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N Yg S SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS Ssaiuvugiy LIBRARIES MLN LILSNI ‘SMITHSONIAN INS’ NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILNILILSNI BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SZ SaIYvVUGIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION INSTITUTION INSTITUTION i 29 NON » SMITHSONIAN OILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYSIT LIBRARIES NS x» JOSHLINS SAIYVUSIT_LIBRARIE -HSONIAN IOSHLIWS HSONIAN (fp 4, es HSONIAN Jbl’ , Pa ne vi 1 ; * at a my : oy i ae asi Ae i. ui i he isan nual A) ak ade ths Aa ‘i e ae, at | 4 4 ty at ee } { A tate TR Bers 7 aN A HON lt en a i hy y ‘ ie / 7 . BY) agen | Lk : Por | } ar Ee AN NEAL'S AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ ) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M_D., Ph.D., F.B.S., WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. VOL. VI.—SIXTH SERIES. ———— Ve \ ata \OS \ we LONDON : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD., WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERRE, PARIS? MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FIGGI8, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1890. “ Omnes res create sunt divine sapientix et potentix testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conseryatione, proportione, renoyatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sestimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; maleé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”’—Linnavs. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.’—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. Doo a HO 0 GOS The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. VI. [SIXTH SERIES. ] NUMBER XXXI, Page I. On certain Points in the Anatomical Nomenclature of Echino- derms. By P. HERBERT CARPENTER, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., Assis- tant: Masterrattiton College: jos tence tap ye cscs sh 6 Hecitigale «4 1 II. Notes on some West-Indian Longicorn Coleoptera, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. By C. J. GaAnAn, M.A... 23 III. On the Ova of Gobius. By Ernest W. L, Hort, St. An- drews Marine (aboratory, (Plate ET.) 9.0)... face cecsse ass 34 IV. Notes on Radiolaria from the Lower Paleozoic Rocks (Llan- deilo-Caradoc) of the South of Scotland, By Grorer JENNINGS Bam Ph Dae 1(blates Riese Ee ca ccetercraiston rar evelsr= 4 a0 sera oso 6s 40 V. Revision of British Mollusca, By the Rev. Canon A. M. Nanman MCA. IC ish S:, BsbiS aC. sec. vio ess cee cs were 60 VI. Description of a new Snake of the Genus Glauconia, Gray, obtained by Dr. Emin Pasha on the Victoria Nyanza, By G. A. ES OGRUNUGH TIE gt 0h 2 TS heat hak kaa letan tose elclets we Ge ele eldenests) sielele ma abe 91 VII. On a new Genus and some new Species of Shells from Lake Panganyikes By MDGAar Aw SMIEEHy eis foc ss sy diet sles folds ona e 93 VIII. Notes on the Genus Dyschorista, Led., a small Group of Moths/allied: to, Orthosia.” “By A? GI BuTrhER! “oe... 5h s8. oe oe 96 IX. Descriptions of two new Species of Scorpions brought by Emin Pasha from the inland parts of East Africa. By R.I. Pocock, of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). (Plate I. figs. land 2.) .......... 98 X. On Ebalia nux, Milne-Edwards. By R. I. Pocock ,....... 101 XI. On some new Species of African Lycenide in the Collection of Philip Crowley, Esq. By Emiry Mary SHARPE ............ 1033 XII. On some Eastern Equatorial African Coleoptera collected by Emin Pasha, with Descriptions of two new Longicornia. By Cuaron, Warmnnousr; (Plate: I. figs do) tis: . ses. css. cen. 107 XIII. On the Organization of the Cyprides. By Prof. Cari CG AU Site eae espe chon haves 5a2Nei a) 925: 00 9) shan n sPenecegae MR RW sete pees) ce hae O 108 iv CONTENTS. Page Proceedings of the Geological Society ...........0.. eens. 113—118 WiL11aM SwEETLAND Darias; Description of a new Cottoid Fish, by Tarleton H. Bean, Ichthyologist, U. S. Fish Commission ; Model of the “ British Marine Area,” by the Rev. Canon Nor- man, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c.; Preliminary Account of a new Australian Peripatus, by Arthur Dendy, M.Sc., F.L.S.; On the Compound Eyes of Arthropods, by 8. Watase; Variations in Bulimus exilis, by Dr. B. Sharp; Remarks on the Exuvie of Snakes, by Or/B. Sharp). . 40m ai ee b feincde chs niece = 118—124 NUMBER XXXII. XIV. The Inconsistencies of Utilitarianism as the Exclusive Theory of Organic Evolution. By Rev. Joun T. GuLick ........ XV. On a Viviparous Caddis-fly. By J. Woop-Mason, Super- intendent of the Indian Museum, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical College of Bengal, Calcutta ............ XVI. A Short Account of a small Collection of Myriopoda obtained by My. Edward Whymper in the Andes of Ecuador. By R. IL Pocock, of the British (Natural-History) Museum .............. XVII. List of Land- and Freshwater-Shells collected by Dr. Emin Pasha in Central Africa, with Descriptions of new Species. By EDGAR AcOMITH. (CPIMLES VOC VL) mo. rece yeitas os eon @ucis lates he XVIII. On a new Species of Guiraca. By Epwarp Bart ett, @nrator of the Maidstone Museum! G.n seh tote heen aera: XIX. Descriptions of two new Cyprinodontoid Fishes. By G. A. BOUTENGER — es cion siecle hierk aint FONE AIS 6 pis bbs tes & (ols Re tells Bieri XX. Description of a new Squirrel from Borneo. By OLDFIELD BRORUAR eas otre: o-s bie ate rua Ti pte sige ee alee mir one tee XXI. On the Anatomy of Horny Sponges belonging to the Genus Feremia,and on anew Genus. By H. Kon eo. 352. canna qe ase a XXII. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (under the Fishery Board for Scotland)—No. XU. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., TOADS RR Sey GlCs: a + Sevan. aye inves ber elaeefe ea ena eters huge acai areal XXIII. On the Anatomy of Sesca tipuliformis and Trochilium api- forme, tam: By Prof, 1.2K: BRANDS UG. fe a ais: F & o's Gi tujaoe ies: XXIV. On the Circulatory System of the Carapace in the Decapod Crustacea. By EH. LE. Botiviee: fin hemact mercies ise aakicen > nel XXV. Description of a new Species of Mormyrus. By G. A. ISOM LENG ER: 3565's spe s S1Gm Guat ie mies PNAC epee ehel eiatens Tet New Book :—A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent Marine Bryozoa. By (Mase PE OS JELLY one rs ieee Mie ge teceer eee ketene On two new Species of Coccidea infesting the Stickleback and the Santine, by Po helohan, :.........nu@umeeee eens eine sees eal ike 125 139 141 CONTENTS. NUMBER XXXII. Page XXVI. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator, Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R.N., com- manding .—No. 16. On the Bathybial Fishes collected in the Bay of Bengal during the season 1889-90. By A. Atcocx, M.B., Surgeon I.M.S., Surgeon-Naturalist to the Survey. (Plates VII. & IX.) .. XXVII. British Fossil Crinoids—III. Thenarocrinus callipygus, gen. et sp. nov., Wenlock Limestone. By F. A. Barner, M.A., LEGS TELE] GH 72S), ER Bee CeemeRemn Leni aga are ere ene ee XXVIII. On the Development of Pyrosoma. By Prof. W. Sa- TOMINISOL ~ ono oeokoconnue onoopudoo onoU oooh sot Oond > DoD moO oo ox a XXIX. On supposed new Species of Land-Mollusca from Borneo belonging to the Genera Opisthostoma and Diplommatina. By Lieut.- Col. H. H. Gopwin-Avsten, F.R.S., F.Z.S., &. (Plate VIL.).... XXX. Notes on Longicorn Coleoptera of the Group Cerambycine, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. By CHar.Es J. GAHAN, M.A., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum .... XXXI. Descriptions of new Species of African Lycenide, chiefly from the Collections of Dr. Staudinger and Mr. Henley Grose Smith. PW oH Heme Vs RTS. a FGM Sen OCCkia wk hala gles e otisiachial Saginaw alecare Leaf-winged Locust, by J. J. Quelch, B.Sc.; On the Histological Constitution of certain Nematodes of the Genus Ascaris, by M. AUCUREAEMIMICRIEA Cie or rR tick cone, Seren mire eaten it ars 275, NUMBER XXXIV. XXXII. Notes on Slugs, chiefly in the Collection at the British Museums By Pads 7A. COCKERELE {| 25¥sis dh i usaecae yet 2 XXXIII. On the Relationship of the Rodentia to the Marsupialia. ety oy aves hes TAM ES CERTAIN jes a aifeyo) o's fare a efef-Naeo "Shale: 82) ot s/aie 0 Sposeioneisla. o.sye XXXIV. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator,’ Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R.N., com- manding.—No. 18. On the Bathybial Fishes of the Arabian Sea, obtained during the season 1889-90. By A. Aucock, M.B., Surgeon EM. S.,,cureeon Naturalist to the Survey 20... 20.) cuessne coe aes XXXV. On the Ophidian Genus Pseudoxyrhopus, Gthr. By G. PAPE IG UNGUNIG TUR Peace: ole sees co eos a's 2 oe ate sige See a XXXVI. A New Theory of Pterichthys. By A. Smita Woop- \ YANN ey i coe al a AP occ OR Pa ea XXXVII. Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.— No. XXIX. On some Devonian Entomides. By Prof. T, Rupert TONES Daluas rinse » (E late: SE) ajatien seattle e cle'e oxtlep yessg wipes sais 197 222 244 247 261 276 289 295 31] 314 317 al CONTENTS. Page XXXVIII. Notes made during the present Year on the Accept- ance or Rejection of Insects by Birds. By Arruur G, BuTLER, ORR Foe 7c Be gm PS Ye, SA aia AL Be nes arg 324 XXXIX. Revision of British Mollusca. By the Rey. Canon A, MaNpRwany, MrA., DiCA.. WSs BAS. wae. osc och mands cela 327 XL. Ebalia nux: a Reply to Mr. R. I. Pocock. By the Rev. AHGMINORADAN: HEC. . 3,5 acieb etas nieces oes + alee eee ee 342 XLI. Descriptions of some new Species of African Butterflies in the Collection of Captain G. E. Shelley. By Emiry Mary SHarpr 346 XLII. Notes on the Racquet-tailed Rollers. By H. E. Dresser, PEE RCE. ERE 2 Re SAME ME SE i oe Smee Sane ULES oe ee ce ea eee 350 On the Occurrence of Hublepharis macularius in Transcaspia, by G. A. Boulenger; Additional Notes on Peripatus Leuckarti, by J. J. leteher, MLAs, IBSC..:5212 ois tacts | comtetennwen eteeeere 352 NUMBER XXXV., XLII. Report on the Corals from the Tizard and Macclesfield Banks, China Sea. By P. W. Basserr-Smirn, Surgeon R.N. (GE 75.0) ED. 0 I eee Re eR Ort cininn 68s 6 ir tbs XLIV. Descriptions of new Species of Pedaria, with Observations on allied Scarabeide. By Cuarites O. WATERHOUSE .......... 374 XLV. Notes on Slugs, chiefly in the Collection at the British Museum. 4 byl. cA. "COcCkKEREEL sc... s sioeleckh oe one keene 380 XLVI. A List of the Species of Achatina from South Africa, with the Description of a new Species. By Ep@ar A. SMITH.......... 390 XLVII. Summary of Researches into the Anatomy and Histology of Nemertines, with Contributions to their Classification. By Dr. OTROOE URGE 6 qc eie os Ww 4 cise wn eo os AN: we papel Bue acne Rte 0 net 394 XLVIII. On the Fate of the Quadrate in Mammals. By Dr. TROON NIB Cel. BSG. oa tric ntetr eee al eaeu are RR ekbete cans Che koraie « 409, XLIX. On the Distinctive Cranial Characters of the Iguanoid Lizards allied to Iguana. By G. A. BOULENGER................ 412 L. The Genera Triyaster and Benhamia. By W. BiaxLanp Benuam, D.Sc., Assistant to the Jodrell Professor of Zoology, Uni- mersity College, Londoni7.- nan ad sada sine Ayes eats 414 LI. On a new Species of Gyracanthus. By R. H. Traqvarr, MAD), URIS. gcse s ia eo ta oe nang Re datas Haig a ete ee 417 New Book :—A Monograph of the Horny Sponges. By RoBert yon EN NEP ISED Cia do Wd lance «4 ss gene RRR Oars teeta ee 418 CONTENTS. vil Page On the Discovery of a Jurassic Fish-Fauna in the Hawkesbury Beds of New South Wales, by A. Smith Woodward; The Fossil Fishes of the Hawkesbury Series at Gosford, New South Wales, by A. Smith Woodward; Is Asterias tenuispinis, Lamk., a ‘British ” Species ?, by Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell ............ 423, 424 NUMBER XXXVI. LIT. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator, Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R.N., com- manding.—No. 20. On some undescribed Shore-Fishes from the Bay of Bengal. By A. Aucock, M.B., Surgeon I.M.S., Surgeon- Ri See GORE NOM OMEN Og! seria Vacs ce: scare ergs eee Wass or sls, 4 8 es ar ebaaal ook 425 LIII. Report on the Corals from the Tizard and Macclesfield Banks, China Sea. By P. W. Bassert-SmirH, Surgeon R.N. .... 443 LIV. On new Longicorn Coleoptera from Madagascar. By C. J. CS EAISELI Tl (Je ore iS aOR CIA OR HERRERA KIBO C/E OEP ace ene ts RR 458 LV. Descriptions of four new Species of Terrestrial Mollusca from South Africa, with Observations on Helix Huttonie (Bens.). By Jamrs Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S., and Joon Henry Ponsonsy, Dae SM aS an Iara, shes aFo/ ni 13,4 tess ciaileiei Sr ahsiiaen scoeayate, .Q xin Tizard and Macclesfield Coral-Banks in the China Sea. XIV THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SIXTH SERIES.] Seiten slant an siecens is per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiitm vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.’ N. Parthenii Chonnattasii Eel. L. No. 31. JULY 1890. I.—On certain Points in the Anatomical Nomenclature of Echinoderms. By P. HERBERT CARPENTER, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., Assistant Master at Eton College. THE object of the following paper is to put in a plea fora greater precision of nomenclature in works on Hchinoderm morphology than has been hitherto adopted by many authors, more especially those who have made incidental rather than special studies in some branch of Echinoderm research. Many of them are justly distinguished in other lines of scien- tific work ; but, owing to their imperfect acquaintance with the current Echinoderm literature, a vagueness and inaccuracy of nomenclature have crept into their writings in a manner which is both perplexing to the student and vexatious to the specialist. I refer more especially to the frequent use of the same term for two or more structures which are not mutually homolo- gous*, while, on the other hand, there are some cases in * Since writing the above lines I have come across the following re- marks by Hérouard on the same subject : :—Ce sont 14 des questions de détail, il est vrai, mais sur lesquelles j’insiste & dessein, car ces dénomi- nations identiques attribuées par les différents auteurs et méme parfois, comme je viens de le dire, par un seul et méme auteur, & des organes Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol, vi. 1 2 Dr. P. H. Carpenter on the which homologies are universally recognized, though the fact does not appear in the nomenclature. 1. The use of the term “‘ Water-tube.” The term “ water-tube”’ seems to have been first used by A. Agassiz * for the two ccelomic diverticula of the archenteron in the Starfish-larva, this being “ the name which denotes most appropriately the function they assume of circulating water through the body of the larva.” He also applied the same name ft to the gills or “ papule’’ of Stimpson and Sladen, which are not developed till much later; but the first meaning which he gave to the term has not found acceptance in Europe, especially since the morphological importance of these water-tubes has been more fully realized, and they have been variously known as the ccelomic pouches, vaso-peritoneal sacs, &c.; while “ water-tube ” or ‘ tube hydrophore ” has been largely used by both English and French writers instead of the misleading term “ sand-canal”’ or ‘‘ stone-canal,”’ which is so often totally inapplicable to the structure it is supposed to designate. In America, however, Brooks t and Fewkes have continued to speak of the water-tubes of the Echinoderm- larva, and they use the same term when referring to the organs which are described as circular and radial water-vessels by European writers. This course seems likely to lead to much confusion, the more so as one at least, and sometimes both, of the larval coelomic pouches do not in any way give rise to the *‘ water-tubes”’ of the ambulacral system. Fewkes is an especial offender in this respect, for in his last publication but one he uses the term water-tube with different meanings on two successive lines § :—“ Hach of the five small culs-de-sac, rw, from the water tube on the ambulacral side of the young starfish forms a radial water tube of the starfish.” Five pages later he says that the stone-canal is an internal calcifi- différents, créent, dans l’esprit du lecteur, une confusion pénible qu’il est parfois difficile d’éclaircir par une seule lecture et qui a contribué, pour une large part, a faire prendre dans certains cas, comme divergentes, des opinions qui ne différaient pas sensiblement l’une de l’autre” (“Recherches sur les Holothuries des Cotes de France,” Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén. yol. vil. 1889, p. 630). * ‘HKmbryology of the Starfish, 1864. Reprinted in “ North American Starfishes,’” Mem. Mus, Comp. Zo6l. 1877, vol. v. p. 18. + Ibid. p. 52. } ‘ Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology,’ Boston, 1882, pp. 72, 135. § On the Development of the Calcareous Plates of Asterias,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1888, vol. xvii. p. 7. Anatomical Nomenclature of Echinoderms. 3 cation which “arises in the walls of the water tube,” thus giving a third meaning to the same term, while Agassiz, as we have seen, has used it in yet another sense. Is it too much to ask on behalf of the student of the future that it be employed in one sense only? In the following pages it will be used to denote the madreporic or stone-canal. 2. Dorsocentral and Centre-dorsal. These two names are frequently used as if they were synonymous, though in reality they denote plates of very different morphological characters. The term “ dorsocentral”’ appears to have been first used by the Messrs. Austin * for that part of a Crinoid which was called the pelvis by Miller, 7. e. the ring of plates which rest upon the top stem-joint. In some cases five separate plates may be distinguished, in others only three, while in others there seems to be but one undivided plate with a stem-facet on its lower surface ; and even this facet is absent on the central plate of Marsupites. Owing to the rapid spread of the Miillerian terminology, in which the lowest plates of the Crinoidal calyx were designated basals, the collective name “‘dorsocentral’’ applied to them by Austin never found general acceptance. But in Lovén’s classical work f on the Echini the term ‘ dorsocentral system” is used to denote the central plate in the apex of a young Urchin, together with the two rings of genital and ocular plates around it. He regarded the central plate of Marsupites as homologous with that of the Urchin, and also compared the ocular plates of the latter to the radials of Marsupdtes, two determinations which I fully accepted when writing on the subject in 1878 f, though I could not follow Lovén in the other homologies which he proposed, nor in his views respecting the primitively compound nature of the dorsocentral plate. I suggested at the same time that the homologue of the latter was to be found in the terminal plate at the base of the stem in the stalked larva of Comatula, which I carefully distinguished from the enlarged upper stem-joint or centro-dorsal piece. Sladen § adopted this view in 1884, since which time the * “Descriptions of several new Genera and Species of Crinoidea,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, vol. xi. p. 196. + “Etudes sur les Echinoidées,” Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-A ka- demiens Handlingar, 1874, Bd. xi. no. 7, p. 65. : t “On the Oral and Apical Systems of the Echinoderms,” Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci, 1878, vol. xvill. p. 359, : § “On the Homologies of the Primary Larval Plates in the Test of Brachiate Echinoderms,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. 1884, eo p. 25. 4 Dr. P. H. Carpenter on the central plate of the Echinoderm apical system has been repeatedly noticed by us both and also by others under the name ‘“ dorsocentral;” and zoologists have been warned again and again not to confuse it with the enlarged top stem- joint in the stem of many Crinoids, for which, in the case of Comatula, Miiller and his successors had employed the name “ centro-dorsal.”” Karly in 1887 Duncan and Sladen *, writing on the morphology of the Saleniidz, frequently re- ferred to the so-called sur-anal plate of Echinids as the dorso- central, mentioning at the same time its homologies in the Asterids and Ophiurids. Fewkest, who had _ previously confounded dorsocentral and centro-dorsal, wrote a short time later in the same terms. But all our efforts to obtain a greater precision of nomenclature seem to have been in vain, for even such a well-informed writer as the late Professor Neumayr ft alluded in 1888 to “die centrodorsale Platte bei Salenien.”’ Unaware, too, that the presence of independent under-basals in the Antedon-larva had been announced by Bury § in 1887, he concluded that they are represented by the “ centrale Platte,” by which he meant the enlarged top stem-joint or centro- dorsal. But as he also recognized the fact that these under- basals are well developed in MJarsupites and enclose “ eine grosse centrodorsale ‘l'afel,’’ he was driven to the following conclusions ||:—‘‘ Es scheint demnach, als ob die centro- dorsale Platte der ausgewachsenen Crinoiden durchaus nicht immer dieselbe morphologische Bedeutung hitte, und auch durchaus nicht nothwendig immer dem gleichnamigen Theile der Antedon-Larve entsprache.” But is it so certain that the central plate in the calyx of Marsupites should be called a centro-dorsal at all, 2. e. that it is an enlarged top stem-joint ? Twelve years ago I gave reasons for believing it to be a primitively imperforate plate homologous with the dorso- central of Salenta, and not a top stem-joint with its central canal obscured by a secondary calcareous deposit{]. My arguments have never been refuted ; but paleontologists have nevertheless continued to speak of the centro-dorsal of Mar- * “On some Points in the Morphology and Classification of the Saleniidee, Agassiz,” Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, ser. 5, vol. xix. pp. 119, 121, + Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod]. 1888, vol. xvii. p. 38. { ‘Die Stimme des Thierreichs,’ Wien, 1889, Bd. i. p. 493. § “The Early Stages in the Development of Antedon rosacea,’ Report of the Fifty-seventh Meeting of the British Association, held at Man- chester, 1887: London, 1888, p. 735. Also Proc. Roy. Soc. 1887-88, vol, xliii. p. 299. || Op. eet. p. 498. §] Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. 1878, vol. xviii. pp. 380, 381. Anatomical Nomenclature of Echinoderms. 5 supites, as if its homology were quite undoubted ; and it is not surprising therefore that its coexistence with undevr-basals in that type should have driven Neumayr to the conclusion that something was wrong. Salenda has a dorsocentral only. Marsupites has a dorsocentral and under-basals. The An- tedon-larva has a dorsocentral at the bottom of the stem, a centro-dorsal at the top, and under-basals resting upon it. If these facts be carefully borne in mind, much that has seemed so obscure both to Neumayr and to his predecessors receives its proper explanation. 3. Basals and Under-basals. The nomenclature of the plates forming the dicyclic base in many Crinoids isstill somewhat wanting in uniformity and pre- cision. ‘Twelve years ago* [ pointed out that the so-called parabasals of the dicyclic Crinoids are the real homologues of the basals in the monocyclic forms, the lower ring of plates in the dicyclic Crinoids being an additional element in the calyx. I proposed to call the latter ‘ under-basals,” retaining the name ‘‘ basals ” for the plates immediately below the radials, both in the dicyclicandin the monocyclicforms. Every scientific paleontologist + now admits that the latter plates are homo- logous throughout the whole series of Crinoids, and the pro- posed change in the nomenclature has been adopted by the leading writers on Crinoids in this country, Australia, Canada, the United States, France, and Switzerland, and also by Ludwig, the chief German writer on Echinoderms. Zittel f, however, while accepting both the homology and the term under-basals, or, as he put it, ‘infrabasals,” believed that the use of the name basals for the upper plates of the dicyclic base would lead to confusion ; and so he retained for them the Miillerian name parabasals, thus giving two different names * Thid. pp. 866, 367. + Walther, writing in 1886, homologized the infrabasals of Dicyclica with the basals of Monocyclca (“ Untersuchungen tiber den Bau der Crinoiden,”’ Paleeontographica, 1886, Bd. xxxii. p. 189). His conclusions, however, were largely based upon questions of transcendental morphology which were suggested by his study of the Pentacrinoid larva of Antedon, Among them are his remarkable identification of the five primary ten- tacles of the larva with the clavicular pieces on the radial axillaries of the adult, which has already been noticed in this Journal (ser. 5, vel. xix, p. 88) ; and as Bury has demonstrated the presence of under-basals in the larva, which were overlooked by Walther, as by all his predecessors, Walther’s views respecting the homologies of the basals of the adult Antedon and other apparently monocyclic forms are no longer tenable, as he will no doubt admit when he next writes upon the subject. ¢ ‘Handbuch der Palwontologie,’ Bd. i. pp. 327, 828. 6 Dr. P. H. Carpenter on the to one and the same set of plates, a method which, as it seems to me, is still more likely to confuse the student. The German paleontologists have naturally followed Zittel, and continue to speak of the dicyclic base as composed of para- basals and infrabasals, a course which will not be made easier by some recent discoveries. Thus, for example, de Loriol has found infrabasals in two species of Millericrinus *, and the plates above them, hitherto called basals, must now be known as parabasals in these two species, though retaining the simpler name in all the remaining species of the genus. This will be an endless source of confusion, and another is afforded by Zittel’s own description of the calyx of Penta- crinus. He states that it contains five basals, but adds that five infrabasals are sometimes present. According to his terminology, however, the species possessing them } should have no basals, but parabasals; but he gives no hint of this. Then, again, Bury has recently demonstrated the presence of infrabasals in Antedon rosacea; so that in Zittel’s termin- ology the plates hitherto called basals in this type must now be known as parabasals, though their homologues in the apparently monocyclic fossil Comatule will retain their old name. In these three genera therefore—Muillericrinus, Penta- erinus (in the widest sense), and Antedon—some species are known to be dicyclic, while others are not, though the latter are in all probability only pseudomonocyclic, to use the con- venient term proposed by Bather f. But in Zittel’s termin- ology the generic diagnosis will have to run somewhat as follows: —‘ Calyx composed of radials and basals, or of radials, parabasals, and infrabasals.’”” Would it not be infinitely simpler and less confusing to say ‘‘ Calyx composed of radials and basals, sometimes with the addition of infrabasals”’ ? If this be admitted, it is clear that the same principle may be extended to definitions of families and larger groups, and the misleading term parabasals will then have to be finally abandoned. The term ‘“subradials’’? was proposed in 1854 by de Koninck and Le Hon instead of parabasals, and was generally adopted by the leading American paleontologists, e. g. Hall, Billings, Meek and Worthen, and Whitfield. As long as the homology of the plates so named with the basals of monocyclic Crinoids remained unrecognized, this name was in “ ‘Paléontologie Frangaise,’ Terrain Jurassique, tome xi. pt. i. pp. 553, De + These species are now referred to Evtracrinus. { “British Fossil Crinoids,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, ser. 6, vol, v. p. 316, Anatomical Nomenclature of Echinoderms. *( many respects preferable to parabasals. But it was demon- strated in 1878 that the parabasals or subradials of dicyclic Crinoids are the real basal plates, and that the plates hitherto called by that name are an additional element in the calyx, for which the name under-basals was proposed. Messrs. Wachsmuth and Springer adopted this change in Part I. of their ‘ Revision of the Paleocrinoidea,’ which appeared in the following year, and their example has been followed by five writers on Crinoids in the United States, including the late Professor Worthen himself, and two in Canada. With the exception of the late Professor Quenstedt all the continental paleontologists * who have written on Crinoids in general during the last decade have abandoned the use of the term basals for the lower ring of plates in the dicycliec base in favour of under-basals or infrabasals; so that it has really seemed as if the rational system of nomenclature was coming into general use. In America, however, 8S. A. Miller has steadily declined to adopt it, and he has continued to use the purely empirical terminology of de Koninck. His reasons for this course were stated as follows in 1883 :—‘ Most American authors, and I might say all, until quite recently, have called the plates, in the first ring above the column, the basals, and when the second exists they have called them subradials. Certainly no names can be easier or more ex- pressive. . . . The policy of changing the nomenclature may well be doubted, and ought not to be entered upon without the clearest conviction, that, by so doing, error of some kind is being eradicated’ {. In reply to this it was pointed outt that the change had been proposed expressly to avoid the error of giving the same name “ basals”” to parts which are not homologous in monocyclic and in dicyclic Crinoids respec- tively. This argument does not seem to have produced any impression upon Miller; for in the useful Catalogue of North American Paleozoic fossils which he has recently published he still uses the term basals for the lowest plates of the dicyclic calyx. The confusion into which he is thus led * Dalmer, Fritsch, and Wagner describe the dicyclic base of Enerinus as composed of inner and outer basals, Neumayr used the same termin- ology for dicyclic Crinoids generally, with the collective names basis and infrabasis; but he took especial care to point out that the former and not the latter is homologous with the basis of monocyclic Crinoids. _ + “Glyptocrinus redefined and restricted, Gawroerinus, Pycnocrinus, and Compsocrinus established, and two new Species described,’ Journ, Cincinn. Soc. Nat. Hist, 1883, vol. vi. p. 218. t “On anew Crinoid from the Southern Sea,” Phil. Trans. 1383, p. 932. Dr. P. H. 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