GonoTHyR&A, Allman.
G. gracilis, Sars.
Salcombe Bay, dredged on shell.
This beautiful species was discovered by Sars at Bergen ;
it has also occurred on the coast of Connemara.
Family Lafoéide.
Genus CALYCELLA, Hincks.
C. fastigiata, Alder.
Cornwall, on Aglaophenia tubulifera and Diphasia pinnata,
from deep water. Also found in Shetland and the Hebrides.
Family Haleciida.
Genus HAecium, Oken.
H. sessile, Norman.
Salcombe Bay, on Antennularia and Salicornaria.
the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 81
MOLLUSCOIDA.
Class POLYZOA.
Order INFUNDIBULATA (Gymnolemata, Ad/man).
Suborder Cyclostomata,
Family Tubuliporide.
Genus ALECTO, Lamouroux.
A. retiformis, n. sp.
Polyzoary lobate, the lobes diverging from a common centre,
much and irregularly branched, the branches anostomosing
so as to form a rude network, the extremities generally
bifid ; surface minutely punctate, and often grooved trans-
versely ; zocecia scattered irregularly, the free extremities
of the tube projecting to a considerable distance, erect, ori-
fice plain. The polyzoary frequently rises into short cylin-
drical processes with a cellular apex.
Specimens of this fine species measure about an inch across,
and form somewhat circular patches. Four or five much-
branched lobes radiate from a central point, the ramifications
anastomosing freely so as to form irregular reticulations. The
extremities of the lobes and of the branches are bifid. The
surface is often much thickened and grooved transversely ;
but in the newer portions towards the end of the branches the
lines which mark the walls of the zocecia are distinctly visi-
ble. In one of my specimens the erect processes with cellular
extremities are numerous and characteristic. The colour of
the polyzoary is white.
The A. diastoporides, Norman, is perhaps the most nearly
allied species.
Hab. Salcombe Bay, on a valve of Pecten maximus ; Corn-
wall, on Pinna from deep water.
Family Diastoporide.
Genus Diasropora, Lamouroux.
D. sarniensis, Norman.
Cornwall, on stone from deep water.
Suborder Paludicellea.
Genus PALUDICELLA, Gervais.
P. Ehrenbergi, Van Beneden.
On the underside of the leaves of water-lilies in the river
Clist, near Bishop’s Clist, South Devon (Parfitt). This and
82 Rev. T. Hincks’s Catalogue of Zoophytes.
the following species of freshwater Polyzoa have been recorded
by Mr. Parfitt in his ‘Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Devon,’
which forms part of a fauna of the county, upon which he has
been long engaged*.
Order PHYLACTOLEMATA.
Suborder Lophopea. Family Plumatellide.
Genus Lopuopus, Dumortier.
L. crystallinus, Pallas.
In a pond near Exeter, attached to the roots of Glyceria
fuitans (Parfitt).
Genus PLUMATELLA, Lamarck.
_P. repens, Linn.
Note.—Mr. Parfitt records the occurrence of Allman’s var. a
on the leaves of water-lilies in the Clist river, near Bishop’s
Clist.
P. limnas, Parfitt.
On an old shell of Anodon cygneus in the canal, Exeter
(Parfitt).
P. lineata, Parfitt.
On the leaves of water-lilies in a pond in Veitch’s old
nursery, Exeter (Parfitt).
P. emarginata, Allman.
T learn from Mr. Parfitt that, since the publication of his
Catalogue, he has discovered this interesting form in the river
Clist, at Bishop’s Clist. This is, I believe, the first record of
its occurrence in England, though Prof. Allman obtained it in
various parts of Ireland.
Genus FREDERICELLA, Gervais.
F, sultana, Blumenbach.
Near Penzance (Couch). Mr. Parfitt informs me that it
occurs plentifully in one or two places in Cornwall.
The affluence of the South-western fauna is abundanily
proved by the foregoing Catalogue and Supplement. As I
have remarked before, it is brought out strikingly by com-
paring the present list with the largest previously published,
Mr. Alder’s excellent ‘ Catalogue of the Zoophytes of North-
* In this work an additional habitat is given for the rare Aglaophenia
pennatula, which may be inserted here :—‘ Several “tufts of five or six
lumes each, of the typical form, were dredged in Salcombe Bay by IF.
alker, Esq.....The plumes measure from 4 to 5 inches in height.”
Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. 83
umberland and Durham,’ in which 164 species are recorded
for the north-eastern district against 265 for the south-
western.
The species contained in this Catalogue and Supplement
are thus distributed amongst the various groups :—
[been bated Pydroida:-7,.). (PREG 3 92
y Discophora (Lucernariide) .. 2
— 94
. Zoantharia | _ f{ Coralligena) 37
ecpneeos | atvpaeania | 39 | (Hualey) } 4
— 41
Chetlostomate. ~. .icud begat 87
Cyclostomata:, ... sv sade os 16
, Ctenostomata.............. 17
eee PaAlGQIGOMORl ys ek we Sa te oe 1
Pedreclhwen Crs. see eee 3
Lophopea’) 29s (oe. SPI 6
— 130
265
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Gymnocoryne coronata, Hincks, highly magnified: 1 a, the circle
of oral tentacles,
Fig. 2. Lovénella clausa, Lovén, with gonotheca, magnified: 2a, the
gonozooid ; 20, the same, seen from below.
*
PuateE VI.
Fig. 1. Campanularia calceolifera, Hincks, nat. size.
Fig. 2. A portion of a shoot, magnified.
Fig. 3. A gonotheca, magnified, to show the internal structure: 2, the
internal tubular orifice; y, the point of exit.
Fig. 4. Another gonotheca.
Fig. 5. The upper portion of a gonotheca, more highly magnified, show-
ing a planule escaping through the tubular orifice.
Fig. 6. A gonophore, highly magnified.
X.—WNotes on Trionyx Phayrei of Mr. Theobald and Dr.
Anderson. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
THERE seems an unfortunate fatality attending the tortoises
named after Lieut.-Col. Sir A. P. Phayre, late Chief Commis-
sioner of British Birma. Mr. Blyth named a Testudo after
him which has caused much controversy. Mr. W. Theobald,
in a paper published in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society ’
84 Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei.
for 1868 (vol. x. p. 18), named after him a species of Trionyx,
thus :—
“ Trionyx Phayret, Theobald,
“Capite typico, faciali forma forsan rotundiore. Sterni sculptura
modica, sive reticulationibus minoribus quam in 7’. gangetico.
Sculptura ad latus regulariter reticulata, sed vertebrali regione
post secundas costas parum dilatata sive incrassata. Thorace
valde cartilagineo, vix ullis (preter ad latus) tuberculis osseis
armato. Colore supra olivaceo, lineis fuscis eleganter marmo-
rato, subter flavescente pallido.
‘“ Habitat in fluminibus montium Arakanensium, prope Bassein.”
The Latin appears to be a translation of the following ob-
servations :—
“Granulation of sternum not very coarse, less so than in
T. gangeticus, on the sides regular, but coarser and larger
along the centre of the back behind the second pair of ribs.
Thorax highly cartilaginous, and almost devoid of bony callo-
sities save at the margin, where the granulations are slightly
developed. Colour during life dark dull brown, handsomely
lined, as in Giinther’s figure, /.¢.; below yellowish white.
Captured in a hill-stream on the Arakan hills in the Bassein
district.”
It is curious that in both these descriptions Mr. Theobald
has mistaken the thorax for the sternum, and the sternum for
the thorax ; unless this is so, these descriptions are not intelli-
gible or consistent with the following observations :—
“This is a somewhat aberrant species in some respects, and
was at first confounded by me with Chitra indica of Giinther’s
Monograph, from the precise resemblance which the marbling
of the upper part bore to that figure. Since, however, examin-
ing the specimens in the British Museum, I find that the ani-
mals are very different. The true Chitra of Gray (Proc.
Zool. Soc. Feb. 23, 1864, p. 17) does not, to my knowledge,
occur in Birma. The Chitra indica figured in Giinther’s
monograph is, on the authority of Dr. Gray, his Pelochelys
Cantort. The skull of the present species cannot readily be
distinguished from that of TZ. gangeticus, though to my
view it seems more arched, and rounded in profile. The
thorax resembles that of 7. gangeticus ; but the sternum pre-
sents a remarkable difference in the development of the bony
plates, and more nearly, in general characters, approaches
to Dogania subplana, Gray. The osseous tubercular surface,
however, ts less developed and more feebly sculptured (the age
and size of the specimen considered) than in any of tts allies,
and at a glance serves to discriminate the present species from
them.
Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. 85
“aq, Adult. Length 21 inches, breadth 144 inches; length
of osseous sternum 124 inches.”
It appears that Mr. Theobald only obtained one specimen,
which he informed me he gave to the Bristol Museum; so
that Dr. Anderson cannot have a better means of determining
this species than the above description affords. Mr. Theobald
showed me his specimen as Chitra indica, and I was quite
unable to decide, in the dried state, to what Asiatic species it
belonged, as the skull was enclosed and could not be examined,
and the animals vary so little in their external appearance
when they have lost the characteristic markings of their
coloration, which only can be observed in their young state.
The great resemblance in their external appearance is mani-
fest from the fact that Mr. Theobald compares it with such
distinct things as Zrionyx gangeticus, Dogania subplana,
Chitra indica, and Pelochelys Cantort, belonging to two
‘families of very different structure and habits.
But the chief character that he seems to rely upon as the
characteristic of the species is the part of the above description
which I have marked in italics, 7. e. the slight development of
the sternal callosities.
Dr. Anderson, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’
1871, p. 154, describes a species he calls Trionyx Phayret,
observing that “the chief differences that separate it from 7.
gangeticus are the less developed character of the osseous por-
tion of the sternum, and the relatively finer character of its
sculpturing on both aspects.” He gives a figure of the sternum,
which does not accord with this remark, but represents it as
having not only large and well-developed lateral callosities,
not in the slightest degree resembling the small narrow
linear lateral callosities found in Dogania as described by
Mr. Theobald, but also having large triangular anal callo-
sities and the odd osseous semicircular bone in the front
of the sternum covered with a lunate callosity not even
found in Trionyx gangeticus ; so that this animal can have no
connexion with the species described by Mr. Theobald, except
that it comes from a nearly similar part of Hindostan. But,
unfortunately, that is no criterion of their identity, as many
species of Trionycide and Chitrade are found in that district,
as has been proved by Cantor and Mr. Theobald himself.
The fact is, that the specimen described by Dr. Anderson is
a specimen of my genus Landemania, and probably the spe-
cies which has been named L. perocellatus.
I know how much the sternal callosities change during
growth ; but a person who has examined many species of the
three-toed tortoises in different stages can form a very good
86 Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei.
opinion on the form which the callosities found on a young
specimen will assume when it becomes adult; and I never
saw a lateral linear callosity like that of Dogania, which Mr.
Theobald says his species possesses, become a broad callosity,
dilated at each end like that figured by Dr. Anderson; and
Mr. Theobald does not mention any anal callosities as found
in his specimen, which we must recollect, from its size and the
state of its coloration, must have been half-grown, if not an
adult animal. And therefore I cannot believe that it would
have the large triangular anal callosities occurring in Dr. An-
derson’s figure. Species that have such a callosity generally
have a small circular callosity even in their youngest state ;
and therefore I conclude, from all these characters, that the
Trionyx Phayret of Dr. Anderson has no affinity with the
animal described under that name by Mr. Theobald.
Dr. Anderson objects to the genus Sciwrus being separated
into genera by organic characters, such as the shape of the
skull and the pencilling of the ears (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,
p- 139), but prefers dividing them, according to their colouring,
ito lineated grizzled squirrels and dorsal lineated squirrels,
and lateral lineated squirrels and veuntrilineated or (as he
calls it in another place) belly-banded squirrels. To my
mind this is a retrograde movement rather than an advance in
zoological science. I see no objection to a man refusing to
adopt the new generic names; but when a genus has been
divided by organic characters founded on the examination of
a large series of species, including a large collection of speci-
mens, it certainly is an advantage to use those divisions as
sections of a genus, or at least to take care, in describing the
species, that the characters on which these divisions are
founded are carefully examined and fully described. If Mr.
Theobald and Dr. Anderson had availed themselves of the
characters afforded by the skulls and the development of the
callosities of the mud or three-toed tortoises, and had referred
the specimens they described to the sections so proposed
(although they did not adopt the genera or subgenera), they
would not have left the species they described in such doubt,
or they would not have referred two species so evidently un-
like to the same name. But then I know that it is not easy
to do this when the describer depends on Indian drawings for
his materials. I can only understand Dr. Anderson’s remarks
on the species of squirrels by his attention being confined
to external appearances as represented in figures; and we
may judge of the kind of inartistic figures he has to work
from by the plate of Sciwrus quinquestriatus which he has*
published (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, pl. 10).
Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. 87
Dr. Anderson says he has carefully compared the skull of
his specimen of Trionyx Phayret with that in the British
Museum which is named Trionyx Jeudit, and he cannot de-
tect any characters to separate the two. I regret that, as he
seems to have had the skull in England to compare, he did
not show it to me, who am so well acquainted with the skulls
of the genus.
The papers of Dr. Anderson in the ‘Proceedings of the
Zoological Society’ for 1871 do not give one a very high
opinion of the state of zoological knowledge in the Imperial
Museum at Calcutta*. They all belong to what Prof. Edward
Forbes used to call the school of zoology that regarded animals
as skins stuffed with straw; for they contain no reference to
any points in the internal structure or economy of the animals
described, indeed little but the details of the species that can
be derived from the inspection of figures made by a native
artist, who merely copies what he thinks he sees—which is the
more extraordinary, as Dr. Anderson, besides being Director
of the Imperial Museum at Calcutta, is Professor of Compara-
tive Anatomy of the Medical College of that city. He has
been shown that the form of the skull, the form of the palate,
and the structure of the alveolar surface of the jaws form very
important characters for the distinction of the species of the
genus Trionyx in its widest sense ; yet here we have a descrip-
tion of a doubtful species in which none of these points are
mentioned; and the only particulars of the species which
he gives (for Dr. Anderson does not undertake to give spe-
cific characters) are measurements of the different parts,
which are given in such a way that one cannot understand
whether they are intended for inches and lines or for inches
and tenths; and one is not helped by consulting his other
papers, where he appears to use a different system. The
sternum is thus described :—‘‘ Seven osseous plates, of which
* Dr. Anderson, as Director, claims the monopoly of describing and
naming ; for he observes:—‘I cannot allow Dr. Jerdon’s statement that
he had my gata to describe and name this lizard to pass without
comment. placed the museum collection of reptiles at Dr. Jerdon’s
disposal for comparison ; but I certainly never contemplated that he would
make use of the confidence I reposed in him to describe this lizard with-
out my sanction.” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 156.) This regulation is
neither advantageous to the study of zoology, the advancement of the
collection, nor to the scientific knowledge of the curator, as it prevents
healthy competition. For the last half-century that I have been con-
nected with the British Museum, every one (native or foreign) has had
full permission to use any of the zoological specimens as if they were his
own, on the simple condition that he does not injure them or render them
less useful to his successors; and this principle has certainly worked well
for science and for the collection.
88 Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei.
five are visible and granular,” which I suppose means the
nine bones of which the sternum of all Zrionyces or mud-
tortoises (and, indeed, of all 'Testudinata) is formed: thus he
does not seem to be aware that what he calls the abdo-
minal plates are each formed of two bones, as he may see if
he will only consult Cuvier on the osteology of tortoises, in
his ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ vol. v. p. 204. He goes on to de-
scribe the odd osseous plate as “semicircular, 7" 5! along the
curve, and 1” 3!" in diameter in the mesial line; anteriorly in
contact with the anterior pair, and posteriorly with the abdo-
minal ones,’—a very important observation; for, as Cuvier
observes, Geoffroy describes the sternum as composed of nine
bones, of which eight are in pairs and the ninth is odd and
placed constantly between the four anterior ones, with the
first two of which it adheres in preference when it is not
attached to the four. Then follows :—“ The greatest length of
the abdominal plates is 8"; they enclose an hourglass-shaped
cartilaginous area, the anterior portion being the largest, and
measuring 4" 3!” in diameter and 6” 8!" in length from the pos-
terior contraction to the odd plate.’’ Thus you either only have
the general character of the order or the measurements of parts
and the shape of parts, as the cartilaginous area of the sternum,
given as the character of the species, which are liable to vary
in the different stages of growth of the same specimen.
It would have been very useful if Dr. Anderson, instead of
criticising the works of other naturalists, and altering the
names because they are not in accordance with his idea of
euphony, and describing individual specimens as species, had
studied the changes that occur in the sternal callosities, the
dorsal disk, and other variations that do take place in the
growth of the Trionyces, which has made them so difficult to
understand by European naturalists who have had but a few
specimens in the museums to examine, but which at great
labour I have attempted in my various papers to unravel;
for he lives in a country where certainly some species of
the genus are abundant, and where they are to be ob-
tained in the markets, or certainly from the fishermen, with
very little labour; and it would be very useful if a person
having such advantages would controvert or confirm the ob-
servations I have made. Had he pursued such a study, which
is quite consistent with the post he occupies, I am certain he
would not have confounded his specimen (which is, as I say, a
Landemania, according to my division of the family) with the
Trionyx Phayret of Theobald, which is most probably an As-
pilus or Dogania. And I consider such observations of far
greater importance to science than determining whether the
Mr. F. P. Pascoe on the Australian Curculionide. 89
animal is to be called Trionyx Phayret or T. Jeudii; for fortu-
nately the study of zoology is not all confined to the study of
nomenclature, which is but a means to enable us to determine
with some certainty the species on which one’s observations
on structure, development, habits, and economy may be
recorded.
XI.— Additions to the Australian Curculionide. Part I.
By Francis P. Pascoz, F.L.S. &c.
FIVE or six years ago our knowledge of the Australian Cur-
culionide was comparatively in a not much more advanced
state than it was left in by Schénherr* in 1845, This author
was acquainted with 229 species, including 10 from Tasmania.
Erichson, however, in 1842 (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte) had
published 41 species, which were not noticed by Schénherr.
In 1848, Germar (Linnea Entomologica) added 24 to the
list. The number was slightly increased by Mr. Waterhouse
in 1853-54 and 1861 (Trans. Entomolog. Soc.), by Boheman
in 1858 (Eugenies Resa), and by M. Jekel in 1860 (Insecta
Saundersiana). In 1865, Mr. W. MacLeay published a very
large number of species belonging to the subfamily Amycte-
rine, in the ‘Transactions of the’ Entomological Society of
New South Wales.’ Hope, Blanchard, Perroud, Roelofs, and,
in 1867, Redtenbacher (Novara-Reise) may be mentioned as
having contributed a few more. Many new genera and species
have been recently described by me in the ‘Journal of the
Linnean Society’ and elsewhere ; so that now we may reckon
upon about 730 species. There are still, however, a great many
species new to science in my collection, and, thanks to some
of my friends in Australia, especially Mr. Masters, of Sydney,
and Mr. Odewahn, of Gawler, I am frequently adding to the
number. I purpose publishing some of these occasionally in
* ‘Genera et Species Curculionidum,’ This elaborate work, in eight
volumes, each of two parts (volumes in themselves), included the Bru-
chide, Brenthide, and Anthribide, as well as the Curculionide. The
latter amounted to 6335 species (the whole number was 7141), and were
described by Boheman, Gyllenhall, Fahrzeus, and Rosenschold, Schén-
herr only reserving to himself the descriptions of the genera. It is very
usual to quote Schénherr only, but 1 have invariably quoted the authors
whose names followed the specific descriptions. In the 229 species men-
tioned above, about 10 should be subtracted for Bruchide, Brenthide,
and Anthribide. Rather more than 20 species of these families are now
known from Australia.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 7
90 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Additions to
the ‘ Annals.” The following is a list of those in the present
communication :—
Otiorhynchine. Enchymus punctonotatus.
Isomerinthus Jansoni. Centyres, n. g.
Leptopine. turgidus.
eptops iliacus. Gonipterine.
cicatricosus. Oxyops farinosus.
ovalipennis. Gonipterus hyperoides.
—— hypocrita. turbidus.
tetraphysodes. Erirhinine.
Cylindrorhininz. Meriphus longirostris.
Catastygnus, n. g. Myossita tabida.
scutellaris. Belinee.
—— stigma. Rhinotia pruinosa.
limbatus. Isacantha congesta.
rivulosus. bimaculata.
textilis. Pachyura papulosa.
Enchymus, n. g.
Tsomerinthus Janson.
I, niger, nitidus, supra squamis niveis maculas formantibus ornatus;
rostro brevi, crasso, basi gibbosulo; antennis sat incrassatis,
sparse squamosis; prothorace globoso, haud erebre punctato,
utrinque maculis incertis notato; elytris globoso-ovatis, ante
apicem sat subito angustioribus, striato-punctatis, punctis am-
pliatis, paulo approximatis ; interstitiis convexis, maculis niveis
conspicuis adspersis; corpore infra pedibusque albo-squamosis.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Wizard Island.
In general appearance this species resembles one from Morty,
but it has a much shorter and stouter rostrum, thicker antenne,
a globose prothorax, &c. It is, I believe, the first described
Australian species of this large Malasian genus. It is true
Fabricius has a Curculio scabratus (redescribed by Boheman
as an Isomerinthus) collected by Labillardiére, and credited to
“noua Cambria” (Syst. El. ii. p. 522); but its true habitat
must be considered doubtful, as it does not seem to have oc-
curred in any of the many collections sent to this country. I
have preferred the use of the term Jsomerinthus, following
Messrs. Saunders and Jekel, notwithstanding that it is poste-
rior in date to Coptorhynchus, Guér. (adopted by Lacordaire),
partly because the latter has been changed from Spheropterus,
which ought not to have been suppressed, and partly because
it is not at all certain that it is distinct from Psomeles (Guérin,
Voy. de la Coquille), which has a priority of two pages over
Spheropterus, a fact sufficiently conclusive for a certain school
of naturalists. I dedicate it to Mr. Janson, who has kindly
a
the Australian Curculionide. 91
spared it to me from his private collection. There are two
more examples in the British Museum.
Leptops tliacus.
Z. obovatus, niger, omnino dense griseo-squamosus; rostro sat ro-
busto, quam capite duplo longiore, in medio late subsulcato ;
antennis squamosis, funiculo art. secundo quam primo paulo
longiore ; oculis late ovatis, infra rotundatis; prothorace sub-
cylindrico, longitudine latitudini «quali, supra rugoso, in medio
obsolete carinato ; scutello distincto, rotundato; elytris breviter
obovatis, postice sensim latioribus, magis convexis et subito
declivibus, striato-punctatis, punctis parvis vix approximatis, in-
terstitiis tertio quintoque elevatis, subtuberculatis, tuberculo ul-
timo majusculo desinente, lateribus verticalibus albidis, apice
rotundato; pedibus squamis elongatis dispersis. Long. 5-6 lin.
Hab. Cape York.
Like L. squalidus, but the rostrum is differently sculptured.
The form of the eye is somewhat opposed to Lacordaire’s
definition of Leptops, as it is in some other species; but that
character in this genus seems to be only of specific value.
Leptops cicatricosus.
“. obovatus, niger, squamulis sordide argenteis ubique densissime
vestitus, squamisque majoribus elongatis silaceis vage adspersis ;
rostro robusto, in medio sulcato, sulcis lateralibus distinctis, scro-
bibus arcuatis ab oculis remote desinentibus; antennis dense
squamosis, clava nigricante; oculis angustis, infra rotundatis ;
prothorace subcylindrico longitudine latitudini sequali, supra sub-
transversim crebre tuberculato, longitudinaliter sulcato, in medio
sulci carinula abbreviata nigra nitida notato; scutello distincto,
oblongo; elytris breviter ovatis, postice sensim latioribus et
subito declivibus, seriatim punctatis, punctis parvis, remotis,
interstitiis tertio septimoque tuberculatis, tuberculo ultimo pone
medium majusculo, parte declivi haud tuberculato; tibiis sparse
pilosis. Long. 53 lin.
Hab. Queensland.
In colour like LZ. clavus, Enc., but readily distinguished by
the glossy black ridge in the groove on the prothorax.
Leptops ovalipennis.
Z. ovatus, niger, griseo fuscoque squamosus; capite rostroque
rugoso-squamosis, hoc valido, apicem versus vix incrassato, supra
bisulcato ; scrobibus arcuatis, ad oculos approximatis ; prothorace
transverso, pone apicem utrinque fere parallelo, in medio sulcis
duobus transversis tenuiter impresso, ad latera rugoso-punctato ;
scutello perparvulo, distincto; elytris ovalibus, paulo ampliatis,
haud nodosis, substriato-punctatis, singulatim lineis quatuor parum
(3
92 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Additions to
elevatis instructis, apice subacuminatis, lateribus et pone medium
maculis fuscis subnotatis ; corpore infra pedibusque dense griseo-
Squamosis, his squamis majoribus nigris adspersis. Long. 6} lin.
Hab. Wizard Island.
Allied to L. subfasciatus; but the elytra are without any
nodes or callosities. The two species differ from most of their
congeners in having a second line of punctures at the base,
near the scutellum.
Leptops hypocrita.
L, ovatus, niger, squamis albido-griseis, aliquando pallide viridi-
metallicis, sat dense tectus; rostro modice elongato, in medio
canaliculato, lateraliter leviter longitudinaliter excavato; scrobi-
bus subflexuosis; antennis tenuatis, cinereo-pubescentibus, clava
nigra ; prothorace transverso, utrinque rotundato, in medio antice
paulo impresso, postice obsolete carinulato; scutello parvo; ely-
tris ampliatis ( sola) singulatim tuberculato-tricarinatis, carina
extima tuberculo primo prominulo, inter carinas punctis remotis
in seriebus duobus instructis, apicibus subacuminatis; corpore
infra pedibusque dense squamosis, pilis longioribus vestitis.
Long. 43-53 lin.
Hab. South Australia.
This is the most abnormal in appearance of all the specie
of this polymorphous genus. There were four or five speci-
mens in the collection of Mr. Wilson, of Adelaide.
Leptops tetraphysodes.
L. ovatus, fuscus, ubique densissime griseo-squamosus ; rostro capite
duplo longiore, supra bisulcato; antennis attenuatis, scapo oculum
paulo superante, funiculo art. duobus basalibus sequentibus plus
duplo longioribus ; oculis subovatis; prothorace oblongo, angusto,
subcylindrico, supra modice convexo, sat confertim tuberculato ;
elytris breviter ovatis, elevato-convexis, prothorace multo latiori-
bus, striato-punctatis, striis subflexuosis, punctis sat remotis,
interstitiis latis, apicibus acuminatis, singulis elytris sex-tubercu-
latis, tuberculis tribus minoribus ante medium oblique sitis, duo-
bus majoribus, quorum intimo validiore, postice, alteroque versus
apicem, sitis; sternis femoribusque squamis elongatis adspersis ;
tibiis tarsisque setulosis. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Queensland.
A peculiar species, owing to its strongly convex elytra and
the apparent absence of a scutellum; this part, however, is
clearly present in individuals when the scales surrounding it
have been removed. In some respects it is like Amisallus,
from which it is distinguished by the cavernous corbels of the
posterior tibiz.
the Australian Curculionide. 93
The three following new genera belong, in Lacordaire’s
system, to the second of his two groups of Cylindrorhinine,
which is distinguished by the club of the antenne being di-
stinct from the funicle. 'T’o the three genera which he referred
to it I have already added one, and have now to characterize
three more. The table below will render their differentiation
easy. All the genera, except Enchymus and two or three spe-
cies of Perperus, have the rostrum as long, or nearly as long,
as the prothorax, rather robust, gradually broader towards the
apex, scaly, and with one or three carine above; the scrobe
terminal, and becoming shallower or vanishing behind; the
antenne slender, the club generally distinctly 4-jointéd ; the
eyes ovate, often a little pomted below, and not contiguous to
the prothorax ; the fore legs stouter than the others, with their
tibiz flexuous towards the apex, and the claws free.
Second abdominal segment as long as the next two together.
Body scaly.
Elytra at the base scarcely broader than the prothorax.
Scape scarcely impinging on the eye ........ Pantopeus, Schon.
Scape impinging on the prothorax .......... Perperus, Schon.
Elytra at the base broader than the prothorax.
Corbels cavernous.
Scrobe running beneath the eye .......... Peripagis, Pase.
Scrobe not running beneath the eye........ Catastygnus, n. g.
SSOLUGIS, ODPM x wbia'e «ici Viele vie aie voabac be syaieco wianye Enchymus, n. g.
PSOM NUDES S IN rucic tp ty ais) 9} 50\N. (Dentalina) carinata.
7 interrupta, D’Orb. ........ 9| 51|Nodosaria interrupta.
25|——- aciculata, D’Orb. .......... 9} 52/N. (Dentalina) aciculata.
18] —— flexuosa, D’Orb. .......... 9} 53\Nodosaria flexuosa.
27|——— substrata, a)’ Orb... i of an inch; length of
the cephalothorax ;4,, breadth +4; ; breadth of the abdomen ';;
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 517.
430 Mr. J. Blackwall on Spiders
length of a posterior leg 4+; length of a leg of the third
air 4.
‘ The cephalothorax is long, glossy, sparingly clothed with
short hairs, compressed before, truncated in front, and rounded
on the sides, which are depressed and marked with furrows
converging towards a narrow, slight indentation in the median
line of the posterior region ; it is of a brownish-yellow colour,
the cephalic region, where the eyes are situated, being black ;
a broad, irregular, brown band, mingled with yellowish-brown,
extends along each side, the lateral margins have a brownish-
black hue, and two short, parallel, obscure, brown lines occur
immediately behind the eyes. The falces are conical and ver-
tical ; the maxillz increase in breadth from the base to the
extremity, which is rounded, and are somewhat inclined to-
wards the lip, which is nearly quadrate. These parts have a
pale-yellowish hue, the maxille being the palest, and the
base of the lip the darkest. The sternum is heart-shaped,
convex, sparingly supplied with hairs, and of a dull-yellow
colour; the lateral margins, which are jet-black, meet at its
posterior extremity, where they form a somewhat bifid spot.
The eyes resemble those of other species of the genus with
regard to their disposition and relative size, the dimensions of
the four small ones forming the anterior transverse row being
equal or nearly so. The legs are long, provided with hairs
and sessile spines, and are of a pale-yellowish hue, with
obscure soot-coloured annuli, which are most conspicuous on
their inferior surface ; the fourth pair is much longer than the
second, which rather surpasses the third (the anterior legs
were missing) ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the
two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is very minute. The palpi are long, of a pale-yellowish
hue, and have a small pectinated claw at their extremity.
The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projects over the base
of the cephalothorax, and is thinly clothed with short ad-
pressed pale hairs; the colour of the upper part and sides is
black ; a red-brown band extends from the anterior extremity
of the former more than a third of its length along the middle,
and on each side of it there is a longitudinal line of the same
hue; a row of red-brown spots passes from the extremity of
the median band to the coccyx, diminishing in size as they
approach the latter; and on each side of this row there is an-
other of the same hue; the sides are freckled with red-brown;
the under part has a dull-yellow colour, and that of the cocecyx
and spinners is yellowish-white.
The immature female described above was the only speci-
men of this Lycosa comprised in the collection.
captured in Montreal, Upper Canada. 431
Family THOMISID2.
Genus PuHiLopromvs, Walck.
Philodromus obscurus, n. sp.
Length of an immature female +5 of an inch; length of
the cephalothorax ;1,, breadth s4;; breadth of the abdomen +1,;
length of a leg of the second pair +; length of a leg of the
third pair 3.
The eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-
thorax in two transverse curved rows, forming a crescent
whose convexity is directed forwards; the lateral eyes, which
are seated on small tubercles, are rather the largest of the
eight. ‘The cephalothorax is short, broad, convex, glossy,
compressed before, truncated in front, rounded on the sides,
and depressed at the base; a broad, pale, brownish-yellow
band extends from its anterior margin along the middle; and
the sides, which are of a dark-brown colour, have a longitu-
dinal row of minute yellowish-white spots near their superior
border, and a few spots of the same hue on their lateral
margin. ‘The falces are short, cuneiform, vertical, and of a
brownish-yellow hue, with a brown spot at their base, in front.
The maxille are pointed at the extremity and inclined towards
the lip, which is triangular and pointed at the apex ; and the
sternum is glossy and heart-shaped. These parts are of a
pale yellowish-white colour, the base of the lip having a brown
hue. The legs are provided with hairs and a few fine spines ;
they are of a pale brownish-yellow colour, and are marked with
minute black spots, particularly on the femora, and with red-
dish-brown annuli at the joints; the second pair is the longest,
then the first, and the third and fourth pairs are nearly equal
in length ; each tarsus is terminated by two curved pectinated
claws, below which there is a small scopula. The palpi are
short, and resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is ovi-
form, somewhat depressed, notched at its anterior extremity,
and thinly clothed with pale hairs; the colour of the upper
part is yellowish-grey ; a pale-brown triangular spot, whose
vertex is directed forwards, occurs at its anterior extremity,
and is followed by four depressed brown spots forming a
quadrangle, the posterior pair being much the most conspi-
cuous; a brown line passes from each of the posterior spots to
the yellowish-white coccyx, where the two meet, and numerous
transverse curved rows of minute brown spots pass to the
sides, which are of a dark-brown hue, their irregular superior
margin being penetrated by several oblique white streaks ;
the colour of the under part 1s yellowish-white, and that of the
432 Mr. J. Blackwall on Spiders
spinners brownish-yellow, the base of the superior pair being
dark brown.
As the distribution of the colours of this small and imma-
ture specimen differs from that of all other species of the genus
Philodromus of which I have any knowledge, I am induced to
describe it as new to natural science.
Family DRAssIpz.
Genus Drassus, Walck.
Drassus Huntere, n. sp.
Length of the female (not including the spinners) 53, of
an inch; length of the cephalothorax 3, breadth =; breadth
of the abdomen +!,; length of a posterior leg 2; length of a
leg of the third pair 5%.
The eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-
thorax in two transverse, parallel, slightly curved rows, whose
convexity is directed upwards; the intermediate eyes of the
anterior row, which is the shorter, are the largest and darkest-
coloured of the eight, and the intermediate ones of the poste-
rior row are the smallest. The cephalothorax is long, slightly
compressed before, rounded in front and on the sides, convex,
glossy, with a small indentation in the median line of the
posterior region ; it is sparingly clothed with silky, adpressed,
whitish hairs, interspersed with long, prominent, black ones,
which are most abundant in the region of the eyes; its colour
is black tinged with red, particularly in the median line. The
falces are long, conical, vertical, prominent at the base, which
is supplied with long black hairs, and are of a brownish-black
hue tinged with red at the extremity. The maxille are curved
towards the lip, enlarged and rounded at the extremity, with
a large, oblique, transverse depression near the middle, and
are of a red-brown hue. The lip is oval and rounded at the
apex; the sternum is oval and sparingly supplied with whitish
hairs. These parts are of a brownish-black hue, the extremity
of the lip being tinged with red. The legs are long and pro-
vided with hairs; the third and fourth pairs have a few spines
on the tibize and metatarsi; and the metatarsi and tarsi of all
are supplied to a greater or less extent with hair-like papille
on their inferior surface; the coxe, genual joints, tibie, meta-
tarsi, and tarsi have a reddish-yellow hue; the coxe of the
anterior legs are much the darkest, being strongly tinged with
brown; and the colour of the femora is brownish-black ; the
fourth pair is the longest, then the first, and the third pair is
the shortest ; each tarsus is terminated by two small, curved,
pectinated claws. The palpi are long, and have a reddish-
captured in Montreal, Upper Canada. 433
yellow hue. The abdomen is oviform, somewhat depressed,
the anterior extremity, which has the appearance of having
been cut in a direct line across, projects slightly over the base
of the cephalothorax, and has some long, prominent black
hairs in front; it is clothed with short adpressed hairs, and is
of a dull-black hue; a transverse white band occurs at the
anterior extremity of the upper part, from each end of which
a short line of the same hue is directed backwards; in the
posterior region a white band surrounds a black space, which
comprises a few rather obscure, angular white lines that have
their vertices directed forwards; the spinners are black, pro-
minent, and cylindrical, the inferior pair being the longest
and most robust; the under part is of a dull-greyish colour in
the middle, the branchial opercula have a yellow hue, and the
colour of the vulva, which is somewhat crescent-shaped, is
black slightly tinged with red.
Immature males that have to undergo their final ecdysis
resemble the adult female in colour, but the white bands and
lines are not so distinctly marked.
In connecting with this Drassus the name of Miss Hunter,
of Carmarthen, I avail myself of the opportunity to express
the obligation I am under to that lady for placing at my
disposal the specimens of Arachnida collected by her in
Montreal.
Drassus diversus, n. sp.
#; of an inch; length of the cephalothorax +4, breadth +,
breadth of the abdomen ~;; length of a posterior leg 55,
length of a leg of the third pair +.
The cephalothorax is oval, somewhat pointed before, con-
vex, glossy, thinly clothed with pale adpressed hairs, and has
a slight, narrow indentation in the median line of the posterior
region ; it is of a dull-yellow colour, the sides are tinged with
brown, and the lateral margins have a brownish-black hue.
The eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-
thorax in two transverse, parallel, slightly curved rows, whose
convexity is directed upwards; the intermediate eyes of the
anterior row are the largest and darkest-coloured of the eight,
and the intermediate ones of the posterior row are the smallest.
The falces are conical and vertical; the maxille are curved
towards the lip, enlarged and rounded at the extremity, and
have a small, oblique, transverse depression near the middle ;
the lip is oval, and rounded at the apex ; and the sternum is
oval; the legs are moderately long; all are provided with
hairs, and the third and fourth pairs with sessile spines, and
Length of an immature male (not including the spinners)
;
;
434 Mr. J. Blackwall on Spiders
the tarsi are sparingly supplied with hair-like papille on their
inferior surface ; the fourth pair is the longest, then the first,
and the third pair is rather the shortest; each tarsus is termi-
nated by two small, curved, pectinated claws ; the imperfectly
developed palpi are rather long. The colour of these parts is
pale yellow, the lip having a tinge of red. The abdomen is
oviform, somewhat depressed, and its anterior extremity,
which has the appearance of having been cut in a right line
across, projects very slightly over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is thinly clothed with adpressed pale hairs, and is
of a dull yellowish-white colour, the sides having a brownish-
black hue, and the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow ;
two spots placed transversely on the upper part, near to its
anterior extremity, and a transverse bar situated near the
middle, are composed of coarse black hairs ; the spinners are
prominent and cylindrical, the inferior pair being the longest
and most robust; their colour and that of the coccyx is yel-
lowish-white.
The specimen from which the description was made was the
only one of the species comprised in the collection.
Drassus vasifer.
Drassus vasifer, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt. t. 1. p. 620.
A single adult female of this species, which appears to be
little known to arachnologists, was contained in the collection.
I have also received a specimen of it from Toronto; and
Walckenaer remarks that it has been found in the United
States of North America.
Family CINIFLONIDA.
Genus ErGATIS, Blackw.
Ergatis diligens, n. sp.
Length of an immature female ;4 of an inch; length of
the cephalothorax 4, breadth 3,; breadth of the abdomen 34;
length of an anterior leg +5; length of a leg of the third
pair +),-
The eyes, which are nearly equal in size, are disposed on
the anterior part of the cephalothorax in two transverse rows ;
the intermediate ones of both rows form a square, and those
of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are
near to each other. The cephalothorax is compressed before,
convex in the cephalic region, but depressed and rounded in
front; the sides and base are depressed, the former being
marked with furrows, which converge towards the middle; a
red-brown band extends along the middle, the colour of the
captured in Montreal, Upper Canada. 435
sides is dark brown tinged with red, and the lateral margins
have a brownish-black hue. The falces are somewhat conical,
vertical, and of a pale dull-yellowish hue. The maxille are
inclined towards the lip, rounded at the extremity, which is
more abruptly curved on the inner than on the outer side, and
are rather darker-coloured than the falces. The lip and the
sternum are oval, glossy, and of a dark-brown colour tinged
with red, the former being much the palest at the apex. The
legs are rather short, and of a pale-yellowish hue, with reddish-
brown annuli; the first pair is the longest, then the second,
the third pair is the shortest, and the metatarsal joint of each
posterior leg is provided with a calamistrum composed of a
single row of fine curved bristles; the palpi resemble the legs
in colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projects
greatly over the base of the cephalothorax, and is clothed with
whitish adpressed hairs; its colour is yellow; a black band,
very narrow at its anterior and broad at its posterior part,
passes from the anterior extremity to the middle of the upper
side, and is followed by transverse, curved, confluent, black
bars, which extend to the coceyx; the sides have a brownish-
black hue, the under is paler than the upper side, and has a
broad, imperfectly defined, longitudinal, reddish-brown band
in the middle. ‘The spinners are eight in number, and the
two inferior ones are united throughout their entire length,
the proximal extremities being without any definite mark of
distinction.
This species is closely allied to Hrgatis annulipes, but dif-
fers from it in colour and in the figure of the design on the
upper part of the abdomen.
Family THERIDIIDA,
Genus THERIDION, Walck.
Theridion tepidariorum.
Theridion tepidariorum, C. Koch, Die Arachn. Band viii. p. 75, tab. 278.
fig. 646, tab. 274. figs. 647,648; Blackw., Spiders of Great Britain and
Treland, part ii. p. 180, pl. 18. fig. 114.
This species has an extensive geographical distribution,
being found in Europe, Asia, and America. It is probably a
native of hot climates, as in Europe it usually inhabits con-
servatories, and may have been imported, as Koch conjectures,
with exotic plants. A specimen of an adult female, comprised
in the collection received from Miss Hunter, was discovered
in winter between the sashes of one of the double windows of
the house in which she resided.
436 On two undescribed Species of European Birds.
: Family EPririp&.
Genus Eprira, Walck.
Epeira sericata.
Epeira sericata, C. Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst. erstes Heft, p. 2;
Die Arachn. Band xi. p. 110, tab. 385. figs. 914, 915; Blackw., Spiders
of Great Britain and Ireland, part ii. p. 328, pl. 25. fig. 258.
virgata, Hahn, Die Arachn. Band ii. p. 26, tab. 46. fig. 118.
Epeira sericata appears to be a common spider in Montreal.
The collection contained numerous specimens, some of which
were adult, and the others in various stages of growth.
Epeira cucurbitina.
Epeira cucurbitina, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt. t. il. p. 76; Latr.,
Gen. Crust. et Insect. t. i. p. 107; Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl. 1832, p. 245;
Blackw., Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, part 1. p. 342, pl. 25.
fig. 247.
Miranda cucurbitina, C. Koch, Die Arachn. Band v. p. 53, tab, 159. figs.
371, 372; titulus 5, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl., De Aran. p. 34, tab. 1.
fig. 5.
An immature female of this Zpetra was included in the
collection.
LIV.—On two undescribed Species of European Birds. By
R. B. Swarr, F.L.S., Librarian to the Zoological Society
of London, and H. E. Dresser, F.Z.S. &e.
In the course of our studies on the birds of the Western
Palearctic Region we have met with two birds which, as far
as we can see, are deserving of specific separation from the
species with which they have usually been classed. The first
of these we designate
Picus Lilfordi, n. sp.
P. similis P. lewconoto, sed pileo coccineo et preecipue dorsi postici
fasciis nigris conspicuis distinguendus.
This new species is closely allied to the Picus leuconotus of
Northern Europe, but differs materially in its crimson crown
and conspicuously barred rump. In the northern bird the
head is vermilion and the rump pure white.
We have dedicated this species to Lord Lilford, the Presi-
dent of the British Ornithologists’ Union, who shot the typical
specimen in Epirus. Besides this example we have no less
than eight Macedonian skins, collected by Dr. Kriiper, as well
as one sent us by Mr. Robson from Ortakeuy, in Turkey. A
Miscellaneous. 437
glance at a series of specimens is all that is needed to convince
the most sceptical that P. Lilfordi is an excellent species.
Our second bird is from the British islands; and it is pro-
posed to call it
Parus britannicus, n. sp.
P. similis P. atro, sed paullo minor et dorso semper olivaceo-fulvo
distinguendus.
The Coal Titmouse of England will be found, on com-
parison with Continental examples, to be perfectly distinct,
inasmuch as it has the back olive-buff, quite different from
the species from the mainland, which has a slaty-blue back.
Any one who examines the Coal Titmouse figured in English
works, and compares it with the figure given in any Conti-
nental book, will see that, as each naturalist illustrates the
bird found in his own country, the plates do not at all agree.
’ We have now before us a large series of the two species, shot
at all seasons of the year in England, and from nearly every
part of the Continent. Both species will be figured in our
work on the Birds of Europe.
MISCELLANEOUS.
On a new Species of Buceros. By G. R. Gray.
[Plate XVII.]
Havine had my attention drawn by Mr. E. Bartlett to a head and
bill of a species ‘of Buceros which, on examination, presented in its
formation very remarkable differences from any of the known spe-
cies of that group of birds, I am induced to offer the following
description of its singular and distinctive characters, under the
name of
Buceros (Byanistes?) casuarinus. Pl. XVII.
Bill broad at base, laterally compressed to the tip; casque ele-
vated posteriorly and extending somewhat backwards over the eyes,
rather compressed along the culmen, which is flat and grooved
along the middle for two thirds of its length, the sides of the
easque shelving to the nasal channel, and furnished with six
deep oblique grooves ; the sides below the former are comparatively
smooth, and with three apparent scales near the eyes; the nos-
trils are large and deeply imbedded in a broad channel which runs
along the sides of the maxilla for about two thirds of its length, in
which they are situated at its base; the mandibula has the gonys
long and curved to the tip; the sides are furnished with four very
obliquely placed grooves, advancing towards each other beneath
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 33
438 Miscellaneous.
the gonys; the margins of both mandibles are dentated in the
middle.
The length from the upper part of the base of the casque to the
tip of the maxilla is five inches and three lines.
The head which forms the subject of this description is supposed
to have been brought from West Africa.
Observations on some points in the Embryology of the Lemuroidea,
and on the Zoological Affinities of those Animals. By M. Aura.
- Mitnz-Epwarps.
Tn all existing systems of classification the Lemuroidea form with
the Monkeys a single group, called the order Quadrumana. Various
anatomical considerations had led me to doubt the correctness of
this approximation; and I had a lively desire to ascertain whether
the characters drawn from the development of the embryo would
support or contradict it. Therefore, when my friend M. A. Grandi-
dier started upon his last voyage of exploration in Madagascar, I
directed his attention to this point, requesting him to seek carefully
for female Lemuroidea in-a state of gestation. The results obtained
by him surpassed my hopes; for he procured foetuses belonging to
four different genera of the group Lemuroidea; and these he has
been kind enough to place at my disposal.
The dissections that I have made of these have enabled me to
ascertain that, with regard to the intra-uterine development, there
exist essential differences between the Lemuroidea and the Apes.
It is well known that in the latter the placenta is small, discoidal,
and intimately united with the uterine decidua, and that the um-
bilical vesicle is greatly reduced, and even disappears very early.
The Lemuroidea present a very different arrangement. Thus, in
Propithecus, which may be regarded as one of the highest repre-
sentatives of the type under consideration, and .consequently as
nearest to the Monkeys, the chorion is almost entirely covered with
thick and close villosities, constituting a sort of vascular cushion,
and forming the placenta, which forms almost a complete hood over
the amnios, and which I shall denominate the bell placenta ( pla-
centa en cloche) in opposition to the discoidal placenta of man and the
monkeys, the zonary placenta of the Carnivora, and the diffused
placenta of the Herbivora. The villosities, which are very much
tufted towards the middle and upper portions of the ovum, gradually
diminish as they approach the cephalic pole, where they disappear
almost entirely over a small space. The uterine decidua is greatly
developed, and presents a corresponding arrangement.
Between the chorion and the amniotic coat we find a vast mem-
brancus sac extending in the direction of the major axis of the
ovum, and adhering to the umbilical cord by a short slender peduncle.
This sac is elongated so as to form at each of its extremities a sort
of digitiform horn, and only contracts slight adhesions to the two
adjacent coats; none of the large vessels of the cord are distributed
upon it. If air is injected into this sae under water, it is distended
Miscellaneous. 439.
and its outlines become distinctly marked. It represents the umbi-
lical vesicle, which is much less developed in most of the unguiculate
Mammalia.
In the genera Lepilemur, Hapalemur, and Chirogaleus the placenta
presents the same characters.
From this investigation it follows that the tunics of the embryo
of the Lemuroidea are constructed upon a plan of which we are
acquainted with no other example in the class of Mammalia. This
special type departs much more from that of Man, the Monkeys,
Chiroptera, Insectivora, and Rodentia than from that which is proper
to the Carnivora ; for if we suppose the caudal pole of the ovum in
the dog to be invaded by the villosities of the placenta, we have
almost a realization of the special characters of the ovum of the
Lemuroidea ; and I may add that the arrangement of the umbilical
vesicle is very nearly the same in the two types, whereas in the
Monkeys it is completely different.
These important embryological characters are in accordance with
those furnished by the brain, the skull, the dental system, and the
hands.
The brain of the most highly organized Lemuroidea is but little
developed behind ; and instead of entirely covering the cerebellum,
as it does in the Monkeys, it leaves a more or less considerable por-
tion of that organ exposed. Gratiolet, also, had previously noticed
that the characters of the encephalon of the Lemuroidea separate
these animals clearly from all the Primates.
The orbit, which, in the group of the Monkeys, is completely
closed outwardly and isolated from the temporal fossa, communicates
broadly with the latter in all the genera of Lemuroidea, which
gives their skull a certain resemblance to that of the Carnivora.
The teeth which arm the lower jaw in front are formed very dif-
ferently in the Monkeys and the Lemuroidea. In the former the
distinction between the canines and the incisors is very clear, and
the latter are nearly vertical; in the Lemuroidea they are narrow,
pressed against each other like a comb, laid almost horizontally, and
their forms are so similar that certain zoologists regard them as
being all incisors, whereas in reality those of the third pair repre-
sent the canines of other Mammalia.
The hands, of which the thumb is always well developed, and
almost constantly opposable to the other digits, do not present the
characters of those of the Monkeys; they are admirably constructed
for climbing, but unfitted for the prehension of articles of food. It
is with the mouth that these animals usually lay hold of their nou-
rishment, unless they employ their united hands for this purpose,
as the squirrels and many rodents are in the habit of doing. The
fingers, instead of tapering towards the end, like those of Monkeys,
are generally enlarged in their terminal portion, forming discoidal
pads which the nail does not entirely cover. Lastly, the index of the
posterior hand terminates, as is well-known, in a regular claw.
Tf, in the classification of the Mammalia, we desire that the na-
tural groups, denominated orders, should have the same zoological
33*
440 Miscellaneous.
value, it seems to me impossible to unite in one division having this
degree of importance the Monkeys and the Lemuroidea. The exis-
tence of a hand may occur in animals derived from very different
types; we have long known examples of it among the Marsupials,
whilst among the Monkeys we find, side by side with clearly pentia-
dactyle species, others of which the anterior limbs are destitute of a
thumb. We therefore cannot regard this organic peculiarity as
constituting a dominant character; and the numerous and essential
differences that I have indicated in the course of this memoir seem
to me to have a far higher zoological value, and to call for a pro-
found distinction between the Monkeys and the Lemuroidea. It is
upon the support of these facts that I propose to regard each of
these groups as forming a distinct order, the order of the Lemu-
roidea uniting the order of the Simie to the order of the Carnivora.
—Comptes Rendus, August 14, 1871, tome Lxxiil. pp. 422-424.
On some Fungi belonging to the Family Laboulbenie.
By Dr. Pryrirscu.
The Laboulbenie include Stegmatomyces musce of Karsten, the
genus Arthrorhynchus, referred by Kolenati and Diesing to the
Rhygodece in the system of parasitic worms, and the structures
occurring on Nebriw, which were regarded by Mayr as morbid
growths of the chitinous membrane.
The author observed the development of Laboulbenia musce,
which lives parasitically upon the common housefly. The Laboul-
benie made their appearance epidemically upon the flies in the
summer and autumn, showing themselves in the males particu-
larly upon the limbs, in the females chiefly upon the head and
trunk. The fungus developes no mycelium growing upon the sur-
face or in the tissues of the animal. The perithecium, which is fur-
nished with a long bicellular stalk, is produced from the bicellular
spore, together with a curved branch furnished with points, which
‘is inserted at the apex of the superior cell. When the spore has
fixed itself by its pointed end, it ascends, the product of the lower
cell of the spore becomes the stalk and perithecium, and that of the
upper cell of the spore becomes the branch (with the exception of
its basal cell, which is produced from a segment of the lower cell of
the spore). The rudiment of the perithecium, which originally ap-
peared as a lateral excrescence, grows rapidly in length. When its
vertex does not yet appear to be equal in height with the terminal
branch, the latter has already attained its complete development
and definitive size, spherical cells make their appearance at the
points, whilst at the same time the protoplasmic contents protrude
from the cell at the vertex of the perithecium. The further deve-
lopment of the perithecium probably takes place in consequence of
the fertilizing influence of the round cells of the branch upon the
protruded fertilizable body; and there is produced in the cavity of
the perithecium a tuft of tubes, in each of which eight spores are
developed.
Miscellaneous. 441
The fungus spreads from one fly to another during their copula-
tion. Laboulbenia musce belongs to the Ascomycete.
Laboulbenia nycteribie, which has been described as an animal
parasite of the Mycteribie, is distinguished from Laboulbenia muscee
by the branch being inserted at the base between the first and
second supporting cells of the perithecium, and the long neck of the
perithecium furnished with a circlet ; of Laboulbenia nebrie, which
occurs upon Nebria brunnea, the author had not sufficient material
for comparison, this only sufficing to establish its relationship.—
Anzeiger der kin.-kais. Akad. der Wiss. in Wien, November 2,
1871, p. 207.
The Pepino (Philesia buxifolia).
«‘T had hardly entered the woods when one of the officers brought
me a specimen of an exquisite rose-coloured flower, which I found
in the course of the two succeeding years everywhere abundant in
the damp region of the Strait of Magellan and the western channels,
and with whose beauty I never ceased to be delighted. This was
the elegant Philesia buwifolia, an endogenous plant, classed by some
botanists with the Smlaceew, by others with the Liliacee, and by a
third party regarded as the type of a natural order named Philestacee.
It varies very much in its growth; for although in ordinary circum-
stances it forms a suberect under-shrub from one to two feet in
height, when it occurs close to the base of trees its branches
frequently elongate, and, pushing themselves through the coating of
moss and lichens with which the trunks of the trees in this humid
country are, with few exceptions, covered, often attain a height of
from six to ten feet or more.
«The appearance presented by a cluster of these beautiful flowers
hanging pendent from the branch of a tree is most attractive. The
plant ranges from Valdivia in South Chili, where it is denominated
Pepino, to the south of Fuegia. In the Strait of Magellan I did
not meet with it to the east of Port Gallant, nor did I encounter it
in the island of Chiloe, though I found it in the Chonos archi-
pelago.”’—-CunnineHam’s Magellan, p. 178, t. 16 at p. 321.
The Copigue (Lapageria rosea).
“We had not gone far before I had the delight of seeing for the
first time that exquisite twiner, Lapageria rosea, the “ Copigue” of
the Chilians, with the appearance of which, as seen in hothouses,
some of my readers are doubtless familiar. The plant winds over
shrubs and low trees in a very elegant manner; and the flowers,
shaped somewhat like those of a lily, are often as much as three
inches long, of a thick waxy consistence, and of a most splendid
deep rose-colour, minutely spotted with white in the interior, and
marked at the base of each segment with a small blotch of dark
purple. A white variety of the flower is also to be met with, but
is of much rarer occurrence. The plant is a near ally of the
beautiful Philesia buwifolia of the Strait, but is much handsomer, and
possesses a greatly more limited range, apparently only extending
from the north of Valdivia to the north of Concepcion, a space of
442 Miscellaneous.
between three and four degrees, while Philesia ranges over nearly
fifteen. One interesting fact with regard to the Copigue is its ex-
treme hardiness, being almost the only plant that can exist in the
area covered by the sulphurous smoke of the smelting-furnaces.
This was remarked to me by the manager of the Lota Company’s
works, to whom, as well as the various officials of the company, we
were indebted for much attention; and I verified the observation
for myself subsequently, finding specimens in a flourishing condition
winding around the skeletons of shrubs killed by the smoke. The
Chilians sometimes make use of the flowers for poultices.”—
Cunninenam’s Magellan, p. 364.
On the Generation of Helix aspersa. By M. S. Jourparn.
The follicles of the genital gland of Helix aspersa produce ovules
and spermatozoids. The former are developed in the thickness of
the simple walls of the follicle, the latter in cells of its inner sur-
face. The excretory canal of the hermaphrodite gland (ovo-deferent
duct) always contains spermatozoids; it affords a passage to the
ovules, which seem to traverse it rapidly, and only at the moment of
deposition. The ova and spermatozoids appear to travel in the ovo-
deferent canal by the action of the vibratile cilia which line its
inner wall.
In the ovo-deferent canal the greater part of the spermatozoids
already possess the characters which we find in them later on, when
they are ready to act upon the female element. Their movements,
which have been denied, are very lively. The less advanced state
of the ovule and its immaturity seem to explain the want of action
of the spermatozoids, notwithstanding the direct contact which takes
place between the male and female elements.
At their issue from the ovo-deferent canal the ovule and the
spermatozoid pass separately into two half-canals of very unequal
calibre, joined in such a manner that their margins are common,
These we may call the ovigerous and deferent channels.
On quitting the ovo-deferent canal the ovule receives a very thick
layer of albuminoid substance from a peculiar gland which pours its
product of secretion into the most distant part of the ovigerous
channel ; and lower down the actual walls of this channel furnish
the double tunic of the egg and the calcareous granules which are
disseminated through the outer of these envelopes.
The semen descends by the deferent channel, in which the sper-
matozoids are already agglutinated by the secretion of the glands
which open into it in great numbers. They then pass into the
deferent canal, and finally penetrate into the flagelliform appendage,
the glands of which, by a reflex action due to the presence of the
semen, secrete a mucus, which becomes solidified and moulded upon
the walls of this appendage, enclosing the male element in a sort of
elongated and flexible sheath—a true spermatophore, called by
malacologists capreolus.
At the moment of sexual approach, the penis, the extremity of
which is in relation with the entrance of the copulatory branch, causes
the spermatophore to penetrate into this appendage of the female
Miscellaneous. 443
apparatus. The spermatophore breaks up and becomes disaggre-
gated ; the spermatozoids are then set at liberty, and spread in the
copulatory branch, the copulatory vesicle, and especially the ovi-
gerous channel, where at this moment, and at this moment only, we
find them in great quantities and full of life. By the action of the
vibratile cilia which line the inner wall of the ovigerous channel,
the spermatozoids go to meet the ova; and it is in the commence-
ment of this channel that fecundation appears to be effected.
During the preludes of copulation the two individuals project
their dart, which usually traverses through and through the walls
of the visceral cavity, where it may be found long afterwards among
the viscera, slightly altered. The dart, contrary to the opinion ex-
pressed by a malacologist, when once detached, is speedily repro-
duced. Within a few hours of the copulation its rudiments may
be perceived; and a few days suffice for its complete reproduction.
We may therefore, in some cases, from the degree of development of
this calcareous style, judge approximately of the time that has
elapsed since the last sexual intercourse.—Comptes Rendus, Oct. 30,
1871, p. 1059.
On the Persistence of Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss, a Cretaceous
Coral, in the Coral-fauuna of the Deep Sea. By P. Martin Duncan,
M.B. Lond., F.R.S., F.G.S., Prof. of Geology in King’s Coll. Lond.
The author first referred to the synonyms and geological distribu-
tion of Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss, which has hitherto been
regarded as peculiar to the White Chalk, and as necessarily an ex-
tinct form, inasmuch as it belonged to a group possessing only four
cycles of septa in six systems, one of the systems being generally
incomplete. The distribution of the Caryophyllie of this group in
the Gault and the Upper Chalk, the Miocene, and the Pliocene was
noticed, and also that of the species with the incomplete cycle. The
falsity of this generalization was shown to be proved by the results
of deep-sea dredging off the Havannah, under Count Pourtales, and
off the Iberian peninsula under Dr. Carpenter and Mr. Gwyn Jef-
freys. The former dredged up Caryophyllia formosa with four
complete cycles; and the latter obtained, from depths between 690
and 1090 fathoms, a group of forms with four complete and incom-
plete cycles. This group had a Cretaceous facies ; one of the forms
could not be differentiated from Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss ;
and as a species of the genus Bathycyathus was found at the same
time, this facies was rendered more striking. The representation of
the extinct genera Trochosmilia, Parasmilia, Synhelia, and Diblasus
by the recent Amphiheliw, Paracyathi, and Caryophyllie was
noticed; and it was considered that as the Cretaceous forms throve
under the same external conditions, some of them only being per-
sistent, there must be some law which determines the life-duration
of species like that which restricts the years of the individual. It
was shown that deep-sea conditions must have prevailed within the
limits of the diffusion of the ova of coral polyps somewhere on the
Atlantic area ever since the Cretaceous period.—Proc. Geol. Soc.
June 7, 1871.
444
INDEX tro VOL. VIII.
ACANTHOPHOLIS PLATYPUS, a Pa-
chypod from the Cambridge Upper
Greensand, on, 305.
/EKgoprepes, characters of the genus,
277.
/Ethyssius, new species of, 357.
Agardh, Prof., on Sargasso-seas, 371.
Alauda bimaculata of Ménétriés, on
the, 179.
Alecto, new British species of, 81.
Allophasia, characters of the new
genus, 301.
Ancylonotus, new species of, 275,
Ancylopoma, characters of the new
genus, 354.
Anderson, Dr. J., on Testudo Phay-
rei, 324,
Antinoé Sarsii, observations on, 53.
Aphiorhynchus, new species of, 271.
Apus, new species of, 382.
Arctocephalus Forsteri, notes on,
427,
Argus, new species of, 67, 119.
Astromma, new species of, 226,
Atasthalus, characters of the new
genus, 348.
Balanus, on a new fossil, 210.
Barron, C., on the skulls of Manide,
158. -
Bell, A., on the fauna of the “ mud-
deposit ” of Selsey, 45.
Berardius of New Zealand, notes on
the, 115.
Billings, E., on Trimerella acumi-
nata, 140.
Birds, new, 28, 51, 61, 67, 119, 179,
192, 234, 266, 281, 428, 436, 437.
Blackwall, J., on new species of Spi-
ders from Upper Canada, 429.
Blanchard, E., on a new gigantic
Salamander, 212.
aaa characters of the genus,
Blood, on the constitution of, 120,
Blyth, E., on the supposititious
Bos(?)pegasus of Hamilton Smith,
204.
Bolitoxenus, new species of, 350.
Book, new:—Terquem’s Researches
on the Foraminifera of the Lias
and the Oolites, 361,
Borlasia, new species of, 61,
Bos (?) pegasus of Hamilton Smith,
on the, 204.
Brady, H. B., on the nomenclature
of the Foraminifera, 145, 2388.
Brephilydia, description of the new
genus, 269.
Buceros, new species of, 437.
Butalis epulata, observations on, 234,
Butler, A. G., on some new Lepido-
ptera, 282.
Calcispongiz, descriptions of new, 1.
Calvert, F. C., on protoplasmic life,
63; on the action of heat on pro-
toplasmic life, 129.
Calymmus, characters of the genus,
349.
Campanularia, new British species
of, 78.
Canestrini, M., on the reproduction
of the Lophobranchs, and on the
filiation of certain genera, 215.
Caprimulgus, new species of, 428,
Carter, H. J., on two new ,Calci-
spongiz, 1; on the true form of
the sponge-cell, 6; on the polype-
like pore-area of Cliona coralli-
noides, 14; on Hackel’s views on
the relationship of the Sponges to
the Corals, 19; on a new species
of Tethya, with observations on
the nomenclature of the Tethy-
ade, 99; on the parasites of the
Sponges, 330.
Caryophyllia cylindracea, on the per-
sistence of, 443.
Catastygnus, description of the new
genus, 93.
Cave animals, on some, 368.
Centyres, characters of the genus,
96.
Cheetodon citrinellus, on the young
state of, 319.
Chantran, S., on the development of
the Crayfish, 219.
Chelone planimentum, observations
on, 2380.
INDEX.
Chelonian remains from the London
Clay, on some, 227,
Chelymys, notes on, 291; new spe-.
cies of, 366,
Chironomus, on the agamic repro-
duction of a species of, 31, 106.
Claparéde, E., note on the late, 72.
Cliona corallinoides, on the polype-
like pore-area of, 14.
Coleoptera, new genera and species
of, 545; of St. Helena, on the,
396,
Comephorus baicalensis, note on,
Condors of the Equatorial Andes, on
the, 185.
Cope, Prof., on the animals of the
Wyandotte Cave, 368.
Corals, on the relationship of the, to
the Sponges, 19.
Crabs, on Chinese freshwater, 72.
Crayfish, on the development of the,
219.
Crithagra, new species of, 235.
Cryptophagus, new species of, 400.
Cunningham, Mr., on Philesia buxi-
folia, 441; on Lapageria rosea,
441.
Curculionide, on Australian, 89.
Cyanomyia, new species of, 267.
Cyphaleus, new species of, 357.
Cyriogeton, description of the new
genus, 356,
Dactylopora, note on, 70.
Damonia, new species of, 367.
Deep-sea soundings, on some, 224.
Delphinus microps, note on, 367.
Distenia, new species of, 274.
Disterna, new species of, 276.
Distoma, on the development of an
appendiculate, 142.
D’Orbigny’s Foraminifera, 145, 238.
Drassus, new species of, 452.
Dresser, H. E., on two new Euro-
pean birds, 436.
Dumas, M., on the constitution of
milk and blood, 120.
Duncan, Dr. P. M., on the persistence
of Caryophyllia cylindracea, 443.
Dysantes, characters of the new ge-
nus, 348,
Earinus, new species of, 273.
Echinoneus, on the pedicellariz and
ambulacra of, 214.
Kgestria, characters of the new ge-
nus, 558.
Ehlers, Prof., on the Vermes_col-
445
lected by M. von Fleuglin in the
Sea of Spitzbergen, 53.
Elacatis, new species of, 346.
Elestora, characters of the new ge-
nus, 545.
Elliot, D.G., on an apparently new
species of Pheasant, 119; on two
new species of Humming-birds,
266.
Elseya latisternon, notes on, 292.
Emesis, new species of, 283.
Enchymus, description of the new
genus, 95,
Ergatis, new species of, 434.
Esthema, new species of, 285.
Kstheria, new species of, 336.
Euchelymys, on the new genus, 117.
Kuchone, new species of, 57.
Kupherusa, new species of, 266.
Euptychia, new species of, 282.
Euthuorus, new species of, 278.
Exeniotis, characters of the new ge-
nus, 355.
Fishes, on the young state of, be-
longing to the family of Squami-
pinnes, 318; on the freshwater, of
Algeria, 373.
Foraminifera, on the nomenclature
of the, 145, 238 ; of the Lias and
the Oolites, on the, 361.
Fossils of the “mud-deposit” of
Selsey, 45.
Fungi, on some parasitic, 440.
Gasteropoda, aquatic pulmonate, on
the origin of the nerves of special
sensibility in the, 217.
Gemmation, on hypocotyledonary,
220.
Glacial epoch at the equator, on the
evidence of a, 297.
Glossochelys, description of the new
genus, 227,
Glowworm, on the phosphorescence
of the eggs of the, 372.
Gonipterus, new species of, 96,
Gould, J., on a new species of Hum-
ming-bird, 61; on two new Aus-
tralian birds, 192.
Gray, Prof. A., on hypocotyledonary
gemmation, 220.
Gray, G. R., on Ptilornis Alberti,
364; on a new species of Capri-
mulgus, 428; on a new species of
Buceros, 437.
Gray, Dr. J. E., on Podocnemis uni-
filis, 68; on Testudo chilensis, 70 ;
on Trionyx Phayrei, 83, 320; on
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii.
446
the Berardius of New Zealand,
115; on Euchelymys, a new ge-
nus and two new species of Aus-
tralian Freshwater Tortoises, 117,
291, 366; on the development of
the teeth in Phacochcerus zethio-
picus, 138; on presumed American
species of Pelomedusa, 140; on the
skull of the Madoque from Abys-
sinia, 141 ; on Spongia linteiformis
and S. lycopodium, 142, 3.0; on
the injury inflicted on ships by the
broad-finned Swordfish, 388; on
a fossil Hydraspide, 539 ; on Da-
monia oblonga, 367; on Urotragus
caudatus, 371; on Holopus and
Pentacrinus, 394,
Grimm, O., on the agamic reproduc-
tion of a species of Chironomus,”
31, 106.
Giimbel, Dr. C. W., on Dactylopora,
70.
Giinther, Dr. A., on Comephorus
baicalensis, 292; on the young
state of Fishes belonging to the
family of Squamipinnes, 318.
Gymnocoryne, description of the new
genus, 75.
Habrissus, new species of, 359.
Hiackel, Prof. E., on the relationship
of the Sponges to the Corals, 19.
Halicryptus spinulosus, observations |
on, 59, 143.
Hector, Dr., on New-Zealand Eared
Seals, 29, 427.
Heledona, new species of, 350.
Helix aspersa, on the- generation of,
Hesperocharis, new species of, 284.
Hincks, Rev. T., on the Zoophytes
of South Devon and Cornwall,
73. .
Holopus, notes on, 394.
Homeeodera, new species of, 406.
Humming-birds of the Equatorial
Andes, on the, 189.
Hyalurga, new species of, 286.
Invertebrata, on the classification of
the, on the progressive-develop-
ment theory, 221.
Isacantha, new species of, 98.
Isomerinthus, new species of, 90.
James-Clark, Prof., on the true form
of the sponge-cell, 6.
Joly, N., on a new case of hyper-
metamorphoss in Palingenia virgo,
295.
INDEX.
Jones, T. R., on the nomenclature of
the Foraminifera, 145, 238.
Jourdain, §., on the generation of
Helix aspersa, 442.
Jousset, M., on the phosphorescence
of the eggs of the glowworm, 372.
Laboulbenize, on some Fungi be-
longing to the family, 440.
Lacaze-Duthiers, M., on anew organ
of innervation, and on the origin
of the nerves of special sensibility
in the aquatic pulmonate Gastero-
poda, 217,
Lapageria rosea, note on, 441.
Lemuroidea, on some points in the .
embryology of the, 458.
Lepidodendra, on the organization
of the, 154.
Lepidoptera, new, 282.
Lepricornis, new species of, 284.
Leptops, new species of, 91.
Lethe, new species of, 285.
Letourneux, M., on the hydrogra-
phical system and the Freshwater
Fish of Algeria, 373.
Lichenocrinus, remarks on the ge-
nus, 341.
Limnadia, new species of, 356.
Longicorns, new genera and species
of, 268.
Longitarsus, new species of, 407.
Lophobranchs, on the reproduction
of the, 215.
Lovénella, on the genus, 79.
Lycosa, new species of, 429.
Lymnetis, new species of, 337.
Macdonald, Dr. J. D., on the classifi-
cation of the Invertebrata on the
progressive - development theory,
221; on some deep-sea soundings,
with remarks on the habits and
structure of the Polycystina, 224.
Macrones, new species of, 272.
Macropus major, on the embryo of,
292; on Echinococcus in, 295.
Maltheba, description of the new
genus, 270.
Manide, on the skulls of, 138.
Mantis religiosa, on the ovipusition
of, 294.
Meek, F. B., on the genus Licheno-
crinus, 541.
Melanocorypha bimaculata, note on,
179.
Melegena, new species of, 275.
Meriphus, new species of, 97.
Microxylobius, new species of, 402.
INDEX.
Milk, on the constitution of, 120.
Milne-Edwards, A., on some points
in the embryology of the Lemu-
roidea, and on the zoological affi-
nities of those animals, 438,
Mobius, Prof. K., on the source of
the nourishment for the animals of
the deep sea, 193.
Morse, Dr. E.S., on the early stages
a Atay te septentrionalis,
Myossita, new species of, 98.
Nemertes, new species of, 60.
ae Saltianus, on the skull of,
4].
Nesiotes, new species of, 404.
Nessiara, new species of, 359.
Notioxenus, new species of, 405.
Ochyra, characters of the new genus,
273.
Odontopus, new species of, 355.
(Edemutes, new species of, 355.
Orton, J., on the Condors and Hum-
ming - birds of the Equatorial
Andes, 185; on the evidence of a
glacial epoch at the equator, 297.
Oxyops, new species of, 96.
Oxytelus, new species of, 410.
Pachyura, new species of, 99.
Packard, Dr. A. S., jun., on new
North-American Phyllopoda, 332.
Pagenstecher, H. A., on the embryo
of Macropus major, 292 ; on Kchi-
nococcus in Macropus major, 295.
Pala wax, note on, 71.
Palingenia virgo, on a new case of
hypermetamorphosis in, 295.
Partitt, E., on a new fossil Balanus,
210.
Parker, W. K., on the nomenclature
of the Foraminifera, 145, 238.
Parthenogenesis, observations on, 31,
106.
Parus, new species of, 457.
Pascoe, F. P., on Australian Curcu-
lionide, 89; on new genera and
species of Longicorns, 268; on
new genera and species of Coleo-
ptera, 345.
Pelomedusa, on presumed American
specimens of, 140.
Pentacrinus, notes on, 394.
Pericheeta, on the organization of
the, 207.
Pericopis, new species of, 286,
Perrier, E., on the organization of
the worms of the genus Pericheta,
447
207; on the pedicellarize and am-
bulacra of Echinoneus, 214; on
the oviposition in Mantis religiosa,
294.
Peyritsch, Dr., on some Fungi be-
longing to the Laboulbeniz, 440.
Phacochcerus zethiopicus, on the de-
velopment of the teeth in, 188.
Phacodes, new species of, 270.
Phaloésia, new species of, 290.
Phaulimia, new species of, 360.
Phides, characters of the new genus,
360
Philesia buxifolia, note on, 441.
Philodromus, new species of, 431.
Phoca ursina, notes on, 427,
Phyllopneuste, on some species of, 28.
Phyllopoda,onnew North American, —__
332,
Phyodexia, characters of the genus,
2
Picus, new species of, 486.
Plants of the Coal-measures, on the
organization of the fossil, 154.
Playfair, Lieut.-Colonel R. L., on the
hydrographical system and the
Freshwater Fish of Algeria, 373.
Plesiosaurus, on a new species of,
Podocnemis unifilis, notes on, 68.
Polycystina, on the habits and struc-
ture of the, 224.
Potamilla, observations on a species
of, 57.
Pothyne, new species of, 278.
Priapulus caudatus, notes on, 144.
Protoplasmic life, observations on,
63, 129.
Ptilornis Alberti, note on the, 364.
Rhinotia, new species of, 98.
Rhypasma, new species of, 352.
Royal Society, proceedings of the,
63, 129.
Salamander, on a new gigantic, from
Western China, 212.
Sargasso-seas, on, 371.
Scapia Phayrei, notes on, 83, 320.
Scione lobata, observations on, 55.
Scotinauges, characters of the genus,
277.
Seals, on New-Zealand Eared, 29,
427.
Seeley, H. G., on a new species of
Plesiosaurus, 181; on some Che-
lonian remains from the London
Clay, 227 ; on Acanthopholis pla-
typus, 305,
448
Sharpe, R. B., on the American Hider
Duck, 51; on the Alauda bimacu-
lata of Ménétriés, 179; on some
African Birds, 234; on two new
European Birds, 436.
Sieboldia, new species of, 212.
Sigillarie, on the organization of
_the, 134.
Simocrysa, characters of the genus,
272
Soldani’s Foraminifera, 145, 238.
Somateria of America, on the, 51.
Spathura, new species of, 61.
Spermospiza heematina, observations
on, 237.
Spiders, new, from Upper Canada,
429,
Spirorbis nautiloides, on the deve-
lopment of, 159.
Sponge-cell, on the true form of
the, 6.
Sponges, on the relationship of the,
to the Corals, 19.
Spongia linteiformis and S. lycopo-
dium, notes on, 142, 370.
Spontaneous generation, researches
on, 63, 129.
Squamipinnes, on the young state of
some, 318.
Sternula, new species of, 192.
Stoliczka, F., on Testudo Phayrei,
212.
~ Streptocephalus, new species of, 335.
_ Swordfish, on the injury inflicted on
ships by the, 338.
Syllitus, new species of, 271.
Sylviads, notes on, 28.
Syngnathus, new species of, 393.
Teledapus, description of the new
enus, 268.
Telegonus, new species of, 284.
INDEX.
Temnosternus, new species of, 275.
Terebratulina septentrionalis, on the
early stages of, 414. f
Testudo, on a fossil, from Bombay,
339; chilensis, note on, 70;
Phayrei, notes on, 83, 212, 320,
524.
Tethya, new species of, with obser-
vations on the nomenclature of the
Tethyade, 99.
Tortoises, on hairy, 72; on Austra-
lian freshwater, 291, 366.
Toxicum, new species of, 552.
Trichoglossus, new species of, 281.
Trimerella acuminata, note on, 140.
Trionyx Phayrei, notes on, 83, 212,
320, 324.
Tristram, Rev. H. B., on the Syl-
viads, 28. .
Urotragus caudatus, note on, 371.
Vermes from the Sea of Spitzbergen,
53.
Walden, Viscount, on a new species
of Trichoglossus, 281.
Williamson, Prof. W.C., on the or-
ganization of the Lepidodendra
and Sigillarie, 134. ;
Willimoes-Suhm, Dr. R. von, on the
development of Spirorbis nauti-
loides, 139; on the development
of an appendiculate Distoma, 142 ;
on Halicryptus spinulosus, 143; on
Priapulus caudatus, 144.
Wollaston, T. V., on the Coleoptera
of St. Helena, 396.
Wood, T. W., on a new species of
Argus Pheasant, 67.
Xantholinus, new species of, 410.
ee new species of, 192.
Zoophytes of South Devon and Corn-
wall, on the, 73.
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