sett) 2 f $3? bbepg rt it Ge) debe hate 3H fit ier rn iy Ps) a i Sabie rt +: ts nine ee ‘ it 4 Shab G abalal hag: iE aeeensiy Atay ripe sity nt Ou ¥ uaa » t rT ere mre: State ais Chi ys - bis) iy ine ee ine beast i} apres aeqale 8 yadtae Head M4 wey sibes a p ese! aed see ouside aire) tae t * je . aoe yibat ah brief mt rear tis } ine vi fuss shaver’ é “i eee +e ves ater gi itt tiers aren jeotaye ee re corer rey ee hea q Way i hi esate eee , Site teeth. : 7 ee to ee ri aioe ¥ ot es 7 She tei ae Pag i ae aes j i : : ah © THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GHOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF TILE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITIL LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTII’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL II[STORY.’) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, sun., F.LS. — — — — eee VOL. IL.—SEVEN'TH pen LONDON: “>-— PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD.; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1898, “Omnes res create sunt divine sapientix et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu donitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapzentia Domini ; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sestimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Liyyxus. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut quwouvrir les yeux pour voir quelle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.””—Bruckner, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 1767. orem oe eed op lity de ayy ayer xed Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Tayton, Norwich, 1818, ALERE J rLAMMAM. te mas -" -, a oe { & a wT < CONTENTS OF VOL, IT: [SEVENTH SERIES. ] NUMBER VII. Page I. On the Nomenclature and Distribution of some of the Rodents of South Africa, with Descriptions of new Species; By W. E. eT) os WWE UNGR ONG Meise cate apt ce satoehca rer oreke ie voitbee te Rese ats TEE GOD ED 1 11. On some West-African Squirrels, with a Description of a new Species and proposed Alteration in the Arrangement of the Groups. By NN sD Vy TUN «icc Rewer s siainety sae aiye ciel Rivets aichy cD HI. On the Butterflies of the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. By ATR Gj purcEn eh YE US 5 FOZ Sec MCs ocile cdide ast e sks 13 1V. Some new Coccide, By T. D. A. CockErEeLy, Entomologist of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station .......... basta V. On the Dissociation of the Egg into a Large Number of Distinct Individuals, and the Cycle cf Development in Encyrtus fuscicullis (Hymenopteron). By Paut MarcHaL,............, ov oe V1. Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies of the Genus Precis, Doubl..; By. Gus: K. Manswanr OZ). sons ose a. ahah abr. 30 VII. Descriptions of new Longicorn Coleoptera from East Africa. By C. J. Ganan, M.A,, of the British Museum (Natural History)... 40 VIL. The Australian Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. By Re BOCOCKs a0 eee Bc Aicenbicient bee Coco SRI B biter aint tds arte 59 LX. Notes on Paleozoic Fishes.—No, UW. By R. 0. Traqvat, NED), Tal De PS. SD ate Ta) ci iat Ss see ert RAIDER BF €7 X. Descriptions of new Species of Buttertlies from South America. By H. Grose frm BA yh BS PLAS Res. ved. Uae ies eaten © Tas XJ. Description of a new Genus of Aglyphous Colubrine Snakes from, pamaiza. By GA, Botnengen, FURS, oc... ace c er cesens 73 lv CONTENTS. Page XII. Description of a new Death-Adder (Acanthophis) from __ Central Australia. By G. A. Bourencer, F.RS. .......-..--.. 75 New Book :—A Classified Catalogue, with Localities, of the Land- Shells of America, North of Mexico. By H. A. Prtspry .... 75 Observations on Scarabeide of the Genus Oniticellus, by Chas. O. Waterhouse ; Dates of Blainville’s ‘Ostéographie,’ by C. Davies Ste oe eS ee ee ne pee ye ye ee eer 75, 76 NUMBER VIII. XIII. Further new Parasitic Copepods found on Fish in the Indo-tropical Region. By P. W. Bassrtr-Smiru, Staff-Surgeon RN. FZS,FRMS, (PlatesIIL-VL)....................:. 77 XIV. ‘The Species of Scorpions of the Genus Broteas. By R. I. POOOUR Ses «ns <= 0p onc carne eens One ne BRR ead ae ee 98 XV. Notes trom the Gatty Marine Laboatory, St. Andrews.— No. XIX. By Prof. M‘Intosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (Plate [1.).. 103 XVI. The Sarcostyles of the Plumularide. By C.C. Nurrine.. 118 XVI. Description of a new Bat from Lower California. By eee, Miraae, Je, concn chee as eae antec ee 124 XVII. Descriptions of Nine new Species of Terrestrial and Fiuviatile Mollusca from South Africa. By James Cosmo MEL- vitt, M.A., F.LS8., and Joun HENry Ponsonsy, F.ZS. (Pinte VIL). ..o/nc Bese CeEW EE ese de ad chek ee Pe oe ee 125 J - XIX. On a Second Collection of Reptiles made by Mr. E. Lort- Phillips in Somaliland. By G. A. BouLEnGEr, F.RS. .......... 130 XX. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from the Coast of Sind. By G. A. Bovu.encer, F_RS. Se ee Cee ae ee 133 XXI. Descriptions of new Species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. By ea ee eee, Aer errr s Are oe ee. , «184 XXII. Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Ship ‘ Investigator,’ Commander T. H. Heming, R.N., con.manding. —Series I, No. 25. A Note on the Deep-sea Fishes, with Deserip- tions of some new Genera and Species, including another probably Viviparous Ophidioid. By A. Axcock, Surgeon-Major I.M.S\, Superintendent of the Indian Museum .....................06, 136 XXIII. On new Species of Histeride and Notices of others. By ae eee me MN ate) ao , 156 XXIV. Report on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature to be submitted to the Fourth International Z ological Congress at Cam- bridge by the Iuternational Committee for Zoological Nomenclature. 181 CONTENTS. Vv New Beok :—Rhopalocera Exotica: being Illustrations of New, Rare, a:d Unfigured Species of Butterflies. By H. Grosr- Saree and: Wy Hs Mier PE, SoA, a sien a occ o> aleve sta as 194 Proceedings of the Geological Society ........ iv. aclessshaye els wa #6 195 The Generic Name Thylacomys, by Edgar R. Waite ............ 196 NUMBER IX. XXY. The Arachnida from the Province of Natal, South Africa, contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By R. I. ie DE TE WEREONS fee ola as, Gees eras. oo s:arars Glatt toeeenae is oiavalchare ia, eres 5 oe DESO Drea 484 LXI. Notes cn some Type Specimens of Cretaceous Fishes from Mount Lebanon in the Geneva Museum, By A. Surra Woop- Sei i DPA RRR an ag Pe NOR Yaar Rt oR ee an . 485 New Book :—The Farmer and the Birds. By Epira Carrinaton. With Preface by Canon TrIsTRAM, F.R.S... 2.2... cece ee 489) On the Dates of Jacob Hiibner’s ‘Sammlung europaischer Schmetter- linge, Part I. by C. Davies Sherborn, Part II. by Jno, Hartley Wieneanii ss < eve oe rk 8 ee eoree Ses cone cs Sar apt 491 MOE space es SN eave ARTI RIES A cicMes ane ce’s: spine a? are» ak ons Sabole se 6 a eS PLATES IN VOL. II. PiatE I, Paleozoic Fishes. II. Species of Clione, Bipinuaria, Lepidonotus, and Sigalion, EM: DV: av, VL. VII. New Mollusks, VIII. New Arachnida from Natal. IX, New Earthworms, X. | XI.» New Parasitic Copepods. xi. XIU, Arachnida from the Regions of Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika, New Parasitic Copepods. THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [SEVENTH SERIES.] SO CA CO ECOUOE per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”’ N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Ecl, 1, Nos7; JULY 1898; I.—On the Nomenclature and Distribution of some of the Rodents of South Africa, with Descriptions of new Species. By W. E. bE Winton. SIncE the days of Dr. Andrew Smith, until within the last year or two no one has paid much attention to collecting the smaller mammals of South Africa, and while birds and insects have always been flowing in to the home museums, there have only been received one or two chance specimens of mammals. The result is that several of the animals described by the old writers are very imperfectly known, and great confusion is caused by the want of fresh specimens, most of the original types having been stuffed, the skulls spoiled, and the fur faded. Thanks to Mr. ffolliott Darling and Mr. F. C. Selous we know something of the fauna of Rhodesia (see P. Z. S. 1896, pp- 798-808, for description of the rodents sent home by these two collectors), but there is still much to be learned; and now I have pleasure in bringing forward fresh evidence of an awakening within the older settled districts to the realization of the wants of the home workers. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. 11. i! 2 Mr. W. E. de Winton on The British Museum has lately received valuable additions to the collections of small mammals from the south of Cape Colony through the exertions of Dr. Schénland, Curator of the Grahamstown Museum, and presented by that institution, and from Mr, A. Stenning, Curator of the Fish Hatchery, King William’s Town; from the Transvaal through Mr. H. P. Thomasset and Dr. Percy Rendall, who have taken much trouble in obtaining specimens; from the neighbourhood of Kimberley by the help of Mr. A. Wolf Curry ; and from Namaqualand by Dr. R. Broom. Thanks are due to these gentlemen, who, while busily engaged in their professions, have devoted time and money to the furtherance of science ; and I think it only requires to be known how behindhand our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of South Africa is, to induce others to assist in collecting and taking notes on the habits of the small mammals of the country. I would impress on those who wish to help, that no animal is too common, for so little is known as to the distribution of any of the species, and almost nothing of their habits. Specimens are therefore required of all species occurring in different districts. Instructions for collecting and small requisites for proper preservation may be obtained by communicating with the writer at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. With the assistance of the collections above mentioned some light has been thrown on one or two doubtful points as to the validity of several species of rodents, and it is hoped before long to clear up further questions in regard to other orders of the Mammalia. GRAPHIURUS, F. Cuv. (Mamm. pl. ccliv., 1829.) Both Mr. Oldfield Thomas and myself, following the course taken by other writers when describing closely allied forms, have reterred specimens of the smaller dormice of Africa to the genus Eliomys. On looking more closely into the matter, it has been found that all the members of the family Myoxide found within the Ethiopian Region belong to the genus Graphiurus and that /liomys is confined to the Pala- arctic Region. Besides the outward form there are many cranial characters which distinguish these two genera; perhaps the most obvious is the difference in the shape of the infra- orbital foramina. South-African Rodents. 3 Graphiurus ocularts, Smith. Sciurus ocularis, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. (Jan.—May), 1829, p. 439. Graphiurus capensis, F. Cuy, Mamm. live. Ix. fig. 254 (Sept.) (1829). “ Autre Loir,” F. Cuv. Dict. Sc. Nat. xxvii. p. 124 (1823). Myoxus Cattoirii, Fisch. Synops. Mamm. p. 310 (1829). Graphiurus typicus, Smith, 8S. A. Q. Journ, 1834, p. 145. Graphiurus elegans, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 5 (juv. ) Graphiurus capensis, Smith, Il, Zool. S. A. , Mamm. pl. xxxix. (1843). Graphiurus capensis auct. The above being the synonymy of this animal, it will be seen that Smith’s specific name must be allowed priority ; this author in his later publications, however, conformed to the specific name given by Cuvier—who had made a new genus for the reception of this species—only because it was the fashion at that date to affix a fresh specific name to any species when transferred to a different genus from that in which it had been placed by the original describer. Hab. Extreme south of Cape Colony. Specimens of this animal are much needed, it being ex- tremely rare in collections. M. Lataste has divided the genus Gerbillus into well- marked subgenera (‘Le Naturaliste,’ 1882, p. 126), a most convenient mode of at once showing the form of the feet, tail, and molar teeth; this code has generally been followed by recent writers, the subgeneric name being placed in brackets, and this method is used below. Gerbillus (Gerbillus) peba, Smith. Gerbillus peba, Smith, Rep. Exped. Int. 8. Afr., App. p. 43 (1836). ? Meriones caffer, Licht. Verzeichn. Auct. Siidafr. Nat. Berlin, 1839 (5th Oct.), nomen nudum. ? Meriones binotatus, id. ibid., nom. nud. ? Meriones rufescens, id. ibid., nom. nud. Gerbillus tenuis, Smith, Ill. S. Afr. pl. xxxvi. fig. 2 (1842). ? Meriones caffer, Wagn. Arch. fiir Naturg. 1842, p. 18. Dr. Andrew Smith always thought himself justified in changing a name he had himself given if another more appro- priate one suggested itself. The typeof G. pebaand G. tenuis being one and the same specimen, the first name must of course stand for this species. Hab. Transvaal and Namaqualand. Gerbillus (Tatera) afer, Gray. Mus sericeus, Temm. MSS. v. Sp. Mus. Leyd., nom. nud. Gerbillus afra, Gray, Spicil, Zool. x. (1828). 1* 4 Mr. W. E. de Winton on Meriones Schlegelii, Smuts, Enum. Mamm. Cap. p. 41, pl. xliii. figs. 1-6 (1832). Gerbillus africanus, F. Cuv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 1836, p. 143, pl. xxvi. fies. 5, 9. Gerbillus afer, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Mamm. pl. xxxv. (1842). ? Gerbillus tenuis, vay. Schinzi, Noack, Zool. Jahrb. iv. 1889, p. 134. This species has a very wide range, forms which so far seem specifically inseparable from the Cape specimens occurring in Mashunaland and Nyasaland. Gerbillus (Tatera) Brantsi, Smith. Gerbillus Brantsti, Smith, Rep. Exped. Int. 8. Afr., App. p. 43 (1836). Gerbillus montanus, Smith, Il. Zool. 8. Afr., Mamm. pl. xxxvi. fig. 1 (1842). Meriones (Rhombomys) maccalinus, Sundeval, GEfvers, Vet.-Ak. Stockh. 1846, p. 120. The Museum is indebted to Mr. Thomasset for a fine series of this Gerbil, clearly proving it to be distinct from G. afer; the species is well figured and described by Smith (Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Mamm. pl. xxxvi.). Hab. ‘Transvaal. Gerbillus (Tatera) Lobengula, sp. n. In size and proportions this Gerbil closely resembles G. afer. The colour of the dorsal region is pale fawn, very finely grizzled with dull black; on the sides there is no grizzling and the colour pure fawn; an abrupt line divides the colour of the upper parts from the lower, which are all pure white. The colour of this animal is very constant, and so differs from G. afer and G. leucogaster, in both of which the general colour is more rufous or chestnut and the grizzling coarser, The skull differs from its allies chiefly in having a narrower facial portion, being very narrow across the nasals and maxillee between the infraorbital foramina. The first upper molars are very persistently cuspidate, the second lobe being divided into a pair of cusps—outer and inner—in fairly adult specimens; and even when the tooth is worn, so that only the separated transverse lamine appear, this second lobe is pinched together in the middle line, and the mesial bridge, showing the full laminated pattern ot the tooth, does not appear until even later than in G@. afer. Type (3), British Museum, no. 97. 1.4.11. Collector’s no. 3l. Sth Oct., 1895. Essex Vale, Matabeleland. Head and body 134 millim.; tail 160; hind foot 34; ear 45. South-African Rodents. 5 Skull: greatest length 40; breadth 21°5; nasals, length 16, greatest breadth 4. This specimen, with others, was collected by Mr. F. C. Selous, and was referred to G. leucogaster with doubt by the writer (P. Z. S. 1896, p. 807) ; but further comparison with younger specimens of G. afer and G. leucogaster allow of no doubt as to their distinctness, my conclusions being based on six skins and seven skulls of this species and a large number of its nearest allies. Gerbillus (Pachyuromys) auricularis, Smith. Gerbillus auricularis, Smith, 8. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. 1834, p. 160. Gerbillus brevicaudatus, F. Cuy. Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 1836, p. 144, pl. xxvi. figs. 10-15. This curious Gerbil, with its short thick tail, is very diffe- rent from any South-African member of the genus ; it inhabits dry sandy districts, especially parts of Namaqualand; but several specimens have lately been received from Mr, A. Wolf Curry, taken in the neighbourhood of Kimberley—the only other member of the subgenus (G@. Dupras?) being found in the Algerian Sahara. Otomys, F. Cuv. Otumys, F, Cuvy, Dents des Mamm. p. 168, pl. lx. (1825) (mec A. Smith). Euryotis, Brants, Muizen, p. 93 (1827). Otomys trroratus, Brants. Mus irroratus, Licht. MS., nom. nud. Euryotis trrorata, Brants, Muizen, p. 94, pl. (1827). Otomys bisulcatus, Cuv. & Geoff. Mamm. livr. Ix. fig. 265 (1829). Euryotis typicus, Smith, 8. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. p. 149 (1834). Euryotis irroratus, Smith, Hl. Zool, 8. Afr. pls. xxii., xxv. fig. 1 (1840). Euryotis obscura, Licht. Verzeichn. Siiug. u. Vogeln Kafferlands, Berlin, p. 10 (1842). This species is widely distributed, frequenting wet or marshy places. Both upper and lower incisors are deeply grooved and the third upper molar has six enamel folds. Otomys unisulcatus, F. Cuv. Otomys unisulcatus, Cuv. & Geoff. Mamm, livr. Ix. fig, 264 (1829). Euryotis unisulcatus, Smith, 8. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii, 1834, p. 149; IIL. Zool. S. Afr., Mamm. pl. xxiii. (1840). Euryotis pallida, Wagner, Wiegm. Arch, 1841, p, 134. Otomys rufifrons, Riippell, Verzeichn. Mus. Senck. i. 1842, p. 28, nom. nud.; Wagner, Schreb. Saug., Supp. iii. p. 507 (1843). 6 Mr. W. E. de Winton on This species inhabits the southern and eastern districts of the colony, frequenting dry situations. In colour it is some- what paler than O. irroratus, but unless the teeth are ex- amined the two species may be easily confounded. While closely resembling OU. Brantsi in the pattern of its dentition, it is readily distinguished by its colour. A sure distinction, however, is found in the skull, as described under the next species, Otomys Brantsi, Smith. Euryotis Brantsii, Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii, 1834, p. 150; ILL. Zool. 8. Afr., Mamm. pl. xxiv. (1840). This species is particularly abundant in Namaqualand, inhabiting dry situations. The upper incisors only are grooved; the last upper molar has only four enamel folds. The skull may be readily distinguished from that of O. uni- sulcatus in having much larger auditory bulle; the basi- occipital and basisphenoid bones are exceedingly narrow and rounded, while in both the other species known to inhabit the Cape Colony these bones are flattened out considerably. Succostomus campestris, Peters. Three specimens of this species have been received, through the Grahamstown Museum, from Mrs. George White of Brak Kloof. The occurrence of this pouched mouse in the neighbourhood of Grahamstown has come as a great surprise, for hitherto the most southerly points from which any member of the genus had been recorded were Mashonaland, where the large dark grey form occurs, and Damaraland, where a pale sandy-coloured form is found *. From what Mr. Schonland tells me, this animal is generally confused with Jlystromys albicaudatus by South-African * In writing on some rodents from Angola (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, xx. p. 322) I referred some specimens of Saccostomus to S. mashone ; but while agreeing with that species in the size and proportion of the skull, so far as can be judged from the material at hand (consisting of three specimens of S. mashone aud five Damaraland skulls of different ages), the specimens from Damaraland and Angola differ so much in colour, being of a light somewhat sandy tint, even paler than S. cam- pestris, that I think it desirable to specify them under the name of S. Anderssoni; and I take as the type of this new species no. 69, 8. 11. 4 in the British Museum, collected by Mr. C. J. Andersson in Damaraland, this being, in fact, one of the specimens mentioned by Mr. Oldfield Thomas (P. Z. S. 1882, p. 266, pl. xiv.), the figure being drawn to illustrate a new species, but afterwards changed to S. campestris, as it was considered wiser not to distinguish the two foims with the material then in the Museum, South-African Rodents. 7 naturalists. I need scarcely say that while Saccostomus belongs to the subfamily Murine, being a short-tailed mouse with cheek-pouches, Mystromys belongs to the Cricetina, with only two longitudinal rows of cusps in the molars. This latter animal is of so much interest that I shall notice it separately. Mystromys albicaudatus, Smith. Otomys albicaudatus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. 1834, p. 63. Mystromys albipes, Wagn. Wiegm. Arch. 1841, p. 133. Euryotis lanuginosa, Licht. Verzeichn. Siug. u. Vogeln Kafferlands, p. 10, Berlin (1842). Malacothrix albicaudata, Wagn. Schreb. Siiug., Suppl. iii. p. 498 (1843). When Dr. Smith founded his genus Otomys he overlooked the fact that the name had already been applied by Cuvier to another group of mammals. The district of Albany was given as the locality from which the type specimen was obtained, and in his later writings this author gives Grahamstown as one of the localities in which he had himself met with it. Now I think it just possible that Dr. Smith confused this species, which he had no doubt obtained north of the Orange River, with Sacco- stomus campestris, a species which he did not recognize, and perhaps labelled such specimens Mystromys in the Cape ‘Town Museum, and in this way the confusion may have originated. Now that we have proof of Saccostomus occurring in the southern districts of the Colony, search should be made to find out whether Mystromys occurs there also. Besides the type, which presumably comes from Albany, the British Museum has only specimens of this animal from the Transvaal, received from Mr. Thomasset. Mystromys has very great interest to naturalists, being the sole representative of the subfamily Cricetinze found in thie Ethiopian Region; but what gives it still higher importance is that it appears to be the living representative of the fossil Cricetodon of the Upper Miocene deposits of Europe. In the absence of further paleontological evidence as to the period during which Mystromys has inhabited South Africa, it may be presumed that it reached that portion of the con- tinent only in comparatively recent times, otherwise, if the genus had existed there contemporaneously with the Kuropean fossil forms, we should expect to find it in Madagascar; but so far there is no evidence of its ever having existed in that region. Dr. Smith describes this species as frequenting dry sandy places where there are scattered bushes, and being easily 8 On South-African Rodents. taken at night with the aid of a lantern, to the light of which it is attracted, when it may be struck with a whip or taken in the hands. It might be mentioned that it is of the greatest importance that the skull is not damaged, so death should be caused by any other means than by a blow on the head. Malacothrix typicus, Smith. gH typicus, Smith (nec Cuvier), S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. 1834, . 148. Walaccthric typica, Wagn. Schreb. Siug., Suppl. iii. p. 498 (1848). This animal was made the type of his genus Otomys by Dr. Smith, a genus which consisted of this species and Otomys albicaudatus = Mystromys; as stated above, the generic name had already been used, which, under. the circumstances, may be considered rather fortunate. The genus Malacothrix is placed in the subfamily Dendro- myinz, and this species is the only representative of the genus. Specimens are extremely rare in museums. The British Museum is indebted to Mr. A. Wolf Curry for a fine series from Kimberley. Grorycuvs, Illig. (Prodr, Syst. Mamm. et Av. p. 87, 1811.) GEORYCHUS, subgen. GEoRYcHUS, Gray. (P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 123.) This division includes only G. capensis, in which the molars have deep infoldings of enamel on both outer and inner surfaces, the fourth tooth or third molar only appearing in extreme age. GEORYCHUS, subgen. Crypromys, Gray. Georychus, subgen. Cryptomys, Gray, t. c. p. 124. Georychus, subgen. Cetomys, id. t. ce. p. 125, Includes all the other members of the genus, in which the molars have only a vestige of an infolding of the enamel on the outer surface of the molars in extreme youth and none whatever even in early maturity, the fourth tooth or third molar appearing at a very early age. I consider that these two forms are fully worthy of sub- generic rank, though I do not follow all the divisions proposed by Gray. On West-African Squirrels. 9 II.—On some West-African Squirrels, with a Description of anew Species, and proposed Alteration in the Arrange- ment of the Groups. By W. HK. pe WINTON. A NUMBER of squirrels from the French Congo territory have lately been received at the British Museum. Of the so-called Pyrrhopus group, besides the typical form Funisciurus pyrrhopus, Cuv., from the Gaboon, there are examples of fF, auriculatus, Matschie, and four specimens of a squirrel— a description of which is given below—from the Benito River, in outward appearance closely resembling F’. anerythrus, Thos. The fact that these two squirrels are found in the same district is sufficient to prove that they are perfectly distinct species, and not geographical races or subspecies ; the same remark applies to Ff. anerythrus and fF, Hmini, which are found together in Monbuttu. The new species and F. anerythrus agree in proportions and general markings, in the want of bright colouring, and in having longer tails than any of their allies; but, as will be shown, the pattern of their molars is so different from one anotber, that they must be regarded as distinct species. F, auriculatus, on the other hand, has the shortest tail of the group, being very closely allied to F. erythrogenys, from Fernando Po, of which species it appears to be only a local form; and seeing that these two short-tailed forms with grey legs differ so much from #. pyrrhopus, which has bright red legs, besides different colouring throughout, and a longer tail, it is most misleading to lump them together; it will be found more convenient to keep them apart as distinct species. The new squirrel may be described as follows :— Funisciurus mystax, sp. n. The general arrangement of colours as in J. anerythrus, but the prevailing tone more brown than green and the face- markings, especially the moustache, more distinct; the legs washed with reddish brown; the side-stripes are so faint in some specimens as hardly to be distinguishable, and on the whole may be said to be less developed than in its near ally ; the underparts are strongly washed with rufous-cinnamon or apricot-colour, the throat paler, the scrotum of the male thickly clothed with grey fur. The form of the skull as in other members of the group. Measurements of the skull :— Greatest length 51°5 millim., greatest breadth 27; length 10 Mr. W. E. de Winton on of frontals 21°5; interorbital constriction 1271; length of nasals 14°5; greatest breadth of nasals 6; basal length 42 ; gnathion to back of palate 21:5; back of palate to foramen magnum 17°5; length of incisive foramina 4; diastema 12 ; upper molar series 9; outside molars 11; length of auditory bulla 10°5. Mandible: length (bone only) 28°5; back of incisors to coronoid 25°3, to condyle 28°5, to angle 25; greatest height 16; lower molar series 9. Type (¢), British Museum no. 98. 5. 4. 9. Teeth worn. Collector G. L. Bates, no. 315. Fang name “ Kwé.” Benito River, 15 miles from mouth, 6th Jan., 1898. Specimens of different ages and sexes killed from September to January do not vary in colour. The chief interest in this squirrel is due to the fact that the molars have a more complicated pattern than is found in any of its near allies. The accompanying figures will show the pattern of the molars of some of the group. Fig. 3 repre- sents R.™1 of F. mystax; it will be seen that there is an extra infolding of the enamel on the outer side; the central Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 1.—R. m1) of Funisciurus anerythrus. Fig. 2.—Ditto of F. pyrrhopus. Fig. 3.—Ditto of F. mystax. Fig. 4.—Ditto of F. Jacksoni. cusp is only rudimentary in the majority of the existing squirrels, but is found in Anomalurus and in some fossils which are not considered to belong to Sedurus, and it is not too much to say that had this tooth been found in a fossil state it would not have been referred to a true squirrel. Four specimens examined have teeth of precisely the same pattern ; and I think it will be interesting to palzontologists to have an accurate figure recording the occurrence in an existing species. Although the teeth of F. pyrrhopus and F, anerythrus have been figured before in Dr. Forsyth Major’s most valuable paper in the P.Z.S. 1893, pl. viii., L have thought it advisable to reproduce them in a similar manner to that of J. mystax West-African Squirrels. 11 for the sake of comparison ; it will be noticed that the tooth of F. anerythrus agrees with that of /. pyrrhopus, and not with that of /. mystax, which is the reverse of what might have been expected, seeing that these two forms agree so closely in external characters. It may be that this middle cusp is not so rare in existing species as is generally supposed ; at any rate, it is a curious fact that two squirrels which I have introduced to science— the present one and /. Jucksont from British East Africa— have this character developed to a remarkable degree. The latter species having far more cuspidate teeth the central cusp is only strongly developed on the outer border, but the extra fold of the enamel is well marked even in much-worn teeth, giving the teeth a much more complicated appearance than that found in any of its allies. A figure of the tooth of this squirrel is also given of approximately the same age (fig. 4), but owing to the strongly cuspidate nature of the tooth it is difficult to do it justice in this manner of drawing. The nature of the tooth will, however, be readily understood by comparing this figure, which is only intended to show the pattern, with the teeth of any of its allies or with the figure ot F. cepapt given by Dr. Major. The teeth of /. mystaz, on the contrary, with their evenly worn surface and clearly laminated pattern, are exactly suited to this form of illustra- tion. Both F. mystax and F. Jacksoni have undoubtedly very near allies in their respective groups, whose teeth show no sign of the middle cusp; thus it would seem that no great value can be attached to its presence or absence as a classi- fying character. ALTERATION IN THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE GROUPS. Additions to the squirrels of the Paraxerus group of Dr. Forsyth Major havecaused me to look into the characters of the species forming that subgenus. First I would mention S. Nordhofi, Duchaillu (?=S. calliurus, Peters). The skull of this squirrel has never been described ; in general form and in the pattern of the molars it closely resembles S. Stan- gert from Fernando Po, but the size of the infraorbital foramina is altogether unique among the Sciuride, the openings being 4:5 millimetres high by 3 broad, and so approaching in size within measurable distance those of Anomalurus. In connexion with the form of the infraorbital foramen, another squirrel in the same collection must be mentioned: this is $. Wilsont, Duchaillu. Dr. Jentink, in his Mono- 12 On West-African Squirrels. graph of the African Squirrels, places this name asa synonym of S. EHbiz, Temm.; certainly the two forms resemble one another very closely in outward appearance, but on comparing the skulls there are found so many slight differences, that I prefer to regard them as distinct species; but chiefly I wish to draw attention to the infraorbital foramina. In 8. Edit the foramen is formed on the same pattern and is of nearly the same size as that of S. Stangert, while in S. Wilsoni it is much smaller, having a prolonged outer wall, and therefore typically Sciurine. The differences in size of the opening of this foramen must not therefore be considered of too great importance, seeing that it only results from a cutting away of the outer wall and is found to be so variable in closely allied forms. The skulls of S. Hb¢d and 8. Wilson? differ greatly from those of S. Stangeri and 8. Nordhoffi, as also do the patterns of the molars; both in the length of the facial portion, the generally elongated skull, and in the more hypsodont molars the two former are much more Xerus-like. ‘hough the lower molars certainly are more Sciurine than those of the other members of the group in which I propose to place them, I see no reason to keep them separate, and I think they should be transferred to the subgenus Punisciurus = Paraxerus of Forsyth Major; while in the shortness of the facial portion, the generally broadened skull, and in the brachydont molars the two latter might very well be placed with the Rufo- brachiatus or true Sciurine group of African squirrels. It is proposed therefore that the subgenus Protoxerus be done away with and that its members be divided between the other two groups, 8. Stangert and S. Nordhoffi being trans- ferred to the Sciurine group Scturus, sec. a, Major, = Helio- sciurus, Trouessart, and S. Hbit, S. Wilsoni, and S. Aubinnii to the more Xerus-like group Funiscturus, Trouessart, = Paraxerus, Major, lately raised to the rank of a genus by O. Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 933). This seems to me the only place where a line can be drawn, and I believe in this manner the squirrels of Africa will be divided into two more workable groups than according to the former arrangement, for there appears to be quite as much relationship between Funisciurus Ebi, F. Aubinnit, and F. cepapt with its allies, as exists between the latter and F, pyrrhopus groups. Since Dr. Forsyth Major wrote his paper the collection of African squirrels in the British Museum has been very reatly increased, there being then no skulls of #. Welsoni or S. Nordhofft available, and the only skull of #. How having On the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 13 abnormally worn teeth. The squirrels of the cepap? group were also in an unsatisfactory state, the Hast-African forms being confused with cepap? proper, a slightly larger animal with even less hypsodont teeth; the tooth figured as be- longing to F. cepapt in Dr. Major’s paper belongs really to a squirrel from Kilimanjaro, probably 2. ganana, which is closely allied to Ff, Jacksoni. It is a curious and it might be said inconvenient fact, that in the pattern of their teeth and in the shape of the skull the harsher-furred squirrels approach Sezurus, while the softer-furred approach Xerus; with the exception of S. rufobrachiatus, the rule would almost hold good that the harsher the fur the nearer to Sccurus, the softer the fur the nearer to Xerus. II!.—On the Butterflies of the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. By Arruur G. Butter, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. In spite of adverse criticism, I have seen no reason to change my decision either as to the distinctness of Leptophobia or as to what should be regarded as typical Pieris. Strictly speaking, perhaps, Parnassius apollo should be regarded as the type of Pieris, Schrank ; Scudder, however, considers Ganoris rapa to be the type, regarding the closely related G. brassice as generically distinct. I have clearly proved that the trivial characters upon which these two nearly allied “‘ cabbage- butterflies ”” were separated are utterly unreliable, being inconstant in the extreme. If we were, on the other hand, to make Parnasstus apollo the type of Pieris, it would not only create hopeless confusion, but would necessitate giving a fresh name to the subfamily Pierine, a course not to be desired by any who keep in view the sole object of nomenclature. As before, therefore, I accept Boisduval’s definition of Pieris, taking P. amathonte (=P. demophile 2) as its type. In the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’ the genus Pieris is expanded to include Synchloe, Mylothris, Leptophobia, and Glutophrissa ; but personally I prefer to keep all groups having constant structural differences, whether of neuration or other details, as separate genera. As regards the state- ment that P. protodice (Synchloe) is sexually inconstant in neuration, I can only suggest that this state of things is indi- vidual and abnormal, inasmuch as nine out of our ten male examples show the apical furea in the primaries quite as 14 Dr. A. G. Butler on the Butterflies of clearly as in our six females. This, I do not for a moment doubt, the authors of the ‘ Biologia’ will frankly admit when they have again investigated the point. The following is a list of the species so far as they are known to me :— LEPTOPHOBIA, Butler. 1. Leptophobia eleone. Pieris eleone, Hewitson, in Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. vi. fig. 6 (1847). Pieris Smithit, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 357; Rhop. Exot. i. pl. i. figs. 38, 4 (1888). Venezuela, Bogota, Bolivia, Quito, Ecuador. B. M. P. Smithit is evidently a slight variation, differing only in the narrowness of the posterior portion of the outer border of the primaries; the width of this border varies a good deal in L. eleone. 2. Leptophobia eleusis. Pieris eleusis, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 331. Pieris suadella, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vy. p. 79 (1861). Venezuela. B. M. I think it very doubtful whether the following is distinct from this. 3. Leptophobia helena. Pieris helena, Lucas, Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 332. Quito. B. M. 4. Leptophobia aripa. Pieris aripa, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 528 (1836). Preris balidia, Boisduval, t. c. p. 529. Pieris elodia, Boisduval, /. e. Rio Janeiro, Bolivia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico. B. M. Our examples of LZ. balidia (from Rio Janeiro) have the under surface of the secondaries and apex of primaries more buff-coloured than Central-American examples; but the Bolivian example is somewhat intermediate. 5. Leptophobia pinara. Pieris pinara, Felder, Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p. 179 (1865). Bogota, Bolivia, and Ecuador. B. M. the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 1 6. Leptophobia erinna. Pieris erinna, Hopfter, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 335. Peru. B. M. 7. Leptophobia nephthis. Pieris nephthis, Hopffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 334. Bolivia and Ecuador. Coll. Hewitson. Nearly allied to the preceding species. 8. Leptophobia stamnata. Pieris stamnata, Lucas, Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 330. Pieris euthemia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. y. p. 80 (1861). Venezuela. B. M. 9. Leptophobia penthica. Leptalis? penthica, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl. i. p. 360, pl. xlv. figs. 11, 12 (1850). Bogota and Keuador, B. M. 10. Leptophobia subargentea, sp. n. g. Above very similar to the same sex of ZL. tenuicornis, but the base of primaries blacker, the white markings more cream-coloured, the large patch barely extending above the second median branch (so as to leave a much wider interval between it and the subapical bifid spot) ; secondaries much less blue, the inner bordering of the much larger creamy white patch being rather silver-grey. Primaries below with costa and fringe sulphur-yellow, apical area silver crossed by black veins ; white area rather more extended basally than above and pure white, subapical white spot slightly broader : secondaries silver, with black veins; basal lobe daffodil- yellow in front, saffron behind. Body normal. Expanse of wings 58 millim. Pucartambo, Peru (Wahitely). Type B. M. Evidently related to, but distinct from, the following. 11. Leptophobia semicesia. Pieris semicesia, elder, Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p. 176 (1865). Bogota. This species seems to approach L. penthica, but with no white on upper surface of secondaries ; the secondaries and apex of primaries below silvery rather than nacreous. The 16 Dr. A. G. Butler on the Butterflies of description almost agrees with L. philoma, but Felder speaks of the subapical fasciole as tripartite. 12. Leptophobia olympia. Pieris olympia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 80 (1861). E. Peru (registered Nauta). B. M. In the Hewitson collection a specimen, from Bolivia, stands under ZL. tovaria, from which species I think L. olympia very doubtfully distinct; it was described from a Venezuelan example. 13. Leptophobia tovaria. Pieris tovaria, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 80 (1861). ?, Bogota. B. M. 14. Leptophobia subflavescens. Pieris subflavescens, Kirby, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix, p. 362 (1887). New Grenada. Near to LZ. tovarta; almost the same on upper surface. 15. Leptophobia philoma. Pieris philoma, Hewitson, Equat. Lep. p. 79 (1870). Ecuador. Type coll. Hewitson. Should this prove to be Felder’s L. semicesia it will have to sink; but it is possible that the species of Bogota may prove distinct. 16. Leptophobia cesia, Pieris cesia, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 299; Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii., Pier. pl. vi. figs. 43, 44 (1861). Quito and Ecuador. Coll. Hewitson and B. M. 17. Leptophobia tenuicornis. Leptophobia tenuicornis, Butler and Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 110 (1872) ; Lep. Exot. p. 116, pl. xliii. fig. 4 (1872). Pieris tenuicornis, Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am., Lep. Rhop. vol. ii. p. 137, pl. Ixii. figs. 8-11 (1889). Colombia, Chiriqui, Costa Rica. B, M. 18. Leptophobia cinerea, Pieris cinerea, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 563 (1867). Pieris menthe, Hopffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 335. Ecuador, Coll. Hewitson and B. M. the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 7 Pieris, Boisduval. This genus separates into several natural groups, the first being the P. demophile group, in which the females vaguely remind one of Ithomiine (such as Sais) ; the second is the P. viardi group, the females of which are often more like Tithorea, the under surface of the secondaries often richly coloured in both sexes; the third is represented by P. phileta (P. monuste auct. plur., nec Linn.) and its varieties, some- what short-winged elenois-like butterflies ; the fourth and last is represented by the P. bunie group, and unites charac- teristics of Catopsilia and G'anoris, all the males exhibiting well-developed patches and streaks of thickened scaling on the wings, but combined with the long slender antenne and style of neuration of the later types of the Pierinz. Section 1. 1. Pieris demophile. 2. Papilio demophile, Clerck, Icones, pl. xxviii. fig. 4 (1764). Papilio molphea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. il. pl. exvi. C (1779). 3. Papilio amathonte, Cramer, l.c. A, B. Pernambuco, St. Paulo, Tapajos. B. M. 2. Pieris calydonia. Pieris calydonia, Boisduyal, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 489 (1836). Venezuela, Panama, Nicaragua. B. M. This species varies a good deal in the width of the black- brown borders, our Venezuelan examples having considerably broader borders than those from Panama and Nicaragua. 3. Pieris leptalina. Preris leptalina, Bates, Journ. Entom. i. p. 236 (1861). Pieris pisonis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii., Pier. pl. vi. figs. 40, 41. K. Peru (registered “ Nauta”). B. M. 4. Pieris kigaha. Pieris kigaha, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii. p. 349 (1863). Pieris notistriga, Butler and Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 111 (1872). Rio Dagua, Colombia. B. M. © 5. Pieris marana. Pieris marana, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv. p. 421 (1844) ; Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii., Pier. pl. vi. fig. 42 (1861). West Indies ?, Panama, Chimborazo. ‘Type B. M. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. i. 2 18 Dr. A. G. Butler on the Butterflies of Doubleday’s type was clearly collected either in the West Indies or on the coast of Central America (as evidenced by all the species from the same collection). 6. Pieris pandosia. Pieris pandosia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i, Pier. pl. ii. fig. 14 (18653), ii., Lier. pl. vi. fig. 89 (1861). Venezuela. B. M. The type is in the Hewitson collection. 7. Pieris pylotis. Pierts pylotis, Godart, Enc, Méth. ix. p. 158 (1819). Brazil. B. M. he black spot on the primaries gives this species a some- what aberrant aspect, but I think it is best located here. Section 2. 8. Pieris viardi. 9. Pieris viardi, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 489 (1836). 3. Pieris habra, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 22 (1846) ; Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. vi. fig. 1 (1847). &, Honduras (Doubleday’s type). B. M. In the Hewitson collection both sexes of this species stand together. 9. Pierts laogore. Pieris laogore, Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Am., Rhop. ii. p. 184 (1889). Mexico. Differs from the preceding in the whole of the yellow markings in both sexes being replaced by orange. 10. Pieris tithoretdes, sp. n. &. Above much like P. locusta, but usually with one or two extra white spots in the border and with the narrow part of the border, at the posterior angle of the primaries, better defined: on the under surface the differences are better marked, the border of the primaries being produced inwards upon the first and second median branches as in P. locusta, but not so imperfectly, the greyish diffusion of that part of the border in P. /ocusta being filled in in the present species : in the secondaries the red, orange, and yellow markings are the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 19 all less vivid and there is a broad pale belt across the wing which includes the greater part of the discoidal cell, so that the lower ramus of the dark discoidal furca is clearly seen to be bordered on both sides with chrome-yellow; the submarginal yellow spots are rather more elongated than in P. locusta. Hixpanse of wings 67 millim. 9. Curiously resembles Tvthorea Pavonit. Above black: the primaries with a broad sulphur-yellow patch, paler externally, commencing just above the base of the median vein and divided by this vein and its first branch, at the middle of which branch it terminates ; below this a diffused yellow streak traversed by the submedian vein; a slightly irregular pearly white oblique macular band beyond the cell from costa nearly to outer margin, its inner edge angulated at subcostal vein, its last inferior spot small and well divided from the remaining divisions; two spots placed subapically, the upper one bifid; a larger spot near posterior angle: secondaries with brown costal area, below which is a broad sulphur-yellow belt, whitish at each extremity, from abdo- minal margin to second subcostal branch, above which are a few yellow scales ; this belt is deeply incised upon the veins, but especially upon what would now be called the “ upper” radial ; a submarginal series of white spots. On the under surface the primaries are nearly as above, excepting that there is a pale patch at apex tinted with grey-brownish and yellow, and partly enclosing the bifid subapical spot ; below this and near outer border are three bifid yellow spots, the last being the terminal spot of the postmedian stripe: the secondaries nearly resemble those of the male, but are altogether more vivid in colouring, the broad belt crossing the cell being mostly white and the streak bordering the discoidal <-shaped character (false vein) bright cadmium-yellow. Expanse of wings 71 millim. Male and female, Ecuador; two males and one female, Quito: coll. Hewitson. ' ‘Two males, Chimborazo; female, Keuador: B. M. The types are in the Hewitson series. 11. Preris mandela. Pieris mandela, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. y. p. 80 (1861). Venezuela. B. M. Both sexes are in the Hewitson collection unlabelled with locality. 20 Dr. A. G. Butler on the Butterflies of 12. Pieris apicalis, sp. n. gd. Allied to P. mandela, but usually considerably larger, the apical border on the primaries with more oblique inner edge, its inferior continuation on outer border distinctly narrower, the upper subapical white spot larger; secondaries with the posterior half of the outer border decidedly broader : primaries below with the apical patch and border still more reduced, only one whiter submarginal spot (or at most two) ; secondaries with decidedly whiter, mostly white, irregular central belt. Expanse of wings 70-79 millim. @. Not unlike the female of P. mandela, but much larger, the secondaries above with the whole base almost to the end of the cell suffused with greyish brown: the primaries on under surface not sulphur-tinted at base and the secondaries more pink in tint, the brown portions more coffee-coloured, the submarginal spots larger. Expanse of wings 74 millim. T'wo males, Quito and Upper Amazons: in coll. Hewitson. Male, Bogota; female, E. Peru: B. M. The type of the male is from Quito, that of the female from E. Peru (registered “ Nauta”) *. Hewitson referred one male of this species to P. mandela and the other to P. locusta, being guided solely by expanse of wings. 13. Pieris locusta. Pieris locusta, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 81 (1861); Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p. 175, pl. xxv. figs. 8, 9 (1865). Two males, one female, Bogota. B. M. The female is a good deal like P. noctipennis, the chief difference being that the secondaries show a greyish nebulous subcostal belt, barely visible until beyond the discoidal cell, and two sharply defined, apical, submarginal, creamy-white spots. Looking at the illustrations of both sexes in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ I must admit that I greatly doubt the specific distinctness of the two forms. 14. Pieris noctipennis. Q. Pieris noctipennis, Butler and Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 111 (1872) ; Lep. Exot. p. 118, pl. xliii. fig. 7 (1872). 9, Nicaragua. In coll. Hewitson. The male is represented in the ‘ Biologia’ with rather more * TI have frequently called attention to the fact that the specimens thus registered are all believed to have been collected in E. Peru. the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 21 submarginal spots and a paler central belt across the under surface of the secondaries than exist in P. locusta from Bogota; the female also, from which the figure is taken, and that in the Hewitson collection both have the white area on the primaries somewhat yellower than in that sex of P. locusts or than in my type. I am afraid that none of these slight differences will prove to be even locally constant, but in the absence of positive proof I temporarily retain the two forms as possibly separate. Section 3. 15. Pieris phileta. Q. Pieris phileta, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 471 (1775). Mancipium monuste, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. i. pl. exxxiv. figs. 1-4. Mylothris hippomonuste, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816). Pieris orseis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 141 (1819). Pieris virginia, Godart, J. ¢. Pieris eubotea, Godart, t. c. p. 144 (1819). Pieris feronia, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. i. p. 149 (1828). pe aan Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett., Zutr. figs. 693, 694 Se ears Boisduval and Leconte, Lép. Am. Sept. p. 43, pl. xvi. 3). Paris pies 8 Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 493 (1836). Pieris vallet, Boisduval, t. c. p. 494 (1836). Pieris joppe, Boisduval, ¢. c. p. 495 (1836). Pieris suasa, Boisduval, t. e. p. 549 (1856). Papilio albusta, Sepp, Surin, Vlind. iii. pl. exli. (1855). Pieris automate, Burmeister, Descr. Rep. Arg. vy. p. 85, pl. iv. fig. 11 (1878). Southern States of N. America, the West Indies, Central America, and a great part of the Southern continent. With so wide a range it is naturally extremely variable, a perfect series of gradations existing between typical P. phileta and the feebly bordered P. automate; these variations may be somewhat arbitrarily divided into seven grades, none of them apparently being confined to any particular region. The species has hitherto stood in collections as P. monuste of Linnzeus, with which some of the older authors were the first to confound it; but the description in the ‘Museum Ludovic Ulric ’ cannot refer to this butterfly, inasmuch as, in the first place, no mention is made of the dentated character of the inner edge of the outer border of primaries, but, on the contrary, that of the secondaries is specially described as “denticulato-fuscus’’; in the second place, no mention is made of the elongate subapical white spots on the primaries ; and, lastly, the wings below are said to be concolorous, ex- 22 Dr. A. G. Butler on the Butterflies of cepting that the borders show a greyish shade answering to those of the upper surface— loco fusci coloris tantum cine- rascentes ad marginem.” ‘The description is much more likely to be intended for Udaina cynis, only the under surface of the primaries in the latter species is almost too strongly coloured and the dentated character of the border still obtains on the upper surface. The type being lost, it is by far the best plan to let the name lapse unless something perfectly answering to the description can be found. Possibly Mylothris phaola or an allied form may be intended. Section 4. 16. Pieris, sp. n.? Four specimens of a species allied to P. sevata, but with more produced costa and more broadly bordered outer margin to primaries; the apex of primaries and the secondaries below sericeous pink. Four males, Panama. B. M. I have been unable to find a description of this species, which, however, I prefer to leave for the consideration of the authors of the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana.’ It vaguely resembles Glutophrissa castalia, but differs in structure and in the colouring of the under surface; the primaries with much straighter outer margin, all the wings with streaks of thickened scales bordering the veins, and the anal segment with no trace of the dense prominent brush projecting from the base of the clasps (the presence of the brush in both sexes being the chief character upon which I founded the genus Glutophrissa), a feature wholly wanting in either sex of Pieris. 17. Pieris sevata. Pieris sevata, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 81 (1861). Male and female, Venezuela. B. M. Bears a curious resemblance to some of the extreme types of P. pyranthe. 18. Preris ausia. Pieris ausia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 531 (1836), One male, Mexico: B. M. ‘'T'wo females, without locality : coll. Hewitson. There are four males in the Hewitson collection from Bolivia which must, 1 think, represent a variety of this the Genera Leptophobia and Pieris. 23 species; they are individually very inconstant in the width and character of the apical border of the primaries. 19. Pieris bunie. Catophaga bunie, Hubner, Samml. exot. Schmett. ii. pl. exxv. figs. 1, 2 (1816-36). Pieris endeis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 158 (1819). Brazil, Rio Janeiro. B. M. 20. Pieris phaloe. Pieris phaloe, Godart, Enc. Méth, ix. p. 156 (1819) ; Lucas, Lep. Exot, pl. xxvii. fig. 1 (1835). Pard, Tapajos, Venezuela. B. M. 21. Pierts imperator. Pieris imperator, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 857 ; Rhop. Exot. i. Pier. pl. i. figs. 1, 2 (1888). One male, Ecuador: coll. Hewitson. Id. male and female var. ?, Obydos (#. H. Austen): B. M. 22. Pieris diana. Pieris diana, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 81 (1861). Two males, New Granada: coll. Hewitson. One male, Brazil: B. M. 23. Pieris Van-Volxemit. Pieris Van-Volxemii, Capronnier, Ann, Soc, Ent. Belg. xvii. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 1 (1874). Buenos Ayres. Probably intermediate between P. diana and P. amaryllis, but smaller than either. 24. Pieris amaryllis. Papilio amaryllis, Fabricius, Ent, Syst. iii. 1, p. 189 (1797) ; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. xxviii. fig. 1 (1800). Male and female, Jamaica. B. M. 25. Pieris Josepha. Pieris Josepha, Godman and Salvin, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 4, vol, ii. p. 150 (1868). One male, Guatemala. B. M. 24 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on 26. Pieris Josephina. Pieris Josephina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 158 (1819); Hiibner, Samm. exot. Schmett. ii. pl. exxvi. (1819-36). Male and female, St. Domingo, and male, Mexico. B. M. Mr. Heron and I have compared our specimens with Godart’s types, now in the Edinburgh Museum. 1V.—Some new Coccida. By T. D. A. CocKERELL, Entomologist of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. Pulvinaria ephedre, sp. n. Mature female about 5 millim. long, with a snow-white ovisac 11 millim. long and 4 broad. Body of female quite soft, not at all chitinous, raspberry- pink in front, greenish on dorsum, with some minute black specks. The front part of the female is covered by a thick square patch, 2 millim. broad, of white secretion ; the hind margin ts also fringed with secretion, and the body has trre- gular patches, arranged in three longitudinal bands, of which the middle is the narrowest and most definite. Ovisac firm, not adhering to objects which may chance to touch it, ribless. Eggs greenish yellow. ?.—When boiled in caustic potash turns the liquid pink. Mounted on a slide, 6 millim. long and 44 broad; legs and antenne brown. Antenne 8-segmented, 1 at least twice as broad as long; formula 34251687. Theseveral segments of an antenna were found to measure as follows in wu :— (1) 62, (2) 70, (8) 112, (4) 81, (5) 67, (6) 56, (7) 36, (8) 47. Legs ordinary, tarsus about half length of tibia; claw- digitules rather stout, extending beyond tip of claw; tarsal digitules slender. Margin with very numerous sharp spines, placed closer together than the length of one. Anal plates yellowish brown. Hab. On Ephedra, Mesilla Park, New Mexico, a short distance east of the Agricultural College, in the Larrea zone, May 1898. A very beautiful and distinct species, superficially rather resembling Icerya Rileyz, which occurs in the same locality on Larrea. The characters italicized in the description are of subgeneric value, and P. ephedra may be regarded as the type of a new subgenus—Philephedra. some new Coccidee. 25 Aspidiotus yuccarum, sp. n. ?.—Scale circular to suboval, about 2$ millim. diam., slightly convex, dark brown, rough and_ concentrically wrinkled, blackish towards the middle; but the central part, covering the exuvie, covered by a large round patch of white secretion ; when this is rubbed off, the exuviz are exposed, shining black, subcentral. There is a thick ventral scale. Young female scales appear entirely white, or, when rubbed, white with a black spot. $.—Scale elongate, brown, with the exuvia at one end covered by white secretion. @.—Caudal region brownish ; three pairs of lobes, these short, yellowish brown, notched at the end, with glandular processes at their bases much as in Diaspidiotus ; the middle lobes especially remind one of human premolar teeth, fangs and all. Middle lobes a short distance apart, second separated by a similar distance from the first, third separated from the second by an interval about as great as the width of the former ; margin beyond the third minutely crenulate, with a protuberance representing a rudimentary fourth lobe some- what further from the third than the third is from the first. Spines very minute. No spine-like or other plates. No grouped ventral glands, but many small round or slightly elongate dorsal glands. Anal orifice a long distance from the hind end. Antenne represented by a small tubercle bearing a single bristle. Hab. At bases of leaves of Yucca elata, associated with Dactylopius dasylirti, Ckil. (for which the Yucca is a new food-plant), Mesilla Park, a short distance east of the Agri- cultural College, at the beginning of the Larrea zone, May 1898. This very distinct species belongs to an unnamed section of the genus, allied to Diaspidiotus, containing A. yuccarum, Ckll., A. yucce, CkIl., and A. bigelovie, Ckll. These species agree in having black exuvie, no plates (gland-hairs), and no grouped ventral glands. A. yucce was described from Mexico; but on May 19, 1898, Prof. C. H. T. Townsend found it at the bases of leaves of Yucca elata in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. This new find shows that the small size of the insect is in no way due to immaturity, for speci- mens of the size of the original types are full of eggs. The living female of yucce is dull lilac, and it turns bright lemon- yellow in liquor potassee. What I called the spine-like plates in the original description are the true spines; they are much larger than those of yuccarum. ‘The Mesilla-Valley form of 26 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on yucce is constantly different from the type by the considerably more produced median lobes; at some future time Prof. Towns- end will probably give it a varietal name. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) lilacinus, sp. n. ?.—Scale light grey, the colour of the bark on which it rests, about 1 millim, diam.; immature scales show a white dot and ring; old scales when rubbed show jet-black exuvie. ? —When living dull lilac, becomes bright green in caustic potash, and the eyes of the embryonic larve a rich dark blue. No grouped ventral glands. Four pairs of lobes. Hab. On bark of oak (a species of the Quercus undulata group), Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., New Mexico, April 23, 1898. It is parasitized by a species of Signiphora. A. lilacinus resembles A. obscurus, but the scales are smaller, the glandular processes at the bases of the lobes are longer, there are no circumgenital glands, and the fourth lobe is broad and serrulate. The anal orifice is a considerable distance from the hind end, as in obscurus, not close to it, as in tenebricosus, nor is the scale convex like that of tenebri- cosus. A. lilacinus has four pairs of lobes and long slender glandular processes, quite after the manner of the Mexican A. calurus; but the shape of the female is ordinary, not as in calurus, the median lobes are entire instead of notched, and the second lobes are only once feebly notched. The third lobes are minutely serrate, with four notches, and the fourth are serrate in the same manner. There are three little pro- minences beyond the fourth lobe as in calurus. Melanaspis must be regarded as a section of the subgenus Chrysomphalus, and extended to include A. tenedricosus, Comst., A. calurus, Ckll., and A. lilacinus, Ckll. It is to be remarked that tenebricosus &c. in their longer glandular pro- cesses and absence of circumgenital glands resemble the penultimate stage of typical Melanaspis. I have a new locality to record for A. calurus, namely Oaxaca, Mexico, where it was found by Mr. A. Koebele on a milky plant, Aug. 22, 1897. I wish to draw attention to a curious pigment found in various Coccide, mentioned above in the description of A. lilacinus. It is of a dull lilac-colour, but when placed in liquor potasse immediately becomes light green. My Larla- toria thee, var. viridis, was named from this green colour; but Mr, Alex. Craw lately sent me fresh specimens on stems of “ Ilex pedunculata” (doubtless an error for [. pedunculosa, Mig.) from Japan, and I found that the female was of a curious purple colour, except the mouth-parts and lobes (of some new Coccide. 27 fringe), which were yellowish brown. Directly these insects were placed in liquor potasse they turned green. Aspidiotus transparens, Green, subsp. simillimus, nov. ?.—Scale white, a little transparent, diam. 12 millim., flat, circular to suboval; exuviz central, very light yellow, sometimes more or less covered with white secretion. d.—Scale oval, ordinary; exuvie whiter than in the female. ? .—After boiling yellow; transparent and colourless if the contents are lost ; median lobes remaining yellowish, but hardly darker than the others. ‘Three pairs of well-developed lobes, of the nerd? type ; median feebly notched on inner and distinctly on outer side; second narrower and practically entire ; third smaller and notched on outerside. The median lobes always extend a little beyond the plane of the tips of the second, this plane being about on a level with the outer notch on median lobes. Squames as in the ner? group, extending beyond the tips of the lobes, those beyond the third lobe about twice its length. Six or seven long pointed squames, ramose on outer side, beyond the third lobe ; a short distance cephalad of the furthest squame is a spine. Anal orifice a little nearer the caudolateral groups of glands than to the hind end. ‘Transverse pores numerous, belonging to glands of the cylindrical type, as in nerd? &c.; there are over 25 well-formed transverse pores on each side of the median line. Caudal region striated. Your groups of circumgenital glands, caudolaterals 7 to 9, cephalolaterals 8 to 15. Hab. On a palm from Sydney, Australia, found by Mr. Alex. Craw, Dec. 1897, in the course of his horticultural quarantine work at San Francisco. The scale of this insect resembles that of A. destructor and transparens. ‘The female differs at once from destructor by the longer median lobes ; from transparens it differs by the more numerous glands in the circumgenital groups, and especially in the much longer squames beyond the third lobe. Compared with some A. transparens on Dalbergia from Ceylon, sent by Mr. Green, the scales of s¢millimus are more opaque and less wrinkled. ‘The scale of s¢millimus at once differs from nerz?, which has smaller pale orange exuvie ; it resembles more closely the hedere torm of nerid than the scales found on oleander. The scale and exuviz of simillimus are too small for fimbriatus, of which I have authentic material from Mr. Maskell. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A., May 19, 1898. 28 M. Paul Marchal on Dissociation of V.—On the Dissociation of the Eqg into a Large Number of Distinct Individuals, and the Cycle of Development an Encyrtus fuscicollis (Hymenopteron). By Pau MARCHAL *, In insects asexual reproduction may manifest itself at dif- ferent stages in the ontogeny. Sometimes we find larve reproducing by budding forth new larvee in the interior of their bodies (pedogenesis) ; sometimes it is a case of adults giving birth to new individuals which develop in the ovaries of the parents (parthenogenesis of the Aphides). We have just discovered in the parasitic Hymenoptera a new mode of reproduction which completes this series of plheno- mena, of which it constitutes, to some extent, the first step ; in Encyrtus fuscicollis, which we have been studying, it is, in point of fact, at the outset of the ontogeny, in the egg itself that the dissociation of the body takes place, and it is at the expense of a single egg that we shall see the formation of a very large number of embryos, which may exceed one hundred, and are all destined to become perfect insects which, at any rate as a rule, will be of the same sex. It had already been observed by M. Ed. Bugnion f that the caterpillars of the Hyponomeuta of the spindle-tree might, in the course of June, contain extremely curious chains of parasitic embryos. These chains, only one of which was usually found in each infected caterpillar, were formed on an average of from fifty to one hundred individuals arranged one behind the other, surrounded by a granular mass analo- gous to a vitellus, and united in a long common epithelial tube, which was closed at both ends, and floated in the lymph of the caterpillar by the side of the alimentary canal. Bugnion followed the development of these embryos, and saw that each of them produced a specimen of Encyrtus fuscicollis. How and where was the oviposition of the Encyrtus per- formed? Above all, what was the origin and significance of the common epithelial tube enclosing the chain of embryos ? These were questions well calculated to excite the curiosity of the naturalist. In the opinion of M. Bugnion the Hncyrtus hatched in summer hibernated, or produced a second genera- tion, the host of which was unknown; he considered that, at all events, the insect must, during the month of May, deposit * Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ t. exxvi. no. 9 (Feb. 28, 1898), pp. 662-664. + Ed. Bugnion, “ Recherches sur le développement postembryonnaire, l'anatomie et les mceurs de |’Encyrtus fuscicollis” (Recueil zoologique suisse, t. v. pp. 435-5385, 1891). the Egg &c. in Encyrtus fuscicollis. 29 its eggs 7m masses in the interior of the caterpillar of the FTyponomeuta ; as for the epithelial tube, this, according to our author, was derived from the amnions of the embryos, separated secondarily from the latter and united end to end. These conclusions, albeit legitimate enough in appearance, are nevertheless completely at variance with the actual facts. I have observed the oviposition of Eneyrtus fuscicollis : now the insect deposits its eggs not in the month of May, but in July, not many days after it is hatched; more- over, it is not in the caterpillar, but in the ova themselves of the Hyponomeuta that its eggs are laid. The little Chalcid alights on a batch of eggs and remains there for hours, piercing in succession with its ovipositor all or almost all the eggs of which the batch is composed. I reserve for a subsequent paper the details of this operation, which I have watched for a long period, and content myself with stating that the time necessary for the Hneyrtus to deposit its egg in that of the Hyponomeuta varies between half a minute and two minutes; almost immediately after- wards it passes to another egg of the same batch, and so on in succession for hours at a time; then, when it has finished, it makes its way to another batch, and recommences its proceedings. One capital fact results from the foregoing observation. Given the limited quantity of eggs contained in the ovaries of an Encyrtus, it is materially impossible, in the short time necessary for the process of oviposition, for it to deposit, in each egg of the moth, a number of eggs equal to that of the embryos composing one of the chains of which we have spoken. A single egg must therefore be laid in the egg of the Hyponomeuta, and this solitary egg must dissociate itself into a Jarge number of embryos. This conclusion, which forces itself upon us, is proved by direct observation. I have witnessed the commencement of the development of the egg, and have found that its amnion is at first constituted like that of the other known Chalcids ; afterwards, with the rapid multiplication of its cells, it elon- gates in such a way as to form the epithelial tube. As for the cells lying within the amnion, instead of going to form a single embryo, as is usually the case, they become dissociated in such a way as to give rise to a whole legion of little morule, which later on will become organized into embryos and will arrange themselves in file, in proportion as the amniotic envelope, increasing in size, passes from the primi- tive vesicular form into that of a long flexuous tube. The entire product of the segmentation is not, however, devoted to 30 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Seasonal Dimorphism the formation of the embryos; at the very outset a mass of cells is seen to isolate itself at the periphery, in the shape of a crescent, which gradually increases in size and becomes separated off to form, in all probability, the granular mass which fills the amniotic tube and encompasses the embryos. The result of the foregoing observation is therefore the discovery of a mode of reproduction which is entirely new among the Arthropoda, and of which it is difficult, I think, to find an equivalent among the Metazoa. Now, how are we to interpret this curious case of metagenesis? Must we consider the tube containing the chain of embryos as a nurse, of which the soma would be represented by the epithelial tube and by the internal cells which do not participate in the formation of the embryos? We cannot help thinking of the Cysticerci and the Orthonectida; but comparisons of this sort would at present be injudicious. We prefer to confine ourselves to the facts, waiting for their general interpretation until the observations which we are pursuing upon different species furnish us with more ample data, VI.—Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies of the Genus Precis, Doubl. By Guy A. K. MarsHa.t, F.Z.S. IT is now nearly two years since I recorded my conviction (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1896, p. 557) that seasonal dimorphism of a singularly marked character existed among certain African species of the genus Precis. ‘This opinion, based as it was on field observations alone and not on actual breeding experi- ments, did not appear to receive general acceptance ; and this is perhaps hardly to be wondered at seeing how very marked are the differences between such forms as octavia and sesamus, simia and cuama, archesia and pelasgis, &c. ‘The only counter evidence of any importance, however, which has come under my notice is that adduced by that eminent entomologist Mr. W. L., Distant in his interesting notes on Transvaal butterflies (Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) vol.i. p. 51). He there says, “ 1 found Precis octavia var. exceedingly scarce in the Transvaal, having only secured one specimen at Pretoria, I have since received another example from Johannesburg. P. sesamus, on the contrary, was very abundant, and always during the wet or summer season, frequenting my small flower-garden. Hence | have tound no evidence for the pro- position made by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall that the two species are identical, or, rather, that /. octavra is the wet-season and in Butterflies of the Genus Precis. 31 P. sesamus the dry-season form.’”’ This statement, coming as it does from the pen of such an authority as Mr. Distant, would at first sight appear to entirely refute my contentions. But seasonal dimorphism is a curiously complex phenomenon, and personally I venture to think that his experience is an exceptional, and at the same time an extremely interesting, one; for, apart from my own observations, it is quite at variance with those of several thoroughly observant 8.-African col- lectors with whom I have discussed the subject and whose acquaintance with the species is even more extensive than that of Mr. Distant. Among these the testimony of Mr. C. N. Barker is of particular importance, for he has observed P, octavia (s. 1.) for many years from a dimorphic standpoint, not only in Natal, but also in Zululand, Swaziland, and Tongaland, and he has been firmly convinced that P. sesamus, Trim., there represents its dry-season phase, having arrived at that conclusion prior to myself and quite independently. It therefore gives me no little pleasure to be able to indicate the accuracy of the observations of my genial friend, to whom is due the credit of having first drawn attention to the widespread occurrence of seasonal dimorphism among African butterflies. For after not a few disappointments I have at last succeeded in breeding typical P. sesamus, Trim., from eggs laid by three separate females of P. octavia, subsp. natalensis, Staud.—thereby establishing beyond doubt what is certainly the most remarkable instance of seasonal variation as yet known among the Lepidoptera. As a consequence of this, the synonymy of the species will now stands as follows :— Wet-season form, Dry-season form. P. octavia, Cram. =[P. amestris, Drury. | P. octavia, var. natalensis, Staud., Pea eck Tr = calescens, Butl, =P. octavia, subsp. sesamus, Trim. The following notes on the early stages of the species may perhaps be of interest. On the 13th February of this year I took five eggs laid by a female o.-natalensis ; of these two proved infertile and the remaining three hatched on the 19th, One larva died when quite small, but the others thrived and finally pupated, one early on the 20th, the other on the 2st. The former emerged on the 4th April as sesamus, the latter was unfortunately damaged by mischance and failed to emerge. On the 27th February I obtained three eggs from another female of the same form. ‘Iwo of these hatched on the 5th March; the third hatched next day, but the larva died. The surviving larve developed somewhat unevenly, 32. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Seasonal Dimorphism one pupating on the 31st March, the other not till the 5th April. The former produced sesamus on the 15th April, and the latter emerged on the 20th, producing, curiously enough, pure o.-natalensis. From a third female I secured one egg on the 6th March; this hatched on the 12th; the resulting larva pupated on the 7th April and emerged on the 30th as full sesamus. The females of this species, like many other Nymphaline, are somewhat dilatory in their method of ovipositing and often take a long time making up their minds where to deposit an egg; indeed they seem unable to lay them in anything like quick succession, in which they differ notably from most Pierinas. 1 have seen Belenois mesentina lay 80 eggs straight off, with scarcely a pause and on a single leaf. The food-plant of sesamus in Salisbury is a low straggling plant, of almost creeping habit, which grows in somewhat matted clumps on the slopes of wooded kopjes. The egg is placed anywhere on the stem or leaves, and in one instance I saw one deposited on a piece of grass adjoining the food-plant. Compared with the size of the insect the egg seems small, the vertical axis is longer than the horizontal, the shape being that of an obtuse cone; from a circular shallow depres- sion on the vertex radiate 13 (sometimes 12) vertical lamelli- form ridges, which under a pocket-lens appear to be delicately fluted transversely ; the whole egg is glabrous and of a pale glaucous green colour. As will be seen from the dates given above, the oval stage in autumn lasts about six days. The larva on exclusion is dull sepia-brown in colour, being paler towards extremities and set with long black hairs; the head is black. The hairs develop into spines after the second moult. The description of the full-grown larva is as follows :—Length about 35 mm.; ground-colour dull velvety black (varying sometimes to very dark crimson) ; a narrow central black line, on each side of which are four short transverse yellow lines on each segment; these become almost obsolete anally, whereas on third segment they coalesce, forming a large dorsal yellow patch divided in its posterior half by the dark central line ; second segment entirely yellow, with a short transverse central black bar; a broad macular yellow lateral stripe much dilated on thoracic segments. Each segment bears a transverse row of six long, stout, branched spines, which are black with a distinct dark blue metallic reflection, and two smaller ones placed longitudinally just above legs. Head with a deep central impression on vertex (almost bifid), testaceous yellow with a large lateral spot and a broad frontal V-shaped mark black, mouth in Butterflies of the Genus Precis. 33 blackish ; from the vertex spring two spines similar to those on the body but half as long again, stouter and somewhat clubbed instead of sharply pointed. Legs and prolegs shining black, the latter with apical third part light yellow. The dorsal yellow markings are variable in development and occasionally absent. ‘The pupa also presents two forms of coloration: one, the gilded form, usually characteristic of the dry season, has already been described by Mr. Trimen (S. Afr. Butt. vol. iii. App. p.401) with his wonted clearness and thoroughness of detail; the other differs only in being entirely dull brownish black, with two subquadrate shiny black patches on wing- covers. The colouring of the larva, judging by the few examples I have examined, is not affected by season, and the greater or less development of the yellow markings does not seem to bear any intimate relation to the two forms of imago. ‘The sharp and thickly-set branched spines are doubtless an (flicient defence against certain enemies and perhaps account for the general lack of procryptic colouring in the larve of this and allied genera. But despite their somewhat noticeable appearance and the comparative commonness of the perfect insect, my diligent search for larve has met with a singular want of success. Up to the present I know of only two enemies that attack the larva: one is a small ichneumon which kills it before it is one-third grown; the other is a Hemipteron of the family Lygeide, which has a predilection for caterpillars of all kinds, even to hairy monsters 6 inches long. Both forms of pupa are certainly procryptic in colouring. During the moist summer months the withered Jeaves of the food- plant turn dark brown or black, instead of yellow as in the winter, so that in both cases the pupa is well adapted to its surroundings, looking like a bit of shrivelled leaf. In one instance I have bred the wet-season form from a golden pupa, but I have not yet reared typical sesamus from the dark form. The differences between the seasonal forms of the imago are not confined to shape and colour alone, but there is like- wise a very appreciable divergence in habits, which has been referred to by Mr. Trimen. Speaking broadly, the natalensis form frequents the highest poiits in any neighbourhood, especially if they be more or less open (for it is anything but a sylvan insect); whereas the sesamus form is moie partial to shady spots, and is to be found in ravines and sprints or rocky wooded slopes, and shares with the Hesperid Sarangesa motozioides, Holl., a marked affection for disused mining-shafts and cuttings. This distinction must not be Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. it. 3 34 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Seasonal Dimorphism taken too strictly, for true sesamus is occasionally found in company with its summer form in open hill-tops, but princi- pally at the change of seasons; but natalensis, so far as my experience goes, is never to be found in the more shady stations frequented by sesamus, The latter, moreover, is dis- tinctly warier and more difficult of approach when not feeding, and if alarmed flies off with a rapid, and often zigzag, flight, settling abruptly among rocks or herbage, when its greenish- black underside colouring is equally protective. Sesamus is more often observed in gardens, and not unfrequently enters human habitations in search of a shady resting-place. This difference in the stations frequented by the two forms may possibly go some way to account for Mr. Distant’s experience in Pretoria—at least so far as the rarity of the wet-season form is concerned. ‘The town is situated in a hollow ‘ almost surrounded by high and barren hills,” and it does not seem to me improbable that the natalensis form might only be found on the summits of the range. A somewhat parallel instance was pointed out to me by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson in the case of his own farm in Natal, which lies in an open plain between two ranges of hills. He has found sesamus resident on the farm, occurring fairly commonly along the banks of the sprints during the winter, whereas natalensis is very much scarcer and non-resident, the examples seen having always been travelling from one range of hills to the other, on both of which it is common. ‘This I had a good opportunity of observing for myself when enjoying Mr. Hutchinson’s hospi- tality in 1896. The curious congregating habits of typical sesamus (which likewise constitute a marked distinction from its summer form) have already been recorded, but I have only had two oppor- tunities of observing them in anything like numbers: once in April 1893, when I disturbed about 30 specimens from under the bank of the Sundays River in the north of Natal. The second occasion was at Hartley Hills in Western Mashonaland, when I found a large concourse of these insects going to roost under a projecting granite rock ; I managed to number them up to eighty as they flew out, but then lost count, there being certainly over a hundred. I have observed this habit of roosting in company in species of Huralia, also in Belenois, Herpenia eriphia, and Teracolus eris, but the reason for it is not altogether evident to me. The divergences in habits between natalensis and sesamus are, however, insignificant as compared with their radical differences in colouring. The brilliant salmon-red upperside of the wet form with its black borders and spots stands in in Butterflies of the Genus Precis. 30 marked contrast to the equally striking blue, red-spotted sesamus ; nor is this less remarkable beneath, for the under- side of the former is almost as brightly coloured as its upper- side, whereas in the dry form the sombre greenish black is evidently of a procryptic nature. It is clear that some potent cause must have been at work to produce such an effect. My kind friend Prof. E. B. Poulton, in one of his interesting and instructive letters, has suggested that the colouring of all brilliant butterflies, whose undersides are not of a procry ptic character, may indicate that they possess a certain amount of distastefulness—in other words, that they exhibit in a more or less incipient stage the phenomenon of warning or aposematic coloration. Althoug h it may appear presumptuous for me to differ from such an eminent authority on these matters, yet I must admit that the habits and general behaviour of octavia- natalensis in its native haunts raise very strong doubts in my mind as to its inedibility even in a slight degree. Yet had [ known this insect from cabinet specimens alone, I should certainly have been strongly inclined to include it in the category of aposematic butterflies, in consideration of its colouring, which is very noticeably brighter and more con- spicuous on both surfaces than in several of the S.-African species known to possess distasteful qualities. It is true that I have never seen the insect attacked by birds (though this would apply to the vast majority of S.-African butterflies), but I have not unfrequently seen both forms captured by rock-frequenting lizards, particularly a dull brownish species with a bright blue tail—an admirable example, by the way, ot colouring to attract attention to a non-vital part. I have also seen these reptiles capture Precis archesia, Cram., Pseudonympha vigilans, Trim., and Durbunia amakosa, ‘Vrim., and doubtless many other rock-loving buttertlies fall a prey to them. Another significant fact, pointing to an absence of inedible qualities, is the eminently procryptic underside colouring of the dry form, which is quite at variance with what we should naturally expect in a distasteful species. Moreover the activity and constant alertness of the insect is in marked contrast to the slow, laboured, or gently sailing, flight of its protected relatives; and indeed I opine that it would prove more than a match for the average insectivorous bird. As we have already seen, 0.-natalensis is particularly fond of bare elevated ridges and hill-tops, in which stations insec- tivorous birds and mammals are generally scarce or even absent. Here its chief enemies would only be the rock- lizards and such invertebrates as Asilidw and Mantida. Now it is a generally recognized fact that animals, and more 3% 56 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Seasonal Dimorphism particularly insects and birds, tend to develop brilliant colours whenever they are able to do so with impunity, and it is therefore quite conceivable that a strong-flying and wary insect like this should be able to indulge this tendency without unduly endangering its chances in the struggle for existence. This is more especially probable during the wet or summer season, when the lizards would be able to find a considerable amount of other food in the shape of small Coleoptera, Diptera, &c., and would therefore be less inclined to attempt the more difficult feat of stalking butterflies. But as the cold dry season advances the vast majority of these . small fry disappear, either dying off or retiring to winter- quarters, and, as a consequence, those butterflies which remain on the wing during that time—and the majority of species in this country do so—would suffer far more per- secution at the hands of their various foes, and would thereby be compelled to adopt protective measures in the way of procryptic colouring and greater wariness. ‘This, in the case of o.-natalensis, would have resulted in the dry form sesamus ; although why the salmon-red upperside should be changed to blue is not altogether evident, except perhaps that the latter colour is more in keeping with the shady haunts so often frequented by that form. It is instructive to note that the typical form of octavia, which occurs in the forest-clad regions ot West Africa, has not been able to develop the brilliant hues of its eastern subspecies, being smaller and much more dully coloured; this being probably due to the keener struggle for existence in that country. At the same time its representative dry form amestris, Drury, shows a slightly less divergence from it than does sesamus from natalensis, which might perhaps be attributed to the less marked contrast in the general conditions of the environment at the two seasons. It has been pointed out by Mr. L. de Nicéville, and also by Prof. Weismann, that both forms of any dimorphic species must be adaptive, otherwise the non-adaptive form would be gradually supplanted by its more favoured relative. While fully accepting the general principle of this argument, it does not seem to me necessary that we should have to assign some specially adaptive character to each form, exclusive of that general adaptation to the surrounding conditions of life without which no species could exist. lor there is nothing to show that the development of a dry-season phase is not a geologically recent event, and the process of elimination of the non-adaptive wet form may be going on slowly but surely under our very eyes. Mr. Distant’s observations of in Butterflies of the Genus Precis, 37 sesamus at Pretoria might be adduced as_ corroborative evidence, and similarly the typical octavia would appear to be scarcer on the West Coast than its dry form ; further, the typical dry form of P. archesta has been occasionally observed at the height of the wet season, and in the case of P. artaxia, Hew., the experiences of both Mr. F. C. Selous and myself appear to show that in the low-lying coast districts of Portuguese Manika the leaf-like typical form alone occurs all the year round, whereas on the plateaux of the interior the summer form is represented by P. Nachtigaliit, Dew., the typical form occurring only in the winter, and being generally more plentiful. That this view of the subject is a necessarily correct one I would not venture to assert, but in the light of the foregoing facts it is at least probable. On the other hand it is not impossible that the natalensis form may present an instance of mimetic coloration in its incipient stage ; at all events it possesses some very marked potentialities for development in that direction should the stress of circumstances ever call them into play. The scheme of colouring, as a whole, very notably recalls that of an Acrea in certain respects, this being especially the case on the underside of the hind wings, ‘where the basal black patch enclosing some subquadrate whitish spots, the pink discal field traversed by a transverse row of black spots, and, finally, the black hind marginal border with its row of lunules are all characters which tind a close parallel in the widespread Acrea acara, Hew., and its various local representatives. ‘Lhe upperside also presents several features suggestive of Acrea, and it is worth noting that the red ground-colour is clearly due to a great enlargement of the common submar- ginal band so characteristic of the genus Precis ; moreover, the faleation of the primaries and the anal angular projection of the secondaries is less developed in this species than in any other of the genus. J do not suppose the foregoing suggestion will find much favour with those entomologists, unfortunately not a few, who are still inclined to throw doubt ou the grand theory of Batesian inimicry—a theory the truth of which is continually being brought home to the observant collector in the tropics, and with ever-increasing force. In considering the problem of seasonal dimorphism it at once becomes evident that the directly exciting cause is a climatic one. ‘The splendid series of experiments made by Kuropean observers, such as Prof. Weismann, Dr. Standfuss, and Mr. Merrifield, ‘appear to leave no doubt that in that region the dimorphic tendency is brought into action by heat and cold, and that humidity plays practically no part therein. 38 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Seasonal Dimorphism So far as South Africa is concerned, I am strongly of opinion that the exact converse is the case, and on writing to Mr. de Nicéville he tells me that he is of entirely the same opinion as regards Indian butterflies, and cites Mr. Doherty’s experiment in which, by the application of humidity, he produced the wet-season form of Melanitis leda, L., during the dry season. Unfortunately the few simple experiments which I have been able to make as yet are not of a sufficiently conclusive character to adduce here ; but so far as they show anything they tend to support the humidity theory, and they also negative the supposition that heat—at least dry heat—tends to produce the summer form in this country. This state of affairs is not so contradictory as it might seem at first sight; for, in seeking for the climatic cause of dimor- phism, we should naturally look to the more unstable factor in the climate of any given country. So far as temperature is concerned, the annual range in Europe is considerable, owing to the large land area; whereas §. Africa has a high diurnal and low annual range. ‘Taking Prof. Ferrel’s cal- culations, we find that the difference between the average temperatures for January and July on 40° N., lat. is 83°, and on 50° N. lat. it is 45°; whereas the greatest difference in the Southern Hemisphere is 15° between 20° and 30° 8. lat., and diminishes to the north and south of these parallels. The annual range of humidity exhibits an exact converse to this, being comparatively small in Western Europe; whereas in §.E. Africa, as is well known, the contrast is most marked in this respect. ‘There is therefore strong prima facie evidence that humidity and not temperature is the exciting agent of dimorphism in this part of the world. In the cases of what he terms “ adaptive seasonal dimor- phism,” of which P. sesamus is an evident example, Prof. Weismann has come to the conclusion that an “ alternation of the two forms is provided by nature, apart from the influences of temperature”; also “ that temperature in general does not here take part as the actual cause, but that it is a question of a process of selection which goes on independently of the temperature, and gradually alters some of the ids.” This does not appear to be an altogether satisfactory con- clusion to my mind, for if the alternation in these cases were due entirely to selection apart from climatic causes, it seems evident that artificial temperatures could not in any way influence the appearance of either form. But Prof. Weismann has bimself abundantly proved that artificial temperatures have a very potent influence in the case of Vanessa prorsa- in Butterflies of the Genus Precis. 39 levana, and all his experiments clear ly show that the climatic is the primary, and the selective the secondary cause; that is to say, the tendency to variation in certain directions was initiated by climatic agencies, and subsequently utilized and developed to a more or less high degree by natural selection for protective purposes. In cases of adaptive seasonal dimor- phism selection can have only come into play in order to enable a given species to adapt itself to the varying conditions at two different seasons; but if these climatic changes were eliminated, it seems evident that natural selection alone would be incapable of producing seasonal dimorphism as we now see it. It is true that in certain cases Prof. Weismann found that certain pupze out of a number experimented on produced the form that would have appeared in nature in spite of artificial temperatures, and it 1s on these exceptions that he founded the above propositions. But the more we investigate the matter the more clear it becomes that the actual cause which induces the change in a well-marked case of dimorphism is of a highly complex character: the vastly preponderating cause is either temperature or humidity, or both, as the case may be; but there is something beyond this of which we as yet know nothing. This is evidenced by such cases as that I have already quoted, where two larve reared from the egg under precisely similar conditions pro- duced the full wet and full dry forms respectively ; and not a few similar instances have come under my notice. Iam not therefore inclined to attach very great importance to the exceptions found by Prof. Weismann in his temperature- experiments, for I doubt the possibility of artificially pro- ducing all the factors necessary to induce the transition from one seasonal form to another in every case ; and, moreover, I am of opinion that the personal equation, if one may apply such a term to insects, must be taken into account. We can, as a general rule, obtain a very fair idea as to how far natural selection has taken part in the production of any given case of seasonal dimorphism by taking into con- sideration the amount of difference between the two extreme forms and the rapidity of transition from one to another, for the more highly differentiated they are and the more abrupt the transition the greater has been the influence of selection. Indeed one could almost trace a scale of development from a species like Acrwa anemosa, Hew., where the slight change in the black markings is probably due entirely to climatic causes; through the Teracoli, whose seasonal differences are part climatic, part selective; and culminating in Precis sesamus, 40 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn in which selection has been by far the more potent factor, so much so that the intermediate grades between the two forms have been so far eliminated as to be on the verge of extinction. Salisbury, Mashonaland, May 1898. Posrscriet.—I have previously (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p.6) suggested that the application of a distinctive scientific name to each seasonal form of a dimorphic species is hardly more reasonable than in the case of sexual forms, and that the difficulty might be met by the general adoption of a set of signs, similar to those used for the sexes, to represent the extreme and intermediate stages. As I am not aware that any such signs have yet been proposed, I make bold to suggest the following, which I have found very useful in my own notes :— Wet-season or summer ¢ = & Dry-season or winter ¢ = ot Intermediate ¢ = =A and similarly for the ¢. Should it be desired to mention only the form without reference to sex the circle and internal sign alone might be used, e.g. dry-season form =©. The system doubtless has its drawbacks, but these, I venture to think, would be outbalanced by the advantage gained in pre- venting the continual repetition of such cumbersome phrases as wet-season form and summer form, neither of which cover the facts of the case, and further in checking the undue multiplication of varietal names. VIil.—Descriptions of new Longicorn Coleoptera from East Africa. By C. J. GAHAN, M.A., of the British Museum (Natural History). THE new species of Longicorn beetles described in the following paper are, with a few exceptions, from the collec- tions made by Dr. J. W. Gregory during his expedition to Mount Kenya and by Mr. C.8. Betton in the tract of country traversed by the railway running inland from Mombasa. a - Xystrocera Ansorget, sp. n. Capite, prothorace et corpore inferiore brunneo-testaceis; elytris osseis, fusco punctatis et maculatis; pedibus brunnev-testaceis Coleoptera from East Africa. 41 plus minusve infuscatis, clavis femorum subtus nigris; antennis rufo-brunneis, apicibus articulorum infuscatis, articulo 1° antice ad apicem fortiter angulato. Long. 25, lat. 53 mm. Hab. Uganda (Dr. W. J. Ansorge). One female specimen. Head, prothorax, and underside of body reddish brown in colour, the two former with a thin greyish pubescence, which on each side of the pronotum is condensed to form two seri- ceous spots—one larger, on the dilated middle region, the other smaller, placed close to the anterior margin. Pronotum with a deep arcuate impression anteriorly, and with two shallow oblique depressions on the disk. Hlytra bone-white in colour, but marked with a large number of small rounded fuscous spots, from which the anterior sixth of the disk is free with the exception of a single spot close to the base of each elytron ; the side of each elytron for some distance from the base and the apical border are dark brown in colour; apices sharply rounded, but not spined; the surface of the elytra presents a number of minute granules, each of which bears a short seta, while close to each granule is a small shallow puncture. This species of Xystrocera may be easily recognized by the peculiar and unusual colour of the elytra. Margites lineatus, sp. u. Rufo-piceus, griseo-fulvescente subtiliter pubescens ; elytris utrinque lineis quatuor vel quinque denudatis notatis ; prothorace rugoso- granulato; antennis (¢ ) quam corpore multo longioribus, ( 9 ) corpore longitudine equalibus, articulis 3° 4°que ( ¢ ) apice in- crassatis, o° quam 1° vel 4° sesqui-longiore; elytris apice rotun- datis. Long. 11-17, lat. 3-4 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton), and Mur- chison Range, Transvaal (C. 2. Jones). This species is allied to Margites humilis, Gah., from which it is to be distinguished by the less close and less silky pubes- cence of the elytra and the four or five denuded lines which run along each elytron (these lines are, however, only well seen in fresh and unrubbed specimens). The antenne also are longer; the third joint is half as long again as the first, the fourth is scarcely longer than the first, the fifth equal in length to the third, the sixth and succeeding joints subequal to one another, each longer than the fifth. 42 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longiccrn Plocederus Peelei, sp. n. Piceus ; elytris, pedibus antennisque rufo-brunneis, griseo subtiliter pubescentibus; prothorace transversim rugoso, haud longitu- dinaliter impresso; elytris crebre punctulatis, et punctis parum majoribus sat sparse dispersis impressis, apice quadrispinosis ; antennis ( ¢) quam corpore multo longioribus, articulo 1° piceo, crasso, 1ugoso et punctulato, articulo 5° ad apicem noduloso, antice hand angulato, articulis 4° ad 16" apice antice dentato- productis. Long. 25, lat. 7 mm. Hab, Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton) and Somali- land (C. V. Peele). Head, thorax, and underside of body dark brown, covered with a thin greyish pubescence. Prothorax armed with a conical tubercle on each side, transversely wrinkled above, without longitudinal impressions or smooth spaces on the disk. Elytra reddish brown, closely and finely punctured, with some larger punctures rather thickly spread on the basal region, but becoming sparser towards the middle and almost entirely absent from the posterior area; surface covered with a greyish pubescence, not sufficiently dense to conceal the punctures or the colour of the derm; each elytron bispinose at the apex. Antenne much longer than the body in the male, a little longer than the body in the female; first joint stout, 1ugose, and slightly curved ; third joint thickened, but not angulate at the apex; fourth and following (the last excepted) each produced into an acute angle at the apex. Three examples of this species have been seen—two collected by Mr. Bctton, the third by Mr. Peele. APIOCEPHALUS, gen. nov. (Toxotides). Head strongly but gradually narrowed behind the eyes, the latter prominent, coarsely facetted, and very feebly emarginate in front. Antenne longer than the body ; first joint slightly curved, gradually thickened from base to apex, and equal in length to the second and third united; fourth joint a little shorter than the third and distinctly shorter than the fifth ; succeeding joints subequal to one another and to the fifth. Prothorax much narrower in front than at the base, furnished with an acute conical tubercle at the middle of each side, and with four tubercles on the disk—two smaller just in front of, and two larger just behind, the middle. Llytra with the sides nearly parallel in the anterior two thirds, thence con- verging more strongly towards the apex, where each elytron Coleoptera from East Africa. 43 is truncate, Spurs of tibie rather short; first joint of middle and posterior tarsi about equal in length to second and third joints united. Anterior coxal cavities closed in behind by the junction of the epimera with the prosternal process. This genus seems best placed near Oéteissa, Pasc., from which it differs chiefly in having a much shorter front to the head, a distinct conical tubercle on each side of the prothorax, the anterior coxal cavities closed in behind, and the fourth joint of the antenne shorter than the third. Apiocephalus punctipennis, sp. n. Capite supra rufo-testaceo, fulvo-pubescente, subtus nigro, rugoso- punctato ; antennis rufo-testaceis, subtiliter griseo-pubescentibus ; prothorace lateraliter nigro, sparsim fulvo-pubescente ; disco inter tuberculos pube fulvo-cinerea dense vestito; elytris cervino- pubescentibus, maculis nigris, glabris, fortiter crebreque punc- tatis notatis, maculis utrinque ante medium dense aggregatis ; corpore subtus pedibusque hic illue infuscatis, pube griseo-fulva tenuiter vestitis. Long. 11, lat. 33 mm. Hab. Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Head rugosely punctured and black underneath, reddish testaceous above, with a black spot in front, and having a scattered fulvous pubescence. Prothorax with a cinereous pubescence covering middle of disk; the sides black, with a scattered tawny pubescence. Elytra with a fawn-coloured pubescence, interrupted by glabrous black spots, which are seen to be strongly and very closely punctured ; these spots are closely crowded on each side in front of the middle, where they form an almost complete black patch. Body under- neath and legs partly testaceous, partly dark brown in colour, the whole thinly clothed with tawny pubescence. Compsomera Ansorget, sp. n. Nigra ; elytrorum dimidio posteriore et vittis duabus utrinque antice viridi-metallicis. Long. 26, lat. 7 mm. Hab. Uganda (Dr. W. J. Ansorge). This species is very closely allied to C. nigricollis, Gah., which it resembles exactly in the markings of the elytra, with the exception that the metallic-blue colour in the type of C. nigricollis is here replaced by metallic green. It differs chiefly from C. nigricollis in having the head, legs, and antenne quite black in colour, 44 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn Eypargyra similis, sp. n. Atra, opaca; prothoracis lateribus argenteo-sericeo vittatis, disco omnino nudo, creberrime punctato; elytris viridi-metallicis, fortiter creberrimeque punctatis, ad apicem obtuse rotundatis ; metasterno abdomineque in medio sparse punctatis et setosis, ad latera argenteo-sericeis; femoribus tibiisque pedum quatuor anticorum et basibus femorum posticorum rufo-testaceis ; antennis (3) quam corpore paullo longioribus, versus apicem leviter dilatatis. Long. 12-15 mm. flab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Closely allied to Z7. cribripennis, but somewhat smaller in size, with the disk of the prothorax quite destitute of pubes- cence and the middle of the hind breast and abdomen almost naked, being furnished only with very short scattered sete arising from the punctures. In colour and sculpture this species has considerable resemblance to certain species of /Helymeus, 'Thoms., but is easily distinguished by the following characters :—Antenne scarcely dilated towards the apex; sides of the prothorax very feebly rounded ; apices of the elytra obtusely rounded and not truncate. It is, however, a transitional form, and seems to show that Hypargyra is more nearly allied to Helymeus than to the genus Jonthodes, with which I at first associated it. Syndere apicalis, sp. n. Nigra, subopaca; corpore subtus tenuiter griseo-sericeo; elytris tlavo-testaceis, plaga communi apicali marginem exteriorem haud attingente, nigra; prothorace disco basin versus crebre punctato, apicem versus minus dense, et lateraliter sparsim punctato ; elytris dense punctatis, apice quadridentatis, dentis exterioribus longioribus; antennis medium elytrorum haud_ superantibus, articulo 3° quam 4° fere duplo longiore, 5°, 4° cequali, ceteris ad 10" gradatim decrescentibus. Long. 7 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. EK. Africa (C. S. Betton). Black; elytra yellowish testaceous, with an oblong black atch on each at the apex touching both the apical and sutural border, but not reaching the outer margin. Prothorax longer than broad, slightly rounded in the middle at each side; the disk closely punctured near the base, less closely in front, and sparingly towards the sides. Middle tibie carinate along the antero-ventral edge. Coleoptera from East Africa. 45 DITYLODERUS, gen. nov. Female.— Head rather broadly concave between the antennary tubercles. Enpistome distinct. Last joint of palpi narrowed towards the apex. LHyes rather small, emarginate, with the lower lobes somewhat oblique. Prothorax bi- spinose on each side, binodose on disk. Elytra subovate, fused together, each with a short basal crest, a stronger mid- dorsal crest, and a subserrate lateral carina, which reaches from the shoulder almost to the beginning of the posterior third of the elytron; apices obliquely truncate and enclosing anangle. Legs of moderate length; posterior femora scarcely reaching to the tip of the abdomen; middle tibie with an oblique groove below the middle of their length; claws of tarsi divergent. Prosternal process simply arched, gradually expanded behind, with its posterior margin slightly bowed in. Metasternum very short. Intercoxal process of abdo- men triangular in form, Antenne scarcely reaching beyond the middle of the elytra ; scape without cicatrix, reaching as far as the anterior lateral spine of prothorax; third joint about equal in length to the scape, the rest gradually short- ening; anterior face of the fourth joint near its apex and of each of the succeeding joints along its whole length pre- senting poriferous depressions. The species for which this genus is constituted has some resemblance to species of Phrissoma, but it is excluded from the group Phrissomides owing to the absence of a cicatrix from the scape of the antenn, and according to Lacordaire’s system of arrangement must be placed in the group Parmenides. Dityloderus fuliginosus, sp. n. Niger, indumento fuliginoso obtectus; prothorace utrinque bi- spinoso, supra nodis duobus magnis instructo; elytris utrisque cristis duabus—una basali, secunda pone medium—et carina late- rali subserrata a humero ad partem tertiam posteriorem extensa instructis. Long. 18, lat. ad homerum 6 mm. Hab. N’Giriama, Brit. EK, Africa (Dr. J. W. Gregory). Black, covered with a dark brown indumentum. — Pro- thorax armed on each side with two spines arising from a common elongated base, the larger spine at about the middle of the length of the prothorax, the smaller between the middle and the anterior margin; disk furnished with two large obtuse knobs, somewhat oblong-ovate in outline, and 46 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn placed almost wholly in front of the middle. Each elytron furnished at the base with a short crest, which is more raised behind than in front, and behind the middle with a second more prominent crest, which is less raised anteriorly, where it is preceded by a row of small tubercles. The somewhat serrated lateral carina extends from the shoulder almost up to the beginning of the posterior third of the elytron. The tibie are annulated with an obscure greyish pubescence above and below the middle of their length. Idactus Bettoni, sp. n. Capitis fronte genisque cinereis, fronte inter oculos fusco-bifasciata, lateribus occipiteque fulvescentibus; prothorace supra griseo- fulvescente lateraliter fusco-vittato, disco tuberculis quinque, quarum quatuor minimis, instructo, ad basin signatura fusca, litera Y-inversa simulante, notato; elytris antice late cineras- centibus, postice fulvescentibus, lateribus prope basin et fascia obliqua prope medium infuscatis; utroque elytro pone basin crista brevi longitudinali, et pone medium fasciculis quatuor vel quinque, instructo; corpore subtus cum pedibus cinerascentibus. Long. 9-18, lat. 3-43 mm. Hah. Samburu and Voi, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton), Head with a dense ashy-grey pubescence on the cheeks and front, the latter marked between the lower lobes of the eyes with two narrow, transverse, fuscous bands. Prothorax with a broad and distinct tubercle on each side and with five tubercles on the disk, of which one, placed in the middle, is much larger than the rest; the disk covered with greyish or tawny pubescence, and having between the median tubercle and the base a dark brown mark resembling an inverted letter Y. A dark brown band runs along each side of the prothorax just below the lateral tubercle. ‘The pubescence covering the elytra is of a greyish or fawn-colour over the whole of the anterior part of the disk and yellowish tawny over the posterior part ; between these two differently coloured parts there is an oblique fuscous band, sharply limited in front, and continued along the side of each elytron up to the base. Behind the base of each elytron there is a short longi- tudinal crest, while at the anterior border of the fuscous band there are three or four small tufts of hair, a few similar tufts being placed a little further back. he elytra are strongly and closely punctured towards the base, especially at and around the shoulders, and are somewhat broadly depressed behind the basal crests. ‘The legs and the underside are of a yellowish or testaceous colour, covered over with an ashy-grey Coleoptera from East Africa. AT pubescence. Antenne a little longer than the body in the male ; first joint grey, third fuscous at apex, the rest almost entirely fuscous, each having but a narrow grey ring at the base. Idactus lateralis, sp. n Pube fulvo-grisea brunneo-commixta vestitus; elytris lateribus fusco-velutinis ; prothorac2 lateraliter in medio leviter tubercu- lato, supra haud tuberculato, antice posticeque transversim bisul- cato ; elytris utrisque prope basin tuberculo parvo et fasciculo minuto fusco instructis, disco inter basin mediumque vix de- presso; antennis (2 ) quam corpore paullo longioribus, Long. 14, lat. 5 mm. Hab. N’Giriama, Brit. E. Africa (Dr. J. W. Gregory). Head rather convex in front; the occiput with two small fuscous A -shaped marks. Prothorax with a feeble tubercle at the middle of each side; the disk without tubercles, but marked just in front of the middle with an impressed arcuate line, which is seen only when the covering pubescence is rubbed away. Elytra each with a small tubercle and small tuft of fuscous hairs near the base, with a dark brown band running along the side from the base to the apex, the upper border of the band not being straight, but somewhat sinuous near the base, and angularly emarginate at one or two other points. PARIDACTUS, gen. nov. Allied to the genus Jdactus, from which it is to be distin- guished by its cylindrical thorax, the sides of which are almost straight and quite unarmed. ‘The elytra are parallel- sided for some distance from the base, and evenly convex above, except near the base, where each carries a short feebly raised crest, ‘The tarsi are bi roadly dilated. Paridactus tarsalis, sp. n. Capitis fronte cinerea, inter oculos transversim fusco-bifasciata, capite supra pronotoque et elytris flavo-griseo-pubescentibus ; prothorace lateraliter utrinque fusco-vittato, supra tuberculo mediano instructo ; elytrorum lateribus a basi usque ad medium, et vitta arcuata pone medium disci, infuscatis; corpore subtus cum pedibus flavo-testaceis, cinereo tenuiter pubescentibus ; tarsis late dilatatis, supra nigris, pube cinerea tectis ; antennis (2?) quam corpore paullo longioribus, griscis, articulis a tertio apice fusco-annulatis. Long. 9, lat. 3 mm, 48 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn Hab, Voi, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Two examples, which appear to be females. In general shape this species resembles several species of the genus Hunidia, to which, however, it is by no means closely allied. Prosopocera marmorata, sp. n. Albido-cinereo pubescens; elytris cinereo et brunneo-griseo mar- moratis ; antennis ( ¢ ) articulis 3° 4°que crassis, griseis, articulis 5° ad 10" prope apicem fusco-annulatis ; processu frontali (¢ ) (interdum parvo vel nullo) antice concayo, versus apicem cur- vato, et ad apicem bifido. Long. 18-25, lat. 6-83 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Head, thorax, legs, and underside of body covered with an ashy-white pubescence, which also forms numerous small spots and one or two larger patches on the elytra. First four joints of the antennee with a grey pubescence, the third and fourth having each a narrow glabrous fuscous ring near the apex; the joints from the fifth to the tenth are cinereous, with a broad fuscous ring on each near the apex; meso- sternum very feebly tubercled. In the male the third and fourth joints of the antenne are thickened ; the frontal process, which in small male specimens is very small or even entirely wanting, reaches in large specimens a length of about 3 millim.; it is concave and densely hirsute in front, slightly curved upwards and deeply notched at the extremity. In general structure this species most nearly approaches P. Dejeant, Gah., and P. cornifrons, Gah,, but is readily distinguishable by its coloration. PROTOMOCERUS, gen. nov. Head with strongly raised and divergent antennary tubercles, each of which is slightly emarginate at the apical border, with a small projecting angle on the inner side. Front of the head furnished with a cariniform tubercle in its upper part in both sexes and with a similar tubercle in its lower part in the female. In the male a large process pro- jects obliquely downwards from the lower part of the front, and towards its free end curves slightly forwards. Prothorax furnished on each side with a large median conical tubercle, preceded by two smaller and more obtuse tubercles, one of which is close to the anterior margin; pronotum feebly Coleoptera from East Africa. 49 bisinuate at the basal margin, somewhat produced and rounded in the middle at the anterior margin. Prosternal process rather narrow, nearly vertical in front, thence gradually sloping and expanding behind. Mesosternal process with a small tubercle at about the middle of its length. Middle tibiae with an oblique groove on the outer edge. Claws of tarsi divergent. Antenne with a short fringe of hairs under- neath, about twice as long as the body in the male; the scape stout, with an open cicatrix at the apex; third joint longer than the first and shorter than the fourth, fourth to sixth subequal or slightly increasing in length, seventh to tenth gradually shortening; third joint thickened in the female. This genus seems best placed in Lacordaire’s group Proso- pocerides, though the head cannot, as in the definition of that group, be described as “broadly but moderately concave between the antennary tubercles, with the latter short,” &c., for the head is, in fact, strongly concave between the promi- nent and diverging antennary tubercles. Protomocerus Gregori, sp. 0. Pube albido-cinerascente vestitus; capite, antennis, prothoracis plaga magna laterali utrinque, et elytrorum humeris subfuscis ; elytris fasciculis brevibus fulvis sat dense ornatis; pedibus brunneo canoque variegatis, tarsis supra griseis. Long. 24, Jat. 8-8} mm. Hab. Bagamoyo, and Brit. E. Africa (Dr. Gregory). General pubescence of an ashy-white colour. On the head, the antenne, the shoulders of the elytra, and overa large area on each side of the prothorax, as well as spots on the legs, especially of the two hinder pairs, the pubescence is some- what dark brown or fulvous brown in colour, while numerous small tufts of fulvous hairs are scattered over the elytra. The ashy-white area on the disk of the pronotum between the lateral brown areas is in the form of a triangle, with its apex in front and marked by a small elevation; small granular elevations are scattered over the central part of the disk. The prothorax is marked on each side anteriorly with an oblique groove, which, commencing at the side of the median elevation, curves slightly backwards and then out- wards between the two anterior tubercles on the side, In the male the frontal process projects downwards and is curved slightly forwards at the extremity; it is concave in front and is covered with tawny hairs except along the median line. , Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. 11. 4 50 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn The antenne of the female are scarcely half as long again as the body; the third joint is but slightly longer than the first, and is shorter and distinctly thicker than the fourth. Protomocerus socius, sp. n. Preecedenti similis et affinis; sed fasciculis fulvis elytrorum bis numerosis, prothorace fere omnino cinereo, punctis paucis ad- spersis ad discum et macula parva utrinque pone tuberculum medium, fuscis, notato; antennis pallidioribus, densius pilosis et plus distincte fusco-annulatis. Long. 26, lat. 83 mm. Hab. Ntumbi in Agoniland, Brit. C. Africa. One female example. This species is so like the preceding one that it may possibly prove to be only an extreme variety. ‘The much greater number of the small tufts of hairs scattered over the elytra seems, however, to be a valid specific difference, and must be so regarded until it can be shown that the cha- racter is variable. The female type of P. soc/us, as well as the male type of the preceding species, are in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild at Tring Museum. Alphitopala assimilis, sp. n. Pube cretacea vestita ; pedibus antennisque brunneo-testaceis griseo tenuissime pubescentibus ; prothorace basi constricto et bisulcato, lateraliter in medio minute tuberculato; intercoxale mesosterni paullo protuberanto, antice verticali ; antennis( 2 ) quam corpore vix longioribus. Long. 20, lat. 6? mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Covered above and below with a dense chalk-white pubes- cence; legs and antenne with a much fainter greyish pubes- cence, through which the reddish-brown colour of the derm is easily seen. Prothorax almost as wide in front as at the middle, narrowed at the base, where also it is marked by two distinct transverse grooves, furnished on the middle of each side with a very small black tubercle. The antenne in the female scarcely reach beyond the apex of the elytra, and by means of this character the species may be distinguished from A. lactea, ‘Thoms., which it closely resembles in coloration, though differing by its somewhat more elongated form, its broader interocular face, its more convex elytra, and the absence of brown spots from the base of the elytra. Coleoptera from East Africa. 51 Alphitopola ventralis, sp. n. Capite, pronoto elytrisque pube luteo-fulva vestitis ; scutello, corpore subtus cum pedibus albido-pubescentibus; antennis griseis ; mesosterno paullo protuberanto. Long. 18, lat. 54 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). One female example. Head, pronotum, and elytraclosely covered with a yellowish- brown pubescence; scutellum white ; the whole of the under- side of the body and the legs with a whitish pubescence, that on the legs being less dense and less distinctly white in colour. Prothorax with a very minute tubercle on each side. Elytra visibly punctured at the base and along the sides as far as the middle; the derm where rubbed bare of pubescence is seen to have a reddish-brown colour. Antenne in the female a little longer than the body. Alphitopola antennalis, sp. n. Fulvo-cinereo-pubescens ; utroque elytro plagis fuscis tribus vage notato ; prothorace utrinque breviter tuberculato; antennis (¢ ) quam corpore sesqui-longioribus, cinereis, articulis 4°, 5° 6’que utrisque subtus macula elongata, elevata, fusca notatis. Long. 20, lat. 63 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. iS. Betton). One male example. Clothed with a pubescence which is partly ashy grey, partly tawny in colour. Lach elytron with three ill-defined patches of a dark brown colour—the first behind the shoulder, the second behind the middle, the third (which is the smallest) near the apex. Prothorax with a small but distinct tubercle on each side ; the two anterior and two posterior transverse grooves distinct, the second anterior groove bowed backwards in the middle. lytra strongly but somewhat sparingly punctured. Antenne about half as long again as the body in the male, cinereous grey in colour ; joints fourth, fifth, and sixth each having an elongated dark brown area underneath. This area is slightly raised and almost nude; it runs along almost the whole length of the fifth joint, but is confined to the distal half of the fourth and the proximal half of the sixth joint. Similar areas to these (which are possibly of a sensory nature) are present also on the corresponding joints of the male antenne in A. dbipunctata, Th., but in the latter are slightly more pubescent, and therefore less easily seen. 4* 52 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn Alphitopola Bettont, sp. n. Piceo-brunnea, griseo-pubescens; prothoracis lateribus et vitta media dorsali postice abbreviata, albis, vitta dorsali ad medium disci nigro-ocellata, lateribus ‘utrisque medio nigro-maculatis ; elytris maculis plagisque albis ornatis, viz. macula in depressione humerali, macula ad suturam paullo pone scutellum, plaga obliqua nigro-biocellata ante medium, macula rotunda nigro- ocellata pone medium, et macula minore paullo ante apicem ; mesosterno medio tuberculato; pectore abdomineque lateraliter albo-maculatis. Long. 10-12, lat. 3-4 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). In general shape and in style of marking this species some- what resembles A. vitticollis, Gah., but is easily distinguished by the number and position of the white spots and bands. Alphitopola unicolor, sp. n. Pube fulvo-cinerea omnino yestita; antennis griseis, quam corpore (2) paullo longioribus ; prothorace lateraliter inermi, supra sulcis duobus glabris—uno pone apicem, altero ante hasin—impresso, Long. 13, lat. 43 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Covered with a rather dense pubescence of a yellowish-grey colour. Antenne grey. Prothorax unarmed at the sides, marked above with two distinct transverse black lines—onea little behind the apex, the other a little in front of the base. Tntercoxal process of the mesosternum feebly tubercled, with its anterior face vertical. Tragiscoschema ornata, sp. n. Atra, flavo-ornata ; capite punctis duobus in fronte, fascia utrinque ad genam, et vittis duabus vertice flavis; prothoracis disco utrinque late flayo-vittato ; elytris utrisque macula oblonga medio- basali, maculis duabus parvis ad marginem externam, macula subrotunda ante medium, et macula transversa vel fascia pone medium flavis ornatis. Long. 11-12 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Black, with yellow spots and bands as follows :—a trans- verse band on each side of the head below the eye; a small spot on each side of the front close to the inner margin of the eye; two vitte on the vertex of the head; a broad band on each side of the prothorax just above the lateral spine; an Coleoptera from East Africa. 53 oblong spot on the disk of each elytron near the base, a round spot just in front of the middle, a transverse band between the middle and apex of each elytron, and two small spots at the outer margin—one just under the shoulder, the other placed a little further back from the base ; four spots on each side of the abdomen and spots at the sides of the breast and prosternum. Eumimetes brevicornis, sp. n. Pube grisea brunneo variegata vestita; pronoto vittis tribus fuscis interdum haud distinctis ornato; corpore subtus pedibusque punctis nigris glabris sat dense notatis; prothorace utrinque pone medium sat valde tuberculato, supra sparsim nigro-granu- lato; elytris versus basin fortiter denseque punctatis, humeris prominulis; antennis (¢) quam corpore paullo brevioribus, cinereis, articulis a tertio late fusco-annulatis. Long. 13-15, lat. 6-7 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. H. Africa (C. S. Betton). Head with a grey pubescence, interrupted by glabrous punctured spots. Prothorax rather strongly tubercled behind the middle of each side, evenly convex above, and marked with three more or less distinct fuscous vittee and numerous small scattered black granules. Scutellum short and broad, truncate behind. Elytra with prominent shoulders, and each with a prominence at the base close to the scutellum ; strongly and rather closely punctured, especially towards the base; covered with a grey pubescence, indistinctly spotted with brown. Legs and underside with an ashy-grey pubescence, changing to yellowish grey towards the sides of the body ; marked with numerous small glabrous black points. Crossotus validus, sp. Ui. CU, plumicornit (Serv.) similis, sed antennis subtus sparse breviterque fimbriatis, utroque latere prothoracis bituberculato; elytris utrisque pone basin crista brevi longitudinali summo fulvo-pilosa instructis. ed lA | Long. 17, lat. 73 mm. Hab. Machuma, Taru Desert, Brit. KE. Africa (C. 8. Betton). In colour and punctuation this species resembles C. plumi- cornis, Serv., and C. robustus, Jord., trom both of which it may be distinguished by the short longitudinal crest, sur- mounted with fulvous hairs, which is placed a little behind the base of each elytron. From C. plumicornis it is further 54 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn distinguished by having a second tubercle on each side of the prothorax and a dark brown spot and small tuft of hairs at the extreme base of each elytron. It resembles C. plumicornis in having three glabrous black lines on the vertex of the head. Crossotus basalis, sp. n. Pube grisea dense vestitus ; prothorace lateraliter pone medium sat valde tuberculato, disco utrinque tuberculis duobus parvis instructo; elytris a basi ad medium fortiter subseriatim punc- tatis, interstitiis leviter costatis; corpore subtus cum pedibus nigro vel fusco punctatis; antennis (¢) corpore longitudine eequalibus, subtus usque ad apicem sat dense fimbriatis, (2 ) medium elytrorum vix superantibus, subtus versus basin dense, versus apicem sparsissime ciliatis. Long. 9-10, lat. 4-45 mm. Hab. 'Varu Desert and Voi, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). With a greyish pubescence, mottled in places with fulvous brown, especially on the front of the head, on the legs and underside. Prothorax with a distinct tubercle on each side behind the middle, lying in front of which is another very small tubercle ; disk with four small tubercles forming with those of the sides two transverse series. Elytra strongly punctured in somewhat irregular rows from the base to the middle, beyond which some of the rows may be traced, but with the punctures much smaller in size; the intervals between the rows of punctures slightly raised, and sometimes covered with a brownish pubescence contrasting with the grey colour of the rest of the surface; each elytron with a small tawny tuft of hairs near the base and another behind the middle. Intercoxal process of prosternum raised in a simple arch; that of the mesosternum truncate in front, with its anterior face almost vertical. Male. Antenne about as long as the body, with a fringe of hairs underneath which is pale grey in colour towards the base, blackish brown towards the apex. Female, Antenne scarcely reaching beyond the middle of elytra, with the fringe of hairs underneath becoming gradually thinner from the third to the sixth joint, and with the last three or four joints very sparsely ciliate underneath. PLECTROPYGUS, gen. nov. With the characters of the group Hecyrzdides of Lacordaire, but distinguished from the other genera of this group as follows :—Head as broad as the prothorax, the latter very Coleoptera from East Africa. 55 feebly tubercled on the sides and disk; antenne much shorter than the body in both sexes ; intercoxal process of the prosternum simply arched, not truncate in front; inter- coxal process of the mesosternum gradually sloping in front, and broadly canaliculate along the middle. Plectropygus mucoreus, sp. ni. Pube nigra ferrugineo variegata vestitus; elytris ad basin apicemque concoloribus sed in area intermedia albido-flavescente dense pubescentibus, maculis prope medium et ad marginem externam nigris; antennarum articulis a tertio nigris, utrisque basi angustim cinereis, apice angustim fulvis, subtus sparse nigro-fimbriatis. 3. Antennis medium elytrorum paullo superantibus, segmento ultimo ventrali abdominis apice transversim excavato et fusco- fimbriato. 2. Antennis medium elytrorum vix superantibus ; segmento ultimo ventrali ad apicem paullo depresso ect ad basin linea media brevissima impresso; pygidio apice valde emarginato et uncis duobus, uno alterum adyerso, armato. Long. 19-22, lat. 6-7 mm. Hab. Mbuyuni, Brit. EK. Africa (C. S. Betton); Nyasa- land (A, Whyte). Head, prothorax, legs, and the underside of the body with a blackish-brown indumentum interspersed with small patches of rust-red pubescence ; anterior and posterior fourths of the elytra coloured like the body, but the intermediate half thickly covered with yellowish-white pubescence interrupted by a transverse black patch near the middle of each elytron, and a few spots alongside the outer margin. Prothorax with four feebly raised tubercles above, and two small obtuse tubercles on each side, with some rather large shallow punc- tures scattered over the disk. lytra strongly punctured, with the punctures over the pale-coloured intermediate area almost entirely hidden by the pubescence; with two small tufts of black hairs on each near the base, one just within the shoulder, the other placed farther back and nearer to the suture. Antenne (slightly longer in the male than in the female) reaching a little beyond the middle of the elytra, with a thin fringe of dark brown hairs underneath ; third joint the longest, fifth joint much shorter than the fourth, the sixth and follow- ing joints decreasing in length. Male with a transverse excavation, somewhat oval in out- line, at the apex of the last ventral segment, and with a 56 Mr. C. J. Gahan on new Longicorn fringe of black hairs projecting slightly over the excavation from its anterior border. Pygidium of the female deeply emarginate at the apex, and furnished with two hooks which turn inwardly towards the middle line. BIOBESSA, gen. nov. (Hecyridides). Allied to the preceding genus. Head as wide as the pro- thorax; the latter broader in front than at the base, furnished with a swall conical tubercle behind the middle of each side. Antenne much shorter than the body in both sexes, third joint twice as long as the first and a little longer than the fourth, fifth and following joints gradually diminishing in length, and, taken together, scarcely longer than the third and fourth united. Eyes divided. Prosternal process strongly arched, and furnished with two small tubercles in the middle; mesosternal process nearly vertical in front, horizontal behind, with two small tubercles at the edge between the two faces. Biobessa beatriz, sp. n. Pube brunneo-grisea dense vestita; capitis vertice fasciculis duobus fulvis minutis instructo; prothoracis disco utrinque tuberculis duobus parvis instructo, medio prope basin paullo elevato ; elytris versus basin subrugosis, prope basin et inter medium apicemque fasciculis minimis fulvis nonnullis instructis. Long. 13-15, lat. 43-5 mm. Hab. ‘Varu Desert, Brit. E. Africa (C. 8. Betton). Covered above and below with a dense drab or tawny grey pubescence. Head with a finely impressed median line reaching from the clypeus to the occiput; crown with two small tufts of tawny hairs placed on two feeble elevations. Prothorax with two small tubercles on each side of the disk, the two hinder ones being in a line with the lateral tubercles, with a broader but more feebly raised tubercle in the middle, a little in front of the base. Elytra somewhat rugose towards the base, but with the rugosity scarcely evident, owing to the closeness of the pubescence. Legs and first joint of the antenne slightly mottled with brown or tawny. Lach of the abdominal segments with a short fringe of tawny sete at the hind margin. Last ventral segment in the male with a deep but very narrow transverse excavation at the apex. Eunidia mucorea, sp. n. Capite et elytrorum tertia parte apicali fuscis, pube cinerea ferru- Coleoptera from East Africa. 57 gineo-commixta sparse vestitis; prothorace dense albido-pubes- cente, lateraliter in medio obtuse angulato; scutello fusco; elytris a basi ad partem tertiam posticam dense albido-cinereo- pubescentibus, prope basin maculis parvis ferrugineis ; corpore subtus pedibusque cinerascentibus; antennis griseis, articulis 1°-3"™ et 11° fuscis. Long. 8, lat. 24 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Head and a little more than the posterior third of the elytra dark brown, with small scattered patches of grey and rust-red pubescence. Prothorax and the anterior two thirds of the elytra covered with a dense ashy-white pubescence ; with the shoulders of the elytra slightly fuscous, and one or two spots on each elytron near the base rusty red. First three joints of the antenne blackish brown, with some scattered greyish hairs, the eleventh joint and the apex of the tenth fuscous, rest of the antenne grey. Kunidia plagiata, sp. n. Corpore subtus pedibusque et capite pube grisea dense vestitis ; prothorace elytrisque albo-cinereis, his fusco-plagiatis; prothorace lateraliter utrinque obtuse tuberculato ; tarsis supra infuscatis. Long. 12, Jat. 83 mm. Hab. Samburu (C. S. Betton). Head, the underside of the body, and the legs covered with a dense greyish pubescence ; prothorax and elytra with a paler, almost white, pubescence. Hlytra each with a fulvous- grey patch at the base, a dark brown patch at the middle, and three dark brown spots between the middle and the apex. Prothorax with an obtuse tubercle placed high up on the middle of each side, with a slight constriction in front of and behind the base of the tubercle. Hunidia piperita, sp. 1 Prothorace pone apicem et ante basin leviter constricto et sulcato, lateraliter in medio obtuse tuberculato; corpore subtus, pro- thorace et elytris pube fulva maculis fuscis albisque interspersa vestitis ; pedibus fulvo-griseis, femoribus tibiisque macula fusca ad medium notatis; antennarum articulis 1°-3"™ griseis, ceteris fuscis. Long. 8-11 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Prothorax with a distinct rounded tubercle or swelling placed high up on the middle of each side, with a slight con- 58 On new Longicorn Coleoptera from East Africa. striction before and behind the tubercle and corresponding grooves across the upper surface. Underside, prothorax, and elytra clothed with a tawny pubescence, with small scattered spots—some dark brown, others white in colour, the latter being sometimes aggregated to form a large white patch near the base. Legs tawny grey, with a fuscous spot at the middle of each of the femora and tibie. This species together with the two preceding form a section in the genus characterized by a relatively rather broad prothorax having an obtuse tubercle on each side. Eunidia subfasciata, sp. n. Capite in fronte griseo, supra et lateraliter plus minusve ferrugineo- pubescente; prothorace quam longitudine latiore, lateribus in medio leviter rotundato, disco pube grisea brunneo-mixta et maculis ferrugineis interspersa vestito; elytris pube grisea brunneaque vestitis, plaga apicali albida, fulvo-commixta, utris- que fasciis tribus fuscis parum distinctis notatis—prima paullo pone basin, secunda leviter arcuata mediana, tertia ad marginem anticam plage apicalis posita; corpore subtus cum pedibus griseo- pubescentibus, illo maculis brunneis ferrugineisque dispersis, clavis femorum sub pube nigris, Long. 12-13, lat. 33-4 mm. Hab. Samburu, Brit. EK. Africa (C. 8. Betton). Head with a pubescence which is greyish in front, and more or less rusty red around the eyes, on the crown, and on the sides. Prothorax broader than long, slightly rounded in the middle on each side; its pubescence grey mixed with brown, and with the anterior margin and a few spots on the disk rusty red. Elytra with a mixed grey and light brown pubescence, with some tawny patches at the base, and a well- marked white and tawny area at the apex ; each with three dark brown bands: the first, which is the least distinct, at a short distance from the base, the second at the middle, the third forming an anterior border to the pale posterior area. Legs and underside grey ; the abdomen with some dark brown and rusty-red patches. Seen through the pubescence, the derm of the legs is yellowish testaceous, except at the clubs of the femora, where it is black. Joints of the antenne from the third dark brown at the apex. Sophronica Bettont, sp. n. Testacea, fulvo-pubescens ; prothorace elytrorumque sutura et plaga laterali utrinque pone medium cinereis; elytris utrinque prope Australian Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. 59 basin macula obliqua fusco-nitida notatis ; antennis ( ¢ ) corpore longitudine squalibus. Long. 10, lat. 34 millim. Hab. Samburu, Brit. E. Africa (C. S. Betton). Reddish brown, clothed with fulvous pubescence and with long erect sete. The pubescence on the prothorax, on the sutural borders of the elytra from a little behind the base almost up to the apex, and on a lateral plaga behind the middle of each elytron is of an ashy-grey colour. Hach elytron has an oblique nude spot near the base, the derm of this spot, as well as beneath the ashy-grey areas, being black in colour, whereas on the remaining parts of the elytra it is reddish brown. The elytra are strongly and somewhat thickly punctured, the punctures being irregularly spread, except along the middle, where two more or less regular rows may be distinguished. Sophronica testacea, sp. ni. Testacea, subnitida, dense profundeque punctata; antennis ultra medium infuscatis. Long. 9, lat. 34 millim. Hab. Mpwapwa, HE. Africa (Dr. Kirk). Head and pronotum reddish testaceous ; elytra, legs, and underside yellowish testaceous. Head, pronotum, and elytra thickly and deeply punctured, with the punctures of the elytra rather larger towardsthe base, and gradually diminishing in size towards the apex. This species agrees pretty closely in structural characters with S. carbonaria, Pasc., but is relatively somewhat broader in form; the eyes are larger, with the upper lobes more approximate, and the scape of the antenne is a little shorter and more thickened towards the apex. In colour it somewhat resembles S. ca/ceata, Chevr., which is, however, a relatively narrower and more elongated species, having longer and more slender antenne. VIUJ.—The Australian Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. By R. I. Pocock. THE genus Urodacus is the sole member of the family Scor- pionide which is confined to Australia. It may be readily distinguished from the remaining members of the order that occur in this area by the possession of the following features :— 60 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Australian (1) a single, movable, claw-like spur on the articular mem- brane at the base of the foot ; (2) a pentagonal sternum; (3) a pair of lateral eyes on each side of the carapace; (4) a median keel on the lower surface of the first four caudal segments. The pentagonal sternum and the single pedal spur are also found in the genus Hormurus; but in the latter there are three lateral eyes on each side of the carapace and a pair of crests or keels on the lower side of the first four caudal segments. These two genera are the only representatives of the Scorpionide that occur in Australia. Hormurus, however, is certainly a later immigrant than Urodacus, for it is only met with in the north-eastern parts of the country, and belongs essentially to the Indo- and Austro- Malayan area. Urodacus, on the contrary, has not, so far as I am aware, been recorded from Queensland at all, though it not improbably spreads into the southern parts of that province. Up to the present time, including those described as new in this paper, twelve species have been established, with ten of which I have the good fortune to be acquainted from an actual exam- ination of specimens. The others, described by Dr. Thorell as loctonus manicatus and I. orthurus, were referred by that author to a different genus, owing, according to Kraepelin, to an error of observation with respect to the number of crests on the lower side of the tail. Again, according to Kraepelin, manicatus is specifically identical with the type of the genus, U.nove-hollandie, whichoccurs in the neighbourhood of Perth. The identity of J. orthurus still remains in doubt. Lastly, the form that I described as U. Keyserlingii proves upon the examination of fresh material to be identical with a species previously established as U. abruptus; so that the total number of species now to be reckoned with amounts to ten of which the characters are known, and one (orthurus) of which the characters are doubtful. A glance at the species and localities mentioned below shows that two species have been described from Arnhem Land in North Australia; two from the central parts of West Aus- tralia ; two from the south-western corner in the neighbourhood of Perth; one from South Australia; and from Victoria and New South Wales one species, which spreads as far westward as Adelaide. It is noticeable that, with the exception of the New South Wales species and the two here recorded from the neighbourhood of the Murchison Goldtields, all the species have been met with at various points on the coast of Aus- tralia. It cannot be doubted therefore that at the present Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. 61 time we know but a small fraction of the species of the genus that actually exist. It may be added that Prof. Kraepelin, in his recent attempt at a “Revision”? of the Scorpions, makes a bold effort, qualified by the liberal use of interrogation marks, to reduce the species known at the time he was writing to two. I am unable to find any justification for his opinion ; and since he refrains from all mention of the localities whence the speci- mens he examined were obtained, it is not possible even to suggest whether one or more than one species were described by him under the title U. nove-hollandie, Peters. The species that stand apart from the rest in their structural features are the two from Arnhem Land. One of these, namely U. Darwiniti, has considerable claims to rank as a distinct genus, as I at first considered it to be before the species named planimanus came upon the scene. Urodacus Darwintt (Poe.). TIodacus Darwinti, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii. p. 245 (1891). Loc. North Australia, Port Darwin in Arnhem Land (J. J. Walker). This northern species, like U. excellens, occupies an isolated position in the genus Urodacus. It is characterized by its short and slender tail, by the absence of a median keel on the dorsal surface of the flattened hand, &c. Urodacus planimanus, Poe. Urodacus planimanus, Poc. Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 321 (1893). Loc. West Australia, 30 miles from Perth (7. W. J. Turner). This species has the hands flattened as in W Darwinii, but in other respects more approaches U. nove-hollandic, though easily to be distinguished from that species by its narrow tail, deeply excised frontal border, &e. Prof. Kraepelin placed this species as doubtfully synony- mous with U. Darwin, supposing that it was perhaps based upon a male example of a species of which U. Darwinii is the female. Unfortunately for this view, the types of the two species are females, and it may be added that, even if they were of opposite sexes, there could be no justification for the opinion that they are specifically identical. 62 Mr. R. J. Pocock on the Australian Urodacus excellens, Poe. Urodacus excellens Poc. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii. p. 170, pl. viii. fic, 2 (1888). Loc. North Australia, Port Essington in Arnhem Land (Dr. Richardson). Urodacus nove hollandiv, Peters. Urodacus nove-hollandie, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ak. 1861, p.511; Pocock, Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii. p. 170, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1888). Loc. Western Australia (Freemantle, Perth, Swan River), In the monograph of the species of this genus published in 1888 J referred to some specimens of what I supposed, and still suppose, to be nove-hollandiw, Peters, in the British Museum, ticketed “ Ceylon.” ‘That the locality is erroneous has been to my mind settled conclusively by the subsequent discovery in the Museum of some specimens of a Centipede (Cormocephalus auranttipes, Newp.), which is apparently not uncommon near Perth, also bearing the label ‘‘ Ceylon,” accom- panied by the same register number as that under which the scorpions were entered. lam not acquainted with any evidence that this species ranges far from the south-western corner of Australia. A specimen from Port Lincoln that I at one time referred to it is the young of another species. Urodacus granifrons, sp. n. 3d .— Colour a tolerably uniform ochre-yellow. Carapace with frontal lobes transversely truncate and sepa- rated by a shallowish median emargination as in nove- hollandie ; the interocular triangle covered with fine close-set granulation. Tergites finely and closely granular. Tail nearly five times as long as the carapace, the sides of the segments convexly rounded, the second a little longer than broad, the fifth more than twice as long as broad; the supe- rior crests weakly granular, not posteriorly elevated ; inferior crests of segments 1-3 smooth; lateral surface of segments 2-4 very finely granular; vesicle as wide as fifth segment. Legs with finely granular femora; 5 spines on outer side of protarsus of first and second leg. Pectinal teeth 16-18. Measurements in millimetres.—'Total length 54, length of carapace 6, of tail 29, Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. 63 Loc. Chapman River, 10 miles from Geraldton, W. Aus- tralia (#. H. Saunders). This species, based upon a single male example, differs from U. nove-hollandie in having the anterior portion of the carapace finely granular, instead of smooth and _ finely punctured. Urodacus abruptus, Poe. Urodacus abruptus, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii. p. 174, pl. viii. fig. 4 (1888). Uredacus Keyserlingii, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vill. p. 245 (=nove-hollandia, Keyserling, not Peters). Loc. South and South-eastern Australia, Adelaide, type (59. 2); Ballarat and Bendigo, in Victoria (W. W. Froggatt) ; Cooma, Bathurst, Maitland, Yass, in New South Wales (W. W. Froggatt); New England District of New South Wales (J. Macpherson). Since I described this species the British Museum has received a very fine series of it from Mr. Froggatt and Mr. Macpherson from the localities mentioned above. Urodacus Woodwardii, Poc. Urodacus Woodwardit, Poc. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 322, pl. xiv. fig. 8 (1893). Loc. Darling Range, north of Perth, W. Australia (B. /. Woodward). This species is most nearly related to U. abruptus, but is recognizable from all the examples of the latter that I have seen in having the segments of the tail more convexly rounded and lower, with less elevated upper crests, so that the areas between these crests and the superior lateral crests are noticeably narrower than in abruptus. Moreover the vesicle is distinctly more globular, its width excelling that of the fifth segment. Urodacus armatus, Poe. Urodacus armatus, Poc. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii. p. 172, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1888). Loc. 8. Australia, Port Lincoln, on the west of Spencer Gulf. This species, of which only.a single male example is known, is most nearly related to the Perth species, but may be at once recognized from the male of it by the strong armature and greater slenderness of the tail-segments. 64 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Australian Urodacus hoplurus, sp. n. 3 .— Colour a uniform ochre-brown, with the digits, the tergites, and the median area of the sternites blackish. Carapace as long as the first and nearly half the second caudal segments, shorter than the fifth, its frontal lobes coarsely rugose and granular, its lateral portions finely granular. Tergites closely granular posteriorly and laterally, very finely granular in front, the last with two subdenticulate keels on each side; sterna smooth and polished, with the exception of the first, second, and third, which are irregularly and (? pathologically) tubercular mesially. Tail long, about five times as long as the carapace; all the segments wider behind than in front, especially the first, second, and third; first more than one third longer than broad, fifth about four times as wide as long; the intercarinal spaces smooth ; three inferior keels of segments 1-4 smooth, the superior and superior lateral keels of these segments weakly denticulate, their superior keels ending posteriorly in a large triangularly spiniform tooth; keels of fifth segment denticulate, the inferior more strongly so than the superior ; vesicle large, its width equal to the width of the third segment, its height shghtly greater than width of fourth segment, granular below and strongly bisulcate; aculeus_ slightly curved. Palpi.—Humerus coarsely granular above, its anterior and posterior crests strong and coarsely granular ; antericr surface coarsely but sparsely granular; inferior surface weakly granular at the base; brachium finely granular above and below, smooth in front, and smooth but with coarse scattered punctures behind, the upper and lower keels bounding its anterior surface coarsely granular, with a row of 12 or 18 pores on its lower surface posteriorly ; hand with keels normal in number, but not so strong as in U. nove-hollandic and armatus ; covered above externally and below with a reticu- lation of fine granules; length of hand-back equal to width of hand, shorter than movable digit ; lower surface of hand furnished with a series of about 16 pores running along the inner edge of the keel to the inner angle of the movable digit. Legs with femora and patella weakly granular; protarsi of first and second with five external spines. Pectinal teeth 27. Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 103; length of Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. 69 carapace 12; length of tail 60, of its fifth segment 14; width of hand 8. Loc. Lawlers, East Murchison Goldfields, West Australia (W. O. Mansbridge). The following table may help others to identify the species of this genus known to me :— a. Hands low, flat above, height of their outer surface less than half its length mea- sured along the inferior keel; tail slender, its segments parallel-sided. a‘, Hands without an upper median keel ; carapace widely and deeply emarginate in frovt, smooth ; tergal plates and first four segments of tail also smooth, the superior crests of the latter alone being feebly granular; a row of 1] pores on the brachium below and 14 on the hand; tail about 33 times as long as carapace, which is longer than its first and second segments; 6 spines on outer side of protarsus of first and second leys and 3 on the tibia ..... . Darwinii, Poc., 2. 6‘. Hands with a strong upper median keel ; carapace deeply but narrowly emargi- nate, granular; tergites and tail gran- ular, the superior crests of the latter stronger and posteriorly spiniform ; 8-9 pores on brachium and 9-10 on hand; tail a little more than 4 times as long as carapace, which is shorter than its first and second segments; 5 spines on outer side of second protar- sus and only setiform spines on the EINE De ate tee! ai, 208 dina ae imo ach oa planimanus, Poe., 9. 6. Hands high, convex above, height of their outer surface more than half its length. a*, Hands practically keelless; 15 pores on lower surface of brachium and 19 on hand ; of large size, up to 114 mm, in length, carapace about 17 mm. long ; carapace smooth, deeply emarginate, with rounded frontal lobes ; 7 protarsal and 38 tibial spines on first and second ROM naires 5 bn. fosee digesta | haakes ewcellens, Poc., 2. except Aoplurus, less than 90 mm. in length, carapace not exceeding 12 mm. in hoplwrus, usually less than that; 4-6 protarsal spines on first and second legs ; carapace laterally granular. a®. Upper keels of caudal segments 1-4 Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ii. 5 66 Australian Scorpions of the Genus Urodacus, Pet. ending behind in a large triangular spiniform process (true to a less ex- tent of ¢ of abruptus). a‘, Spines on caudal segments directed obliquely backwards and upwards; frontal portion of carapace not roughened with tubercles, cara- pace as long as fifth caudal seg- ment; vesicle small, its width less than that of fifth segment, its height less than width of fourth ; hands smooth above; a single row of about 10 pores on brachium and 10 on hand; 6 protarsal spines on first and second legs .. armatus, Poc., ¢. 6‘, Spines on caudal segments ver- tical ; frontal portion of carapace tubercular, carapace considerably shorter than fifth caudal segment ; width of vesicle exceeding that of fifth caudal segment, its height exceeding width of fourth; hands granularly reticulate above; bra- chium with about 12, hand with about 16 pores ina line below, with additional pores near the base of the finger; 5 protarsal spines on first and second legs .. hoplurus, sp.n., d. b°, Upper keels of first four caudal seg- ments either not elevated or but little elevated, at all events less strongly elevated than in armatus and hoplurus. a’, Tergal plates of abdomen in adult covered with fine granulation, a®. Frontal lobes of carapace rounded and separated by a deeper emar- gination; upper crests of first, second, and third caudal seg- ments more elevated; sides of segments less convex ...... .. abruptus, Poc., 3. b°. Frontal lobes of carapace more squarely truncate, separated by a shallower excision ; upper crests of tail not elevated ; sides of segments more markedly convex. a’, Area of carapace in front of median eyes covered with fine close-set granules...... granifrons, sp. 1, 3. b7, Area of carapace in front of median eyes smooth and finely punctured ...,...... nove-hollandie, Pet., d 2. b°. Tergal plates of abdomen smooth and polished in the middle, the anterior closely and finely granu- Dr. R. H. Traquair on Paleozore Fishes. 67 lar laterally ; frontal lobes rounded. a’, Upper crests of anterior caudal segments more elevated, sides of segments straighter, much less noticeably convex; vesicle TIGUPCEW OR “5 \ o-d cesar tes thrndet oa st abruptus, Poc., 9. b°. Uppercrest of tail scarcely notice- ably elevated; sides of seg- ments convexly rounded ; VesiclenwMem You ova de se Sok e% Woodwardit, Poc., 2. The remaining species of this genus, described under the name Joctonus, are :— Urodacus manicatus, Thorell (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, xvii. p.14; id. Act. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. xix. p. 261 &c.), from Australia, which, according to Kraepelin, is iden- tical with U. nove-hollandie, Peters. Urodacus orthurus, Thorell (Act. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. xix. p- 190), of which the locality is unknown.—Kraepelin suggests that this species may be identical with Darwinit or planimanus, or both. I have no hesitation in saying that with Darwinii it is certainly not identical, if any value is to be placed upon its description, and that the evidence as to its identity with planimanus is stronger on the negative than on the positive side. 1X.—WNotes on Paleozoic Fishes.—No. I1.* By R. H. Traquair, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. [Plate I.} Hirverto the remarkable plates known as Psammosteus have been found only in strata of Upper and Middle Devonian age in Scotland and in Russia. Through the kindness of Dr. Woodward, F.R.S., Keeper, and Mr. A. Smith Wood- ward, Assistant-Keeper, of the Geological Department in the British Museum, I have now the privilege of describing and figuring a new species from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the West of Nngland. Psammosteus anglicus, sp. n. (PI. I. figs. 1, 2.) This plate is represented, natural size, in Pl. I. fig. 1. It is oblong-ovate in shape, 3? inches in length by 23 in * For No, I. see Ann, & Mag. N. H. ser. 6, 1894, vol. xiv. pp. 8368-374, 68 Dr. R. I. Traquair on Paleozoic Fishes. breadth; one extremity, which we shall assume to be the posterior, is truncated, making a “ side” of 1,%5 inch in extent, the other (anterior) is not quite perfect, but seems to have been evenly rounded. The surface which is here exhibited is the ¢nner; it is posteriorly nearly flat, being only very gently concave, but in the anterior half it is more hollowed, there being here an oblong depression, the bottom of which is again slightly convex or raised. On the posterior part slight concentric furrows of growth may be seen. The inner surface of the plate is composed of dense lamel- lated tissue, as in other species of the genus, and the vascular structure of the middle layer exhibited in fracture at the anterior part also corresponds, so far as can be ascertained by the use of the lens. A portion of the impression of the outer surface is seen in front, showing that the external ornament consisted of coarse stellated tubercles, which tend to assume an elongated form. ‘The apices of the tubercles are broken off and remain in the matrix of the impression, a small portion of which, magnified five diameters, is shown in fig. 2. The specimen figured is in the Weever-Jones Collection, British Museum, no. P. 194. It is believed to be from Here- fordshire or Worcestershire, but the exact locality is unknown, However, there is also a fragment in the collection from Maindee, in Monmouthshire, which apparently belongs to the same species. From Goldleps, Monmouthshire, there is also a fragment of a plate of another species, which will be described and figured in my next paper of the present series. Protodus scoticus (EK. T. Newton). (PI. I. fig. 3.) Onychodus scoticus, K, T, Newton, Geol. Mag. (8) vol. ix. 1892, p. 51, This specimen, consisting of an antero-posterior row of eight conical, recurved, sharp, two-edged teeth, united by their bases in the form of an are of a circle, was correctly described by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., six years ago, but T think wrongly attributed by him to the genus Onychodus of Newberry, which is apparently referable to the Crossopterygii. The fractured surfaces of the teeth show that their substance is formed of vascular dentine like those of Selachii, and there is no central pulp-cavity, whereas in Onychodus the dentine is solid and there is a very large pulp-cavity extending almost to the very apex of the tooth. ‘The teeth of Onychodus are also round or oval in transverse section, those of the present specimen have lateral cutting-edges—in fact, each individual tooth in form closely resembles the teeth of Protodus Jexi, a Selachian described from the Lower Devonian of Canada by Dr. R. H. Traquair on Paleozoic Fishes. 69 Mr. Smith Woodward some years ago*. All doubt as to the Selachian character of Mr. Newton’s specimen is, how- ever, removed from my mind by the occurrence of similar- looking whorls of teeth in a small Selachian head in the Powrie collection in the Edinburgh Museum, this head being also from Turin Hill, Forfarshire, the same locality as that from which the specimen in question is supposed to have been procured. The only difference which I can see between these teeth and those of Protodus is the anchylosis at their bases of the teeth in antero-posterior succession—a difference precisely like that which distinguishes Pleuroplaw from Helodus. A new genus might properly be created for this interesting form, but it may be advisable to defer doing so for the present. I may also add that I strongly suspect Mr. A. Smith Woodward’s Onychodus anglicus from Herefordshire t to belong to the same category ; certainly the specimen in the British Museum does, though the original type in Oxford requires re-examination. My best thanks are due to Sir A. Geikie and Mr. E. T. Newton for their kind permission to re-examine this specimen, which is in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. Farnellia tuberculata, gen. et sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 4.) One half of the remarkable specimen on which this new genus is founded was exhibited by the late Rev. Hugh Mitchell et the British Association at Aberdeen in 1885, and is now in the British Museum; the other side is in the Powrie collection in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art. It is difficult to say which of the two should be con- sidered as the “ counterpart.” Accompanying the British Museum specimen is a label in Mr. Mitchell’s handwriting with the name ‘ Cosmiolepis antiquus,” the locality being givenas Farnell. But the name was never published, and, owing to its rather too close resem- blance to Cosmolepis, preoccupied in 1858 by Sir Philip Egerton for a Liassic Paleoniscid, it can scarcely now be adopted. The specimen is a mere fragment, showing a portion of a vertebral column about 2 inches in length, most of the vertebre, about twenty in number, being seen only in im- pression ; but those which remain show the ring-like centrum which is characteristic of so many Paleozoic fishes, such as Paleospondylus, Chondrenchelys, &c. Associated with this * Geol, Mag. (8) vol. ix. 1892, pp. 1-2, pl. i. figs, 1, la. + Geol. Mag. (3) 1888, vol. v. p. 500; Cat, Foss. Fishes British Museum, pt. il, 1891, p. 392. 70 Mr. IT. Grose-Smith on new remnant of a vertebral column are a number of impressions of polygonal angular scutes, best seen in the London half of the specimen, three of which are represented in PI. I. fig. 4, magnified three diameters, and which display the imprint of a characteristic ornament, namely of finely tuberculated ridges radiating from the centre of each plate. It is difficult to give any opinion as to the true zoological position of this remarkable fish-fragment, though desirable to name and record it, in the hope that additional specimens may at a future time turn up to throw more light on its nature. Meanwhile the specimen is interesting as showing the oldest vertebral centra as yet known. It is also of special interest to geologists to know that the genus apparently existed also in Upper Silurian times, as Mr. Smith Woodward recently kindly ‘showed me a portion of Ludlow ‘ Bone Bed” (T. 'T. Lewis Coll. Brit. Mus. P. 8929) on which a little scute is seen which, generically at least, cannot be distin- guished from the scutes of the Farnell specimen, the principal difference being that the latter are squeezed quite flat, while the Ludlow specimen is elevated in the centre. I must here also thank Dr. Woodward and Mr. Smith Woodward for their kindness in allowing me to make use of the specimens in the British Museum. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, Fig. 1. Psammosteus anglicus, Traq., natural size. Fig. 2. Impression of sculpture of outer surface of the same plate, mag- nified five diameters. Fig. 8. Protodus scoticus (K. 'T. Newton), magnified three diameters. Fig. 4. Impressions of outer surfaces of three of the scutes of Farnellia tuberculata, Traq. X.—Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from South America. By H. GRose-SMITH, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.5., &e. Heliconius molina. Male.— Upperside. Both wings brownish black, suffused with shining dark blue. Anterior wings with an oblique crimson band at the end of the cell, which it partially invades, crossing the middle of the disk to a little below the lowest median nervule, on which it is rather widest. Poste- rior wings with the costal margin broadly pale cinereous brown. Underside. Both wings dark brown. Anterior wings with Butterflies from South America. (al the band dull rufous and intersected by three irregular bands of brown scales between the veins; the area below the lowest median nervule and median nervure to the inner margin pale cinereous brown. On the posterior wings is a faint indication of a broad paler band crossing the disk horizontally a little before the middle. Exp. of wings 22 inches. Hab, Valdivia, Colombia (Pratt). Nearest to H. cyrbia, Godt., and H. cythera, Hew., but on the posterior wings without the white outer margin and with only a faint indication of the middle pale band. Adelpha juanna. Male.— Upperside. Both wings crossed by brown bands as in A. leuceria, Druce, but wider throughout. On the ante- rior wings the inner branch of the brown band, where it becomes bifid towards the costa, is much wider, being of equal width with the lower part of the band, and the brown spots in the outer branch are smaller and do not curve in- wardly. The posterior wings are more convex on the outer margin. On the underside differences occur similar to those on the upperside, Exp. of wings 23 inches. Hab, Valdivia, Colombia (Pratt). It is very close to A. leuceria, but a larger insect. Adelpha nahua. Male.— Upperside. Both wings resemble those of A. cythera, Linn., but on the posterior wings the discal white band is bordered outwardly by a very broad fulvous band which crosses the disk from the costal margin before the apex to the anal angle ; the white band is narrower and terminates more acutely and further above the anal angle than in A. cythera. On the underside of the posterior wings the fulvous area outside the white discal band is brighter and less distinctly traversed by the irregular dark band on A. cythera, there being only an indistinct indication of it; the submarginal row of white lunules is almost obsolete. Exp. of wings 12 inch. flab. Merida. Symmachia miron. Male.— Upperside. Anterior wings resemble those of S. ju- gurtha, Stgr., but the yellow semihyaline space beyond the black 72 On new Butterflies from South America. bar at the end of the cell is widest on the costal margin, instead of being narrowest, beyond which are five semihyaline elon- gate white spots on the disk, the uppermost and lowest of which are minute ; the orange-rufous bar on the inner margin is wider and more elongate. ‘I'he posterior wings are orange- rufous, bordered all round rather narrowly by black. Underside.— Anterior wings as on the upperside, except that the inner marginal rufous band is represented by a pale buff streak. Posterior wings black, with a triangular spot near the base of the cell; two subcostal spots on the disk, another elongate spot at the end of the cell; a broad, more elongate streak near the inner margin, reaching to the base ; two spots above the anal angle; an elongate bar across the median nervules before the margin, and a minute subapical spot, all of which are shining pale stramineous ; palpi black, front of the head between the eyes orange-rufvus ; thorax and abdomen black in the middle, bordered by orange-rufous, with stramineous rings underneath. Exp. of wings 1} inch. Hab. Ecuador (Buckley). A very remarkable insect; on the underside it is nearest to S. accusatriz, Westwood. Lucilla asterra. Male.— Upperside. Anterior wings dark shining blue, with ihe middle of the disk crossed by a broad, oblique, suboval crimson band, which extends into the outer part of the cell and below the lowest median nervule. Posterior wings rather paler shining blue, with seven elongate, triangular, pale greyish-blue streaks on the disk between the veins, those in the middle the most elongate and gradually becoming shorter towards the apex; the bases of these streaks do not quite reach the outer margin. Underside dull bluish black; the band on the anterior wings is coloured orange; on the posterior wings the pale blue streaks of the upperside are steel-blue, become linear, and extend as far as the cell, towards the end of which is a short steel-blue marking. Exp. of wings 13 inch. Hab, Colombia (Pratt). Nearest to Lucilla camissa, Hew., but quite distinct. Aritcoris Buckleyt. Male.— Upperside. Both wings dark blue, except the apex of the anterior and the costal margin of the posterior wings, which are rather broadly black. Mr. G. A. Boulenger on a new Snake. 73 Underside. Both wings bronzy brown. Anterior Wings with a pale streak extending along the basal two thirds of the cell, and a basal diffused orange patch below the cell ; four submarginal conical white spots on the disk between the veins, the lowest of which near the outer angle is bifid. Pos- terior wings with three basal orange streaks, one on the costal margin the shortest, the second in the cell and extending a little beyond it, the third the longest, in the interspace be- tween the lowest median nervule and submedian nervure ; five submarginal conical white spots on the disk between the veins, of which that nearest the anal angle is bifid and the most elongate. Female.— Upperside bronzy brown. Anterior wings with the disk crossed beyond the cell by a broad oblique orange band, extending from near the middle of the costa, which it does not quite reach, and where it is rather paler, to the lowest median nervule, but not reaching the outer margin ; the outer edge of the band is rather sinuate. The underside is paler bronzy brown. On the anterior wings the band is pale tawny, and towards the outer angle is an indication of the bifid conical spot in that position on the underside of the anterior wings of the male. Posterior wings with a submarginal row of white conical spots as in the male, but much less distinct. Exp. of wings, ¢ 13, 2 2 inches. Hab. Ecuador (buckley). Nearest to A. velutina, Bates. XI.— Description of a new Genus of Aglyphous Colubrine Snakes from Sumatra. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. IGUANOGNATHUS. Maxillary, palatal, and mandibular teeth with spatulate crowns ribbed along the outer side, subequal in size, 23 in each maxillary. Head small, slightly distinct from neck ; eye rather small, with round pupil; nostril directed upwards, pierced between two nasals; no loreal. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, in 19 rows, without apical pits; ventrals rounded. ‘Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Poste- rior precaudal vertebree without hypapophyses. This genus is founded on a most remarkable snake, the dentition of which is unparalleled among the Ophidia. For the unique specimen, stated to be from Sumatra, I am indebted to Dr. F. Werner, of Vienna, whose name | have great pleasure in connecting with the discovery of so interesting a new type. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ii. 6 74 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on a new Snake. Iquanognathus Wernert. Snout very short, broad, rounded. Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals small, trapezoid, as long as broad ; prefrontals as long as internasals, but twice as broad ; frontal once and one third as long as broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, longer than the distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; three preoculars, the middle one in contact with the posterior nasal; three postoculars ; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior; latter separated from each other by scales. Scales in 19 rows, smooth on the body, striated and feebly keeled on the ischiadic region and on the tail. Ventrals 136; anal divided; subcaudals 53. Dark brown above, sides lighter, with vertical black bars spotted with whitish ; head with whitish markings, viz. a line across the snout, an oblique streak behind the eye, widening towards the mouth, a pair of dots on the parietal shields near the median suture, and a small spot on each of the five anterior labials; ventrals whitish, with black cross- bars, mostly interrupted and alternating, prolonged from the bars on the sides; subcaudals black, each with a whitish spot. Total length 350 millim. ; tail 87. The specimen is a female. Miscellaneous. a5 XII.—Deseription of a new Death-Adder (Acanthophis) from Central Australia. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. A SINGLE specimen recently received from Station Point, Southern Central Australia, appears to represent a new species of Death-Adder, since it differs not only in its more elongate form and brick-red coloration, but also in the number and shape of the head-shields and in the strongly keeled scales. I propose to call it Acanthophis pyrrhus. Head-shields very rugose ; internasals longer than broad ; prefrontals broken up into two pairs of shields ; frontal as broad as the supraocular, longer than the parietals; one pre- ocular, two postoculars, two suboculars ; temporals3+4 ; six upper labials. Scales in 21 rows, dorsals strongly keeled. Ventrals 146; anal entire; subcaudals 50, the 29 last divided. Brick-red above, with very indistinct traces of numerous darker cross-bars ; a dark oblique temporal streak ; upper lip speckled with brown; lower parts cream-colour ; end of tail black above, lemon-yellow below. Total length 530 millim.; tail 85. The male specimen from Charlotte waters noticed by Lucas and Frost in the ‘ Report of the Horn Expedition’ as Acan- thophis antarcticus will no doubt prove to belong to the new species here described from a single female example. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. A Classified Catalogue, with Localities, of the Land-Shells of America, North of Mexico. By H. A. Pitspry. Philadelphia. 8vo. 188, Tuts Catalogue of 35 pages is practically a reprint, with correctior s, from ‘ The Nautilus’ of August 1897 to April 1898. As stated in the title, it consists of a mere classified list of species, with localities, but without synonymy, references, or figures. The total number of species listed amounts to 375, of which rather more than 20 are European, mostly introductions into the States. As an up-to-date catalogue, in which the latest style of nomenclature is adopted, it will be of much use to the student and collector. For full details, however, and illustrations of the American terrestrial Mollusca, reference must be made to the works of Binney, Bland, and Tryon. MISCELLANEOUS. Observations on Scarabeeidee of the Genus Oniticellus. By Cuas. O. Warernouse, I nave had occasion to transfer the Museum collection of the genus Oniticellus to a fresh drawer; and although I have not made any critical examination, I think it may be well to call attention to the following species :— 76 Miscellaneous. In our European catalogues and in Gemminger’s Catalogue of Coleoptera Oniticellus pallipes, Fabr., is given as a European species, with O. pallens, Oliv., as a synonym. Fabricius gives Coromandel as the habitat of his O. pallipes, and I think this locality will prove to be correct. The type in the Banksian collection measures 64 millim. in length. It much resembles O. concinnus, but the punctures on the thorax are not at all crowded ; the head has two ridges a little in front of the middle, the posterior one shorter than the other and slightly angulated ; the anterior margin is scarcely thickened. Oniticellus pallens, Oliv., is said to be from Senegal, and as there are several species of the genus which occur in that locality, I see no reason for assuming that Olivier’s species is concinnus or any other European species. Dates of Blainville’s * Ostéographie.’ The dates of publication of the parts of this book do not present any especial difficulty ; but as most copies of the work are bound up without the wrapper-titles, and misquotation is common, I append a list of dates taken from Wiegmann’s ‘Archiv fiir Natur- geschichte’ and other sources :— Géneralites .......... Pp. 1-47 1839 pprUeeOSebe 2.0". ames 1-52 (14 June) ,, : ep Coehins: © Bae oF ek aa 1-48 a PVCS) demtae tens «ey ol ed, 1-40 (23 Nov.) ‘ Perimeter. 6d anh nape 1-68 1840 4,0 DrAy US oAies se esinee 1-64 - Ba “Vespertilip. «so +022 = 1-104 . 6 { Inseeliveres: 66, oaks we 1-115 ¢ *f Carmassiors |)... LA teee ee 1-85 a Ticy SENOS, Oy tn icten ee nies 1-51 is BS. 4 WEBMS coset er apie xed 1-94 1841 Oe UDINES 22 Ucn asc 1-123 * 10S VINGEDE, o's. yee nen te he 1-100 1842 a Ss) a tee ee ear 1-83 2 a SN aatids one cues he wae 1-196 1843 As ARB, CEC eer See oes: 1-160 i PA. OO oe ye painaeehes 1-84 1844 Be WAAR c9 cars ae wt la 1-140 4 DG, 2 Wiebe s 2% taurine Ge * 1-367 1845 Doe gy LO BNCTAUIED Lin ee hy = 1-64 = is) MALL (Eby tA) oss 1-47 as We CLSME SG se ts coast 1-52 1846 DOL Av IMINOLOEOBS~ .oFai peices» 1-232 Z ai, Paleotherium, 5 43/0 ~ <.#:: 1-196 (Dec.) ,, aa. | Eippopotamis 4253 5/25 1-104 sires ett Sales (hayes checks see ie 105-248 } Ie 23. Anoplotherium ........ 1-155 (1 June) 1849 Dee PLUS 2 scaslLeod Sect eg 1-131 (1 May) 1850 ?25. Life of Blainville. 26.2 BGHer ieaticnt. yas 2h Say 1-80 1864 C. Davres SHERBORN (‘ Index animalium ’). THE ANNALS MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, (SEVENTH SERIES. ] No. 8. AUGUST 1898. XIII.—Further new Parasitic Copepods found on Fish in tha Indo-tropical Region. By P. W. Bassert-Smitu, Staff- Surgeon R.N., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S. [Plates III.-VI.] Durin@ the past year, owing to H.M.S. ‘ Cossack’ having visited a variety of harbours in the Indo-tropical region, the opportunity has been given me of adding considerably to what I had already seen at Bombay of these curious little parasites ; continued research has shown very clearly that they are abundantly represented. In most cases, when inspecting any number of well-grown fish (for it is certainly more common to find the mature fish infested with one or more parasites than the younger ones), careful examination would bring to light some actively moving Caligus in the gill-cavity, or perhaps a more bizarre and anomalous form, attached to the lips, body, or elsewhere. One point has been very strongly impressed on my mind, namely the constancy with which most of them are found on any particular kind of fish ; and one can predict with almost certainty the form that will be found, though at the same time it appears that one species may at times be taken on two or more distinct “ hosts.” As is only to be expected when the fish in this region are com- paratively so little known, very few of these small parasites lod Ann. d& Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ii. 7 78 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on have been described. I have therefore in this paper brought forward a few more of the best-marked forms, following “‘ Gerstaecker’s ’’ classification, as before, having, however, to add to his genera a new one in ’ the family Dichelesthiina. It is very pleasing to be able to bring to light second species of two genera, both of which were created by Dr. Heller in 1865, my specimens having been obtained in localities considerably removed from that whence the original ones came; in the case of //ermilius, though the species differ, the genus of both host and parasite remains constant. At present there are a large number of known species belonging to the genus Caligus, some of which have been described from single specimens, or even from the male alone; this should evidently be avoided as much as possible, for in different stages of growth they vary considerably in outward conformation, especially with regard to the shape of the genital segment ; true differentiation can only be carried out by detailed examination of the articulate organs, maxillary and swimming-feet, &c. Since describing C. hirsutus * many larger specimens of this species have been taken; in these the genital segment became broader and more winged, but the characteristic condition of the fourth pereeopods is always present, as also the dilated appearance of the abdo- minal portion. The work of collecting is difficult, for in a native market the crowds of moving, gesticulating, dirty, odoriferous men and women, though picturesque, render close inspection and examination of the fish almost impossible, besides the dislike the natives mostly have of a “ saheb ” touching any- thing they may want to eat; again, no doubt a large number of those parasites that live on the external surface get washed off before the fish are taken to the market. Ergasilide. Bomo.ocuus, Nordm. Bomolochus denticulatus, sp.n. (Pl. III. fig. 1.) A series of specimens of this species were taken in small numbers at a time from the gill-cavities of a “ Barracouda ” (Sphyrena jello) from Trincomalee and Colombo, as well as from the gills of a“ garfish”? (Hemirhamphus far), also at Trincomalee, often together with a small Caligus not yet described. * Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1898, p. 6. new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 79 This animal resembles very much B. scomberesocis, Kr., but after the examination of a number of specimens I believe it to be distinct, chiefly distinguished by the character of the “frontal processes”’ and the structure of the claws on the outside of the outer branches of the true legs, which here are strongly dentate, so markedly so that it appears impossible that “ Kréyer”’ could have omitted to note the fact, espe- cially as he makes such a point of the curious spur found at the end of each of these claws; the single specimen from which his description is taken was found in the tropical Atlantic, those of mine in the Indian Ocean and on different kinds of fish. Female. — Body elongate. Cephalothorax five-partite ; first segment much broader than long, convex above; third segment very globose in shape, projecting considerably dorsally as seen from the side (Pl. IIL. fig. 1a). First segment rounded in front, giving off the frontal plates by narrow pedicles a short distance on each side of the middle line, where the frontal border is deeply cut out, presenting a fossa and a semilunar process as described by Kréyer *. The frontal plate bears on each side on its anterior edge about fourteen delicately ciliated sete; the inner two are large and curve over the central fossa, the outer three are longest and straight, directed outward; there are also from the upper surface three slender bristles, directed forward, placed nearly equidistant from one another, the outer being the shortest and most slender; on the dorsal surface on each side of the central fossa are two horny processes with strong muscular attachments, each bearing three very short obtuse- ended bristles of about equal length, pointing forward ; these appear to be shorter and thicker than those of B. scom- beresocis, Kr. Anterior antenne long, slender, three-jointed, minute hairs at the joints and a bunch at the end of the terminal joint. Posterior antenne biarticulate, each antenna folding on itself; the second joint is of peculiar structure, it terminates in two short crenate processes, between which are three small hairs ; on the inner border is a tubercle with a strongly dentate surface, the whole inner face of the limb being covered with minute teeth. Hamulus placed laterally ; it is two-jointed, the basal joint being broad and flattened, the second of equal length in the form of a strong claw, with a plumose appendage at its base. * ‘Bidrag til Kundskab,’ 1863, pp, 217-219. 7% 80 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on Mouth-organs are much the same as B. megaceros, B. tri- ceros, &c., but between the basal joints of the first pereeopods ig seen an oval cavity with a ciliate margin. First pereopod with a strong basal joint bearing two branches, the outer two-jointed, the inner three-jointed, carrying plumose hairs. Second, third, and fourth pereopods two-branched, each with three joints, the outer of irregular shape, from the outer border of which spring short claws, on the upperside of these one sees five to seven very strong teeth, and at the end a short spur ; the terminal joints and inner borders have plumose hairs as usual. Fifth pereopod single-branched, three-jointed, terminating in three simple hairs, the middle being the longest; there is also a fine hair placed halfway up this joint. Genital segment and caudal joints one third the total length, slender and tapering, four in number, each joint wider than long; the terminal joint bears two elongated caudal plates, giving off from the end one very long and one short bristle ; also a minute hair on the outer side. Egg-sacs very large, as long as the whole animal; eggs round, three in the diameter of sac. Length 3-4 millim. Caligidz. HermI ius, Hell. Hermilius longicornis, sp. n. (Pl. III. fig. 2.) This is the second known species of this genus, which was formed by Dr. Heller in describing an animal with a peculiar bivalve-shaped cephalothorax *. His specimens were found on the gills of a “ cat-fish ” (Aréus acuta), Java; mine were taken in quantity from the gills of another “ cat-fish ” (Ardus acutirostris) at Trincomalee. From almost all the fish examined some specimens were obtained, the parasite being very abundant; it firmly clasps the gills with its folding-up cephalothorax, being anchored by the strong hooks of the second antenna; on examining the fish only the egg-sacs are visible, their light colour causing them to be easily detected. ‘Lhis species is readily separated from H. pyriventris, Hell., by the great size of the posterior antenne and by the oblong form of the genital segment. * ‘Crustaceen: Reise der Fregatte Novara,’ 1865. new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 81 Female.—The cephalothorax being folded up as a mussel is deeply notched in front and behind, the length of each valve is much greater than the breadth, and equals about two fifths of the total length; it has a rounded, somewhat lobed border, and fringing the margin isa wide band of lineate structure, which on higher magnification is seen to be due to minute parallel canals, and no doubt assists in the holding power of the valve; on the dorsal surface the chitinous ribs are seen as described by Heller. Frontal plate narrow, with a straight border, from the outer and under side of which rises the anterior antenne ; these are small, two-jointed, the basal being longer than the second, having on its front border about ten ciliated sete ; the second joint is rod-shaped, terminating in a few fine bristles. Posterior antenne placed some distance back from the frontal border; they are very long and strong, the claw-like ends projecting well in front of the anterior border; each is composed of three joints—the basal is short, thick, and mus- cular, carrying a small sharp-pointed spur directed backwards, as in many of the “ Caligide”’ ; the second joint is short and thick, bearing the Jong terminal claw-joint on a firm articu- lation ; it is widely curved, sharp-pointed, and has on its concave border one third from the point a secondary sharp hook, rather less long, but not articulate. Rostrum of moderate size, three times as long as broad, tapering to the point. First maxilliped very small, two-jointed, with a sharp- pointed palp near its base. Second macilliped very long, two jointed, the first being oval and muscular, the second slender, curved, chitinous, terminating in a short sickle-shaped point, with a minute tooth at its base. Furcula very small, with a short dilated base, bearing straight, pointed, slightly divergent branches; the distance between the points equals the length of the branch. First pereopod three-jointed, the basal short and _ thick, with a small lobe from the inferior border ; the second joint is about twice as long, the third is short, bearing on the under border three long plumose hairs; at the extremity are seen three long straight bristles, the upper being the longest, equalling the whole length of the limb; at the angle is a very short bristle. Second pereopod of the usual form ; third as in “ Caligus” ; the two branches are here placed close together and are very 82 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on small; the hamulus is very small, slightly curved, and just overlaps the border. Fourth perceopod very short, not reaching as far as the border of the genital segment; it terminates in three short simple hairs, with a fourth halfway down the lower border. Genital segment large, oblong, lobed posteriorly, slightly narrower in front. Abdomen small, as broad as long, about one sixth the length of the genital segment. Caudal plates longer than broad, bearing three short terminal plumose sete and two short hairs on the outer border. Egg-sacs long, as in Caligus. Length 5 millim. Caicus, Miill. Caligus arti, sp. n. (PI. IV. fig. 1.) This species was found in greater or smaller numbers on every example of a “ cat-fish ” (Arius acutirostris) examined at Trincomalee, Ceylon. During the month of October 1897 both sexes were present in various stages of maturity, and appear never to attain any considerable size: during life they were very active; the “lunule”’ were very marked, projecting in front of the frontal border, the carapace markedly vaulted, and colour quite transparent, without spots; the posterior lobes of the genital segments in the immature females were strongly marked. These animals were taken in company with Hermilius longicornis and Lepeophtheirus longipalpus on the inside of the operculum and on the roof of the mouth. This species seems to be nearest allied to C. monacanthi, Kr., taken in the West Indies, differing, however, entirely in the details of the swimming-feet, caudal plates, &c. In the female the cephalothorax was almost circular in shape, slightly longer than broad, considerably shorter than the remaining portion of the animal, narrowing rapidly ante- riorly ; the posterior central lobe, which is broad, is separated from the posterior lateral angles by a deep cleft, the whole being strongly arched upwards and having the outer circular edge bordered with a strip of very fine short parallel tubes. Frontal plates of moderate size, somewhat indented in the centre. Lunule very large and prominent. Anterior antenne: first joint equal in length with breadth of lunule, bearing about twenty small plumose hairs; second joint club-shaped, with fine terminal hairs. Posterior antenne placed well to the outer side of the new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 83 rostrum, large, three-jointed, the terminal joint being un- usually long, with oblique curved claw. No hamulus detected. First maxilliped of the usual form. Mandible slender, with the last third of the concave border strongly dentate. Palp short, sharp, slightly curved. Second mawvilliped: basal joint short and thick, the second a short curved simple claw, bearing a minute hair on the concave border one third from the point; this means of attachment is peculiarly small compared with that of the strong posterior antenne. urcula very prominent and strong; the base is broad, with straight sides, bearing large, divergent, simple branches with blunted ends, the width of the opening being equal to the length of the arms. The first of the swimming-feet ( perwopoda) has from the short basal joint a long plumose hair equal in length to that of the second joint; the third joint or palm bears three short hooked claws on its outer end of about the same length, a fine slender hair at the angle, and three long plumose hairs from the under edge. Second percopod of usual character, the third is peculiar ; the hamulus is distinctly two-jointed, the spur being almost straight, not projecting beyond the border of the first joint of the outer branch; these two articulate branches are placed close together and are very large, the surface of the terminal joints being finely granular; the outer bears seven and the inner six plumose hairs. Sourth percwopod of mode- rate size, four-jointed, the three claws of the terminal joint and that of the penultimate being placed close together, of nearly equal length, a fifth being placed higher up; the last joint of the cephalothorax, from which these spring, is elon- gated and of a diamond shape. Genital segment oblong, with a rounded anterior border and strongly lobed posterior angles, from between which rises the extremely elongated abdominal segment; this is biarticu- late, the second joint being very short, its breadth equal to its length, its posterior border giving off two minute sessile caudal plates, which are broader than long; there are three terminal plumose sete, two minute ones on the outer side, and a single one on the inner. Length 5-6 millim. Caliqus platytarsis, sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 2.) This animal was obtained in great numbers on a species of Mugil at Muscat, found in the gill-cavity ; only females, more or less mature, were taken. 84 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on This species is remarkably characteristic in form by its rounded carapace, squarely cut genital segment, bearing at the angle the fifth pereopods, and elongated abdomen, the whole being spotted with pink; the form of the furcula and fourth pereopods are quite distinct, separating it from C. isonyx, Steen. & Liitk.*, to which species it bears a resemblance ; these authors Jay great stress on the excavated condition of the front border of the frontal plate, and the secondary spur on the palp, which are not present in this species ; their specimens were taken on a Sphyrcena in the West Indies. Female.— Cephalothoraz rounded, as broad as long; frontal plates narrow. Lunule very shallow. Anterior antenne : first joint twice as long as the breadth of the lunule, the front border provided with about fourteen fine plumose hairs, the second jot is rather short and slender, with fine hairs at the end. First mazilliped of the usnal form, the second of moderate size, the terminal claw without hair on the concave border. Hamulus anterior not detected. Furcula quite peculiar, rising from a broad base; instead of ending in the usual elongated branches, there appear to be two thickened knob-like processes; this condition was found in all the specimens, and therefore was not due to fracture. I have not met with this condition in any other species. rst perceopod : the basal joint bears a small lobe on the lower border, the second has a minute spur on the outer extremity, and the third carries three claws at the extremity of nearly equal length and three long plumose sete from under border. Second perewopod: the first and second joints of the outer branch each carry a small spur-like claw on the upper border, the third or terminal has three of smaller size, with six long teathered hairs beneath; the inner branch is three-jointed as usual. Third perceopod has the paddle-branches placed some distance apart; the outer border of the second joint of the outer branch bearing three short simple hairs, the inner border four long plumose ones. Hamulus small and almost straight. Fourth pereopod of moderate length, four-jointed, the last three joints as usual welded together, terminating ina minute spur; the last joint carries on the outer side a mode- rately strong sharp simple claw, placed close to it equally distant from one another are four flattened ‘ toes,” covered with minute hairs like the tongue of a fly—two rising from the last joint, one from the third, and one from the second. Genital segment flask-shaped, the posterior border cut off * ‘Bidrag til Kundskab,’ 1861, pp. 18--19. new Parasitic Copepods on Fish, 85 quite squarely with the abdomen; at the outer angle on either side one sees a small process carrying three fine hairs (rudimentary fifth pereopods), also a longer one placed just internal to it. Abdomen single-jointed, long, equal in length to that of the last segment of the cephalothorax and the genital one. Caudal plates much longer than broad, on a narrow base, carrying three long plumose hairs posteriorly — a shorter one on the inner border and two minute ones on the outer. Length 6 millim. Caligus Cossackii, sp.n. (Pl. IV. fig. 3.) This species was taken from the gill-cavities of Chryso- phorys sarba at Bunder Abbas, in the Persian Gulf, in some quantity, both sexes; the male had also been taken before from the same fish at Colombo, together with a second unde- termined species and Lernanthropus atrox. These were very active, living for some time in a glass tube, showing great fondness for creeping up the glass out of the water, as Dana described, when they were with difficulty dislodged, at other times swimming briskly about ; during lite the genital segment showed a very corrugated edge and the intestine was clearly seen to pass down to the extremity of the abdomen between the caudal plates. This species bears a considerable resemblance to C. pro- ductus of Steen. & Liitk., which varies considerably from the C. productus of Kréyer*, but is differentiated from them both by the character of the hamulus anterior, first pereeopods, and by the caudal plates, &c. Female.—Cephalothorax oval, much longer than broad, equal to one half the total length ; frontal plate deeply exca- vated in the centre, having on the outer portion the very large and prominent lunule which extend to the back border of the plate. Anterior antenne: first joint not quite so long as the breadth of the lunule ; it is provided with about seventeen plumose hairs, these being longest at the outer end; second joint of moderate length. Posterior antenne terminating in a very slender hook. Hamulus anterior very large, with a widely dilated base and a strongly recurved blunt hook. First maxilliped of usual form, the second having a short thick basal joint and a moderately large terminal claw with a minute hair on the concave border. Furcula with a narrow base, giving off two pointed diver- gent branches, which again approach towards the extremity, * ¢ Bidrag til Kundskab,’ 1863, pp. 64-66. 86 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on the width of the opening being less than the length of the branch. First pereeopod: the palm-joint is provided with three small simple claws of equal length; a fine hair at the angle and three long plumose sete from the under border. Third perewopod carrying the two branches some distance apart, the first joint of the outer branch having on the outer side a single short spur, the second having three, with four plumose hairs on the inner border. J/amulus small, claw slightly bent. ourth percopod three-jointed, bearing at the extremity three curved simple claws, the outer being slightly the longest ; on the centre of the inner border is a fourth, and from the end of the penultimate joint a fifth slightly shorter. The genital segment is elongated, narrowing gradually anteriorly, broadest in the centre, slightly narrower and rounded posteriorly. Abdomen rather long, equal to the length of the last segment, divided into two parts, more or less well marked, of about equal lengths. Caudal plates longer than broad, bearing three terminal plumose hairs and a smaller one on the outer border. Length 5 millim. Male.—Differs in its much more elongate form and oval genital segment ; the terminal hook of the posterior antennz is very small, but that of the hamulus anterior is very long and strong ; the basal joint of the second maxilliped carries on the inner border a double-crowned tubercle, to which the point of the second joint approximates ; the caudal plates are longer and profusely ciliated. Length 3 millim. The species described by Heller as C. constrictus is evidently a male, being very like this; but he states “ the lunule are minute.” LEPEOPHTHEIRUS. Lepeophthetrus rotundiventris, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 1.) A single female specimen of this species was obtained from the gill-cavity of a species of Lutjanus at Colombo; a male was found on a Serranus at Muscat: though not taken at the same time, place, or on the same host, yet the occurrence of the distinctive characters in both of them, especially that of the fourth pereeopod, justify me, I believe, in placing them in one and the same species. ‘There is a resemblance of this animal to C. brachyurus, Hell., taken at Java, but they differ in important details; the peculiarly rounded genital segment and the very large last thoracic joint of this species at once draw the attention of the observer. new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 87 Female.—Carapace as broad as long, narrowing rapidly in front, where is seen the rather deep frontal plate, exca- vated considerably in the middle. Anterior antenne: first joint short and thick, with many plumose hairs on the anterior border; the second much longer, cylindrical, with a tuft of hairs at the end and one near the middle of the lower border. Posterior antenne of moderate size. Hamulus has a rather dilated base, with short curved claw. Palp with two slightly divergent branches, both sharply pointed, the inner being the longer. Mazillipeds not remarkable. /urcula small, with very short, pointed, slightly divergent, simple branches, the base strong and broad, on either side having a double root. First pereopod: the basal joint is short, the second cylin- drical, and the palm bears three short end-claws, a long bristle at the angle, and three long plumose hairs from the lower border. Second perceopod: the upper border of the first two joints of the outer branch bears each a single short spur, the third or last joint has two. Third pereopod: the lamellar plate is large, the branches are placed close to one another, but not overlapping. Hamulus posterior of moderate size, claw slightly bent. Last thoracic segment very large. Fourth pereopods long and strong, distinctive of the species, consisting of four joints: the first long, cylindrical, and muscular ; second to fourth fused, long, narrow, with parallel borders, the under being finely ciliated ; from the last joint are three long curved hook-claws, the outer being much the longest, from the third joint a fourth, but less long, and from the second an extremely short one is visible. Genital segment almost a perfect sphere ; near the posterior edge are seen the rudiments of the fifth feet in the shape of a small tubercle with three hairs from it. Abdomen very short, one quarter the length of the genital segment, single-jointed, broadest near the centre, narrowing posteriorly. Caudal plates small, broader than long, with three terminal plumose hairs, and a shorter one on the outer border. Length 4—5 millim. Male.—Cephalothorax large, more than two thirds the length of the whole, oval, widest posteriorly, last thoracic joint not so large as in the female. Genital segment deeply excavated behind, causing the appearance of two lobe-like prolongations, each of these terminating in a long papilla, ending in a strong bristle, with two smaller ones on the inner border. 88 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on Abdomen near its termination broadens considerably, the caudal plates being widely separated. The posterior antenne are of great size, the terminal hook extending nearly to the edge of the carapace; but the hamulus anterior is not propor- tionately increased. The other parts are as in the female. Length 5-6 millim. Lepeophthetrus longipalpus, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 2.) A single well-grown female specimen of this species was obtained from the gills of Arius acutirostris at Trincomalee, with Hermilius longicornis and Caligus arii; the species is distinctly characterized by the peculiar structure of the maxillary palps and that of the fourth pair of legs. Cephalothorax robust, a long oval; posterior lateral angles obtusely rounded; last thoracic segment well marked, diamond-shaped, with a secondary lobe at the juncture with the genital segment; the frontal plates are long, with a straight border, having a deep notch in the centre. Anterior antenne small, basal joint carrying about seven- teen fine plumose hairs; second joint of equal length, with a terminal tuft. Posterior antenne: the first joint bears a strong spur directed backwards; the last joint long, forming a strongly bent claw. Mandible of the usual form. Palp rising from below the base of the posterior antenne, and inside the first foot-jaw is in the form of a long blunt curved horn directed inwards and backwards towards its fellow, and reaching almost as far as the furcula; this condition is quite peculiar, destroying a point which one had looked upon as almost of generic value, viz. the bifid palp. Mawxillipeds ot the usual form. Furcula large, prominent, base broad, with slightly spreading roots; branches long, almost parallel to one another, blunted at the extremities, the width of the opening being about equal to two thirds the length of the branches. First pereopod with a short basal joint, bearing a lobe on the under border; the palm with three minute terminal claws and three long plumose sete from the under border, Second percwopod of the usual form, but the upper border of each joint of the outer branch carries a single claw, the outer one being the longest. Third perwopod: the two branches are placed close together, each distinctly two-jointed, the terminal joint of the outer carrying six hairs, short, but progressively increasing new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 89 in length from without inwards; the first joint of the inner branch has one, the second six short hairs. Hamulus very small. Fourth perceopod of considerable size and robust form, con- sisting of four joints, the last terminating in a minute spur, close to which are placed three end-claws, two others being placed at the inner end of the second and third joints; each of these five is seen to have a minutely crenate edge, which on higher magnification shows a beautifully serrated border, transversely striated; an abortive fifth limb is found at the angle of the genital segment in the form of a small tubercle, giving rise to three short plumose hairs. Genital segment oval, with a truncated posterior border ; equals half the length of the cephalothorax. Abdomen elongated, as long as the last segment, con- sisting of a prolonged first joint and a second of a square form. Caudal plates small, slightly longer than broad, with three long terminal plumose hairs and two minute ones on the outer border. Length 6-7 milli. AnureteEs, Hell. Anuretes perplexcus, sp.n. (PI. V. fig. 3.) This genus was formed by Heller, and has been retained by Gerstaecker, the original specimen having been described by Kroyer as Lepeophtheirus Heckelit; it is distinguished by “the entire deficiency of separate tail-segments,” all other parts agreeing with the genus Lepeophtheirus. The first specimen was obtained from Ephippus gigas in the Brazilian sea, described by “ Koller” as Caligus Heckelit, being pre- served in the Vienna Museum. A second specimen was taken from the same species of fish off New Orleans by Kroyer ; he states that ‘‘ this species has a moderately wide diffusion.” I have been fortunate enough in a far removed locality—namely at Trincomalee, Ceylon—to find on a species of Lutjanus about a dozen specimens of a second form of this peculiar animal, though the necessity for making for it a distinct genus seems to me rather doubtful, for in some the position of the caudal plates is as Kroyer describes, but in a tew these project a little beyond the posterior edge of the genital segment, though in none does “ the abdomen appear drawn out.” Female. — Cephalothorax rather broader than long, nar- rowing in front; the posterior lateral angles obtuse, not 90 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on reaching so far backwards as the middle lobe; the frontal plate is narrow, convex forward, with a shallow median notch. Anterior antenne equal in length to half the frontal plate, of the usual form. Posterior antenne three-jointed, the basal with a well- marked sharp spur directed backwards, the end claw of mode- rate size. /7Zamu/us anterior in the form of a very minute hook, with a dilated base, placed well towards the border near the extremity of the posterior antenne. ostrum not of unusual length (as in A. Heckelit), but less broad than long ; the palp is simple, slender, sharp-pointed, and _ slightly curved, placed near the base of the first foot-jaw and the trunk, the point reaching a little in front of the latter. First mazilliped of the usual form, but near the middle of the convex border of the second joint a minute hair is seen, Second mazxilliped quite distinctive, forming a very powerful holding-organ, the basal joint being thick and muscular, having at the inner end of the concave border a strong triangular process, against which the large claw-like second joint is opposable ; on the inner margin of the latter near the base is a strong bristle. Furcula very small, the branches being short, thick, and almost parallel; their length equals the breadth between the points. First pereopod: first joint short, the second long, the lower border fringed with fine hairs, the palmar carrying at the end three hook-like hairs, the upper being the longest; at the angle there is a long fine bristle, on the inferior border three long plumose hairs of the usual form. Second of the usual form: the third has, on the large flap-like basal joint, the two small articulate branches placed close together at the edge, but not overlapping one another; they are of small size. The hamulus is small, but well-marked, the claw being almost straight. Hourth perwopod three-jointed, at the extre- mity of the last joint are three slightly curved claws, placed close together, of nearly equal length ; at the juncture of the second and third joints is a fourth claw. Genital segment about two thirds the length of the cephalo- thorax, almost round in outline, except for being cut away in the middle line posteriorly, forming there a shallow trian- gular depression; on the posterior border outside of this is seen a very prominent plate projecting beyond the genital segment, carrying three long plumose hairs terminally and one on the outer border—these are the fifth pereopods ; there is also a strong bristle from the genital segment, external to these; rising from the under surtace of the genital segment, in the middle line, are the true caudal plates, which are short, new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 91 giving off four plumose hairs, the second from the inside being very long, always projecting beyond the border. These caudal plates are sometimes quite hidden, at others they are just visible beyond the border ; between them are two small bilobed tubercles, divided from one another by the extremity of the alimentary tube. Hgg-sacs as in Caligus, often long. Length 3 millim. Dichelesthiina. LERNANTHROPUS, Nordm. Lernanthropus atrow, Hell. (Pl. VI. fig. 3.) At Bunder Abbas, in the Persian Gulf, attached to the gills of Chrysophorys sarba, a large number of specimens, both male and female, of a Lernanthropus were taken, the female so closely resembling ZL. atrow described by Heller, taken from a “ Pagrus” in Australian waters, that I have felt justified in coming to the conclusion that they are the same, though in the one described by him the anterior antenne are stated to be two-jointed only, which, though it may be pre- sumptuous to say, as I have done in my last paper *, is probably due to an error of observation on his part, as in- variably in my experience, and from descriptions and plates of Kroyer and Beneden, the anterior antenne have at least six joints—a generic guide. As the unnecessary multiplication of species is to be deplored, I have referred my specimens to this species, giving here a representation of the animal as seen from the back and side, also a more enlarged drawing of the antenne, as well as of the newly found male. Female,— Anterior antenne seven-jointed, the fourth joint being the longest, bearing a small lobe-like process from the lower border, the joints decreasing in size to the last, which carries a bundle of fine hairs. Posterior antenne with a long muscular basal joint and a strong terminal hook. Length 4 millim. Male.—Caput oblong in shape, cut off squarely in front ; side margins infolding equally, about one third the length of the whole excluding the caudal processes, Anterior antenne seven-jointed, as in the female. Posterior antenne with very strong, curved, grasping- hooks, which project far beyond the cephalic border. Rostrum pointed, but short; on either side are seen the * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1898, p. 2. 92 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on minute mouth-organs, a slender mandible, straight and sharp- pointed ; outside this is the maxillary palp, with a thickened base, and a cylindrical second joint, ending in two short blunt hairs, the outer being much the shorter. First maxilliped placed close behind the rostrum; it is two- jointed, the first extending to near the border of the head, muscular, the second a slender curved claw, having the con- cave border near the point markedly serrated. Second maxtlliped equal in size to that of the first, but having the terminal point simple. First pair of thoracic feet minute, placed close under the cephalic border, two-branched, springing from a broad thickened basal plate, the outer branch bearing five short thick hairs, the inner branch more slender, terminating in a single long bristle. The second pair are placed a little pos- terior to the first and of like structure, the outer branch having, however, only three short hairs. Genital segment an elongated oval shape, giving off on either side two pairs of lancinate foliaceous processes, equalling in length two thirds that of the whole animal. Abdomen short, rounded, broader than long. Caudal plates simple, lancinate. Length 3 millim., excluding processes. PSEUDOCLAVELLA, gen. nov. Body elongate, without dorsal plates or lateral processes ; head obtusely rounded. Anterior antenne setaceous, indis- tinctly three-jointed. Posterior antennee two-jointed, termi- nating in a powerful simple hook. First maxilliped minute, three-jointed. Second maxilliped two-jointed, long, pro- jecting beyond the cephalic margin. ‘Thorax showing one distinct segment dorsally. Four pairs of limbs are present, the first and second biramose, the third and fourth from the genital segment minute, papilliform ; genital segment four times as long as head and thorax. Abdomen short, caudal plates lamellar. Egg-tubes long, ovules flattened. This genus may be known by its single free thoracic segment, by the absence of any lateral plates, by the presence of two pairs of well-formed thoracic limbs, by the oval genital segment, from the sides of which rise the third and fourth pair, stump-like and rudimentary, by the setaceous indistinctly jointed anterior antenne, and by the long slender second maxillipeds. It has a near relationship to Clavella, “Oken”’; but in all cases the presence of four pairs of limbs was found (though easily shrivelled up and overlooked in new Parasitic Copepods on lish. 93 mounted specimens), the thorax only shows as one ring, the genital segment is proportionately much shorter, and the anterior antenne, though setaceous, appear to be only tri- articulate. Gerstaecker separates the Dichelesthiina thus :— A. Abdomen with two large dorsal plates .... -Anthosoma, Leach. B. Abdomen without dorsal plates. a. Ambulatory leg suppressed ............ Tucca, Ky. Norion, Nordm. b. Posterior legs or all changed into lamellar } Epachthes, Nordm. URGE Pog cies sca RO Ee Ls OR are Lernanthropus, Nordm, Dichelesthium, Herm. e. Posterior legs neither bigger than front nor lamellar. a’. Posterior antenne with cheliform end- claw. a’, All four pairs of limbs 2-branched. a'’. Anterior antenn 8-jointed .... Lonchidium, Gerst. 6’. Anterior antenne 4-jointed .... Baculus, Lubb. b”. Only two first pairs 2-branched .... Philichthys, Stp. 6’. Posterior antennz with single end-claw. a’. Anterior antenne single, posterior pe ane: a’. Only two pairs of limbs formed ; genital segment five or six times as long as head and thorax; anterior antennee 6-jointed...... Clavella, Oken. é'. All four pairs of limbs formed. a‘. Anterior antenne 15-jointed ; second to fourth legs 2- branched, l-jointed .......... Nemesis, Roux. 6‘, Anterior antennze 6-jointed ; all limbs 2-branched............ Cyenus, Edw. c*, Anterior antennee 3-jointed ; only second pair 2-branched, the others stump-like............ Pseudocyenus, Hell. 6". Anterior antennz with hooked basal joint; the posterior short, with three CLS a air dares as 'eine ei nko Eudactylina, Bened. ec’. Posterior antenne without end-claw; the point provided with hairs. a, Anterior antennz 10-jointed ; true legs single-jointed ...........4+. Lamproglena, Nordm. 6". Anterior antennz 5-jointed; true legs S-jointed ne ose e wesc eases Donusa, Nordm. In accordance with the two new genera which I have described, the classification of the latter portion has to be somewhat altered, as follows :— b', Posterior antennz with single end-claw. a’, Anterior antenne single, posterior projecting. a’, Only the two anterior pairs of limbs formed; genital segment Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ii. 8 94 Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on five or six times as long as head and thorax; anterior antenne PCr ess ect oueae canteete Clavella, Oken. 3’. Only three pairs of limbs formed, first biramose, second uniramose, third stump-like; anterior an- tenne 6-jointed .............. Helleria, B.-S.* ce’, All four pairs of limbs formed. a, Anterior antennz 3-jointed ; first and second pairs of legs biramose, third and fourth stump-like; genital segment four times as long as head and BROTARY ety csc ne che ven Pseudoclavella, g. n. b*. Anterior antenne 6-jointed ; all four pairs of legs biramose.... Cycnus, Edw. e*, Anterior antenne 15-jointed ; second, third, and fourth legs biramose, 1-jointed, first uni- ERUNOSO sey ossia 0 Seeteisld eee Nemesis, Roux. b’’. Anterior antenne with hooked basal joint ; posterior antennz short, with three claws, 7 :...:4.c She cielo. Bek Eudactylina, Bened. Expressed diagramatically, thus :— DICHELESTHIINA. Anthosoma. Tucca, | | | | | | Norion. Epachthes. Lernanthropus. Dichelesthium. | | a | | Baculus. Lonchidium. Philichthys. | | | | | | | | Clavella. Helleria. Pseudoclavella. Pseudocycnus. Cycnus. Nemesis. Eudactylina. Lamproglena. Donusa. * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1898, p. 10. new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 95 Pseudoclavella ovalis, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 1.) The gills of a Serranus, sp., captured at Muscat, were found to be crowded with these small parasites, which held very firmly on to the delicate margins of the gills by their strong posterior antenne; the long dark-coloured ovarian tubes projecting considerably outwards made their detection easy ; altogether there were hundreds of them in the one fish. Female.—Caput of an oval shape, with a slight central lobe anteriorly, and somewhat broadened behini, where it unites with the single free thoracic segment, which is broader than long. The genital segment is of an elongated oval shape, robust in form, about four times as long as the cephalo- thorax. Abdominal segment small, broader than long, giving off two foliate caudal plates, each bearing three short, fine, terminal hairs and a fourth of smaller size on the outer border ; on each side of thie abdominal tubercle are seen the comparatively large egg-tubes filled with large flattened ovules in a single row. Anterior antenne rise from the head a little behind the anterior border; they appear to be three-jointed, but the divisions are very indistinct ; from the basal joint, which is long and thickened, rise two pairs of short strong hairs on the front border; from the second, which is shorter, there are two short hairs above and one below; the last joint, which is longer, bears two short hairs near the base, one above and one below; a very long, strong, deeply rooted one on the upper border near the middle, with a tuft of smaller terminal bristles. Posterior antenne placed a little further back; it is two- jointed, the first being broad and stout, the second in the form of a strong, short, recurved, claw, with a thickened tuberculate base; this does not project beyond the cephalic border. Rostrum short, blunt. Pulp very minute, slender, straight. Outside this is seen a very small representative of the first maaxilliped ; it is three-jointed, the terminal joint in the form of a claw. Second masilliped large, the extremity of the basal joint projecting well beyond the border of the head; the second joint is very slender, longer than the basal, terminating in a curved sharp point. Rising from the posterior border of the carapace on either side underneath are seen the first pair of thoracic limbs; there is a broad basal joint, giving off two small branches, the inner is single-jointed, terminating in two hairs, the outer gt 96 ~Mr. P. W. Bassett-Smith on consists of two joints, the first having a minute hair on the outer side, the last with three small terminal ones. Placed a little more backward on the posterior outer angle of the thoracic segment are found the second pair of limbs, more distinctly visible than the first, being larger, the basal joint being strongly lobed, giving off two branches, each of two small joints, ending with a strong bristle. The next two limbs are rudimentary, the third being placed about one third down the side of the genital segment, in the form of an elon- gated tubercle terminating in three simple bristles. Two thirds down is seen the fourth pair of like character, but rather smaller. Length 3 millim. Lernaxopodida. BRACHIELLA, Cuv. Brachiella multifimbriata, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 2.) This animal does not appear to correspond with any yet described ; in outward form it is so characteristic, I venture here to describe it as a new species. On a large Serranus at Muscat I found one of these attached to the inside of the operculum; but on opening the mouth the lips, tongue, palate, and cheeks were seen to be thickly studded with them, especially the inner fold of the lower lip; they were attached so firmly that the mucous membrane had to be cut away with them. Afterwards on careful examination of these I was disappointed to find only one pigmy male; this minute creature was hooked on to the cephalic portion of a female, as shown in Pl. VI. fig. 2a. I only succeeded in making a rough drawing of this, unfortu- nately losing the specimen while preparing it for mounting ; it shows, however, distinctly the Brachzella form. Female.—Colour pale, translucent, except for the ovaries and ovarian sacs, which are opaque white. Head and neck generally recurved forwards, equal very nearly in length to that of the genital segment. Arms of attachment (second maxillipeds) placed close to the latter, distinctly separated from one another in the middle portion, not quite equal in Jength to the neck ; organ of adhesion a sucking-disk (as distinct from the drill usually found in Anchorella). Genital segment: this from the back appears as an irre- gular elongated hexagon with concave sides, giving off from each of the two lateral points four filiform semitransparent processes; from the posterior angle on each side of a short new Parasitic Copepods on Fish. 97 abdominal tubercle are two more processes, the dorsal being the longer. Genital sac full of large round eggs. Length about 7 millim. without processes. Male minute, about 1 millim. long (Pl. VI. fig. 2 e). Cephalothorax oval, distinctly divided off from the seg- mented caudal portion, which appears to consist of three joints, terminating in two lancinate plates. Anterior antenne placed close to the posterior, which spring from the upper and anterior border of the cephalothorax ; the first is three-jointed, ending in three short hairs; the posterior has a thickened basal joint and a short square second, also terminating in three hairs. First mazillipeds very large and strong, the root-joint very muscular, its upper border being much lobed; the claw is very strongly bent, thick at the base, and sharp at the point, with a short curved tooth about the centre of the concave border. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate III. Fig. 1. Bomolochus denticulatus, 9 , sp. n., from the back, magnified. la. Seen from theside. 16. Hamulusanterior. 1c. Terminal joint of posterior antenne. 1d, e,f,g, h. First to fifth pereopods. 1¢. Last two joints of abdomen and caudal plates. 1%. Spur on outer side of outer branch of pereopod, showing dentation, highly magnified. Fig. 2. Hermilius longicornis, 9, sp. n., from back, magnified. 2a. Seen from the side, with valves closed. 2b. Carapace seen from beneath. 2c, Anterior antenne. 2d. Ter- minal joint of first maxilliped. 2e, Third pereeopod, much magnified. 2/f. Last joint of fourth pereopod. 2g. Abdomen and caudal plates. Prater LV. Fig. 1. Caligus arti, 2, sp. n., enlarged, seen from the back. la. Carapace from underside, much magnified. 146. Third pereopod. lc. Fourth pereeopod. 1d. Abdomen and caudal plates. Fig. 2. Caligus platytarsis, 2, sp. n., enlarged, seen from back. 2a. Fourth pereopod, hairy toe of same highly magnified. 2c. Fifth pereopod. 2d. Furcula, 2e. Caudal plate. Fig. 3. Caligus cossacku, 2, sp. n., seen from the back. 3a. Carapace from below. 30. Third pereeopod. de. Fourth pereopod. 3d. Caudal plate. 5e. Male, much enlarged. 3f. Second maxilliped of the same. 98 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of PLATE V. Fig. 1. Lepeophtheirus rotundiventris, 2 , sp. n., seen from the back. la. From beneath, much enlarged. 16. Terminal portion, with caudal plates. lc. Male. Fig. 2. Lepeophtheirus longipalpus, 9 , sp. n., seen from back. 2a. Organs round the mouth. 26, c,. Third and fourth perzo- pods. 2d. Claw of fourth pereeopod, much magnified. 2e. Rudimentary fifth. 2/. Caudal plate. Fig. 3. Anuretes perplexus, 9, sp. n., from the back. 3a. Cephalothorax from beneath. 36,¢. Third and fourth pereopods, enlarged. 3d. Terminal portion of genital segment, showing fifth perzeopods and caudal plates. 3e, The same in varied form. PLATE VI. Fig. 1. Pseudoclavella ovalis. gen. et sp. n. la. Seen from the back, much enlarged. 146. Side view of head and thorax. 1c. Underside of cephalothorax. 1d, e, f, g. First to fourth limbs. Fig. 2. Brachiella multifimbriata, 2, sp. n., seen from the back, with processes spread out. 2a. Same, seen from the side. 20, Fixing-organ of second maxilliped. 2c. Under surface of head, much enlarged, showing organs. 2d. Palp, more highly magnified. 2e. Male, highly magnified. 2f. A. 1 and A.2 of the same. 2g. Strong first maxilliped of the same. Fig. 3. Lernanthropus atrox, 9 , Heller, seen from the back. 3a, Seen from the side. 306. Anterior and posterior antennzs of the same, much enlarged. 3c. Male, enlarged, seen from below. 3d. Mandible and maxillary palp. 3e,f. First and second thoracic limbs, N.B.—The line to the right of the figure gives the natural length of the animal. X1V.—The Species of Scorpions of the Genus Broteas. By Rh. I. Pocock. On page 173 of his recent ‘ Revision of Scorpions’ Professor Kraepelin reduces the five species of Broteas that had been established to one, which he calls maurus, Herbst. As I have already pointed out, this name is, in my opinion, invalid ; nevertheless the question of the name is of little importance as compared with the identity of the scorpions to which Prof. Kraepelin applies it. Being by no means satisfied as to the correctness of this author’s synonymy, I wrote to M. Simon to beg for his types of B. yranulatus and B. para- ensis and for an example of the species he considered to be Scorpions of the Genus Broteas. 99 B. Herbstit (=maurus, Linn., Herbst). His kind compliance with my request enabled me to satisfy myself that the species granulatus and paraensis are perfectly valid and easily recog- nizable forms, and that the species he had identified as Herbstit is not identical with the one I regarded as Herbstzt, but is the same as my Gervats¢?. The conclusions which I think it right to draw from these discoveries form the basis of the present paper, to which has been added the description of a well-marked new species recently received from Dutch Guiana. Broteas granulatus, Simon. Broteas granulatus, Simon, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. 1877, p. 241; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 382 (cited by error as granulosus). Loc. Maroni, in French Guiana. I at one time thought that the type of this species might prove to be identical with the male of the British Guiana species previously referred by me to B. Herbstiz, Thorell, but here described as B. subgranosus. An examination of the type, however, kindly submitted to me by Mons. Simon, shows that it is a female presenting features which mark it off as a very distinct form from the rest of the species of the genus, as Mons. Simon originally maintained. Broteas paraensis, Simon. Broteas paraensis, Simon, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. 1880, pp. 381-382. Loc. Pard. The type of this species is a female and represents a species easily distinguishable from the remaining species of the genus known to me. Broteas Gervaisii, Poc. Broteas Herbstii, Thor., Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1877, p. 240 id. op. cit. 1880, p. 383, g (? Herbstit, Thor.). Broteas Gervaisti, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 78, 2 ; id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix. p. 366. Loc. Amazon Valley (? La Plata). This species was based upon a couple of adult female examples for which no special locality was known. A young female was subsequently obtained by Messrs. Austen and Cambridge at Gurupd on the Lower Amazons, and the British Museum has recently received another of apparently the same species and also a young female from Rio Jurua, Amazons (Dr. Bach). 100 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of Judging from the example which M. Simon has kindly sent to me for examination, the specimen, which he identified as B. Herbstii, Thorell, is the male of B. Gervaisit. In connexion with B. Herbst’ of Simon, I ventured to suggest (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 79, 1893) that in the description of the first caudal segment the word dessus might prove to be a misprint for dessous. An examination of an actual specimen establishes the correctness of the suppo- sition, Broteas granimanus, sp. 0. Colour.—Body, palpi, and tail nearly black ; vesicle and legs blackish brown. Carapace covered with close-set scale-like granules, finer on the interocular triangle. Tergites coarsely coriaceous and beset with granules in their posterior half; the last more coarsely granular than the others, its keels represented by a few granules. Sternites mesially polished, finely punctulate, granular external to the stigma, the last smooth in the middle, granular at the sides. Tail rather more than four times as long as the carapace ; first segment punctured below in the middle, the median keels obsolete; the rest of the keels and the intercarinal spaces granular; vesicle serially granular below and at the sides, smooth and punctured above, as wide as or slightly narrower than fifth caudal segment. Palpi granular above and below, less coarsely below than above ; hand closely granular throughout; length of hand- back less than width of hand; movable digit a little shorter than carapace. Legs externally granular. Pectinal teeth 11-12. Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 57, of cara- pace 8, of tail 35. Loc. Upper Surinam River, Dutch Guiana (C. W. Ella- combe). The males of this species differ from the males of all the species known to me in having the uppersides of the hands covered with bead-like granules, Broteas subgranosus, sp. 0. Broteas Herbstii, Thor., Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 79 (1893) ; id. op. cit. (6) xix. p. 867 (? B. Herbstz, Thorell). Closely related to B. granimanus, but with legs, vesicle, and Scorpions of the Genus Broteas. 101 palpi paler reddish brown; much less distinctly granular, the tergites in the female densely punctured, in the male coarsely coriaceous or very finely and closely granular; granulation of carapace not extending on to interocular triangle, which is coriaceous. Lower surface of first caudal segment granular, the median keels granular. Palpi substantially as in granimanus, but upperside of hand in both sexes densely punctured, not granular. Pectinal teeth 9-10 (¢), 7-8 (2). Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 50, of cara- pace 7, of tail 32. Loc. British Guiana (W. L. Selater, type); Vryheids Lust, Demerara (Turner). The characters of the species, of which I have examined the types, may be summarized as follows :— a, Pectines narrow, width of shaft at base less than half its length; four inferior keels on first and second caudal segments absent, very weak on the third; intercarinal spaces of caudal segments 1-4 smooth, not granular; abdominal terga smooth, the keels of the seventh represented by four tubercles, one for each keel; sterna smooth and polished, finely punctulate at the sides ; carapace not granular, at most rugose, with close-set punctuation ; upperside of humerus of palp scarcely visibly granular; pectinal teeth 11 ......... 0.00. paraensis, Sim., 2. b. Pectines broad at the base, the width of the shaft more than half the length at least in 9; second caudal segment with four inferior keels, first usually with four, but the medians sometimes obsolete; intercarinal spaces of caudal segments 1-4 always more or less granular, except the lower surface of the first, which may be nearly smooth (Gervaisi?) ; terga and carapace always more or less granular, the crests on the seventh repre- sented by a series of coarse granules or small tubercles; upperside of humerus visibly granular. a’, Carapace and terga coarsely and uniformly granular throughout, though the granules are a little smailer on the anterior portion of the terga; abdominal sterna coarsely punctured throughout, the fifth granular throughout; anteocular portion of carapace strongly sloped, at least to the same extent as in TYeuthraustes; tail coarsely and closely granular throughout, the inferior median keels of the first not traceable amongst the granules; hand punctured, not granular; pectinal teeth 7.............. granulatus, Sim., 2, 102. The Spectes of Scorpions of the Genus Broteas. 6’. Carapace and terga much less coarsely and closely granular, granulation not extending on to the anterior portion of the terga, and only rarely (granimanus) on to the ante- ocular area of the carapace; sterna not coarsely punctured throughout, the fifth not mesially granular. a, Upperside of hand entirely covered with close-set granules; anteocular portion of carapace distinctly though finely granu- lar, lower surface of first caudal segment mesially almost smooth, with weak median keels; pectinal teeth 11-12 .... grantmanus, sp. n., ¢. b?. Upperside of hand not granular, smooth, but closely punctulate ; anteocular por- tion of carapace rugose, but scarcely granular. a°, Inferior surface of first caudal segment smooth or nearly so, the median keels weak, not granular, punctured ; pec- tinal teeth $.(:9 ), 10 Go )ikwke ee. cee Gervaisti, Poc., d 2. b*. Inferior surface of first caudal segment distinctly granular, the median keels strong and granular..... sivistiamis ue subgranosus, sp.n.,35 Q. The following four species, which are unknown to me in nature, may be referable to either or neither of the foregoing :— Broteas maurus, De Geer. Scorpio maurus, Linn., De Geer, Mém. &c. vii. p. 337, pl. xl. figs. 1-8, 1778. Loc. America. Broteas maurus, Herbst. Scorpio maurus, Linn., Herbst, Nat. ungefliigelt. Insekten, pt. iv. p. 52, pl. vi. fig. 4. Loc. Africa. Broteas Herbstii, Thorell. Brotheas maurus, Linn., C. Koch, Die Arachniden, iy. p. 109, fig. 319 (1888) (not Scorpio maurus, Linn.). Broteas Herbst, Thorell, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvii. p. 14 (1876). Loc. Cayenne (French Guiana). Dr. Thorell applied the name AHerbstii to the species wrongly identified as Scorpio maurus by De Geer and later writers, including Herbst, Gervais, C. Koch, &c., without considering the possibility of more than one species being involved. I have consequently suggested (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix. p. 367) that the name be applied to the Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. 103 species from Cayenne which C. Koch determined as maurus, and made the type of the genus Brotheas. Since the species from British Guiana which I have hitherto regarded as Herbsti7 is not specifically identical with the one referred to Herbstit by M. Simon, and since I am not able to say which of the two species, if indeed either, is identical with what I consider to be the true Herbstiz, it appears to me that the least harmful course to follow in the matter will be to give a new name to the British Guiana form pending an examination of the type that C. Koch had before him. In such doubtful cases as these I am convinced that it is better to give a new name to a species than a wrong one. Broteas Allent (Wood). Scorpio Alleni, Wood, J. Ac. Sci. Philad. (2) v. p. 860 (1863). According to Dr. Marx (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, i. p. 91, 1888) this species is identical with Broteas Herbstit, Thorell ; but since neither Dr. Marx nor anyone else appears to know exactly what Broteas Herbstii of Thorell is, the statement has no very great value except in so far as it is possible to conclude from it that the Scorpio Allent of Wood belongs to the genus Broteas. Lastly, since the locality assigned to the species is Lower California, it is to my mind in the highest degree improbable that Adlend is identical with any of the South-American species mentioned above. XV.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.— No. XIX. By Prof. M‘Inrosn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. [Plate II.] 1, On some Larval Stages of Clone limacina, Phips. 2. On Bipinnaria asterigera, M. Sars (Larval Stage of Luidia). 3. On Lepidonotus Wahilbergi, Knbg., and its Relation to L. clava, Mont. 4, On Sigalion squamatum, Delle Chiaje, and its Relationships with S. Mathilde, Aud. & Ed., and S. Buski, MclI. 5. The Nemerteans in British Text-books of Zoology. 1. On the Larval Stages of Clione limacina, Phips. ‘ In the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. for August 1887 a note on the occurrence of specimens of this species in St. Andrews Bay is recorded, and they have since been found both there 104 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the and in the Forth—generally in the bottom-net by day, for it is curious that none have yet been obtained in the surface- nets at night. Besides the points already mentioned, it may be stated that the labial tentacles were pale and the odonto- phore, which often projected outwards, was yellowish. The adult Clone of our shores would appear to be much smaller than that of the Arctic Ocean, for the largest obtained were only about 10 or 12 millim. In regard to the occurrence of an example at Falmouth, Pelsener * seems to think this remark- able, from its southern position. Boast also is of opinion that it is mainly limited to the Arctic seas, though examples have been found at Portland, Maine, by Gould, and on the west coast of Norway by Sars. Though Hermann Fol’s beautiful memoirt on the develop- ment of the Pteropoda includes Clione aurantiaca, yet he does not give the intermediate stages between the shell- bearing period and that with the lateral fins, and the shape of this species differs considerably. The early stages of Clione limacina, indeed, seem to have been rarely met with, for Pelsener§ adds little to the descriptions of Boas ||, and yet the latter figures only a stage in which the lateral fins are present with the three rings of cilia. On the 3rd of November, 1897, several examples of a larval mollusk (Pl. II. fig. 1) were captured in the bottom-nets. Each showed a head-segment with a ring of cilia (non- continuous) in front of the odontophore, a large median region of the body with a central ring of cilia, and a median (alimentary) region with many yolk-globules, and, lastly, a ring of cilia posteriorly, with the pygidium behind. In the figure the otocyst is indicated. In another example (PI. II. fig. 2) a row of large globules (yolk?) occurred in front of the median ring of cilia, the size, regularity, and refraction of which were striking features. In these specimens the epidermis is clearly differentiated from the deeper layers. The odontophore and the teeth of the lateral sacs are shown in Pl. Il. fig. 7. The teeth at this stage of development seem to be incomplete, as no median series is present. The lateral eversible sacs, however, have a formidable armature. These young larvee were evidently the product of eggs dis- charged by adults in the neighbourhood. As the mollusk grows older the body becomes more elon- * Pteropoda of the ‘ Challenger,’ p. 47 (1887). + “Spolia Atlantica.” t Archiv. Zool. Expér. iv. (1875). § Pteropoda of the ‘ Challenger,’ p. 47 (1887). || “Spolia Atlantica,” Vidensk. Selsk, Skr. Kidbenhavn, 1886, Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 105 gated (Pl. II. fig. 3), and the prominent median lobe of the foot appears behind the cephalic region. Somewhat later, viz. on the 18th February, 1898, two other stages, apparently of the same form, occurred. The younger has a bifid snout, a cephalic, a median, and a terminal ring of cilia (Pl. IJ. fig. 4). Hach half of the bifid snout is rounded and flattened, with palpocils at the tip. From the dorsal surface the outline is quite symmetrical, but when viewed laterally (Pl. LI. fig. 5) a lamellar process on each side and behind these an awl-shaped process like a tentacle are apparent. Such probably represent the median and lateral lobes of the foot. ‘The epipodia are not yet visible. The central region is opaque whitish. In the same net on the latter date a further stage (PI. II. fig. 6) was met with. It measured 1°257 millim. in length and had a pinkish streak in the centre. The lateral fins were now fairly developed, so that they were useful to the animal in swimming, while the median and posterior rings of cilia were still present. When the proboscis was evaginated the radula formed a bluntly conical hispid process, and the widely diverging hook-sacs (‘‘jaws”’ of Esehricht, oliém “ fore foot”’ of Ray Lankester) occupied each lateral region. The slightly curved spinigerous processes of all these organs projected freely, and even at this early stage seemed to be well adapted for a predaceous existence. 2. On Bipinnaria asterigera, M. Sars (Larval Stage of Luidia), at St. Andrews. In his ‘ Beskrivelser og Iagttagelser’ the able Norwegian naturalist Michael Sars presented in 1834 a series of rare and remarkable animals from the waters adjoining Florée, where he then resided. Amongst forms ranging from polyps to chordates there was none more novel than the larval starfish which he describes and figures under the above name*. He characterizes the genus as having a long, cylindrical, flattened body, with two pinne—one posterior, cordate in shape, and another, somewhat triangular, in the middle of the body. The mouth is surrounded by a series of lanceolate appendages or arms. He distinguishes the species by the fact that there are twelve arms. His figures show a somewhat more elon- gated outline and narrower arms than the form at St. Andrews. Sars procured his examples in the month of May amidst other pelagic organisms such as Meduse. Koren and. Danielssen t, in October 1846, had the good * Op. cit. p. 37, pl. xv. figs. 40 a-d. t+ Ann. d. Sc. nat. 8° sér. vii, p. 347, pl. vii. figs. 7-9. 106 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the fortune to meet with many examples amongst hordes of Salpe which appeared in the harbour of Bergen, and they made advances on the observations of Sars, especially in regard to the relationship of the asterid to its pelagic apparatus. Their specimens did not quite reach the length of the ex- amples of Sars, being 30 millim. long. ‘They pointed out the lancet-like anterior region for swimming and the arrange- ment of the arms, which they termed tentacles, and they noticed that when swimming they were continually agitated. They also described circular and longitudinal muscles under the integument of the Bipinnaria. ‘Their figures represent nearly the same stage as those procured by Sars, J. Miiller, and those from St. Andrews, though the figure of the entire form is too small for minute criticism. ‘The enlarged region with the arms is carefully represented. Johannes Miillernext published acareful account with figures of a similar form from Helsingér and Marseilles, aided by specimens from Norway, and originally transmitted by Danielssen, who, along with Koren, again alluded to the larva in the ‘ Fauna Littoralis Norvegiae’ *. Younger forms of a Bipinnaria without the larval starfish were procured by Mr. Garstang } off Plymouth, and he gives a minute account of the structure, with two excellent figures. The stage represented is a comparatively early one—ainter- mediate, as he says, between that of the Bipinnaria of Sars and the ordinary one of Asterias. The size, about 3 millim., shows that its development was far from being complete, and if we add the fin-like expansions to the anterior end of the preoral lobe and to the sides of its median fin, together with the grouping of the arms around the larval starfish in the later stages, the resemblance, generically at any rate, is complete. The structure of the same larva was utilized by Mr. H. Bury { in his important paper on the morphology of Kcehino- derms. His specimens came from Naples and Messina, and in the earlier stages seem to differ in the form of the preoral lobe, to judge from the figure §. In St. Andrews Bay, on the 30th September, 1896, a form closely allied (Pl. IL. figs. 8, 9), if not identical with, the foregoing was procured in the bottom-net in 5-6 fathoms about half a mile from the pier, along with various larval star- fishes and young swimming crabs. A west wind had succeeded * Part II. + Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxv. p. 451, pl. xxviii. (1894). t Quart. Journ. Mier, Sei. vol. xxxviii., n. s. § Op. eit. pl. vy. fig. 18. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 107 a stormy period of E. and N.E. winds. In size they were about 13 or 14 millim. long, and thus were much smaller than the examples of Sars, which reached about 34 millim. The long diaphanous preoral lobe was in several curved towards the central fin, so as to bring the attached starfish near the latter. The preoral lobe widened abruptly at the body posteriorly, the longitudinal grooves contracting and bending over, with prominent, frilled, slightly tinted pro- cesses, to join the grooves on the arms. The Bipinnaria is narrowed towards the attached Lwd¢dia, which is fixed to it by the ochre-coloured gullet and intestine, and bends towards the frills. The ridges and grooves on the arms are continuous with the longitudinal ridges and grooves on the preoral lobe (Pl. Il. fig. 10). None of the examples were quite perfect, but ten or eleven arms were visible, so that in all probability there were twelve, as in the examples from Norway. ‘These organs are delicate, and occasionally portions of the tip were constricted off. The margins of the grooves on each arm are thickened throughout, and the tissue is corrugated and granular, as in the ordinary Bipinnaria. The preoral lobe is contractile and often shows numerous closely arranged transverse wrinkles on the convex side (Pl. II. fig. 10), which alter as waves of contraction pass to and fro over it. Previous authors, indeed, describe circular and longitudinal muscular fibres in its wall. The latter is minutely areolar and granular. Of the two ridges on the preoral lobe one passes up each side of the median fin, the other on each side extending to the tip anteriorly, which forms a fan-shaped expansion with two lateral flaps, the lobe tapering off and forming a somewhat pointed axis, with a slight enlargement within the tip in the centre of the fin-like structure. ‘The median fin has a similar structure, the central axis, however, being larger in proportion. No movement of contained fluid or corpuscles was visible in the enteroccele of the preoral lobe, which disintegrated from the front *. The young starfish (Luidia) had reached an advanced stage and appeared to be nearly ready for separation. Groups of granules moved to and fro in the tube-feet, which had thickened cushion at the rounded tips. The paxille were * Dr, E. Metschnikoff (Q. J. Micros. Se., n. s. vol. xxiv. p. 96, 1884) likewise noticed the tips of the arms breaking off. Besides observing the morphogenetic functions of the wandering cells of the mesoderm (which give rise to the cutis, the skeletal structures, and the oral musculature), he found they had the power of acting on the spherules of milk which he had injected. The rapid disappearance of the parts of the Bipinnaria is probably due to the same agency. 108 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the visible under a lens in all the specimens. Fragments of the carapace of copepods adhered to the tube-feet, apparently after digestion. This remarkable Bipinnaria has thus been procured in various European waters, from Norway to the Mediterranean. ‘The earlier stages would seem to occur in August and the later in September and October. The development of the lateral webs on the median and terminal fins would appear to occur as the Bipinnaria increases in age and size. ‘There is considerable variety, indeed, in regard to the shape of the terminal fin, some being simply notched, while others are broadly lobate. Mr. Bury * informs me he was led by the remarks of Sig. Lo Bianco at Naples to associate the larval starfish with Lutdia, a conclusion fully borne out by an examination of the specimens at St. Andrews, even before the literature was consulted. The adults of both Luddia ciliaris, Johnst., and L. Sarsz, Diib. & Kor., occur off St. Andrews Bay, the former east of the Isle of May and the latter near the Bell Rock. The ovaries of LZ. Savignit are nearly ripe in the beginning of July, forming arborescent organs dichotomously divided and of a rich orange inclining to red. Perfect specimens are obtained on the fishing-grounds by at once dropping them from the hooks into strong spirit. 3. On Lepidonotus Wahlbergi, Kinberg, and its Relation to L. clava, Montagu. Kinberg, in 1858, gave a recognizable account, with figures, of a Lepidonotus from the Cape and Port Natal, under the above specific name. Amongst other distinctive characters he alluded to the tuberculated scales which had smooth edges. His figures of the dorsal and ventral bristles differed from those of any other species, the former having moderately elongated tips, with numerous rows of spikes and a sharp point, and the latter a proportionally longer tip with a longer row of spikes than in Lepidonotus clava, Mont. Kinberg pointed out that his species was probably in part the Aphro- dita squamata of Pallas, who conjoined the European form as figured by Baster with the foregoing. ‘he same form was procured by the ‘ Challenger’ at Sea Point, near Cape Town, and it is described in the volume devoted to the Annelids. It is possible that Schmarda’s * I am indebted to Mr. Bury for references to various communications on the subject. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 109 Polynoé trochiscophora may be the same form, but, as stated in the ‘ Challenger’ volume, the vagueness of the description and figures left room for doubt. Into the details of the description it is unnecessary to enter fully, but instead of the palpi being smooth, as Kinberg had said, they are densely papillose. The first pair of scales are closely covered with prominent chitinous spines, which in the scales immediately succeeding become shorter, and then the rest are tuberculated —that is, the spines become transformed into solid processes. There are also various smaller spines, some of which are hispid. ‘The structure of the dorsal and ventral bristles was carefully figured. The shorter stiffer examples are females laden with ova, the longer forms males. Moreover the segmental (nephridial) papilla are longer in the males, a feature best seen posteriorly. In the female they are tulip- shaped, with about four lobes surrounding the central cavity at the tip. A comparison with Lepidonotus clava, Mont., during the preparation of the ‘Challenger’ Report showed the essential differences. Yet it has often been pointed out that previous authors occasionally left descriptions from which all the vital characters had been omitted, and gave no figures or inadequate ones. Hence their successors were often sorely puzzled to identify the forms described, and could not avoid errors which only a reference to the original specimen could have pre- vented. When theretore it was found that Baron de Saint- Joseph, in a paper just published, had included as a synonym under Lepidonotus clava, Mont., Lepidonotus Wahlbergi as described by Kinberg, myself, and Malaquin, a review of these forms was made, fortunately with the actual specimens in hand. Baron de Saint-Joseph gives as his main reasons for joining the British and the South-African species that the figure of the scale in the ‘ Challenger’ volume exactly agrees with that of Lepidonotus clava, and that in the same work it has been shown that the palpi are papillose, a feature also characteristic of L. clava. Now, in the first place, accurate figures of the entire dorsum, of the scale, of the dorsal and ventral bristles, with the description, were at the disposal of the French author. In the drawing of the dorsum * every scale has numerous large tubercles, quite visible with the unaided eye and in the prepa- rations under a lens, whereas in Lepidonotus clava only the first four scales are furnished with these large processes, the * ‘Challenger,’ xii. pl. xi. fig. 1. Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser. 7. Vol. ii, 9 110 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the rest having them so reduced in size as to appear for the most part smooth. Such a scale when enlarged (as in the figure * alluded to by Baron de Saint-Joseph) could only be compared with an anterior scale of L. clava, yet it was an average one of L. Wahlbergi. Further, the minute structure of each quite diverges. In L. Wahlbergi several of the anterior scales are hispid, with prominent acute spines (PI. II. fig. 11), the tips of which are minutely nodular, so that the surface in some views presents a somewhat areolar or “ scaled” appear- ance, resembling that of the tissue of the scale itself, and which enters the base of the spine. Moreover, the nodular tip is slightly bent. On the other hand, the truncated capstan-like tubercle characteristic of the first scale of L. clava has its terminal “ boss’? minutely and somewhat regularly nodular, the tip of each process having a spine (PI. II. fig. 12). When viewed from above the rim of the “boss” is thus minutely hispid. A glance at the respective figures in PI. IT. will indicate the essential differences better than any descrip- tion, and they are drawn precisely to the same scale. The arrangement and structure of the other papille on each scale also diverges. It has been frequently observed that where allied forms differ from each other specifically, the bristles, as well as the minute structure of the scales, differ. Accordingly it is found that the dorsal bristles of L. Wahlbergi have a stouter tip, with a definite curve, and much less elongated and tapered than in L. clava. The ventral bristles again have a more elongated tip, with a longer row of spinous ridges. From point to point therefore the European and South-African forms diverge, even the scales in the latter being distinctly smaller. Baron de Saint-Joseph has the credit of first publishing the description of the minute structure of the anterior scales of Lepidonotus clava, though the term scales (‘ écailles ”’) applied to the hispid tips is apt to mislead. I am in doubt also about their special sensory function. His figure (pl. xiii. fig. 4 T) of one of the smaller processes of course differs from the condition in the larger capstan-like tubercles. The smaller tubercles are simply hispid, with tapering chitinous spines which are proportionally larger than in the prominent tubercles. * Ibid. pl. xviii. fig. 8. t+ Op. cit. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 111 4. On Sigalion squamatum, Delle Chiaje, and its Relation- ships with S. Mathilde, Aud. & Ed., and S. Buskii, M‘Intosh. In his recent valuable papers on the Annelids of the shores of France S. squamatum of Delle Chiaje * has been confused by Baron de Saint-Joseph with S. Mathilde, Audouin and Milne-Edwards. Thus in the “ Annélides Polychétes des Cétes de Dinard”’ f, under the title of Sigalion squamatum, D. Ch., De Saint-Joseph gives descriptions and figures appli- cable to S. Mathilde, Aud. & Ed. A glance at figure 27, pl. xi1., of this paper would alone be conclusive, since the papilla on the dorsal edge of the ventral division of the foot is characteristic of S. Mathilde and is absent in S. sguamatum. He also points out the agreement of the pinnate papilla of the edges of the scales with those figured by Claparéde, and this is fortunate, as his own figure ¢ of these is diagrammatic, though he correctly observes that the pinne are about twenty in number (PI. II. fig. 14) on each side, a feature wholly at variance with the condition in S. sgwamatum, D. Ch., which has about eight pinne of quite a different shape on each side (Pl. Il. fig. 13). The characteristic curve of the main nerve- branch and the arrangement of its twigs to the pinnate papillz, as shown by Claparéde, meets with De Saint-Joseph’s approval. It is interesting that in this respect S. Mathilde differs from: S. sguamatum. He gives but two “ coussinets vibratiles”’ (ctenidia), whereas three occur both in this species and in S. sguamatum, ‘The short papilla on the upper border of the ventral division of the foot is diagnostic of &. Mathilde. The bristles of the two species are as characteristic as are the pinnate processes of the scales, for the stouter bifid forms of the ventral division of the foot with but a single bifid terminal appendage are absent in S. Ma- thilde. I\n his more recent paper on the “ Annélides Poly- chétes des Cétes de France” § he inserts S. Mathilde, Aud. & Ed., as asynonym of Sigalion squamatum, Delle Chiaje, and makes certain “additions and modifications” to his former account. Amongst these is the remarkable statement and accompanying figure to the effect that the dorsal bristles are bifid at the tip under a power of 465 diam. ‘These finely tapered serrated bristles end in a simple hair-like point as in * Descriz. e not. v. pp. 58 and 107, tav. xxvi. figs. 38, 11, and 12. t+ Ann. d. Sc. nat. 7°, sér. xx. p. 203 (1895). t Pl. xi. fig. 21. § Ann. d. sc. nat. 8°, sér. v. p. 2389 (1897). 9* 112 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the allied forms. The author has apparently been deceived by a broken example, for such a condition as he figures is at variance with the morphology of the group as well as expe- rience, though occasionally the shorter forms at the internal edge of the tuft show such a condition from injury. He rightly describes the superior group of the ventral bristles with the tapering tips and whorled spines, though his figures of this and the other forms are indefinite. While he gives a correct account of the forms with a single terminal (bifid) appendage which commence the inferior group of ventral bristles, he omits to show the essential differences in the structure of the bristles immediately above the spine of the ventral division of the foot in the two species. In S. squa- matum, D. Ch., the process for the spine projects more prominently, and above it, besides the stronger forms with the ends of the shafts closely serrated, there are several stout bristles with a single terminal (bifid) appendage. In S. Mathilde, besides the presence of the dorsal papille on the inferior division of the foot, the tip differs in outline, being obliquely truncate. Moreover all the bristles above the spine have slender, articulated, tapering tips, minutely bifid. Both species have four eyes, so that no weight is to be placed on their absence in indifferent preparations. It is not remarkable that the acute and accomplished Claparéde *, who worked at Naples, should have been puzzled by the form actually meant by Delle Chiaje, for in the descriptions of the latter author there is nothing definite, and certainly his peculiar figure of the pinnate processes of the scales might pass for either species, so that the blame does not really rest with the author first mentioned. It is the inaccurate figure in most cases which has been so disastrous in the history of the Annelids, and the failure to give ina few words the vital points of distinction. S. squamatum is a larger species than S. Mathilde, which Claparéde appears to have had before him when making his descriptions and figures. The curve of the great nerve-cord to the outer edge of the scale, its size, and the thickness and brevity of the large branches to the pinnate papilla, without reference to the other points, make it clear that it was not S. sguamatum, D. Ch., but 8. Mathilde, Aud. & Ed., that the Swiss author described. While therefore there can be no dubiety between S. squa- matum, Delle Chiaje, and S,. Mathilde, Aud. & Ed., there * Annél, Chét. Nap. p. 100, pl. iii, fig. 8, and 2¢d. Suppl. p. 20, pl. ii. fiz. 3. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 113 yet remains the closely allied and nearly as large Sigulion (?) Buskit, Mcl.*, procured by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in Shetland, with which to contrast the Italian author’s species. Neither the northern habitat (for only a single example has yet been procured) nor the absence of eyes in this deep-water form is of essential value. ‘The head, however, differs in being pro- portionally larger and more ovoid, and without the posterior narrowing of S. squamatum. Instead of the two lateral minute tentacles (like papill) only a single small median one occurs in this form, a remarkable condition in the genus. The scales in S. Buski7, as a rule, have the transverse diameter shorter than in S. sguamatum, and the pinnate papille along the outer edge have no constriction at the base and taper more distinctly towards the tip (Pl. II. fig. 15), being somewhat lanceolate, to the number of ten or twelve on each side in the largest. The simple papillew along the outer and poste- rior edge of the scale at the bases of the foregoing are shorter and more numerous. Moreover the central granular region above the stem is more distinctly expanded than in the Neapolitan form. Occasionally a pair of pinne on opposite sides of the stem branch into two or three points. The pinne of the papille of S. sguamatum are fewer in number and have aslightly fusiform or lobate shape, that is with a tendency to constriction at the base, and they are also, as a rule, fewer in number than in S. Buskit, six being common. Very little dila- tation of the axis occurs above the bare stem, which 1s generally longer than in 8. Buski’. The nerve-strand to the pinnate papille of the scales is somewhat more distinctly curved than in S. squamatum, and the secondary twigs to the stems are shorter. The foot in S. sguamatum is slightly larger as a whole than in S. Buskit and the ventral cirrus longer and more tapered. The dorsal lobe has a much longer terminal papilla (cestode), and the bristles are longer and apparently, judging from the preparation, more delicate. The ventral lobe of the foot is similar to that of S. Buskzi, though in the latter the stronger series at the upper edge of the lowest group have a longer terminal process (bifid) than in S. squa- matum. 'The Italian specimens, apparently from their mode cf preparation, had their bristles considerably injured, so that an accurate comparison in every detail could not be carried out. The two species S. squamatum and S. (?) Buskit certainly approach each other much more than do the former and S. Wathilde ; but there are sufficient reasons for sepa- rating them, as the descriptions and figures show. * Trans. R. S. E. xxv. 3, p. 409, pl. xii. fig. 12, and Trans. Z.S. ix. 7, p. 391, pl. Ixx. fig. 14, 114 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 5. The Nemerteans in British Text-books of Zoology. To those familiar with the Schnurwiirmer (Nemertini) of Gustav von Hayek’s ‘Handbuch der Zoologie’* in the “seventies,” the treatment of the group in most books of zoology intended for instruction and reference in our country, in or bordering on the “ nineties,” offers a subject for comment. Indeed, after a perusal of some recent works (especially certain university practical ones) and their illustrations, the expe- rienced reader arises with a hazy notion as to whether he has not again mentally visited the period when Cirsted described the proboscidian sheath as ‘ canalis in quo penis est’? and the views of Della Chiaje, Johnston, Leuckart, Dugés, De Quatrefages, Huschke, De Blainville, Blanchard, Grube, Gaimard, Kolliker, Williams, J. P. Van Beneden, Max Schultze, Claparéde, Keferstein, Marion, and others held the field in perplexing variety. Observers so accurate as Kdlliker, Frey, and Leuckart, and especially Keferstein, might well marvel, or have marvelled, at the plight of the group in Britain in the year 1898. They would have considered that to the writers of these books English was little known, and that they were unaware of the correct anatomy of the group— in regard to the structure of the body-wall, the relations of the nerves to the muscular layers, the minute anatomy of the proboscis and its sheath, the digestive and circulatory systems, and other features—as first clearly described (and as it now remains) in their own country. They would be surprised to find illustrations after Max Schultze, who, however, did valuable work on some points, installed as the model from which the young anatomist is to learn the general structure. For instance, such figures give expression to the erroneous view that the terminal ribands of the proboscis are attached to the body-wall. The stylet-region of the organ appears to be composed of disconnected fragments, and, it may be, the tube overrides the commissures of the ganglia instead of going between them, while the circulatory and excretory organs are much behind date. Other figures carry the proboscis-sheath forward to the tip of the snout, though it is not clearly explained how the proboscis is to hang on to its owner. Another, by a bolder flight, even makes the aperture for the proboscis the mouth. In displaying the structure of this remarkable organ (quite unnecessarily called “ introvert ” or, it may be, ‘ the hollow eversible anterior end of the animal ”’) nature is eschewed, and by a series of mechanical diagrams, * Wien, 1877. Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 115 one of which closely resembles a cricket-bat, the student is confused, not instructed. Those familiar with the anatomy of the Nemerteans would fail to recognize any resemblance to the beautifnl organs they misrepresent. Some recent authors have apparently been so impressed with descriptions (sud generis) of the mechanics of the proboscis, that they have barely alluded to the digestivesystem, and omit to point out thecrucial point in regard to the opening of the mouth respectively in the Enopla and the Anopla—one of the most striking features in classification. Perhaps by-and-by a remark is made that the opening of the mouth is beneath or behind the ganglia, or that the ventral commissure of the ganglia lies between the proboscidian sheath and the cesophagus ; but neither is a complete statement for the group. While it may be inter- esting to go into the suppositions that the proboscis is the ‘“‘hypophysis cerebri’”’ and its sheath the ‘ notochord,” it is well, if not better, to emphasize facts about which there can be no dubiety. The figures employed to illustrate structure are perhaps the most clamant feature. Mere inversion of a figure (which occurs) is not so serious as some other cases, since it has perhaps the correct parts somewhere. A figure copied from Prof. Hubrecht is perplexing. Itshows the proboscis extruded, but its internal attachment is the cerebral commissures, whilst the proboscidian sheath has wholly disappeared. One of the same author’s schematic figures does duty for the proboscis in situ and is at variance with nature. ‘The very indifferent and, in some respects, inaccurate representation of the stylet- region in its normal position in the body and in extrusion may be contrasted with Hayek’s figs. 558 and 559 with advantage. A retrograde step to the period alluded to in the opening paragraph has generally been made. One author, who copies the accurate figure, does not acknowledge its authorship, and, inspired by continental works, is unaware that the observations quoted are those of a countryman. Prof. Hubrecht’s diagram of the anterior end of a Nemer- tean, showing the attachment of the proboscidian sheath near the commissures, is less instructive than the older figure shown by Hayek (fig. 556), and, besides, the reader is left to infer that the position of the mouth shown is typical for all Nemerteans, instead of-being informed that it only stands for the Anopla. For the general structure of a Nemertean Prof. Moseley’s Pelagonemertes is used; yet this somewhat aberrant type is scarcely suited for such a purpose, even if it had always been correctly copied, which it is not, for the 116 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the proboscidian sheath, which is shown in Hubrecht’s figure, has been omitted, to the confusion of the student. Besides the foregoing, the text-books omit reference to the lateral vessels of the proboscidian sheath in certain forms, the remarkable structure of the proboscis of the various groups in section, the acid reaction of the skin in many, and other points. The assertion that the proboscis is clearly an offen- sive organ, on the faith of the problematical “ nematocysts,” while nothing is said as to its being so readily thrown off and so slowly regenerated, requires modification. That the Nemerteans “ extract”’ tubicolous worms by this organ is a statement in need of confirmation, especially in view of Prof. Hubrecht’s notion of the ‘large amount of nervous tissue in its walls.” So far as my experience goes, the tubicolous worm would more readily ‘ extract” the proboscis. The statement (after Hubrecht) that the albuminoid material embedding all the layers of the body is of the nature of the jelly of Medusze demands a dissenting note, as also the remark that the small specimens swim freely. What of Cerebratulus angulatus, a yard long and an inch broad? No fish more deftly cleaves the water. The remark that the central stylet of the proboscis is either pointed or serrate is too indefinite, though perhaps less in error than that clause which asserts that the aperture for the proboscis is close to the mouth. Even for the Enopla the latter will not hold, while for the three groups of the Anopla it is wholly at variance with fact. In changing systems of classification it is usual to give reasons for laying aside those already established, e. g. either the prevalence of error or the advance of discovery which upsets the foundation on which the older superstructure was raised. In the case of the Nemerteans neither the one nor the other has a substantial basis. ‘The essential anatomical features on which the classification of 1869 and 1873 was based remain to-day as they were then. Yet we have had the run of Prof. Hubrecht’s Paleonemertes, Schizonemertes, and Hoplonemertes, to the confusion of the student ; and now Dr. Biirger’s Protonemertini, Mesonemertini, Metanemertini, and Heteronemertini, by way of ringing new changes, sweep the former out of sight. It is immaterial, for there is little to choose between them. Both simply give new and complex names to the same groups which were formed on structural grounds in 1869, and every anatomical fact of primary importance in which remains unassailed to-day. ‘There is no need to alter either figure or description now. Yet it seems to be necessary for all these old facts to be incorporated more Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 117 than a quarter of a century afterwards (it may be with a new and imposing title) in foreign papers before they can be utilized by the modern text-book in our country. With all deference to my friend Prof. Hubrecht and to Dr. Biirger and other able observers, I see no valid reason for altering the old, yet simple and satisfactory, classsitication indicated by Dr. George Johnston and used by Max Schultze, resting securely, as it does, on structural foundations. No student can misunderstand the fact that the proboscis of the Nemerteans is either armed (Enopla) or unarmed (Anopla). None will mistake those which fall under the first group. Under the second group are three great divisions (be they suborders or families is immaterial), viz. the Lineide, Carinellide, and Cephalotrichide, and as each bears the name of its type, the arrangement also has the merit of simplicity and perspicuity. When systems of classification rest on data that are unsound or are liable to be misunderstood, few will gainsay the propriety of making a change ; but when new and contusing names simply cover the old yet unassailable facts, the process seems to be both unnecessary and perplexing, as well as one that tends in no way to the advancement of zoology. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 1. Larval Clione, with three rings of cilia, armature of odontophore and lateral sacs, and an otocyst. 38rd Noy., 1897. x 50, Fig. 2. A younger form of the same species, with a row of globules in front of the median ciliated ring. 3rd Nov., 1897. x 50. Fig. 3. A somewhat older and more elongated form of same date. x 50. Fig. 4, A more advanced stage of the same species with bifid anterior region. 18th Feb., 1898. x 60. Fig. 5. The same viewed laterally so as to show the middle and poste- rior lobes of the foot, aand 6. x 60. ‘tg. 6. An older example of Clione limacina with lateral fins. x 40. Fig. 7. Teeth of the odontophore and lateral sacs im situ of fig. 1 (8rd Nov., 1897) under compression. In nature they were placed widely apart, but the blank has been omitted to save space. X 250. Fig. 8. Bipinnaria asterigera, Sars, showing the asterid from the side, with the gullet and intestine passing to the Bipinnaria. The ridges and grooves of the preoral lobe are fairly evident. Enlarged under a lens. Fig. 9. View of another example exhibiting the ambulacral feet of the asterid, Similarly enlarged. Fig. 10, Specimen having a more complete series of arms and ciliated ridges. Enlarged under a lens. Fig. 11, Acute spine from the first scale of Lepidonotus Wahibergi, Kbg. x 280. Fig, 12. Capstan-like tubercle—minutely spinous—from the first scale of Lepidonotus clava, Mont. x 2350, 118 Mr. C. C. Nutting on the Fig. 13. Pinnate papilla from the scale of Sityalion squamatum, Delle Chiaje. x 1509. Fig. 14. Pinnate papilla from the edge of the scale of Sigalion Mathilde, Aud. & Ed. x 200. Fig. 15, Pinnate papilla from the scale of Stgalion(?) Buskt?, Mcl. x 150 diam. XVI.—The Sarcostyles of the Plumularide. By C. C. Nurtinea *. THERE is no little confusion regarding the nomenclature involved in morphological discussions concerning the Hydroida, and nowhere is this fact more evident than in connexion with certain interesting structures found in the Plumularide and variously called nematophores, protoplasmic processes, defen- sive zooids, sarcodal processes, Macliopolyps, ‘‘ Wehrthiere,” and Nesselpolypen by the numerous writers who have investi- gated them. ‘The first mention that I have been able to find of these structures is by Busk in Hunterian Lectures (MSS.), London, 1857, who called them “‘ Nematophores”’—a name subsequently used by various writers. Hincks afterwards applied the name “ sarcotheca” to the chitinous receptacle, and “ sarcostyle” to the sarcodal contents, or rather defensive persons, inclosed within it. Without further discussion on this point, I will state that I use the word nematophore for the receptacle without necessary reference to its contents, and sarcostyle for the organ or person within, and it is to the latter that I invite attention at present. The hydroids have been carefully studied by so few zoolo- gists that it may not be amiss to define the sarcostyle more explicitly before discussing it. A careful investigation of any plumularian hydroid will disclose the fact that, beside the hydrothece containing the hydroid polyps or hydrauths, there are numerous usually minute chitinous cups containing an exceedingly interesting structure, which in lite is characterized by amazing extensibility. Allman, in 1864, described it as “a soft granular mass which could send forth very extensible processes capable of being greatly protruded, and then so completely retracted as to apparently disappear. These pro- cesses have the power of sending forth pseudopodia, as does the ameeba, and act in many respects as do certain rhizopods.” * From ‘The American Naturalist,’ April 1898, pp. 223-250. Read before Section F at the Detroit meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Sarcostyles of the Plumularide. 119 This author considered that these processes were composed of protoplasm, pure and simple. When, however, the more refined and modern histological technique was applied by Hamann to the investigation of the sarcostyles, it was discovered that they were much more com- plicated structures than was at first supposed ; that they were made up of several histological elements, namely, an ecto- dermal layer surrounding an axial portion composed of endo- dermal cells, the ectoderm and endoderm being separated by a structureless membrane or ‘ Stutzlamelle.”” The distal part of the sarcostyle contains nematocysts or nettling cells. This author (Hamann *) concluded that the enormous extensibility of the sarcostyle was due to muscle-fibrillee, and regards the entire sarcostyle as a degraded person or hydroid polyp in which the mouth and body-cavity have been obliterated. In the same year (1882) C. de Merejkowsky + announced that the histological elements were ectoderm and endoderm with a dividing membrane, and that the motile part was com- posed of ectoderm alone, the ectodermal cells being immersed in a contractile structureless protoplasm. ‘To this latter sub- stance he attributed the enormous extensibility of the sarco- style and the pseudopodia-like processes originally described by Allman. This author regards the sarcostyles as degenerate individuals of the hydroid stock, serving the purpose of defen- sive organs, and possibly also as aid in the nourishment of the colony. Weismann, in his ‘ Die Enstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen,’ denies the presence of the interstitial proto- plasm in the ectodermal portion, and contends that the pseudo- podia are from the ectoderm cells themselves. In the same year (1883) von Lendenfeld } made a very elaborate study of the sarcostyles. In addition to the ecto- derm, endoderm, and “ Stutzlamelle ” already mentioned, he found a differentiated ectodermal muscle-layer, in which are Jarge ganglion-cells in Plumularia. In certain species of Aglacphenia and Plumularia he found sarcostyles furnished with adhesive cells similar to those found in ctenophores, but differing from them in not having a spirally rolled thread. Dr. Carl F. Jickeli § agrees with most of the other writers concerning the histology of these structures, but has a unique * “ Der Organismus der Hydroidpolypen,” Jenaische Zeitsch. f. Naturw. Bd. xv. pp. 17, 18, 65. + Arch. de Zool. exp. et gén. vol. x. pp. 583-610. ¢ ‘‘Ueber Wehrpolypen und Nesselzellen,” Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxviil. pp. 355-371. § Morphol. Jahrb. Bd. viii. pp. 580-680, 120 Mr. C. C. Nutting on the idea of their homology. He thinks that the sarcostyles are homologous with the capitate tentacles of many species of hydroid polyps. 1 believe that he has no supporters in this view. No other investigations of sufficient importance to discuss in this connexion have been made, so far as I know, with the exception of my own work in 1895 at Plymouth, England *, and at Naples, where I made careful studies of these struc- tures in the living plumularians and by means of serial sections. The histology of the sarcostyles, as held by most of the above writers, shows an outer layer of ectoderm and an inner layer of endoderm, these two layers being separated by an apparently structureless membrane called by the German writers the “ Stutzlamelle.” The endodermal layer appears to be a solid core in stained and sectioned preparations, and is so described by most writers. Under favourable conditions living specimens may be examined under a high power, and by a proper management of light the cell-boundaries, muscle, and indeed almost every histological detail may be distinctly seen and the movements followed. It was while making such examinations of living sarcostyles at Naples in 1895 that I found an unexpected proof that the axis of the sarco- style is not a solid rod, but a delicate collapsible tube, the cavity of which is strictly homologous with the body-cavity of the hydranth. While studying a living sarcostyle under a jy Oil-immersion lens, the endodermal axis, as it is called, was very sharply defined, being separated from the ectodermal layer by the “ Stutzlamelle.”” Much to my surprise, I saw an amceboid cell pass quickly along the exact centre of the axis. ‘he cell was largely composed of highly refractive granules and exhibited very active amoeboid movements, sending forth well-marked pseudopodia and_ constantly changing form. This mysterious cell appeared to be en- gaged in travelling back and forth between the distal and proximal end of the axial cavity of the sarcostyle. Its pro- gress was unimpeded, and completely demonstrated to m mind the presence of an axial cavity in the sarcostyle. After having once seen this cell, I looked for them in other sarco- styles, and found them in nearly every one examined. The species under observation was Aglaophenia Hellert. I after- ward found similar cells in the endoderm of various parts of the plumularian colony, particularly in the stem. In such * See C.C. Nutting, “Notes on Plymouth Hydroids,”’ Journ, Marine Biol. Assoc., February 1896, p. 153. Sarcostyles of the Plumularide. 121 localities, however, they did not move from place to place, but nevertheless sent forth numerous pseudopodia and ex- hibited ameeboid change of form. This demonstration of an axial cavity in the sarcostyle is of considerable interest, in view of the fact that it furnishes the last and much-desired link in the evidence needed to demonstrate the homology of the sarcostyle. It can no longer be doubted, it seems to me, that the sarcostyle is the homo- logue of the hydranth—that it is, in fact, a true “person” of the hydroid colony, being composed of ectoderm, “ Stutz- lamelle,” endoderm, and body-cavity. It lacks only tentacles to make it a hydranth; but we know that certain hydroids, e.g. Protohydra, have undoubted hydranths without tentacles. Curiously enough, one of the earliest observers of nemato- phores published in 1863 a figure of a sarcostyle which was represented as having a body-cavity. The author referred to is Semper, and the figure is found in the ‘Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zoologie,’ Bd. xiii. pl. xxxviii. fig. 4a, The conclusion that sarcostyles are morphological persons of the colony is borne out by almost every known fact con- cerning them. Embryological investigation shows that they are formed in almost exactly the same manner as_ the hydranths, and that they make their appearance as early as the latter, and often earlier. It is possible, moreover, to point out a series of forms leading from the so-called “ fighting zooids”’ of Hydractinia to the typical nematophores of the Plumularide. In the genus Ophiodes we find organs or persons almost exactly intermediate between the Hydractinia and true sarcostyles. Prof. Baldwin Spencer has lately described a new family of Hydroida, called the Hydrocera- tenidz, evidently closely allied to the Plumularide, with numerous fighting persons which are histologicaliy almost identical with true nematophores ; the extreme extensibility, however, of the latter has not as yet been observed in the former. There appears also to be a curious cross-relation between the dactylozooids of the Millipora and the sarcostyles, if such they be, of the Hydroceratenide. Among the many perplexing questions in this connexion is the one raised by Professor Allman, who very strongly urges the relationship between the nematophores and the denticles of the graptolites. His argument would lead to a belief that the ancestors of the Plumularide may be the graptolites; that the nematophores of the tormer are the homologues of the denticles of the latter; that we have in the sarcostyle the 122 Mr. C. C. Nutting on the original type of the hydranth; and that the present hydranth is really a very highly specialized sarcostyle. As before indicated, the sarcostyles often precede the hy- dranths in the development of the colony, and would thus appear to be an older structure in phylogeny. I was unable to confirm Merejkowsky’s statement that the extensible part of the sarcostyle was composed of ectodermal cells immersed in free protoplasm. Indeed, it appears that no other author has been able to demonstrate this certainly unique and surprising arrangement. Neither could I find the muscle-bundles and ganglionic cells of von Lendenfeld, although this purely negative evidence should not be allowed to have much weight. The adhesive cells were found in several species of Aglaophenia, and observed in action; the observations confirm very decidedly the description given by their original describer, von Lendenfeld. There has been considerable discussion concerning the probable use of the sarcostyles. My own observations on the living organisms would indicate that they serve several distinct functions. Ist. Defence—In many cases, especially in the genera Aglaophenia, Lytocarpus, and Cladocarpus, the distal part of the sarcostyle contains a battery of very large and formidable nematocysts or stinging-cells. The threads of these cells are projected all together when a large or dangerous enemy approaches too near the adjacent hydranth. It is probable that the enidocils of these nematocysts must be touched before the battery is discharged. Some species of Lytocarpus have such effective batteries that their sting is severely felt through the human cuticle, a very unusual thing among the Hydroida, The nematocysts themselves do not leave the nematophores when their threads are projected. 2nd. Prehension of food.—This is effected by the adhesive cells, which are situated on the extensible part of the sarco- styles of many species. Von Lendenfeld gives an excellent description of the capture of small crustacean zowa. From his account it appears that the prey is first paralyzed by the nematocysts in the tentacles of the hydranths, and then secured by the adhesive parts of the adjacent sarcostyles, which stick firmly to the smooth chitinous covering ot the crustacean. After this attachment is formed, the contraction of the sarcostyle brings the victim again within the reach of the tentacles, which convey it to the mouth of the hydranth. 3rd. The removal of refuse or decomposing organic matter.— This function of the sarcostyles has been suggested by several writers. I have on many occasions noted that the sarcostyles Sarcostyles of the Plumularide. 123 are very active after certain parts of the colony have been mutilated or where the hydranths are undergoing disintegra- tion. While studying Plumularia pinnata at Plymouth I saw astonishing exhibitions of activity on the part of the sarcostyles in the vicinity of mutilated gonangia. ‘Their ex- tensibility was incredible and apparently without limit. They would climb over the top of the gonangiaand scour the inside, they would wind round and round the stem and branches in a perfect maze of apparently protoplasmic threads, and yet be able to unsnarl themselves with the greatest ease, and after- ward disappear entirely. Dead hydranths seemed particu- larly attractive to them, and it appeared as if they actually devoured or in some way absorbed the organic matter of the disintegrating polyps, so that not a trace remained within the hydrothecz in a very short time after the sarcostyles attacked them. Ath. Holding together adjacent corbula-leaves until their edges unite.—This is a novel use of the sarcostyle, discovered by myself while working out the embryology of the corbula, or fruit-receptacle, of Aglaophenia pluma at Plymouth. The corbula is a pod-shaped structure, made up of a number of ribs or leaves, which are separated first, but afterwards coalesce to form the mature corbula. Along the edges of these leaves are rows of nematophores. While examining a young corbula of a living colony, I noticed that the sarcostyles along the edges of the leaves were exceedingly active, and that they were stretching across from one leaf to the next, to which they adhered by their adhesive ends. “It appeared as if these sarcostyles served as a temporary attachment to hold the edges of the two leaves together, while the edges themselves were connected by trabeculee of ccenosare which rapidly formed a stronger and permanent connexion. ‘The perisare of the edges of the leaves seemed exceedingly thin and in places appeared to be wanting. A contact having been established between the adjacent leaves, the permanent attachment was soon formed and the coelomic cavities of the leaves established connexions at these points. A little later currents of water bearing granules were seen to flow in active streams from one leaf to the other” *. In this case it appeared as if the sarcostyles served to hold the edges of the leaves together while the permanent con- nexion was being established, after which the sarcostyles loosened their hold and retracted into their respective nemato- phores. * ©. C. Nutting, “ Notes on Plymouth Hydroids,” Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc., February 1896, p, 153, 124 On a new Bat from Lower California. XVII.—Description of a new Bat from Lower California. By Gerrit 8. MILter, Jr. Mr. OuprieLp THOMAS has recently sent me for determination ten bats of the genus JM/yotis, taken in the extreme southern art of Lower California, and forming part of the Coolidge collection, which has already furnished so many novelties. Four of the specimens—three from Santa Anita and one from San José del Cabo, the latter essentially a topotype of Vespertilio obscurus, H. Allen—prove to be typical Myotis californicus; the others, all from San José del Cabo, repre- sent a species related to M. velifer, J. A. Allen, but distinct from any hitherto described. The new form may be known as Myotis peninsularis, sp. n. Type adult ? (skin and skull), in the British Museum *, collected at San José del Cabo, Lower California, August 12, 1896, by Loye Miller. Coolidge collection, number 718. Specific Characters.—Skull and teeth essentially as in Myotis velifer, J. A. Allen. General size considerably smaller than in M. velifer (about the same as in MW. lucifugus) and tail-vertebre relatively much shorter. Colour (in tawny phase) paler and more fulvous than in MM. velifer and closely resembling that of MW. californicus and M. thysanodes. Colour.—The specimens represent two distinct colour phases. In the type and two other females the whole body is wood-brown, the back slightly darker than Ridgway’s plate (‘Nomenclature of Colours,’ pl. ili. fig. 19), the belly as much paler. In the three other specimens, all of which are males, the back is hair-brown and the belly pale Isabella colour. One of the males, however, is clearly intermediate in colour, so that it is unlikely that the phases are purely sexual. Skull and Teeth—The skull and teeth exactly resemble those of Myotis velifer, except that they are a trifle smaller in size. Theskull of the type measures: greatest length 15mm.; zygomatic breadth 10; interorbital constriction 3°8; breadth of rostrum at anterior root of first molar 6; mandible 11:8 ; upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors) 6°45; lower tooth- row 8. Measurements.—Type: total length 91 mm.; tail34; tibia 14:6; foot (with claws) 10; forearm 39; longest finger 61 ; * [Since registered as 98 3, 1. 59.—O, T.} On new Mollusca from South Africa. 125 ear from meatus 15. Averages and extremes of the six specimens: total length 88°5 (86-96) ; tail 32°7 (30-36) ; tibia 15 (14°6-16) ; foot (with claws) 9°4£ (8°5-LO) ; forearm 39 (38°6-39°4) ; longest finger 62°3 (61-64). Remarks.—The membranes, feet, wings, and ears of Myotis peninsularis agree closely with those of M. velifer so far as can be determined from skins alone. The extremely short tail of the new species appears to be its most strongly marked character. The measurements of the tails, together with the total length, foot, and ear, were taken in the flesh by three different collectors (Loye Miller, J. F. Abbott, and D. Coolidge), and their uniformity under these circumstances precludes any likelihood of error. In the brown phase the colour is much like that of Myotis velifer, but in the tawny phase it much more closely resembles MM. californicus and M. thysanodes. The five paratypes of Myotis peninsularis have been presented by the British Museum to the United States National Museum, where they are catalogued as numbers 93552 to 93555. XVIII.—Descriptions of Nine new Species of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca from South Africa. By JAMES Cosmo Metvityt, M.A., F.L.S., and Jonn Henry PONSONBY, F.Z.S. [Plate VIL] In this, the fourteenth communication we have offered on this subject during the past few years, we are especially gratified to be able to record a second species of Hapalus.