eet Bn att eS ee Staten Hi adnate oe m imate BE hatha hand Ge tetie te iar 9 Cb hte hs nla = oe he Ratan tin A Be ne A wn = ee ee RN ee ee Se eee ~ - eS ied ate HO Be we be ee om ee ee nt i et Tar aa Fa Bie Paar Hts Se eed . . 7 ee ee eas ’ . te Sy as centre te 9 Sacneenw anette ~ . - - SNe Bm er fat _ ode ge rte ~ A EL LG Ee weer ee, Snes eee ee! wee | SEGot ATCO VTP aUET ORL E Pe ax mal ii} — - ats z rf THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ) CONDUCTED BY CHARLES C, BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8. &c., WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.LS., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. LLL eee y VOL. VII.—FOURTH SERIES: LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; KENT AND CO.; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES AND SMITH, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1871. kul “«Omnes res createe sunt divine sapientiz et potentiz testes, divitiz felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Harum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper xstimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”’—Linnavs. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucnnmr, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. Of, Spebne arog fot (ercey dBase The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold advyenturer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII. [FOURTH SERIES. ] NUMBER XLIII. Page I, A Description of two new Calcispongie, to which is added Confirmation of Prof. James-Clark’s Discovery of the True Form of the Sponge-cell (Animal), and an Account of the Polype-like Pore- area of Cliona corallinoides contrasted with Prof. E. Hiickel’s View on the Relationship of the Sponges to the Corals. By H. J. Carrer, beh NU el 8 ala Re ie ae SAA, Se iP ander reer re 1 II. Notes on Sylviads. By the Rey. H. B. Tristram, LL.D., Be ee Neier RAS Oe eer ets Mar evntetie cays o haus comin eee eee weet 28 III. Notes on New-Zealand Eared Seals. By Dr. Hecror, eR eee Ree ath ae ee ree shee ontte. torre ta entre eect eee Ree a 29 IV. On the Agamic Reproduction of a Species of Chironomus, and its Development from the Unfecundated Ege. By Oscar von ervte Hi Pkake PL) s chor fee Pal ys vbaekidigeadt Heth ap ete bir dl VY. Contributions to the Fauna of the Upper Tertiaries. No. I. The “ Mud-deposit” at Selsey, Sussex. By Atrrep Bett .-:.... 46 VI. On the American Eider Duck. By-R. B. Suarpn, F.L.S. &c., Librarian to the Zoological Society of London .................. 51 VII. On the Vermes collected by M. von Heuglin in the Sea of Spitzbengen) “By Prot) MAGERS 61. 08 nA es a ew 53 VIII. On a new Species of Humming-bird belonging to the Genus Soaiura. “By 7 GOUED, BRS. pe oes < os'gy 05s abe nin ergs ots 61 Proceedings of the Royal Society .. 0... .é6vu.csiauieles vee eaee 63 On a new Species of Argus Pheasant, by T. W. Wood, Esq.; Notes on Podocnemis unifilis, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; Note on Testudo chilensis, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; Note on Dac- tylopora, by Dr. C. W. Giimbel ; Pala Wax; Chinese Freshwater Crabs and Hairy Tortoises; Death of E. Claparéde ...... 67—72 NUMBER XLIV. IX. Supplement to a “Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall,” with Descriptions of new Species. By the Rev. Thomas Hincxs, B.A. (Plates V. & VI.) ............ 73 lv CONTENTS. Page X. Notes on Trionyx Phayret of Mr. Theobald and Dr. Anderson. By Dr. J, BE, Gray, WRG. &. visas dys scceessanerraceneeeae 83 XI. Additions to the Australian Curculionide. Part I. By Francis P, Pascon, F.L.S. &6. csiesss tannins cok ns oor eRe 89 XII. Description and Illustrations of a new Species of Tethya, with Observations on the Nomenclature of the Tethyade. By J. Canren, PRS. &e. (Plate PV.) vs. sas een toes 99 XIII. On the Agamic Reproduction of a Species of Chironomus, and its Development from the Unfecundated Egg. By Oscar von GERTMIAL oc a kd'eisis RR A ae As Vem oe kesl etait Soe oe 106 XIV. Notes on the Berardius of New Zealand. By Dr. J. E. STRAY PRS. Ge 4 Fiabe b's baa owed # Bhan sk eee 115 XV. On Euchelymys, a new Genus and two new Species of Australian Freshwater Tortoises. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e... 117 XVI. Description of an apparently new Species of Pheasant be- longing to the Genus Argus. By D.G. Extror, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., &e. 119 XVI. On the Constitution of Milk and Blood. By M. Dumas . 120 Proceedings of the Royal Society. ..... 0... ccc eee eee eee 129—138 On the Skulls of Mande, by Charles Barron; On the Development of the Teeth in Phacocherus 2 by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.; Development of Spirorbis nautiloides, Lam., by Dr. R. von Willimoes-Suhm ; On presumed Naerten peered of Pelomedusa, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. ; Note on Trimerella acuminata, by E. Billings; On the Skull of the Madoqua (Veo- tragus Saltianus) from Abyssinia, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.; Note on Spongia linteiformis and S. lycopodium, Esper, by Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. ; On the Development of an Appendicu- late Distoma, On Halicryptus spinulosus, Von Sieb., and On Priapulus caudatus, Linn., by Dr. R. von Willimoes-Suhm 1388—144 NUMBER XLV. XVIII. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S., T. Rupert Jonss, F.G.S., and H. B. Brapy, F.LS., F.G.S.—Part XIV. The Species ennmerated by D’Orbigny in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ 1826, vol. vii—IV. The - Species founded upon the Figures in Soldani’s ‘Testaceographia ac Zoophytopraphia.’ (Plates VITI.—XIL)......200:.sccerenaeee 145 XIX. On the dlauda bimaculata of Ménétriés. By R. B. Suarpe, F.L.S. &c., Librarian to the Zoological Society of London CONTENTS. ) v Page XX. On anew Species of Plesiosaurus from the Portland Lime- stone. By Harry G. SEELEy, F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cam- BRE ea ras) as ee Ms less, Scns. a PORE 8s wm OS sey A only aha 181 XXI. On the Condors and Humming-birds of the Equatorial Andes. By James Orton, of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ...........-4. 185 XXII. Descriptions of two new Species pertaining to the Avifauna of Australia. By JoHn Gounn, F.R.S. &e, oi... le teen nes 192 XXIIL Whence comes the Nourishment for the Animals of the Deep Seas? . By. Prof, KARL; MOBIUS 4 tesa de vse a sivele inn dees 193 XXIV. The supposititious “ Bos (?) pegasus” of the late Colonel Charles Hamilton Smith. By Epwarp Bryrtu, Hon. Memb. As. SDSS Ota ON SOT ROGAN PRR chu ec Cr are Re eS rine 204 XXV. On the Organization of the Worms of the Genus Pericheta. Eig i reniy, Errore ae he a's fake Vike se ee tye te alee tiniacens, euegpyeikia as 207 XXVI. Description of a new Fossil Balanus. By Epwarp SEAR ISERAD orgy ETE TEN Ms fabs, sain cl diaal lis'np a, Gime e 9 slat uate! shail) aia minnie aL 210 Note on Testudo Phayrei, by Ferd. Stoliczka; On a new gigantic Salamander (Steboldia Davidiana, Blanch.) from Western China, by E. Blanchard ; On the Pedicellariz and Ambulacra of Ech- noneus, by Edmond Perrier; On the Reproduction of the Lo- phobranchs, and on the Filiation of certain Genera, by M. Canestrini; On a new Organ of Innervation, and on the Origin of the Nerves of Special Sensibility in the Aquatic Pulmonate Gasteropoda, by M. Lacaze-Duthiers; Further Observations on the Development of the Crayfish, by S. Chantran ; On Hypo- cotyledonary Gemmation, by Prof. Asa Gray .......... 212-220 NUMBER XLVI. XXVII. Outline of a Scheme of Classification of the Invertebrata, founded upon the Progressive-Development Theory. By Jonn DENts Macpona.p, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon H.M.S, ‘Lord Warden’ . 221 XXVIII. Examination of Deep-sea Soundings; with Remarks on the Habit and Structure of the Polycystina. By Joun Dents Mac- DONALD, M.D., F.R.S., Staff-Surgeon H.M.S. ‘Lord Warden’ .... 224 XXIX. Note on some Chelonian Remains from the London Clay. By Harry G, SEerey, F.G.8., St. John’s College, Cambridge .... 227 XXX. Notes on some African Birds. By R.B. SHarpz,F.L.S. &e., Librarian to the Zoological Society of London XXXI. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. By W. K. ParkFR, F.R.S., T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S., and H. B. Brapy, PR PEC ae RRA, «ss sce ee hs i Mes Sele eae 238 ve “a * CONTENTS. Page XXXII. Descriptions of two new Species of Humming-birds be- longing to the Genera Zupherusa and Cyanomyia. By D.G. Exxtiot, RN Sy Me Lice allot st oa: 9: fe: «shea RNG fare oe ree 266 XXXII. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Longicorns, including three new Subfamilies. By Francis P. Pascos, F.L.S. Re, MOP IAGO PUT os on a's,» desgete oni tage Se ieee rae 268 XXXIV. On a new Species of Trichoglossus from Celebes. By Aznraur, Viscount, WALDEN, FBS P48. res 6 oes, scene aeen 281 XXXYV. Descriptions of some new Species of Lepidoptera, chiefly from the Collection of Mr. Wilson Saunders. By A. G. Burier, PB Sat Lg BOG db i cea ack , 21a} walle: miedo avkus) RAEN 396 L. On the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis (Couthouy). By Epwarp S. Morse, Ph.D. &. (Plates XV. & XVI.)........ 414 LI. Notes on the New-Zealand Eared Seal (Phoca ursina, Forster ; Arctocephalus Forstert, Gray). By Dr. JAmMEs Hector, F.R.S..... 427 LII. On a new Species of Caprimulgus. By G. R. Gray, F.R.S. 428 LUI. Notice of Spiders captured by Miss Hunter in Montreal, Upper Canada, with Descriptions of Species supposed to be new to Arachnologists. By JoHn BuackwatL, F.L.S. ................ 429 LIV. On two undescribed Species of European Birds. By R. B, SuHarps, F.L.S., Librarian to the Zoological Society of London, Bx Ete es RRR EA eG. cis cmatmlebelsiclw > oe vesse larabarep Bes cvaces 436 On a new Species of Buceros, by G. R. Gray (Plate XVII.) ; Obser- Vill CONTENTS. Page vations on some points in the Embryology of the Lemuroidea, and on the Zoological Affinities of those Animals, by M. Alph. Milne-Edwards; On some Fungi belonging to the Family La- boulbenie, by Dr. Peyritsch ; The Pepino (Philesia buxifolia) ; The Copigue (Zapageria rosea); On the Generation of Helix aspersa, by M.S. Jourdain; On the Persistence of Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss, a Cretaceous Coral, in the Coral-fauna of the Deep Sea, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.R.S., F.G.S., Prof. of Geology in King’s Coll. Lond................ 437—448 PLATES IN VOL. VIII. Prats I. New Species of Calcispongie. If. Structure of Sponges. II. Reproduction of a Species of Chironomus. IV. New Species of Tethya. vi }New British Zoophytes. VI. Acanthopholis platypus. VI. IX. | X. XI. | XII. XII. New Longicorns. XIV. New Genera and Species of Gelbopiend 1} Barly Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis, Soldani’s Foraminifera. XVI. XVII. Buceros casuarinus. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [FOURTH SERIES.] Se aantsagesesteshs per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dives, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”’ NV. Parthenii Giannettasii Kol. 1. No. 43. JULY 1871. I.—A Description of two new Calcispongie, to which is added Confirmation of Prof. James-Clark’s Discovery of the True Form of the Sponge-cell (Animal), and an Account of the Polype-like Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides contrasted with Prof. EH. Hickel’s View on the Relationship of the Sponges to the Corals. By H. J. Carter, F.R.S. &e. [Plates I. & II.] In the following paper I propose to describe and illustrate two new calcareous Sponges from this locality (Budleigh-Salterton, Devon), one of which will form the type of a new genus, and the other, although before noticed, has not been properly re- cognized; also to confirm Prof. James-Clark’s discovery of the true form of the sponge-cell in Leucosolenia botryoides, Bk., by recent observations and experiments on the structure of Grantia compressa; further, to describe and illustrate the polype-like pore-area of Cliona corallinoides, Hancock, for the purpose of contrasting it with the views of Prof. E. Hiackel on the organization of Sponges and their relationship to the Corals ; to which are added a few remarks on the groundwork or basis of his proposed classification of the Calcispongie. Trichogypsia villosa, nov. gen. et sp. PL. I. figs. 1-4. Massive, sessile, depressed, greyish or greenish white ; base subelliptical. Surface uneven, rough, ridged, villous (Pl. I. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 1 2 Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongie. fig. 2), presenting a single vent at one end of the ellipse (fig. 2, a), about midway between the border and the centre, at the bottom of an oval excavation, furnished internally with a circle of minor vents arranged round the large one (fig. 3). Pores scattered over the surface generally. Internal structure close, areolar, accompanied by the branching excretory canal- system. Spicules of one form only (fig. 4), viz. linear, sinuous, fusiform, spino-tuberculate at the extremities, especially the outer one, which is most attenuated, the internal one being obtuse and less tuberculated; arranged more or less perpen- dicularly, so as to present a villous surface. Size of spicule averaging 32-1800ths of an inch long by 1-1800th of an inch broad. Size of specimen (fig. 1) 5-12ths of an inch long by 3-12ths broad, and 1-12th of an inch high. Hab. Marine. Laminarian zone, in company with Isodictya simulans, Bk. (Halichondria simulans, Johnston). Loc. Budleigh-Salterton, south coast of Devon. Obs. I have only obtained one specimen of this sponge; it had grown upon the deciduous shell of a shark’s egg, to- gether with branching and inosculating Jsodictya simulans, the whole of which had probably become entangled in the Laminarian zone, whence it had been torn off in a storm and cast upon the beach, where I found it about a year since. It consists of a single individual, with one vent, growing flat upon the horny egg-shell, and is so far like Leuconia nivea that the vent branches off directly into the areolar parenchyma of the sponge; but its surface, instead of being depressed, flat, and smooth, is rather elevated and rough, or irregularly ridged, while the whole mass has the appearance of the pile on white velvet which, having been moistened with gum-water, has been allowed to dry in a ruffled’state. How far this may be owing to the washing of the sea-water, I cannot say ; but it is chiefly caused by the projection of the attenuated spinous ends of the sinuously straight spicules, which, arranged perpendi- cularly to the surface, give the latter its villous appearance, The colour is greyish or greenish white, of that tint which is perhaps the most common in the crystalline salts of lime— calc spar, gypsum, &c. While, however, there is only one kind of spicule, and that linear, this Calcisponge further differs from all the others with which I am acquainted in possessing no triradiate or quadri- radiate spicules. ; It is necessary to make a new genus of it, for which, from its calcareous nature and hair-like appearance, I propose the name of “ Trichogypsia,” designating the species by the term Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongie. 3 “‘yellosa,”’ from its surface being somewhat like the pile on velvet, as above stated. The spicule happens to be almost a facsimile of that which forms the tubercles and crust on the back of Doris tuberculata, and, like it as well as all the other calcareous spicules that I have met with in the Calcispongie, Foraminifera, Gorgo- niide, Echinodermata, and compound tunicated animals, pre- sents no central canal, but is solid throughout. Leuconia Johnstonii, mihi. PL. I. figs. 5-12. Massive, flat, sessile, lobulated, snow-white, each lobule having a single vent situated at the end of a more or less elongated, conical or rounded eminence (PI. I. fig. 6). Sur- face smooth, covered with very large quadriradiate spicules (fig. 6,¢). Vent circular, and surmounted by a crown of erect linear spicules (fig. 6,a@ and 7, e), or simple and bound down marginately by the spreading arms of the great quadriradiate spicules of the surface (fig. 6, 6, and fig. 40,666, Pl. IL.), leading into a cloacal cavity (fig. 7,@) which soon branches off into the excretory canal-system (fig.7,b 5). Pores scattered irre- gularly over the surface, m the dermal sarcode, chiefly opposite the interstices of the intercrossing subjacent spicular structure (fig. 9,a, 6). Internally areolar for the most part, accompanied by the branching excretory canal-system (fig.7,d ddd); areolar cavities opening into each other (8, a) and finally into the cloaca directly (fig. 7,¢ c) or indirectly into it through the branches of the excretory canal-system. Spicules of seven forms :—1, the largest, quadriradiate (fig. 10, a), one arm of which is directed internally (c), while the three others (bb & d), lying flat upon the surface (fig. 6,c) , thus, nail-like, bind down the spicular struc- ture ; internal arm (c) much curved, projecting into the cloacal cavity, where it presents a formidable spur bent towards the vent (fig. 7, f) ; the junction of the radii marked by a transpa- rent area, which is white or dark according to the direction of the light, and arises from the presence or junction of the in- ternal or fourth arm, whereby this part often has the appear- ance of a pore (fig. 12) ; 2, triradiate (gy), very much smaller than the last, but of different sizes, and formmg, as in most calcareous sponges, the staple spicule of the mass; 3, thick, long, linear, smooth, ineequifusiform, slightly curved, larger at the proximal than at the distal end (e); 4, long, delicate, hair-like, straight (f); the last two are confined to the vent (fig. 7 e) ; 5, small quadriradiate (72’), with one arm straight and long, two short and opposite or lateral, and the fourth forming a long curved spur directed forwards, which, as this spicule is 1* 4 Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongie. chiefly confined to the cloacal surface, projects into the latter after the manner of the fourth arm of the large quadriradiate ; 6, minute, fusiform, acerate, curved, spinous, presenting for the most part the appearance of one end having been broken off aii again united, but in the opposite direction to the curve of the spicule generally (4, and fig. 11, a) ; 7, minute cnn, with one short and three longer arms (/, and g. 11,6), chiefly confined, with the two preceding ones, to the surface of the cloacal cavities, where they form a more or less dense layer, pierced only by the fourth or internal arm of the great quadriradiate and the openings of the excretory canal- system (fig. 7,a,f,c). These spicules, although they vary somewhat in size, are, on the average, as they are successively described, 100, 36, 62, 58, 10, 4, and 14 1800ths of an inch in their length and spreading respectively. Size of the specimen (fig. 5) about 9-12ths long, 6-12ths broad, and 14-12ths of an inch high. Hab. Under surface of the rocks, in company with most of the other siliceous and calcareous sponges here, about low- water mark, in the Laminarian zone. Not uncommon. Loc, Budleigh-Salterton, south coast of Devon. Obs. I have found several specimens of this sponge. In some the vents are ciliated, in others indiliated ; that is, crowned with a row of erect linear spicules, or with none at all. Both kinds occur in the specimen from which the illus- tration is taken; and where the crown is absent or broken off, sea from the waves beating upon it twice a day at each alling of the tide, the margin is chiefly bound down by the arms of the great quadriradiate spicule of the surface. It differs from Lewconia nivea in the vents being ciliated, in the great spicules of the surface being quadri- instead of triradiate, in the projection of the curved or fourth ray of the great quadriradiate spicule into the cloaca, in the presence of the dark area or point in the centre of the radu of the latter (fig. 12), which at once distinguishes it from Leuconia nivea, where there is no fourth ray to occasion this; in its lobulated form, where one-third or more of the individual sometimes projecting above the common level of the sponge entails a short cloacal cavity (fig. 7, a) before branching off into the ex- cretory canal-system generally, while in Leuconia nivea the vent, being on the same plane as the rest of the surface, which is flat, branches off ¢mmediately into this canal-system. Thus in Leuconia Johnstoniti we have a form midway be- tween Grantia ciliata and Leuconia nivea. After having described Leuconia nivea and its large tri- radiate spicules, Dr. Johnston concludes with the following paragraph ;— Mr. H. J. Carter on two new Calcispongiz. 5 “ Mr. M‘Colla has furnished me with a variety from the Trish coast that merits to be distinguished. The sponge rises up in compressed sinuous leaf-like lobes, which are united together so as to form a lobulated crust nearly an inch in thickness, with a circular osculum on every projecting angle (pl. 20. fig. 6). Were we to imagine that a cluster of Grantia compressa had grown so close as to press against each other, and the various specimens to have coalesced into one mass, we would have a correct idea of this variety. That it is, however, no variety of G. compressa, is proved by the differ- ence of its texture as well as by the form of the spicula.”’ (Brit. Spong. 1842, p. 183.) I need hardly add, after this quotation, that Dr. Johnston was acquainted with the species which I have now the plea- sure to dedicate to his respected memory; nor, on the other hand, need I allude further to Dr. Bowerbank’s description of Leuconia nivea (Brit. Spong. 1866, vol. ii. p. 36) than to state that, as he has changed Johnston’s name of Grantia nivea to Leuconia nivea, so he has lost sight of or ignored this classical writer’s description of the true Grantia nivea, and replaced it by an imperfect one of his “ variety.” That, however, Johnston’s ‘ variety”’ is entitled to a distinct appellation, the above description will show. As the great quadriradiate spicule of the surface of Leuconia Johnstonii is but a larger form of that which is common to the cloacal surface alone of most of the calcareous sponges, I have given an illustration of that which is found in Grantia ciliata as a type specimen (PI. II. fig. 32). It will be observed that one ray is straight (b), while two others are more or less curved and opposite to each other (a a); this is the common form of the ériradiate spicule; and it is in the straight ray alone that a trace of the central or axial canal common to the siliceous spicule is seen (c), which trace, however, is here the central canal filled up with a cylinder of the same material as the spicule, so that, in fact, there is no canal at all. The fourth ray (@) projects at about right angles to the other three, and sometimes is a little excentric—that is, arises from the straight ray at a little distance from its union with the two curved ones. This ray is also curved forwards (that is, towards thevent), and in this way projects into and forms the armature of the cloaca: it would have been opposite, probably, if the current had been so, and hence is one of the structural evi- dences of an aboriginal excretory stream. What is remarkable, however, in Leuconia Johnstonii is, that this spicule is so large that its fourth ray not only pro- jects in a formidable manner into the cloaca (PI. I. fig. 40, ec), 6 Mr. H. J. Carter on the *' Collar” but its three other rays bind down the rest of the spicular structure on the surface at the same time (Pl. I. fig. 6,c). It is therefore as much a surface- as a cloacal spicule; while, in all the other calcareous sponges that I have seen, it (that is, the quadriradiate) is almost entirely confined to the cloacal surface. ‘The two other quadriradiate spicules are also chiefly confined to the inner surface of the cloaca here as well as in Leuconia nivea, where, with the minute spinous spicule, they also chiefly form the lining of the excretory canals; but the great spur of the great quadriradiate spicule of Leuconia Johnstonii is, of course, absent. Confirmation of Prof. James-Clark’s Discovery of the “ Collar” round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. In the October Number of the ‘ Annals’ for last year my paper on the ‘ Ultimate Structure of the Marine Sponges ” was published (vol. vi. p. 329), at the end of which (p. 341) are the following paragraphs :— “‘T have only now to add a word or two, in conclusion, on the real nature of the animal of the Sponges abstractedly. “The only naturalist, to my knowledge, who has turned his attention directly to this all-important point connected with them is Prof. H. James-Clark, of Boston, to whose va- luable memoir on the subject, entitled, “‘Spongie ciliate or Infusoria flagellata’’ (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. i. pt. 3, pls. 9 & 10, read June 20, 1866; reprinted in the ‘ Annals,’ vol. i. p.133, Feb. 1868) I have alluded at the commencement of this paper. “The object of Prof. James-Clark is to prove that the monociliated sponge-cell is a distinct flagellated infusorium, possessing an oral and an anal orifice respectively, in close approximation, at the bottom of a funnel-shaped retractile ex- pansion which surrounds the base of the cilium, and also a nucleus and two contracting vesicles ; further, that this flagel- lated infusorium is in no sense whatever related to the Rhizo- poda; and that it is an aggregation or colony of such Infusoria which produces the ‘ true ciliated Spongie.’ “T cannot altogether endorse Prof. James-Clark’s views, as I have stated (Annals, Sept. 1869, vol. iv. p.196), nor do I desire to dispute his conclusions here.”’ It is with great pleasure that I can now endorse them—that is, that I am now able to confirm all that Prof. James-Clark has stated of the flagellated sponge-cell in the valuable memoir to which I have referred. For two months past Grantia compressa has been growing round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 7 in clusters on branches of the delicate little seaweed called Callithamnion roseum, which fringes the overhanging edges and under surfaces of the rocks here, about midway between high- and low-water mark, where it is left uncovered by the water for some hours twice a day. Thinking, therefore, from its hardiness, that it might serve to confirm Prof. James-Clark’s observations on Leucosolenia botryoides (1. c.), 1, about six weeks since, brought home some branches of the Callithamnion bearing specimens of Grantia compressa, which were put into salt water on the spot; and the day after, as these sponges were still living, I tore up some pieces and placed them under the microscope, with 4-of- an-inch compound power for observation, when, much to my gratification, I witnessed exactly what Prof. James-Clark had described, as may be seen by reference to the four groups of figures (13-16 in Pl. I.) which were then made from them. I also saw immediately that the “ ear-like points or spines’ on the monociliated sponge-cell of Spongilla, which may be found fully described and figured in the ‘ Annals’ (Jan. 1859, vol. ii. p. 14 &e., pl. 1. figs. 12, 13, 14) were, as Prof. James-Clark had suspected (footnote, p. 21, loc. cit.), “the right and left profiles of a membranous cylindrical collar.” Feeling satisfied that Prof. James-Clark was right in his interpretation of this form of sponge-cell, and having, by ex- periments on Spongilla, as may be seen in my figures (I. c.), showed that, when immersed in a solution of indigo, the sponge-cells with ‘ ear-like points ’’ became more or less filled with it, I, of course, thought that the sponge-cells of Grantia compressa might do the same, when it would become satisfac- torily evident that the same kind of ciliated sponge-cell existed in both the siliceous and calcareous sponges. Accordingly, about a fortnight since, I took a branch of Callithamnion roseum on which there was a cluster of Grantia compressa, and, having placed it, as before, in sea-water on the spot, brought it home, rubbed down a little indigo, also in sea-water, and put the cluster into it. After about an hour, all the specimens of Grantia compressa became of a dark-blue colour; and on cutting out a minute portion of one and tearing it to pieces, still in sea-water, the fragments were thus placed under the microscope, on a glass slide under a glass cover, when, equally to my gratification, I found the collared monociliated cells more or less filled with indigo, and in active vitality (Pl. II. fig. 30). Next the cluster was placed in clean sea-water, and a stream of indigo was observed to be gradually flowing from the vent of each specimen respectively. 8 Mr. H. J. Carter on the “ Collar ”’ The cluster was then immersed in spirit and water; and after a few hours another minute portion, having been cut out from one of the specimens, was torn to pieces in like manner to the foregoing, and placed under the microscope, when the cell again was distinctly seen, although dead, with its cilium straight and, of course, motionless, the collar partially re- tracted, and the body more or less filled with indigo (Pl. II. fig. 31). “Thus it was proved that in the siliceous sponges (Spongilla) and in the calcareous sponges (G'rantia compressa) the same form of monociliated sponge-cell exists, which will, in both instances, take in indigo when supplied with it under the cir- cumstances above mentioned. Further, it follows that, as these cells do take in crude material, they are as much the animals of the sponge as the little Ascidians are the animals of the compound Tunicata,— ex. gr. Botryllus polycyclus (Pl. II. fig. 41), where the Asci- dians are imbedded in circular groups (0) in a common tough gelatinous mass (a), each Ascidian having an oral orifice on the surface for the reception of food &c. (c), and an anal orifice which empties itself interiorly (d) into a common cloaca (e), finally opening by a circular hole, also on the surface, in the centre of each group (/). Thus satisfied that this monociliated cell existed in both classes of sponges, viz. in Spongilla and in Grantia compressa, I sought for it also in living specimens of Grantia ciliata, Leuconia nivea, and Clathrina sulphurea, where it was equally well represented. I then tried the siliceous sponges, viz. Isodictya simulans, Hymeniacidon plumosa, Microciona atrosanguinea, Cliona celata, &c., and might have gone further; but the fact of the sponge-cell being only half the size in the siliceous (viz. 1-6000th of an inch in diameter) that it is in the calcareous sponges precluded my seeing any thing more than the cilia. f all these sponges that [ have examined, the common Isodictya simulans seems to be the hardiest and best fitted for this purpose; but all that I can state respecting my examina- tion of it amounts only to fancying that I saw the collar round the base of the cilium in profile. However, as, when my eyes were younger, I had determined it in Spongzlla in the way mentioned (/. c.), that 1s sufficient to establish its existence in at least one of the siliceous sponges. As the monociliated cell in Grantia compressa somewhat differs from that represented in Prof. James-Clark’s figure of it in Leucosolenia botryotdes (1. c. pl. 9. [pl. 6, ‘ Annals,’ vol. i.] fig. 41), it is desirable that I should describe it more particu- round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 9 larly ; but, before doing so, I would premise that Prof. James- Clark’s memoir, although headed SSpbnsia ciliate &c.,” is chiefly on flagellated Infusoria—four new genera of which, viz. Bicoseca, Codoneca, Codosiga, and Salpingeca, including six species, partly freshwater and partly marine, growing separately or in groups on stalks, and all possessing the “ collar” charac- terizing the sponge-cell, he has described and illustrated in detail, before that of Lewcosolenia botryoides. Hence he not only gives the sponge-cell, but several other minute monocil- iated and collared monadine organisms almost identical with it, which live respectively in the sea and in fresh water— whereby his observations on the form and habits of the sponge- cell are confirmed by totally independent evidence. I do not know that any one has published an account of the same kind of monadine infusoria ; but now that Iam aware of what they are, and have seen them in the sponge, I remember to have frequently seen such organisms as are represented by Prof. James-Clark under the name of Salpingeca amphoridium (figs. 37, a—d, pl. 9, 7. c.) on the filaments of Spirogyra or Cladophora at Bombay, and have them jigured in several parts of my journal, beginning as far back as “ April 15th, 1855” (Pl. I. fig. 42); but at that time my microscopic power was too low to see them properly, and therefore, as often as I met with them, they were so far disregarded. Hence it is probable that when Prof. James-Clark’s discove- ries become better known (which, like all valuable communi- cations of the kind, may be too far in advance to be recognized in the lifetime of the author) these Infusoria may be often no- ticed ; indeed I hardly despair now of seeing some of them one day myself, especially the freshwater Codosiga pulcher- rima, which can be “readily recognized under as low a mag- nifying~power as two hundred diameters ”’ (/. c. p. 10). Returning, then, to Grantia compressa, so far as the sponge- cell alone goes, zt is the same as that of Leucosolenia botryoides, viz. globular in form, composed of a plastic exterior, en- closing granuliferous mucus or protoplasm, a nucleus and contracting vesicles, besides, perhaps, other organs at present unknown (PI. I. fig. 13, a), having at one part a non-granular portion, which is extensible (4). This part, which we will call the “rostrum,” is polymorphic and protrusible, as in Dif flugia, and frequently assumes different shapes, but especially a cylindrical one rounded at the free end, from the summit of which convexity the cilium (d) proceeds, and from around its base a funnel-shaped delicate film like a fringe or frill, which, with Prof. James-Clark, we shall call the ‘ collar” (c). Although the rostrum is not represented in Prof. James- 10 Mr. H. J. Carter on the “‘ Collar’”’ Clark’s figures of the sponge-cell of Leucosolenia botryoides, it is figured and described in his Codosiga pulcherrima (1. c. p. 10, pl. 9. [pl. 5, ‘ Annals,’ 1868, vol. 1.] figs. 8, 9, 25, 27, &c.). Further, it should be stated that both the cell and its ap- pendages are all polymorphic, or, at all events, the latter and non-granular portions of the protoplasm; so that, while the appendages may assume an infinitude of shapes and trans- formations, the globularity of the cell for the most part remains stationary. (For a description of the different forms of the sponge-cell assumed under polymorphism, and figured in the illustrations, see infra, ‘“ Explanation of the Plates,” figs. 13-31, inclusively.) How the crude fragments of food are introduced into the sponge-cell is still so far questionable, that, as yet, it has only been inferred, In the ‘ Annals’ for July 1857 (vol. xx. p. 29, pl. 1. fig. 10) I described and figured what appeared to me to be the process in a sponge-cell of Spongilla attached by a pseudopod to the watch-glass, similar to that which I have seen twice, and figured, in Grantia compressa (Pl. II. figs.{20, 21); and there (that is, as represented in the figure /,c. 10), the particles seemed to be hurled back upon the cell by the cilium, described in my own words at the time as “caught up (by apparently adhering to it, or by a process thrown out by it, as in Actino- phrys sol (b)) and rapidly passed into its interior.” Respecting these observations, Prof. James-Clark states (2. c. p. 1),—“ Strangely enough, though, as it seems to me now, he [Carter] does not look upon the intussusception of the particles as a genuine process of swallowing, like that which obtains among the ciliated Infusoria.” “It is plain, therefore, that he does not believe that the ‘ sponge-cells’ are endowed with a mouth; and moreover, if I am not mistaken, he attributes to any part of the ‘cell’ the faculty of engulfing food.” Now here is the only point at issue between us; and on this depends whether we shall regard the sponge-cells as “ Infu- soria flagellata,” after Prof. James-Clark’s view, or as Rhizo- poda (like Ameba) after my own and that of others. It should be understood, however, that by any part of the sponge-cell “engulfing food” I mean any pseudopodial pro- longation or exserted process of the protoplasm ; for it is not improbable that in the Rhizopoda the surface-layer does not cover the pseudopodium, but, by its elasticity and yielding nature, allows the transparent and prehensile material of the interior to be protruded for the capture of food &c., and then withdrawn within the rent, which afterwards closes over it; round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 11 hence the primary globular or rounded form of Ameba in the passive state. Be this as it may, Prof. James-Clark states, respecting the sponge-cell of Leucosolenia botryoides (1.c. p. 22), that ‘the mouth is the only organ which has not been actually observed, although its position has been inferred, not only from the otherwise similar structure of the monad of this creature to that of Codosiga (§ 6), but because currents of floating parti- cles are constantly whirled in by the flagella and made to impinge upon the area within the collar.” As regards Codosiga pulcherrima and Salpingeca gracilis, the intelligent author adds (/. ec. p. 15) :—‘* The mouth, we are obliged to presume, as we did in regard to Codosiga, lies somewhere about the base of the flagellum. Abundant diges- tive vacuoles were observed, as well as loose particles of food, in various parts of the body; but at no time were we so for- tunate as to see the introception of nutritive material or the ejection of fecal matter.” And of Salpingeca it is stated (p.11), “the position of the anus, which, as I have already suggested, may possibly be coincident with the mouth, is easily determined, even to the narrowest limits, as the fecal matter is discharged in large, highly refractile pellets (fig. 24, d) close to the base of the flagellum.” Such is the only evidence we possess of the existence of distinct oral and anal orifices respectively within the collar of the sponge-cell of Leucosolenia botryoides ; and so long as the collar of the sponge-cell is present with the cilium, all parti- cles of food may go into and out of the body through the collar; but as every part of the sponge-cell is polymorphic, and may put forth pseudopodia from one part in particular (Pl. II. figs. 22, 23, 24), ike Diflugia, or from any part of the body (PI. I. figs. 14,6 & 16, a), like Ameba, so it seems to me that we may infer that these pseudopodia may have, under such conditions, the power of introcepting particles of food at any point, which, while the cilium is unretracted and in full motion, may be thrown back upon the body towards its base only, and there introcepted, as I delineated in 1857 (J. c.). This, then, would at one time make the sponge-cell a fla- gellated infusorium, and at another a rhizopod; but being compounded of the two, it is certainly neither, but an organism sut generis—in short, the sponge-cell, On some occasions, too, the pseudopodial prolongation ap- pears to become a pointed organ of suction like the tentacular prolongations from Podophrya fixa and Acineta, when it may seize and penetrate the body of another infusorium for the purpose of extracting its nutritive contents. (Indeed it is pro- 12 Mr. H. J. Carter on the “ Collar”’ bably by the intercellular protoplasm, to which I shall allude hereafter, that the Sponges, like the Myxogastres, chiefly ex- cavate and work (how ?) their way through hard bodies.) This tentacular form of pseudopodium, which is characte- ristic of the Acinetina, I have also witnessed twice, in two cells of Grantia compressa, viz. one where the collar had partly become transformed into a pseudopodial extension and had caught an unciliated monadine cell (Pl. I. fig. 17), and the other where the margin of the collar itself had seized a monociliated one (fig. 18). As these two instances presented themselves during a very short and limited examination of the sponge-cells of Grantia compressa in the way above stated, it is not improbable that they are of very frequent oc- currence. At the same time it should be remembered that many phenomena of this kind are witnessed under the glass cover, from the Infusoria being brought so closely together, which might not occur so frequently in their natural element, where they are unconfined and have plenty of room to avoid each other. As an instance of a Rhizopod being able to put forth vibra- tile cilia at one time, and replace them by pseudopodial tenta- cles at another, I, long since, described and figured Podophrya jfiva in the ‘Annals’ (vol. xv. p. 287, pl. 12. fig. 10). To this it may be added that Prof. James-Clark in no part states that any of his collared flagellated Infusoria possess a polymorphic power over the whole body like the sponge-cell. Nevertheless this sagacious observer states (p. 20), regard- ing “the theory of Carter as to the alliance of Sponges with Rhizopods,” ‘“‘ my firm conviction” is “ that the true ciliated Spongie are not Rhizopoda in any sense whatever, nor even closely related to them, but are genuine compound flagellate Protozoa, and are most intimately allied to such genera as Monas, Bicoswca, Codoneca, Codosiga, and Salpingeca.” Thus having stated our views respectively on this point, I must leave the reader to judge for himself. Contracting vesicles and a nucleus are common to all the sponge-cells, and the former common to the protoplasm to which I have just alluded, viz. that which binds them and the whole elements of which the sponge is composed together. The latter is figured and described in one of my earliest papers on Spongilla (Annals, Aug. 1849, vol. iv. pp. 86-91, pl. 4. fig. 2), wherein it is stated, at p. 81, that, ‘“‘ when the fleshy mass is examined by the aid of a microscope, it is found to be composed of a number of cells imbedded in and held together by an intercellular substance,’ and, at p. 91, that “it (this substance) is extended into digital prolongations precisely round the Cilium of the Sponge-cell. 13 similar to those of the protean, which in progression or in polymorphism throws out parts of its cell in this way,” and that in it “‘may be observed hyaline vesicles of different sizes contracting and dilating themselves as in the protean.” I quote these portions to show that this intercellular protoplasm was described upwards of twenty years since. Another phenomenon witnessed by Prof. James-Clark was the duplicative division (“fissigemmation”’) of Codosiga pul- cherrima (pl. 9. figs. 13-21, p. 13), which he patiently watched and has as fully delineated and described. To this also I would direct attention, because I have figured a group of stoloniferous sponge-cells from Granta compressa which bear the appearance of having been produced in a similar way (Pll. fig.-19): But the variety of forms which these sponge-cells may assume, from their polymorphic power, is infinite; and, con- sidering the number I have figured from two or three compa- ratively short examinations (Pls. I. & II. figs. 13-31) it will be easily understood that to attempt to delineate all would be endless. Another question now arises, as to how and where these sponge-cells are grouped in the sponge-structure. Here, again, I must refer the reader to the description and figure of these cells en groupe in my paper on ‘“ the Ultimate Structure of Spongilla” (Annals, July 1857, vol. xx. p. 26, pl. 1. fig. 5), where it will be observed that in this sponge they form spherical aggregations, each of which presents a large circular transparent area (aperture ?), which is capable of being closed or expanded as required ; and to this aggrega- tion I have given the name of “ ampullaceous sac.’ These groups are situated in the areolar cavities, which are accom- panied by the excretory canal-system ; and the sponge-cells of which they are composed seize the particles of food as they are whirled in through the pores of the investing dermal sarcode, and retain them as long as may be necessary, after which the undigested parts find themselves in the excretory canals. It is very easy to ascertain the form of the groups, because the monociliated cells of which they are composed are the only cells which take in the carmine or indigo, and hence their shape and position are readily recognized with the microscope through the semitransparent substance of the young Spongilla. It must be remembered that in all these instances the parts were viewed 7m situ in the watch-glass where the young Spongilla was grown, with the object-glass wnder water and with no glass cover. 14 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Polype-like Although it is easy to determine the form of the groups of sponge-cells in Spongilla, it is not so easy to see by what channels the particles of colouring-matter are ‘mmediately taken into them, or to see how they or the ingesta get from the cells into the excretory canals; for the cilia of the sponge- cells are in the interior of the ampullaceous sac, where they may be seen vibrating through the transparent circular area (aperture ?). In my latest observations it seemed to me that the particles got into the sponge-cells of the ampullaceous sae through several different channels and holes, perhaps, in the latter, and that the discharged portions passed into the excre- tory canals through the transparent aperture ; but of this I am not certain, and must now leave others to determine it. The same kind of ampullaceous sac may be seen in many of the marine siliceous sponges, of which perhaps Lsodictya simulans affords the best example. It has been figured by Schmidt under the name of “ Wimperkorb” from Reniera aqueductus &c. (Suppl. Spong. Adriat. 1864, p. 13,t. 1.fig. 17); but this author does not allude to my description and figure of it in the ‘Annals’ for 1857, although the feeding of Spon- gilla with earmine by Lieberkiihn and myself is noticed. Thus the peculiar grouping of the sponge-cells in Spongilla and many of the marine sponges has been ascertained. But in the Calcispongie they seem to cover the whole surface of the sarcode which lines the areolar cavities of the parenchyma (PI. I. fig. 8, and Pl. II. fig. 29), with the exception, of course, of their incurrent and excurrent aper- tures, the latter of which, where there is no system of excur- rent canals, finally open by large orifices directly into the cloaca. . So far as structure goes, Grantia ciliata does not differ, in the form of its areolar cavities and the absence of the ex- cretory canal-system, from Cliona celata, in which, as my figure seems to show, the sponge-cells are still grouped in a spherical form (Pl. II. fig. 38). It therefore remains for future observation to determine how the sponge-cells are grouped, generally and respectively, both in the siliceous and calcareous sponges. Cliona corallinoides (Hancock in Ann. Nat. Hist. April 1867, vol. xix. p. 238, pl. 7. fig. 3). Pl. II. figs. 33-37. Next to the sponge-cells, perhaps the most interesting organ is the dermal sarcode ; for this, as I have before shown (Ult. Struct. of Spongilla) literally commands the openings on the surface. It can either extemporize them in any part, or close Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides. 15 them, as required—a process which, of course, is very slowly effected, on account of the amceboid nature of the sarcode; so that, on death occurring suddenly (that is, where the sarcode has not become putrid and passed into dissolution, and there has been no time for closing by reflex action) these apertures remain. Hence in dried specimens, where the dermal sarcode is not destroyed, they remain visible. There are two kinds of openings, viz. the pores and the vents—the inhalant and exhalant apertures. Directing our attention to the former first, we find them averaging about a 1000th of an inch in diameter,—either scat- tered generally over the dermal sareode opposite the interstices of the subjacent spicular structure, as in the Espériade, Hali- chondria panicea, Johnston, &ec., and the Calcispongie ; or confined to circular areas in juxtaposition, as in Raphyrus Griffithsii, Bk. (Cliona celata?), Raphiophora patera, Gray, or Neptune’s Cup, Pachymatisma, &c.; or to circular areas separated from each other and raised on cylindrical heads, as in Grayella cyathophora, Cart., Cliona corallinoides, Hancock, cs Of these the Clionide, including Raphyrus and Raphiophora (see “ Mém. sur le Genre Potérion,” par P. Harting, Soc. des Arts et des Sci. d’Utrecht, 1870, pl. 4. figs. 7 & 12), present examples of a division of the sponge-structure in the pore-areas resembling the tentacular head of a polype; but as this is merely a resemblance, and my object in introducing the sub- ject of the openings in the sarcode of the Spongiadz is more especially to show this, I shall take Cliona corallinoides alone (Pl. II. fig. 833) for description and illustration, as affording the nearest resemblance of this kind that I have met with. This sponge (like Raphyrus Griffithsti and the great Nep- tune’s Cup, together with the diminutive Grantia ciliata and its like among the calcareous sponges) possesses no branched system of excretory canals like most of the other sponges, but consists merely of an areolar structure (PI. IT. figs. 33 & 36,aa) which, burrowing between the layers of univalve and bivalve shells, forms for itself therein similar excavations, which open into each other by efferent (fig. 36, ccc) and afferent apertures, finally communicating with the exterior by distinct heads (figs. 33, a,b, & 36, 6) here and there, most of which are simple pore-areas (fig. 34), while the rest present a combination of vent and pores (fig. 35) or a single large vent only. Cliona corallinoides not only excavates shells, but the sandstone rock too of this locality, where it shelters itself under the florid expansions of Melobesia lichenotdes, which goes on growing (that is, spreading in all directions), while the 16 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Polype-like Cliona every here and there makes holes through this crust or thalloid frond for its pore-aree or vents as required. Of course, therefore, these “holes” are occupied by a longer or shorter cylindrical prolongation of the sponge (fig. 36, >) in proportion to the thickness of the crust, which thus presents as many heads; so that when the shell is dissolved off by acid, these heads project here and there above the general surface of the sponge (Pl. Il. fig. 33, a, 0). It may be assumed that this way of reaching the exterior necessitates a cylindrical extension of this kind; but Grayella cyathophora, which is an allied species, possesses it, together with a branched system of excretory canals, although freely spreading over the surface of the rocky object on which it may be growing. Each portion, too, in Cliona corallinoides has, for the most part, its peculiar spicule. Thus the pin-like, slightly curved, and fusiform one with oval head (fig. 37, a) is almost entirely confined to the cylindrical head-like extensions of the sponge, and the tentacle-like prolongations of the pore- area, where their points project outwardly (fig. 35, f), while the minute sinuous spinous spicule (c,d) for the most part fills up the interstices between the latter, and the curved, acerate, spinous spicule (4), which is not more than a quarter the length of the pin-like one, is confined to the areolar struc- ture of the interior. These spicules, as they are described, average about 83, 2-33, and 21 6000ths of an inch in length respectively. When we examine the heads or free ends of the cylindrical prolongations, they are found to be of different sizes, to pre- sent an irregularly round or elliptical margin (fig. 34,a aa), and within this a variable number of tentacle-like prolonga- tions of the sponge-structure (4 6 6) charged with the pin-hke spicule, and webbed together by the dermal sarcode (ce), in which there is a variable number of pores (d), chiefly situated between the prolongations. In the dried state all this is on a level with the margin of the pore-area, if not a little de- pressed, with the pointed ends of the pin-like spicules un- covered and bristling in all directions (fig. 35, f); but in the living state it rises much above the margin, into a convexity, when the dermal sarcode entirely covers and conceals the spicules. At this time, inhalant currents may be seen to pass in through the pore-openings. Our illustration presents about thirty of these tentacle-like prolongations, of different lengths (PI. II. fig. 34, 6 6 5), and is nearly a facsimile of the mounted dried one from which it has Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides. be been taken, and in which the dermal web-like sarcode (c) with its pores (d), as delineated, still remain. Let us now turn our attention to the vent or larger aperture of the dermal sarcode, which here, as well as in Pachymatisma Johnstonia, Bk., is more or less constricted or covered (7. e. commanded) by a diaphragm of the dermal sarcode, in like manner as the pores, although in the latter both vent and pore-area are themselves solidly fixed by the masonry of the little siliceous balls of which the crust of Pachymatisma is composed. By this means (that is, by the dermal sarcode) the vent also may be opened or closed when required, in all the sponges, as I have long since shown in the young Spongilla (Ult. Struct. Spong. /. c.). In Clhiona corallinoides the whole area of the head (figs. 33, a, 36, 5) is not always given up to the vent, but allows the latter to occupy its centre (fig. 35, e), while the circumference still presents the tentacle-like prolongations (5 6 6) and pores of the dermal sarcode between them (¢); so that the head is com- posed of the two organs, so far in combination. It is a common occurrence for the pores in most sponges to be seen close to the border of the great vent; but as the latter is only the opening at the end of the canal of the excretory system, the pores, although close to its border, do not neces- sarily communicate directly with it, but are im connexion with the areolar parenchyma beneath, which is thus outsde and surrounds this canal or aperture. Hence, for convenience, I have taken the same head for illustrating the vent that has been drawn from the pore-area alone (fig. 34), and have placed a large circular aperture in the centre for this purpose (fig. 35, a), after which it will not be difficult for the reader to supply the other and, perhaps, more common form, where the vent alone occupies the whole of the head (fig. 33, 6). I have also in this figure inserted the bristling arrangement of the ends of the pin-like spicules as seen in the dried state (fig. 35, f), which has been omitted in the former, also for convenience. Thus, however much like the polype-head the pore-area may be, the tentacle-like prolongations can only be considered to bear a remote resemblance to the tentacles of a polype; and thus also we read in Prof. P. Harting’s valuable memoir on Poterion, or ‘ Neptune’s Cup” (where the pore-area is si- milar in structure to that of Cliona corallinoides, and the in- ternal mass in like manner composed of areolar cavities only, without canal-system) :—‘‘ Peut-étre MM. Hickel et Miklucho- Maclay verront-ils dans ces plis rayonnants [in the pore-area| une confirmation de leurs idées sur les affinités des éponges Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 18 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Polype-hike | avec les polypes. Quant & moi, je ne crois pas que ces plis puissent étre comparés 4 aucune partie du corps d’une polype, soit aux bras, soit aux plis mésentériaux. C’est une simple analogie de forme, rien de plus.”” (Mém. pub. par la Soc. des Arts et des Sci. d’Utrecht, pp. 11 & 12, pl. 4. fig. 12 &c.) As regards homology and adaptation, it is manifest that if the pores are to be considered the homologues of the ends of the gastro-ventricular canals of an Actinia, which are said to open on its surface, then their tentacle-like structure cannot be considered homologous with the tentacles round the mouth of the Acéinza or polype. Then, as regards the function of the vent and the excretory system of canals generally, it is the rule, and not the excep- tion, for the current to pass outwards, and vice vers@. Indeed the structural arrangement in all sponges about the vent proves this; and where the opposite takes place, it seems to me to be occasioned by abnormal conditions, similar, perhaps, to what Dr. Bowerbank has stated to occur on such occasions. (“ Ult. Struct. Marine Sponges,” Annals, Oct. 1870, vol. vi. p. 331.) In all sponges which are living and active, the inhalant and exhalant functions of the pores and vents respectively may be easily seen by placing a little colouring-matter in the water which surrounds them, when the process will be found to be almost invariable. For the development of the seed-like body of Spongilla and the spicule, see ‘ Annals,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 305 ; 2b. 1849, vol. iv. p- 82 &e. ; 2b. 1857, vol. xx. p. 26; and 2b. 1859, vol. ui. p.334, respectively, wherein I am pleased to observe that much has been confirmed by Prof. Hickel’s observations on the calcareous sponges, to which I shall presently allude more particularly. Lastly, I have given an illustration of a group of Botryllus polycyclus (Pl. Il. fig. 41), to show how the Ascidians of which it is composed have each its separate branchial aper- ture (c), for aération and nutrition, on the surface of the gela- tinous mass (a) in which they are imbedded, and its anal orifice (d) internally, extended into a common receptacle or cloacal cavity (e), which finally also opens externally on the same surface, for the discharge of the fecal contents of the little community generally (f), there being a great many communities of the same kind imbedded.in the same flat and spreading, tough, gelatinous or albuminous mass. Now here we cannot help seeing that the gelatinous mass is at least analogous to the sponge-structure (indeed in the little white incrusting species Leptoclinum gelatinosum it is also densely charged with globular radiated calcareous bodies (spicules) similar to some of the siliceous ones of the Geodide, Pore-area of Cliona corallinoides. 19 and presenting en masse such a white colour that it may be easily mistaken for a calcareous sponge),—that the branchial opening in the gelatinous mass, if not homologous with, is certainly analogous to the pore in the Spongiade, and the common cloacal cavity and fecal orifice are respectively analogous to the excretory canal-system and vent, also in the sponges, while the plurality of communities or “‘systems”’ correspond to the individual divisions of the sponge termed by Prof. Hickel “persons.” Then, too, there is a network of canals in the gelatinous structure which may be the homologue of the gastroventricular canals in Actinia and the ccenosarc of the coral-polypes, espe- cially for supplying nourishment and sustaining the vitality of these parts. Prof. E. Hickel’s Views. It seems to me imperative on all those who would write any thing on the Spongiade, and especially on the Calcispongie, to notice what has lately been put forth by one of the highest authorities on the Protozoa of the present day. I, of course, allude to the paper “On the Organization of Sponges and their Relationship to the Corals,” to which is appended a “‘ Prodromus of a System of Calcareous Sponges,” by Prof. E. faa Typ enaische Zeitschrift, B. v. pp. 207-254; trans- lated by W.S. Dallas, F.L.8., in the ‘ Annals,’ Jan. 1870, vol. v. pp. 1 et seqq.). In this paper, at p. 11 (translation), we find the following statement :— “¢ Miklucho has already shown that in a great many sponges the mouth or osculum by no means permits only the outflow, but also the inflow of water. 1 have repeatedly convinced myself, by my own observations, of the correctness of this assertion: Consequently the mouth in many sponges, just as in the corals, serves for both the reception and expulsion of the water and the nutritive constituents contained in it.” And at p. 6,—‘I start with the following general proposi- tion :—The sponges are most nearly allied to the corals of all organisms.” At p. 9:—T do not, like most authors, regard the charac- teristic canal-system of sponges as something quite specific and peculiar to this class, an arrangement swt generis, but share in the opinion of Leuckart and Miklucho, that it is essentially homologous with the celenteric vascular system or gastrovascular apparatus of the Corals and Hydromedusa-— in fact, of all the Acalephe or nettle-animals. Indeed | am 2 20 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Relationship so thoroughly convinced of this homology that I (with Mik- lucho) designate the largest cavity into which that canal- system is dilated in the sponge-body, and which is usually called the excurrent tube or flue (caminus) as the stomach, or digestive cavity, and its outer orifice, which is usually called the excurrent orifice or osculum, as the buccal orifice or mouth.” As may be perceived from these quotations, Hickel’s views of the organization of the Spongiade (which also form the basis of his classification of the Calcispongie) do not accord with the facts which I have stated. Hence, our premises being different, it is useless to raise any argument against his hypothesis: the facts must speak for themselves. But, as regards the inflow of the water into the osculum or vent, which, as before stated, is only occasional, abnormal, and not the rule but the exception (for even Hickel observes, at p. 10, that it is “ generally (but not always!) the case”’), no one well acquainted with the habits of the sponge would ex- pect to see any thing but an exhalant current from this orifice. Relative to this, Hickel adds, at p. 11:—‘ The difference in the direction of the current of water which is usually ad- mitted in the two classes is a matter of perfect indifference in this close morphological comparison. Even if this difference was really constant, general, and thoroughgoing, it qvould not be capable of invalidating our notion of the homology of the canal-system in the body of the sponge and coral.” The necessitous adaptation, however, of the vent in the sponge to an inflow instead of an outflow of water is only temporary, and, not being constant, seems to me of no value in establishing an homology. Thus, neither the prehensile extremity of the elephant’s trunk nor that of the spider monkey’s tail can make these two organs homologous with each other, or with the finger, al- though all three are used for similar purposes and in a similar way. Again, although a human being may be nourished through the rectum, it does not make the latter homologous with the stomach ; neither does the casual inflow of the water through the vent of the sponge make this aperture homologous with the mouth of an Actinia; while in all these instances it seems to me more essential to know what their respective functions may be than their homologies, albeit the latter, when based on facts and not fancies, are equally essential as the basis of true classification. It is not difficult to assume that a spider monkey should have a tail, but it is much more useful in natural history to know how it differs from tails in of the Sponges to the Corals. 21 general. Diversity concerns us more than unity, fact more than theory. It is right to know what the form of a brick is, but it is of more consequence to know what structures a com- bination of them may produce. A mansion and a monument are not necessarily allied because they are both built of brick, nor is the sponge allied to the coral because both may have originated from the same kind of ovum in a similar way. It is the differentiation of their respective structures afterwards that is of most importance to the naturalist; and it is precisely on this point that Hackel and myself differ. One would make the sponges go along with the corals, and the other in the direction of the compound tunicated animals. But although our premises being different precludes my arguing against Hickel’s hypothesis, there are other points in his interesting paper which do appear to me to be directly assailable. Thus at p. 8 he states :—‘ That the essential agreement in the internal organization of sponges and corals, their actual homology, has hitherto been for the most part overlooked is due, among other things, to the fact that the most accurate anatomical investigations of recent times (especially those of Lieberkiihn) took their start from the best-known and most common forms of sponges—viz. the freshwater sponge (Spon- gilla), which belongs to the group of the true siliceous sponges, and the common sponge (Huspongia), belonging to the group of horny sponges. But these very two forms of sponges differ in many respects considerably from the original and typical structure of the entire class, have been in many ways modified and retromorphosed by adaptation to special conditions of existence, and therefore easily lead to erroneous conceptions, especially as their investigation is comparatively difficult. “On the other hand, among all the sponges, no group ap- pears better fitted to shed full light upon the typical organi- zation and the true relations of affinity of the whole class than the legion of the Calcispongiz.” This recalls to mind the old story in Mavor’s ‘ Spelling- Book’ of the town in danger, when, the different artisans meeting together for a council of defence, the shoemaker stated that “there was nothing like leather.” The same, however, may be stated of what I myself am about to assert, which is, that there is nothing like Spongilla for the purpose of studying sponge-development. As a medallist in the classes of comparative anatomy (under Prof. R. E. Grant) and of human anatomy at University College in 1836-37, as a practical and experimental observer of Spon- gilla in its living state, for many years, when it grew in the 22 Mr. H. J. Carter on the Relationship tanks close to my door at Bombay, and as a practical and experimental observer, for the last two years, on the marine sponges, both siliceous and calcareous, also in their living state, I think it might be assumed at least that, both by early education and subsequent opportunities, I ought to be qualified to give an opinion in this matter. Now, for the most part, all marine sponges (save the Clio- nide, which may be in deciduous shells) begin to perish within forty-eight hours after they have been taken from their natural habitat, although their attachment to the piece of rock on which they may be growing remains uninjured; and even if they survive a little this period, they are voraciously devoured by the crustaceans which may be confined with them—just as in all similar and serial microscopical inquiries, whether free or confined, the minute crustaceans are thus the most defeating agents. With the putridity or dissolution of the sponge comes a development of infusoria; and if, under such circumstances, one Vibrio is seen to pass across the field, the microscopist may as well give up all further research into the phenomena of the diving sponge. On the other hand, if the seed-like body be taken from a living piece of Spongilla and placed in a watch-glass with water, it may be kept under a quarter-of-an-inch compound power until the young Spongilla issuing from it has gone through all its phases of development from its first appearance to its full com- pletion, which may be seen both elementarily and collectively ; while during this time, having a plurality of seed-like bodies growing in different watch-glasses, the experiment of feeding the young Spongilla with carmine or indigo, which soon points out, by its colour, the position and grouping of the sponge- cells, together with the passage of the particles in through the pores of the dermal sarcode, thence to the ampullaceous sacs, and then the discharge of the ingesta through the excretory canal-system—all may be deliberately watched under the same microscopic power, with so little difficulty and yet so accurately that there is no merit whatever in recording ob- servations of the whole process. It was in this way that I obtained the data published in my paper “ On the Ultimate Structure of Spongilla,” confirmed by similar observations on large pieces of Spongilla taken directly from the tank ; and to this paper I must refer the reader for all further information on the subject. Latterly I have had nothing but the marine sponges to examine and experimentalize on, especially the calcareous ones; and I cannot help thinking that if Prof. Hiickel had had the same opportunities that I have had of studying the of the Sponges to the Corals. 23 development of Spongilla, he would not have given a prefer- ence to the Calcispongiz for this purpose. ~ Itis remarkable that Hickel, with the exception of stating at p- 111 that ‘‘ the simple and extremely significant fact that the reproductive cells are produced, by division of labour, from the nutrient vibratile cells of the entoderm or vegetative germ- lamella applies to the sponges equally with the Acalephs,” never once alludes to the organs of nutrition, by which the sponge-structure is built up and sustained. Such an omission could never have occurred with an observant, sagacious mind like his, ardent in the pursuit of truth, had he added to his indefatigable researches on the calcareous sponges a study of the development of Spongilla, such as I have described, or even had he experimented after a like manner on the Living calcareous sponges. Hiickel observes, at p. 9, that the calcareous sponges to which he has given the names of Clistosyca and Cophosyca, which do not possess an excretory opening, are probably to be regarded as retromorphosed forms, related to the others as the Cestode worms to the Trematoda. At p. 10, that “the part played” by the cutaneous pores, which, in the corals, are the peripheral extremities of the ccelenteric vascular system, “is, unfortunately, as good as unknown ;” yet with these he homo- logizes the pores of the sponge. At p. 116, the petaloid arrangement of the vents in Awinella polypoides, Sdt. (Spong. Adriatic. 1862, t. vi. f. 4) is regarded by Hackel as antimeral or homologous with the segmental divisions of a coral-polype ; and therefore he sets these sponges down as “ true Radiata ;”’ while, in the following paragraph, the fringes round the vents in Osculina polystomella (2nd Suppl. Spong. Adriat. t. i.) are regarded as “ incipient tentacles ”’—after which Hickel observes that whether this be right or wrong, it is of ‘‘ less importance,” because the tentacles are “almost wanting’? in Antipathes. But considering that these fringed apertures were neither drawn nor ever seen by Schmidt himself, and that, as I have shown in Cliona corallinoides, they belong more to the pore-areas than to the vents, they can hardly be homologized with the tentacles of an Actinia. At p.116 it is also stated that “the conditions of stock- formation or cormogeny are exactly the same in the corals and the sponges.” True; but the Compound Tunicated animals and the Polyzoa, &c. &c. are grouped together in a similar manner—in “‘ systems.”’ Among the calcareous sponges which Hiackel tells us he found at Naples, and preserved in spirit, we read, at p. 12, 24 On the Relationship of the Sponges to the Corals. were some “ microscopically small, but yet perfectly developed (7. e. ovigerous) ’’ ones, “in which there are actually no traces of cutaneous pores ”’ (and no spicules; at least none are men- tioned in the “ classification”’). The entire body consisted of an “elongate rounded sac (stomach), with a single opening (mouth) on that extremity of the body which is opposite to the point of attachment.” For this sponge Hickel has pro- posed the name of Prosycum. Indeed this is the starting- point or base of his Classification of the Calcispongie ; and, of course, the absence of cutaneous pores makes its cavity a stomach, for there is no evidence of any other means by which nourishment could be obtained. But is this not slender evidence to go upon, viz. the exami- nation of a microscopic object preserved in spirit? If exa- mined in the living state, might it not, like the young Spon- gilla (for it could hardly be much smaller) have possessed ameceboid sponge-cells which might have enclosed particles of food on the outside of the sac, and discharged the ingesta into the so-called stomach, just as in Clathrina sulphurea, where the walls of the tubular structure are so thin that its areolar structure, beset with sponge-cells, can hardly be distin- guished. Of course I allude to these points for the purpose of elicit- ing truth, which no one desires more than Prof. Hickel. As regards the development of the so-called ovum, it is stated, at p.12, that the excretory canal commences “by a small central cavity (stomach),’’ which ‘“ extends, and, break- ing through at one pole of the longitudinal axis, acquires an aperture, the mouth ;” and at p.114, that the “ pores are simple breaches in the parenchyma, which perforate both layers of the body-wall (ectoderm and entoderm).”” The first stage repre- sents his Prosycum, and the second, where the pores are added, his Olynthus. In his Clistolynthus the mouth is closed up “by retromorphosis.” Where the mouth is closed, the nou- rishment must, of course, come through the pores, and not through the so-called stomach. Such are Hickel’s views; and his classification of the Cal- careous Sponges is carried out upon them in extenso. His theory that the vent of the sponge is the mouth, and the large excretory canal the stomach, 1s the principium et fons of all. But how can this be maintained, when it has been proved that the greater part of the Sponge consists of flagellated Rhi- zopoda which take in crude material for nutrition, and. probably supply the necessary elements of sexual generation ? Fig. 8. . 6 Mr. H. J. Carter on Sponges. oe EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats I, Trichogypsia villosa, n. g. et sp., outline of, natural size. . The same, magnified two diameters: a, vent. The same, vent more magnified, to show disposition of oscules opening into it. The same, spicule of, linear, slightly sinuous, ineequifusiform, spino-tuberculated at the ends. Size 1-60th of an inch long by 1-1000th broad. Scale 1-24th to 1-6000th of an inch. . Leuconia Johnstonii, n. sp., outline of, natural size. . 6, The same, magnified 2 diameters: a, ciliated vents; b, unciliated vents; ¢, large quadriradiate spicule of the surface, relatively magnified. . The same, diagram of vertical section of upper third or cloacal extremity: a, cloaca branching off into 66, excretory canals; ec, excretory apertures; dddd, parietes of cloaca, consisting chiefly of areolar cells; e, ciliated crown of vent; f, internal or cloacal arms of great quadriradiate spicule. For the arrangement of the spicules round the wnciliated vent see fig. 40, Pl. IL. The same, diagram of areolar cells of parietes of cloaca, much magnified, showing large and small apertures in them: aa, ef- ferent apertures. Fig. 9. The same, diagram of a portion of the surface, much magnified, to show the dermal sarcode (a), and its pore-openings (6). Fig. 10. The same ; a-f, all the spicules relatively magnified, viz. on the scale of 1-24th to 1-1800th of an inch: a, large quadriradiate spicule of surface ; bb, curved arms; c, internal arm; d, straight arm foreshortened, presenting the central canal line; e, large, thick, slightly curved, inzequiacerate spicule of the ciliated crown of vent; f, thin, straight, cylindrical one of the same; g, tri- radiate, staple spicule of the skeleton, of various sizes, showing the curved and straight arms respectively, the latter (h) bearing the trace of the central canal; 7, small quadriradiate of the in- terior, front view; 7’, lateral view, showing the curved arm, which projects into the cloacal cavity and excretory canals, in company with /, minute fusiform spicule, and J, still more mi- nute quadriradiate spicule with one short arm. Fig. 11. The same, minute spicules more, but relatively, magnified, on the scale of 1-12th to 1-6000th of an inch: a, curved fusiform spinous spicule, for the most part characterized by one extremity presenting the appearance of having been fractured towards the point and reunited in the opposite direction to the general curvature of the shaft; 5, quadriradiate spicule, showing its short arm &e, Fig. 12, The same, dark or transparent area (according to the direction of the light) at the union of the four arms of the great quadri- radiate spicule of the surface, arising from the presence of the fourth arm, which thus distinguishes at once this species from Leucosolenia nivea, Scale 1-24th to 1-1800th of an inch. Fig. 13. Grantia compressa. Sponge-cells relatively magnified, on the scale of 1-12th to 1-6000th of an inch, showing :—a, cell containing granular mucus or protoplasm, nucleus, and contracting vesi- cles; 6, rostrum; ¢, collar or frill; d, cilium—all polymorphic ; e, another common form; /, a form where the whole cell nearly 26 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 14. 15. 31. 382. Mr. H. J. Carter on Sponges. appears to have become transformed into the rostrum ; g, conical form of the same, where the rostrum presents a pointed elonga- tion in the centre, with flat top; A, similar form, showing the contracting vesicle, 7. The same, group of sponge-cells, part of which show the rostrum in different degrees of protrusion, apparently without the collar, but with the cilium; g, sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium retracted, and pseudopodia alone put forth. The same, group of sponge-cells showing the rostrum in different degrees of protrusion (4), and the collar only seen in @ a. . The same, five sponge-cells, of which three present the collar &c., and the other two (a) the pseudopodia only. Prats I, . Grantia compressa. Sponge-cell with collar transformed into tentacular pseudopodia, one of which bears a monad on its oint, a. Phe same, sponge-cell with monociliated cell (a) seized by the margin of the collar. . The same, group of sponge-cells with collar and cilium respec- tively, which appear to have undergone duplicative division, on stolons of sarcode. . The same, sponge-cell with a single pseudopodium extended laterally from the fundus and attached to the glass (a), round which it was propelled by the cilium in a circle represented by the arrows, 6. . The same, sponge-cell (a) similarly attached to a group. . The same, collar transformed into pseudopodia, cilium remaining. . Clathrina sulphurea, sponge-cell of ; rostrum and collar trans- formed into pseudopodia, cilium remaining. . Leuconia nivea, sponge-cell of; rostrum partly, and collar and cilium wholly, transformed into pseudopodia. . Grantia compressa. Sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium ; presenting pseudopodia at the fundus of the cell. . Clathrina sulphurea, sponge-cell of; rostrum and collar retracted, and cilium also becoming retracted by thickening at the base. . Grantia ciliata. Sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium ; the collar very faint. . Leuconia nivea. Sponge-cell with rostrum, collar, and cilium ; the rostrum beaded upon its anterior edge, and the collar very faint. . Grantia compressa. Group of sponge-cells which had assumed a round or elliptical form, with their cilia rapidly vibrating in the interior. Common. . The same, two living sponge-cells after their bodies had become more or less filled with indigo, presenting rostrum, collar, and cilium in motion. The same, specimen of the same after the sponge had been im- mersed in spirit and water. ; Grantia ciliata. Quadriradiate spicule, magnified, on the scale of 1-24th to 1-6000th of an inch, common to the internal sur- face of the cloaca in most of the calcareous sponges ; showing :— aa, the two arms, which are generally more or less curved ; b, the straight arm, which generally presents a trace of axial canal (this is the common form of the ¢riradiate in this sponge Mr. H. J. Carter on Sponges. 27 &c.) ; d, the fourth arm, which is curved towards the orifice of the cloaca in situ, and often joins the straight arm at a little distance from its union with the other two. Fig. 33. Cliona corallincides, Hancock (Ann. Nat. Hist.), portion of, after having been dissolved out of the deciduous shell of Cardium edule, and dried; magnified 2 diameters: a a, pore-heads ; b, vent. ; Fig. 34. The same, pore-head in the midst of a thalloid expansion of Melobesia lichenoides, beneath which the sponge had grown; taken from a dry-mounted specimen; magnified, on the scale of 1-48 to 1-1800th of an inch; natural size about 1-24th of an inch in diameter : a aa, border of the pore-area; 606, tentacle- like prolongations of the sponge-structure, bristling, in the dried state, with the pointed ends of the pin-like spicules, and united together by the dermal sarcode, ce, which fills up all the inter- stices, with the exception of the pore-openings, d. Fig. 35, The same, pore-area with vent in the centre, combined, but not communicating with each other: aaa, border of area; 6, ten- tacle-like prolongations of the sponge-structure, bristling, in the dried state, with the ends of the pin-like spicules, and united together by the dermal sarcode, c, which fills up all the inter- stices but the pore-openings, d, and the vent, e; f, the pin-like spicules, which are omitted in the foregoing figure for con- venience. Fig. 36. The same, diagram of vertical section of the pore-head and a portion of the areolar structure of the body, magnified, to show the absence of the excretory canal-system, whose function is supplied by the large efferent apertures, c¢c, in the areolar cavi- ties, aa; 6, pore-head. Fig. 37, The same ; Ay the different spicules relatively magnified, on the scale of 1-24th to 1-6000th of an inch: a, pin-like spicule of the pore-head; 6, spinous curved acerate spicule of the areolar structure; ¢, minute tortuous spined spicules of the pore-area; d, the same, more magnified. Fig. 38._Chona_celata; ampullaceous sac of sponge-cells, showing the cilia vibrating internally (“ Wimperkorb ” of Schmidt) ; show- ing also the relative size of the sponge-cells compared with those of Grantia compressa in fig. 29, which are magnified to the same scale, viz. 1-12th to 1-6000th of an inch. Fig. 39. The same, reproductive or ovi-cell, to show its relative size when compared with the sponge-cells in fig. 38: a, nucleus. Fig. 40. Leuconia Johnstonii. Unciliated mouth of cloaca, much magni- fied, to show arrangement of the arms of the great quadriradiate spicules of the surface: a, vent; b60, quadriradiate spicules; ec, their fourth arm projecting into the cloaca. Fig. 41. Botryllus polycyclus. Fragment of gelatinous mass showing a group of Ascidians, magnified; arranged round a common cloaca: a, integument; 6, Ascidians; c, branchial orifice ; d, anal orifice ; e, common cloacal chamber ; f, its vent. Fig. 42. Bell-shaped colourless infusorium, common on Cladophora in the freshwater tanks of Bombay. Cell about 1-7466th of an inch in diameter; total length about 1-1600th of an inch. Sessile, separate, in Lae Copied from a drawing in my journal, made in March 1857; to compare with Prof. James- Clark’s figures of Salpingaca amphoridium (1. c. pl. 9. fig. 37). 28 Rey. H. B. Tristram on Sylviads. Il.—Notes on Sylviads. By the Rev. H. B. Trisrram, LL.D., F.R.S. THE observations of my correspondent and indefatigable orni- thological friend, Mr. W. E. Brooks, C.E., have long been es- pecially devoted to the Sylviad group as represented in India. I transmitted to him, to assist him in comparison, various specimens of European Sylviade from different localities. Mr. Brooks has drawn my attention to some peculiarities and variations in the specrmens of Phyllopneuste rufa and Ph. trochilus, and suggested that there must be two species con- founded under the name of Ph. rufa. I have, in consequence of my friend’s remarks, gone very carefully through the group, examining the large series in the collection of Mr. Gumey, as well as my own and several others, and especially the Cam- bridge collection, which includes the type of Mr. Strickland’s Phyllopneuste brevirostris. 'This specimen I have examined with the utmost care, and compared it with all my Holy-Land specimens. I observe, by its label, that Mr. Strickland seems latterly to have rejected his own species, and classed it as Ph, rufa. ‘The examination, however, of a large series from the Holy Land forces me to the conclusion that there exist in - Syria and Asia two distinct and cognate forms, side by side, each possessing certain recognizable diagnostics. 1. Phyllopneuste brevirostris, Strickl.— Long. tot. 4°75, al. 2°4, caud. 2°15, tars. ‘75, rostr. a rict. "4. Tarsi dark, as in Ph. rufa; but whereas in Ph. rufa the second wing-primary is equal to the seventh, in Ph. brevirostris it is shorter, and generally less than the eighth primary. This may seem a trifling diagnosis; but it holds good im all the specimens I obtained (about fifteen) in Palestine, and I never found the like elsewhere. 2. Phyllopneuste rufa (Lath.).—This species is still more abundant in winter in Syria than the former. [I still possess of the number I collected nine specimens, all agreeing pre- cisely with English, German, Algerian, and Greek examples. I found it in the same localities as the former species, which, after all, may be looked upon as a large race of P. rufa, with rounder wings. I find no difficulty in discriminating the two. 3. Phyllopneuste trochilus, L.—The range of our common willow-wren extends into Syria and Asia Minor, without ex- hibiting variations greater than in English specimens, though, of course, it is there only a winter visitant. It is also ex- tremely common in Algeria and in the oases of the Sahara in winter. 4. I possess from Algeria and the Sahara four specimens Dr. Hector on New-Zealand Eared Seals. 29 out of above a dozen, the remainder of which have been long since distributed, which do not correspond with the ordinary Algerian or British specimens, and which are decidedly larger than Ph. trochilus. ‘They correspond in all proportions and specific characters, except that the second primary is relatively shorter than in P. trochilus, and is only barely the length of the sixth, which it always exceeds in the common species. This is evidently the bird mistaken by Temminck (Man. d’Orn. ui. p. 150) for the Sylvia icterina of Vieillot, a bird with a depressed bill, belonging to*the Hippolais group. This bird, besides its larger size, has proportionally a much stronger and larger bill than the willow-wren. As Temminck’s name cannot stand, I propose to designate it Phyllopneuste major. Long. tot. 5°3, al. 2°7, caud. 2°3, tarsi °75, rostr. a rict. °5. Hab. Southern Mediterranean coasts. Tam still prepared to acquiesce in its rejection, but think it well to notice it, as being undoubtedly the bird intended by Temminck when he described 8. ¢cterina. I11.—WNotes on New-Zealand Eared Seals. By Dr. Hector, F.R.S. &e. On the 13th of February last, during the visit of H.M.S. ‘Clio’ to Milford Sound, on the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand, three seals were shot by H.E. Sir George Bowen, which proved to be the Eared Seal or Fur-Seal of New Zealand, as it is termed by the traders*. They were shot from a boat while basking on ledges of rock; and although several others were mortally wounded, their great activity enabled them to scramble into deep water, so that only three were secured. I took the following measure- ments of the two largest, which were male and female adults. Both had the same form, colour, and general appearance, the male being the largest in every respect except the length of the hind flippers and tail, which were of slightly greater proportional dimensions in the female. The male weighed 258 lbs., and the female 208 lbs. In both the snout was obliquely truncate, the upper surface being prolonged so as to overhang the mouth. Nostrils ver- tical elongated slits; nose jet-black ; a few stout bristles on * Only previously known as Phoca ursina of J. R. Forster, who gives a figure and account of it in Cook’s ‘Voyage,’ and Buffon’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle.’—J. E. Gray. 30 Dr. Hector on New-Zealand Eared Seals. the snout, which is short and not separated from the head; head round; the eyes lateral; ears with slender, pointed tu- bular conch. Colour uniform black when wet, but when dry rusty in the male and grizzled in the female; scattered hairs rising from the fur; fur close, dense, and about half an inch deep; tips of the fur bluish, middle parts chestnut-brown, and pure white at base. Flippers marked with a few chaffy scales; the anterior flippers with small nails immersed on the first four digits, and only a faint mark on the fifth. Posterior flippers with strong nails immersed on the three central digits, the first and fifth being feeble. Table of Measurements, in inches. Male. | Female. Motal Tene Le occ. ces sk cress neces is 82 80 Node wOredt Sas cer ee tress = 9 8°5 >» angle of mouth ........ 8 7'8 iat ORE Sides Dateldodivus “aise 4:5 4:5 iheneih « — o > eS ad > Fa re dD SAS - 2s BS a > so gN oe Chey se ° ad 8g | aE Gy o Oo hehe ie jo) jo} om 3 2, o 4g i | to your readers: it relates to a feather of an unknown bird I found amongst some loose feather tus, ?) bipurcta Argus ( / ! Yi’ YY) Y" Yj, Argus giganteus. 68 Miscellaneous. primaries of which it bears sufficient resemblance to make it highly probable that the bird itself is a member of that superb genus. This interesting feather is, in all probability, a primary from the right wing; and the chief points in which it differs from those of the known species are as follows :— An elongated space of chocolate-colour, dotted with white, orna- ments the narrow as well as the broad web of the feather. The tooth-like markings on the narrow web, close to the shaft, are very boldly defined, the light spaces being of a pale ochre-yellow colour: these markings are separated from the chocolate patch on this web by a narrow strip of pale yellowish brown. The dark spots outside of the chocolate spaces are similar on both webs; and there is no plain space bordering the inner web, the ground-colour of which is darker and more reddish than in the known species. Besides the above-mentioned differences, this feather is much smaller than the corresponding ones of giganteus, having the shaft much more slen- der and of a blackish colour, instead of the beautiful blue of that species. The shaft has the remarkable peculiarity of being extremely narrow on its upper side, so that a section of it would appear almost triangular. The length of the specimen is 9 inches; but it has been injured, a portion having been broken off both ends; if perfect, it would probably measure 12 inches. A few feathers which exist in the museum of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris have been attributed to an unknown Argus; and it is quite possible that the feather now under notice may belong to that species. The drawing on the wood not having been reversed, the impres- sion from it is a representation of a feather from the left wing in- stead of the right. I may also state that the light spots close to the shaft of the feather of A. giganteus have been engraved too white. In conclusion, I propose the specific name of bipunctatus for the bird of whose existence this feather is the indisputable proof, the white dots on both webs distinguishing it at once from the known species. I remain, Gentlemen, Yours very truly, London, June 22, 1871. T. W. Woop. P.S. I have forgotten to state that in the recently described bird, Argus Gray, the primaries are almost exactly like those of the old species. Notes on Podocnemis unifilis. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. A freshwater Tortoise from Guiana was thus described in 1848 :— “ Podocnemis unifilis, Trosch. n. s. (Schomburgk, Reise in Brit. Guiana, i. p. 647). “This Tortoise has much affinity to P. expansa, Wagl., and is distinguished principally by this, that it has only one short beard- Miscellaneous. 69 thread under the chin. The head is black and shows some white spots; of these, one is situated behind the nose, one on either side behind the eye, one on either side at the margin of the frontal plate, however, without a dark spot in its middle, a larger one on either side at the margin of the parietal plate close over the tympanum, and one below behind each lower-jaw branch. These spots are discernible in quite young animals. “ Found by us common in Rupununi and Takutu. Their way of living agrees perfectly with that of Peltocephalus Tracaya; they belong also to the edible Tortoises of Guiana. Long. 10—12 inches.” Mr. Sclater, in his list of accessions, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 36, observes, “ A small Tortoise of the genus Podocnemis from the Upper Amazons, purchased December 16th, and certainly referable to P. unifilis of Troschel (Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 647). Mr. Edward Bartlett, who has met with this species in the same district, informs me that his specimens of it in the British Museum have been re- ferred to the young of P. Dumeriliana. This, I think, can hardly be correct. But I shall have some further remarks to make on this subject in some notes, which I have in preparation, on the Tortoises living in the Society’s Gardens.” The place where Podocnemis unifilis was described had escaped me, so that I did not refer to if in my ‘ Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles.’ It is very true that there is a specimen in the Museum, purchased of Mr. Bartlett, which agrees with the descrip- tion of P. unifilis above quoted, and which I have considered a young specimen of Podocnemis Dumeriliana, as it agrees with the other young specimens in the Museum in every particular. These young specimens have already been described as distinct species under the names of Hmys cayanensis, Schweigger, EL. erythrocephala, Spix, and also as Hydraspis lata, Bell, from a specimen formerly in the Zoolo- gical Gardens. The character which M. Troschel seems to depend on as di- stinctive of his species, from the manner in which he underlines the words, and the name which he gives to it, viz. P. unifilis (that is, from having only one beard in the front of the chin), is, I believe, common to all the species of the family Peltocephalide; at least it exists in all the Museum specimens (except one small specimen of P. expansa) of Chelonemys Dumeriliana, Podocnemis expansa, and Bartlettia Pitipv ; and Cornalia mentions it as one of the characters of his Podocnemis 6-tuberculata, which is unknown to me. The single exception mentioned is in all respects like the other specimens ; the two beards are quite close together in the front of the chin as if it were one beard slit down" the centre, and not far apart as in all two-bearded Tortoises. The spots on the head are only found in young specimens, and disappear as the animal increases in age; therefore I think we may decide that Podocnemis unifilis is a synonym of P. Dumeriliana in the young state. And it is curious that so accurate an observer as Troschel should have overlooked this fact when he considered it a new species ; but very likely he had no species of the family at his command. It is less excusable in Mr. Sclater to make 70 Miscellaneous. the observation he has done, who is, by his own account, new to the study of Tortoises (see P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 667), but who could have examined the extensive series of these animals in the Museum. Sir Charles Schomburgk observes that “the flesh of the Tortoises of this family is fat, and the most savoury of any of the freshwater Tortoises.” Note on Testudo chilensis. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. Mr. Sclater, who gives the name of “ Chilan Land-Tortoise”’ to this species in his list of accessions, P. Z. 8S. 1870, p. 667, objects to my calling it Zestudo chilensis, because there is a doubt of its being found on the west side of the Andes. Though his notes on this subject appear before my paper, which is ‘printed in p. 706 of the same yolume, it was sent to him before his observations were made. Mr. Sclater declares all through his observations that the Tortoise observed by Burmeister, D’Orbigny, and others in South America is Testudo stellata, one of the most common Indian species, instead of 7’. sulcata, which zs the species that these authors erro- neously considered common to Africa and America. Note on Dactylopora*. A large quantity of materials, together with a careful study of many living and Tertiary species of Dactylopora (among them many from the Paris Eocenes and Mr. Karrer’s remarkable D. mioceenica), and Dr. Carpenter’s publications, “have materially assisted me in throwing some light on the Triassic forms. The only difficulty is to make generally intelligible the structure of minute organic forms (although giants among the Foraminifera) imbedded in limestones or dolomites, most of them imperfectly preserved, some of them mere casts, others with calcareous infiltrations taking the place of organic substance. The Triassic forms must undoubtedly be ranked among the genus Dactylopora in Dr. Carpenter’s sense, analogous organisms occurring among the Eocene forms from Paris. These ancient species seem to be essentially characterized by the want of camerze (in the sense in which Dr. Carpenter uses this term), as merely canals in circular order, frequently grouped by two and two or by four and four, extend from a cylindrical cavity occupied by sarcode, towards the including, calcareous, compact tegument. Dr. Carpenter’s “ camere,” as they occur in living and in most of the Tertiary species, cannot, therefore, be admitted as chief generic charac- ters, being evidently mere appendices to the chief sarcode-cylinder, and liable to complete obliteration in certain groups of forms. Of the ancient forms a striking abundance and diversity are pre- sented, admissible as specifically different, as they occur constantly and uniformly in alpine localities very distant from each other. English naturalists would perhaps recognize the whole series of * From Dr. C. W. Giimbel’s letter to Director Fr. von Hauer, dated Munich, April 25, 1871. Communicated by Count Marschall. Miscellaneous. 71 forms as mere modifications of some few, or even of one single species. Subjective as the idea connected with the term “ species ” may be, it must be adhered to objectively wherever differences (even the most minute ones) are constantly observed in certain groups of forms, whatever may be their size and degree of organization. ‘The Dactylopora from the Wetterstein limestones is very remarkable. Had not the Neocomian age of this deposit been ascertained by stratigraphical facts, the occurrence of this species in it would have raised the question whether it should not rather be regarded as be- longing to the deeper Triassic horizons. Pala Wax. Near this village I noticed for the first time the “ pa-la,” or “‘ white-wax insect,” which produces the famous so-called vegetable wax of Sz-chuan. The branches of the smaller trees and shrubs along the road for a great distance appeared to be covered with snow, from the quantities of these insects, resembling small moths, of a delicate white colour, with a fluffy tail curling over the back. The cultivation of wax is a source of great wealth to the province of Sz-chuan, and ranks in importance second only to that of silk. Its production is not attended with much labour or risk to the cul- tivator. The eggs of the insect which produces the wax are annu- ally imported from the districts of Ho-chin or Ho-king, and Why- li-tzow, in Yunnan (where the culture of eggs forms a special occu- pation) by merchants who deal in nothing else but “ Pa-la-tan” (white-wax eggs). The egg-clusters, which were described to me as about the size of a pea, are transported carefully packed in baskets of the leaves of the “ Pa-la-shu” (white-wax tree), which resembles a privet shrub, and arrive in Sz-chuan in March, where they are purchased at about twenty taels per basket. The trees by the middle of March have thrown out a number of long tender shoots and leaves; and then the clusters of eggs, enclosed in balls of the young leaves, are suspended to the shoots by strings. About the end of the month the larve make their appearance, feed on the branches and leaves, and soon attain the size of a small caterpiller or, rather, a wingless house-fly, apparently covered with white down, and with a delicate plume-like appendage curving from the tail over the back. So numerous are they, that, as seen by me in Yunnan, the branches of the trees are whitened by them, and ap- pear as if covered with feathery snow. The grub proceeds in July to take the chrysalis form, burying itself in a white wax secretion, just as a silkworm wraps itself in its cocoon of silk. All the branches of the trees are thus completely coated with wax an inch thick, and in the beginning of August are lopped off close to the trunk, and cut into small lengths, which are tied up in bundles and taken to the boiling-houses, where they are transferred, without further preparation, to large cauldrons of water, and boiled until every particle of the waxy substance rises to the surface; the wax is ~“ i2 Miscellaneous. then skimmed off and run into moulds, in which shape it is exported to all parts of the empire. It would seem that the wax-growers find that it does not pay them to reserve any of the insects for their reproductive state—and hence the necessity of importing eggs from Yunnan. In the dis- tricts of Ho-chin and Why-li-tzow, where the culture of the eggs is alone attended to, both frost and snow are experienced; so that it would not be difficult to rear the insect in Europe ; and, considering its prolific nature, the production of white wax might repay the trouble of acclimatizing this curious insect.—Cooper’s ‘ Pioneer of Commerce,’ pp. 323, 420. « It Chinese Freshwater Crabs and Hairy Tortoises. We brought up alongside a boat laden with immense quantities of crabs for Chung Ching. The crabs, taken in the lakes in spring and autumn, are sent to Sz-chuan, where they are considered a great delicacy. The boats in which they are carried are fitted up with tiers of basins, holding about a pint and a half of water each; and every crab has a separate basin, which is carefully refilled every day with fresh water, and the crabs are fed on raw minced meat. Cared-for in this way, they make the voyage of forty or fifty days to Sz-chuan, during which not more than one in a hundred die. In the lake-country these crabs are bought for about three chen each. Besides crabs, there were a number of a species of small water- tortoises, which the Chinese call hairy tortoises. These curious little animals were about two inches long, and covered on the back with a long confervoid growth, resembling green hair. The tortoise being a sacred emblem in China, the Chinese make pets of the hairy tortoise, which they keep in basins of water during the summer months, and bury in sand during winter. A small lake in the pro- vince of Kiang-see is famous for these so-called hairy tortoises; and many persons earn a livelihood by the sale of these curious little pets. The day after leaving Sha-su, I was enabled to get up and take the fresh air on the deck of our boat: we were already in the lakes, which were unusually full of water; and on every lake busy fleets of small boats were at work, procuring loads of weeds which grow during the summer. The crews employed long double rakes, work- ing like a pair of tongs, for gathering the weeds, which are used in the surrounding country for manure.—Cooper’s ‘ Pioneer of Com- merce, p. 424. E. CLapaReEDE. We regret to have to announce the death of this celebrated natu- ralist, which took place at Sienna, on the 3lst ult. The cause of his death was a disease of the heart, from which he had long suf- fered acutely. His age was only 39. a THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [FOURTH SERIES. ] No. 44. AUGUST 1871. mo 1X.—Supplement to a “ Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall,” with Descriptions of new Spe- cies. By the Rev. Toomas Hincgs, B.A. [Plates V. & VL] In 1861-62, I published, in the pages of the ‘ Annals,’ a “Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall,” including under the term “zoophyte” the Hydroida, the Lucernarian section of the Discophora, the Actinozoa, and the Polyzoa—in short, the groups embraced in Dr. Johnston’s ‘History.’ As many as 241 species* were recorded as occur- ring in the district, of which 18 were new to science and 3 found a place for the first time in the fauna of Great Britain. Others have been met with since, including two or three very interesting new forms of Hydroida, which I have lately pro- cured by dredging, in Saleombe Bay; and in the present Supplement 24 species are added to the list, raising the whole number of south-western forms hitherto observed to 265. A few species which had only been found in the north have their range of distribution extended southward. Syncoryne extmia, which I have noted, in my ‘ History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes,’ as confined to the north-eastern coast, where it is the common representative of its family, has just occurred to me in great abundance in South Devon. Calycella Jastigiata (Alder) and Halecium sessile (Norman) are added to the group of. forms which is common to the western side of Scotland and the south-west of England. Ddiastopora sar- niensis (Norman), found hitherto only in the Channel Islands, proves to be also a native of the Cornish coast. The new species of Hydroida which I am about to describe are peculiarly interesting. One of them must be referred to a * T omit Tubuaria Dumortierti, which was inserted in the Catalogue by mistake. Ann. &: Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 6 74. ~— ‘Rev. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of new genus of Corynide, exhibiting curious intermediary cha- racters; the other is a Campanularian distinguished by its exquisitely graceful calceoliform capsule. I have also recently obtained the gonozooid of the genus Lovénella (Hincks), which had not been previously noticed. It presents some very di- stinctive peculiarities, and confirms the title of the form to generic rank, which hitherto rested on characters supplied by the trophosome alone. For the sake of convenience, and to mark the connexion between the present paper and its predecessor, I have retained the term zoophyte in the title in the sense originally given to it In the Catalogue. Subkingdom CH@HLENTERATA. Class HY DROZOA. Order HYDROIDA. Suborder Athecata. Family Clavide. Genus TupicLava, Allman. T. lucerna, Allman. On loose stones in a rock-pool, Torbay (Allman) ; on Murea erinaceus (living), dredged in Salcombe Bay (7. #.). In the “ Catalogue” I have remarked, under Clava multi- cornis, that there is much diversity in the extent to which the polypary is developed in that genus, and that in some cases it covers a third or more of the body of the polypite. I have little doubt that the specimens which exhibited the more fully developed polypary, and suggested this remark, should be referred to Tubiclava, and not to Clava. Family Podocorynide. Genus Popocoryne, Sars (in part). P. carnea, Sars. On Nassa reticulata, off the Oar Stone, Torbay ; Salcombe Bay, on the same. The Nassa is seldom dredged without this zoophyte as a “ commensal.” Family Corynida. Genus CorynE, Gaertner. C. pusilla, Gaertner. Salcombe, in the higher rock-pools ; common. When the “ Catalogue”? was published, the species of Co- ryne and Syncoryne had not been accurately determined. The “- the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 75 form to which I have assigned Gaertner’s classical name is distinguished by its sparingly branched, closely annulated stems, and its long linear polypites, with very numerous ten- tacles. It prefers the higher and smaller pools, while C. vagi- nata usually fringes the sides of the larger and deeper pools, nearer to low-water mark, amongst a luxuriant growth of Algee. Genus Syncoryne, Ehrenberg (in part). S. eximia, Allman. Salcombe Bay, dredged on stones, sponge, &c. ; abundant. The Devonshire specimens were inferior in size to those which I have obtained from the Durham and Yorkshire coasts, but richly coloured and (in May) profusely laden with gono- phores. S. pulchella, Allman. Salcombe, North Sands, in rock-pools. The polypites were of a watery-white colour, with occasionally a slight tinge of orange. Gonophores were obtained towards the close of May. Genus GYMNOCORYNE, nov. gen. GeN. CHAR. Polypites clavate, sessile, rising immediately from a filiform stolon, invested by a delicate chitinous poly- pary ; tentacula capitate, very numerous, the uppermost fur- nished with large capitula and forming a circle round the oral extremity, the rest scattered over nearly the whole of the body. Reproduction unknown. This interesting form differs from Coryne, as Clava from Tubiclava, in the absence of a distinct stem clothed with a polypary ; the polypites are truly sessile. I have not been able to satisfy myself that there is even a slight sheath of chitine, as in Clava, round the base of the body. If such a structure exists, it must be of the most filmy and rudimentary character. Another point in which this genus differs from Coryne is the disposition of the uppermost tentacles in a perfect circle (usually consisting of 8) round the oral extremity of the body (Pl. V. fig.1,a). They have thicker stems and much larger capitula than the rest of the tentacles, and constitute a single verticil closely resembling that of Clavatella when in a state of con- traction. Nothing of this kind occurs in Coryne: the oral tentacles, indeed, are frequently larger than the rest; but they are never disposed, as in Gymnocoryne, in a regular wreath so as completely to encircle the body a little below the mouth. 6 76 Rey. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of The remaining tentacles in the present form, which are ex- tremely numerous, are slender, and have small capitula; they are scattered over the body, and extend to within a very short distance of the base of it. In its polypite this genus has points of resemblance both to Coryne and Clavatella, combining some of the characters of each. By the total absence of a stem clothed with a polypary, it is separated from all the rest of the Corynide. In this re- spect Clavatella comes nearest to it. Unfortunately I have not had the opportunity of examining the gonozooid. No trace of reproductive bodies appeared among a large colony which I succeeded in keeping alive and in perfect health for about three weeks. G. coronata,n.sp. Pl. V. figs. 1, 1a. Polypites very minute, slender, enlarging slightly upwards; proboscis opake white, the central part of the body reddish; tentacles about forty (or more), a wreath of eight, with rather stout stems and large capitula, encircling the oral extremity, the rest irregularly distributed, slender, and with smaller capitula, extending over more than three-fourths of the body. Gonozooid unknown. This is an exquisite species. ‘The polypites are extremely minute, not more, I should think, than one-sixth of an inch in height ; some Clavatelle, which were kept in the same vessel with the Gymnocoryne, appeared like giants beside it. The verticil of oral tentacles encircles the conspicuous opake-white proboscis like a crown ; it is usually composed of eight; but nine are met with occasionally. The other tentacles are scat- tered over the body, but with the tendency towards a verticil- late arrangement which prevails more or less amongst the Corynide ; they are very slender, and surmounted by small capitula, and decrease very markedly in size towards the base of the polypite. The endoderm is laden with reddish granules, which show through the transparent ectoderm; the colour is most vivid on the upper part of the body, and becomes fainter below. The polypites are extensile, and become very slender when fully elongated. Hab. Salcombe Bay, in a deserted bivalve shell. Family Clavatellide. Genus CLAVATELLA, Hincks. C. prolifera, Hincks. Additional habitat. North Sands, Salcombe Bay, in the the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 77 small basins on the higher blocks of rock. In May the gono- zooid was obtained, laden with gemme in various stages of development. One specimen occurred with seven arms (six being the more usual number), and bore seven buds—two very fully developed, two more with the lobes formed, and three in a very rudimentary state. On one of the young, buds were already forming. The zooid seemed less active in its habits than later in the season, when not burthened by so heavy a load. Family Eudendriide. Genus EKupEnpriIvuM, Ehrenberg, E. ramosum, Linn, Note.—The polypites of this species are furnished with a number of bosses, composed of thread~-cells piled together, which are ranged in a circle round the body, about halfway between the base and the tentacles. E. capillare, Alder. Additional habitat: Salcombe Bay, not uncommon; gono- phores abundant in May. Family Atractylide. Genus PERIGONIMUS, Sars. P. repens, T. 8. Wright. Salcombe Bay, on Turritella &c., and in rock-pools. P. serpens, Allman, “On the stems of Plumularia setacea, from about 12 fathoms, Torbay ” (Allman). P. coccineus, T. 8, Wright. I refer to this species a Perigonimus, obtained at. Saloombe, which seems to agree on the whole with Wright’s description. It is larger than P. serpens, and the polypary not so delicate and yielding; the body does not rise, when extended, high above the top of the stem and assume a slender cylindrical form, as in the last-named species. The colour is red, very vivid just below the arms, but becoming much paler below. The tentacles are twelve in number andcolourless; Wright gives only eight in P. coccineus. 'The stem tapers slightly down- wards. For safe identification we require much fuller and more precise descriptions of many of the minute Hydroids than we have yet obtained. 78 Rev. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of Genus BouGAINVILLIA, Lesson. B. muscus, Allman. “Tn a rock-pool, Torquay, where it occurred abundantly, creeping over the bottom in small moss-like tufts” (Al/man). Family Tubulariide. Genus TUBULARIA, Linnzus (in part). T. humilis, Allman. Salcombe Bay, between tide-marks and dredged in shallow water. The 7. Dumortierti of the ‘‘ Catalogue,” I suspect, should be referred to this species. Suborder Theeaphora. Family Campanulariide. Genus CAMPANULARIA, Lamarck. Section ce. With branching stems. C. calceolifera, n. sp. Pl. VI. Stem filiform, subflexuous, simply pinnate or very slightly branched, ringed above the origin of the pedicels. Hydro- thece alternate, rather small and delicate, campanulate, with a plain and everted rim, borne on ringed pedicels of varying length. Gonothece (female) axillary, smooth, ealceoliform, spirally curved at the upper extremity and tapering off below ; orifice a tubular passage projecting into the interior, and opening out immediately below the spiral ; borne on ringed stalks. Height of the shoot about 1} inch. The trophosome of this species is not marked by any very distinctive features. The shoots are generally unbranched, and very slightly flexuous; occasionally one or two short branches occur, but the habit is eminently simple. The caly- cles are of the usual campanulate shape, delicate, and graceful in their proportions, and with a decidedly everted margin, which gives them a very elegant appearance. The capsules are produced in great numbers, and are ranged along both sides of the stem, but seem to be confined to the lower half of the shoot. They are perfectly hyaline, and of a unique and singularly graceful form (Pl. VI. figs. 3,4). They are best described as slipper-shaped; but the upper extremity is curved into a most exquisite spiral, while the lower portion tapers rapidly away towards the point of junction with the ringed the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 79 stem. Immediately below the spiral a wide opening (PI. VI. fig. 3, y) leads into the tubular passage by which the embryos make their escape, which bends upwards within the capsule and terminates in a circular orifice near the top (Pl. VI. fig.3,2). The gonophores, which are numerous, form an elongated mass nearly filling the cavity of the gonotheca; the ova seem to be discharged successively from the uppermost, and to pass into the planule stage while lying free in the capsule. The em- bryos, when mature, make their way by means of their cilia towards the upper extremity, enter the tubular passage at a, and make their escape into the water at y (Pl. VI. fig. 5). If the external tubular orifice of an ordinary Campanularian capsule were reversed, and drawn within the cavity, so as to project into it instead of projecting from the summit into the water, and were then bent round and upwards on one side, we should have the very form which is characteristic of this species. A slight modification of structure has resulted in the production of a most exquisite shape. Hab. Salcombe Bay, on stones &c. ; not uncommon. Genus LovéNneLLA, Hincks. L. clausa, Lovén. On small stones, dredged off the Oar Stone, at the entrance to Torbay, in about 10 fathoms; Salcombe Bay, abundant, especially on shells of Turritella communis. When the genus Lovénella was first characterized, I was only acquainted with the trophosome ; but in May I procured specimens at Salcombe with gonothecz, and was able to study the gonozooid, and so complete the diagnosis. The reproduc- tive zooid is medusiform, and bears a general resemblance to that of Clytia Johnstond; but there are important differences in the number and position of the marginal bodies and in the tentacles. The following should be added to the generic cha- racter as given in my ‘ History of British Hydroid Zoophytes,’ mori pe lei — Gonothece borne on the stems and producing free medusiform zoords. Gonozooid.—Umbrella (at the time of liberation) globose ; manubrium short, with a simple orifice; radiating canals 4; marginal tentacles of two kinds—A4 in connexion with the ra- diating canals, of which two only are fully developed at the time of birth, springing from non-ocellated bulbous bases, 4 interme- diate, of smaller size, without bulbs, slightly clavate, with thread-cells only towards the extremity (?) ; lithocysts 4, one of 80 Rev. T. Hincks’s Supplement to a Catalogue of which is placed halfway between each pair of the larger tenta- cles and close to one of the smaller. [Pl. V. figs. 2, 2 a, 2 0.] The gonotheca of L. clausa is borne on a rather long ringed pedicel, which rises from the stem a short distance below the calycle. It is elongate in form, tapering off from the truncate top to the base, the sides presenting a slightly sinuated out- line. It contains many gonophores, from each of which a medusiform zooid is liberated. The latter may probably un- dergo important changes as it advances to maturity. At the time of birth two only of the principal tentacles are fully de- veloped, the remaining pair are represented by the bulbous bases. The small intermediate tentacles are destitute of any enlargement at the point of origin; they spring directly from the circular vessel, close to the lithocyst, which stands out from the inner margin. They are extensile, and when at rest are spirally contracted; they are slightly clavate in outline, and, as far as I could determine during a brief examination, the extremity is rather thickly covered with thread-cells. The lithocysts include a single spherule; numerous thread- cells dot the surface of the umbrella. The polypite of L. clausa is remarkable for its great length; when expanded, it rises high above the top of the calycle (P1.V. fig. 2), and is a most beautiful object. The latter, tall as it is, is often insufficient for the accommodation of its tenant, and the body has to be bent, as represented in one of the figures, or even looped, to find space enough within. Genus GonoTHyR&A, Allman. G. gracilis, Sars. Salcombe Bay, dredged on shell. This beautiful species was discovered by Sars at Bergen ; it has also occurred on the coast of Connemara. Family Lafoéide. Genus CALYCELLA, Hincks. C. fastigiata, Alder. Cornwall, on Aglaophenia tubulifera and Diphasia pinnata, from deep water. Also found in Shetland and the Hebrides. Family Haleciida. Genus HAecium, Oken. H. sessile, Norman. Salcombe Bay, on Antennularia and Salicornaria. the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. 81 MOLLUSCOIDA. Class POLYZOA. Order INFUNDIBULATA (Gymnolemata, Ad/man). Suborder Cyclostomata, Family Tubuliporide. Genus ALECTO, Lamouroux. A. retiformis, n. sp. Polyzoary lobate, the lobes diverging from a common centre, much and irregularly branched, the branches anostomosing so as to form a rude network, the extremities generally bifid ; surface minutely punctate, and often grooved trans- versely ; zocecia scattered irregularly, the free extremities of the tube projecting to a considerable distance, erect, ori- fice plain. The polyzoary frequently rises into short cylin- drical processes with a cellular apex. Specimens of this fine species measure about an inch across, and form somewhat circular patches. Four or five much- branched lobes radiate from a central point, the ramifications anastomosing freely so as to form irregular reticulations. The extremities of the lobes and of the branches are bifid. The surface is often much thickened and grooved transversely ; but in the newer portions towards the end of the branches the lines which mark the walls of the zocecia are distinctly visi- ble. In one of my specimens the erect processes with cellular extremities are numerous and characteristic. The colour of the polyzoary is white. The A. diastoporides, Norman, is perhaps the most nearly allied species. Hab. Salcombe Bay, on a valve of Pecten maximus ; Corn- wall, on Pinna from deep water. Family Diastoporide. Genus Diasropora, Lamouroux. D. sarniensis, Norman. Cornwall, on stone from deep water. Suborder Paludicellea. Genus PALUDICELLA, Gervais. P. Ehrenbergi, Van Beneden. On the underside of the leaves of water-lilies in the river Clist, near Bishop’s Clist, South Devon (Parfitt). This and 82 Rev. T. Hincks’s Catalogue of Zoophytes. the following species of freshwater Polyzoa have been recorded by Mr. Parfitt in his ‘Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Devon,’ which forms part of a fauna of the county, upon which he has been long engaged*. Order PHYLACTOLEMATA. Suborder Lophopea. Family Plumatellide. Genus Lopuopus, Dumortier. L. crystallinus, Pallas. In a pond near Exeter, attached to the roots of Glyceria fuitans (Parfitt). Genus PLUMATELLA, Lamarck. _P. repens, Linn. Note.—Mr. Parfitt records the occurrence of Allman’s var. a on the leaves of water-lilies in the Clist river, near Bishop’s Clist. P. limnas, Parfitt. On an old shell of Anodon cygneus in the canal, Exeter (Parfitt). P. lineata, Parfitt. On the leaves of water-lilies in a pond in Veitch’s old nursery, Exeter (Parfitt). P. emarginata, Allman. T learn from Mr. Parfitt that, since the publication of his Catalogue, he has discovered this interesting form in the river Clist, at Bishop’s Clist. This is, I believe, the first record of its occurrence in England, though Prof. Allman obtained it in various parts of Ireland. Genus FREDERICELLA, Gervais. F, sultana, Blumenbach. Near Penzance (Couch). Mr. Parfitt informs me that it occurs plentifully in one or two places in Cornwall. The affluence of the South-western fauna is abundanily proved by the foregoing Catalogue and Supplement. As I have remarked before, it is brought out strikingly by com- paring the present list with the largest previously published, Mr. Alder’s excellent ‘ Catalogue of the Zoophytes of North- * In this work an additional habitat is given for the rare Aglaophenia pennatula, which may be inserted here :—‘ Several “tufts of five or six lumes each, of the typical form, were dredged in Salcombe Bay by IF. alker, Esq.....The plumes measure from 4 to 5 inches in height.” Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. 83 umberland and Durham,’ in which 164 species are recorded for the north-eastern district against 265 for the south- western. The species contained in this Catalogue and Supplement are thus distributed amongst the various groups :— [been bated Pydroida:-7,.). (PREG 3 92 y Discophora (Lucernariide) .. 2 — 94 . Zoantharia | _ f{ Coralligena) 37 ecpneeos | atvpaeania | 39 | (Hualey) } 4 — 41 Chetlostomate. ~. .icud begat 87 Cyclostomata:, ... sv sade os 16 , Ctenostomata.............. 17 eee PaAlGQIGOMORl ys ek we Sa te oe 1 Pedreclhwen Crs. see eee 3 Lophopea’) 29s (oe. SPI 6 — 130 265 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE V. Fig. 1. Gymnocoryne coronata, Hincks, highly magnified: 1 a, the circle of oral tentacles, Fig. 2. Lovénella clausa, Lovén, with gonotheca, magnified: 2a, the gonozooid ; 20, the same, seen from below. * PuateE VI. Fig. 1. Campanularia calceolifera, Hincks, nat. size. Fig. 2. A portion of a shoot, magnified. Fig. 3. A gonotheca, magnified, to show the internal structure: 2, the internal tubular orifice; y, the point of exit. Fig. 4. Another gonotheca. Fig. 5. The upper portion of a gonotheca, more highly magnified, show- ing a planule escaping through the tubular orifice. Fig. 6. A gonophore, highly magnified. X.—WNotes on Trionyx Phayrei of Mr. Theobald and Dr. Anderson. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. THERE seems an unfortunate fatality attending the tortoises named after Lieut.-Col. Sir A. P. Phayre, late Chief Commis- sioner of British Birma. Mr. Blyth named a Testudo after him which has caused much controversy. Mr. W. Theobald, in a paper published in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society ’ 84 Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. for 1868 (vol. x. p. 18), named after him a species of Trionyx, thus :— “ Trionyx Phayret, Theobald, “Capite typico, faciali forma forsan rotundiore. Sterni sculptura modica, sive reticulationibus minoribus quam in 7’. gangetico. Sculptura ad latus regulariter reticulata, sed vertebrali regione post secundas costas parum dilatata sive incrassata. Thorace valde cartilagineo, vix ullis (preter ad latus) tuberculis osseis armato. Colore supra olivaceo, lineis fuscis eleganter marmo- rato, subter flavescente pallido. ‘“ Habitat in fluminibus montium Arakanensium, prope Bassein.” The Latin appears to be a translation of the following ob- servations :— “Granulation of sternum not very coarse, less so than in T. gangeticus, on the sides regular, but coarser and larger along the centre of the back behind the second pair of ribs. Thorax highly cartilaginous, and almost devoid of bony callo- sities save at the margin, where the granulations are slightly developed. Colour during life dark dull brown, handsomely lined, as in Giinther’s figure, /.¢.; below yellowish white. Captured in a hill-stream on the Arakan hills in the Bassein district.” It is curious that in both these descriptions Mr. Theobald has mistaken the thorax for the sternum, and the sternum for the thorax ; unless this is so, these descriptions are not intelli- gible or consistent with the following observations :— “This is a somewhat aberrant species in some respects, and was at first confounded by me with Chitra indica of Giinther’s Monograph, from the precise resemblance which the marbling of the upper part bore to that figure. Since, however, examin- ing the specimens in the British Museum, I find that the ani- mals are very different. The true Chitra of Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. Feb. 23, 1864, p. 17) does not, to my knowledge, occur in Birma. The Chitra indica figured in Giinther’s monograph is, on the authority of Dr. Gray, his Pelochelys Cantort. The skull of the present species cannot readily be distinguished from that of TZ. gangeticus, though to my view it seems more arched, and rounded in profile. The thorax resembles that of 7. gangeticus ; but the sternum pre- sents a remarkable difference in the development of the bony plates, and more nearly, in general characters, approaches to Dogania subplana, Gray. The osseous tubercular surface, however, ts less developed and more feebly sculptured (the age and size of the specimen considered) than in any of tts allies, and at a glance serves to discriminate the present species from them. Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. 85 “aq, Adult. Length 21 inches, breadth 144 inches; length of osseous sternum 124 inches.” It appears that Mr. Theobald only obtained one specimen, which he informed me he gave to the Bristol Museum; so that Dr. Anderson cannot have a better means of determining this species than the above description affords. Mr. Theobald showed me his specimen as Chitra indica, and I was quite unable to decide, in the dried state, to what Asiatic species it belonged, as the skull was enclosed and could not be examined, and the animals vary so little in their external appearance when they have lost the characteristic markings of their coloration, which only can be observed in their young state. The great resemblance in their external appearance is mani- fest from the fact that Mr. Theobald compares it with such distinct things as Zrionyx gangeticus, Dogania subplana, Chitra indica, and Pelochelys Cantort, belonging to two ‘families of very different structure and habits. But the chief character that he seems to rely upon as the characteristic of the species is the part of the above description which I have marked in italics, 7. e. the slight development of the sternal callosities. Dr. Anderson, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1871, p. 154, describes a species he calls Trionyx Phayret, observing that “the chief differences that separate it from 7. gangeticus are the less developed character of the osseous por- tion of the sternum, and the relatively finer character of its sculpturing on both aspects.” He gives a figure of the sternum, which does not accord with this remark, but represents it as having not only large and well-developed lateral callosities, not in the slightest degree resembling the small narrow linear lateral callosities found in Dogania as described by Mr. Theobald, but also having large triangular anal callo- sities and the odd osseous semicircular bone in the front of the sternum covered with a lunate callosity not even found in Trionyx gangeticus ; so that this animal can have no connexion with the species described by Mr. Theobald, except that it comes from a nearly similar part of Hindostan. But, unfortunately, that is no criterion of their identity, as many species of Trionycide and Chitrade are found in that district, as has been proved by Cantor and Mr. Theobald himself. The fact is, that the specimen described by Dr. Anderson is a specimen of my genus Landemania, and probably the spe- cies which has been named L. perocellatus. I know how much the sternal callosities change during growth ; but a person who has examined many species of the three-toed tortoises in different stages can form a very good 86 Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. opinion on the form which the callosities found on a young specimen will assume when it becomes adult; and I never saw a lateral linear callosity like that of Dogania, which Mr. Theobald says his species possesses, become a broad callosity, dilated at each end like that figured by Dr. Anderson; and Mr. Theobald does not mention any anal callosities as found in his specimen, which we must recollect, from its size and the state of its coloration, must have been half-grown, if not an adult animal. And therefore I cannot believe that it would have the large triangular anal callosities occurring in Dr. An- derson’s figure. Species that have such a callosity generally have a small circular callosity even in their youngest state ; and therefore I conclude, from all these characters, that the Trionyx Phayret of Dr. Anderson has no affinity with the animal described under that name by Mr. Theobald. Dr. Anderson objects to the genus Sciwrus being separated into genera by organic characters, such as the shape of the skull and the pencilling of the ears (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p- 139), but prefers dividing them, according to their colouring, ito lineated grizzled squirrels and dorsal lineated squirrels, and lateral lineated squirrels and veuntrilineated or (as he calls it in another place) belly-banded squirrels. To my mind this is a retrograde movement rather than an advance in zoological science. I see no objection to a man refusing to adopt the new generic names; but when a genus has been divided by organic characters founded on the examination of a large series of species, including a large collection of speci- mens, it certainly is an advantage to use those divisions as sections of a genus, or at least to take care, in describing the species, that the characters on which these divisions are founded are carefully examined and fully described. If Mr. Theobald and Dr. Anderson had availed themselves of the characters afforded by the skulls and the development of the callosities of the mud or three-toed tortoises, and had referred the specimens they described to the sections so proposed (although they did not adopt the genera or subgenera), they would not have left the species they described in such doubt, or they would not have referred two species so evidently un- like to the same name. But then I know that it is not easy to do this when the describer depends on Indian drawings for his materials. I can only understand Dr. Anderson’s remarks on the species of squirrels by his attention being confined to external appearances as represented in figures; and we may judge of the kind of inartistic figures he has to work from by the plate of Sciwrus quinquestriatus which he has* published (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, pl. 10). Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. 87 Dr. Anderson says he has carefully compared the skull of his specimen of Trionyx Phayret with that in the British Museum which is named Trionyx Jeudit, and he cannot de- tect any characters to separate the two. I regret that, as he seems to have had the skull in England to compare, he did not show it to me, who am so well acquainted with the skulls of the genus. The papers of Dr. Anderson in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1871 do not give one a very high opinion of the state of zoological knowledge in the Imperial Museum at Calcutta*. They all belong to what Prof. Edward Forbes used to call the school of zoology that regarded animals as skins stuffed with straw; for they contain no reference to any points in the internal structure or economy of the animals described, indeed little but the details of the species that can be derived from the inspection of figures made by a native artist, who merely copies what he thinks he sees—which is the more extraordinary, as Dr. Anderson, besides being Director of the Imperial Museum at Calcutta, is Professor of Compara- tive Anatomy of the Medical College of that city. He has been shown that the form of the skull, the form of the palate, and the structure of the alveolar surface of the jaws form very important characters for the distinction of the species of the genus Trionyx in its widest sense ; yet here we have a descrip- tion of a doubtful species in which none of these points are mentioned; and the only particulars of the species which he gives (for Dr. Anderson does not undertake to give spe- cific characters) are measurements of the different parts, which are given in such a way that one cannot understand whether they are intended for inches and lines or for inches and tenths; and one is not helped by consulting his other papers, where he appears to use a different system. The sternum is thus described :—‘‘ Seven osseous plates, of which * Dr. Anderson, as Director, claims the monopoly of describing and naming ; for he observes:—‘I cannot allow Dr. Jerdon’s statement that he had my gata to describe and name this lizard to pass without comment. placed the museum collection of reptiles at Dr. Jerdon’s disposal for comparison ; but I certainly never contemplated that he would make use of the confidence I reposed in him to describe this lizard with- out my sanction.” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 156.) This regulation is neither advantageous to the study of zoology, the advancement of the collection, nor to the scientific knowledge of the curator, as it prevents healthy competition. For the last half-century that I have been con- nected with the British Museum, every one (native or foreign) has had full permission to use any of the zoological specimens as if they were his own, on the simple condition that he does not injure them or render them less useful to his successors; and this principle has certainly worked well for science and for the collection. 88 Dr. J. E. Gray on Trionyx Phayrei. five are visible and granular,” which I suppose means the nine bones of which the sternum of all Zrionyces or mud- tortoises (and, indeed, of all 'Testudinata) is formed: thus he does not seem to be aware that what he calls the abdo- minal plates are each formed of two bones, as he may see if he will only consult Cuvier on the osteology of tortoises, in his ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ vol. v. p. 204. He goes on to de- scribe the odd osseous plate as “semicircular, 7" 5! along the curve, and 1” 3!" in diameter in the mesial line; anteriorly in contact with the anterior pair, and posteriorly with the abdo- minal ones,’—a very important observation; for, as Cuvier observes, Geoffroy describes the sternum as composed of nine bones, of which eight are in pairs and the ninth is odd and placed constantly between the four anterior ones, with the first two of which it adheres in preference when it is not attached to the four. Then follows :—“ The greatest length of the abdominal plates is 8"; they enclose an hourglass-shaped cartilaginous area, the anterior portion being the largest, and measuring 4" 3!” in diameter and 6” 8!" in length from the pos- terior contraction to the odd plate.’’ Thus you either only have the general character of the order or the measurements of parts and the shape of parts, as the cartilaginous area of the sternum, given as the character of the species, which are liable to vary in the different stages of growth of the same specimen. It would have been very useful if Dr. Anderson, instead of criticising the works of other naturalists, and altering the names because they are not in accordance with his idea of euphony, and describing individual specimens as species, had studied the changes that occur in the sternal callosities, the dorsal disk, and other variations that do take place in the growth of the Trionyces, which has made them so difficult to understand by European naturalists who have had but a few specimens in the museums to examine, but which at great labour I have attempted in my various papers to unravel; for he lives in a country where certainly some species of the genus are abundant, and where they are to be ob- tained in the markets, or certainly from the fishermen, with very little labour; and it would be very useful if a person having such advantages would controvert or confirm the ob- servations I have made. Had he pursued such a study, which is quite consistent with the post he occupies, I am certain he would not have confounded his specimen (which is, as I say, a Landemania, according to my division of the family) with the Trionyx Phayret of Theobald, which is most probably an As- pilus or Dogania. And I consider such observations of far greater importance to science than determining whether the Mr. F. P. Pascoe on the Australian Curculionide. 89 animal is to be called Trionyx Phayret or T. Jeudii; for fortu- nately the study of zoology is not all confined to the study of nomenclature, which is but a means to enable us to determine with some certainty the species on which one’s observations on structure, development, habits, and economy may be recorded. XI.— Additions to the Australian Curculionide. Part I. By Francis P. Pascoz, F.L.S. &c. FIVE or six years ago our knowledge of the Australian Cur- culionide was comparatively in a not much more advanced state than it was left in by Schénherr* in 1845, This author was acquainted with 229 species, including 10 from Tasmania. Erichson, however, in 1842 (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte) had published 41 species, which were not noticed by Schénherr. In 1848, Germar (Linnea Entomologica) added 24 to the list. The number was slightly increased by Mr. Waterhouse in 1853-54 and 1861 (Trans. Entomolog. Soc.), by Boheman in 1858 (Eugenies Resa), and by M. Jekel in 1860 (Insecta Saundersiana). In 1865, Mr. W. MacLeay published a very large number of species belonging to the subfamily Amycte- rine, in the ‘Transactions of the’ Entomological Society of New South Wales.’ Hope, Blanchard, Perroud, Roelofs, and, in 1867, Redtenbacher (Novara-Reise) may be mentioned as having contributed a few more. Many new genera and species have been recently described by me in the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society’ and elsewhere ; so that now we may reckon upon about 730 species. There are still, however, a great many species new to science in my collection, and, thanks to some of my friends in Australia, especially Mr. Masters, of Sydney, and Mr. Odewahn, of Gawler, I am frequently adding to the number. I purpose publishing some of these occasionally in * ‘Genera et Species Curculionidum,’ This elaborate work, in eight volumes, each of two parts (volumes in themselves), included the Bru- chide, Brenthide, and Anthribide, as well as the Curculionide. The latter amounted to 6335 species (the whole number was 7141), and were described by Boheman, Gyllenhall, Fahrzeus, and Rosenschold, Schén- herr only reserving to himself the descriptions of the genera. It is very usual to quote Schénherr only, but 1 have invariably quoted the authors whose names followed the specific descriptions. In the 229 species men- tioned above, about 10 should be subtracted for Bruchide, Brenthide, and Anthribide. Rather more than 20 species of these families are now known from Australia. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. viii. 7 90 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Additions to the ‘ Annals.” The following is a list of those in the present communication :— Otiorhynchine. Enchymus punctonotatus. Isomerinthus Jansoni. Centyres, n. g. Leptopine. turgidus. eptops iliacus. Gonipterine. cicatricosus. Oxyops farinosus. ovalipennis. Gonipterus hyperoides. —— hypocrita. turbidus. tetraphysodes. Erirhinine. Cylindrorhininz. Meriphus longirostris. Catastygnus, n. g. Myossita tabida. scutellaris. Belinee. —— stigma. Rhinotia pruinosa. limbatus. Isacantha congesta. rivulosus. bimaculata. textilis. Pachyura papulosa. Enchymus, n. g. Tsomerinthus Janson. I, niger, nitidus, supra squamis niveis maculas formantibus ornatus; rostro brevi, crasso, basi gibbosulo; antennis sat incrassatis, sparse squamosis; prothorace globoso, haud erebre punctato, utrinque maculis incertis notato; elytris globoso-ovatis, ante apicem sat subito angustioribus, striato-punctatis, punctis am- pliatis, paulo approximatis ; interstitiis convexis, maculis niveis conspicuis adspersis; corpore infra pedibusque albo-squamosis. Long. 3 lin. Hab. Wizard Island. In general appearance this species resembles one from Morty, but it has a much shorter and stouter rostrum, thicker antenne, a globose prothorax, &c. It is, I believe, the first described Australian species of this large Malasian genus. It is true Fabricius has a Curculio scabratus (redescribed by Boheman as an Isomerinthus) collected by Labillardiére, and credited to “noua Cambria” (Syst. El. ii. p. 522); but its true habitat must be considered doubtful, as it does not seem to have oc- curred in any of the many collections sent to this country. I have preferred the use of the term Jsomerinthus, following Messrs. Saunders and Jekel, notwithstanding that it is poste- rior in date to Coptorhynchus, Guér. (adopted by Lacordaire), partly because the latter has been changed from Spheropterus, which ought not to have been suppressed, and partly because it is not at all certain that it is distinct from Psomeles (Guérin, Voy. de la Coquille), which has a priority of two pages over Spheropterus, a fact sufficiently conclusive for a certain school of naturalists. I dedicate it to Mr. Janson, who has kindly a the Australian Curculionide. 91 spared it to me from his private collection. There are two more examples in the British Museum. Leptops tliacus. Z. obovatus, niger, omnino dense griseo-squamosus; rostro sat ro- busto, quam capite duplo longiore, in medio late subsulcato ; antennis squamosis, funiculo art. secundo quam primo paulo longiore ; oculis late ovatis, infra rotundatis; prothorace sub- cylindrico, longitudine latitudini «quali, supra rugoso, in medio obsolete carinato ; scutello distincto, rotundato; elytris breviter obovatis, postice sensim latioribus, magis convexis et subito declivibus, striato-punctatis, punctis parvis vix approximatis, in- terstitiis tertio quintoque elevatis, subtuberculatis, tuberculo ul- timo majusculo desinente, lateribus verticalibus albidis, apice rotundato; pedibus squamis elongatis dispersis. Long. 5-6 lin. Hab. Cape York. Like L. squalidus, but the rostrum is differently sculptured. The form of the eye is somewhat opposed to Lacordaire’s definition of Leptops, as it is in some other species; but that character in this genus seems to be only of specific value. Leptops cicatricosus. “. obovatus, niger, squamulis sordide argenteis ubique densissime vestitus, squamisque majoribus elongatis silaceis vage adspersis ; rostro robusto, in medio sulcato, sulcis lateralibus distinctis, scro- bibus arcuatis ab oculis remote desinentibus; antennis dense squamosis, clava nigricante; oculis angustis, infra rotundatis ; prothorace subcylindrico longitudine latitudini sequali, supra sub- transversim crebre tuberculato, longitudinaliter sulcato, in medio sulci carinula abbreviata nigra nitida notato; scutello distincto, oblongo; elytris breviter ovatis, postice sensim latioribus et subito declivibus, seriatim punctatis, punctis parvis, remotis, interstitiis tertio septimoque tuberculatis, tuberculo ultimo pone medium majusculo, parte declivi haud tuberculato; tibiis sparse pilosis. Long. 53 lin. Hab. Queensland. In colour like LZ. clavus, Enc., but readily distinguished by the glossy black ridge in the groove on the prothorax. Leptops ovalipennis. Z. ovatus, niger, griseo fuscoque squamosus; capite rostroque rugoso-squamosis, hoc valido, apicem versus vix incrassato, supra bisulcato ; scrobibus arcuatis, ad oculos approximatis ; prothorace transverso, pone apicem utrinque fere parallelo, in medio sulcis duobus transversis tenuiter impresso, ad latera rugoso-punctato ; scutello perparvulo, distincto; elytris ovalibus, paulo ampliatis, haud nodosis, substriato-punctatis, singulatim lineis quatuor parum (3 92 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Additions to elevatis instructis, apice subacuminatis, lateribus et pone medium maculis fuscis subnotatis ; corpore infra pedibusque dense griseo- Squamosis, his squamis majoribus nigris adspersis. Long. 6} lin. Hab. Wizard Island. Allied to L. subfasciatus; but the elytra are without any nodes or callosities. The two species differ from most of their congeners in having a second line of punctures at the base, near the scutellum. Leptops hypocrita. L, ovatus, niger, squamis albido-griseis, aliquando pallide viridi- metallicis, sat dense tectus; rostro modice elongato, in medio canaliculato, lateraliter leviter longitudinaliter excavato; scrobi- bus subflexuosis; antennis tenuatis, cinereo-pubescentibus, clava nigra ; prothorace transverso, utrinque rotundato, in medio antice paulo impresso, postice obsolete carinulato; scutello parvo; ely- tris ampliatis ( sola) singulatim tuberculato-tricarinatis, carina extima tuberculo primo prominulo, inter carinas punctis remotis in seriebus duobus instructis, apicibus subacuminatis; corpore infra pedibusque dense squamosis, pilis longioribus vestitis. Long. 43-53 lin. Hab. South Australia. This is the most abnormal in appearance of all the specie of this polymorphous genus. There were four or five speci- mens in the collection of Mr. Wilson, of Adelaide. Leptops tetraphysodes. L. ovatus, fuscus, ubique densissime griseo-squamosus ; rostro capite duplo longiore, supra bisulcato; antennis attenuatis, scapo oculum paulo superante, funiculo art. duobus basalibus sequentibus plus duplo longioribus ; oculis subovatis; prothorace oblongo, angusto, subcylindrico, supra modice convexo, sat confertim tuberculato ; elytris breviter ovatis, elevato-convexis, prothorace multo latiori- bus, striato-punctatis, striis subflexuosis, punctis sat remotis, interstitiis latis, apicibus acuminatis, singulis elytris sex-tubercu- latis, tuberculis tribus minoribus ante medium oblique sitis, duo- bus majoribus, quorum intimo validiore, postice, alteroque versus apicem, sitis; sternis femoribusque squamis elongatis adspersis ; tibiis tarsisque setulosis. Long. 4 lin. Hab. Queensland. A peculiar species, owing to its strongly convex elytra and the apparent absence of a scutellum; this part, however, is clearly present in individuals when the scales surrounding it have been removed. In some respects it is like Amisallus, from which it is distinguished by the cavernous corbels of the posterior tibiz. the Australian Curculionide. 93 The three following new genera belong, in Lacordaire’s system, to the second of his two groups of Cylindrorhinine, which is distinguished by the club of the antenne being di- stinct from the funicle. 'T’o the three genera which he referred to it I have already added one, and have now to characterize three more. The table below will render their differentiation easy. All the genera, except Enchymus and two or three spe- cies of Perperus, have the rostrum as long, or nearly as long, as the prothorax, rather robust, gradually broader towards the apex, scaly, and with one or three carine above; the scrobe terminal, and becoming shallower or vanishing behind; the antenne slender, the club generally distinctly 4-jointéd ; the eyes ovate, often a little pomted below, and not contiguous to the prothorax ; the fore legs stouter than the others, with their tibiz flexuous towards the apex, and the claws free. Second abdominal segment as long as the next two together. Body scaly. Elytra at the base scarcely broader than the prothorax. Scape scarcely impinging on the eye ........ Pantopeus, Schon. Scape impinging on the prothorax .......... Perperus, Schon. Elytra at the base broader than the prothorax. Corbels cavernous. Scrobe running beneath the eye .......... Peripagis, Pase. Scrobe not running beneath the eye........ Catastygnus, n. g. SSOLUGIS, ODPM x wbia'e «ici Viele vie aie voabac be syaieco wianye Enchymus, n. g. PSOM NUDES S IN rucic tp ty