Init Veal ts 4 SNA WAN Wenn a) if at Aeron vA gg! ate . shin : * Rem hay 4. Valk rays riaTatass Sr Nate vives Noh 4 +e) Roe Richy ait ai risa he Saboh 55 her veut SoH se a? Zi evs est WN AG Sa, a ihe ‘ 20 RWS ee beni, ee ha Steg SB We es tye SAN RAEN COAG Pye Ree Sie knvthekencaa ee i, Ba Tyco, tea wy site WY ony nh WAM Tl A SH ey ‘ y ambos Dhl ned PS i ae ene "A Soho hy ai wtih Wj sar at a ay ast hehe ali 4 My aah, Peay! ont Ma Susy Soo Ds oa Vikas SAAS bari reed Ben qi ce IANS nd 1 Be Sap itr t vid ny: oben oye Noah Pipe 1} 5 Pant f 4 be A at a ! 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CONTENTS OF VOL, XVIII. [SIXTH SERIES. ] NUMBER CIIL. Page L. On some new and rare British Crustacea. By Tuomas Scort, F.L.S., Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland, and ANDREW Scott, Fisheries Assistant, University College, Liverpool. (Plates I. & NTE Wide cree cS ke « ah gi ce, heneys ae 1 II. Notes on the Parasitic Copepoda of Fish obtained at Plymouth, with Descriptions of new Species. By P. W. Basserr-SMiru, F.Z.S., F.R.MS., Surgeon R.N. (Plates UL-VIL.) ....s sees sere eeeeee 8 III. Some new Forms of American Rotifera. By Dr. ALFRED C. Sroxes. (Plates VIL. & VILL.) .....seeeeereeeer eee eecnerees Lif, IV. Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Ifeterocera from Central and Tropical South America. By Herpert Duce, PEAR Maes CIN Raa s cae Gd ere rere aaa Mommie ete OR eRe AES 28 V. On some new Pierine Butterflies from Colombia. By A. Se Burier, Ph.D., Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zvological Department, 42 Perish: Mmsenin 82 A) feat ae sage ome es Meee ne + 99 lop anes tres VI. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.—No. XVI. By Prof. M‘Inross, M.D., LL.D., ERs Satin ont rctamienes i ie Aas 44 VII. Descriptions of new Reptiles and Batrachians obtained by Mr. Alfred Everett in Celebes and Jampea. By G. A. BouLENGER, Be an soe cas casas ye ee teins ts ere Aa stale oes Roamer ae 62 VII. Animal Temperature as a part of the Problem of Evolution. By Mi. Quan tOn 2.23. tite caer erie ens Deine ping oF 64 IX. On a small Collection of Lepidoptera sent from Nyasa in 1895 by Mr. R. Crawshay. By ARTHUR G. Buruer, Ph.D. &e.: ...... 67 X. On a new Generic Distinction between the Scorpions of ‘the Genera Scorpio and Palamneus. By R. 1. PoCcOCK .....+++e+-ees 7 XI. The Bees of the Genus Andrena found in New Mexico. By Re Py Ne MR PTT ea oa dete om Sp lekn nda asin Whe 9 alas epkieaan oe we eRe iv CONTENTS. , Page XII. Description of a new Species of the Leaf-footed Centipede (Alipes) from Nyasaland, together with Notes upon the previously described Species of the Genus. By R. I. Pocock .............. 92 XIII. A Question concerning a British Pagurid. By Jamxs E. Benepicr7, Assistant Curator, Department of Marine Invertebrates, Pe AUN pporteteMUABOHIN vex \ahe ie. ajs'* 5) n/c 'svnve © v:aguels’s \s's sets 5 og ee eee 99 XIV. Descriptions of new Species of Nanina, Helix, Amphidro- mus, and Porphyrobaphe. By HuGuH FULTON ..........0..00005 100 XV. Observations on some Buprestide from the West Indies and other Localities. By CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE ........00.00: 104 XVI. New Species of Pyralide from the Khasia Hills. By W. yee eae IL AU IEE ease Me Sie ghee ate 2 cD eta mnaie cela lee dass laravetpre ame 107 On a Collection of Barnacles, by H. A. Pilsbry; Theoretical Expla- nations of the Distribution of Southern Faunas, by Captain F W. BTEC oa ewe 4 eno aaa he yc lete etapa aMemematate, aden a Ie ee 119, 120 NUMBER CIV. XVII. Further Notes on the Anatomy and Development of Scorpions, and their bearing on the Classification of the Order. By Matcotm Laurin, B.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Zoology at St. Mungo’s College, Glasgow. (Plate IX.) .......... 121 XVIII. On the Synascidia of the Genus Colella and the Poly- morphism of their Buds. By M. Maurice CaAuLLERY .......... 185 XIX. Budding in Perophora. By W. K. Brooxs and GrorGe SP eGR HE ober cate cde labs orate islet wspois vice Pe sate. «papas. das wa EO 136 XX. On a Collection of Land-Shells from the Islands of Selayar, Jampea, and Kalao. By Epe@ar A. Smiru, F.Z.S., Assistant- Keeper of Zoology, British Museum, (Plate X.)................ 144 XXI. Description of a new Genus of Elapine Snakes from Wood- lark Island, British New Guinea. By G. A. BouLtenerr, F.R.S... 152 XXII. On Freshwater Fishes from Smyrna. By G. A. PAO UULEN GES EiiiS.) css saves stab nt toe5 ose ee eee oe 153 XXIII. Description of anew Siluroid Fish from the Organ Moun- tans, Brazil: By 'G. A. BouLencrn, FRiSs 2.205 oee 2 | aes 154 XXIV. Descriptions of Two new Species of Oriental Lycenide, By H: Grose Surrn, B.A., F.E.S., &. ......2..500..5. cee ae 155 XXV. Phoavocepha'us pectinatus, Waiker, or P. stmplex (Bate) ? ye ern Or VY AINE SO ost oa + vee eR en ee 156 XXVI. Descriptions of Twe new Species of Lepidoptera collected by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in East Africa. By Emmy Mary Suarpr,. 158 CONTENTS. XXVII. Descriptions of some new Lepidoptera from Nyasaland. hy Amen G) BULLER, leis Bl, OC, eel alte brewed los as XXVIII. New Species of Pyralide from the Khasia Hills. By W. Ry eeesrerany wat Ace ECU eo ea ere ar aialayata a ca xxia'ns] Uva Mialeha ora-6 awed XXIX. Report upon the Scorpions, Spiders, Centipedes, and Millipedes obtained by Mr, and Mrs. E. Lort Phillips in the Goolis Mountains inland of Berbera, N. Somaliland. By R. I. Pocock. eC IE Rt aa terete ck. oe BRU er Ath. oe tule Lig whale sirens end bre XXX. Description of a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon from the Highlands of Mindoro, Philippine Islands. By Joun WuirrneEap. XXXI. Description of a new Spindasis from Ceylon. By FRANcIs Pera aE DERN hak eM Gear ete AN eM te Shay ste salle alate Siebel Mein bo Tian New Books :—A Manual of North-American Birds. By RoBperr Riweway.—A Concise Handbook of British Birds. By H. BREEN IOET eV NON IMIBE Cora vied «| oes iics ache si ona a! fic Galo w o-ple "eh haha: Sasha 192, On the Habitat of Gobiws elapoides, Gthr., by F. A. Smitt ; Note on Plectroplites and Hypoplectrodes, Genera of Serranoid Fishes, by Theodore Gill, LL.D. ; On the Nephridia of Branchiobdella vartans (var. astact), by D. N. Voinov, Morphological Labora- Vv Page 159 165 178 189 190 195 HEV eb BMI CURNEMI, Sagas toraretc, tina ale ocayelcyain i oye ote tinge a a)e'd. 6 196—199 NUMBER CY. XXXII. Notes on the Chetognaths. By F.S. Conanr........ XXXIITI. New Species of Pyralide &c. from the Khasia Hills. By W. Warren, M.A., F.E.S. XXXIV. Descriptions of Four new Lizards from Roebuck Bay, N.W. Australia, obtained by Dr. Dahl for the Christiania Museum. GAG OU MNG I SH oEUSSS «5 «arava ovo) nh asarancve erat xg adie Sela eres 0) 2) 8, 6) 0) a) Cee eer tale 6.6) 0 evn eles Bs) #14 eiehe XXXY. Descriptions of some new Species of Heterocera from Hunan, Central China. By Herspert Deuce, F.L.S. &e XXXVI. Necrophagous Diptera attracted by the Odour of Flowers. By E. KE. Austen, Zoological Department, British Museum Oe alee, ope 6 ea hehe im al pe) hi 6) Pie 60) Cpe) BY Olle (me 6) 6’ 8 6 va) 0: ae) «, 6.6.06 e's 6 6)\8 XXXVII. Description of a new Species of Satyrid Butterfly from Costa Rica, By H. Grosr Smiru, B.A., F.ES., F.ZS., &....... XXXVI. On Mammals from Celebes, Borneo, and the Philip- pines recently received at the British Museum, By Oxipririp THOMAS CC 2d XXXIX. The Pholadide.—Ii. Note on the Organization of the Larva, and the Post-larval Development of Ship-worms. By C. P. SIGERFOos SiPege eee. Be) P 18) 16. ee 8] Oe, 86) 6 Ba) are, 6 8% 6) 8 Gm 8 Oar acetone ale! a> « 6, Oe 85 « Vl CONTENTS. -Page XL. A List of the Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera collected by Miss Kingsley on the River Ogové, with Descriptions of some new Genera and Species. By W. F. Krrey, F.LS., F.E.S., &e., Assistant in Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural Mastory): (Plate MUL ce wee ots ove codaac o4 2 ope eee XLI. Description of a new Acomys from Somaliland. By Ouv- SU MTEERI OA ET CUNEIND 1) Milfs.) nioig bis elect SePlghs scsi dhs gles a a 2s oe XLII. The Brood-cavities of the Surinam Toad. By F. Lrynie, PREY EZ OUTS ST ois incl dinre nache HG iceeiein esis: soo «Se alot 2 y The Bot-ily ‘of the Indian Wlephant i.°.525...5 500 5.6es ces cds woe ae NUMBER CVI. XLUI. The Development of a Termite—Zutermes (Rippertii?) : a Preliminary Abstract. By H. McK. KNower ..... ie) pene ae XLIY. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.— I. Descriptions of new Bees collected by Prof. C. H. T. Townsend in the State of Vera Cruz. By T. D. A. CocKERELL ...........00 XLV. Papers from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.— On the Nephridia, Reproductive Organs, and Post-larval Stages of Arenicola. By H. M. Kyzz, M.A., B.Sc., Berry Scholar in Natural Science, University of St. Andrews. (Plates XIII.-XV.) ........ XLVI. On new small Mammals from the Neotropical Region. Bye ORI MED, LOMAS fia. aaitlas 5 riaialniereeinlele mie Unie We eFds ols alae XLVII. Descriptions of new Terrestrial Mollusca from South Africa. By James Cosmo Menvini, M.A., F.L.S., and Joun Eigenais (PONSONBY. 7c.» «(Plate VE) i patstrents oie joesc's oho crsieib jag XLVIII. Diagnoses of new Mammals from Madagascar. By C. I. SS NOPED GM ATOR se ae calhre b intage ‘asege = wel in elm otasetoua le SPRL Delica A ele ie ele XLIX. On the Rhizopodal Genera Webbinaand Vitriwebbina. By Haroprrick .CHarman, ‘ALS. FUR MiSs i. cs waa atoletesmbowelcte L. Notes on the Genus Byblia (= Hypanis). By Guy A. K. PPP RRELAN GE, Zs oie, Ea PRIS, «0's loka ova bw avaie a» e siaverage ls a eee LI. Descriptions of new Batrachians collected by Mr. C. F. Under- wood in Costa Rica. By G. A. BouLencmr, F.R.S. ............ LIT. On Two new Species of Adblepharus from North Queensland. Piyeie aw, NED, IS SEF stsrclealey cto me s1as' lad alelam A ned Sr Notes on the Anatomy of Yoldia.—I., by W. K. Brooks and Gilman Drew; Some Observations on Spermatogenesis in Spiders, by Julius Wagner, of St. Petersburg; Note on Phascologale Men IMIES gts nies jn'sjs nF he ares Sele hee Sk Oe ROD CE 344—348 CONTENTS. Vii NUMBER CVII. Page LITT. Suggestions for a Natural Classification of the Asconide. By E. A. Mincuty, M.A., Fellow of Merton College, Oxford 349 oor eee LIV. On Scolecithrix hibernica, a new Species of Copepod, with some Remarks on the Distribution of the Crustacea. By ANDREW Scort, Fisheries Assistant, University College, Liverpool. (Plates Rp eee VL Ls) eee meas co nyey so aiy acter eee hes cic Ge 562 LV. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator,’ Commander C. F. Oldham, R.N.—Series IT., No. 22. Descriptions of new Deep-sea Mollusca. By Epaar A. SMT ae ee R ee dale MAAS MCE Veh Se ids od alles 367 LVI. On a Collection of Moths from Fast Africa formed by Dr. W. J. Ansorge, Medical Officer to the Uganda Administration. By W. F. Krrpy, Assistant in Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural History). (Plate XIX.) oo. c cca. devceseccas 375 LVII. On a little-known Australian Fish (Threpterius maculosus, Richardson), with Remarks on the Family Cirrhitide. By G. A. BOULENGEG, Bybvasn sss acts ant clase eens mean petty ots 597 LVIITI. On a case of Simous Malformation ina Snake. By G. A. Pe ge MRT UL EB 5, 2 Aiyiaiin: cal sbashue: stehviat's Rw seis d ataiolk 4 6.4° 6 ww desreeal ordsale 399 LIX. On Contrasts in the Marine Fauna of Great Britain. By Proto tron, M1), EW Ss Res Cae ils Said ce aa eke 400 LX. On Excretory Organs and Sexual Conditions in certain Isopoda. By Bomummr, Nisoac, of Prague. iseiccccsecacevcsece 415 LXI. A new Genus of Aglossal Batrachians. By G. A. Bou- Ope PEER UN ap 5o3 ctl ohy ph Se eo o Ly cof Canales fc 8A Soe sept aA ate 420 LXII. Descriptions of Two new Frogs obtained in Madagascar by Dr. Forsyth Major. By G. A. BouLenesr, F.RBS............00 ab. LXIII. On the Reproduction of the Tripylean Radiolaria (Pheo- Pehle) Dy Pity ay GUAGEIE Sia thelacer wie cin sls dys «loa aie cae ceeds seen. 422 New Book:—The Oollector’s Manual of British Land and Fresh- water Shells. By Lionren Ernest ApaAms, B.A........ + sia a ee Lysactinic, not Lissactinic, by F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A........ dort hd 428 NUMBER CVIIL LXIV. Some Earthworms from Celebes. By W. BLaxLanp Brnuam, D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), Aldrichian Demon- strator in Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. (Plates XX. & XXI.) .. 429 LXV. On Coleoptera from Aden and Somaliland. By C. J. GauAN, M.A., of the British Museum (Natural History).......... 448 LXVI. Descriptions of Four additional new Mammals from Mada- eaccariay br. CU. I. Noma ver MATORG:,... . jm oo cies cies «ave imae « 461 LXVII. Description of a new Species of Stick-Insect (Phasmide) from British Central Africa, By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.ES., &c. 463 LXVIII. Pseudodiadema Jessoni, sp. n.. an Echinoid from the English Oxford Clay. By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S......... 465 LXIX. Anew Butterfly ofthe Genus Acrea from Tugela, S. Africa. ip er rston me FT) Ser oe wi wiesy ew os a sad g eral aye, = aiden he 467 viii CONTENTS. ,Page ILXX. Descriptions of Two new Frogs from Lake Tanganyika, pre- sented to the British Museum by Mr. W. H. Nutt. By G. A. |S: 5 Or OE ep o1 cS IES MR a MATES C4, |.) hades wr 467 LXXI. On a new Mongoose from Matabeleland, British South monica, ) By NVR, De WINTON... 65 0's cane om ae ee ee 469 LXXII. Homology of the Anterior Segments of Ampharetide (Polychetous sedentary Annelids). By M. Prerre Favver...... 470 LXXIII. On the Habits of Evania Desjardinsii, Blanch. By M. EDMOND BoRDAGE.......... ESA ee sh 475 LXXIV. The “ Claims of Priority,” and what they are sometimes pyoees: + Dy Hab rereaey mits MAL) cola ists\ 2s.n os lauys a65 s, acne 476 ‘ New Book :—Artistic and Scientific Taxidermy and Modelling. By Monricue browin, IGS: Wes.) OUR Fil aise. hvek 477 The Evolution of Lithocystis Schneideri, a Parasite of Echinocardium cordatum, by M. Louis Leger; On a Viviparous Ephemera, by M. Causard; Determination of the Directing Element in the Jaws of Insects, by M. Joannes Chatin; On the Hibernation of Clavelina lepadiformis, Miller, by MM. A. Giard and M. Watery 2607 5.02 25% 250) se nek tab va meapaend cuca tet Oo 478—485 PUI Ae ern aun ghee ve. Mt eae gp Ree bie AE cy A TOE ee 487 PLATES IN VOL. XVIII. Puate I, ih jgUG New and rare British Crustacea. v. Parasitic Copepoda of Fish. Mag, VII. IX. Anatomy of some Scorpions. X. New Mollusca. XI. New Scorpions, Spiders, and Millipedes. XII. New Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera. XIII. | New American Rotifera. XIV. XV. XVI. New South-African Mollusca. XVII. Scolecithrix hibernica. XOVIPL: XIX. New Moths from East Africa. Anatomy of Arenicola, XX. New Earthworms from Celebes. OCR . THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SIXTH SERIES.] we cbawacch ase ctunc per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circikm vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphz Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Ect. 1, No. 103. JULY 1896. I.—On some new and rare British Crustacea. By THomas Scort, F.L.S., Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland, and ANprew Scort, Fisheries Assistant, University College, Liverpool. [Plates I. & IL] Genus CLausiA, Claparéde * (1863), (?) Clausia Cluthe, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 1-12.) Description of the Species.—Female. Length 1:3 millim. (7; of an inch). Body narrow, elongate, tapering gradually towards the posterior end. Antennules (fig. 2) short, stout, six-jointed, and moderately setiferous; there is not much difference in the length of the first, second, third, and last joints, except that the first is rather longer than the other three ; the fourth and fifth joints are also subequal, but they are both shorter than any of the other joints, as shown by the formula— Proportional lengths of the joints.. 16.13.12.8 Number of the joints ............ 1 3 4 i doe: a..6" * Not Clausea, Boeck (1864) ; as Claparéde had already used this name, M. Boeck, in 1872, substituted the name Pseudocalanus for his genus. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xviii. 1 2 Messrs. T. and A. Scott on some Antenne stout, three-jointed, middle joint considerably shorter than the first or third; no secondary branch (fig. 3). Mandibles simple, lamelliform, tapering towards the rounded ciliated apex and furnished with three stout plumose marginal setee of unequal length (fig.5). The maxille consist each of an oblong lamelliform appendage, the extremity of which is obliquely truncate, slightly rounded, and fringed with cilia (fig. 6). Anterior foot-jaws simple, one-jointed, armed with a stout elongate spine at the apex in addition to a smaller spine on the inner margin (fig. 7). The posterior foot-jaws form powerful grasping-organs; they are each two-jointed, with the joints short and very robust ; the end-joint terminates in a broadly truncate extremity, to the posterior half of which is articulated a strong slightly curved claw; the anterior angle is lengthened into a stout tooth-like process, against which the claw impinges, as shown by the drawing (fig. 8). The first and second pairs of feet are somewhat similar in structure ; the outer branches are three-jointed and the inner two-jointed ; the exterior distal angles of the first and second joints of the outer branches are each furnished with a mode- rately stout spine, while the third joint bears four spines round the outer margin and apex and three long plumose sete on the inner margin; the second joint of the inner branches bears three plumose setz round the inner margin and apex and a small apical spine; a long plumose seta also springs from the inner margin of the first joint; the outer branches are only slightly more elongate than the inner branches (fig. 9). The third and fourth pairs of feet are also nearly alike in structure, but differ considerably from the first and second pairs ; each of the third and fourth pairs is composed of a three-jointed outer branch and an almost obsolete one- jointed inner branch; the small rudimentary joint of which the inner joint consists possesses apparently neither seta nor spine (fig. 10). Fifth pair large and prominent and com- posed of a single two-jointed branch ; the end-joint, which is much shorter than the other, is furnished with three mode- rately stout and plumose terminal sete, the middle one being considerably longer than the other two (fig. 11). Caudal stylets equal to about half the length of the last abdominal segment (fig. 12). Habitat. Ayr Bay, Firth of Clyde. Among trawl-refuse ; one specimen. Remarks. Though the species now described was obtained among some trawl-refuse unattached to any other organism, it is apparently a parasitic form of some kind; the structure of the antenne and the simple form of the mandibles and new and rare British Crustacea. a maxille, combined with the remarkably powerful posterior foot-jaws and fifth pair of feet, are fairly satisfactory evidence of its parasitic habits. This species, if not congeneric with Claparéde’s genus Clausta, is at least very closely allied to it, and therefore till further specimens, especially male, be obtained, to permit of a more thorough examination being made, we prefer meanwhile to place it in that genus. (?) Clausia Cluthe somewhat resembles Clausia Lubbock, Claus, in general appearance; but the difference in the structure of the antennules and fifth pair of feet distinguishes it at once from that species. Maraenobiotus Vejdovskyi, Mrazek. (Pl. I. figs. 13-21; Pl. II. fig. 23.) This curious freshwater Copepod was described for the first time by Herr Al. Mrazek in the seventh volume of the —*Zoologische Jahrbiicher’ (1893), p. 103, Taf. iv. figs. 17- 32, and Taf. v. figs. 33-37. The following brief description (with drawings) is prepared from Scotch specimens :— Female. Length *67 millim. (37 of aninch). Body slender and elongate (fig. 13), and in this respect somewhat similar to Ophiocamptus. Antennules short, eight-jointed (PI. IL. fig. 23). Secondary branches of antenne two-jointed, the end-joint shorter than the other (PI. I. fig. 14). Both branches of the first pair of swimming-feet two-jointed and nearly of equal length (fig. 18). Inner branches of the next three pairs two-jointed and considerably shorter than the three- jointed outer branches (fig. 19). Fifth pair small; inner portion of the basal joint not much produced, broadly truncate and furnished with four moderately short and subequal plumose setz on the margin of the truncate apex ; secondary joint very small, ovate, and provided with three terminal sete, the inner one somewhat like those on the basal joint, the other two subequal and fully twice as long (fig. 20). Caudal stylets short and stout; the principal seta of each stylet is articulated at the base and dilated, as shown in the drawing (fig. 21). Habitat. Loch Vennachar, Perthshire ; not very common. Remarks. This species, which is an addition to the British fauna, is readily distinguished from other British Harpactids by the structure of the first pair of swimming-feet, both branches of this pair being two-jointed; the mandibles, maxille, and foot-jaws resemble those of Canthocamptus, excepi that the mandible-palp is rudimentary and represented by a few sete that spring from a papilliform lateral process. 1: 4 Messrs. T. and A. Scott on some The rudimentary character of the mandible-palp, together with the two-jointed outer branches of first pair of feet, sepa- rate Maraenobiotus distinctly from any other genus of the freshwater Harpacticide. We have not been able to give a figure of the mandible-palp, and therefore quote the following reference to it from Herr Al. Mrazek’s description. He says :— Als ein wichtiger Charakter muss hervorgehoben werden, dass der Mandibularpalpus sehr riickgebildet ist, nimlich nur durch einen kleinen drei schwache Borsten tragenden Hocker repriisentirt wird.” Attheyella Duthiet, sp.n. (Pl. II. figs. 1-18.) Description of the Species.—Female. Length *9 millim. (3; of an inch). Posterior margins of the second to the fifth thoracic segments serrulated ; the abdominal segments have a fringe of cilia posteriorly; rostrum of moderate length (fig. 1). Antennules short, eight-jointed; the first two joints are more dilated than the others and the fifth and seventh are somewhat shorter; the approximate proportional lengths of the joints are shown by the formula— Proportional lengths of the joints., 16.16.18.12.10.13.9.138 Number of the joints’ ..3.4)... 4... des ad bab. oe The antennules are moderately setiferous and bear a short sensory filament at the upper angle of the fourth joint (fig. 2). Antenne stout, two-jointed; the secondary branch consists of a single comparatively slender and elongate joint, which is furnished with a few sete at the distal end (fig. 3). The mandibles have the biting-part armed with two or three jamelliform plates slightly notched at the apex ; the mandible- palp has the basal portion moderately stout, to which is articulated near the distal end a single one-jointed setiferous branch (fig. 4). Maxille and first and second foot-jaws somewhat similar to those of Canthocamptus hirticornis, T. Scott. The inner branches of the first pair of swimming- feet, which scarcely reach beyond the end of the outer branches, are composed of two joints of nearly equal length, but the end-joint is much more slender than the other; the first joint bears a short plumose seta near the distal end and the second joint a similar seta near the middle of the inner margin, while the inner and outer margins of both joints are more or less fringed with cilia; in the second joint the middle one of the three terminal sete is very long and slender, the inner one is very short and plumose, while the outer is elongate, slender, and somewhat claw-like; the outer branches, which are com- new and rare British Crustacea. 5 posed of three nearly equal joints, are armed with moderately long marginal spines, the outer margins of all the joints being also fringed with cilia (fig. 7). In the next three pairs the inner branches, which are also composed of two subequal joints, are much shorter than the outer branches; the outer three-jointed branches are elongate, and the principal terminal seta in both branches is very long and slender (fig. 8). In the fifth pair the inner portion of the basal joint is broadly subtriangular and bears about six elongate sete of unequal length round the apex; the secondary joint is broadly ovate and furnished with two sete on the outer margin and three at the end, the middle one of the terminal three is extremely long and slender, the inner margin is ciliated (fig. 11). Caudal stylets about equal in length to the last abdominal segment (fig. 13). The male antennules form powerful grasping-organs. The "second pair of swimming-feet differ somewhat from those of the female in that the first joint of the inner branches is armed with curved tooth-like processes, as shown in the drawing, and the marginal spines of the first and second joints of the outer branches are much stouter than those of the same joint in the female (fig. 9). The end-joint of the imner branches of the third pair in the male terminates in two moderately long and slightly curved processes, which are of nearly equal length; a small plumose seta also springs from near the base of the terminal processes (fig. 10). The male fifth pair are small, the inner produced part bears two stout, moderately long, and spiniform terminal sete ; the secondary joint is furnished with five sete arranged as shown by the drawing (fig. 12). The first abdominal segment is furnished at the outer distal angle on the ventral aspect with three setz (fig. 12 a). Habitat. Brough Loch, Island of Yell, Shetland. Remarks. This species somewhat resembles Ophiocamptus brevipes (G. O. Sars), but in that species the antennules are seven-jointed, the end-joint of the inner branches is shorter than, but nearly as stout as, the first joint, and the secondary joint of the fifth pair is considerably narrower; there is also some difference in the structure of the mandible and in the length of the caudal stylets. It is interesting, however, to observe an oval pellucid area on the dorsal surface of the cephalic segment, similar to that shown in the drawing of Ophiocamptus brevipes by Herr Al. Mrazek*. As we do not * “Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Harpacticidenfauna des Siisswassers,” Zoologische Jahrbucher, siebenter Band, p. 116, pl. v. fig. 6, pl. vi. figs. 67-70. 6 Messrs. T. and A. Scott on some know of any described species similar to this Shetland form we have named it in honour of Mr. Duthie, Fishery Officer, Shetland ; it is because of his interest and zeal for natural history work that we have been able to add considerably to ee knowledge of the freshwater Crustacea of the Shetland slands. (2?) Canthocamptus parvus, sp. n. Cus, P 7 SP (Pl. I. figs. 14-22.) Description of the Species.—Female. Length °37 millim. (75 of an inch). Body moderately stout; antennules short, six-jointed ; the first three joints subequal and robust, the last. three also subequal, but considerably smaller than the first three (fig. 15). Secondary branch of the antenne uni- articulate, very small, and bearing a short plumose terminal seta (fig. 16). Mandible-palp small; basal joint moderately stout, bearing at the obliquely truncate end a very small one- jointed branch, which is furnished with three short plumose sete (fig. 17). Other mouth-organs similar to those in typical Canthocamptus. The first pair of swimming-feet somewhat resemble those of Canthocamptus trispinosus ; the first joint of the inner branches is rather longer than the entire length of the outer branches; the second and third joints are together equal to about half the length of the first joint, but the second is rather shorter than the third; the third joint bears two terminal sete, one short and spiniform, the other about twice the length and more slender; a short seta springs from near the middle of the inner margin of the first joint; there are also a few minute sete on the outer margins of all the joints (fig. 18). The inner branches of the next three pairs are short and composed of two nearly equal joints ; outer branches elongate, three-jointed, the end-joint rather longer than either of the other two (fig. 19). Fifth pair small, inner portion of the basal joint broadly foliaceous, apex obliquely truncate and bearing five sete of unequal length ; four of them are mode- rately short, and one (the second from the outside) more elongate; secondary joint subquadrangular, rather longer than broad, and furnished with five small apical sete, the two innermost of which are longer than the others (fig. 21). Caudal stylets very short. Male. ‘The male differs little from the female except that the antennules are apparently eight-jointed and of a compli- cated hinged structure adapted for grasping. The inner branches of the third pair of swimming-feet in the male are three-jointed and rather longer than the inner branches of the new and rare British Crustacea. 7 same pair in the female; the second joint bears a small seta on the inner angle and the last joint is furnished with two terminal sete (fig. 20). The male fifth pair are very small, the inner portion of the basal joint is somewhat triangular in form and carries three small apical sete ; the secondary joint is subrhomboid and provided with five sete round the end, as shown in the drawing (fig. 22). Habitat. Between tide-marks at Aberlady Bay, Firth of Forth. Remarks. In Canthocamptus the antennules are usually eight- or nine-jointed, but in the small species now described they are only six-jointed, and the secondary branches of the antenne are uniarticulate and almost rudimentary ; but in other respects it possesses all the characters of a typical Canthocamptus according to the present definition of that genus. We have pointed out elsewhere * that from the great variation in the structural details of the species of which the genus Canthocamptus is composed a revision of the genus will ere long be necessary; when that is done, it may be found expedient to remove the species now described into another genus ; but meanwhile the genus Canthocumptus appears to be the only group of the Harpacticide to which it can be allocated. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PuratTe I. (?) Clausia Cluthe, sp. n. Fig. 1. Female, dorsal view, X 40. 2. Antennule, x 170, 3. Antenna, X 253. 4. Mouth, x 500. 5. Mandible, x 500. 6. Mazxilla, x 500. 7. Anterior foot-jaw, xX 760. 8. Posterior foot-jaw, x 253. 9. Foot of first pair of swimming-feet, x 170. 10. Foot of fourth pair, x 170. 11. Foot of fifth pair, x 127. 12, Last abdominal segment and caudal stylets, x 170. Maraenobiotus Vejdovskyi, Mrazek. Fg. 13. Female, side view, X 80. 14. Antenna, x 380. 15. Maxilla, x 380. 16, Anterior foot-jaw, x 880. 17. Posterior foot-jaw, x 380. 18. Foot of first pair of swimming-feet, x 253. 19. Foot of fourth pair, X 253. 20. Foot of fifth pair, x 380. 21. Last abdominal segment and caudal stylets, x 253. Puate II. Attheyella Duthiet, sp. n. Fig. 1. Female, side view, x 50. 2. Antennule, x 253. 3. Antenna * Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1895. 8 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on x 258. 4. Mandible, x 380. 5. Anterior foot-jaw, x - 380. 6. Posterior foot-jaw, X 380. 7. Foot of first pair of swimming- feet, X 170. 8. Foot of fourth pair, x 170. 9. Foot of second pair (male), x 170. 10. Foot of third pair (male), x 170. 11. Foot of fifth pair, x 170. 12. Foot of fifth pair (male), x 253. 12a. Appendage of first abdominal segment. 13, Last two abdominal segments and caudal stylets, x 125. (?) Canthocamptus parvus, sp. 1. Fig. 14. Female, side view, x 80. 15. Antennule, X 380. 16. An- tenna, X 380. 17. Mandible, x 380. 18, Foot of first pair of swimming-feet, X 253, 19. Foot of fourth pair, x 263. 20. Foot of third pair (male), x 253. 21. Foot of fifth pair, x 880. 22. Foot of fifth pair (male), x 380. Maraenobiotus Vejdovskyi, Mrazek. Fig. 23. Antennule, x 253. II.— Notes on the Parasitic Copepoda of Fish obtained at Plymouth, with Descriptions of new Species. By P. W. Bassett-SMitTH, F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Surgeon R.N. [Plates III.-VI.] In taking up this subject I am chiefly indebted to Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, who suggested it to me as being likely to prove a fruitful and interesting investigation to fill up time while stationed at Plymouth. This I the more willingly did, having the kind assistance of the Director of the Marine Biological Association’s Laboratory and others there, to whom I tender my best thanks. The greater part of the material was, however, obtained by daily and diligent seareh at certain fishmongers in the town. Although there are many admirable monographs and treatises dealing with these curious and often b¢zarre-looking animals, they are chiefly of somewhat ancient date: the most important are :— Miiier. ‘Entomostraca.’ 1786. Orro and Burmeister. ‘Novya Acta Natur. Curios.,’ 1826. 1831. Kroyer. ‘ Naturhist. Tidsskift, 1838 and 1863. Mitnr-Epwarps. ‘Treatise, ‘Crustacés, tome iii. 1840, Norpmann. ‘Mikrographische der wirbellosen Thiere.’ 1832. Criaus. Monographs. 1860-1875. Cart Voer. ‘Archives Zoologie expér.,’ tome xvi. 1877. Camit Heiter. “Crustaceen,” Reise der Fregatte Novara. Hrsse. Monographs. 1862-1868. Van BenEeDEN. ‘ Note sur un Crustacé parasite nouveau, &c.’ 1861, Barrp. ‘ British Entomostraca.’ 1850. GERSTAECKER. ‘ Copepoda,” Bronn’s ‘ Thierreich.’ Kurz. Monograph. 1877. Parasitic Copepoda of Fish. 9 _ The literature being so scattered makes the investigation difficult—all the more so as nearly every author has his own scheme of classification. I propose now to use that drawn up by Gerstaecker, which is founded more on the minute anatomy of the animals, and is the most recent, though that used-by Dr. Heller in his great work is very admirable. A large number of the genera described by both these authors are, however, purely tropical and do not come within the scope of this paper. The most difficult to assign definite places to are the very much differentiated members of the family Lernzo- podide, where I believe the character of the male is the only safe guide. I would specially point out that the distinction given separating the genera Brachiella and Anchorella, viz. the fusion of the second pair of maxillipeds partly or wholly, is not a reliable one. It would be much better to found these genera on the structure of the pigmy males, which are quite distinctive; but, unfortunately, these latter are not all known or figured. From a collector’s point of view one is quickly struck by the much greater susceptibility of some fish over others and the large number of parasites found on them individually. For instance, it is rare to find a fairly grown cod (Gadus morrhua) without being able to take many specimens of the small semitranslucent Anchorella uncinata attached to the folds about the lips and in the gill-cavity. In its mouth and on the palate will be seen frequently half a dozen specimens of Caligus curtus, on the gills, deeply imbedded, a Lernea branchialis, and on the body sore places where numbers of Caligus Miilleri have been fixed. Again, one is almost certain in a hake (Merlucctus vulgards) on opening the mouth to find one or more specimens of Chondracanthus merluccit firmly fixed to the tongue, floor of the mouth, or palate, generally surrounded by mucus. In one case I removed thirty-three from the palate of a fish, leaving a raw ulcerated surface behind. The hake has two other fixed parasites attached to the gills—Brachiella insidiosa and Brachiella merlucctt,—both fairly abundant. All the Gadide seem to be infested. The Gurnard family, too, are very prolific both in variety and number of specimens ; but it is generally only in the well- grown fish that the parasites are found, these being Caligus rapaa, Caligus diaphanus, Brachiella impudica, and Bra- chiella bispinosa. Tucked away in the anterior angle of the gills of Zeus faber will almost certainly be found on either side one specimen 10 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on of Chondracanthus zei, which, from its large size, would seem to be at least inconvenient to its host. The gills of the turbot and brill are frequently crammed with Lepeophtheirus Thompsoni and Lepeophthetrus obscurus (?) and so on, each fish having apparently in its adult stage one or more parasitic Copepoda. After the examination of a great number of fish harbouring these parasites I believe that in the great majority of cases their presence is not prejudicial to the life of the fish, seem- ingly causing neither irritation nor destruction of tissue, for the following reasons :— (1) The fish bearing them were generally mature. (2) There were rarely any ulcerated surfaces found around or near their attachment. (3) The individual fish were generally well nourished. There are, however, certain exceptions to this absence of prejudicial effect on the host. (1) Lernea branchialis and its allies, whose bodies are full of sanguineous fluid. The head and cephalic processes, deeply imbedded in a cysted clot of blood in and around the gills, must be a constant source of drain of nourishment and also cause great irritation to the hosts. Very frequently, however, one came across the remains of their chitinous necks still imbedded, from which the bodies had fallen away. (2) A second, which certainly causes much irritation to the fish, is Chondracanthus merluccit, which, though surrounded by mucus and probably living on mucus, causes great destruction of the membrane where it is attached, as already mentioned. ‘The other species of Chondracanthus apparently are not so troublesome, so far as I have seen. (3) All species of Lerneocera, Lerneonema, and Penella must be harmful. I do not, however, mean to infer that weakly and diseased fish are not more likely to suffer from these parasites, but that they are plentiful in those apparently healthy. The curious attached condition of the young of the Caligide has been much noticed, being by Burmeister, Milne-Edwards, Kroyer, and Baird regarded as a separate genus, Chalimus ; but their true nature is very well shown in the able mono- graph by Hesse, ‘ Des moyen curieux de certains Crustacés parasites’ (Paris, 1866), though I do not think his theory, “ that the males in the interest of propagation fix themselves by this singular means (the frontal filament) to the females,” is of much value, as these attached forms are not infrequently Parasitic Copepoda of Fish. ff found fixed on to animals of different families, as Chondra- canthus and Anchorella; or even sometimes in great numbers I have taken them fixed on to the gill-rakers of the cod and gurnard and the fins of the sea-trout. In other cases one may find as many as six in various stages of development attached to the adult forms. At first the carapace is very narrow, with its apex at the place of attachment of the frontal filament, the thoracic portion being proportionately large, having the double eye near the centre. The anterior antenne are quite free from the frontal lobes. The maxillipeds increase in size as the carapace broadens, and before becoming detached the animal closely resembles the form of the adult; but I have not yet found any with lunule on the frontal lobes, even in those taken associated with species of Caligus. During the course of my observations the following new or noteworthy species have been obtained * :— Caligus scombert, sp. n. (Pl. III. fig. 2.) I have been unable to place this with any recorded species, and have therefore named it after the fish it is taken from. It is found on the inner surface of the operculum of Scomber scomber. It much resembles Caligus diaphanus (Nordmann and Kréyer, not Baird); but the carapace is oval, instead of being rounded, and the abdomen is much longer. . Carapace oval, narrow in front; posterior antenne with well-marked palp ; second pair of maxillipeds small; furcula small, with simple elongated branches, hardly spreading ; caudal plate large, with three long plumose sete, and one smaller one placed rather far outside. Caligus brevipedis, sp. n. (PI. III. fig. 1.) Two specimens of this curious form were taken in August from the gill-cavity of Motella tricirrata. It differs from all other described species in the rudimentary condition of the fourth pair of thoracic limbs. ‘The same character was found in both specimens, therefore it could not be an abnormality. Carapace small, as broad as long, but rather narrower anteriorly. Frontal plates well developed ; lunule of moderate size ; anterior border of basal joint of anterior antenne fringed with fine hairs; second joint terminating in about ten small bristles. Posterior antenne strongly hooked, palp on basal joint blunt; hamulus subsidiarius anterior acutely bent; * For a complete list of the parasitic Copepoda found: on fish at Ply- mouth see Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc, vol. iy. no. 2. 12 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on mandibles finely dentate on convex border ; first maxilliped long, bifid at end, outer claw very long; second maxilliped small, with simple claw; maxillary palp long and sharp; furcula small, simple, with widely divergent branches. First perxopods with three very long plumose sete on the inner border and four short bristles at end of last joint; second pereopods bifid, each two-jointed, bearing very long plumose sete ; third pereopods bifid, each branch two-jointed; hamu- lus posterior well marked; fourth pereopods almost rudi- mentary, represented by minute basal joint, three times as long as broad, terminating in three short simple bristles. Genital segment nearly square, lobed at posterior angles, bearing a tubercle giving rise to three simple sete (repre- senting five pairs of limbs ?). Abdomen small, slightly longer than broad; caudal plates of moderate size, bearing one short and three long plumose setw ; ovarian tube long, straight. Lepeophtheirus pollachius, sp.n. (Pl. IV. fig. 1.) Both sexes taken in quantity from the palate and back of the tongue of Gadus pollachius, also from the gills of the ling, Molva vulgaris. This species is nearly allied to L. Stromii, Baird. Carapace oval, rather wider posteriorly, in some specimens broader than long ; fourth joint of the thorax large, diamond- shaped; genital segment oblong, nearly as large as the cara- pace, lobed posteriorly ; abdomen as long as the thorax, tapering off towards its extremity. Posterior antenne large, strongly hooked; palp short, acute. Hamulus anterior small; furcula with short, divergent, simple branches ; fourth pair of pereeopods very long and powerful.. Male much smaller than female, with elongated carapace and very narrow genital segment. Abdomen distinctly divided into two segments and caudal plates very long. In many instances the young forms in various stages of development were found attached by their thread-like fila- ments to the margins of the carapace, genital segment, and abdomen of the female. Elytrophora brachyptera, Gerstaecker. (Pl. IV. fig. 3.) From the gills of a large tunny, Thynnus thynnus, taken outside Plymouth, I obtained ten specimens of this species, five of each sex, all alive. These I watched for several hours in a bell-glass. They were very active, and the males were seen to attach themselves to the females in the positions Parasitic Copepoda of Fish. 13 represented in Dr. Heller’s work, firmly fixed by the hook- like posterior antenne and second maxillipeds. On removing them the spermatophores were seen attached by long tubes to the genital segments of the females. These were pyriform, with a thick chitinous covering, and, when broken off, thin thread-like spermatic filaments issued from the tube end, or, if the capsule was broken, poured out en masse (fig. 3, A and B). On the males which had not completed the act the capsules were seen distinctly in the sperm-ducts, but were absent from those which had been removed from females bearing them, so that they appear to be monogamous. Lernea lusct, sp. n. (Pl. IV. fig. 6.) This animal was found only on the gills of the whiting pout, Gadus luscus, and was very common, as many as four being found on one fish. The whole head is surrounded by a clot of blood, the elongated horn being buried by the side of the gill-bone. It is much smaller and more delicate than Lernea bran- chialis; the secondary and posterior curve of the body is much less marked; there are generally three horns behind the mouth, the posterior one being highly developed and often as long as the neck, many-branched at the end. A large number of specimens were taken, all of the same size and character ; so that I feel justified in believing it to be a distinct species from the more widely distributed Lernea branchialis. Chondracanthus clavatus, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 1.) Found only on the gills of Pleuronectes microcephalus. The head is oval, with well-developed antenne; thorax elongated and club-shaped, with no sign of constriction in the middle, as in C. cornutus, Mill., and C. solea, Kréyer. The poste- rior horns are of moderate length. The two pairs of thoracic limbs are small, and the male is like that of C. cornutus. Chondracanthus trigle, Blainville. (Pl. IV. fig. 4.) (C. assellina, Linn.) Plentifully taken from Trigla gurnardus, T. cuculus, and T. hirundo. ‘The whole anterior portion of the head and so- called neck is buried in a fleshy mass in the substance of the gill, the thoracic portion only showing. The mouth and two pairs of maxillipeds are found at the base of this neck (Pl. 1V. fig. 4). Male very like that of C. cornutus. The length of the neck-like portion of the head is very variable, sometimes 14 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on considerably greater than the whole length of the thorax, at others so short as to be scarcely visible. Both these con- ditions occur in the mature female, the small immature specimens often having long necks. The species described as Chondracanthus gurnardt is probably one of these peculiar forms with short necks. . Brachiella insidiosa, Heller. (Pl. VI. fig. 2.) These were found attached to the gill-rays of the hake, Gadus merluccius, being fairly common. The female agrees very closely with that described by Heller (obtained from a species of Gadus in the Mediterranean), except that the arms are rather shorter and the cephalothorax is more acutely bent. The male (Pl. VI. fig. 2) is large, 3 centim. long, being generally found fixed to the centre of the back. The anterior part of the cephalothorax bearing the antenne and the mouth- organs is distinctly separated off from the body, the latter being distinctly segmented. Anterior antennz small, three-jointed ; posterior antenne large and stout, placed behind the anterior, four-jointed (?), bifid at the end, one branch being blunt and short, the other terminating in a small dentate hook. Maxille terminating in two sharp-pointed flail-like branches, bearing a small palp at the base. First maxillipeds with sharp acutely bent claw. Second maxillipeds with a short blunt claw meeting a conical tubercle. : Brachiella merlucctt, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 1.) These animals are always found attached to the pornts of the gill-rakers of the hake, Gadus merluccius, and never attached to the gill-rays themselves, as B. ¢nsidiosa. Both were frequently found in the same fish, but their positions were never other than that noted. Female.—Cephalothorax of moderate length, about equal to that of the genital segment, tapering towards the head, and bent forward in an obtuse angle. Head slightly widest in front, the arms (second maxillipeds) not quite so long as the cephalothorax, being united in the whole length by a thin membrane. Organ of attachment a chitinous cup with a short pedicel. Genital segment fiddle-shaped, very thick, carrying poste- riorly two pairs of elongated processes; a dorsal pair directed backwards and outwards, and a ventral pair rising on either sideof an elongated filiform abdomen (‘‘ postabdomen,” Gerst.), Parasitic Copepoda of Fish. 15 these being directed backwards, outwards, and upwards, encircling the egg-sacs. Head.—Anterior antenne small, three-jointed, last joint terminating in a few small hairs. Posterior antenna placed outside the latter, thick, chitinous, the end being bifid, having an outer blunt branch bearing small tubercles and an inner articulate branch terminating in minute sete. Mandibles small, Maxillary palp foliaceous, four-lobed. First pair of maxillipeds strong, with a powerful, curved, slightly cheliform terminal claw ; they are placed close behind the rostrum. Male.—About 1 centim. long. Cephalothorax large, distinct from the body, which is indistinctly divided into five segments, bearing posteriorly two short, pointed, two-jointed ' processes. Anterior portion of the cephalothorax carrying the mouth-organs. Anterior antenne three-jointed, with very fine sete at the end of the last joint. Posterior antenne much thicker, articulate, terminating in a short obtuse joint, with a second branch bearing a small dentate claw. Maxille bifid at the end, the branches being long and pointed; palp very small. Both pairs of maxillipeds large and cheliform. According to the present classification this species should be placed with the Anchorelle, for in the female the second maxillipeds are short, also being united together in their whole length ; but the peculiar Grachiella form of the male causes it to be placed in this genus. Anchorella paradoxa, van Beneden. (PI. V. fig. 2.) Found in the gills of Scomber scomber, but rare. The species is, however, very characteristic, and the male is distinc- tive, but has not yet been described by any author. Male.—Body globular ; cephalothorax produced; anterior antenne slender, three-jointed; posterior antenne stouter, bifid at the end, the outer branch being twice the length of the inner, which is flattened. Maxille slender, long, bifid at the extremity. First maxillipeds very large, the basal joint being oval, strongly muscular, and terminating in a strong hook. Second maxillipeds long, narrow, stilt-like, with the end slightly enlarged, where is seen a minute hook. Anchorella quadrata, sp.n. (Pl. IV. fig. 5.) A few specimens were obtained of this species from a dragonet, Callionymus lyra, attached to the gill-rakers. The cephalothorax is much longer than the genital segment, which is almost quadrilateral. ‘he egg-sacs are small and broad, oval in shape; between the two is seen the abdomen, which 16 On Parasitic Copepoda of Fish. is of extraordinary size for animals in this genus. First pair of maxillipeds placed close to the mouth, well developed; second pair short, opposite to the abdomen and at the base of the neck, thick and completely united, terminating in the organ of adhesion, which has the form of a cup with a long pedicle. This species is much like Anchorella falax, Heller, in form except for the great size of the abdomen. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate Iii, * Fig. 1. Culigus brevipedis, sp.n., Q. xX 6." al. Frontal plate with anterior antenna. a2. Posterior an- tenna. Ha. Hamulus subsidiarius anterior. Md. Mandible with palp. F. Fureula. 1P,2P,3P. Pereopods. 4P & 4, Perzopod slightly and highly magnified. 5 P. Rudi- mentary fifth pereeopod. C.P. Caudal plate. Fig. 2. Caligus scomberi, sp.n., 2. X_6. A. Posterior antenna. F. Furcula. 4 P. Fourth peropod. C. Caudal plate. Proarn fV; Fig. 1. Lepeophtheirus pollachius, sp.n., 2. X 6. 2a. Posterior antenna. H.s.a. Hamulus subsidiarius anterior. F. Furcula. 4 P. Fourth pereopod. Fig. 2. Caligus obscurus, Baird, 2. X 6. A2. Posterior antenna. H.s.a, Hamulus subsidiarius anterior. F. Furcula. 4P. Fourth pereopod (see Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. vol. iv. no. 2). Fig. 8. Elytrophora brachyptera, Gerstaecker, 2 ¢ i situ, 3a, 36. Spermatophores detached. ° ; Fig. 4. Mouth of Chondracanthus trigle, 2, x 20,showing maxilla, first and second maxillipeds. Fig. 5. Anchorella quadrata, sp.n. Enlarged. Fiy. 6. Lernea lusct, nat. size, with various forms of head-processes, PLaTE VY. Fig. 1. Chrondracanthus clavatus, sp. n., Q. Nat. size. la. Anterior portion of head, with antenne. 15 Male. le. Mouth-organs of male. Fig, 2. Ancherella paradoxa, Van Bened., 2. Nat. size. 2a. Male, highly magnified. 26, Mouth, with first and second antenne. 2c, Maxilla and second maxilliped. PLatrE VI. Fig. 1. Brachiella merluccit, sp. n., 2. Nat. size. la. Organ of adhesion, 16. Male, enlarged. le. Mouth- organs of male. 1d. Head of female, much enlarged. le. Maxilla of female. Fig. 2. Brachiella insidiosa, Heller, g. Much enlarged. Fy. 3. Brachiella trigle, Claus, ¢. Much enlarged. On some new Forms of American Rotifera. 17 III.—Some new Forms of American Rotifera. By Dr. ALFRED C. STOKES. [Plates VII. & VIII. ] THE following presumably undescribed Rotifera were all taken from a shallow clear-water pool in a rocky wood near Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.A. Mastigocerca mucosa, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 1.) Lorica in dorsal aspect elongate-elliptical in outline; in side-view obovate, about twice as long as broad (high), ventral surface evenly and slightly convex; dorsum arched, higher, anteriorly, and there bearing two anteriorly diverging caring) more than half as long as the lorica, the walls out- wardly inclined, thickest at base, the furrow obliquely curved toward the front, the bottom rounded; anterior margin of lorica truncate, smooth, the posterior aperture ventrally oblique ; toe as long as the lorica, slightly decurved ; acces- sory stylets four (or five ?), the longest conspicuous, curved, about one fourth as long as the slender, tapering, acute toe, the three (or four ?) additional stylets setiform and about one half as long as the principal one; antenne clavate, appa- rently not setigerous; lateral antenne near the posterior extremity, in close proximity to the ventral border, finely and radiately setigerous; brain elongate-saccate, with a large papilliform purplish or black eye on its posterior extremity ; alimentary canal large, broad, situated laterad and partly ventrad to the ovary, which, in the writer’s specimens, was large, irregular in form, and with numerous developing germs ; cesophagus long, conspicuous; contractile vesicle pulsating about twenty-four times per minute; flame-cells (‘“ vibratile tags”) large. Length of lorica 73y inch; foot and toe t4y; greatest height of carina ys'50. Hab. As mentioned at the head of this paper. The secretion of the foot-glands is often so copious that it seems to exude from the entire length and substance of the toe, whence it spreads over the glass slide in waves and filaments and fringes, and attaches the animal almost im- movably, although it has the ability to withdraw the part for a short distance from its colloid sheath, when the secretion again exudes and again covers the toe as before. I have not been able to observe even a single seta on the Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6- Vol. xviii. 2 18 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some dorsal antenna. If present they must be exceedingly delicate and minute. The bottom of the dorsal furrow is elastic, as the animal can draw the lateral wings toward each other. Taphrocampa clavigera, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 2.) Exceedingly soft, flexible, and versatile; normally sub- cylindrical or subfusiform, usually widest near the middle, tapering posteriorly, often producing a postero-central con- striction with margins almost straight; dorsum arched, ventrum hollowed ; not conspicuously annulose, but the body- margins irregularly crenate or undulate, these projections not rarely becoming obsolete; front rounded and bearing a hook- like projection, visible in side-view much as with Taphro- campa Saundersie, Gosse; anterior region frequently re- tracted ; tail represented by a small semicircular lobe dorsad to the soft and flexible subcylindrical foot; toes two, short, stout, conical, and possessing independent movement, being therefore true toes ; a smal] rounded auricle frequently pro- truded on each side of the head, and so accelerating the animal’s movements that it is difficult to observe the form and structure; dorsal cuticular surface conspicuously striate longitudinally or finely fluted, the striez coarse and more or less parallel with the marginal crenulations; dorsal antenna single, represented by a circumvallation near the frontal border, and probably setigerous, although I have not actually seen the sete; frontal cilia prone, fine, short, filling an obovate field which occupies from one fourth to one fifth of the anterior ventral surface, and surrounded by nume- rous subparallel striz or fine cuticular folds; brain con- spicuous, elongate-saccate, from one fourth to one fifth as long as the entire body, and having a small, posterior, central subspherical lobe, which is often coarsely granular, these freely movable granules extending toward the front of the ganglion in a long, narrow, sinuous band, the whole collec- tion then being irregularly subclavate ; in some specimens this granular formation is entirely absent or the posterior lobe may alone be granular; eye red, situated on the fore part of the posterior cerebral lobe, which is not rarely appa- rently adherent to the mastax, the movements of which it then accompanies; intestinal canal continuous, apparently ciliated, widest anteriorly, in lateral aspect suddenly narrowed, and tapering posteriorly, often annulose; esophagus not observed; a coarsely granular body, presumably the ovary, ventrad to the alimentary canal and extending for almost its new Forms of American Rotifera. 19 entire length; a small gastric gland is present on each rontal shoulder of the stomach; contractile vesicle in the median line, ventrad to the intestine, oval in contour and conspicuous near the posterior body-margin ; lateral canals present, with but four flame-cells visible on each side; two small elongate- ovate foot-glands present; animal’s movements constantly writhing and vermicular when unaided by the auricles, but with these appendages rapid, headlong, and seemingly without choice of direction. Length about 74> inch. Intestinal canal usually gorged with yeliowish-brown food materials. The species is readily recognizable not only by its form and by the lateral crenulations, but especially by the peculiar granular region of the brain, that particular part being in form not unjustly comparable to a pendulum with a snb- spherical bob, or to a cord with a round weight attached at one end. These granules, which [ have not seen in any other portion of the ganglion, are freely movable on one another and in form vary from elongate-ovate to subfusiform. They are probably concretions of lime as so commonly observed in the cerebral ganglia of other Notomatide. They are here contained in a tubular case or sheath, and may be motionless by reason of their number. Even when these granules are absent the region which they will at some time occupy is always plainly visible. They seem to be the result of a erystallization within a liquid enclosed by a special membrane within the nerve-mass. The clavate form of the mass suggested the specific name. Metopidia collaris, sp.n. (Pl. VII. figs. 3 and 4.) Lorica suboval, depressed, the dorsum rounded, the central region a slightly flattened more or less obovate space, whose margins converge posteriorly into a central ridge extend- ing to the posterior border of the lorica, the lateral regions of the lorica falling away rather rapidly to the convex edge, thus giving the entire dorsum a somewhat tectiform aspect, frequently increased by the presence of a central longitudinal ridge; ventrum flattened; dorsal frontal margin concave, the ventral deeply excavate; the frontal angle on each side prolonged as a conspicuous acuminate process; a narrow, coarsely stippled, collar-like band encircling the entire ante- rior margin of the Jorica; posterior dorsal border narrow, slightly and evenly concave, the ventral margin conspicuously excavate into a deep narrow sulcus, its lateral borders but 2% 20 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some slightly divergent, its posterior termination on each side minutely acuminate; dorsal antenna a large deep pit sur- rounded by a circular or broadly oval ring; lateral antenne apparently present as small capitate dorso-lateral projections, but upon which I could discover no sete ; foot three-jointed (or four-jointed if the prolongation of the body to which the foot is a continuation be counted as a joint); toes long, tapering ; eyes two, red, pectoral, crescentic, placed near the frontal border, in some specimens the appearance of an addi- tional pair of faintly coloured crescentic eye-spots not being rare on the pectoral region; flame-cells small, only one (near the postero-lateral border) having been observed; lateral canals exceedingly numerous, especially in the dorsal region, where they extend beneath the lorica in long loops and in concentric curves, each canal terminating in a trumpet-shaped mouth apparently not ciliated, and without an undulating membrane, the vessels together imperfectly separable into three groups, one central, two lateral; contractile vesicle large, ventrally and transversely placed near the anterior extremity of the ventral sulcus and variousiy compressed and changed in form by the pressure of the viscera. Length about y¢> inch; length of lorica sz}; toes and foot zhz. The tigure (made with a camera lucida) was drawn from a specimen under slight pressure, and the head is therefore too much rounded and too prominent. The frontal plate is movable and flexible. When the body is contracted this plate is folded over the rounded part and serves as a protection to the otherwise defenceless region. This seems to be the only known species with a stippled band around the front border. This feature, together with the lateral spinous processes, and especially with the numerous canals of the vascular system, with their curves and their trumpet-shaped mouths, makes the form one easily recog- nizable. The Rotiferon frequently, I think usually, swims on the back, thus concealing some important and interesting structural features. Metopidia collaris, var. similis, nov. (Pl. VII. fig. 5.) The foregoing species is so frequently accompanied or even replaced by one or more varieties so distinct from it in the form and the size of the lorica, that it merits varietal recog- nition and a varietal name, as I have given it. The lorica is evenly oval in outline, depressed, the ventrum new Forms of American Rotifera. 21 slightly concave, the dorsum arched, conspicuously or not, tectiform when the central, longitudinal, ridge-like elevation is present, as it may or may not be; two low, lateral, poste- riorly converging ridges conspicuously or obscurely developed or entirely absent, but when present the enclosed more or less obovate dorsal space surrounded by them is flattened ; frontal dorsal margin evenly but deeply concave; ventral border excised much as in Metopidia collaris ; frontal angles acuminate, not produced into spinous processes ; dorsal poste- rior border very slightly concave; posterior ventral margin : deeply excised, the lateral borders of the excision diverging or parallel ; collar-like frontal band usually present, some- times coarsely and abundantly punctate, sometimes entirely smooth; foot and toes essentially as in Metopidia collaris ; internal organization not apparently differing from that of the type. Length about +45 inch; length of lorica alone 345; toes tos; foot and toes zhy. This differs from the type in the deeper concavity of the front of the dorsum, in the reduction of the lateral spines to mere acuminations, in the absence of the slight posterior acumination terminating the posterior ventral excision, and in the smaller size, although the size alone is of little importance. Internally there appear to be no prominent differences, except that I have not positively observed the peculiar arrangement of the lateral canals within the dorsum which seems so characteristic of J. collaris; but these often are obscure in that species when the ovarian germs are well advanced or when the egg is well developed, or sometimes even when the alimentary canal is gorged with food or with its remains. Monostyla hamata, sp. n. (Pl. VIL. figs. 6, 7, and 8.) Lorica broadly ovate in outline; front differing in form on both the dorsal and the ventral surfaces, as shown by figs. 6 and 7 better than any verbal description could do. The figures were drawn with the camera lucida, and represent the lorica frontally dilated as it is when the enclosed body is retracted; when the animal is extended the elastic front is narrower than here shown, and the two acuminations on each side of the dorsal excavation become less conspicuous; foot and toe together about one half as long as the lorica; toe not shouldered. When the body is extended it bears on its front dorsal margin three sub-semicircular membranous lobes (fig. 8), the 22 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some lateral two extending to the ventral surface, their outer borders apparently thickened into a small chitinous hook, the inner surfaces of these membranes coming into contact when the body is retracted, then frequently forming a nipple-like pro- jection ; brain large ; cesophagus lined by long, conspicuous, flagella-like cilia, which are pendent into the stomach. Length, including toe, +> inch. Monostyla robusta, sp.n. (Pl. VII. figs. 9 and 10.) Lorica subcircular in outline, but little longer than broad ; ventral surface flattened, dorsal arched, steeply sloping ante- riorly when the animal is contracted, the frontal region of the lorica being flexible ; frontal borders concave, undulate, the ventral with a broad central emargination; each lateral frontal angle terminated by a short incurved acumination ; toe rod-like, straight, terminating in two short acuminate claws, distinctly parted, especially at their extremities, and projecting from between two small setiform spines; entire lorica coarsely punctate, lateral antenne small, projecting on each side within the lateral sulcus, near the posterior extre- mity and from the upper surface of the lower or ventral region of the groove; dorsal antenna a single setigerous circumvallation ; brain conspicuous, large; eye single, large, circular, red, granular, and superficially placed near the middle of the nerve-ganglion ; the stomach bears internally, near the entrance of the cesophagus, a ligulate undulating membrane (or tube ?), coarsely striate longitudinally, and about yo inch long. peer of lorica, including toes and claws, 73g inch; length of lorica alone z45 inch ; width y45. Toes and claws together about one half as long as the lorica. The claws are distinctly, even conspicuously, two, being visibly parted throughout their entire length, and actually separated at their tips; they are immovable, or appear to be so. The general form, the frontal acuminations, the parted claws between the setiform spines make the species one that is easily recognizable, and not likely to be mistaken for any other thus far observed. No varieties of the species have yet been found, although one or more may probably exist. I have, however, observed a specimen with the toe and claws as shown in fig. 10, where there was but one setiform spine, stouter and more conspicuous than usual, and where the toe was undulate and peculiarly malformed. new Forms of American Rotifera. 23 Monostyla bipes, sp. n. (Pl. VIII. figs, 11, 12, and 13.) Lorica broadly oval, the dorsal surface strongly gibbous, the ventral only slightly rounded, nearly plane (fig. 11); a posterior retrocession obliquely and convexly truncate, and overhanging a broad somewhat oblique extension; frontal border deeply emarginate, the ventral emargination nearly twice as deep as the dorsal, both incisions posteriorly rounded (figs. 12 and 13) ; entire surface of lorica stippled ; toe about three fourths as long as the entire lorica, somewhat decurved and tapering in lateral view; in ventral aspect minutely emarginate near the middle, beyond which it is slightly con- stricted, and has on each side a fine setiform spine, from between which extends the tapering claw, which is in reality double, having at or near the level of the setiform spines a small brightly refractive spot, which represents an aperture and from which passes posteriorly a distinct dark line dividing the claw into two, these portions never being widely parted, but readily resolvable into two. The internal anatomy, with the exception of the cesophagus, presents nothing of unusual structure. ‘The cesophagus, how- ever, encloses a structure readily observable when in action, but ditticult to interpret. The optical appearance is that of an endless series of internal rings gliding along the ceso- phagus toward the stomach. There is no visible return of the travelling circles, but the procession is endless and con- tinuous. That the appearance is produced by the undulations of a spiral membrane, as in the flame-cells of so many of the Rotitera, is hardly probable ; that, in addition to the ordinary lining of minute cilia, the oesophagus bears a series of large flagelliform cilia arranged spirally on the inner wall, or that true flagella may thus be arranged there, are suggestions more easily made than proved. But the fact remains that the downwardly gliding ring-like bodies, whatever their true character may be, are conspicuous features within the ceso- phagus of the species, and are probably flagella or a single long flagellum spirally encircling the tube. Length, including foot, -+5 inch. At the death of the animal I have distinctly seen the two claws slightly parted, so that there was a clear space between them, and the terminal point, usually single in appearance, became plainly double. It is to emphasize this part of the anatomy that I have given this species a name which, with the generic title, makes a rather unusual collocation. 24 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some Salpina similis, sp. n. (Pl. VIII. figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.) Lorica much as in Salpina brevispina, Ehr. Occipital spines entirely wanting; the pectoral pair short, acute, wide at base and strongly curved upward (fig. 14) ; posterior spines long and conspicuous, the alvine pair nearly twice as long as the lumbar one, with a slight upward curve, the lumbar being at the termination of the’ dorsal cleft and slightly recurved ; entire surface finely stippled, a broad coarsely punctate band or collar surrounding the frontal region (fig. 14) ; dorsal cleft (fig. 16) narrow, elastic, with a deep depression at its frontal termination, its lateral borders sloping outward from a straight base; lateral antenne present near the posterior border (figs. 15 and 16), the nerve-fibre prominent, at first filiform, whence it conspicuously widens to become again thread-like ; frontal antenna lobe-like; brain large, its latero-ventral region appearing to bear several fusiform lobes; mastax globose ; cesophagus long, variously curved, and lined by long, conspicuous, flagella-like cilia, which are pendent within the stomach and plainly distinct from its lining of short fine cilia; a gastric gland attached on each side to the antero- inferior region of the stomach; ovary ventrad, extending transversely to the stomach and the intestine; contractile vesicle nearly one half as long as the lorica, and, when fully dilated, crowding the ovary forward against the gastric glands; two small, broadly ovate, ventral glands, one on each side near the posterior extremity, apparently foot-glands. Length, including toes, 7, inch. The points of difference between this species and the Salpina brevispina of Ehrenberg are the long posterior spines, the acute, curved pectoral spines, the deep, broad, more or less rectangular, dorso-frontal emargination, and the long cesopha- geal flagella, which are so obtrusive that they could not be overlooked if they were present in S. brevispina. SS. similis is twice as large as S. brevispina. In a single instance, and entirely by accident, while sub- jecting the Rotiferon to pressure, living spermatozoa were forced from the cloacal orifice into the surrounding water, where they soon died. When viewed with insufficient magni- fying power each spermatozoon seemed to be a minute sphere with a single long flagellum ; but this is by no means certain. The seminal receptacle was not seen. A somewhat smaller variety of this species occurs in the same pool. It differs from the foregoing in having the pectoral spines straight (fig. 18), the alvine and the lumbar new Horms of American Rotifera. 25 nearly straight, the alvine being somewhat the shorter (fig. 17), and all shorter than those of S. stmdlis. The sinus between the posterior spines (fig. 17) shows a rather con- spicuous bulging, while in Salpina similis the sulcus is entirely even and evenly rounded. The front is likewise more evenly rounded (fig. 18), with a more decided bulging at or near the buccal orifice. Internally the only apparent differences are the smaller contractile vesicle of the variety and the strong internal ciliation of the cesophagus, instead of the conspicuous flagella as with S. similis, the cesophageal cilia of the variety scarcely differing from those of the stomach, and not extending into that organ as an undulating fascicle. The granulations of the anterior lorical collar are coarser and fewer than those of the same part on Salpina similis, These points of difference are hardly sufficient to warrant the describing of these specimens as a new species. Rattulus palpitatus, sp.n. (Pl. VIII. fig. 19.) Lorica subcylindrical, widest anteriorly, somewhat tapering posteriorly, both extremities truncate, but in opposite direc- tions; toes curved, continuing the general curvature of the lorica, tapering, acute, about one fourth as long as the body ; basal stylet apparently none; dorsal contour of the lorica in lateral view closely approximating the segment of a circle; brain not opaque, large, broadly ovate, bearing at its poste- rior extremity a large red papilliform eye-spot; mastax large, the trophi unequal ; gastric glands dorsad to the frontal region of the stomach and apparently united into one; ovary large, ventrad to the ciliated stomach and to the intestine; contractile vesicle small, near the posterior extremity of the lorica, in the median line, and pulsating at the rate of about forty contractions per minute, the cloaca being forced open for a short distance at each pulsation. Length of the extended body, exclusive of the toes, about x+y inch ; greatest lateral width (height) near the middle of the lorica and about <)> inch. The species is remarkable on account of the rapidity with which the contractile vesicle pulsates, the number averaging about forty each minute when the animal’s movements are but slightly restricted and when it seems to be well and at ease ; when it is held by the pressure of the cover-glass the pulsations become irregular. The toes I have not seen separated. It is not easy to retain the curved and rigid body so that either a direct dorsal or ventral view may be obtained, but 26 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some from the few glimpses which I have had of the dorsal aspect the gastric gland seems to be single, narrow, and to extend obliquely across the frontal region of the stomach; but of this there is no certainty, as momentary glances were all that I could obtain, the body always slipping over to its side. The animal’s unrestrained movements are rotatory on its longi- tudinal axis. Notommata mirabilis, sp.n. (Pl. VIII. figs. 20 and 21.) Body very soft and versatile ; in dorsal view broadly ovate, posteriorly prolonged into a foot-like portion; dorsum rounded ; ventrum flattened ; front evenly and broadly convex, and entirely without cilia, which are confined to an anterior obovate space on the ventral surface; auricles small, sub- hemispherical, rarely protruded; lateral borders of the body projecting on each side beyond the elevated and rounded dorsal region as a flattened cuticular extension; posterior region narrowed and prolonged ventrally into two broad conical toes, and dorsally into a narrow irregularly cylindrical tail, which is shorter and smaller than the toes and habitually held almost perpendicularly, so that when the animal is seen in dorsal aspect this appendage appears in optical section like a small ring or an elongated papilla, but in lateral view is seen to be attached to the body by a minute peduncle, above which it is subglobosely inflated, tapering thence with convex borders to the subacute apex; sense-organs (antenne or tentacles) four in number—one a small densely setigerous pimple on each side of the convex front, and one a rather more conspicuous seta-bearing papilla on each lateral border of the dorsum, somewhat posterior to the transverse median line; brain large, not lobed, translucent, with one or more posterior collections of opaque granules and with a dark, almost black, posterior eye-spot ; contractile vesicle posterior, in the median line, large, and, when fully expanded, about one third as long as the body. Length from +> to 747 inch. The somewhat tripodal combination of foot and tail bears considerable resemblance to those parts in Notommata tripus, Ehr., and in Notommata pilarius, Gosse; but the species is readily separated from both not only by the less robust character of the tail, by its form and its perpendicular position, but by the exceedingly peculiar and characteristic, not to say unique, sense-organs, which at once distinguish it from all known forms of the genus, and place it within not distant new Forms of American Rotifera. 27 relationship to Copeus, from which it is separated by the smaller size, the more active ceosewen tay and especially by the entire non-lobate brain. The stomach bears an internal undulating organ similar in general appearance and in movement to the membranous appendage within the stomach of Monostyla robusta and of certain other Rotifera. The animal has entire control over the movements of this appendage, hastening or retarding them, or throwing the membrane into various convolutions and irregular vibrations. The wing-like extensions of the body apparently carry none of the internal anatomy except the lateral canals, which are almost entirely contained within a narrow elongate mass of granular tissue, where there seems to be but one flame-cell, and that usually indistinct. Other vibratile cells probably exist, but they are not ordinarily visible. With many speci- mens of the Rotiferon, which 1s not rare in my locality in New Jersey, I have not been able to discover any other arrangement than this of the vascular system. The tail is usually as shown in the figure (fig. 21), but occasionally the bulbous portion is less distinct, while the entire appendage seems to be somewhat elastic and changeable. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prag Vb. Fig. 1. Mastigocerca mucosa. Fig. 2. Taphrocampa elavigera. Fig. 3. Metopidia collaris. Ventral view. Fig. 4. Ditto. Front of dorsum. Fig. 5. Metopdia collaris, var. similis. Lorica. Fig. 6. Monostyla hamata. Dorsal view. Fig. 7. Ditto. Ventral view. Fig. 8. Ditto. Expanded front. Fig. 9. Monostyla robusta. Fig. 10. Ditto. Malformed toe. Puate VIII. Fig. 11. Monostyla bipes. Lateral view. Fig. 12. Ditto. Dorsal view. Fig. 13. Ditto. Ventral front. Fig. 14. Salpina similis. Front of lorica. Fig. 15. Ditto. Side view of animal. Fig. 16. Ditto. Dorsal view of animal. Fig. 17. Ditto. Posterior extremity of small variety. Fig. 18. Ditto. Lorica front of small variety. Fig. 19. Rattulus palpitatus. Lateral view. Fig. 20. Notommata mirabilis. Fig. 21. Ditto. Tail. 28 Mr. H. Druce on some new Heterocera IV.—Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Hete- rocera from Central and Tropical South America. By Hersert Druce, F.L.S. &c. THE new species from Central America will be figured in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ Fam. Castniida. Castnia Staudingeri, sp. n. Primaries reddish brown, shading to yellowish brown in the middle; a large brown spot at the end of the cell and three smaller brown spots near the anal angle; two round hyaline white dots near the apex; the fringe yellowish brown: secondaries deep orange, shading to pale yellow in the middle and on the inner margin, the base black, thickly clothed with dark brown hairs; a wide band of deep black submarginal spots extends from the anal angle almost to the apex, the spots become smaller near the apex; the outer margin edged with blackish brown, becoming wider near the anal angle; the fringe yellow. Underside of primaries orange, of secondaries pale whitish yellow, with the markings as above, but quite indistinct. Head, antenne, and thorax reddish brown; abdomen blackish brown at the base, then to the anus thickly irrorated with yellow scales, the anus orange ; the underside of the thorax and abdomen yellowish white, the legs dark reddish brown above, whitish on the underside. Expanse 4 inches. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). I have great pleasure in naming this fine species after Dr. Staudinger, who has kindly lent it to me with man others for the ‘ Biologia,’ where I hope it will shortly be figured. Fam. Agaristide. Phasis prefectus, sp. n. Primaries dark blackish brown: secondaries bright citron- yellow, broadly bordered with black. The head, antennz, palpi, thorax, and legs black ; abdomen yellow, with a central black band and one on each side, all extending from the base to the anus; the anal tuft black. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). from Central and Tropical South America. 29 Fam. Zygenida. Histicwa maon, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries dark brown; primaries streaked with red from the base almost to the middle; a metallic blue spot at the base and a metallic blue streak at the end of the cell, beyond which the wing is partly crossed by a rather wide yellow band, which does not reach either margin; the fringe dark brown: secondaries with a round carmine spot below the cell nearest the outer margin, the fringe brown. The head, thorax, antenne, and legs dark brown; a metallic blue dot on each side of the head and one on the base of each of the tegule; the upperside of the abdomen very bright metallic blue, the underside dark brown. Exxpanse 2? inches. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). Pseudosphonoptera demoanassa, sp. n. ¢. Primaries and secondaries dull black ; a small hyaline streak on the costal margin close to the base, below which is a rather wide short metallic green streak; the fringe of both wings black. Underside very similar to the upperside ; the secondaries have a short green streak on the costal margin. The head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen black; collar spotted with green ; abdomen striped with green from the base to the anus; legs black. Expanse 14 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (in Mus. Staudinger). Macrocneme cyllarus, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries deep black, the primaries shot with green about the middle, extending from the costal margin across the wing, but not reaching the inner margin ; the fringes of both wings black. The head, palpi, and thorax black ; the abdomen bright metallic green on the underside, with two white lines which extend from the base to the anus ; antenne black, the tips white; legs black, spotted with white. Expanse 14 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger) ; Toboga Isl. (J. J. Walker). Homeeocera sahacon, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries yellowish hyaline; primaries with the costal and inner margins near the base pale yellow ; 30 Mr. H. Druce on some new Heterocera a bright blue spot at the base of the wing; the veins, apex, outer and inner margin black: secondaries with a black spot at the anal angle. The head, antenne, thorax, and legs black; abdomen deep blue-black, the segments edged with yellow. Expanse 1,8, inch. Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Zrétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). This fine species is allied to Homeocera dalsa, Schaus, from Brazil. Homeocera samina, sp. n. Female.—Primaries and secondaries hyaline, the veins, apex, outer and inner margins of both wings black; antenne and thorax black; the head, tegule, and abdomen bright orange, the abdomen with each segment edged with black, and a central row of metallic blue spots extends from the base to the anus; legs orange-yellow. Expanse 13 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Very distinct from any described species. Lemocharis nox, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries smoky hyaline, with the veins all black. Antenne, head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black ; tecule and a spot at the base of the abdomen bright carmine. Expanse 13 inch. Hab. Honduras (Wittkugle, in Mus. Staudinger). Lemocharis fenestrata, sp. n. Ma/e.—Primaries brownish black, palest at the base and along the inner margin; the end of the cell and a band of four small spots beyond hyaline white: secondaries hyaline, the costal margin, apex, and outer margin broadly bordered with black; the fringes of both wings black. ‘The head, antenne, thorax, tegule, abdomen, and legs black; abdomen with a chrome-yellow spot on each side above the anus.— Female almost identical with the male. Expanse, ¢ ?, 1 inch. Hab. South Brazil (Mus. Druce). Cosmosoma meres, sp. 1. Primaries yellowish hyaline, the costal margin and the base deep yellow ; the apex, outer and inner margins black ; from Central and Tropical South America. 31 the veins black : secondaries hyaline, the costal margin yellow, outer and inner margins black. The head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen black, the abdomen spotted with blue; two spots at the base of the abdomen and two about the middle dark chrome-yellow ; legs black. Eixpanse 14 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Tréésch, in Mus. Staudinger). Llipa unza, sp. n. Primaries yellowish hyaline, the costal margin from the end of the cell to the apex black ; the apex broadly black, the base of the wing and the veins black: secondaries hyaline, edged with black at the apex and anal angle. Head me- tallic green; antenne, tegule, thorax, abdomen, and legs black ; the anal segment of the abdomen metallic green; a small red spot on each side of the abdomen at the base. Expanse 1,5, inch. Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Dycladia ladan, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries clear hyaline, the veins, costal, outer, and inner margins, and a rather wide band crossing the wing from the costal margin to the anal angle all black. Antenne, head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black, the abdo- men spotted with red at the base. Expanse 1), inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Zrétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). PHANARETE, gen. nov. Type P. diana, Druce. Antenne minutely ciliated, rather short. Palpi upturned, the third joint very short; legs slender, without any tufts. Head small, thorax stout, abdomen short and thick. Wings very long and narrow, costal margin straight ; secondaries wider than the primaries. Phenarete diana, sp. n. Primaries hyaline; the base, veins, a narrow band crossing the wing at the end of the cell, and the apex and inner margin all black: secondaries hyaline, the veins and outer margin black ; a small white dot on the costal margin of the primaries close to the base. The head, antennz, thorax, abdomen, and legs black ; a small white spot on each side of 32 Mr. H. Druce on some new Heterocera the head and a row of white spots on each side of the-abdo- men; the abdomen white at the base on the underside. Expanse 13 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (T7rdtsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Argyroeides moza, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries yellowish hyaline, the veins all dark brownish black ; primaries with the costal margin from the base to the apex bright carmine, the outer and inner margins bordered with black, widest near the apex: second- aries edged with black from the apex to the anal angle. The antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen black ; abdomen white at the base and antenne white at the tip; legs black; anus carmine. Expanse 1} inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Argyroeides (?) faveria, sp. n. Female.—Primaries and secondaries hyaline; primaries, the base, costal and inner margins, and veins chrome-yellow to the middle of the wing, beyond which the veins are black ; the apex broadly black, the outer margin edged with black, and an elongated black spot at the anal angle: secondaries with the apex edged with black. The head, antenne, and palpi deep black ; the collar, tegule, thorax, and basal half of the abdomen deep chrome-yellow; the anal segments of the abdomen black. Expanse 1/5 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (T7rétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Argyroeides strigula, sp. n. Male.—Primaries and secondaries yellowish hyaline, the veins black ; the outer margin of the primaries and the apex and inner margin of the secondaries black. The head, an- tenne, and thorax black ; tegule red; abdomen black, yellow at the base, and each segment edged with red. Expanse | inch. Hab. South Brazil (Mus. Druce). Argyroeides gyas, sp. n. Male.—Primaries and secondaries yellowish hyaline, the costal and outer margins narrowly edged with black ; second- from Central and Tropical South America. 33 aries with the inner margin black. The head, antenne, thorax, tegula, abdomen, and legs all dull smoky black. Expanse 15); inch. Hab. South Brazil (Mus. Druce). Trichura augiades, sp. n. Male.—Primaries and secondaries hyaline, the veins black ; the outer and inner margins of both wings edged with black. The head, collar, tegule, and thorax bright carmine; the abdomen greenish black, slightly metallic on the three anal segments; palpi black, white in front. The underside of the thorax, abdomen, legs, and antennz black. Expanse 1,3, inch. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). NEOTRICHURA, gen. nov. Type N. penates, Druce. Allied to’ Trichura, but differs in having two brands on the upperside of the inner margin of the primaries and the costal margin of the secondaries being turned over on the underside, forming a kind of sack, containing a tuft of silky white hair. The wings are also more pointed than they are in Zrichura ; in other respects it is very similar to that genus. Neotrichura penates, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries clear hyaline, with the veins all black ; primaries, the apex, outer and inner margins broadly bordered with black; on the inner margin about the middle are two pale brown brands: secondaries, the apex, costal and inner margins broadly bordered with black. The head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black ; antenne black, tipped with white ; the front of the thorax, a spot on each side of the head, the base and sides of the abdomen metallic blue. Expanse 1? inch. Hab, Panama, Chiriqui (Z'rétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Syntrichura reba, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries hyaline, the veins, costal, outer, and inner margins of both wings all black. ‘The head, base of the thorax, and last two segments of the abdomen bright metallic blue ; the thorax, tegule, and abdomen black, the abdomen banded with white at the base; collar greyish white; antenne and legs black. Expanse 1 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trdtsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xviii. 3 34 Mr. H. Druce on some new Heterocera Syntrichura philocles, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries hyaline, the veins, apex, outer and inner margins of the primaries black: secondaries, the costal margin white, the apex and outer margin edged with black. The head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen black; a carmine spot on each side of the head ; underside of the abdo- men banded with white, and a row of white spots on each side; the legs black. Expanse 1,5 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (T7rétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). ENIOCHE, gen. nov. Type LE. pitthea, Druce. Male.—Antenne very long, slightly pectinated. Palpi small, standing out from the head, the third joint very short. Thorax and abdomen rather stout; legs long, slender, and without spurs. Primaries broad, the costal margin straight, the outer margin very much rounded, the inner margin very short. Secondaries almost wanting. Fintoche pitthea, sp. n. Male.—Primaries hyaline, the costal margin, veins, apex, and outer margin black ; a small blue dot at the base of each wing: secondaries black, very minute. The head, antenna, thorax, and legs black; abdomen metallic blue; underside of the thorax white. Expanse 1,5 inch. Hab. Peru (Mus. Druce). Fam. Arctiide. Charidea tra, sp. n. Male.—Primaries deep black, edged at the base on the inner margin with a metallic blue streak; a wide bright carmine band extends from the base to the end of cell and then to the anal angle ; the inner margin of the wing black : secondaries black, with the apex bright carmine; the fringes of both wings black. Antenne and palpi black; head, thorax, and abdomen bright metallic blue, thorax clothed with black hairs and abdomen banded with black. Underside very similar to the upperside. Expanse 1," inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trdtsch, in Mus. Staudinger). from Central and Tropical South America. 35 Charidea azetas, sp. n. Primaries dark brown, the costal margin from the base almost to the apex and the fringe chrome-yellow ; a small streak at the base and a round spot below the end of the cell bright carmine: secondaries black, shot with bright blue at the base; a large carmine spot extends from apex tothe middle of the outer margin; the fringe chrome-yellow. Underside very similar to the upperside, but more metallic blue at the base of both wings, and the red spot on the pri- maries very much larger. The head, antennex, tegule, and thorax black; the collar, edges of the tegule, and a line down the middle of the thorax metallic green; abdomen black, banded with metallic green; underside of the abdomen white. Expanse 14 inch. Hab. Colombia (Mus. Druce). Charidea lystra, sp. n. Primaries dark brown, the base and inner margin close to the base metallic blue; a small red spot close to the base; fringe white: secondaries blue-black, the outer margin broadly bordered with bright carmine; the fringe chrome- yellow. Underside very similar to the upperside, but with more blue on both wings. The head, thorax, and abdomen bright metallic blue; antennz and palpi black ; tegul black, edged with metallic blue. Expanse 1;/5 inch. Hab. Colombia (Mus. Druce). Aclytia? laudabilis, sp. n. Male.—Primaries dark brown, the veins almost black; a small yellow spot close to the base and a minute metallic green spot on the costal margin: secondaries yellow, broadly bordered with dark brown. The head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen black ; the collar and tegule metallic green on the upperside, on the underside entirely metallic green.—Female almost identical with the male, but slightly paler in colour. Expanse 1,4 inch. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). PSEUDOCHARIDEA, gen. nov. Allied to Charidea, from which it differs in the primaries being broader, the costal margin considerably arched about Qe 3 36 Mr. H. Druce on some new Heterocera the middle, the apex more rounded, and by having two brands on the underside close to the costal margin nearest the apex. The secondaries are very similar to those of Charidea, but are more rounded at the apex. The antenne are rather long and slightly pectinated. In all other respects it is very similar to Charidea. Pseudocharidea eion, sp. n. Male.—Primaries deep black, streaked with metallic blue at the base and on the costal margin; a wide orange-yellow band crosses the wing about the middle, extending from the costal margin almost to the anal angle; the fringe black : secondaries black, shot with bright metallic blue from the base; the outer margin from the apex to the anal angle broadly bordered with orange-yellow; the fringe yellow. The underside very similar to the upperside, but with rather more blue on the wings. ‘The head black, collar streaked with blue ; a white dot on both sides of the head; tegule black, edged with metallic blue; thorax and abdomen bright metallic blue, abdomen with a black line on each side; under- side of thorax white; antenne black; legs slightly metallic blue-black. Expanse 1? inch. Hab, Panama, Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Automolis tegyra, sp. n. Primaries deep black, crossed from the costal to the inner margin by two wide primrose-yellow bands, the first near the base, the second nearest the apex: secondaries yellow, broadly bordered with black. The underside the same as above. The head, antenne, palpi, and thorax black; the collar, front of thorax, and tegulz primrose-yellow ; abdomen dark chrome-yellow, the two anal segments black, edged with metallic blue; the legs black. Expanse 13 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trdtsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Automolis salma, sp. n. Male.—Primaries and secondaries pale primrose-yellow ; secondaries slightly darker along the inner margin; a small black spot on the inner margin of the primaries close to the anal angle. ‘The head, collar, thorax, and tegule primrose- yellow ; abdomen chrome-yellow, with a large metallic blue from Central and Tropical South America. 37 spot on the last two segments; antenne, palpi, and legs black. Expanse 1,45 inch. Hab, Panama, Chiriqui (én Mus. Staudinger). Pionia raca, sp. n. Primaries pale yellowish brown, without any marking: secondaries hyaline, the costal margin yellowish, the apex and outer margin slightly edged with black. ‘he head, thorax, and tegule yellowish brown; antenne, palpi, abdo- men, and legs black; underside of the thorax and three basal segments of the abdomen yellowish brown. Expanse 1,8; inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Zrétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Belemnia Trétschi, sp. n. Male.—Primaries deep black, bronze-green at the base, and extending outwards to about the middle of the cell, beyond which the wing is crossed from the costal almost to the outer margin above the apex by a wide deep orange-yellow band: secondaries deep black, the base shot with bright metallic blue; the fringes of both wings black. Underside similar to the upperside, but with both wings shot with bright metallic blue ; the secondaries with two blue dots beyond the middle. The head, antenne, thorax, collar, and tegule deep black, the collar and tegule spotted with metallic blue dots, the thorax with two rather large metallic blue spots at the base: the abdomen dark bronze-green, on the under- side bright carmine; the segments on each side of the abdomen are edged with metallic blue; legs black.—Female very similar to the male, but with much more blue on the secondaries. Expanse, ¢ 275, 2 24 inches. i Hab. Costa Rica. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). I have named this very fine Belemnia after Herr Trétsch, who has sent so many new species to Dr. Staudinger from Chiriqui. The male is from the Volcan de Chiriqui and the female from Costa Rica. Belemnia lydia, sp. n. Primaries deep black, the base and a large square-shaped spot at the end of the cell bright metallic green: secondaries deep black; the fringes of both wings black. Underside : 38 Mr. H. Druce on some new Heterocera primaries very similar to the upperside, but with the-green spots much larger and brighter; secondaries with the base and two large spots beyond the middle very bright metallic green. The head metallic green, the palpi and antenne black ; tegule and thorax black, spotted with metallic green ; abdomen deep black, spotted with metallic green on each side from the base to about the middle, the underside bright carmine. Expanse 1? inch. Hab. Colombia (Mus. Druce). Belemnia rezia, sp. n. Primaries: the basal half of the wing yellowish bronze- green, the outer half black, crossed from the costal margin to near the anal angle by a wide red-carmine band: secondaries deep black ; underside of primaries very similar to the upper- side, excepting that the primaries are blue-green at the base: secondaries with the basal half of the wing and two round spots about the middle bright metallic blue-green. ‘The head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs black; the base of the abdomen and three spots on each side metallic green; the underside yellowish red. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. Interior of Colombia (Mus. Druce). This fine species is allied to B. ovis, Butler. Eucereon demonis, sp. n. Primaries greyish black, with indistinct darker black markings ; a square spot at the end of the cell and a broken band beyond partly crossing the wing, both hyaline: second- aries hyaline, broadly bordered with glossy bluish black, the veins black. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen black ; abdomen on the underside with white bands; a spot on each side of the head, one at the base of the abdomen, and two on each side of the abdomen, all bright carmine ; legs black. Expanse 12 inch. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (TZrétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). Nerttos cotes, sp. n. Primaries greyish brown, with a large U-shaped citron- yellow mark on the costal margin, and on the outer margin a smaller citron-yellow mark; the fringe yellow: secondaries chrome-yellow. Palpi and antenne greyish brown; head Srom Central and Tropical South America. 39 yellow ; collar, tegule, and thorax brown; abdomen and legs chrome-yellow. Expanse 1,4; inch. Hab. Costa Rica, Candelaria Mts. (Underwood). This species is allied to Neritos flavoroseus, Walk. Neritos tipolis, sp. n. Primaries pale purplish brown, crossed beyond the middle by a wide primrose-yellow band, which nearly surrounds a large purplish-brown spot near the apex: secondaries semi- hyaline yellow, darkest at the apex and on the outer margin ; the fringes of both wings yellow. On the underside of the primaries the brown is replaced with purplish black. The head, abdomen, and legs yellow; the collar, tegule, and thorax pale purplish brown. Expanse 13 inch. Hab. Guatemala (Conradt, in Mus. Staudinger). Neritos samos, sp. n. Male.—Primaries very similar to those of N. psamas, but much redder in colour; the yellow band crossing the wing narrower, and not surrounding the apical spot, as it does in N. psamas: secondaries pale chrome-yellow. Head and thorax reddish brown ; antenne pale brown ; abdomen bright red, the underside of the abdomen and legs pale yellow. Expanse 12 inch. Hab. British Honduras (Mus. Druce). Neritos sithnides, sp. n. Male.— Primaries and secondaries dark brown; primaries crossed beyond the middle by a bright yellow band, which extends from the costal to the outer margin; the outer margin and the fringe of both wings yellow. The head yellow ; thorax dark brown; abdomen above bright orange- red, the underside, anus, and legs pale yellow. Expanse 1} inch. Hab. Peru, Rio Napo (Whitely, Mus. Druce). Neritos patara, sp. n. Male.—Primaries pale yellow, slightly hyaline about the middle; the basal third of the wing and a square-shaped spot close to the apex pale brown: secondaries pink, the apex and outer margin edged with brown. ‘The head yellow; antennz 40 Mr. H. Druce en some new Lleterocera brown, with the tips yellow ; thorax dark fawn-colour ; abdo- men pink ; legs pale brownish pink. Expanse 17 inch. Hab. British Guiana, Essequibo River (Whitely, Mus. Druce). Neritos cutheans, sp. n. Primaries very similar to those of VV. amastris, but darker and marked with yellow instead of red, and the outer margin broadly bordered with yellow almost to the anal angle: secondaries white instead of pink. Head and thorax yellowish; abdomen red on the upperside, yellow on the underside ; antenne and legs pinkish brown. Expanse 2 inches. Hab. Colombia, Frontino Antioquia (Salmon, Mus. Druce). Phegopiera triphylia, sp. n. Female.—Primaries and secondaries dull smoky brown, with the veins all black. The head, collar, thorax, and tegule bright orange-yellow, the tegul tipped and edged with brown on the outer side; the antenne, palpi, underside of the head, abdomen, and legs all black; the upperside of the abdomen deep black, except the four anal segments, which are bright orange-yellow ; a row of bright orange-yellow spots on each side of the abdomen extending from the base to the anus. Expanse 3 inches. Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Trétsch, in Mus. Staudinger). This species is allied to Lophocampa humosa, Dogn., from Ecuador, but is at once distinguished from that species by having the underside of the head and thorax black instead of orange-yellow and by the row of orange-yellow spots on each side of the abdomen : also the base of the abdomen is black instead of yellow and the four anal segments are yellow; in L. humosa only three are yellow. Lophocampa humosa, Dogn., should be placed in the genus Phegoptera. Gnophela epicharis, sp. n. Male.—Primaries pale brownish fawn-colour, the veins and the fringe dark brown; a large yellowish-white square- shaped spot at the end of the cell, beyond which nearer the apex are two small spots of the same colour: secondaries pale, shading to dark yellowish brown beyond the middle, the veins and fringe dark brown. The head, antenne, and thorax from Central and Tropical South America. 41 black ; abdomen blue-black ; the sides of the head and the underside of the thorax bright orange. Expanse 1? inch. Hab. Guatemala ( Conradt). A female in Dr. Staudinger’s collection is identical with the male, but paler in colour. Fam. Lithosiida. Eudule leopardina, sp. n. Primaries black, with three bands of red spots crossing from the costal to the inner margin ; in some specimens these spots are much more broken than in others; the fringe black : secondaries red; a black spot at the end of the cell and one on the inner margin ; the apex and outer margin edged with black. The head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs black, the abdomen banded with white. Expanse 1 inch. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). Eudule strigilis, sp. n. Primaries and secondaries chrome-yellow ; primaries crossed from the costal margin near the apex to the outer margin by a narrow black band; the apex and outer margin edged with black : secondaries, the apex and outer margin black. An- tenne black ; head, thorax, and abdomen chrome-yellow, abdomen banded with black. E:xpanse 1 inch. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). Fam. Melameridez. Darna maxima, sp. n. Male.—Primaries and secondaries dull slate-colour; pri- maries crossed beyond the middle by a wide pale yellow band, the apex black; the inner side of the band and the costal margin to the base black. Antenne and legs black; head, thorax, and abdomen greyish black.—Female very similar to the male, but larger. Expanse, ¢ 13, 9 2 inches. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). This species is allied to D. colorata, Walker, and to D. inca, Schaus, but very distinct from either. 42 Dr. A. G. Butler on some new Thirmida gigantea, sp. n. Primaries orange-yellow, the costal margin, veins, and inner margin black; the apex very broadly slate-colour: secondaries semihyaline slate-colour ; the veins, costal margin, and apex blackish. The head and antenne black ; thorax, abdomen, and legs slate-colour. Expanse 23 inches. Hab. Bolivia (Mus. Druce). This species is allied to 7. dimidiata, Walk. Fam. Acontide. Lugraphia splendens, sp. n. Male.—Primaries cream-colour; a fine brown line crosses the wing about the middle from the costal to the inner margin, beyond which is a curved row of reddish-brown spots, those nearest the apex being the brightest ; two black dots streaked with blue close to the anal angle; a wide fawn-coloured line extends from the apex to the end of the cell, also a marginal fawn-coloured line along the outer margin; the fringe cream- colour: secondaries bright chrome-yellow, with three black spots close to the apex; the fringe cream-colour. Antenne black; head and thorax cream-colour; abdomen chrome- yellow. Expanse 1;%y inch. Hab. Ecuador, Guayaquil (Dolby-Tyler, Mus. Druce). This beautiful species is allied to H. effusa, Druce, from Sarayacu, but very distinct. V.—On some new Prerine Butterflies from Colombia. By A. G. Burzer, Ph.D. &e., Senior Assistant-Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum. EARLY in the present year a small collection of insects from Colombia was submitted to the staff of the Department for examination. Among the Butterflies I selected, as desiderata to the Museum series, examples of three species of Pierine belonging to the genera Mylothris and Pieris; two of these proved to be undescribed. MyYLoruris (Section Perrhybris), Hubn. I cannot see my way to a generic separation of the New- Pierine Butterflies from Colombia. 43 and Old-World forms of Mylothris ; no structural difference which I have been able to discover is constant to all the species. The fact that the New-World forms appear to mimic Heliconide, whilst the Old-World forms appear to be mimicked by the genus Phrisswra, would not of itself be sufficient for a generic definition. In some of the New- World forms the subcostal furca of the primaries is longer than in some of those from the Old World, and vice versé; in some the lower discocellular of the secondaries is transverse, whilst in others it is oblique; the relative distances between the subcostal branches also vary, but the main features of Mylothris are retained by all the species. Mylothris Rosenberg?, sp. n. 6. Near to M. lypera; above milk-white, showing the under-surface markings through the wing-texture ; primaries with black apical third and costal border as in that species: secondaries with the outer border black, irregularly indented, distinctly narrower: below the primaries are the same as in M. lypera, but the secondaries are white, the basicostal band very faintly tinted with sulphur, and the discal belt, which is much broader than in J. lypera, washed with bright sulphur- yellow on its abdominal three-sevenths; the orange streak on the subbasal black band narrow and abbreviated, and the external black border of about half the width of that in the common species. Eixpanse of wings 64-68 millim. Two males, Rio Dagua, Colombia (W. F. H. Rosenberg). Mylothris sulphuralis, sp. n. 6. Also allied to Jf. lypera, but the apical black area occupying only two fifths of the primaries and less distinctly angulated or notched on its inner edge; outer border of secondaries narrow, as in the preceding species: on the under surface the narrower apical area of the primaries and the sulphur-yellow, instead of orange, streak on the black sub- basal (or basi-subcostal) band of the secondaries serve to distinguish it from WM. Kosenbergt. Expanse of wings 59-63 millim. Two males, Rio Dagua, Colombia (W. F. H. Rosenberg). Pieris kigaha. Pieris kigaha, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 11. p. 849 (1863). Var. Pieris notistriga, Butler and Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 111; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhop. p. 182. 44 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the Intermediate between P. leptalina (=ptsonis) and P. pan- dosia, but nearest to the latter; the primaries with wider and less deeply incised black external area above; below with five submarginal white spots; in the secondaries below the brown apical spur is carried, as a subcostal band, to the inner margin close to the base, as in P. leptalina. Expanse of wings 47 millim. Two males, Rio Dagua, Colombia (W. F. H. Rosenberg). In typical P. kigaha, trom Honduras, the orange macular submarginal stripe on under surface of secondaries appears to be confined to the apex of these wings, which doubtless lel Reakirt to compare his type with P. marana. VI.—Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.— No. XVI. By Prof. M‘Intosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &e. _ . On the Ova, Larval, Post-larval, and Young Forms of Rhombus mazimus, with Remarks on the Adults in Confinement. . On the Ova and Larvee of Drepanopsetta platessoides. . On the Spawning-period of Agonus cataphractus and the Vitality of its Ova. . On the Post-larval Stage of Crystallogobius Nilssonit, . Note on Injuries to Oysters by Boring Forms. of, O93 bo 1. On the Ova, Larval, Post-larval, and Young Forms of Rhombus maximus, with Remarks on the Adults in Confinement. No form has been the cause of greater uncertainty in regard to eggs, larval, and post-larval stages than this species. Yet ripe ova were first obtained during the trawling expeditions in July 1884 in a female of 12 lbs. Neither then, nor in 1892, when Mr. Holt found another ripe female on the pontoon at Grimsby, could a male be procured; but the latter natu- ralist subsequently was more successful, hatched the fertilized ova, and gave the first accurate account * of the larval fishes, though none lived more than a few days after escaping from the egg. Recently Dr. Canut, who is carrying out fishery investigations for the French government at the Marine Station of Boulogne-sur-Mer, was able to fertilize the eggs and make a briet note of the development. ‘The perseverance * Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. vol. ii. n. s. p. 399. + Ann. Stat. Aquic, Boulogne, 1893, p. 181. St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 45 of Dr. Fulton and the practical skill of Mr. Harald Dannevig at the Dunbar hatchery of the Fishery Board have at length made it possible to give a more complete account of the deve- lopment of this important fish. It is remarkable that few, if any, eggs of the turbot are found in our inshore waters either at the surface, in mid-water, or at the bottom ; indeed, it is one of the ova that has hitherto escaped capture in the tow-nets of the laboratory, closely allied ova having more than once been mistaken for it. This rarity may be due either toits tendency to sink, after a time, to the lower regions of the water, or to the distance of the spawning-grounds from the coast. The ripe season would seem to extend from the beginning of June to the end of July at least, and probably overlapping both periods. The ripe ovum of the turbot has an average diameter of 1:0287 millim., and the single oil-globule it contains measures 0-21 millim.* On extrusion the healthy ova are perfectly buoyant, floating at the surface of still water or suspended in mid-water. In some instances, however, at Dunbar many of the eggs went to the bottom, probably because changes had occurred by long retention in the ovaries. ‘l'he capsule (zona radiata) is very distinctly wrinkled both in the fertilized and in the unfertilized condition, indeed quite as much as in the lemon-dab. The oil-globule presents no special tint, and retains a nearly uniform diameter in all the specimens, as Mr. Holt has already noticed. When the eggs were in mass the latter observer was of opinion that the oil-globule gave a faint ochreous hue to the whole. Like other forms these ova are sensitive in the early stages and with difficulty bear a journey, especially in warm weather, and it would be well in such cases to delay transmission until the blastopore has closed. Ova fertilized at 6 A.M.on the 22nd June were in the multicelled condition at 6 P.M., but the disk showed certain peculiarities, the result of the journey by rail from Dunbar to St. Andrews in glass vessels, thick earthenware jars being much better for transport. Thus many of the marginal cells of the disk were much elevated and the nuclei clearly defined as slightly pinkish bodies by transmitted light. Numerous ' free nuclei were in the periblast. It seemed as if a somewhat abnormal activity, due to external conditions, had ensued, a view the more probable since the entire series perished before next morning. Another series of ova, fertilized on June 21st at 5 p.M., and * Wenkebach gives the diameter of the egg as ‘75 (fide Cunningham). 46 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the which bore the journey and the heat more satisfactorily, pre- sented at the twenty-fourth hour, viz. about 5 P.M. on the 22nd, the germinal cavity and shield. As the embryo became out- lined next day (28rd) a tendency to the formation of nume- rous large vesicles, at the ordinary site of Kupffer’s, as well as extending forward along the body in groups, was a con- spicuous feature. How far this condition was due to the vicissitudes the ova had encountered is an open question, but it was pronounced. On the 24th June the embryo was distinctly outlined with optic vesicles, lenses, cardiac thick- ening, and other features, while the large vesicles above mentioned were fewer. Moreover insome a series of chroma- tophores were thickly dotted along the trunk and a few over the brain, but no colour was yet visible under a lens, though the embryo was indicated by a distinct opacity. On the 25th June the ova presented a slightly reddish hue under a lens. It was also interesting to note that the diameter of some of them had increased in the direction of the long axis of the embryo, so that they were ovoid. ‘The head and body were studded with rounded reddish (ruby-red by trans- mitted light) chromatophores, some, however, being only slightly tinted; they likewise extended over part of the yolk. The protoplasmic investment of the oil-globule had a few black specks. The otocysts were well formed, the lenses distinct, and the heart pulsated feebly at intervals. ‘The tail had extended considerably beyond the yolk, yet one or two vesicles occurred on the site of Kupffer’s. The yolk had a streaked granular aspect, probably from the development of minute vesicles on the blastodermic surface. The notochord was multicolumnar. Next day the pigment-corpuscles had a darker ruby-red, and black chromatophores had also appeared. ‘The pectoral expansions were distinct, the vesicles had vanished from the ventral aspect of the trunk, while the tail was longer and had a few black chromatophores near the tip. The black pigment at the oil-globule had increased. ‘The pulsations of the heart were more regular. The yolk had considerably diminished, and thread-like processes projected here and there from its margin. Only a few red chromatophores existed on the minute vesicular yolk-sac. ‘lhe black corpuscles seemed to — form a band aleng the margins of the body superiorly and inferiorly. On the 27th June the colour under a lens was brick-red, from the branching of both red and black chromatophores, ‘The eyes were somewhat darker and the yolk had still further diminished. St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 47 Most of the ova hatched about the sixth or seventh day— the same period being mentioned by Mr. Holt—the larva measuring about 2°2 millim. in length or a little more. The increase in the red pigment was characteristic, the body under a lens having a brick-red hue, with blackish chromatophores scattered over the surface. The rounded reddish chromato- phores of the embryo were now (in the larva) much branched on the head, trunk, two caudal bars, and the rectal process, and some had appeared around the oil-globule and at the throat, as well as in the cardiac region. ‘The two brownish bars at the tail had a somewhat triangular or bluntly conical form, and extended from the trunk to the border of the marginal fin. A slight patch also occurred in the latter dorsally, about midway between the caudal bar and the head. The reddish pigment at the rectum passed downward to the termination of the gut and abruptly ceased, a pale strand of tissue being continued from it to the edge of the marginal fin. The heart lay somewhat low in the subopercular region, which was deeply pigmented. The finely ramified black chromatophores covered the entire region tinted reddish, so that only the middle of the yolk-sac was translucent, and even on this were a few much-branched red corpuscles. The ventral surface of the yolk-sac, as well as other parts, had numerous black chromatophores. By transmitted light the reddish parts had a fine ruby-red hue. ‘The eyes had a similar colour, a few dark touches also being present. ‘The abundance of pigment obscured the otocysts and their two otoliths. Even at this stage the larval fishes darted about at intervals, after resting on the bottom or float with the yolk-sac uppermost and the tail inferior. In Mr. Holt’s examples the oil-globule was ventral in position, but in ours it occupied a more or less posterior position. After two days the pigment in the eyes had increased and they were slightly iridescent. The black chromatophores over the body were more abundant, while the bars behind the vent were broader, especially the superior, which almost touched the margin of the fin. The mouth was open and the mandible was prominent. ‘The oil-globule adhered to the remnant of the yolk—nearly in the middle of the abdomen, though slightly variable in position—in some having moved upward and backward with the diminishing yolk. On the 1st of July the larval turbot evinced greater activity, darting through the water at intervals and again resting on the bottom. ‘The increase in the black pigment rendered the body dusky brown. ‘The two posterior bars had spread out, and finely ramified black pigment existed in both. ‘The mid- 48 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the dorsal patch now touched the body-line, and it also presented a few black chromatophores. ‘The same brownish hue tinted the marginal ridge over the head and snout. ‘The black pigment rendered both dorsal and ventral surfaces dark when viewed on edge, two long blackish bands occurring dorsally, separated by the brownish area in the mid-dorsal line. The skin was finely dotted with minute vesicles. The eyes had a greenish iridescent lustre. ‘The marginal fin continued as a prominent border over the vertex to the tip of the snout; this fin was still proportionally broad, though the body had lengthened to fully 3:46 millim. No fin-rays were yet visible in the caudal expansion. Movements of the mandible and of the hyoidean apparatus occurred occasionally. The pectoral fins had considerably increased in size and were used in balancing. The clavicular bar was also evident. The oil- globule was seen with difficulty, but in diminished size ; it was, with the remnant of the yolk, in some near the lower border of the abdomen. A feature of moment in these larval turbot was their hardihood, for after exposure on a slide in a few drops of water for two hours they became active when trans- ferred to their vessel. The yolk was entirely absorbed on the 3rd July, that is about the seventh day. The marginal fin over the head had increased in depth and the black and other pigments had ramified outward in all directions at its inner border. The caudal expansion showed faint embryonic rays. Blood- vessels with pale blood were now observed, e.g. the sub- intestinal, coursing upward in front of the rectum and passing towards the liver, and the subnotochordal trunk (aorta), which could be traced backward to the inferior line of pigment behind the posterior brown bars. With the disappearance of the yolk the turbot may be considered to have attained their early post-larval condition, and they swim throughout the water by rapid strokes of the tail and vibrations of the pectorals. In still water they often remain suspended with the head downward ; but there can be little doubt that, like the plaice observed by Mr. H. Dannevig, they would luxuriate with their heads directed to the current in the fresh streams of water either in the open sea or in the apparatus at Dunbar. The body of the little fish was dull reddish (more or less ruby-red) by transmitted light, but by reflected light it had a dull ochreous or pale brownish hue and finely marked with black. ‘The outer margins of the two dorsal patches were paler, and the pigment immediately behind the prominent posterior bars was also pale, these lighter touches being very evident during the vigorous move- St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 49 ments of the animals. The abdomen was deeply pigmented all over with black. The head and anterior region were conspicuous both from the great depth of the opereular region and the development of pigment on the abdomen, so that the aspect was somewhat like that of a tadpole. The eyes were greenish silvery. The pectorals were large and fan-shaped, with reddish and black pigment at the base, the latter ex- tending outward into the fin as long branching lines, which resembled very much the ramifications of rivers in a map. The angle of the mandible projected prominently downward, as it were enclosing the anterior hyoidean region in a deep furrow. The vent now gave passage to minutely granular matter. Besides the movements above noted the little turbot occa- sionally swam at the surface on their sides, skimming along with rapidity and moving the hyoidean region actively. They were quick in observing the movements of the minute crusta- ceans and other forms in the vessel, and seemed to dart at them for food. No form hitherto observed at St. Andrews appeared to be more hardy or to undergo the vicissitudes of temperature and manipulation with greater impunity. There are grounds, therefore, for expressing the hope that they may yet be reared in great numbers from the post-larval to the adolescent and adult conditions in suitable enclosures. Larval turbot are seldom caught in the tow-nets, though from a figure * of Prof. Marion’s either this or the brill occurs off Marseilles on the 2nd of March. Mr. Holt, again, was fortunate in procuring at the surface of the North Sea a series of post-larval forms ranging from 5°50 to 16°25 millim. In these the snout is short and obtuse and the angle of the mandible acute. ‘The tail is narrow and the belly prominent in the smallest example. The tail becomes deeper and the abdomen less projecting at 7 millim. At 13 millim. the right eye appears above the ridge. One of the most interesting features is the presence of an armature of spines, best marked in specimens 10-15 millim. long, on the head behind the eye, on the articular region of the mandible, and on the opercular region ; these persist till they reach 25 millim., and Mr. Holt has even found traces of them in one example of 175 millim. Off the east coast of Scotland pelagic specimens }@ to 1} inch occur in July, and in August they increase in size and take to the bottom. ‘Thus by aid of a net for capturing sand-eels a series ranging from 41 to 62 millim. were taken at the margin of the estuary of the Eden on the 7th September. * Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseilles, iv. 1, pl. ii. fig. 20. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xviii. 4 50 Prof, M‘Intosh’s Notes from the The size, however, was variable, for others taken on the 15th reach only 12 inch. Increasing in size, they were found 3 inches long close inshore on sandy ground by the same net worked from the land by aid of a boat in the middle of December. In February some were 6 inches, but others in April were only 54, while one on the 23rd May only reached 22 inches. The last would seem to have been an example from an egg spawned very late or to have been arrested in growth. Asa rule they reach 6 or 8 inches in June, while in September many are captured in 3-5 fathoms from 93 to 1 inches, the latter apparently representing the growth from the previous spawning-season, or a period of about fifteen months. Thereafter the turbot seeks the offshore waters, the deeper parts of which form its home and its breeding-grounds. This large and active fish presents certain difficulties in regard to voluntary spawning in confined areas—as, for in- stance, in the ponds at Dunbar. Though apparently at home in the pure sea-water, through which they skim with much dexterity and ease, and readily feeding on herrings and sand- eels, they have hitherto refused either to shed milt or ova without artificial aid; so that the experiment is much less successful than with the plaice, which spawns so freely. Moreover, in confinement the turbot is liable to ulceration of the surface on the opercular region of the right side and on each margin of the same surface at the tail. Such injuries are probably due to friction against the bottom or sides of the pond, and even though the bottom is covered with sand the ulcers have a tendency to form. When, however, the eggs were obtained and duly fertilized no difficulty was found in hatching them, for the Dannevig apparatus at Dunbar causes a constant and equable move- ment. Thus the tendency to sink, observed by Mr. Holt and others, is counteracted. The turbot, like other flat fishes in confinement, are prone to a disease which, in common language, may be called “eoo-bound,”’—that is tosay, though they have pure sea-water, a certain space, the presence of males, and abundant food, yet they refuse toshed theirova, This condition, indeed, was specially referred to in the case of the flounder some years ago*. Though the ovaries are largely distended with ripe ova or ova that have been ripe, occlusion of the ducts by spasm or otherwise prevents their issue, and in some instances causes the death of the fish. In the ovaries of the female * Third Ann. Report Scot. Fish. Board, 1885, p. 62. St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 51 turbot at Dunbar degeneration had taken place to a consider- able extent on the 7th September. In the centre of the enlarged ovary was a space filled with glairy mucus, con- taining degenerating ova which had formerly been fully matured. ‘he mucus was mixed with fatty débris and granules, with shrunken egg-capsules. The fishes were evidently getting rid of the eggs of the season, chiefly by disintegration and absorption, while in the walls of the ovary a crop of minute ova were developing in a healthy condition and having a diameter of about ‘0762 millim. Between the foregoing date and the beginning of April considerable change had taken place in the ovaries; thus, out of five examples only one had many degenerating ova on the ovarian walls, the capsules being wrinkled, collapsed, and opaque, while the contents consisted of minute granules of yolk and oil-globules which by transmitted light had a slightly yellowish colour. In the majority the capsule had ruptured and permitted the contents to escape. The wall of the ovary itself consisted of rugose lamine, chiefly longitudinal in the elongated posterior region, or slightly oblique anteriorly where trending to the oviduct. These lamin were covered with developing ova, the largest ranging from *2286 to ‘3810 millim., thus con- siderably exceeding in size those of September. The ante- rior region of the ovary appeared to be somewhat thicker than the posterior and the ova slightly larger; but this may have been accidental. ‘he oviduct was occupied by a mass of degenerating ova. Of the other four, three had a few degzene- rating ova between the folds of the ovaries and one had got rid of the whole. All showed healthy developing eggs in the ovaries, though the size was less than those of the first- mentioned specimen. Under these artificial circumstances, therefore, the retained ova are got rid of very slowly ; but such a condition probably never takes place in the sea. It is, at any rate, clear that the environment of the turbot at Dunbar had been favourable for the development of the ovarian ova and that, initial difficulties being overcome, it may yet be ossible to retain the spawning fishes from season to season. When they become accustomed to confinement and find themselves in favourable surroundings the “ egg-bound”? condition, which is voluntary, may disappear. 2. On the Ova and Larve of Drepanopsetta platessoides. During the trawling expeditions of 1884 an ege was fre- quently found in spring, especially during March and April, which was distinguished from all others by the large size of 4% 52 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the the perivitelline space—that is, the space within the ‘trans- parent capsule or zona in the early stages of the egg. It was mentioned in the report on trawling that these ova were one third larger than the majority of the pelagic eggs, and resembled hydropic ova. The latter condition, however, was only apparent, and they were in all respects healthy, the advanced embryo with its yolk-sac lying in the centre of the transparent capsule. These eggs were widely distributed all along the eastern coast from the south of St. Abb’s Head to the Moray Firth, so that they evidently belonged to a common species. Though ripe long-rough dabs were seen in the dead condition in March 1884, and the eggs observed to be pelagic, yet, as this occurred during a violent storm, no opportunity was available of doing more than noting their condition, which, on issuing from the ovary, differs, as will by-and-by be shown, from their subsequent state, and thus the connexion between them and the foregoing was not made out. Every season (viz. in March, April, and May) since that date these eggs have been brought in greater or less numbers to the Marine Laboratory and hatched. A figure of the same egg was also shown me by Mr. J. T. Cunningham in 1885, but he likewise had not ascertained the form to which it belonged, for in 1887 * he observes that he had not been able to hatch it and that no similar egg had been obtained from an adult fish. Further remarks on the egg and newly-hatched larva were made in the “ Pelagic Fauna of St. Andrews Bay” f; the advanced embryo tending to the upper arch of the egg in floating, and presenting along the sides minute yellowish (chrome) and black chromatophores, which in most cases were still unbranched after hatching. In the “ Researches” { the same egg was again alluded to, and the early post-larval fish figured. It “presents three distinct yellowish bars behind the vent, another at the latter, and a line along the dorsum of the intestine, besides various touches of the same on the head and elsewhere. Stellate black chromatophores occur along with the yellow, and in the early condition are present on the yolk. ‘Lhe eyes soon assume a silvery aspect. The larval fish is active and comparatively large, resembling in certain respects the plaice. 1t is probably a pleuronectid.” When surveying the fishing-grounds off the west coast of Ireland with Mr. Green and Prof. Haddon in 1891, Mr. Holt * Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xxxiii. p. 105, pl. vii. fig. 2. t Seventh Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, p. 270, pl. iii. figs. 1-3 (1889). t Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xxxv. pt. iii. p. 853, pl. xviii. fig. 2 (Feb. 1890). St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 53 found that these eggs pertained to the long-rough dab, and thus their comparative abundance was readily explained. A similar relationship had been suspected at St. Andrews, since the ova of almost all the other pleuronectids except the halibut had been examined. These ova are especially abundant on the fishing-grounds to the east of the Island of May. So far as my experience goes they chiefly abound in March, rarely a few occur in February, and in all probability, though nearly ripe, none are discharged before January. Off the west coast of Ireland Mr. Holt found the adults spawning during the same months, viz. from March to the beginning of May. It is remarkable that the obscurity surrounding the eggs of so common a fish should have remained so long. In a recent Scandinavian work * nothing more definite than hearsay evidence is afforded, though the statement of the fishermen of Bohusliin that the roe runs in February and that the fish is spent by the month of March is near the truth. Moreover, comparatively small specimens, both male and female, attain maturity. By the energy of Dr. Fulton, Scientific Superintendent of the Fishery Board for Scotland, a large consignment of living specimens was forwarded to the Laboratory in excellent con- dition this spring, so that an opportunity was given for a re-examination of the development of this species. The ripe females ranged from 7 to 13% inches, and all were distinctly distended with the enlarged ovaries. Moreover, as they lay on the dark bottom of the tank the prominent ovarian region of the coloured surface was readily distinguishable as a broad pale pinkish streak. Some of the females were also marked with white touches, generally in pairs over the interspinous regions dorsally and ventrally, very much in the position the dark touches hold in the pelagic post-larval forms. The males, on the other hand, were much smaller, ranging from 5; to 62 inches in total length, and presenting little or no distention—a fact due to the minute size of the testes, which are wholly confined to the abdominal cavity, and are only about 4 to ? of an inch in length ina male of 62 inches. No larger male occurred in this collection, which consisted of nearly sixty specimens, so that the question may be raised as to the reasons for the limitation of the size of this sex and the small size of the male organs. Most of the females were very ripe, ahd a considerable quantity of ova escaped on the slightest pressure and fell in * ‘Scandinavian Fishes,’ Fries, Ekstrom, and Sundevall (2nd edit., 1893), 54 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the a mass into the water, and then slowly mixed with it. In the experiments made in the laboratory the smallest trace of milt fertilized every egg in the vessels, which were about a foot across, so that the activity of the sperms was charac- teristic. The quantity of ripe ova discharged at a given time was quite as large in proportion as in the plaice, in the turbot, and in the flounder. Fishes in which the testes are small, as in the torsk, plaice, long-rough dab, and sole, do not appear to differ much, in regard to the rapidity of issue of the ripe eggs, from those with large testes. The small size of the testes in the horse, compared with the large size of the testes in the porpoise, is another instance of the caution requisite in drawing conclusions on this head. At any rate, in regard to fishes the ascertained facts up to date do not seem to warrant strong statements on the subject. The ripe female sole in Scottish waters discharges a considerable number of eggs, and a large number are also emitted by the ripe lemon-dab. The quantity of ripe eggs which issue from a torsk is about as large in proportion as in a cod, yet the testes of the two differ much in size. The egg of the long-rough dab, on issuing from the oviduct, is beautifully translucent, and measures from 1-0668 to 1°1430 millim. The zona radiata clings somewhat closely to the contained yolk, and is wrinkled all over, quite as much as in the lemon-dab. ‘The perivitelline space is small, and thus differs from the condition as ordinarily seen in the tow-nets. As arule the yolk, or egg proper, has a diameter of 1:0668 millim., while the capsule has a diameter of 1:1430 millim. When placed in sea-water, and whether fertilized or not, a gradual change takes place in the perivitelline space, so that next morning, that is, in twelve hours, the diameter of the capsule is from 1-:7907 to 1:8669, probably by the imbibition of water, as in the case of desiccated eggs, while the diameter of the egg proper in the centre remains nearly the same. This distention removes many of the wrinkles from the sur- face, but not all, since these were visible in almost every example up to the period of hatching. Many of the eggs had groups of minute fatty granules dotted all over the yolk. Next day (22nd March) at 12.30 considerable progress had been made, the disk being in the multicelled condition, the cells of the blastoderm being often prominent, and at 5.40 p.m. much more finely divided. The minute granules of oil occur over the yolk, beneath the protoplasmic investment, and they appeared to be fewer next day, so that probably they were gradually used up in the process of development. The minutely cellular disk presents an inward curvature at its St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 55 edge, which is not quite regular, from the occurrence of minute projecting cells. The disk does not always occupy the centre of the yolk under examination. Occasionally a group of large oleaginous globules lies under the developing disk, not at the uppermost pole of the egg. On the 24th the embryo was outlined, with the optic enlargements. The blastopore in some was almost closed, and Kupffer’s vesicle was represented by a few granules or minute vesicles. The notochord formed a pale streak ex- tending forward to the middle of the trunk, and the margins of the body were faintly indicated. Next day the blastopore had closed and Kupffer’s vesicle was large. Numerous muscle-plates had formed and the notochord could be traced forwards almost to the head. On each side a delicate cellular border stretched backward outside the muscle-plates. The granules had now disappeared from the surface of the yolk. On the 26th March the embryo resembled Mr. Holt’s fig. 58, pl. vii. *, and traces of blackish pigment appeared along the body, best seen by placing white paper beneath the specimens. Besides, there are in some the pale precursors of the pigment-specks, which appear blackish by transmitted light. The notochord was visible throughout, the lenses in some were faintly indicated, and the otocysts appeared as elongated thickenings with a longitudinal slit, asin the green cod t+. ‘The heart was also distinct. The zona was thin and readily ruptured, even when the egg was carefully lifted. The following day the blackish pigment formed dark bands, especially when viewed on a white surface, and the next day a faint yellowish tint was visible under a lens. The tail formed a blunt knob projecting beyond the yolk. The yellowish hue was more distinct on the 30th March. On the head it was somewhat diffused, as the chromatophores had given off branches. The rows of rounded specks along the sides were only faintly tinted. Both yellow and black pigments were present. ‘he latter (black) were very finely ramose on the dorsum of the snout and on the head, as well as behind the otocysts. Distinct muscular twitchings of the body occurred to-day. On the 1st April the embryo more than stretched across the egg; but in most the pigment corpuscles remained simple. The heart was minutely papillose internally and trumpet- * “On the Eggs, Larval and Post-larval Stages of Teleosteans,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Dubl. v. + Twelfth Ann, Report Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 219, ph ii. fig. 8. 56 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the shaped. Slow contractions occurred at intervals. Most of the yolk was absorbed, and the alimentary canal formed a pale band in front. The otocysts sometimes differed in size. The day after, most of the yellow chromatophores in some were ramified, so that the colour was diffuse, but in others the pigment-specks remained circular. A few small black points were mingled amongst the yellow along the sides of the body. At this stage the yolk was quite free from pigment. A few were hatched on 3rd April, and many next day. It is possible that the conditions as regards still water and low temperature may have considerably delayed hatching. A specimen removed from the capsule on the latter date (4th April) differs in some respects from that figured by Mr. Holt, viz. a larva about half a day old, since the pigment is not definitely marked in his sketch. Moreover, the former presented no embryonic rays in the caudal; indeed, these did not appear for some time. Mr. Holt’s specimens therefore were probably more advanced at the period of hatching. No mouth is visible and the cesophagus ends blindly in front. With the exception of those on the head the yellow chroma- tophores are siill rounded, though, as a rule, the pigment is branched at or shortly after hatching. In a lateral view the yellow chromatophores are grouped chiefly at the dorsal and ventral margins of the muscle-plates and on the rectum; the tip of the tail is devoid of them. Besides the yellow, very finely ramose black pigment-corpuscles occur on the head and amongst the yellow along the body, but it is not easily seen alter the yellow chromatophores become stellate, and in some specimens it is late in appearing. ‘The upper part of the head is chiefly furnished with black pigment. A change must thus ensue before the pigment is grouped into bars, for it is some- what general at this stage. The lumen of the gut has not entered the oblique portion of the rectum, and the pre-anal region of the marginal fin is small at this stage. A more advanced condition of the pigment was present in a specimen (also removed from the capsule) on the 5th April. Both yellow and black chromatophores are finely branched. The variability in regard to the development of the pigment is further shown in an example three days later, viz. 8th April, in which the pigment has now been grouped in bars—that is to say, at certain parts the extension of the chromatophores is more pronounced than at others. Thus the head and the region of the body proper have yellowish and black pigment, the latter along the dorsal and ventral edges of the muscle- eae with a special area at the rectum, and three bars ehind the latter, that near the tip of the tail being mostly St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 57 black, though a few yellow chromatophores are present. The eyes also have pigment-specks ; the caudal shows embryonic rays. The yolk has considerably diminished. The otocysts are still elongated from before back ward, but present a double outline from the differentiation of the capsule. The larve daily increased in activity and size, and the five groups of chromatophores became very distinct, viz. one on the body over the middle of the yolk, another at the rectum, two conspicuous bars behind the latter (often broken up into a dorsal and a ventral band), and a small fifth near the tip of the tail. In the more advanced and more active larve, with the yolk much diminished, the pigment is more continuous. Those with a large amount of yolk swim with a wriggling movement. Ly reflected light the colour of these larval forms is greenish yellow, and thus it differs from the chrome-yellow of the younger stage. ‘lhis change of hue appears to be due to the development of the black pigment amongst the yellow. The increase in the size of the pectorals in a few days became marked, and though usually carried more or less obliquely, they were fan-shaped when viewed from above. eThe chief changes till the 20th April were the deepening of the marginal fin both dorsally and ventrally and the exten- sion of the chromatophores (both yellow and black) from the line of the body into the marginal fin at the two conspicnous bars behind the vent, and the appearance of stellate black pigment-corpuscles along the ventral edge of the fin. Stellate black corpuscles also occur on the abdomen, and the eyes are bright silvery. The yellow pigment still forms a line over the medulla and the first part of the cord. The caudal pigment-bar is chiefly of black corpuscles, only two or three yellow being present. ‘The pectoral fins are larger and have rays ; the upward slant of the mandible and the reduction of the yolk to a small round ball complete the features at this stage. 3. On the Spawning-period of Agonus cataphractus and the Vitality of tts Ova. Parnell gives May as the spawning-period of this species. Couch says nothing more than that the spawning-period is stated to be spring ; while Day describes a female, 5 inches long, from Southend, in February, as having its compara- tively large eggs nearly ripe. In the “ Researches” * it was stated that the females caught in the sprat-nets in the Tay * Op. cit. p. 674. 58 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the showed nearly ripe ovarian eggs on the 16th December, and that they had a dull golden colour, while the structure of the zona (capsule) is given. ‘The males at the same time showed well-formed sperms. It is added that the species seems to spawn from January (or perhaps December) to April. In the recently published ‘ Scandinavian Fishes’ the authors observe * that ‘‘ the males are so rare that neither Kréyer nor Ekstrém has met with a full-grown example; nor, during late years, has the Royal Museum met with a single example. It is probable that it is only during the spawning-season that they live in so shallow water as to be in any danger from the nets used in shore-fishing. The spawning-season is in spring, in March and April or the beginning of May. We have no information as to the way in which the roe is deposited or the development of the fry.” So far as our observations. go the males are by no means rare, and they accompany the females into the shallow water, and pass into the estuaries of the Eden and the Tay. The remarks published on the subject have escaped the notice of the authors. The occurrence cf a small mass of ova of this species on 1st October, 1894, considerably extends the spawning-period. It was procured at low water near the pier-rocks at St, An- drews, attached to the root of a tangle. The eggs measured from 1°7526 millim. (°0705 inch) to 1°9050 millim. (-075 inch), showing that the ovarian examples mentioned in the ‘ Re- searches,” as, indeed, had often been observed, were nearly ripe. Hach egg at this date (1st October) had a large oil- globule and an advanced embryo. ‘The circulation was in active operation on the 27th November, the exterior of the ege being further coated with many parasites. In January and February 1895 the eggs were frozen, and they remained so nearly amonth; yet on the 2nd March some of the embryos were alive, and, though the water could not be changed, as the pumping-apparatus was under repair, were safely hatched. The remarkable hardihood of such eggs is in contrast with the pelagic ova, which, as a rule, would have been killed. The egg-capsule is very tough, and rebounds from the needle under pressure like a ball of india-rubber. Under a low power the torn edge shows layer upon layer of the secre- tion. It is thus difficult to extrude a perfect embryo. The larve immediately after hatching closely correspond with that captured in the bay and figured by Prof. Prince t. The body is about 7 millim. long, the tail being somewhat * ‘Scandinavian Fishes,’ 2nd edit., 1892, p. 210. + Trans. Roy. Soc, Edinb, vol, xxxy. pl. xviii. fig. 11. St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 59 longer than in the sketch, and has embryonic fin-rays. The head has large silvery eyes, with greenish-yellow pigment behind them, and around and below the widely open mouth. The trunk generally is dotted over with the same greenish- yellow pigment (ochreous by transmitted light), which is also present in streaks on the basal region of the pectoral fins, on the yolk-sac, and on the prominent anal cone. The three yellow dorsal patches in the marginal fin are distinctly separated and generally have the distal border opaque white, the first being small and nearly in a line running upward from the posterior border of the vent, the second about the widest part of the fin, and the third about the posterior region of the same dilatation. Opposite the two latter is a corre- sponding patch ventrally. A similar touch of yellow occurs at the commencement of the tail. Numerous stellate black pigment-spots are present on the yolk-sac, a few on the pectoral, and a series along the dorsal and ventral margins of the body as far as the third patch of yellow on the marginal fin. One or two occur on the border of the marginal fin and a considerable number in the ventral patch of yellow (second) in the latter, while only a very few are found in the dorsal patch opposite it. ‘Two exist in the ventral touch behind the former and only traces in the dorsal patch opposite. One or two chromatophores also occur ventrally in the patch at the root of the tail. The black pigment would seem to be better developed ventrally than dorsally. In connexion with the appearance of eggs at this period it may be mentioned that on the 10th October a larval form resembling Cottus was captured in the tow-net. In general outline it resembled that figured in the ‘‘ Researches’ * (some- what younger than in fig. 9, pl. xvi.), with the vessels coursing over the yolk-sac. ‘The oil-globule remained at the anterior part of the yolk-sac. Small specks of black pigment occurred along the sides of the body, one set forming a row near the upper lateral region. No distinct coloration was visible on the pectorals. ‘I'he eyes were iridescent greenish, like the inner surface of L/aliotis. Hitherto it has been unusual to get larve at this season of the year, so that the deposition of such eggs must have. been antedated by some months on this occasion if the interpreta- tion of the nature of the larve be correct. * Op. cit, 60 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 4. On the Post-larval Stage of Crystallogobius Nilssonii. In a former paper* an unknown elongated post-larval form, with prominent teeth and long pectorals, procured on the 20th July, 1889, was described. A further examination of this young fish, which was only 7 millim. long, shows that in all probability it is the post-larval stage of a male Crystallo- gobius Nilssonti, which at that date had only once been found in Scotland, viz. by Mr. Edward, in a rock-pool at Banff. The very early stage at which the special sexual characters occur in this species is interesting ; yet Dr. Day considered that in the young males the head is more pointed, indeed almost as in the females, in which the jaws are short, straight, and toothless. It is clear, however, that such a statement requires amendment, especially the supposition that the teeth (‘canines ”’) are only developed as maturity is reached. In the small example from St. Andrews it was the presence of these characteristic teeth and the shape of the mandible that attracted attention, and yet the larval marginal fin was still present. The description given in the Ninth Report may be supplemented by the remark that in the adult male the pectoral fins are remarkable for their ‘‘ broad (multiradiate) and some- what lobate form, with their semicircular muscular root and elongated roundish shape. When expanded the pectoral fins are as deep as the body.” In life they are boldly speckled with black on a yellowish ground, the latter being brightest inferiorly. The remarkable coloration of these fins in the post-larval stage is an addition to the series in developing Teleosteans. When the eyes of a fresh form are examined from above they are finely iridescent and greenish blue; even when seen laterally they are silvery with a bluish sheen. Since this specimen was captured Mr. Cunningham has pro- cured many adults of both sexes near the Kddystone Light- house, while Mr. Holt has been equally successful off the west coast of Ireland and on the east coast of England. It appears to be generally distributed round British shores, though the adults have not yet been secured here. It is sometimes found in as great abundance in Norway as in the south of England. The authors (Fries, Ekstrém, and Sun- devall) of the recently published work on Scandinavian fishes observe that June is approximately the spawning-season of this species, and the development of the post-larval example would appear to point to May or early June as the probable period on our shores. * Ninth Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 332, St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. 61 5. Note on Injuries to Oysters by Boring Forms. It is well known that oysters, amongst other attacks to which they are subject, suffer extensively from the burrowing habits of an annelid (Polydora), as well as from the borings of a sponge (Cliona). Such have been referred to in the ‘Annals’ by Dr. Hancock and others, as well as the writer. Both forms chiefly attack the upper (convex) valve, which they by-and-by penetrate, rendering its interior unsightly by dark blotches or excrescences. In the case of the Whitstable “ native ”’ this is a serious blemish in the interior of the other- wise pearly white valves, the latter feature having been gene- rally looked upon as the distinguishing characteristic otf this favoured oyster. It has sometimes been supposed that such inroads, both of annelid and sponge, are due to the impurity of the water caused, for instance, by the dredgers of the Thames depositing their débris in the proximity of the beds. While the latter is objectionable for various reasons, a glance at the habits of the chief depredators makes it probable that the cause just mentioned has little to do with the attacks. Both annelid and sponge perform the functions of universal destroyers of dead shells, calcareous and other rocks, even in very pure water, inshore and offshore. At Whitstable * the chief enemy is Polydora, which propagates in the usual manner by eggs and free-swimming larve, the latter occurring in great numbers throughout a considerable part of the year. The purer the water the greater the probability, therefore, that these larve will settle on fresh sites and extend the colonies of borers.. At the same time Polydora is partial to inshore localities in which a considerable amount of mud is present in the currents. It is not easy to get rid of the annelids after they have tunnelled the shells. ven though every oyster were to be treated in a solution, it is clear that what would kill the annelid would also endanger the oyster. It is satisfactory, however, to know that while the marks on the interior of the valves are unsightly, they do not interfere with the qualities of the oyster as food, nor should they be an objection to the serving of the mollusk in the convex valve, as now obtains in London and elsewhere. * I have to thank Mr. Sibert Saunders for specimens of these. 62 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new VII.—Deseriptions of new Reptiles and Batrachians ob- tained by Mr, Alfred Everett in Celebes and Jampea. By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S. Cylindrophis tsolepis. Diameter of eye two fifths its distance from the nostril ; distance between the eyes equal to the length of the snout. Rostral a little deeper than broad, separating the nasals, in contact with the prefrontals; frontal a little larger than the supraocular, considerably larger than the parietals, as long as its distance from the end of the snout; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. 22 scales round the body ; no enlarged ventrals; subcaudals 5. Black, each scale with a fine whitish edge; belly with two alternating series of large white blotches; lower surface of tail orange. Total length 430 millim. A single specimen from Jampea Island. Calamaria nuchalis. Rostral broader than deep, its upper portion as long as its distance from the frontal; frontal once and two thirds as long as broad, thrice as broad as the supraocular, as long as the parietals ; one pre- and one postocular ; diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin- shields in contact with each other, the anterior in contact with the symphysial. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 135; anal entire; subcaudals 16. ‘Tail ending in an obtuse point. Dark brown above, with small round black spots ; head dark brown above, speckled with black; nape yellowish, with two large black blotches; a black lateral streak, running along the second row of scales; outer row of scales white; belly white, with a black dot at the outer end of each ventral ; tail with three or four yellow blotches on each side; sub- caudals white, with a black line between them in the posterior half of the tail. Total length 180 millim. ; tail 15. S. Celebes ; a single male specimen. Calamaria curta. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad, its upper portion hardly half as long as its distance from the frontal; frontal Reptiles and Batrachians from Celebes and Jampea. 63 once and two thirds as long as broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one pre- and one postocular ; diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the mouth ; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other, the anterior in contact with the symphysial. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 154; anal entire; subcaudals 14. Tail ending in a point. Olive-brown above, each scale with a black basal spot; head uniform; two outer rows of scales white, black at the base ; ventrals black at the base, white on the border; subcaudals white. Total length 315 millim. ; tail 15. S. Celebes, 2000 feet ; a single female specimen. Calamaria gracilis. Rostral a little broader than deep, its upper portion about half as long as its distance from the frontal; frontal once and a half as long as broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, much shorter than the parietals ; one pre-and one postocular ; diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other, the anterior in contact with the symphysial. Scalesin 13 rows. Ventrals 211-235 ; anal entire; subcaudals 10-13. ‘ail rounded at the end. Grey-brown above, with small black spots; outer row of scales white, black at the base; ventrals white, black on the outer edge, with a continuous or interrupted median series of small black spots. Total length 320 millim. ; tail 8. S. Celebes, 2000 feet; one female specimen. Bonthain Peak, 6000 feet ; two specimens, male and half-grown. Lachesis fasciatus. Snout slightly turned up, with strong canthus. Rostral broader than deep; nasal entire; upper head-scales small imbricate, smooth on the snout and between the eyes, obtusely keeled on the occiput; supraocular large; internasals large, separated from each other by one scale; 6 scales in a trans- verse series between the supraoculars ; two postoculars and a subocular, which is separated from the labials by one series of scales in front and two behind; 9 or 10 upper labials, first fused with the nasal, second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit, third largest ; temporal scales obtusely keeled. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 21 rows. Ventrals 162; anal entire; subcaudals 60 pairs. Tail feebly prehensile. Grey- 64 M. Quinton on Animal Temperature as a brown above, with numerous dark olive cross-bands, most of which are broken up on the vertebral line, their moities alter- nating; head uniform dark olive; whitish beneath, closely speckled with dark brown. Total length 455 millim. ; tail 80. Jampea Island; a single specimen. Sphenophryne variabilis. Tongue large, oval, entire. Snout short, rounded, with feebly marked canthus ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum feebly distinct, two thirds or three fourths the diameter of the eye. ‘Tips of fingers dilated into very large disks ; first finger shorter than second ; toes short, free, the disks much smaller than those of the fingers; no subarticular or metatarsal tubercles. Skin smooth. Colora- tion very variable. Grey, brown, purple, pink, or crimson above, uniform or with darker marblings, or with a lighter yellow or pink lateral streak ; a light vertebral line sometimes present; sides of head usually dark brown; a dark, light- edged ocellus may be present on the lumbar region ; beneath uniform whitish, or greyish with yellow spots, or dark brown with yellow spots. From snout to vent 28 millim. Bonthain Peak, Celebes, 5000-6500 feet; numerous specimens were collected by the Drs. Sarasin and by Mr. A. Everett. VII1.—Animal Temperature as a part of the Problem of Evolution. By M. Quinton*. I.—TuE temperature which governs the chemical reactions of life depends upon two factors—(1) the temperature of the surrounding medium, (2) the calorific power proper to the animal, ‘The temperature of the surrounding medium in this respect is of such importance that the isocrymal lines or the lines of greatest cold are confused with the lines indicating the distribution of species on the surface of the globe. Fossil flora discloses the fact that the temperature of the globe has been always on the decline; in ancient epochs it was very high. We must therefore ask under what thermic conditions the chemical phenomena of life were carried on, * From the ‘Comptes Rendus, tome cxxii. pp. 850-853 (1896), part of the Problem of Evolution. 65 and how they have been kept up in the colder epochs which have succeeded, I].—The chemical phenomena of life were at first mani- fested under very high temperatures ; in addition to the proofs furnished by a study of the flora I would add the following :— The invertebrates, the first vertebrates, had a heat-producing power which might be reckoned as nil, or, at least, very feeble. Though they were animals of low chemical tempera- ture, I consider that they confirm by this very absence (of heat-producing power) the conditions of high temperature under which they lived. A heat-producing capacity capable of raising their temperature above that of the surrounding medium was wanting, for the simple reason that there was no need for it. Figures lend still further probability to this life at high temperatures. ‘The silkworm nurseries are kept at 40°; the tortoise can withstand a stove-heat of 40°; Spallanzani and Sonnerat have trained certain fish not only to live but to reproduce their kind at 40°-44°; M. Marey cites the case of a Gymnotus which throve at 41°; a python incubates at 41°°5 (Valenciennes) : all which temperatures would, as is known, be rapidly fatal to man. These invertebrates and primary vertebrates in our day lead but a very precarious life outside of the tropics. They do not survive the first frosts of autumn or become torpid ; the chemical phenomena of life are suspended, the venous and arterial blood of the hibernating reptile become mingled. Their very survival is to be explained by a modification of their chemical processes; in the laboratory, mammalian pepsine is only active on food at a temperature of about 38°, reptilian pepsine is still active at 0°. I1I.—The first animals lived, then, by the high temperature which they received from their environment. What did life become as this temperature fell? Two logical hypotheses present themselves :— A. Either life continued at the temperature of the sur- rounding medium. In this case it modified the reactions of its chemical phenomena and adapted them to the lower tempe- tures (cold-blooded animals, reptilian pepsine). B. Or it attempted to maintain artificially the temperature of its chemical phenomena, and to this end created for itself a function which gave rise to the production of heat. In this case life must always submit to the general law of adaptation Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xviii. i) 66 Animal Temperature as a part of Evolution. and lower progressively in each new species the temperature necessary for the production of its chemical phenomena. Thus theoretically :—(1) The heat-producing function took its origin in the cooling of our globe, it accommodated itself to and only increased with it; (2) the chemical temperatures, in ancient times very high, have always decreased, either in order to produce equilibrium or to adapt themselves to the surrounding medium. We may thus divide existing animals into two groups—one making its appearance on the globe in ancient times, the other in modern. ‘The ancient group having ceased its evolution at epochs still but little cooled, has theoretically only acquired a feeble heat-producing power. ‘The animals of this group which have been continued to our times (such as the Mono- tremata, Marsupialia, Edentata, Amphibia, Chiroptera, and hibernating animals) ought & priord to exhibit a very feeble heat-producing power, the feebleness being proportional to their antiquity. The chemical temperature being dependent upon two factors (the surrounding medium and the heat-producing capacity), the actual temperature of these animals, & priori very low, ought to form a scale of species in the order of their appear- ance on the globe. Empiricism accords with theory. I take the first two figures of the list which follows from a recent work by M. R. Semon; the rest are my own :— Ornithorhynchus, 25° at an external temperature of 20° ; Echidna, 30° at 19°; Opossum, 33° at 20°; Armadillo, 34° at 16°; Hippopotamus, 35°°3 at 11°; Myopotamus (Coypu), 35°°5 at 20°; Vampire, 35°°5 at 18°; Elephant, 35°'9 at 11°; Marmot, 37°°3 at 20°; Llama, 37°°6; Ass, 37°°7; Camel, af 94 Horse, oa. In the group of animals whose date of appearance on the globe is recent, on the contrary, the animal having prolonged its evolution into the cold period will have gradually ac- quired a higher heat-producing capacity tending to the main- tenance of the ancient high vital temperatures. ‘These will only have fallen in consequence of adaptation to environment ; in this group their fall will be a measure of their recentness. It is this which confirms the following list. Some of the temperatures are the result of single observations; the ob- servers are different ; their absolute value is very restricted, but suffice to confirm the induction :— Bird, 42°; ox, 40°; hare, 39°7; pig, 39°°7 ; rabbit, 39°°6 ; eland, 89°-4; she-goat, 39°°3; dog, 39°°3; cat, panther, 38°°9 ; squirrel, 38°8 ; rat, 388°-1; monkey, 88°1; man, 37°°5. Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. 67 The indications of these two lists are in an inverse direc- tion. In the first the fall of temperature results, so far as the animal is concerned, from the feebleness of its heat- producing capacity, a feebleness proportional to its antiquity ; in the second from its adaptation to the environment, an adaptation proportional to its recentness. IV.—There results from this empiricism confirming the induction : (1) That life in its evolution accommodates itself to the cooling of our globe; that it began at very high temperatures, that at first it had for its chemical medium no other tempe- rature than that of the surrounding medium. (2) That as the temperature fell the heat-producing capacity came into existence; its origin becomes clear; the heat- producing capacity, a function of cooling, determines with the animal temperatures the order of the appearance of species ; lastly, that the class Mammalia is not composed solely of so-called warm-blooded animals, but that it comprises a whole group which may truly be called cold-blooded. IX.—On a small Collection of Lepidoptera sent from Nyasa in 1895 by Mr. Rk. Crawshay. By ARTHUR G. BUTLER, Ph.D. &e: ALTHOUGH the present consignment includes only one new species, it is exceptionally interesting, not only as comprising several links between described species, but on account of the important additional evidence afforded by the careful dating of the captures; so that now it is possible, by comparing these with Mr. Crawshay’s previous consignments, to prove con- clusively that several very distinct forms declared to be seasonal and conspecific occur together repeatedly in various months of the year—that, in fact, they are not confined to any particular season, and have no more evident claim to be called forms of one species than our European Vanessa c-album or V. polychloros have to be called forms of V. urtice. 1. Melanitis leda, var. solandra. Papilio solandra, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500 (1775). Deep Bay, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 14th, 1895. “‘ Dusky brown Thicket, eyed upper wing. Delicate, almost impossible to kill a perfect specimen” (KR. C.). Re 68 Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. Said to be unquestionably the wet-season form of the following. It would appear that the climate of Nyasa must be as variable and uncertain as that of England ! la. Var. fulvescens. Cylio leda, var. fulvescens, Guenée in Maillard’s ‘ Réunion,’ ii., Lép. p. 15 (1863). Lipembi, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 22nd, 1895. “ Dusky brown Thicket. A curious insect of owlish habits, frequenting the gloom of thick covert, and not taking wing in the daytime unless disturbed ; flies at dusk” (&. C.). 2. Charaxes flavifasciatus. Charaxes castor, var. flavifasciatus, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1895, p. 251. Upper Leya, 6 miles N.W. of Deep Bay, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, March 3rd, 1895. “ Dark brown, blue and gold Admiral. Taken feasting on fresh leopard’s excrement about half a mile beyond where I captured the large Azure” (R&. C.). 3. Charazes saturnus. Charaxes saturnus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 624, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1. 3, Deep Bay, Feb. 13th, 1895. “ Large light brown barred Admiral with two tails. Taken feasting on freshly killed lion-skin” (R. C.). 4. Charaxes guderiana. 3d. Nymphalis guderiana, Dewitz, Nova Acta Akad. Naturf. Halle, 1879, p. 200, pl. il. fig. 18. Q. Charaxes guderiana, Butler, P. Z.S. 1893, p. 648; Trimen, P.Z.S. 1894, pl. v. fig. 8. Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa: @, Jan. 28th; 9, Feb. 1st, 1895. ' Mr. Crawshay calls the male the “ Indigo Admiral,” and the female, which contained “ 25 large and light green fully developed eggs,” he describes as ‘ Large light-brown-barred Admiral with four tails.” 5. Charasxes ethalion (Eastern type). Q. Charaves ethalion, Boisduval, Voy. de Deleg. ii. p. 598 (1847). 3, Upper Leya, 6 miles N.W. of Deep Bay, March 3rd, 1895. Mrali, 25 miles N. of Deep Bay, Feb. 22nd, 1895. Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. 69 “Dark green Admiral with two tails: a foul feeder” (R. C.). Mr, Crawshay incorrectly calls this a female; it is un- questionably a male. 6. Charaxes Bohemant. Charaxes Bohemani, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. iii. p. 821, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1859). g, Upper Leya, 6 miles N.W. of Deep Bay, March 3rd, 1895. “Giant Azure Blue (Admiral ?). Very rarely met with, and almost impossible to take unless when indulging its foul appetite for putrid flesh or excrement. This specimen I took feeding on leopard’s excrement at the side of the path in open forest” (Zt. C.). 7. Charaxes varanes. Papilio varanes, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. elx. figs. D, E (1779). ?, Mrali, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, March 2nd, 1895. “‘ Burnt-umber and pearl” (2. C.). 8. Panopea heliogenes, sp. n. The largest species of the P. lucretia group hitherto received : in form nearest to P. protracta, in pattern nearer to P. expansa, but the arched belt across the centre of the primaries narrower, more nearly approaching that of P. como- rana; this and the subapical macular band pale buff, but the submarginal spots on all the wings nearly pure white; the patch at centre of inner margin of primaries and the whole central area of secondaries buff, washed with deep ochreous ; the veins crossing the ochreous area partly white and partly black: body black, boldly spotted with snow-white; under surface very similar to P. protracta, but altogether yellower. Expanse of wings 90 millim. ?, Deep Bay, west coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 7th, 1895. Mr. Crawshay calls this the “ yellowish-brown under- winged Fritillary.” 9. Huralia Wahlberge. Diadema Wahibergi, Wallengren, Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 27 (1857). 6, Ngerenge Plains, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 24th, 95. 18 “ Black and white Emperor ” (2. C.). 70 Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. 9a. Var. Papilio dubius. Papilio dubius, Beauv. Ins. Afr. Am. p. 238, pl. vi. figs. 2a, b (1805). 9, Ngerenge Plains, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 24th, 895 ’ Black, white, and yellowish-brown Emperor” (R. C.). 9b. 9 var.=E. Druce?, but larger and with white central area to hind wings. Negerenge, Feb. 27th, 1895. 9c. g var.=E. mima, but smaller, and with partly white central area to hind wings, as in #. Drucev. Negerenge Plains, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 24th, 1895. The four forms of Euralia here enumerated represent the most interesting series hitherto received from Nyasa. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall tells me that H. mima and £. Wahl- bergi have not only been taken in copuldé in S. Africa, but have both been bred from a series of similar larvee taken from the same tree; yet not only are they wonderfully dissimilar in pattern and colouring, but whereas H. Wahlberg? is repre- sented by a Western form very like itself, H. mima does not occur on the west coast. On the other hand, £. dubdus is a common Western type which varies considerably, but does not occur in South Africa, whilst in Nyasa the whole of the Western and Southern forms (with the exception of the Western representative of H. Wahlbergi) occur together. The whole question of the distinctness of species in this, as in many other groups, becomes very complicated, more especially when it is evident that the distinctions are not seasonal. 10. Hypolimnas misippus. Papilio misippus, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 264 (1764). 3, Deep Bay, W. of Lake Nyasa, Jan. Ist, 1895; 2 2, Mtambwi, toot of Nyika Plateau, Feb. 4th. The male is labelled ‘ Purple Emperor,” the females “ Black-veined and white and black Brown” and “ Black- veined Brown,” the latter being the H. tnaria variety, resembling Limnas Klugit. Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. rf 11. Junonia pelasgis. Vanessa pelasgis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix., Suppl. p. 820 (1823). Var. Junonia chapunga, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii., Jun. pl. i. figs. 2, 3 (1864), 3, Kwereru Hill, Deep Bay, April 22nd, 1895; 9?, foot of Jakwa Mountain, Nkamanga, Jan. 28th, 1895. “‘ Dusky Tortoiseshell. Impossible almost to take a perfect specimen ” (R. C.). The specimens now sent completely link J. chapunga to J. pelasgis. 12. Junonia cuama. Junonia cuama, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii., Jun, pl, i. figs. 4,5 (1864). Kondowi, Lower Nyika, April 6th, 1895. I have recently been assured that this is an extreme dry- season form of J. semia, Wllgr., and that my J. Trimenz is a form produced between the wet and dry seasons. Before this can be accepted it will have to be proved by breeding, for the evidence offered by dated specimens distinctly con- tradicts the assertion. I am beginning to have very serious doubts as to the reliability of the evidence upon which many of the so-called “seasonal forms” are associated. In the Museum series we now have twelve examples of J. cuama, half of which are labelled with the dates of capture—January, April, September, and December. Of J. T’riment we have nine, all dated, as follows:—January, February, July, De- cember. Of J. simia we have fifteen, of which five are dated—January, April, July, and December. Therefore it is absolutely certain that the supposed extreme dry- and wet- season forms occur in perfect condition simultaneously in January, April, and December, and that the intermediate and wet-season forms occur together in January, July, and De- cember. Whenever we have received carefully dated collec- tions from scrupulously accurate collectors I have invariably found that they tended to disprove most conclusively the assertions incessantly made as to seasonal di- or polymorphism. In hardly any instances are these assertions supported by careful experiments in breeding ; but, so far as I have been able to judge, they appear to have been based solely upon the dates at which certain forms happen to have occurred in quantity. We will, for the sake of example, assume that Vanessa urtice occurred in quantities in June and V. poly- chloros took its place in October (I do not pretend that they do so): the exponent of seasonal dimorphism would immediately declare that V. urtice was the dry-season form of V. poly- 72 Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. chloros. I firmly believe that many of the forms now being associated under the term seasonal, when bred, will prove to be infinitely more distinct than our Vanessa urtice and V. poly- chloros. 13. Junonia Triment. Junonia Trimeni, Butler, P. Z. S. 1898, p. 651, pl. lx. fig. 4. 3g, Kambwiyi, Lower Nyika, Jan. 21st; Mtambwi, foot of Nyika plateau, Feb. 4th, 1895. € Salmon-coloured Tortoiseshell” (2. C.). 14. Junonia aurorina. Junonia aurorina, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 651, pl. Ix. fig. 3. Kambwiyi, Lower Nyika, Feb. 2nd, 1895. It is quite possible that this may be an early season form of J. tugela, a specimen of which Mr. Crawshay obtained on the Nyika Plateau in September 1893 ; this would not require a great stretch of imagination, because the chief distinctions between the two forms consist in the outline of the anterior wings. Nevertheless, without stronger evidence they must for the present be considered distinct. 15. Junonia artaxia. Junonia artaxia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii., Jun. pl. i. fig. 6 (1864). 6, Ndara, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, March 2nd; 9, Chi- fumya, Lower Nyika, April 20th, 1895. J. Nachtigalii is said to be undoubtedly the wet-season form of this species. In the Museum we have J. artaria collected in Nyasaland in January, March, April, July, and December, but J. Nachtigalit only in July. 1 do not know how these dates will bear out the assertion, but it is certain that fine examples of both types are obtainable in July. 16. Protogoniomorpha aglatonice. Vanessa aglatonice, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 299 (1819) ; Lucas, Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 2 (1835). 3, Ngerenge Plains, W. coast of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 24th ; Deep Bay, March 14th, 1895. “ Pearl-grey. A rare insect in these parts and very hard to take. Enclosed specimen (the Deep Bay example) taken feeding on cattle manure” (f. C.). Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. 73 17. Pyramets cardut. Papilio eardui, Linnezus, Faun, Suec. p. 276 (1761). Deep Bay, Feb. 4th, 1895. “Painted Lady” (R. C.). 18. Metacrentis Crawshay?. Crenis Crawshayi, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 654, pl. Ix. fig. 5. 3, Karora, 9 miles N.W. of Deep Bay, March 3rd, 1895. ‘“ Plum-coloured Fritillary. Rare and difficult to catch, as it perches high ; taken in open forest” (R. C.). 19. Huphedra neophron. Romaleosoma neophron, Hoptter, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. 1855, p. 640; Peters’s Reise n. Mossamb. Zool. v. p. 886, pl. xxii. figs, 1, 2 (1862). 3, Kaporo, Songwi River plains, Feb. 25th ; Upper Leya, 6 miles N.W. of Deep Bay, March 3rd, 1895. “Light blue, gold and black Admiral. A lover of dark cool shades” (2. C.). Both specimens a good deal worn; they belong to the greenish variety figured by Hopffer. 20. Hurytela dryope. Papilio dryope, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, pl. Ixxviii. figs, E, F (1779). Mtambwi, foot of Nyika plateau, Feb. 4th, 1895. “ Orange-belted Tortoiseshell” (R. C.). 21. Byblia vulgaris. Hypanis ilithyia, var. vulgaris, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 106 (1884-88). Mrali, 25 miles N. of Deep Bay, Feb. 22nd, 1895. This species occurs in January, February, June, November, and December, according to the collector’s dates on our speci- mens. It is supposed to be a varietal form of B. dlithyia in Africa. Our African examples of the latter were obtained in January, November, and December, but most of them are not dated. From Arabia we have one labelled June; from India, however, they are dated April, May, and October. I believe B. acheloia is supposed to be the extreme development of the dry-season form in South Africa. The puzzle to me is, Why should a species common to India and Africa produce totally different varietal forms in the two countries? As B, vulgaris only occurs in Africa, it can therefore only be supposed that 74 Dr. A. G. Butler on Lepidoptera from Nyasa. in India the species produces two dry-season forms—B. tlithyia and B. simplex *. But the question most difficult of explana- tion, as it seems to me, is—How can two forms be called seasonal when they occur at the same season ? 22. Acraa caldarena. — Acrea caldarena, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 52 (1877). 9, Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Feb. 1st, 1895. “ Black-tipped dusky Fritillary ”’ (BR. C.). 23. Acrea egina. Papilio egina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. xxxix. figs. F, G (1776). Lumpi River, Lower Nyika, Feb. 2nd, 1895. “ Large rose and black Fritillary ” (R. C.). 24. Catopsilia florella. ©. Papilio florella, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 479 (1775). 6 ¢, taken in coit@, Mrali, March 2nd; ¢?, Henga, Jan. 22nd, 1895. “‘ Yellow Brimstone” (2. C.). Mr. Crawshay evidently supposed the bright-coloured sex to be the male, and labelled accordingly ; in this, of course, he was mistaken. Var. Colias pyrene. Colias pyrene, Swainson, Zool. Il. i. pl. li, (1820). & ¢, taken in cotta, Mrali, March 2nd (the female con- tained a “large number of white pointed eggs ”’). “Green Brimstone” (&. C.). 25. Teracolus anazx. Callosune anax, H. Grose Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 125 (1889); Rhop. Exot. i., Call. pl. i. figs. 5-8 (1889). 9, Henga, 3200 feet, west of Lake Nyasa, Jan. 22nd, 1895. “ Violet-tipped White 9” (R. C.). T. anaz is said to be a wet-season form of 7. regina. I very much doubt the existence of 7’. regina in many of the localities frequented by 7. anawx; the latter flies in January, * Most of our examples of the latter, if not all, were captured in February. I am told, however, that the seasonal forms in India are less marked than in Africa, Generic Distinction between Scorpio and Palamneus. 75 February, and October in Central Africa, according to our dated specimens. ’. regina does, however, occur in the dry season. 26. Papilio demoleus. Papilio demoleus, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud, Ul. p, 214 (1764). 3, Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Jan. 26th, 1895. ‘ Large yellow and black velvet Swallow-tail ” (R. C.). 27. Papilio leonidas. Papilio leonidas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 35 (1798). ¢, Foot of Jakwa Mountain, Henga to Nkamanga, Jan. 23rd, 1895. “Turquoise and Black” (2. C.). 28. Papilio pseudonireus, Pupilio pseudonireus, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. i. p. 94 (1865). 2 $, Kantorongondo Mountain, 5900 and 6975 feet, Nyika, April 15th and 16th; 9, Cheni-Cheni Mountain, 6100 feet, Nyika, April 17th, 1895. Blue and black Swallow-tail” (2. C.). X.—On a new Generic Distinction between the Scorpions of the Genera Scorpio and Palamneus. By R. I. Pocock. In the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. for 1876, vol. xvii. pp. 12-13, Dr. Thorell split the large black scorpions of tropical Africa and Asia into two sections, proposing for the African and Indian species the term Pandinus, characterized by the thin- ness of the inner border of the hand, and for some species inhabiting Indo-Malaya, characterized by the thicker and more rounded appearance of this border, the term Palamneus. Since, however, africanus of Linneeus is the type of Pandinus and also the type of Scorpio, most of Thorell’s successors have, on the grounds of priority, adopted the latter title in preference to the former; while Palamneus, of which the type is Petersii, Thor. (probably identical with spinifer, Hempr. & Ehrb., and possibly with longimanus, Herbst), has been allowed to remain as symbolizing a more or less accurately definable form. The character, however, upon which Palamneus was based cannot be said to be of very 76 My. R. I. Pocock on a new Generic Distinction great value; and since Prof. Kraepelin has recently shown that the species referred to Palamncus are in reality more nearly allied to the Indian species of Scorpio than the latter are to the African species of this genus, it is probable that all arachnologists will be content to abide by his decision that the thickness of the inner edge of the hand in longimanus and its allies is not of sufficient value to be accorded generic rank. Prof. Kraepelin, in fact, regards all the species re- ferred by Thorell and others to Scorpio or Pandinus and Palamneus to the genus Scorpio, which therefore extends over tropical Africa, India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; but at the same time he points out that the species involved fall into two divisions, based upon a structural feature which, as is so often the case, coincides with the division that would be drawn upon geographical grounds. The African forms, for example, are recognizable from the Asiatic * by the presence on the posterior side of the lower surface of the brachium of the chela of a ridge, in front of which run two or more rows of piliferous pores, this ridge and the definite rows of pores being hardly perceptible in the Asiatic species. This character Prof. Kraepelin does not look upon as of generic importance. Whilst engaged, however, in investigating the remarkable stridulating-organs presented by the scorpions of this section J, T discovered that these organs furnish a valuable additional distinctive character between the- Ethiopian and Oriental species. In each case the instrument consists of a cluster of spiniform notes and of an adjacent area of granules, which, by being rubbed against the tips of the notes, throw them into a state of vibration; and in both cases the organ is situated between the basal segment of the chela and the corresponding seoment of the first walking-leg. But, as the late Prof. Wood- Mason pointed out t, the cluster of notes in the Indian species is situated on the coxa of the chela and the granular area on the coxa of the first leg. I find in the African species, on the contrary, that the notes are placed upon the maxillary process of the first leg and the cluster of granules upon the coxa of the pincer. These organs, it seems, may well be regarded as of generic importance ; and in this case the term Scorpio must, of course, be retained for the African * With the exception of the so-called Sumatran species pallidus, which has the characters of the African forms. But if my suggestion respecting the locality of this species prove correct, this apparent exception will fall to the ground (vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii. p. 485, in note). + For descriptions and figures of these organs see ‘Natural Science,’ July 1896. t Proc. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1877, pp. xviii, xix, ~ between Scorpio and Palamneus. 77 species, while to all the Asiatic forms that present the instru- ment discovered by Wood-Mason, Thorell’s name Palamneus may be applied, though the definition of the genus will have to be entirely altered and the original character upon which it was based wholly ignored. The two genera may be characterized in the following terms :— A. The key-board of the stridulator placed upon the maxillary process of the coxa of the first pair of legs, the rasp or granular area in a slight depression on the adjacent surface of the coxa of the chela; the lower surface of the brachium with rows of piliferous pores and defined posteriorly by ORL ENN, ee. aA AOA Scorpio (type africanus, L.).—Distr. Tropical Africa, S. Arabia. B. The key-board of the stridulator placed upon the coxa of the chela and the rasp upon the adjacent area of the coxa of the first pus of legs; the lower surface of the rachium without regularly arranged pili- ferous pores and posteriorly more convexly TOUMACE. (8, ety ada Sitti esis otis Palamneus (type Petersi?, Th.).—Distr. Oriental Region (Bombay to Borneo). I have noticed the position of the stridulator in the following species of Scorpio:—africanus, Linn.; dictator, Poe. ; cavimanus, Poc. ; bellicosus, L. Koch; viatoris, Poe. ; exitialis, Poc.; and Gregort’, Poc.: and I think there can be no reasons for doubting that it will prove to be present in Se. africanus subtypicus, Kraep.; arabicus, Kraep.; pallidus, Kraep.; and me¢densis, Karsch ; of which the last-named, I doubt not, belongs to the ewitialis-like forms of the genus, and not to Opisthophthalmus, as Kraepelin has suggested. As for Wood-Mason’s organ, it occurs in specimens that I refer to the following speciesof Palamneus:—scaber (Thor.) ; Swammerdamz (Sim.) ; fulvipes (Koch) ; megacephalus (Koch) ; cesar (Koch) ; bengalensis (Koch); Phipsoni (Poc.) ; datiémanus (Poc.) ; gravimanus (Poc.) ; indicus (Linn.) ; spinefer (Hempr. & Ehrb.) ; Lhorellit, Poc.; liophysa, Thor.; and borneensis, Thor. It is also worth bearing in mind that the presence of these organs will serve as an additional character for separating Scorpio and Palamneus from Opisthophthalmus and Hetero- metrus. 78 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the XL—The Bees of the Genus Andrena found in New Mexico. By T. D. A. CocKERELL. 1. Species with the abdomen partly or wholly rufous. a. Pubescence black. Andrena prima, Casad, sp. n., 2 « “ Head, thorax, legs, and last abdominal segment black ; segments 1 to 4 red; pubescence black; head as broad as thorax ; clypeus, face, occiput, and cheeks sparsely hairy, clypeus and occiput punctate; face between antennz striate longitudinally ; antenne black ; mesothorax, scutellum, and postscutellum coarsely punctured, clothed with a few scattered black hairs; metathorax fringed, and pleura sparsely clothed, with black hairs; wings smoky from basal nervure to apex ; tegule black, shiny ; legs black, with black pubescence, that on anterior legs sparsely mixed with reddish-gold hairs ; abdominal segments 1 to 4 reddish, bare, punctate and shiny, last segment black, fringed with black hairs ; venter sparsely hairy. Length about 10 millim.” (Jess’e H. Casad.) Hab. Little Mountain, Mesilla Valley, N. M., April 1, 1895, on Krynitzkia, believed to be K. Jamesit (Casad, 151). I took one on flowers of plum on the College Farm, March 30, 1896; this has the two last abdominal segments black, leaving only three red, but it is clearly the same species. The enclosure of the metathorax is wrinkled. This differs entirely from any described North-American species. The Mexican A. modesta, Sm., may resemble it somewhat from the description, but it is evidently a different thing. 6. Pubescence grey or fulvous. a, Wings clear or only faintly clouded. Andrena sphecodina, Casad & CkIl., sp. n. “ Black and red, pubescence ashy; head about as broad as thorax; clypeus, face, occiput, and cheeks clothed with pale hairs, clypeus punctured; face between antenne and ocelli striated longitudinally ; hair on pleura long; wings dusky hyaline, nervures brown, third submarginal cell very long, narrowed more than half toward marginal; tegule piceous, shiny ; legs clothed with pale hairs, trochanter furnished with a tutt of long silky white hair, femora and basal portion of tibie black, tibie and tarsi red ; first and second abdominal *Genus Andrena found in New Mexico. 79 segments with a small black spot laterally near base; first segment with sparse long hairs at sides, bare towards centre, without apical hairy band; hairy bands, interrupted on segments 3 and 4, on second reduced to a patch on each side ; apical segments clothed sparsely. Length about 7 millim.” (Jessie H. Casad.) 9. Length 9 millim. Head and thorax black, abdomen entirely bright rufous, except the mostly black pygidium ; a black patch on each side of first segment at base and a small black spot on each side of second segment. Legs black, the hind tibie and tarsi light rufous. Clypeus with large close punctures, no median impunctate line. Mandibles scimitar- shaped. Antenne wholly black. Mesothorax microscopi- cally reticulate, with excessively large punctures, becoming sparse in middle. Hind portion of mesothorax and scutellum shining, the latter with large punctures. Enclosure of meta- thorax longitudinally plicate, bounded behind by a salient rim. Abdomen with small sparse punctures. Anal fimbria fulvous. 6+ Like the female, but the antenne longer, the pubes- cence on clypeus paler and denser, the first segment of the abdomen black except its hind margin broadly, and the hind tibiee black. Hab. Common about Las Cruces, N. M. ‘Taken on Stisymbrium (10 males, one female) and on flowers of plum (3 males, two females) on the College Farm, April 9 and 12, 1895. One temale on Salixz, May 3. This pretty species has the coloration of a Sphecodes ; it could be confounded only with A. Marie, Rob., and A. Perezi, Rob.,=erythrogastra, Ashm., from both of which it is quite distinct by the coloration of the male &c. A somewhat similar European species is A. genevensis, Schmied., but that has the end of the abdomen dark. 8. Wings strongly clouded apically. i, Clypeus dark. + First segment of abdomen very feebly and sparsely punctured. Andrena Jessice, Ckll., sp. n. 6. Length about 10 millim. Head and thorax black ; abdomen rufous, with black markings, pubescence fulvous. Head slightly wider than thorax, face broad, orbits parallel ; pubescence tolerably dense, concealing the surface, except on vertex; antenne black, the flagellum only tinged very dark brown on one side; mandibles black ; clypeus strongly and 80 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the closely punctured; vertex dull, minutely rugulose, becoming striatulate, sparsely punctured. Thorax quite densely pubescent, except dorsulum and base of metathorax; meso- thorax and scutellum microscopically tessellate, with rather large moderately sparse punctures. Enclosure of metathorax minutely granular, with irregular, small, rather obscure wrinkles, not bounded by a distinct rim. ‘l'egulew amber- colour. Wings yellowish hyaline, external margin broadly smoky, darkest towards the apex. Nervures and stigma reddish fulvous, costal nervure black. Third submarginal cell narrowed one half to marginal. Second submarginal much broader below than above. Legs black; anterior tibiee partly in front, middle and hind tibiz and all the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen rather broad, shining, thinly pubes- cent, the pubescence forming thin bands along the apical margins of the second and following segments; first segment black, except hind margin and a central shade; second seg- ment with a black spot on each side; fourth segment with a suffused black shade, fifth brownish black, as also the sixth, but the colour of that almost hidden by the pubescence. Venter rufous, the last three segments obscurely stained blackish. Surface of abdomen above microscopically tessel- late, with the punctures very small and sparse. Hab. College Farm, Mesilla Valley, N. M., April 9, 1895, on plum (Jessie H. Casad, 163). This is evidently near to A. discreta, Sm., from Oajaca, Mexico, of which only the female is known; it may possibly be its male, but there are several similar species, and Smith does not mention the abdominal punctuation. +t First segment of abdomen strongly punctured. Andrena argemonis, Ckll., sp. n. @. Length about 16 millim. Head and thorax black, abdomen black and rufous, femora black, tibiz and _ tarsi ferruginous, pubescence fulvous. Head longer in proportion to its breadth, with the face narrower than in Jessicw. Pu- bescence short, but quite dense on cheeks, occiput, sides of face, and between the antennae. Clypeus medially bare except for a few scattered hairs, shining, with very close large punctures. Mandibles and antenne wholly black. Vertex smooth and shining, with large, rather sparse punc- tures, which suddenly become smaller and very dense on front. Mesothorax and scutellum smooth and shining (not tessellate as in Jessice), with large, tolerably close punctures. Enclosure of metathorax granular, irregularly wrinkled so as Genus Andrena found in New Mexico. 81 to be subcancellate, with a short raised rim behind, but not at sides. Pubescence of thorax quite orange-red, rather short but dense on sides of mesothorax, hind border of scutellum, postscutellum, pleura, and sides of metathorax. Tegule shining reddish fulvous. Wings yellowish smoky, with a subviolaceous lustre, external margin broadly darker; ner- vures dark brown, costal nervure black, stigma small and narrow, ferruginous ; third submarginal cell not narrowing half to marginal. Abdomen moderately shining, strongly and closely punctured, basal third of first segment smooth and practically impunctate. Pubescence foxy red, very short, forming bands on the hind margins of the segments, that on the first thin, the others dense and conspicuous. Colour of abdomen dark ferruginous, with an almost purplish tint ; first segment black except its hind margin, third to fifth segments suffused with black, sixth dark brownish. Venter dark reddish, the last three segments becoming blackish. Hab. Santa Fé, N. M., by the Denver and Rio Grande depot ; two inside closed flowers of Argemone platyceras, on a dull afternoon, Aug. 3, 1895 (Ckll. 4150, 4151). ii. Clypeus not dark, at least in the ¢. + Dorsum of thorax honey-yellow. Andrena mellea, Cresson. Andrena mellea, Cresson, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc, 1868, p. 384, 2. t+ Thorax entirely black. (a) Pubescence of pleura, face, and cheeks fulvous ; second segment of abdomen without a black band. . Andrena prunorum, Ckll., sp. n. 3. Length about 12 millim. Head and thorax black, clypeus yellow, abdomen ferruginous and black, legs ferru- ginous, blackish at base, wings clouded at apex. Head broader than long, subtriangular or broadly subcordiform, whereas in Jessice it is more quadrate; fulvous pubescence quite dense all over face, cheeks, &c., only lacking on vertex, which is closely punctured. Clypeus large, closely but rather feebly punctured, light yellow, with two black dots. Basal process of labrum pitch-black, shining, emarginate, while in Jessice it is truncate, a little depressed medially, hardly emarginate. Mandibles wholly black. Antenne black, with the scape, funicle, first joint of flagellum, and base of second joint more or less strongly terruginous. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xviii. 6 82 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the Thorax quite densely clothed with fulyous pubescence, as in Jessice ; mesothorax and scutellum with close large punc- tures, the surface between the punctures smooth though rather dull, not tessellate as in Jessice. Metathorax closely pitted or subcancellate all over, with no defined enclosed space. Tegule shining amber-colour. Wings smoky hyaline, yellowish towards base, costa broadly suffused with fuliginous, the region of apex darkest; nervures ferruginous, the outermost fuscous, costal nervure black, stigma ferru- ginous. Third submarginal cell narrowing about half to marginal, but variable. Legs ferruginous, with short fulvous pubescence ; trochanters black ; femora largely suffused with black basally and beneath, middle femora incrassate. Abdo- men fairly stout, strongly and closely punctured, with short fulvous pubescence clothing the whole dorsum, not obscuring the ground-colour, not forming distinct bands. First segment black, with the apical margin ferruginous; second segment ferruginous, with a large oval black mark at each extreme side; remaining segments black, with the hind margins broadly ferruginous. Venter ferruginous, with two black spots on third and broad black bands on fourth to sixth segments. Sometimes there is much less black on venter and the third seguient above shows less black. @. Closely similar. Clypeus dull honey-yellow, with large punctures, smooth medially. Second joint of flagellum wholly ferruginous. Pubescence of thorax short and sparse, lateral margins of metathorax with a conspicuous fringe of whitish hairs. Tubercles slightly stained with ferruginous. Femora with scarcely any black. Trochanters partly ferru- ginous. A tuft of dull white hairs at base of hind legs. Hind tibie incrassate. First segment of abdomen only black at extreme base and at sides; second segment with very small lateral spots ; third segment only narrowly black at extreme base. Anal fimbria shining coppery. Punctua- tion of abdomen finer than in the male. Segments 2 to 5 with distinct hair-bands. Hab. Three specimens at Las Cruces, N. M., viz. :— (1) middle of April, 1894, collected by Miss Agnes Williams, a female; (2) on flowers of plum, College Farm, April 9, 1895, male; (3) on flowers of plum, March 26, 1896, male. This shows much superficial resemblance to Nomia neva- densis, which is common at Las Cruces, but flies in August and September. A. prunorum is doubtless closely related to the Texan A. malliventris, Cr., but that has black legs and the antenne are differently coloured, as also is the abdomen. It is also near to A. fustuosa, Sm., but differs in the colour of Genus Andrena found in New Mexico, 83 the pubescence on the face and the colour of the legs, as well as in the pale clypeus. A. prunorum, Jessice, and Casade all show a blunt curved tooth at end of hind coxa. (6) Pubescence of pleura, face, and cheeks dull white; second segment of abdomen with a black band. Andrena Casade, Ckll., sp. n. 6+ Length about 10 millim. Head and thorax black ; clypeus pale primrose-yellow, with two black spots ; abdomen red and black ; pubescence dull whitish, ochraceous on front, occiput, and dorsum of thorax; build more slender than in prunorum. This is in all respects closely similar to prunorum, but differs in being smaller, the antenne perhaps relatively some- what longer, the base of the antenne not ferruginous, the pubescence of the face relatively longer, the pubescence of the face, cheeks, pleura, and metathorax greyish white instead of fulvous, the basal process of the labrum not emarginate, the tegule dark brown, the mesothorax duller, the middle femora not so broad, the punctuation of the abdomen finer, the second abdominal segment black at base. The flagellum is black, not fulvous beneath as in modesta. The scape shows only the slightest rufous stain in front. The mandibles are wholly black, bituberculate at base. The second segment of the abdomen is not entirely ferruginous as in fastuosa, which must, however, be closely similar. Hab, College Farm, Mesilla Valley, N. M., April 9, 1895, on plum (J. Z. Casad, 164). 2. Species with the abdomen black or dark brown. a. Pubescence black. Andrena nigerrima, Casad, sp. n. 9. “Entirely deep shiny black, with black pubescence ; head about as wide as thorax and but sparsely pubescent ; clypeus large, punctured, shiny, but very slightly hairy ; pubescence heaviest on sides of face and around insertion of antenne; a longitudinal raised line between antenne ; flagellum becoming slightly brownish beneath and toward tip; face between ocelli and antenne striated ; occiput and cheeks punctured ; mesothorax sparsely hairy, closely punc- tured; scutellum and pleura with dense tufts of long pubes- cence; metathorax comparatively bare, with fringed margins ; 84 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the legs pubescent, that on edge of anterior tarsi and’ apical portion of tibie shiny golden brown; wings dusky hyaline, clouded beyond nervures, nervures and stigma piceous ; tegule piceous, very shiny; abdomen bare save for scettered hairs laterally and fringe on last two segments ; closely and finely punctured from apical half of first segment to apex, basal half of first segment very smooth and shiny. Length about 10 millim.” (Jesste EZ. Casad.) Hab. Mesilla, N. M., April 13, 1895, on lilac (Casad, 195). One on the College Farm, at flowers of plum, April 9, 1895 (Ckll. 2619). In its general build and the black pubescence this closely resembles A. prima. The first joint of the flagellum is longer than the two following together; it is not so long as this in prima. The metathorax is minutely granular, with shallow punctures except on the enclosure, which is not bounded by a salient rim. In prima the enclosure is quite different, being strongly wrinkled. The wings are not so dark as in prima. b. Pubescence grey, white, or fulvous. a. Stigma ferruginous and apex of wings dusky. Andrena fracta, Casad & CkIl., sp. n. gd. “ Black, head as wide as thorax, densely pubescent ; clypeus yellow, circular, but thinly pubescent, with a black dot on each side halfway between upper and lower edges; a heavy fringe below clypeus, across lower edge of face ; pubes- cence below antennz and on cheeks pale, that above antenne and on occiput ochraceous; thorax above clothed with ochraceous hairs, those on scutellum and _ postscutellum densest, those on metathorax and pleura pale. Legs black, femora and coxe with pale hairs, those on tibiz, tarsi, and apices of femora ochraceous ; wings smoky hyaline, darkest beyond marginal cell and in second and third submarginals, in places stained with yellow; abdomen closely punctured, clothed with very fine short appressed hairs, which become ochraceous on fourth segment, and are sufficiently heavy on apical margins of segments 4 and 5 to form bands; apex quite heavily fringed with ochraceous. Length about 11 millim.” (Jessie HL. Casad.) Small examples are only about 83 millim. long. The antenne are quite long, wholly black. 9. Larger and stouter; length about 12 millim. or slightly less. Black, the pubescence rather short, pale grey ; ochra- Genus Andrena found in New Mexico. 85 ceous on vertex, hind part of mesothorax, scutellum, and postscutellum, and on anterior and middle tibiz and all the tarsi. Apex of hind femora with a conspicuous tuft of reddish-fulvous pubescence. Anal fimbria orange fulvous, very conspicuous. Head broader than long, vertex depressed; clypeus wholly black, shining, with large, not particularly close punctures, medially impunctate. Antenne wholly black, first joint of flagellum longer than the two following joints together. Sides of face with broad white bands of appressed pubescence, partly hidden by the erect hairs imme- diately mesad of them. Vertex sparsely punctured. Basal process of labrum rounded, not emarginate. Lower corners of clypeus somewhat produced. Mandibles wholly dark, toothed within. Mesothorax quite closely punctured, scu- tellum not so closely. Enclosure of metathorax wrinkled- subcancellate, not bounded by a distinct rim. Tegule piceous. Wings strongly yellowish except at lower outer part, which is hyaline; apex strongly smoky, the dark colour extending a little into the marginal cell. A smoky cloud also in and about second submarginal. Nervures dark brown, stigma ferruginous. ‘Third submarginal narrowed about one half to marginal. Hind wings slightly smoky at apex. Abdomen strongly and closely punctured, segments 2 to 4 with conspicuous even bands of white pubescence, that on 2 weak in the middle. Hab. Three males and three females, all on flowers of plum, College Farm, Mesilla Valley, N. M., April 10, 1895 (Casad), and March 26, 1896 (CkiZ.). Near to A. nubecula, Sm., but differs by the colour of the antenne and tegule.